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ABLE Management

J. A. NUNN

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Notes on Stable Management.

NOTES ON

STABLE IANA6EIENT

IN INDIA AND THE COLONIES.

Vety.-Capt. J. A. NUNN, F.R.C.V.S., CLE, D.S.O.,

ARMr VETERINARY DEPARTMENT,
LATE PBINCIPAL LAHORE VETKRINART COLLEGE.

SECOND EDITION, REVISED AND ENLARGED,
WITH A GLOSSARY.

LONDON:
W. THACKER & CO, 2, CREED LANE.

CALCUTTA : THACKER, SPINK & CO.
1897.

\%'f<^

LONDON :

FEINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED,

STAMFORD STREET AND CHARING CROSS.

PREFACE.

The first edition of these notes, which was written
in India, having been sold out in a much shorter
space of time than I ever anticipated when I wrote
it, I am induced to offer this to the public. The
scope of the original pamphlet has been adhered
to, and all that is aimed at is to give the new
arrival in the East some idea as to the management
of his horses, especially those who are setting up
a stable for the first time. The first edition was
written in India for Anglo-Indians, who are familiar
with native terms ; but to this, being published in
England, I have added a glossary of the more
ordinary Hindustani words likely to be of use.
The spelling of these will be probably found fault
with by the Oriental scholar; but I have endea-
voured to bring it as near the sound as possible,
as it is only intended for persons in absolute
ignorance of the vernacular. There appearing to
be a demand for the book in the colonies, at the
suggestion of the publishers I have added a few

VI PEEFACE.

remarks on Australia and South Africa. The entire
work has been rewritten, and the matter contained
is the result of my own personal observations during
eighteen years' service in India and the colonies at
both military and civil duties.

JOSHUA A. NUISTK

London,
March, 1897.

PEEFACE TO THE FIEST EDITION.

The following notes on Stable Management were
originally delivered in a lecture to the Officers, Non-
Commissioned Officers, and Troopers of the Punjab
Liglit Horse, and as they were considered by the
members of the corps to be useful, at their request
I have put them on paper. There is no attempt at
anything beyond the most elementary rudiments of
horse-keeping in India, and all they are intended
for is to give volunteers of mounted corps, who have
not previously owned horses, some slight idea as to
what should be done for the care of their chargers,
and not leave them entirely in the hands of native
syces and horse-keepers.

JOSHUA A. NUNN.

Lahore,

December, 189.'").

CONTENTS.

Food,

PAGE

Gram

Hay

. 29

Barley .

. 6

Green Food .

. 32

Bran

. 7

Green Gram

. 33

Brail Mash

Carrots .

. 34

Oats

. 9

Lucerne .

. 34

Maize

. 11

Guinea Grass

. 38

Wheat .

. 13

Sugar Cane

. 38

Rice

. 14

Turnips .

. 39

Millet .

. 15

Salt

. 39

Pulses .

. 15

Tonics .

. 40

Linseed .

. 16

Horses not Fee

diug . . 41

Linseed Cake

. 17

Damaged Fooc

. 42

Black Gram

. 18

Irregular Teet^

1 . . 42

Preparation of Food

. 18

Young Horses Cutting Teeth 44

Horses refusing Foo

i . 19

Quidding

. 44

Times of Feeding

. 20

Indigestion

. 45

Bolting Food .

. 21

Lampas .

. 45

Spilling Food on Gr

ound . 22

Nose-bags

. 46

Grass

. 22

Mangers .

. 47

Churrie .

. 25

Worms .

. 48

Bhoosa .

. 25

Rubbing the T

ail . . 49

Bamboo Leaves

. 27

Scouring

. 49

Oat Hay Forage

. 28

rEK.

Water .

. 51

Watering after

a Journey . 64

Times of Watering

. 52

Watering Brid

les . . 54

Watering Troughs

. 53

Leeches .

. 55

Watering on a

Jouri

ley . 53

Wells .

. 66

Vlll

CONTENTS.

Air and Ventilation.

PAGE

Stables .... 58

Sawdust

Chicks .

. 60

Shavings

Stable Floors

. 61

Sand ....

Charcoal

Horses eating Bedding .

Picketing

. 62

Exercise

Bedding

. 63

Grooming, Stable Gear, etc.

Heel Ropes ... 69

Summer Clothing .

Head Ropes .

Eye Fringes .

Fetlock Picketing

Fly Whisks .

Picketing Posts

Cleaning Horse Clothing,

Ringing

and Storing it in the

Rheims

Summer

Knee-haltering

Numdahs

Shackles

Grooming

Picketing-pegs

Wisps and Grooming Pads

Leading-ropes

Hand-rubbing

Brushes and Gear .

Washing

Curry-combs .

Uneven Manes

Buckets

Hogged Manes

Dusters

Ragged Legs

Hoof-picker

Trimming Tails

Clothing

Clipping

Hoods .

Cleaning the Sheath

Body-rollers

Lights in Stable .

Bandages

Fires in Verandahs

Saddlery, Harness, Ca

rriages and Servants.

Saddles and Harness . 97

Harness

Saddle Covers . 98

Carriages

100

Bridles .... 99

Servants

101

Shoeing

106

Stable Management

FOOD.

Gram {chuanah).
In the north of India the chief food on which
horses are fed is gram, the seed of one of the pea
tribe of plants. It is a crop that ripens in the
beginning of the summer, when it is harvested, and
the grain thrashed out by driving cattle over it in
a circle. The dry stalks, that are broken up into
small pieces, are used for feeding cattle on, and are
known as "missa bhoosa," in contradistinction to
the stalks of the wheat when submitted to the same
process, and which is known as " suffaid," or white
bhoosa. The price of gram varies very greatly,
according to the locality and season, and is a subject
of much speculation and gambling amongst the
native community. I have known it as high as
7 seers (14 lbs. weight), and as low as a maund
(80 lbs. weight), per rupee. It also varies greatly in

Z STABLE MANAGEMENT.

quality, depending on the locality in which it is
grown and the conditions under which it has been
harvested, and is by native grain-sellers known
as first and second class gram. Good gram, when
a small quantity is taken up and examined in the
palm of the hand, should be free from sand, dirt,
small pieces of stick, straws, or other sorts of
seeds ; in fact, it should, what is known in the
trade, " run clean." Each individual grain should
be round and plump, as if the husk was well filled.
It should not be shrivelled up and wrinkled, and
be free from worm or weevil marks, which can be
told by there being a small round hole in it, and
the grain, when cracked, being found hollowed out
and eaten away. Generally the weevil (kirim)
will be found in the cavity, but if not, it will be
full of a fine powder. Weevil-eaten gram cannot be
mistaken, and denotes that the grain is old, and
has been badly stored. In most samples of gram,
unless quite new, a small proportion of worm-eaten
grains will be found, and this is not of any conse-
quence ; but if there are a large number, there will
be a larger proportion of husk (which has no
nourishing properties) than grain, and a larger
quantity will have to be given. When a grain of
gram is crushed between the teeth it should impart

FOOD. 3

the taste of a dry pea in the mouth, aud be devoid
of all mustiness, which is present if it has got wet
or mouldy, as it is very apt to do. In new gram
the husk at the point is of a slightly greenish shade,
tliat disappears with keeping. It is generally
supposed that new gram is not so good as when
it is a few months old; but myself, I have never
seen any ill effects from its use. The only thing
to be careful about is that it is perfectly ripe, for
natives have a great trick of cutting and plucking
every grain, fruit, and \^egetable before they have
arrived at full maturity. Gram should be crushed
or bruised, not (jround, so as to break the outer
husk and allow the juices of the stomach to act
on the kernel. It should be crushed or bruised
only, as if ground into a fine powder a good deal
goes to waste. It is sufficient if each seed is so
crushed that it is split in two. Gram, wheat, and
all other grains in the East are ground by the
women of the family between two stones, one of
which revolves on the top of the other by means
of a wooden handle fixed in it. To crush gram
the stones require to be sharper set than if they are
to grind any other grain into flour. Gram can be
got ready crushed from the corn-dealer (baniah)
at a small increased charge per maund (80 lbs.).

4 STABLE MANAGEMENT.

or what I generally do is to pay my Lead
groom (syce) the regular bazaar rate (nirrick),
and get the women of his family to crusli it, they
providing their own mill (chuckie). The only
disadvantage of this plan is that it is necessary
to weigh the grain a second time after it has been
crushed, otherwise it will be short, as natives eat
it themselves. But I found in the long run the
syces would not steal it ; natives are sharp enough
to see when any profit can be made, and it was
not to their advantage to give back short weight.
Excellent gram-crushing machines, w^orking witli
liuted rollers, are sold by several firms in India,
and are adjustable so as to take any grain. They
are made to fit into a box for travelling, which,
when in use, forms a stand for the crusher to work
on. They are, liowever, somewhat expensive, and
although admirable for a large stud of horses, are
hardly required for a private stable. If, however,
expense is no object, they are certainly prefer-
able to the native mill, as they are cleaner,
bits of grit not coming off the stone, and each
individual grain being crushed, which even the
best native mills ' will not do. Crushed grain is
much quicker digested than whole, particularly by
old horses whose teeth are not in good order, and

FOOD. 5

who cannot masticate their food properly. It is a
common mistake to give too much gram or other
grain, there being a prevailing idea that the more
that is given the more work the horse will do.
There is no greater error ; it is like putting more
coal into the furnace of an engine that can only
consume a certain amount ; the extra quantity only
goes to waste, and upsets the digestive functions of
tlie stomach. AVhat is required is a judicious
admixture of food given at a proper time; not a
large quantity improperly given of an improper
quality. Gram should be given in the proportion
of one part of bran to tw^o of gram; or what is
better, one part each of bran (choker), gram,
and parched barley (adarwah), or oats (jai), by
weight. These can be purchased separately from
the corn-dealer and mixed together, and thus
cannot be eaten by any of the servants, like pure
gram can be. If the horse is not digesting his
food properly, whole grains will be found in his
droppings that have passed through the bowels
unaltered. There will be always a few^ of these
found, especially if the horse is getting parched
barley or oats, as the husks of both these grains
are very indigestible. If the horse begins to
get thin, and fall away in condition as well, it is

6 STABLE MANAGEMENT.

then time to take some measures to remedy matters,
otherwise no notice ne^d be taken.

Barley (jow).

In many parts of Northern India, especially on
the Afghan frontier, whole, uncrushed barley is
used. It does not seem to hurt country-breds, but
with old animals that are not used to it, and par-
ticularly Australians, the practice is dangerous.
During the Afghan War, on one occasion there being
no other grain available, whole barley was supplied to
the horses of the battery of artillery to \7hich I then
belonged. A number of them were attacked with
colic, and several died from the irritation caused by
the pointed awns or ends of the beards to the bowels.
No doubt horses, and particularly young ones, will
get used to feeding on most grains if the change is
brought about gradually, but a sudden change from
any one to another is dangerous. At the best, whole
barley is not an economical food. The husk resists
the digestive action of the stomach and intestines,
and a quantity is always passed out of the body
whole. Barley ought certainly always to be crushed,
or, better still, parched, and turned into " adarvvah."
This is done by professional grain parchers in tlie
bazaar ; but sometimes, though rarely, some of the

FOOD. 7

women of the servants' families can do it. It con-
sists of half filling a wide shallow iron pan with
sand, and placing it over a fire till nearly red hot.
A couple of handfuls of the grain is then thrown
into the sand with a peculiar turn of the wrist which
scatters it over the hot surface, about which it is
stirred for a few seconds with an iron spoon or small
shovel pierced with holes like a fish-ladle. The
grain is partially baked, swells up and becomes
brittle, the husk cracking, when it is scraped up and
lifted out with the ladle, the sand being riddled
through back into the pan. A good parcher will
turn out a " maund " (80 lbs.) in a wonderfully short
space of time, the whole process being gone through
with a dexterity only acquired by long practice. In
India barley usually runs very light, there being a
great deal of husk. Boiled barley is a most useful
diet for a sick horse. It requires well boiling for at
least half an hour, and the water then drained off.
I have known horses drink this barley-water when
they won't look at anything else.

Bran (choTcer).

In most of the large stations in India there are
flour-mills in which wheat is ground with the latest
machinery, and when obtained from them, bran

8 STABLE MANAGEMENT.

differs but little from what is seen in England;
but in smaller places wheat is ground by native
mills, and then the bran is not so clean. When
native-made bran is run over the hand, it will
be seen that there is a large amount of flour in it,
which adheres to the skin like a white powder, and
which makes it much more nourishing than the
cleaner prepared article. The scales also of native-
made bran are much more irregular in size than the
European manufactured article. Bran should have
a clean, fresh smell about it, and the newer it is the
better ; if kept long it is likely to get mouldy. This
is particularly the case during the rainy season, when
the atmosphere being saturated with moisture, a
good deal is absorbed by the bran, and if kept in
this state for any time will get mouldy. On this
account, if it is necessary to store bran during the
rainy season, it should be kept in tin boxes. The
inside lining of old packing cases, in which perishable
goods are brought out from England, do well for
this purpose, and plenty can be got for a small sum
in the bazaar shops ; or, if not, any native tinsmith
will make a box out of old kerosine oil tins for a
small sum.

FOOD. 9

Bran Mash.

It is a good plan, particularly in warm weather,
in any country to give horses a bran mash once a
week, and if one particular evening is fixed upon,
syces get into the habit of giving it regularly
without special orders. I generally used to give a
standing order to give it on Saturday night, for, as a
rule, the horses are not required on Sunday. Bran
1ms a slightly relaxing effect, that in warm climates
is particularly beneficial. Bran mash is made by
simply putting the necessary quantity of bran into a
bucket, pouring boiling water gradually on to it, at
the same time stirring it round with a stick until
the whole is moist and mixed together. The bran
should only be damped sufficiently to make it stick
together, and should not be sloppy and wet. Some
horses at first will not eat bran, but they can be
tempted to by mixing a handful of whatever grain
they have been used to with it.

Oats ijai).
Oats are now largely grow^i over the Punjab,
Northern India, and in Tirhoot, and are sold at
nearly the same price as barley. In the seaport
towns Australian oats can usually be obtained ; and
as good oats are grown in the- colonies as any part

10 STABLE MANAGEMENT.

of tlie world. They are more expensive than the
native article, and are generally only used for train-
ing race-horses on. The Indian oat, compared with
the English, Australian, or South African, is a poor
article, running very light, with a great amount of
husk ; but if properly crushed, and mixed with gram
and bran in proportions of one part of each, they are
greatly superior to barley. The oat in India is a
winter crop, and is harvested in the spring. Both
colonial and Indian oats are always white. I have
never seen the black or tawny variety wliich is so
common in Ireland. A demand having arisen for
them by Europeans, it is sometimes possible in
Northern India to buy them in the bazaar; but
generally it is necessary to make a special arrange-
ment with the grower, as natives do not use them
as a feeding grain for their own animals. They
grow the crop round the wells, and cut it green in
the straw as forage for the w^ell and plough bullocks
in the spring, when they are working hard. Arrange-
ments can generally be made with the cultivator to
purchase so much from him by weight, thrashed and
delivered at your own stable, or else to purchase so
many acres of the standing crop as it is growing ; but
the former plan is the most satisfactory, as it is
astonishing the heavy crop that will be produced ;

FOOD. 11

and, on the contrary, you will be equally astonished
to find with the other plan how light it is. The
negotiations for the supply of oats should be entered
into in good time in the spring — say about the
beginning of March — as it is astonishing how slow
such matters progress in the East, and they had
better be left in the hands of your head syce, No
doubt you will be cheated out of a small amount,
but you must make up your mind for this before
arriving in the East ; but you will have the satis-
faction of knowing that if you tried to carry on
negotiations yourself you would be cheated out of
more. I have tried both plans, and found that the
syce could drive a better bargain for both of us
than when I attempted to deal direct with tlie
cultivator.

Maize {malckai).

Although grown all over India, maize is not
much used for feeding horses ; but in South Africa,
where it is known as "mealies," it is the staple
food grain for both man and beast. In India
it is said to make horses fat and soft, but no
animal in the world does harder work than a South
African post-cart horse. In all probability the
reason thev do well on maize is that in the oat-hay

12 STABLE MANAGEBIENT.

forage they get there is a considerable quantity of
grain ; and although I have never seen it used, the
experiment of feeding on oats and maize would be
worth while trying in India. In South Africa maize
is usually given whole, but in any of the towns it
can be obtained crushed, and it is better to give it
in this state. During the Afghan War maize was
plentiful in some parts of the country, and I gave
it to some of the horses that I had charge of. I
liad it parched on hot sand, in the same way
as barley (adarwah) is parched, making it into
American pop-corn. With certain somewhat thin
and debilitated animals it had a marked effect in
getting flesh on them, and all horses eat it greedily.
In India maize is a summer crop, ripening in the
autumn, when the ears or cobs are picked off the
stalks. It is stored in the cob, and the individual
grains knocked off as required b}^ rapping them
against a stick ; but they must be turned over in the
heap occasionally, as rats and mice are likely to
cause damage, particularly the musk rat, that taints
everything it comes into contact with. Horses have
frequently been brought to me, said to be off their
feed, and on inquiry I have found this only to be
caused by the grain being tainted by musk rats,
and that when a clean feed is offered to tliem they

FOOD. 13

devour it ravenously. There are in South Africa
and America a number of varieties of maize, but in
India I only know of two sorts, in one of which the
seeds are white and the other yellow, or a deep red
colour, I don't think that there is nmch difference
in them as far as horse food goes, but each individual
grain should be plump, and fill out the luisk well ;
they should be free from weevils, worms, or the
marks of attacks from rats and mice. The liusk
should be well filled out, and have a shining,
pearl-like, glistening appearance, and when let
fall on a stone or other hard substance give off a
metallic sound. When broken open, the grain inside
sliould be of a pure white colour, and of a pleasant,
mealy smell, like fresh flour. If it is discoloured,
it denotes that it has been wet and fermented.
Maize can be crushed by most grain-crushing
machines, also in the native mill (chuckle) if the
stones are properly set ; but both in South Africa and
India the natives pound it in a large wooden mortar
made out of the trunk of a tree.

Wheat {fjhehmi).

Although it is not to be recommended as a food,
still I have seen wheat used when no other grain
could be obtained, and it was a choice of it or

14 STABLE MANAGEMENT.

nothing at all ; and in parts of Australia, and, I
believe, America, it is regularly used as a horse food.
It is commonly supposed that wheat is almost a
rank poison to horses, and will cause fever in the
feet ; and no doubt with stabled animals in England
it will do so, especially as the majority of cases of
this nature are from accidents — horses getting loose
and gorging themselves with wheat during the night,
or when unobserved. With animals standing out in
the open and working hard, as they do in India and
the colonies, it is not so dangerous. I should not
suddenly change a horse's feed from oats or gram
to a full ration of wheat ; but when nothing else can
be got, it can be given in a small quantity without
much fear of danger ; but as soon as any other grain
could be obtained, it should be used.

Rice (dhan).

In Eastern Bengal and Assam horses are fed on
unhusked rice and will do well on it. During
the expedition into the Lushai Hills in 1879-80,
in many places nothing else could be got to feed
the transport mules on. Gram is not grown in
that part of the country, and what little there is
has to be imported, and is at a prohibitive price. I
found that animals did well enough on an equal

FOOD. 15

mixture of gram and rice, although at first some of
them refused it. In Japan rice is the only grain
horses get, and the pack ponies of that country are
liardy beasts, and appear to Avork well on it. If the
rice can be crushed, it is all the better ; and in Bengal
and Assam there is no difficulty in getting this done,
as it is the food of the people, and they grind it for
their own use.

Millet (bajara).

The various millets, known in Soutli Africa as
" Kaffir-corn," are not often used in India as horse
food, but in the Cape it sometimes is. In India
the millet is a summer crop harvested in the
autumn. The seeds are small, and of a dark or
greyish colour. It requires to be crushed before use,
as the husk is very hard.

Pulses (dhcd).

The various species of pulse grains enter largely
into the food of the natives of India. Two, known
as " mung " and " mote," or " moat," are excellent
for getting flesh on thin, debilitated animals.
They are both small oblong seeds of an olive green
colour, with a very hard husk, and can be obtained
in any bazaar. I prefer the mote to the mung.

16 STABLE MANAGEMENT.

They both require to be well boiled to the con-
sistency of a jelly before use, and then being well
mixed in with the food, about a pound in weight of
the raw seed being enough for each feed, so that the
horse gets three pounds daily, a corresponding
quantity of the other grain being withdrawn. I
have seen most excellent results in weak animals
recovering from a debilitating illness from its use,
but great care must be taken that it is boiled
properly.

Linseed {uUie).

Linseed can be obtained all over India. In fact,
a good deal of what is on the English market
comes from the East. Under certain conditions it
is useful in putting on flesh, and as a diet for con-
valescents ; but care must be exercised in its use, as
it contains a great deal of oil, and in cases of sick-
ness with liver complications, which are common in
a hot climate, especially in English and Australian
horses, it is to be avoided. It has to be boiled to a
jelly before use, or, better still, soak it in cold water
for some hours until soft, and then boil it. In the
hot weather, however, I ]3refer to use either the
" mote " or " mung " to linseed.

FOOD. 17

Linseed Cake (rlml or Ichal).
Linseed cake can be obtained in nearly every
large town, and is the residue left after the oil
is expressed; but as this process is imperfectly
performed, a good deal of oil is left — much more
than in the steam-pressed English cake. It is
sold by the " seer " (2 lbs. weight), but in irregular
lumps, not moulded into cakes as in Europe. Care
must be taken in buying it, as it is very likely
to be musty, and adulterated with mustard or rape
seed. Both these can be easily detected by the
taste or smell, leaving a pungent odour and a sharp
burning taste behind. The best plan is to crush a
small quantity of the cake and drop it into some
boiling water, when the sharp smell and taste cha-
racteristic of the mustard and rape oil will be given
off. A small quantity of linseed cake in the food
will fatten horses tremendously, but makes them
soft in condition. It is one of the articles used by
native dealers to fatten horses for sale, and at this
they are most expert. When crushed it can be
mixed with the food, or boiled to make linseed tea
for sick horses ; and for this latter purpose I prefer
it to linseed, as there is less oil in it, the smell of
which sometimes nauseates an animal and causes
him to refuse it.

18 STABLE MANAGEMENT.

Black Gram (cool fee).

In the Madras Presidency and Sontliern India
black gram is used, the Bengal white gram not
being grown there. This has to be boiled before use.
Military horses are fed on it, but it is said that it
makes them soft. I have, however, no personal
experience of black gram.

Preparation of Food.

In India it is the custom to damp the food before
it is given. It should not be saturated so as to turn
it into a sloppy paste, but just damped sufficiently
to make the particles stick together. Grooms
(syces) generally deal out each feed into a bucket
dry from the corn-bin, and then damp it ; but a
better plan is to weigh out the whole of the amount
required for all the horses, and put it into a wide-
mouthed earthen bowl called a "naund," that can
be purchased for a few pence, or a box, such as an
old wine case, and damp the whole amount together,
then portioning it out for each animal. The reason
of this is that, if the grain is damped in the buckets,
they are at once taken away, and, the probabilities
are, never cleaned ; but if they have to be brought
forward for each feed to be put into them, and the
owner takes the trouble now and again to inspect

FOOD. 19

them, " syces," who are creatures of habit, get into
the way of cleaning them before they bring them
forward. The box, or naund, in which the grain
is damped being stationary, can be looked at any
time. It is necessary to be very careful about
this, as the particles of food left very quickly fer-
ment in a hot climate, and get sour, and quickly
taint all the rest. As a rule, about ten minutes
is long enough to damp grain; and this should
be done as soon before feeding as possible, other-
wise, if left long standing, it will get sour. If a
horse refuses his feed, it should be at once thrown
away, and on no account be kept till the next meal,
by which time it is pretty certain to have fermented.

Horses refusing Food.

Some horses are delicate feeders naturally, and
take a long time in eating, or refuse their food
altogether. In the case of a delicate or slow feeder,
the food should be given in small quantities and
often, rather than in the usual somewhat rather
large feeds three times a day ; and the horse should
be fed by himself. This is easily done in India, as
nearly all stables are loose boxes ; but if the animal
is picketed out with others that are likely to teaze
him, he should be taken away and fed out of a

20 STABLE MANAGEMENT.

bucket in the " compound " (garden or enclosure
round the house). " Syces," like all natives of India,
have no idea of the value of time; and if he
has his ''hooka" (pipe), and a friend to talk to
about the price of food-stuffs, rates of wages, and
other such-like interesting bazaar topics, he is per-
fectly content to sit holding the bucket before the
horse all day long, if necessary. If the animal
refuses his food altogether, then it should be taken
away, for if left standing in front of him he breathes
on it, and if it remains any considerable time it
becomes sour and fermented, and he gets disgusted
with it; whereas, if taken away and nothing more
given till next feeding-time, the appetite often re-
turns, and the food is consumed with a relish;
especially in the warm weather, if he is first led out
and exercised, or picketed out under a tree. On no
account should the feed that has been refused be
kept over till the next feeding-time; a fresh one
should be prepared, as in a hot climate wet grain
ferments and turns sour in a very short space of
time.

Times of Feeding.

The stomach of the horse is very small in pro-
portion to the size of his body, and he requires to

FOOD. 21

be fed often, and in small quantities. In England
hunters are fed four, or even five, times a day. In
India it is the usual custom to feed three times,
and perhaps it is often enough. In all military
stations a gun is fired at noon, and the midday feed
is given at that hour ; but the morning and evening
one varies with the season of the year. I usually
give only half a feed in the evening about five
o'clock, and the remainder the last thing at night,
about eight or nine, according to the season of the
year ; but, unless carefully watched, " syces " will
not do this, as it is the custom only to feed three
times daily, and " dastour "(custom) is a thing it is
impossible to make a native break through.

Bolting Food.

Some horses have a trick of bolting their food
without masticating it properly, especially if another
is being fed in their company. It is a good plan to
feed such horses apart from any others, which can
easily be done in an Indian stable, as they are all
loose boxes, or, if picketed out in the open, by
moving him a short distance away from the others.
A small quantity of chaff, grass, straw, or what
is known as " bhoosa," which is wheat straw that is
crushed and broken into small pieces in the process

22 STABLE MANAGEMENT.

of treading out the grain by bullocks, mked in
with the feed, will usually make them masticate
it properly.

Spilling Food on Ground.

Horses have also a trick sometimes of throwing
their food out of the bucket or manger, and spilling
a quantity on the ground. Not only is a large
amount wasted, but when the animal has finished
what is left, and tries at his leisure to gather up
what is on the ground, he eats a large amount of
earth and dirt with it, which is injurious. The best
way I know to prevent this is to feed the horse
on a cloth on the ground; any bit of old sacking
about four feet square will answer for the purpose.

Grass.

In India hay is not often seen, and horses are fed
on grass; even race-horses are trained on it. This
may at first sound strange, but Indian grass is very
different to English meadow grass, and chiefly con-
sists of the roots and runners, the actual blade of
grass not being more than about an inch long. The
best grass is what is known as "dhoob." It is a
short grass, with long roots and suckers, which is
dug up out of the ground with a short iron hoe or

FOOD. 23

trowel, called a '' kurpa," which is used with a scrap-
ing motion of the hand, the process being called
" cheeling." A considerable quantity of earth is
taken up with it, which ought to be knocked off
against the hoe ; but as the grass is sold by weight,
and the usual quantity a private " grass-cutter " is
supposed to bring in daily is 20 seers (40 lbs. weight),
it is not to his advantage to clean it. If horses eat
dirty grass for any length of time, the sand and dirt,
besides damaging the teeth, is likely to accumulate
in the intestines and give rise to what is known as
sand colic. When the " grass-cutter " brings in his
bundle of grass that he has collected, which he
generally does at midday, it should be spread out
and cleaned ; sticks and thorns should be picked
out, as they are likely to lodge in the horse's throat
and choke him, and it should be well beaten
with a stick to get rid of the sand and dirt. A good
plan is to fasten a net between the wooden frame-
work of a "charpoy," or native bedstead, lay the
grass on it, and beat it there with a stick, and it is
surprising what a quantity of rubbish will fall
through. An old lawn tennis net, if the meshes
are not too big, answers well for this purpose. Grass-
cutters are fond of wetting the grass to make it
weigh. If it is brought in fresh, and damped with

24 STABLE MANAGEMENT.

clean water beyond the actual loss in weight, I do
not know that it does much harm ; but it is exceed-
ingly likely that the water has been obtained from
some stagnant dirty puddle, and the bundle has been
left standing for some time so that fermentation has
set in, giving it an unpleasant smell. It is therefore
best to have the bundles at once opened out and
spread in the sun to dry as soon as they are brought
in, and not allow the " grass-cutters " to take them
away to their own houses. In parts of the foot hills
of the Himalayas (" hurriarie," or " hurrialie '*) grass
is obtained. It is not found in the plains, or in the
very high mountains where it is cold. It is a long
grass, running to about three feet high, and is cut
with a curved sickle. When young and green it
is a capital fodder grass ; but when the seed is shed,
and it gets dry, it is unfit for any other purpose than
bedding, as the stalks get very hard and brittle, and
so dry that there is little or no nourishment in it.
It should not then be allowed into the stable for any
other purpose than bedding ; but being much easier
to collect than ** dhoob " grass, the " grass-cutters "
will bring it as long as they arc allowed to, even
when it resembles nothing more than a bundle of
sticks. I have frequently heard owners of horses in
the hills complain of their animals getting thin and

FOOD. 25

out of condition, the cause of which on inquiry was
simply due to the bad dry hurrialie grass that
was brought for them to eat.

Churrie.

This is the dried stalk of one of the shorgum
tribe of plants, which is also known as the Chinese
sugar-cane. It is a summer crop cut in the autumn.
It grows to five or six feet high, and is cut and
stored by the natives as a fodder for the cattle. It
would to the new-comer appear to be a most un-
suitable article of food, but is full of saccharine
matter, tasting quite sweet when chewed in the
mouth, so much so that in parts a rough sugar is
extracted from it, but to look at is like a bundle of
dried reeds. Animals of all sorts are very fond of
it, and I have frequently fed my horses on it for
days together in out-of-the-way places where no
grass was to be obtained. It is not used as a regular
horse fodder, but it does wxll for it on a pinch.

Bhoosa.

In the East all grain is threshed out by the
primitive process of putting it in a circle and
driving bullocks round on it, and in this process the
grain is trodden out of the ear, the straw being split

26 STABLE MANAGEMENT.

and broken up by the animals' feet into small frag-
ments from one-eighth to two or three inches in
length, which is called " bhoosa." This is the staple
food of the working cattle, and is also used for horses.
It is a most important item of the crop, and in the
rural economy of an Indian village almost as much
is thought of it as the grain itself. Wheat and
barley straw makes what is called " white bhoosa,"
and gram and the various pulses "missa bhoosa."
Both these can be used as horse food ; in fact, on the
Afghan frontier they get nothing else, and many
natives feed their animals entirely on it, never giving
them grass ; but although they will eat it, and for a
time keep condition, it is not to be recommended.
If it has to be used, and it is possible to obtain
any grass, they should be mixed together. A small
quantity of "bhoosa" mixed in the feed will make a
greedy feeder masticate it. " AVhite bhoosa " looks
like badly chopped straw-chaff. "Missa bhoosa" is of
a dark colour, the particles not being straight-like
sticks, but bent about, and frequently there are a
quantity of the leaves of the plant mixed with it.
Care should be taken that both sorts are not mouldy,
which is very apt to be the case, as the native farmers
store it in large quantities during the winter, and
when the new crop comes on, if there is any of last

FOOD. 27

year's left, it is what they try and sell. Being stacked
in the open, it is exceedingly likely to get damaged
by the rain. " Bhoosa " should have a clean, fresh
smell like sweet straw, not be discoloured or have
any patches of mould about it, and be free from im-
purities such as sticks, thorns, or pieces of mud or
stones.

Bamboo Leaves (bans).

In Eastern Bengal, Assam, and parts of Burma,
the green leaves and young shoots of the bamboo
are used for forage. During the Chin-Lushai Ex-
pedition in 1889-90, the animals with the force
got nothing else for nearly eight months. I
had three ponies of my own that w^ere worked
moderately hard the whole time, and they remained
in good condition. The transport mules, which were
worked very hard indeed in a very trying climate,
did not fall away nearly as much as I expected.
The young shoots and leaves are cut with a sort of
a billhook, called a " dah," and care must be taken
that only the young green leaves and soft tender
shoots are given, the old leaves and the edges of the
dry stumps of the bamboo cutting like a razor. I
have seen some bad wounds on the lips, tongue, and
angles of the mouth from this cause. It is best

28 STABLE MANAGEMENT.

to make the " syces " and " grass-cutters '* pluck the
leaves off the branches altogether, and not leave
them about the stable, for fear of wounding the
horses. This they will readily do, as they use the
debris for fuel. I have seen some bad cuts and
injuries in both men and animals from the edges of
the split bamboo, which are very sharp — so much so
that the savage tribes on the eastern frontier use a
properly split piece of bamboo for a knife in skinning
animals ; and the sap of the green bamboo appears
to have a peculiarly irritating or poisonous action,
a wound caused by it festering and suppurating in
both man and beast, whereas one inflicted with a
dry bamboo will heal up healthy. Horses require
a larger amount of bamboo leaves than grass. If an
animal is getting 20 lbs. of green ''dhoob " grass daily,
he will require 30 lbs. of bamboo leaves to keep him
in condition. Although at first horses may refuse
them, they take to them kindly after a little while.

Oat Hay Forage.

In the South African colonies grass hay is almost
unknown. The oat is cut when about half ripe,
dried, and given in the straw, in which condition it
is known as forage, and is excellent feeding. It is
usually sold in bundles, wholesale at so much per

FOOD. 29

hundred, and retail at hotels and livery stables at
so many bundles for a shilling. Some years ago,
when I was travelling in the Dutch part of South
Africa, in the more out-of-the-way parts of which
there are no hotels, it was the custom to ask the
owner of the farmhouse where you arrived per-
mission to " off-saddle " if you were riding, or " out-
span " if driving, for the night or a couple of hours,
as the case might be. This was a roundabout way
of asking if he could put you and your animals up
for the night. When leaving in the morning, it
would have been a great breach of good manners to
ask for your bill, but you inquired what you were
indebted to his head-boy for the forage your horses
had consumed — a polite way of asking for your
account ; the number of bundles per shilling varying
according to the time you remained, and the accom-
modation you had received ; but, notwithstanding
this fiction, I did not, as a rule, find the total any
less than in a regular hotel where you get your bill.

Hay.

Hay, as is known in Europe and Australia, is
never seen in India. In some parts, what is called
hay can be obtained; but, compared to English
meadow hay, it is at the best but poor stuff. ISTo

30 STABLE MANAGEMENT.

doubt liay of a very tolerable quality can be made
in India ; in fact, I have done so, but usually the
grass is cut after the plant has flowered, the seed
ripened and shed, when it is what is known as " the
sap being down," and then it is dry and with little
nourishment in it. It is generally also allowed to
lie out too long after it has been cut in a hot, power-
ful sun, which utterly bakes it up. The grass
should be cut when the seed is green and the sap
well up in it, and should not be allowed to remain
too long drying. I have generally found that from
eight to ten hours of the Indian sun was enough, so
that grass cut in the morning should be stacked at
night ; it will then not be utterly dried up, and in
the stack will undergo the process of fermentation
that gives the characteristic smell to English hay.
There is a certain amount of difficulty in doing this.
The grass flowers and seeds at the end of the hot
weather, about September, when the monsoon rains
are on, and these sometimes last for days together.
It is, therefore, sometimes difficult to get a fine day
to cut and save the hay in before the seed is shed ;
and before the dry weather again sets in the sap has
gone down, and there is but little nutriment left in
the grass. It is not a bad plan to sprinkle some
salt over each layer of hay as the stack is made up ;

FOOD. 31

horses eat this cured hay with great relish. In
making up the stack, a bundle or two of straw, put
on end from the bottom upwards, should be built
into the centre of it as it is being raised up, to act
as a chimney or ventilator to carry off the heat
while the stack is fermenting. If this is not done,
there is danger of its catching fire ; and even if it
should not heat to such a degree, part is likely to
get discoloured — what is termed " mow-burned."
This chimney can be made with bundles of sticks,
boards, or even stones ; but sick horses will often eat
the straw from the centre of a haystack when they
won't look at anything else, and it sometimes comes
in useful, and in any event, is not wasted. The
stack should be built on a foundation of brambles,
stones, or a mud platform — the latter being the
best — to raise it and protect it from damage by the
rains, which at times come in a regular flood, and
also to keep out rats, mice, and other vermin. When
the stack gets down to the bottom, care should be
exercised in handling it, as it is a great refuge for
snakes, and I have seen one fatal accident from
snake bite from this cause. It, then, is a good plan
to make the men remove the hay in small quantities
at a time with a hay-fork, which is easily made by
fastening a couple of short sticks converging from

32 STABLE MANAGEMENT.

each other on to a long bamboo ; but natives are such
fatalists that, no matter how much warned of the
danger they are incurring, they will not take the
commonest precautions as to their safety if it gives
them a little extra trouble. A somewhat larger
quantity of dry grass is required than green "dhoob"
by weight, the proportion being about 15 to 20 lbs.
respectively.

Green Food (Jchawid, or Jchasil).
In the spring of the year in India it is common
to give horses green wheat, oats, or barley. This is
cut in the straw from the time it is about a foot
high until tlie grain begins to ripen, a period that
lasts about a month or six weeks in the Punjab —
from the middle of February till the end of March.
This green food is called by the natives *' khawid,"
or ''khasil." It has an excellent effect on the
system, and is what is used by the native dealers
to get their horses into condition for sale. Too
large a quantity should not be given at first, as it
is likely to cause diarrhoea ; about 4 lbs. daily being
sufficient at first, but it may be increased up to
double this amount if it agrees with the animal.
Care should be taken that the green food is only
given when young and the straw tender, for when

FOOD. 33

it gets ripe, and the straw woody and hard, it is very-
indigestible, and a common cause of intestinal ob-
struction and colic. In some parts green barley is
given in the same manner, and when it is young it
is as good as wheat or oats ; but when it begins to
ripen it should be stopped, as the awns or beards
begin to get hard, and not only are they likely to
choke the horse, but to cause dangerous intestinal
obstruction. Oats can be given much longer than
barley or wheat; in fact, as I have said, ripe oats
are cut in the straw, and used as hay in many
parts of the world. The green crop must be pur-
chased standing from a cultivator, and this is best
arranged through your head " syce." It is sold by
measurement, a patch in the field being marked
out; or else the grass-cutters go and cut as much
as is required daily, the whole amount used being
afterwards measured up and paid for at the fixed
bazaar rate, or, as it is termed, the '' nirrick."

Green Gram.

Natives are very fond of giving horses green gram,
but it is a most dangerous custom. It is most indi-
gestible, the stalk when green being full of a strong
tough fibre. The sap and leaves have a peculiar
irritating or almost corrosive property, and in the

34 STABLE MANAGEMENT.

spring of the year many fatal cases of intestinal
disease are caused by it.

Carrots {gctjar).

Carrots are plentiful all over Northern India.
They come on in the spring, and are an excellent
green food. They can be bought very cheaply,
and if kept in a cool, dry place, can be stored for
a considerable time ; but they require to be turned
almost daily, or they will get rotten. Wlien used
they should either be washed to remove the earth,
or, as in the East this is quite dry, knocked with
a stick to remove it. They should be given whole,
or else cut into long slices, not across into lumps.
This latter practice is dangerous, as horses are
thus inclined to bolt them whole, and the short
round lump is likely to stick in the throat and
cause choking.

Lucerne.

Lucerne grows well all over Northern India, and
although not cultivated by the natives for their own
use, they know perfectly well what it is, and call it
by the English name. In most of the towns where
there are any Europeans collected together, it is
usual to grow it in the Government or station

FOOD. 35

garden, from where it can be purchased retail.
Some native corps, who remain some time in the
one place, also grow it for the benefit of the regi-
ment, and sometimes it is possible to obtain some
from them; but as a rule they only have enough
for their own use. Round the large military can-
tonments in some places, tlie neighbouring farmers,
finding that there is a demand for it, have taken to
growing it for sale, and it can be bought in the
bazaar ; but as the supply is not certain, it is better
to enter into a contract with one of the growers to
supply the quantity by weight daily required. In
making this bargain it is best to use the agency of
the head " syce," as if it falls short, or is not forth-
coming, he can be made responsible ; and natives
being erratic creatures, it is quite possible that some
morning you may be told that there is no more, or
that the grower has sold his crop to some one else,
perhaps at even a smaller price than you are givino.
Whenever there is a well in the compound, and I
have been long enough in one place, I have always
grown as much as I could for myself. It is easily
done, and there is no more useful crop in connection
with an Indian stable. In the dry, hot weather the
difference in the condition of horses that are settin<f
a fairly liberal supply of green food, and those that

36 STABLE MANAGEMENT.

are only getting the burned-up grass that is then
procurable, is most marked. The only difficulty
about growing lucerne is that at first a large supply
of water is necessary until the roots strike. If you
have a garden, then, of course, you have to keep a
pair of bullocks to raise water from the well for
irrigation purposes; but if you do not run to this
luxury, then a pair of bullocks can be hired for two
or three days in the week. The landlord of the
house has to keep the well and the Persian wheel,
by which the water is raised, in order, and find the
first pair of ropes for it. The tenant has to find
the earthen pots, or '' chatties," that are fastened
on to it, by which the water is raised up. These
''chatties" are cheap things enough, but they are
easily broken. I always found that the best plan was
to provide the first lot myself, and then give a small
sum monthly to the gardener to keep them going ;
and it saved money in the end, as I found that not
nearly so many were smashed under this system as
when I paid for what were required. If a gardener
is regularly employed, it is, of course, part of his
business to look after the lucerne bed; but for an
ordinary stable of, say, four or five animals, an acre
of lucerne will be ample, and a man exclusively for
this is not necessary. A gardener can be got for

FOOD. 37

about Es. 10 a month, but a man can be got to
come two or three times a week and look after it
for half this. I found, however, that if I gave it
to one of the syces, that the women and children
of his family would attend to it, as, when once
started, it only requires weeding, and that the work
was better done than by a professional gardener,
unless one was regularly employed. The best seed
is the acclimatized English, or the Cabul brought
down from Afghanistan. The English seed can be
obtained from any seedsman, or the Government
Horticultural Gardens at Lahore or Saharunpore,
at about a rupee a pound, and this is enough to
sow about an acre with, which should be done at
the end of the cold weather. If only a small quan-
tity is grown, it is best to sow it on ridges, as it
then, no doubt, can be kept free from weeds, and
the cost of weeding, on an acre or two, is but
trifling; but it is an error to suppose that lucerne
cannot be sown broadcast. At the cattle farm at
Hissar, in the Punjab, several hundred acres were
grown in this way, as the cost of making ridges
on such a large quantity of land would have been
prohibitive. Of course, this lucerne was not so
clean as if it had been grown on ridges, but the
cattle picked it out from the weeds when it was

38 STABLE MANAGEMENT.

put before them. Fresh seed will have to be sown
about every three years, and tlie crop may be cut
about five or six times during the season. About
4 lbs. is enough for a horse, but it is best to begin
with half this quantity and gradually increase it,
as if too large an amount is given at once it is
likely to cause colic.

Guinea Grass.

Some years ago this was a very favourite grass
forage to grow for horses, but lately lucerne has
supplanted it, and, I think, rightly. The advantage
of guinea grass is that it lasts through the hottest
months of the year, which lucerne does not, but it
requires a great deal of water. It grows in separate
tufts, and they should be planted some distance
apart, or otherwise they will crowd each other out.

Sugar Cane {gun no).
Sugar cane is not often used as an actual food,
but horses are very fond of it, and on my visits to
the stable I usually had some pieces carried after
me in a basket when it was in season. It ripens
at the end of the summer, and lasts into the winter.
It is sold in long sticks, and should be chopped up
into pieces ; but the servants will steal it, as they
eat it themselves as a sweetmeat.

FOOD. 39

Turnips {shalfjham).
The ordinary white turnip grows all over the
Punjab in the winter, and when carrots are not to
be procured, I have used them in their place, pre-
paring them in the same manner. Horses soon
learn to eat and relish them.

Salt (mmnmJc),
Salt is required by all animals in a certain
quantity in their food to keep them in health. There
are three different varieties sold in the native shops.
Eock salt (" putter ke nimmuk ") ; ordinary salt,
which is merely the rock salt crushed and powdered ;
and black salt (" kali nimmuk "). On the coast sea
salt can also be obtained, but it is not to be found
far inland. The common custom in India is to give
powdered salt in the food, the usual daily allowance
being about an ounce. I prefer to leave a lump of
rock salt in the manger for the horse to lick when
he likes. Some owners have a lump of it hung
by a string to the wall, but I do not think this is
advisable, as I have known more than one horse
turn a wind-sucker from getting into the habit of
licking and playing with it.

40 STABLE MANAGEMENT.

Tonics.

It is a common supposition, deeply rooted in the
minds of horsemen, that, when a horse loses con-
dition, he at once requires a tonic ; and an im-
mense number of these and " condition powders "
are advertised. There is no better paying specula-
tion in the world than the sale of these articles, as
the majority of them consist of a few cheap and
simple ingredients, that are retailed to the public at
a hundred per cent, their original cost ; and the best
that can be said about these nostrums is that some
of them are innocent and do no harm, while they
serve to amuse the owner. The action of a tonic is
to stimulate the appetite, and if the horse is feeding
well they are certainly useless, if not actually harm-
ful. If the horse feeds, and continues to fall off in
condition, the chances are that there is something
wrong in the stable management, which should be
carefully inquired into. If this only occurs once
with one animal, the inference is that medical advice
is required, but if several are in the same state, or
it is a matter of constant occurrence, then in most
cases a change of " syce " is required, and it will be
usually found better and cheaper than having re-
course to any of these various advertised " cure-alls."

FOOD.

Horses not Feeding.

Horses refuse their food from a variety of causes.
It is usually the first symptom noticed in the
majority of attacks of illness, and I cannot too
strongly urge that in such cases the sooner pro-
fessional advice is obtained the better, there being
nothing in which the old proverb, " a stitch in time
saves nine," more applies to. On the other hand,
horse owners are inclined to get very anxious with-
out cause about horses not feeding, and to imagine
that because he refuses to feed, or does not finish it
up with a good appetite, that the animal is in a
dangerous state. Horses are much like ourselves,
and we all know that we sometimes do not feel in-
clined to do justice to a "square" meal, and that it
we dine off a plate of soup we feel ready for a good
breakfast in the morning. If the horse refuses his
feed, or only plays about with it, have it at once
removed ; at the next only give him a little hay or
grass, and the probabilities are that at the next he
will eat up his grain with a hearty appetite. If he
does not, then the sooner professional advice is called
in the better, as you may be certain that something

42 STABLE MANAGEMENT.

Damaged Food.

Damaged, mouldy, or sour food, the horse, of
course, will not eat unless he is very hungry, and
then only sufficient to stay his appetite. Damaged
grain there is no excuse for, and can only be given
through carelessness or indifference on the part of
the owner or his servants. Sour food, or food that
has fermented, is, with the best intentions, likely to
be placed before the animal, as it is surprising how
soon fermentation will set up in damp grain in a
hot climate. The food should not be damped more
than twenty minutes or half an hour at the most
before it is given, and a dirty bucket will easily con-
taminate it. In the hot weather in India, particularly
during the rains, when both man and beast are down
below par, very little will put both off their feed.
If the food, however, is at all sour it ought to be at
once detected, as the smell is unmistakable.

Irregular Teeth.

In old horses the back teeth get irregular and
worn in such a fashion that the food cannot be
masticated and crushed, and is not then properly
digested. The upper jaw of the horse is wider than
the lower one, so that the upper teeth overlap the

FOOD. 43

lower ones at the outside, and the lower ones the
upper at the inside. By continually wearing,
the upper back teeth get worn down more on the
inside than the outside, and the lower ones more
on the outside than the inside, or, in other words, the
grinding surface of the teeth, instead of being hori-
zontal, is at an angle or slope. The horse masticates
his food with a sideways motion of the jaws, crushing
the food between the back teeth like mill- stones,
so that if the grinding surfaces of the teeth are not
level, but sloped at an angle, they become locked,
and prevent sufficient sideways play of the jaws. If
this is suspected, the back teeth can be easily in-
spected by turning the horse with his tail to the sun,
grasping the tongue w^ith the left hand and opening
the mouth, while the light is reflected into it by a
small looking-glass held in the right. They can
also be felt by putting one's hand on the outside of
the cheek, where the outer edge of the upper teeth
can be easily felt, and pushing the finger inwards
and upwards, so as to get on the grinding surface
when the horse opens his mouth, and the angle the}^
are at can be at once detected through the cheek.
This is, of course, only a rough method of examina-
tion, but it gives one a fair idea of the state the
molars are in. If a tooth is broken or deficient, the

44 STABLE MANAGEMENT.

corresponding one in the other jaw from not being-
worn down will become over-grown and fill up the
vacant space, even growing so long as to damage
the gum or bone in the jaw above or below it, as the
case may be, and preventing the horse feeding. If
it is one of the front molars, it is possible that the
growth may be detected from outside, but the proba-
bilities are that a more careful examination will be
necessary, and, at all events, professional skill re-
quired to set matters right. Horses also suffer from
decayed teeth; and, in fact, the whole matter of
equine dentistry is much more important than is
usually supposed, many animals remaining poor and
thin simply because their teeth are not properly
attended to.

Young Horses Cutting Teeth.

Young horses sometimes have great trouble when
cutting their teeth, and if they go off their feed
they should be attended to ; but this requires pro-
fessional skill.

Quidding.

When young horses begin to what is called " quid "
their food, it is almost a certain indication that there
is something wrong with the mouth. " Quidding "

FOOD. 45

is gatUcriag up a mouthful of hay or grass, rolling
it about in the mouth, and half masticating it till
it gets into a lump or ball, and then spitting it out
without swallowing it. Sometimes a dozen or more
of these " quids " will be found in the manger or on
the stable floor.

Indigestion (hud hazmie).

Indigestion, or dyspepsia, which horses suffer from
more commonly than the public imagine, will put
them off their feed; but this is a matter for pro-
fessional advice and treatment, and it is exceedingly
dangerous for the owner to go trying domestic
remedies. I have had many fatal cases of bowel
diseases brought to me that have arisen solely from
this cause.

Lampas.

This is a disorder that is firmly fixed in every
groom's mind, both European and native, and is
supposed to consist of a swelling or inflammation
of the palate, or "barbs," just behind the upper
incisor teeth. I do not deny for a moment the
existence of such a thing, but what I do maintain
is that in 75 per cent, of the cases brought to one,

46 STABLE MANAGEMENT.

it exists only in the imagination of the attendant.
The popular remedy some years ago was to cauterize
the part with a hot iron, and I have no hesitation
in saying that any one doing this should be indicted
for cruelty to animals. Lately, the popular treat-
ment has been more merciful in liaving the part
scarified with a lancet, but even this is useless.
Where lampas does exist, there is more or less
enlargement and swelling of the membrane of the
entire alimentary canal, but the "barbs" of the
mouth being the only part visible, it is popularly
supposed to be a local affection. Under these con-
ditions, it will be readily understood how utterly
useless lancing or scarifying one small part of the
affected canal will be. A small dose of aperient
medicine, or even putting the horse on a laxative
diet of bran mash for a few days, will do all that is
required, without having recourse to heroic measures.

Nose-bags {tohra),
Nose-bags are sadly neglected by ''syces/' and
unless looked after by the owner, they never
dream of cleaning them, so that, particularly with
leather ones, they get into a very filthy condition,
and frequently horses refuse to eat out of such
dirty things. Both mangers and nose-bags should

FOOD. 47

frequently be washed and scrubbed out with soap,
or sand and water. ISTose-bags are, at the best, a
necessary evil, and if they have to be used at all,
canvas ones are better than leather, being more
easily cleaned. I only allowed nose-bags to be
used when on the march, or out in camp ; when in
the stable the horses were fed out of an ordinar}^
bucket, or else a manger, and even then they
were not fastened on the head, but held on the
ofround.

Mangers (hurlie).

In the stable a manger should be used. In
an Indian stable one is easily made out of a
shallow, wide-mouthed earthen vessel ("gumalo"),
built up with mud, about three feet high, in the
corner. The *' syces" can do this themselves, and
the gumalo only costs a few pence in the bazaar.
I always had two built in opposite corners, one for
food and the other for water. If for any reason
the manger cannot be built, or there is not one in
the stable, then the horse should be fed out of a tin
or zinc bucket, or else off a feeding- sheet. An old
gunney-bag, spread out opened at the seams, answers
admirably. The '' syce " should hold the bucket or
sheet while he is feeding, or the horse is very likely

48 STABLE MANAGEMENT.

to knock the first over, or tear the sheet, by pawing
at it with his fore feet.

Worms (Jcirim),

Parasites, or worms, in the intestines cause
horses to lose condition very quickly. The most
common are long white ones, like ordinary earth-
worms, about five to eight inches long ; and small,
very thin thread-like ones, about three inches
long. They cause the horse to become very un-
thrifty and thin, the coat being dull, without the
natural gloss that is seen in health, or as it is
termed, "hide-bound." The horse is also apt to
back up against any projection, or into a corner,
and rub his tail against the wall, breaking off the
hair, and giving it an unsightly appearance. If
worms are suspected, the "syce" should be in-
structed to look for them in the horse's droppings
in the morning, where the long ones are most
likely to be found ; also to examine under his dock,
where the small ones will leave a yellowish incrus-
tation under the root of the tail. An enema of
common salt and water, made by dissolving about
a table-spoonful of salt in a quart of luke-warm
water, generally suffices to get rid of the small ones.
The large ones, however, require medical treatment,

FOOD. 49

which should be loft in professional hands. If there
are any worms passed, the litter, droppings, etc.,
should be carefully burned, and the floor of the
stable scraped and the debris burned, and a new-
floor laid down.

Rubbing the Tail.

Although commonly due to parasites in the in-
testines, " particularly the small thread- worms,'* with
some horses it is a trick; neglect also, and the
irritation caused by dirt, will often cause it. In
India it is more often seen in coarse-bred horses,
such as many Australians are, than in country-
breds and Arabs. If it is from dirt, washing the
tail well with soap and water will stop it ; if it is
a trick, keeping the tail in a tail-case, which is
merely a piece of leather, with buckles and straps
to fasten it on with ; or an ordinary roller bandage
put round from the tip to the root will generally
stop it.

Scouring (ddst).

Scouring, or diarrhoea, is usually seen in nervous
horses when they get excited, and, as a rule, dis-
appears when they get quiet again. It is more
connnonly seen in light-coloured, or what the horse-

50 STABLE MANAGEMENT.

man calls " washey/* chestnuts and blacks, than
any other colour. Some horses will always scour
after a draught of cold water, and with such the
chill should be taken off either by adding a little
warm water, or standing the bucket out in the sun
for a couple of hours before it is used. If the
scouring persists, after returning to the stable, let
the next feed consist of dry bran, not " bran mash,"
and this generally stops it. If a horse that is not
in the habit of doing so suddenly begins scouring,
it is a mistake to try and stop it too suddenly, as
frequently it is an effort of nature to tlirow off some-
thing deleterious to the system. If, however, the
diarrhoea should continue persistent, then profes-
sional advice should be obtained.

WATER.

Water (pani).

Horses prefer soft to hard water, and are par-
ticularly partial to rain-water. Many horses refuse
to drink at all from a running stream, unless very
thirsty, and even then will not take as much as
is necessary,. Mules, which in other respects are
hardy animals, are very dainty and particular about
their water. Such horses should be watered either
out of a bucket or a still pool. In mountain and
quick running streams there is often a large quantity
of sand and small gravel held in suspension, that
sinks to the bottom in places where the current
runs slow. I have seen more than one death caused
by constantly watering horses in such streams, by
the animal swallowing a quantity of such sand; it
accumulates in large masses in the intestines, and
causes "sand colic." If it is necessary to water
horses from such places for any length of time, if a
suitable pool cannot be found where the water is

52 STABLE MANAGEMENT.

still and the sand and gravel can settle, one should
be made by building a dam.

Times of Watering.

Horses should be watered half an hour before
feeding, or, if this cannot be managed, at least two
hours should elapse after the feed before he is allowed
to drink his fill. The reason of this is that the hard
grain tlie horse eats is only partly crushed and
broken by the teeth, and it is in the stomach where
it is principally softened before passing on into the
intestines. If, when the stomach is full of partly
digested food, a large quantity of water is given,
some of it will be washed into the intestine, and,
being hard, and not properly softened, irritate it and
set up colic. The best plan is to always have water
in front of the horse, so that he can drink when he
likes, and I have found that they take much less
this way than when watered at regular times. In
India this can be easily done by building up in mud
a wide-mouthed, shallow, earthen vessel, called a
" gumalo," in one corner of the stable, in the same
way that a manger is made. It should be high
enough for the horse to conveniently reach it, and
be kept constantly full.

WATER. 58

Watering Troughs.

When horses are watered at a trough or stream,
as is necessarily the case with military animals, if
they are thirsty they push their noses deep into it
and drink greedily. They then lift their heads and
look round them, and many persons think they
have finished. This is not the case, as the horse is
merely recovering his breath after his draught, and
he should not be taken away until he either turns
round and will drink no more, or until he begins to
splash the water about with his nose and play with
it, which shows he does not want any more.

Watering on a Journey.

It is commonly supposed that when on a journey
horses should not be watered, but, in a warm
climate, as long as only a steady pace is maintained
and only a moderate quantity given, it does not do
any harm, and, to judge from one's own experiences,
certainly is refreshing. Of course, this must be done
in moderation, like everything ; and it undoubtedly
would be dangerous to allow a horse to drink his
fill and then give him a hard gallop directly after-
wards; but, in both the South African and Australian
colonies, I have travelled some hundreds of miles

54 STABLE MANAGEMENT.

in post-carts and coaches, and the drivers at pretty
nearly every stream they cross pull up and allow
the horses to drink a few moiithfuls. I have never
heard of any harm coming from this practice, and
at the end of the journey they drink far less water
than if they had been deprived of it while at work.
In Norway, the carriole drivers water their ponies
in the same way, and it is icy-cold coming from the
glaciers.

Watering after a Journey.

When the journey is completed, it is advisable to
walk the horse about for a short time, to allow him
to get cool before watering ; or, better still, and what
every practical horseman will do, is to pull up and
allow him to walk the last mile, so that he arrives
at his stable fairly cool, and not reeking with per-
spiration. Grooming also will be greatly facilitated
by this.

Watering Bridles (Jcazai),

Watering bridles are generally very much neglected,
" syces " (grooms) never seeming to think that they
require any care or attention. They are generally
a mass of rust and dirt, and having one of these
filthy things put into tlie mouth, is a much more

WATER. 55

common cause of horses going off their feed than
is generally supposed. They are frequently thrown
out on the heap of bedding, and left in the sun
all day, and when put into the horse's mouth the
iron of the bit is burning hot. I consider that this
is one of the chief reasons of the sores that so
frequently form at the angles of the mouth in the
summer months, and which are most troublesome to
cure. The bit of the watering bridle should be
scrubbed daily with sand until it is polished, and
the leather-work cleaned with soap (sabon) or
dubbing (momrogan) ; if this is not done, it very
soon perishes with the heat and becomes rotten, and
if a horse is- at all fresh and plays about, it breaks,
the animal gets loose, and a serious accident is the
result of the want of a little forethought.

Leeches (jonJc),

In India leeches frequently get into the nose
while the horse is drinking, especially out of
ponds and streams, and although they are not
absolutely dangerous, they cause troublesome bleed-
ing, and make the animal cough and sneeze. They
are sometimes very difficult to get rid off, and the
best plan is to place some water in a bucket before
the horse and splash it about. The leech is attracted

56 STABLE MANAGEMENT.

by this, and comes down the nostril, when it can be
caught if the operator is quick enough. A handker-
chief is necessary, as the leech is too slippery to
hold in the iingers. It is generally best to let one
of the " syces " do this, promising him a small
reward when the nuisance is got rid of, as some of
them are wonderfully expert at it, and have untiring
patience.

Wells.

In some Indian towns there is a water supply laid
on to the houses by pipes, but in the majority it
is obtained from a well (khua) in the compound.
In these cases a water-carrier (" bheestie ") has to
be kept to draw and carry water for the household
and stables, which he brings in a leather bag ;
"mussuk," the small leather bucket that he uses to
lill the bag with, being called a " dholl." These
water-bags should be renewed twice a year, as they
get very foul inside if kept much longer, and they
are only worth about Es. 2 each. Yery few people
ever think of cleaning out the well, but it should be
done at least once a year, as it is surprising the
amount of rubbish, such as dead leaves and vegeta-
tion, gets into it. Tlie landlord of the house should
undertake this, but it is generally difficult to get him

WATER. 57

to do it without the tenant threatening- to do it him-
self and deduct the cost out of the rent. There are
professional well-cleaners in Northern India, wlio
will do the work by contract. As a rule, it takes
about three days, as the well has to be pumped dry
by working the lifting wheel with relays of bullocks
day and night, when a man goes down and removes
the accumulation of rubbish from the bottom. Care
should be taken to first lower down a lighted candle,
or throw a bundle of lighted straw down before any
one is allowed to descend, as there is frequently an
accumulation of foul gas at the bottom, and I have
known more than one accident from neo^lect of this
precaution. ' Unless I had very good reason for
knowing that the well had been lately cleaned, I
always had this done on going into a new house. If
this is neglected, the water during the rainy season
is apt to get very foul, and I have known severe
outbreaks of illness from this cause both in men and
animals.

58 STABLE MANAGEMENT.

AIR AND VENTILATION.

Stables.

Nothing is worse for horses than close, ill-ventilated
stables, and in India, where they are made out of
such cheap material as mud and sun-dried brick,
there is no excuse for their being too small. In
some of the newer houses, stables are made out of
burned brick ; but I prefer the older ones of mud or
sun-dried brick, as the walls are generally thicker,
and this makes them cooler in the summer and
warmer in the winter. It is also of importance
that they should not be too low, but of the two
evils I should prefer a small stable with a lofty
roof to a larger one with a low one, provided there
was ventilation in the top. Every stable should
have a good deep verandah round it ; it not only
keeps off the sun in the summer, but is useful to
put bedding, etc., in during the rain. If there is no
verandah, one can be easily made with the flat straw
screens used by natives, called "jamps," and bamboo

AIR AND VENTILATIOX. 59

supports. The doorways should be high and wide,
so that there is no danger of the horse hitting his
hips or head against it in going in and out. A
fractured hip-bone is frequently caused by horses
rushing through narrow doorways, and a troublesome
disease known as " poll evil " is generally caused
by striking the head against too low a one. It is
also well to have the sides of the door-posts rounded
off, not left at an angle. If there is no window at
the back of the stable, opposite the door, one should
be made above the horse's head, and another smaller
one on a level with the floor, so as to allow the air
to circulate freely. If possible, avoid a draught, but
always remember that it is better to have plenty of
fresh air and a draught than a stuffy stable without
one, as the horse can always be kept warm with
extra clothing, bandages, and bedding. Thatched
roofs are much cooler in summer and warmer in
winter than the fiat earthen ones that are generally
used in Northern India. Indian stables are almost
always divided off into loose boxes, the partition
walls being continued up to the roof. I think they
should be only built high enough to prevent the
horses teasing each other over them, as if continued
right up they interfere with the free circulation
of the air. If this cannot be done, on account of

()0 STABLE MANAGEMENT.

the partitions helping to support the roof, a window
should be knocked through in each. In South
Africa stables are usually simply a long shed with
a manger running down the back w^all, without any
partitions between the standings, and the horses are
simply tied up to a ring in the manger with the
head rope. Cape horses are, however, exceedingly
quiet, and will stand still all day long. They never
seem to think of kicking or biting at each other like
the Indian country-bred does.

Chicks.

The plague of flies in the East, particularly
during the rains, cannot be realized in England,
and if not protected against them, they will almost
worry horses to death. For this reason the doors
and windows of the stable should be fitted witli
" chicks," or mats, made out of split bamboos or
reeds, with interspaces between them, which allow
of light and air passing through, but which will
Iceep the flies out. They are not very costly articles,
and add most materially to the comfort of the horse.
If carefully looked after, and not let flap about in
the wind, they will last for years witli a very small
annual expenditure for repairs.

AIR AND VENTILATION. Gl

Stable Floors.

The stable floor should be made of wet clay
beaten down, and left to thoroughly dry. This
can be carried out by the " syces," and if
thoroughly done, they will last a good many
months. I always make it a practice to dig up
the floors of stables in a new house, before they are
occupied, a foot and a half deep, and thoroughly
renew it, and usually it is astounding the amount
of foul earth that has to be removed. I also have
the whole of the floor picked up and renewed once
a year — for choice, at the end of September or
beginning of October, after the rains have stopped.
Any moisture should be at once removed, before
it has time to soak into the floor ; or, if it has, the
moist earth should be swept away with a broom
(jaru), made out of a number of pliable twigs tied
together, and fresh dry earth sprinkled over the
top of it. A supply of dry powdered earth should
be kept outside each stable door in a box ready for
use when required. The ordinary earth that is in
the compound will not do to make floors out of,
although " syces " will use it if allowed, as it is less
trouble to get than clay (kicher ke muttee), but
it will not bind, and when trodden on breaks up
and wears into dust.

62 STABLE MANAGEMENT.

Charcoal {khoalie).
Although it looks dirty, powdered charcoal
sprinkled over the floor has a powerful effect as
a deodorizer. The ashes of a wood fire do nearly
as well as charcoal for this purpose, and can be
obtained anywhere, as wood is universally used
for fuel all over India. In some stables earthen-
ware vessels (chatties) are buried under the floor
to catch the urine. This is an abominable, filthy
custom, and should never be permitted, as there is
no more certain cause of disease. Diseases of the
feet, such as foul smelling, suppurating frogs, thrush,
and canker, are in the majority of cases caused by
horses standing on wet, filthy floors.

Picketing.

In the hot season horses should, if possible, be
picketed out at night as soon as it gets cool in the
evening. It is the greatest relief to an animal to
be brought out of a hot stable into the open air,
even if the actual temperature is no less than in-
doors. If the flies or mosquitos are troublesome,
the nets sold for the purpose will keep them off.
If the net is not suflicient, a fire made out of the
stable litter on the windward side will drive them
away, and horses do not mind smoke. It is as well

AIR AND VENTILATION. 63

to have a regular standing made with mud, in the
same way as the stable flooring, as otherwise the
ground soon gets broken up and foul. The standing
should be swept clean every morning, and mended
in the same way as the stable floors are.

Bedding (bechalie).
There is nothing better than clean straw for
bedding, and it is a great mistake to stint horses
in it. If a good deep bed is given, they will
lie down and rest themselves, whereas, if there is
not enough, and the floor feels hard through it,
they will walk about over it, and far more will be
wasted than if the horse was lying down on it.
The bedding should be taken up every morning,
and any soiled straw removed. It should be well
shaken up and spread out in the sun to dry and
air, and at night, when again put down for use,
a small quantity of fresh straw added to it. In
wet weather the bedding can be aired and dried
in the verandah. All soiled straw and droppings
should be at once removed in a basket (tokrie),
which should be provided for the purpose; and it
is wonderful, if this plan is adopted, how little
fresh straw is required to keep the horse con-
stantly supplied with a good bed; and nothing is

64 STABLE MANAGEMENT.

more saving to the wear and tear of the legs and
feet than to get the animal to lie down at night.
In Australia and South Africa wheat or oat straw
can be obtained, but in India rice straw is generally-
used, or else the long elephant grass that grows on
the banks of rivers and swampy ]Dlaces. Both are
good enough for the purpose, only they are brittle,
and more is required than when wheat straw is
used, as they quickly break up.

Sawdust (Jjurradah).

In the north of India the deodar, or Himalayan
cedar sawdust, can always be obtained from any
of the timber depots on the banks of the large
rivers, almost for the expense of carting it away.
It makes a good bed if straw cannot be obtained,
but is liable to stick to the horse and get in under
his coat if at all long, and gives much more
work grooming. It is also more troublesome to
remove in the morning to air, and if any wind is
blowing a good deal gets wasted. If used, it is best
to liave it spread out in one stall and leave it
there, only using it at night, putting the horse into
another during the daytime. Any sawdust that gets
damp or soiled should be at once removed, as it very
soon begins to smell badly.

AIR AND VENTILATION. 65

Shavings.

Shavings of deodar or pine can also be obtained,
but they require to be carefully sorted out, as there
are likely to be splinters in them, and in lying down
the horse may give himself a bad wound.

Sand (ret).

Sand can be obtained anywhere along the banks
of the rivers ; but it is hard, and does not form a
very yielding bed, and I should not use it if any-
thing else could be got. It requires to be sifted,
to get rid of the pebbles and stones it contains.
If straw is scarce and sand has to be used, the
best plan is to put a layer of about a foot of sand
over the floor, and a thin layer of straw over it ;
this will make a much softer bed than the sand
alone.

Horses eating Bedding.

This is a trick some horses have, and from which
they seldom can be cured. It is generally the
custom to put a muzzle (chik-na) on them at
night; but this, of course, stops their feeding at
all. I prefer to bed them down with sand, sawdust,
or shavings, and leave them free to feed at night.

66 STABLE MANAGEMENT.

If a muzzle is used, it should be a wire one, not
leather, as these get very foul and dirty, and inter-
fere with the horse's breathing, which the wire one
does not.

Exercise.

In India it is usual to exercise ordinary hacks,
polo ponies, and harness horses, not doing any
special work, twice a day — morning and evening.
The length of time they are out, and the amount
of ground they cover, is very variable — in most
cases depending on whether the "syce" is in a
mood to take exercise or not himself. They usually
take horses out on the road to the bazaar, or some
favourite meeting-place ; and it is not an uncommon
thing to see a couple of dozen horses, belonging to
various people, standing about, while their respec-
tive *' syces " are sitting about, smoking and dis-
cussing their masters and various bazaar topics of
interest. Under these circumstances the horses do
not get much exercise; and many a mysterious injury,
that cannot be accounted for, is inflicted by their
kicking at each other while standing about in this
manner. If the compound is large enough, it is a
good plan to make a ring with the stable litter
and have the horses exercised round it. You can

AIR AND VENTILATION. 67

then be certain they are getting a fair amount of
work ; but a large ring is necessary, and if there
is a garden it spoils the compound. Further-
more, horses get into a very careless, slovenly way
of walking when led round and round in this
monotonous fashion daily. " Syces " generally lead
horses at exercise, and most horse-owners will not
allow them to ride ; but I think this is a mistake,
and if they can ride, I always allow them to do so.
If they lead the horse, he will go along in a listless
fashion, and walk with his head down, stumbling
at every step ; whereas, if he is ridden, he will
carry his head up and go in a much more lively
and collected fashion, and it being much pleasanter
for the "syce" to ride than walk, the full amount
of exercise is more likely to be taken. "Syces"
nearly always ride at exercise bare-backed; but
they should be made use a folded blanket as a
pad, kept in its place by a body-roller, as the
anatomy of the native of India is such that, without
any protection, he is likely to give the horse a sore
back. They should also only be let use a snaffle
bridle, as few know how to handle a double one.
When at exercise knee-caps should be worn. These
should be bought from a European saddler, and care
be taken that the top strap is fitted with a piece of

68 STABLE MANAGEMENT.

indiarubber in the middle, to allow of its giving
with the motion of the limb. If there is not this
indiarubber spring, when the top strap is buckled
tight enough to prevent the cap slipping down, the
motion will cause it to rub the skin at the back of
the knee ; and I have seen some bad abrasions, that
caused temporary lameness, from this cause. If the
top strap is buckled loose enough to avoid this chaf-
ing, then the knee-cap won't stay up in its proper
place, if it has no spring. The country-made knee-
caps sold by the native saddlers seldom are fitted
with it; and if they are they cannot be relied on,
as generally the indiarubber is bad and perished.
The lower strap of the knee-cap should be buckled
quite loose, it being only required to keep it down
and prevent it flapping about ; but " syces " are very
apt to draw it tight also, and if they do, it is
pretty certain to cut the skin.

GROOMING, STABLE GEAR, Etc.

Heel Ropes {pecharie).

If possible, horses should be left loose, which
generally can be done in India, as most of the stables
are loose boxes. Sometimes it is necessary to fasten
them up, such as when picketed out at night in the
hot weather or on the march. There are several
plans of picketing, each having its advantages and
disadvantages ; but as these generally apply to mili-
tary animals, I will merely mention those com-
monly used in private stables. The most common
plan is to fasten the horse up with head and heel
ropes, to wooden pegs driven into the ground.
Heel ropes (pecharie) consist of either two ropes
about twelve feet long, ending in a single one,
so as to be Y-shaped, the single one being fastened
to a wooden peg (make) driven into the ground,
and the two arms to the horse's hind fetlocks by
means of leather straps, called " muzzumas." These
straps are loops of rope covered with leather, to

70 STABLE MANAGEMENT.

one end of which the heel rope is tied, and into
which the hind foot is .slipped, being secured by a
flat leather thong wound round the middle of it
behind the fetlock joint to prevent its slipping off.
The strap is then of a fig. 8, or hour-glass shape,
the heel rope being tied in one loop, the foot placed
in the ^ other, the thong forming the neck or con-
striction. These, I think, are the best form of
leather foot strap ; but in buying them care should
be taken that the stitching of the leather is on
the outside, as if it is on the inside, where natives
often put it, it is very likely to rub the skin and
cause a bad cracked heel. Another form of " muz-
zuma'* is made out of stiff flat leather lined with
felt. This has a slip loop going round it, with
a buckle on one side and a strap on the other,
that runs along the centre. The heel rope is tied
to one end, the foot put into the other, and when
the strap is buckled tightly, the running loop is
drawn close up to the heel, so as to keep the whole
arrangement in its place. This form of " muzzuma "
is the usual kind sold ; but it is objectionable, as the
edges get stiff and hard, and are likely to cut the
heel, which the round ones do not. Both sorts of
leather " muzzumas '* require to be kept soft and
pliable with dubbing (momrogan), which "syces"

GROOMING, STABLE GEAR, ETC. 71

never think necessary. I, however, prefer those
made out of plaited hemp or tow. They are merely
a band of loosely plaited tow, about eighteen inches
long, the heel rope being fastened to one end,
and secured by a string or tape just behind the
fetlock ; they are much softer than the leather ones,
and quite as strong. The disadvantage, however, is
that they soon wear out, but they are very cheap ;
in fact, the " syces " can make them themselves out
of the raw hemp or tow (sun). They are used
by many of the native cavalry regiments in India
in preference to the leather ones. The heel ropes
can be made out of one long rope doubled, a " muz-
zuma " fastened to each free end, and the doubled
portion to a tent-peg. When heel ropes are used,
one should be put on each hind leg ; it is dangerous
to only put on one, and I have seen more than
one fractured thigh caused by this. If the heel
ropes are on both hind legs, and the horse kicks,
he has to do so straight into the air, as there is
equal restraint on both ; but if there is only one,
the unequal check of the single rope is likely to
cause a fracture. If allowed, " syces " will always
pull the heel ropes so tight as to stretch the horse
out ; they should be loose enough to allow him to
stand in a natural position.

72 STABLE MANAGEMENT.

Head Ropes {aghari).

Head ropes should be fastened to the ring on
the head collar (nukta) under the chin. There
should either be two separate ropes, one end of
each fastened to the ring, or oi;:e long one doubled
in the middle, the central portion fastened to the
ring, and the two ends to two wooden pegs driven
into the ground about three or four feet on each side
of the horse's head. If only a single rope is used, it
must, naturally, be fastened to a peg straight in front,
and, to allow the horse to move his head up and
down, must be loose. When fastened in this way
he is exceedingly likely to get his fore leg over the
rope and get hung up in it, a nasty wound in the
heel or at the back of the knee being the result, if
nothing worse ; whereas, if the ropes are pegged out
on each side, he can move about freely, and it would
be difficult for him to get his leg over them. Both
head and heel ropes should be made of hemp ; the
cotton rope used in India for most purposes is not
strong enough, and soon breaks and wears out. In
Peshawur and along the north-west frontier, a rope
is made of goat hair that is very strong, and is
excellent for this purpose. It is somewhat more
expensive than ordinary rope, but with care will last

GROOMING, STABLE GEAR, ETC. 73

a long time, and will amply repay itself. Both head
and heel ropes sliould be tied to the pegs in a slip-
knot, so that with a single pull horses can be set
free when necessary. "Syces" will usually tie
them in a jam-knot, and horses struggling to get
loose when frightened very often badly injure them-
selves before they can be set free.

Fetlock Picketing.

A method of picketing horses was introduced into
the Indian army some years ago, by dispensing with
head ropes and using a short chain shackle about
three feet long, buckled round one of the fore fet-
locks, and fastened to a peg driven into the ground.
This was chiefly done with the object of reducing
the weight carried, and with animals used for military
purposes, doubtless fulfilled the purpose, but in a
private stable I fail to see its advantages over the
other plan.

Picketing Posts.

When horses are picketed outside the stable, and
there is space enough, picketing posts are the most
preferable method, as they allow greater freedom
than any other. A stout smooth post, about five or

74 STABLE MANAGEMENT.

six inches in diameter, is driven several feet into the
ground, so that it is five or six feet above the surface,
a strong iron ring is slipped over it, and to this the
head rope is made fast ; no heel ropes are used, and
the horse can move round it as he pleases. The
post must be smooth, so that there is nothing for
the ring to catch in, and when put into the ground
the point should be put into the fire and charred, or
covered with kerosene oil, to keep off the white ants.
It will also have to be examined occasionally to see
that it is not damaged or rotten. The only draw-
back to this plan is that, if there are several horses,
a considerable space is necessary, as they must be
far enough apart to prevent their kicking at each
other.

Ringing.

In South Africa and the colonies horses are
picketed by the method known as " ringing," the
head rope of one being fastened to the head collar of
the next, and so on, till the head rope of the last is in
its turn fastened to the head collar of the first, their
heads forming a ring looking inwards. Colonial
horses will stand like this for hours together ; but
they are very quiet, and behave in a different way
to the Indian country-bred. I have seen the same

GROOMING, STABLE GEAR, ETC. 75

plan used in a cavalry regiment of the Italian army
on the march near Milan.

Rheims.

In South Africa head ropes are made of prepared
raw hide called " rheims." They are prepared hy
the Kaffir women out of raw ox hide, and are very
strong and supple, and are excellent for the purpose.

Knee-haltering.

Knee-haltering is also a South African plan of
securing horses when turned out to graze. The fore
leg is lifted up, so that the forearm from the elbow
to the knee is parallel to the ground. The head rope,
or "rheim," is then fastened above the knee, the
head being pulled a little downwards. The horse is
then turned out to graze on the veldt, and when his
head is down feeding he can use his limbs and walk
about as he likes, but as soon as he puts up his head
to trot or gallop the fore leg is pulled up, and he has
only three to go on, and can easily be caught.

Shackles (bheri).
The natives of India use iron shackles, much
like handcuffs, to fasten with a key round both
fore fetlocks of horses when turned out loose ; but

76 STABLE MANAGEMENT.

they are not a desirable invention, and in young
animals are very likely to cause ringbones. But this,
I think, is on account of their clumsy shape and
being constantly worn, as I believe shackles made out
of round iron that shut with a spring were used by the
Canadian mounted police at one time when turning
their horses out, and they found they did not chafe
and rub so much as leather ones did. It was found
that even moving through the wet grass the steel
hobbles were polished, kept bright, and required no
attention, whereas the leather ones perished and
became hard, and gave constant trouble unless care-
fully looked after. I have never tried this plan my-
self, for I have found the Cape system of knee-
haltering when turning animals out to graze the
best I have yet come across.

Picketing-pegs {make).
Picketing-pegs should be made out of hard wood
about eighteen inches to two feet long; iron ones
are dangerous. They should be driven into the
ground in a slanting direction, the point towards
and the head away from the animal, to resist
the strain on it. If there are no tent-pegs, or the
ground is so soft that there is no holding for them,
a hole a couple of feet deep can be dug, and a bundle

GROOMING, STABLE GEAR, ETC. 77

of stmw or a couple of tent-pegs tied crossways
buried in it, the earth trodden down, and the rope
brought out at the surface. This will give ample
holding, and may be practically tested, for although
a vertical pull will easily bring it up, the strongest
man will fail to move it if the strain is horizontal.

Leading-ropes {hagh dime).

Leading-ropes are things that ruin half the horses'
mouths in India, and I never let such a thing into
the stable. If they are used as they were originally
intended to be, that is, buckled into the ring of
the snaffle or watering bridle to lead the horse
with, they do no harm; but it is impossible to
prevent " syces " from passing them over the head
and then back through both rings, so as to form
a gag, and this they hang on to. I always make
them use a leading-chain, which is a leather strap
with about a foot of chain and a snap-hook at
the end of it. The hook fastens into the ring of
the snaffle, and they cannot well pass the strap
over the head to turn it into a gag. It seems im-
possible to teach a " syce " how to lead a horse in a
watering bridle, and I find these chains the best
compromise.

78 STABLE MANAGEMENT.

Brushes and Gear.

The grooming utensils required in an Indian stable
are very simple : a horse-brush, curry-comb, bucket,
some dusters, and a hoof-picker, being the sum total ;
but only one of these last is required among five or
six horses. It is best to get English bristle brushes,
they last out two of the native fibre ones, and are
very little more expensive. Good horse-brushes are
made by several firms in Cawnpore, and, of course,
when a large number are used, the saving is con-
siderable if the country-made article is bought, but
where only a small number are required, this is a
false economy.

Curry-combs.

These an Indian " syce " cannot get on without,
and although he only uses it to wear out the
brush, still, after all, it does not do so very much
harm ; but a bad, lazy man, if he is not prevented,
will use it to scrape the dirt off the horse with.
Country-breds are generally very thin-skinned, and
feel the comb very much if scarified with it, as
the " syce " is very fond of doing ; and I am positive
that this practice in many cases has to account
for much of the proverbial bad temper of these
animals. The curry-comb should never be put on

GROOMING, STABLE GEAR, ETC. 79

the horse's body at all, and in reality it is useless.
If it can be managed, it is best not to give the
" syces " such things, the only use of them being to
clean the brush with, and this can be done just as
well with the palm of the left hand, and the brush
does not wear out so quickly ; but it is the custom
to use the comb, and it is hard to prevent it.

Buckets (balfi).

Buckets can be bought anywhere. Zinc ones are
better than tin, although perhaps a little more ex-
pensive ; one should be provided for each horse.

Dusters (jharans).

Dusters are things that native servants of every
sort seem to consume in enormous quantities, and
unless some check is put on it, the number used at
the end of the month will be astonishing. Either
the old one should be produced before another is
given, or else some contract be given to them to pro-
vide them for themselves; but the former plan is
the best; if the contract system is adopted, filthy
rags will be used. They are luckily exceedingly
cheap, and are made nearly everywhere.

80 STABLE MANAGEMENT.

Hoof -picker (sum khodna),

A hoof-picker can be made out of almost any
piece of rod-iron, and one should be hung up in
every stable. One for every four or five horses is
enough.

Clothing {gurclaine).

In Northern India, if horses are not clipped they
require in the winter at least two thick rugs, and if
they are clipped an extra one, as the climate from
November to the end of February is bitterly cold.
The ordinary country clothing, made out of "mundah,"
and sold in the bazaars, called " jhools,'* keeps horses
warm and answers its purpose, and is cheap — a rug
of this material costing about Rs. 3 ; but I think
myself that it is false economy to get it, and that
the horse-clothing made at the Muir or Elgin mills
at Cawnpore, or the Egerton mills at Dhariwal, in
the Punjab, although perhaps at first somewhat more
expensive, will in the end be found the cheapest, as
with care one suit of this will last many years,
whereas the country clothing is seldom much good
after a second winter's wear. This clothing is made
in all sorts of colours, and turned out in suits, and
is every bit as good as English manufactured.

GROOMING, STABLE GEAR, ETC. 81

Country blankets (kumbal) can also be got ; and the
condemned soldiers' blankets, that are periodically
sold by the military authorities, make excellent horse-
rugs. I always think it best to get regular horse-
clothing shaped and pieced out at the neck to buckle
across the chest, or, at all events, to have one rug
like this, even if the rest are ordinary square blankets,
as the shaped clothing protects the front of the
chest, which the square blanket will not do. The
blanket can be used in the daytime, and the rug on
the top at night, buckling across the chest, as leaving
this part of the body exposed is a fruitful source of
coughs and colds. Aprons, breast-pieces, and quarter-
cords are seldom seen in India, except on race horses,
and then only as a fancy matter.

Hoods (JchansllJ(t).

Hoods with hacks, harness horses, and polo ponies
are not often required ; but if horses are sensitive
to cold, particularly if they are standing out at
night, they are no doubt a great protection. They
are made up of the same material as the country
"jliool," and they also can be got to match the
clothing made at any of the woollen mills. In any
case it is a good thing to have a spare hood in the
stable, even if it is not habitually used, as when

82 STABLE MANAGEMENT.

a horse begins to cough if at once put on a severe
cold is often averted.

Body-rollers (paities, oxfarahis).

Body-rollers are sold in the bazaar shops of native
manufacture, but are most flimsy, and I strongly
advise that either English ones, or else those made
by any of the manufacturers of leather goods at
Cawnpore, which are nearly as good as English
ones, be used, although they may at first be a little
more expensive. The coumion country rollers are
always breaking, and never being properly stuffed,
the webbing in the centre of the two pads presses
on the ridge of the spine when the roller is buckled
up. There is no more fruitful cause of sore backs
than this, especially if horses are at all thin and
standing out in the open. " Syces " have a trick
of pulling up the straps of the roller as tight as
possible, and if it gets wet with the dew or rain it
shrinks up, and the tight webbing cuts and pinches
the skin over the backbone, causing a sore back.
With a properly made roller the pressure is taken
on the sides of the back by the two pads, and the
webbing does not come in contact with the skin at
all. In any case, if the horses are standing out in
the open at night, it is always advisable to go round

GROOMING, STABLE GEAR, ETC. 83

the last thiug and let the roller out a hole or two.
If country rollers are used, direct pressure of the
webbing on the spine can be taken off by putting a
folded up duster or a handful of straw under it. If
the back has been pinched or rubbed the roller
should be left off, and the blankets or clothing kept
in their place by a couple of tapes or pieces of string
stitched to the edge of each and tied under the body.

Bandages {paltie).

Woollen bandages on the legs greatly add to the
horse's comfort when standing out on a cold night.
The ordinary ones sold in the bazaar answer well
enough, only they are generally a little too wide
and not long enough. The bandage should be put
on commencing from below and finishing under
the knee or hock, and not in the reverse direc-
tion, commencing above, as is often done. The
tapes should be tied in a bow outside. What is
known as the Newmarket bandage, made out of a
semi-elastic woollen material, is an excellent one.
It stretches somewhat when put on the leg, and gives
it support. They, however, are somewhat expensive
— about Es. 4 a set — but with ordinary care will
outlast several pairs of country ones. A good
bandage is made by the Muir Mills Company at

84 STABLE MANAGEMENT.

Cawnpore out of the cotton webbing called " newar " ;
they are very cheap and good, but are not so warm
as the cotton ones.

Summer Clothing.

This is rather a superfluity, and, unless with race
horses, is not usually indulged in, for at the time it
could be worn it generally is so hot that the less
the horse has on him the better. Usually one of
the blankets used in the winter is kept to throw
over him when standing about, or when walking
back from work. Drill summer clothing can be
obtained at any of the woollen mills in India in a
variety of patterns, or a native tailor (durzie) will
make it up in your own verandah if you give
him a pattern. At least two suits per horse are
required, as it very soon gets dirty in the warm
season and requires washing.

Eye Fringes {makleara).

Eye fringes are absolutely necessary in India,
and are used in parts of Australia to protect the
eyes from the flies. They are fastened on to the
cheek strap of the head collar with a small tab and
button-hole in place of a brow band, and have a
fringe of either leather or cotton cords that hang

GROOMING, STABLE GEAR, ETC. v «^')

down over the eyes halfway to the nose. I prefer
the cord ones ; the fringes are always flat and in
contact with the face, whereas the leather ones are
liable to curl up at the ends and allow the flies to
get underneath. The cotton ones are easier mended
than the leather.

Fly Whisks {chaune),

I always give each " syce " a fly whisk to keep
flies off tlie horse while at exercise, or when he
is holding liim anywhere. They are very cheap,
last a long time, and if not provided, the "syce"
will arm himself with a dirty duster or rag of
some sort for the purpose. I may, perhaps, be too
sensitive on this point, but to see a dirty rag
flourished about an otherwise well-turned-out animal
is to me a great eyesore.

Cleaning Horse Clothing, and Storing it in the
Summer.

It never enters the head of a ''syce" that
clothing requires to be cleaned. It should be fre-
quently hung out in the sun and well beaten with
a stick, like a carpet is, and then well brushed on
both sides with a stiff clothes-brush. If necessary,
it should be laid out flat and scrubbed with a

86 STABLE MANAGEMENT.

brush and soap and water, rinsed out with cold
water, as hot will make it shrink, and then, when
dry again, beaten and brushed. The straps on pieced
rugs should have some dubbing (momrogan) now
and again rubbed into them, to prevent their getting
hard and the leather perishing. Summer clothing
should be sent to the washerman (dhobie) to be
washed. During the summer months woollen cloth-
ing should be first cleaned, and then folded up and
put away, some camphor, pepper, and leaves of the
" neem " tree, that grows in every garden in Northern
India, being placed between the folds to keep off
the moths. They should be folded away on the top
of a box, board, or table, or somewhere raised off the
ground, to be out of the way of the white ants, and
once a week be unfolded and hung out in the sun
to air for a few hours, folded up, and stored away
again. There is no occasion to waste the spices
that are with them ; if they are carefully unfolded
over some newspapers, the whole can be collected
and used again.

Numdahs.

If used at all, felt numdahs should have a plain
edge, and not be bound with coloured tape, as they
so often are ; particularly the cheaper ones, that are

GROOMING, STABLE GEAR, ETC. 87

sold by native saddlers. I have frequently seen
sore backs caused by this tape binding, as well as
the hair in white horses discoloured by the edge.
When put on, the numdah should be well pulled
up into the arcli of the saddle, particularly in front.
The common practice is to put the numdah flat on
the back, and then the saddle on the top of it, so
that when the weight comes on it, the numdah gets
tight and is stretched, and is a common cause of
sore backs and galled withers. When taken off the
horse's back, the numdah should be spread out in
the sun to dry ; it should then be beaten with a
stick and brushed with a hard brush to get the dry
caked perspiration out of it, and to bring the nap
of the felt up again. If this is not done it will get
as hard as a board, and neglected numdahs are
certain to give sore backs. If the saddle is properly
stuffed and fitted to the horse's back, a numdah is
not required, the only use of it being to save the
lining of the saddle, and for this purpose I prefer a
leather one.

Grooming {maUfih),
Grooming is an art that native grooms excel in.
They have infinite patience, and their long supple
fingers are peculiarly adapted for the work. They,

88 STABLE MANAGEMENT.

furthermore, are used to it, for every Oriental is an
adept at shampooing or massage, constantly doing
it to their own limbs and those of their friends.
When the horse comes in from work the bridle
should be taken off him, hung up on a peg, and
a watering bridle put into his mouth, the stirrup
irons run up to the top of the leathers, and the
girths slackened. If there is a breast-plate it can
be taken off, but the saddle should not be re-
moved till the back gets cool. According to the
season of the year, a light or warm rug should be
thrown over the quarters, and the horse walked
about till he gets cool. If there is much mud
sticking on him, it can be rubbed off with a wisp
of straw before the brush is used. Horses should
not be washed, or, if they are, only under very
exceptional circumstances, when specially ordered.
It is, however, a favourite practice among " syces,"
as it saves a good deal of trouble ; and it is much
easier to wash off mud and dirt than to remove it
with the brush, as ought to be done ; they are also
very apt to use the curry-comb for this purpose.
When the horse is cool he should be gone over
with the brush, to remove what dirt is remain-
ing, and when this is finished the process should
be repeated with the hands, the palm and bend of

GROOMING, STABLE GEAR, ETC. 89

the wrist being used for this purpose. If it is the
hot weather, the grooming had best be done out-of-
doors ; but in winter it is best to do it in the stable,
as in Northern India there is a cold wind blowing
even in the middle of the day, and if exposed to it
horses are liable to catch cold. As soon as the
grooming is finished, which with a clipped horse
can be done in about half an hour, the clothing
and bandages should be put on, and, if it is evening,
the bed put down. Even if not worked, this process
of grooming should take place twice a day — before
the morning and evening feed.

Wisps and Grooming Pads.

Straw wisps or leather pads are particularly useful
in developing the muscle of a thin animal, or bring-
ing the skin into order when it has been neglected.
The wisps are made by twisting some of the bedding
straw together into a rope about three feet long.
This is then doubled in the middle and again
twisted, so as to form a flat pad. Two of these
wisps are used, one in each hand, and they are
alternately brought down with a slight slap and
drawing motion in the direction of the hair, the
whole body being massaged witli them. It is some-
times a good plan, if there is much dirt in the coat.

90 STABLE MANAGEMENT.

to cover the pad with a damp duster ; the dirt seems
to stick to it. This is particularly useful when
horses are changing their coats ; the hair sticks to
the damp cloth, and the old coat is brought out
quicker than it otherwise would be. The grooming
pads are used in the same way. They are two
circles of leather about four or five inches in
diameter, joined together with a strip of chamois
leather about three inches wide, so as to form a
pad or cushion, that is stuffed with tow. On one
side a piece of leather or webbing is stitched at
each end, sufficiently loose to allow the hand to be
slipped under it in the same way as the horse brusli.
Two of these pads are used, and the skin beaten or
massaged by each hand alternately. Although, per-
haps, at first horses are fidgety, when they get
used to it they appear to enjoy it \ and it has the
advantage of letting the owner know, if he is not in
sight, that the "syce" is working by the noLse he
makes.

Hand-rubbing.

If horses are inclined to get filled on swollen legs,
the tendons should be well hand-rubbed for fiSQ
minutes at each grooming hour. This hand-rubbing
sliould commence from tlie lower portion of the limb

GROOMING, STABLE GEAR, ETC. 91

and be continued upwards, not in the reverse direc-
tion, which is tlie usual practice. The limb should
be lifted up, and the fingers worked with a kneading
motion behind the tendons.

Washing.

The feet, mane and tail are the only parts that
should ever be washed, unless specially ordered, and
then as seldom as possible. When the feet are
washed, great care should ])e taken that they are
carefully dried afterwards, and bandages put on, as
leaving the legs wet is one of the chief causes of
cracked heels, more especially in the winter months,
if there is a dry cold wind blowing. If soap is used,
it should be soft-soap; or, better still, the soap
nut, or " reita." This is a berry, the shell or outer
covering of which, when soaked in water, swells up
into a sticky mass, that lathers like soap, and by
natives of India is used for washing purposes.

Uneven Manes.

When the mane gets ragged and uneven, it should
be carefully brushed down four or five times a day
with a damp water brush, to make it lie flat. The
long hairs on the under side next the neck should be
pulled out, so that the mane is thinned, and the

92 STABLE MANAGEMENT.

lower part lies in a perfect curve along the neck.
Some horses object, and are a little troublesome
during this process ; but, if it is done gradually, it
can be easily accomplished. The long hairs in the
mane should never be cut, unless it is intended to
clip it off altogether, and make it into a " hogged "
mane. If the mane will not lie down flat with an
even sweep, it can be covered with a cake of mud
for four or five days, when it should be removed, and
renewed if necessary. Being dry, it will crack, and
the pieces can be easily knocked off, and the dust
brushed out. The mud cake generally has the
desired effect after having been applied four or live
times.

Hogged Manes.

The manes of polo ponies and cobs it is the fashion
to " hog," or cut off close to the neck. It is best to
leave the forelock, as it gives a certain protection
against the flies and glare of the sun ; also, to leave
a lock of hair on the wither, to grasp with the hand
when mounting. The best implement to hog a mane
with is a pair of ordinary horse-clippers, but don't
use a new pair, or they will get spoiled ; old ones
that are no use for the rest of the body, do well
enoudi. It is best to sit on the animal's back when

(BROOMING, STABLE GEAE, ETC. 93

the mane is being hogged, and to cut forwards ; the
liair will be cut much smoother, and a neater job
made of it than when standing on the ground at
the side.

Ragged Legs.

If the horse is not clipped, the long hairs at the
back of the legs look very unsightly. They should
be pulled out, not cut off. If a little powdered resin
is rubbed on the finger and thumb, the hair will
stick to it, and come out much more easily, and the
legs will have a smooth, even appearance, which can
never be attained if they are cut off with scissors,
no matter how carefully this is done; there will
always be jagged ridges left. The long hairs under
the jowl can be singed off by passing a lighted candle
under the jaw once or twice. If the horse is at all
frightened at the candle, he can be blindfolded ; but
the operation is so quick, that generally it is all over
before he is aware of what is being done. The long
hairs on the muzzle and chin can be clipped off with
a pair of ordinary scissors. If the horse is not
clipped all over, attention to these one or two little
details make all the difference in his appearance, and
in his being turned out smart, or the reverse.

94 STABLE MANAGEMENT.

Trimming Tails.

The tail should be grasped close to the root with
one hand, which is run down so that the hairs are all
gathered together, and a string or tape tied round
below the fleshy part at the tip. The tail should
then be drawn out straight, and the hair cut off with
a single sweep of a sharp knife just below where the
string is tied. The blade of the knife must be long
enough to give a drawing sweep, which an ordinary
pocket-knife will not do. There is nothing better
for this than a sharp native sword, or " tulwar," as it
is long enough to cut through all the hair at one
stroke ; or, failing a sword, a sharp carving-knife will
do, the longer in the blade the better. Any uneven
ends of hair that remain can afterwards be trimmed
off witli a pair of scissors ; or, better still, by a pair
uf slieep shears. Tail-cutting machines are sold with
an arrangement to fix the hair of the tail with a
clamp, on which there is a sliding cutting-blade.
These cut the liair off very smoothly and evenly ;
the only drawback is that they are somewhat ex-
pensive, costing about Ks. IG in Calcutta or Bombay.

Clipping.

Arabs and many country-breds carry such fine
coats that they do nut require clipping, but most

GROOMING, STABLE GEAR, ETC. 9o

Australians and colonials do ; and if the coat is at
all inclined to get long and thick, it certainly should
be taken off, for horse-clothing is so cheap that
an extra rug can always be got. Horses should
not be clipped till the coat has "set," i.e. till the
long winter coat has grown, and no more hairs
will come off when the hand is rubbed over the
skin. This is generally about the beginning of
October in Northern India. They will generally
require clipping twice or three times during the
winter, or up to the middle of March. There arc
generally some professional clippers in every station,
who bring their own clipping-machines, and charge
about two 01" three rupees for a pony, and an extra
rupee for a horse each time ; or, if there is not such
an individual about, permission can generally be
obtained to have it done by any of the cavalry
regiments in tlie station. It should be remembered
that horses having just lost their coats will require
an extra rug that night.

Cleaning the Sheath.

The owner must himself occasionally see that
the horse's sheath is washed out. *' Syces" never
think this necessary, and the part gets into a
filthy, dirty state, that in the summer months is

96 STABLE MANAGEMENT.

likely to give rise to a troublesome sore, called a
"bursattee" ulcer. Some horses are very trouble-
some to do this with, and it may be necessary to
put on a twitch (" kinch mhal ") ; but this should
always be done in the owner's presence.

Light in Stables.

With a new-comer, " syces " usually ask for oil
to burn in a native earthenware lamp (charragh)
at night, but it is a thing I never allow. In the
first place, even if the lamp was kept burning, it
is not required ; horses rest better in the dark. In
the second, it is dangerous with so much inflammable
material about. In the third, the lamp will not be
used in the stable, but the " syce's " own house. If a
light is ever required, which is only on rare occasions ,
it is better to bring a lantern out of the house ; and
in India there is always a hurricane-lantern to be
found in every house.

Fires in Yerandahs.

" Syces " are very fond of lighting fires and making
cooking places in the verandah of the stable, but this
I never allow, as it litters the place up with cooking
pots, and makes a great mess ; also, it is dangerous.
I always make them caiTy on their cooking opera-
tions in the verandahs of their own houses.

SADDLERY, HARNESS, CARRIAGES,
AND SERVANTS.

Saddles (zin) and Harness (saz).
Saddles, harness, and all leatherwork requires a
good deal more care and attention in India than
in England, especially during the hot season, when
the fierce dry heat will dry up and perish all sorts
of leather ; and in the rains, especially in Southern
India, where the atmosphere is so loaded with
moisture that leather, put on one side and neglected
for a very few days, soon becomes covered with
mildew. There are no saddle rooms in Indian
stables, and it is usual to keep them in a corner
of a room in the house on a wooden saddle-stand,
called by natives a " ghorra " horse. In the rains, a
pan or brazier of burning charcoal should be kept in
the room for a few hours daily, if there is not a
fire-place. Saddles are cleaned in the same way as
in England, and excellent saddle soap and dubbing
is made by the North-west Province Soap Works

98 STABLE MANAGEMENT.

at Meerut, and can be obtained almost anywhere. If
this is not used, the " syces " can always make up
dubbing of their own, called " momrogan." Some
people give their head '' syce " a monthly allow-
ance to provide dubbing, soap, bathbrick, oil, etc. ;
but as they frequently put lime and bleaching
materials with it, I prefer to buy it myself, and let
them get the other articles. They require a chamoise
leather and a burnisher for steel-work, but one of
each will do for a stable of half a dozen horses,
and very good country-made leathers (sabur) can
be got for from one to one and a half rupees. The
soap is put on to and rubbed into leather- work
with the hands ; but the great fault they have is
that they will put on too much, and won't work
it in enough, and one's breeches and hands will
get into a great mess.

Saddle Covers (huJc bund).

A sheet, made out of a description of coarse country
cloth (karwah), is necessary for each saddle or set
of harness, to wTap it up in, and keep the dust and
dirt off. It should be sufficiently large to wrap the
saddle up in completely, and in the summer the
" syce " can bring it with him to act as a horse-
cloth to throw over the quarters when standing about.

SADDLERY, HARNESS, ETC. 99

These saddle-sheets can be made by any tailor in a
few hours.

Bridles.

Bridles, double (dahna), snaffle (kazai), can be
hung up on the walls, but a piece of cloth or a
few sheets of paper should be fastened up behind
them ; and they should be frequently taken down
if not in daily use, as the white ants are most
destructive. It is best to have one or two extra
saddle-stands made with pegs on them, and to
hang the bridles on them in the middle of the
room, away from the walls. This may be a little
more expensive, but a saddle-stand can be brought
for Es. 5 that will hold a couple of dozen bridles,
worth Rs. 20 apiece. At one time plated bits were
used in India, but I think steel ones are the best.
*' Syces *' never can tell the difference, and I have
more than once found a plated bit being indus-
triously scrubbed and polished with sand.

Harness.

Unless particularly desired, brown harness with
brass mounts is the best — for India, at all events —
for pony-harness, and it is this class of animal
that is generally used in an up-country station.
Not one " syce " in a hundred knows how to clean

100 STABLE MANAGEMENT.

black harness properly, and if this is not done
nothing looks worse, whereas almost any native can
clean brown leather after a fashion, and even if it
does not stand close inspection, it will pass muster
at a little distance. Fairly good brown harness is
made out of country leather, and it does well
enough for rough work, but it never has the finish
of English. Country leather reins and country
bits should never be used; they are not reliable,
and are most dangerous ; these should always be
English.

Carriages.

The ordinary two-wheeled pony-trap or dogcart,
used in an up-country Indian station, is best var-
nished, not painted. The hot weather ruins paint,
and, unless in some of the very large towns, it is
nearly impossible to get them properly repainted
again. Any native workman can, however, varnish
a trap with white or copal varnish. Before allowing
new varnish to be put on, the trap should be pro-
duced for inspection with the old scraped off, as it
is a favourite trick to daub new varnish over the
old, when it cannot properly set, and the first hot
sun cracks and blisters it. In the hot weather a
large earthen basin, called a " naund," should be

SADDLERY, HARNESS, ETC. 101

kept full of Avater under the carriage in the coach-
house; the evaporation of the water will keep the
woodwork moist, and prevent its cracking with the
heat. A matting made of the fibres of the ''khus
khus," or lemon grass, should also be put round
the nave of the wheel, and kept wet, for the same
purpose, as it is exceedingly likely to crack with
the heat. The shafts of the trap should not be left
resting on the ground, as they will warp and bend ;
they should be supported either by a wooden trestle,
or else by a couple of ropes from the beams of the
roof. The whip, when not in use, should be hung
by a string at the upper part to a nail in the wall,
and a weight, such as a brick, tied to the butt end
to keep it straight ; otherwise, in a very short time,
it will get crooked.

Servants.

Indian "syces" are different to English grooms,
as the new arrival will soon find. They have
peculiar customs of their own, which, like all
Orientals, they cling to tenaciously, and will not
give up. If they are understood they are easily
managed, and work well ; but if not, the horse-
owner's life is a burden to him, for no European
can overcome the passive resistance of the Oriental.

102 STABLE MANAGEMENT.

In the first place, I never let any of the house
servants interfere with the stable. Many persons,
particularly those new to the country, do everything
through their head servant, or " bearer " ; but I
make him stick to his own work, which is the control
of the house and the house servants. I pick out
one of the best and sharpest of the " syces," chang-
ing him till I get a good man, making him the
head or "jemedar syce," and paying him a rupee
a month more wages than the rest; and he is re-
sponsible for everything connected with the horses,
and any small bills I pay to him, and him alone.
The wages I pay myself to each man regularly on
the seventh of the month, for the month previously.
I never lift my hand to a servant, or fine him under
any pretext, as the fine will only be made up out
of the horse's grain, but, if fault has to be found,
I do so in the presence of the head man; on the
second occasion a warning is given, and on the
third the offender is dismissed on the spot. I
always keep a " syce " and a " grass-cutter " for each
horse. It is possible to get a " syce " and two " grass-
cutters " to look after two horses, by paying the
" syce " a rupee a month more ; but the arrangement
is not satisfactory, although many do it. If the
" syce " gets ill, which they often do, there is no one

SADDLERY, HARNESS, ETC. 103

to do his work, whereas, if there is a man to each
horse, they will arrange the extra work among
themselves. In Northern India "syces" and " grass-
cutters" should be XDrovided with warm woollen
clothes in the winter. An excellent cloth for
the purpose is made by the various woollen mills,
and at most of them servant's clothes can be
bought ready made up ; but it is best to give the
men the materials and let them get them made up
themselves, otherwise there is certain to be some-
thing wrong with them. A "syce's " coat costs about
Ks. 4, and a " grass-cutter's," which is made out of
a coarse blanketing, Es. 3 ; and these coats should
last for two winters' wear. In addition, I used to
give each man a " coolie " blanket that cost Ks. 3,
and which would last three winters ; and, if they
had to go out much into camp, such as taking
horses out to meet me on shooting or pig-stick-
ing expeditions, a pair of woollen leg-bandages,
or " putties.'* It is a mistake not to give servants
warm clothes, and a false economy, as, if they are
not properly protected against the cold, which is
very severe in Northern India, they are everlast-
ingly getting fever ; and I know no greater nuisance
than having your head man laid up for two or three
days at a stretch. In the second place, if they have

104 STABLE MANAGEMENT.

not warm clothes themselves, you can never tell if
in the night they will not take the clothing off the
horses to wrap themselves up in. A constant source
of squabbling amongst Indian servants is the allot-
ment of their huts or houses. In the older Indian
bungalows there is usually enough of both these and
stabling, but in the newer ones there is not. It is
best, however, not to listen to any such complaints,
and somehow the disputants settle the knotty point
themselves. Every now and again it is advisable
to see who is living in your compound, as a most
enormous number of relations will turn up, who are
known as brothers (bhai) ; and if you don't look
out, you will find you are giving shelter on your
premises to several hundred individuals. Indian ser-
vants are always asking leave to attend weddings,
funerals, and religious ceremonies ; and I always
allow them to go, provided some arrangement is
made to carry on their work. They are clannish
in the extreme, and a substitute was always forth-
coming. In the hills "grass-cutters" are not re-
quired, as grass can be bought in the bazaars. The
country people look on the sale of this as a vested
right, and naturally resent any outsider cutting it or
interfering with them ; and, if they do, there is pretty
certain to be a disturbance and unpleasantness. If

SADDLERY, HARNESS, ETC. 105

"grass-cutters " are preferred to purchasing the daily
supply, local hillmen should be employed, who will
arrange the matter with their neighbours, and not
men brought up from the plains of India. In most
hill stations passes or licences have to be obtained
to cut grass. In every Indian station there is an
official price-list of country produce published, and
should any dispute arise as to the rates charged, it
is as well to obtain it from the native magistrate
(tehsildar), whose decision in such matters is usually
accepted as final, and which generally saves an im-
mense amount of trouble.

106 STABLE MANAGEMENT.

SHOEING.

Shoeing {nal hmidie).

Shoeing is a subject on which a volume might
be written of itself, far beyond the scope of this
little work, and for further information on the
art I would refer the reader to the treatises by
Dr. riemming and W. Hunting, Esq. ; but as both
these deal with European practice, I will only
mention a few differences in the art as performed by
the native smith, or "nal bund." In most large
military stations where there are European troops,
permission can generally be obtained to have horses
shod at the regimental forge, but in out-of-the-way
places the native artist has to be employed. All
horses require shoeing at least once a month, and
some oftener, as with some the horn grows quicker
than others, and the hoof requires to be shortened
oftener. In these cases, if the shoe is not worn
out at the toe, it can be replaced after the foot is
shortened ; this is what the English smith calls " a

SHOEING. 107

remove," the native " khol bundi." It is advisable
after work to lift up the foot and look if the shoes
(nal) have shifted or not, also to examine the clench
or point of the nail (preg) where it has been turned
over, as it sometimes gets turned up and sticks out.
If this happens on the inside of the hoof it is likely
to cut the opposite fetlock (mawah lagna), and make
a bad wound that may leave a permanent scar or
blemish. Some horses, from bad formation, move
their limbs so closely together that they always rub
the fetlock joints when they move. This sometimes
can be corrected by what is known as a brushing
shoe ; but some badly-shaped animals will always do
it, no matter what sort of shoe is put on. Various
forms of pads or brushing boots are sold to prevent
tliis and protect the part ; but, in my opinion, what
is known as the Irish boot is the best. It consists
of a thick piece of blanket, or " mundah," about six
inches wide and the length of the circumference of
the leg. This is fastened round the fetlock with a
tape or string so that the ends are in the middle line
of the leg behind, the upper half being doubled over
the string so that there are two thicknesses to pro-
tect the fetlock joint. I have found this far better
than the more elaborate contrivances sold; it is
cheap — any one can make one in a few minutes — it

108 STABLE MANAGEMENT.

does not collect mud and dirt like the others do, and
it does not become hard like those boots made out of
leather, which, unless carefully looked to and kept
soft with soap (sabon) or dubbing (momrogan), are
liable to cut horses badly. The only care required
in putting on the Irish boot is not to tie it too tight,
or the tapes may cut the skin. Some pieces of horn
hanging loose, that are being cast off from the sole
and frog in the natural process of growth, are often
seen. These are very likely to collect dirt and
moisture, and if they do they should be removed,
but otherwise be left alone. They can generally be
pulled off with the fingers, a piece of stick, or the
hoof-picker. As a rule, in the plains of India the
majority of horses do not require shoes on their hind
feet, unless the roads are mended with stone, or the
climate is very damp and the horn gets soft. In the
rainy season, if much work is being done, they per-
haps then require shoeing behind, but in the dry
season the majority go just as well without. In the
hills, where the paths are rocky and stony, horses,
of course, require shoeing behind. Unlike the
European, the native smith shoes what is called
" cold," that is, he has a number of shoes in sizes
from which he selects one as near a fit as possible,
which he hammers into shape on a small anvil

SHOEING. 109

without heating it. Native shoes are generally
perfectly plain, i.e. flat on both sides, and, unless
specially made, are never " seated," i.e, sloped on the
foot surface, or " bevelled," i.e. sloped on the ground
surface. As a rule, the nail-holes are what the smith
calls too fine, i.e. they are too near the outer rim
of the iron, and to get a hold the shoe has to be
brought back so that the horn projects over the iron.
To obviate this the smith removes the toe with the
rasp, thus weakening the horn at the very place
where it is required to be strong. The shoes are
generally somewhat too small also, and to get the
nail to take hold they have to be set back in the
same way as when the nail-holes are too fine. A
native smith, unless he has been shown how, never
knows how to turn down the point of the nail after
it has been driven through the hoof to form the
clench ; he never cuts off the superfluous part, but
turns it round in a curl with the pincers, and,
needless to say, this is exceedingly likely to cause
brushing. Another great fault is his fondness of
pairing and slicing away the frog and sole, which he
will have to be stopped in doing. I have seldom
seen a horse pricked in shoeing by a native, but if
left to themselves they never get the bearing true,
and as a result corns are of common occurrence.

110 STABLE MANAGEMENT.

Of course, such light shoes as those of native manu-
facture have not a great lot of wear in them, and in
heavy, holding ground would pull off, but on the
hard level plains of India they last well enough,
and the native smith, if his faults are known and
corrected, is not a bad workman after his own lights.

GLOSSAEY OF HINDUSTANI WORDS.

Adabwah, parched barley.
Aghari, a head rope.
Akh-ta, a gelding.

Bad hazmie, indigestion, dys-
pepsia.

Bagh, rein.

Bagh dorie, leading-rope.

Bajara, millet seed.

Balti, huchet.

Baniah, corn-dealer.

Bans, bamboo.

Bhai, brother, relative.

Bhebie, iron shackles for horse* s
legs.

Bhestie, ivater carrier.

Bichalie, bedding straw.

BuK BUND, saddle sheet.

Bubbadah, sawdust.

Charpoy, native bedstead.
Chaeragh, native oil lamp.
Chattie, earthen pot,
Chaurie, fly-whisk.
Cheil, to dig up grass.
Chick, split bamboo tcindow

blind.
Chick-na, muzzle.
Choker, bran.
Chuckie, hand-mill.
Chunna, gram.\
Churrie, dried shorgum stalk

used for cattle fodder.

Compound, enclosure round an

Indian house.
CuLTEE, the black gram used as

horse food in Madras.

Dah, a bill-hook.

Dah-na, a double bridle.

Dast, diarrhoea.

Dastoub, custom, percentage,

perquisites.
Dhan, unhusked rice,
Dha nah, grain,
Dhoob, an Indian grass on

which horses are fed.
Dhool, a small leather bucket

used for drawing water.
DuBZiE, a tailor.

Farakie, body-roller.

Gajae, carrots.

Gehun, wheat.

Ghoeea, horse.

Ghobbie, mare.

GuDDA, donkey,

Gumalo, earthen vessel shaped

like a milk pan, holding about

a gallon.
Gunna, sugar-cane.
Guedaine, horse-rug.

Hawah, air.
Hookha, a pipe.
Hurbialie, a species of grass.

112

STABLE MANAGEMENT.

Jai, oats.

Jamp, a straw screen.

Jaru, a broom.

Jharan, duster.

Jhool, country horse clothing

made out of felt.
JoNK, leech.
Jow, harley.

Kali nimuk, hlach salt.

Kab wah, a sort of cotton cloth.

Kazai, watering or snaffle bridle.

Khal, linseed cake.

Khansilla, hood.

Khasil, green food.

Khawid, green food.

Khoalie, charcoal.

Khol bundie, a remove in horse

Khua, a well.

Khus khus, lemon grass.

KiCHER KE MUTTEE, day.
KiNCH MHAL, twitch.

KiRiM, worm, weevil.

KuMBAL, blanket.

KuBLiE, manger,

KuRPA, a short iron hoe, used to

dig grass with.
KuTCHER, mule.

Malish, grooming.
Make, a wooden tent-peg.
Makie-ara, eye-fringe to keep

off flies.
Maund, 80 lbs. weight.
Maw AH LAGNA, brushing of the

fetlocks.
MissA BHOOSA, grain stalks

crushed in thrashing.
Moat, pulse grain.
MoMROGAN, dubbing.
Mote, pulse grain.
MuNG, pulse grain.
MussuK, leather water-bag.
MuTTiE, earth.
MuzzuMA, leather heel-strap.

Nal, a horseshoe.

Nal bund, a shoeing-smith.

Naund, a large wide-mouthed

earthen vessel holding several

gallons.
Newab, cotton webbing.
Nimmuk, salt.

NiRRiCK, the official price list.
NuKTA, head stall.
Numdah, felt pad for putting

under a saddle.

Paite, body-roller.

Pani, water.

Peoharie, heel ropes.

Preg, nail.

Putter ke nimmuk, rock salt.

Puttie, a roller bandage.

Ret, sand,
Reita, soap nuts.
Rhal, linseed cake.
Roll kerna, to exercise.

Sabon, soap.

Sabur, chamois leather.

San, a stallion.

Saz, harness.

Seer, a two-pound weight.

Shalgham, turnip.

SuFFAiD bhoosa, iclieat straio

that has been crushed and

broken in thrashing.
Sum khodna, hoof-picker.
Sun, tow or hemp.
Syce, a groom.

Tobra, a nose-bag.

ToKAR, to trip or stumble.

Tokrie, a basket.

Tulwar, a curved native sword,

Ulsie, linseed.
ZiN, a saddle.

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HISTORY, CUSTOM

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MEDICAL AND MA

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Third Edition, Demy 4to. 36 Plates and Map. £1 is. net. Rs. 15.12.

LARGE GAME SHOOTING

IN THIBET, THE HIMALAYAS, NORTHERN AND
CENTRAL INDIA.

By Bng.-Gcmtal ALEX* A* A. KINLOCH*

NYAN OR GREAT THIBETAN SHEKV.— 07'/s HodgSOnii.

Times. — " Colonel Kinloch, who has killed most kinds of Indian game, small
and great, relates incidents of his varied sporting experiences in chapters which
are each descriptive of a different animal. The photogravures of the heads of
many of the animals, from the grand gaur, popularly miscalled the bison, down-
wards, are extremely clever and spirited."

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very pleasant reading."

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Second Edition. Demy 8vo., cloth, \os. 6d. Rs. 7.14.

BULLET AND SHOT

IN INDIAN FOREST, PLAIN, AND HILL.

WITH HINTS TO BEGINNERS IN INDIAN SHOOTING.

By C. E. M. RUSSELL

(late Senior Deputy Conservator of Forests, Mysore Service).

List of Contents.

The Indian Bison— Bison Shooting— Hints to Beginners— The Wild Buffalo, the
Yak, and the Tsine— The Tiger— Incidents in Tiger Shooting— The Panther,
Hunting Cheetah, Clouded Leopard, Snow Leopard, and Indian Lion— The
C'hief Bears of India — The Indian Elephant — The Deer of India and the
Himalayas— The Neilgherry Wild Goat— The Wild Goats of Cashmere and
Ladakh— The Wild Sheep of India — The Rhinacerotidae and Suidee of India
—Small Animals worth Shooting— Game Birds and Wild Fowl of India-
Poachers and Nuisances— Camp Equipment, Outfit, Servants, etc.— Rifles,
Guns, Ammunition, etc.— Hints on Skinning and the Preservation of Trophies,
etc., etc.
Saturday Revietv. — "We have nothing but praise for his accuracy and for the
value of his practical advice. . . . Not a few of the chapters are very attractive
reading, being- full of exciting anecdote and picturesque reminiscences. . . . His
chapters on forest campaigning, camp equipment, and sporting batteries deserve
careful attention."

Civil and Military Gazette (Lahore). — " . . . Cannot fail to appeal to
sportsmen of every standing, from the veriest tyro, to whom it will prove
particularly useful, to the oldest hand at the game. . . . The general excellence
and completeness of the book should ensure it the position of a standard work."

Second Edition. Post 8vo. . 4^-. 6d. net. Rs. 4.

SEONEE;

OR, CAMP LIFE ON THE
SATPURA RANGE.

A Tale of Indian Adventure.

By R. A. STERN DALE,
F.R.G.S., F.Z.S.

Illustrated by the Author.

With an Appendix containing a brief Topographical and Historical Account
of the District of Seonee, in the Central Provinces of India.

B 2

W. TH ACKER 6- CO., LONDON.

Imperial 161110., cloth, 580 pages, xis. 6d. Rs. 10.

A NATURAL HISTORY OF THE
MAMMALIA OF INDIA,

BURMAH AND CEYLON.
By R. A. STERNDALE, F.R.G*S*, F.Z.S*

With 170 Illustrations by the Author and others.

The geographical limits of the present work have been ex-
tended to all territories likely to be reached by the sportsman
from India. It is copiously illustrated, not only by the author
himself, but by careful selections made by him from the works
of well-known artists.

Knoioledge. — " It is the very model of what a popular natural history should be."

Saturday Review. — " Full of accurate observations, brightly told."

Athenceum. — " The results of a close and sympathetic observation."^

The Times. — " The book will, no doubt, be specially useful to the sportsman,
and indeed has been extended so as to include all territories likely to be reached
by the sportsman from India." 1

The Daily News. — " Has contrived to hit a hap])y moan [^between the stiff
scientific treatise and the bosirof what may be called anecdotal zoology."

TH ACKER, SPIXK &- CO., CALCUTTA. §

Second Edition. Crown 8vo. , cloth, 150 pages, 3.?. bd. net. Ks. 2.8.

USEFUL HINTS TO YOUNG
SHIKARIS

ON THE GUN AND RIFLE.

By the "LITTLE OLD BEAR."

Containing information on every subject necessary for the young Shikar —
from his rifle, gun, and ammunition to his camp kit and dress.

Fcap. 8vo., cloth, 5^. net, Rs. 3.8.

,THE SPORTSMAN'S MANUAL.

In Quest of Game in KuUu, Lahoul, and Ladak to the Tso Morari

Lake, with Notes on Shooting in Spiti, Bara Bagahal, Chamba,

and Kashmir, and a Detailed Description of Sport in more than

100 Nalas. With 9 Maps.

By Lt.-CoL R. H, TYACKE, late H.M/s 98th and 34th Regiments,

Fourth Edition. Demy Bvo., cloth, ^s. 6d. net. Rs. 5.

THE TOURIST AND SPORTSMAN'S

GUIDE TO KASHMIR & LADAK.

By A, E. WARD

(Bengal Staff Corps).

Giving in a small compass all the principal routes in Kashmir and Ladak —
with information where sport may be obtained ; the Game Laws of the country and
useful hints as to Camp Kit required and the supplies obtainable.

Oblong folio (18 X 14), cloth, 125-. 6d. net. Rs. 10.

DENIZENS OF THE JUNGLES.

A SERIES OF SKETCHES OF WILD ANIMALS, ILLUSTRATING
THEIR FORM AND NATURAL ATTITUDE.

With Letterpress and Description of each of the 12 Plates.

By R, A. STERNDALE, F,R,G,S., F.Z.S.

P^. THACkER &> Cd., LOjVMJv.

Third Edition. Demy 8vo., cloth 15^. Rs. 11. 4.

THE ROD IN INDIA.

BEING HINTS HOW TO OBTAIN SPORT, WITH

REMARKS ON THE NATURAL HISTORY OF FISH

AND THEIR CULTURE.

By H. S. THOMAS, F.L.S. (Madras Civil Service, Retired),

Author of " Tank Anghng in India."

With numerous full-page and other Illustrations.

Field. — "A masterly treatise on the art of angling."

Spectator. — '■'■ K more complete guide to its subject than could be found
elsewhere."

Illustrated Sporting a?id Dramatic News. — "His book has been for years a
standard work. Perhaps, without injustice to others, it may be described as the
standard work upon Indian angling."

Field. — "To the angler going out to India, Mr. Thomas's book will be a
necessary part of his outfit."

Crown 8vo,, cloth. Rs. 4.

ANGLING ON THE KUMAON
LAKES.

WITH A MAP OF THE KUMAON LAKE COUNTRY
AND PLAN OF EACH LAKE.

By Deputy-Surgeon-General W* WALKER^

Hayes' sporting Nezvs. — "Written with all the tenderness and attention to
detail which characterizes the followers of the gentle art."

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Fourth Edition. Super royal 8vo., cloth gilt, 338 pages, 21J. net. Rs. 18.6.

GAME, SHORE, AND WATER BIRDS
OF INDIA.

WITH ADDITIONAL REFERENCES TO THEIR ALLIED
SPECIES IN OTHER PARTS OF THE WORLD.

By Colonel A- LE MESSURIER, CLE*, F.Z.S*, F*G-S.

(late Royal Engineers), Author of
" Kandahar in 1879," " From London to Bokhara and a Ride through Persia."

With 180 natural size Illustrations honi actual specimens.

A Vade Mecum for the Sportsman, embracing all the Birds at all
likely to be met with in a Shooting Excursion.

Reviews of Third Edition.

Nature. — " Colonel Le Messurier writes as a field naturalist for field naturalists
and sportsmen without any great pretensions to scientific knowledge, but there is
no doubt that all naturaUsts will gain useful hints from this little volume, which
is profusely illustrated with wood cuts giving the characteristic features of most of
the species."

Knowledge. — " Compact in form, excellent in method and arrangement, and as
far as we have been able to test it, rigidly accurate in details, Colonel Le Messurier's
book should become the vade mecum of every sportsman and naturalist whom duty
or pleasure may compel to visit India."

Madras Titfies. — " Neatly and handily bound, well printed and clearly
illustrated, the book undoubtedly fills a void in the literature of the day. The
work is well arranged, and will probably fully answer the requirements of even a
veteran sportsman."

IV. TH ACKER &- CO., LONDOM.

Crown 8vo., paper cover, -zs. 6d. net. Re. 1.12.

THE BIRDS OF CALCUTTA.

A SERIES OF SHORT

HUMOROUS BUT FAITHFUL

DESCRIPTIONS OF THE

COMMON BIRDS OF

CALCUTTA.

By FRANK FINN, F.Z.S.,
M3.0,U-

(late Deputy Superintendent,
Calcutta Museum).

Wilk Illustrations by II. GOODCHILD.

Field. — "There is a good deal of bird life to be observed in and around
Calcutta, to which Mr. Finn's little book will serve as a useful guide, especially as
it has some good illustrations by Mr. Herbert Goodcliild."

Crown 8vo. , cloth.

GARDEN AND AVIARY BIRDS
OF INDIA.

A HANDBOOK FOR FIELD NATURALISTS AND
BIRD FANCIERS.

With Illustrations drawn from life.

By FRANK FINN, F.Z.S», M*B.O*U,

\^N€arly Ready.

In two Parts. Crown 8vo., sewed, each 3,?. bd. net. Rs. 2.8.

HOW TO KNOW—

THE INDIAN DUCKS.
THE INDIAN WADERS.

\_X early Ready.

By FRANK FINN, F.Z,S., M^B.O.u/

(late Deputy Superintendent, Calcutta Museum).
Nature.— " \Wq have nothing but commendation for this excellent little volume.

TH ACKER, SPINK 6- CO., CALCUTTA.

Second Edition. Imperial i6mo., cloth, 8j^. 6^. net. Rs. 7.8
THE COMMON 5ENSE OF RIDING.

RIDING FOR LADIES.

WITH HINTS ON THE STABLE.

By Mrs. POWER O'DONOGHUE.

With 68 Illustrations by A. Chantkey Corbould.

This able and beautiful Volume forms a standard on the subject, and is one
which no lady can dispense with.

Reviews of Second Edition.

The Lady.—" Probably the best book on riding that has ever been written."

Irish Field. — " Her style is clear and convincing, and what she has to say she
says in the simplest possible manner."

Lady's- Pictorial. — " No more complete treatise on equitation could easily
be put forward."

Ladies Field.—" Advice on all points connected with the subject is so clearly
given . . . that not only beginners but experienced riders will find it invaluable."

The Queen.— "The volume has been carefully written, and shows great
observation on the part of the writer."

[R TH ACKER o- CO., LONDON:

Second Edition. Crown 8vo., is. 6d. net. Re. i.

NOTES ON STABLE MANAGEMENT^

WITH GLOSSARY OF HINDUSTANI
WORDS.

By Vety. Col. J. A* NUNN,
F.R,C,V.S., CLE., D.S.O.

This little work is written specially to give
the new arrival in India some idea as to the
management of his horses, especially those
who are getting up a stable for the first time.
It contains invaluable hints and information,
only to be learned in the ordinary way by
long and often bitter experience.

Indian Daily News. — " The notes are eminently
practical, and give sound advice on everything
pertaining to the proper care of horses, such as can be
utilized by the uninitiated to the best advantage."

Fifth Edition. Fcap. 8vo., cloth, 3J-. net. Rs. 2.

INDIAN HORSE NOTES.

By Major C .

An Epitome of Useful Information arranged for ready reference on Emergencies,

and specially adapted for Officers and Mofussil Residents. All technical terms

explained and simplest remedies selected.

Crown 8vo., cloth, 3^. net. Rs. 2

STATION POLO.

THE TRAINING AND GENERAL TREATMENT OF POLO

PONIES, TOGETHER WITH TYPES AND

TRAITS OF PLAYERS.

By Lieut. HUGH STEWART (Lucifer).

Contents.
THE POLO PONY: The Raw Pony— Preliminary Training— First Introduction
—Stable Management — Tricks — Injuries — Shoeing. STATION POLO :
Station Polo, How shall we Play ?— The Procrastinator— The Polo Scurry-
Idiosyncrasies— Types— Individual V. Combined Tactics— Odds and Ends.

Fcap. 8vo., limp cloth, is. 6d. net. Re. i.

GUIDE TO EXAMINATION OF HORSES
FOR SOUNDNESS.

A HANDBOOK FOR STUDENTS AND BEGINNERS.
By J. MOORE, F.R.C.V.S., Army Vcty. Dept.

TliACKER, SPINK &- CO., CALCUTTA.
Crown 8vo., cloth, bs. Rs. 4.8.

DOGS FOR HOT CLIMATES.

A Guide for Residents in Tropical Climates
as to suitable Breeds, their respective Uses,
Management, and Doctoring,

By VERO SHAW

[Late Kennel Editor of " The Field"),

Captain M. H. HAYES,

With 24 Illustrations from Photographs and
Drawings.

Indian Planters' Gazette. — " The authors
of ' Dogs for Hot Climates ' show in a concise
practical way how to treat dogs, and what
breeds best stand hot climates. The book
should be on every one's table, for sensible
treatment will save the life of many a valuable
and much loved pet."

Seventh Edition. Fcap. Bvo., cloth, 25. 6d. net. Re. 1.8.

INDIAN NOTES ABOUT DOGS.

THEIR DISEASES AND TREATMENT.

By Major C ♦

Contents,

Medical Treatment — Rules for Feeding — Prescriptions— Diseases of Dogs —
Description of Various Breeds — Advice on the Importation of Dogs
to India — Hindustani Vocabulary.

Crown 8vo. , cloth, 4^-. 6d. net. Rs. 3.

THE MANAGEMENT AND
BREEDING OF DOGS IN INDIA,

AND THE POINTS TO BREED FOR.
By KADER

(Asste. of the English Kennel Club).

Asian. — " A book of this kind, in a country where good and experienced judges
are scarce, and where reference to standard authority is often needed, was
much wanted."

IV. TBACKER &- CO., LONDOM.

Demy 8vo. , gilt tops. Twenty-four Volumes, complete, ^12 12s. net.
THE EDITION DE LUXE OF THE

WORKS of G. J. WHYTE-MELVILLE.

Edited by the Right Hon* Sir HERBERT MAX WELL, Bart*, MP,

The Volumes are printed from new type on
hand-made paper, specially manufactured for this
Edition, and handsomely bound in buckram,
with gilt top^. Coloured Frontispiece on
Japanese vellum, and full-page Illustrations by
well-known Artists.

I. RIDING RECOLLECTIONS.

Illustrated by Hugh Thomson.

II. KATERFELTO. Illustrated by
G. H. Jalland.

III. UNCLE JOHN. Illustrated by

E. Caldwell and H. M. Brock.

IV. MARKET HARBOROUGH.

Illustrated by Hugh Thomson and
Finch Mason.

V. CONTRABAND. Illustrated by
Bernard Partridge.

N. Illustrated

VI.

VII.

VIII.

IX.

XI.

XII.

XIII.

XIV.

XV.

XVI.

XVII.

XVIII.

XIX.

XX.

XXI.

XXII.

XXIII.

XXIV.

by C. E.

M OR

I!rock.

TILBURY-NO-GO. Illustrated
by E. Caldwell. ' ^ ..

SONGS AND VERSES, and BONES AND I. Illustrated by H. M.

Brock.
BLACK, BUT COMELY. Illustrated by H. M. Brock.
THE BROOKES OF BRIDLEMERE. Illustrated by Fred Roe.
THE WHITE ROSE. Illustrated by H. Bird.
ROY'S WIFE. Illustrated by Cecil Alden.
SATANELLA. Illustrated by G. H. Jalland.
DIGBY GRAND, Illustrated by H. M. Brock.
SARCHEDON. Illustrated by Harrington Bird.
ROSINE, and SISTER LOUISE. Illustrated by H. M. Brock.
KATE COVENTRY. Illustrated by H. M. Brock.
CERISE. Illustrated by H. M. Brock.
QUEEN'S MARIES. Illustrated by G. H. Jalland.
HOLMBY HOUSE. Illustrated by G. H. Jalland.
GENERAL BOUNCE. Illustrated by H. M. Brock.
GLADIATORS. Illustrated by Harrington Bird.
GOOD FOR NOTHING. Illustrated by H. M. Brock.
THE INTERPRETER. Illustrated by H. M. Brock.

Standard. — '■' He made the sporting novel something so entirely different lo what it had
been, that he must be recognised as the ori^i;inator of a new species, more elevated, more
rehned, and more largely imbued with the spirit of modern society."

Times. — " The edition has everything to recommend it externally."

Times. — " Good paper and type and a good serviceable binding."

P'icld. — " Altogether a pleasure to read."

Saturday Review. — "Fulfils every requirement of tlie book-lover in paper, type, illus-
trations, and binding."

Truth. — " Has every clauu to be considered an edition dc luxe.'"

THACKER, SPINK &= CO., CALCUTTA.

QBNBRAL

Large Fcap. (17 X 11), bound art cloth, 21^-. net. Rs. 18.6.

THE

PHIL

MAY

FOLIO

OF CARICATURE DRAWINGS & SKETCHES

In Line Block, Half -Tone, and Photogravure.

The Folio includes about 250 Drawings by the late Artist,
largely selected by himself from Phil May's Annual as
representing his best efforts in various styles. A number of
Sketches are also given which have never before been published.
The Drawings are arranged in fourteen groups, as follows, each
group being preceded by a brief comment : —

I. Personages and Celel:)rities- — 2. Costers and Cockneys — 3. Brother
Brushes— 4. The Bars and the Streets — 5. Character Studies —
6. Within and Without the Ghetto — 7. Types I Have Met ; and
Things we See when we come out without Our Gun— 8. Among the
Thespians — 9. Studies and Sketches Abroad — 10. With the Children
— II. By the Sea- 12. On the Country-side — 13. Sporting Sketches —
14. Irish and Scottish.

A Biography by a personal friend and a full-page portrait of the Artist
in Photogravure, are important features of the book.

Graphic. — "Among the many collections of drawings by this gifted artist which
have appeared, this is one of the best we have seen, the various phases of life
which his pencil loved to depict being all well represented,"

14 JV. TH ACKER ^ CO., LONDON.

Third Impression. Demy 8vo., cloth gilt, 300 pages, 55. net. Rs. 4,6.

ASTRONOMY

WITHOUT A TELESCOPE.

By E. WALTER MAUNDER, F*R.A*S.

(Of the Royal Observatory, Greenwich).

An Intfoducticn to the Knowledge of the Constellations, and to the
Study of the Heavens with the Unassisted Sight*

Fully Illustrated with Full-page Plates, and with Maps and Charts for Identifying
the Constellations and the principal Stars, and twelve Star Maps, forming a

COMPLETE CELESTIAL ATLAS, together with a FULL INDEX
OF STARS, PLANETS, and CONSTELLATIONS.

Standard. — "Just the book for a person of ordinary education, who wants to
be taught something of the more easily observed wonders of that science, and it
has the advantage of being written in a very clear and attractive style."

Daily News.—'-'' Mr. E. W. Maunder has done more than any other astronomer
living to show how the study of his favourite science may be pursued without the
aid of the telescope or other instruments. . . . An attractive and instructive book,
which ought to make many amateur astronomers."

THACKER, SPINK 6* CO., CALCUTTA.

Seventh Edition. Crown 8vo., cloth, 6s. Rs. 4.8.

THE TRIBES ON MY FRONTIER

AN INDIAN NATURALIST'S FOREIGN POLICY.
By EHA.

With Fifty Illustrations by F. C. MACRAE.

In this remarkably clever work there are most graphically and humorously
described the surroundings of a Mofussil bungalow. The twenty chapters embrace
a year's experiences, and provide endless sources of amusement and suggestion.

Knowledge.—" This is a delightful book, irresistiblv funny in description and
illustration, but full of genuine science too. . , . There is not a dull or uninstructive
page in the whole book."

Second Edition. Crown 8vo., cloth, 6y. Rs. 4.8.

A NATURM.IST ON THE PROWL.

By EHA.

With Eighty Illustrations by
R. A. STERNDALE, F.R.G.S., F.Z.S.

In this volume the Author conducts his

rA • readers to the Jungles and Country round the

^p^ Home, and with genial humour and practised

jl)£i^ science teaches the interesting art of " How to

y ^ observe" the structure and habits of Birds,

Beasts, and Insects.

Daily Chronicle. — " It is one of the most
interesting books upon Natural History that
we have read for a long time. It is never dull,
and yet solid information is conveyed by nearly
every page."

IV. TH ACKER &- CO., LONDON.

Eighth Edition. Crown 8vo., cloth, 6s. Rs. 4.8.

BEHIND THE BUNGALOW^

By EHA*

With Fifty-three Illustrations by F. C. MACRAE.

As The Tribes on My Frontier graphically and humorously described the
Animal Surroundings of an Indian Bungalow, the present work portrays with

much pleasantry the Human Officials
thereof, with their peculiarities,
idiosyncrasies, and, to the European,
strange methods of duty.

The World. — "These sketches may
have an educational purpose beyond
that of mere amusement ; they show
through all their fun a keen observa-
tion of native character and a just
appreciation of it."

The Graphic. — "Anglo - Indians
will see how truthful are these
sketches. People who know nothing
about India will delight in the clever
drawings and the truly humorous
" A LITTLE isLOPE." descriptions."

Seventh Edition. Crown Bvo., cloth gilt, ds. Rs. 4.8.

TWENTY-ONE DAYS
IN INDIA.

BEING THE TOUR OF SIR
ALI BABA, K.C.B.

By GEORGE ABERIGH
MACKAY*

With Thirteen full-page Illustrations.

Land and Water. — "The scores of letters
to ' Vanity Fair,' which created such a sensa-
tion in India some j'ears ago, have maintained
their popularity in a fashion whicli their clever-
ness thoroughly deserves."

This latest edition of the most famous Satire ever written on
Indian Society and Social Life is absolutely complete The
Illustrations specially drawn for the expensive edition all appear
in this impression,

TH ACKER, SPINK ^ CO., CALCUTTA.

Tenth Edition. Crown 8vo. , cloth gilt, 6.v. Rs. 4.8.

LAYS OF IND,

COMIC, SATIRICAL, AND

DESCRIPTIVE.

Poems Illustrative of Anglo-Indian Life.

By ALIPH CHEEM.

Illustrated by the Author, Lionel
Inglis, R. a. Sterndale, and others.

The World. — " This is a remarkably bright little
book. In a few of the poems the jokes, turning on
local names and customs, are somewhat esoteric ;
but taken throughout, the verses are characterised
by high animal spirits, great cleverness, and most
excellent fooling."

Lwerpool Mercury. — " One can readily imagine
the merriment created round the camp fire by the
recitation of the ' Two Thumpers,' which is irre-
sistibly droll."

Scotsman. — "The 'Lays' are not only Anglo-
Indian in origin, but out-and-out Anglo-Indian in
subject and colour."

Fifth Edition. i2mo., sewed, li. (yd. net. Re. i.

ONOOCOOL CHUNDER MOOKERJER

A MEMOIR OF THE LATE JUSTICE ONOOCOOL

CHUNDER MOOKERJEE.

By Mi MOOKERJEE.

The Tribes on my Frontier. — " The reader is earnestly advised to procure the life of this
gentleman, written by his nephew, and read it."

Fcap. Bvo., xs. 6d. net. Re, i.

INDIA IN 1983.

This little book was originally written at the time of the Ilbert Bill agita-
tion ; it gives a farcical account of an imaginary evacuation of India by the
British and the subsequent Government by a Babu Raj.

Indian Daily News.
Times of India. — "
which it consists."

-"Instructive as well as amusing."

.'here is not a dull page in tne hundred and thirty-seven pages of

Demy 8vo., cloth, 6s. net. Rs. 4.8.

ANIMALS OF NO IMPORTANCE.

A SERIES OF HUMOROUS ESSAYS ON SOME OF THE

COMMON BIRDS, BEASTS, AND INSECTS OF INDIA.

By D. DEWAR, I.C.S.

Nature.— "■ We may commend the work as an excellent practical example of ' Nature
Teaching.' "

Indian Daily A'^wj.^-" The sketches are brightly and cleverly written, and there is a ripple
of humour running throughout them which makes them pleasant and amusing reading."

W. TH ACKER &- CO., LONDON,

AVAL.

Invaluable to all who take an interest in Naval Matters.
Published Annually.

THE NAVAL POCKET BOOK.

Edited by GEOFFREY S. LAIRD CLOWES.

Cloth i6mo.,5^ X4X lin.,7.T. 6d. net. Rs. 6. lo.
975 psges, on thin paper, weighing 10 oz,

ALL THE

NAVIES OF THE
A GLANCE.

WORLD AT

Containing complete information regarding
all the Navies of the World.

An indispensable Companion to the Naval
Officer — Active and Reserve.

CONTENTS. — The Navies of all
Nations, Classified and Analytical
List : Battleships, Ironclads, Gunboats ;
Cruisers, Torpedo Boats, and Destroyers ;
Hospital, Harbour, Training Ships, etc.,
etc.— Dry Docks — Guns and Small
Arms— Submarines — Tables for Con-
version OF Measures, etc. — Plans of
Ships : Showing Armours, Decks, etc. —
Complete Index of Ships by Name.

Lord Charles Beresford, in a letter, says : — " It is one of the most
useful and handy works of reference on naval matters that I know of, and
invaluable to all who take an interest in naval matters."

ROYALi SOVEREIGN

JCLASS.

!l(As Altered.)

Aruiour, comp.

A. 13*5 in. B.

B. 6 ill. Q.

SPECIMEN ILLUSTRATION.

Pall Mall Gazette. — "The information contained upon the navies of the
vv^orld is most complete and comprehensive, and the 900 pages of printed matter
are remarkable for containing so much in so small a compass. "

Naval and Military Record.— "' h handv volume for use anywhere and
(nervwhcrc Surprisingly accurate.

TH ACKER, SPINK &- CO., CALCUTTA.

»9

Royal 8vo., cloth, 400 pages, 21 j. net. Rs. 18.6.
(Uniform with "The Imperial Russian Navv.")

THE IMPERIAL JAPANESE NAVY.

By FRED T. JANE,

Author of " All the World's Fighting Ships."
ITS HISTORY FROM THE EARLIEST TIMES TO THE PRESENT DAY.

Plans, Photographs, and full descriptions of all Ships in the Japanese Navy,
Dockyards, and Arsenals.

The China-Japanese War, with official reports and hitherto unpublished
details, furnished in each case by officers who actually participated in the events
described.

The Far Eastern Problem — from the Japanese Standpoint.

With over 80 Illustrations from Sketches and Drawings by Japanese Artists and
from Photographs.

Naval and Military Record. — "This is a most excellent book, useful not
alone as a handbook to the fleet, but as a complete guide to the whole of the sea
service, and should prove of unmistakable value to professional men of any
nationaUty."

The Spectator. — "Our readers had better study Mr. Jane's book, it is the
best account extant of the Japanese Navy, and its possibilities as indicatod. by the
Japanese officer."

The Morning Post. — " The work is in all other respects an excellent one and
on a topic of world-wide importance; tersely written, splendidly illustrated by
photographs and drawings."

C 2

20 ^. THACkER 6- CO., LOKDOX.

Royal 8vo., cloth, 730PP-. 25^. net. Rs. 22.
Uniform with "The Imperial Japanese Navy."

THE IMPERIAL RUSSIAN NAVY.

By FRED T. JANE.

With over 150 Illustrations from Sketches and Drawings by the Anther and from

Photographs.
The First Edition appeared 5 years ago. Since then the Russian Navy has
been revolutionised. The book has now been almost re-written, and stands as the
only work deahng with the Russian Navy as it is in these early days of 1904.

Some of the Principal Contents*

The Germ of the Russian Navy, 865-1645— f\'ter the Great's founding of the
Russian Navy— Its Battles— Its History— Detailed Descriptions (with photo-
graphs and plans) of all the Ships at present on the Russian Navy List ; of all
the Russian Dockyards— Russia's Shipbuilding Programme— Projected Ship
Canals— The Personnel of the Fleet— Anglo- Russian Relations— Biographies
and Services of British Officers who have served in the Russian Navy— Plans
of Battles— A Complete List of Russian War Ships, built and building.

The Times. "Full of information compiled with laudable skill and industry,

not the least instructive part of it being that which deals with the personnel of the
Russian Navy, about which the average English reader knows, as a rule, little or

nothing." , , , ., ,

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ETHNOLOGY
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SIMLA :

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BEING THE ANNALS OF INDIA RE-TOLD IN NARRATIVES.
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MODERN HINDUISM^

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HINDU CASTES AND SECTS.

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REPRESENTATIVE INDIANS.

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Forty Biographies, with Portraits.

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DOMESTIC.

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COW KEEPING IN INDIA.

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COWS IN INDIA AND POULTRY.

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HANDBOOK ON DUCKS,
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THE INDIAN COOKERY BOOK.

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BAKER AND COOK.

A DOMESTIC MANUAL FOR INDIA.
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WHAT" AND "HOW,

WHAT SHALL

OK,

WE HAVE? AND
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32 iV. TH ACKER &- CO., LONDOh\

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THE MEMSAHIB'S
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THE MEMSAHIB^S
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SIMPLE MENUS AND RECIPES.

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BOTANIC.

Fiftli Edition.

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A MANUAL OF GARDENING

FOR BENGAL, UPPER AND SOUTHERN INDIA.
By Rev. T. A. C. FIRMINGER, M.A.

"With Portrait and Biography,

Thoroughly revised and brought
up to date by J. Cameron, F.L.S.,
Supt. Mysore Government Gar-
dens, Bangalore.

CONTENTS:

Part I.
Gardening Operations.
Chap. I. Climate — Soil — Manures.
Chap. II. Laying Out a Garden — Lawns
— Hedges — Hoeing and Digging —
Irrigation — Drainage — Conserva-
tories— Betel Houses — Decorations —
Implements — Shades — Labels —
Vermin — Weeds.
Chap. III. Seeds — Seed Sowing — Pot
Culture — Planting and Transplanting
— Cuttings — Layers — Gootee-Graft-
ing and Arching — Budding — Pruning,
and Root-Pruning — Conveyance —
Calendar of Operations.
Part II.
The \"egetable Garden.
Part III.
The Fruit Garden and Fernery,
Part IV.
The Plower Garden — Index.
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botanical, common and native names of the plants are given, will prove of ser\'ice
as a ready reference.

Second Edition. Crown 8vo., cloth, 35. (yd. net. Rs. 2.8.

THE AMATEUR GARDENER IN

THE HILLS.

Hints from various authorities on Garden Management adapted to the Hills ;
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By AN AMATEUR.

IF. THACKER

CO., LONDON.

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FLOWERS AND GARDENS IN INDIA.

A MANUAL FOR BEGINNERS.
By Mrs. R. TEMPLE WRIGHT.

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A HANDBOOK TO

THE FERNS OF INDIA, CEYLON,
AND THE MALAY PENINSULA.

By Colonel R. H. BEDDOME, F.S.I.

(late Conservator of Forests, Madras).

With 300 Illustrations.

Nature. — "It is the first special book
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in every way deserving of the extensive
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Indian Daily News. — " I have just
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the Indian people, but to the botanist of
this country."

Gardeners' Chronicle.— " The 'Ferns
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species are familiarly described, and most
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Free Press. — ' ' Those interested ni
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FLORA SIMLENSIS.

A HANDBOOK OF THE FLOWERING PLANTS OF SIMLA

AND NEIGHBOURHOOD.
By the late CoL Sir HENRY COLLETT, K.C.B., FX.S., Bengal Army,

With an Introduction by W. Botting Hemsley, F.R.S., F.L.S., of the
Royal Gardens, Kew ; and 200 Illustrations in the text drawn by Miss M. Smith,
Artist at the Herbarium, Kew Gardens ; and a Map.

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ROXBURGH'S FLORA INDICA.

By the late W, ROXBURGH, M.D., F.R.S.E,, &c;

BEING A COMPLETE DESCRIPTION OF INDIAN PLANTS".

Reprinted literatim from Cary^s Edition of 1832, and being the only

complete handbook of Indian Plants obtainable.

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FOOD FOR THE TROPICS.

This Book describes the Cereals, Vegetables, Root Crops and Fruits, usually
cultivated in the Tropics for domestic use ; and also their mode of preparation
for consumption.

By T. M* MACKNIGHT.
Late Tropical Produce Merchant, North Australia.

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D 2

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ONOMIC.

Demy 8vo., cloth, 300 pp., 7s. 6d. net. Rs. 6.

INDIAN TEA:

ITS CULTURE AND MANUFACTURE.

Being a Text-Book on the Cultivation and Manufacture of Tea.

By CLAUD BALD {qf Lebong Tea Company, Ltd.).

Illustrated from Photographs and Drawings.

CONTENTS.— Cultivation — Drainage— Pruning — Extension — Tea Seed — Prepara-
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Deteriorated Areas — Blights— Forestry — Manufacture — Plucking — Withering
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Quality — Green Tea — Buildings — Machinery — Railways and Tramways —
Accounts — The Cooly — Appendix.
Madras Mail. — "As a record of the experience of a successful planter it is sure of a wide
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ON INDIGO MANUFACTURE.

A Practical and Theoretical Guide to the Production of the Dye, with numerous,
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By J. BRIDGES LEE, M»A., F^G.S,

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MEDICAL & MATERIA MEDIC A

Complete in One Volume. Royal 8vo., cloth, 720 pages, 25.. net. Rs. 18.

MEDICAL JURISPRUDENCE
FOR INDIA,

By L B, LYON, CLE., F.C.S,, F.I.C,, Brigade Surgeon, I.M.S.

(late Professor of Medical Jurisprudence, Grant Medical College, Bombay).

New Edition, Thoroughly revised, and brought up-to-date by

Lieut,-CoL L, A. WADDELL, M,B„ CJ.E., LL.a, FX.S., I.M,S.

Wiik Numerotis Illustrations,

Contents— Part I.

Identification of the Living and Dead - Examination of Living Persons —
Exammation of the Dead— Examination of Blood, &c.

Part II.

^''^%^l^''''^''^J]^^^^-^onnds, Blows, &c.-Asphyxial Deaths- Burns and
Sex S^Sf '? ^T ^^''",Tt' °^ Temperature, &c.-Death from Starvat on-
Sexual Defects-Rape and Unnatural Sexual Offences-Pregnancy-Birth in
Relation to Civil Law (Legitimacy and Inheritance)-Foetidde o^r Criminal
Abortion-Infanticide-Medical Responsibility and Malpraxis.

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HINTS FOR THE MANAGEMENT AND

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(late Principal, Medical College, Calcutta).

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SHORT DESCRIPTIVE NOTICES OF THE PRINCIPAL

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INDEX.

Agra, Handbook

■ Delhi, &c.. Guide .

Aitken. Tribes on my Frontier

Behind the Bungalow .

Naturalist on the Prowl

All, Amir. Ethics of Islam
Aliph Cheem. Lays of Ind
Allahabad, Lucknow, &c., Guide
Allen. Transport .
Amateur Gardener in the Hills .
Arbuthnot. A Trip to Kashmir
Bald. Indian Tea .
Banting Up-to-date .

in India

Beddome. Handbook to Ferns

and Suppt.
Bhattacharya. Hindu Castes .
Birch. Management of

Children ....
Bonarjee. FightingRaces of India
Bose. Hindoos as they are
Boulger. History of China
Brunker. Fortification
Buchanan. Malarial Fever
Buck. Simla : Past and Present
Bukhsh. Contributions to the
History of Islamic Civilisation
Burke. Every-day Menus
Burrows. Kashmir En Famille
Busteed. Echoes from Old
Calcutta

Serampore Portrait .

C-- Major. Horse Notes .

Dog Notes

Cachar and Sylhet, Guide
Calcutta Guide

■ Illustrated .

Past and Present

Royal Botanic Gardens

Came. Simple Menus and Recipes
Clowes' Naval Pocket Book
Collett. Flora Simlensis .
Commercial Hindustani .
Currie. The Indian Law Exam-
ination Manual

Curzon. Indian Speeches, 1898-
1901 ....

Cutcrewe. Memsahib's Book of
Cookery ....

Cakes

D'Cruz. A History of Free-
masonry in Bengal
Darjeeling, Guide .
De Bourbel. Routes in Kashmir

I'AGE

43
43
15
16

17
43

33
43
36
39
39

34
29

Z7
23
29
26
22
40
27

44
32
44

24
24
10
II

43
43
43
25
43

Impor-

CAGE

17
39
II

39
44

45
42

Delhi, Handbook .
Dewar. Animals of no

tance ....
Day. Indigenous Drugs of India
Dogs in India, " Kader "
Duke. Banting in India .

Kashmir Guide

Finn. Birds of Calcutta .

Garden and Aviary Birds

Indian Ducks

Indian Waders

Firminger. Guide to Calcutta .

Manual of Gardening

Gordon-Forbes. Simla to Shipki
Gore. Tour to the Pindari Glacier
Gour. The Law of Transfer in

British India
Grierson. Kaithi Character
Hayes and Shaw. Dogs for

Hot Climates . . .11

Heaton. Medical Hints . . 38

Hill. Life of Claud Martin , 23
Hints to Young Shikaris . . 5

Hyde. Parish of Bengal, 1678-

1788 .... 23

India in 1983 . . . .17

Indian Cookery Book , • 31

Horse Notes . . 10

Hotels Guide . . 43

Notes about Dogs . 1 1

Tea . . . .36

Jackson. A Jaunt in Japan . 25
James. Anopheles Mosquito . 40

Cows in India and

Poultry . . . .30

Jane. Blake of the Rattlesnake 20
Imperial Russian Na\'y . 20

Imperial Japanese Navy 19

Torpedo in Peace and War 20

"Kader." Dogs in India . ii
Kashmir En Famille . . 44
• and Jammo, Guide to . 43

Routes in , . -44

A Trip to . . .44

Map . . . .44

Kecne. Handbook to Agra . 43

Handbook to Delhi . 43

• Handbook to Allahabad 43

King. Guide to Royal Botanic

Garden . . . "43

Kinloch Large Game Shooting 2

Russian Grammar . 42

Lays of Ind . . . .17

Lee. On Indigo Manufacture . 36

INDEX.

PAGE I

Le Mesurier. The Game, Shore !

and Water Birds of India . 7

Lukis. Elementary Midwifery . 40 ;

Lyon. Medical Jurisprudence . 37 |
Mackay. Twenty-one Days in I

India . . . . 16 ;

Macfarlane. Hartly House, j

Calcutta . . . . 23 I

Macknight. P^ood for the Tropics 35

Management of Dogs in India . 1 1

'Martin. Life of Claud . . 23

Transport of Horses . 22

Maunder. Astronomy . .14

Masuri, Guide to . . -44

Memsahih's Book of Cakes . 32

Cookery Book . 32

Mitchell. Guide to Calcutta . 43

Monnier. TheXaw of Concessions 45

Mookerjee, Onoocool Chunder . 17
Moore. Guide to Examination

of Horses . . .10

Murray-Aynsley. Hills beyond

Simla . . . • 44

Newman. Aseptic Surgery . 45
Northam. Guide to Masuri . 44
Nunn. Stable Management . 10
O'Donoghue. Riding for Ladies 9
Onoocool Chunder Mookerjee . 17
Peter. Routes to Cachar and Sylhet 43
Philipps. Issue of Orders in

the Field . . . .22

Phil May Folio ... 13
Pillai. Representative Indians 29
Pindari Glacier, Tour to . -44

Polo, Station . . . .10

Ponder. Indian Materia Medica 39
Poynter. " What" and "How" 31
Pandit Commercial Hindustani . 42
Ranking. Preservation of Health 38

Glossary . . .41

■ Urdu Prose . . 41

Guide to Hindustani 41

Specimen Papers . 41

Pocket Book of Collo-
quial Hindustani . 41
Concise English Hin-
dustani Dictionaxy . 41
Risley. Ethnology . . .26

The People of India . 45

Roberts. Enteric Fever . . 45

Roxburgh. Flora Indica . . 35

Russell. Bullet and Shot . 3

Sandberg. Exploration of Tibet 26
Shad well. Fortification . .21

Shad well. Notes on Military Law
Shaw and Hayes. Dogs for Hot

Climates . . * .

Sherston. North- West Frontier

Warfare .
Simla, Guide to

Map of

Illustrated

to Shipki

Hills beyond

Simpson. Infants .
Small. Urdu Grammar .
Anglo - Urdu Medical

Handbook
Sportsman's Manual
Station Polo . . . ,

Sterndale. Mammalia of India

Seonee .

Denizens of the Jungl

Stewart. Station Polo

PAGE

Taylor.

Guide to Darjeeling
Guide to India .

Temple- Wright. Baker and Cook

— ■ Flowers and

Gardens
Thacker. Guide to Simla

Indian Directory

Directory of Chief

Industries in India
Map of Jummoo and

Kashmir
The Journal of Tropical Veterin

ary Science
Thomas. Rod in India .
Tweed. Canary-Keeping in India

Cow-keeping in India

■ Poultry-keeping in India

Ducks, Geese, &c.

Tweedie. Hindustani, and Key
Tyacke. Sportsman's Manual
Useful Hints to Young Shikaries
Vaughan. Pushto Grammar
Walker. Angling .
Ward. Sportsman's (ruide to

Kashmir ....
Wheeler. Tales from indian

History .
Whyte-Melville. Works of
Wilkins. Hindu Mythology

Modern Hinduism

Woodrofte. The Lawof Injunc

tions and Receivers in British

India . .
Young. Carlsbad Treatment

45
38

V^)ster FamHy Ubr^^' ^>MeHnafy M@Mm
Cummings Schc ■ "^f Medicine at

200 .J

North Graiitia,j\;4A U1636

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