THE
NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE
AND
JOUENAL OF
THE ROYAL NUMISMATIC SOCIETY
THE
NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE
*NP
JOURNAL
OF THE
ROYAL NUMISMATIC SOCIETY
EDITED BY
BARCLAY V. HEAD, D.LITT., D.C.L., PH.D.,
CORRESPONDANT DE L'lNSTITUT DE FRANCE,
AN'D OF THE ROYAL PRUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES,
HERBERT A. GRUEBER, F.S.A.,
KEKPF.R OF COINS, BRITISH MUSEUM,
AND
EDWARD J. RAPSON, M.A., M.R.A.S.,
PROFESSOR OF SANSKRIT, CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY.
FOURTH SERIES.— VOL. X.
Factum abiit— monumenta manent.— Ov. Fast.
LONDON :
BERNARD QUARITCH, 11, GRAFTON STREET.
PARIS:
MM, ROLLIN ET FEUARDENT, PLACE LOUVOIS, No, 4,
1910,
r ' '
k , v
\
LONDON:
PRINTED HT WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED,
DIKE STREET, STAMFORD STREET, S.E., AND GREAT WINDMILL STREET, W.
'
CONTENTS.
ANCIENT NUMISMATICS.
PAGE
1
Juno Moneta. By Rev. A. W. Hands
A Find of Roman Denarii at Castle Bromwich. By G. C. Brooke,
B.A 13
Notes on Some Roman Imperial " Medallions " and Coins : Clodius
Albinus ; Diocletian ; Constantino the Great ; Gratian. By
Arthur J. Evans, M.A., F.R.S., D.Litt., V.P.S.A. . . 97
Metrological Note on the Coinage of Populonia. By J. R. McClean,
M.A. 209
On Some Rare Sicilian Tetradrachms. By E. J. Seltman . . 223
The Coinage of the Reign of Julian the Philosopher. By Percy
H. Webb 238
Moneta di Argento dei So(ntini). By Dr. Ettore Gabrici . . 329
Alexandrian Tetradrachms of Tiberius. By J. Grafton Milne,
M.A. , 333
MEDIAEVAL AND MODERN NUMISMATICS.
Aspects of Death, and their Effects on the Living, as illustrated
by Minor Works of Art, especially Medals, Engraved Gems,
Jewels, &c. By F. Parkes Weber, M.D., F.S.A. (continua-
tion} 41 and 163
Note on the Mediaeval Medals of Constantino and Heraclius.
By G. F. Hill, M.A. . 110
ii CONTENTS.
PACK
The Coinage of the Keign of Edward IV. (Period of the
Restoration of Henry VI: October, 1470, to April, 1471.)
(Continuation.) By Fredk. A. Walters, F.S.A. . . 117
The Coin-Types of Aethelred II. By H. Alexander Parsons . 251
Chronology in the Short-Cross Period. By G. C. Brooke, B.A. 291
The Medals of Paul II. By G. F. Hill, M. A. . . . .340
Mr. Parsons' Arrangement of the Coin-Types of Aethelred IT.
A Criticism. By G. C. Brooke, B.A 370
Mr. G. C. Brooke on " The Coin-Types of Aethelred II." A
Pieply. By H. Alexander Parsons 381
Charles I : The Trials of the Pyx, the Mint-Marks, and the
Mint Accounts. By Henry Symonds, F.S.A. . . . 388
ORIENTAL NUMISMATICS.
Muhammad AH, Nawab of the Carnatic (1752-1795 A.D.), and
his Copper Coins. By Major R. P. Jackson . . . 14G
The Coinage of Balapur, By Major R. P. Jackson . . . 158
A Find of Gupta Gold Coins. By R. Burn, I.C.S., M.R.A.S. 398
MISCELLANEA.
The Monogram BR or RB on Certain Coins of Charles I . .203
Find of Coins at Winterslow, near Salisbury . . 205
Find of Roman Coins at Nottingham . . . . . . . 205
Note on the Coinage of Muhammad Ali . . 325
Vergil and Coins .... 409
Forgeries from Cacsarea Ma/aca . 411
Medal of Cosimo I, Duke of Florence, by Cesare da Bagno . 412
X"
V\v
CONTENTS. Ill
NOTICES OF RECENT NUMISMATIC PUBLICATIONS.
PAGE
Die Mtinzen von Pergamon. By Dr. Hans von Fritze . . 207
Die Miinze in der Kulturgeschichte. By F. Friedensburg . . 208
Catalogue of Coins in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, including
the Cabinet of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, vol. Hi.,
Mughal Emperors of India. By H. Nelson Wright, I.C.S. 326
Roman Coins from Corstopitum 413
LIST OF PLATES CONTAINED IN VOL. X.
PLATES
I. Roman Medallions and Coins.
II. Coinage of Henry VI, 1470-U71 : London Mint.
III. Coinage of Henry VI, 1470-1471 : London arid Bristol
Mints.
IV. Coinage of Henry VI, 1470-1471 : York Mint*.
V. Coinages of the Carnatic and Balapur.
VI. Coins of Aethelred II.
VII. Coins and Medals of Aethelred II.
VIII., IX. Short-Cross Pennies, Richard I and John.
X. Alexandrian Tetradrachms of Tiberius.
XL— XIII. Medals of Paul II.
XIV. Gupta Coins found in Mirzapur.
I.
JUNO MONETA.
MANY of the stories which kindled our youthful imagi-
nations have faded into myths under the light of modern
research, and can no longer be regarded as belonging to
history. It has been proposed to add yet another to the
list, for Dr. Assmann of Berlin has endeavoured to show
that the story told by the Eornans to explain the name
Moneta, given to the goddess Juno of the Citadel, is
involved with difficulties, which disappear if we regard
the word " Moneta " as derived from a Punic word in-
scribed on the Carthaginian tetradrachms.
THE TITLE "MONETA."
Dr. Ernst Assmann of Berlin published a paper on
Juno Moneta (Klio, vol. vi. p. 477), in which he puts
forth a new and most interesting derivation of the word
" Moneta." He suggests that this word was derived from
the inscription on the silver Carthaginian coins which
were current in Sicily and Italy before the Punic Wars.
There are three well-known types bearing the word
"" Machanat," meaning " camp."
I. Obv.— Deified head of Dido to left.
Rev. — Lion to left, and palm-tree behind.
In exergue, runD DVt? (" people of the camp ").
VOL. X., SEKIES IV. B
NUMISMATIC CHKONICLE.
II Ql)v.— Head of Persephone surrounded by dolphins.
Rev.— A horse's head ; exergue, n:n» DSJ.
III. Olv.— Head of the Tyrian Herakles, Melkarth, in
lion-skin; copied from coins of Alexander
the Great.
.— Same as II. Exergue : HTO or TUPIE PI Dtf.
Dr. Assmann has shown from the Septuagint that the
" ch " sound of n was softened or omitted, and the word
would be pronounced Ma-anat. For instance, the
Septuagint wrote Taa/3 for Dm and 'Ptoi)^ for Dim (Ezra
iv. 8), and <Po/3oaju for Dinm (1 Kings xi. 43).
AVe have the same word runo in Gen. xxxii. 8, 11, the
Septuagint rendering of which is TrapejujSoXi?, " a fortified
camp or castle." In the title of Psalm liii. we have the
Greek word MacXt'0 for rhr\n. In 2 Chron. xi. 18 the
name rferiD is written juoAa'0 by the Septuagint writers..
We see, then, from these examples how easily the
Phoenician word roTO might have been pronounced
juovtfl, and how the Eomans may have spoken of these
coins as Moneta.
AVe have all been taught hitherto that the word
" Moneta," applied to Juno, signified the goddess who
warned or reminded ; but we neglected to think that
such a form as " Moneta " is a strange one if derived from
monere. The ancients did not understand the science
of philology, and made many mistakes, such as their
derivation of Neptune from Nando (Cic., De Nat. Deor.,
ii. 26), or tunica from tuendo (Varro, De L. L., v. 14). We
do not find any other verb of the same conjugation as
monere presenting a noun like moneta. There is no
such word as hdbeta from liabere, or taceta from tacere, or
volcta from volcre, or terreta from terrere, or doleta from
JUNO MONETA. 6
dolere, or jaceta from jacere. We have no such words as
egeta or tdbeta. Have we, therefore, any reason for
making an exception for the word " Moneta " ?
If we accept Dr. Assmann's derivation of the word
" Moneta," we are only adding another to the list of
Semitic words received by the Komans, such as tunica,
saccus, canna, asinus, mappa, and cadus.
According to Polybius (3. 22, 24), the Carthaginians
in 348-300 B.C. granted the Eomans in Punic Sicily full
freedom of trade, and the same privileges as their own
citizens. No doubt during the years the Komans were at
peace with the Carthaginians, the traders brought many
of the silver pieces marked " Machanat " to Italy, and they
would be well known in Kome, and especially by Eomans
who traded in Magna Graecia and Sicily.
The word " Moneta " would thus be associated with
money, but if the Komans knew the meaning of the
word " Machanat " it would be associated also with war,
with camps or hosts. The temple of Juno Moneta was
built or rebuilt in the fourth century, on the hill near the
Capitol, where now stands the Church of the Ara Coeli.
Livy tells us (vi. 20 ; vii. 28) that the site had been
that of the house of Manlius. It is not likely that a
vow would have been made by a soldier on the battle-
field to build a temple to the Juno of marriage and
womanhood ; but if we realize the warlike nature of the
old Juno Kegina, identified with Astarte by the Cartha-
ginians, we see how appropriate was the vow made by
Camillus in 345 B.C.
The mint was probably established on the arx as a
site both fortified, secluded, and near the military watch.
If the mint was established to coin money for the
army, and if the Carthaginian word " Machanat," which
B2
4 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
had been used for money, was recognized as meaning
" fortified camp or castle," we can see how suitable was
the precinct of the warlike goddess as a site for the mint.
The old Aerarium in the temple of Saturn may have
been a safe place for the treasury, but not so convenient
a site for the mint.
Moreover, if Juno had then been looked upon merely
as the divine patroness of women and marriage, the
choice of a site near her temple for a place like a mint,
with its furnaces and the noise of its workmen, would
have been extraordinary ; but when we regard Juno as
the camp goddess, the holder of the spear, we see how
naturally the means for carrying on the wars over which
Juno presided, i.e. the money, would have been produced
near her shrine.
At the time when a mint was established the Komans
were aware of the similarity of the Juno Moneta cult
with that of Hera, and as the Romans received their
art from Magna Graecia, Juno was represented by
copies of the images of Hera in those cities. Hence
we rarely find Juno represented wearing a helmet
Hera on an ancient Greek vase holds a spear in her
hand, but her brow is adorned with a fillet. The heads
of Hera on the coins of Magna Graecia are adorned
with the sphendoiie and not with a helmet. So on the
coins of T. Carisius and of L. Plaetorius Cestianus, the
goddess wears the fillet, not the helmet, and yet is
not for that reason to be regarded as the Juno
Lucina.
In his recent work on Historical Eoman Coins,
Mr. G. F. Hill says, " There can be little doubt that
Moneta gave rather than owed its name to the goddess.
Moneta is the personification of money ; and if the
JUNO MONETA. O
idea she embodies was of Carthaginian origin, we can
understand why she became identified with Juno. We
may take it, therefore, that the Koman mint was from the
first attached to the temple on the Capitol. But in this
still comparatively conservative period it is not to be
expected that the Komans should represent on their
coinage a deity who was a somewhat unsubstantial per-
sonification."
Mr. Hill agrees with Dr. Assmann that the name
" Moneta " is derived from the coinage rather than from
the character of the goddess, and he also agrees that at
that early period " a somewhat unsubstantial personifica-
tion is not to be expected ;" the word "moneta" then must
have reference to the actual pieces of money, though for
a piece of money the Eomans used the word " nummus,"
and no passage of Latin literature supports such a use of
" moneta."
We know from Virgil that the Komans in the Augustan
age recognized Juno as the patroness of the Punic race,
and there is evidence that this was recognized by the
Phoenicians in the days of Hannibal. The Komans can
hardly have been ignorant of the meaning of the word
"Machanat," and probably pronounced it "Monat."
The word " camp " would be a most natural adjective
to apply to the goddess of the camp. The interesting
point which arises from the consideration of the religious
ideas involved is the importance which the cult of Hera,
or Juno, assumed at that date in Italy. It is an illustra-
tion of the manner in which the Italians were influenced
by the Greeks long before the conquest of Greece by
the Romans, and also of the unity of idea which under-
lies the various names given to the conceptions of the
ancients concerning the powers above. The attribution
6
NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
of sex to the higher powers was a form of anthropo-
morphism.
THE WITNESS OF THE COINS TO THE CULT OF JUNO.
The earliest coin which bears a head of Juno is the
triens, issued in Campania after 269 B.C., and belonging
to the third period of that coinage (see Fig. 1). This
FIG. 1.
FIG.
FIG. 3.
head is decorated with a sphendone, and a curious horn-
like ornament; the hair is rolled in three plaits, and
three ringlets hang down behind.
It may be regarded as a head of the goddess Hera
Lacinia, to whom the Eomans gave the Latin name
Juno. It is illustrated on p. 18 of vol. i., Babelon, Monn.
de la Eep. rom.
Only two silver denarii bear a head of Juno with the
JUNO MONETA.
R;end MONETA — that of L. Plaetorius Cestianus, issued
..'c. 74 B.C. (see Fig. 2), and that of T. Carisius, issued
in 48 B.C. (see Fig. 3). The earlier of these coins bears
a head somewhat similar to that on the early Campanian
bronze coin. The goddess wears the sphendone, but has
not the three pendent ringlets behind. On the reverse
is a nude athlete running, bearing a palm and cestus.
The head of Juno Moneta on the coin of Titus Carisius
is more Koman in appearance ; she wears only the taenia,
and one curl hangs at the back of the neck. The reverse
type shows the tools of the moneyer — the anvil, the
tongs, and hammer.
We may consider the veiled head on the denarius
of L. Kubrius Dossenus, issued in 85 B.C., among those
representing the Juno of the Capitol, because the three
obverse types on his denarii are those of the three deities
of the Capitol — Jupiter, Juno, and Minerva. The head
of Juno on this coin is veiled, and she bears the
sceptre of the Juno Kegina over her shoulder.
All the other coins bearing a head or figure of Juno
represent the Lanuvian Juno Sospita, and were issued
by moneyers belonging to families which were derived
from Lanuvium.
The names of the families of Lanuvian origin are the
Papia, Koscia, Procilia, Mettia, Kenia, and Thoria. The
coin of C. Eenius, issued in 154 B.C., bears on the reverse
a goddess driving a biga of goats, and Borghesi con-
siders her to be the Juno of Sparta ("H/cm aryo^ayoe, i.e.
"Hera the goat-eater"); but at Lanuvium Juno Sospita
was generally represented with a head-dress of goat's skin.
It is from an inscription found in Lanuvium that we
gather that the family was from that city. Borghesi's
remark may help us to see how there may have been
8 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
a Greek origin for the symbol of the goddess adopted at
Lanuvium.
The only family on whose coins the head of Juno
appears which did not apparently originate in Lanuvium
is that of the Cornuficii, who are said by Cicero to have
come from Khegium.
JUNO AS A KOMAN DIVINITY.
In order to judge how far Dr. Assmann's theory may
be worthy of acceptance, it will be necessary first to dis-
tinguish the various cults of Juno established in Kome.
The earliest, and that which made the greatest im-
pression on the literature, was that which regarded
Juno as the Queen of Heaven, the wife of Jove. The
temple on the Capitol, in which Jove, Juno, and Minerva
were worshipped, was the principal seat of this cult. As
we find the Queen of Heaven worshipped in the East
under the name Astarte, regarded both as a goddess of
love and also of war, so in the West we find a warlike
Juno, contemporary with Juno the goddess of married
love. And the same double character or two personalities
under one name is found in Aegina, where there was the
one Aphrodite symbolized by the tortoise, and the other
by the goat ; the one a Queen of Heaven and goddess of
married love, the other a warlike, lawless one.
The Juno of the Capitol is the goddess who was
regarded as the patroness of women, and whose titles
and surnames all have regard to marriage and female
life, as Pronuba, Matrona, Juga, Lucina.
The other Juno the protectress of warriors, was wor-
shipped on the arx, the hill on which now stands the
Church of Ar'a Coeli, and this is the goddess of whom
JUNO MONETA. 9
Dr. Assmann writes, and who should be carefully dis-
tinguished from the Juno of the triad on the Capitol.
Ovid, in his Fasti (vi. 183), says : " On the summit of
the arx, it is handed down, that a temple was built to
Juno Moneta according to thy vow, 0 Camillus ; formerly
it had been the house of Manlius, who once repulsed
the arms of Gaul from Capitoline Jove's (abode)." Her
temple on the citadel was dedicated in the year 344 B.C.,
after the vow of Camillus in the previous year. To this
protectress, warriors' vows were made on the battle-field,
as by Lucius Furius in 343 B.C., by C. Cornelius
Cethegus in 197 B.C. when fighting the Gauls, and by
M. Aemilius Lepidus in 187 B.C. during the Ligurian
War. Juno Moneta was also called Curitis, but it is not
at all certain what that title meant. Some have derived
it from a Sabine word curis, "a spear," and say the
Quirites were the spear-bearers ; others, from an in-
scription, derive the name from currus, a chariot : IOVI
FVLGVRI, IVNONI CVRRITI IN CAMPO (Eph. Ep., vol. i.
p, 39). The words of Festus, " Quiritis Juno Dea Sabi-
norum, cui bellantes aqua et vino libabant," show that
she was regarded as a soldier's deity.
In Italy we find this duplication of a female deity not
only in Kome, but also at Croton and throughout Magna
Graecia, where Hera, the old earth goddess, was also the
goddess of the warrior. In the grounds of her temple the
youths hurled spears at shields, in the games held in
her honour. It looks as if the cults of Astarte and
Aphrodite in the East, and of Juno and Hera in the
West, had followed some natural development, for they
appear to have grown independently.
Besides the two principal cults of Juno, there were
minor shrines which, however, may be connected with
10 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
the two main cults. The temple of Juno on the Aventine
hill was built to receive the wooden image of the
goddess of Veii, a Queen of Heaven, and one in whose
honour processions of virgins were wont to be made
such as are described by Livy (xxvii. 37).
The temple on the Viminal hill was erected to the
same Juno of marriage. Varro says of it, " Et id
antiquius quam aedis quae in Capitolio facta" (lib. v.
§ 158).
As associated with the Juno Moneta, the goddess of
war, we may regard the Juno Sospita, who was introduced
from Lanuvium, and to whom a temple was built in the
Forum Olitorium, circa 338 B.C. From the representations
of this goddess on the coins of moneyers whose families
were derived from Lanuvium, we see that Juno Sospita
was a goddess of warriors. The Latins of Lanuvium, like
their neighbours the Sabines, evidently worshipped the
Juno who bore the spear.
The name Moneta is not necessarily to be connected
with the legend about the geese giving warning in her
temple on the citadel when the Gauls made their assault
in 390 B.C.
The meanings attached by the Komans to the verb
rnoneo were wider than the simple idea of warning, and
included advising and instructing — ideas which the
generals of an army would value highly as attributes of
their deity.
The vexillum, according to Dr. Assmann, was displayed
in her temple, even in time of peace, when the people
met in comitium, and a tuft of grass from the grove round
her temple was used in the ceremonies connected with the
declaration of war. Though no one can doubt Moneta
was a goddess of war, yet the meaning of the name was
JUNO MONETA. 11
associated with the idea of a wisdom which was as useful
in peace as in war.
Mommsen (vol. i. 225) says, " The oldest registers of the
Eoman magistrates were preserved in the temple of the
goddess of recollection (Juno Moneta)." This fact, if it
can be proved, would tend to show that the name was
independent of the mint, and that the mint was called
Moneta after the goddess, and not the goddess after the
mint. Dr. Assmann's theory would imply that the mint
gave its name to the goddess.
In fact, we are not limited to a choice between the old
derivation of the word from the idea of warning con-
nected with a legend, and the newly proposed derivation
from the Punic " Machanat." Moreover, we may agree
with Dr. Assmann both in what he says about the un-
likelihood of the Eomans then forming the word
" Moneta," seeing that such a form is not found with
other kindred verbs, and also with what he says about
Juno as a goddess of war, and yet we may see another
explanation of the word which escapes all the difficulties
raised as yet, and especially escapes those felt by many
in regard to Dr. Assmann's theory.
It is acknowledged that the forms of names are often
archaic. Now, if we regard "Moneta" as an archaic
formation, showing the old Aryan suffix " -ta " which
we meet with in Vesta and Morta (Aul. Grell., iii. xvi.)
and if we account for the long e as a survival of the
original supine of the second conjugation which was
later shortened to -itum, we thus escape all the difficulties
of the old and new derivations. Moreover, the active
sense of "Moneta," the reminder or adviser, is also
that of " Vesta," the light-giver or fire-giver. There
is considerable difficulty in accepting the idea that
12 NUMISMATIC CHEONICLE.
" Moneta " came to equal " immmus " on account of its
supposed derivation from an inscription on silver Punic
coins, which became so common and well known as to
give them a name more popular than " nummus."
Coins were commonly called after their distinctive •
types, as the tortoises, the owls, the Victoriati, but only
rarely after a legend or inscription, as in the case of
the philippi. There is no evidence from finds, or from
the commonness of the Punic coins, which would lead us
to accept such a theory. The question of the origin of the
word " Moneta " appears to belong rather to philologists
than numismatists.
As the German publication called Klio is not very com-
monly met with in the homes of English numismatists,
I may be excused for bringing this very interesting
suggestion of Dr. Assmann to the notice of the members
of this Society, in the hope that a discussion of the
subject may shed some further light on this obscure
question.
A. W. HANDS.
II.
A FIND OF KOMAN DENAKII
CASTLE BKOMWICH.
AT
AT Castle Bromwich, four miles north-east of Birming-
ham, a hoard of Roman denarii was discovered during
ploughing operations on Shard End Farm, in the early
FIG. 1.
part of the summer of 1909. The coins were found
about two feet below the surface, and had been buried
in a pot, pieces of which were found with them. It
measured 5J ins. in height and 5^ ins. in diameter. The
14 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
restoration of the pot (Fig. 1) was made by Mr. Cozens,
to whom I am indebted for the drawing. The find being
clearly treasure trove, the coins were at once handed
over to the Treasury, and no inquest was held. They
are mostly in poor condition.
Of the denarii of- Imperial times, of which 176 were
found, the earliest belongs to the second consulship of
Vespasian (70 A.D.), and the latest is of the reign of
Commodus (Cos. I, Tr. Pot. I, i.e. Ill A.D.). The
Emperors represented on them are —
Vespasian (Aug. 69 ; died 79 A. D.) 21
Titus (Aug. 79; died 81 A.D.) 3
Domitian (Aug. 81 ; died 96 A.D.) ..... 7
Nerva (Aug. 96 ; died 98 A.D.) 3
Trajan '(Aug. 98; died 117 A.D.) 32
Hadrian (Aug. 117; died 138 A.D.) . ... 44
Sabina (Aug. 128; died 136 A.D.) 2
Antoninus Pius (Aug. 138; died 161 A.D.) . . 26
Faustina the Elder (Aug. 138 ; died 141 A.D.) . 10
Marcus Aurelius (Aug. 161 ; died 180 A.D.) . 17
Faustina the Younger (Aug. 147 ; died 176 A.D.) 9
Lucius Verus (Aug. 161 ; died 169 A.D.) . . 1
Comrnodus (Aug. 177; died 192 A.D.) ... 1
Total 176
With them were found five legionary coins of Marcus
Antonius. These coins were struck by Marcus Antonius
shortly before the battle of Actium, to pay the troops
in his service; their frequent occurrence in finds of
denarii of the first and second centuries A.D. and even
later proves them to have continued in circulation for
a long time under the Emperors. This was due" to
the fact that being so much debased they were not
A FIND OF KOMAN DENAKII AT CASTLE BROMWICH. 15
necessarily put out of circulation like the rest of the
silver coinage, when the standard was reduced by Nero.
Pliny (Hist. Nat., xxxiii. 46) says : " Miscuit denariis
triumvir Antonius ferrum."
The find also contained eighteen base denarii; these
were struck in copper and washed in silver. It was a
common practice of the Emperors to circulate these
forgeries with the good money in order to increase the
revenue which they derived from the coinage. These
eighteen pieces, though not treasure trove, were sent
to the Treasury with the silver coins; they are thus
identified —
Marcus Antonius, legionary coin 1
Yespasian 2
Trajan 2
Hadrian 4
Antoninus Pius 4
Marcus Aurelius 4
Faustina the Younger 1
Total 18
The following description of the coins gives references
to Cohen's Medailles Imperiales, and notices omissions
and mistakes in the second edition of his work. The
arrangement is chronological under Emperors, coins of
the same date being placed alphabetically by their
reverse inscriptions.
16
NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
DESCRIPTION OF COINS.
MARCUS ANTONIUS.
LEGIONARY COINS: 32-31 B.C.
Obverse.
Reverse.
1, 2
.3, 4, 5
C. 7. 8
<J, 10
11, 12
13
1 !
ANT AVG IIIVIR
R • P • C •
Galley to r.
LEG • VIII.
Aquila between two signa.
Cohen,2 I. p. 41, 35.
Similar, number of legion ille-
gible.
VESPASIANUS.
Cos II: 70 A.D.
IMP CAESAR VES-
PASIANVS AVG.
Head r., laureate.
COS ITER TR POT.
Pax(?), seated 1., holding cadu-
ceus and ears of corn.
Cohen,1 1. p. 275, 36 (omitted
in 2nd edition).
Cos III: 71 A.D.
IMP CAES VESP AVG
P M.
Head r., laureate.
TRI POT II COS III PP.
Pax, seated 1., holding caduceus
and olive-branch.
Cohen,- I. p. 412, 566.
Cos IV: 72-73 A.D.
IMP CAES VESP AVG
P M COS Mil.
Head r., laureate.
AVGVR TRI POT.
Simpulum, aspergillum, capis
and lituus.
Cohen,2 I. p. 371, 45.
CONCORDIA AVGVSTI.
Concordia, seated 1., holding-
patera and cornucopiae.
Cohen,2 I. p. 373, 74.
TRI POT.
Vesta, seated 1., holding simpu-
lum. -
Cohen,2 I. p. 411, 563
(VESPA, misprint for VESP).
Obverse.
Reverse.
IMPCAES VESP AVG
P M COS INI.
Head r., laureate.
VESTA.
Vesta, standing 1., holding sim-
pulum and sceptre.
Cohen,2 1. p. 413, 574.
VICTORIA AVGVSTI.
Victory, standing r., holding
palm and crowning a signum.
Cohen,1 I. p. 296, 229 (omit-
ted in 2nd edition).
Cos V: 74 A.D.
IMP CAESAR VES-
PASIANVS AVG.
Head r., laureate.
IMP CAESAR VES-
PASIANVS AVG.
Head r., laureate.
PON MAX TR P COS V.
Vespasian, seated r., holding
olive-branch and sceptre.
Cohen,2 1. p. 395, 364.
Cos VI : 75 A.
PON MAX TR P COS VI.
Victory, standing 1.. on a ship's
prow, holding wreath and palm.
Cohen,2 1. p. 395, 368.
Same legend. Female figure, seated
1., holding a branch.
Cohen,2 1. p. 395, 371.
Cos VII: 76 A.D.
IMP CAESAR VES-
PASIANVS AVG.
Head r., laureate.
COS VII.
Eagle displayed on altar, its
head turned to 1.
Cohen,2 1. p. 377, 120.
Cos VIII: 77-78 A.D.
Same legend. Head 1.,
laureate.
COS VIII.
Mars, standing 1., holding trophy
and spear.
Cohen,2 I. p. 377, 126.
IMP. XIX: 78 A.D.
Same legend. Head r.,
laureate.
VOL. X., SEKIES IV.
IMP XIX.
Modius with seven ears of corn.
Cohen,2 1. p. 383, 216.
18
NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
VESPASIANUS— continued.
UNDATED.
No.
Obverse.
Reverse.
•24:
IMP CAESAR VESP
AVG.
Head r., laureate.
CAESAR VESPA-
SIANVS AVG.
Head r., laureate.
25
28
29
30
PONTIF MAXIM.
Winged caduceus.
Cohen,2 1. p. 397, 390.
Attributed by de Salis to 74 A.D.
ANNONA AVG.
Female figure, seated 1., holding
her drapery in her r. hand, and
leaning her 1. arm on the back
of her chair.
Cohen,2 I. p. 370, 28.
Attributed by de Salis to 78 A.D.
STRUCK AFTER THE DEATH OF VESPASIAN IN 79 A.D.
EX SC.
Victory, standing 1., erecting a
DIVVS AVGVSTVS
VESPASIANVS.
Head r., laureate.
trophy ; below, Judaea seated.
Cohen,2 I. p. 378, 144.
SC on a shield borne by two capri-
corns ; below, a globe.
Cohen,2 1. p. 406, 497.
TITUS.
Cos IV: 75 A.D.
T CAESAR IMP VES-
PASIAN.
Head r., laureate.
PONTIF TR P COS MM.
Female figure, seated 1., holding
a branch.
Cohen,2 I. p. 443, 162.
Cos VIII: 80 A.D.
IMP TITVS CAES
VESPASIAN AVG
PM.
Head r., laureate.
TR P IX IMP XV COS VIII PP.
Thunderbolt , winged , on a throne.
Cohen,2 1. p. 455, 316.
Same legend. Curule chair, on
which is a wreath.
Cohen,2 I. p. 455, 318.
DOMITIANUS.
Cos V : 76 A.D.
CAESAR AVG F
MITIANVS.
Head r., laureate.
DO-
COS V.
Wolf and twins to 1. Below, a
small boat.
Cohen,2 I. p. 474, 51.
FIND OF KOMAN DENARII AT CASTLE BEOMWICH. 19
DOMITIANUS— continued.
Cos VII: 81 A.D.
Obverse.
Keverse.
CAESAR DIVI F DO-
MITIANVS COS
VII.
Head r., laureate.
PRINCEPS IVVENTVTIS.
A goat, standing 1. within a
laurel wreath.
Cohen,2 1. p. 504, 390.
Cos XIV: 88-89 A.D.
IMP CAES DOMIT
AVG GERM P M
TR P VII.
Head r., laureate.
IMP Xllll COS Xllll CENS
PPP.
Athena Promachos to r.
Cohen,2 I. p. 491, 235.
Same legend. Athena Promachos
to r. on a double ship's prow ;
at her feet an owl.
Cf. Cohen,2 I. p. 492, 237,
and see note.
Cos XVI: 92 A.D.
IMP CAES DOMIT
AVG GERM P M
TR P XI.
Head r., laureate.
IMP XXI COS XVI CENS
PPP.
Athena, standing 1., holding-
spear.
Cohen,2 I. p. 494, 271.
Same legend. Athena Promachos
to r. on ship.
Cohen,8 I. p. 494, 274.
Cos XVII: 95 A.D.
IMP CAES DOMIT
AVG GERM P M
TR P Xllll.
Head r., laureate.
IMP XXII COS XVII CENS
PPP.
Athena Promachos to r. on ship.
Cohen,2 I. p. 496, 289.
NERVA.
Cos III: 97 A.D.
IMP NERVA CAES
AVG P M TR P
COS III P P.
Head r., laureate.
CONCORDIA EXERCITVVM.
Two hands clasped.
Cohen,2 II. p. 3, 20.
c2
20
NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
NERVA — continued.
Cos. Ill : 97 A.D. — continued.
No.
Obverse.
Reverse.
IMP NERVA CAES
AVG P M TR P II
COS III P P.
Head r., laureate.
39
FORTVNA AVGVST.
Fortuna, standing 1., holding
rudder and cornucopiae.
Cohen,2 II. p. 7, 71.
LIBERTAS PVBLICA.
Libertas, standing L, holding
cap and sceptre.
Cohen,2 II. p. 10, 117.
TRA JANUS.
40
41
Cos II: 98-99 A.D.
IMP CAES NERVA
TRAIAN AVG
GERM.
Head r., laureate.
P M TR P COS II PP.
Vesta, veiled, seated L, holding
patera and torch.
Cohen,2 II. p. 40, 203.
Same legend. Fortuna or Abun-
dantia, seated 1. on stool, the
legs of which end in cornua-
copiae, holding a sceptre.
Cohen,2 II. p. 40, 206.
42
Cos III : 100 A.D.
IMP CAES
TRAIAN
GERM.
Head r., laureate.
NERVA
AVG
44
PM TR P COS III P P.
Vesta, veiled, seated L, holding
patera and torch.
Cohen,2 II. p. 41, 214.
Same legend. Fortuna or Abun-
dantia, seated 1. on stool, the
legs of which end in cornua-
copiae, holding a sceptre.
Cohen,2 II. p. 41, 219.
Same legend. Victory, seated L,
holding wreath and palm.
Cohen,2 II. p. 42, 225.
Cos IV: 101-103 A.D.
IMP CAES NERVA
TRAIAN AVG
GERM.
Head r., laureate.
P M TR P COS III! P P.
Hercules, standing facing on an
altar, holding club and lion's
skin.
Cohen,2 II. p. 43, 234.
FIND OF ROMAN DENARII AT CASTLE BROMWICH. 21
TEAJANUS— continued.
Cos V: 104-111 A.D.
No.
46
47, 48,
49
50
51
52
53
54
Obverse.
IMP TRAIANO AVG
GER DAC P M
TR P.
Bust r., laureate.
Reverse.
COS V P P S PQR OPTIMO
PRINC.
Rome, seated 1., holding Victory
and spear.
Cohen,2 II. p. 26, 69.
Same legend. Victory, half-draped,
standing 1. , holding wreath and
palm.
Cohen,2 II. p. 26, 74.
Same legend. Victory, fully draped,
standing 1. , holding wreath and
palm.
Cohen,2 II. p. 26, 76 (where
the words " sur des boucliers "
should be omitted).
Same legend. Victory, walking to
1. upon shields, holding wreath
and palm.
Cohen,2 II. p. 26, 77 (where
the words " sur des boucliers "
should, be inserted after " a
gauche ").
Same legend. Pax, standing 1.,
holding an olive-branch and
leaning on a column.
Cohen,2 II. p. 27, 83.
Same legend. Aequitas, standing
1., holding balance and cornu-
copiae.
Cohen,2 II. p. 27, 85 (where
" OR " is a misprint for AR
as the value, 2 francs, clearly
shows).
Same legend. Fortuna, standing
1., holding rudder and cornu-
copiae.
Cohen,2 II. p. 27, 87.
22
NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
TEA J ANUS— continued.
Cos V: 104-111 A.D.— continued.
No.
56
57
58
59
60
Obverse.
IMP TRAIANO AVG
GER DAC P M
TR P.
Bust r., laureate.
IMP TRAIANO AVG
GER DAC P M
TR P COS V P P.
Bust r., laureate wear-
ing aegis.
Same legend,
laureate.
Bust r.,
Same legend. Head r.,
laureate.
Keverse.
Same legend. Trophy, with one
round and two hexagonal
shields on its arms, at foot one
round and one hexagonal
shield, a scythe and two spears.
Cohen,2 II. p. 28, 100.
Same legend. DAC CAP in ex-
ergue. Dacia weeping, seated
1., on one round and one hex-
agonal shield ; behind her an
hexagonal shield, in front two
scythes.
Cohen,2 II. p. 31, 120.
S PQ R OPTIMO PRINCIPI.
Pax, seated 1., holding olive-
branch and sceptre; at her
feet a Dacian kneeling as a
suppliant.
Cohen,2 II. p. 61, 417.
Same legend. Spes, walking 1.,
carrying flower and holding
up her skirt.
Cohen,2 II. p. 64, 457 (mis-
printed as 455).
Same legend. Fortuna, seated 1.,
holding rudder and cornu-
copiae.
Cohen,2 II. p. 66, 481.
Same legend. Trajan, standing
facing in military dress, hold-
ing spear and parazonium,
crowned by Victory, who stands
holding a palm.
Cohen,2 II. p. 70, 514.
Cos VI: 112-116 A.D.
61 IMP TRAIANO AVG
GER DAC P M
TR P COS VI P P.
Bust r., laureate.
Same legend. ALIM ITAL in
exergue. Abundantia, stand-
ing 1., holding ears of corn and
a cornucopiae; at her feet a
child.
Cohen,2 II. p. 18, 9.
A FIND OF ROMAN DENARII AT CASTLE BROMWICH. 23
TRAJANUS— continued.
Cos VI: 112-116 A.D.— continued.
No.
Obverse.
Keverse.
62,63
65
66
67,68
69
IMP TRAIANO AVG
GER DAC P M
TR P COS VI P P.
Bust r., laureate.
IMP TRAIANO OP-
TIMO AVG GER
DAC P M TR P.
Bust r., laureate and
draped.
IMPCAES NERTRA-
IAN OPTIM AVG
GERM DAC.
Bust r., laureate and
draped.
IMPCAES NER TRA-
IANO OPTIMO
AVG GER DAC.
Bust r., laureate and
draped.
IMPCAES NERTRA-
IAN OPTIMO AVG
GER DAC PAR-
THICO.
Bust r., laureate and
draped.
Same legend. ARAB ADCj in ex-
ergue. Arabia, standing facing,
her head turned to 1., holding
a branch and an uncertain
object.1 At her feet a camel.
Cohen,2 II. p. 20, 26 (Cohen
has mistaken the camel for an
ostrich, which is not an in-
habitant of Arabia).
COS VI P P S P Q R.
Mars, walking r., carrying spear
and trophy.
Cohen,2 II. p. 29, 103.
PARTHICO P M TR P COS VI
P P S P Q R.
FORT RED in exergue. For-
tuna, seated 1., holding rudder
and cornucopiae.
Cohen,2 II. p. 34, 150.
P M TR P COS VI P P S Pi
FORT RED in exergue,
type.
Cohen,2 II. p. 34, 154.
JR.
>ame
P M TR P COS VI P P SPQR.
Genius, standing facing, head
turned to 1., holding patera
and ears of corn.
Cohen,2 II. p. 46, 276.
Same legend and type.
Cohen,2 II. p. 46,277 (TRA-
IAN for TRAIANO).
1 Cohen describes it as "un roseau?" — a most unlikely solution,
as reeds do not grow in Arabia. The reed requires a damp marshy
soil, whereas in Arabia Pliny mentions the heat and drought as being
too great even for the growth of trees, low-growing plants and shrubs
only being found there. Probably this represents one of the famous
spices from which Aristotle gives Arabia the epithet evwSrjs, perhaps
cinnamon twigs tied in a bundle for transportation.
NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
TRAJANUS— continued.
Cos VI: 112-116 A.D. — continued.
No.
Obverse.
Reverse.
70
71
IMPCAES NER TRA-
IANO OPTIMO
AVG GER DAC.
Bust r., laureate and
draped.
IMP TRAIANO AVG
GER DAC P MTR
P COS VI P P.
Bust r., laureate and
draped.
Same legend. Virtus, standing r.,
his 1. foot on a helmet, holding
spear and parazonium.
Cohen,2 II. p. 46, 273.
S P Q R OPTIMO PRINCIPI.
On a spiral column a statue of
Trajan in military dress ; on
the base, which bears indis-
tinct reliefs, stand two eagles.
Cohen,2 II. p. 76, 558.
72
HADEIANUS.
Cos I: 117 A.D.
IMP CAESAR TRAIAN PARTHIC DIVI TRAIAN AVG
HADRIAN OPT
AVG GER DAC.
Bust r., laureate and
draped, wearing
cuirass.
IMP CAES TRAIAN
HADRIANO AVG !
DIVI TRA.
Bust r., laureate and |
draped.
F P M TR P COS P P.
CONCORD in exergue. Con-
cordia, seated 1., holding
patera ; under her chair a
cornucopiae, behind her a
statuette of Spes.
Cohen,2 II. p. 125, 250.
PARTH F DIVI NER NEP P M
TR P COS.
FORT RED in exergue. For-
tuna, seated 1., holding rudder
and cornucopiae.
Not in Cohen.
Cos II: 118 A.D.
74 i IMP CAESAR TRAIAN
HADRIANVS AVG.
Bust r., laureate and
draped, wearing
cuirass.
75, 76 Same legend and bust.
P M TR P COS II.
Across field, FEL AVG. Feli-
citas, standing 1., holding
caduceus and cornucopiae.
Cohen,2 II. p. 158, 595.
P M TR P COS II.
PAX in exergue. Pax, standing
1., holding olive-branch and
cornucopiae.
Cohen,2 II. p. 190, 1015.
A FIND OF KOMAN DENARII AT CASTLE BKOMWICH. 25
HADBIANUS— continued.
Cos III : 119-128 A.D.
Obverse.
Reverse.
HADRIANVS AVG
COS III P P.
Head r., bare.
Same legend,
draped.
Bust r.,
Same legend. Head r.,
laureate.
Same legend,
bare.
Head r.,
IMPCAESAR TRAIAN
HADRIANVS AVG.
Bust r., laureate and
draped.
Same legend. Bust r.,
laureate, but not
draped.
HADRIANVS AVGVS-
TVS.
Bust r., draped.
Same legend. Head r.,
laureate.
AEGYPTOS.
Egypt, recumbent to 1., holding
sistrum and leaning 1. arm on
a basket ; before her an ibis.
Cohen,2 II. p. 114, 99.
Same legend and type.
Cohen,2 II. p. 114, 102.
AFRICA.
Africa, with elephant's trunk on
head, recumbent to 1., holding
scorpion ; before her a basket
full of fruits.
Cohen,2 II. p. 116, 138.
ASIA.
Asia, standing 1., her foot on a
ship's prow, holding acros-
tolium and oar.
Cohen,2 II. p. 120, 188.
P M TR P COS III.
CLEM in exergue. Clementia,
standing 1., by an altar which
is garlanded and lighted, hold-
ing patera and sceptre.
Cohen,2 II. p. 122, 212.
Same legend and type.
Not in Cohen.
CLEMENTIA AVG COS III P P.
Clementia, standing 1., holding
patera and sceptre.
Cf. Cohen,2 II. p. 122, 218
(but bust draped).
COS III.
Joy, standing r., holding long
palm and arranging his head-
dress.
Cohen,2 II. p. 138, 378.
Same legend. Pudicitia, standing
1., veiled.
Cohen,2 II. p. 139, 392.
26
NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
HADRIANUS— continued.
Cos III: 119-128 A.D. — continued.
No.
Obverse.
86, 87
Same legend. Head r.
laureate.
89
90
91
1)2
Same legend and head.
HADRIANVS AVGVS-
TVS P P.
Head r., laureate.
HADRIANVS AVGVS-
TVS.
Head r., laureate.
HADRIANVS AVG
COS III P P.
Head r., laureate.
HADRIANVS AVGVS-
TVS.
Head 1., bare.
Eeverse.
Same legend. Pudicitia, seated 1.,
veiled. In exergue a globe.
Cohen,2 II. p. 139, 394.
Same legend. Rome, seated r., on
a cuirass and shield, holding
spear and parazonium. In
exergue a globe.
Cohen,2 II. p. 135, 337.
Same legend. Virtus, standing r.,
his 1. foot on a helmet, holding
spear and parazonium.
Cf. Cohen,2 II. p. 136, 353
(head for bust).
Same legend. Libertas, standing
1., holding cap and sceptre.
Cohen,2 II. p. 138, 374.
Same legend. Abundantia, seated
1., holding poppy and cornu-
copiae ; at her feet a modius.
Cohen,2 II. p. 138, 380.
Same legend. Female figure,
standing 1., holding lituus and
comucopiae, her r. foot on a
cuirass.
Cohen,2 II. p. 140, 399 (what
Cohen calls " une fleur?" is
evidently a lituus).
FIDES PVBLICA.
Fides, standing r., holding two
ears of corn and a basket of
fruits.
Cohen,2 II. p. 168, 717.
COS III P P.
FORT RED in exergue. For-
tuna, seated 1., holding rudder,
which rests on a globe, and
cornucopiae.
Cf. Cohen,2 II. p. 168, 734
(but different head).
FIND OF ROMAN DENAEII AT CASTLE BEOMWICH. 27
HADRIANUS— continued.
Cos III: 119-128 A.D.— continued.
No.
Obverse.
Reverse.
95
96
97,98
99
100, 101
102
103
104
105
HADRIANVS AVG
COS III P P.
Head r., bare.
Same legend,
laureate.
Head r.,
IMP CAESAR TRAIAN
HADRIANVS AVG.
Bust r., laureate and
draped.
HADRIANVS AVG
COS 111 P P.
Head r., bare.
IMP CAESAR TRAIAN
HADRIANVS AVG.
Bust r., laureate.
FORT REDVCI.
Hadrian, standing r., giving his
hand to Fortuna, who stands
holding a cornucopiae and
leaning on a rudder below
which is a globe.
Cohen,2 II. p. 171, 761.
FORTVNA AVG.
Fortuna, standing 1., holding
rudder and cornucopiae.
Cohen,2 II. p. 171, 765.
P. M. TR. P. COS III.
LIB PVB in exergue. Libertas,
seated 1. , holding laurel-branch
and sceptre.
Cohen,2 II. p. 181, 903.
MONETA AVG.
Moneta, standing 1., holding
balance and cornucopiae.
Cohen,2 II. p. 186, 963.
PI ETAS AVG.
Pietas, standing 1., beside an
altar, raising both her hands.
Cohen,2 II. p. 191, 1028.
P M TR P COS III.
Mars, walking r., carrying spear
and trophy.
Cohen,2 II. p. 195, 1073.
Same legend. Home, standing 1.,
holding victory and spear.
Cohen,2 II. p. 198, 1108.
Same legend. Aeternitas, stand-
ing 1., holding the heads of
the Sun and Moon.
Cohen,2 II. p. 199, 1114.
Same legend. Pax, standing 1.,
holding olive-branch and
sceptre.
Cohen,2 II. p. 201, 1140.
28
NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
HADRIANUS— continued.
Cos III : 119-128 A.D. — continued.
106
107, 108
109
110
111
112
113,114,
115
Obverse.
Same legend and bust.
HADRIANVS AVG
COS III P P.
Head r., laureate.
HADRIANVS AVGVS-
TVS.
Bust r., bare.
HADRIANVS AVG
COS III P P.
Head r., laureate.
Reverse.
Same legend. Felicitas or Pax,
standing 1., holding caduceus
and cornucopiae.
Cohen,2 II. p. 201, 1143.
Same legend. Fortuna, standing
1., resting on a column, hold-
ing rudder and cornucopiae.
Cohen,2 II. p. 202, 1155.
Same legend. Aequitas, standing
1., holding balance and cornu-
copiae.
Cohen,2 II. p. 199, 1120.
ROMA FELIX.
Rome, seated 1. on a curule
chair, holding olive-branch
and sceptre.
Cohen,2 II. p. 215, 1304.
ROMVLO CONDITORI.
Eomulus, bare-headed, walking
r., carrying spear and trophy.
Cohen,2 II. p. 215, 1316.
SECVR PVB COS III P P.
Securitas, seated 1., holding
sceptre, and leaning head on
1. hand.
Cf. Cohen,2 II. p. 222, 1400
(bust not draped).
VICTORIA AVG.
Victory, standing r., uncovering
her breast and holding laurel-
branch.
Cohen,2 II. p. 227, 1455.
116
SABINA: 128-136 A.D.
SABINA AVGVSTA
HADRIANI AVG
P P.
Bust, diademed r.
CONCORDIA AVG.
Concordia, seated 1., holding
patera, and leaning 1. arm on
statuette of Spes ; under her
seat a cornucopiae.
Cohen,2 II. p. 248, 12.
FIND OF ROMAN DENARII AT CASTLE BROMWICH. 29
SABINA: 128-136 A.D.— continued.
Obverse.
SABINA AVGVSTA.
Bust r., diademed.
Reverse.
VENERI GENETRICI.
Venus, standing 1., holding an
apple, and with her 1. hand
raising her drapery from her
shoulder.
Cohen,2 II. p. 253, 73.
IMP T AEL CAES
ANTONINVS.
Head r., bare.
IMP T AEL CAES
HADRI ANTONI-
NVS.
Head r., bare.
ANTONINUS PIUS.
Cos I: 138 A.D.
TRIE POT COS.
124, 125
ANTONINVS
PIVS P P
COS III.
Head r., bare.
Same legend,
laureate.
Pietas, standing 1. near an altar,
raising r. hand and holding
a fold of her drapery over her
1. arm.
Cohen,2 II. p. 372, 1062.
AVG PIVS P M TR P COS
DES II.
Fides, standing r., holding two
ears of corn and a basket of
fruits.
Cohen,2 II. p. 278, 79.
Same legend. Pallas, standing 1.,
holding Victory and resting her
1. hand on a shield ; a spear
rests against her 1. arm.
Cohen,2 II. p. 277, 67.
Cos III: 140-144 A.D.
AVG CLEMENTIA AVG.
TR P Clementia, standing 1., holding
patera and sceptre.
Cohen,2 II. p. 283, 123.
Head r.
Same legend and type.
Cohen,2 II. p. 283, 124.
CONCORDIA AVG.
Concordia, standing r., holding
sceptre and cornucopiae.
Cohen,2 II. p. 284, 135.
GEN«9 SENATVS.
Genius, standing 1., holding
branch and sceptre.
Cohen,2 II. p. 309, 399 (where
SANATVS is misprinted for
SENATVS).
30
NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
ANTONINUS PIUS— continued.
Cos III: 140-144 A.D. — continued.
No.
126
127
128
Obverse.
Same legend.
bare.
Head r.,
Same legend. Head r.,
laureate.
Same legend. Head r.,
bare.
GENIVS POP ROMANI.
Genius, standing facing, head
turned .to r. , holding sceptre
and cornucopiae.
Cohen,2 II. p. 310, 405.
IMPERATOR II.
Victory, standing 1., holding
wreath and palm.
Cohen,2 II. p. 312, 437.
ITALIA.
Italy, turreted, seated 1. on a
globe, holding cornucopiae and
sceptre.
Cf. Cohen,2 II. p. 314, 463
(but head bare).
129
130
131
132
133
ANTONINVS
PIVS P P.
Head r., laureate.
Cos IV
AVG
145-161.
COS Mil.
Vesta, standing L, holding
patera and sceptre.
Cohen,2 II. pp. 292, 203.
Same legend. Two hands clasped,
holding caduceus and two corn
ears.
Cohen,2 II. p. 304, 344.
TR POT COS III).
LIB 1 1 1 1 in exergue. Liberalitas,
standing L, holding a tessera
and a cornucopiae.
Cohen,2 II. p. 318, 490.
Same legend and type. LIB Mil
across field.
Cohen,2 II. p. 318, 491.
Cos IV, TE. P. XI : 148 A.D.
COS INI.
ANTONINVS AVG
PIVS P PTR PXI.
Head r., laureate.
Salus, standing L, feeding a
snake which is entwined round
an altar.
Cohen,2 II. p. 298, 280.
A FIND OF KOMAN DENARII AT CASTLE BROMWICH. 31
ANTONINUS PlUS—contimied.
Cos IV, TR. P. XII : 149 A.D.
Obverse.
Same, with TR P XII.
Reverse.
Same legend. Abundantia, stand-
ing 1., holding two ears of
corn and an anchor ; to 1. a
modius filled with ears of corn.
Cohen,2 II. p. 299, 284.
Cos IV, TR. P. XIV: 151 A.D.
Same, with TR P Xllll.
IMP CAES T AEL
HADR ANTO-
NINVS AVG PIVS
P P.
Head r., laureate.
Same legend. Genius, standing 1.,
holding patera and ears of corn.
Cohen,2 II. p. 295, 220.
TR POT Xllll COS Illl.
PI ETAS in exergue. Pietas,
standing r., holding goat and
basket of fruit ; at her feet an
altar.
Cohen,2 II. p. 830, 616.
Cos IV, TR. P. XVI: 153 A.D.
ANTONINVS AVG
PIVS P P TR P
XVI.
Head r., laureate.
COS Illl.
Vesta, standing 1., holding sim-
pulum and palladium.
Cohen,2 II. p. 292, 197.
Cos IV, TR. P. XIX: 156 A.D.
Same, with TR P XIX.
Same legend. Artemis (?), stand-
ing 1., holding in her r. hand
a small animal (?) and in her
1. a stag or goat (?) by its
hind legs.
Not in Cohen.
Cos IV, TR. P. XX: 157 A.D.
TR POT XX COS Illl.
Salus, seated 1., feeding a serpent
which is entwined round an
altar.
Cohen,2 II. p. 368, 1023.
ANTONINVS AVG
PIVS PP IMP II.
Head r., laureate.
Cos IV, TR. P. XXI: 158 A.D.
Same legend and head.
TR POT XXI COS Illl.
Abundantia, standing 1., with
1. foot on a ship's prow, hold-
ing rudder and modius.
Cohen,2 II. p. 370, 1039.
32
NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
ANTONINUS PIUS— continued.
Cos IV, TE. P. XXII: 159 A.D.
No.
141
142
Obverse.
ANTONINVSAVG PIVS
PP TR P XXII.
Head r., laureate.
Reverse.
FORTVNA OBSEQVENS.
COS Illl in exergue. Fortuna,
standing 1., holding rudder
and cornucopiae.
Cohen,2 II. p. 308, 387.
TEMPLVM DIV AVG REST.
COS Illl in exergue. Octastyle
temple ; in the centre the
statues of Augustus and Livia
seated. In the pediment
(which is surmounted by a
quadriga and has statues as
side acroteria) are statues of
the three Capitoline gods be-
tween two recumbent figures ;
in front of each end column is
a statue on a base.
Cohen,2 II. p. 349, 804.
Cos IV, TE. P. XXIII : 160 A.D.
143
Same, with TR P XXI 1 1.
PACI AVG COS Illl.
Pax, standing L, holding olive-
branch and sceptre.
Cohen,2 II. p. 327, 573.
FAUSTINA (wife of Antoninus Pius) : 138-141 A.D.
144
145, 146
FAVSTINA AVGVSTA.
Bust r.
IVNONI REGINAE.
Juno, veiled, standing 1., holding
patera and sceptre ; at her feet
a peacock.
Cohen,2 II. p. 430, 215.
Same legend. Throne on which
is a sceptre placed crosswise ;
below, a peacock to r. with its
tail displayed.
Cohen,2 II. p. 430, 219.
147
Struck after the death of Faustina, in 141 A.D.
DIVA AVG FAVSTINA.
Bust r.
AETERNITAS.
Aeternitas, standing r., arrang-
ing her veil and holding a
sceptre.
Cohen,2 II. p. 416, 41.
FIND OF KOMAN DENARII AT CASTLE BROMWICH. 33
FAUSTINA (wife of Antoninus Pius) : 138-141 A.D.— continued.
Struck after the death of Faustina, in 141 A.D. — continued.
Obverse.
Reverse.
DIVA FAVSTINA.
Bust r.
Same legend. Aeternitas, standing
1., holding a globe and raising
her veil over her head.
Cohen,2 II. p. 415, 32.
» »
AVGVSTA.
Venus (?), standing 1., holding an
apple and leaning on a shield.
Cohen,2 II. p. 419, 73.
>> »
Same legend. Ceres, standing 1.,
raising her r. hand and holding
a torch.
Cf. Cohen,2 II. p. 421, 101
(not given in silver).
?» >»
Same legend. Vesta, standing 1.,
holding patera and palladium ;
at her feet an altar.
Cohen,2 II. p. 422, 116.
" "
Same legend. Female figure,
standing r., holding sceptre,
her 1. hand by her side.
Cohen,2 II. p. 422, 128.
» »
Same legend. A throne on which
is a crown, and a sceptre
placed crosswise.
Cohen,2 II. p. 423, 131.
MARCUS AUEELIUS.
Cos 1 : 140-144 A.D.
AVRELIVS CAESAR
AVG Pll F COS.
Head r., bare, without
beard.
IVVENTAS.
Juventas, standing 1., dropping
incense over the flame of an
incense-altar and holding a
patera.
Cohen,2 III. p. 40, 389.
Cos II : 145-160 A.D.
AVRELIVS CAESAR
AVG Pll F.
Head r., bare, with
slight beard.
VOL. X., SERIES IV.
COS II.
Spes, walking 1., carrying a
flower and holding up her skirt.
Cohen,2 III. p. 12, 103.
Same legend. Pax, standing 1.,
holding olive-branch and cor-
nucopiae.
Cohen,2 III. p. 12, 105.
34
NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
MARCUS
Cos II, TR. P. VI: 152 A.D.
No.
158
159
Obverse.
AVRELIVS CAESAR
ANTONINI AVG
Pll FIL.
Head r., bare, with
slight beard.
AVRELIVS CAESAR
AVG Pll FIL.
Head r., bare, with
slight beard.
Reverse.
TR POT VI COS II.
CLEM in exergue, dementia,
standing 1., holding patera
and a fold of her drapery.
Cohen,2 III. p. 6, 19.
Same legend. Genius of the army,
standing 1., holding patera and
aquila. At his feet an altar.
Cohen,2 III. p. 65, 645.
160
Cos II, TR. P. VII: 153 A.D.
Same legend and head.
TR POT VII COS II.
Same type.
Cohen,2 III. p. 66, 661.
161
Cos II, TR. P. X: 156 A.D.
AVRELIVS CAES
ANTON AVG Pll F.
Head r., bare, with
slight beard.
TR POT X COS II.
Aequitas, standing 1., holding
balance and sceptre.
Cohen,2 III. p. 69, 702.
162
Cos III : 161-180 A.D.
M ANTONINVS AVG.
Head r. , laureate, with
beard.
COS III P P.
Pallas, standing 1., holding
olive-branch and shield, a
spear resting on her 1. arm.
Cohen,2 III. p. 16, 143.
163
Cos III, TR. P. XVIII: 164 A.D.
ANTONINVS AVG
ARMENIACVS.
Head r., laureate, with
beard.
P M TR P XVIII IMP II COS III.
Soldier, standing r., holding
spear and leaning on shield.
Cohen,2 III. p. 48, 469.
164
Cos III, TR. P. XIX, IMP. Ill: 165 A.D.
M ANTONINVS AVG
ARMENIACVS.
Head r., laureate, with
beard.
P M TR P XIX IMP III COS ML
Roma, seated L, on a shield,,
holding Victory and spear.
Cohen,2 III. p. 49, 481.
A FIND OF KOMAN DENARII AT CASTLE BROMWICH. 35
MAKCUS AURELIUS— continued.
Cos III, TB. P. XX, IMP. IV : 166 A.D.
No.
Obverse.
Reverse.
165
M ANTONINVS AVG
ARM PARTH
MAX.
Head r., laureate, with
beard.
TR P XX IMP III! COS III.
Victory, standing facing, head
turned to r., holding palm and
fastening to a palm-tree a
shield bearing inscription VIC
PAR.
Cohen,2 III. p. 86, 878.
166
167
Cos III, TR. P. XXII, IMP. V: 168 A.D.
M ANTONINVS AVG TR P XXII IMP V COS III.
ARM. PARTH
MAX.
Head r. , laureate, with
beard.
Aequitas, seated 1., holding
balance and cornucopiae.
Cohen,2 III. p. 89, 899.
Same legend. Aequitas, standing
1., holding balance and cornu-
copiae.
Cohen,2 III. p. 89, 901.
Cos III, TR. P. XXIV: 170 A.D.
168 M ANTONINVS AVG
TR P XXIIII.
Head r., laureate, with
beard.
LIBERAL AVG V COS III.
Liberalitas, standing 1., holding
tessera and cornucopiae.
Cohen,2 III. p. 43, 413.
169
Cos III, TR. P. XXV: 171 A.D.
Same, with TR P XXV.
COS III.
Rome, seated 1., on a cuirass,
holding Victory and spear.
Cohen,2 III. p. 14, 133.
Cos III, TR. P. XXVII: 173 A.D.
170 | Same, with TRP XXVI I. j IMP VI COS III.
Victory, walking r., holding
wreath and trophy.
Cohen,2 III. p. 27, 261.
D2
36 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
FAUSTINA (wife of Marcus Aurelius) : 147-176 A.D.
No.
Obverse.
Reverse.
171
172
173
174, 175
176
177, 178
179
FAVSTINA AVGVSTA.
Bust r.
FAVSTINA AVG
AVG FIL.
Bust r.
Pll
FAVSTINA AVGVSTA.
Bust r., diademed.
Same legend. Bust r.
without diadem.
AVGVSTI Pll FIL.
Spes, standing 1., carrying a
flower and holding up her
skirt.
Cohen,2 III. p. 138, 24.
CERES.
Ceres, seated 1., veiled, on a cista,
holding two ears of corn and
a long torch.
Cohen,2 III. 139, 35.
Similar, but Ceres holds small
torch.
Not in Cohen.
CONCORDIA.
Concordia, seated 1., holding
flower and leaning 1. arm on
cornucopiae.
Cohen,2 III. p. 140, 54.
SAECVLI FELICIT.
Throne, on which the twin
children Commodus and An-
toninus are seated playing.
No stars above their heads.
Cohen,2 II. p. 152, 191.
SALVS.
Salus, seated 1., feeding a snake
which is entwined round an
altar.
Cohen,2 III. p. 152, 195.
TEMPOR FELIC.
Faustina, standing L, holding
two children, at either side of
her two other children stand
holding out their hands to her.
Cf. Cohen,2 III. p. 154, 221.
180
LUCIUS VERUS.
Cos II, TB. P. IV: 164 A.D.
L VERVS AVG AR- | TR P Mil IMP II COS II.
MEN I AC VS. Mars, standing r., holding spear
Head r., bare. and resting on shield.
I Cohen,2 III. p. 192, 229.
FIND OF EOMAN DENARII AT CASTLE BROMWICH. 37
COMMODUS.
Cos I, TR. P. I: 177 A.D.
No.
Obverse.
Reverse.
181
IMP CAES L AVREL
COMMODVS
GERM SARM.
Bust r., laureate, with-
out beard.
TR POT COS.
Victory, walking 1.,
wreath and palm.
Cohen,2 III. p. 326,
holding
734.
BASE DENARII.
MARCUS ANTONIUS.
LEGIONARY COIN : 32-31 B.C.
No.
Obverse.
Reverse.
1
ANT AVG IIIVIR • R •
P • C.
Galley to r.
Illegible.
VESPASIANUS.
IMP CAES VESP AVG
CEN.
Head r., laureate.
CAESAR VESPASI-
ANVS AVG.
Head r., laureate.
SALVS AVG.
Salus, seated 1., holding patera.
Cf. Cohen,2 I. p. 401, 431.
Attributed by de Salis to the
year 73 A.D.
CERES AVGVST.
Ceres, standing 1., holding ears
of corn with a poppy and a
torch.
Cf. Cohen,2 I. p. 372, 54.
Attributed by de Salis to the
years 74-79 A.D.
(broken)
TBAIANUS.
Cos V: 74 A.D.
IMP TRAIANO AVG
GER DAC [P M
TR P].
Bust r., laureate.
COS V P P SPQ[R OPTIMO
PRI]NC.
Aequitas, standing 1., holding
balance and cornucopiae.
Cf. Cohen,2 II. p. 27, 85.
38
NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
TEAIANUS— continued.
Cos VI: 75 A.D.
Obverse.
Reverse.
IMP TRAIANO AVG
GER DAC P M
TR P COS VI P P.
Bust r., laureate.
S P Q R OPTIMO PRINCIPI.
ALIM ITAL in exergue. Abun-
dantla, standing L, holding
ears of corn and a cornucopiae ;
at her feet a child.
Cf. Cohen,2 II. p. 18, 9.
HADKIANUS.
Cos III: 119-128 A.D.
HADRIANVS AVG
COS III P P.
Head r., bare.
FIDES PVBLICA.
Fides, standing r., holding two
ears of corn and a basket of
fruits.
Cf. Cohen,2 II. p. 168, 716.
GERMANIA.
Germany, standing 1., holding
lance and resting on shield.
Cf. Cohen,2 II. p. 173, 802.
IMP CAESAR TRAIAN j P M TR P COS III.
HADRIANVS AVG. 1 Rome, seated 1. on a cuirass,
Head r., laureate. holding Victory and spear.
Cf. Cohen,2 II. p. 197, 1099.
Same legend and type.
Same legend. CLEM in exergue.
Clementia, standing 1. by an
altar which is garlanded and
lighted, holding patera and
sceptre.
Cf. Cohen,2 II. p. 122, 212.
ANTONINUS PIUS.
Cos IV, TR. P. XVI: 153 A.D.
10 ANTONINVS AVG
PIVS P P TR P
XVI.
Head r., laureate.
cos mi.
Vesta, standing L, holding sim-
pulum and palladium.
Cf. Cohen,2 II. p. 292, 197.
11
Cos IV, TR. P. XVII : 154 A.D.
Same, with TR P XVII
Same legend. Artemis (?), holding
two ears of corn and a stag or
goat (?) by its hind legs.
Not in Cohen.
ND OF ROMAN DENARII AT CASTLE BROMWICH. 39
ANTONINUS PIUS— continued.
Cos IV, TE. P. XX: 157 A.D.
Obverse.
Reverse.
ANTONINVS AVG
PIVS P P IMP II.
Head r., laureate.
TR POT XX COS [III.
Abundantia, standing r., her 1.
foot on a ship's prow, holding
rudder and a rnodius on her
1. knee.
Cf. Cohen,2 II. p. 368, 1016.
Struck after the death of Antoninus, in 161 A.D.
DIVVS ANTONINVS.
Head r., bare.
DIVO PIO.
A column standing on a base
surmounted by statue of An-
toninus holding globe and
sceptre.
Cf. Cohen,2 II. p. 305, 353.
MARCUS AUBELIUS.
Cos II, TE. P. VIII: 154 A.D.
AVRELIVS CAESAR
AVG Pll FIL.
Head r., bare.
TR POT VIII COS II.
Pallas, standing 1., holding owl
and shield, a spear resting on
her left arm.
Cf. Cohen,2 III. p. 66, 663.
Cos III, TE. P. XVII : 163 A.D.
IMP M ANTONINVS
AVG.
Head r., laureate.
PROV DEORTRP XVII COS III.
Providentia, standing 1., holding
globe and cornucopiae.
Cf. Cohen,2 III. p. 53, 525.
Cos III, TE. P. XXIII: 169 A.D.
M ANTONINVS AVG
ARM PARTH MAX.
Head r., laureate.
FORT RED TR P XXIII IMP V.
COS III in exergue. For tuna,
seated 1., holding rudder and
cornucopiae.
Cf. Cohen,2 III. p. 22, 209.
40
NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
MARCUS AUEELIUS— continued.
Cos III, TB. P. XXVI: 172 A.D.
No.
Obverse.
Reverse.
17
M ANTONINVS AVG
TR P XXVI.
Head r., laureate.
IMP VI COS III.
Victory, walking
wreath and palm.
Cf. Cohen,2 III.
1., holding
p. 27, 265.
IS
FAUSTINA (wife of Marcus Aurelius).
Struck after her death, in 176 A.D.
DIVA FAVSTINA PIA.
Bust r.
CONSECRATIO.
Throne with sceptre across it,
below it a peacock to r.
Cf. Cohen,2 III. p. 142, 73.
GEORGE C. BROOKE.
III.
ASPECTS OF DEATH, AND THEIR EFFECTS
ON THE LIVING, AS ILLUSTRATED BY
MINOR WORKS OF ART, ESPECIALLY
MEDALS, ENGRAVED GEMS, JEWELS, &c.
(Continued from Vol. IV. p. 417.)
PART III.
COINS, MEDALS, AND MEDAL-LIKE TOKENS RELATING TO
DEATH AND THE VARIOUS ASPECTS OF AND ATTI-
TUDES TOWARDS DEATH.
MOST of these pieces fall under one of the following
classes : —
(A) Personal or other medals, bearing memento mori
devices, as, for instance, those of Erasmus of Rotterdam.
(B) Ordinary commemorative medals, mostly of well-
known individuals, issued on their death (sometimes on
their assassination or execution). Some of these, like
certain sepulchral monuments64 of Church dignitaries
and other persons of the fifteenth, sixteenth, and seven-
teenth centuries, and like certain mourning finger-rings
(described later on), have been designed to serve as a
14 The sepulchral monument of Archbishop Chichele (died 1443) will
be referred to later on in connexion with some of these medals.
42 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
memento mori to the living as well as a memorial of the
dead.
(C) Memorial medal ets made, like some memorial and
mourning finger-rings, " in memoriam," to be distributed
at funerals. Some of these, like some of those of the
preceding class, have been designed so to serve the
double purpose of a memorial of the dead and a memento
mori to the living.
(D) Various pieces bearing memento mori devices, used
as tickets, passes, or badges, in connexion with funeral
celebrations, medical guilds (Delft and Middelburg),
medical gardens (Amsterdam), &c. According to Bergs0e
(Danske Medailler or/ Jetons, Copenhagen, 1893, p. 141),
certain death's head medalets were at one time used by
medical students of the Copenhagen University as badges
on their caps. In Holbein's picture, known as " The
Ambassadors" (1535), in the National Gallery, London,
one of the two young men, Jean de Dinteville, Lord of
Polisy, is represented wearing a little silver death's head
mounted as a jewel in his black bonnet. Doubtless this
was not a badge in the strict sense of the term, but
merely an outward sign of the wearer's mental attitude,
indicated likewise by the (" hidden ") skull at his feet.
Needless to say, the death's heads worn as cap-badges by
some regiments in the German and English armies have
a very different significance.
(E) Medals bearing memento mori devices designed to
have a " moral " significance, and to be used as gifts
or rewards on special occasions, like the so-called
" Moralische Pfenninge " of the town of Basel. These
may be compared to memento mori finger-rings and jewels
used for devotional purposes, &c.
In regard to the persons represented on the medals,
ASPECTS OF DEATH. 43
the selection I have made cannot be regarded as a
" collection of medals of famous men and women," for
almost unknown individuals are commemorated side by
side with those whose names are still household words
amongst the educated classes of the whole world. The
same may be said of almost every collection of portraits,65
and in the case of some medallions, just as in the case
of many beautifully painted or sculptured portraits, the
very name of the person represented has been irretriev-
ably lost.
In the present paper I have not attempted to describe
every medal, coin, medallic token, or badge bearing a
device or inscription relating to death, but those that
I have selected include characteristic examples of various
periods. The order followed is mainly chronological, and
the large Kornan numerals in brackets, as I have already
stated, refer to the aspects of, or attitudes towards, death
which I think the devices or inscriptions on the medals
illustrate.
(X.) Greek coins illustrating a medical and hygienic
attitude towards preventible death in the fifth century B.C.
The following silver coins of Selinus in Sicily date
from about 466-415 B.C., and commemorate the freeing
of Selinus from a pestilence of some kind (malaria ?) 66
by the drainage of the neighbouring marsh-lands.
65 In regard, for instance, to collections of medals of "famous"
physicians and naturalists, Billroth (1829-1894), the great surgeon, once
remarked to Dr. J. Brettauer of Trieste (who died in 1905), that the
medals in such collections are chiefly, not of distinguished and well-
known, but of forgotten, obscure, or absolutely unknown physicians and
naturalists.
66 In regard to the question of malaria, it seems to have been at about
the same period (in the fifth century B.C.) that Greece proper first began
44 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Obv.— Apollo and Artemis standing side by side in a slowly
moving quadriga, the former discharging arrows
from his bow.
FIG. 8.
fteVt — The river-god Selinus, naked, with short horns,
holding patera and lustral branch, sacrificing at
an altar of Asklepios (Aesculapius), in front of
which is a cock. Behind him on a pedestal is the
figure of a bull, and in the field above is a selinon
leaf. Inscription : 2EAINONTION. (Fig. 8.)
Silver tetradrachm. Catalogue of the Greek
Coins in the British Museum — Sicily, London, 1878,
p. 140.
B. Y. Head (Historia Numorum, Oxford, 1887, p. 148)
says of this piece : " Apollo is here regarded as the
healing god (aAcSucaicoe) who, with his radiant arrows, slays
the pestilence as he slew the Python. Artemis stands
behind him in her capacity of tlXtiOuia. or erowSfva, for the
plague had fallen heavily on the women too : oWc /cm
rae ywalKctz cWroKoV (Diogenes Laertius, lib. viii. 2,
Life of Empedocles, 70). On the reverse the river-god
himself makes formal libation to the god of health, in
gratitude for the cleansing of his waters, whilst the image
of the bull symbolizes the sacrifice which was offered on
the occasion."
to suffer severely from malaria, a disease which appears ultimately to
have taken an important place among the causes of Greek national
decadence. Vide W. H. S. Jones, Malaria and Greek History, Man-
chester, 1909.
ASPECTS OF DEATH.
45
. — Heracles contending with a wild bull, which he
seizes by the horn, and is about to slay with his
club. Inscription : 2EAINONTION.
FIG. 9.
Rev. — The river-god Hypsas sacrificing before an altar,
around which a serpent twines. He holds a
branch and a patera. Behind him a marsh-bird
(stork) is seen departing. In the field, a selinon
leaf. Inscription : HYVA2. (Fig. 9.)
Silver didrachm. Catalogue of the Greek Coins
in the British Museum — Sicily, London, 1878,
p. 141.
Head (loc. tit.) says of this piece : " Here, instead of
Apollo, it is the sun-god Herakles, who is shown struggling
with the destructive powers of moisture symbolized by
the bull, while on the reverse the river Hypsas takes
the place of the river Selinus. The marsh-bird is seen
retreating, for she can no longer find a congenial home
on the banks of the Hypsas now that Empedocles has
drained the lands." It seems that the philosopher
Empedocles, who at that time was at the height of his
fame, put a stop to the plague by turning two neigh-
bouring streams into one, KOI KaTa/uLL^avra yXvKftvai TO.
ptv/uLara (Diogenes Laertius, loc. cit.). The Selun tines
conferred divine honours upon Empedocles, and their
above-described coins still exist as a wonderful monu-
mental record of the events in question.
46 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
(II.) Greek coins of Eleusis in Attica, commemorating
the Eleusinian Mysteries.
The Eleusinian Mysteries were supposed to have
offered a comforting view in regard to death and a
future existence. They are commemorated on certain
bronze coins of Eleusis, supposed to date from the fourth
century B.C., which represent Triptolemos in a winged
FIG. 10.
car drawn by serpents (dragons) on the obverse ; and
a pig on a pine-torch, or encircled with a wreath of corn,
on the reverse, with the inscription EAEYSI (Fig. 10).
Another bronze coin of Eleusis, also referring to the
Eleusinian Mysteries, has the head of Demeter or Perse-
phone on the obverse ; and a " plemochoe " on a pedestal
on the reverse, with the inscription EAEYS. Catalogue
of Greek Coins in the British Museum — Attica, London,
1888, pp. 112-114.
In regard to antique gems engraved with devices
referring to the Eleusinian Mysteries, especially after
the introduction of these mysteries into Italy and Rome,
see A. Furtwangler, Die Antiken Gemmen, 1900, vol. 3,
pp. 208, 253, 339 ; see also C. W. King, Handbook of
Engraved Gems, second edition, 1885, PL xlvi. No. 3.
(V.) The murder of Julius Caesar, on the Ides (15th
day) of March, 44 B.C.
There is a Koman denarius commemorating the
ASPECTS OF DEATH. 47
murder of Caesar, struck (according to the evidence of
the historian Dion Cassius 67) by actual order of one of
his murderers, M. Junius Brutus.
FIG. 11.
Obv. — Bare head of Brutus to right. Inscription : BRVT .
IMP. L • PLAET • CEST. (Brutus imperator;
Lucius Plaetorius Cestianus).
Eev. — Cap or pileus (as the emblem of liberty) between
two daggers. Below, inscription : EID • MAR •
(Eidibus Martis). (Fig. 11.)
E. Babelon, Monnaies de la Republique Romaine,
Paris, 1886, vol. ii. p. 119, No. 52. Of this rare
silver denarius antique plated copies likewise
occur. The piece was doubtless struck in the
East some time between B.C. 44 (when Caesar was
assassinated) and the battle of Philippi (B.C. 42).
Of the moneyer L. Plaetorius Cestianus no men-
tion is made in history.
Several coins struck under Brutus and Cassius after
the murder of Caesar, have the head of Liberty on
the obverse, with the inscription, LIBEKTAS or
LEIBEKTAS.
During the interregnum which followed the death of
Nero (A.D. 68), denarii were struck with the head of
Liberty on the obverse and with the old type of the
pileus between two daggers on the reverse, the obverse
67 According to Dion Cassius (Historia Bomana, lib. xlvii. sect. 25) ,
the two daggers on the reverse signify the joint shares of Brutus and
Cassius in the murder. See also Eckhel, Doctrina Numorum Veterum,
vol. vi. (1796), p. 24.
48 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
and reverse inscriptions reading : LIBERTAS P. R.
RESTITVTA (Libertas populi Romani restituta).
(Fig. 12.) Vide H. Cohen's Medailles Imperiales, first
edition, 1859, vol. i. p. 249, Nos. 267 and 268.
FIG. 12.
The type of the " cap of liberty " between two daggers
occurs again on the reverse of a medal (described later
on) commemorating the murder of Alexander de' Medici,
the first Duke of Florence, in 1537, by his kinsman,
Lorenzo de' Medici, called " Lorenzino."
(XI.) Martyrdom of John Huss, the Bohemian
Reformer, 1415.
The Reformer's death at the stake is represented on
various sixteenth- century memorial medals by the
medallists, Michael Hohenauer and Ludwig Neufarer.
Hohenauer's monogram was mistaken by Adolf Erman,
before Fiala's work on the subject, for that of Hieronymus
Magdeburger. Vide L. Forrer's Biographical Dictionary
of Medallists ; Eduard Fiala's note on Michael Hohenauer
in the Numismatische Zeitschrift, Vienna, 1890, vol. 22,
p. 258 ; and R. Weil, "Die Medaille auf Johannes Hus,"
Zeitschrift fur NumismatiJc, Berlin, 1887, vol. 14,
p. 125.
Here it may be mentioned, by the way, that a few
Byzantine and other relatively early Christian medalets,
<X:c., exist, commemorating Christian martyrs. Amongst
the martyrs most frequently portrayed are St. Lawrence,
ASPECTS OF DEATH. 49
St. Agnes, and St. Menas of Alexandria (the last especially
on little pilgrims' terra-cotta flasks from Egypt). On an
early Christian leaden medalet with loop for suspension,
figured by F. X. Kraus (Gescliichte der Christlichen Kunst,
Freiburg im Breisgau, 1896, vol. i. p. 126), the soul of
the martyred St. Lawrence is represented as a draped
(female ?) figure, in the attitude of an " orans," rising out
of the martyr's roasting body.
(I. and XVII.) Memento mori medals by Giovanni
Boldu, of Venice, 1458-1466.
FIG. 13 (reduced).
Obv. — Bust of Boldu, with Greek inscription.
Rev. — A young man, nude, sitting on a rock, to right, hid-
ing his face with his hands ; on the right a winged
child is seated, resting his right arm on a skull
and holding a torch in his left. Legend : OPVS.
IOANIS. BOLDV. PICTORIS. VENETL
XOGRAFI. MCCCCLVIII. (Fig. 13.)
Diameter, 3-35 inches ; cast in bronze. A.
Armand, Les Me'dailleurs Italiens, second edition,
1883, vol. i. p. 36, No. 1. A. Heiss, Les Medail-
leurs de la Renaissance, Paris, 1887, vol. i.
(Venetian Medals), PI. ii. No. 2.
VOL. X., SERIES IV. E
50 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
According to Cornelius von Fabriczy (Italian Medals,
translated by Mrs. G. W. Hamilton, London, 1904, p. 47),
the winged child on the reverse of this medal is copied
from the cupid on the reverse of a medal of the Marquis
Lodovico Gonzaga of Mantua (Armand, op. cit., vol. i.
p. 27) made by the medallist, Pietro da Fano, about
1452-1457. I have little doubt that Boldu's reverse
type, above described (as well as that of another medal
by Boldu, to which I shall refer in Part IV.)? was intended
to represent a rather pessimistic aspect of human life,
reminding one of Goethe's lines commencing, " Wer nie
sein Brod mit Thranen ass." The child is thrust into
life and forced to join in its race, with its trials and
troubles, its punishments and rewards ; and death, a cure
for grief and misery, awaits him at the end.
A third medal, made by Boldu in 1446, represents the
bust of the Koman Emperor Caracalla on the obverse,
FIG. 14 (reduced).
with the legend : ANTONINVS. PIVS. AVGVSTVS.
The reverse is similar to that of the first-described
ASPECTS OF DEATH. 51
medal, but it has the legend, 10. SON. FINE (" I am the
end ") and the date MCCCCLXYL (Fig. 14.)
Diameter, 3*6 inches; cast in bronze. Armand, op.
cit.y vol. i. p. 37, No. 4. Heiss, op. cit., vol. i. PL ii.
No. 3.
The reverse type of this medal has apparently sug-
gested the design for one of the marble medallions which
I have noticed on the fapade of the famous Certosa di
Pavia (Carthusian Monastery, near Pavia), but instead of
the legend, 10. SON. FINE, the marble medallion has
the legend : INNOCENTIA. E. MEMOKIA. MOETIS.
(V.) Lorenzo and G-iuliano de' Medici and the Pazzi
conspiracy (1478).
The Pazzi conspiracy (1478) was formed by members
of the Pazzi family, assisted by Francesco Salviati, titular
Archbishop of Pisa. The conspirators decided to assassi-
nate the two brothers whilst they were attending Mass
in the Duomo of Florence. Griuliano was killed, but
Lorenzo escaped and took vengeance on the assassins.
The following medal was formerly attributed to Antonio
del Pollajuolo, owing to a statement of Vasari, but has
recently been assigned by W. Bode to Bertoldo di
Giovanni, the Florentine sculptor (died 1492).
Obv. — An octagonal scaffolding representing the pillars of
the Duomo. Above, the head of Lorenzo de' Medici
to right. Below, priests ministering at an altar.
Outside the enclosure, conspirators with swords
drawn, and others, Lorenzo escaping. Inscrip-
tion : LAVRENTIVS MEDICES and SALVS
PVBLICA.
Rev. — A similar scene, with the head of Giuliano (to
left) above it; Giuliano being slain, below.
E2
52 NUMISMATIC CHKONICLE.
Inscription : IYLIANYS MEDICES and LVC-
TVS PVBLICVS.
Diameter, 2-5 inches ; cast in bronze. C. F.
Keary, Italian Medals exhibited in the British
Museum, 1881, p. 16, No. 34. C. von Fabriczy,
Italian Medals, English edition by Mrs. Hamilton,
London, 1904, pp. Ill, 112.
A inedal of Giuliano de' Medici, commemorating the
same event, has the portrait of Giuliano on the obverse,
with the inscription : IYLIANYS. MEDICES. On the>
reverse is a figure of Nemesis, with the inscription,
NEMESIS. Diameter, 3*55 inches. A. Armand, Les
Medailleurs Italiens, Paris, vol. iii. 1887, p. 27.
(II.) Medal of Domenico Kiccio, a Dominican monk
(circa 1498).
Obv. — Bust, to left, in monastic dress, the head covered byi
a hood. Inscription : DOMINICYS KICCIYS.
Rev. — Phoenix (emblem of the resurrection of the body and
immortality of the soul) under the sun. Inscrip-
tion : MORTE. YITA. HYEME. AESTATE.
PROPE. LONGE.
Diameter, 2*8 inches. Armand, Les Medailleurt
Italiens, second edition, Paris, 1883, vol. ii. p. 77
also vol. iii. (1887), p. 185.
According to G-. Milanesi (quoted by Armand), this
Domenico Kiccio was Fra Domenico da Pescia, Savona-
rola's disciple and companion, who was executed with
him in 1498.
(I.) Memento mori medal of Galeotto Marzi (seconc
half of fifteenth century).
Olv.— Bust to left. Inscription : GALEOTTYS. MAR)
TIYS. POETA. CLARS. MATHEMATICYS
ET. ORATOR.
ASPECTS OF DEATH. 53
-Two shelves of books, those in one upright, in the
other lying flat. Inscription: NASCENTES.
MORIMVR. FINIS. Q. AB. ORIGINE.
PENDET. [Manilius, Astronomicon, iv. 16.]
SVPERATA. TELLVS. SIDERA. DONAT.
Diameter, 4 '3 inches ; Italian fifteenth-century
cast medal. Armand, Les Medailleurs Italiens,
second edition, Paris, 1883, vol. ii. p. 35, No. 25.
Galeotto Marzi was a poet and learned man. He was
tutor to the son of Matthias Corvinus, King of Hungary.
There is a similar medal of smaller size (diameter, 31
inches) with the same design and legend on the reverse,
but with a somewhat younger portrait on the obverse
(Armand, op. Git., vol. ii. p. 35, No. 26).
(XI.) Two Italian medals of about 1500, by the
medallist termed by Armand, "le Medailleur a la
Fortune," have on the reverse the inscription : PRIVS.
MORI. QVA(QVAM). TVRPARI ( " Rather to die than
be defiled "). On the obverse of one of these medals is
the portrait of Lodovico Lucio, of Sienna (A. Armand,
Les Medailleurs Italiens, second edition, Paris,- 1883,
vol. i. p. 98, No. 2). On the obverse of the other is
the portrait of Allessandro Vecchietti (1472-1532) of
Florence (Armand, op. cit., vol. i. p. 99, No. 4).
(I.) Italian portrait medal (said to be of about 1500 ?).
Olv. — Head of a young man to left. Inscription : PAN-
D VLPH VS • IANOINTIS • SVE • XXVIII.
Rev. — Human skull between what seem to be two closed
doors with crosses marked on them. Inscription :
O(MN)IVM • RERVM • VICISSITIVDO.
Diameter, 2-7 inches ; bronze. A specimen in
the Victoria and Albert Museum was obtained
from the Piot sale at Paris, in 1864.
54: NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
The passage in Terence (Eunuchus, 2. 2, 45) from
which the legend on the reverse is taken is : " Omnium
rerum, heus, vicissitudo est." The identity of the man,
whose portrait is represented on the obverse, is appa-
rently unknown, and the legend seems to be blundered.
I am indebted for information about this medal to .
Mr. A. Kichmond and Mr. W. W. Watts, of the Victoria
and Albert Museum.
(XI.) Here may be mentioned some Italian bronze
plaques of the early part of the sixteenth century : the
bust of Lucretia with a dagger in her hand by Moderno,
and a larger representation of Lucretia by Andrea
Briosco, surnamed Eiccio. Moderno likewise represented
on a circular plaque (diameter, 1*3 inches) the Koman
tradition of the self-sacrifice of M. Curtius, who, on horse-
back and fully armed, was said to have leaped into a
chasm which had appeared in the forum.
(I.) Medals of Erasmus in 1519 and 1531, with his
memento mori device.
Olv. — Bust of Erasmus in profile to left. In the field : ER.
ROT. ("Erasmus of Rotterdam"). Legend:
IMAGO . AD . YIYA . EFFIGIE . EXPRESSA .
THN • KPEITTO • TA • 2YITPAMMATA ' AEI-
HEI (" His image modelled to the living features.
His writings will represent it better "). Below the
bust is the date 1519.
Rev. — A man's head to left on a cubical boundary stone
inscribed, TERMIN VS. In the field: CONCEDO
NVLLI ("I yield to none"). Legend: OPA •
TEA02 ' *8 MAKPOY • BIOY • MORS VLTIMA
i!8 A Greek version of the common "Respice fiiiem." The Greek
word T€\os may, however, like the Latin word " finis " and the English
word " end," signify not merely the end or final event of life, but rather
ASPECTS OF DEATH.
55
LTNEA RERVM (" Keep in view the end of a
long life. Death is the final goal of all "). (Fig. 15.)
FIG. 15 (reduced). — From a specimen formerly in the author's
collection.
the final object. If this is so, '6pa reAos (or " Respice finem") becomes
practically equivalent to "Live to die." Similarly, when death is
described as the "ultima linea rerum," the word " linea" (doubtless
used by Horace as the goal-line in a race) may signify either the limit
(end) or the object (goal).
56 NUMISMATIC CHKONICLE.
Diameter, 4-15 inches ; in bronze or lead ; cast.
Julien Simonis, UArt du Medailleur en Belgique,
Bruxelles, 1900, PI. ii. No. 3.
There are two very similar but smaller medals, both
cast. One (an obverse only) bears the same date 1519
(diameter, 1*75 inches ; Simonis, op. cit., PI. ii. No. 4)
as the large medal, and has the inscription, EEASMVS *
EOTEKO * around the portrait of Erasmus. The other,
the smallest of the three, is dated 1531 (diameter, 1'35
inches ; Simonis, op. cit., PL ii. No. 5), and very much
resembles the largest medal in type and legends, but
the features of Erasmus are slightly more sharply cut.
The large medal has been attributed to Durer, and it
is interesting that Durer 's signed engraving of Erasmus
(see Fig. 16), dated 1526, bears a very similar inscription
to that on the obverse of the medal. On Diirer's en-
graving, however, the head of Erasmus is not quite in
profile, and his features are much more sharply expressed
than on the medal. Moreover, the portrait on the
medal is now supposed to be after a lost original by
Quentin Metsys. Erasmus himself wrote that Quentin
Metsys made a portrait of him, cast in metal. According
to Julien Simonis (op. cit., pp. 80-88), one of the above-
described medals was the work of the medallist Jean
Second, who probably modelled it from a medallion by
Quentin Metsys now lost. 1 do not see why the obverse
of the large medal should not be the work of Quentin
Metsys himself.
The largest and the smallest of these medals of Erasmus
are likewise figured in the Museum Mazzuchellianum,
Venice, 1761, vol. i. PI. 45 and PI. 46. In that work it
is explained that the " Terminus " (terminal head) on
the reverse is an allusion, not to the great value of the
ASPECTS OF DEATH.
57
writings of Erasmus, as some have supposed, but to
death, the common goal of all, i.e., as the medal itself
MAGO ERASAM-ROTERODA
AVI • AB -ALBERTO • DVRERQ-AD
VtVAAV- EFFIGiEM-DEUNlATA-
THN KPEITTD. TA-ZYITPAM.
AVATA-A'IZEI
FIG. 16.— Engraving of Erasmus by Diirer. Reduced from an
example in the British Museum.
tells us, "mors ultima linea rerum " (Horace, Epist.,
Book i. 16, line 79).
A man's head on a cubical stone inscribed, TEKMINVS,
58 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
with the legend, CONCEDO NVLLI or CEDO NVLLI,
was the favourite device of Erasmus. In the Museum of
Basel is an original sketch, which I have seen, showing
a rendering of this device, by Holbein (No. 122 of the
sketches in the Museum), and there is likewise a fine
woodcut by Holbein, designed for a title-page to the
works of Erasmus, representing Erasmus standing under
a highly decorative Kenaissance arch, with his right hand
resting on the head of a terminal figure (or " Hermes "),
on which is the inscription, TEBMINVS. On a seal,
which Erasmus had specially engraved for himself, the
man's head on the boundary stone was represented facing,
not (as on the medals) in profile, and the legend was
CEDO NVLLI, not (as on the medals) CONCEDO
NVLLI.69 With this seal, which I shall illustrate later
on, he sealed his last will, dated at Basel, in the house
of Jerome Frobenius, 12th February, 1536 ; and an
enlarged copy of the "TEBMINVS" on this seal was
placed by his heirs over the tablet where he was buried
in the Cathedral of Basel (cf. B. B. Drummond,
Erasmus, his Life and Character, London, 1873).
The " Terminus " device of Erasmus might be regarded
as a " masked," " disguised," or " softened " memento mori,
analogous to the elongated death's head which is repre-
sented on Holbein's famous picture (to which I have
already alluded) painted in 1533, known as " The
Ambassadors," in the London National Gallery.
39 This seal is figured by J. J. Jortin, together with an antique
intaglio representing a terminal bust (or " Hermes "), without any in-
scription, from which Erasmus apparently derived his idea of adopting
a terminal figure as his memento mori device. See J. Jortin, Life of
Erasmus, London, 1808, vol. iii. (specimens of the handwriting of
Erasmus, No. 1). In Part IV. I shall again refer to this seal of
Erasmus.
ASPECTS OF DEATH. 59
(I.) Memento mori medal of Pietro Balanzano, of
Venice (early sixteenth century).
Obv —Head in high relief to left. Inscription : PETRO
BALANZANO.
Rev.— A. human skull. Inscription: NVLA EST RE-
DENCIO (that is equivalent to "There is no
escape from death ").
Diameter, 2 '3 inches. A bronze Italian medal
of the first quarter of the sixteenth century, in
the Victoria and Albert Museum, London.
Armand, Les Medailleurs Italiens, second edition,
Paris, 1883, vol. ii. p. 128; and vol. iii. (1887),
p. 205.
(II.) Medal of Tommaso Moro of Venice, Prefect of
Verona 1527.
Obv.— Bust to right. Inscription : THOMAS MAVRVS
VENETVS VERONAE PRAEFECTVS.
Rev. — Phoenix in flames, an emblem of the resurrection of
the body and the immortality of the soul. Inscrip-
tion : MORIENS. REVIVISCO. -MDXXVII.-
10. MARIA. POMEDELVS. VERON. F.
Diameter, 2-0 inches. Bronze medal by Pome-
dello of Verona. Armand, Les Medailleurs
Italiens, second edition, Paris, 1883, vol. i. p.
128, No. 11.
(II.) A phoenix, with the word REVIXIT, occurs
likewise on the reverse of a medal of Cardinal Christofero
Madruzzo, Prince-Bishop of Trento (died in 1578), by
Lorenzo Parmigiano (Armand, op. cit., vol. i. p. 278,
No.l)
(V.) The murder of Alexander de' Medici, the first
Duke of Florence, 1537.
Alexander de' Medici was assassinated, in the name
of liberty, by his kinsman Lorenzo de' Medici, called
60
NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
" Lorenzino," on the night of 5th to 6th January, 1537.
The following medal (which is not very rare, and for
some information about which I am indebted to Mr. W.
Wroth) is described by A. Armand, Medailleurs Italiens,
second edition, Paris, vol. ii. p. 151, No. 3.
FIG. 17.
Obv. — Bare head of Lorenzino, to right. Inscription : LAV-
RENTIVS MEDICES.
Rev. — Cap of liberty (the Roman " pileus ") between two
daggers. Below : VIII • ID • IAN (6th January).
Diameter, 1-5 inches; bronze. (See Fig. 17.)
The reverse device is adopted from the reverse of the
Roman denarius of Brutus (which I have already referred
to) commemorating the murder of Julius Caesar on the
Ides of March, 44 B.C., but the date under the cap of
liberty on the Italian medal is of course different.
After the murder Lorenzino fled to Venice, where Filippo
Strozzi (called " the younger ") greeted him as the
" Tuscan Brutus." The medal, which is of the size of a
Roman large bronze coin or bronze medallion, was doubt-
less made at that time or slightly later, — I would suggest
at Padua, perhaps by Giovanni Cavino. Lorenzino was
himself assassinated in 1548.
ASPECTS OF DEATH. 61
(I) German plaque, of about 1530-1540.
There is a circular plaque (1*8 inches in diameter) of
white metal, possibly the reverse for a medal, representing
a lady, in the costume of the time, seated in the interior
of a room, offering the breast to a baby ; on the table is
a death's head and on the window-sill an hour-glass. It
is of good workmanship, and signed L.E., apparently
by Lorenz Kosenbaum, a goldsmith and a medallist of
Schaffhausen. There are specimens in both the British
Museum (see Fig. 18) and the Victoria and Albert
FIG. 18. — Plaque by Lorenz Rosenbaum. From an original in
the British Museum.
Museum. The design is taken from a well-known en-
graving (already alluded to in Part I. : see Fig. 4) by
Barthel Beham (1502-1540), which, though it may be
intended to represent the Madonna and Child, seem&
likewise to suggest thoughts of the beginning and the
inevitable end of life. Anyhow, two other engravings by
B. Beham, representing human skulls (in one of these
engravings there are three, in the other four skulls)
and a baby with an hour-glass were certainly meant to
suggest such thoughts and illustrate the line of Manilius :
62 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
" Nascentes morimur, finisque ab origine pendet ; " or, as
a physiologist has expressed it, "The first cry of the
newly-born child is its first step towards the grave."
(II. or III.) Here we may for convenience mention a
uniface portrait medal by Lorenz Eosenbaum, dated 1531,
the portrait (bare head to right) being apparently that
of the artist himself. The inscription is YT • MOBTV YS •
VIVEEEM YIVO - HIO - MOEITYEYS. Signed
L.E. 1531. The medal, which is cast in lead (diameter,
1-75 inches), is described and figured by E. Merzbacher,
"Beitrage zur Kritik der deutschen Kunstmedaillen,"
Mittheilungen der Bayerisclien Numismatisclien Gesell-
schaft, Munchen, 1900, vol. 19, p. 8, and PI. i. Fig. 4.
I am indebted for this reference to Mr. L. Forrer. Lorenz
Eosenbaum, probably a son of the goldsmith Conrad
Eosenbaum, was born at Schaffhausen, but from 1539 to
1546 worked as a goldsmith in Augsburg. The meaning
of the legend is either: "Yivo hie moriturus," "I live
here about to die," i.e. " This is my portrait before death ; "
"Ut mortuus viverem/' "(I made this portrait) that I
might live after death " — or else : " I live here (on earth)
about to die (i.e. prepared for death) so that I may live
after death;" but in the latter case one would have
expected " vivam " instead of " viverem."
(II. and XIV.) Memorial medal of Queen Dorothea
of Denmark (mother of Frederick II), (1560).
Obv. — Profile head of Queen Dorothea to right. Inscrip-
tion : DOROTE REGINA DANIE MDLX.
Rev. — Hour-glass over skull and crossed bones. Inscrip-
tion : BEDENCK DAS ENDT VND DIE
STVNDE. (Fig. 19.)
Diameter, 1-1 inch ; silver gilt. Danske Mynter
og Medailler i den Kongelige Samling, Copenhagen,
ASPECTS OF DEATH.
63
1791, p. 212, No. 4, PI. xii. No. 5. The meaning
of the reverse inscription, which is similar to
some inscriptions engraved on old-fashioned sun-
dials, is doubtless that of Thomas a Kempis in
FIG. 19.
De Imitatione Christi, Book I. chap. xxv. 11 :
"Memento semper finis, et quia perditum non
redit tempus."
(I.) Medal of Onophrius Korn(1562).
Obv. — His bust, to left, with inscription.
Rev. — Male figure, holding hour-glass, leaning on an altar
or tomb (on which is a death's head) inscribed :
RESPICE FINEM. The whole reverse device
is in an architectural " setting."
This medal, by a German artist signing himself S. W.,
is figured by A. Erman, Deutsche Medailleure, Berlin,
1884, PL vii. No. 3.
(XL) Medal of Goffredo Franco (about 1565).
Ofa>.~- Bust to left. Inscription : IOFREDVS FRANCVS.
Artist's signature, P. P. R.
Rev. — A nude man standing on a pedestal in the middle of
the sea, holding a rod in his left hand, his right
foot resting on a skull. Inscription : POTIVS.
MORI. QVAM. ANIMO. IMMVTARI (« Rather
death than change one's mind ").
Diameter, 2*2 inches. A medal by Pietro
64 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Paolo Galeotti, called " Romano." Armand, Les
Medailleurs Italiens, second edition, Paris, 1883,
vol. i. p. 229, No. 7.
(XL) The same reverse type and legend occur on a
medal of Alberto Litta, dated 1565, attributed to the
same artist (Galeotti), though not bearing any signature
(Armand, Les Medailleurs Italiens, Paris, vol. iii. (1887),
p. 112).
(I. and VIII.) Medal of Sebastian Zah, of Augsburg
(about 1571).
Obv, — His bust to right, with bare head and pointed beard.
Inscription : SEBASTIAN . ZAH . ANNO .
AET . XXXXV. (Artist's signature) AN. AB.
Rev. — A man in rich costume, with feathers in his cap.
Inscription : RESPICE FINEM.
Diameter, 1*6 inches. By Antonio Abondio,
the younger (1538-1591). Armand, Les Medail-
leurs Italiens, second edition, Paris, 1883, vol. i.
p. 274, No. 34.
(XI.) Massacre of St. Bartholomew (1572).
The medal of Pope Gregory XIII, commemorating
this event, bears the signature of the medallist, Federigo
Bonzagna, called " Parmigiano."
Ol)V. — Bust of the Pope, to left, in cape and skull-cap.
Legend : GREGORIVS • XIII • PONT • MAX •
AN ' I • Below the bust, artist's signature, F. P.
Rev. — Destroying angel to right, holding sword and cross ;
men and women dead, wounded, and flying
before her. Legend: VGONOTTORYM
STRAGES • 1572.
Diameter, T25 inches; struck; silver, bronze
gilt. A. Armand, Les Medailleurs Italiens, second
edition, Paris, 1883, vol. i. p. 226, No. 37.
Many restruck examples and later copies exist ;
ASPECTS OP DEATH. 65
the modern English copies, of a somewhat larger
size, being those most unlike the originals.
The Massacre of the Huguenots is commemorated in
the same spirit by Vasari's fresco in the Sala Regia of
the Vatican at Borne, though the inscription under the
painting has been obliterated.
Two French medals of Charles IX (one with the
inscription : VIETVS IN KEBELLES, on the reverse)
refer to the same event. See Medailles Frangaises
dont les coins sont conserves au Musee Monetaire, Paris,
1892, p. 10, Nos. 35, 36. Many restruck specimens
exist.
(I.) Medal of Gabrielle Fiamma, of Venice, Bishop of
Chioggia in 1584.
Obv. — His bust to right ; in front, a human skull. Inscrip-
tion : MEMINISSE IVVABIT.
Bev. — Inscription in twenty-five lines.
Diameter, 3*2 inches ; a bronze cast medal of the
second half of the sixteenth century, by Andrea
Cambi, called " II Bombarda," of Cremona.
Armand, Les Medailleurs Italiens, second edition,
Paris, 1883, vol. ii. p. 227 ; and vol. iii. (1887),
p. 96.
The skull on the obverse may be intended as a memento
mori device, but the obverse inscription refers apparently
to Fiamma's passing safely through trials and difficulties
of life : " Forsan et haec olim meminisse juvabit "
(" Perhaps some day it will be pleasant to remember even
these"— Virgil, Aen., lib. i. 203).
(XL) Medal of Faustina Sforza, wife of the Marquis
of Caravaggio Muzio (second half of the sixteenth
century).
VOL. X., SERIES IV. F
NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Bust to right. Inscription: FAVSTINA • SFORTIA .
MARCH • CARAVAGII.
An ermine-like animal pursued by a huntsman and
a dog. Inscription: MORI POTIVS QVAM
FOEDARI ("Better to die than be defiled;"
" Rather death than dishonour "). Artist's signa-
ture in incuse letters : PETRVS . PAVLVS .
ROM.
Diameter, 3'0 inches. Medal by Pietro
Paolo Galeotti, called " Romano." Armand,
Les Medailleurs Italiens, second edition, Paris,
1883, vol. i. p. 234, No. 35.
The reverse design on this medal refers to the power
of some of the " mustelidae " (e.g. the skunk) to save their
lives by ejecting a fluid of intolerable odour, which com-
pels their pursuers to abandon the chase. The meaning
of the reverse is therefore, " It is preferable to die than
to dishonour one's self by committing a disgraceful
action ; " " Honesta rnors turpi vita potior " (Tacitus, Vita
Ayricolae, xxxiii.).
(I.) A memento mori reverse for a medal, by the
FIG. 20.
Silesian medallist, Tobias Wolff (second half of the six- |
teenth century), is figured in A. Erman's Deutsche
ASPECTS OF DEATH. 67
Medailleure, Berlin, 1884, p. 69. A naked child, holding a
flower, seated by a human skull and bones ; in the back-
ground, a tree with a withered leafless branch and a
vigorous branch rich in leaves. Inscription: SIT NOMEN
DOMINI BENEDICTVM. (See Fig. 20.) This design,
which bears the artist's signature, ^W, occurs as a reverse
with an obverse of much later date. The design obviously
illustrates the frequently quoted line of Manilius : " Nas-
centes morimur, finisque ab origine pendet." It also
illustrates the eternal succession of new life springing
from the old.
(II., VII., XVI.) Plaque representing Death yielding
to Valour (or Virtue).
•tf?
M J
FIG. 21.
In the Ashmolean Museum at Oxford there is a six-
teenth-century plaque of white metal (circular ; diameter,
2*8 inches) with figures of Death and Valour (or Virtue)
in very low relief. Death (on the left) is represented by
a skeleton, crowned and holding a scythe, standing in
an attitude of fear or submission before a fully armed
F2
68 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Minerva-like female figure approaching (on the right).
Above the skeleton is the word MOES ; above the armed
figure, VIET VS. Death may here represent destruction
and ruin in an enterprise, or merely imminent defeat and
death in warfare, which can sometimes be prevented by
courage. The device may, however, be an allegorical
representation of death being " swallowed up in victory "
(St. Paul's First Epistle to the Corinthians, chapter xv.
verse 54), that is to say, in a sense, being overcome by
virtue. For permission to illustrate this plaque, I am
indebted to Mr. Hogarth and Mr. Bell, of the Ashmolean
Museum, who kindly sent me a cast (see Fig. 21).
(II.) A memorial medal of Adolph Occo III (1524-
1606), a physician of Augsburg, has the following inscrip-
tion on the reverse: VITA MIHI CHEISTVS MORS
EEIT IPSA LVCE VM (" To me to live is Christ, and to
die is gain" — St. Paul's Epist. to the Philippians, chapter i.
verse 21). C. A. Eudolphi, Numismata Virorum de Rebus
Medicis, &c., Duisburg's edition of 1862, p. 110.
(II.) Another memorial medal of the same physician,
communicated to me by Dr. H. E. Storer, has the
following inscriptions on the reverse : ABSOEPTA EST
MOES IN VICTOEIAM ("Death is swallowed up in
victory" — St. Paul's First Epistle to the Corinthians,
chapter xv. verse 54) ; and IPSE IVBET MOETIS
TE MEMINISSE DEVS ("God Himself commands you
to remember death " — Martial, Epigram, lib. ii. No. 59.70
Compare Psalm xc. verse 12).
70 What Martial's meaning was the context will best show —
" Frange toros, pete vina, rosas cape, tinguere nardo :
Ipse jubet mortis te meminisse deus."
ASPECTS OF DEATH. 69
(II.) Memorial medal of Nicholas and Dorothy Wad-
ham (1618?), the founders of Wadham College, Oxford.
O&y. — Bust of Nicholas Wadham, three-quarters, to right,
head bare, in ruff and plain cloak. Inscription :
WHEN CHRIST WHO IS OVR LIFE
SHAL APPEARE.
fteVt — Bust of Dorothy Wadham, three-quarters, to left, in
damasked gown, stiff ruff, and broad-brimmed
hat. Inscription: WE SHAL APPEARE
WITH HIM IN GLORY.
A narrow wreath, united by a skull at each
side and at each end, forms a border on both
sides. Oval medal, consisting of two plates or
shells soldered together. Diameter, 2-15 x 1'8
inches. Medallic Illustrations, London, 1885,
vol. i. p. 220, No. 73.
Nicholas Wadham, of a family settled at Merrifield, in
Somersetshire, died in 1609, at the age of 77 years.
Dorothy Wadham, his wife, died in 1618, at the age
of 84 years. She was a daughter of Sir William Petre,
Principal Secretary of State to Queen Elizabeth. The
first stone of Wadham College was laid on July 31.
1610.
(V. and XL) Execution of John van Olden Barneveldt,
Grand Pensionary of Holland (1619).
There are three different medals commemorating the
death of Barneveldt, each of which bears his portrait and
name on the obverse, and an inscription on the reverse,
referring to his high character and the injustice of his
execution. These medals are described and figured in
G-. van Loon's Histoire metallique des Pays-Bas, French
edition, 1732, vol. ii. pp. 109-111.
(II. and VIII.) Danish memento mori medal (1634).
70 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Qlv — Inscription in seven lines : NAAR DU : MEENE .
AD : FLORERE BEST SAA . ER . D0DEN
DIN : WISSE GEST v (" When you think you are
blooming best, Then is death your certain guest ").
FIG. 22.
Rev. — Skull and crossed bones, with hour-glass (surmounted
by a ball to represent human life) and ears of
corn. Inscription: HVOR . DV . DIG : WENDE
ER . D0DEN . DIN . ENDE (« Wherever you
wend, Death is your end "). In the field, the date
1634. (Fig. 22.)
Diameter, I'O inch; copper gilt; in the Royal
Collection at Copenhagen. Danske Mynter og
Medaillcr i den Kongelige Samling, Copenhagen,
1791, p. 331, No. 842, PI. xxii. No. 12.
I do not know whether the ears of corn associated
with the skull and bones on the reverse of this medal
refer to the eternal succession of life and death in the
world, or to the doctrine of the immortality of the soul.
Perhaps the device refers to the New Testament parable
of the corn and the tares (Matt. xiii. 24-30), and the
ears of corn signify the good, who are to be separated
from the bad (the tares) on the judgment day. Corn
occurs again associated with a skull on a Danish me-
morial medal of George Hojer, 1670 (described later on).
(II. and VIII.) Danish memento mori medal (1634).
Olv. — Bust of a young woman, with coronet on her head,
to right. Inscription : (in outer circle :) LERE •
ASPECTS OF DEATH.
71
OS • AT • BETENCKE • AT • WI • SKULLE •
(and in inner circle :) D0E • AT WI • MA • BLIFE •
PSAL * 90 (" Teach us to remember that we
must die, so that we may become wise," Psalm xc.
verse 12, after Luther's translation). In the field
to right: IEG ER SKI0N (" I am beautiful ">
FIG. 23.
Rev. — Skeleton standing by a table resting left hand on an
hour-glass. Inscription : (in outer circle :) MINE •
DAGE • HAFFE • VERIT • SNARERE • END •
EN • L0BERE . (and in inner circle :) DE •
FLYDE • BORT • OCH • HAFFE • INTET IOB
9 (" My days are swifter than a post : they flee
away, they see no good" — Job, chapter ix. verse 25).
In the field, below the table : IEG WAR SKI0N
1634 (« I was beautiful, 1634 "). (Fig. 23.)
Diameter, 1 *75 inches ; gold ; in the Royal
Collection at Copenhagen. Danske Mynter og
Medailler, loc. cit., p. 331, No. 841; PI. xxii.
No. 11.
These last two medals (specimens of which my father,
Sir H. Weber, kindly examined during a recent visit to
Copenhagen) are said to have been struck on the
death of Anna Cathrina, the eldest daughter of King
Christian IV of Denmark by his morganatic wife,
Christina Munk (or Munck). The lady in question (born
in 1618) was betrothed to Frantz Eantzow (or Eantzau),
72
NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Governor of the Koyal Palace, when the latter was (ap-
parently accidentally) drowned in the moat of the Koyal
Palace of Eosenborg in 1632. She is supposed to have
died of grief in the following year (1633). Vide F. C.
Sch0nau, Leben und letzte Stunden Christina von Munk,
German translation, Copenhagen and Leipzig, 1757,
p. 211.
The last described medal (with words meaning " I am
FIG. 24.
beautiful" on the portrait side, and "I was beautiful" on
the skeleton side) may be compared to certain sepulchral
monuments designed to serve as a memento mori to the
living as well as a memorial of the dead. As a typical
example of such monuments, we may instance the fine
one in Canterbury Cathedral of Henry Chichele (died
1443), Archbishop of Canterbury, and founder of All
Souls' College, Oxford. On a table, under an elaborate
canopy, is a recumbent figure, representing the Arch-
bishop during life in full canonicals. On a slab below
the table an emaciated dead body (wrongly described as
ASPECTS OF DEATH. 73
a skeleton) 71 is represented (see Fig. 24). Bound the
verge at the bottom of the monument is the memento
mori inscription —
" Quisquis eris qui transieris rogo memoreris,
Tu quod eris mihi consimilis qui post morieris,
Omnibus horribilis, pulvis, vermis, caro vilis."
With this inscription may be compared that on an
analogous monument of a bishop in Exeter Cathedral —
"Ista figura docet nos omnes meditari
Qualiter ipsa nocet mors quando venit dominari ; "
and also the following from a sepulchral monument in the
Church of the Celestines at Herverle, near Louvain —
"Nunc putredo terrae et cibus verminoruin." Many
sepulchral monuments of the kind 72 are referred to in
Richard dough's Sepulchral Monuments of Great Britain,
London, 1786-1796, vol. i. pp. cx.-cxii., and vol. ii.
pp. cxviii.-cxx. Compare also T. J. Pettigrew's Chronicles
of the Tombs, London, 1857, pp. 62-68 : " Admonitory
Epitaphs."
(II. and VIII.) German memento mori medal of about
1634.
Olv. — Bust of a young woman with coronet on her head to
right. Inscription : QVAE SIM POST TERGA
71 See R. Gough's Sepulchral Monuments, vol. ii. (1796), p. 129.
72 With sepulchral monuments of this kind, those of Greek times,
with their simple (and in the best examples, very beautiful) so-called
"parting scenes" may be contrasted. But on the mural paintings of
Etruscan tombs, the representation of the brutal-looking Etruscan
" Charun " (as the messenger of death), and sometimes other horrible
Gorgon-like " demons," holding snakes, &c., invest death and the
parting scenes depicted with horrors equal to those suggested by
mediaeval art and legends.
74 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
VIDEBIS (" Who I am you will see on the
reverse ").
. — Skeleton standing by a table, resting left hand
on an hour-glass. Inscription : SIC NVNC :
PVLCHERRIMA QVOND AM ("Like this now;
very beautiful once "). In the field below the
table : CVM PRIVIL : CAES : C.M. (Fig. 25.)
FIG. 25.
Oval medal, 1*5 X 1*2 inch; illustrated in
Ferrer's Biographical Dictionary of Medallists,
London, vol. iii. p. 542.
The German medallist, Christian Maler, generally
added the words "cum privil." to his signature C.M.,
as he has done on the reverse of this medal, because he
held the Imperial permission to strike medals in his own
house. The designs of obverse and reverse are evidently
copied, as Mr. C. F. Gebert of Niirnberg kindly pointed
out to me, from those on the medal last described, which
is supposed to relate to the death of Anna Cathrina,
daughter of King Christian IV of Denmark. The
legends on the medal may be compared with inscriptions
on memorial rings, &c., such as : " Quod es fui, quod
sum eris," " Hodie mihi eras tibi." I have to thank
Mr. L. Ferrer for the kind loan of the blocks for the
illustration (Fig. 25).
ASPECTS OF DEATH. 75
(I.) A badge of the guild of physicians and surgeons at
Delft (1635) bears on the obverse a skull and crossed
bones, with the inscriptions : MEMENTO MOKI and
DELPHENS. S(igillum) COLLEGII MEDIC &
CHIRURGr. The device is that on the seal of the guild
in question. H. E. Storer, Amer. Journ. Num., April,
1901, p. Ill, No. 1614.
(II.) Memorial medal on the death of Sir John
Hotham (1645).
QlVt — Bust of Hotham to right ; behind his neck, a minute
skull, surmounted by a crown. Inscription :
MORS MIHI VITA.
ReVt — Shield of arms of Sir John Hotham impaling those
of his fifth wife, Sarah, daughter of Thomas
Anlaby, of Elton, in Yorkshire.
Diameter, 1'25 inches ; cast and chased in
silver. Medallic Illustrations, 1885, vol. i. p. 314.
Sir John Hotham was Parliamentary Commander of
Hull, but became dissatisfied with the proceedings of the
Parliamentary party, and was with his son suspected of
treason. They were both condemned and executed on
Tower Hill.
(II. and V.) Memorial medal on the death of King
Charles I of England (1649).
Obv.— Bust of Charles I to left. Legend : CAROLVS
D. G. &c.
Rev. — A skull between the letters C. R.; over it, a celestial
crown with a label GLORIA ; below it, an earthly
crown with the label V ANITAS. Legend ;
BEATAM . ET . ETERNAM . SPLENDI-
DAM . AT . GRAVEM. The legend signifies :
" (I receive) a blessed and eternal (crown). (I
76 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
relinquish) one splendid but burdensome." Floral
border on both sides.
Oval medal ; diameter, O8 by 07 inch ; cast
and chased in silver. Medallic Illustrations, 1885,
vol. i. p. 344.
The device on the reverse is illustrated by the
following passage in the Icon Basilike : — " I shall not
want the heavy and envyed crownes of this world, when
my God hath mercifully Crowned and Consummated
his graces with Glory, and exchanged the shadows of
my earthly Kingdomes among men, for the substance of
that Heavonly Kingdome with himselfe." The device
on one of the memorial rings (described in a later portion
of this paper) on the King's death is similar to that on
the reverse of this medal.
The following four pieces belong to the class of so-
called " Moralische Pfenninge " struck at Basel in the
seventeenth century. They were apparently designed to
be given as presents, sometimes probably in connexion
with funerals. The medallist, whose signature on these
pieces is F. F., was doubtless Friedrich Fechter or one of
his family (F. F. standing either for Friedrich Fechter or
for " Fechter fecit "). In connexion with memento mori
medalets of this class, it must not be forgotten that the
devastating epidemics of disease in the sixteenth and
seventeenth centuries gave them an increased signifi-
cance at the time when they were issued.
(I. and VIII.)
Olv. — Basilisk, with leaf-like wings, holding shield bearing
the arms of Basel.
Rev. — Skull on bone, with worm ; rose-tree with flower
and buds growing over it. Inscription : HEUT
ASPECTS OF DEATH.
77
RODT MORN DODT (" To-day red, to-morrow
dead"). In exergue, an hour-glass and the
engraver's signature, F.F. (Fig. 26.)
FIG. 26.
Diameter, O95 inch ; struck in silver. R. S.
Poole, A Descriptive Catalogue of the Swiss Coins
in the South Kensington Museum (the Townshend
Collection of Swiss Coins), London, 1878, p. 45,
No. 15.
(I. and VIII.)
PIG. 27.
Obv. — View of the city of Basel.
Rev. — Skull and crossed bones ; above which, rose-tree
with flower and buds ; beneath, hour-glass.
Inscription : HEUT . RODT . MORN . DODT
(" To-day red, to-morrow dead "). (Fig. 27.)
Diameter, 0'8 inch ; struck in silver. R. S.
Poole, op. cit., p. 45, No. 16.
(I. and VIII.)
Obv. — Branch with three roses. Inscription : HEV SENID
WIER ROT (" Heut sind wir roth " — " To-day
we are red ").
78
NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
, — Dead stag to left, transfixed with arrow, beneath
trees. Inscription: UND MORGEN TODT
(" And to-morrow dead "). (Fig. 28.)
FIG. 28.
Diameter, 0'6 inch ; struck in silver. R. S.
Poole, op. cit., p. 45, No. 17.
FIG. 29.
Olv. — View of the city of Basel.
Rev. — Phoenix in burning nest (emblem of the resurrection
of the body, and the immortality of the soul).
Inscription : MORIAR UT VIVAM (" I will die
that I may live "). (Fig. 29.)
Diameter, 1*2 inches ; struck in silver. R. S.
Poole, op. cit., p. 46, No. 20.
(I.) An English seventeenth-century memento mori
medalet (circa 1650).
Obv. — A child seated on the ground, leaning on a skull.
On either side, a flower. In the background,
a building with spires, apparently meant to
represent a church. The whole type surrounded
by a serpent with its tail in its mouth. No
legend.
ASPECTS OF DEATH.
79
Legend in two circles with a rose in the centre :
(in outer circle), AS . SOONE : AS . WEE . TO
. BEE . BEGVNNE : (and in inner circle :)
FIG.
WE . DID . BEGINNE : TO . BE : VNDONE :
(Fig. 30.)
Diameter, 1'25 inches ; struck in bronze.
A specimen, which I afterwards presented to the
British Museum Collection, was described by me in the
Numismatic Chronicle,1892 (Third Series, Vol. XII. p. 253),
where I alluded to its resemblance in style of workman-
ship and in certain details of execution to the medal
commemorating John Lilburne's trial in 1649 (Medallic
Illustrations, 1885, vol. i. p. 385, No. 3). A similar
piece, possibly from another die, but with the same
legend, was described by J. Atkins (The Coins and Tokens
of the Possessions and Colonies of the British Empire,
London, 1889, p. 250) as a jeton or token supposed to
have been issued by Sir Walter Kaleigh for the Settle-
ment made by him in Virginia, 1584.
There is another variety (see Fig. 31) with a slight
difference in the legend, a specimen of which was kindly
shown me by the late Sir John Evans, to whom it
belonged. It is of decidedly rougher and more careless
workmanship, somewhat smaller (diameter, T15 inches),
and reading : (in outer circle :) AS . SOONE . AS WEE .
80
NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
TO . BEE . BEGVNN (and in inner circle :) WE .
DID . BEGIN . TO . BE . VNDONN. This variety is
figured in the Catalogue of the Fonrobert Col-
FIG. 31.
lection, by Adolph Weyl (Berlin, 1878, p. 336,
No. 3728).
I think these pieces may have been produced to be
FIG. 32.— Design from Wither 's Emblems, 1635.
distributed at funerals. The obverse design and the
legend on the reverse were evidently derived from an
illustration (see Fig. 32) in G. Wither 's Emllems (London,
ASPECTS OF DEATH. 81
1635, folio, p. 45) ; and the legend is an English render-
ing of the well-known Latin hexameter line : " Nascentes
morimur finisque ab origine pendet " (Manilius, Astrono-
mieon, iv. 16). Wither may have derived the idea of
the child leaning on the skull from one of Giovanni
Boldu's medals already referred to, or from one of
Barthel Beham's engravings representing a child and
skulls.
The perpetual springing up of new life to replace
the old life which is decaying, is indicated on these
medalets by the flowers and by the serpent with its
tail in its mouth, an emblem of eternity. As Schiller
(WilMm Tell, 1804) puts it—
" Das Alte stiirzt, es andert sich die Zeit,
Und neues Leben bliiht aus den Rumen."
(I.) Halfpenny token of John Brearcliffe or Briercliffe,
of Halifax (circa 1670).
FIG. 33.
Obv. — Inscription in five lines : John Brearcliffe in Halifax
his halfe Penny.
Rev. — A skull and crossed bones, with the inscription :
RESPICE . FINEM, on a label above the skull.
(Fig. 33.)
Diameter, 0'8 inch ; struck in copper or
bronze. G. C. Williamson's edition of Boyne's
Trade Tokens, London, 1891, vol. ii. p. 1317,
No. 104.
VOL. X., SEEIES IV. G
82 NUMISMATIC CHEONICLE.
John Brearcliffe was a surgeon and antiquary of
Halifax, where he died in 1682, at the age of sixty-three
years. The device on the reverse of this token is one of
the commonest and simplest memento mori devices of
the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Shakespeare
refers to a similar device, when, in the Second Part of
Henry IV. (act ii. scene 4), he makes Falstaff say, " Do
not speak like a death's head ; do not bid me remember
mine end."
(XIII.) Memorial medal on the death of George Hojer
(1670),
#&y. — Skull, lamp, and corn. On a ribbon above is
the inscription : Obiit Amstelodami 26 Aprillis
CIQIOCLXX. Below : Mors omnibus aequa.
Rev. — Inscription in six lines : P M Clss Doctss Viri
Georgii Hojer Commissarii Regis Daniae YITA
EST MEDITATIO ("To the pious memory of
the most illustrious and learned man, George
Hojer, Commissary of the King of Denmark.—
Life is Meditation ").
Oval, 2-1 by 1-85 inches. Illustrated in Danske
Mynter og Medailler i den Kongelige Samling,
Copenhagen, 1791 (Coins and Medals of
Christian V), PI. 62, No. 3.
The corn with the skull and lamp on the obverse of
this medal evidently has the same signification as that
associated with the death's head and hour-glass on a
Danish medal of 1634, already described and illustrated
(see Fig. 22).
(V. and XI.) Murder of the brothers Jan and Cornelius
De Witt, at the Hague, 1672.
There are seven medals commemorating the murder of
the De Witts. All of these are figured and described in
ASPECTS OF DEATH. 83
G. van Loon's work, Histoire metallique des Pays-Bas,
French edition, 1732, vol. 3, pp. 81-85. The largest
of these medals (diameter, 2-75 inches), signed by a
medallist, "Aury" (about whom nothing is known),73
bears on the obverse the portraits of the two De Witts
facing each other ; the reverse design represents their
murder by the populace in the guise of a many-headed
monster. There is a fine specimen of this medal struck
in gold in the British Museum Collection. On the
reverse of one of the other medals, the dead bodies of
the two brothers are shown fastened to a post.
(I. and II.) Memorial medal on the death of Anne
Eldred (1678).
Obv.— Armorial shield. Legend : ANNE • THE • WIFE •
OF • IO : ELDRED • ESQ. DIED • MAR •
THE • 31 • 1678 . AGED • 72.
Rev. — A veiled female figure seated, facing, holding a
skull, and resting her head upon her hand sup-
ported by a pedestal, on which stands an urn.
Legend : A WISE WOMAN BVILDETH HER
HOVSE.
Diameter, 2-0 inches ; a hollow medal, cast
and chased in silver, in high relief, of rather
coarse workmanship. Medallic Illustrations, 1885,
vol. i. p. 571 ; Lady Evans, Numismatic Chronicle,
Fourth Series, 1908, Vol. VIII. p. 178.
The Anne Eldred commemorated on this medal was
the wife of John Eldred (who died November 16, 1682),
of Olivers, in Essex, and was the daughter and co-heir of
Thomas G-odman, of Leatherhead, Surrey. For further
78 " Aury " may not have been the real name of the medallist. More-
over, the medallist may not have been a Dutchman.
G2
84 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
details, see Lady Evans, "Memorial Medal of Anne
Eldred," Numismatic Chronicle, 1908, loc. cit.
(I.) Josias Nicolson. Memorial medal on his death
(1683-84).
Qfa — Bust of Nicolson, three-quarters, to left, with the
legend : IN REMEMBRANCE OF IOSIAS
NICOLSON. The legend is divided by four
death's heads.
Rev. — Death leaning on a spade, with the legend (incuse) :
MEMENTO MORI.
Diameter, 2*15 inches ; made of two plates of
silver, cast and chased, in high relief and of some-
what rude workmanship. In the collection of the
late Sir John Evans. Medallic Illustrations, 1885,
vol. i. p. 597.
In regard to what is known about this Josias Nicolson
and his family, see Lady Evans's article in the Numismatic
Chronicle (Fourth Series, Vol. IX. p. 241), where the
medal is well illustrated.
(I.) Memorial medal on the death of King Charles II
of England (1685).
Olv. — Time seated to right, on a tomb, with one foot on
a skull, holding in one hand a scythe and hour-
glass, and extending a laurel wreath in the other.
Legend : TO • THE • COLD • TOMB • ALL •
HEADS • MVST • COME.
.Rev.— Inscription: KING • CHARLES • THE • SECOND
• AETAT • 55 • OBIIT • FEBRY • 6 • ANNO •
DOM • 1684. (The date is according to the old
style.)
Diameter, 1-55 inches; struck in silver and
copper. Medallic Illustrations, 1885, vol. i. p.
601. There are two varieties, differing from each
other only in the arrangement of the legend on
the obverse.
ASPECTS OF DEATH. 85
This legend on the obverse is taken from James
Shirley's The Contention of Ajax and Ulysses (1659) —
" Your heads must come
To the cold tomb ;
Only the actions of the just
Smell sweet, and blossom in their dust."
A specimen of the second variety, in the British
Museum Collection, has had the reverse inscription
erased, and another inscription engraved in its place,
commemorating the death, in 1702, of Bartholomew
Gidley, of Gridley, in Devon. Specimens, thus altered,
were probably distributed at the funeral of Bartholomew
Gidley.
(VIII.) Memorial medal on the death of King Charles
II of England (1685).
0&v.— Bust of Charles II to right. Legend : CAROLUS II
D. G., etc.
Rev.— Sea,, with setting sun. Legend : OMNIA ORTA
OCCIDUNT. In exergue, MDCLXXXV.
Diameter, 1-95 inches; struck in silver or (as
in a specimen which belonged to me) in white
metal. Medallic Illustrations, 1885, vol. i. p. 601.
The reverse legend, referring to the dissolution of all
created things, is derived from Sallust, Jugurtha, 2, and
may be compared with Ecclesiastes, chapter i. verses 4, 5 :
" One generation passeth away, and another generation
cometh. . . . The sun also ariseth and the sun goeth
down, and hasteth to his place where he arose."
(V.) Execution of Monmouth and Argyle (1685).
Olv.— Bust of King James II of England, with his titles, &c.
86 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Rev.— A. pedestal inscribed : AMBITIO MALESUADA
RUIT ; on the pedestal, Justice, trampling on a
serpent, weighs three crowns against the sword,
the torch, and the serpent of discord. At her
feet lie the bodies of Monmouth and Argyle;
their heads are on blocks inscribed : IACOBUS
DE MONTMOUT— ARCHIBALD D'ARGYL.
Above, the sun. On one side, lightning darting
against troops at Sedgemoor. On the other side,
two heads fixed over the gates of the Tower of
London.
Diameter, 2'4 inches ; struck in silver and
white metal. MedalUc Illustrations, London, 1885,
vol. i. p. 615, No. 27.
This medal is by R. Arondeaux, a Flemish medal-
list, of the end of the seventeenth century. There
are other medals commemorating the defeat and execu-
tion of Monmouth. One of them (MedalUc Illustrations,
loc. cit., No. 26) presents the rebellion in a different
light. It bears the portrait of Monmouth on the
obverse, and, on the reverse, his head spouting blood,
with the legend: HUNG SANGUINEM LIBO DEO
LIBERATORI.
(XI.) Revocation of the Edict of Nantes, by Louis
XIV, 1685. — Persecution and Martyrdom of Huguenots.
A medal commemorating the Revocation of the Edict
of Nantes bears on the obverse a figure of the Pope
seated on the beast with seven heads, holding the keys
in his left hand and wielding a thunderbolt with his
right hand. On the reverse is a scene representing the
execution and persecution of Protestants in France, with
the inscription: EX MARTYRILS PALMAE. Dia-
meter, 2*25 inches ; struck in silver.
This and two other medals on the same subject are
described and figured by G. van Loon, in his Histoire
p
ASPECTS OF DEATH. 87
metallique des Pays-Bas (French edition), 1732, vol. 3,
,. 312, Nos. 1-3.
(II.) Seventeenth-century ornamental memorial plate
(1688).
Lady Evans has kindly shown me a small engraved
and enamelled plate, the design on which is oval,
measuring 1'75 by 2*0 inches. On a shield-shaped com-
partment, the following inscription is engraved : " James
Son of Benj Warren and Mary Denew ob : 22d March
168J aged 5 years. Dreamed 48 hours before he dyed
that he had Wings and Flew to HEAUEN." Above
the inscription are two cupids supporting a crown.
(II. and VI.) Memorial on the death of Marshal
Schomberg at the Battle of the Boyne (1690).
Obv. — Bust of Marshal Schomberg, three-quarters, to right.
Legend: FRIDERICUS MARESCHALCUS
SCHOMBERG, &c. Artist's signature on trunca-
tion, P. H. M. (Philipp Heinrich Miiller).
Rev. — Schomberg, in Roman dress, resting on a shield
ornamented with the Christian monogram, plants,
like another Hercules, his club, which takes root
and nourishes as an olive-tree, &c.
Diameter, 1-95 inches; struck in silver, &c.,
or (as a draughtsman) in wood.
For a more complete description of the reverse of this
medal, see Medallic Illustrations, 1885, vol. i. p. 717,
No. 139. The edge bears the inscription : PRO RE-
LIGIONE ET LIBERTATE MORI, VIVERE EST,
with the initials of Friedrich Kleinert, who is said to
have been the first medallist in Germany to strike medals
with an inscription on their edges.
88 NUMISMATIC CHKONICLE.
(V.) Execution of Grandval (1692).
There are several medals commemorating the execu-
tion of Barthelemi de Lignieres, Chevalier de Grandval,
on account of his share in the plot to assassinate
William III of England. He was hung, drawn, and
quartered, and on three of the medals gallows and
poles bearing his head and quarters are represented.
Medallic Illustrations, 1885, vol. ii. pp. 75-78, Nos.
287-290.
(I.) There are various medalets (about 1661-1693)
of the Guild of Surgeons at Middelburg, which bear
memento mori devices. One of them has on the obverse
a skeleton with hour-glass and dart and the inscription :
VIVE MEMOE LETHI. See H. E. Storer, Amer.
Jo-urn. Num., July, 1901, p. 17, ISTos. 1636-1639.
(I.) Various entrance tickets to the Medical Garden
of Amsterdam bear memento mori devices, such as a
skeleton with scythe, hour-glass, and tomb. I suppose
they began to be used in the second half of the
seventeenth century. See H. E. Storer, Amer. Journ.
Num., July, 1901, p. 19, Nos. 1651-1664.
(IX.) Memorial of the death of William Cheselden,
the surgeon (1752). The Cheselden prize-medal of
St. Thomas's Hospital, London, for practical surgery
and surgical anatomy.
Olv.— Bust of William Cheselden (1688-1752), the well-
known surgeon, to right. Legend : CHESELDEN.
Below, W. WYON SC. MINT.
Rev. — The body of a man laid out for dissection. In the
back-ground, on a table decorated with the arms
of St. Thomas's Hospital, are a skull, book and
vases; above is a human leg which has been
ASPECTS OF DEATH. 89
dissected. Legend : MORS VIVIS SAL VS. In
the exergue : ST. THOMAS'S HOSPITAL. — w. WYON s.
MINT.
Diameter, 2-85 inches ; struck. Medallic Illus-
trations, 1885, vol. ii. p. 668.
This beautiful prize-medal, one of the finest works of
William Wyon, RA. (1795-1851), was founded by the
late George Vaughan.
(IX.) The Bristowe prize-medal of St. Thomas's
Hospital, London, may be mentioned for convenience
here. On the obverse is the profile head to left of Dr.
John Syer Bristowe (1827-1895), a well-known physician
of the hospital. The reverse represents the interior of
a pathological laboratory, with a young man seated to
right, examining a human heart. The medal is awarded
annually in silver for pathology.
(XIY.) A medal of J. H. Pozzi (1697-1752), poet and
physician of Bologna, is inscribed on the reverse with
theHippocratic aphorism, VITA BEE VIS ABS LONG A.
C. A. Eudolphi, Numismata Virorum de Eebus Medicis, &c.y
Duisburg's edition of 1862, p. 28.
The following medals and medalets, bearing the same
Hippocratic aphorism, are placed here for convenience,
though somewhat out of their chronological order.
(XIV.) A medal of Dr. C. G. B. Daubeny (1795-1867),
Professor of Chemistry at Oxford, has the legend, AES
LONGA VITA BEE VIS, on the reverse. H. E. Storer,
Amer. Journ. Num., July, 1893, p. 12, No. 630.
(XIV.) A medal commemorating the foundation of
the Medical Association of Warsaw, 1809, bears the
Hippocratic aphorism, O BIOS BPAXYS H AE TEXNH
90 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
MAKPH, and the names of Dr. A. F. von Wolff and the
other founders. C. A. Eudolphi, Numismata Virorum
de Rebus Medicis, &c., Duisburg's edition of 1862, p, 193.
Dr. H. E. Storer has kindly furnished me with
descriptions of medals on which this famous aphorism
of Hippocrates occurs. Besides the medals of Pozzi
and Daubeny and of the Warsaw Medical Association,
already mentioned, it occurs in Latin on medalets of
various Paris medical societies, including the Societe
Medicale (founded 1796), the Societe Medico-Philanthro-
pique (1806), and the Societe Medico-Pratique (1808).
(V.) Threat of death to Admiral John Byng, after the
loss of Minorca in 1756.
Obv. — Half-length figure of General Blakeney, facing,
holding the British flag ; on one side is a ship, on
the other a fort firing cannon. Inscription :
BRAVE . BLARNEY . REWARD . (in exergue :)
BUT . TO . B . GIVE . A . CORD.
-Rev.— Half-length figure of Admiral Byng, three-quarters,
to left, receiving from a hand a purse ; behind him,
a ship. Inscription: WAS MINORCA SOLD
BY • B • (in exergue :) FOR • FRENCH GOLD.
Diameter, 1*4 inches ; struck in brass or bronze.
Medallic Illustrations, London, 1885, vol. ii. p.
679, No. 394. There is likewise a slightly smaller
variety of this medal with a relatively larger
figure of Byng (Medallic Illustrations, loc. cit.t
No. 395).
The island of Minorca surrendered to the Due de
Kichelieu, on June 27, 1756. This medal is one of
the toy-shop or popular kind, like those struck to com-
memorate the taking of Porto Bello by Admiral Vernon
in 1739 ; and it was doubtless one of the numerous
means of exciting popular indignation against Admiral
ASPECTS OF DEATH. 91
Byng. On his return he was tried by court-martial,
condemned, and shot on the quarter-deck of the
Monarque, 14th March, 1757.
(V.) Satyrical tokens threatening Thomas Paine
(1793-1797).
There are many halfpenny and farthing tokens of the
end of the eighteenth century, representing on the
obverse a man hanging from a gallows, with the in-
scription END OF PAIN". On one variety of this
type a demon is seated on the gallows, smoking a
pipe. Amongst the reverse-types of this series are the
following : —
(a) An open book inscribed : THE WRONGS OF MAN •
JANY 21 1793.
(6) Inscription : MAY THE KNAVE OF JACOBIN
CLUBS NEVER GET A TRICK.
(c) A man and a monkey, each standing on one leg, with
the inscription : WE DANCE . PAIN SWINGS.
(d) A number of combustibles, intermixed with labels,
issuing from a globe inscribed FRATERNITY. The labels
are inscribed : REGICIDE, ROBBERY, FALSITY, REQUI-
SITION, FRENCH REFORMS 1797.
See James Atkins, The Tradesmen's Tokens of the
Eighteenth Century, London, 1892, pp. 133, 373, 374,
382, 383.
Thomas Paine (1737-1809) published his Eights of
Man in London, 1790-1792, and, after migrating to
France in 1792, was given the title of French citizen
and elected a member of the Convention. His Age of
Reason was published in 1793, and made him still more
unpopular in England.
The satyrical halfpenny and farthing tokens of the
" END OF PAIN " type probably helped to prejudice
92 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
the people against him. Such political tokens doubtless
served the purpose of cheap political newspapers, just as
some of the " toy-shop medals " (such as those of Admiral
Vernon) did during an earlier portion of the same
century.
(II.) A memorial medal of Aloisio Galvani (1737-
1798), by Mercandetti (1803), bears on the reverse the
inscription : MORS MIHI VITA, (and in the exergue : )
SPIRITUS INTUS ALIT (Virgil, Aen., vi. 726).
C. A. Eudolphi, Numismata Virorum de Rebus Medieis,
&c., Duisburg's edition of 1862, p. 33.
(IX. and XI.) The Fothergillian medal of the Eoyal
Humane Society (London), 1810.
Obv. — A raft with a man and two boys. In the distance
a hastening boat. Artist's signature, w. WYON R.A.
Rev. — A nude child, to right, endeavours to rekindle a torch
with his breath. Legend: LATEAT SCIN-
TILLVLA FORSAN. In exergue : EX
MUNERE ANTONII FOTHERGILL, M.D.
MDCCCX. Artist's signature : w. WYON R.A.
Diameter, 2- 8 inches ; struck in bronze or gold.
This medal has been awarded in gold on about four
occasions since it was founded, for the best treatise on
methods of saving life. The British Museum now
possesses the specimen struck in gold awarded to the
late Sir John Erichsen, the surgeon, in 1845, for his
Experimental Enquiry into the Pathology and Treatment
of Asphyxia. Amongst others who received the medal
struck in gold was H. R. Silvester, whose "method of
restoring persons apparently drowned" was adopted by
the Royal Humane Society in 1861. The beautiful
ASPECTS OF DEATH. 93
reverse design occurs likewise on the ordinary medals
awarded by the Society for gallantry in saving life.
Into the general subject of medals awarded for or com-
memorating gallantry in life-saving in England and
other countries, I shall not enter here. It constitutes
a large subject in itself.
(X.) Epidemic of cholera in Paris (1832).
A French medal, by E. Eogat (1832), has on the
obverse a figure of Aesculapius feeling the pulse of a
sick woman with his left hand, and warding off a figure
of death with his right hand. Diameter, 3'3 inches.
Figured in Pestilentia in Nummis, by L. Pfeiffer and C.
Ruland, Tubingen, 1882, No. 450.
(V.) Indignation against the so-called " Massacres of
Grallicia" in connexion with the suppression of the
revolt in Austrian Poland (1846).
Obv. — Head of Liberty, to right ; in front, a bayonet ; behind,
a palm-branch. Inscription (incuse) : DEMO-
CRATIE FRANCAISE. Below the head is the
artist's signature, David, with the date, 1846.
Rev. — A gallows. Inscription (incuse) : MASSACRES
DE GALLICIE (and in the field below the
gallows:) METTERNICH BRENDT VOUES
A L'EXECRATION DE LA POSTERITE.
Diameter, 1*6 inches; cast in bronze, very low
relief. A specimen was formerly in my collection.
It is the work of (or rather from models by) the French
sculptor, P. J. David d' Angers, whose extensive series
of portrait medallions (cast in bronze) is so well known.
In the Musee David at Angers is a large cast bronze
medallion (diameter, 15*75 inches), by the same artist,
and commemorating the same historical episode. It
94 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
represents Liberty inscribing on a gallows the names of
the leaders who were regarded by the French and Poles
as responsible for the "massacres" (Catalogue of the
Musee David, by H. Jouin, Angers, 1881, p. 222, No. 210).
The same museum contains a design for the head of
Liberty on the obverse of the above-described medal.
David d'Angers, like his friend and patron, Louis David,
the painter, was much concerned in the political move-
ments of his time, and after the coup d'etat of 1852, was
forced to leave France, owing to the position he had
taken up.
(XI.) Death of Denis Auguste Afire, Archbishop of
Paris (1848).
There are a considerable number of struck medalets
commemorating his martyr-like death, having his por-
trait on the obverse and various devices on the reverse.
On one reverse the inscription is : MOKT MAKTYE
DE SON HEKOIQUE DEVOUEMENT 27 IUIN
1848. A contemporary rough medalet, cast in white
metal, is figured in Souvenirs Numismatiques de la Eevolu-
tion de 1848, Paris (not dated), PL 54, No. 6.
Archbishop Afire was shot on the barricades in Paris,
whilst endeavouring to prevent bloodshed between the
Parisian insurgents (red republicans), who were defend-
ing the barricades, and the tricoloured soldiery who
were attacking them. He had been warned by General
Oavaignac of the risk he ran in such an attempt, but
replied that his life was of small consequence. He was
removed to his palace, where he died on 27th June, 1848.
(VII.) Medal of Samuel Plimsoll, "the Sailors'
Friend " (1875).
ASPECTS OF DEATH. 95
His head to left, wearing spectacles ; neck and
shoulders clothed. Inscription : S. PLIMSOLL.
HOUSE OF COMMONS 22 JULY 1875
LONDON. Signed on the truncation, A.
CHEVALIER.
Ship at sea, sinking. On a sail is pictured a death's
head with crossed bones. In exergue are the
words, COFFIN SHIP.
Diameter, 1'4 inches ; struck in bronze or brass,
with loop for suspension.
These medalets refer to the " death-traps " termed
"coffin ships," which Mr. Plimsoll greatly helped in
abolishing. These or similar smaller medalets were
made by A. Chevalier, an engraver (of Paris), and were
worn by those present at a fete given in 1875, when Mr.
Plimsoll was elected Member of Parliament for Liverpool.
(X.) Commemorative medal of the International
Medical Congress held in London (1881).
This medal has on the obverse the crowned head of
Queen Victoria to left, and on the reverse an allegorical
design by Sir John Tenniel (executed by Leonard C.
Wyon, son of W. Wyon, R.A.), representing Aesculapius
standing in front of a globe; before him a mother,
holding her sick child, and two sufferers, seek his aid ;
behind him a figure of death is represented floating in
the air. Diameter, 2-8 inches; struck in bronze, &c.
From the artistic point of view, this medal is unfortu-
nately not pleasing.
(1) There are, according to Bergs0e, certain " pest-
tokens" (1889), bearing on the obverse a skull and
crossed bones, with or without the inscription, MEMEN-
TO MOKI, and on the reverse the inscription, DEN EE
DIG VIS (" It— death— is certain for you"). Vilhelin
96 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Bergs0e, DansJce Medailler og Jetons, Copenhagen, 1893,
p. 141, Nos. 989, 990.
(III.) A cast commemorative bronze plaquette (4'5
X 3-25 inches) of Philippe de Grirard, by the modem
French artist, Louis Eugene Mouchon (1892), bears an
allegr il representation of posthumous fame. A speci-
r- .a of this plaquette is exhibited in the Luxembourg
Museum at Paris.
Philippe de Girard, the inventor of the flax-spinning
machine, was born in 1775 at the village of Lourmarin,
in the department of Yaucluse. He died in 1845.
During his life he never received due recognition for
his varied talents, his restless work, and his useful
inventions; it was not till 1882 that a bronze statue
(by Guillaume) was erected to him at Avignon.
(X. and XI.) Medal awarded for help in sanitary
and medical work during the epidemic of bubonic plague
at Hong-Kong (1894).
Obv. — Sick Chinaman on a bed, partly supported by a
European man, who with his left arm presses
back a figure of death floating in the air and
aiming a spear at the sick man. On the other
side of the bed stands a European sick-nurse. In
the field, on the left, Chinese characters signifying
Hong-Kong. On the right, A. WYON sc. In
exergue the date, 1894.
Eev.— PRESENTED BY THE HONG KONG COM-
MUNITY (and in the centre) FOR SERVICES
RENDERED DURING THE PLAGUE OF
1894.
Diameter, 1'4 inches; struck in silver and gold.
This medal is by Allan Wyon, the obverse being
from a design by Frank Bowcher. Illustrated in
The War Medal Eecord, London, 1896, vol. i.
PI. i. No. 4.
F. PAKKES WEBEK.
(To le continued.)
IV.
NOTES ON SOME KOMAN IMPEEIAL « MEDAL-
LIONS" AND COINS: CLODIUS ALBINUS;
DIOCLETIAN; CONSTANTINE THE GEEAT ;
GKATIAN.
(See Plate I.)
A BRONZE " MEDALLION" OF CLODIUS ALBINUS.
ONLY two or three " medallions " of Clodius Albinus
are known to exist, and as one of these, formerly in the
collection of Consul Eduard F.Weber,1 has recently come
into my own possession, I am led, while submitting it to
the Koyal Numismatic Society, to add a short commentary.
The coin represents a variety of that figured in the
third volume of Cohen.2 The following is its descrip-
tion : —
Obv.—D CLODIVS SEPTIMIVS ALBINVS CAES. Bust
to r., without wreath, wearing cuirass and
paludament um .
Rev.— FORT REDVCI COS II. Fortuna seated to 1.,
holding cornucopiae and rudder resting on globe.
Beneath her throne, a wheel.
M. 1-6 in. Wt. 68-40 grammes (1055-5 grs.).
[PI. I. 1.]
The parallel type of « medallion," reading FORTVNAE
1 Catalogue, Munich, 1909, No. 1794.
2 Ed. 2, p. 419, No. 39. The reverse there reads in full : FORTVNAE
REDVCI with COS II in the exergue. But the coin referred to under
No. 31, as in MM. Kollin's possession, may be the same as that described
above.
VOL. X., SERIES IV. H
98 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
in full on the reverse, judging from the weight of the
specimen in the Imperial Cabinet at Vienna, is a piece
of somewhat lower denomination. The weight of the
coin in question is 61*7 grammes, which, as Dr. Kenner
has pointed out,3 answers according to the average
weight of the sesterces of Albinus, to fourteen asses.
On the same reckoning, the present " medallion " is a
piece of fifteen asses, such as were frequent in the
immediately succeeding age.
There can be no doubt that these extraordinarily
rare " medallions " of Clodius Albinus were struck in
the period immediately succeeding his assumption of
the title of Caesar on the nomination of Severus. They
may indeed themselves be regarded as monuments of
the treachery of Severus, who, by the conferment of
the Imperial dignity and other honours heaped on
Albinus, sought only to disarm the suspicion of his
Western rival while he still had Pescennius Niger on
his hands in the East.
Herodian tells us that he sent letters of flattering
import to Albinus, requesting him to assist him in his
old age to bear the burden of Empire by accepting
Caesarean dignity. At the same time, to keep up the
deception, Severus wrote to the Senate in a similar
strain. Amongst the honours that he ordered them to
confer, besides the setting up of statues, the historian
expressly mentions the striking of coins in Albinus'
name.4 In view of these august recommendations, the
Senate, in 194 A.D., made Albinus Consul for the second
time in association with Severus.
3 "Der romische Medallion" (Num. Zeitschr., six., 1887, p. 111).
1 Herodian, lib. ii. c. 49.
SOME ROMAN " MEDALLIONS " AND COINS. 99
The special injunction to the Senate to strike coins
in Albinus' name naturally carried with it an issue of
an honorary bronze coinage such as is illustrated by
our medallions. There is every reason to believe that
the actual occasion of this honorary issue would have
been the election of Albinus as Consul for the second
time — the title borne on the reverse inscription — at the
beginning of the year 194 A.D.
Albinus was then in command of the Eoman forces
in Britain, and the figure of Fortuna Kedux, constantly
associated with a reference to his second consulship
on coins of all metals and denominations, must be
taken to have a very definite intention. It voices the
hopes of the strong aristocratic and Senatorial follow-
ing of the new Caesar to welcome him again in Kome.5
This was the last thing that Severus himself desired.
As a matter of fact, Clodius Albinus, who had privately
received pressing invitations from his Senatorial friends
to return to the capital6 while Severus was still occu-
pied in the East, did indeed recross the Channel, and
advanced as far as Lyons at the head of his Britannic
legions. There, seeing the contest inevitable, he took
the irrevocable step of proclaiming himself Augustus.
Meanwhile, Severus, having given a good account of
Pescennius Niger, was able to concentrate his whole
forces against his Western rival. After a severe and
long-doubtful battle, Albinus was defeated and slain
under the walls of Lyons, on February 19, 197 A.D.
5 It is to be noted that no bronze or Senatorial coins of Severus struck
at this time bear the inscription FORTVNAE REDVCI ; though, owing
to his absence on his Eastern campaign against Pescennius Niger, the
inscription would have been even more pertinent in his case.
6 Herodian, lib. iii. c. 16.
H2
100 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
It is not, obviously, to this later period of Albinus'
Imperial career that these "medallions" can be
referred.
A DOUBLE QUINIO OR TEN-AUREUS PIECE OF DIOCLE-
TIAN, STRUCK AT ALEXANDRIA FOR HIS DECENNALIA.
Among the most signal examples of the higher mul-
tiples of the Koman solidus hitherto known are two
varieties of coins struck for Diocletian in Nicomedia
and Alexandria. The coins in question represent double
quinios, or pieces of ten aurei, and are referred to by
Dr. Friedrich Kenner, in his epoch-making monograph
on " The Eoman Medallion." 7 It is true that in his
original publication Dr. Kenner was inclined to regard
them as double quateraios, or pieces of eight.8 But
further evidence, especially that supplied by the im-
portant find at Old Szony (Brigetio),9 has clearly estab-
lished the fact that they answer to the aurei of similar
types, examples of which are known, having the approxi-
mate weight of five and a half grammes.
The first of the double quinios is in the British
Museum ; 10 it is 33 millimetres in diameter, and weighs
53*5 grammes (830'5 grains). [PI. I. 2.] It bears on the
reverse the inscription IOVI CONSERVATOR!, accompanied
by a standing figure of Jupiter holding in his right hand
a globe surmounted by Victory, and resting his left on
7 " Der romische Medallion" (Num. Zeitschr., 1887, pp. 1-173).
8 Op. cit., pp. 18, 19.
9 Dr. Joseph Hampel, " Ein Miinzfund aus Brigetio " (Num. Zeitschr.,
1891, pp. 85-88 ; F. Kenner, op. cit., pp. 89-94, and op. cit., 1894, pp. 1-4).
10 H. A. Grueber, Eoman Medallions in the British Museum, pp. 79, 1,
and PI. Iv. 1.
SOME EOMAN "MEDALLIONS" AND COINS. 101
a sceptre. At his feet is an eagle, and in the exergue
the Nicomedian mint-mark SMN.
A specimen of the other variety was published in the
second edition of Cohen's work from the De Quelen
Collection.11 Its weight is there given as 53*59 grammes
(839 '0 grs.). I a-Ei now able to describe a variant example
of the same type in my own collection.12
Qbv. — IMP C C VAL DIOCLETIANVS P F AVG. Bare
head of Diocletian to r,
CONSERVATORI. Jupiter, naked to the
loins, with drapery falling from his 1. shoulder,
seated on a throne and holding a thunderbolt
in his r. hand, while his 1. rests on a sceptre.
At his feet an eagle with half expanded wings,
holding a wreath in his beak. In ex. ALE
N. 1-35 in. Wt. 52-30 grammes (807-1 grs.).
[PL I. 3.]
This piece seems to be from the same obverse die as
that reproduced by Cohen from the De Quelen Collection.
The reverse, however, shows a variant type. The dis-
position of the letters is not the same, an interval being
left, for instance, between the O and N of CONSERVATORI
for the end of the thunderbolt. The design also differs
in details, and shows a better balance. Thus the
thunderbolt, instead of being held upright as on the
other coin, slopes outwards, the drapery is more elegantly
arranged, and the eagle's left wing is half open instead
of closed.
11 Medailles Imp&riaUs (Ed. 2), T. vi. p. 441, No. 264, and cut; cf.
Kenner, op. cit., p. 21,
12 Formerly in the collection of the late Consul Eduard F. Weber.
(Cf. Catalogue, Munich, 1909, No. 2453, and PL xlii. It is there de-
scribed as "aus der Sammlung de Quelen, 1888," but it differs from
that from the same collection reproduced by Cohen.)
102 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
The coin has been curiously battered in one or two
places, the beginning of the inscription on the forehead
of the Emperor on the obverse, and on the reverse the
left thigh of Jupiter, having in this way suffered. But
apart from this, the conservation of the types on both
faces is magnificent, and the coin is exceptionally
well struck. The style of the design, especially on the
reverse, has, for the age to which it belongs, a quite
uncommon merit, and excels that of any other die of
Diocletian, or his colleagues with which I am acquainted.
The minuteness of the engraving is also remarkable.
It is possible thus to make out the thongs and knots
of the sandals, and the curving stem and its excrescences
that adorn the border of the throne. This might have
been supposed to represent a vine, as on the ivory
border of the throne of St. Maximian at Kavenna. But
a close examination 13 reveals the fact that several of
the appendages are clearly acorns. We have here, then,
an oak spray, a fitting attribute of the Lord of Dodona.
For the time, indeed, at which it was executed, the
last decennium of the third century of our era, this coin
must be regarded as a masterpiece of numismatic art.
The fact that the reverse of this piece was struck by
a different die from that used for the piece described
by Cohen, is of interest, as showing that there must have
been a considerable mintage of these " double quinios,"
a fact confirmed by the existence of the parallel piece
from the Nicomedian Mint. The occasion of this mint-
age has now been made clear by the discovery among the
coins found at the Old Szony (Brigetio) of the quinio,
3 The cross-line between the " cup " and stand, or acorn proper, is
clearly visible.
SOME EOMAN " MEDALLIONS " AND COINS. 103
or half of the present denomination, struck at Tarraco,
exhibiting the same types on both sides, but with the
reverse inscription, CONSERVAT AVGG V ET nil COS.14 The
fifth Consulate of Diocletian, here recorded, took place
in 293, and Diocletian completed the first decennium
of his reign on the 17th of September in that year.
It is clear, therefore, as Dr. Kenner has pointed out,
that the emission of these large gold pieces connects
itself with the Emperor's Decennalia.
Two single types of the aureus are known answering
to the same series, and with the same figure of Jupiter
enthroned on the reverse.15 These are from the mints
of Rome and Tarraco ; and a specimen from the latter
mint in the Imperial Cabinet at Vienna weighs 549
grammes.16 In the case of the single aureus the head
of the Emperor is laureate, and the reverse inscription
18 IOVI CONSERVATORI.
A DOUBLE AUKEUS OF CONSTANTINE, EXHIBITING THE
CITY OF TBIEK.
No apology is needed for calling the attention of the
Society to the third example known of the double
aureus, or binio, of Constantine the Great, struck at
Trier, and exhibiting a view of the city walls and
bridge over the Mosel. This interesting piece, of which
the following is a full description, is said to have been
14 F. Kenner, " Zweiter Nachtrag zu dem Munzenfunde von Brigetio "
(Num. Zeitschr., 1894, p. 1, and Taf. 1. 1). The weight of this coin is
26-55 grammes.
15 Cohen, M€d. Imp. (Ed. 2), T. vi. p. 441, No. 265.
16 F. Kenner, Num. Zeitschr., 1894, p. 3.
104 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
for over two centuries in the possesssion of a family at
Toulouse : 17 -
Obv— IMP CONSTANTINVS P F AVG. Bust of Constan-
tine to r., wearing radiate crown, cuirass, and
paludamentum. The crown has seven spikes,
five along the side of the head, and two in finer
relief represented as in profile above the forehead
and the back of the head. The upper edge of
the cuirass is beaded, and there are three globules
below it. The paludamentum is fastened by a
round fibula with a jewelled border, and below
this is a line of four dots.
Rev. — AVGG GLORIA. Walls and principal gate of Trier,
showing statue of the Emperor above it. He
wears a military cloak, and raises his r. hand,
while holding a sceptre transversely in his 1. The
gate is flanked by towers,18 and five others are
shown on the line of walls, which have a
hexagonal plan ; on either side are two seated
captives in the attitude of grief. One wears a
Phrygian cap, like Francia and Alamannia on
other coins of Constantine. Beaded lines de-
scending from their necks to the ground behind
seem to represent chains. The gate is approached
by a broad bridge having two flanking turrets
at each end, and the current of the river is
indicated below. Only two arches are shown
on the coin, but this may be due to the necessary
" shorthand " of numismatic engraving so visible
in the case of the town plan. In ex., PTRE.
N. 1-05 in. Wt. 8-97 grammes 19 (138-4 grs.).
[PI. I. 4.]
A minute comparison between the present specimen
of this type and that in the Cabinet of France leads
to some curious results. It appears that although the
7 E. F. Weber, Catalogue, Munich, 1909, No. 2579. The coin is now
iu my own cabinet.
s The pair of towers that flank the gate show eight stages ; the two
beyond, nine. It is unsafe, however, to make too much of these details.
The weight of the Paris example is 138-1 grs. (8-95 grms.) ; of that
the Berlin Cabinet, 136-5 grs. (8'85 grms.).
AND COINS. 105
base of the representation is in both cases the same,
the dies from which the two coins were struck differ
both on the obverse and reverse as to certain details of
the engraving [PI. I. 5].
The obverse of the present coin depicts a radiate
diadem with seven spikes, the foremost and hindmost
of these delineated more finely, as being shown in
profile. But on the Paris specimen, at first sight, only
the fine rays at the side of the head are visible. A
close examination, indeed, shows the faint trace of the
spike in front as if from a cast, and by the aid of my
own piece still fainter traces of the spike behind can
be made out.
In other words, the engraver of these pieces worked
up two different dies, each being a cast of the same
model. In one case two details were neglected, and
only traces of them appear as shown on the matrix as
originally cast before engraving. In the other case,
illustrated by my specimen, the die-sinker had recognized
these details, and duly worked over that part of the cast.
The edge of the cuirass shows a parallel instance of
the same negligence on the part of the engraver of the
die of the Paris coin. It is rendered as a plain line,
whereas on my example the edge is beaded and repro-
duces what we may believe to be the decorative inten-
tion of the original modeller. So, too, the fibula on
my own piece appears with a jewelled circle, while on
the other it is a plain ring, and a dotted ornament below
is also omitted. Neither has the engraver of the Paris
coin taken the trouble to work over the upper part of
the drapery of the bust.
The reverses show similar discrepancies. The more
finely executed engraving on the present piece has a
106 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
much more decorative rendering of the upper angles of
the town walls. We see on it a rounded moulding
between two beaded lines, while on the Paris coin there
is merely a flat space between two plain lines. The same
absence of the beading is observable in other details
of the latter, and there is no attempt to indicate, as on
the present piece, the masonry of the bridge.
It is nevertheless quite clear, in spite of these di-
vergences on the engraver's part, that both dies were
cast from the same original model. These phenomena
may be found to have an interesting bearing of a more
general character on certain aspects of the ancient
money er's art.
In his excellent Numismatique Constantinienne, M.
Jules Maurice, from the exergual inscription of this
piece, PTRE, assigns it to the eighth issue of Constan-
tine.20 This issue he places between the month of
September, 326, which followed the death of Crispus
and Fausta, and the llth of May, 330, the date of
the solemn inauguration of Constantinople. It further
appears that, as Constantine came to Trier at the close
of 328, and stayed some time there during the early
part of 329, the issue of this commemorative coin must
probably be referred to the latter date.21 The inscrip-
tion AVGG GLORIA is in this case, as M. Maurice points
out,22 remarkable, since for at least two years Constan-
tine had been sole Augustus. The other Augustus,
Licinius, had been executed by him in 324.
20 Op. cit., vol. i. p. 474 s%q_.
-1 Op. cit., i. p. 477.
•2 Op. cit., i. pp. 476, 477, " II faut done admettre que les formules
' Providentiae Augg,' ' Gloria Augg,' furent conserves un certain temps
comine des formules banales, par habitude."
SOME KOMAN "MEDALLIONS" AND COINS. 107
AN AUKEUS OF GRATIAN, COMMEMORATING THE
ELEVATION OF VALENTINIAN II.
On the sudden death of Valentinian I at Brigetio
(Szony) on the Danube, his chief counsellors, who seeni
to have feared a movement among the Gallic troops,
thought it politic at once to proclaim his infant son,
of the same name. Six days after his father's death,
Valentinian II, at that time a boy of four, was made
full Augustus by the troops at Aquincum (Ofen). His
half-brother Gratian, then at Trier, and his uncle
Valens, who had the Eastern Provinces, did not hesitate
to recognize this infant colleague.23 It seems possible
that the elevation of the young prince was partly due
to the fact that his mother, Justina, had been once the
wife of Magnentius,24 whose partisans had at one time
been very powerful in the West. Justina had been
conducted by the officers to Aquincum, together with
her child, from the Imperial Villa of Murocincta, and
no doubt helped subsequently to look after her son's
interests in the provinces allotted to him.
It is a picturesque historical episode, and it is there-
fore interesting to notice that this elevation of the
infant Valentinian II is commemorated by two aureus
types of Valens and Gratian, issued by the mint of
Antioch, where Valens was at this time resident.
One of these, a coin of Valens in the Cabinet of
23 Ammianus Marcellinus, 1. xxx. 10; cf. Socrat., iv. 31; Zosim.,
iv. 19, &c.
24 Cf . Zosimus, loc. cit., ol ral-iapxoi Mepo/3ou8rjs Kal 'EKITIOS . . . iraiSa
v4ov e/c yafAtrris avrip re^QivTa rfjs irp6rfpov Mcryvevriq,
108 NUMISMATIC CHKONICLE.
France, has been described by Cohen.25 The aureus
of Gratian cannot be said to have been as yet pub-
lished.26
The following is the description of this piece : —
Obv. — DN GRATIANVS P F AVG. Diademed bust of Gra-
tian to r., wearing cuirass and paludamentum.
_Ret?. — SPES R P. Gratian and Valens on either side
enthroned in imperial costume, each holding a
globe and sceptre, with a nimbus round his head.
Between them is the standing figure of the little
Valentinian II, apparently clad in the palu-
damentum or imperial mantle. Above his head
is an oval shield with the inscription, VOT V
MVL X. In ex., ANTT+.
N. 0-85 in. Wt. 442 grammes (68-2 grs.).
[PL I. 6.]
The legend on the reverse of this coin, SPES R[El>
P[VBLICAE], is specially appropriate to its subject as
commemorating the proclamation of the infant " Hope
of the Commonwealth." On the other hand, the inscrip-
tion on the shield, VOT[IS] V MVL[TIS] X, should, in the
literal acceptance of the words, imply that when this
coin was struck the young Emperor had already
reigned five years, and that Vota for his Decennalia
were already due. That this is an impossible interpre-
tation, however, is sufficiently shown by the existence
of the parallel type struck in the name of Valens.
But Valens himself was slain by the Goths in the
25 M<!d. Imp. (Ed. 1), vi. p. 415, No. 41, and PL xiii. ; ib. (Ed. 2),
p. 110, No. 47.
2li This coin passed into my collection from that of the late Consul
Eduard F. Weber. It is included in the Weber Catalogue under No.
2754, but neither the essential features of the type nor the inscription
are rightly reproduced. The figure between the seated Emperors is
described as " Victoria (?)," and the inscription on the shield is given
as "VOT X MVLT V." In the exergue A N TT + appears in place of
SOME KOMAN " MEDALLIONS " AND COINS. 109
crushing overthrow received by him at Adrianople on
the 9th of August, 378, when Valentinian II had
only reigned two years and eight months. As a matter
of fact, the anticipation of the Quinquennial and
Decennial Vota for fiscal or political ends was a most
usual practice during the fourth century. Valens
himself, who only reigned fourteen years, claimed his
Vicennalia Yota with all the customary contributions,
and certain coins of his bear the legend VOT[IS] XX
MVL[TIS] XXX.27
There can, in short, be no reasonable doubt that the
Quinquennial Vota registered on the present coins were
of an anticipatory nature, and that the occasion of their
issue was the elevation of the boy-Emperor by the
soldiery at Aquincum. They would thus have been
issued by the Antioch Mint under the immediate
superintendence of Valens, early in the year 376, as a
kind of official manifesto on behalf of that Emperor
and Gratian of their recognition of Valentinian II as
a colleague.
ARTHUR J. EVANS.
27 Cohen, Medailles Imperiales (Ed. 2), T. viii. p. 118, Nos. 101, 102.
V.
NOTE ON THE MEDIAEVAL MEDALS OF
CONSTANTLY AND HEKACLIUS.
THE place in the history of art of the remarkable medals
of Constantine and Heraclius has been more or less
definitely fixed since the discovery was made by
M. G-uiffrey that Jean, due de Berry, possessed similar
pieces, one having been purchased as early as 1402, and
both being included in the inventories of his collection,
made in 1414 and 1416.1 In an illuminating essay on
the beginnings of the Kenaissance Medal,2 Professor
1 J. Guifirey, " Medailles de Constantin et d'Heraclius acquises par
Jean, due de Berry, en 1402," in Rev. Num., 1890, pp. 87-116.
2 J. von Sclilosser, " Die altesten Medaillen und die Antike," in
Jahrbuch der kunsthist. Sammlungen des Allerhochsten Kaiserhauses,
xviii. (1897), pp. 65 ff. M. Froehner, in the Annuaire de la Society
Franchise de Numismatique, xiv. (1890), pp. 472 ff., has thrown some
light on the symbolism of the Heraclius medal ; but his view that the
medals are of German origin, and that M. Guiffrey's discovery is with-
out inlluence on the history of the Italian Kenaissance, is, to put the
fact gently, not borne out by more recent criticism. Cp. the remarks
of M. Blanchet in the Annuaire, 1891, pp. 83-86. Dr. J. Simonis also
has a long article on the subject (Rev. Beige de Numismatique, 1901,
pp. 68-109, with illustrations) ; and M. Ernest Babelon has a section on
the subject in Andre Michel's Histoire de VAri (Tome III. ii. pp. 905-
913). M. Babelon pronounces Dr. von Schlosser's attribution of the
medals to a Flemish-Burgundian origin to be sansfondement, — a criticism
which may be more justly applied to the theory of an Italian origin,
until its supporters have shown that such figures (either of human
beings or horses) could have been produced in Italy in the fourteenth
or early fifteenth century. In Flanders or Northern France, on the
other hand, as every student of the transitional art of that district will
admit, they are quite in place.
MEDALS OF CONSTANTINE AND HERACLIUS. Ill
Julius von. Schlosser Las dealt very thoroughly with the
problems presented by these pieces, although he has
left one or two small matters still open to discussion.
It is doubtless now generally acknowledged that they
are, as he maintains, the product of some of those artists
of the Flemish-Burgundian school, whose extraordinary
merits have only of late years begun to win the recogni-
tion which they deserve. Comparison with the MSS.
of the end of the fourteenth and beginning of the
fifteenth centuries bears out the attribution of the pieces
to that period, and to Flanders or Northern France.
The object of this note is not to deal with any of the
larger matters involved, but merely to consider one
or two small questions which have hitherto remained
obscure. For illustrations, the plates illustrating both
the articles named should be consulted, since they
supplement each other.
First, on some specimens 3 of the Heraclius medal,
behind the Emperor's head, occurs a mysterious word
which has been read AfiOAlNlC.4 That is neither Greek,
which would require AnOAAfiNOC, nor Latin, which
would be APOLLINIS. No wonder it has puzzled the
critics, since the supposed N is nothing but a second n.
In the inscriptions on this medal the n is made in a
peculiar way, with a sort of broken back, and a slight
defect seems to make this break continue downwards in
a slanting direction, like the transverse stroke of N.5
3 E.g. Rev. Num., 1890, pi. v., and a similar specimen in the British
Museum.
4 For M. Froehner's reading AHOAH^IC there is no shadow of
justification.
5 The illustration in M. Babelon's article (op. cit., p. 910) makes the
letter appear very much like N. On the piece in the British Museum
the flaw has not proceeded so far.
112 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Now, the Greek inscriptions on this medal are written
more or less phonetically: we have, for instance, Y^ICTIC
for Y^ICTOIC, and niAAC for nYAAC. AnoAinic is merely
AnoAeineic. What does this mean ?
As every one who has looked at these medals knows,
they are packed with symbolism. Heraclius here figures
as the Emperor who recovered the Holy Cross from the
heathen Persians, and brought it back to Christendom.
His triumphal entry is represented on the reverse of the
medal. On the obverse is his bust, like that of some
ancient prophet, with long flowing beard; below the
bust is the sickle of the moon, not crescent, as we shall
see, but waning • the Emperor looks upwards to the
heavens, from which rays fall upon his face. In the
field, in front of his head, are these words (adapted from
a Psalm,6 which — it is significant — is still sung at the
Votive Mass of the Holy Cross) : ILLVMINA VVLTVM TVVM
DEVS. On the decrescent moon below his bust this
modified quotation is continued in the words, SVPER
TENEBRAS NOSTRAS.7 Then follows the word MILITABOR
(a mistake for MILITABO), and, on the under side of the
moon, IN GENTIBVS. This phrase, "militabo in gentibus,"
•" I will make war among the heathen," — does not occur
in the Vulgate ; and I have failed to identify its source.
The words from " super " to " gentibus " have generally
been taken to be one sentence ; but no one has attempted
to construe it. Divided as above, it makes sense.
Heraclius says, " 0 God, cause Thy face to shine upon
our darkness ; [and] I will make war among the
11 Ps. Ixvi. 1 in the Vulgate : " Illuminet vultum suum super nos."
7 The British Museum specimen reads TENEBAS ; cp. Simonis, op.
cit., p. 105.
MEDALS OF CONST ANTINE AND HERACLIUS. 113
heathen." In all this we have a contrast between the
light of Christianity and the darkness of heathenism.
Even the fact that the two words IN GENTIBVS are placed
on the under side of the decrescent moon has its signifi-
cance ; they are hardly noticeable in the shadow, for do
they not represent the nations who sit in darkness ?
This same idea of shedding light upon darkness perhaps
accounts for the lamps which are represented on the
reverse.
Now, the word aTroXenrae, placed as it is just at the
tip of one of the horns of the moon, can only have its
proper technical sense: it means simply, "thou art
waning." The moon 8 represents the light of heathenism,
just as the sun's rays, descending on the countenance
of Heraclius, represent the light of Christianity. So
that we have here a contrast analogous to that which
von Schlosser finds — and who can doubt that he is
right ? — in the two figures, of Christianity and Paganism,
the one gazing at the Cross, the other turning away
from it, on the reverse of the medal of Constantine.
One or two curious points are raised by the wording
of the Greek inscription on the reverse of this medal.
Ignoring the more obvious blunders, chiefly phonetic,
we read : Ao£a lv V^IGTOIC; XpiaTcj) r£ 6t(t> OTL
Gi^ripag TruAac /cat riXsvdepwae *%* ayiav fia(n(
rRpaK\t(iov). In the revised version of the medal,9
which was issued some time in the fifteenth century,
probably in Italy, with the help of some scholar who
polished up the Greek, omitted that puzzling word
8 The crescent, as M. Froehner reminds us, was the emblem of the
Persian kings.
9 Such as the specimen illustrated by von Schlosser, PI. xxiii., or the
lead specimen in the Victoria and Albert Museum.
VOL. X., SERIES IV. I
114 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
oVoXnnc, and generally modified the lettering so as to
suit the fashion of the humanists of the time, aylav has
been corrected to ayiov. The scholar knew that the
Greek word for "cross" is masculine, whereas the man
who made the earlier medal was probably thinking more
of the Latin word crux, and therefore wrote ay lav.
But what are the " gates of iron" ? 10 It may be that
the scribe had in mind a passage in Ps. cvii. (cvi.) 16 :
2uv£rjOf^£ TruAac \a\Kag KOI ju.o\Xov£ vi$i]pov£ vvvtOXaasv I
" Contrivit portas aereas, et vectes ferreos confregit." If
so, he has merely transferred the adjective from the
" bars " to the " gates." But there is another and more
probable source. The clerk who made the Duke's
inventory translates <rtS»f/oae TrvAae by " portes d'enfer."
At first sight it would seem that this was due simply
to clerical error ; he may have converted " portes de fer,"
which was read out to him, into " portes d'enfer ; " or,
if he was copying, it was easy to read " de fer " as " defer."
What printer would not do the same now, if it occurred
to him? As a matter of fact, however, we have the
excellent authority of Homer u for saying that the gates
of Hell, or rather of the place below it, were of iron : —
"H /JLIV eXcoi/ PLIJ/OJ es Tdprapov rjcpocvra,
e fjLa\\ r)xL fidOiarrov VTTO x$ovos ecrri
a criS^peiai re vrvAat KOL ^aX/ceos ovSos,
fTOV eVep^' atSeca, ocrov ovpaj/os eoV OLTTO
I see no reason for doubting that the man who drew
up the inscription for this medal, being familiar with
Greek, should use a Homeric phrase.12 We must
10 M. Froehner says the " Gates of Iron " are the Cilician Gates ; but
he gives no authority for his statement.
II Iliad, 0. 13 ff.
12 M. Blanchet (loc. cit.) has noticed a trace of antique influence in
MEDALS OF CONST ANTINE AND HERACLIUS. 115
remember that the phrase " Gates of Hell " or " Gates of
Death " is common to the Bible and to Greek literature.
And the idea is eminently appropriate here, in connexion
with the deliverance of the symbol of Christianity from
the powers of darkness.
Another puzzle is concerned with the medal of
Constantine, and can be dismissed very briefly, although
it is tempting to linger over the fascinating symbolism
of the reverse type. Some specimens of this medal bear
the Arabic numerals Z34 on the obverse, and Z35 on the
reverse. I think there can be no doubt that these are
two of a set of running numbers placed on his works by
the silversmith who cast and chased the two sides of the
medal.13 These medals, as existing specimens prove, were
often made as shells, each side being cast separately, and
obverse and reverse afterwards soldered together. When
gold or silver was used, the object of this process was to
save metal. Such a shell was the origin of the various
specimens numbered 234-5 which have come down to us.
Incidentally it may be noted that the form of 5 which
is used is late ; even in Italy it could hardly occur earlier
than the last quarter of the fifteenth century, or the first
quarter of the sixteenth. The form of 4 is possible in
Italy as early as the beginning of the fifteenth century,
the little Hercules strangling the serpents which forms part of the
decoration of the fountain on the Constantine medal. The plant, out
of which the cross rises, is also a development of the pine-cone, which
in antiquity was generally associated with fountains (see my Pisanello,
p. 100, note). And the figure of Constantine on horseback is lineally
descended from the riding Emperors on Roman medallions, such as
the no longer existing medallion of Justinian (Wroth, B. M. CataL
Imperial Byzantine Coins, vol. i. frontispiece).
13 M. Babelon, in his article, which I had not seen when the above
was written, also describes these figures as "un numero d'ordre se
referant a la fabrication de la medaiUe " (op. tit., p. 909).
I 2
116 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
but in the North it must date from the last quarter of
the fifteenth century at the earliest. We thus have a
date, about 1500, for the origin of the numbered edition
of the Constantine medal, whether we suppose that it
was made in Flanders (as is most probable) or in Italy.14
G. F. HILL.
14 An advanced form of the numeral, like the modern form, is found
in the date 1445 on ttie tower of Heathfield Church, Sussex. It is an
isolated instance, the earlier form prevailing everywhere else through-
out the fifteenth century in this country ; and it would be interesting
to know whether the inscription is really contemporary. Then there
is a 5 resembling the modern form with the top bar removed, occurring
among a set of thirteenth or early fourteenth century numerals carved
on the figures of the Resurrection series on the facade of Wells Cathedral.
Here one would like to have confirmation of the accuracy of the repro-
ductions on which our knowledge of this set of figures depends (Proc.
Somersetsh. Archaeol. and Nat. Hist. Soc., xxxiv., 1888, p. 62). The
figure in question may be a mutilated 3 or 6. In MSS. the late form of 5
does not seem to occur at all until the fifteenth century, and then only
in a somewhat undeveloped form, and with extreme rarity. Coins of
Brabant and Flanders show the S-shaped form (sometimes angular,
like an early Greek rsigma) as early as 1475 ; but as no coins of the Low
Countries are known to me with dates in Arabic numerals earlier than
1474, I cannot say whether this S-shaped form was then used for the
first time. For the whole subject I may refer to a paper on Arabic
numerals in the forthcoming volume of Archaeologia.
VI.
THE COINAGE OF THE REIGN OF
EDWAED IV.
(Continued from Vol. IX. p. 219.)
(See Plates II.-IV.)
PERIOD OF THE RESTORATION OF HENRY VI : OCTOBER,
1470, TO APRIL, 1471.
PERHAPS the most dramatic episode of the reign under
consideration was the suddenly enforced flight of
Edward from the country, and the temporary restoration
of Henry VI after an imprisonment of five years in the
Tower.
Within a few days of the departure of Edward, the
Earl of Warwick, after a victorious progress from Dart-
mouth (where after recent exile he had just landed)
triumphantly entered London. The prisoner of the
Tower was immediately taken from thence to the Bishop's
Palace, and from there was conducted in state, with the
crown on his head, to the Cathedral of St. Paul, where
he was solemnly enthroned. Weak from the first, the
unfortunate Henry VI. was now further enfeebled and
broken by captivity, and we are told that "he sat on
his throne limp and helpless as a sack of wool," " a mere
pretence and shadow of a king." Warwick was now com-
pletely master of the kingdom, and could do as he pleased
118 NUMISMATIC CHKONICLE.
with the helpless king. He declared himself Lieutenant
of the Realm, and making his brother George Nevill,
the Archbishop of York, once more Chancellor, the
kingdom was practically governed by them for the next
seven months. From the evidence afforded by the
number of coins undoubtedly attributable to the period
of the restoration of Henry VI which have come down
to us, we may be certain that there was no delay in
striking money in the name of the restored king. In
the Patent Boll Calendar, 1467-77, p. 227, under the
date October 23rd, 1470 (49 Henry VI) is a grant during
pleasure to the king's knight Eichard Tunstall, King's
Chamberlain, of the office of master and worker of the
king's mints within the Tower of London, the realm of
England, and the town of Calais, with all fees and profits
belonging to the office according to the terms of certain
indentures to be made, with power to hold an exchange
common and open in the City of London. It is, how-
ever, strange that the only known indenture for the
purpose is that made with Sir Eichard Tunstall, dated
March 7th, 1471, or only about a month previous to
the return of Edward IV and the murder of Henry
VI. As is remarked by Mr. A. E. Packe (Num.
Chron., Third Series, Vol. IX. p. 353), there must have
been a previous indenture now lost, or possibly the
one last made with Edward IV was allowed to run
out, although the king's name was changed on the
money. There is also implied evidence that the mints
were at work previous to the last indenture with Tunstall,
in a grant dated February 24th, to John Langstrother,
Prior of St. John's, and John Delves, Esq., of the office of
" Gustos Cambii et Monetae infra Turrim Londoniar,"
and " Custodiam Cunagiorurn auri et argenti infra regnum
THE COINAGE OF THE REIGN OF EDWARD IV. 119
nostrum Angliae et Villam nostram Calesiae " (Num.
Chron., Third Series, Vol. IX. p. 355).
In my previous paper (see Vol. ix. p. 179) I gave reasons
for assuming that the ryal and its parts were being coined
until very nearly, if not quite, the time of the restoration,
and that the cross fitchee pierced was the mint-mark then
in general use at the Tower Mint. The indenture with
Sir Eichard Tunstall authorized the coinage of nobles to
weigh 120 grains ; also half and quarter-nobles, together
with angels, to weigh 80 grains, and angelets. The terms
of this indenture were the same as that of the fifth year
of Edward IV, thus implying that the coinage of ryals
(or nobles of equal value) was not considered to have
been finally discontinued, although there can now be
little doubt that none were actually coined by virtue
of the indenture. The quarter-noble in the British
Museum formerly ascribed to this coinage, is now with-
out question given to the heavy coinage of Henry IV.
It is of importance to note the continuance of the
coinage of ryals up to the period of the restoration,
and the evident contemplation of their further issue, as
it has considerable bearing upon the view I have put
forward as to the date of the general coinage of angels.
Although authorized in 1465, these new gold coins
were evidently not issued in any quantity previous to the
restoration, as, with the exception of the extremely rare
specimens that I have quoted in my last paper, none are
found with any of the mint-marks or other characteristics
that are met with on the ryals or other coins contemporary
with them. As previously suggested, the ryals were
probably found to be too specially identified with
Edward, while the want of a noble corresponding with
the reduced weight of the silver coins was beginning to
120 NUMISMATIC CHKONICLE.
be felt. Perhaps for both these causes the angel nobles,
hitherto issued only in a somewhat tentative manner,
were found to be a ready and convenient means of
popularizing and identifying with the house of Lancaster
a coin which, although authorized by Edward IV, had so
far been so little used. The opportunity was the more
readily afforded by the fact that the ryals so specially
identified with Edward IV were evidently going out of
general currency, as those with the cross fitchee mint-
mark are much less common than those bearing the
previous mint-marks. Although they were issued again
in succeeding reigns, it was in such small numbers
(judging by their great rarity) that they evidently
never again came into very general use, the angels
completely supplanting them for a considerable time.
Certain angels of Henry VI, which are evidently the
earliest issued after his restoration, have characteristics
which appear to connect them very closely with the rare
early angels of Edward IV, and thus to fix the position
of both in the sequence, practically without a doubt.
The angel to which I specially refer is No. 1 in the list
of coins at the end of this paper (see PI. II. 1). It is
characterized by a neatness and fineness of work together
with a fulness of size not found on the more common
angels of Henry VI and the later ones of Edward IV.
The coin illustrated is in my own collection, but another
very fine specimen was in the Montagu Collection,
lot 526, apparently (judging from the plate) from the
same dies as mine.
In addition to the substitution of Henry's emblem or
badge of the fleur-de-lys together with the initial letter
of his name for Edward's badges of the rose and sun,
the unusually full reading of ^anRICCVS and
THE COINAGE OF THE REIGN OF EDWARD IV. 121
would appear to have been designedly employed, to recall
not only the name of Henry, but the glories still unfor-
gotten associated with it. Although very few of these
earliest angels would seem to have been issued, others of
rather coarser work, with larger lettering, must have been
without delay struck in considerable quantities, as even
at the present day they are fairly numerous, especially
considering the short period during which they must
have been issued. On these more ordinary angels the
head and wings of St. Michael encroach more upon the
outer circle than on the first variety, partly owing to
the figure being larger, and partly owing to the smaller
spread of the coin. The various readings of the king's
name on the ordinary angels are tyanKICCVS, tyecnKICCV,
and tyanKICC, but FRTmdieC only occurs on the first
variety with the small neat lettering. It is curious that
the reading tyeCRKIdV, which is the most usual one on
the silver coins, was unknown to Kenyon for the angels
of the London Mint, and although I have two with this
reading in my collection, they are the only ones that I
know of. Half-angels were also now coined for probably
the first time, and although of the highest rarity, several
are known, two being in the British Museum. Angels
were also coined at the only two regal provincial mints
that were at work when Henry VI was restored, viz.
Bristol and York. The latter mint has not so far been
recognized as issuing gold coins at this period, but
documentary evidence is now available proving that
gold as well as silver was coined at York (see below,
p. 131). In Num. Chron., Third Series, Vol. IX. p. 353,
Mr. A. E. Packe gives fairly conclusive reasons for be-
lieving that it was, and that the angels and half-angels
issued there are some very rare ones distinguished
122 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
by the lys mint-mark so identified with the York Mint
at this period.
In common with others, I have been considerably
puzzled to fix upon the mint-marks in use at the time
of Edward's flight, but I venture to think that I am not
far wrong in deciding upon (for the London Mint) the
pierced cross fitchee of what I termed in my last paper
the second variety. In this the tail of the cross always
extends over and beyond the inner beaded circle of the
legend. Now, it will be readily observed, on examining
the coins of the restoration period, that on many of them,
if not the greater number, the mint-mark on one side at
least, is the same cross fitchee pierced, but with the tail
cut short so as to be the same length as the other limbs,
and not to extend beyond the inner beaded circle. At
the restoration the chief new mint-marks adopted were
a plain cross (pierced or unpierced) and a rather large
cross pattee, the latter of which is never found on any
coin of Edward IV. The plain cross pierced is the one
most commonly used on the London coins, and I believe
that the shortened cross fitchee was largely made to do
duty for it in order to utilize the punches in hand. My
only doubt has been as to whether this alteration may not
have been made just before the restoration, as, of course,
we liave coins of Edward IV with this short form of the
cross fitchee pierced. I believe, however, that these are
post-restoration coins, although, without anticipating, I
cannot now give my full reasons for thinking so. The
large slender cross pattee is the most generally used
mint-mark that is found exclusively on the coins of the
restoration, and very rarely we find the lys, similar to
that on the York coins, used on those of London and
Bristol.
THE COINAGE OF THE KEIGN OF EDWARD IV. 123
To follow the principle of my last paper, it may now
be well to treat rather more fully of the coins under the
heading of the several mints.
THE LONDON MINT.
Nobles and their parts of the same weight as Edward's
ryals, although apparently contemplated, never appear
to have been issued, but in their stead angels were
struck in considerable quantities. Many dies must have
been in use, as there are quite a large number of varieties
of a more or less important nature issued from the
London Mint. The first variety which I have previously
described, and to which I attach so mnch importance,
is seldom met with, but what appears to be the next
variety (PI, II. 2) (if all were not contemporaneous) still
reads fyeCRBKIVS, but the French title is shortened to
FBTTOCt, and the mint-mark of the pierced cross is intro-
duced on the obverse as well as on the reverse, usually
at the end of the legend. On this and the succeeding
varieties of the angel, the figure of St. Michael, as I
have said, is larger, and the nimbus extends almost, if
not quite, to the outer circle of the coin. The dragon
is also larger and the tail is thicker. On the reverse of
this variety the top -castle of the ship is surmounted by
a plain cross instead of a floriated one.1 The next
variety to note (No. 3) is one with the obverse reading
tyffnRICCV Dai GRTV, &c., and a noticeable feature is the
large cross in the centre of the archangel's nimbus [PI.
II. 3]. This obverse reading is unnoted by Kenyon and
1 One specimen which I have seen of this variety has no mint-mark
either on the obverse or reverse, and reads D6CI.
124 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
other writers. The mint-mark is the pierced cross at
the beginning of the legend. The reverse legend is
also exceptional in the spelling of aKVCCeC, which on
most other London angels reads curiously CCKVS6C, a
peculiarity which it is important to note. There is no
mint-mark on the reverse of this coin. Another angel
in my collection, with the same unusual obverse reading
(but from a different die), has the reverse from the same
die as No. 2.
Variety No. 4 reads tyecnKICC DI 6E7T, &c., always (like
the last) ending FRTina. The mint-mark is usually
on the reverse only, and is either the cross pat tee or the
plain pierced cross [PI. II. 4]. I believe the foregoing are
the only distinct varieties of the London angel, although
no doubt there may be slight varieties of abbreviation
of the reverse legend and the position of the mint-mark.
In accordance with my assumption that angels were
first coined in any quantity at the restoration, the first
half-angels or angelets struck are the exceedingly rare
ones issued in the name of Henry VI, as none are
known corresponding with the pre-restoration angels of
Edward IV. The obverse type of these half-angels is
a reduced copy of the angels with the legend slightly
abbreviated. The design of the reverse is also the same,
but the legend is, 0 dKVX TtVGC SPSS VniCCTT, the first
line of a verse in the hymn " Vexilla Kegis," from the
Breviary Office for Palm Sunday and Good Friday. On
the specimen found in Haverfordwest there is a trefoil
in the field to the right of the shield, but not on that
in the British Museum from St. Albans.
In silver every denomination is now known from the
groat to the farthing, of the London Mint, although,
until quite recent years, the penny, halfpenny, and
THE COINAGE OF THE REIGN OF EDWARD IV. 125
farthing had not been identified. Groats are compara-
tively numerous when we consider the limited period of
their issue, but half-groats are very rare, and the smaller
pieces extremely so. All are so exactly similar to some
coins of Edward IV in every detail save the name, that,
without a close examination, they would escape notice
amongst a number of coins of the latter. This close
resemblance, however, makes practically unquestionable
the position in the sequence of certain coins of Edward
which, I think, have not hitherto been quite correctly
located. Groats, being so much more numerous than
smaller pieces, afford more varieties of detail. The mint-
marks found upon them are the cross pattee (sometimes
almost resembling a Maltese cross), the short cross fitchee
pierced, the plain cross pierced or unpierced, and the
fleur-de-lys. The first is less common than the two
other forms of cross, and is usually only on one side of
the coin. Its occurrence on both sides is exceptional.
The fleur-de-lys is a very rare mint-mark on the London
groats, and is only found on either the obverse or reverse
(usually the latter), with one of the cross mint -marks,
on the other side. The most usual reading is tyGCnRICCV,
but a good proportion read I^GCREIOC, although Mr. Neck
was the first to note the latter variety. The stops used
on the groat are sometimes trefoils and sometimes sal-
tires, usually the latter ; there are also several slight
varieties of the king's bust. Half-groats are extremely
rare, and, when Hawkins wrote, the one which he illus-
trates from the collection of the late Kev. E. J. Shepherd
was believed to be almost the only one known. Others
have, however, been since discovered, but the varieties are
slight. The mint-mark is always the cross pierced, on
the obverse only or on both sides. The only reading so
126 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
far published is ^aRKIdV DI 6R7V BSX 7W16L
but I have one in my collection weighing 22 grains which
reads rjanRId and FK7V, and which has the mint-mark on
both sides. At present this coin is, I believe, unique,
and is interesting as corresponding with the groats
having the same reading of the king's name. Pennies
were unknown, even when Mr. Neck wrote (Num. Cliron.,
New Series, Vol. XL p. 151), and are not mentioned in
the revised edition of Hawkins. A specimen is, however,
described in the catalogue of the Kev. E. J. Shepherd's
Collection, lot 171, and the same coin is again found in
the Catalogue of the Montagu Collection, lot 566. It
had previously been illustrated in connexion with a
paper by Mr. L. A. Lawrence (Num. Chron., Third Series,
Vol. XL PL vii. 21). In the Shepherd Catalogue the
mint-mark is described as a pierced cross, but the
Montagu description is a lys. The former is probably
correct, judging by the illustration, which, owing to
the condition of the coin, shows the mint-mark very
indistinctly.
I myself have another and finer specimen [PI. III.
3] which shows the cross mint-mark quite distinctly.
Both read f]GCnRIttV, but in other respects exactly
resemble certain pennies of Edward IV. A third speci-
men has recently been discovered, and is now in the
collection of Mr. H. B. Earle Fox. It is considerably
clipped, but the name reads distinctly as on the other
two. A very fine specimen of the halfpenny weighing
6 grains passed through the Shepherd and Montagu
Collections, and was described as " probably unique." It
is now in the British Museum. The mint-mark is a
pierced cross, and the reading is fyeCRRICCV DI 6RA, &c.
[PI. III. 4], Other specimens are now known, although
THE COINAGE OF THE REIGN OF EDWARD IV. 127
they are extremely rare. I have two (from different dies)
in my collection, and I have seen another. All read the
same, but there are two varieties of bust, one having
a taller crown and longer neck than the other. On one
variety the pellets on the reverse are united as trefoils,
on the other they are quite separate. I have in my cabinet
a so-far unique specimen of the farthing weighing 4
grains and reading ^anRlCt DI 6E7V (EffX 7T) [PL III.
5]. This coin was formerly in the Lawrence Collection,
where it was ascribed to the light coinage of Henry VL
For a time I doubted the correctness of this attribution,
owing to the close resemblance of the bust to that on the
early farthings of Henry VI, or even of Henry V, and I
endeavoured to connect the DI 6R7V legend with certain
early pennies having the same legend. These, however,
would, I now feel, be too early, and also there are no half-
pennies with the DI 6E7V legend earlier than those of the
light coinage of Henry YI. I therefore no longer feel
that there can be any doubt as to the proper attribution
of this farthing. The resemblance to the early Henry VI
farthing as regards the bust may probably be accounted
for by the possible use of the same punches for the dies.
The DI 6R7Y legend appears to leave no alternative for
the attribution of this farthing to the 1470 restoration
period. It is at the same time somewhat strange that
we should have a farthing of this coinage, when the
existence of a light farthing of Edward IV is very
doubtful.
THE BRISTOL MINT.
It is a curious circumstance that, although in the first
year of the reign of Henry VI authority was given to
establish a mint at Bristol, no money should have been
128 NUMISMATIC CHKONICLE.
actually coined there in his name until forty-eight years
afterwards, and then under strangely altered conditions.
In 1470 the Bristol Mint had already been for about five
years striking money of both gold and silver in consider-
able quantities in the name of Edward IV, and was still
actively at work, although — with the exception of York
and Canterbury, and perhaps Durham— the other pro-
vincial royal mints appear to have been closed some time
previously. With the advent of the restoration no cessa-
tion of work would seem to have occurred at the Bristol
Mint although no doubt it was, even previous to this
period, less active than it had been in the full tide of the
great recoinage of 1465, and after. As at the London
Mint, angels now took the place of ryals for the gold
coinage, and, rare as they are, several varieties are to be
found. They afford grounds, I think, for a strong pre-
sumption that the dies were not, as formerly, all sent
from London, but that some at least were made on the
spot, perhaps by workmen trained at the Tower Mint, with
punches sent from London,2 as the execution is mostly
equally good. It might also have been that, with the
cessation of work at other mints, Bristol and York afforded
employment for die-sinkers no longer required in London
or elsewhere. The Bristol angels read fyGCRKICCVS or
fyGCRBIdV, and all those that I can trace with the latter
reading of the name have the obverse legend ending
DRS, a peculiarity found on none of the, far more
numerous, London angels of Henry VI. On the reverse
also of both varieties trefoils are mostly found in the
- Mr. H. B. Earle Fox has recently shown the great probability
that punches were made in large numbers from the same matrices in
London, and sent to provincial mints for the manufacture of dies locally.
THE COINAGE OF THE REIGN OF EDWARD IV. 129
field on either side of the shield, another feature absent
in the London pieces. Now, both these peculiarities occur
on the later variety of the pre-restoration angel of
Edward IV, suggesting that these were copied more
independently by Bristol workmen. It seems very
unlikely that if all the dies were made in London only
those for Bristol should have the Irish title indicated.
Again, No. 3 in my list, of which several specimens are
known (one or two being from the St. Alban's find), is of
distinctly rougher workmanship than any of the London
angels. Apart from the foregoing variations from the
latter, the only difference is the B in the waves under
the ship for Bristol. No half-angels have yet been dis-
covered, but it is very probable that some were struck, as
specimens attributable to York are known.
In silver, groats alone are now known, but although all
are rare, I have been able to describe eleven varieties in
my list, showing that many dies must have been in use.
The mint-marks employed comprise several that are not
found on the London coins, and are the plain cross
pierced, rose, lys, trefoil of united pellets, trefoil with
bent stalk, and, strangest of all, the sun. The usual
reading of the name is tyanRIdV and on a few tyanRICC,
while one variety has the exceptional reading of
f]6CnRICCVS, the sole instance of this complete reading on
any silver coin of the restoration from either of the three
mints. The mint-marks on these Bristol groats deserve
rather more than passing mention, as, in addition to
their affording proof that at least some of the dies
were not sent from London, they incidentally throw
light upon the sequence of mint-marks on the coins of
Edward IV before and after the restoration of Henry
VI. Four out of the six are not found on any London
VOL. X., SERIES IV. K
130 NUMISMATIC CHKONICLE.
coins, while one London mint-mark, the cross pattee, is
never, I believe, met with on a Bristol coin. The pierced
cross and the lys are common to both London and
Bristol. The rose is a strange mint-mark for a coin of
Henry VI at this period, and the sun a stranger one
still; but they maybe accounted for by the fact that the
sun was actually in revived use at Bristol at the time of
the restoration, and there were already symptoms of a
tendency to revive the use of the rose generally.
The two forms of trefoil are the most remarkable mint-
marks, and the strongest evidence of the local production
of the dies, as these marks must have had their origin at
Bristol. I can suggest 110 meaning for them, but they
may have possibly identified an official or die-maker who-
afterwards moved to London, as the trefoil of united
pellets appears later on a few rare London groats of
Edward IV, but any general use of it is confined to the
Bristol groats of Henry VI, the variety with the bent
stalk [PI. III. 10] being never found elsewhere.
THE YORK MINT.
As in the case of Bristol, the Eoyal Mint at York was
actively at work at the time of the restoration, and the
well-known fleur-de-lys mint-mark was almost ex-
clusively in use, although even here the sun had begun
to be revived, there being specimens of the late pre-
restoration groats of Edward IV which have it together
with the lys.
Although it has been generally assumed that no gold
was coined at York during the restoration of Henry VI,.
the existence of angels and half-angels bearing the lys
mint- mark, so identified with York at this period, would
seem to point conclusively to the contrary. As gold
THE COINAGE OF THE KEIGN OF EDWAED IV. 131
was coined at Bristol, there would appear to be every
reason for supposing that it was not discontinued at
York, which mint, after London, issued the largest
amount of silver in the name of Henry VI at this
period.
In the accounts rendered by the Master of the Mint
(after the return of Edward IV) we find,3 " Concerning
some profits issuing from the mints in the Tower and
at Bristol, from September 30th, 10 Edw. IV— to April
14th following, there is no account, because John Lang-
strother (Prior of the Hospice of St. John of Jerusalem),
late Treasurer of Henry VI, late de facto but not de jure
King of England, and John Delves, late Treasurer of the
Hospice of the late King, had and received all issues and
profits of the Exchange and Money of the King there for
the said time, as he says on oath. For which issues and
profits the said John and John ought to account to the
King. Nor is account given of profits issuing from
the Coinage of gold and silver minted in the Ex-
change of the King at York from September 30th, 10
Edw. IV to Christmas following, for the causes afore-
said, as he says on oath. But he burdens himself
voluntarily with £7 9s. 6d. for money received by him
in the exchange of the King there on April 14th, 11
Edw. IV, for money issuing from the mint of gold and
silver worked and minted there between Christmas, 10
Edw. IV, and Easter following in the time of Henry
VI, late de facto but not de jure King of England, on
which Feast of Easter indeed our present King Edward IV
possessed and enjoyed his former dignity." This docu-
mentary evidence proves that gold as well as silver was
3 (Exchequer K. E.) Bundle 294, No. 20.
K 2
132 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
coined at York during the period of the restoration of
Henry VI, and it only remains to endeavour to identify
the coins struck at the mint in that city.
The angel with the mint-mark lys in the British Museum
[PI. IV. 1], like some of the Bristol angels, strongly
suggests that it is from dies not made in London, as it
differs from any London or even Bristol angel in the
legends on both sides. It is also of rougher work. It
is, however, similar in every detail to the one described
by Mr. A. E. Packe (Num. Chron,, Third Series, Vol. IX.
p. 353) from his own collection. The only arguments
against the attribution of these lys-marked gold coins
to York are, as Mr. Packe observes, first the absence
of the letter 6C in the waves under the ship, and secondly
the fact that the lys was occasionally used as a mint-
mark elsewhere during the restoration period. The
first, as he says, may well be accounted for owing to the
letter GC being so conspicuous a feature on Edward's gold
coins ; and in regard to the second, it appears only
necessary to point out that at this time the lys was
practically the sole mint-mark used at York, while in
the rare instances of its being found elsewhere on groats,
it occurs, I believe, always in conjunction with another
mint-mark on the other side, as if intended to mark a
distinction from the York groats, where it is on both
sides. Mr. Packe mentions its having been objected that
it would be strange if, rare as they are, so large a
proportion of the half-angels extant should (as bearing
this mint-mark) have come from York. To this I would
reply that their preservation may easily be accounted
for by accident. The reading ^SHEICC and Dffl of the
specimen in the British Museum [PI. IV. 2] is the same
as that in Euding's plate, and thus again in the case
THE COINAGE OF THE REIGN OF EDWARD IV. 133
of the half-angel, as with the angel, we find a different
reading from the London specimens, which have fyGCnRICC
and DI. In silver, groats are more numerous of
York than of Bristol, although, owing to the all but
exclusive use of the lys mint-mark, there are fewer
varieties. The only exception that I can trace is the
specimen (No. 5 in my list) now in the British Museum
and formerly in the Montagu Collection, which has for
mint-mark on the reverse a sun, which appears to be
either over a rose, or the latter has possibly been punched
over the sun. This reverse is most probably from one
of the latest York dies of Edward IV, on some of which
the sun was revived It is a useful coin in affording evi-
dence as to the type of groats presumably being struck
immediately previous to the restoration [PI. IV. 7]. As on
the London groats, the reading is ^GCREiaV or tyanRICC,
the former being the most usual, and there are no other
variations in the legends, which exactly correspond with
those of the groats of Edward IV. Sometimes trefoils
are used as stops, and sometimes saltires, and on one
variety there is a small lys at the end of the obverse
legend. Half-groats were struck at York, but are of
excessive rarity, and so far only two specimens appear
to be known, one of which (the best) is now in the
British Museum [PI. IV. 5]. It came from the Montagu
Collection, having previously passed through the Bergne
and Brice Collections. The other was in the Cuff
Collection, and subsequently in the Martin, Murchison,
Whitbourne, and Webb Collections. It is now in my
own cabinet. Both are exactly similar, having 6C on the
breast, and read ^REIdY, &c., with trefoil stops. Both
have the usual lys mint-mark.
Pennies of the Archiepiscopal Mint are now known,
134 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
although previously unpublished (for that described by
Hawkins (from Ending) is evidently one of Henry VII's
first coinage). One in the Montagu Collection (lot 568),
described as from the Brice Cabinet, reads tyanRld, &c.,4
but two in my own collection and one or two others
that I have seen, all read tyecnKICCV. All, including the
Montagu specimen, have the lys mint-mark, and have
the usual 6 and key, the marks of Archbishop George
Nevill, in the field of the obverse [PI. IV. 8]. One of
mine shows trefoil stops in the obverse legend. Apart
from the name, they exactly resemble the Nevill pennies
of Edward IV.
CONCLUSIONS.
This paper having been written from the point of view
that the short restoration of Henry VI in 1470-71 was
merely an episode in the reign of Edward IV (which
appeared to the writer to be the only way of treating it
numismatically), it may not be amiss to summarize briefly
the conclusions that may be drawn from the theories
brought forward.
The light coinage of Henry VI is specially useful
in arranging the sequence of mint-marks and coins of
Edward IV, although there has been some difficulty
even with the aid it affords of satisfactorily deter-
mining whether certain of them preceded or suc-
ceeded the restoration period. I trust, however, that
I have given satisfactory reasons for concluding that
angels and angelets were not until this period struck in
any quantity, and that the cross fitchee was the latest
4 Another [PI. IV. 9] is in the cabinet of Mr. L. A. Lawrence.
THE COINAGE OF THE EEIGN OF EDWARD IV. 135
pre-restoration mint-mark for London, while at Bristol
and York at the same period the sun was being revived
(after some discontinuance in favour of the crown) on
groats, with trefoils in the field, and other characteristics
of the London cross fitchee coins. Briefly the reasons
are these : —
(1) The first variety of London angel in my list more
resembles in character the early variety of Edward IV
than any other angels do, and appears to form a
connecting link, while on some of the Bristol angels the
resemblance is carried further in their having the Irish
title (in part), which appears on no angel of Edward IV
but the early variety. The Bristol angels also mostly
have the trefoils in the field, — another characteristic of
Edward's early angels, and found on none of his other
angels.
(2) The adoption to a considerable extent of the modified
variety of the cross fitchee mint-mark (which does not
seem to have been previously noticed) on the coins of
the restoration.
(3) The exact resemblance in the portrait, lettering,
and other details of the light groats and half-groats of
Henry VI to those of Edward IV with the cross fitchee
mint-mark, more especially those (of London) without
the trefoils in the field.5
FREDK. A. WALTERS.
5 The half -groat is not noticed in the first paper, but I have since
acquired a specimen.
136 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
LIST OF COINS.
GOLD.
THE LONDON MINT.
Angels.
i. oiv.— * tyecnBidvs •< DI A GETT r Recx A
FETTRdlGC •*• St. Michael slaying the dragon ;
cross in centre of nimbus of the angel. The
dragon's tail curls up under the wing of
St. Michael.
Rev. — Mint-mark large cross pattee. P6CR •< OCEVS6C
TV7T A S7TLVTC r ROS * XPGC * RaDd'-
TOE Ship on waves, with top-castle to inast
surmounted by cross fleury ; shield with the
arms of France and England quarterly, with
cross above. On side of ship ty to 1. and lys
to r. of cross. [PI. II. 1.] F. A. W.
This coin, in the neatness of the lettering and fulness
of the legends, as well as other characteristics, has a
marked affinity to the angel of Edward IV with the rose
and sun at the sides of the cross on the reverse. It
appears to be the earliest example, and is a very rare
variety, A very fine specimen was in the Montagu
Collection, lot 526 in Sale Catalogue.
2. Obv. — Mint-mark pierced cross at end of legend.
^eCRRldVS A DI Y 6E7T Y E6CX r 7TR6L'
j. S r FE7TRCC Design all as last.
Rev. — Mint-mark pierced cross at end of legend. PGCR
CCEVSeC' A TV7T' A STVLVfi A ROS r XPCC' *
RaDGC'TOE Usual design, but top-castle
of mast surmounted by a plain cross.
[PI. II. 2.] British Museum.
3. Olv.— fiaRBIdVS Y DI A GEft v E6CX Y 7TR6L x
Usual type.
THE COINAGE OF THE REIGN OF EDWARD IV. 137
Eev. — Mint-mark pierced cross pattee. PaR
TV7T STYLVft ROS XPd RaDa. T. Pellet
stops ; usual type.
Montagu Catalogue, lot 183 (final portion).
4. Legends and mint-mark as last, but on Eev. CCKVCCS6C
British Museum.
5. Obv.— No mint-mark. I?GCnKI(IVS x Dai x 6R7T x
RSX 7YR6L FRTTRCC
Rev.— No mint-mark. P6CR ttRVda r TV7V S7VLVA r
ROS XPCC RaDamPTOR r Plain cross over
top-castle.
6. Obv. — Mint-mark pierced cross fitchee (short).
RICCV A Dai BRA' Rax * TVRGL r
FRT^HOC ^ * A Usual type ; cross in centre
of nimbus of angel.
Eev. — Mint-mark pierced cross at end of legend.
dRVSa' A TV7T x STYLVfi * ROS r XPtt r
RaDa'TOR Plain cross over top-castle of
ship ; fy and lys at sides of cross. F. A. W.
7. Obv.— Mint-mark pierced cross. I^aRRiaV Dai r
(oRTT xRaXTTRGL Y^YER7TRa J Large
cross in centre of nimbus of angel.
Eev.— No mint-mark. PaR CCRVaa' TV7T STtLVTY Y
ROS r XPa5 A RaDa'TO' Usual type,
with {7 and lys at sides of cross.
[PL II. 3.] F. A. W.
8. Obv.— A JiaRRItt' DI 6R7T * RaX •*- 7VR6L A<^
FRT^RCC A Usual type ; tail of dragon curls
out beyond the wing of the angel ; cross in
centre of nimbus.
Eev.— Mint-mark cross pattee. PttR QRVSa TV7T
S7TLY7T A RO' * XPQ' A RaDaWTOR I]
and lys at sides of cross ; usual type.
[PL II. 4.] British Museum.
9. Obv.— All as last.
Eev. — Mint-mark cross pierced. RaDa'T Pellet
stops between words of legend. F. A. W.
138 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
10. Obv. — As No. 8.
Eev.— Mint-mark cross pattee. P6CR CCRVSeC TV7Y
S7TLV7T ns xpa RetmmTOR
Kenyon, 6. British Museum.
Half-angels.
1. 06*.—* flGCnRICC DI 6R7Y R6CX 7YRGL S FR St.
Michael slaying the dragon ; cross in centre
of nimbus.
Eev. — Mint-mark pierced cross. + 0 + CCRVX x
nyec ;< srecaec (sic) vmaft Ship with
shield of arms surmounted by cross. Mast
with top -castle and cross fleury above, t] and
lys over shield; trefoil to r. of shield, also
(possibly) an annulet, but it is doubtful
whether the latter is not a hole partially
pierced.
This coin was found at Haverfordwest,
and has passed through the Martin, Murchi-
son, Shepherd, Montagu, and Murdoch Collec-
tions.
ofo.— * Cannier A DI GRTT Rax * TYRGL
Usual type of half -angels ; cross in centre of
angel's nimbus.
Eev.~ Mint-mark cross pattee. 0 i * CCRVX Y
TWO! * SPSS r V * nlCCTV I] and lys at
sides of cross • above shield, two ropes from
stern and one from prow of ship.
British Museum; from the St. Albans
find. [PI. II. 5.]
SILVER.
Groats.
1. 060.— Mint-mark cross pierced. f?ecnRI(IV DI
RGCX x 7TR6L $ FRTTnd Small trefoils on
all cusps of tressure except the two over crown.
.Ret?.— Mint-mark cross pierced. POSVI DGCVJtt
TTDIVTORO: SftGCVftl GCIVITTTS LORDOH
Usual long cross and pellets.
THE COINAGE OF THE KEIGN OF EDWAKD IV. 139
2. Obv. — All as last, but all cusps of tressure fleured.
Rev. — Mint-mark cross fitchee (short) pierced ; legends
as last. [PI. II. 6.] British Museum.
3. Obv. — Mint-mark and legends as No. 1 \ one cusp of
tressure over crown fleured.
Rev. — Mint-mark lys ; legends as No. 1.
[PI. II. 8.] H. B. Earle Fox.
4. Obv. and Rev. — All as last, but reads tyecnBICC Tre-
foil stops ; cusps of tressure over crown not
fleured. Montagu Collection, lot 562.
5. Obv.— Mint-mark lys. tyanKId, &c.
Rev. — Mint-mark cross pierced ; usual legends.
Ruding, Sup., ii 20.
.-— Mint-mark cross. fyanRIdV, &c.
Rev. — Mint-mark cross pierced ; lys after DGCVStt
British Museum.
7. Obv.— Mint-mark cross pattee. tyecnKICT x DI 6R7T x
E6CX x 7YR6L $ FRTCRtt All cusps of
tressure fleured with small trefoils.
Rev. — Mint-mark cross pierced ; lys after DGCVJft
[PI. II. 7.] F. A. W.
8. Obv. and Rev. — Mint-mark cross pierced.
Saltire stops after E6CX, TTOGL, and ^ ; all
cusps of tressure fleured ; lys after D6CV5K
W. M. Maish.
9. Obv. — Cross pierced. ^GCRRia, &c. ; all as last.
Rev.— Cross pattee ; cross after DGCYm F. A. W.
10. Obv.— Cross pierced. tyanRId, &c. ; trefoil stops
after all words except DI ; cusps of tressure
over crown not fleured.
Rev. — Mint-mark cross pattee; large saltire cross
after DetVftl British Museum.
140 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
11. Obv. — Mint-mark cross pattee; reads tyeCRRlCC ; sal-
tire stops.
fieVt — Mint-mark cross pattee ; saltire after DGTJft
British Museum.
Half-groats.
1. Olv.— Mint-mark cross pierced. t?aRRIdV' DI •<
6E7T A B6CX r 7TR6L A^A FR Cusps of
tressure over crown not fleured.
Rev.— No mint-mark. POSVI D6CV$tt 7YDIVTOE6C'
mavm - CCIVITTTS LORDOR Pellets
united in form of trefoils.
Hawkins, 343. Wt. 22 grs. Was in the
Shepherd, Brice, and Montagu Collections.
2. All as last, but mint-mark on both obv. and rev.
[PI. III. 1.] British Museum.
3. Obv,— Mint-mark pierced cross. l]etREia' DI 6E7T
EGCX A 7YR6L ^ FE7T All cusps of tressure
fleured.
Rev. — Mint-mark pierced cross; legends as last; pellets
united in form of trefoils.
Wt. 22 grs. [PI. III. 2.] F. A. W.
Penny.
Olv.— Mint-mark cross (pierced?). l^GCREiaV DI 6EA
EGCX 7TR6L
Rev.— dlVITTTS LORDOR Usual cross and pellets.
Wt. 10 grs. [PI. III. 3]. F. A. W.
Half-pennies.
1. Obv. — Mint-mark pierced crossed fitchee (short).
fieCREICCV DI 6E7T R6CX Bather thin bust
with tall crown.
Rev.— aiVITTVS LORDOR Pellets joined in trefoil
manner.
Wt. 6 grs.
[PI. III. 4.] British Museum.
From the Shepherd and Montagu Collections.
THE COINAGE OF THE KEIGN OF EDWARD IV. 141
2. Obv. — Mint-mark and legend as No. 1 ; bust thicker
and crown less tall.
Rev. — Legend as before ; pellets entirely disconnected
and round.
Wt. 6£ grs. F. A. W.
Farthing.
Olv. — Mint - mark cross. fyGCnKId x DI x 6R7V
(RffX • K •)
LORDOR Pellets joined.
Wt. 4 grs. [PL III. 5.] F. A. W.
The weight of this farthing and the similarity of the
bust to that on earlier farthings might cause a doubt as
to its correct position here, but the DI 6R7V legend leaves
little evidence for any other attribution.
THE BRISTOL MINT.
Angels.
1. 060.—* fietRRIdVS * Dffl * GRfi * RaX Y TtRGL
A^rFR7YRar Cross in nimbus of angel.
Rev.— Mint-mark pierced cross. PaR CCRVSa TV7V
SfiLVft ROS r XPCC RaDaT' ty to 1., lys
to r. of cross over ship ; trefoil at each side
of shield ; B in waves under ship.
[PL III. 6.] British Museum.
2. Obv.— * fyaRRiaV * DI v 6BJT
rSr FRTTRa r DRS r Cross in centre of
nimbus.
. — Mint-mark pierced cross. PaR aRVSa TVA
S7VLV7T Y ROS A XPtt' x RaD'attJT' li to
1. of mast ; no lys or other emblem to r. ;
trefoil at each side of shield ; B in waves
under ship. Manley Foster Catalogue.
3. 060.—* l?6CnRiaV Y DI 6E7T r
r DRS A Cross in nimbus of an
142 NUMISMATIC CHKONICLE.
Eev.— No mint-mark. P6CR CCRVCCeC ^ TV7V *
STTLVTT nos r XPCC Kara' * TOR ^
and lys at sides of cross over ship ; no trefoils
at sides of shield ; B in waves under ship.
F. A. W., ex Montagu and O'Hagan
Collections. [PI. III. 7.]
Groats.
I Obv.— Mint-mark cross pierced. fyeCRRICCVS x DI
6R7T x ReCX x 7U7G £ FRTmd B on
breast of king's bust ; arcs of tressure above
crown not fleured.
Eev.— Mint-mark rose. POSYI DOTM x 7TDIV-
TORO: snecvm * YILLTT x BRISTOW
Usual cross and pellets. W had been punched
on the die instead of V in YILL7T, but the
error is partially obliterated by two saltires
punched over the first half of the W. This
error is of some importance as it enables the
same die to be identified in use with other
obverse dies of both Henry VI and Edward IV.
[PI. III. 8.] British Museum.
2. Obv.— Mint-mark pierced cross. tyetnRICCV' A DI
6K7T RaX A 7m6L Y<yA FRTTnCt Cusps of
tressure over crown fleured; B on breast
of bust.
Eev. — Mint-mark rose ; from the same die as last.
F. A. W.
3. Obv. — Mint-mark pierced cross. fyecnRICCV, &c. As
last, cusps over crown fleured ; B on king's
breast.
Eev. — Mint-mark trefoil of large pellets. VILLA
BRISTOW. [PI. III. 9.] H. B. Earle Fox.
4. Obv. — Mint-mark trefoil with curved stalk «f» f]6CR-
RICCV, &c., as No. 2 ; saltire stops ; cusps
above crown fleured : B on breast.
Eev.— Mint-mark pierced cross. VILL7T r BRISTOW
Trefoil stops in outer and inner legends.
[PI. III. 10.] F. A. W.
THE COINAGE OF THE KEIGN OF EDWARD IV. 143
5. 06v. — Mint-mark trefoil without stalk.
&c., as last ; cusps over crown not fleured ;
B on breast.
Bev. — Mint-mark trefoil of pellets. YILL7T BRIS-
TOW F. A. W.
6. Obv. — Mint-mark rose (?). tyGCRRICCV, &c. B on king's
breast.
Rev.— Mint-mark lys. VILL7V BRISTOW
Hawkins, No. 1.
7. o&v. — Mint-mark sun. tyecnRIGC, &c. B on breast.
Eev— Mint-mark rose. VILL7V BRISTOW
(Num. Chron., N. S., Vol. XI. p. 150.) Neck.
8. Obv.— Mint-mark trefoil. f^RRICC, &c. B on breast.
Eev.— Mint-mark cross (pierced?). VILL7V BRIS-
TOW Webb Collection, lot 161.
9. Obv. — Mint-mark trefoil. fyaRRICCV, &c. ; B on
king's breast.
Eev.— Mint-mark lys. VILL7V BRISTOW
Montagu Collection, lot 563, from the
Marsham Collection.
10. Obv.— Mint-mark lys. tyeCRRIdV, &c. ; B on king's
breast.
Eev.— Mint-mark trefoil. VILL7V BRISTOW
Montagu Sale Catalogue, lot 194 (final
portion).
11. Obv. and Eev. — Mint-mark cross pierced.
Trefoil stops on both sides. W. M. Maish.
THE YOEK MINT.
Angel.
Usual design of St. Michael
slaying the dragon ; cross in nimbus of angel.
Eev.— Mint-mark lys at end of legend. PffR QRYtt
TV7T S7VLV7T RO' XPtt RGCDGCm * TOR
Usual type of other angels ; ty to 1., lys to r.
of cross over ship.
[PI. IV. 1.] British Museum.
144 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Half-angel.
Dai GETY Y EGCX * TYRGL r^* FE
Same type as London half -angel ; cross in
centre of angel's nimbus.
Rev. — Mint-mark lys at end of legend. O CCRV Y X r
TYVa Y SPSS VA$nia7Yr<£$ Usual design;
t] and lys on either side of shield.
[PI. IV. 2, 3.]
British Museum and Evans Collection.
Groats.
1. Olv.— Mint-mark lys. tyGCnKICCV DI 6E7T EGCX r
7VR6L A^A FRTVna 6C on king's breast ;
arches of treasure above crown fleured.
Eev. — Mint-mark lys. POSVI DGTJft x 7VDIV-
TOEaJffieCVm;aiVIT7VSaBOE7Vai Usual
cross and pellets. [PL IV. 6.] F. A. W.
2. All as last, but small lys after
3. As No. 1, but arches of tressure over crown not fleured.
4. Obv.— Mint-mark lys. f]GCnEICI r DI GETC A EffX •<
7YR6L A^* FETTRa a on breast ; cusps of
tressure over crown not fleured.
Rev. — Mint-mark lys; usual outer legend; saltire
after D6C V$tt ; dlVITTTS aBOBTtdl
[PL IV. 4.] F. A. W.
5. Obv.— Mint-mark lys. ^GCRBia Y DI 6K7T' A E6CX Y
7TR6L *<> FRTTRa a on breast; cusps of
tressure over crown fleured.
Rev. — Mint-mark sun over rose (?) ; usual legends.
British Museum, ex Montagu Collection
(lot 561). [PL IV. 7.]
6. 0^.— Mint-mark lys. fyecnRlCCV, &c.
Rev. — Mint-mark rose (?) ; usual legends.
Num. Chron., N. S., Vol. XI. p. 151.
F. A. W.
THE COINAGE OF THE REIGN OF EDWARD IV. 145
Half-groat.
Olv.— Mint-mark lys. IjffnKIdV A DI * 6E7T E6CX
r TTRSL A^A FR All cusps of tressure
fleured ; d on breast.
Rev.— Mint-mark lys. POSY! DdTO* TYDIVTOEd
JRdVm aiVlT7TS eCBOETCai Pellets con-
nected in form of trefoils.
Wt. 23*5 grs. British Museum, ex Mon-
tagu Collection (lot 565). [PI. IV. 5.]
Pennies (of the Archiepiscopal Mint).
1. Obv.— Mint-mark lys. t]dnRIdV DI 6R7V RdX r
fiRGL Key to r., 6 to 1. of bust.
Rev.—dlVIT AS ffBORTtdl Usual cross and pellets,
with quatrefoil in centre.
Wt. 11 J grs. [PI. IV. 8.] F. A. W.
2. Obv.— Mint-mark lys. F]anRia DI 6R7T RffX
7VR6L 6 and key at sides of bust.
eCBORTYCCI Cross and pellets, with
quatrefoil in centre.
Wt. 10J grs. Montagu Collection (lot
568). (See Num. Chron., Series III., Vol. XI.
PI. VII.) and L. A. Lawrence. [PI. IV. 9.]
F. A. W.
VOL. X , SERIES IV.
VII.
MUHAMMAD ALI, NAWAB OF THE CABNATIC
(1752-1795 A.D.) AND HIS COPPEK COINS.
(See Plate V.)
" THE Carnatic, anciently called Canara, properly
denotes the tract of country where the Canara language
is spoken, but has long since lost its original application,
and has two principal meanings, one more extensive, and
the other more limited; the former including under it
nearly the whole of the south-eastern portion of the
Indian peninsula, from the Kistna to Cape Comorin,
and the latter adopting the same northern limit, but not
descending further south than the country immediately
north of the Coleroon, and at the same time so confining
it on the west as not to leave it an average breadth of
more than seventy-five miles. In this latter sense the
Carnatic is nearly identical with the territory which,
under the Mogul Empire, formed one of the principal
provinces of the soubah or government of the Deccan,
and was administered by the soubahdar's nabob, or
deputy, under the title of the Nabob of Arcot, the whole
nabobship taking its name from Arcot, the capital. The
country thus defined consists of two portions, differing
greatly in their physical features, and distinguished
from each other by the names of Balaghaut and
Payeenghaut, or the land above and the land beneath the
I
SOME COPPER COINS OF THE CAENATIC. 147
mountain passes. . . . Immediately south of the nabob-
ship of Arcot, were the two rajahships or Hindoo states
of Trichinopoly and Tanjore, which, though governed
by their own princes, were so far dependent on the
Nabob of Arcot, who levied tribute from them, not
indeed in his own name, but as deputy of the Mogul "
(Beveridge, Hist, of India, vol. i. pp. 430, 431).
Daud Khan Pani was made Nawab of Arcot in 1698,
but Saadut Ulla Khan (an able and popular chief of
Arab extraction) first took the title of Nawab of the
Carnatic, and governed the province from 1708 to 1733.
The office was not recognized as hereditary. It was
held by commission from Delhi, but in the event of the
Mogul not exercising or delaying to exercise the right
of nomination, a temporary appointment was made by
the Soubahdar of the Deccan. Such was the regular
mode of procedure when the Mogul Empire was in
vigour ; but in the state of decay into which it had
fallen, the imperial commission was regarded as only a
form, and the right of appointment was tacitly, if not
overtly, contested between the Soubahdar and the
Nawab ; the one claiming it as his prerogative, and the
other striving to render it hereditary in his family.
Saadut Ulla Khan, having no issue, left a will by which
he bequeathed the nawabship to his brother's son,
named Dost Ali. Nizam-ul-Mulk, who considered
himself as independent sovereign of the Deccan, not
having been consulted, regarded this as an encroachment
on his authority, but owing to other political entangle-
ments at the time, was not in a position to give effect
to his resentment. Dost Ali governed the province
until he was killed by the Mahrattas in 1740. His son,
Safaar Ali, governed until 1742, when he was murdered.
L2
148 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
A nephew of Dost All succeeded Safaar All, but he was
expelled by his troops after a few days. The Nizam of
the Deccan then appointed Khwajah Abdullah Khan,
who died in 1744. Anwar-ud-din Khan next governed
for a few months, but was killed by the French at the
Battle of Ambur. The son of a former Nawab (Safaar
Ali) carried on the government until he was murdered
in 1749. Husain Dost Khan, better known as Chanda
Sahib, was appointed by the Nizam in 1749, but was
beheaded by order of Manikji, General of the Tanjore
Army, in 1752. This Nawab was succeeded by
MUHAMMAD ALI [styled WALA-JAH],
who was the second son of Anwar-ud-din. Up to this time,
the lot of the former Nawabs had not been a very happy
one, as shown above, but Muhammad Ali's nawabship was
destined to be an exception, that is, so far as the length
of time his government lasted. He commenced to rule
over the province in 1752, and held it until he died on
October 13, 1795, at the age of seventy-eight years.
Before describing the copper coins issued by this Nawab,
it is interesting to note the most important events which
occurred during his career.
1744. — Muhammad Ali was present with his father at
the Battle of Ambur, but fled to Trichinopoly after the
French victory, where he shut himself up and assumed
the title of Nawab. He implored the assistance of the
British, which was given, the British and French taking
opposite sides in the choice of a Nawab.
1750.— When the French captured Trivadi, fifteen
miles from Fort St. David, Muhammad Ali, to whom it
SOME COPPEK COINS OF THE CARNATIC. 149
previously belonged, made an effort to regain it. With
this object he raised an army of 20,000 men, which
included 1900 men furnished by the British Governor of
Fort St. David. Finding the French entrenched, he
was urged by the British Commander to force an
engagement, but was too cowardly to comply, and
contented himself with skirmishes and a distant
cannonade. As he refused payment of the expenses
of the British contingent, the latter returned to Fort
St. David, when the French, at once taking advantage
of their absence, brought Muhammad Ali to action and
gained a complete victory, without the loss of a single
man. Muhammad Ali escaped with difficulty, and
reached Arcot with only two or three attendants.
Dec., 1750. — Muhammad Ali was in camp when Nasir
Jang, the Nizam of the Deccan, was assassinated, and
he fled again to Trichinopoly, his prospects being very
gloomy. The British had withdrawn their support, the
French were bent on his capture, and thus threatened and
perplexed, " he followed the true bent of his nature by
weaving an intricate web of policy." He applied for
assistance to the Mahrattas, the Mysoreans, and the
British Presidency, and entered into secret communica-
tions with the French, and made a treaty by which he
was to renounce his claim on the nawabship and content
himself with some inferior appointment in the Deccan.
He offered to surrender Trichinopoly — a most important
link in the scheme of French aggrandizement in
India.
1751. — The British again sent Muhammad Ali aid
after he had renewed his alliance, but his first campaign
proved very disastrous. He attempted to subdue Madura,
but failed ignominiously, and a large portion of his army
150 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
went over to the enemy, the sympathy of his own troops
being with Chanda Sahib.
The French (under Dupleix) began to mark their new
acquisitions with white flags quite close to Fort St.
David (the seat of the British Presidency after the loss
of Madras), and the sight of these flags excited mingled
feelings of fear and indignation. The ruin of the British
was involved in that of Muhammad Ali, and their only
safety was in supporting him to the utmost of their
power. " Influenced by such considerations, the British
awoke from their lethargy and resolved on action, still,
however, not as principals, but under their old disguise
of mercenaries or auxiliaries."
An expedition was sent against Volconda, in which
Muhammad Ali's troops and a small detachment of
British were seized with panic, and were defeated by
the French. Strange to say, the panic commenced with
the East India Company's battalion, and although their
officers — Clive;then a lieutenant, was amongst the number
—endeavoured to rally them, it was in vain, and the
army retreated to Trichinopoly, the only place of strength
now belonging to Muhammad Ali. The British at Fort
St. David were now fully committed to the war, but
Olive's clever capture of Arcot and other successful
operations, were the means of placing Muhammad Ali
in virtual possession as Nawab of a territory yielding
an annual revenue of £150,000. Before this the Nawab
did not possess any spot north of the Coleroon.
1752. — Chanda Sahib was put to death, and Muhammad
Ali, now freed from a rival in the Carnatic, became
Nawab in reality as well as in name.
Although Trichinopoly was not his — it belonged to
the Great Mogul — it was found that he had secretly
SOME COPPER COINS OF THE CARNATIC. 151
promised it to the Dalaway of Mysore, but the British
assisted him to evade this promise, although other
concessions of territory were made.
The French commenced to intrigue with the Nizam,
who first proclaimed himself Nawab, and then conferred
it on Chanda Sahib's son. Thus Muhammad Ali had
serious obstacles to contend with, and scarcely a chief
in the Carnatic voluntarily declared in his favour. The
British, however, still continued their support, and
determined to march into the Tanjore country. The
presence of the Nawab was thought desirable, but his
troops mutinied, and "the singular spectacle was seen
of two hundred Europeans, with fixed bayonets, escorting
the Nawab, in whose cause the Company had already
expended much blood and treasure, because his own
troops, so far from escorting him, were bent on commit-
ting an outrage on his person. A few days afterwards
the whole of these troops repaired in a body to the
British commander, and intimated their intention to
join the enemy. This intimation they accompanied
with the singular request that he would not fire upon
them while they were marching off. Glad to be quit of
them on any terms, he granted their request, and they
walked off unmolested " (Beveridge, op. cit., vol. i. p. 488).
The ascendency which the French had endeavoured
to establish in India, was completely overthrown by the
capture of Pondicherry in 1761. During the great
struggle nearly the whole burden had lain on the
shoulders of the British. "Mahomed Ali, in whose
cause they were ostensibly fighting, was unable to give
them any effectual aid. On the contrary, his pretensions
and intrigues often threw obstacles in their way, and
more than once involved them in quarrels from which
152 NUMISMATIC CHKONICLE.
they were afterwards unable to disentangle themselves
without suffering both in their interests and their
reputation. It is true that he was wholly in their power,
and could not act in any matter of the least importance
without their sanction or support ; but it was long before
either he or they were fully alive to the true position
in which they stood. At all events, they had so long
been accustomed to pay him all the external homage
due to sovereignty, that they did not venture to act
openly on any denial of it, and were often in consequence
betrayed into ludicrous inconsistencies. At one time
they addressed him as petitioners, and supplicated his
favour with mock humility ; at another time they threw
off all disguise, and rebuked him in the rudest terms for
presuming to act as if he possessed a particle of in-
dependence. The Nabob, who clung to his name
perhaps all the more tenaciously from having lost the
reality, was deep if not loud in his complaints of the
humiliations to which he was subjected, and surrounded
himself by a host of dependants, many of them European
adventurers, who played upon his weaknesses, and turned
them to profit, In this way misunderstandings were
constantly arising, and it required little sagacity to
foresee that sooner or later a rupture would take place,
and transfer the name as well as the reality of power to
the hands which were actually wielding it " (Beveridge,
op. cit., vol. ii. p. 207).
1763. — The war with France was concluded by the
Treaty of Paris in 1763, one of the clauses of which, was
the mutual obligation to " acknowledge Muhammad Ali
for lawful Nabob of the Carnatic," — a curious arrange-
ment, as the Nawab was nothing more than the sub-
deputy of the deputy of the Mogul, and it was necessary
SOME COPPER COINS OF THE CARNATIC. 153
for the title to be recognized by the superior. The
Nabob, listening to the sycophants who surrounded him,
was told that he was henceforth to regard himself as a
sovereign potentate, equal in rank to the greatest
monarchs in Europe, and of course infinitely superior
to all the governors of the Company, since they could
not deny that they were only subjects. It was a difficult
task, however, to turn this new dignity to account.
When the Company originally espoused his cause, they
stipulated that Madras and the adjoining territory was
to be held rent free, and the expenses of the war to be
defrayed from the rents collected in the Nawab's name.
After much opposition he was induced to hand over a
"jagheer" to the Company. He began to compel the
tributary states to pay their arrears of tribute. He
reduced Vellore after much opposition, and then
commenced a dispute with the Eajah of Tanjore, who
claimed that territory as an independent kingdom.
1767. — Muhammad Ali sent an agent to prosecute
his interests with the English Ministry to London, " as
he felt galled beyond measure at the control which the
Company exercised over all his movements," the agent
being bold enough to offer presents first to the Minister
and then to his Secretary.
1787. — Muhammad All agreed to four-fifths of his
revenues being paid to the Company as his proportion
in time of war; nine lacs as the expense of the civil and
military establishments, together with twelve lacs to his
creditors, were to be his payments in time of peace.
When the war with Tipu Sultan of Mysore commenced,
the arrears began to accumulate so rapidly as to leave
the Company no alternative but to take the management
entirely into their own hands. The Nawab, as usual,
154 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
strenuously opposed, and even threw obstacles in the way
of the Company's collectors.
1792. — Muhammad All made another treaty with the
Company, giving it the sole management of revenues in
time of war, and reserved the management to himself in
time of peace ; he was, however, to make an annual pay-
ment for the military establishment of the Company, and
to pay a fixed sum to his creditors.
1795.— Muhammad Ali died on October 13, 1795,
after a long and inglorious career. " Though understood
to have been in possession of considerable treasures, he
had early become the prey of usurers and sharpers. As
payments to the Company fell due, instead of emptying
his own coffers, he met them by raising usurious loans,
chiefly from the European residents, on the security of
the territorial revenues. In these loans the lenders
usually stipulated for the appointment of their own
managers, and thus the unhappy ryots were handed over
to the tender mercies of men whose only interest in the
soil was to wring from it the largest sum of money in
the shortest possible time. The effects were most
grievous oppression of the people, general impoverish-
ment, and consequent decay of revenue." When
Seringapatam was captured in 1799, documents were
found which seemed to establish a secret correspondence
between him and Tipu, for objects hostile to the interests
of the Company.
TJmdatuTiimara ("Pillar of Nobles"), the son of
Muhammad Ali, died on July 15, 1801, and Ali
Husain, the eldest son of the latter, was deposed by
the East India Company on July 19, 1801. Azim-ud-
daulah, another son of UmdatuTumara, delivered over
the government of the Carnatic to the English by
SOME COPPER COINS OF THE CAKNATIC. 155
treaty on July 19, 1819, when the family became
pensioners.
The independence of the Nawabs of the Carnatic was
more definite during the time of Muhammad Ali than
at any previous period, and, so far as I can gather, he
was the only Nawab to issue coins in his own name and
without reference to his nominal chief, the Nizam of
the Deccan. There was a certain amount of truth in
the statement made by his agent to the Prime Minister
in England, when endeavouring to get the Nawab's
grievances redressed, that " he (the Nawab) was the person
to whom Britain owed the rise of her power in India,"
and on this account, the copper coins issued by him
deserve notice. The coins referred to below are by no
means very common in the Carnatic ; in fact, they
represent all I was able to procure during a residence
of several years in that part of India. Captain Tufnell,
in his interesting book on the Coins of Southern India,
refers to one or two copper coins issued by this Nawab,
but as they are not figured I cannot say if they are the
same as those now depicted. I am not aware of any gold
or silver coins issued by Muhammad Ali. I had, how-
ever, in my collection a gold pagoda bearing on the
obverse a figure of Vishnu, as Venkatesvara, and his two
wives, and the Arabic letter f in the centre of a convex
granulated surface reverse, which coin, Marsden ascribes
to Muhammad Ali Nawab. My specimen I procured in
a remote village in the province of Mysore.
156 NUMISMATIC CHKONICLE.
COPPER COINS OF MUHAMMAD ALI (STYLED
WALA-JAH), 1166-1210 A.H. = 1752-1795 A.D.
Obv.— aU.^3 = Wala-jah.
I P , I (Jj*** <0w = Hijri year 1201 (= 1786
A.D.).
^ev. — r~C Ai-» u*$^»- *^GI *->j..o =;" struck at Arcot
in the 35th year of reign." Arcot was the
capital of Carnatic India. [PL V. 1.]
Obv.— dU.^3 = Wala-jah.
Rev. — Persian numerals, which may possibly be intended
for the year of his reign. [PI. V. 2-5.]
Obv.— aU^lj = Wala-jah.
Rev. — An attempt at the Tamil letter js (N) for
Nawab. [PI. V. 6.]
Obv.— ^[ly ] aU^ lj = Wala-jah Nawab.
. — Dots, and possibly his year of reign. [PI. V. 7.]
Obv. — olft^l^ = Wala-jah, within a lined circle.
Rev.— | r * 1 *r>V = Nawab 1206 (= 1791 A.D.), within
a ring of dots. [PI. V. 8.]
Obv.— ^Ij = Wala]
I = Wala-jah, in lined circle.
Rev. — oU* = Jah J [PI. y. 9.]
Obv. — c — the initial of Muhammad Ali, with crossed
lines.
Rev. — Persian numerals and the Sun and Moon, the
latter very common signs in the Carnatic, repre-
senting permanency of rule. [PI. V. 10-12.]
Obv. — Initial c (inverted) for Muhammad Ali. Initial
(J for Nawab.
Rev.— dUJ^tj = Wala-jah. [PI. V. 13.]
SOME COPPER COINS OF THE CARNATIC. 157
Obv.— | r . ^ oU.[*s)t3] = [Wala]-jah 1206 = 1791 A.D.
= Struck at Arcot. [PI. V. 14.]
Obv.— dU.^lj = Wala-jah.
Kev.— [ | | ] A r *^ = Year [11]83 = 1769 A.D.
[PI. V. 15.]
Obv.— aU.*^ = Wala-jah.
Eev. — Horse galloping to the r. [PI. V. 16.]
Obv. — S T'tjj = Nawab (?).
Eev.— oU.^ = Wala-jah. [PI. V. 17.]
Obv.— A rude attempt at " Wala-jah."
Eev.—[ | 1 1 vl A^ = Year 1176 = 1762 A.D.
[PI. V. 18.]
E. P. JACKSON.
VIII.
THE COINAGE OF BALAPUE.
(See Plate V.)
GREAT BALAPUR and Little Balapur are situated in the
Province of Mysore, and were at one time independent
states, but now form " taluks " of the Bangalore and
Kolar districts respectively. The following is a short
history of Great Balapur and Little Balapur, which are
about twelve miles distant from each other, extracted
from Hawkes' Coinage of Mysore, pp. 14, 15.
Great Balapur. — " About the year 1610, Shajee, being
then in the service of the King of Yijeapoor, was
provincial governor of his conquests in the Carnatic, and
resided much at Balapoor, Bangalore, and Colar. Great
Balapoor was afterwards the Jagheer of Eussool Khan,
the Soubedar of Seera, who in 1728 was superseded in
the command and killed by Tahir Khan. The Jagheer
was, however, continued to his son Abbas Coolie Khan,
who at the suggestion of his mother renounced his claim
to the office of Soubedar or Nabob of Seera, in favour of
Tahir Khan. Abbas Coolie Khan plundered the family
of Futteh Mahommed, the father of Hyder, who in order
to revenge himself for this insult to his ancestor, formed
a junction with Basult Jung many years afterwards
(1761 A.D.) and entered Balapoor, but Abbas Coolie
Khan effected his escape. In 1770 Madoo Eow took
THE COINAGE OF BALAPUE. 159
Great Balapoor, and the next year Hyder sent a strong
force by night from Bangalore to retake it, but, failing,
the troops were cut to pieces. In the treaty with the
Mahrattas in 1772 Great Balapoor remained in their
hands, but was retaken by Hyder in 1773. In 1791 the
Mahratta confederate of Lord Cornwallis threw a garrison
into the place, but was again ejected by Kummer-ood-
deen, Hyder's general."
Little Balapur. — "Little Balapoor was first rendered
nominally subject to Mysore by Canty Eeva Kaj about
the year 1704. After Hyder's capture of Great Balapoor
in 1761 he was most anxious to possess this little state
also. The place was at this time in the possession of
the former Polygar of Deonhully, who, on the reduction
of the latter fortress by Nunjeraj in 1749, had capitulated
on the condition of being allowed to retire to Little
Balapoor ; from that time he had been engaged in
incessant attempts to recover Deonhully. Hyder, there-
fore, laid siege to Little Balapoor in 1762, and reduced
it, but the Polygar escaping fled to Nundidroog, where
he was at last captured and sent to perpetual imprison-
ment in Coimbatore. In 1791 Little Balapoor surren-
dered without opposition to Lord Cornwallis, by whom
it was given in charge to the original Poly gars ; from
these, however, it was again taken by surprise soon after."
Hawkes gives the following list of coins issued by
these two small states : —
(1) Gold fanam, struck by Abbas Coolie Khan, which
bears the word " Balapoor " at full length in Hindustani
character.
(2) Gold fanam, said to have been struck by Hyder,
which bears on either side part of the word " Balapur "
in Hindustani characters.
160 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
(3) Gold fanam, bearing on one side the letters
" Bala," a contraction for " Balapoor," and on the other a
symbol not unlike that seen on the Mahratta coins.
Nos. 1 and 2 were issued in Great Balapur ; and No. 3
in Little Balapur.
With regard to the reverse of No. 3, Captain E. IL C.
Tufnell, in his article " On a Collection of South Indian
Coins," contributed to the Journal of the Asiatic Society
of Bengal in 1886, was of opinion that the figure which
Hawkes likened to the device on the early Mahratta coins,
was merely a perversion of the word Muhammad (j^s*..*).
Captain Tufnell was correct, as the inscription on the
three specimens in my collection is quite clear : —
Obv. — dl£ jk<,.=^^ = Muhammad Shah.
Bev.—jjJ*^! (in full) = Balapur. [PL V. 19.]
Another Balapur fanam, with inscriptions similar to
No. 1, but much smaller and thicker, is illustrated in
PI, V. 20.
Muhammad Shah was the name of the Mughal
Emperor who reigned at Delhi from 1718 to 1748.
There are two specimens in my collection of the gold
fanam issued at Balapur in the name of Alamgir II,
Emperor of Delhi, 1753 to 1761.
Obv.— ^315 jXoHc- = Alamgir II.
Rev.— j^l/ - Balapur. [PI. V. 21.]
The other has the same inscription on the reverse, and
with a name on the obverse which I have been unable
to read. [PI. V. 22.] It may have been one of Hyder's
issues — the 9- being his initial.
Gold Balapur Fanam.
Obv. — dlw jt.<>.=»»..o = Muhammad Shah.
Rev.— Part of the word " Balapur." [PL V. 23.]
THE COINAGE OF BALAPUK. 161
Chittledroog, Nundydroog, Deonhully, Ooscotta, Colar
Bedenore, Coonghul, Coodeconda, Culian Droog, Sava-
noor, Harponhully, Gooroomconda, Gooti, and Chen-
dragherry, as well as the two Balapurs, had their own
gold coinage, either fanams or pagodas, or both, before
Hyder established his supremacy. All these states at
one time formed part of the Vijayanagar kingdom until
1565, when its power was shattered at the decisive Battle
of Talikota, by a combination of the armies of the
four Muhammadan principalities of the Deccan. The
Muhammadan conquerors issued their gold coins in the
name of the Delhi sovereign, but none of these
states appear to have issued a copper coinage. Hawkes
mentions that Chittledroog issued cash, but these could
not have been very numerous, as they are seldom seen
in that place. I have not been able to find any reference
to a copper coinage of Balapur in any contribution on
Southern India coins, but in August, 1892, I visited
Great Balapur at the suggestion of Dr. Hultzsch of the
Archaeological Survey Department, and whilst encamped
at the village one of the residents brought to me a bag
containing thirty-two copper coins of Balapur, which I
purchased of him. All the coins bore traces of having
been in constant circulation, and appear to have been
issued in the name of Muhammad Shah, Emperor of Delhi.
Although I have travelled over the greater portion of
the Mysore Province hunting for coins, these were the
only Balapur copper coins I met with. I could not find
any specimens amongst the Southern Indian Collections
at the British Museum, and was thus able to present two
specimens to that institution. It will be noticed that
the inscriptions on these copper issues are very similar
to those on the gold fanams issued in the name of
VOL. X., SERIES IV. M
162 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Muhammad Shah. Only fragments of the legend on
the obverse appear on single coins ; the full legend,
after comparing several, is —
*a».<o = Muhammad Shah, Emperor.
= " struck at Balapur."
[PL V. 24-34.]
The fact that these copper coins have not been more
frequently encountered, would lead one to conclude that
copper was given a trial in this state, and that it was
withdrawn out of deference to popular prejudice, which
was apt to regard with suspicion any new form of coin.
No silver coins were issued by these small states, and
there was no need for them, owing to the small value
of the gold fanam — forty-two fananis being equal to one
pagoda, which was worth three and a half rupees. For
petty transactions cowries (the Cyproea moneta) were
made use of, eighty of which were equal to one fanam ;
so the necessity for copper coins was not apparent.
Hyder's son, Tipu Sultan, was the first to introduce
silver coins into the Mysore Province. In the small
independent states before Hyder's usurpation (1761-1782)
the currency was thus limited to gold and shells.
E. P. JACKSON.
IX.
ASPECTS OF DEATH, AND THEIE EFFECTS
ON THE LIVING, AS ILLUSTRATED BY
MINOR WORKS OF ART, ESPECIALLY
MEDALS, ENGRAVED GEMS, JEWELS, &c.
(Continued from p. 96.)
PART IV.
ENGRAVED GEMS, FINGER-RINGS, JEWELS, &C., RELATING
TO DEATH AND THE VARIOUS ASPECTS OF OR ATTI-
TUDES TOWARDS DEATH.
THERE seem to be no antique gems engraved with
-devices which, could make one suppose that they had
served the purpose of memorial tokens of deceased friends
or relatives, analagous to the memorial finger-rings of
relatively modern times, to be described later on. No
" parting scenes " occur on gems, such as are found on
some beautiful Greek sepulchral marbles, reminding one
of the famous lines of Lucretius, commencing —
" Jam jam non domus accipiet te laeta neque uxor
Optima, nee dulces occurrent oscula nati
Praeripere et tacita pectus dulcedine tangent ; "
of Horace's—
" Linquenda tellus et domus et placens
Uxor neque harum quas colis arborum
Te praeter invisas cupressos
Ulla brevem dominum sequetur."
M 2
164
NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
There are, however, various engraved gems of early
and later Koman times which may be supposed to
have in a kind of way served a memento mori purpose.
Thus C. W. King figures a late Koman sard intaglio
(once the property of Murat),74 on which a winged Cupid-
like figure (a kind of " genius of death," like that found
011 Eoman sarcophagi) is represented {Fig. 34) holding a
torch downwards (an " inverted " torch). He also figures
a peridot intaglio of Eoman Empire style,75 on which
Charon in his boat receives a soul from Mercury (that
FIG. 34. — A genius of
death. (After King.)
FIG. 35. — Charon in his boat, receiving
a soul from Mercury. (After King.)
is to say, the Greek Hermes, in his character of psycho-
pompos," see later on) (Fig. 35). Several Koman gems
(intagli) are engraved with figures of skeletons (" larvae "
or " shades "). Some at least of these designs seem to
suggest the popular conception of Epicurean advice,
74 C. W. King, Handbook of Engraved Gems, London, Second Edition,
1885, PL xliii. No. 2. In regard to the representation of a "genius"
of sleep, with or without wings, on Roman tombs, see G. E. Lessing's
famous controversial essay, Wie die Alien den Tod gebildet (1769).
75 King, loc. cit., PL lii. No. 6. A so-called " gryllus " of human faces
combined with a death's head might also be mentioned here, but the
significance of the device is uncertain, though Venuti and Borioni
(1763), who figured it, thought it was meant to represent the ages of
human life.
ASPECTS OF DEATH. 165
namely, to seek pleasure, to eat, drink, and enjoy life
to-day, since death may come to-morrow.76 Thus, an
occasional subject (Fig. 36) is a skeleton with a large
FIG. 36. — The skeleton and wine-jar type. (After King.)
wine-jar (amphora) 77 or two skeletons with a wine-jar
between them.
76 Cf. Horace's ode—
" Hue vina et unguenta et nimium brevis
Flores amoenae ferre jube rosae,
Dum res et aetas et sororum
Fila trium patiuntur atra ; "
and similar passages already quoted, and likewise the well-known
students' song ( ? of the eighteenth century) —
" Gaudeamus igitur, juvenes dum sumus,
Post jucundam juventutem,
Post molestam senectutem,
Nos habebit humus."
This portion, at least, of the words of the famous students' song is
older than J. M. Usteri's (1793)—
" Freut euch des Lebens,
Weil noch das Lampchen gltiht ;
Pfliicket die Rose,
Eh sie verbliiht."
77 C. W. King, in 1869 (Horatii Opera, illustrated from Antique Gems,
p. 431), described the device on a gem of this kind as follows : " Skeleton,
the received mode of depicting a larva, or ghost, leaning pensively
against an amphora, and holding out the lecythus, oil-flask, that indis-
pensable accompaniment of every Grecian burial. These two vessels
held the wine and oil, the libations poured upon the funeral pile." But
in the second edition of his Handbook of Engraved Gems, 1885 (p. 226),
he describes the same device (i.e. the device on the identical gem) as an
Epicurean device : " Larva, ghost, leaning upon a tall wine-jar, and
166 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
On one gem a skeleton is seen emerging from an urn,
by the side of which some armour is piled, and plucking
a branch from a palm-tree (Fig. 37). C. W. King 78
alludes to this device as "a speaking allegory of the
reaping of posthumous fame." It may, perhaps, be held
to express the emptiness of posthumous fame, and to
illustrate the lines of Persius (Sat. 5, line 229, Dryden's
FIG. 37. — Allegory of posthumous fame. (After King.)
translation) : " Live while thou liv'st ; for death will make
us all a name, a nothing but an old wife's tale." It is,
holding forth an unguentarium : an Epicurean hint to enjoy life whilst
one can." In connexion with the skeleton and wine-jar devices on
engraved gems, it is interesting to note that a figure of a skeleton in the
posture of a drunken or dancing man occurs on a Hellenistic vase in
the Schliemann Collection of the Ethnographical Museum at Berlin.
The vase is illustrated in E. Hollander's Die Karikatur und Satire in
dcr Medicin, Stuttgart, 1905. This brings one to the uncertain subject
of the meaning of dancing skeletons in Roman times. On a sculptured
sarcophagus, found in 1810 near the site of Cumae, three such dancing
skeletons were represented, and skeletons in similar attitudes have been
described on a Roman lamp and on a painting at Pompeii (F. Douce).
A dancing skeleton on an antique gem will be referred to later on.
Perhaps such devices were intended to imply that what happened after
death was by no means necessarily unpleasant. Possibly there was
some superstitious significance connected with the representation of
dancing skeletons ; for instance, a protective influence against malevolent
spirits may have been attributed to the devices in question.
78 Handbook of Engraved Gems, edition of 1835, p. 217.
ASPECTS OF DEATH. 167
however, not quite certain that any " Epicurean " sug-
gestion was implied by the device. On the contrary, as
expressing the vanity of posthumous fame, the gem may
possibly have belonged to a Koman philosopher of the
type of Marcus Aurelius, who "made it a special object
of mental discipline, by continually meditating on death,
and evoking, by an effort of the imagination, whole
societies that had passed away, to acquire a realized
sense of the vanity of posthumous fame." 79
Another gem 80 represents Cupid throwing the light of
a torch into a large vessel (crater), from which issue a
FIG. 38. — Cupid dislodging a skeleton. (After King.)
skeleton and a laurel-branch (Fig. 38). This device
may signify the driving out of an evil spirit (i.e. one of
the Larvae, as opposed to the Lares) by Love, or it may
79 See Lecky's History of European Morals, edition of 1905, vol. i.
p. 186. Lecky says (loc. cit.t p. 185) that the desire for reputation,
especially for posthumous reputation, " assumed an extraordinary pro-
minence among the springs of Itoman heroism."
80 C. W. King, Handbook of Engraved Gems, edition of 1885, PI. Ixxv.
No. 3. In the first edition of the Handbook (Bohn's Illustrated
Library, 1866, p. 364) King says that on this gem it is clear that the
skeleton represents a ghost — Ovid's " ossea larva," and Seneca's " larva-
rum nudis ossibus cohaerentium figuras." Larva, he says, was the
name given to the shades of the wicked ; those of the good, on the
contrary, became Lares, or domestic deities. But even amongst the
Romans themselves there was probably some confusion in regard to the
terms Larvae and Lemures.
168 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
have been meant to convey the " Epicurean " hint that
gloomy thoughts might be expelled by the aid of the
light of Love.
A few gem-designs of this period seem to suggest the
possibility of the survival of the soul (Psyche) after death.
Certain terminal Hellenistic bearded heads (in the style
of a so-called " Hermes " or " Terminus ") engraved in
profile with butterfly wings above the ear have often
FIG. 39.— So-called head of Plato. (After King.)
been described as portraits of Plato 81 (Fig. 39). This
explanation was apparently due to Winckelmann,82 who
regarded the butterfly's wings as an allusion to Plato's
argument for the immortality of the soul. Furtwangler 83
speaks of all such heads as representing Hypnos, the
Greek god or personification of sleep, who on a fine
bronze head of the fourth century B.C. (from Civitella
81 C. W. King, Handbook of Engraved Gems, edition of 1885, PL Ixix.
No. 3 ; A. H. Smith's Catalogue of Engraved Gems in the British
Museum, 1888, PL i. No. 1512. Similar heads are figured by A. Furt-
wangler amongst Hellenistic and early Koman intagli. See Furtwangler,
Die antiken Gemmen, Leipzig, 1900, vol. i. PL xxvi. Nos. 41, 42, and
PL xxx. Nos. 24-26. Below the bust on one of those pictured on
PL xxx. (No. 24) is a caduceus (KrjpvKtiov of Hermes), thus bringing the
gem in question into connexion with the Greek Hermes-busts.
'2 Winckelmann, quoted by A. H. Smith, loc. cit., p. 170. On an
antique gem at Paris, evidently representing portraits of Socrates and
Plato facing, that of Plato is without the wings. See King, Handbook
of Engraved Gems, edition of 1885, PL xlix. No. 2.
s3 A. Furtwangler, loc. cit., vol. iii. pp. 209, 292.
ASPECTS OF DEATH.
169
PIG. 40.—
Philosopher
reading from
a scroll, with
a skull and
butterfly on
a scrinium
before him.
(After Furt-
wangler.)
d'Arno, near Perugia), now in the British Museum, is
represented beardless 84 and youthful, with the wings of
a night-hawk attached to his temples (the wing on the
left side has been broken off). An almost
certain and unmistakable allusion to the
doctrine of the immortality of the soul is,
however, furnished by an early Eoman in-
taglio (Fig. 40) representing a bearded
man (philosopher) seated, reading from a
scroll; on the scrinium before him is a
human skull (emblem of the mortality of
the body), and above it a butterfly, the
symbol of Psyche, or the human soul.85
The butterfly was, indeed, as Furtwangler has pointed
out, employed at a still earlier period to indicate the
84 There is a marble statue of Hypnos at Madrid and a bronze statuette
at Vienna. A youthful beardless figure of Sleep, with butterfly wings
on his back, and with horns (containing balm ?) in his hands, occurs also
on gems, if C. W. King's interpretation is correct (Antique Gems, 1872,
PI. xxxvi. No. 1, and Handbook, 1885, PI. Ixxvi. No. 3). On an
engraved gem, figured by A. Furtwangler (loc. cit., vol. i. PI. xxx.
No. 53), Hypnos is represented as a bearded figure (King has
described this figure as Death — cf. footnote 95 in regard to the possible
confusion of representations of Death with representations of Sleep)
with wings on his back, coming to the relief of the tired Heracles ; and
on two other antique gems (Furtwangler, loc. cit., vol. i. PL xviii. No.
28, and PI. xxxvi. No. 20) he is represented in the same form, but behind
the figure, not of Heracles, but of a sleepy or sleeping woman. The
supposed thunderbolts on a gem of this type (King, Handbook of
Engraved Gems, edition of 1885, PI. Ixxv. No. 4), which, according to
Furtwangler, are really ants, made King describe it as representing
"Jupiter descending in a shower of thunderbolts upon the dying
Semele." The early and archaistic representation of Hypnos with a
beard may be compared with that of Hermes in the early and archaistic
bearded types, so different from the figures of the Koman Mercury. It
is, of course, quite natural that male figures should be more frequently
represented with a beard in archaic (and therefore also archaistic) than
in later art.
85 Furtwangler, loc. cit., vol. i. PI. xxx. No. 45. This type was more
probably intended to represent Pythagoras than Plato.
170 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
soul, and Furtwangler figures an Etruscan scarabaeus of
the fifth century B.C. (to which I shall again refer), on
which Hermes, in his character of ^Vvyayuyfa, is repre-
sented with a butterfly on his right shoulder.86
At any rate, Psyche herself is frequently accompanied
or symbolized by a butterfly on Eoman gems, and a
butterfly as the symbol of Psyche is often associated
with a figure of Cupid. Sometimes a Cupid is repre-
sented burning a butterfly with a torch or at a flaming
altar, or the butterfly is represented burning itself over,
a torch or flaming altar.87 It seems as if the butterfly
on Eoman gems, though often symbolical of the immor-
tality of the soul (freed from its chrysalis-like imprison-
ment in the body), yet may sometimes signify sexual
love or the consuming passion of love, as if Psyche were
merely a kind of "female Cupid."
I am inclined to think that the latter explanation is
occasionally the correct one, though in some cases both
explanations are possible. Thus, on a gem figured by
Furtwangler,88 a skull is depicted with a
butterfly above it (Fig. 41). This may be
taken as an emblematical representation
of mortality (the skull) and immortality
FIG 4i.-Skuii (the butterfly), that is to say, of the sur-
with butter- v J /} J)
fly above it. vival of the soul (the butterfly) after
(After Furt- i ,1 /,,! in\ i -n •
wtingier.) death (the skull), or else as an Ji/picurean
hint contrasting love (the butterfly) with
death (the skull), just as on the gems previously
mentioned the wine-jar and the Cupid were contrasted
86 For other early instances of the butterfly being used as a symbol
of the soul, see Furtwilngler, loc. cit., vol. iii. pp. 202, 203.
s7 Catalogue of Gems in the British Museum, 1888, Nos. 832, 833.
88 A. Furtwangler, loc. cit., vol. i. PI. xxix. No. 48.
ASPECTS OF DEATH. 171
with the skeleton. Possibly the choice of interpreta-
tions was intentionally offered by the engraver of the
device. On another intaglio the upright figure of a
skeleton is accompanied by the following symbols — a
wine-jar, a wreath, a ball, and a butterfly. This device
may be intended to represent the instability of human
life (the ball), and to contrast temporary sensual enjoy-
ment (the wine-jar and the wreath) with the immortality
of the soul (the butterfly) after death (the skeleton), but
is much more probably intended to convey the Epicurean
advice that since human life is uncertain and fleeting
(the ball), and since after death (the skeleton) no pleasure
is possible, it is better to lose no opportunity of enjoying
wine and feasting (the wine-jar and wreath) and love
(the butterfly). Furtwangler refers likewise to a gem 89
representing a skeleton and a butterfly with a torch
below the latter, and thinks that this device is meant
to signify that the soul also is perishable. As I have
already stated, I think that the burning butterfly on
Eoman engraved gems may be emblematical of sexual
love, in which case the device in question would closely
resemble the Epicurean devices already referred to, but
it may indeed be an illusion to views current at the
period, that the soul is no more immortal than the body,
that, as Lucretius in his great didactic poem, De Eerum
Naturd, endeavoured to teach, it perishes with the body.
It is, however, quite likely that amongst the Komans
the idea of love (i.e. sexual love) was often blended with
89 Furtwangler, loc. cit., vol. iii. p. 297. This gem (a carnelian
intaglio) is depicted in an absurdly magnified form by E.. Venuti and
Borioni (Collect. Antiq. Roman., Rome, 1736, PL Ixxx.). Amongst the
various symbols associated with the skeleton, in addition to the skull
and butterfly, is a wheel, evidently referring to the uncertainty and
fleeting nature of human life.
172 NUMISMATIC CHKONICLE.
the idea of the human soul, whether the latter was
regarded as mortal or immortal. It appears, then, natural
that Psyche (or her butterfly) should be employed as a
symbol both of sexual love and of the soul, though the
soul was doubtless regarded by some as mortal and by
others as immortal.
The story of Cupid and Psyche was adopted by the
early Christians as typifying the purification of the soul,
just as that of Orpheus charming the wild beasts was
regarded as symbolic of Christ.
In regard to the doctrines of metempsychosis and
the question of a spiritual existence independent of
bodily life, I shall for convenience here refer to a
Graeco-Scythian gold finger-ring (about the first century
B.C.) found in the tomb of a woman at Kertch (the
ancient Panticapaeum), and presented by Dr. C. W.
Siemens to the Ashmolean Museum at Oxford. Accord-
ing to the description exhibited in the
Museum, the facing head engraved in in-
taglio on the bezel represents the Oriental
moon-god (Deus Lunus of later Kome),
and the figure of the bee above the head
FIG. 42.— From
a Gracco- is the symbol of the moon as the abode
Scythian gold „ . . -„. _.
finger-ring. oi spirits (rig. 42). In the old Persian
religion (according to the same account)
the moon represents the cosmic bull from whose carcase
bees, typical of the vital principle in souls, swarmed to
earth.90 Thus, in Mithraism the moon itself came to
110 Compare Virgil's description (Oeorg., iv.) of a method, said to have
been practised in Egypt, of raising a stock of bees from the putrefying
carcase of a steer. Compare also the story of Samson and the swarm
of bees in the lion's carcase (Judges, ch. xiv. ver. 8). In reference to
Virgil's mistaken belief, Mr. S. G. Shattock has drawn attention to the
ASPECTS OF DEATH. 173
be known as the Bee (cf. Porphyrius, De Antro
Nympharum). For permission to illustrate the ring in
question I am indebted to Mr. D. G. Hogarth, Keeper
of the Ashmolean Museum, who kindly sent me an
impression.
There are several antique gem-types to which we
must still allude. In the first place, Hermes has some-
times been represented on early intagli in the exercise
of his functions as ^UXOTTO/ITTOC (vtKpay oryoc?
etc.), the conductor of the shade (et^wXov) or soul
FIG. 43. — Hermes Psych opompos. FIG. 44. — Hermes with butterfly
(After Furtwangler.) on right shoulder. (After Furt-
wangler.)
of the deceased from the upper to the lower world.
Particularly interesting is an Etruscan sardonyx scara-
baeus,91 on which (Fig. 43) Hermes is seen standing
with petasos slung at the back of his neck, holding a
diminutive human figure (evidently intended to signify
a human soul or shade) on his left arm, whilst in his
right hand is the kerykeion (caduceus) ; the Acheruntian
water of the nether world is indicated at his feet on the
right. A quite similar device occurs on a carnelian
Etruscan scarabaeus of older style,92 but the water is
striking resemblance to bees and wasps (mimicry) observed in certain
species of the family Syrphidae, the maggots of which are found in
decaying matter. J. H. and A. B. Comstock (A Manual for the Study
of Insects, p. 471) say that a common representative of this family,
Eristalis tenax (the "Drone-fly"), is often mistaken for a male
honey-bee.
91 Furtwangler, Die antiken Gemmen, vol. i. PI. xviii. No. 12.
92 Furtwangler, loc. cit., vol. i. PI. xvi. No. 54.
174 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
not indicated as it is on the last-mentioned one. On
an Etruscan scarabaeus93 of the fifth century B.C., Hermes,
holding his kerykeion, is represented with a butterfly
on his right shoulder (Fig. 44) ; and Furtwangler points
out how interesting it is to find that at that early period
already the butterfly was employed as a symbol of the
human soul or Psyche.94
It is noteworthy that the Etruscan " Charun," armed
with his long hammer, seems never to occur on Etruscan
gems, nor (it is supposed) on Etruscan mirrors. From
the representations on the mural paintings of Etruscan
tombs, on Etruscan sarcophagi, on painted vases, &c.,
we know that he was imagined as the inflexible and
brutal-looking messenger of Death, who conducted the
soul or shade (a^wAoy of the Greeks, probably the
"hinthial" of the Etruscans) of the deceased to
the lower world. He corresponds more to the Hermes
Psychopompos than to the Charon of the Greeks, and
was evidently supposed to be in attendance in order to
separate the soul from the body (this is probably why
he holds the long formidable-looking hammer or hammer-
like instrument) at the moment of death, like Azrael,
the Jewish and Mohammedan " Angel of Death." The
winged bearded deity appearing to fatigued Heracles, on
an early antique intaglio, which was supposed by C. W.
King to be a Charun-like representation of Death, is
regarded by Furtwangler as Hypnos, the personification
of Sleep.95
113 Furtwangler, loc. cit., vol. i. PI. xviii. No. 22.
111 For other early instances of the butterfly being used as a symbol of
the soul, see Furtwangler, loc. cit., vol. iii. pp. 202, 203.
1)5 See Furtwangler, loc. cit., vol. i. PI. xxx. No. 53. It is hardly
surprising that in the interpretation of symbolic representations in
ancient art there should have been occasional confusion between Death
ASPECTS OF DEATH. 175
In Etruscan death-scenes the Etruscan Charun is
sionally represented (see Fig. 45) accompanied by
various Gorgon-like or Fury-like demons, sometimes
lolding snakes in their hands, including "Vanth,"
>robably the Greek Thanatos (GaWroe).96 A somewhat
FIG. 45. — An Etruscan " parting scene " with the Etruscan " Charun "
holding hammer and a winged demon holding snakes. From a
painted vase (after Dennis).
similar winged Gorgon or Fury (but with four wings),
holding a serpent in each hand, is represented on an
itique gem figured by 0. W. King.97 Here we may
refer to a carnelian scarab (in Berlin), figured by
Furtwangler,98 representing a winged figure bending
forwards, holding an urn in both hands and apparently
and Sleep, " twin-brothers " as Homer calls them, when they carry off
the hody of Sarpedon, slain by Patroclus, to Lycia — Iliad, book xvi.
line 671 — ne^UTre 8e jj.iv iro^Ttolffiv a/j.a Kpaiirvolffi (pepeffGcu, "Yirvcp Kal Qaj/dry
ocni'. Sleeping is, in a sense, "living without life," and dying
luring sleep has been poetically alluded to by the poet-laureate, Thomas
Warton the younger, as dying without death — " sic sine morte mori."
See also footnotes 74 and 84 in representations of Death and Sleep.
96 See G. Dennis, Cities and Cemeteries of Etruria, London, 3rd
edition, 1883.
97 C. W. King, Handbook of Engraved Gems, 2nd edition, 1885,
PI. xlv. No. 6.
98 Furtwangler, loc. cit., vol. i. PI. xix. No. 68.
176 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
about to lay it down (Fig. 46). Furtwangler suggests
that this winged figure may represent the demon
" Thanatos."
Certain representations of Hermes on antique gems
are thought by Furtwangler " to relate to Pythagorean
and Orphic 10° doctrines of a transmigration of souls
(metempsychosis), doctrines probably originally derived
from India and the East. Thus, on a carnelian Etruscan
scarabaeus 101 (Fig. 47), Hermes with his kerykeion
FIG. 46.— Winged figure holding FIG. 47.— Hermes summoning a
urn. (After Furtwangler.) soul from the lower world.
(After Furtwangler.)
(caduceus) seems to be summoning a soul from the
earth (or rather, from the lower world). On another
Etruscan scarabaeus (of calcedony),102 Hermes seems to
be calling up a soul from a large jar (pithos) ; a bearded
head is seen emerging from the jar, which is perhaps
intended to represent an exit from the lower world
(Fig. 48). Furtwangler likewise figures several early
Italian intagli,103 on which Hermes (mostly with his
99 Furtwangler, loc. cit., vol. iii. pp. 202, 255 et seq.
100 In regard to the Orphic doctrines of an existence after death, see
especially the account of Orphic inscribed tablets of thin gold, found in
tombs of Lower Italy, &c., in Miss J. E. Harrison's Prolegomena to the
Study of Greek Religion, 2nd edition, Cambridge, 1908, pp. 572 et seq.,
and the Critical Appendix by Mr. G. Murray.
101 Furtwangler, loc. cit., vol. i. PL xviii. No. 55.
102 Furtwangler, loc. cit., vol. i. PI. xx. No. 32.
103 Furtwangler, loc. cit., vol. i. PL xxi. Nos. 64-72. C. W. King
(Handbook of Engraved Gems, edition of 1885, PL Ixxv. No. 1) describes
a similar gem-type as : " Mercury, by the magic power of his caduceus,
drawing up a soul from the Shades."
ASPECTS OF DEATH. 177
kerykeion) is represented " raising " souls or spirits out
of the earth, the soul or spirit being indicated by a
human head (Fig. 49), or by a head and upper portion of
FIG. 48. — Hermes calling up a FIG. 49. — Hermes raising a soul
soul. (After Furtwangler.) (After Furtwangler.)
the body. On two Etruscan scarabs,104 Hermes appears
to be placing a human head on the body of a swan or
bird of some kind (Figs. 50 and 51). Furtwangler
FIG. 50. — Hermes placing a FIG. 51. — Hermes placing a
human head on the body of human head on the body of
a bird. (After Furtwangler.) a bird. (After Furtwangler.)
thinks that these gems do not refer to mere magic or so-
called "necromancy" (veKpojuavrtta), that is to say, the
magical invocation or " raising " of ghosts or shades of
the dead (for the purpose of obtaining information about
the future), as believed in by the credulous of many ages
and many countries. He supposes that the idea of
metempsychosis is indicated,105 and that Hermes is
represented calling up souls from Hades that they may
live again on earth.
A peacock, thought by Furtwangler to signify ever-
lasting life, occurs not rarely on Eoman intagli. It is
10* Furtwangler, loc. cit., vol. i. PI. xix. Nos. 49, 50.
105 Furtwangler, loc. cit., vol. iii. pp. 254, 262.
VOL. X., SERIES IV. N
178 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
represented alone or together with other birds; some-
times at a fountain or basin of water, or with a thyrsus.106
It may be accompanied by a butterfly,107 or may be
apparently standing on a butterfly ; 108 and in one case a
peacock, a "hermes" of Priapus, and a butterfly are all
represented on the same gem.109 I have already pointed
out that on some Eoman gems the butterfly, especially
the burning butterfly, appears rather to be an emblem of
sexual love than an emblem of the soul, as if Psyche her-
self were regarded as merely a kind of " female Cupid."
It seems as if in many Eoman minds ideas of love (sexual
love), the human soul, and immortality, were closely
united.
In Imperial Koman times the peacock, as the special
" bird of Juno," was sometimes placed on the reverse of
coins of the " consecratio " kind, commemorating the
" deification " or " immortality " of an Empress, just as the
eagle, the special bird of Jupiter, was placed on similar
("consecratio") coins commemorating the deification of
an Emperor. By the early Christians the peacock was
adopted as a symbol of immortality, because it renews its
tail-feathers every year, or for some imaginary reason
We may here for convenience mention the numerous
Koinan Imperial coins with reverse types symbolic of
" aeternitas." Eternity was represented in various ways :
often by a veiled figure, standing, holding the heads of
the Sun and the Moon in her hands, with an altar at her
feet ; by a figure of Ceres in a chariot ; &c. The phoenix,
io.i Furtwangler, loc. cit., vol. i. PI. xxix. Nos. 57 (with thyrsus),
60 ; PI. Ixiv. Nos. 51, 52.
): Furtwangler, loc. cit., vol. i. PI. xxix. No. 55.
18 Furtwangler, loc. cit., vol. i. PI. xxix. No. 61.
109 Furtwangler, loc. cit., vol. i. PI. xxiv. No. 59.
ASPECTS OF DEATH.
179
as a symbol of eternity, appears on pieces of Constantine
the Great and his children; and, needless to say, this
fabulous bird has been much employed in Christian
countries as an emblem of the resurrection.
A. F. Gori no figures an antique gem (see Fig. 52), on
which is engraved a man (countryman, peasant ?) seated
on a stone, with his right foot resting on a globe ; he is
piping on a double flute, and before him a skeleton dances
grotesquely. Is this device meant to signify that the
FIG. 52.— Skeleton in dancing attitude before a man seated piping.
(After Gori.)
idea of death is not unpleasant or terrifying to the poor
peasant, whose life in the country may be supposed to be
a quiet and natural one, and who is therefore thought to
be able, calmly, without anxiety, to meditate on and be
ready for death ; or does the skeleton signify the inmost
part or essence of the man, namely, his innocent mind or
soul, "dancing" in harmony with Nature's best music,
110 Gori, Museum Florentinum, Florence, 1731, vol. i. PI. 91, No. 3.
N2
180 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
the music of a pure and happy life? On the whole,
however, I think the skeleton was more probably meant
to represent a malevolent ghost or spirit (one of the
" larvae," an " ossea larva " of Ovid), and the device of
the piping man was intended to show that any one lead-
ing a natural life with innocent pleasures had no occasion
to fear the apparition or malignant interference of ghosts
or evil spirits. On the other hand, a contrast was possibly
intended, the man being represented unaware or unmind-
ful of some threatening danger or disaster, connected
with the appearance of the skeleton. All this is, after
all, mere fancy, and I do not know any certain interpre-
tation of the gem, which may also have been used as an
amulet supposed by some talisnianic virtue to protect the
bearer.
Furtwangler m figures some early Italian and Eoman
intagli representing one or two peasants (rustics) stand-
ing by a skull, on which there is sometimes a butterfly.
It is possible that this type refers to the calm meditation
supposed to be associated with a country life.
In this connexion one should, however, note the exist-
ence of many gems representing one or more persons
looking at a human head. Superficially some of them
resemble those just mentioned (representing a man
standing by a human skull), but on several of them the
head is evidently speaking or prophesying (sometimes
the mouth is open), and a man is writing down the
(prophetic?) words uttered. Furtwangler112 figures
11 Furtwangler, loc. tit., vol. iii. p. 252 ; and vol. i. PI. xxii. Nos. 12,
15 ; and PI. xxx. Nos. 46-48. Needless to say, the word " Italian" is
not usually employed in England in the sense in which Furtwangler
uses it in his description of antique gems.
112 Furtwangler, loc. tit., vol. iii. pp. 245-252 ; and vol. i. PL xxii.
ASPECTS OF DEATH. 181
several such gems, one of them an Etruscan scarabaeus
of the finest style, the others early Italian intagli of the
kind immediately succeeding the Etruscan scarabaeus.
He thinks that the type may relate to Orpheus legends.
C. W. King described a gem of the kind as representing
an Etruscan sorcerer raising a ghost in order to give
responses to those consulting him. On the gems on
which two or more persons are looking at (and listening
to) the head, one of them has a stick or wand in his
hand, and either points out the head to the others and
explains what it is saying, or else is a magician who has
"raised" the head from the infernal regions so that it
may reveal the future to his clients (ordinary necromancy,
In regard to superstitions connected with death and
the idea of a future existence, we may here mention that
there are several antique gems which have been supposed
to represent human sacrifices, but it is generally difficult
to be sure that such gems are not merely representations
of mythological incidents.113
One may here also refer to the numerous ancient
Egyptian amulets, not rarely cut in gem-stones, that
have been found with mummies. They were placed
either on the mummified body itself or between the
mummy swathings, and were intended to help the
deceased in his future existence. Amongst the amulets
(dating from early Egyptian civilization to Ptolemaic
times) of this class exhibited in the British Museum
are : scarabs, or beetles, representing new life and
Nos. 1-9, 13, 14 (all in early Italian style immediately succeeding the
Etruscan scarabaeus) ; and PL Ixi. No. 51 (an Etruscan scarabaeus of
the finest style).
113 See Furtwangler, loc. cit., vol. iii. pp. 229, 260.
182 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
resurrection; heart-amulets to protect the heart (to the
protection of which chapters xxvii.-xxx.B of the Book
of the Dead are devoted); the serpent's head, protecting
its wearer against the attacks of worms and snakes in the
tomb ; the human-headed hawk, assuring to the deceased
the power of uniting his body, soul and spirit, at will ;
the ladder, representing the ladder by which Osiris
ascended from earth to heaven ; the two-finger amulet
representing the fingers (index and middle fingers) which
Horus used when he helped his father Osiris up the ladder
which reached from earth to heaven ; the steps, symbolic
of the throne of Osiris, and obtaining for the wearer
exaltation to and in heaven; the buckle or "girdle of
Isis ; " the pillow or head-rest (usually made of haema-
tite) ; the papyrus sceptre ; &c.
In this connexion also the subject of " Charon's
money " may be alluded to. In Ancient Greece a small
coin, such as an obolus or " danace," was placed between
the teeth of a corpse ; it was intended to serve as a charm
(see ADDENDUM) or as Charon's fee for ferrying the
shade of the departed across the rivers of the lower
world. Certain very thin circular embossed plates of
gold ("gold bracteates" of modern numismatists) were
likewise buried with corpses, doubtless to serve a similar
purpose, or in some way to help the deceased in his
future life in the world below. I had two such gold
" bracteates " in my collection, one with a simple rosette
pattern, the other with a figure of Triptolemos seated in
his winged car (" dragon-chariot ") drawn by serpents.
The latter was apparently made by pressing a thin sheet
of gold over the obverse of a bronze coin of Eleusis in
Attica of the type which I have already described in
Part III. (see Fig. 10).
ASPECTS OF DEATH. 183
The use of Charon's obolus or " danace " is alluded to
by several ancient authors (e.g. Pollux, ix. 82), and
Lucian (De Luctu, 10) ridiculed the custom, asking how
people knew whether Attic, Macedonian, or Aeginetan
obols passed as current coin in the infernal world. In
spite, however, of Lucian's ridicule, the custom of placing
coins in the mouth of the dead survived from Ancient
Greece, through Eoman and Byzantine ages, to modern
times in Kumelia and Anatolia.114 The worthless nature
of the coins or coin-like objects employed in this way is
apparently indicated by certain passages of Pherecrates
and Hesychius,and reminds one of the tinsel-like character
of jewellery and ornaments manufactured exclusively for
sepulchral purposes.
FiNGER-KiNGs,115 JEWELS, &c.
A death's head occasionally formed the bezel of a so-
called " decade ring," that is to say, a finger-ring with ten
projections to serve the devotional purpose of a rosary. In
some of these decade rings, like one in the British Museum
(seventeenth century?), the death's head is enamelled
white and attached to the ring by a swivel mounting.
Kings decorated with death's heads, skeletons, and such-
like, used to be occasionally worn by persons who were,
or affected to be, of a serious turn of mind, in the same
m See also the ADDENDUM, at the end.
115 For information concerning memorial rings that I have not seen
myself, I am greatly indebted to Sir John Evans's pamphlet on Posy
Rings (London, 1892), to the chapter on "Memorial and Mortuary
Rings " in Mr. W. Jones's Finger-Ring Lore (London, edition of 1898),
and to the section entitled " Facts about Finger-Rings," in Mr. F. W.
Fairholt's Rambles of an Archaeologist (London, 1871). There are many
memorial and mourning rings in our great London Museums, and Sir
John Evans kindly showed me those in his collection.
184
NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
way as in Holbein's picture, already referred to, known
as "The Ambassadors," Jean de Dinteville, Lord of
Polisy, is represented wearing a memento mori jewel
(a silver death's head set in gold) as a cap-piece. Dr.
Martin Luther is said to have worn a gold finger-ring
with a small death's head in enamel, and the words,
" Mori saepe cogita " (" Think often of death ") ; round
the setting was engraved : " 0 mors, ero mors tua " (" 0
death, I will be thy death ").116 In the collection of the
Kev. W. B. Hawkins was a gold official ring of the Grand
Master of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem (Malta),
with skeleton, scythe, and hour-glass in enamel, on the
bezel, and with death's head and crossed bones on the
shoulders. Kings with a death's head are said to have
been in favour amongst the English Puritans.117 A
gold ring engraved with a death's head, the words
" Memento mori," and the initials J.B., was found in
110 Cf. St. John, chap. xi. 25, 26: "I am the resurrection and the
life : he that believeth in Me, though he were dead, yet shall he live :
and whosoever liveth and believeth in Me shall never die." Compare
also St. Paul's First Epistle to the Corinthians, chap. xv. 54 : " Death
is swallowed up in victory" — i.e. "Mors Christi, mors mortis mihi."
117 W. Jones (loc. cit., p. 551) says: "By a strange inconsistency the
procuresses of Queen Elizabeth's time usually wore a ring with a death's
head upon it, and probably with the common motto, ' Memento mori.' "
He quotes John Marston, who, in The Dutch Courtezan (1605), says :
"As for their (loose women's) death, how can it be bad, since their
wickedness is always before their eyes, and a death's head most com-
monly on their middle finger?" E. C. Brewer (Dictionary of Phrase
and Fable, 1904 edition, p. 338), in support of a similar statement,
quotes a passage in Massinger's play, The Old Law (act iv. scene 1) :
" Sell some of my cloaths to buy thee a death's head, and put upon
thy middle finger. Your least considering bawds do so much." How-
ever, as Mr. C. H. Read tells me, it seems primd facie improbable that
such a custom should really have existed. Is the true explanation to
be found in the probable fact that some procuresses, &c., of the time
wore death's-head rings in order to give themselves the appearance of
leading a religious and meditative life, just as some criminals of modern
times have been notorious church-goers ?
ASPECTS OF DEATH. 185
1765 amongst the ruins of the North Gate House on
Bedford Bridge, and has been supposed to have belonged
to John Bunyan (1628-1688), who was imprisoned there.
According to Fairholt,118 skull and skeleton decorations
for rings and similar memento mori devices on jewellery
came into regular fashion at the Court of France when
Diane de Poitiers, who was then in widow's mourning,
became mistress of King Henry II.
Shakespeare, in his Love's Labour's Lost (act v. scene 2),
makes Biron compare the countenance of Holofernes
to " a death's face in a ring ; " and death's-head rings
(with inscriptions such as " Memento mori," or " Eespice
finem") are likewise alluded to by Beaumont and Fletcher
in The Chances : " 111 keep it as they keep death's
heads in rings, to cry Memento to me." Shakespeare
may have been thinking of a similar kind of memento
mori ring, when in the First Part of Henry IV (act iii.
scene 3) he makes Falstaff say to Bardolph, "I make
as good use of it ( Bardolph 's face) as many a man doth
of a death's head or a memento mori ; " and again in the
Second Part of Henry IV (act ii. scene 4) when
Falstaff says to Doll Tear-sheet, " Peace, good Doll !
do not speak like a death's head; do not bid me
remember mine end."
Memento mori devices and inscriptions were more
frequently adopted for memorial rings and mourning
rings, bequeathed or given away at funerals. Many
such memorial rings were designed to serve the double
purpose of a memorial of the dead and a memento mori
for the living. Many of them have a death's head
enamelled or engraved on the bezel ; in some rings of
us F< Wf Fairholt, Rambles of an Archaeologist, 1871, p. 148.
186 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
more elaborate and delicate workmanship, the bezel
itself is in the form of a minute skull, enamelled white ;
in others again the skull is engraved in cameo on a
gem-stone mounted in the bezel ; in the less expensive
rings the death's head was occasionally of mother-of-
pearl, &c. Some have the shank or whole ring enamelled
or chiselled with figures of skeletons, skulls, and crossed
bones, &c. In the British Museum there is an English
gold enamelled ring of the seventeenth century, the bezel
of which consists of a small case, made to open on a
hinge, and containing a minute death's head in white
enamel. Fairholt illustrates a gold enamelled ring
now in the British Museum, formed by two figures of
skeletons supporting a miniature sarcophagus, the lid
of which was made to slide off so as to show a tiny
skeleton in the interior.119 In another ring the bezel
carried a coffin-shaped crystal engraved with the figure
of a skeleton. " Skull-decorations " were also sometimes
used for the chiselled or enamelled backs of small seals
or signets, such as that figured in Paul Lacroix's Arts in
the Middle Ages (English edition by Sir W. Armstrong,
p. 135, Fig. 139). In some memorial rings an actual piece
of bone (presumably human bone) has been inserted in
the gold, behind the bezel or elsewhere.
Memorial and mourning rings bear such inscriptions
as : " Memento mori ; " " Eemember death ; " " Live to
die ; " "Dye to live ; " " Breath paine, Death gaine" (in
the collection of the late Sir John Evans) ; " As I am,
you must bee " (" Quod es fui, quod sum eris ") ; " Hodie
mini, eras tibi " (on a seventeenth-century specimen in
the British Museum); "Death sy myn eritag" (on a
F. W. Fairholt, Miscellanea Graphica, London, 1856, pi. x. Fig. 2.
ASPECTS OF DEATH. 187
sixteenth-century gold ring) ; " Nosse te ypsum ; " 12°
" Prepare for death;" " Prudenter aspice finem;" "Behold
the ende;" "Oritur non moritur;" "Prepare to follow
E. J. ; " "I arn gone before ; " " Prepared be to follow me "
(on two memorial rings of King Charles I of England,
in the British Museum) ; " Eram non sum ; " " Heaven is
my happyness ; " " Not lost, but gone before " (eighteenth
century); "Fallen to rise" (eighteenth century) ; "Omnia
vanitas " (eighteenth century).
Mr. W. T. Keady tells me of a finely made old
German memorial ring, which he has seen, bearing a
Latin inscription signifying, "Death opens the gate of
life/' A sixteenth-century gold ring exhibited in the
Victoria and Albert Museum has a hexagonal bezel
with a death's head enamelled on it and the inscription,
" Nosse te ypsum " (" Know thyself ") ; on the edge of
the bezel is a second inscription, DYE TO LYVE.
Another sixteenth-century gold ring to be seen in the
same Museum has a death's head in enamel on its
hexagonal bezel surrounded by the inscription, " Behold
the ende ; " on the edge of the bezel is another in-
scription, "Kather death than fals fayth."121 A large
120 TvaOi <rcavT6v (" Nosce teipsum," " Know thyself"), the " Heaven-
sent " words (vide Juvenal, Sat. 11, 27) inscribed over the portico of the
great temple of Apollo, at Delphi, though they have not actually a
memento mori significance, are frequently associated with memento mori
sentences, the idea being that those who learn to know themselves are
ready for death whenever death comes. The Greek saying has been
enlarged in the Arabian: "Who knows himself knows his God" (see
Abhandlung ilber die Siegel der Araber, <fc., by Freiherr Hammer-
Purgstall, 1848, p. 49, note). " Nosce teipsum " perhaps suggested the
" See yourself as you are " on Solario's painting (dated 1505) of Giov.
Cristoforo Longono, of Milan, now in the London National Gallery : —
" Ignorans qualis fueris, qualisque futurus,
Sis qualis, studeas posse videre diu."
121 This ring, like several others in various collections, was said to
188 NUMISMATIC CHKONICLE.
gold ring found in 1780 by the sexton of Southwell
Church, and supposed to have belonged to one of the
Knights Hospitallers of Winckbourne, bore the following
motto deeply cut on the inside : + MIEV -f MOEI +
QVE + CHANGE + MA + FOI + (" Better to die
than change my faith" — cf. family motto, "Mutare
fidem nescio ").
Some of the memorial rings of King Charles I of
England are of curious workmanship and design. One
that belonged to Horace Walpole has the King's head
in miniature, with a death's head between the letters
C.E. in front, and the motto, " Prepared be to follow me."
Another has a death's head, with an earthly crown below
it, and the word VANTTAS (on one side) ; above the
death's head is a celestial crown with the word GLORIA
(on the other side).122 It contains the miniature portrait
of the King, and is inscribed, " Gloria Angl. Emigravit,"
with the date (old style) of the King's execution. Two
other rings bear the King's portrait and the inscription,
" Sic transit gloria rnundi." Another gold ring had the
King's portrait in a little case (forming the bezel), on
the outside of which the four cardinal virtues were
represented in enamel ; on the inner side of the lid, a
skull and crossed bones were enamelled.
Izaak Walton, in a codicil to his will (1683), fixed both
the value of his memorial rings and the legend they
were to bear. The value was to be 13s. 4d.9 and on those
given to his family the words or mottoes were to be,
have been given by King Charles I of England on the day of his
execution to Bishop Juxon. But the ring itself is of earlier workmanship.
'•- This device is similar to that on the reverse of a memorial medal
(already described) on the King's death, and is illustrated by a passage
in the Icon Basilike, commencing : " I shall not want the heavy and
cnvyed crownes of this world."
ASPECTS OF DEATH. 189
" Love my Memory, I. W., obiit ; " and on one for the
Bishop of Winchester, " A mite for a million, I.W.,
obiit ; " and on those for other friends, " A friend's fare-
well, I.W., obiit." In all he bequeathed about forty
rings. Speaker Lenthall (1591-1662) directed by will
that " Oritur non moritur " should be inscribed on fifty
gold rings to be given away in his family at his death ;
and Sir Henry Wotton (1568-1639) left to each of the
Fellows of Eton College a gold black-enamelled ring
with the motto within : " Amor unit omnia." W. Jones
quotes the following clause from a will dated 1648 :
" Also I do will and appoint ten rings of gold to be
made of the value of twenty shillings a piece sterling
with a death's head upon some of them." It is probable
that jewellers kept memorial rings of this kind in stock
ready for inscriptions to be engraved on them as required.
Memento mori devices have occasionally been adopted
for seals, and the backs of small seals or " signets," just
as the shanks and other parts of finger-rings, were
sometimes chiselled in memento mori fashion (" skull-
decorations," &c.).123 I have already alluded to the
seal of Erasmus (a man's head, facing, on a boundary
stone or terminus, with the inscription, CEDO NVLLI)
with which he sealed his last will, dated at Basel, 1536 ;
and I now picture it (Fig. 53) from the figure in Jortin's
Life of Erasmus, together with an antique intaglio
which belonged to Erasmus. The latter forms part of
a finger-ring, and represents a bearded terminal head,
or "Hermes," possibly the Indian Bacchus, in Hellen-
istic style, without any inscription ; from this Erasmus
123 One such signet is figured in Paul Lacroix's Arts in the Middle
Ages, English edition, by Sir W. Armstrong, p. 135, Fig. 139.
190
NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
apparently derived his idea of taking a terminal figure
as a memento mori device (Fig. 54). The seal of the
FIG. 53.— Seal of Erasmus with his " terminus " device. (After Jortin.)
Guild of Physicians and Surgeons at Delft was a skull
with crossed bones, and the inscription, MEMENTO
MORI.
FIG. 54. — Finger-ring with an antique intaglio, from which apparently
Erasmus derived the idea of his "terminus" device. (After Jortin.)
Inscriptions referring to death occur on a few
Oriental seals.124 Thus on a seal of Chosroes I (Nushir-
van), the Great, of Persia (531-579 A.D.), there is said to
have been a pessimistic inscription (such as might have
121 There is some confusion between Oriental seals and Oriental talis-
mans. A talisman may be a gem-stone engraved with an incuse Arabic
inscription like a seal, but in a talisman the inscription should not be
reversed as in a seal. Carnelians are favourite stones for Oriental seals,
and are likewise used for talismans ; in the latter case the incuse
inscription is sometimes filled in with white enamel. Such carnelian
seals, owing to the red colour of the stone, have been likened by poets
to red wine and red lips, and kissing has therefore been playfully likened
to sealing, and a kiss to the device known as " Solomon's seal."
ASPECTS OF DEATH. 191
been derived from Ecclesiastes) signifying : " The way is
very dark, what can I see ? One lives once only, what
can I desire? Behind me is Death, what can delight
me ? " On the seal of Moawiyah II (683 A.D.), the third
Caliph of Arabia of the Ommiad dynasty, there are
said to have been words meaning, "The world is
vanity." On the seal of Walid I (705-715 A.D.), the
sixth Caliph of the same dynasty : " 0 Walid, thou art
dead and shalt be brought to account." On the seal of
Walid II (743-744 A.D.), the eleventh Caliph of the
same dynasty : " 0 Walid, take heed of death." 125 An
Arab seal of the Blacas Collection126 bears an inscrip-
tion signifying : " 0 Khalil, remember death, and put
thy trust in God. That will be sufficient." For contrast
with these seal-inscriptions a rather different memento
mori idea may be quoted from one of the tales of the
Caliph Haroun al-Kaschid (Claud Field, Tales of the
Caliphs, London, 1909, p. 81). Abu'l Kasim shows
the Caliph his treasures, amongst which, on a throne of
gold, the embalmed figure of their first owner is seated,
with an inscription stating : " Whosoever shall see me
in the condition I now am in, let him open his eyes;
let him reflect that I once was living like himself, and
that he will one day die like me. . . . Let him make
use of it (the treasure) to acquire friends and to lead an
agreeable life ; for when the hour appointed for him is
come, all these riches will not save him from the
125 See Abhandhmg iiber die Siegel der Araber, dc., by Freiherr
Hammer-PurgstaU, 1848, pp. 6, 8, 9. I am indebted to Dr. Oliver
Codrington for reference to this paper.
26 J. T. Reinaud, Description des Monuments Musulmans du Cabinet
de M. le Due de Blacas, Paris, 1828, vol. ii. p. 292, and PI. iv. No. 128.
For this reference I am indebted to the kindness of Mr. J. Allan.
192 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
common destiny of men." In regard to passive fatalistic
(" Kismet ") attitudes towards death and the events of
life (see Part II., Heading XVI.), another Oriental seal
of the Blacas Collection 127 may be instanced, the inscrip-
tion on which signifies that it is " of no avail to defend
one's self against destiny."
Memento mori death's heads (sometimes pierced for use
as rosary beads or for suspension in various ways) are
met with in ivory, rock-crystal, amber, silver, &c. In
the British Museum is an Ancient Mexican rock-crystal
death's head, that is to say, a mass of rock-crystal cut
and polished in the shape of a human skull. It is nearly
if not quite as large as an average adult skull, and is
referred to by Gr. F. Kunz in his Gems and Precious
Stones of North America (2nd edition, 1892, p. 285), who
says that similar skulls exist in the Blake Collection
(United States National Museum), the Douglas Collection
(New York), and the Trocadero Museum (Paris). A
much larger rock-crystal skull is in the possession of
G. H. Sisson of New York, measuring 18^- inches in
length, 15;| inches in width, and 15|J inches in height.
Kunz (loc. cit., p. 286) adds that the making of these
rock-crystal skulls may have been suggested by the real
skulls, incrusted with torquoise, &c., such as the Christy
specimen now in the British Museum. The actual pur-
pose, however, for which the Mexican rock-crystal skulls
were made appears to be unknown. It seems to me
quite possible that they were in some way connected
with Aztec religious observances. One may recall the
descriptions of the " teocallis " or temples of Ancient
Mexico, and the gruesome rites practised by the priests,
127 J. T. Reinaud, loc. cit., vol. ii. p. 28, PI. i. No. 8.
ASPECTS OF DEATH. 193
as they appeared to the Spanish conquerors. Cortes and
his companions, on their arrival in the city of Mexico,
found that human sacrifices to the Aztec idols were of
very frequent occurrence, and saw human hearts which
had evidently quite recently been torn out of the bodies
of unfortunate victims. From the terraces of a lofty
teocalli on to which the Aztec " Emperor," Montezuma II,
conducted them, they could enjoy the fine view over the
surrounding country, but at the shrines the loathsome
smears of blood and nauseous odour contrasted most
unpleasantly with a dazzling display of gold and gems
or precious stones.
Jean de Dinteville, Lord of Polisy, as represented in
Holbein's picture (1533) known as " The Ambassadors,"
wore a hat-jewel formed of a silver skull set in gold.
The enamelled gold hat-medallion (sixteenth century)
in the British Museum, with the original owner's name,
Carolus von Sternsee,, bears an elaborate allegorical device
(relating to the fickleness of fortune and the uncertainty
of human life, and to the world, the flesh, the devil,
life, death, &c.), in which both death (a skeleton) and
the devil figure. Skulls, skeletons, and decaying bodies,
as memento mori devices in jewellery, just as in paintings
and engravings, were frequently represented with long
worms, snakes, toads, &c., that is to say, being " eaten by
worms," the idea having been doubtless chiefly suggested
by the well-known passage in Ecclesiasticus (ch. x. ver. 11) :
" For when a man is dead he shall inherit creeping things,
beasts, and worms."
In the British Museum are several memento mori
carved ivories of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries,
mostly made as beads, or for suspension. One represents
a human head and a human skull back to back ; the
VOL, X., SERIES IV. O
194 NUMISMATIC CHKONICLE.
face of the former is " eaten by worms ; " in the mouth
of the latter a toad is visible ; on the forehead of the
face is the inscription in black letters, " a la saint . . ."
on the frontal bone of the skull is : " point de devant a
la rnort." 128 Another of these ivories represents on one
half a lady's head and on the other her skull, below
which is a pair of scales.129 - Another has on one side
the head of a woman (head-dress of the early sixteenth
century), with the inscription : ELLAS NEST ( ? ) IL
POINT POSSIBLE TAN ECHAPEE; below: ME-
MENTO ; on the other side are the head and shoulders
of a skeleton.130 An elaborate one (of about 1600) has
on one side the head of a moribund person, on whose
forehead is a band inscribed, " dura et aspera ; " on the
other side is a skull with worms ; below are two gold
labels enamelled with INKI and MAKIA ; from the
base hangs a small gold enamelled pendant representing
two hearts crowned ; at the top a small chain is attached
for suspension. 131 In the Victoria and Albert Museum
(Mr. Pierpont Morgan's collection in the Loan Court)
are exhibited some similar carved ivories (of the sixteenth
century). Two have on one half the head of a man, and
on the other half his bare skull.132 Another has on one
side the head of a youth (sixteenth- century dress), and
on the other side the upper part of a skeleton, with the
inscription, COGITA MOKI. Another has on one side
128 Catalogue of the Ivory Carvings of the Christian Era in the British
Museum, London, 1909, p. 148, No. 441.
129 Ibid., p. 148, No. 442.
130 Ibid., p. 149, No. 443.
131 Ibid., p. 149, No. 444.
132 Mr. Henry Oppenheimer has kindly shown me a similar rock-
crystal bead in his collection, representing on one side a human faca
and on the other side a skull.
ASPECTS OF DEATH. 195
the portrait of a woman, and on the other side the upper
portion of a skeleton, with the inscription : V. QVOT (?)
EEIS (" See what you will be "). Another represents
the portraits of husband and wife, and on the other side
(back to back with them), a skeleton with worms.
Here one may mention certain jewels, small bronzes, &c.,
bearing devices referring in one way or another to the
subject of death. Mr. W. T. Keady has kindly given
me an illustration (Fig. 55) of an early sixteenth-cen-
FIG. 55. — German shell-cameo of the sixteenth century.
tury German shell-cameo, which is circular, 1*1 inch in
diameter, and mounted in a silver-gilt setting of the
time. It represents a nude man and a nude woman
seated facing, with a figure of Death, holding a scythe,
standing between them in the background. The woman
has two infants in her arms, one of whom is being seized
by Death. Before the man is an anvil, on which he is
hammering a child, whilst he grasps another child
tightly between his knees. This device133 appears to
133 The arrangement of the device may have been suggested by some
group representing Venus in the workshop of Vulcan.
o 2
196 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
me to represent a somewhat pessimistic view of life
(man, woman, and children) and death. The child is
thrust naked into the world to take part in the trials
and penalties and pains of life, whether he wishes or not ;
death stands by, awaiting him, and often seizes him, not
during his troubles, when he is being hammered on
the anvil, but when he is happy and contented with
life and does not wish to die. I would further explain
the device by the help of the type on the medals (dated
respectively 1458 and 1466), already described and
figured (Figs. 13 and 14) in Part III., by Giovanni
Boldu of Venice, representing a nude man seated, hiding
his face with his hands, with a winged child and a skull
before him. Compare the passage in Goethe's Willielm
^leisters Lehrjahre (part i cap. xiii.) :—
" Wer nie sein Brod mit Thranen ass,
Wer nie die kummervollen Nachte
Auf seinem Bette weinend sass,
Der kennt euch nicht, ihr himmlischen Machte.
"Ihr fiihrt ins Leben uns hiiiein,
Ihr lasst den Armen schuldig werden,
Dann iiberlasst ihr ihn der Pein,
Denn alle Schuld racht sich auf Erden."
In this connexion another medal, made by Boldu in
1458, may likewise be referred to. It represents the
artist's bust on the obverse, with inscription in Greek
and Hebrew. On the reverse (Fig. 56) is a young man,
nude, seated to left, resting his head on his right arm.
Under him is a skull, and behind him an old woman is
striking him with a whip. In front of him is a winged
genius, standing, holding a cup. Above is the sun. The
legend is : OPVS • IOANIS . BOLDV - PICTOBIS -
VENETI - MCCCCLVIII. This medal, cast in bronze,
ASPECTS OF DEATH.
197
FIG. 56. — Eeverse (reduced) of a medal by Giovanni Boldu of Venice.
(After Heiss.)
FIG. 57. — Italian bronze statuette (fifteenth century ?), representing an
allegory of life.
198 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
3'4 inches in diameter, is described by A. Armand (Les
Medailleurs Italians, 2nd edition, 1883, vol. i. p. 36, No. 2)
and A. Heiss (Les Medailleurs de la Renaissance, Paris,
1887, vol. i., Venetian medals, pi. ii. No. 1).
I will here likewise refer to a little Italian bronze
figure of Boldu's time (Fig. 57), for permission to illus-
trate which I am indebted to the kindness of Mr. Henry
Oppenheimer, in whose collection it is. This bronze
statuette (5'5 X 5 x 2'15 inches) represents a naked boy
seated on the ground in a meditative attitude, leaning
with his left elbow on an hour-glass, and with his right
hand supporting a skull on his right knee ; a snake
issuing from the skull is coiled round the boy's arm.
The base of the statuette is inscribed —
IL - TEMPO • PASSA . E - LA - MOETO (sic) • V(I)EN.
GVAEITO (?) LYI (?) • CHI - NON . FA . BEN - •
FAC(CI)AMO • MAL • E - SPEE(I)AMO • I(L) - BE(N) .
IL • TEMPO • P(A)SSA • E - LA • MO(ETE) • V(I)E(N) -
The actual appearance of the part of the inscription
for which the words " guarito lui " are suggested is :
I^RTO LH
This inscription is apparently one of consolation for
those who find life wretched or who take a pessimistic
view of life, suggesting that when death comes it comes
as a cure for the miseries of life. Mr. A. M. Hind has
kindly directed my attention to a somewhat similar design
in a Florentine woodcut by an unknown master of the
fifteenth century, reproduced by G-. Hirth and E. Muther
in their work 011 Meister-Holzschnitte (Muenchen, 1893,
Plate 31). The woodcut represents a naked boy leaning
on a skull with an hour-glass on the trunk of a tree at
his head and the inscription : LHOEA PASSA.
ASPECTS OF DEATH. 199
A German medal of about 1634 by Christian Maler,
which I omitted to describe in its proper place in
Part ILL, may be mentioned here on account of the
pessimistic type of its reverse, which likens human life
to soap-bubbles, and might have been inspired by
Ecdesiastes. The obverse is the same as that of
Christian Maler's memento mori medal figured in Part
III. (Fig. 25), which was copied from another medal
(Fig. 23) supposed to relate to the death of Anna
Cathrina, daughter of King Christian IV of Denmark.
But the reverse (Fig. 58) represents a boy seated on
FIG. 58.
the ground, leaning on a death's head, and playing with
soap-bubbles. Inscription: OMNES BULL^E SUM(VS)
INSTAB, ("We are all like a bubble");134 in the
exergue, c . PEIVIL • c& • c • M • (the ordinary signature
of the medallist, Christian Maler). I am indebted for
the illustration of this piece to the sale catalogue, by
Otto Helbing of Munich, 1901, of the J. J. Schrott
Collection, in which it formed No. 1443. My attention
was kindly drawn to the existence of the piece by
Mr. A. E. Cahn of Frankfurt-a.-M.
134 Cf. the Greek saying, n<>ju<£oA.u| 6 faQpuiros (" Man is a bubble ").
200 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
In Thomas Wright's introduction to Fairholt's Miscella-
nea Graphica (London, 1856, p. 63), a curious seventeenth-
century jewel in the Londesborough Collection is illus-
trated, which appears to have belonged to King James I
of England. It is a silver apple containing a small skull,
the top of which opens like a lid. Inside the skull are
representations of the Creation and the Kesurrection, with
the inscription : " Post mortem vita eternitas."
Watches of the seventeenth century were occasionally
made in the form of a death's head, so as to serve memento
mori purposes, reminding one that with every hour one is
nearer one's end, and that hours misspent cannot be re-
gained. In this respect they resemble old sun-dials and
clocks with quaint memento mori inscriptions. Compare
the words of Thomas a Kernpis, " Memento semper finis,
et quia perditum non redit tempus " — which could have
been used for an inscription on a sun-dial or a clock.
Amongst memento mori jewels in the British Museum
are locket-like pendants (seventeenth century) shaped
like a coffin, containing the minute figure of a skeleton.
One of these coffin-shaped pendants is of gold, enamelled,
bearing the words, COGITA MOKI YT VIVAS (" Think
of dying so that you may live "). Another in silver is in-
scribed with the name of the deceased. A locket-like
memorial pendant of a later date in the possession of
Lady Evans is in the shape of a minute coffin ; the lid is
made to open on a hinge, and in the inside is some hair
in an ornamental border of gold thread, with a death's
head (there were originally doubtless two death's heads)
and the initials P.B. in fine gold wire; the back is in-
scribed : " P.B. obit ye 17 Mar: 1703 Aged 54 years."
A little pendant (early seventeenth century) in the
British Museum is of gold and enamel in the form of a
ASPECTS OF DEATH. 201
skull ; 135 in the interior of the skull, which opens on a
hinge, is a minute enamelled figure of a skeleton with an
hour-glass under its neck as a pillow. A small heart-
shaped memorial locket of gold, enamel, and gold thread
ornamentation (late seventeenth century) represents a
skeleton emerging from a tomb, with an angel on either
side, trumpeting the resurrection ; below is the mono-
gram of the deceased, with the inscription, COME YE
BLESSED. A small memorial brooch of the same
period and kind of work bears the device of a figure
seated at a table with open book, candle, and death's
head; and the legend, LEAEN TO DIE. A small
eighteenth-century mourning brooch exhibited in the
Victoria and Albert Museum has a miniature painting of
the deceased's relatives mourning at his tomb, in the
usual style of the period, with the inscription, HEAVEN"
HAS IN STOKE WHAT THOV HAST LOST.
In conclusion, I wish to express my great indebtedness
to all those who have assisted me, especially Mr. H. A.
Grueber, Mr. Warwick Wroth, Mr. G. F. Hill, Mr. J.
Allan, Mr. C. H. Kead, Mr. E. L. Binyon, and other
officials of the British Museum ; the late Sir John Evans,
President of the Eoyal Numismatic Society, Lady Evans,
Dr. H. E. Storer, Dr. Oliver Codrington, Dr. Ernest
Schuster, Mr. Alfred Schuster, Dr. J. P. zum Busch, Mr.
W. T. Eeady, and Mr. L. Forrer ; and, needless to say,
the authors of the numerous books and papers to which
I have referred.
F. PARKES WEBER.
135 It is figured in F. W. Fairholt's Miscellanea Graphica (London,
1856, PI. i. Figs. 3, 4) from the Londesborough Collection, but is now
exhibited in the Gold Ornament Eoom of the British Museum.
202 NUMISMATIC CHKONICLE.
ADDENDUM.
WITH the admonitory devices and inscriptions on sepulchral
monuments and memorial medals, finger-rings, &c., may be
compared some of those on funeral palls. The hearse-cloth
or state pall of the Vintners' Company of London, still pre-
served at the Company's Hall, bears, amongst other devices
in embroidery, four representations of Death, supporting a
coffin with one hand, and in the other holding a spade.
Above these four figures are labels with the following inscrip-
tions : (1) " Morere ut vivas," i.e. " Die so that you may live
(for ever);" (2) " Mors p(ec)catoru(m) pessima," i.e. "The
death of sinners is most wretched ; " (3) Moriri disce quia
morieris," i.e. " Learn to die because you shall die ; " (4) "Mors
justoru(m) vita a(n)i(m)aru(m)," i.e. " The death of the just
is the life of souls." Similar state hearse-cloths are in the
possession of several other City Companies : the Merchant
Taylors' Company possess two ; the Ironmongers', the Fish-
mongers', the Brewers', the Saddlers', each possess one.
CHAEON'S MONEY.
For a notice on the subject of the " danace," and " gold
bracteates," see especially E. Babelon's Traite des Monnaies
Grecques, vol. i. part i. (1901), pp. 514-519, and pp. 629-633.
See also A. Sortin-Dorigny, " Obole funeraire en or de Cy-
zique," Revue Numismatique, Paris, 3rd series, 1888, vol. vi. p. 1.
For these references I am indebted to the kindness of Mr.
W. Wroth. If Mr. J. C. Lawson (Modern Greek Folklore and
Ancient Greek Religion, Cambridge, 1910, pp. Ill et seq.) is
right in supposing that the coin or coin-like object placed
between the teeth or in the mouth of a corpse was ever
intended to serve as an amulet to prevent an evil spirit from
entering, or the soul of the deceased from re-entering, the
dead body, then of course the ancient custom of providing
the dead with ' ' Charon's money " may indeed be regarded as
to some extent connected with the Eastern European belief
in " vampires."
F. P. W.
MISCELLANEA.
THE MONOGRAM BR OR RB ON CERTAIN COINS OF CHARLES I.
I WOULD venture to suggest that the attribution of these
pieces to Bristol should be reconsidered in the light of the
undermentioned facts. The coins bearing this cipher in the
lower part of the field or in the legend were originally
regarded as a product of the mint at Oxford, but were trans-
ferred to Bristol by Hawkins (cf. 3rd edit., p. 326), who
dismisses the Oxford tradition as altogether mythical. It is
possible, however, that the author would not have advocated
the attribution to the western city if the evidence which is
now available had been at his disposal when writing. Ruding,
it may be added, expresses a similar but less decided opinion
in vol. iii. p. 106.
In the Bodleian Library (Rawlinson MSS. D 810) is Thomas
Baskerville's topographical description of Oxford in the latter
part of the seventeenth century. The writer gives an account
of many of the Colleges and their alumni, and when describing
St. John's he makes the following statement : —
" I am informed by my worthy friend Mr. Richard Rod y*
when King Charles ye first had his residence in Oxford in ye
time of our Civil wars, the King wanting cash to pay his
soldiers he was necessitated to send for the colledge plate to
coyne money and accordingly had it delivered to him, but
St. John's colledge people being loath to loose the memory
of their Benefactors gave ye King a sume of money to ye value
of it, and so it staid with them some time ; but ye King's
urgent occasions for money still pressing him forward he sent
to demand it a second time and had it, upon wch ye King
ordered the rebus of Richard Bayly the then President of
St. John's, 1644, to be put on ye money coyn'd with ye plate ;
Mr. Rod did help me to half a crown of this money wch had
ye rebus of Rich. Bayly on both sides, viz* under ye King a
horseback on one side, and under this motto Rel • Pro • Le •
Ang • Lib • Par and under 1644, on ye other side."
204 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
(The whole of the MS. has been printed by the Oxford
Hist. Society in Collectanea, vol. 4, p. 197.)
Baskerville wrote his pages in 1684, not quite forty years
after the capitulation of Oxford, but he does not mention
the year in which Rod communicated the information and
obtained the specimen of the coinage. We have here, then,
almost contemporary testimony from a man who lived near
Oxford, and who had friends, as he tells us, among the senior
members of the college in question, from whom it would have
been easy to obtain confirmation or contradiction if he had
felt doubtful. Unless Baskerville's informant was misled by
coins brought from Bristol, which is almost inconceivable, it
appears to be a fair inference that at some date prior to 1684
there was a belief in Oxford that the plate from St. John's had
been ear-marked at the local mint in the manner described.
Let us now see how far the archives of that college support
the particulars furnished by the Bodleian manuscript.
The fourth report of the Historical MSS. Commission
(App., p. 466) deals with the records of St. John's, from which
I have extracted such facts as are material.
The report cites a letter from Charles to the President and
Fellows on Jan. 6, 1643, asking for the college plate to be
delivered for melting down. Repayment is to be made at
the rate of 5s. per oz. for silver, and 5s. 6d. for silver gilt,
" as soon as God shall enable us." The authorities unani-
mously consent, adding a request that a considerable part of
the plate should be coined for the use of the college so that
they might answer the debt contracted for their new build-
ing, etc. Then follows a receipt from the wardens of the
Oxford Mint (date not mentioned) for 176 Ibs. 2 ozs. 10 dwts.
of white plate, and 48 Ibs. 1 oz. 10 dwts. of gilt, coupled with
a memorandum that the President and Fellows had reserved
£300 for the use of the college, which sum the Wardens
promise to pay to them. The report also notes that St.
John's had previously lent £800 to the King (when he was
at York) ; this earlier payment may have given rise to the
statement that the college had, in the first instance, com-
pounded by handing over an equivalent amount of cash.
The value of their surrendered plate, on the basis of the
King's offer, works out at £688 approximately, but there is
no clue as to whether the college did in fact receive the
agreed sum of current coin. This documentary evidence
shows that St. John's was exceptionally favoured in respect
of its silver treasure, as I can find no trace of any such
concession being attached to the receipts given to other
Foundations in 1643.
MISCELLANEA. 205
To support the case for Oxford as against Bristol, it is,
of course, necessary to read the monogram as RB instead of
BR, and having regard to the form of the cipher I would
submit that the subordinate position of the R, which is
represented only by a reversed stroke on the lower loop of
the B, indicates an intention to denote the Christian name
of Dr. Bayly ; the first letter of his surname would naturally
occupy the chief portion of the cipher.
As regards the type of the coins assigned to Bristol, it is
fortunate that no difficulty stands in the way of a re-transfer
to Oxford, if such a step should be approved on other grounds.
All writers admit that the Bristol type very closely resembles
that of Oxford at a parallel date, hence the earlier attribu-
tion to the latter city.
To sum up the points which I wish to make: (1) the
information imparted to Baskerville before 1684; (2) the
records at St. John's showing that an unusual transaction
was negotiated with Charles ; (3) the similarity of type ;
(4) the absence of any proof from Bristol sources that these
coins were struck there.
H. SYMONDS.
FIND OF COINS AT WINTERSLOW, NEAR SALISBURY.
A SMALL hoard of coins was dug up in a garden at Winter-
slow, near Salisbury, on March 10, 1910. It contained 50
shillings — one of Edward VI (mint-mark Ton), one of Philip
and Mary (dated 1555), 14 of Elizabeth with mint-marks,
Martlet, Cross crosslet, £, Escallop, Hand, Ton, Woolpack, 2 ;
10 of James I, with mint-marks, Thistle, Lis, Rose, Escallop,
Mullet ; 24 of Charles I, with mint-marks, Harp, Portcullis,
Crown, Ton, Anchor, Triangle, Star, Triangle in circle. They
were mostly in poor condition.
The hoard covers a period from 1551 to 1641 A. D. ; just before
the opening of the Civil War. As even the latest pieces of
Charles I are somewhat rubbed, their burial may, however,
not have taken place till after the beginning of the war.
The absence of any coins of the local mints confirms their
somewhat early burial.
G. C. B.
A FIND OF ROMAN COINS AT NOTTINGHAM.
WHILST some workmen were recently engaged in laying a gas-
main in Nottingham City, they came upon an earthenware
206 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
vessel, or rather vessels, which contained some Roman silver
and bronze coins. The depth of the excavation was a little
under 3 feet, and the soil was sand with a loam covering.
The hoard consisted of nineteen silver, and forty-six bronze
coins.
The silver coins were all denarii of the Imperial period, as
follows : — Vespasian, 1 • Titus, 1 ; Domitian, 1 ; Trajan, 4 ;
Hadrian, 5 : Antoninus Pius, 2 ; Faustina Senior, 3 ; Marcus
Aurelius as Caesar, 2.
In the report supplied by Mr. F. A. H. Green, the Town
Clerk of Nottingham, to H.M. Treasury it is stated that the
bronze coins were of the same reigns as the silver, with the
exception that two pieces were of the reign of Nerva. As
these bronze pieces were not treasure-trove, they were not
forwarded to H.M. Treasury for examination.
The earliest of the silver coins belongs to 72-73 A.D.
(Vespasian), and the latest specimens are a denarius of
Aurelius (as Caesar) of 157 A.D. ( = "Trib. Pot. XI., Cos. II.")
and one of Antoninus Pius (Cos. IV. and clasped hands),
which may have been struck as late as 161 A.D. or as early as
144 A.D. It is probable, therefore, that this small hoard was
hidden by its owner at the end of the reign of Antoninus
Pius or early in the reigri of his successor, approximately
161 A.D.
The silver coins were contained in a small earthenware pot
made of a sort of iron clay, with a diamond pattern incised
upon it. This pot was 3J inches high, and the outside
diameter at the widest part was 3^ inches. This vessel,
together with the forty-six bronze coins, was placed inside a
larger earthenware vessel (5 inches in diameter, internal
measurement) made of a similar but not identical clay. On
this larger pot there was an irregular incised pattern. In the
course of the excavations the larger vessel had been thrown
out with the soil from the trench, and as it lay there a
workman stepped upon it, and another workman struck it
with a long chisel, smashing both pots.
Mr. Green further reports that the land where the coins
were unearthed was in old days undoubtedly forest-land, and
until fifteen or twenty years ago it was a corn-field. It is
situated at some distance from any known Roman road, and
no trace had hitherto been found in Nottingham of a Roman
station.
H. A. G.
NOTICES OF RECENT PUBLICATIONS. 207
NOTICES OF RECENT PUBLICATIONS.
Die Munzen von Pergamon, von Dr. Hans von Fritze. (Aus
dem Anhang zu den Abhandlungen der kon. Preuss.
Akad. der Wiss. 1910.) Mit 9 Tafeln. Berlin : Reimer.
1910.
THAT great stock, the Berlin Corpus Nummorum, although
producing fruit in the shape of volumes less plentiful than
could be wished, has thrown out certain secondary processes
of considerable importance. Such were the articles by Dr.
Gaebler on the Macedonian coinage ; such was Dr. von
Fritze's article on the autonomous coinage of Pergamon in
Corolla Numismatica ; and such is his monograph before us,
the object of which is to propound the questions now at
issue, on the basis of the present state of our knowledge, and
answer them as far as possible. It is impossible here to give
even a summary of the contents of the monograph, which is
closely packed with matter. We note only a few discon-
nected points of interest. Although the essential lines of
Imhoof-Blumer's arrangement of the Attalid silver coinage
are preserved, the new material necessitates a slightly
different arrangement of the issues of the first three rulers :
Philetairos strikes with the portrait of Seleukos, Euinenes I
with that of Philetairos wearing the fillet, Attalos I with the
same portrait adorned with diadem and laurel-wreath com-
bined (sometimes also with the laurel-wreath alone — thi&
after his great victory over the Gauls). The beginning of
the Pergamene cistophori is assigned to about 190 B.C. rather
than to the reign of Attalos I. Reason is given for suppos-
ing that no Alexandrine coinage may have been struck at
Pergamon, the Attalid issues sufficing for all purposes served
by this international currency. Dr. von Fritze does not
believe in the supposed portrait of Attalos I on Mr. Wace's
tetradrachm, and the series which he shows seems to confirm
his sceptical attitude. One of the most interesting results
achieved is to prove that many of the copper coins hitherto-
attributed to Pergamon were struck at the cities in the
Attalid dominions (mostly cistophoric mints), doubtless in
connexion with the panegyris of Athena Nikephoros or
Asklepios Soter. Most of the important types receive an
explanation at the writer's hands ; but he is baffled by oney
which we had hoped he would explain, viz. the temple of
Aphrodite of Paphos. What is this doing at Pergamon ?
The veiled cultus statue, holding two branches, and another
holding one branch and a Nike, are identified as the same
208 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
^oddess, probably the Great Mother. Besides the Great
Altar, which was first identified on the coins by M. Heron
de Villefosse, a more modest structure is shown to be the
altar erected to Demeter by Philetairos and Eumenes, and
rediscovered in 1909. If the basin-like vessel with a high
foot on a coin of Augustus is really connected with the
gymnasium, it may possibly be not a washing-basin, but an
oil-basin (cp. the coins of Anazarbus and other cities in
Cilicia, B.M.C., Lycaonia, PI. vii. 2, &c.). The custom of
representing busts of deities in temples, referred to on p. 90,
is very common at Phoenician mints, besides those mentioned
by the author ; the most remarkable instance is at Caesarea
ad Libanum. Still, we cannot always argue that, because
only the bust is represented on the coin, therefore the deity
in the temple was actually represented in the same way ;
rather the bust was employed by the die-engraver to allow
him to show details on a larger scale. But we have already
exceeded our space, without, it is to be feared, giving any
idea of the great value of the monograph.
G. F. H.
Die Milnze in der Kulturgescliiclite, F. Friedensburg. Berlin.
1909.
THIS little book is an interesting addition to numismatic
literature, and ought to do much to extend interest in the
subject. It professes to be a work for the general reader
rather than the student, but the student of coins will find
much to attract him in it. Dr. Friedensburg discusses none
of the great problems of numismatics and avoids controversial
points ; his work is an attempt to show the place of coins in
the history of civilization and their value as historical docu-
ments. The book is divided into seven sections, of which the
first is introductory, dealing with the history of the study of
coins and coin-collecting ; the other chapters deal with coins
as official and historical documents ; as monuments for the
history of religions ; coins and commerce, a history of the
development of coinage ; coins and art, including medals
and plaquettes ; historical or medallic coins. The seventh
chapter is perhaps the most important contribution to know-
ledge in the book ; it deals with coins and folklore, treating
of proverbial expressions, superstitions, &c., about coins,
love-tokens, offerings, &c. A glance at the very full index
will show the vast amount of information contained in the
book. It is written in a light, readable style, and illustrated
with 85 blocks of interesting coins.
J. A.
Num. Chron. Ser. IV. Vol. X. PL I
ROMAN MEDALLIONS AND COINS
Num. Chron. Ser. IV. Vol. X. PL II
20&'
COINAGE OF HENRY VI, 147O-1471
LONDON MINT
Num. Chron. Ser. IV. Vol. X. PL III
COINAGE OF HENRY VI, 147O-1471
LONDON AND BRISTOL MINTS
Num. Chron. Ser. IV. Vol. X. PL IV
COINAGE OF HENRY VI, 147O-1471
YORK MINTS
Num. Chron. Ser. IV. Vol. X. PL V
16
COINAGE OF THE CARNATIC (A.D. 1752-1795)
20
23
s6
^7
32 ' 33
COINAGE OF BALAPUR
34
COINAGES OF THE CARNATIC AND BALAPUR
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
ROYAL NUMISMATIC SOCIETY.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE
ROYAL NUMISMATIC SOCIETY.
SESSION 1909—1910.
OCTOBER 21, 1909.
SIR HENRY H. HOWORTH, K.C.I.E., F.R.S.,F.S.A., President,
in the Chair.
The minutes of the ordinary meeting of May 20 were read
and confirmed.
Miss Agnes Baldwin, Mr. Stephen K. Nagg, Mr. Herbert
Nicklewicz, and M. Michel Soutzo were elected Fellows of
the Society.
The following Presents were announced and laid upon the
table :—
1. Journal International d'Arche'ologie Numismatique,
1908. Pts. 1, 2, 3. From J. N. Svoronos.
2. Bonner Jahrbiicher, Heft. 118, Pt. 1.
3. Notices extraites de la Revue Numismatique. From
A. Blanche t.
4. Shannonsystem zur Anordnung ostasiatischer Loch-
munzen. From F. v. Wendstein.
5. Das Iseum Campense auf einer Miinze des Vespasianus.
By H. Dressel. From the Author.
6. American Journal of Numismatics. Yol. xliii., Pts. 2
and 3.
a2
4 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE
7. Medals, &c., illustrative of Medicine. By Dr. H. R.
Storer. From the Author.
8 Aarbogen for Nordisk Oldkyndighed og Historic, 1908,
9. Monatsblatt der nuinismatischen Gesellschaft in Wien.
Nos. 311 to 315, and Jahresbericht, 1908.
10. Medallic Illustrations of the History of Great Britain
and Ireland. Plates xci.-c. From the Trustees of the
British Museum.
11. Proceedings of the Cambridge Antiquarian Society.
Nos. lii.-liv.
12. Revue Beige de Numismatique, 1909. Pts. 3 and 4.
13. Tin and Lead Coins from Brunei. By Dr. R. Hanitsch.
From the Author.
14. Rivista Italiana di Numismatica. Pt. 2, 1909.
15. Annual Report of the Deputy-Master of the Mint,
1908.
16. American Journal of Archaeology. Yol. xiii., Nos. 2
and 3.
17. The Canadian Antiquary. Vol. vi., Nos. 2 and 3.
18. Un Sou d'or pseudo-Imperial du V. ou VI. siecle. By
Vicomte B. de Jonghe. From the Author.
19. Coinage of the Sultans of Madura. By Dr. E. Hultsch.
From the Royal Asiatic Society.
20. Revue Numismatique, 1909. Pt. 2.
21. Le Tir a 1'Oiseau de Farney du 25 Aout, 1775. By E.
Demole. From the Author.
22. Bulletin de 1'Academie royale de Belgique, 1909.
Pts. 4-8.
23. Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland.
Vol. xxxix., Pt. 2.
24. Medailles concernant Jean Calvin. By E. Demole.
From the Author.
25. Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Vol. xxvii.,
Sec. C, Pts. 14-18.
26. Archaeologia Cantiana. Vol. xxviii.
ROYAL NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. 5
27. Index to Archaeological Papers published in 1907.
By Bernard Gomme. From the Author.
28. Revue Suisse de Numismatique. Vol. xv., Pt. 2.
29. Appunti di Numismatica Romana, No. xciv. By F.
Gnecchi. From the Author.
30. Historical Roman Coins. By G. F. Hill. From the
Publishers.
31. Facing Heads on Ancient Greek Coins, By Miss A.
Baldwin. From the Author.
32. Sir John Evans : Bibliographic et Biographic. By L.
Forrer. From the Author.
33. Zeitschrift fur Numismatik. Vol. xxvii., Pts. 3 and 4.
34. Journal of the British School at Athens. No. xiv.
35. Biographical Dictionary of Medallists. Vol. iv. By L.
Forrer. From the Author.
36. The Roman Fort at Manchester. By F. A. Bruton.
37. Excavations at Toothill and Melandra. By F. A.
Bruton. Nos. 36 and 37 from the Publishers.
38. Archaeologia Aeliana. Vol. v.
Mr. T. Bliss exhibited five base testoons of Edward VI,
including a specimen from the Bristol Mint with Thomas
Chamberlain's mint-mark, a specimen countermarked with
a greyhound, and two others bearing the portcullis counter-
mark.
Mr. Percy H. Webb exhibited an interesting series of
second and third brass coins of Carus and Carinus and their
contemporaries.
Mr. F. A. Walters showed four unpublished varieties of
the light groat of Henry IV, including a specimen bearing
a remarkably early type of bust with the name HENRIG
punched over RIC&RD.
Mr. J. H. Pinches exhibited a specimen in bronze of the
medal presented by the Royal Geographical Society to
members of the Antarctic Expedition.
6 PKOCEEDINGS OF THE
Mr. C. T. Seltman read a paper on " The Coins of Anti-
gonus I and Demetrius Poliorcetes," in which he proposed a
chronological arrangement of their issues. It has hitherto
been thought that only staters and tetradrachms, with types
and name of Alexander the Great, were struck by Antigonus
and Demetrius before the battle of Salamis in 306 B.C. Mr.
Seltman described two unique tetradrachms, with the types
of Alexander and the names of Antigonus and Demetrius
respectively, which, from the absence of the regal title, must
have been struck before the battle of Salamis, when Anti-
gonus and his son assumed the title of " king." These pieces
are of Asiatic, and probably Syrian, work. To the period of
the stay of Demetrius in the Peloponnese, from 304 B.C. to
301 B.C., when he was recalled to Asia to aid his father, gold
staters and tetradrachms with the legends BAZIAEQZ
ANTirONOY and BAZIAEOZ AHMHTPIOY and the types
of Alexander the Great were ascribed. The last issues of
Demetrius cover the period from his seizure of the throne of
Macedon in 294 B.C. to his overthrow in 287 B.C. To this
period Mr. Seltman ascribed the series of coins in gold, silver,
and copper, with or without portrait, having the inscription
BAZIAEQZ AHMHTPIOY and reverse types, horseman,
Poseidon, Pallas, or a prow. This Paper is printed in
Vol. IX. pp. 264-273.
A Paper by Mr. G. F. Hill on "Two Italian Medals of
Englishmen," was also read. The first of these was a medal
of Sir John Cheke (1514-1557), who is known to have been
in Italy in 1555. The medal is clearly the work of a Paduan
classicizing artist of the sixteenth century, and from the
remarkable similarity of the work to that of Martino da
Bergamo's medal of the Paduan jurist Marco Mantova Bena-
vides, might be his work. The second medal described was
of Richard White (1539-1611) of Basingstoke, made at Padua
by the artist Ludovico Leoni, who signed it. This Paper is
printed in Yol. IX. pp. 292-296.
EOYAL NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. 7
NOVEMBER 18, 1909.
SIR HENRY H. HOWORTH, K.C.I.E., F.R.S., F.S.A., President,
. in the Chair.
The minutes of the ordinary meeting of October 21 were
read and confirmed.
Colonel J. Biddulph and Mr. F. W. Voysey Peterson were
elected Fellows of the Society.
The following Presents were announced and laid upon the
table : —
1. Progress Report of the United States National Museum,
1908.
2. Forvannen-Meddelanden fran K. Vitterhets-Historie og
Antikvitets Akademien, 1908. From the Academy, Stock-
holm.
3. Medals, Jetons, &c., illustrative of Medicine. Art. 80.
By Dr. G. H. Storer. From the Author.
4. Revue Numismatique, 1909. Pt. 3.
5. Journal International d'Archeologie Numismatique,
1908. Pt. 4. From J. N. Svoronos.
Mr. F. A Walters exhibited a groat of the second coinage
of Henry VII with mint-marks a greyhound's head on the
obverse, and the very rare rose mint-mark on the reverse.
Lady Evans exhibited a specimen in bronze of the Hudson
Fulton anniversary medal recently issued by the Circle of
Friends of the Medallion.
Mr. Horace W. Monckton showed a one-bajocco piece of
the " Roman Republic," cast at Ancona in 1849 ; and a
bronze admission ticket to the Botanic Gardens of Amster-
dam, dated 1684.
Mr. Percy H. Webb exhibited two Roman bronze coins
in fine condition : one struck by P. Canidius Crassus in
Egypt in 31 B.C., and the other struck by Q. Oppius, one of
Julius Caesar's prefects in the East, about 45 B.C.
8 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
Prof. C. Oman read a Paper on " The Fifth-Century Coins
of Corinth," which he arranged chronologically in nine classes.
In Class I. were placed the latest issues of the Archaic Series,
characterized by the letter Jcoppa on both sides. The pieces
of transitional fabric formed the next three classes. In the
first of these (451-448 B.C.) the archaic Pallas head dis-
appears, and is replaced by a severe head of almost masculine
type in an incuse square ; the second transitional series
(448-440 B.C.) is marked by the trident symbol on the
obverse, the disappearance of the incuse square, and the
introduction of a more elegant Pegasus ; the last transitional
series (440-433 B.C.) has no symbols on the reverse, and is
marked by the introduction of the neckguard on the helmet
of Pallas. In Class V. (433-431 B.C.) Prof. Oman placed
several rare coins having a murex shell as symbol on the
obverse, and in Class VI. (431-414 B.C.) those with the
palmette symbol. In Classes V. and VI. appears the later
straight-winged Pegasus. Class VII. (414-412 B.C.) contains
the interesting series having a circle of dolphins around the
head of Pallas, which undoubtedly commemorates the Syra-
cusan alliance of 414 B.C., as the circle of dolphins, which had
long appeared on Syracusan coins, was unknown in Greece
proper. To the period 411-404 B.C. was allotted the class
having the symbols palmette and dolphin on the reverse.
Class IX. (404-394 B.C.) is distinguished by the dolphin on
the reverse and varying annual symbols. Prof. Oman also
discussed the position of the small series of staters having as
obverse type Pegasus standing tied up to a large ring, and
proposed to place them about 421-414 B.C., suggesting that
the type was emblematic of the peace of Nicias in 421 B.C.
This Paper is printed in Vol. IX. pp. 333-356.
KOYAL NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. 9
DECEMBER 16, 1909.
SIR HENRY H. HOWORTH, K.C.I.E., F.R.S., F.S.A., President,
in the Chair.
The minutes of the ordinary meeting of November 18 were
read and confirmed.
Mr. Edwin L. Arnold was elected a Fellow of the Society.
The following Presents were announced and laid upon the
table :—
1. Journal of Hellenic Studies. Vol. xxix., Pt. 2.
2. Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland.
Vol. xxxix., Pt. 3.
3. Medallic Illustrations of the History of Great Britain
and Ireland. Plates ci.-cx. From the Trustees of the
British Museum.
4. American Journal of Numismatics. Vol. xliii., No. 4.
5. Notices extraites de la Chronique de la Revue Numis-
matique. 3me trim., 1909. From A. Blanchet.
6. Catalogue du Cabinet Numismatique de la Fondation
Teyler a Harlem. From the Directors.
7. Ye Olde Mint (Philadelphia). By F. H. Stewart. From
the Author.
Mr. Thomas Bliss exhibited some English farthings, in-
cluding two of the Commonwealth in brass, and a third in
copper (a pattern with the initial of Rawlins under the
centre pillar) ; a farthing of Cromwell, and four others in
4 pewter of Charles II.
Mr. A. H. Baldwin showed two unpublished Roman coins :
a denarius of Septimius Severus with reverse type Veritas,
and a second brass of Jovian with reverse type Anubis on
dog.
Dr. Codrington exhibited, and read notes on, a series of
copper coins of Makalla in Hadramut, lent by Mr. D. F.
Howorth.
10 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
Mr. H. A. Grueber read a Paper on " The Silver Coinage
of the Roman Republic." He explained the reasons which
have enabled modern numismatists to ascribe the introduction
of a silver currency to Rome to 269-8 B.C., and showed that
the coins which have been attributed by some to the time of
the kings are forgeries, probably of the eighteenth century.
Mr. Grueber next discussed the origin of the scruple standard,
the various changes which took place in the silver standard
and officially-issued plated coins, and concluded by dealing
with the origin of the various denominations, the development
and historical significance of their types. Mr. Percy H.
Webb exhibited a series of Roman silver coins to illustrate
the Paper.
JANUARY 20, 1910.
HORACE W. MONCKTON, ESQ., F.G.S., F.L.S., Vice-President,
in the Chair.
The minutes of the ordinary meeting of December 16 were
read and approved.
Mr. J. T. Bennett-Poe, M.A., was elected a Fellow of the
Society.
The following Presents to the Society were announced and
laid upon the table : —
1. Numismatic Circular. Vol. xvii. From Messrs. Spink
& Son.
2. Coins of Magna Graecia. By Rev. A. W. Hands.
From Messrs. Spink & Son.
3. Revue Beige de Numismatique, 1910. Pt. 1.
4. Rivista Italiana di Numismatica, 1909. Pts. 3 and 4.
5. Bulletin de la Societe des Antiquaires de 1'Ouest, 1908
and 1909, Pt. 1.
6. Bulletin of the Archaeological Institute of America.
No. 1.
KOYAL NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. 11
7. Revue Suisse de Numismatique. Vol. xv., Pt. 1.
8. Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of London.
Vol. xxii., No. 2.
9. Publications de la Section Historique de 1'Institut de
Luxembourg. Vols. liv., Ivi., Ivii.
10. Monatsblatt der numismatischen Gesellschaft in Wien.
No. 317.
11. Report of the Government Museum, Madras, 1908-
1909.
12. American Journal of Archaeology. Vol. xiii., No. 4.
13. Deux deniers Lossains frappes a Hasselt. By Vicomte
B. de Jonghe. From the Author.
14. Portraiture of our Stuart Monarchs on their Coins
and Medals. Pt. 1. By Miss Helen Farquhar. From the
Author.
Mr. H. A. Parsons exhibited a heavy half -groat of Edward
IV, struck at Dublin, supposed to be unique ; Mr. W. E.
Marsh, a light groat of Henry VI; and Mr. Monckton,
six Roman coins of the second century A.D., selected to
illustrate the relation of the bronze to the copper coinage
of the period.
Mr. L. A. Lawrence showed a series of gold and silver coins
of Edward IV and Henry VI to illustrate the Paper of the
evening.
Mr. F. A. Walters read a Paper on "The Restoration
Coinage of Henry VI, 1470-71." After a short historical
introduction, he proceeded to discuss the gold coinage of the
period. On the restoration of Henry VI the want of a gold
coin corresponding to the reduced silver coinage was felt, and
the noble was probably considered to be too closely identified
with the house of York. The angel — the issue of which had
actually been ordered in 1465, though very few specimens
appear to have been struck — was adopted as the gold coin of
Henry VI. Henry's badge of the fleur-de-lis and his initial
12 PKOCEEDINGS OF THE
replaced Edward's badge of the rose and sun, while the
name of France was added to his titles. The chief new
mint-marks were the plain cross (pierced or unpierced), and
a rather large cross pattee. Angels were struck in large
quantities at the London Mint, and can be arranged in four
classes according to the legends. Half-angels or angelets
were also struck, similar to the angels, but having the reverse
legend 0 ORYX £VE SPES VNICft. In silver every
denomination from the groat to the farthing is now known of
the London Mint, though the groat alone can be called
common. The silver coinage closely resembles Edward IV's,
except in the name. The mint-marks on the groats are the
cross pattee, the short cross fitchee, the plain cross (pierced
or unpierced), and the fleur-de-lis. At the Bristol Mint
several varieties of angel were issued, which Mr. Walters
suggested were struck from dies made in Bristol, and not in
London, as usually supposed. The groat is the only silver
coin known of this mint, and eleven varieties were enume-
rated, giving a number of mint-marks differing from the
London Mint.
Mr. Walters discussed Mr. Packe's suggestion that certain
gold coins should be attributed to the York Mint, though
they do not bear the E which one would expect, and con-
cluded that this attribution was correct. The groat, which
is common, and the half-groat, of which two specimens are
known, were also struck at York. Archbishop Nevill struck
pennies at the Archiepiscopal Mint during this period, having
the lis and usual episcopal marks.
Among those who took part in the discussion was Mr.
Lawrence, who pointed out the danger of laying too much
stress on mint-marks, slight varieties of legends, &c., and
held that Edward IV must have struck many more angels
than we know of, so that it was impossible to say that the
noble was characteristic of Edward IV, or the angel of
Henry VI. He also regarded it as certain that the dies for
ROYAL NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. 13
the provincial mints were engraved in London, and not at
lose mints. This Paper is printed in Vol. X. Part II.
117-145.
FEBRUARY 19, 1910.
H. A. GRUEBER, ESQ., F.S.A., Vice-President, in the Chair.
The minutes of the ordinary meeting of January 20 were
read and approved.
Mr. R. Sutcliffe and Mr. W. I. Williams were elected
Fellows of the Society.
The following Presents were announced and laid upon the
table :—
1. Transactions of the Japan Society. Vol. viii.
2. Monatsblatt der numismatischen Gesellschaft in Wien.
No. 318.
3. Canadian Antiquarian and Numismatic Journal.
Vol. vi., No. 4.
4. Academie royale de Belgique. Bulletin de la Classe
desLettres. Nos. 9, 10, 11.
5. Revue Numismatique, 1909. Pt. 4.
6. Sitzungsberichte der numismatischen Gesellschaft zu
Berlin.
7. Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland.
Vol. xliii.
8. La Jambe Monnaie de Sinope. By A. Blanchet.
9. Une Nouvelle Theorie relative a 1'expedition des Cimbres
en Gaule. By A. Blanchet.
10. Notices extraites de la Chronique de la Revue Numis-
inatique. By A. Blanchet. Nos. 8, 9, 10. From the Author.
Mr. F. A. Walters exhibited a series of gold and silver
coins of Henry VI described in his Paper on " The Restora-
tion Coinage " of that king ; Mr. Horace W. Monckton, six
14 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
thalers of Saxony and Bohemia of the sixteenth century, to
illustrate the portraiture of the period ; and Mr. T. Bliss,
a fine set of nine pattern farthings of Charles II in silver,
bronze, and pewter.
The Rev. A. W. Hands read a Paper on " Juno Moneta,"
in which he gave an account of an ingenious theory of the
etymology of moneta proposed by Dr. Assmann in a recent
volume of Klio. There are certain difficulties in accepting the
traditional etymology of the important word. Dr. Assmann
suggests that it is a corruption of machanath, " camp," the
legend on the coins of Carthage of the fourth century B.C.,
which were no doubt well known to the Romans, and may
have been called machanaths, which ultimately became cor-
rupted to moneta. Analogies for the loss of the guttural
are to be found in the Septuagint. Machanath, meaning
" camp," would be associated with war and also with Juno,
the warlike goddess, the spear-holder. Money being the
sinews of war, the temple of Juno was a peculiarly fitting
place for the minfc. The epithet Moneta clung to Juno, and,
from a false etymology from moneo, gave rise to the stories
which have been handed down in support of the traditional
etymology. Mr. Hands argued that the Roman conception
of Juno was essentially that of a warlike goddess, otherwise
vows would not have been made to her on the battle-field.
The conception of Juno, the goddess of marriage, &c., grew
up later.
Mr. J. Allan said that it was improbable that these coins
were known as machanaths, as the inscription would have
been unintelligible to the Romans. It was also impos-
sible for machanath to have become Moneta, the argument
from the Septuagint not being a justifiable analogy. Even
if the guttural were lost, the short final a could never
become e. Moneta was an archaic and legitimate formation
from moneo, analogous to Vesta and Morta. The -e- of the
second syllable was really evidence of its antiquity. Even
KOYAL NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. 15
if we disregard the Roman explanation of the epithet, Juno
might well be called the " adviser " in her capacity as Juno
Pronuba. Juno was primarily the goddess of women and
marriage, and not a warlike goddess.
Mr. Grueber also disagreed with Dr. Assmann's theory ;
and Mr. Webb emphasized the difficulty of finding instances
of moneta meaning coin or mint in classical times.
MARCH 17, 1910.
SIR HENRY H. HOWORTH, K.C.I.E., F.R.S., P.S.A., President,
in the Chair.
The minutes of the ordinary meeting of February 17
were read and confirmed.
The following Presents were announced and laid upon the
table : —
1. Monatsblatt der numismatischen Gesellschaft in Wien.
No. 319.
2. American Journal of Numismatics. Vol. xliv., No. 1.
3. Academic royale de Belgique. Bulletin, No. 12, and
Annuaire, 1910.
4. Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland.
Vol. xxxix., Pt. 4.
5. Bulletin de la Socie'te des Antiquaires de 1'Ouest, 1909.
Pt. 2.
6. Bulletin of the Archaeological Institute of America.
Vol. i., Pt. 2.
Dr. Arthur J. Evans exhibited a fine stater of Elis of
the fifth century B.C., obverse type eagle's head to left,
16 PKOCEEDINGS OF THE
having the letters A A beneath clearly legible, confirming it
to be the work of Daedalus of Sicyon, which has been
doubted ; a specimen of the stater of Elis with obverse type
Victory seated, which was taken by Wyon as the design
for his Waterloo medal; also a specimen of the Waterloo
medal, and a stater of Terina with a similar Victory on the
reverse.
Mr. F. A. Walters showed a rare groat of the third
coinage of Henry VIII, having the bust to right in a
tressure similar to that on the second coinage; and Mr.
L. A. Lawrence, a fine series of short-cross pennies, illustrating
typical and crucial parts of the series.
Mr. G. C. Brooke read a Paper on " Chronology in the
Short-Cross Period." He maintained that there were no
short-cross pennies of the second class of the Chichester
Mint. Those at present attributed to this mint were to
be attributed to the York and Canterbury Mints, on the
ground that their attribution to Chichester violated the
principle that the reverse inscription sufficed to identify
the money er responsible for the purity of the coin. The
York coins had been attributed to Chichesier owing to the
confusion of C and E in the characters of the period, and
the Canterbury coins owing to failure to notice that the I
which frequently ended reverse inscriptions ought to be
interpreted as the first stroke of another letter, and so in
this case CI should be interpreted CA. Mr. Brooke believed
1189 to be too early a date for the commencement of
Class II., and preferred 1194, on the ground of Eichard's
absence from England, and consequent neglect of domestic
affairs before that date. The Lichfield coin struck in 1190
he assigned to Class I. ; and with regard to the Canterbury
Mint he held that Archbishop Baldwin did not avail himself
of the privilege of reopening his mint, which was granted
to him in December, 1189, owing to his hasty departure
for the Holy Land in March of the following year. Mistakes
ROYAL NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. 17
had been made in dating accounts, writs, charters, &c., of
the reigns of Richard I and John, owing to a misunder-
standing of the mode of reckoning Exchequer and regnal
years; the Chichester Mint, for example, was reopened
in 1205, and not in 1204, as had been previously held.
There was strong evidence to show that the reformation
of the coinage in the reign of John took place in 1205,
and not in 1208, the great summons of money ers and
other mint officials to appear in January, 1208, being
issued with a view to checking the circulation of counter-
feit coins. This view was consistent with the absence of
Chichester coins of Class II. and the reopening of that
mint in 1205.
The President, Mr. H. A. Grueber, and Mr. L. A. Law-
rence also spoke ; the last-named pointed out that no strict
lines of demarcation could be drawn between the classes. He
agreed that there are no coins of Chichester of Class II.,
but disagreed with the change in date of the beginning of
Class II. from 1189 to 1194; the Lichfield coin was of
Class II,, and was issued in 1190. Mr. Brooke's proposal
to change the date of the reformation of the coinage from
1208 to 1205 seemed reasonable.
APRIL 21, 1910.
HERBERT A. GRUEBER, ESQ., F.S.A., Vice-President,
in the Chair.
The minutes of the ordinary meeting of March 17 were
read and approved.
Rev. Edgar Rogers was elected a Fellow.
b
18 PKOCEEDINGS OF THE
The following Presents were announced and laid upon the
table :—
1. The Royal Society. By Sir W. Huggins. From the
Author.
2. Memoires de la Societe des Antiquaires du Nord, 1908-
1909.
3. Rivista Italiana di Numismatica. Pt. 1, 1910.
4. Monatsblatt der numismatischen Gesellschaft in Wien.
Nos. 320-321.
5. Annual Report of the Smithsonian Institute, 1908.
6. Report of the United States National Museum,
1909.
7. Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Vol. xxviii.,
No. 192.
8. The Canadian Antiquarian and Numismatic Journal.
Vol. vii,, No. 3.
Mr. T. Bliss exhibited six shillings of Charles I of the
Tower Mint, with mint-marks lis, negro's head, plume (two
varieties), bell, and harp; Mr. F. A. Walters, a specimen
of the denarius, mentioned by Dion Cassius, struck in
42 B.C. by M. Junius Brutus, with reverse pileus and
two daggers, and inscription, E ID. MAR. referring to the
assassination of Julius Caesar ; and Mr. L. A. Lawrence, the
second known specimen of the silver penny of Wulfred,
Archbishop of Canterbury, with reverse legend DO ROVER N I
CIVITATIS, one of the few Saxon coins without the moneyer's
name.
Dr. A. J. Evans showed the Roman medallions and coins I
mentioned in his Paper ; and Mr. P. H. Webb, a fine series of j
coins of Julian II to illustrate his article.
Dr. A. J. Evans read a Paper on " Some Roman Medallions j
and Coins " in his collection. The pieces described were : (a) a j
bronze medallion of Clodius Albinus ; reverse, Fortune seated I
left, FORT.REDVCI.COS.il., struck in 194 A.D., when the)
KOYAL NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. 19
Senate made Albinus Consul for the second time \ (6) a ten-
aureus of Diocletian struck at Alexandria for the Decennalia
in 293 A.D. ; reverse, Jupiter enthroned with eagle at his feet,
IOVI CONSERVATORI . in exergue ALE.; (c) the third ex-
ample known of the double aureus of Constantine I. with
reverse, view of the city of Treves, GLORIA. AVGG, probably
struck in 328-9 A.D., when Constantine was in Treves ; (d)
an aureus of Gratian commemorating the accession of Valen-
tinian II, reverse Gratian and Yalens enthroned, between
them the young Valentinian II, above his head a shield
inscribed VOT. V . MVL . X., in exergue ANTS. Dr. Evans
discussed the question of the denominations of Roman
medallions ; showed that the piece of Diocletian described
was a ten- (not, as hitherto thought, an eight-) aureus
piece ; and suggested that the bronze medallions were also
struck to a standard, the piece of Albinus being a piece of
fifteen asses. This Paper is printed in Yol. X. Pt. II.
pp. 97-109.
Mr. Percy H. Webb read a Paper on "The Coinage of
Julian II." After a sketch of Julian's career, he proceeded to
discuss the coins, which were shown to fall into three classes :
(a) coins with beardless bust and title of Caesar, struck before
360 A.D., when he received the title Augustus ; (&) a small
class of coins with diademed, usually beardless bust and title
Augustus, covering the period from shortly before the Quin-
quennalia of 360 A.D., to shortly after the death of Con-
stantine II ; (c) coins with full-bearded bust and title
Augustus, covering the remainder of the reign. Mr. Webb
showed that there is virtually no trace of pagan types on
coins which can be definitely assigned to Julian, and that he
seems to have been as careful not to hurt Christian suscepti-
bilities as he tells us he was. With regard to the anonymous
issues with personifications of Sarapis and Isis, Mr. Webb
supported the traditional attribution to the time of Julian,
and suggested that they were unofficial issues of Alexandria.
12
20 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
He showed that the Isis on these coins was not, as hitherto
supposed, a portrait of Helena, and that the bull which occurs
on the reverse of some coins bearing Julian's names is not
Apis.
In the discussion on the Papers, Mr. Grueber, the Rev. Mr.
Hands, Mr. Webb, and Dr. Evans took part.
MAY 26, 1910.
HERBERT A. GRUEBER, ESQ., F.S.A., Vice-President, in
the Chair.
The ordinary meeting appointed to be held on the 19th May
was, by order of the Council, postponed to this day.
The minutes of the ordinary meeting of April 21 were read
and approved.
Mr. Frederick J. Brittan and Mr. M. Crawfurd Burkitt
were elected Fellows of the Society.
The following Presents were announced and laid upon the
table : —
1. Appunti di Nurnismatica Romana. No. xciv. By
Francesco Gnecchi.
2. Revue Beige de Numisrnatique. 1910, Pt. 2.
3. Academic royale de Belgique. Bulletin, No. 12,j
1910.
4. Proceedings of the Numismatic and Antiquarian Society
of Philadelphia. No. 25.
5. Les jetons representant les Metamorphoses d'Ovide. B$
E. Demole.
G. Medal commemorating the Tercentenary of the Founding
of Quebec. From the National Battle-fields Commission.
KOYAL NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. 21
r. American Journal of Archaeology. Vol. xiv., No. 1.
8. Revue Numismatique. 1910, Pt. 1.
9. Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland.
Vol. xl., Pt. 1.
10. Journal of Hellenic Studies. Vol. xxx., Pt. 1.
11. Revue Suisse de Numismatique. Vol. xvi., Pt. 1.
12. Monatsblatt der numismatischen Gesellschaft in Wien.
No. 322.
13. Proceedings of the Cambridge Antiquarian Society.
Vol. xv.
14. I diversi Stili nella Monetazione romana. Pts. vi. and
vii. By L. Laffranchi. From the Author.
15. Chronique de Numismatique Celtique.
16. Notice extraites de la Chronique de la Revue Numis-
matique. Pt. 1, 1910.
17. Les dernieres Monnaies d'or des Empereurs de Byzance.
18. Les " Sous Gaulois " du V. Siecle.
19. Plombs de Caen, de Louviers et d'Ervreux.
Nos. 15-19 by A. Blanchet, and presented by him.
Mr. Leopold P. G. Messenger was nominated to represent
the Fellows of the Society at the next audit of accounts of the
Society.
The Society then resolved itself into a Special Meeting,
when the following address to His Majesty the King was
passed, on the motion of the Chairman : —
The Royal Numismatic Society,
22, Albemarle Street, London, W.
To the King's Most Excellent Majesty.
The Humble Address of the President, Council, and Fellows
of the Royal Numismatic Society.
MAY IT PLEASE YOUR MAJESTY,
We, the President. Council, and Fellows of the
Royal Numismatic Society in Special Meeting assembled, beg
22 PKOCEEDINGS OF THE
leave humbly to approach Your Majesty with the expression
of our deep sorrow and respectful sympathy at the great and
irreparable loss which has befallen Your Majesty and the
Royal Family in the death of our beloved and venerated
Sovereign and Patron King Edward VII. His unceasing
sympathy with all classes of his people, the kingly wisdom
with which he guided the affairs of the nation, and his
influence in maintaining the peace of the world, will cause his
memory to be ever cherished by this Society.
We desire humbly at the same time to express our earnest
hope that Divine Providence may in its Goodness and Mercy
be pleased to bless Your Majesty with health and length of
days, and that Your Majesty's reign over a loyal and grateful
people may be long and glorious.
The sympathetic interest which Your Majesty has con-
stantly manifested in all that concerns the progress of
Antiquarian Research and Historical Study encourages us
to hope that Your Majesty will be graciously pleased to
continue to our Corporate Body that beneficent Patronage
which it enjoyed at the hands of Your Majesty's Royal
Father since the granting of the Charter in the year
1904.
The following address to Her Majesty Queen Alexandra
was also passed, on the motion of the Chairman : —
To Her Most Excellent Majesty Queen Alexandra.
The Humble Address of the President, Council, and Fellows
of the Royal Numismatic Society.
MADAM,
We, the President, Council, and Fellows of the
Royal Numismatic Society in Special Meeting assembled, beg
leave humbly to profess our sorrow at the great and irrepar-
able loss which has befallen Your Majesty and the Royal
EOYAL NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. 23
House and the Nation in the death of our beloved and
venerated Sovereign Lord King Edward VII., our Patron,
whose memory will ever be faithfully cherished by a grateful
people.
JUNE 16, 1910.
ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING.
HERBERT A. GRUEBER, ESQ., F.S.A., Vice-President,
in the Chair.
The Minutes of the Annual General Meeting of June 17,
1909, were read and confirmed.
Mr. E. Shepherd and Mr. H. Symonds were appointed
scrutineers of the ballot for the ensuing year.
Mr. Alexander Goodall and Professor Harvey Porter were
elected Fellows of the Society.
The following Report of the Council was then read to the
meeting : —
LADIES AND GENTLEMEN,— The Council have again the
honour to lay before you their Annual Report as to the
state of the Royal Numismatic Society both numerical and
financial.
It is with deep regret that they have to announce the
death of the following four Fellows : —
Sebastian Evans, Esq., LL.D.
Mons. J. P. Lambros.
J. F. Neck, Esq.
Thomas Wakley, Esq., L.R.C.P.
24 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
The Council also much regret to announce the resignation of
the following Fellows : —
G. B. Bleazby, Esq.
Miss E. C. Clarke.
Captain J. R. P. Clarke.
A. W. Dauglish, Esq.
N. Heywood, Esq.
A. T. Martin, Esq.
T. C. Martin, Esq.
They have also to announce that the name of Mr. G. C.
Adams has been removed from the list of Fellows under
Rule 15.
On the other hand, the Council have much pleasure in
recording the Election of the following fifteen Ordinary
Fellows : —
Edwin L. Arnold, Esq.
Miss Agnes Baldwin.
J. T. Bennett-Poe, Esq., M.A.
Colonel J. Biddulph.
Frederick J. Brittan, Esq.
Miles Crawfurd Burkitt, Esq.
Alexander Goodall, Esq.
Stephen K. Nagg, Esq.
Herbert Nicklewicz, Esq.
F. W. Yoysey Peterson, Esq.
Professor Harvey Porter.
Rev. Edgar Rogers.
Mons. Michel Soutzo.
Robert Sutcliffe, Esq.
W. I. Williams, Esq.
ROYAL NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. 25
The number of Fellows is, therefore : —
Ordinary. Honorary. Total.
June, 1909 291 22 313
15 15
306
. . . 4
22 328
4.
Resigned, &c
. . 8
— 8
June, 1910 294 22 316
The Council have to announce that they have awarded the
Medal of the Society to Hofrat Dr. Friedrich Edler v.
Kenner, Keeper of the Imperial Coin Cabinet in Vienna,
for his researches in ancient archaeology and numismatics,
especially in the Roman series.
The Hon. Treasurer's Report, which follows, was then sub-
mitted to the Meeting : —
STATEMENT OF RECEIPTS AND DISBUBSE-
FKOM JUNE, 1909,
Sr. THE KOYAL NUMISMATIC SOCIETY IN ACCOUNT
£ s. d. £ s. d. £ 8.
Cost of Chronicle —
To Messrs. Clowes and Sons, Ltd.,
for printing Chronicle,
„ Part I., 1909 . . 49 3 3
„ Part II., 1909 . 67 12 4
„ Part III., 1909 . 40 15 4
1 ^7 10 11
d.
-L iJ i .1 U J.J.
., University Press (Plates for
Chronicle) . . . 27 6 0
„ Ditto (ditto) . . . 27 5 0
„ Ditto (ditto) . . . 33 1 6
07-19 p
O / 1& O
„ Artist Illustrators, Ltd. (En-
graving Coins) . .132
„ Ditto (ditto) . . .303
„ Ditto (ditto) . . .090
„ Ditto (ditto) . , . 12 4 0
1 fi 1 (\ ^
,, F. Anderson, Drawing Coins 100
„ Ditto (ditto) . . .100
„ Ditto (ditto) . . 1 10 0
3 10 0
265 9
Books, &c. —
To C. Fox (Bookbinding) . . . ."748
., Ditto (ditto) 406
10
„ Messrs. Williams and Norgate (Books) . 1110
„ Messrs. Hachette and Co. (Books) . 039
— 12 10
9
Sundry Payments —
To Rent, Royal Asiatic Society .
„ Refreshments, &c.
30 0
11 0
0
6
„ Insurance Premium
0 15
0
„ Engraving Medal
0 4
0
„ Sundry Petty Payments
8 17
6
„ Research Fund (Searching at Record
Office) . . 3 13
6
332 11
1
., Balance (Research Fund) .
13 12 4
„ (General)
. 298 18 10
312 11
2
£645 2
3
MENTS OF THE ROYAL NUMISMATIC SOCIETY,
TO JUNE, 1910.
WITH PERCY H. WEBB, HON. TREASURER. (JTr.
£ s. d. £ ». d.
By Balance in hand (General) . . . . 272 11 11
„ Montagu Bequest, transferred to Research
Fund 10 13 7
283 5 6
„ Subscriptions, 234 members at £1 Is. (less loss
on foreign cheques) ..... 245 12 11
„ Entrance Fees 11 11 0
257 3 11
„ Subscriptions to Research Fund 4 14 6
„ Sale of Chronicle 65 3 5
„ Dividends on £800 London & North-Western
Railway Preference Stock, 4 %—
£50 Research Fund . . . 1 17 9
£750 General Fund . . . . 28 6 3
30 4 0
„ Return on Income Tax 4 10 11
£645 2 3
PERCY H. WEBB, Hon. Treasurer.
Audited and found correct,
THOS. BLIS!
LEOPOLD G. P. MESSENGER,
THOS. BLISS, _^ I Hon. Auditors.
"» '
June, 1910.
28 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
The Reports of the Council and of the Treasurer having
been adopted, Mr. Grueber presented the Society's Medal to
Mr. Allan, to be forwarded to Dr. Friedrich Edler v. Kenner,
who was unable to be present, and addressed him as
follows : —
MR. ALLAN, —
I have much pleasure in handing to you the Medal
of this Society for transmission to Dr. Friedrich Edler von
Kenner, Director of the Imperial Cabinet of Coins and
Antiquities in Vienna. The Medal has been awarded to
Dr. Kenner by the Council in recognition of his long and
important services to ancient numismatics and archaeology.
The duty which has fallen on me, in the absence of the
President, is particularly pleasing, as the Society is paying
a tribute to one who may well be called the doyen of numis-
matists, and whose name, with the exception of that of Dr.
Irnhoof-Blumer, has been the longest on our list of Honorary
Fellows, Dr. Kenner having been elected in 1878.
So far back as 1858 Dr. Kenner began to give to the
world of archaeologists the benefit of his knowledge, as it
was in that year that he published his work on Terra Cotta
Lamps in the Imperial Cabinet. This work, which was issued
over half a century ago, shows the intimate acquaintance of the
writer with his subject, and has since been considered one of
the text-books of its class. Ten years later, in conjunction
with his colleague Dr. Yon Sacken, Dr. Kenner described the
contents of the Imperial Collection of Coins and Antiquities
at Vienna. It is a work which deals with a great variety
of objects — Ancient Sculpture, Inscriptions, Ceramic and
Toreutic Art, Bronzes, Coins, Gems, and various objects of
similar classes of the Renaissance period.
From that time Dr. Kenner's writings have been very
numerous and of wide scope, and his contributions to the
Numismatische Zeitshrift, the organ of the Numismatic
Society of Vienna, of which he was one of the founders in
KOYAL NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. 29
1870, show what an active life he has led. To us here he is
best known for his contributions to Roman numismatics,
amongst which I would mention his work on Roman Medal-
lions, which was published in parts in the JaTirbuch from
1883 to 1890, and to which he subsequently issued a series of
plates. To this work he has added many contributions as
well as articles on Greek numismatics, and useful records of
finds of various classes. It is in acknowledgment of these
services to the science of numismatics that the Society has
awarded to Dr. Kenner its Medal. In transmitting the
Medal to Dr. Kenner, I will ask you to convey to him not
only our gratitude for his past achievements, but also our
hope that his labours in the future may produce equally
valuable and satisfactory results.
In accepting the Medal of the Society on behalf of Dr.
Kenner, Mr. Allan expressed regret that Dr. Kenner was
unable to be present, and read the following letter from him
to the meeting : —
Vienna, June 4th, 1910.
DEAR SIR, —
I have the honour to announce the receipt of your
letter of the 30th May, and to declare that I feel myself most
highly honoured by being awarded the Silver Medal of the
Eoyal Numismatic Society, and I accept it with sinceresfc
thanks.
Will you kindly convey to the Council of the Royal
Numismatic Society, whose great energies I have always
admired, my expressions of the deepest gratitude, and accept
my best thanks for your congratulations.
Believe me,
Yours most sincerely,
DR. FRIEDRICH EDLER VON KENNER,
K. u. K. Hofrat i. R.
J. Allan, Esq.,
Secretary to the Royal Numismatic Society.
30 PKOCEEDINGS OF THE
Mr. Grueber then delivered the following Address : —
VICE-PRESIDENT,'S ADDRESS.
When it was notified to me, only a few days ago, that our
President would not be well enough to be present here this
evening, my first inclination was that there should be no
Annual Address to the Fellows. On subsequent reflection
it seemed to me, however, that a year should not be allowed
to pass without some mention of the Society's work, and I
have therefore at the last moment put together a few notes,
which I fear will throughout bear the stamp of having been
prepared in great haste and without much reflection. These
notes will be very short, and of a somewhat superficial
character. I will therefore ask for your indulgence, and
must beg you not to consider what I have to say quite in the
nature of an Address.
You have heard from our Treasurer that the financial
state of the Society is satisfactory. Our income is a limited
one, but what we spend it on I think bears good fruit. With
the exception of rent, which is not a serious item, nearly
all our income goes to the publishing of the Numismatic
Chronicle. This is, as I am sure you will agree, the most
satisfactory way of using it. The duties of the officers of
the Society are purely honorary, and we are grateful for
the time and patience which they bestow upon them.
I am glad to hear from the Secretary, that there
has been a slight increase in the number of our Fellows.
There have been only four deaths since this time last year ;
but, unfortunately, no less than seven resignations. Those
who have passed away are gone for ever, but of those who
have resigned their Fellowship, there is always a hope that
on a future occasion some of them will return to the Society.
The four Fellows whose decease we deplore were all remark-
able men in their particular vocations.
ROYAL NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. 31
The first I have to mention is Dr. Sebastian Evans, who
died on December 18 last. He was, as no doubt you are
all aware, the brother of Sir John Evans, our late and much-
esteemed President. So far as I know, Dr. Evans was not a
numismatist, though he had been a member and Fellow of this
Society since 1861. He was, however, a man of conspicuous
abilities, and was well known as an author, a poet, and a
journalist. He was also a keen politician, and took an active
part in the organization of the Conservative Party in con-
nexion with the National Union of Conservative Associations.
He contested Birmingham in the Conservative interest in 1868,
but without success. It was in the pursuit of journalism,
however, that he won most fame in his early days. In 1867
he undertook the editorship of the Birmingham Gazette,
which he held for three years, when he was called to the bar
and joined the Oxford circuit. Four years later he returned
to his former vocation, and, in concert with Lord Percy and
Mr. W. H. Smith, he started the People, which he edited for
three years. His subsequent life was one of great activity,
and he occupied himself to an increasing extent in matters
historical, archaeological, artistic, and literary. Amongst his
large circle of friends he was known as a no mean executant
in various fields of art, from oils to miniatures and carving.
It was in connexion with this side of his varied talent that
he made his only contribution to the Numismatic Chronicle in
1861. The subject on which he wrote was " Modern Art and
the New Bronze Coinage." He died at Canterbury, where he
had resided for many years, and where he was much esteemed
by the inhabitants of that archiepiscopal city.
Mr. J. F. Neck was one of a generation of English
numismatists, whose number has of late greatly decreased.
His association with this Society goes back to 1864, a*nd his
early years were marked by singular numismatic activity,
combined with great modesty and gentleness. His first
contribution to the Numismatic Chronicle was on an
32
PROCEEDINGS OF THE
Aberystwith half-crown of Charles I, which showed a
connexion between the mint of that city and the one
established at Shrewsbury. This paper was published in
1866. Two years later he began his series of articles on the
Coinages of Henry IV, V, and VI, which threw much
light on the monetary history of those reigns, and which
have served as the basis of subsequent investigations. The
contents of these articles and the views expressed by Mr.
Neck are so well known that it is not necessary for me to
enter into any details. The subject aroused a good deal of
interest amongst English numismatists, and produced kindred
papers from Archdeacon Pownall, Mr. Longstaffe, and others.
The whole subject was summed up and amplified in 1871,
when Mr. Neck set out in complete order the coinages of those
reigns. It was in that year that the Stamford hoard was
unearthed, and the first year of my service in the Medal
Room. It was when registering and incorporating the coins
from that find that I made the acquaintance of Mr. Neck,
who volunteered to go over my work, as I was then a novice,
and to see that I had classified the coins correctly. It was
my first piece of work, and I am glad to say it passed his
criticism. Not long after this Mr. Neck was unfortunate in
business, through no fault, I believe, of his own, and, being
of a very sensitive nature, his attendance at our meetings
gradually slackened, and it is now many years since we have
had the pleasure of his presence. Mr. Neck formed a
considerable collection of coins, which, I believe, passed in its
entirety into the possession of the uncle of our Treasurer.
Mr. Neck's death took place on April 2 last.
Mr. J. P. Lambros was the well-known dealer in coins and
antiquities at Athens. His only numismatic work, so far
as I am aware, was a treatise on the coinage of Peloponnesus.
He and his brother, and their father before them, were long
acquainted in business transactions with the British Museum,
and it was from them that for many years the National
KOYAL NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. 33
Collection obtained most of its more important Greek coins.
Mr. Lambros died quite unexpectedly on May 20, 1909, in his
66th year.
Mr. Thomas Wakley was one of our more recent Fellows,
as he did not join the Society till 1902. He was a somewhat
frequent attendant at our meetings. Though chiefly occupied
in matters connected with the medical profession, in his
capacity as editor of the Lancet, he devoted a good deal of
time to forming a collection of English coins, which consisted
chiefly of crown pieces and coins used in their place in all
parts of the British Dominions. The collection was dispersed
by Messrs. Sotheby in December last, and it contained many
exceptional and rare pieces, amongst which were the crown of
Henry VIII, the Oxford crown, and the Petition crown ; also
half-crowns of Philip and Mary, and Elizabeth. Dr. Wakley
died on March 6 of last year.
Turning to the labours of the individual Fellows of the
Society, I think you will find that the pages of the Numis-
matic Chronicle contain many articles of considerable merit
and importance.
In Greek numismatics we have had, I am glad to say, a
revival, and they show that our old friends have not deserted
us for the benefit of other Societies whose chief work is mainly
outside the sphere of numismatics.
Mr. Michael P. Vlasto, to whose pen we are indebted for
several previous papers, has given an interesting account of
a find of coins which were unearthed on the ancient site of
Tarentum, and which he has ascribed to the time of the
Hannibalic occupation, which extended over a very short
period, circ. 212-209 B.C. The find consisted of 114 staters
and half-staters, not only of Tarentum itself, but also of
Metapontum and Sicily, the last struck in that island by the
Carthaginians. We have in this hoard a fair sample of the
coinage which was current at Tarentum at this particular
tune; and as we are able to fix the burial of the hoard
c
34 PEOOEEDINGS OF THE
within a period of four years at the outside, it forms a basis
for the classification of the coinage of the previous and
succeeding years. The hoard confirmed in a somewhat
remarkable way the classification proposed by Dr. Arthur
Evans, in his Horsemen of Tarentum.
In an article on the coinages of Antigonus I and
Demetrius Poliorcetes of Macedon, Mr. C. T. Seltman has
proposed a new chronological classification of their issues,
dating some back to the period previous to the Battle of
Salamis, 306 B.C., when hitherto it has been supposed
that Antigonus only issued coins in gold and silver with
the name and types of Alexander the Great. These coins
bear the names of Antigonus and his son Demetrius without
the title /fao-iAevs, and Mr. Seltman therefore concludes that
they must have been struck before 306 B.C., when Antigonus
assumed the title of " king," and conferred it also on his son.
Subsequent issues give to both the royal title. The classifica-
tion proposed by Mr. Seltman seems to be quite borne out by
numismatic as well as by historical evidence, and we have
much pleasure in welcoming his first contribution to the pages
of the Chronicle.
Professor Oman has returned to his previous study of the
coinage of Corinth, a series as difficult to classify in chrono-
logical order as the contemporary issues of Athens, on account
of the paucity of distinctive land-marks. The period over
which the coins dealt with by Professor Oman extended
was from circ. 470 to 394 B.C. Since Professor Oman published
his paper on this subject in the Corolla Numismatica four years
ago, he has met with many pieces which, whilst not dis-
turbing his previous classification, made it possible to carry
out a more minute subdivision. The series treated of opens
with coins of the latest archaic type, which he assigns to
circ. 470-451 B.C., in the production of which Corinth pro-
bably for commercial purposes appears to have followed the
example set by Athens, that is, preserving its ancient style
EOYAL NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. 35
and types. During the following twenty years the head
of Pallas on the obverse undergoes some slight modifications,
especially in the arrangement of the hair, which enabled
Professor Oman to divide the coins into three separate
classes, which he designates as first, second, and last tran-
sitional series. Special symbols also favour this subdivision.
The two next periods, 433-431 and 431-414 B.C., are marked
by the symbols of a murex shell and a palmette, the coins of
the latter series being associated with the earlier years of the
Peloponnesian War. In 414 B.C. Corinth formed an alliance
with Syracuse, and to commemorate this event she placed
on the coins a circle of dolphins, such as are met with on
the coins of the latter city. The same process of classifica-
tion has been carried out in the later issues, which take
us just beyond the close of the fifth century. The changes
in symbols are accompanied by marked differences in style,
in the form of the head of Pallas, and also in variations
of the position of the Pegasus. The order suggested by
Professor Oman will, in our opinion, stand the most critical
examination, and we shall greet with pleasure any further
researches he may lay before the Society in connexion
with the later coinages of that great commercial centre,
Corinth.
In an article which is a reprint from Le Musee, Mr.
E. J. Seltman maintains the genuineness of the well-known
" Medallion " of Agrigentum in the Royal Collection at
Munich, which had been called into question by M. A. Sambon
in a previous article in that periodical, now, I believe, defunct.
We need not enter into any detail of the arguments brought
forward by Mr. Seltman ; but we may remark that no one,
so far as I know, ever believed the two specimens in the
Bibliotheque Rationale at Paris to be authentic pieces. In
my own knowledge I am aware that M. Babelon does not
consider either of the coins to be genuine. The authenticity
of the Munich piece must therefore rest on its own merits, and
36 PKOCEEDINGS OF THE
we are of opinion that stronger evidence will have to be
produced before it can be said to have lost the good character
which hitherto has been accorded to it.
On Roman coins several interesting papers have been read
at our meetings.
The Rev. A. W. Hands has called attention to Dr.
Assmann's recent theory put forth in Kilo as to the etymology
of the word Moneta as applied to money. Dr. Assmann is
of opinion that its derivation from Juno Moneta is not feasible,
but that the word is a corruption of Machanath, i.e. camp, the
legend found on some Carthaginian coins of the fourth century
B.C., struck in Sicily, which were probably known to the
Romans. The Roman divinity Juno appears to have been
of a double character, like many others of the Roman
Pantheon. As Juno of the Capitol she was regarded as the
protectress of women, whence she received the surnames of
Pronuba, Matrona, Juga, Lucina ; but there was another Juno,
who was the protectress of warriors, whose cult was centred
on the Arx, the hill where now stands the Church of the
Ara Coeli. This is the goddess of whom Dr. Assmann writes,
and who, as he says, should be carefully distinguished from
the Juno of the Capitol. Arguing from this, Dr. Assmann
supposes that the epithet Moneta was given to the goddess
because the mint was established in her temple, and that
the word as applied to the coinage was not originally derived
from the goddess as the " Averter of Evil," the " Adviser,"
the " Warner." The suggestion is certainly ingenious, but it
is not altogether convincing, though it seems to be widely
accepted by numismatists on the Continent. It seems to me
that several points are raised which need more elucidation,
viz. (1) etymologically, can Moneta be derived from Ma-
chanath ? (2) Were the Romans so conversant with the money
of the Carthaginians that they applied the word to their own
coinage? and (3) Is the word Moneta of such antiquity in
literature that it would be possible to attach to it such a
KOYAL NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. 37
derivation? These are points which may probably be dis-
cussed at a later date.
Mr. G. C. Brooke has given an account of a hoard of
Roman denarii which was discovered at Castle Bromwich, near
Birmingham. The bulk of the coins extend over a period of
just on a century, i.e. from the reign of Vespasian to that of
Aurelius. There were many varieties which are not men-
tioned by Cohen. The interesting feature of the hoard was
the presence of denarii of Mark Antony of the legionary type,
which were struck during 32-31 B.C., probably at Ephesus,
when he was preparing for the final struggle with Octavius,
which took place at Actium. These coins are of base metal,
so their circulation was not affected by the lowering of the
standard, both as regards fineness of metal and weight, by
Nero. In the finds which took place somewhat recently at
Silchester, these coins of Antony were discovered with other
denarii of the second and third centuries. Their frequency
at the present time shows that the issue must have been a
large one.
Another interesting paper has been provided by Dr. Arthur
Evans on " Some Imperial Coins and Medallions." It is an
account of some pieces recently acquired by him. The
earliest piece is a medallion in bronze of Clodius Albinus,
having on the reverse a figure of Fortuna Redux. There is
no difficulty in fixing the approximate date of this medallion,
as Albinus was made Consul iterum in 194 A.D., and he pro-
claimed himself Augustus early in 196 A.D. This medallion
weighs 68'40 grammes, equal to fifteen asses ; a similar one
at Vienna weighs 61 '7 grammes, equal to fourteen asses, and
it is supposed by some that these pieces were intended to
be current at these values. The unequal weight of the medal-
lions throughout the Roman series seems to be pretty conclusive
evidence that they were never intencj^d for circulation as
money. A still more remarkable piece is a medallion, or as
Dr. Evans calls it a double-quinio, or ten-aureus piece of
38
PKOCEEDINGS OF THE
Diocletian, with the reverse type of Jupiter seated. It was
struck at Alexandria. The Museum has a similar piece, but
with Jupiter standing, and struck at Nicomedia. In this case,
again, we are able to fix the date of issue, as there exists a
similar medallion but of smaller size, struck at Tarraco, which
gives the fifth consulship of Diocletian, viz. 293 A.D. If
other evidence is necessary, it is to be found in the style and
portrait of Diocletian, which are those of the reformed
coinage, which was instituted in 292 A.D. The piece must
therefore have been issued in that or the following year :
and as it is of the weight of 10 aurei it was probably current
at that value.
An equally interesting piece is a double aureus of Con-
stantine the Great, struck at Treves, and showing a view of
the walls and gate of that city with the swift Moselle flowing
in the foreground. It is scarcely possible to imagine a more
picturesque scene in so small a compass. Any one who
knows Treves can easily recognize the spot, though the
buildings are now gone. The bridge, however, remains, but
of a different age. A special interest is attached to Dr.
Evans's coin in the fact that it is from the same die as the
one in Paris, but with slight improvements in the form of
decoration, showing that between the issues of the two pieces
the dies were retouched and embellished. The Society may
well congratulate Dr. Evans on the acquisition of these
remarkable additions to his collection.
Our Treasurer, Mr. Webb, has again given us the benefit of
his researches in Roman Numismatics, in communicating to
the Society an article on the coinage of Julian the Philosopher.
He has arranged the coinage of this Emperor in three
classes, which coincide with three epochs of his reign, each
class also being provided with a different portrait — as a boy,
then a youth, and then a man of full age. The chief object
of the paper was, however, to discuss the date and issue of
certain small bronze coins with the heads of Serapis and
ROYAL NUMISMATIC SOCIETY.
39
Isis, and with the figures of other Egyptian divinities. In
spite of his perversion to paganism, Julian seems to have
been careful not to hurt the feelings of his Christian subjects
by paganizing his coin-types. It is very evident, then, that
these small coins must be looked on as forming a special issue,
and as their types are Egyptian, there can be no hesitation
in assigning them to Alexandria, and to the period of the
murder of George of Cappadocia, and the restoration of
Anastasius in 362 B.C. when Julian wrote to the Alexandrians,
forgiving them the crime they had committed in considera-
tion of their founder Alexander and of Serapis their tutelar
divinity. It was probably to commemorate this event that
these coins were issued.
The only other paper on Koman Numismatics to which I
need refer is that on the Alexandrian coinage of Galba by Mr.
Milne, in which he suggests a chronological arrangement for
the billon coins of that reign.
Though a great portion of the pages of the Numismatic
Chronicle has been devoted to ancient numismatics, the interests
of those who are more concerned with English and British
coins have not been neglected.
Mr. F. A. Walters has given us another of his exhaustive
papers. This time it is on the coinage of Henry VI, struck
during his short restoration. Being a series quite separate
from that of his earlier reign, it was not included in his
previous article on Henry VI. New denominations had since
been issued, former ones were suspended, and the standard of
both the gold and silver money had undergone a reduction.
The article is a sequel to his recent one on the first coinage
of Edward IV, and a prelude to Edward's later issues, which
it is Mr. Walters' intention to attack next. The only mints
in operation during this short period were those of London,
Bristol, and York, the three principal royal ones. The only
ecclesiastical mint was that of York, which may be accounted
for by the circumstance that Nevill, the then Archbishop, was
40
PKOCEEDINGS OF THE
made Chancellor ; but his coins consisted only of pennies of
recent identification. The gold issues were confined to the
angel and half-angel, pieces introduced by Edward IV, but
of which he had made but little use. Mr. Walters suggests
that the new ryal was a little too Edwardian in character
for Henry to have continued at once its production. For the
chronology of the series Mr. Walters has taken chiefly as his
guides, first, the mint-marks, and then style and fabric, and
a careful perusal of his paper will show to what good purpose
he has followed this course. It is very interesting to compare
what Mr. Walters has written with what Ruding said in the
middle of the last century. In the one case there is decision,
in the other a strain of considerable uncertainty. Ruding
admits that these light groats with the name of Henry must
have been later than the fourth year of Edward IY ; but as
Henry VII coined of the same weight, and used the same
mint-marks, it has not hitherto been possible to ascertain to
which monarch these belong. This doubt has been dispelled
by Mr. Walters, and he is to be congratulated on the
successful result of his researches, which I believe he is able
to confirm with further documentary evidence which has
lately been brought to light.
Mr. G. C. Brooke, in a paper entitled " Chronology in
the Short-Cross Period," has raised certain questions about
the short-cross coinage, more as regards its chronology than
its classification. He quite agrees with the divisions pro-
posed by Sir John Evans, corresponding to the reigns of
Henry II, Richard I, John, and Henry III ; but he differs
from him as to the precise dates to which two of these
divisions are to be attributed. In the case of Richard I,
whose coins are of Class II., the varieties in type were made
to correspond with the date of his accession in 1189. This
date Mr. Brooke considers too early, on the ground that
Richard was absent from England, and that a consequent
neglect of affairs at home took place, and also that it is
KOYAL NUMISMATIC SOCIETY.
41
very doubtful if Baldwin, Archbishop of Canterbury, issued
any coins before he left for the Holy Land. This occurred
in March, 1190, the grant of coinage being received by him
only five months before. Mr. Brooke therefore considers
that the issue of Class II. did not begin till 1194, a date
which is supported by coins of Lichfield and other places.
He proposes another change in the case of Class III., the
coins of which are assigned to John. It was suggested by
Sir John Evans and others that this class originated in 1208,
when a general summons was issued to all the moneyers and
their workmen to appear at Westminster to take counsel
respecting the making of the coinage and checking the
circulation of counterfeit pieces. Mr. Brooke does not con-
sider, from the wording of the summons, that these men were
called together to consider the issue of a new coinage, but
only to give advice for the prevention of existing evils in the
form of counterfeits. He would therefore assign the intro-
duction of Class III. to 1205, and in support of this date he
cites the evidence of the coinage of the Chichester Mint
which was reopened at that date, and began its new issue
with pieces of this class.
Mr. Brooke has also made some pertinent remarks relating
to the attribution of coins to certain mints from their legends.
Wrong attributions have in many cases been made through
the incompleteness of the legend for lack of space. For
instance, there has often been confusion between E and E for
want of the middle stroke ; and the letter I, which frequently
ended reverse inscriptions, ought to be interpreted as the first
stroke of another letter, and so in this case CI should be
interpreted CA. The paper throughout is full of other
suggestions which are quite worthy of careful consideration,
and we must therefore congratulate Mr. Brooke on his
successful debUt in the branch of numismatics which gives so
much promise in the future.
From Dr. Parkes Weber we have been having a series of
42
PROCEEDINGS OF THE
articles on "The Aspects of Death and their Effects on the
Living as illustrated by Medals, Engraved Gems," &c. Dr.
Weber has classified his subject under no less than sixteen
headings, but I am sure you will excuse me if I do not
mention them individually. Dr. Weber shows considerable
professional experience in discussing his subject from various
aspects — scientific, metaphysical, and materialistic. The paper
is full of research and scholarly reference, and it will no doubt
be perused with considerable interest, not only by numis-
matists, but also by members of his own profession.
Mr. Hill has supplied two interesting additions to the
English Series of Portrait Medals in a paper entitled " Two
Italian Medals of Englishmen." These are of Sir John Cheke
(1514-1557) the scholar and humanist, who did so much to
revive Greek studies at Cambridge ; and Richard White
(1539-1611), son of Henry White of Basingstoke, jurist and
historian, who was King's Professor at Douay, and subse-
quently " Magnificus Rector " of that University. The medal
of Cheke was executed at the time that he was lecturing in
Padua on Demosthenes, in 1555, and from its resemblance in
style to one of Marco Mantova Benavides, it may be attri-
buted to Martino da Bergamo. The medal of White was
known to Armand, who published it under the title of
' ' Ricardo Vito Basinstocchi ; " the name being given on the
medal as " Ricardus Vitus Basinstochius." White went also
to Padua about 1565, when he was created a Doctor of Civil
Law and Canon Law. This medal is signed by Ludovico
Leoni, who had his home at Padua. As early medals of
Englishmen are so rare, it is a matter of great satisfaction to
have two new ones added to the list, and it is a subject for
congratulation that these additions have been made by two
of our Fellows, Mr. Max Rosenheim and Mr. Hill.
Amongst other papers which have appeared in the Chronicle
I would mention the description and illustration of a cliche
reverse from a touch-piece of Charles II, by Miss Helen
EOYAL NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. 43
Farquhar ; and an account of the Coinage of Assam of the
Ahom Dynasty, by Mr. Allan, which has the inscriptions in
two scripts, Ahom and Sanskrit. H.R.H. Prince Louis of
Battenberg has honoured the Society with a contribution on
"Medals of Admiral Vernon," describing many unpublished
varieties in his collection, thus further increasing the number
of this extensive series.
I must apologize for having detained you too long in
listening to my summary ; but I should like to add that it
is a great satisfaction that, in spite of our severe losses of
late of the older Fellows of the Society, the attendance at
our meetings has been maintained, and that we still have so
many interesting exhibitions. I know of no greater tribute
that can be paid to the memory of our late President Sir
John Evans.
I would mention that lately at one of the Council Meetings
a change of the hour of our meetings was discussed. Seeing
that the attendance at the meetings has been so well main-
tained, I did not myself consider any alteration necessary. I ,
am quite sure that if the meetings were held at an earlier JatJur
many of you who come regularly would be prevented doing
so, and if much later it would be inconvenient to those who
live outside London.
Colonel Massey moved and Mr. Messenger seconded a vote
of thanks to the Yice-President for his address.
Mr. Grueber then announced the result of the ballot for
the Council and officers for the ensuing year, which was as
follows : —
President.
SIR HENEY H. HOWORTH, K.C.I.E., F.R.S., F.S.A.
Vice-Presidents.
ARTHUR J. EVANS, ESQ., M.A., D.LITT., F.R.S., F.S.A.
HERBERT A. GRUEBER, ESQ., F.S.A.
44 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL NUMISMATIC SOCIETY.
Treasurer.
PERCY H. WEBB, ESQ.
Secretaries.
JOHN ALLAN, ESQ., M.A., M.R.A.S.
FREDERICK A. WALTERS, ESQ., F.S.A.
Foreign Secretary.
BARCLAY VINCENT HEAD, ESQ., D.C.L., D.LITT., PH.D.
Librarian.
r VEB CODRING' . ^sj., M.I> , F.S.A., M.R.A.S.
Mem * fhe Council.
THOMAS PCV«P. ESQ.
G. u. JROOKE, ESQ., B.A.
RT. HON. W. ELLISON-MACARTNEY. M.A.
Miss HELEN F \RQUHAR.
REV. ARTHUR CAYLEY HEADL^
LIONEL M. HEWLETT, ESQ.
GEORGE FRANCIS HILL, ESQ., M.A.
L. A. LAWRENCE, ESQ.
T\ AC , W. MONCKTON, ESQ., F.G.S., F.L.S.
BERNARD ROTH, ESQ., F.S.A.
X.
METKOLOGICAL NOTE ON THE COINAGE OF
POPULONIA.
THE standard of the weights of Populonia gives the
necessary opportunity of demonstrating the foundation
of the Eoman or Central Italian standard. The long
paper of Haeberlin in the Zeit. f. Num., 1909, which
requires so much patient following, seems to me to be
beside the point. The standard of Central Italy is
probably based upon the full weight of what may be
called the Sardinian copper ingot, and the possibility
of that weight being originally derived from Hittite,
Egyptian, or Babylonian sources, may be left to theo-
retical and academic discussion.
It will not be surprising to those who have closely
analysed Dr. Arthur Evans's article in Corolla Numis-
matica, upon Minoan Weights and Currency, to find
that the true weight of the Sardinian ingot is obtain-
able from the information he there lays before us.
In the year 1902 the Italian Mission to Crete, under
the direction of Professor F. Halbherr, discovered there
a series of copper ingots.1 These were found in a
walled-up cellar of the Palace or Koyal Villa at Hagia
Triada, near Phaestos. The ingots were nineteen in
number, arranged in five groups, one of five, three of
four, and one of two. Five of these exhibited incised
1 Evans, Corolla Numismatica, p. 358.
VOL. X., SERIES IV. P
210 NUMISMATIC CHKONICLE.
signs ; and No. 11 in the list given below is figured by
Evans ; another, No. 13, by Pigorini.2
In passing, it will be well for the reader to note these
signs, as they are important evidence in the mythological
history of money.
The weights of these ingots, the numbers of which in
the list given by Evans are retained, are as follows, in
order of magnitude : —
15. 32,000 grammes. 1. 29,400 grammes. 17. 29,000 grammes.
10.30,900 „ 3.29,400 „ 18.29,000
6.30,700 „ 4.29,400 „ 7.27,900
9.30,000 „ 8.29,400 „ 19.27,600
5.29,900 „ 14.29,300 „ 11.27,300 „
2.29,500 „ 16.29,200 „ 13.27,000
12.29,500
Nos. 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, have signs cut in their surface.
These weights show a definite indication of a standard
lying somewhere between 30,000 and 29,000 grammes,
certainly higher than 29,400 grammes, and, if anything,
nearer to 29,500 than 29,400 grammes, as the maximum
of a series of middle weights of a number is usually the
most correct estimate of the standard. Now, Haeberlin
estimates the talent of the common standard, which he
calls Babylonian, but which I would call Minoan, if we
may use that term as governing the islands of the
Mediterranean 3 generally, at an exact figure, 29,470*5
grammes.
This weight is fairly accurate, though possibly a
gramme too heavy or too light, but for the sake of
uniformity with the figures published by Haeberlin, and
2 Bullettino di Paletnologia Italiana, 1904, pp. 102, 103.
3 " The Isles of the Great Circle," Egypt. Ancient Bccords, Breasted,
vol. ii. 73. Tombos Stela of Thutmose I.
METROLOGICAL NOTE ON THE POPULONIAN COINAGE. 211
in view of the Corpus which he intends to publish, we
will appropriate it without further comment.
We have, then, a standard weight slightly exceeding
the amount of 29,400 grammes, and the ingots are
evidently mostly of this calibre. It is probable, how-
ever, that No. 15 is of a higher standard.
Of this other standard there is evidence in the weights
of the ingots found at Serra Nixi, in Sardinia, weighing
FIG. 1. — End of Inscribed Tablet, Knossos with Ingot and Balance.
33,300 grammes,4 and in what may be half-standard
ingots found in the sea near Chalcis.5
The nature of the difference between the two standards
is luckily given to us exactly by an inscribed tablet
found in the Palace at Knossos.6
Evans interprets the inscription upon it as follows : —
" It shows, after the (copper) ingot sign, six horizontal
lines, indicating sixty, according to the regular numera-
tion in vogue in this class of linear script. This is
followed by a balance ; after which comes an indication
of fifty-two units, and what seems to be a fraction of
double character, probably representing one-half."
We have, therefore, a distinct statement that sixty
copper ingots of one standard weighed fifty-two and
a half ingots of another. The higher standard would
4 Pigorini, op. cit., p. 105. 5 Evans, op. cit., p. 359.
6 Evans, op. cit., p. 361, Fig. 14.
P2
212 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
therefore be reduced by one-eighth, to make it equivalent
to the Cretan.
We should, therefore, have to add one-seventh to the
Cretan standard to obtain the higher one. This higher
one should exist nearer to the provenance of the copper,
one-eighth being probably deducted in transit.
Weight of the Cretan standard |454,791 -66 grains
copper ingot . . . . I 29, 470*5 grammes
/ 64,970-24 grains )
Addition of one-seventh . . { 4^ 1Q-07 grammes/
Weight of Sardinian standard |519,761'9 grains
copper ingot . . . . I 33, 6SO'57 grammes
If, therefore, the Cretan ingot was imported via Sar-
dinia, the amount deducted to pay the expenses of the
journey for freight and commission would be one-eighth.
It appears, however, that the Sardinian copper was
itself imported,7 perhaps from Spain — qwien sabe ? — per-
haps from Italy itself. We may, then, for the moment
assume a customary toll in the copper trade of one-
eighth, and we get a heavier ingot still.
,TT . , . ,, , f594,013'6
Weight of heavy mgot . { ^^.o
Of this standard we have a light example in the ingot
from old Salamis,8 which scales 37,094 grammes.
Whether this weight was native or foreign to Cyprus
for its measure of copper, we need not inquire; it is
sufficient to show that a higher standard did exist
than that appropriate to Sardinia. For it must be
remembered that the Egyptian copper of Sinai, as well
as the native ore of Cyprus, were trade material of the
Eastern Mediterranean.
7 Perrot and Chippiez, Art in Sardinia, i. p. 90.
8 Evans, op. cit., p. 359.
METROLOGICAL NOTE ON THE POPULONIAN COINAGE. 213
Here, however, we have three standards, of which we
have only discovered the lowest weight accurately re-
presented.
It would be a natural circumstance, considering the
various standards, that there should be a unit of weight
of copper, in which all these could be measured. Such
a unit is found in a small ingot obtained by the late Sir
John Evans from Makarska, on the Dalmatian coast, in
the year 1880. 9 It was one of the objects contained in
a small hoard, including a hammer, probably the belong-
ings of a smith.
One of the horns of the ingot is wanting, but its
approximate weight when restored would be
1 1674-4 grains J ^
I 108'5 grammes)
The weight of ^} 0 °f the Cretan ingot is
(1684-41 grains 1
{ 1 An ., c > JE,., and this we may safely take to
I 10915 grammes)
be the standard weight of this small ingot.
Now, there is almost irrefutable evidence of two series
of weights, one within the basin of the Eastern Medi-
terranean, and the other outside its boundaries, the
former weighing three-quarters of the latter. Whether
this reduction of one-fourth was due to the cost of
transit or not, is open to argument, but the fact of its
existence is certain.
We may, therefore, take it for granted that if the
trade weight of a copper ingot was 270 units within the
Cretan sphere of commerce, the full weight at the source
of supply was one of 360 units.
9 Evans, op. cit., p. 360.
214 NUMISMATIC CHKONICLE.
If such was the case, therefore, we should get the
solution of the one-eighth reduction for transit from
Sardinia to Crete, in the fact that Sardinia was the half-
way stage between Crete and the source of supply. The
reduction by one-fourth would be divided into two
deductions, each amounting to one-eighth.
We should, therefore, get an original series of weights
as follows :—
Ingot at source of 1 360 unitg w {606,388-88 grains » }
supply . J I 39,294-0 grammes -
Ingot after first} ,KQO KQ/VO'T „,,,,,•„-
journey (reduced 315 units." Wi "J^g =™ es
by an eighth) .)
Ingot beforesecond) 3m { w |B19,761-90 grains \x
journey . J I 33,680'57 grammes )
Ingot after secondj /454,791-6 grains \ ™
journey (reduced I 270 units. Wt.{ 29 470-5 famines !M'
by an eighth) . )
•wrj. (1684-41 grains \ 71?
C°PPer umt WM 109-150 grammes/^'
10 There is an example of a direct derivative from this weight. The
Olivieri Collection at Pesaro has an as weighing | 390-30 grammes) ^'
For this reference I have to thank Mr. H. A. Grueber, Keeper of the
Coins, British Museum.
11 This is Solon's coinage talent of 63 minas (63 X 50 = 3150)
(Aristotle, Constitution of Athens, 10). It will be further noted that
the half-weight ingots of copper found in the sea near Chalcis have a
maximum of 17,640 grammes — 17,000 grammes (Evans, op. cit., p. 359).
It must be remembered that we have taken Haeberlin's common
standard weight as a basis ; perhaps if we took the Attic standard at
I 8'61 grammes) ^° ^e ^i^racnm instead, we should have a more
accurate result. The weight of talent taken here is equal to 4000
(132-65 grains )
x \ 8-595 grammes/— lf the suggested weight were taken,
Q32-89 grains \ _ f581,562-5 grains \
)U x \ 8-61 grammes) ~ \ 34,445-25 grammes) ^'
It will be noted that a deduction of the customary toll of | from the
Attic talent of 8000 drachms gives the Babylonic and Aeginetic talents
each of 7000 Attic drachms, or 70 local Attic minas of 100 drachms.
METROLOGICAL NOTE ON THE POPULONIAN COINAGE. 215
The reduction between the two half-journeys of the
copper bullion is due to the fact that the amount of
copper, after the first deduction of one-eighth, is too
much, by the difference between one-seventh and
one-eighth, for the amount necessary to form a
Cretan copper ingot by the second deduction of one-
eighth.
In time, therefore, we should probably get a degraded
series working back from the Cretan ingot ; its primary
series would be as follows : —
Weight of Cretan) 27f) . w {454,791-66 grains
ingot . ./ 2 umts' WM 29,470-5 grammes
Weight of « Sar-| /519,641-59 grains \ -,
diman" ingot 308* unite. Wt.{ 33 672.775bgrammes}^
(reduced) . . J
Weight of supply) m^ ^s m (593,755-78 grains |^
ingot J I 38, 475 -375 grammes)
We note here that we have very accurate approxima-
tions to the Sardinian ingots at Serra Nixi, and to the
heavy example from old Salamis.
The importance of the Minoan standard as a starting
point for the Babylonic weights should be noted.
There are probably further degradations of this series ;
but for the moment we have proceeded far enough
to determine the standard weights of the Etruscan
series.
We have seen that the unreduced standard of the
(530,590-27 grains )
"Sardinian" copper ingot is j 34)382.25 grammes}^ '
It must be always borne in mind that the silver varies
after the first issue from the mint, but that the gold is
a constant weight, or intended to be such, for as Pollux
216 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
says, " a gold piece is always a stater." 12 Let us, there-
fore, take the gold weights of the Populonian coinage,
and discover their unit. Sambon, Monnaies Antiques de
ritalie, and the Collection Strozzi, Sale Catalogue, Kome,
April, 1907, are the best references.
Sambon, i. 1 ; Strozzi, 526. Wt. 2'83 grammes, 50
units.
Sambon, i. 2, 4, 5 ; Strozzi, 527, 530, 531, 532. Max.
wt. 1*42 grammes, 25 units.
Sambon, i. 6, 7 ; Strozzi, 533-538. Max. wt. 0'58 grammes,
10 units.
Unit of gold, 0'058 grammes, or rather less.
Let us now divide the weight of the " Sardinian " cop-
88,431*71 grains I
per ingot by 6, and we get the figures ^^.^ gmmmes|,
so that this gold unit is GooWo °^ ^ne c°PPer ingot in
weight.
The exact figure, therefore, of the gold coin, which
44*22 grains
2*865 grammes]
that the maximum weight of 25 units is 1*42 grammes,
and though the figures from Sambon would lead us to
suppose that the weight of the piece of 10 units some-
times reached 0*60 grammes, yet the more accurate
weighing of the Strozzi Catalogue reduces this weight
to 0*57 grammes, which is as accurate a result as ordinary
balances will attain.
represents 50 units is
A7. We note
12 Pollux, ix. 59. Ridgeway, Origin of Weights and Currency, p. 308,
discussing the stater: "Some were termed staters of Darius, some
Philippians, others Alexandrians, all being of gold, and if you say gold
piece, stater is understood ; but if you should say stater, gold is not
absolutely to be understood."
METROLOGICAL NOTE ON THE POPULONIAN COINAGE. 217
Turning next to the heavier silver, which is not
represented in this collection, but which is described in
Sambon, p. 41, we get a maximum weight of 11'45
grammes. If we divide the copper ingot by 3, we get
(176,863-42 grains )
the figures i ., ., A£}f, -- f, so that the silver com
| 11,46075 grammes)
is 3 0Xo 0 of the copper ingot.
In the Strozzi Catalogue, No. 108, we have an ex-
cellent example of the " Dupondius," weighing 286
grammes &. If we divide the copper ingot by 12, we
(44,215-86 grains j
get the figures \ 0 OK in >, so that this copper
( 2,865-19 grammes)
coin is -j J-Q- of the ingot.
The ordinary silver coinage of Populonia next claims
our attention. The fourth part of the copper ingot is
(132,647-57 grains I . .
1 8,595-56 grammesj' gmng a Value to the Sllver °f
(132-65 grains )
i o en* ( ?R"y or 4:00 of the copper ingot.
( 8-596 grammes|
That this is the full original value of the common
silver coinage of Populonia, we can judge from the
figures given by Sambon : No. 26, 1 unit ; max. wt.
0'8o grammes ; No. 31, 5 units, max. wt. lf'21 grammes ;
No. 32, 2J units, max. wt. 2' 10 grammes ; Nos. 35-67,
10 units (20 half-units) max. wt. 8'60 grammes.
We have, therefore, the certain fact that these weights
were originally derived from the weight of the full
" Sardinian " copper ingot, since each is a simple fraction
of its amount.
We must here carefully note that we have two series
of silver weights, one three-quarters of the other, which,
as we have said, is customary on the boundary-line of
the Phoenician sphere of influence.
value of
. (vide Neapolitan and early
218 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
The weights of Etruria would then arrange themselves
as follows : —
Heavy silver coin of 10 scriptula \ w f 176-86 grains
(Sambon, i. 11, 12) . . ./ V M 11-46 grammes
Based, perhaps, upon a gold weight of 2f- scriptula, of a
[117-91 grains
7-64 grammes
Koman silver weights). In each case these weights are
four-thirds of those of the common issues.
The rate of exchange would seem to be N. = 15 M., for
117-91-i 15 _/1768-6 grains \ w (176-86 grains
7-64/X "\ 114-6 grammes/' ° X\ 11-46 grammes
Accompanying this heavy series we may have a copper
weight of
4 - f 4421-59 grains \ /5895'45 grains \ _,
•- OI I 286-52 grammes/' Or I 382-03 grammes/^
It is, perhaps, noteworthy that Haeberlin finds traces of
this standard (vide Zeit. /. Num., 1909, p. 59).
These heavier weights are not those of Populonia ; but
we may point out that the heavier silver is of the same
weight as that of Corcyra. So that in all probability this
series must be attributed to the east coast of Italy, to-
gether with the heavy copper which is found at Picenum.
The normal series truly attributable to Populonia now
differentiates out-
Gold : 100 units, 5 scriptula
- grammes
Coined examples : 50 units, 25 units, 10 units.
Silver: 10 units, 20 half-units, /1 32 -65 grains )
15 13 half-script. .1 8'596 grammes/
Copper: 250 scriptula. Wt. /ranS }
- grammes.'
13 Note Sambon, Nos. 41 and 51.
METROLOGICAL NOTE ON THE POPULONIAN COINAGE. 219
We should appear, therefore, to get the following
equation : —
5 scrip tula A7. = 75 scriptula M. = 25,000 scrip tula M.
or 12,500 scriptula M.
Coinage — 1 unit N. = 10 units M. = 100 units JE.
Scriptulum = l17'™/™™'
I 1-146 grammes.
It is doubtful whether the copper unit of coinage is
286-519 grammes or 143-259 grammes.
The rates of exchange are therefore —
N. = 15 M. = 5000 JR.,
or 2500 M. (probably).
A comparison with the actual weights will definitely
show the accuracy of these figures. The reason of Haeber-
lin's failure to deduce the correct weights (his results are
incorrect on the showing of his own figures, for the whole
of the above deduction is worked out, for the sake of
comparison, from his value of the talent of the common
standard) is the usual one of anticipating a result which
does not exist. He gives no evidence for the basis of
his work, nor any sequence by which his weight -standards
could have arrived in Central Italy. The method by
which he appears to have reached a true figure for his
starting-point must, I think, have been one of precon-
ceived elimination. He would most probably have been
able to correct his errors, had he not insisted upon
taking an average for his weights. He would not then
have taken his Koyal Standard B, instead of the Eoyal
Standard A, as a basis. That the latter is the original
standard is clearly proved by the composition of the
weight of the ingot, viz. 315 copper units. I cannot
personally understand how an average can be considered
220 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
as a foundation for scientific work, for an average must
be wrong.14
The safe principle is to rely implicitly upon the gold
weight ; if the rate of exchange varies, the gold weight
does not, — only the silver and copper lose weight. The
(10612 grains )
Koman gold weight was { „ or7r, \ A/., or six
j 6-876 grammes)
scriptula, in the years about 280 B.C. ; hence the weight
of the gold scriptulum did not change, and upon it all
values must be based, for, as Pollux says, " a gold coin is
always a stater/' that is, a valuer.
J. E. McCLEAN.
POSTSCRIPT.
Since the above note was written, I have been informed
that the fallacy of taking an average is not apparent to
many numismatists.15 I will try to point out the reasons
why this process must be misleading in numismatics.
The chief reason is that the mints and money-changers
were not likely to give a heavier weight of precious metal
than was necessary.
In addition to this, and besides the obvious remark that
an average must be wrong, there is the possibility, and,
in the case of the Central Italian copper weights, the
certainty, that more than one standard may have been
14 There is a story told of the great engineer, Brunei, who, before
giving an order for the first horse-boxes ever built for a railway, sent
round to measure the length of horses. He took the average of the figures
received, and had the horse-boxes built. The first horse that came along
was too big to get in. So it is with these average weights. Take the
first weight in the Strozzi Catalogue, No. 108, and it will not fit. If this
story can prevent the use of averages except where they are obviously
wanted as an estimate, science will have benefited. The average is
useful only as evidence, when it is required ; it establishes no fact.
15 In his Introduction to the Cat. of Coins of the Roman Republic,
Brit. Hits., pp. xx.-xxii., Mr. Grueber confirms my view as to the
fallacy of taking averages as the basis of calculations. He, however,
had not space there to point out that if Haeberliii's figures do not hold
good, his whole theory falls to the ground.
METROLOGICAL NOTE ON THE POPULONIAN COINAGE. 221
employed. Hence, if an average be taken, not only are
worn and false weights brought in, but also the different
standards are added together. When these are divided
up, they make a figure which, under no circumstances
can be correct for more than one of the various standards.
I will give two examples of what I mean.
Take the note on the Egyptian gold standard in Minoan
Weights and Currency, p. 339. It is there stated that
" the range of weight in the unit of this system is from
12*30 grammes to 13*98 grammes. This gives an average
weight of about 13*14 grammes." Now, there are two
Egyptian gold standards, the heavier one weighing about
13*45 grammes, the lower one 12*76 grammes, being four-
thirds respectively of the Babylonian hundredth of a heavy
mina, and of the gold weight of 9*57 grammes, found later
at Carthage. Their average of 13*10 grammes is evidently
a wrong basis for calculation.
Take next Dr. Haeberlin on the Hatrian heavy as :
" 54 Hatrian asses weighed by me yield from 415*49
grammes to 323*40 grammes, giving an average of 371*77
grammes."
Now, as a matter of fact, this as was four- thirds of the
Etruscan as. When the latter weighed T|^ of the talent,
or 286*35 grammes, the Hatrian as weighed 382*02
grammes.
When the Etruscan-Koman as was reduced to Tir 16 of a
talent, or 275*06 grammes, the Hatrian as had a new
standard of 366*74 grammes.
Further, the weight was at times degraded, and the
standard of 327*45 grammes was occasionally used.
This being so, if the average of the first two official
weights be taken, a result of 377 '38 grammes is obtained.
Some allowance further has to be made for the use of the
standard of 327*45 grammes. The result then obtained
is corroborated almost exactly by Dr. Haeberlin's figures.
Even if only the first two weights had been taken, the
addition of 6 grammes, which is allowed (I believe) for
wear and tear by Dr. Haeberlin, would make his figure
16 It will be noted that Haeberlin constructs two talents, keeping
the as constant, whereas in reality the talent remained constant and the
as reduced.
222 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
exactly correct for the average of the two standards, but
obviously not one upon which to found a theory.
The Italian heavy copper series is admittedly one of
reducing weights ; how, therefore, can the average give a
scientific datum ?
Suppose, again, that a very light standard was inaugu-
rated for a period, say, of revolution. The result of taking
such weights into account would obviously be misleading.
Weights are facts. Their value is entirely lost if they
are placed upon the bed of Procrustes, to make an average
or to fit a theory.
I can quite sympathize with the feeling that this
note may raise amongst those who put their faith in
averages, and whose work has to some extent been vitiated
thereby. The basis of their arguments, however, cannot
suffer, for that will stand upon some acknowledged fact.
It is absolutely necessary to point out this fatal error,
which has become so prevalent of late, so that it may
never again appear in scientific metrology.
J. K. McC.
XI.
ON SOME BAKE SICILIAN TETEADEACHMS.
THEKMAE HIMERENSES.
FIG. 1. — Tetradrachm of Thermae Himerenses.
THE French National Collection has owned for many
years 1 the following tetradrachm : —
Obv.— ©EPMITAN. Head of goddess to r., with her
hair in sphendone and crowned with reeds.
She wears pearl necklace and ear-ring. In
front, two dolphins ; behind, one.
J5et?< — Fast quadriga to 1., guided by charioteer, who
wears the Phrygian cap. Above, Nike, about
to crown charioteer. Double exergual line,
below which, to 1., an altar.
Wt. 267 grains (17*30 grammes).
This coin was generally accepted as genuine,2 till
Gabrici, in his Topografia e Numismatica dell1 Antica
Imera, wrote as follows : —
" Questo tetradramma mostra a chiare note 1'arte
1 Mionnet, 1806, vol. i. pp. 242, 280.
2 Hist. Num., p. 128.
224 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
moderna dal volto di Proserpina, nel quale le labbra
sono modellate assai male, conie pure 1'occhio. La leg-
genda basta da sola ad attestare la falsita." 3
In December, 1907, there was sold at Paris4 a tetra-
drachm (weight 16'95 grammes = 261 grains), the
obverse of which, as the reproduction below shows, came
from the same die as the first, although, owing to careless
striking, the legend is off the flan.
FIG. 2. — Tetradrachm of Thermae Himerenses.
The reverse is from a different die, with ©EPMITAN
in the exergue, KAH below the horses' feet, and dotted
border-line.
This tetradrachm, presumably on the rather doubtful
claim of an artist's signature, 5 reached a sum of more
than £700 at the sale — surely an excessive price for a
coin devoid of artistic merit. In any case, the piece,
being accepted as unquestionably genuine, was eagerly
competed for. Happily, since its obverse is struck from
the identical die, it also proves the genuineness of the
coin in the French National Collection.6
3 Eivista di Num., 1895, p. 27.
4 Cat. cVune Collection de Monn. Antiques, PI. vi. 178 (Sarnbon and
Canessa).
5 Ibid. " C'est la seule piece carthaginoise qui porte le nom d'un
artiste grec," KA.77Ti'as.
6 Since writing the above, I have had an opportunity to examine the
original coin in the French collection, and to convince myself completely
of its authenticity.
SOME RARE SICILIAN TETRADRACHMS. 225
I hope enough has been said to rehabilitate an impor-
tant and interesting coin. But even without this proof,
the grounds alleged against it could not have been
admitted. Badly modelled lips or eyes prove nothing
in the case of a Punic coin, for the modelling of Punic
engravers was, with rare exceptions, notoriously bad.
Nor can I see anything seriously wrong with the ductus
of the lettering. The utmost that could be said against
it is a certain want of ease in one or two letters. But
that is in keeping with the rigid character of the design.
I must ask the reader's indulgence for introducing my
subject in a rather unusual way. I was obliged to clear
away an obstacle which otherwise would have debarred
me from approaching it ; for, in view of the identity of
both obverses, and with a doubt resting on the authen-
ticity of these two inscribed tetradrachms, no certainty
could be secured for the attribution of similar but anepi-
graphic examples, such as will be dealt with hereafter.
Before entering more fully on a discussion of the few
extant tetradrachms of Thermae Himerenses, I may be
permitted to mention briefly the events that led to the
foundation of this new Himera.
In the year 409 B.C. the Carthaginians had sent a fleet
and army to Sicily in support of Segesta against Selinus.
The expeditionary force quickly reduced, and partly
destroyed, the latter city, advancing thence against
Himera, which shared the same fate. A portion of the
inhabitants escaped, mostly by sea, before the enemy
took the city ; the rest were either slain or carried to
Carthage to be sold as slaves. The destruction of the
city is said to have been complete.
When, less than two years later, the Carthaginians sent
another expeditionary force against the Sicilian Greeks,
VOL. X., SERIES IV. Q
226 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
they brought over a number of colonists who founded a
new city to the west of the old, near the hot springs long
famous for their curative properties, and hence called
©EPMAI. The nucleus of Carthaginian settlers is said7
to have been increased by the return of many of the
former inhabitants who had fled from the old city.
Although, then, Thermae Himerenses was subject to
Carthage till the conquest of Sicily by Kome, yet the
Greek element in the population, if we may judge by
the Greek legends and types of its coins, appears to
have been numerically the stronger. It seems, however,
reasonable to suppose that the Carthaginian settlers and
their descendants were, and remained, the ruling families
in this mixed community ; hence, presumably, the Punic
style and fabric of many, if not most, of its coins.
I now proceed to describe the tetradrachms of Thermae
which have come to my knowledge.
FIG. 3. — Tetradrachm of Thermae Himerenses.
Obv. — Head of goddess crowned with reeds, to 1.
Behind, prow of galley ; below it, two dolphins
to 1. Dotted border-line.
Rev. — Fast quadriga to 1., guided by bare-headed
charioteer ; above, Nike, about to crown him ;
below the exergual line, altar.
Wt. 262-4 grains (17-297 grammes).
British Museum.
7 Cicero, In Verrem., ii. 35.
SOME HAKE SICILIAN TETRADRACHMS. 227
This coin is manifestly copied from a decadrachm of
Evaenetus, in the British Museum. The work appears
heavy when compared with the graceful original. Still, it
is not unpleasing, and might have been done by a second-
rate engraver of any Greek mint. It is, in any case,
greatly superior to the two coins figured before it, and,
hence, should be placed first in point of time ; indeed,
judging by style alone, a considerable interval would
seem to have elapsed between them.
Head 8 has dated the coins issued at Thermae previous
to the Koman dominion from 405 to 350 B.C., with a
qualifying sign of interrogation behind the latter
figure.
Some of the smaller silver coins, especially litra
pieces,9 are of excellent and purely Greek design, and
may well date from the first years of the new city. After
that, as the settlement gathered strength, the issue of
our large coins would follow. It would be natural, as
Gabrici has pointed out,10 for the Carthaginian over-
lords to prohibit the re-introduction of the ancient
Himeraean coin- types. Hence the tetradrachms had to
conform to the already well-known coins of other Siculo-
Carthaginian cities, and the local Greek element could
only venture on a veiled reference to the past by the
introduction- of the altar of the nymph Himera, which,
with a rare exception,11 had appeared on the tetra-
drachms of the old city from first to last.
The other adjunct, the prow of a galley behind the
8 Hist. Num., p. 128.
9 Biv. di Num., 1895, PI. i. 2.
10 Ibid., p. 14.
11 The Pelops coin wants the altar ; see Hill, Coins of Ancient Sicily,
PI. iv. 4.
Q2
228 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
head of the goddess, does not readily admit of an expla-
nation. It is hardly ever found on Greek-Sicilian coins.
Perhaps it is the signature of a mint magistrate or
engraver. Or, if we are to venture on another conjecture
at all, we might suggest a reference to the foundation
of the city by Carthage, " Mother of Navies." Thus
there would appear a conciliating allusion on this
principal coin to the metropolis of either race.
This coin may, it seems to me, have been issued at any
time from the beginning to the middle of the fourth
century; but more probably towards the middle, if we
take into account the greater delicacy of the design and
execution of the smaller coins, which doubtless were
struck soon after the foundation of Thermae.
Next in order, though separated by a somewhat
lengthy interval, stands the coin shown at the head of
our paper (Fig. 1). Indeed, I should not venture to
place it much, if at all, before the end of the fourth
century, for a twofold reason. First, there is' apparent a
very marked deterioration both in design and execution.
The face of the goddess, if not yet barbarous, has become
vacuous and insipid, while the reverse has even fared
worse, the horses being hardly of better design than on
some coins of the Northern barbarians.12 The tetradrachm
next in order (Fig. 2) had, it will be remembered, its
obverse struck from the same die, and must, therefore,
12 It has been said that this reverse connects itself by its style with
that of the tetradrachm of Himera, Brit. Mus. Catal. : Sicily, p. 81,
No. 48 (Holm's Gesch. Sic., iii. p. 635). I must confess that I see no
connexion. The coin has become famous on account of the signature
of the engraver, MAI. It would appear that MAI, after the destruction
of Himera, found employment at Syracuse, for I am in possession of a
Syracusan tetradrachm of the finest period with his signature below the
head of Arethusa.
SOME KAKE SICILIAN TETRADEACHMS. 229
have been issued about the same time. Next, it should
be observed — and this is the other reason — that the
letters on this last coin terminate in dots, a peculiarity
which is rarely found on other Sicilian (Syracusan) coins
before the time of Hicetas (287-278 B.C.). The letters
on the first of our two coins are not terminated in dots,
hence I have placed it before the other in point of time,
although, as I have just said, it can only be separated
from it by a very narrow space of time, so that both must
be brought down to a late period.
Meanwhile, the Carthaginian influence seems to have
been in the ascendant amongst the inhabitants, for, as
a visible sign of it, the horses are now guided by a
charioteer who wears the " Phrygian " cap or helmet,
which had, frequently and since early times, been a
badge of the Eastern as opposed to the Hellene. Thus
Dido, as the representative of her race, wears it on the
beautiful and well-known Siculo-Punic tetradrachm,
doubtless the work of a Greek artist.13 I hardly think,
then, that I am straining my point unduly, if I assume
that Dido deified may be represented on our coin, just
as on the other. This will receive support from the coin-
type of another mint to be dealt with later on. On our
second coin (Fig. 2) the figure in the chariot also seems
to wear this Oriental head-cover. Unfortunately, her
head is placed so near the edge that barely the top of
the helmet is shown.
I had already expressed a doubt regarding the alleged
" artist's signature " on this coin, and my reason for
doing so will now be apparent. The coin is too late for
such a claim. It is coming to be recognized that the
13 Hist. Num., p. 738, fig. 394.
230
NUMISMATIC CHKONICLE.
quest for these signatures in the better periods, when
coins can lay claim to artistic merit, has been overdone.
To extend the hunt even to late and inartistic productions
would, surely, be worse than useless.
The next, and apparently last, stage in the issue of
tetradrachms at Thermae Himerenses is represented by
the following coin.
FIG. 4. — Tetradrachm of Thermae Himerenses.
Obv. — Head of goddess of debased style to 1., with hair
in net. In front, two dolphins.
Rev. — Fast quadriga to 1., guided by charioteer in
Phrygian helmet ; above, Nike, about to crown
charioteer ; double exergual line ; below which,
to 1., altar.
Wt. 257 grains (16-65 grammes).
My Collection.
It would be difficult, if not impossible, to fix even an
approximate date for this coin. Its far-off prototype is
doubtless the splendid decadrachrn of Kimon, which has
the head of Arethusa in a jewelled net ; but this type
had been badly copied at Panormus and Motya14 some
considerable time before our coin was issued, and the
latter is probably a still more debased copy of the
tetradrachms of those cities.
Thermae was taken by the Komans in 252 B.C., and,
14 Num. Chron., 1891, PI. IX. 8, <J; ibid., PI. X. 5, 6.
SOME BARE SICILIAN TETRADEACHMS. 231
judging from the late and debased style of our coin, there
seems nothing against its attribution to the last years
of Carthaginian rule. It is usually thought that the
issue of Carthaginian coins in Sicily came to an end in
the time of Agathocles (317-289 B.C.). But no less an
authority than Head has brought down the issue of the
tetradrachms of Heraclea Minoa to the end of the first
Punic War (241 B.C.).15 In point of style, the best, as
well as the worst, of these tetradrachms form a suffi-
ciently close parallel to those of Thermae, and the
carelessness and rudeness in the design and execution
of our last coin are so marked, that it seems safe to
place it as late as our knowledge of local history permits.
It is interesting to observe that the charioteer is still
characterized by the Asiatic helmet.
The great rarity of these coins seems to show that
their issue, although it extended over a long period,
was never large. Till recent times the coin in the
French National Collection was the only known
example. Together with the coin of the Paris sale of
1907 there appeared another anepigraphic piece which
closely resembles the tetradrachm in my possession.16
Gabrici had already published such a piece — but as of
uncertain attribution — which was then in the collec-
tion of Imhoof-Blumer, and is now, doubtless, in the
Koyal Collection of Berlin.17 Neither of these coins,
however, has a well-centred reverse type, and, in con-
sequence, the Phrygian helmet of the charioteer is
not seen.
15 Hist. Num., p. 124.
16 Cat. d'une Collection de Monn. Antiques, PI. vi. 179.
17 Eiv. di Num., 1895, p. 28.
232 NUMISMATIC CHKONICLE
CAMARINA.
FIG. 5. — Tetradrachm of Camarina.
Obv. — KAMAPINAION. Bearded head of Melkarth, in
lion's skin to 1.
jfoy. — Female charioteer in long chiton and Phrygian
helmet, holding long goad and guiding fast
quadriga to r. ; above, Nike, about to crown
charioteer ; in the exergue, fluted Ionic column,
broken short ; below it, in minute letters, 1X3.
Dotted border-line.
Wt. 271 grains (17'55 grammes).
Another example like the last, but with 1x3 above the
head of Melkarth. Weight 267 grains (17'30 grammes).
Both these coins were in the Auctionskatalog Griech-
ischer Miinzen, Egger, Vienna, January 7, 1908, PI. i.
26 and 27.
A third example, but with the signature 1X3 obliterated
by wear. See Salinas, Monete delle Antiche Citta di
Sicilia, PL xvii. 5.
All three from the same dies.
The remarkable tetradrachm shown above ranks with
the best productions of a mint pre-eminent for the
beauty of its coins. It is to be regretted that our
illustration does not do it justice, and those who are in
possession of the Vienna Sale Catalogue should not fail
to compare the photographs of both examples of this
masterpiece.
SOME EAEE SICILIAN TETEADEACHMS. 233
The obverse type might mislead the hasty observer
in regard to the time of issue, for the bearded head, with
one notable exception,18 is associated with the earlier
coins of this class. Indeed, as their heavy and ungrace-
ful reverse types show, the bearded head belongs to the
transitional and early fine period — not to the finest,
like those with the young head ; also the difference in
the development of the reverse type of both classes is so
marked, that one feels tempted to assume an interval
between their issues. It may be that missing links
still remain to be discovered; or that — as seems to
have been the case at Syracuse in the early fine period
—the older engravers could not, or would not, keep pace
with the "eleven young men." The reverse type of
our coin is as advanced in its art as the latest examples
of this series.19 The substitution of a female figure with
the Eastern helmet in place of Pallas, who had, hitherto,
appeared on all these tetradrachms from first to last,
is sufficiently extraordinary to warrant our connecting
this new issue with the events of the great Carthaginian
invasion of 405, when the army of Himilco overran
and ravaged the Camarinaean territory. The city itself
was not taken at first. Nevertheless, the inhabitants,
urged by Dionysius, quitted it and sought temporary
safety at Leontini. Peace having been concluded in the
same year, the Camarinaeans were permitted to return,
but as subjects of the Carthaginians. They were for-
bidden to fortify their city, and obliged to pay tribute.
We may, I think, interpret our coin in the light of
these events.
18 CataL Hirsch XIX., PI. ii. 116, Munich, November, 1907 ; and
Salinas, PI. xvii. 15.
19 B. M. Cat. : Sicily, pp. 35, 36.
234 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
The head on the obverse — as the phototypes of the
Vienna Catalogue show — has an almost cruel expression.
The bearded heads on the earlier coins never wear this
expression, and the young heads of the latest are even
rather effeminate in character. It seems tempting,
therefore, to recognize in this head the stern Melkarth,
the guardian divinity of Tyre and Carthage. Even the
head in the lion's skin on later Siculo-Punic tetra-
drachms is usually regarded as the same deity.
With regard to the figure on the reverse, we are, I
think, on still safer ground. As at Thermae Himerenses,
the charioteer appears here in her victorious chariot;
this time with the shattered column of Greek freedom
under her. It does not matter much whether we call
her Carthage or Dido. But the analogy of the tetra-
drachm with Dido's head, as well as numerous coins
that bear heads or figures of oekists, speak in favour of
the latter.
The broken column can hardly be an upturned meta,
for it is placed outside the field of the coin, below the
line of the exergue. The meta, whether standing or
overturned, is always kept in the main field, where it
should be. Nor is there anything new in such an
allusion to contemporary events by means of adjuncts
placed in the exergues of Sicilian coins. The reference
to vanquished Carthage by means of the lion in flight
on the Demaretion is universally accepted, as is that to
the victory over Etruria in the shape of the pistrix on
many Syracusan coins.
The designer of this beautiful and interesting type
has only left us three letters of his name, EX I. The
sinallness of these letters, and the modest and unobtru-
sive manner in which they are introduced, leave little,
SOME KABE SICILIAN TETRADRACHMS. 235
if any, doubt that we have here the signature of a new
artist.
The coinage of Camarina ends with her subjection to
Carthage. There was a revival in the time of Timoleon,
but very faint and short.
Assuming, as we have done, our tetradrachm to be
the last of a long series, there still remains the question
as to the precise time and the circumstances of its issue.
The coin bears the usual legend, viz. the name of the
inhabitants, like all other tetradrachms of the town.
But if issued under their authority, one would have to
account for the Punic character of the types by sup-
posing the coin to have been struck while the enemy
was devastating the country-side. The citizens would
anticipate, as it were, by such an issue the calamity
and disgrace which were shortly to befall them.
But there is another, and I think more satisfactory,
explanation. Diodorus Siculus,20 who gives a fairly full
account of the disasters that befell Camarina along with
other Greek-Sicilian cities, does not expressly say that
the Carthaginian army occupied the town after it had
been quitted by the inhabitants. But there can be
little doubt that it was occupied for the sake of plunder,
if for nothing else. Is it not possible that during that
occupation coins were issued by the Carthaginians from
the local mint ?
Panormus, though always a Carthaginian town, has
left us coins with Greek inscriptions. So have Motya
and Solus. So did Thermae. Why not, a fortiori,
Camarina? Greek die-engravers as well as workmen
of the mint would be at hand among the prisoners from
20 xiii. 108-114.
236 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
newly captured Gela and other cities, and the old dies
could readily be adapted. Such an issue would not be
large, because the former inhabitants returned soon.
Thus we could not only account for its Punic character,
but also for the rarity of the coin which, apart from
the two examples recently discovered, was only known
through the piece published by Salinas.
SicuLO-PuNic TETRADRACHM.
FIG. 6. — Siculo-Punic Tetradrachm.
In the Catalogue of the Benson Collection21 there
occurred a Siculo-Punic tetradrachm of the usual type,
the reverse of which strongly resembles that of our
No. 3 of Thermae Himerenses. But instead of the
altar, there is a swan with open wings below the
exergual line (see Fig. 6). Although the lower portion
of its body is off the coin, enough remains to show that
it is swimming rather than flying, for it is in swimming
that a swan's neck assumes the graceful bend shown on
the coin, and it calls up at once the only other Sicilian
coins with similar pictures of the beautiful bird, viz.
the didrachms and lesser silver coins of Camarina. A
flying swan is found in the exergue on the reverse of
almost all the earlier tetradrachms with the bearded
21 London, Sotheby, February, 1909, PI. viii. 250.
SOME RARE SICILIAN TETRADRACHMS. 237
head of Hercules, and a tiny swan with closed wings
occurs on every one of the archaic litra pieces of the
city.
All this, in conjunction with the parallel case of the
Himeraean altar in the exergue of the Punic tetra-
drachms of Thermae, is evidence in favour of its con-
jectural attribution to Camarina.
It would, however, be difficult to fix its issue chrono-
logically, owing to the fragmentary nature of our
information. The history of Camarina subsequent to
the re-occupation by the inhabitants in the time of
the elder and younger Dionysius, Dion, Timoleon, and
Agathocles, seems to have been of a very chequered
description. As an unwalled city, it certainly would
lie open to the contending armies of Carthaginians
and Syracusans, and it does not seem improbable that
the coin was issued during a perhaps somewhat pro-
longed occupation by the former.
Perchance the discovery of a similar coin with, as in
the case of the tetradrachm of Thermae, the city's name,
may one day turn probability into certainty.
E. J. SELTMAN.
XII.
THE COINAGE OF THE REIGN OF JULIAN
THE PHILOSOPHER.
Follis of Julian : rev. Isis and Horus.
COHEN has divided the coins struck during this reign into
three sections, giving to Julian himself those bearing his
bust either as Caesar or Augustus, and those bearing a
bust of Serapis only. Those bearing the jugate busts of
Serapis and Isis he gives to Julian and Helena his wife,
and those which present the bust of Isis alone to Helena.
This classification is based on the assumption that the
female portrait on the coins dedicated to Isis is that of
Helena personified as the goddess, and it may be interest-
ing to consider by what evidence this assumption is
supported, and whether the classification can be justified.
Julian, son of Julius Constant ius and grandson of
Constantius Chlorus, was born on November 6, 331 A.D.
On the death of his uncle, Constantine the Great, a general
massacre of possible competitors for the throne was effected
by Constantius II, but Julian and his elder brother
THE COINAGE OP JULIAN THE PHILOSOPHER. 239
Constantius Gallus were spared. They were well educated
in seclusion, and developed very different dispositions.
Gallus was raised to the dignity of Caesar in 351, but
was grasping and brutal, and was executed by order of
Constantius in 354. Julian proved industrious, thought-
ful, and self-denying in his retired existence. In 351
he fell under the influence of certain Athenian pagan
philosophers, and in adopting their faith there can be
little doubt that he acted from honest conviction. It is
recorded that at this time he commenced to wear a beard
in token of his conversion to paganism. On November
6, 355, Constantius took him from his obscurity, raised
him to the rank of Caesar, married him to Helena (the
Emperor's sister), and sent him to take command in Gaul,
then overrun by the Germans. The marriage was no
doubt a purely political one ; the exact date of Helena's
birth is unknown, but as Fausta, her mother, was put to
death in 326, she must have been a good many years
senior to her bridegroom.
For five years Julian displayed remarkable military
talents in Gaul, driving the Germans over the Ehine,
which he crossed several times, rescuing 20,000 prisoners
and rebuilding many ruined cities. Early in 360 Con-
stantius, jealous of the Caesar's growing fame, ordered
the finest legions of the army of Gaul to march eastward
to the Persian War. Julian was then in winter-quarters
at Paris, and his soldiers, who had enlisted only for service
near their homes, mutinied, and acclaimed him Augustus,
truly, it appears, against his will. This occurred in April
or May, and Julian at once wrote to Constantius, telling
him what had taken place, and asking his confirmation.
The Emperor refused, and long delay and correspondence
followed, throughout which, Julian says in his Epistle to
240 NUMISMATIC CHKONICLE.
the Senate and People of Athens, he used the title of
Caesar, and did his best to arrive at a peaceful arrange-
ment. During the summer of 360 he again crossed the
Khine, defeated the Attuarii, captured, he tells us, letters
which showed that the Emperor was stirring up the
barbarians against him, and, as the year drew on, he
returned to Gaul, and went into winter-quarters at Vienne.
Here, in November, 360, he celebrated his Quinquennalia,
and here Helena died, her body being sent to Home for
interment.
In January, 361, the final messengers from Constantius
were received by Julian in public audience at Vienne.
To the Emperor's demand that he should abandon the
Imperial dignity, he replied that he would do so if his
soldiers, who had elevated him, would give their assent.
This, of course, they clamorously refused, and Julian
sent the messengers back to their master with a letter in
which he at last threw off his allegiance, and scathingly
exposed the brutality and unfairness with which the
Emperor had treated his family and himself. At this
time also he made public profession of his paganism. In
the spring of 361 he crossed the Khine, defeated the
Germans for the last time, and having heard of prepara-
tions for his destruction, and the accumulation of war
stores at Bregenz and in the Cottian Alps, he rushed
eastward and appeared with startling suddenness before
Sirmium, which opened its gates to him, the legions
stationed there joining his army. Three days later, he
hurried on again, and established himself in an important
strategic position on the Hhodope Mountains. Here he
waited the attack of Constantius, and hence he wrote his
letter to Athens, in the course of which, after alluding to
the accumulation of war stores for his destruction, he
THE COINAGE OP JULIAN THE PHILOSOPHEK. 241
scribes his actions and states his position in a passage
which is not free from obscurity -, but which may be
rendered as follows : —
"I thought it necessary, therefore, to get together
powerful forces and to provide good money of gold and
silver." Duncombe, who translated in 1784, reads, "to
coin lawful money of gold and silver."
Julian's position was precarious, as he himself admits,
but civil war was avoided by the death of Constantius
from fever, on November 3, 361, while on the march from
Persia. Julian was then acclaimed sole Emperor, entered
Constantinople on December 11, and remained there till
May 15, 362, when he went to Antioch. Thence, on
March 13, 363, he set out for the Persian War, in which
he received a mortal wound in the moment of victory,
and died on June 26 in the same year.
The reign of Julian consists, therefore, of three periods,
viz. —
Period I. — From November 6, 355, when he obtained
the title of Caesar, till April or May of 360, when he
was acclaimed Augustus by the army.
Period II. — From the latter date until the death of
Constantius on November 3, 361.
Period III. — The remainder of the reign.
It will be found that his coinage may also be divided
into three classes, which nearly correspond to the above
periods.
Class I. — Coins bearing a boyish clean-shaven bust
and the title of Caesar.
Class II. — Coins bearing a diademed bust of a young
man, generally clean-shaven, but sometimes with a slight
beard, and the title of Augustus.
Class III. — Coins bearing a full-bearded bust, with the
VOL. X., SERIES IV. K
242 NUMISMATIC CHKONICLE.
title of Augustus, and, probably, the whole of the series
dedicated to Egyptian deities.
The coins which show a slight beard are scarce, some
of them are medallions and some barbarous ; but their
style is similar to that of Class II.
In view of Julian's assertion that he used the title of
Caesar in his correspondence until his final breach with
Constantius in January, 361, and his allusions to the
provision of gold and silver for the war above quoted, it
might well be supposed that the coinage of Class II. did
not commence till that date, but examination of the
coins does not support this supposition, for we find the
legend VOT.V MVLT.X. used with some frequency on
the coins of this class, and it would appear therefore that
the issue began before the celebration of the Quinquen-
nalia in November, 360. Nor did it cease immediately
on the death of Constantius, for specimens are found
bearing the marks of the mints of Antioch, Constanti-
nople, and Thessalonica, which were entirely in the power
of Constantius until his death. It seems, therefore, that
the issue commenced about the middle of 360 and con-
tinued till about the end of 361. The coins of this class
are scarcer than those of Classes I. and III., and the
subjoined table shows that several mints did not issue
them at all. Silver coins from the mints of Gaul appear
to be the commonest specimens of the class.
The commencement of Period III. coincided with that
revival of the pagan faith which Julian so greatly
desired. The Christian writers say that he promoted it
by persecution, while the pagan historians, Ammianus
Marcellinus, Libanius, and others allege, in effect, that he
merely rectified abuses which had grown up in the forty
years during which the Church had been paramount, and
THE COINAGE OP JULIAN THE PHILOSOPHER. 243
that he accorded fair treatment to all religions. The
latter is Julian's own view of his conduct, and it may be
that his coinage gives some evidence in his favour.
Modern writers, judging, perhaps, from the numerous
varieties of the coins bearing the personification of
Serapis and Isis, have attributed to him a special
devotion to the Egyptian cultus, forgetting that, although
the types are numerous, the individual specimens of
these coins are extremely scarce, and that though the
writings of the Emperor abound in allusions to the
Greek and Koman deities, those of Egypt are hardly
mentioned. I have only discovered six references to
Serapis and one to Isis. Julian was always careful to
refer to the tutelary deities of the place to which he
wrote, and accordingly we find that four of the references
to Serapis and the solitary one to Isis are in his letters
to Alexandria.
Serapis is also once mentioned incidentally in the
" Oration to the Sun " and once in the " Caesars,"
where, annoyed by the tumultuous arrival of Galba,
Otho, and Vitellius together before the assembly of the
gods (Vitellius still blazing with the flames of the
temple of Jupiter Capitolinus, which he had burnt), Jove
calls to his " brother " Serapis, " Send that miser out of
Egypt to extinguish these flames " — alluding, of course,
to the election of Vespasian by the Egyptian legions.
Harpocrates, Anubis, Horus, and Apis are nowhere
mentioned by Julian. One would expect to find the
mints of a persecuting Emperor issuing coins in honour
of the gods whom he principally worshipped, but, since
M. Dieudonne, in Melanges Numismatiques, ser. 1, has
convincingly removed the Antiochian and Nicomedian
coins dedicated to Jove, Apollo, and Ceres, from this
K 2
244 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
reign and attributed them to the Tetrarchy, there remains
no coin of Julian on which the name or image of a
Greek or Koman god appears.
In fact, leaving for a moment the Egyptian types out
of consideration, it would appear that care was taken
to avoid any type which must necessarily offend the
Christians. It is true that the beard was considered a
symbol of paganism, but, as the Emperor wore one, it
was but natural to depict it on his coins, and the reverse
types used are, with one possible exception, never purely
pagan.
The exception is, of course, the common large brass, or
foil is, bearing the legend SECVRITAS REIPVB. and for
type a bull beneath two stars and sometimes also an
eagle. This bull is generally identified as Apis, but is
that identification unavoidable ?
The bull is not uncommon on the Eoman coinage,
being found, for instance, on votive coins of the Anto-
nines and others, and stars are common under both
Christian and pagan Emperors. They are not attributes
of Apis, and his well-known marks on forehead and flank
might easily have been depicted on the coins, but they
do not appear. Neither does the occasional presence of
an eagle beside the principal type in any way connect
the coin with Apis ; for the eagle, far from being attri-
buted to him, was quite unknown in Egypt.
The connexion of the bull with votive types above
referred to is somewhat suggestive when we remember
that the only other common type of Period III. bears
the inscription VOT X MVLT XX. The vota were com-
memorated on both Christian and pagan issues.
Whatever the Emperor had in his mind, therefore, it
would seem that there is nothing on the coins which
THE COINAGE OF JULIAN THE PHILOSOPHER. 245
must be accepted as purely pagan, and therefore
abominable to his Christian subjects. Julian himself
appears to protest that this was so. A passage in the
Misopogon, written in 363, refers, Socrates tells us,1 to
this very coin. Julian says to the Antiochians, " You
insult your own princes, and in particular deride their
beards and the devices of their coins. First you say
I have subverted the world. In answer I know of
nothing I have subverted, either by design or in-
advertence." The Emperor appears here to protest that
he did not use pagan coin-types, and I submit that we
may accept his protest.
There remains for consideration the Egyptian series,
and doubts have been expressed whether it should be
attributed to Julian's reign at all. Cohen records no
less than 116 varieties of these coins, and three more
are added by this paper. As above mentioned, though
varieties are numerous, specimens are rare, and their
fabric is peculiar ; some of them are of fine style for the
period, and even those which are badly executed show
some imitation of the style of the finer pieces.
Their size and weight vary greatly, and a considerable
number of them are pierced with well- drilled and often
large holes, suggesting that they were used as amulets.
These holes occur in well- executed specimens, and
perhaps more frequently in the pieces of poorer execu-
tionj which may be later imitations. The place of issue
of the whole series is open to question, for only those
inscribed DEO SANCTO NILO bear a mint-mark, that of
Alexandria. The keepers of the National Collection have
attributed all of them to that mint, and the style of the
1 Socrates, lib. iii. c. 17.
246 NUMISMATIC CHKONICLE.
finer pieces is not dissimilar from that of the rather
scarce coins of the votive types of Class III. which bear
the Alexandrian mint-mark.
The personification of Serapis on many of them
resembles the bearded portrait of Julian, and there are
a few very scarce pieces combining that portrait and the
Emperor's name and titles with pagan reverse types,
which, so far as I have been able to examine them,
are similar in style to those on the series under
consideration. The coin illustrated above is the well-
known specimen in the Danish National Museum.
The great Marlborough cameo of Serapis and Isis in
the National Collection shows the features of the
Emperor in the personification of the god, and forms a
valuable connecting link between his bearded portraits
and those of the god on the coins.
It will not be forgotten that Egyptian deities are
found depicted on the reverses of coins of Licinius I,
Constantine the Great, Crispus, Constantine II, Mag-
nentius, Constantius Gallus, Jovian, Valentinian I,
Valens, and Gratian, several of whom were most Christian
Emperors, and can hardly have authorized such issues.
These coins are all very rare, and none of them bear
mint-marks. They differ distinctly in style from the
pieces attributed to Julian, and resemble the ordinary
issues of the Emperors whose names they bear ; while, as
above mentioned, a resemblance between Julian's ordinary
coins of Class III. and the pieces in question is traceable,
though these pieces are unlike the issues of earlier or
later Emperors.
I submit, therefore, that the common attribution of
the series to the reign of Julian is correct, but suggest
that it may have been an unauthorized issue.
THE COINAGE OF JULIAN THE PHILOSOPHER. 247
Some numismatists are inclined to go farther and
look upon these pieces as tesserae rather than coins, and
in this connexion Mr. Messenger draws attention to a
specimen in his collection, an ordinary bearded small
brass, or nummus centenionalis, the reverse of which
now bears the figure II engraved on a flat field, which
appears to have been obtained by scraping down the
original type. As the coin bears a blackish patina cover-
ing both obverse and reverse, the alteration appears to
be ancient. Akerman gives five varieties of these pieces,
bearing respectively the Numerals H, III, IV, Vin, and Xlli,
but they are not mentioned by Cohen.
It seems impossible to accept the identification of the
portrait of Isis as that of Helena. " I do not find," writes
an eminent numismatist, "in the features of Isis the
portrait of Helena, because I do not know the portrait
of Helena ; " and we are in the same difficulty. Helena
died some time before Julian's paganism was proclaimed,
the marriage, as we have seen, was a political one, and we
have no reason to suppose the existence of such devotion
to his somewhat elderly wife during her life and to her
memory after her death as would have induced him to
commemorate her on a special series of coins. On the
contrary, in all his writings he never mentions her name,
nor is it inscribed on any coin. She had no special
connexion with Egypt. The portrait on the coins bears
no resemblance to those of the members of the Flavian
family ; it is severe and dignified, and may well be a high
conception of the personification of the goddess rather
than a portrait of any human being. The Marlborough
cameo, to which I have referred as supporting the elder
numismatists in their attribution of the series to the
reign of Julian, fails to support Cohen's classification,
248 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
for the portrait of Isis on the gem differs from that on
the coins, the features being somewhat less noble and
the chin weaker in a marked degree, differences which
would hardly have occurred had the faces been actually
portraits of the same lady.
The fact that the series is dedicated to the Egyptian
gods renders it the more probable that it was struck in
Egypt. The cult of Isis was followed in Borne, but not
to the exclusion of those of the Graeco-Koman gods,
and, though for a short time in Julian's reign the
pagans had, no doubt, the upper hand in Kome as else-
where, it seems impossible to suppose that the Roman
mints would, while issuing so many types, have used
none in honour of the Eoman gods. It is difficult to
believe that so large a series could have been issued,
even in Egypt, under Christian Emperors, and the
position of affairs in Alexandria during Julian's reign
lends some colour to the suggestion that the moment
was favourable for a large unauthorized issue. The
citizens were always turbulent; as soon as the news
of Julian's accession to sole power reached them they
rose and massacred their Archbishop George and Dra-
contius the master of the mint, the latter because he
had removed an altar set up in the mint. These
murders took place on December 24, 361, and it
is probable that the see remained vacant until
February 21, 362, when Athanasius, who had been dis-
possessed by George, retook possession of it. Towards
the end of the same year he was again expelled by
order of Julian, who, in Letter vi., addressed to Ecdicius,
Prefect of Alexandria, says, "I swear by the great
Serapis, that unless before the Kalends of December
this Athanasius, enemy of the gods, has departed from
THE COINAGE OF JULIAN THE PHILOSOPHEK. 249
Alexandria, nay from Egypt, the officers of your govern-
ment shall pay a fine of one hundred pounds of gold.
You know my temper; I am slow to condemn, but I
am slower still to forgive." The see was again vacant
till the death of the Emperor, when the irrepressible
Athanasius returned once more. It is probable that the
bearded portrait of Julian had not reached Egypt before
February, 362, for, as above mentioned, the issue of the
coins of Class II. was not abandoned for some time after
the death of Constantius. It is suggested, therefore,
that the pagan issue may very possibly have been made
in the early part of 363, but this must be considered as
mere conjecture.
In conclusion, it is submitted that the whole of the
coins published by Cohen under his three divisions,
except those removed by M. Dieudonne, should be attri-
buted to Julian alone, and that all reference to Helena
should be abandoned.
Subjoined is a table showing the working of the mints
so far as I have been able to verify it. The number of
secular types employed during the reign was small :
nearly all the common coins commemorate either PEL.
TEMP. REPARATIO, SECVRITAS, SPES, VICTORIA, or the
Vota, or bear a star within a wreath without reverse
legend.
The following coins appear to be unpublished : —
1. Obv.—D N IVLIANVS P F AVG. Diademed draped
bust, r.
. — SPES REIPVBLICE. Julian in military attire,
standing 1., holding r.' globe surmounted by
a star, 1. vertical spear. In exergue, T CON.
M. Size 16 X 18 mm.
2. Obv. — DEO SARAPIDI. Draped bust without radiation,
r., the features resembling those of Julian.
250
NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
t — VOTA PVBLICA. Egyptian priest walking 1.,
holding r. long vertical staff, 1. arm bent, the
hand resting on his chest. No mint-mark.
J&. Size 13 x 14 mm. ^^-
3. Variety of Cohen, Julian 14. JE,.3, with obverse legend
D N IVLIANVS NOB CAESAR.
4. Variety of Cohen, Julian 47. JR.3, with obverse legend
D N FL CL IVLIANVS NOB CS,
5. Variety of Cohen, Julian 163. JR., with obverse legend
PL CL IVLIANVS P P AVG. The ornament on the
diadem resembles a lotus-flower.
6. Variety of Cohen, Helena 14. M*, with draped bust
r., without sistrum.
7. Variety of Cohen, Helena 16. j33.3, with bust as last;
on reverse, Isis faces 1. and the dog r.
MINTS OP JULIAN II.
JXTo.
Mint City.
Period I.
Caesar.
Period II.
Augustus beardless.
Period III.
Augustus bearded.
A/.
m.'/E.1
A^.3
A/.
FR.
A^.1
A^.3
A/.
FR.
A^.1
A^.3
1
Alexandria . .
_!_
X
__
X
'2
Antioch . . . • x
X —
x
x
X
x
X
x
X
3
Aquileia. . . -
— : —
X
—
—
—
—
—
—
X
X
4
Aries . ! x
\/
x
—
X
—
X
x
x
x
X
5 Constantinople
XX —
X
X
X
—
X
X
X
X
x
6
Cyzicus . . . : —
x —
x
—
—
—
—
—
—
x
X
7
Heraclea . . — — —
X
—
—
—
—
X
X
8
Lyons . . . -
— —
x
X
X
—
x
—
—
x
X
9
Nicomedia . . • -
X —
X
—
—
—
X
X
X
10
Rome . . . x — —
x
.—
x
x
X
11
Sirmium . . x — -
X
X
X
X
X
X
12
Siscia . . .x — —
X
—
X
—
—
—
—
X
x
IB
Thessalonica . -
X —
X
X
X
X
X
X
14
Treves . . . ! -
x —
x
x
—
—
—
X
NOTE. — Medallions were struck during Period I. in gold at Aries and
Constantinople, in silver at Aries, and in bronze at Rome ; during
Period II. in silver at Aries and Constantinople ; and during Period III.
in silver at Antioch, Constantinople, and Sirmium, and in bronze at
Antioch, Constantinople, Heraclea, and Rome.
No. ^E.2 bearing mint-marks are recorded.
The mint-marks R A V and LV N D are recorded, but, I think, erroneously.
PERCY H. WEBB.
XIII.
THE COIN-TYPES OF AETHELEED II.
(See Plates VI., VII.)
AETHELRED II was born in the year 968 A.D., and, on
the assassination of his half-brother, Edward the Martyr,
was consecrated king in 978 A.D. In 1013 the pressure
of the Danish invasions caused him to fly to his father-
in-law, Kichard, Duke of Normandy, but in the following
year, on the death of the Danish King Sven, he was
recalled by the Witan. He survived only two years,
ending his days in London in 1016 A.D., after a calamitous
reign of thirty-eight years.
The very large payments made to the Danes in this
reign, much of which was in coin, and the disturbed
state of the whole of Northern Europe at the time, which
caused the secretion of part of the plunder, have resulted
in numerous examples of Aethelred's coins being handed
down to our age ; and this paper will be an attempt,
first, to elucidate the sequence of the types on more
final lines, and, secondly, to suggest their times of issue
and probable meanings.
THE SEQUENCE OF THE TYPES.
Besides desultory efforts suggested by finds of coins,
there appear to have been only two complete attempts
to elucidate the different coin-types of Aethelred II.
252
NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
The first of these was by Hildebrand, when compiling the
Catalogue of Anglo-Saxon Coins in the Eoyal Cabinet at
Stockholm, and the second by the authors of the Catalogue
of Anglo-Saxon Coins in the British Museum, vol. ii. In
the first case, seven distinct issues were suggested, and in
the second, eleven issues. Before going further, it will
be well to ascertain whether all these can be really
admitted as distinct types, or, indeed, as Anglo-Saxon
coins at all. Probably owing to the huge payments
made to the Danes, which, as a glance at the Saxon
Chronicle will indicate, could not sometimes be handed
over fast enough, an abnormal number of mule coins
and other aberrations occur of this reign, and these, at
first sight, lead one to suppose that there is a greater
number of distinct issues than is really the case. For
instance, Types iv., v., and vi. of the British Museum
Catalogue are simply excessively rare mule coins, while
on the other hand, there is little doubt that Type iv.
var. a, of that arrangement, corresponding with Type D
in Hildebrand, is a distinct issue. Type vii. of the
British Museum Catalogue is an excessively rare varia-
tion of Type viii., with the letters C. R. V. X. in place of
the quadrilateral ornament of the latter issue. Type ix.
of the British Museum Catalogue, with its variety, which
are represented in Hildebrand as Type F and F, var. a,
are Danish, as stated in a footnote in the former work.
They are imitations of the coins of Aethelred II, struck
at Lund, in Sweden. Type x. of the British Museum
Catalogue, corresponding with Type G of Hildebrand,
commonly called the " Agnus Dei " type, is more of a
medal or commemorative issue than a coin, as will be
shown later ; while Type xi. of the British Museum
Catalogue, Hildebrand Type G, var. a, is simply a
THE COIN-TYPES OF AETHELKED II. 253
mule composed of an " Agnus Dei " obverse, and a
reverse of the coins current at the time the " Agnus
Dei" medals were struck. It should be mentioned,
however, that the British Museum Catalogue does
not pretend to prove the number of types and their
sequence, but is rather a faithful record of the coins in
the National Collection. With the exceptions enume-
rated above, the present writer is in agreement with the
compilers of the two works mentioned as to the number
of distinct types of coins of Aethelred II. In other
words, this number is reduced to five, excluding the
"Agnus Dei" issue, viz. Types A, B, C, D, and E, of
Hildebrand; Types i., ii. var. a, iii. var. a, iv. var. a,
and viii. of the British Museum Catalogue; and
No. 205, Types 5 and 2, Nos. 207 and 203, in Hawkins'
Silver Coins of England. The investigations of the
present writer have, however, led him to the conclusion
that these five issues were struck in the order of the
following descriptions.
As previously indicated, there were a good many
departures from, or modifications of, the standard types
during this reign, but as this paper is primarily one
in which it is proposed to elucidate the types and suggest
their times of issue, and also for the sake of clearness,
it is not proposed to describe what might be termed
the minor varieties, that is, those which have apparently
no relation to the general authorized designs, and which
consist, usually, in the addition of small crosses, single
or in number, pellets, annulets, and letters, &c., in the
field of the obverse or reverse, often in positions where
it was obviously not the official intention that any
addition or alteration should be made (see PI. VI. 12
and 13). These symbols were probably private marks of
254 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
engravers or moneyers — certainly so in some cases — and
consequently they do not bear on the question of the
sequence of the issues like the mule coins, or have
the character of authorized departures as in the case of
the other major varieties. The necessity for describing
and properly placing the major varieties consists also
in the fact that some have been confounded with the
distinct types, and, if they were omitted, the same mis-
apprehension might occur in the future.
1. THE "HAND" TYPE.
(Hild., B. ; B. M. C., ii. var. a; Hawkins, Type 5.)
Obv. — Broad diademed bust to r., clothed in a mantle
with circular folds. Around, inscription
between two circles.
-Ret?. — Divine hand issuing from clouds, a pellet or
annulet sometimes in the centre of the cloud
space; at the sides of the hand, A and G3.
Around, inscription between two circles.
PI VI if Obv. — + /EDELR/ED REX ANGLOVC
*\Rev. — + MANNA M"0 T0TAN (Totness).
Author's Collection.
Obv. — Long diademed bust to r., clothed in a Y-shaped
mantle. Around, inscription between two
circles.
Rev. — Divine hand issuing from the cuff of a sleeve ;
at the sides of the hand, ft. and 00. Around,
inscription between two circles.
PI VI 2 iv.— +/E-DELRED REX ftNLL.Cn*
'\Rev.— + /EADLAR MO OEOTFOR(Thetford).
Author's Collection.
Obv.— As PL VI. 1.
Rev.— As PL VI. 2.
PI VI 3 f°bv'— + /E€>ELRED REX AINCLOPC
(Rev. — + OBAN MX) EF ER PI (York).
Author's Collection.
THE COIN-TYPES OF AETHELRED II. 255
This type, although fairly plentiful, is the least
common of the reign. The coin represented by PI. VI. 3
is, however, a rare mule, and has only been noticed
amongst the coins of York.
Type 1, var. a (Hild., B 1, var. a; B. M. C., ii.).
Obv. — As PI. VI. 1, but the bust is turned to the 1.
Rev.— As PL VI. 1.
(Obv. — + /E-DELRED REX ANGLO1X
Rev.— + LIFINC M"0 C/ENTPARA (Canter-
bury).
Author's Collection.
This is an extremely rare variety.
Type 1, var. b (Hild., B 1, var. b- B. M. C., ii. var. c).
Obv. — As before, but the bust is turned to the r. as in
the main type; a cross pommee sceptre in
front.
Rev.— As PI. VI. 2.
. __- (Obv.— + /EOELR/ED REX ANDLO1X
fl. VI. 0.\jRe^_ + LYTELMAN M-0rj|PES (IpSWich).
Royal Cabinet, Stockholm.
This is an excessively rare variety, made up with a
reverse of the type (PI. VI. 2) and an obverse of the next
variety, PI. VI. 6.
Type 1, var. c (Hild., B 2 ; B. M. C., ii. var. d ; Hawkins,
No. 206).
Obv. — As before.
Rev. — As PL VI. 1, but with lines curved outwards
issuing from the clouds ; pellet under ft and
under (x).
Obv.— + /EDELR/ED REX ANDLOVC
PL VI. v.-ftev — -fXPETINr; M"O LVND (London).
Author's Collection.
This variety is little less common than the type, and
256 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
the addition of the sceptre constitutes, it is thought, a
connecting link between Types 1 and 2, as on the coins
of the latter the sceptre invariably appears, while on the
coins of Types 3, 4, and 5, it is never seen.
Type 1, var. d (Hild., B 2, var. a ; B. M. 0., ii. var; e).
Obv. — As before.
Rev. — As before, but without the letters A, GO, and
pellets at the sides of the hand.
v_. fObv. — + /EDELRED REX ANCLOVC
\Rev.— + /ELFXTAN M~O LECC:E (Chester).
Royal Cabinet, Stockholm.
This variety is excessively rare. The omission of the
letters ft and U) is perhaps accidental, in which case the
coin should not have had a place here. But it may
possibly be a transitional piece between varieties c and e,
and it is included on that account.
Type 1, var. e (Hild., B 3 ; B. M. C., ii. var. /; Hawkins,
Type 6).
Obv. — Bareheaded bust to r., with smooth hair. In
front, a sceptre, cross pattee.
Rev. — Divine hand giving the Latin benediction, i.e.
the third and fourth fingers closed ; small
cross generally in the clouds.
pl v, ft (Obv.~ + /E£> EL/RED REX ANCLCOX
°'\Rev.— + XPYRLINC M~O €)EO (Thetford).
British Museum.
This is a scarce variety.
Type '—n mule (Hild., C, var. c ; B. M. C., iii. var. Z>).
Obv. —Similar to Type 1, var. c. [PI. VI. 6.]
Rev.— Similar to Type 2. [PI. VI. 11.]
<0lv.— + /EOELRED REX ANLLCHX
ri. VI. y-\jtfcy.— + VNBELN M~0 LINIOL (Lincoln).
Royal Cabinet, Stockholm.
THE COIN-TYPES OF AETHELRED II. 257
Type rey' 2 mule (Hild., C, var. d; B. M. C., iii. var. c).
Obv. —Similar to Type 1, var. e. [PI. VI. 8.]
Rev.— Similar to Type 2. [PL VI. 11.]
PI VT inl°bv~ + /EOELRED REX AN:LO
^'\Rev.~ + BYRHXIDE M"O BEAR(Barnstaple).
Carlyon-Britton Collection.
These are excessively rare mules.
2. THE CRVX TYPE.
(Hild., C ; B. M. C., iii. var. a • Hawkins, Type 2.)
Obv. — Bareheaded bust to 1., smooth hair. In front,
a cross pomme'e sceptre. Around, inscription
between two circles.
Rev. — A short voided cross, frequently with a pellet in
the centre. In the angles, the letters CRV+.
Around, inscription between two circles.
PI VT 11 i^v" — + /E€>ELR/ED REX AfSCLOTX
VI. Ll..\ftev_ + BYRHSICE M~O PIN (Winchester).
Author's Collection.
This is one of the three very common types of the
reign.
3. QUADRILATERAL TYPE.
(Hild., E ; B. M. C., viii. ; Hawkins, 203.)
Obv. — Helmeted and armoured bust to the 1., very fre-
quently an annulet on the shoulder. Around,
inscription divided by the bust ; no inner
circle. On some coins more of the body is
visible, and the helmet is plain.
Rev. — A compartment with curved sides, three pellets at
each corner ; over it a long voided cross, each
limb terminating in three crescents ; pellet in
centre. Around, inscription ; no inner circle.
PI. VI. 12. Amplitude of shoulder and figured helmet.
VOL. X., SERIES IV. S
258 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
.— + EDELRED REX 7\N3
. __ |- EfiDPOLD MO LVN (London); minor variety
with an annulet in two quarters.
Author's Collection.
PI. VI. 13. Small bust and plain helmet —
01>v.— + EDELRED REX ANILO
fiev. — + COLLRIM MO EOF (York); minor variety
with pellet in one quarter.
Author's Collection.
This type, although fairly plentiful, is not so common
as Types 2, 4, and 5.
Type 3, var. a (Hild., E, var. c ; B. M. C., vii.).
Obv.— As PL VI. 12.
Rev. — Long voided cross reaching to the edge of the
coin; pellet in centre. The letters CRV+ in
the angles. Around, inscription; no inner
circle.
fQlVt — + /E-DELRED REX AfSCh.
PI. VI. l4.\Rev.— + LOL DVX M'O 5EREBRIL (Salis-
bury).
Royal Cabinet, Stockholm.
This is an excessively rare variety, showing a lingering
trace of the preceding issue.
Type l- mule (Hild., E, var. 6; B. M. C., vi.).
Obv.— As Type 3. [PL VI. 12.]
Eev.— As Type 4. [PL VII. 2.]
PI VTT T \0bv.— + /EOELRED REX A.
(Eev. — + PVLM/ER M^O L INI (Lincoln).
Royal Cabinet, Stockholm.
This is an excessively rare mule.
A mule of an uncertain mint composed of an obverse
of Type 4 and a reverse of Type 3 was listed in the
THE COIN-TYPES OF AETHELRED II. 259
Numismatic Circular of 1900, but the writer has not been
able to discover its whereabouts.
4. LONG CROSS TYPE.
(Hild., D; B. M. C., iv. var. a; Hawkins, 207.)
Obv. — Bareheaded bust to 1., with outstanding hair.
Around, inscription divided by the, bust ; no
inner circle.
Rev. — Similar to Type 3, but without the quatrefoil
ornament in the centre of the cross.
(Obv.— + /E0ELRED REX
*'\Rev.— + EADPINE M'O LVND (London).
Author's Collection.
This is one of the three most common types of the
reign.
There are coins of this type, and perhaps of others, the
obverse die for striking which was cut the wrong way.
Consequently, the impression is retrograde, and the coins
have a very curious appearance.
oViv 4-
Type - -— mule (Hild., A, var./; B. M. C., i. var. e).
rev. o
Obv.— As Type 4. [PI. VII. 2.]
Rev.— As Type 5. [PL VII. 5.]
;.— +EDELRED REX AfO_O
PI VTT o
*'Rev.— + PVLXTEN MO LVNDE (London).
Royal Cabinet, Stockholm.
Type ^4 mule (Hild., D, var. a; B. M. C., iv.).
rev. 4:
>.— As Type 5. [PI. VII. 5.]
Bev.— As Type 4. [PI. VII. 2.]
v-— + E*>ELRED REX ANILOI
PI VTT
'Hev.— + DVDA M'O PINTO (Winchester).
Royal Cabinet, Stockholm.
These are two excessively rare mules.
s2
260 NUMISMATIC CHKONICLE.
5. SMALL CROSS TYPE.
(Hild., A; B. M. C., i. ; Hawkins, 205.)
Obv. — Small diademed bust to 1., within an inner
circle. Around, inscription.
Rev.- — Small cross pattee within a circle. Around,
inscription.
„ v_ -(Obv.— + E-DELRED REX ANCLORVi
fL Vll. v-\fiev_ + QXLOT M'ON EOFRFI (York).
Author's Collection.
This is, perhaps, the most common type of the reign.
Type 5, var. a (Hild., A, var. a ; B. M. C., i. var. a).
Obv. — As before, but bust turned to r.
Rev. — As before.
Obv.— + EOELRED REX TXNLL©
PL VII. 6. Rev. — + LEOFXTfiN ON C/ENT: (Canter-
bury). Author's Collection.
This is a very rare variety.
Type 5, var. b (Hild., A, var. e ; B. M. C., i. d).
Obv. — Bust of a transitional character between those
on Types 4 and 5. It is diademed like Type 5,
but descends to the edge of the coin like
Type 4 . Around, inscription divided by the bust.
Rev. — As before.
, (Obv.— + /EOELRED REX 7X1
''(Rev.— + EfiDPOLD MO LVNDE (London).
Royal Cabinet, Stockholm.
This is an excessively rare variety.
There are mules of this reign, as of others, which
were not struck from dies of successive issues, one or two
types intervening. Those known to the writer may be
described as follows :—
Mule a (Hild., A, var. b ; B. M. C., i. var. 6).
Obv.— As Type 2. [PL VI. 11.]
Rev.— As Type 5. [PL VII. 5.]
THE COIN-TYPES OF AETHELRED II. 261
.— + EOERED REX AISCLO
.— + ARNCYTEL M"O EOFR (York).
Carlyon-Britton Collection.
Mule b (Hild., C, var. b ; B. M. C., iii. ; Hawkins, 204).
Obv.—A* Type 5. [PI. VII. 5.]
Bev.— As Type 2. [PL VI. 11.]
PI VTT Q1 (Obv.— + /E-DELR/ED REX AINCLOVC
' \Eev.— + PVNXTAN M"0 PIN (Winchester).
British Museum.
These two mules, although rare, are not excessively so.
Mule c (Hild., E, var. a; B. M. C., v.).
Obv.— As Type 3. [PI. VI. 12.]
Rev.— As Type 5. [PI. VII. 5.]
(Qbv.— + E-DELRED REX AISCLO
PI. VII. 10. \Rev.— + LEOFDOD ON PIHRACX (Wor-
cester).
Royal Cabinet, Stockholm.
This is an excessively rare mule.2
It is significant that the three mules above described
were all struck during the issue of Type 5, which is pro-
bably the most common of the reign, and the fact bears
out the inference, which may be gathered from the Saxon
Chronicle, that that type was issued under great pressure,
necessitating the use of all available dies, whether old
and obsolete, or new.
1 I am indebted to Dr. Lawrence for the suggestion that the obverse
of this coin was struck from a die of Type i., var. a, with the bust
turned to the left instead of to the right. If this is the case, the
number of miscellaneous mule coins will be reduced to two, and an
additional link in the chain of evidence connecting Types i. and ii. will
have been forged.
2 In the collection of Mr. Carlyon-Britton is one without the usual
inner circle on the reverse, but the legend is blundered and retrograde.
262
NUMISMATIC CHKONICLE.
AGNUS DEI MEDAL.
(Hild., G; B. M. C., Type x. ; Hawkins, Type 7.)
Obv. — The Agnus Dei to r. ; below, AG or AGN, within
a beaded compartment. Around, inscription ;
no inner circle.
Rev. — The Holy Dove with wings outspread. Around,
inscription • no inner circle.
/OZw.— + /ECELRED REX flNGLORVM
L< LLm(Rev.— + BLTXCfiMfiN :: DY RE BY (Derby).
Carlyon-Britton Collection.
This interesting piece is extremely rare.
Obv.— As the Agnus Dei medal. [PL VII. 11.]
Rev.— As Type 5. [PI. VII. 5.]
- • • DELR/ED REX AND • • •
PI VTT 19
*'
Rev.— •
PINE ON STA • • • (Stamford).
Royal Cabinet, Stockholm.
This is excessively rare, being represented by the prob-
ably unique half-coin in the Koyal Cabinet at Stockholm.
The coins represented by 1. Hild., Type A, var. c,
B. M. C., Type i., var. c; 2. Hild., Type A, var. d; 3. Hild.,
Type B 1, var. c, B. M. C., Type ii. var. I ; and 4. Hild.,
Type C, var. a, have been omitted, as it is considered that
they are only minor varieties. There were precedents in
former reigns for the addition of the four smaller crosses
on the first two, and these crosses certainly give symmetry
to the design, but that does not, in itself, seem a sufficient
reason for differentiating the coins from the other minor
varieties which have a less number of additional crosses.
The reversal of the letters A and U) on Hild., Type B 1,
var. c, B. M. C., Type ii., var. &, is evidently accidental.
An analysis, on broad lines, of the designs on all the
coins described above will also bear out the proposition
THE COIN-TYPES OF AETHELRED II. 263
that there are only five distinct types of the reign,
excluding the Agnus Dei pieces. The nomenclature
adopted, which is based on the most prominent features
of the reverses, is evidence of this so far as the reverse
designs are concerned. As regards the obverses, the
busts on the coins of Type 1 are generally diademed, but
towards the end of the issue they are bareheaded with
smooth hair. The sceptre, which is the characteristic
feature of Type 2, had, by then, also been introduced.
The busts on Type 2 are short, with head bare and
straight hair. Those on Type 3 are helmeted and
armoured, and descend to the edge of the coins. Those
on Type 4 are bareheaded again, but the hair is now
outstanding, and they also follow the preceding type
by descending to the edge of the coins. The busts on
Type 5, whether turned to the right or left, are small
and diademed, and are enclosed, almost invariably, in the
inner circle. The varieties of the types, which have led
to so much confusion in the past, are, generally speaking,
made up by the striking of mule coins, by the transposition
of the busts, by the addition of a sceptre where, in the type,
it is absent, and by slight modifications on the reverse.
The way is now clear to make the attempt to prove
the sequence proposed.
The writer is not aware that it has previously been
noticed that the transition from M"O for " monetarius," or
"monetarius of," to ON for "of" or "in," between the
moneyers' and mint names, has a very important bear-
ing on the question of the order of the types.
Although the writer came to a conclusion as to the
correct sequence on other grounds, it is proposed first
to consider the deductions to be made from this transi-
tion, as they seem the most convincing. It is well
264
NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
known that M"O is the early abbreviation shown on the
coins, and that ON is the later form of connecting the
moneyers' name with that of the mint. It naturally
follows, therefore, that the class in which the form IVTO
occurs most frequently is the earliest, and that the type
on which ON preponderates is the last. To apply this
to the coins of Aethelred II, the pieces of that King in
the Royal Cabinet at Stockholm, as represented by the
catalogue of 1881, have been analyzed, with the results as
shown in the statement below. The Stockholm Collec-
tion was selected as constituting a fair test of the above
theory, not only because it is a far larger assemblage of
coins of Aethelred II than exists here, but because it
contains no actual duplicates which, as a matter of fact,
went largely to supply the cabinets in this country.
TABLE SHOWING, IN PERCENTAGES, TRANSITION FROM M~O TO ON.
FORM OF INSCRIPTION.
Type.
Intermediates.
M O
MoO, M~ON, MOON
chiefly.
ON
1.
(Hild., B ; B. M. C., ii. var. a ;}
Hawkins, Type 5) . . . ./
99-62%
0-38%
—
2.
(Hild., C ; B. M. C., iii. var. a ;\
Hawkins, Type 2) . . . ./
99-34%
0-66%
—
3.
(Hild., E; B. M. C., viii. ;\
Hawkins 203) /
69-77%
30-23%
_
4.
(Hild., D ; B. M. C., iv. var. a ;\
Hawkins, 207) /
67-49%
32-41%
0-10%
5.
(Hild., A ; B. M. C., i. ; Haw-\
kins, 205) /
30-54%
24-18%
45-28%
THE COIN-TYPES OF AETHELRED II. 265
It will be observed that in Types 1 and 2 the form ivro
is practically universal, No. 2 departing from that form
to a slightly greater extent than No. 1. The test seems,
therefore, to prove beyond doubt that these two types
were the first of the reign. At the other end, although
the form ON was at least commenced on Type 4, the
very large proportion of coins of Type 5 with this form
certainly leaves little room for doubt of its place as last
of the series ; while on Types 3 and 4 there is a large
proportion of intermediate forms which fixes their position
between Types 2 and 5. It should be mentioned that
there is nothing in the B. M. C. to militate against the
above arrangement. The coins described therein point
in the same direction.
This transition was practically commenced in the reign
of Aethelred II, and it may be said to have been com-
pletely carried out in the next, that of Cnut, as it will be
found that the form ON, after a gradually increasing ratio
to the earlier form, is nearly universal on Cnut's coins of
the type of Hild., Type H., B. M. C., Type xvi., which
are the latest of the three common issues of that reign.
From this period the form IN/TO entirely disappears from
the coinage, beyond an accidental piece or two of the
reign of Harold I, and perhaps that of Harthacnut ; and
the form ON maintains its monopoly until Edward I, in
the latter half of the thirteenth century, abolished the
custom of placing the moneyers' names on the coins.
Incidentally, it might be mentioned that in preparing
the above table, it was found that the variations in the
form of the connecting link between the mint and the
moneyers' names have some bearing on the question of
die-sinking. It was discovered that the introduction
of ON was territorially, as well as chronologically, a
266 NUMISMATIC CHKONICLE.
gradual one ; the innovation being very tardily adopted
by the towns in the North. In illustration of this it may
be mentioned that the coins of Type 5 of Winchester, a
very " common " mint, practically all have the late form
of ON, while, at the other extreme, there are no coins of
York of Type 5 in Hildebrand which have this form ;
the places between adopting varying proportions of the
two forms or their intermediates. It has hitherto been
supposed that, as a general rule, the dies at this time
were made at one centre, and London has been suggested
as that centre ; but the test of the sequence of the types
which has been under consideration seems to prove that,
during the latter part of Aethelred's reign at least,
Winchester initiated the changes in the designs and
inscriptions, since it was in that city that the new form
of ON was first universally adopted, and it seems, from
the proportion of coins of other towns in the country on
which the change was effected, to be beyond question
that no one centre was wholly responsible for making
the dies. It appears to be probable that England was
divided into what may be called " die-sinking areas," in
the chief towns of which the dies for the surrounding
mint boroughs were cut. These areas may very well
have coincided with the great ealdormanries, as it is an
historical fact that these had their own local customs
and usages, and probably, until at least as late as the
reign of Aethelred II, their own witenagemots (Stubbs,
Const. Hist., p. 132). As an illustration of this it might
be mentioned that the Saxon Chronicle, under the year
1004, records a convention, by Ulfkytel the thane, of a
meeting of the witan of East Anglia for the purpose of
discussing peace with King Sven, who had just previously
ravaged Norwich ; an almost regal act, quite on a par
THE COIN-TYPES OF AETHELRED II. 267
with the independent making of dies for a coinage. A
comparison of all the coins of the different minting-
places might very possibly demonstrate the limits
of these die-sinking areas ; but the subject is not
quite pertinent to the present paper. To return to
this, it will have been seen that the order of the
issues, as disclosed by the test of the reverse inscrip-
tions, is as proposed above; but it will be well to
examine what other corroborative evidence there is
of this.
An important test is that of the evidence of " finds."
Most of these have been unearthed in Scandinavia and
Denmark, or, indeed, generally around the shores of
the Baltic Sea ; but, for the reason of difficulty of re-
ference or lack of proper record, the following summary
of these finds must not be considered as in any way
complete. In most of the finds a record of the types
represented has not been preserved, and they are there-
fore of no assistance in ascertaining the sequence of the
issues. (See Table, p. 268.)
The Scandinavian finds enumerated contained also
German, Oriental, and Scandinavian coins of a varied
and mixed character ; but, with the exception of a few
cases . hereinafter mentioned, these coins are of no
assistance in elucidating the subject under treatment.
A record of such coins has, therefore, not been included
in the statement.
Hildebrand says of Find 4 that the Anglo-Saxon coins
contained in it were all of Aethelred II, mostly of Type
2 (his Type C). The hoard also included two Swedish
coins of Olaf Skotkonung, so that the deposit was not
earlier than 993 or 995 A.D., and the coins of Aethelred II
not of Type 2 were very possibly of Type 1 (Hild., Type
268
NUMISMATIC CHKONICLE.
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THE COIN-TYPES OF AETHELRED II. 269
B) as in find No. 3. The composition of the two hoards
was, in other respects, similar.
Find No. 5 contained a fragment of a coin of Basil II,
Emperor of the East from 976 to 1025, also a coin of
Olaf Skotkonung, 993 or 995 to 1022, so that the hoard
could have included all the types of Aethelred II. This
is important, as it proves that the absence of Types 3 and
4 was accidental, and not because they could not have
been present.
The types of the 134 coins of Aethelred II in Find No. 6
were not recorded except one specimen and a fragment
of the Agnus Dei issue. As, however, the rest of the
Anglo-Saxon coins contained in the hoard were of Cnut,
Harold I, Harthacnut, and Edward the Confessor, there
is very little doubt that the bulk or all the Aethelred
coins belonged to Type 5.
Find No. 10 is the one on which Hildebrand appears
to have based his theory of the succession of his Types
A, B, and C, and of their place as first in the reign. The
hoard certainly contained some older coins than usual,
but, fortunately, it also included one of Bernard, Duke
of Saxony. This might have been struck by the first of
the name, or his successor, the second Bernard. If the
latter, the deposit could not have been earlier than
1011 A.D., but if the former, it might have been hidden
any time up to and including that year. The absence
of Types 3 and 4 was therefore clearly accidental, as in
the case of Find No. 5.
The same may be said of the absence of Type 3 from
Finds Nos. 8 and 11. It will be observed, from the last
column of the statement, that coins of whole reigns
were absent from some of the finds, notably No. 11.
All the other hoards tabulated need no comment. They
270 NUMISMATIC CHEONICLE.
mostly speak forcibly in favour of the order of succession
proposed.
Another test of the sequence of the types is to bei
found in the evidence of the mule coins, although this
evidence, in itself, is not, during Aethelred's reign at least,
conclusive, as impressions from dies still capable of
•service of two or even three preceding issues were muled
with impressions from a later one (see mule coins a, I, and
c, PI. VII. 8, 9, and 10). So far as the writer has
been able to ascertain, there are no connecting mules
between Types 2 and 3 ; but the excessively rare coin
of Cnut represented in Hild. as Type A, var. a, and in
the B. M. C. as Type v. is a connecting link between
the last type proposed for Aethelred II and the first of
Cnut; the obverse being of the latter reign and the
reverse of the former.
As regards the first and last types, valuable corrobora-
tive evidence of their correct position is to be obtained
by a comparison with the coins of Edward the Martyr
the preceding, and Cnut the succeeding, monarchs. Of
the two issues of Edward the Martyr there can be no
reasonable doubt that the "Hand" type (Hild., B;
B. M. C., ii.) is the later. It is represented by an unique
coin of Canterbury — see Montagu Catalogue, No. 751 —
and that the issue should be excessively small is not alto-
gether remarkable when it is remembered that Edward's
reign was so abruptly closed by assassination. This type
is identical, except as regards the sovereign's name, with
the "Hand" type of Aethelred's coins, and on this ground
alone it is reasonable to assume that the latter is the first
of the reign under discussion. Sir John Evans expressed
this opinion when commenting on the Ipswich find.
As regards the last issue proposed, it is identical with
THE COIN-TYPES OF AETHELRED II. 271
some very rare pennies of Cnut represented by Hild.,
Type A, and in the B. M. C. by Type i. The resemblance
is especially pronounced in the coins of Oswold, a
moneyer of Norwich, of whom there are coins of both
reigns. The reverse inscription on these coins reads
+ OZFOLD . MON ONR-D, from which it will be observed
that the two first letters of the mint-name have been
transposed. Incidentally, this seems to indicate that
Hild., Type A, of Cnut, B. M. C., Type i., is not a distinct
issue of that monarch, but that it is simply composed of
coins struck from old dies of Aethelred's last issue
pressed into service, with the obverse slightly altered,
probably during the pressure of the great payment
of 72,000 Ibs. of silver levied at the commencement
of Cnut's reign, and paid in 1018 A.D. It is thought
probable that the coins of Hild., Type B, of Cnut, B. M. C.,
Type ii., were issued at the same time and for the same
reason, from dies of Type 4 of Aethelred II, or copies of
those dies. At least, it is a significant fact that a large
proportion of the money went to pay Cnut's troops,
which returned to Denmark in the same year, and
that all, or nearly all, the coins of these two issues of
Cnut have been found in Scandinavia or Denmark.
The single coin at Stockholm representing Type C of
Cnut (Hildebrand's arrangement), and described in the
B. M. C. as Type iii., is palpably a rough copy of
Type 3 of Aethelred II (present arrangement). In-
stances of Cnut's die-makers copying Aethelred's types,
either for the obverses or reverses of their coins, are not
infrequent. Type D of Cnut in Hildebrand, and its
variety, are manifestly Scandinavian, and consequently
Type E is left as first of the reign of Cnut. This is
evident on other grounds.
272 NUMISMATIC CHKONICLE.
There seems to be a tendency to exaggerate the im-
portance of the moneyers' names as a test of the sequence
of the issue of coins. So many circumstances unknown to
us may enter into the case, however, that it cannot be
deduced with certainty that a given type should not
appear among a number of other types apparently, by
the evidence of the moneyers' names, continuous; or,
in other words, the existence of a given moneyer's name
on several types is not conclusive proof that those types
were continuous. Still, the moneyers' names on coins
tend to corroborate, although they cannot, by themselves,
prove a sequence.
In order to make a test by this means, it is obviously
best to take, as an example, the town of which we possess
the largest number of coins, and of names on them, and
that town, at least so far as the reign of Aethelred II is
concerned, is undoubtedly London. It will, it is thought,
be sufficient to bring again Hildebrand's invaluable
catalogue into use, and the following statement, compiled
from that catalogue, shows the sequence of the names of
moneyers coming in the different types as laid down,
first, by Hildebrand, and secondly, in the present
paper. It has not been considered necessary to include
the names of moneyers represented by one type of
Ethelred II only, as they would unduly lengthen the list
for practically no useful purpose, but the coinage of
Edward the Martyr, and Type E of Cnut (Hildebrand's
arrangement), have been given as having an important
bearing on the question at issue. The latter type is,
as previously suggested, the first of the reign of Cnut.
An analysis of the details given in the statement will
show at once that the evidence is neutral in the majority
of cases. Kejecting as proof of either arrangement those
THE COIN- TYPES OF AETHELRED II. 273
names where there is a break in the sequence, and
where they are continuous in both arrangements, it
will be found that nothing can be deduced either way ;
in the cases of thirty-nine names out of fifty-two, nine
names are in favour of the present arrangement, viz.,
/EDELPERD, /EDELRED, /ESCTL, EADRIC, GODMAN,
LEOFNOD, LEOFRED, LIFINC, and PVLFPINE, as against
only four moneyers, viz., A^LFGET, /ELFNOO, HEAPVLF,
and TOGA, in favour of Hildebrand's arrangement, and
consequently that of the British Museum which, in the
main, follows Hildebrand. It is beyond question that
many changes in the moneyers occurred when Cnut com-
menced to rule. It follows, therefore, that the moneyers
whose names appear without a break in a series of types
including the first of Cnut, are the most important as
corroborative evidence of the continuity of those types.
Five such names are found to be in favour of the pre-
sent arrangement, viz., EADRIC, GODMAN, LEOFRED, LIFINC,
and PVLFPINE, as against one only in favour of Hildebrand's
arrangement, viz. TOGA.
On the whole, it will readily be seen that the balance
of evidence afforded by a consideration of the moneyers'
names supports the sequence of types proposed in this
paper. (See Table, p. 275.)
For the reasons given in connexion with the evidence
of the moneyers' names, no definite proof can be adduced
from a consideration of the types represented in the
various mints ; but for the sake of completeness, a state-
ment embodying the information which can be culled from
this source has been prepared (see Table, pp. 276, 277).
Granting that a continuous sequence of two or more
types from a mint tends to prove the order of those
types, and omitting the sequences which occur in both
VOL, X., SERIES IV. T
274 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
arrangements, it will be seen that there are twelve mints
exclusively in favour of the present arrangement, viz.,
Bristol, Cadbury, Dorchester, Dublin, Dunwich, Hastings,
Romney, Sidbury or Sidnaceaster, Stafford, Tamworth,
Taunton, and Ythaiiburh or Ythanceaster. The types
of the four mints of Bridgnorth or Bridport, Sandwich,
Sudbury, and Winchcombe would be exclusively in
sequence were Hildebrand's arrangement the correct one ;
while the remainder of the mints, sixty-two, afford no
satisfactory evidence either way. Obviously, the balance
of proof is in favour of the present arrangement.
It should be mentioned that the table does not include
some readings in Hildebrand and the B. M. C., which
have been considered to represent mints additional to
those here tabulated, either because these inscriptions
are rnisreadings of mints already given, or by reason of
their claim to represent towns in this country being
more than doubtful.
In connexion with the evidence of the mints, it
should be mentioned that certain coins of Bedford afford
noteworthy proof that the " Hand " type is the first of
the reign. This is in the use of the form "moneta"
on the reverse, one which is extremely rare on the coins
of Aethelred II. At Bedford this form was consistently
adopted by all the monarchs from Eadwig to the first
issue of Aethelred II, when it seems to have been abruptly
dropped, although there is a specimen in the British
Museum of Type 5 struck at York. This city, however,
as has already been noticed, was extremely conservative
in regard to coin inscriptions, and but tardily relinquished
forms which had long dropped into desuetude in the
south.
To summarize the deductions made, six independent
Certain
Moneyers.
London Mint.
||l
Types of
Aethelredll.
Present
arrangement.
Cnut
Type
*3J3
Types of
Aethelred II.
Hildebrand's
arrangement.
Cuut.
Type.
E
i
1
2
3
4
5
1
A
A
B
c
D
E
A^LFGAR
4
4.
._
__
_
+
4
/ELFGET, ELFGET .
—
4
4_
4.
_|_
4
A^LFNOO .
4.
4_
4.
j
i
4
A^LFRIC
—
—
4.
4.
4
—
_j_
4
A^LFSTAN .
_j_
4_
4.
4.
4-
4-
4
i
A^LFPERD .
+
4.
_j_
_l_
4.
4-
4
4-
4-
A^LFPIG, A^LFPI
4_
_^_
4_
4.
4-
__
4-.
/ELFPINE, ELFPINE .
4
_!_
_|_
i
_l_
4.
4
i
4.
4-
4-
A^OELMA^R
_}_
_j_
4-
4
A^DELPERD
4_
J_
4-
_l_
i
4
4
4
/EOELPINE
4.
4.
4_
4.
_j_
i
4-
A^DELRED .
_l_
4.
4
4.
.
i
4-
4-
4
A^SCTL.ASCIL, ESCTL
,
_i_
4.
_j_
^_
BRVNSTAN .
4.
i
__
4-
4
CEOLNOO .
4.
4.
_
_
4
_j_
EADMVND .
4
4
4.
i
_l_
i
i
i
i
!
4
EADRIC
_^_
4
4_
4
_j_
4-
EADSIGE, EDSIGE .
4_
_l_
_j_
i
4
4_
\
4-
4-
4
4-
EADPERD, EDPERD .
___
_l_
i
i
EADPI, EDPI
4.
4_
4.
_l_
i
4
_j_
EADPINE, EDPINE .
_j_
i
i
i
!
i
•
i
4-
4-
4-
EADPOLD, EDPOLD .
4
_^_
_|_
•
4
4,
i
i
+
EALHSTAN.
i
i
i
GOD, GODA
4
4.
4_
4.
_j_
•
_^_
_l_
_j_
j^
GODERE ." .
__
4
i
i
4-
4-
4-
GODMAN .
__
i
•
i
i
•
i
GODRIC
4.
_j_
_j_
_l_
r
T
i
i
-
i
4-
GODPINE .
4.
4,
_j_
4
_l_
i
1
^_
_j_
4-
4
GOLDPINE .
_
+
i
___
1
_i_
HEAPVLF .
i
i
4-
4-
LEOFNOO .
_
__
•
i
4-
4-
_
LEOFRED, LIOFRED.
4.
_|_
4 4-
4.
4
_j_
4-
_i_
LEOFRIC .
i
j_
i
i
i
i
i
_l_
i
i
LEOFSTAN, LIOFSTAN
_j_
4.
_|_
i
4.
_j_
i
_l_
_[_
_j_
_l_
_i_
LEOFPINE .
i
i
i
i
i
i
,
i
i
i
+
4-
LIFINC, LYFINC
4
_j_
_l_
_l_
^_
4-
^_
_j_
4-
LEOFPOLD, LIOFPOLD
i
_i_
i
i
i
ODA .
_L
i
i
i
OSCYTEL .
4.
_j_
i
4-
OSFERO .
i
i
4-
i
OSMVND
4.
_j_
4.
,
_l_
4-
OSVLF
i
i
i
i
i
i
,
i
i
4
i
4-
SIBPINE, SIDPINE
.
4.
_j_
i
i
_i_
_l_
4-
4
SPETINC, SPETING .
4
i
i
!
i
i
i
i
!
i
i
€)EODRED .
_j_
_
_i_
__
4-
TOGA .
i '
1
i
4-
4
4-
PINSIGE, PYNSIGE
4_
4.
4.
4-
_i_
PVLFGAR .
4-
i
i
4
i
4-
PVLFRED .
.
i
•
,
•
i
PVLFRIC .
_j_
4_
4.
i
i
K
4
_l_
PVLFSTAN, PVLFSTEN
'
i
_j_
_j_
_|_
4.
4,
i
_l_
_l_
4
4.
PVLFPINE .
— —
4
+•
+
+
+
—
+
—
+
+
+
T2
276
NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
TABLE OF MINTS OF AETHELBED II.
Mints.
il
w
Types of
Aethelred II.
Present
arrangement.
Cnut.
Type.
«i
&
Types of
Aethelred II.
Hildebrand's
arrangement.
Cnut.
Type.
E
1
1
2
3
4
5
1
A
A
B
C
D
E
Axminster
—
4-
+
+
4-
Aylesbury
—
—
4-
—
—
+
—
—
—
4-
—
—
4-
Barnstaple
—
4-
+
+
4-
+
+
—
4-
+
+
+
+
+
Bath ....
-t-
4-
+
+
4-
+
+
4-
4-
+
+
+
4-
4-
Bedford
+
4-
+
—
+
+
+
4-
+
+
+
4-
—
4-
Bridgnorth or Bridport .
—
+
+
—
+
+
—
—
+
+
4-
4-
—
—
Bristol .
—
—
—
—
—
+
+
—
4-
—
—
—
—
+
Bruton ....
—
—
—
—
+
—
+
—
—
—
—
4-
—
+
Buckingham .
+
—
4-
—
+
—
+
4-
—
—
4-
4-
—
4-
Cadbury
—
—
—
—
—
+
+
—
4-
—
—
—
—
4-
Cambridge
+
+
4-
+
+
+
4-
4-
+
+
+
4-
+
+
Canterbury .
+
4-
+
+
+
+
+
4-
4-
4
+
+
+
4-
Chester
4-
4-
4-
+
4-
+
+
4-
4-
4-
4-
4-
4-
4-
Chichester
—
+
+
+
+
+
+
—
4-
4-
4-
-f-
4-
4-
Colchester
—
—
+
—
+
+
4-
—
+
—
+
4-
—
4-
Corbridge
—
—
—
—
+
—
—
—
—
—
—
4-
—
—
Crewkerne
—
—
—
—
+
—
4-
—
—
—
—
+
—
+
Cricklade
. —
+
4-
_
+
+
4-
—
+
4-
4-
-f
—
+
Derby ....
+
+
+
+
+
+
4-
4-
+
4-
+
4-
+
+
Dorchester
—
—
1
+
+
+
4-
—
4-
—
+
4-
+
4-
Dover ....
—
+
+
+
+
+
4-
—
4-
+
4-
4-
+
4-
Dublin3
—
—
+
+
+
+
+
—
+
—
4-
4-
4-
+
Dunwich
—
—
—
—
+
+
4-
—
+
—
—
4-
—
+
Exeter .
4-
+
+
4~
+
+
4-
4-
4-
+
4-
4-
4-
+
Gloucester
+
+
+
+
+
+
4-
4-
4-
+
+
4-
4-
+
Greenwich
—
—
—
__
+
—
—
—
_
—
—
+
—
• —
Guildford
—
—
—
—
+
—
4-
—
—
—
__
4-
^___
4-
Harwich
—
+
4-
—
—
—
—
—
—
4-
+
—
_
—
Hastings
—
—
4-
+
+
+
4-
—
+
—
+
+
+
4-
Hereford
—
+ 4-
4-
+
+
+
—
4-
+
4-
4-
4
4-
Hertford
+
-4-
—
—
_
4-
4-
—
—
+
—
+
Huntingdon .
+ +
4-
+
+
4-
—
4-
4-
4-
4-
+
+
Ilchester
—
+ 1 +
+
+
+
+
—
4-
4-
+
4-
+
+
Ipswich
+
4-
+
4-
+
+
+
4-
+
+
+
+
+
+
Launceston .
—
+
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
4-
—
—
—
Lewes ....
+
4-
4-
+
+
+
4-
4-
+
+
+
+
4-
4-
Leicester
+
+
4-
4-
+
+
+
4-
+
+
+
+
4-
4
Lincoln
4-
4-
+
4-
+
+
4-
+
+
4-
+
+
4-
4-
London
4-
+
+
+
+
+
4-
4-
+
+
4-
+
4-
+
Lydford
+
4-
+
4-
+
4-
4-
+
+
4-
+
+
4-
4-
3 This was probably not a mint of Aethelred II, although coins of it were
struck in his name.
THE COIN-TYPES OF AETHELKED II.
277
TABLE OF MINTS OF AETHELRED II — continued.
Mints.
•o H
H
Types of
Aethelred II.
Present
arrangement.
Cnut.
Type.
l^
Types of
Aethelred II.
Hildebrand's
arrangement.
Cnut.
Type.
1
1
2
3
4
5
1
A
A
B
c
D
E
E
Lympne
Maldon
±
+
+
+
J
+
+
±
+
+
4-
+
4-
+
Malmesbury .
—
4
+
4-
4-
4-
4-
—
4-
-f-
4-
4-
+
4.
Milton or Milbourne
—
—
—
4-
—
—
—
—
—
—
4
—
Newark
—
—
—
—
4.
—
4.
— i
—
Norwich
4-
4-
4-
4-
4-
4-
4-
4-
4.
-f
4-
4_
4-
4-
Nottingham .
—
4
4-
—
—
4-
+
—
4
4-
4-
—
—
4-
Oxford ....
+
+
4-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
4-
+
4
+
Reading
Kochester
4-
4-
+
4-
4?
+
4
+
+
4.
4_
~^
Eomney
—
—
—
4-
4-
4.
4.
—
4.
—
—
4.
4
4_
Shaftesbury .
—
+
4-
+
4-
4-
4-
—
+
4-
4-
4-
4-
4-
Shrewsbury .
Salisbury
—
i
±
+
±
J
+
—
J
±
4-
1
+
+
Sandwich .
—
—
4-
—
4_
4_
4_
Sidnaceaster or Sidbury .
—
—
. —
4-
+
—
+
—
—
+
Sidmouth
—
—
—
—
4"
—
—
4
—
—
—
—
—
Southampton
4_
4.
4-
+
4_
_^_
_i_
4_
_j_
_l_
4-
4.
4_
_l_
Southwark
—
—
4-
—
+
4-
4_
—
4.
—
4-
4.
—
4
Stafford
—
4-
4-
4-
4_
-j-
—
4-
4
+
.
Stamford
4.
-j.
4_
4.
4.
4_
_j_
_|_
_j_
_|.
4_
4_
4_
Sudbury
—
4
4-
+
—
4_
—
—
4-
4.
4
4-
Tamworth
4-
4
4-
4-
•f*
—
—
4_
—
4-
4-
4-
4-
—
Taunton
—
—
—
4-
4_
4.
—
-j-
—
—
4
—
4_
Thetford
4,
4-
4.
4-
4~
4_
4_
4_
_l-
-j_
4_
4.
4.
4_
Torcksey
—
4-
—
—
—
4-
+
—
+
+
—
—
—
4-
Totness .
—
+
4-
4
4-
4~
4-
—
4-
4-
4-
4
4
4-
Wallingford .
—
4-
4-
4-
4-
4-
+
—
4
-f
4-
4-
4
4-
Wareham
—
4-
4-
4-
4-
4-
—
—
-j-
-f
4-
4~
4
—
Warwick
4_
—
4-
4-
4-
4-
4-
4-
4.
—
4-
4
4-
Watchet
4-
4-
4-
4.
4_
4_
—
-j-
4-
4-
4-
-f
+
Warminster or Warming-!
ton . . . ./
—
—
+
—
+
+
—
—
+
—
+
4
—
Wilton ....
4.
4-
4-
—
4.
4_
_j_
4.
4.
4-
j
4
+
Winchcombe .
4_
4_
4.
_l_
—
4_
4_
4_
Winchester .
i
_j_
4.
4
H-
_^
i
i
-\
4_
4_
4-
i
4,
Worcester
4_
4_
4_
4_
-f
4-
i
4
4.
Ythanceaster or Ythan-t
burh .
—
+
4-
+
+
+
4
~^
York ....
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
4
1
+
+
278 NUMISMATIC CHKONICLE.
methods of testing the sequence of the types of Aethel-
red's coins, as advanced in this paper, have been
employed, viz. the evidence of the reverse inscriptions,
of finds, of mule coins, of a comparison with the coins of
the preceding and succeeding sovereigns, and, to some
degree, of the mints and of the moneyers. As the main,
if not the only, contemporary records of the time, viz.
the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, a Life ofDunstan (or perhaps
two), and the laws and charters of the reign, do not give
any clue to the sequence of the types of the coins, it is
the hope of the writer that the proofs adduced may
commend themselves for acceptance by those interested
in the problem.
TIMES OF ISSUE, AND MEANINGS OF THE TYPES.
To propose, even approximately, the times of issue
and the meanings of the types is a far less certain task
than ascertaining their sequence, and it is at once admitted
that the following suggestions will be largely specula-
tive. It is also the writer's desire to state that, while
advancing what he considers to be the most reasonable
explanations, based on a study of the contemporary or
other records of the time, as well as on the coins, his
interest in the period will cause him to be the first to
welcome any more probable theories.
The issue of the "Hand" type in 978 A.D., when
Aethelred succeeded to the throne, seems beyond ques-
tion. In addition to the evidence of this already adduced,
it should be mentioned that, according to Hildebrand
(1846), this is the only type of which there are no
barbarous copies in the Museum at Stockholm, and the
Table of Mints discloses the significant fact that it is the
THE COIN-TYPES OF AETHELEED II. 279
only type absent from the probably native mint of Dublin.
The inference is that it is the only issue in which a large
tribute payment was not made. In other words, that it
was the first emission of the reign, and that it ceased to be
issued before 991 A.D.. The " Hand " design is, of course,
not new, as it was adopted on certain coins of Edward the
Elder; but the addition of the Greek letters alpha and
omega at a time when, in this country, Greek scholars
were extremely few, adds a literary as well as ecclesiastical
interest to the coins. There seems great probability that
Dunstan, the then Archbishop of Canterbury, was re-
sponsible for the adoption of the design. His pre-
eminence in literature, his love of painting and design-
ing, his paramount position on the councils of the King
in whose reign the complete type was first introduced,
all point to him as its author, more especially as the
only known specimen of the initial issue was minted at
Canterbury. If this proposition can be accepted, two
facts seem to indicate the reason for its adoption. The
first is the almost universal belief which then obtained,
that the millennium would begin in the thousandth year
after Christ. So strong was this belief in some parts
of Europe, that the ordinary occupations of life were
abandoned, and industries in many places came to a
standstill, on the supposition that it was futile to do that
which, in a short time, might be destroyed. The second
fact is the religious, almost superstitious, tone of Dunstan's
whole life, which found expression in vision, prophecy,
and miracle. It is not unreasonable to suppose, there-
fore, that he should make or prompt such a design as the
one under notice. As a student, and especially as a
student of religion, he would naturally be well acquainted
with such passages in the Bible as bore on the popular
280 NUMISMATIC CHKONICLE.
belief of his time, and on the symbols placed on the
coins ; such passages as, " Behold, He cometh with the
clouds1' (Kev. i. 7), and, "Behold, I make all things
new. . . ." " They are come to pass ; " "I am the Alpha
and the Omega, the beginning and the end " (Kev. xxi.
5 and 6), and, " I am the Alpha and the Omega, the first
and the last, the beginning and the end " (Rev. xxii. 13).
The inference seems almost irresistible that the type
expresses the popular belief of the time, and that it was
prompted if not designed by Dunstan.
The CRVX type, the next in order, was, by early
writers, thought to have been imitated by Hakon, Prince
of Norway, who was probably assassinated in 995 A.D.,
but it has been almost conclusively shown by Mr. Keary
(Num. Chron., 1887), in a summary of the work of Dr.
Hans Hildebrand, entitled Nordens Aldsta Mynt, that the
earliest Scandinavian coinages, outside this country,
were struck by the following princes : —
Ireland— Sihtric III, 989-1029 A.D.
Sweden— Olaf Skotkonung, 993 or 995-1022 A.D.
(1000-1015 in Norway).
Denmark — Sven Tvaeskegg, 985-1014 A.D.
Norway— Hakon Eriksson, 1015 A.D. ; St. Olaf, 1015-
1028.
Bearing in mind Aethelred's temporary exile in 1013,
and his death in 1016, it will readily be seen that the
coins of the above princes might have been copied from
types issued at practically any part of Aethelred's reign.
Consequently, no satisfactory assistance in gauging the
times of issue is forthcoming from a consideration of the
contemporary Scandinavian coinages.
A clue to the time of commencement of the CRVX type
is, however, to be seen, perhaps, in the Danish attacks. As
THE COIN-TYPES OF AETHELKED II. 281
in the case of the Vikings of former times, these first
came from the West, viz. by the Danes of Ireland, the
Isle of Man, and the Western Isles of Scotland. There
seems reason to suppose, therefore, that the Isle of Man
find (No. 15) was the share of some Dane of that island,
of the first national payment of 10,000 Ibs. of silver, made
in 991 A.D., more especially as the coins were of mints
universally situated, and all those pieces which were
deciphered were of one type, that under notice. The
issue of this type may, therefore, on these grounds, be
placed in or just prior to 991 A.D.
A not unreasonable explanation of the type can now be
suggested, and it will also tend to corroborate the deduc-
tion made in regard to the time of issue. This explanation
is to be found partly in the meaning of the word CRVX
itself, and partly in the prophetic utterances of Dunstan.
Hitherto the common interpretation of the word CRVX
viz. "cross," seems only to have been applied to an elucida-
tion of the meaning of the type, as, for instance, when
Mr. W. B. Dickinson, in commenting on the Isle of Man
find, put forth the suggestion that it commemorated the
triumph of the cross over paganism in the conversion of
some Danish chief; and, again, in the British Numismatic
Journal, vol. v. p. 370, where it is suggested by Mr.
W. J. Andrew, that it may refer to the text, " Having
made peace through the blood of His cross." But in a
metonymic sense the word " crux" means "torture, trouble,
misery, destruction/' &c., and that these misfortunes over-
took the people at the time is abundantly evident from
the pages of the Saxon Chronicle. They first became
universal at the period proposed for the issue of the
CRVX type, when the Danish irruption became combined
and organized. The dismay and alarm universally
282 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
caused by this organized descent on the country was
accentuated by the prophetic utterances of Duns tan,
who, as well as being the greatest scholar, was also the
most influential man in Britain during his time. From
the reign of Edmund through those of Eadred, Eadwig,
Eadgar, and Edward II, he may be said to have guided
the destinies of this country, and there is little doubt
that the glory of the reign of Eadgar the Peaceable, the
prosperous and happy period of the Saxon dispensation,
is directly attributable to him, and his death in 988 A.D.
was, therefore, an occasion of universal sorrow and
dismay. His religious and prophetic character has
already been referred to. The later chroniclers record
his prophecies in some detail. Matthew of Westminster
retails one, uttered at the coronation of Aethelred II, in
the following words : " The sword shall never depart from
your house, but shall rage against you all the days of
your life, slaying your offspring, until your kingdom
is transferred to another family, whose manners and
language the nation which you govern knows not ; nor
will your sin, and that of your mother, and of these men
who assisted her wicked design, be expiated, except by
a long course of punishment." A similar account is
also given by William of Malmesbury, who also records,
about four years later, that Dunstan, incensed against
the King for his attack on Kochester, whose Bishop had
given some unrecorded offence, sent messengers to
Aethelred with the following words: " Since you have
preferred silver to God, money to the apostle, and
covetousness to me, the evils which God hath pronounced
will shortly come upon you; but they will not come
while I live, for this also hath God spoken." The
chronicler further records : " Soon after the death of this
THE COIN-TYPES OP AETHELRED II. 283
holy man, the predictions speedily began to be fulfilled
and the prophecies to have their consummation. For
the Danes, infesting every part and making descents on all
sides with piratical agility, so that it was not known where
these could be opposed, it was advised by Siric, the second
Archbishop after Dunstan, that money should repel those
whom the sword could not ; so a payment of 10,000 pounds
of silver satisfied the avarice of the Danes " (991 A.D.).
Recollections of Dunstan must have been still fresh in
men's minds at this time. His prophecies would recur
to their memory and the huge payment shared in by all
the people might reasonably be supposed to be the
tangible sign of that trouble and misery which had been
foretold. By this time the expectation of the millennium
would naturally have become of secondary consideration
in the presence of the organized Danish attack and its
attendant calamities, and that the engravers of the dies
should therefore place a badge on the coins indicating
the tribulations of the people would not, at that time,
be improbable, more especially when it is considered that
the Church, which owed so much to Dunstan, would have
been largely responsible for the selection of appropriate
designs. The conclusion seems almost irresistible that
the "crux" type was issued about the year 991 A.D.,
when the making of new dies would be necessary for
striking the proportion of the bribe made in coin.
The " Crux " type is the third most common of the
reign, and it is probable, therefore, that it was still in
currency at the date of the next great national pay-
ment to the Danes of 16,000 Ibs. of silver, made in
994 A.D. ; and possibly continued to be issued for ordinary
purposes for some years after. It is considered that
the next coinage, viz. the " Quadrilateral " type, was
284 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
issued between 995 and 1002, but probably in or immedi-
ately after 1000 A.D., for the following reasons. First, a
considerable number of coins of this type have been found
in Scandinavia, which tends to indicate that a Danegelt
payment was made while it was current. Secondly, as
the type, although plentiful, is the least common of
the reign, except the " Hand " type, only one Danegelt
payment was probably made in it, viz. that of 1002.
Thirdly, the obverse design seems to be symbolic of that
remarkable spasm of aggressiveness which Aethelred
displayed in 1000 A.D., when, in spite of his difficulties
with the Danes (who had plundered the whole of West
Kent in 999 A.D.), he ravaged Cumberland, attacked the
Isle of Man, and sent an expedition against Eichard of
Normandy. Lastly, although the " Crux " type would
constitute a not unsuitable one for the period up to
the beginning of the expected millennium, the " Quadri-
lateral " type, with its aggressive bust in armour and
helmet, would scarcely voice the feelings of the time ;
but when the prophecies in regard to the millennium
were found to be unfulfilled, a design symbolic of the
King's intentions would be likely to be adopted. In or
immediately after the year 1000 A.D., it is possible,
therefore, that the " Quadrilateral " type was first
struck. It is not thought that the quatrefoil design on
the reverse of this issue has any special significance.
The next national payment of 36,000 pounds of silver
was made in 1007 A.D., and there seems little doubt
that the very common " long cross " type, No. 4, was in
circulation at the time. The tribute was promised in
1006 A.D., arid it is suggested that in that year new dies
were made and the type changed at the same time.
Finally, the possibly still more common " small cross "
THE COIN-TYPES OF AETHELRED II. 285
type, the last of the reign, was almost certainly in
currency at the time of the next payment of 48,000
pounds of silver, in 1012 A.D., and also of the "full
tribute " exacted by Sven in 1013 A.D. The former was
promised in 1011 A.D., by which date no doubt the dies
of 1006 A.D. required replacing ; the type being probably
changed at the same time.
The simple device of a cross only adopted for Types 4
and 5 scarcely needs comment. It was a return to an
ancient and favourite form of design, which at least had
the merit of simplicity, and this was a consideration at a
period when the die-sinkers were no doubt pressed for
time. It should here be mentioned that Mr. Carlyon-
Britton, in writing on the coins of Edward the Confessor
in the Numismatic Chronicle of 1905, threw out the
suggestion that the three undivided crescents at the four
points of the long cross of Type 4 symbolize the Holy
Trinity ; but nothing in support of this was adduced.
It will have been noticed that the small cross on
Type 2 and the long crosses on Types 3 and 4 are
voided, and it is not improbable that this form was
adopted in order to facilitate the cutting of the coins
into halves and quarters to circulate as halfpennies and
farthings, as suggested in the Introduction to the British
Museum Catalogue, vol. ii. The number of these cut coins
which has survived to our time is, however, not so large as
the adoption of this special device would lead one to expect.
The remarkable Agnus Dei pieces are connected, in
time, with the last issue by the unique mule in the
Koyal Cabinet at Stockholm, one side of which was
struck from a reverse die of the " small cross " type ; and
also by the presence, in some cases, of ON between the
moneyers' and mint names.
286 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
There is no doubt in the mind of the writer that these
pieces cannot be regarded as coins. The absence of the
King's bust, in itself, seems to prove this, more especially
when the character of the King is recollected. This has
been described by Green as showing "a haughty pride
in his own kingship " (The Conquest of England, p. 371),
and the historian goes on to say, "The imperial titles
which had been but sparsely used by his predecessors
are employed profusely in his charters ; nor was his faith
in these lofty pretensions ever shaken even at the time
of his greatest misfortunes." It seems inconceivable,
therefore, that such a monarch should have consented
to dispense with a representation of himself on the coins
at a time when such a practice had become firmly estab-
lished, a practice which was not broken until the intro-
duction of the gold currency. On the other hand, to
issue a medal would certainly be in keeping with a
character such as that above described. It is true that
Aethelred's name and titles are borne on the pieces, but
these may very well have been placed there to show
when and in connexion with whom they were struck, as
was done on the medals of later times. It is a fact, also,
that some of the specimens preserved to us have been
found in Scandinavia mixed with coins ; but this is
explained by the probability that any silver at hand at
the time was pressed into service in order to make up the
total weight of treasure exacted, as ingots of silver, rings,
&c., are also found in the hoards as a general rule.
Another peculiarity about these Agnus Dei pieces is
the absence on the majority of them of the usual con-
necting link of M~O or ON between the names of the
places and those of the money ers. Where a departure
from this is made, M"O, for "moneyer," is never used,
THE COIN-TYPES OF AETHELBED II, 287
and in at least one reading, viz. BLfiCfiMftN :: DY RE BY
[PI. VII. 11], four pellets take the place of ON, seeming
to indicate that the omission of that word was inten-
tional, and to imply that such pieces were not coins.
That the moneyers' names are on these pieces is not at
all remarkable, as they would be the only persons likely
to have the work of striking medals, and there seems no
reason why, if they had to put their names on the coins
as a guarantee of correct weight and purity, they should
not also do it on medals, if it had been the practice to
issue such memorials at the time.
Again, if the Agnus Dei pieces were coins, their dis-
tinctiveness would mark them out as a separate issue,
not a variety, and there was at the period such a demand
for currency that all the dies would have been used
to their utmost capacity, with a result that numerous
specimens would have been handed down to our times.
This is the case with the five undoubted coinages of
Aethelred II, but it is not so with the Agnus Dei pieces,
which are extremely rare, not more than eleven being
known to the writer, as follows : —
1. BLAEAMAN :: DYREBY . . . (PL VII. 11).
2. BLftCAMAN :[:] DYREBY . . (Num. Cliron., 1893).
3. A^-DELPIG ON HERFO . . . . (Hildebrand).
4. EALDRED MALDMEZ . . . . ( „ ).
5. EALDRED O[N . ME]ALDMES . (Rashleigh Cat.).
6. One of Nottingham ..... (Copenhagen).
7. PVLFNOO H7XMTVN .... (Hildebrand).
8. . . . Ift HAM . . . Fragment . . ( „ ).
9. ALFPOLD.ON.STA^FORA. . . ( „ ).
10. A^DELPINE STAN FOR DA . . . (Erbstein).
11. ... PINE . ON . STA . . . Mule halfpenny. [PI. VII. 12.]
NOTE. — Coin No. 2 is illustrated in the Bergen's
Museums Aarsberetning for 1891, and appears to be
from the same dies as coin No. 1.
288 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Finally, it should be mentioned that Aethelred II
instituted several innovations of far-reaching importance,
which prove him to have been in advance of his time in
other respects, and which show his total disregard of
precedent. The Danegelt payments were themselves
an innovation, and the levy in 1008 A.D. of a ship from
every 300 hides of land, and a coat and helmet of mail
from every eight hides, are considered by historians to be
the first attempt at direct taxation, the former, indeed,
forming the precedent upon which Charles I based his
claim for the payment of ship-money.
The following points are therefore in favour of the
medal 4 theory. 1. The absence of the King's bust.
2. The absence of M"O for " moneyer," and, in the majority
of cases, of ON. 3. The extreme rarity of the issue,
when all others are, in the nature of things at this time,
common. 4. The known character of the King, which
is in keeping with the issue of a medal. 5. The intro-
duction of other innovations equally new to the time.
6. The designs adopted.
As regards the reason for the issue of these medals,
it was suggested by Mr. Lindsay, in his View of the
Coinage of the Heptarchy, that the Malmesbury piece,
at least, was struck on the occasion of a conference of
the clergy held there in 977 A.D. ; but the date is
sufficient to condemn the suggestion. Mr. Grueber,
in an article on them published in the Numismatic
4 Since this paper was written, objection has been made to the use
of the term " medal," on the grounds that the pieces bear mint and
moneyers' names, that they were subsequently imitated in Sweden,
that no other pieces of the time have been definitely identified as medals,
and that the cut piece is a halfpenny. Did space allow, these objections
are capable of explanation not unfavourable to the medal theory, but
the question must now be left to the individual opinion of those
intimately acquainted with the period.
THE COIN-TYPES OF AETHELRED II. 289
Chronicle of 1899, put forward the far more probable one
of the connexion of them with a personal event in the
life of the King, and, after citing several events to which
the medals might have applied, ultimately selected
the restoration of the King in 1014 A.D., which was
regarded as an act of Providence, as the one most likely
to account for the issue. The shrewdness of this con-
clusion is evidenced from the proofs adduced in the early
part of this paper of the time of issue of these medals ;
the restoration of Aethelred on the death of Sven
certainly being the most important event of the period
of the "small cross" coinage. The striking-places of the
medals known also, in the main, support Mr. Grueber's
suggestion. Aethelred's return to England, in 1014 A.D.,
was immediately followed by an energetic advance against
Cnut, the son and successor of Sven, who was at Gains-
borough. This expedition probably accounts for the issue
of the medals at Stamford, Nottingham, Derby, and per-
haps Stafford. In 1015 A.D. the King was apparently at
Malmesbury. He was certainly in Hampshire in the same
year, and this western expedition would account for the
medals struck at Southampton, Hereford, and Malmesbury.
It now only remains to sum up the results of the
above theories in regard to the times of issue of the
five coin-types and the medal or commemorative issue of
Aethelred II.
The " Hand " type was issued in 978 A.D.
The " Crux " type was issued about 991 A.D.
The " Quadrilateral " type was issued about 1000 A.D.
The " Long Cross " type was issued about 1006 A.D.
The " Small Cross " type was issued about 1011 A.D.
The " Agnus Dei " medal was issued in 1014 and
1015 A.D.
VOL. X., SEKIES IV. U
290 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
For detailed descriptions of the mints and moneyers
of the coins of Aethelred II the reader is referred to
the very comprehensive catalogues of such coins in
the British Museum, and in the Koyal Cabinet at
Stockholm.
In conclusion, the writer wishes to accord his thanks
to the Curator of the Koyal Swedish Cabinet of Medals
at Stockholm, to the Keeper of Coins and Medals in
the British Museum, and to Mr. Carlyon-Britton, for the
illustrations which have been procured from those
sources, more especially to the first, in supplying to
this country, for the first time, casts of important coins
which could not be procured elsewhere, and which are
essential to the proper illustration of the subject.
H. ALEXANDER PARSONS.
XIV.
CHKONOLOGT IN THE SHOKT-CKOSS PEKIOD.
(See Plates VIII., IX.)
THIS paper has not in prospect a revision or reclassifi-
cation of this complicated series; its sphere is more
limited and less difficult than its title might imply, its
interest lies chiefly in the reigns of Kichard I and John,
and its purpose is to explain the results of a careful
examination of the passages in the chronicles and rolls
which give evidence for numismatic dates in this period.
To this examination I was led by the difficulty I found
in reconciling a few facts quoted by the many writers on
this subject with the rather general reflections which
occur to one to whom the coins are not sufficiently old
and familiar acquaintances to allow him to take the
liberty of drawing from their style and fabric con-
clusions about their respective ages.
For the clearer and more coherent exposition of my
results I have chosen to arrange these notes in the order
in which they occurred to me ; to begin, that is to say,
with the impressions which I formed by examining the
coins, and afterwards to pass to the statements I found in
contemporary documents and early historians.
I think there are few who would not agree that the
conditions of the coinage of this and earlier times justify
the assumption that when there are two moneyers of the
u2
292 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.-
same name working at the same time at different mints,
the distinction of the mints will be clearly marked on
the coins which they strike, or, if an ambiguity occurs,
the coins belong to the more important of the two mints
to which they might be attributed ; e.g. if two moneyers
of the name Willelm were striking coins in the year
1200, one at London, the other at Lincoln, neither of
them would appear on coins of that year as " Willelm on
L" (that is to say, the second or distinctive letter of
the mint would be added) ; or, if they did, coins bearing
the inscription " Willelm on L " should be attributed to
London and not to Lincoln.
The reason for this is obvious : the names of moneyers
and the towns at which they worked were engraved on
their dies as a safeguard against the issue of coins lack-
ing in weight or purity of metal ; if debased coins were
found to be in circulation, the moneyer was identified by
this inscription, and punished accordingly ; so, to revert
to our hypothetical case, if a coin of untrue weight or
purity were found bearing the inscription " Willelm on
L," it would be impossible to decide whether the London
or Lincoln naoneyer were the criminal, unless it were
understood that L was the abbreviation for London and
not for Lincoln. This is especially likely to be the case
in a period when the dies were distributed from London
to the provincial mints, as the die-engravers would then
certainly know of the existence of two moneyers of the
same name, and might therefore be expected to be careful
in distinguishing their dies.
This postulate, which seems necessary from an a
priori argument of common-sense, is supported by the
evidence of coins in the use of the surname to dis-
tinguish moneyers of the same name at the same mint.
CHRONOLOGY IN THE SHORT-CROSS PERIOD. 293
Of the " Paxs " type of William I we find Silac and Silac
Wine at Gloucester, Godric and Godric Brd (Brand ?) at
Norwich, and at Kochester Lifwine Horn ; in the reign
of Henry I we have at London of Type 255 (Hawkins)
two moneyers named Dereman, one appears on coins as
DEREMAN, the other as DEREMAN R, RC, or Rl. In
Henry II's first issue we have —
Canterbury. London. Thetford.
RICARD (PIERES /WILLEM
RICARD M or MC JPIERES ME \WILLEM MA
(PIERES SAL
And on short-cross pennies —
Canterbury.
Class(JOHAN (JOAN PI v (ROBERT
m JOHAN B Class V. JOAN CHIC Class V'\ROBERT VI
' (JOHAN M (JOAN F R
Class V /ROGER rilflQa V /W|L-LEM
MROGER OF R Class MWILLEM TA
Lincoln.
ni T (WILLELM
Class L{WIL1_ D p
London.
Class I |ALAIN Class T /HENRI Classes /PIERES
PASS l.(ALA|N v Class I.(HENR| p, LandIL{PIERES M
Classes III. (RICARD
RICARD B Classes III.
a*div- (RICARD T and iv.
WILLELM
WILLELM B
WILLELM L
WILLELM T
Northampton.
Class III IROBERD
iJ-\ROBERD T
It will be noticed that in every case here men-
tioned, except one,1 where we find the surname used,
1 In this one case (Lifwine Horn at Rochester) I think the cumula-
tive evidence of other instances is sufficient ground for assuming that
coins of the " Paxs " type were struck at Eochester bearing the simple
name Lifwine, though I know of none now extant.
294 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
we know of coins bearing the single name without this
addition.2 This shows that the addition of the sur-
name was not the caprice of certain moneyers or of
certain die-engravers, but a definite attempt on the
part of the engravers to distinguish between moneyers of
the same name working contemporaneously at the same
mint.
Nor do I find anything to disprove my postulate in
the attributions of coins struck by moneyers of the same
name at different mints. Of the coins of William I and
II, I see that Mr. Carlyon-Britton 3 has attributed to
Chester a coin of Type 246 (Hawkins) reading 6ODRIC
ON LEH, while there is in the British Museum a coin of
the same type reading 6ODRIC ON LEH RE, which is un-
doubtedly Leicester.4 For the attribution to Chester I
can see no ground. We have coins reading 6ODR1C ON
LEH RE of Types 241, 242, 244, and 246 in the National
Collection, — these must all be Leicester coins.4 There are
two other coins of Godric attributed by Mr. Carlyon-
Britton to Chester: 6ODRIC ON LESEI of Type 234, and
SODRic ON LEHST of Type 245. The former of these, if
the attribution is correct, does not affect my present
argument ; but for my part, I Avould rather attribute it
to Leicester, as we know Godric to have been a Leicester
moneyer under William II, and we have no evidence of a
Godric at Chester in either reign (the I at the end of the
mint-name must be the first stroke of another letter — a
2 The only other case I know to the contrary is a coin of Stephen,
Type 268 (Hawkins), reading GODPIE ty : ON : 1}VN, the reading of
which is very doubtful, but if correct implies, I think, another moneyer
of the name Godwie at Huntingdon at this time, just as the "Paxs"
coin above mentioned.
3 British Numismatic Journal, vol. iv. p. 65.
4 See Numismatic Chronicle, 1891, p. 12 ff.
CHRONOLOGY IN THE SHORT-CROSS PERIOD. 295
common feature, with which I shall deal later — and this
letter must, I think, in order to make a correct reading
for a mint, be C or R, if L it is Chester, if R Leicester).
The second — a mule coin between Types i. and ii. (Mr.
Carlyon-Britton's arrangement) — gives, I take it, Mr.
Carlyon-Britton's reason for attributing GODRIC ON LEH
of Type ii. to Chester. He does not say where this coin
is ; assuming the reading to be correct, it is the only
coin I know which has this strange mint-abbreviation.
Mr. Carlyon-Britton gives SVNOLF ON LEHST of Type
244 from the Tamworth find, but on turning to the
account of that find,5 1 see that the reading there given
is SENOLF ON LE-ST ; his correction of the money er's
name is certainly probable, but the illegible letter of the
mint might be restored with more probability as c or 6.
I should suggest that the mint on the coin of Godric,
if rightly read, would be continued RE, LEHSTRE being
an abbreviation for a form analogous to Lethecaestre. In
the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle6 under the year 1124 may be
found the form Lethecaestrescire, which Mr. McClure7
compares with the Doomsday form Ledecestre. I can find
no authority for any form of the name Legionis Castra
which could give an abbreviation LEHST; Legeceastre,
Legceastre, and Ligceastre being the regular forms until
the first part of the name (Legionis) was dropped.
Lincoln and London are a source of much confusion in
these reigns, the form LI 1 1 may be read as either LIN or
LVI (I being the first upright of N); Li may be for LV
(I being half of V, which is written 1 1 at this time) and
LI I may be for LV, or Li and the first upright of N (I am
5 Numismatic Chronicle, 1877, p. 343.
6 MS. E, f. 84.
7 E. MoClure's British Place-Names, p. 304.
296 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
doubtful if this last occurs). So in Mr. Carlyon-Britton's
original list 8 (changes will doubtless be made when he
comes to those mints in his account of the reigns in the
British Numismatic Journal : he now repudiates his
former readings) we find BRIHTRIC ON LI of Type 238
(Hawkins) attributed to Lincoln, and BRIHTRIC ON LV
and Ll and BRHTRIC ON LVl of the same type attributed
to London. The reading BRIHTRIC ON LVNl of Type 236 9
makes it probable that all these should be placed under
London ; at all events, there is no need to separate them
(LV = Ll I = LIN, LVl = LI II = LIN ; but the London attribu-
tion is better, Ll = LV). 6ODPINE ON LIN of this type
appears under Lincoln; 6ODPINE ON LVND and LVN of
the same type make the attribution of this coin to
London almost certain (LIN = LIII = LVN). Similarly,
BRIHTPINE ON LIN of Type 241 should be transferred to
London, where we have BRIHTPINE ON LVN of the same
type. Of Type 250 we have also PVLFPORD ON LIN and
LV; these might be attributed to either mint (I prefer
London), but not to both.
In the first issue of Henry II we have coins reading
WILLELM and WILLEM ON E7XRDV, CARD, LfiR, and Cfi ;
there is no difficulty in attributing those with Eft to
Carlisle, as we have no evidence of a Willelm working at
this time at Canterbury.
In the short-cross period we have Groldwine striking
coins of Class II. at Canterbury, London, and Chichester,
and some coins of the same class bearing the inscription
GOLDWINQ ON without any mint-name. Those of London
are very rare : I can trace only two [PI. VIII. 1, 2], both
from the Colchester find ; and these are both of a very
8 Spink's Numismatic Circular, 1902.
11 National Collection.
CHRONOLOGY IN THE SHORT-CROSS PERIOD. 297
late type of Class II. I know that one treads on dan-
gerous ground if one attempts to arrange the order of the
many different busts in this class, but the fact that one
of these coins has a pellet in the middle of the moneyer's
name — a common feature in later classes, but extremely
rare, if not unique, for Class II. 10 — and the other a
monogram in the mint-name (LW), which occurs rarely
in Class II., but very commonly in Class III., makes me
confident that I am not involving myself in any such
controversy when I attribute them to a late period in
Class II. ; whereas the coins without mint-name must be
of an earlier date. On the first f PI. VIII. 3] the bust is
very closely allied to that of Class I., and the lettering
not yet very flat. The second and third [PI. VIII. 4, 5,
from Mr. Lawrence's Collection] are of coarser work, but
the bust retains in general appearance its old form. The
fourth [PI. VIII. 6] shows a later and quite different style
of work ; it is struck on a smaller flan, and the portrait is
worked on different lines : the beard is now a semicircle
of pellets outlining a squarer jaw, the head is quite full-
face and evenly balanced by the one curl on either side,
the crown is again represented by five pellets, but these
are now strung on a thin line. This is the style of bust
which we see in a more degraded condition on the London
coins [PI. VIII. 1, 2], which are carelessly struck, the one
in shallow relief with thin, meagre lettering, and the
other with coarse heavy lines; the pearls on the crown
are again irregular in number, and in the second example
pellets are added in an additional curl on either side. I
think, therefore, that the coins without a mint-name
were struck at Canterbury before there was a moneyer of
10 It occurs on three Canterbury coins of Coldwine of the third class,
which have the cross pommee.
298 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
the same name at London ; possibly the Canterbury
Gold wine himself went to London n for a short time. To
the Chichester coins I must return later.
I have mentioned above that the vertical stroke at the
end of a mint-name seems often to be in reality not
an I, but the first portion of another letter, suggesting
that LESEl may be for LE6ER or LEGEC, LIN for LVN,
LI for LV, &c. This is a point which I think has not yet
been sufficiently noticed. When the first die of a new
type is being cut the engraver is likely to have before
him the full inscription, and he proceeds with it as far as
he can till he comes round to the cross with which he
started. That as late as the beginning of the thirteenth
century the engraver did not space out his letters before
he began to punch them in seems hardly to need proof in
the face of the very scanty abbreviations that occur, e.g.
one letter only of the mint-name, and such an inscription
as <3OLDWIN6( ON omitting the mint entirely. A slack of
space caused the engraver to divide the name of the mint
in the middle, so, too, lack of space seems to have caused
him to divide in the middle even a letter of the mint-
name, that is to say, to punch one stroke only instead of
the two, three, or four strokes required to complete the
letter.12 This feature may be very clearly seen in titles
11 The pellet in the middle of the name seems to supply a link between
the London coin and the cross pommee coins of Coldwine. There is
no reason to doubt the identity of Goldwine of Class II. and Coldwine
of Class III. at Canterbury. In the same London coin [PI. VIII. 1]
there seems to have been some hesitation about the first letter of the
name ; the single punch of a 6 was first put, then, instead of a serif
being added at the end of the top line, it was struck over the upward
curve in such a way as to turn the 6 into CX.
12 A good account of the process of punching inscriptions on mediaeval
coins may be found in the second volume of the British Museum Cata-
logue of English Coins (Grueber and Keary, 1893), introduction, p, xcix.
CHRONOLOGY IN THE SHOET- CROSS PERIOD. 299
on the obverse of earlier coins, where the most common
abbreviations are REX I for A, REX AI for AN (Anglorum),
Rl for RE (Bex).13 These examples show that it was a
common thing for engravers, in punching the obverse
inscriptions, to fill up the available space even to the
extent of putting only half a letter at the end, and why
should they not do the same on the reverse? Indeed,
we find on short-cross coins the London Mint abbreviated
to LVN, and York shortened to flVSRV and Norwich to
NORV, where V must be the first two strokes of W ; so, too,
LVN I must be for LVND, LVNDl for LVN Dec,14 and LVNDGU
for LVND3N. I have affirmed that this happens only on
first dies of new types, because I believe that in making a
second die the first die would be used as a model, and
not so much care would be bestowed upon getting the
most possible into the available space as upon giving a
faithful copy of the model ; this would account for the
existence of half-letters at the end of inscriptions where
there would be room to complete the letter, the engraver,
copying a die where a meaningless I ended the inscription,
would reproduce the meaningless I, though he had room
to complete an A, N, or other necessary letter.15
13 See British Numismatic Journal, vol. ii. pp. 130 ff., and Numismatic
Chronicle, 1901, passim. After Henry I the titles become stereotyped
(on Stephen's coins RE, on Tealby coins REX ANGL, and occasionally
RE, on short-cross pennies REX). As there was no radical change in
the method of punching inscriptions from Anglo-Saxon times till the
thirteenth century, these coins of William I to Henry I can be used to
illustrate an argument of a later period.
14 The use of I for Q seems to be a survival from the time when the
square E was in use ; after the round 6( came in, an upright stroke was
punched when there was no room for the whole letter, although the
letter (9) had ceased to begin with an upright stroke. A London coin
of Class III., reading WLATGtR • ON • LVNDC , shows a curved stroke
instead of an upright used for Q.
15 This question is somewhat complicated, owing to our ignorance of
the working of mints in mediaeval times ; if, as seems not unlikely, the
300 NUMISMATIC CHKONICLE.
Let us now apply these principles to the coins attri-
buted to the Chichester Mint in Class II. of the
short-cross series. Of them we notice the following
points :—
(1) There are three moneyers, none of whom occur in
Classes III. and IV. — particularly strange when we are
told that the mint was reopened in 1204, only four years
before the commencement of Class III.
(2) Each of these moneyers occurs at another mint in
the same class — Keinaud and Goldwine at Canterbury,
Everard at York.
(3) The mint reads always Cl or C, except on one coin
where CIC 1G has been read, and on some I.16
The following list gives the coins attributed to this
mint, as at present read, in the British Museum ; these
include all the coins so attributed in the Eccles and
Colchester finds except one, and this I have added to the
list (No. 6) :—
1. SVSR7XRD ON ma. [PL VIII. 7.] Colchester find.
2. SVSRfiRD ON a. [PL VIII. 8.] Eccles find.17
3. aVSRfiRD ON ai. [PL VIII. 9.]
4. SVetRARD ON ai. [PL VIII. 10.] Colchester find.
5. e(V6(R7\RD ON at. [PL IX. 11.]
6. e(VSR7\RD ON I. [PL IX. 13, 14.] Colchester find
(Mr. Lawrence's Collection).
7. SOLD WINS ON a. Provenance uncertain.
8. GOLDWINS ON ai. [PL IX. 15.] King George Ill's
Collection.
9. SOLDWINS ON ai. [PL IX. 16.] Colchester find.
dies sent from London to the provincial mints were used as patterns
and copied by the moneyers or their workmen, the reproduction of
mistakes is easily accounted for.
16 Colchester find (Numismatic Chronicle, 1903).
17 Numismatic Chronicle, 1865.
CHRONOLOGY IN THE SHOET-CROSS PERIOD. 301
10. R6UN7WD ON a. Eccles find.
11. R6UN7WD ON CO. [PI. IX. 17.] King George Ill's
Collection.
12. R6CIN7WD ON C(l. [PI. IX. 18.] Colchester find.
And I know of no other published varieties.
No. 1 [PI. VIII. 7], even from the photograph in the
plate, can, I think, be seen to be a misreading. After the
first letter of the mint-name can be seen the outer edge
of a line which slopes, as it approaches the inner circle,
away from the first letter ; then comes a blur, at the end of
which can just be seen the outline of what may be either
(X or S ; the second letter cannot possibly be I, because
the space requires a larger letter, and also the sloping
stroke that can be seen does not tally with the edge of
an I ; the only letter which occurs to me as giving an
outer edge sloping so strongly away towards the inner
circle is V ; this then gives us C(VC( (or 8 ?). It will surely
not be rash to assume that this first letter is either an
engraver's mistake or has been worn down by much use
or circulation from 9 to Q, when we consider how often
these two letters are interchanged. To take as an
example this same coin : if we insist on reading the first
letter of the mint as CX, we must for consistency read the
money er's name QVC(RARD.
The mint-letter of No. 2 [PI. VIII. 8] is certainly a,
the cross-bar of the 8 being visible near the top of the
letter, not in the centre as usual.
The two next coins (Nos. 3 and 4) [PI. VIII. 9, 10] are
from the same dies. The reading c(i is, I think, correct.
If it can be allowed that CX and 8 are often interchanged ,
or that a worn S is not distinguishable from a, then we
can quite well read the mint eu (for SV), and attribute
them to York.
302 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
No. 5 [PI. IX. 11] is misread: the money er's name is
QVSRAD, the second R being omitted; in the last letter
of the mint the fork of a V is clearly visible, and the first
letter is better read as 9 when we notice that the coin is
clipped through the middle of the N of ON and the two
letters of the mint-name.
Of SVSRARD ON I (No. 6), I have illustrated two
specimens from Mr. Lawrence's Collection [PI. IX. 13, 14].
Mr. Grueber says of a specimen in the Colchester hoard :
" a I ? this coin, from its money er's name, evidently be-
longs to Chichester." 18 These coins are, therefore, of no
importance as evidence, for we might equally well read
I for e(i, and say that from the money er's name they are
evidently York coins. We can illustrate the omission
of the first letter of the mint by coins of Class III. in
the British Museum, reading : QVflRARD - ON - V (for QV),
WILLSLM • B-ON-V (for LV), WILLQLM- L - ON . V (for LV).
The coins of G-oldwine are rightly read. No. 7 belongs,
of course, to Canterbury : there were several coins reading
SOLDWlNec ON a that were attributed to Canterbury in the
Colchester find. So too R6UN7WD ON a (No. 10). No. 11
[PI. IX. 17] reads RQINALD • ON • a //// (of the missing letter
the only part visible is what appears to be the second
foot of an A). No. 12 [PI. IX. 18] reads clearly ai.
Now, it is a striking thing that coins of these two
money ers should read only c(l for this mint, at a time
when there were moneyers of the same name striking
coins at Canterbury, the more so when we consider how
rare is this abbreviation for Chichester (the only coins
of Chichester from William I to the end of the short-
cross series which I know having less than Cic for the
18 Numismatic Chronicle, 1903, p. 122, note.
CHRONOLOGY IN THE SHORT -CROSS PERIOD. 303
mint-name are two of William I : (1) BRVMMAN ON c 19
of Type 238 and SPRIECLINC ON n20 of Type 241, and in
neither case is there any ambiguity, as there were not
at this time moneyers of these names at Canterbury,
Colchester, or Cricklade) ; when we consider too that we
have coins of both Gloldwine and Keinaud with only (X
for the mint-name, which have been attributed in the
Colchester find to Canterbury, and some coins of Gold-
wine with no mint-name at all. That these moneyers
were working at Canterbury, and Everard at York, is
amply proved by coins reading QAN, c(fi, e(ve(, and e(ve(R.
I have, therefore, no hesitation in taking the I of this
mint-reading to be the meaningless I or upright stroke,
of which I have spoken above, originally inserted by a
die-sinker at the end of an inscription where he had no
room to punch an ft.21
To return a moment to one coin we mentioned above.
Compare, on PI. IX., Nos. 11 and 12. I think it will be
admitted (it is difficult to judge from photographs, but
I have the authority of others who have seen the coins
to support me) that these coins are struck from the same
obverse and reverse dies : No. 11 is the Chichester coin
No. 5 on my list; and No. 12 is a York coin of the
Colchester find, reading e(ve(RfiD ON 3V.
Our list now resolves itself to this—
1. 3Ve(RfiRD ON a (or Q) V C( (or «). A York coin.
[PL VIII. 7.]
2. QVeCRrtRD ON 8. A York coin. [PL VIII. 8.]
19 Mr. Carlyon-Britton's list in Spink's Numismatic Circular, 1902.
29 National Collection.
21 As C(fi I occurs in Class II. undoubtedly for CXAN
ON • (Xfil), why not also C(l for
304 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
S.ISVQRfiRD ON ai (from same dies)— for 91 ?— perhaps
4.1 York coins. [PL VIII. 9, 10.]
5. SVSRfiD ON QV (from same dies as a York coin). A
York coin. [PI. IX. 11.]
6. eCVSRfiRD ON I — mint uncertain — ?York or Ilchester.
[PI. IX. 13, 14.]
7. 6OLDWIN6C ON CX. A Canterbury coin.
8. ( SOLDWI N6( ON ai— for C(fi ? Perhaps Canterbury coins.
9.1 [PI. IX. 15,16.]
10. RSIN7WD ON a. A Canterbury coin.
11. R6(IN7XLD ON C(fi. A Canterbury coin. [PI. IX. 17.]
12. R6UNAVD ON (XI— for W\ ? Perhaps a Canterbury coin.
[PI. IX. 18.]
We are thus left with only five coins that can possibly
be attributed to Chichester, of which two (from the same
dies) may equally well be attributed to York, and the
remaining three with strong probability to Canterbury.
In addition to these, Mr. Lawrence has a coin which
is of considerable importance to my present purpose
[PI. IX. 19], it reads M6UNIR -ON -ON -ai. As this gives
us another moneyer who does not appear at Chichester
in Class III., but is a well-known Canterbury moneyer
in Class II., it leaves, I think, no doubt that these coins
reading ai must be attributed to Canterbury. On this
coin the engraver, by duplicating ON, left himself no
room for a complete ft at the end of the inscription.
Another of Mr. Lawrence's coins [PI. IX. 20] is interest-
ing for the last letter of the inscription, which I think
may be explained in this way : the engraver punched I,
meaning to leave the mint-reading a I, he then found he
had some space still left, and attempting to complete
the ft punched another stroke obliquely and added the
top line of ft, thus forming a strange hybrid letter. This
supplies a link from Ql to (Xfi. It will surely now be
admitted that we have not sufficient evidence from coins
CHRONOLOGY IN THE SHORT-CROSS PERIOD. 305
to justify the existence of the Chichester Mint during
the second class of the short-cross coinage.22
I now pass on to the records. My intention is to
expose some mistakes in chronology which I find have
been started by Euding and continued up to the present
time. That Euding should have originated these errors
is easily understood, when we consider that, at the time
when he brought out his first edition, the records on
which he was working were not edited. Editions of many
of them, such as the Patent and Close Eolls of King John,
were published before the third edition of Euding, and
the mistakes might then have been corrected ; we can
understand that the editors of the third edition might
well shrink from the enormous task of looking up all
the references that Euding gives, and later writers can
be excused for assuming that the editors of Euding had
done their work properly.
These mistakes have mostly arisen from a fact which,
though known to students of history for more than
seventy years, has apparently not yet come to the notice
of numismatists. This fact is that King John, being
crowned on Ascension Day, May 27, 1199, counted the
years of his reign, not as we should expect, from May 27,
but from Ascension Day in each year. Ascension Day
being a movable feast, the result is that his regnal
years are some longer, some shorter than 365 days, and
care has to be taken in examining writs, &c., in the
Patent, Close, and other Eolls to be certain whether the
date, e.g. May 18 of his sixth year, occurs at the begin-
ning or end of that regnal year. For the greater
22 I am much pleased to be able to say that Mr. Lawrence has inde-
pendently arrived at the conclusion that no Chichester coins are known
•of Class II.
VOL. X., SERIES IV. X
306 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
convenience of numismatists I here append a table of
the regnal years of King John, which I take from Sir
Harris Nicholas's Chronology of History : —
(27 May, 1199.
„ (19 May, 1205.
(12 May, 1211.
L 1 17 May, 1200.
'' 1 10 May, 1206.
'12 May, 1212.
(18 May, 1200.
2< 1 2 May, 1201.
f 11 May, 1206.
b* (30 May, 1207.
( 3 May, 1212.
b> (22 May, 1213.
( 3 May, 1201.
°' (22 May, 1202.
J31 May, 1207.
9> (14 May, 1208.
(23 May, 1213.
1D> ( 7 May, 1214.
(23 May, 1202.
4' 1 14 May, 1203.
(15 May, 1208.
' ( 6 May, 1209.
( 8 May, 1214.
'' 127 May, 1215.
(15 May, 1203.
J< ( 2 June, 1204.
f 7 May, 1209.
(26 May, 1210.
(28 May, 1215.
7> (18 May, 1216.
( 3 June, 1204.
6< (18 May, 1205.
f 27 May, 1210.
" (11 May, 1211.
1 19 May, 1216.
' (19 Oct. 1216.
It will be seen that in the third, fifth, eighth,
eleventh, fourteenth and sixteenth years certain days
in May occur twice, both at the beginning and end of
the regnal year.
With the Pipe Kolls the case is different. The
Exchequer issued its accounts regularly on Michaelmas
Day in each year, undisturbed by deaths or accessions of
kings; therefore the first exchequer year of each King
will overlap the last regnal year of the previous King,
e.g. the first exchequer year of King John dates from
Michaelmas, 1198, to Michaelmas, 1199, two-thirds of
it belonging to the reign of Eichard. And may I here
point out a serious pitfall ? The Pipe Eoll for the first,
year of Kichard I has been published by the Kecord
Commission under the date 1189-1190 ; this, as Mr.
Kound has pointed out, is a mistake ; Kichard's regnal
years date from September 3, 1189, so the first issue of
accounts in his reign took place at Michaelmas, 1189,.
and contained the accounts for Michaelmas, 1188, to
CHRONOLOGY IN THE SHORT-CROSS PERIOD. 307
Michaelmas, 1189 ; and this is called the Pipe Koll of
his first year.
The first limit for the short-cross coinage is fixed for
us by several chroniclers23 as 1180. In the Annales de
Wintonia 1179 is evidently a scribe's error ; and 1181 in
the Annales Cambriae ; 1181 is also given by Koger of
Wendover and the Annales de Bermundeseia, though
both derived their information from Kalph de Diceto,
who gives the correct year, 1180 ; Matthew Paris copies
the mistake from Koger of Wendover.
For the end of this coinage Sir John Evans gives 1247
or 1248, and Mr. Grueber places it in 1248; there is
abundant proof that the long-cross type commenced in
the year 1247,24 the only authority I can find for the
later year being a statement in Matthew Paris (who
himself gives an account of the new coinage, with a
drawing in the margin under 1247), that in 1248 the
whole realm suffered grievous damage owing to the
reminting of the money that had been debased by
clipping, as for one pound's worth of badly clipped
pennies they would get scarcely a mark in exchange.25
I think it unlikely that the second class of short-cross
coins can be placed so early as 1189 ; this date was given
rather hypothetically by Sir John Evans, and followed
by Mr. Grueber. But it was not usual at this time for
a King to change the coinage as soon as he came to the
throne, except in a few cases when his title was disputed
23 See lists in Ruding, vol. i. p. 171, and Numismatic Chronicle, 1865,
p. 259.
24 Matthew Paris (Minor History), John de Oxenedes, Annales de
Burton, Annales de Wintonia, Annales de Waverleia, Bartholemaeus
de Cotton, Chronicon de Mailros.
25 Matthew Paris, sub anno 1248 (Minor History £and Chronica
Majora).
x2
308 NUMISMATIC CHKONICLE.
and he hastened to assume the regal privileges; we
know, for instance, that Henry II did not strike coins
in his own name till 1158. Kuding, it is true, preferred
1156, but to oppose the large number of chroniclers who
place the new coinage in the year 1158,26 we have only
Hoveden placing it in 1156, and of him Stubbs says,27
"For this period 1148-1170, it would seem that our
author found himself obliged to attempt original arrange-
ment and composition. The result is meagre in the
extreme, and as we might expect confused in the best-
known points of the chronology, and in the obvious
sequence of the best-known events." The authority of
the Pipe Roll of Michaelmas, 1157, to Michaelmas, 1158,28
quoted by Ending and Longstaife, is conclusive. Had the
dies been received in the year 1156, the payment for new
dies would have come into the accounts of the third year
(1156-1157), if not of the second (1155-1156).
John also, we know, did not renew the coinage in his
first year. Therefore, for lack of any authority for an earlier
date, I am inclined to except Trivet's statement 29 under
the year 1194, " Unam insuper monetam per totam
terram, ad magnam populi utilitatem, qui ex ejus diversi-
tate gravabatur, statuit admittendam," to mean that the
new coinage was issued in this year (in spite of Sir John
Evans's assertion that there is no statement of the money
being called in and a new coinage issued), because, even
if we allow that the King could achieve the object of
keeping one kind of coinage only in circulation without
26 Bartholemaeus de Cotton, Ralph de Diceto, Annales de Waverleia,
John de Oxenedes, Chronicle de Dunstaple, and others.
27 Stubbs's Introduction to Boger of Hovedene, p. xli.
28 Pipe Boll 4 Henry II (payment at London for changed dies).
29 Triveti Annales (ed. T. Hog, 1845), p. 153.
CHRONOLOGY IN THE SHORT-CROSS PERIOD. 309
calling in the current money and issuing a new coinage,
we must admit that it implies a radical reform of the
currency, which is likely to carry with it any modifica-
tions in type which seem to be the result of definite
design rather than gradual development.30
This interpretation of the passage in Trivet is strongly
supported, ex hypothesi, on historical grounds. Kichard
succeeded his father in July, 1189, while in France,
paid a flying visit to England in August, to go through
the formality of coronation (September 3), spent the
rest of his stay in England making arrangements for
his Crusade, and on December 11 left for France, not to
return to England till he was ransomed in 1194. This
year is therefore the earliest in which we can suppose
that Kichard paid any attention to the coinage, beyond
putting his signature and seal to the necessary writs
and charters. We have of the year 1189 two charters
which may help us in deciding whether Class II. begins
in this year or later — one grants dies and moneyers to
the Archbishop of Canterbury, and the other to the
bishop's mint at Lichfield. In the account of the
Canterbury Mint, in Kuding, we find the statement that
" it [i.e. the archiepiscopal mint] was not restored until
the first year of Kichard I, 1189, who gave to Hubert,
Archbishop of Canterbury, and his successors, the liberty
30 As Mr. Lawrence has pointed out, it is impossible to suppose that,
on the issue of Class II., coins of Class I. ceased to be legal tender; it
is, therefore, possible that the difference in the portrait of Class II. is
not due to any monetary reforms, but is a degraded type of the first
portrait developed by unskilled engravers after the expulsion of Philip
Aymari. In this case it would be necessary to abandon the "class"
distinction of these two periods, and to attempt, by arranging their
sequence from style and lettering, a chronology based on dates fixed by
the records.
310 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
of three dies and three money ers in that city."31 Sir
John Evans and Mr. Grueber have accepted this state-
ment, quoting it in their accounts of this coinage, but
it is evidently incorrect, as Hubert did not become
archbishop till 1193. From the reference in Kuding
I have found the charter in the Society of Antiquaries.32
The grant was made to Baldwin, Archbishop of Canter-
bury, as might have been discovered by referring to
John's charter, in which he confirms to Hubert the three
dies, &c., granted by Eichard to Baldwin.33 As this
charter of Eichard I seems to have been missed by the
Canterbury historians, who all refer to the grant through
the charter of John, I here transcribe it, omitting only
such phrases as I think quite unimportant —
" Eicardus dei gratia Eex Angliae Normanniae et Aqui-
tanniae et Comes Andegaviae Archiepiscopis, Episcopis,
Abbatibus . . . Sciatis nos reddidisse et praesenti carta
confirmasse Deo et Ecclesiae Christi Cantuariensi et
venerabili patri nostro Balwino Cantuariensi Archi-
episcopo et omnibus successoribus suis sibi canonice
substituendis tres monetarios cum tribus cuneis ad
monetam fabricandam in civitate Cantuariensi perpetuo
habendos . . . ita libere . . . sicut aliquis praedecessorum
suorum liberius et quietius monetarios suos cum cuneis
suis habuit. Testibus Waltero Eothornagensi Archiepis-
copo, Johanne f ratre nostro Comite Moretun, Hugone Dunol-
miensi, Godefrido Wintoniensi, Hugone Coventrensi,
Johanne Norwicensi, Willelmo Wigorniensi, Gilberto
Eoffensi, Huberto Surburiensi, Eeginaldo Bathoniensi,
31 Kuding, vol. ii. p. 181.
32 Society of Antiquaries, MS. 116.
33 Kot. Chart., 1 John (1199), 29 Sept. (ed. Rec. Com., 1837, p. 24,
cols. 1-2), confirmed in Eot. Chart., 2 John (1200), 7 June (p. 68, col. 2)^
CHRONOLOGY IN THE SHORT-CROSS PERIOD. 311
Episcopis, Hamelino Comite Warenn., Willelmo Mares-
callo, Willelmo de Sancto Johanne et aliis multis.
" Datum Cantuariae per manum Willelmi Cancellarii
nostri Eliensis Elect! die prima decembris Kegni nostri
anno primo.
"(Exlibro Cartarum Cantuariensis Archiepiscopatus.) "
The grant, therefore, was made by Richard to Baldwin
on December 1, 1189, and confirmed by John to Hubert
in 1199 and 1200. That it was made use of and the
mint reopened at this date, we have no proof. The
procedure of the mint 34 required that, after receiving
the grant, the bishop should first appoint some person
to the office of moneyer : in this case three are required.
As a special knowledge would be necessary, the selection
might take some time, and probably one moneyer at least
would be taken from another mint ; these moneyers have
then to be presented at the Exchequer, and the dies cut
in their names, and sent down to the mint. The choice
of custodes monetae and custodes cuneorum could be
made after the commission for the dies was in the
hands of the London die-engraver ; but the moneyers
must be chosen and presented at the Exchequer before
the order could be given for the dies to be cut. There-
fore the preliminaries of opening or reopening a mint
must have occupied a considerable time before the mint
could start work. Now, in March, 1190, only three
months after the grant was made, Baldwin left England
to join the Crusade, and died in the Holy Land on
November 19 of the same year. Though it seems very
34 This procedure in the reign of Edward I is clearly shown in
K. R. Mem. Eoll 49, m, 11 d, and L. T. R. Mem. Roll 51, m. 7 ; there
is no reason to think that any alteration had been made since the reign
of Richard I.
812 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
probable that the mint would cease working on the
bishop's death,35 there appears to be no reason to
suppose that his absence in the Holy Land would have
stopped its activity ; but the time intervening between
his receipt of the grant and his departure seems too
short to suffice for setting the mint in operation.
I have said above that the moneyers would require a
special training, and that one of them at least would
probably be taken from another mint, and I think the
names on coins support such a view. I have no doubt,
for instance, that Pieres and Pieres M., who worked at
London in Classes I. and II., went off, the one to
Durham, the other to Chichester, the Chichester one
returning again to London, as we see by a coin of
Class IY. from the Colchester hoard. An examination
of the Canterbury moneyers of Class II. shows four
having identical names with moneyers working in
Class I. at other mints; these are Johan, Keinald,
Koberd and Simon, of which Johan, Eoberd and Simon
are names occurring too profusely to give any evidence
of their identity; Eeinald, however, is an extremely
uncommon name for a moneyer, the only coin I know
between the Norman Conquest and the short-cross period
bearing this name is one of Stephen at Nottingham.
On short-cross pennies the name occurs at Norwich
throughout Classes I. to IV., and also at London in
Class I. and on an early coin of Class II., at Canterbury
in Class II., at York in Classes III., IV. Leaving the
Norwich moneyer, who seems to work continuously at
3i' On a bishop's death the revenues from the mint would revert, with
the other temporalities, to the Crown until their restoration to the
succeeding bishop. The King, having several mints of his own, would
have nothing to gain by striking money at an episcopal mint.
CHKONOLOGY IN THE SHORT-CROSS PERIOD. 313
that mint, out of the question, it does not seem rash,
in dealing with so uncommon a name as Keinald, to
suppose that this is one man who went from London to
Canterbury to start the Canterbury Mint, and was
thence transferred to the other archbishop, the London
coins of Class II. being struck either at the end of 1189
or in 1194 (before the opening of the Canterbury Mint
by Hubert), according as we place Class II. in 1189 or
1194. Admitting the possibility of coins being struck
at Canterbury by the Archbishop Baldwin in the year
1190, I think it more probable that the mint did not
open till after the accession of Hubert to the see, in
1193.36
The Lichfield grant 37 makes the case stronger for fixing
the commencement of Class II. in 1194. On November
12, 1189, Eichard granted a pair of dies to the Bishop of
Lichfield, and this is illustrated by a coin in the British
Museum [PL IX. 21]. Of this coin Mr. Grueber said,38
" It is undoubtedly of Class II.," though Sir John Evans
had assigned it to the first class. The coin cannot be
struck earlier than 1190, so on this disputed point
(whether it belongs to Class I. or Class II.) depends the
dating of the second class. I firmly believe that Sir
John Evans was right when he placed it in Class I.39
Apart from the vexed question of the portrait, the
relief and lettering and the shape of the flan are all
36 If Baldwin did not work the mint, Hubert would require a new
grant which he could hardly have got until the King was ransomed
from his imprisonment in 1194.
3T Harley MSS. 84, P 25.
38 Numismatic Chronicle, 1903, p. 166.
39 Mr. Grueber agrees with me in this attribution ; his previous state-
ment was probably based on the date of the charter, and not on
the style of the coin.
314 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
characteristically Class I. Another point is the abbrevia-
tion mark — a straight line through the last letter of the
mint-name. This form of abbreviation occurs on a Lin-
coln coin which reads WILL • D • F • ON • NICXO, on London
coins bearing the money er's name Fit. AIMER, and on
some coins of Northampton, where the mint is shortened
to NORt), and, I believe, on no other short-cross pennies.
These coins all belong to Class I. Will. D. F. and Fil.
Aimer are not known to have struck any coins of
Class II., nor do we know any coins of Class II. having
this abbreviation for Northampton. The fact that the
Lichfield coin bears this abbreviation forms in itself a
strong reason for placing it in the first Class. If I am
right in this conclusion, Class II. cannot have begun
so early as 1189, and in the absence of Canterbury
coins of Class I. we must assume that that mint was
not opened until Hubert became archbishop.
Sir John Evans, on the authority of Madox's quotation 40
from the Pipe Koll of the fourth year of John, says that
the moneyer Lefwine was working at Lincoln in the year
1202-1203 ; but the Pipe Boll for the fourth year of John
gives accounts from Michaelmas, 1201, to Michaelmas,
1202. We must therefore place him a year earlier. The
same is the case with Everard Bradex, who appears as a
York moneyer in the Pipe Eoll for the third year of John.
This should be dated 1200-1201, not 1202, as has formerly
been held ; in this Pipe Koll also appear Johan rnone-
tarius at York, G-odard at Lincoln, Wulfric and Alard at
Worcester, Teobald in the Nottingham and Derby
accounts, and the " defalcatio' quattuor monetariorum "
at Thetford.
40 Madox, History of the Exchequer (1759), p. 737, note (w).
CHKONOLOGY IN THE SHORT-CROSS PERIOD. 315
I will now deal with the important writ of October 7,
in the ninth year of John.41 Owing to its importance
and the use that has been made of it as a foundation on
which to build up a history of the coinage of this reign,
I give a full transcript of the text —
" Rex, etc., omnibus monetariis et examinatoribus
monetae et custodibus cuneorum Londiniensium salutem.
Praecipimus vobis quod sicut vos et vestra diligitis statim
visis litteris istis signetis sigillis vestris omnes cuneos
vestros et sitis cum illis apud Westmonasterium a crastino
Sancti Dionisii in quindecim dies audituri praeceptum
nostrum. Et faciatis scire omnibus operatoribus monetae
de civitate vestra et eis qui sciunt dare consilium ad
faciendam monetam quod tune sint ibi vobiscum et
habeatis ibi has litteras. Teste domino Petro Wintoniensi
Episcopo apud Westmonasterium vii die Octobris.
" Sub eadem forma scribitur omnibus monetariis et
examinatoribus monetae et custodibus cuneorum [apud]
Wintoniam, Exoniam, Cicestriam, Cantuariam, Roffam,
Gripes wicum, Norwicum, Lenn., Lincolniam, Eboracum,
Cardull., Norhamptoniam, Oxoniam, Sancti Edmundi,
Dunolmiam."
The date at which this writ was issued was October 7,
1207 (not 1208), and the summons was for January 10,
1208. Longstaffe 42 seems to have assumed that this
could mean nothing else than a recoinage. Sir John
Evans makes no comment on the object of the writ,
quoting it only in order to show that the mints here
named are identical with those appearing on the coins
which he attributed to this reign ; Mr. Grueber has taken
11 Rot. Pat., 9 John (1207), 7 Oct. (ed. Rec. Com., 1835, p. 76, col. 1).
42 Numismatic Chronicle, 1863, p. 177.
316 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
it to mean a recoinage, assuming, like Longstaffe, that
no other interpretation is possible. I find, however, that
in reading carefully the phrases of this writ, there is
considerable difficulty in supposing it to be issued for
the purpose of a recoinage, and I would rather take it to
mean that there had been a large circulation of counter-
feit money at this time, and that the King therefore
intended to take steps to prevent this and punish any
malefactors on whom he could lay his hands. It orders
all the moneyers, custodes cuneorum, and assayers of all
the mints to appear at Westminster, with all the workmen
of the mints and any others that are qualified to give
advice in the making of money. The first thing to
notice here is that the London die- engravers, who sent
out dies to all the mints at this time, are not specially
mentioned, and if the matter for consideration were the
striking of a new type, they would surely be the best
advisers. The people particularly mentioned are (1)
moneyers and custodes cuneorum, whose duties are to
see the coinage is properly struck and issued, and to
hold themselves responsible for its good weight and
purity, and the safe custody of the dies; (2) assayers,
whose work is to test the coins issued ; (3) operatores, or
mere labouring hands ; (4) any qualified to advise ad
faciendam monetam, the words here used are, I think, of
some importance : they convey to my mind a suspicion
that the advice required was concerning the methods
employed in the actual striking of the money, especially
concerning the machinery in use ; had the King required
advice about striking a new type of coinage, I think he
would have used the word reformandam or renovandam.
A consideration of the recipients of the summons
brings one to the conclusion that King John's purpose
CHRONOLOGY IN THE SHORT-CROSS PERIOD. 317
was to take advice about the conditions under which
his coins were struck, and the precautions taken
against the counterfeiting of them, rather than to
issue new coins, as he would in the latter case certainly
have summoned his die-engravers and certainly not
his operatores.
My second point is that they are ordered to seal up
their dies and have them with them at Westminster.
This is surely a strange step to take when a new
coinage is merely contemplated. They need not deliver
their dies at London at all events until the commission
for striking the new type was in the hands of the die-
engravers. On the other hand, if an inquiry were to
be held about counterfeit money, the King would wish
to have the dies examined to see if any had been
tampered with, or again, a careful examination of the
dies might bring to light the fact that some moneyers
had not used their dies so much as others, which would,
in the absence of explanation, and with proof of the
quantity of bullion used by each moneyer, be almost
conclusive evidence that they had used counterfeit dies
instead.
Still more important are, I think, the words, " praecipi-
mus vobis quod sicut vos et vestra diligitis statim," &c.,
that is to say, they are to appear under pain of personal
injury and confiscation of property. I cannot believe
that the King would have given the provincial moneyers,
&c., such a serious injunction, involving penalties in
case of failure to appear at a mere inquiry into the
advisability of issuing a new coinage ; it was not his
practice to use such strong language in his writs; e.g.,
when he orders Fitz Otho to make dies for Chichester as
soon as possible, he merely writes, " praecipimus quod
318 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
illos [cuneos] sine dilatione fieri facias." 43 But if the
moneyers and others were summoned to be put on their
trial for the counterfeiting of money, an offence in-
volving the terrible penalty of mutilation, there was good
reason for imposing severe penalties for failure to appear
in answer to the summons.
I now return to the Chichester Mint. We have three
writs relating to this mint in the reign of King John,
each of which I fully transcribe.
(I)44 "Rex Eeginaldo de Cornhill, etc. Sciatis quod
concessimus venerabili patri nostro Cicestrensi Episcopo
quod habeat cuneum suum in civitate Cicestrensi, et
quod currat donee nostri in eadem civitate currant, et
tune una cum illis currat. Et ideo vobis praecipimus
quod ei vel certo nuncio suo cuneum ilium habere sine
dilatione faciatis. Teste, etc., apud Westmonasterium
xxix die Aprilis.
" Sub eadem forma scribitur Vicecomiti Sussex.
" Sub eadem forma scribitur Willelmo filio Othonis."
(2)45 " Eex Willelmo filio Othonis, etc. Sciatis recog-
nitum esse per inquisitionem per nos factam quod tres
cunei debent esse apud Cicestriam unde duo debent esse
nostri et tertius Episcopi Cicestrensis, et ideo tibi prae-
cipimus quod illos sine dilatione fieri facias et episcopo
vel certo nuntio suo unum liberes et duos quos habere
debenius liberes Archidiacono Tantonensi et Eeginaldo
de Comhull. ad ponendum ibi. Teste G-aufrido filio
Petri apud Westmonasterium xvii die Maii. per
eundem."
43 Rot. Glaus., 6 John (1205), 17 May (ed. Rec. Com., 1833, p. 32,
col. 1). See infra.
« Rot. Glaus., 6 John (1205), 29 April (p. 29, col. 2).
<•' Rot. Glaus., 6 John (1205), 17 May (p. 32, col. 1).
CHRONOLOGY IN THE SHORT-CEOSS PERIOD. 319
(3) 4G " Kex Willelmo de Wrotham, etc. Sciatis quod
joncessimus domino Cicestrensi Episcopo duos cuneos
nostros de Cicestria cum cambio ad illos pertinente et
5um omnibus pertinentibus et libertatibus suis ad firmam
pro xxx marcis a festo Sancti Petri ad Vincula anno, etc.,
septimo in unum annum. Et ideo vobis mandamus
quod cuneos illos cum cambio ad illos pertinente et cum
omnibus pertinentibus et libertatibus suis eidem Epis-
copo sine dilatione habere faciatis. Teste me ipso apud
Mucheledevrum xxvii die Julii. per ipsum Eegem.
" Sub eadem forma scribitur Keginaldo de Cornhull. et
custodibus cuneorum Cicestrensiuin."
These all belong to the year 1205. Through previous
mistakes the mint at Chichester has been supposed to have
reopened in 1204. The first writ, on April 29, grants
one die to the bishop, to be current till the King's dies
are ready, and afterwards to be current with them ; the
second, on May 17, orders William Fitz Otho to make
the three dies — one for the bishop and two for the King
— and send them to Chichester as soon as possible ; the
third, on July 27, orders the royal dies to be handed
over on one year's lease to the bishop on August 1 ; this
last seems to imply that the dies were made and were
already at Chichester, or were being sent with the writ,
one copy of which was addressed to the custodes cuneorum
at Chichester. We must therefore conclude that coins
were struck at Chichester in the year 1205.
Of this year we have also a writ of January 26,47
appointing William de Wrotham and Keginald de Corn-
hill his commissioners to carry into execution an assize
46 Rot. Glaus., 7 John (1205), 27 July (p. 44, col. 1).
47 Rot. Pat., 6 John (1205), 26 Jan. (p. 54, col. 2).
320 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
allowing the currency of " old money " which had not
lost more than a certain weight, and forbidding the
reblanching and clipping of coins. Previous to this, in
1204 (wrongly dated 1205), was a writ of November 9,48
forbidding the circulation of clipped money after the
St. Hilary's Day following (January 13, 1205). But more
important than these are two notices in our chronicles.
The Annales Cambriae and the Annales de Wintonia
both say, under the year 1205, "Mutatio monetae facta
est ; " and the Annals of Waverley give us a reason for
this change in the money in the phrase, "Facta est
turbatio rnagna in regno per toiisuram sterlingorum."
Also in the " Miscellanea " of the Numismatic Chronicle
for 1887 (p. 341), Mr. Andrew drew attention to a passage,
before unnoticed, in the continuation of Florence of
Worcester, which says, " Moneta olim A.D. MC.LVIII. facta,
hoc anno [1205] est renovata." Sir John Evans noticed
the first two of these references to a new coinage; but
Mr. Grueber did not follow them in dating the five
classes of short-cross coins — he seems to have chosen the
year 1208 for the commencement of the third class, on
the ground of the writ of October 7, 1207, summoning
the moneyers, &c. That we cannot ignore the chroniclers'
statements in this way is evident ; a simple statement
made by a chronicler recording a change in the currency
gives a more definite proof of a new coinage having taken
place than we can get from any writ in the Patent or
Close Kolls. The King might issue a writ ordering a new
coinage to be in currency and all other to be withdrawn,
but might later cancel his order ; we have an example of
this in the writ of February 21, 1222,49 in which Henry
4S Rot. Pat., 6 John (1204), 9 Nov. (p. 47, col. 2).
49 Eot. Glaus., 6 Henry III (1222), 21 Feb. (p. 516, col. 1).
CHRONOLOGY IN THE SHORT-CKOSS PERIOD. 321
III orders round halfpennies and farthings to be current.
This order was undoubtedly cancelled, as no round half-
pennies or farthings of his reign have been found, in
spite of the large finds that have made his coins so
common in our time. On the other hand, a chronicler is
not recording any intention of the King or his officers,
he is giving a bare statement of a fact which it was very
necessary for him to know — that a new type is in
circulation, and previous types perhaps no longer legal
tender. Stow 50 says of this year, " Also, the money was
so sore clipped, that there was no remedie, but to have it
renued." Bishop Fleetwood51 also says, "King John,
^bserving that the Abuse of Money was either in a great
part continued or revived, called it in again, and caused
it to be new coined ; and thereby brought it to a greater
Purity and Fineness than it had been before in any of
his Predecessors' reigns. On which Account some Authors
fix upon him as the Inventor or first Ordainer of Sterling
Money." I think they were right in putting the new
coinage in this year. I admit that the annalists are known
occasionally to make mistakes in point of chronology,
but before we can assume a mistake in them, we must
have some reason for thinking their statement is wrong.
Here we have strong reason for believing this statement
in the Annales de Wintonia, the Annales Cambriae, and
the continuation of Florence of Worcester to be correct.
The likelihood of a new coinage in this year is very
strong in consideration of the fact that until December,
1203, John was only in England on three separate occa-
sions after his accession : (1) in 1199, from May 27 to
50 Stow, Annals of England (1615), p. 167, sub anno 1205.
51 Fleetwood, " Historical Account of Coins," p. 12, in Appendix to
Chronicon Preciosum (1745).
VOL. X., SERIES IV. Y
322 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
June 29, for his coronation ; (2) in 1200, from February 27
to April 28, for the purpose of raising 20,000 marks to
pay Philip for his admission as heir to Kichard's French
possessions ; (3) from October 6, 1200, till May 14, 1201,
for his queen's coronation, after which he went to Lincoln
to receive homage from the Scottish and Welsh kings,
staying there till November 26 for Bishop Hugh's funeral :
he spent Christmas at Guildford, and then made a tour
in the north with Isabel till March 1, held an Easter
crown-wearing at Canterbury on March 25, and, after
raising an army for his expedition to Normandy, returned
to France on May 14, 1201, where he stayed till December,
1203. In 1204 we see, by the writ of November 9 and
the entry in the Waverley Annals, that the clipping and
debasing of the coinage was causing great distress;
therefore John, I think, made preparations for a new
coinage at the end of this year, the earliest possible
opportunity, and the purpose of the assize of January
26, 1205, was to allow the old 52 coinage to continue in
circulation until the dies were ready to strike the new
type ; then, when the dies were made, I assume that an
order must have been issued cancelling this clause of the
assize.
This agrees entirely with my former conclusion with
regard to the Chichester Mint ; if these coins are wrongly
attributed, as I have attempted to prove, we have no
coins of this mint in Class II. ; we know that the mint
began working in 1205, and if we put the new coinage
(Class III.) at the end of 1207 or early in 1208, we are
at a loss to account for the survival of no coins of
53 rpkg (( ve£US nioneta " must imply a "nova moneta," either in
circulation or in preparation.
CHRONOLOGY IN THE SHORT-CROSS PERIOD. 323
Chichester struck between the reopening of the mint in
1205 and the new coinage in 1207 or 1208. But putting
the new coinage, as Sir John Evans suggested, in 1205,
the Chichester Mint reopens with Class III.
This date for the new coinage will also give us the
reason for the summons of money ers in 1207 ; Longstaffe
says,5a "A new silver penny was much more easily
counterfeited than an old one, and rogues seem to have
been more than usually busy at new coinages." A new
type obviously lends -itself to forgery, as the fraudulent
moneyers can easily pass even a poor imitation into
currency before the type of the true money becomes
familiar to the public eye. I think this new coinage of
1205 must have been followed by a large issue of
counterfeit coins which necessitated the inquiry in-
stituted with the peremptory summons of October, 1207.
Further, this summons was sent to the mints at Lynn,
Oxford, Eochester, and St. Edmundsbury, which seem not
to have been working during Class II. ; if Class II, con-
tinued till 1207, why were the officers at these mints
ordered to bring their dies to London, when they had
none to bring ? At Shrewsbury the reverse is the case :
this mint was working in Class II. and not in Class III.,
but no summons was sent to Shrewsbury in 1207. It
seems not unnatural to suppose that at the reformation
of the coinage in 1205 mints were reopened at Lynn,
Oxford, Eochester, and St. Edmundsbury, and at the same
time the mint at Shrewsbury was closed.
In conclusion, I would say, with regard to the corrections
I have made in the dates assigned to writs, &c., that any
doubt can easily be satisfied by an examination of the
53 Numismatic Chronicle, 1863, p. 177.
324 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Itinerary of King John.54 I will illustrate this by the
charters I have transcribed, which refer to the Chichester
Mint. The first of them is dated April 29, 1205, and
signed at Westminster : by the Itinerary we find that John
was in London from April 27 to April 29, 1205, whereas
in 1204 (the date previously given to this charter) he
was at Marlborough on the same days of this month.
The second is dated May 17, 1205, and again signed at
Westminster, and the King was at Westminster from
May 15 to May 17, 1205; but in 1204 he was at
Southampton on May 15, and Winchester on May 18.
The third is signed on July 27, 1205, at Mitcheldever,
where we find by the Itinerary King John stayed from
July 27 to July 30 in this year.
I am much indebted to Mr. Johnson of the Public
Kecord Office, and Mr. Ellis and Mr. Herbert, of the
Department of Manuscripts in the British Museum, for
the kind assistance they have given me, and also to Mr.
Lawrence, to whom belong some of the coins which
illustrate this paper.
GEORGE C. BROOKE.
54 The Itinerary may be found in Sir Thomas Duffus Hardy's Intro-
duction to the Patent Eolls.
MISCELLANEA.
NOTE ON THE COINAGE OF MUHAMMAD ALL
IN Plate V. of this volume illustrating Major Jackson's article
on the Coinage of the Carnatic, two coins, Nos. 1 and 14, differ
so conspicuously in fabric from the others that one at once
doubts their attribution to Muhammad Ali. Major Jackson's
readings of these coins (pp. 156, 157) support his attribution,
but neither has been read correctly, owing, no doubt, to their
poor state of preservation. The obverse legend of No. 1 is
s\j (Jj^& ' r • A dx~- The (j which is above >&£> has apparently
been taken for aW- by Major Jackson, but the points are quite
distinct. The title »W. $\j does not occur on the coin, and the
date is not 1201, but 1208, which is the year 35 of Shah
Alam II, and not of Muhammad Ali. As to No, 14, all that
can be read on the obverse of the specimen illustrated is
^ and the date. If several specimens be compared, it will
be found that the complete legends are as on No. 1, of which
it is the half. These are both well-known coins. They are
the Madras issues (2 and 1 pai) of the E.I.C., and have been
described in the B. M. Catalogue, MogJiul Emperors, p. 296,
Nos. 184-187, and more recently by the late Mr. Johnson in
Numismatic Chronicle, 1903, p. 97. Major Jackson appears
to have followed Captain Tufnell (Hints to Coin-Collectors in
South India, p. 36) in attributing these coins to Muhammad
Ali, but their weights and style leave no doubt that the
attribution to the E.I.C. is the correct one. We may note
that the following dates are known, all in regnal years of
Shah Alam II: 1200, 27; 1201, x ; 1206, 34; 1207, 34;
1208, 35.
There is, however, a series of coins which were certainly
issued by Muhammad Ali, which are not described by Major
Jackson, i.e. the small copper coins, obverse, aW N) *_->/>, and
reverse, date and mint, j&yv, Nahtarnagar (Trichinopoli ; cf.
Manual of Administration of Madras Presidency, vol. iii. s.v.
" Trichinopoli "). There are two denominations of these coins ;
326 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
the larger, octagonal in shape, bears the date 1207 A.H., and
is of very neat workmanship. Marsden attributed his
specimen (MXLVIII I) to Mysore, and suggested it might be a
pattern-piece, but it can only be Muhammad Ali's or possibly
an E.I.C. pattern in his name. Another specimen of this
rare coin is in the collection of Mr. J. Stephens Blackett, who
recently presented specimens of the smaller denomination to
the British Museum. These are small round pieces closely
resembling the other coins of Muhammad Ali. Among other
coins not included in Major Jackson's list are those with
obverse fiW 3^, and date 011 reverse i r I p, and specimens having
reverse walajah in Tamil.
J. A.
NOTICE OP RECENT PUBLICATION.
Catalogue of Coins in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, including
the Calinet of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, vol. iii.,
Mughal Emperors of India, by H. Nelson Wright, I.C.S.
Oxford. 1908.
THE Trustees of the Indian Museum are to be congratu-
lated on having again secured the services of Mr. Nelson
Wright in the compilation of the third volume of the Catalogue
of Coins in the Indian Museum. The Catalogue, compiled under
circumstances of great difficulty by the late Mr. Rodgers, has
been of much use to students of Indian coins, but it could
only be regarded as a preliminary arrangement of this fine
collection. Mr. Nelson Wright has been freed from the re-
strictions under which his predecessor laboured, notably the
mysterious method of numbering which has puzzled most users
of the old Catalogue. This volume contains not only the old
Indian Museum collection, but also the Mughal Cabinet of
the Asiatic Society of Bengal, which is now brought within
reach of students for the first time. In the old Catalogue
only two plates were devoted to this series ; this volume is
illustrated with twenty-two plates admirably executed by the
Clarendon Press, illustrating all the more important coins.
The author of this volume has adopted a useful and lucid
method of arrangement, which, we hope, will be followed in
future Catalogues of this series. In the British Museum
Catalogue the arrangement was primarily chronological, and
the coins of different years of the same mint were separated.
NOTICE OF RECENT PUBLICATION. 327
Mr. Nelson Wright has arranged the coins of each Emperor
under mints, the coins of each mint being then arranged
chronologically. The advantages of this method are obvious.
It is possible to tell at a glance whether a particular mint
was in use during the reign of any Emperor. Coins of
similar fabric are brought together, and for the first time we
have the material for the study of the fabric and mint-
characteristics of Mughal coins, a subject that has been barely
touched on. There is undoubtedly such a thing as " fabric "
in Muhammadan coins ; in the Mughal series, for example,
one soon learns to recognize the Lahore coins by their fabric.
It is a difficult subject, however, and it is only by such an
arrangement as this that further progress can be made in its
study. Mr. Nelson Wright has arranged the mints in the
order of the English alphabet rather than the Persian.
Opinions may differ as to the legitimacy of this, but it seems
to us to be justifiable. The object of the Catalogue is to
make the collection accessible, and the more lucid the arrange-
ment the better ; few of those who will use this volume have
reached that stage of scholarship where they think more
readily in Persian than in English. Though an elaborate
index of mints is rendered unnecessary, we think that the
volume might have contained a list of the mints in the Persian
character, which would have been useful to refer to when
trying to identify a coin with a fragmentary inscription.
The most valuable part of the work is the introduction of
eighty pages dealing with the history of each mint in the
Catalogue, though founded on material from much wider
sources. Mr. Nelson Wright shows great familiarity with
the principal public and private collections, and his introduc-
tion is a mine of information on which all future more
elaborate monographs must be based. It is to be hoped that
the author's suggestion will be taken up, and we shall soon
see a series of historical monographs on Indian mints. Dr.
G. P. Taylor has furnished an admirable model in his account
of the mint of Ahmadabad in the J.B.BM.A.S., vol. xx.
pp. 409-447.
Want of space will not allow us to call attention to the
rare mints to be found here. We must question the suggested
Kharpur on coin No. 2493, and would suggest that it is a coin
of Saharanpur with an incomplete legend. Mr. Nelson Wright
has followed the B. M. Catalogue in classing as Mughal all
coins bearing an Emperor's name till the end of the reign of
Shah Alam II. He is undoubtedly right (p. 243) in suggest-
ing that all the coins of Muhammad Shah of Surat are not
328 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
official issues. They fall into two distinct classes — one readily
recognizable by its good fabric, which may be taken to be
official — the second of rude fabric with fragmentary mint
inscriptions and various symbols, notably one which Prinsep
calls a H, which must be unofficial, and indeed was attributed
by him to " Nagpur and the Narbadda " (P. U. T.y ii. pp. 66,
68, PI. xlv. 10), an attribution supported by their present
provenance. We have never seen a specimen which read dis-
tinctly Surat, though that is the most likely reading unless
the so-called H is not a Nagari letter but Persian. Similar
doubts might be entertained regarding the numerous Katak
coins of Ahmad Shah, very few of which can be official issues.
No. 2257 (mint not read) is a coin of Bikanir State with
legends of Shah Alam II (Webb, p. 61), probably of Surat
Singh. No. 2487 is probably to be attributed to Orcha
rather than Jodhpur.
Besides the usual indices, the work contains a comparative
table of the Christian and Muhamniadan eras, and a valuable
note on the IlahT era, a table of ornaments, and a mint-map.
It is unfortunate that the author has not adopted the system
of transliteration so strongly recommended by the Royal
Asiatic Society. It is true that only three letters differ in
the two schemes, but Mr. Nelson Wright gives us four z's
where two might have done (^ z, j z, <j> z, k z), and three
s's in place of the orthodox two (*•*•> s, LT s, ^ s). This
is a small matter, however, as the letters concerned are not
the commonest. We should have preferred also to see the
long vowels marked by a horizontal stroke rather than by an
acute accent.
The whole work has been most carefully printed 'by the
Clarendon Press. All who have perused the three volumes
of this Catalogue already issued will look forward to the
fourth, feeling satisfied that it will at last supply that long-
felt want, a satisfactory work on the nineteenth-century
coinages of India.
J. A.
ERRATA.
In the Proceedings for Session 1909-1910, issued with Part III. :—
Page 16, line 9, for " Henry VIII" read " Henry VII."
Page 39, line 9, for " Anastasius " read " Athanasius."
us
Num. Chron. Ser. IV. Vol. X. PI. VI
V - - £ Y&J A- N^
. ,><;-i- - UC?i t^
S^.-"l^ la;-— '=:.r
%l^K: VM5& ^
COINS OF AETHELRED II
Ty.f
Num. Chron. Ser. IV. Vol. X. PL VII
Ty.4
. y-
- ^
COINS AND MEDALS OF AETHELRED II
Num. Chron. Ser. IV. Vol. X. PI. VIII
t
4V* '
^v
^ - -v:»iUYv-
:,-(Lq ^U*
;Hi --^
^
,. v'-.t
»ca '
^
hF\S-
«SS^
SHORT-CROSS PENNIES. RICHARD I AND JOHN
Num. Chron. Ser. IV. Vol. X. PI. IX
1 1
18
SHORT-CROSS PENNIES. RICHARD I AND JOHN
XV.
MONETA DI AKGENTO DEI SO(NTINI).
In rilievo : toro a s. retrospiciente ; le gambe
posano sopra una fascetta formata da una serie
di perline fra due linee continue; sopra OM,
intorno giro di perline fra due linee continue.
Rov. — In incavo : lo stesso tipo in perfetta corrispon-
denza dell' altro ; i due segni grafici appena visi-
bili a luce tangente ; la fascetta, dove il toro
posa, e il giro circolare sono formati da una
serie di intacchi paralleli.
Arg. ; diam. maggiore mm. 27 ; peso gr. 5'30.
LA moneta descritta non e compresa nei trattati di
numismatica, perche non e divenuta di dominio della
scienza. Un esemplare di essa comparve la prima volta
in un catalogo di vendita a Parigi, e non so dove ora si
trovi.1 L' esemplare che io pubblioo mi fu recato in
esame tempo fa da un mio amico di Eogliano (prov. di
Cosenza), possessore di una piccola raccolta di monete,
1 V. Catalogo di vendita, fatta nei giorni 11 e 12 dicembre, 1901, al
Hotel Drouot dai Sigg. Dr. A. Sambon e C. Canessa, Tav. i. n. 121.
VOL. X., SERIES IV. Z
330 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
che egli aveva acquistate a volta a volta da contadini del
suo paese. Di modo che, se mi sfugge il luogo esatto di
provenienza, si pub esser certi che esso resta nel ter-
ritorio di Kogliano.
II tipo di questa moneta e identico a quello delle
ultime monete incuse dei Sibariti, essendo il disco
metallico poco espanso e il fregio presso il bordo non
essendo formato dal caratteristico tortiglione.2 La
tecnica e buona, il toro vi e espresso con un sol corno,
perche la testa e in perfetto profilo,3 con 1'occhio circo-
lare, con le pieghe della pelle parallele sotto al collo, con
la delicata modellatura del corpo e delle gambe. Ma le
lettere iniziali non rispondono al nome dell' antichissimo
popolo di Sibari. Quella di destra, che nella epigrafia
arcaica ha il valore di ^ o di o-, se la studiarao in rapporto
con le simili forme alfabetiche di monete delle colonie
achee dell' Italia meridionale, ne risulta essere senz' altro
un o-. Sulla moneta d'alleanza dei Sirini con Pyxoes,4
su alcuni esemplari dei Sibariti e dei Posidoniati 5 questa
lettera presenta le due piccole sbarre estreme parallele
fra loro, e la stessa forma ha nella leggenda Krathis della
moneta di Pandosia.6 Solo che nella moneta in esame le
due sbarre mediane sono brevissime, ed in genere tutta
2 Sullo sviluppo di questo ornato nelle monete delle colonie achee
della Magna Graecia, leggasi cio che ho espresso nella memoria Sul
valore dei tipi monetali, p. 66 (Atti del Congresso internaz. di scienze
storiche, 1904, vol. vi.).
3 Pel riscontro tipologico e stilistico giova esaminare il toro retro-
spiciente intagliato su cristallo di rocca di lalysos in Perrot et Chipiez,
Hist, de I'art, vi. PL xvi. 1.
4 Garrucci, cviii. 1 ; Friedl.-Sallet, Miinzkab., vii. 470 ; Head,
Coins of the Ancients, viii. 14.
5 Per Sibari v. Head, Coins of the Ancients, PI. viii. 15. Per Posi-
donia v. Garrucci, cxx. 5, 6.
'; Garrucci, cxi. 5.
MONETA DI AKGENTO DEI SO(NTINl). 331
la lettera e poco espansa in larghezza per Pangustia dello
spazio riserbato alia leggenda.
Nessuno potra quindi revocare in dubbio, che i due
segni grafici di questa moneta rarissima debbano essere
intesi come iniziali di un nome etnico incominciante per
So. II tipo del toro per se stesso potrebbe trascinare alia
ipotesi di una imitazione barbarica o falsificazione antica
dello statere dei Sibariti ; ma rendono insostenibile tale
ipotesi il disegno e la tecnica della moneta, relativamente
incensurabili. Ne il tipo del toro deve distogliere dal
ricercare in questo So un nome etnico diverse da quello
dei Sibariti, poiche anche i Sirini, alleati di Pyxoes,
anche gli Aminei adottarono il tipo del toro retro-
spiciente.
Fra le popolazioni mediterranee della Lucania enu-
merate da Plinio e inclusa quella dei Sontini. Mediter-
ranei Brutiorum, Aprustani tantum : Lucanorum autem,
Atenates, Bantini, Eburini, Grumentini, Potentini, Sontini,
Sirini, Tergilani, Ursentini, Volcentani, quibus Numestrani
iunguntur (Plin., N. H., iii. 15). I commentatori collegano
1'etnico Sontini ad una citta Sontia, che si crede corri-
sponda alia odierna Sanza, tra Policastro e il fiume
Tanagro.7 Nulla percio impedisce che questa moneta, la
quale per il tipo, per la tecnica, per la paleografia e
provenienza si collega cosi strettamente alia serie mone-
tale delle colonie achee nella Magna Graecia, possa
riferirsi al popolo dei Sontini, del quale non e pervenuta
a noi che la semplice menzione di Plinio. E con essa
cresce la lista delle monete di tecnica cosi detta achea,
con iniziali di nomi di citta o di popoli, che sotto
7 II Nissen, Ital. Landesk., ii. p. 905, nulla di nuovo aggiunge a
quanto erasi prima detto.
z 2
332 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
1'influenza della civilta di Sibari cominciavano a pros-
perare fino ad emettere moneta propria, allorche la
distruzione della grande metropoli (510 A.c.) segno nella
Italia meridionale il termine della sua influenza politica
e di un indirizzo artistico, oggi detto ionico per con-
venzione.
Per la famiglia di nionete, alle quali questa appartiene,
il peso di gr. 5*30 e molto singolare, poiche non si pub
in alcun modo ricondurre allo statere corinzio ridotto
delle colonie achee dell' Italia, e ci richiama senz' altro
alia dramma eginetica delle colonie calcidiche e parti-
colarmente alle primitive nionete incuse di Khegium e
Messana. Questa particolarita influisce moltissimo a
f'arci amniettere, che la stirpe dei Sontini abitasse un
paese molto prossimo al mare, e che i suoi interessi
commerciali fossero legati piu alle due citate colonie
calcidesi che alle colonie achee. Un fatto analogo si
avvera per Posidonia, la quale nelle primitive sue nionete,
pur adottando la tecnica achea, segue il sistema monetale
dei Focesi di Elea.
ETTOEE GABRICI.
XVI.
ALEXANDEIAN TETEADEACHMS OF
TIBEEIUS.
(See Plate X.)
A HOARD of nearly two hundred tetradraehrns, which had
been found in Egypt, recently came into my possession,
through the kind assistance of Signor Dattari ; and the
evidence derived from an examination of the coins
suggests some interesting conclusions.
The composition of the hoard may be briefly given, in
terms of the standard catalogues, as follows :—
Ptolemy II, PMladelphus.
Svoronos 713
1 specimen
Ptolemy XIII, Neos Dionysos.
1823 (year 9
1
1824 (
10
3 specimens
1825 (
11
2
1826 (
12
3 ,
1827 (
13
6 ,
1828 (
14) 9
1829 (
15) 6 ,
1830 (
16) 3
1831 (
17) 2
1832 (
18) 15
1833 (
19:
1
1834 (
, 20]
6
1835 (
, 22) 2 „
Tiberius . . " .
[date effaced]
Dattari 78 ( „ 7)
2
136
There can be little doubt that the hoard was buried
soon after the last-named coins were struck in the seventh
334 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
year of Tiberius. The issue of tetradrachms in this year
was the first which had been made by the Alexandrian
mint since the conquest of Egypt by Augustus ; i.e. for
just half a century. There are also tetradrachms of the
eleventh, fourteenth, and later years of Tiberius known ;
and, as no specimens of these years occur in the hoard,
and the coins of Tiberius in it are almost all without
evidence of wear, it may safely be concluded that the
date of deposit of the hoard lies between the seventh and
the eleventh years — i.e. between August 29, 19 A.D.,
and August 28, 24 A.D.
The combination of Ptolemaic and Koman tetradrachms
in the hoard calls for little comment. The Ptolemaic
coinage was probably never withdrawn from circulation
by the Eoman government ; in fact, until the first issue
of tetradrachms by Tiberius, the silver currency of Egypt
must have consisted of the coins of the old dynasty, and
for many years afterwards it is not uncommon for pay-
ments to be specified as made in Ptolemaic coin. I have
found Ptolemaic silver in a hoard which came down as
late as the second year of Probus (276/7 A.D.); and the
existence of a considerable quantity in circulation in the
third century is shown by the fact that a British Museum
papyrus (No. 1243), dated in 227 A.D., records a loan of
152 drachmae apyvpiov TraXaiov riroX^aV/coO vo^'a-^aroc.
If, however, the Ptolemaic tetradrachms continued to
circulate, those of Tiberius apparently did not. I have
observed — and my observation is confirmed by the wider
experience of Signor Dattari — that tetradrachms of Tiberius
do not occur in hoards associated with those of later
Emperors. In several large hoards which I have examined,
containing some hundreds of coins of Claudius, and
thousands of Nero, there was not one of Tiberius. The
ALEXANDRIAN TETRADRACHMS OF TIBERIUS. 335
tetradrachms of Tiberius are only found in hoards, in com-
pany with earlier coins, or else sporadically, as they were
casually lost ; and it seems reasonable to conclude that
they were called in shortly after the close of the reign in
which they were issued. It is possible that the cause of
their withdrawal may be found in the facts given in the
following paragraphs.
When examining the coins in this hoard, I was struck
by the evident difference in the weight of the specimens.
I accordingly tested each, and found that the range of
weights was from 5' 54 to 13-32 grammes. It is hardly
necessary to give each individual weight, but the result
may be stated summarily in groups of a half-gramme
series.
Specimens weighing 5J and less than 6 grammes 4
„ 6
> j
, -64 ,
» 64
> >
, 7 „
9
i
, 7* ,
18
74
8
11
8
84 •
10
84
9
14
9
9i ,
15
9i
10" ,
9
10"
104- ,
4
304
11" ,
6
11
H4" 5
4
114
12
2
12"
12J ,
5
124
13
7
13
j
, 134 ,
6
[Seven specimens are excluded from the above summary,
as they are more or less chipped.]
This remarkable variation in weight, taken in con-
junction with certain differences in appearance, led me
to suspect that some of the coins might be of baser
metal than others; and Professor Letts, of Belfast,
336 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
very kindly analysed four of them, with the following
result :—
A. B. C. D.
Weight (grammes) 5'90 9-26 9-50 12-62
Silver (%) . . 61-08 54-58 35-20 28-72
Copper (%) . . 32-35 43-35 61-66 69-37
Tin(%) . . 6-43 1-18 2-14 1-63
Iron (%) traces traces traces traces
It would appear, from this analysis, that the proportion
of silver in these coins varied almost as widely as their
weight ; and, on further investigation, it became clear
that several examples were plated. The conclusion to
which these facts lead is that this first coinage of tetra-
drachnis under Tiberius was issued without any regard to
fineness or weight; and, if the same holds good of the
later coinages of his reign, it is not a matter for surprise
that these tetradrachms should have lost favour in the
eyes of the public, and have disappeared from circulation
when the mint, under Claudius, struck large quantities
of fairly uniform weight and fineness, even though the
proportion of silver was lower than in those here
analysed.
It may be suggested that this hoard represents the
work of a forger ; but, if this were the case, it would be
reasonable to expect that the number of dies would be
limited, and a fair proportion of the specimens would
be from the same dies. This, as will be seen later, is
not found. Neither do any of the coins seem to have
been cast, so far as can be judged from outward ap-
pearances. The indifference of the strikers of this issue
with regard to weight may be seen from the fact that
two specimens, from the same obverse and reverse dies,
ALEXANDRIAN TETRADRACHMS OF TIBERIUS. 337
weigh respectively 8'14 and 5'54 grammes ; while three,
from the same obverse, but different reverse, dies, weigh
13-29, 12 02, and 5-76 grammes. The analyses given
above also show that the weight of a coin does not bear
any relation to the percentage of silver which it
contains.
The gross carelessness of the mint officials at this time
appears no less in the execution of the dies than in the
material of the coins. The heads of Tiberius on the
obverse and of Augustus on the reverse can in many
instances hardly be called portraits. A selection of the
representations is given on the accompanying plate, from
which it will be seen that the die-engravers not only did
their work very roughly, but did not succeed in most
cases in producing a head which resembled either the
actual likeness of the Emperor or the representation of it
on other dies of the same series [see PI. X. 1-15]. There
are many instances of careless work to be found in the
later history of the Alexandrian mint; but I have not
come across such a variation in portraiture of the
Emperor after this until the reign of Valerian. The
flans are also, in nearly every instance, too small, and
frequently of irregular shape.
I examined and compared all the 136 specimens, to
discover how many instances there were of two or more
coins from the same die, and found one set of three
from the same obverse die, two of which were from the
same reverse ; one set of two from the same obverse and
reverse dies ; two sets of three, and seven of two, from
the same obverse, but different reverse, dies ; and one set
of two from the same reverse, but different obverse, dies.
It occurred to me that it might be possible from these
figures to ascertain the probable number of dies used ; and
338 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Mr. W. F. Sedgwick very kindly worked out the problem
in a long series of calculations, from which it appears that
the most probable number of obverse dies used was 610,
and that, on making certain suppositions, the most pro-
bable number of reverse dies used up in connexion with
each obverse die was between 8 and 9.
These conclusions are of considerable interest, especially
the latter. It is common ground that the reverse dies of
ancient mints wore out more quickly than the obverse
ones ; but at first sight it may seem that the rate of
eight or nine reverse dies to one obverse is rather
excessive. A high rate is, however, supported by other
evidence which I have been able to obtain. In comparing
309 coins of Valerian from one hoard, I found 32 sets of
two coins from the same obverse dies, of which 11 sets
were from the same obverse and reverse, the remainder
all from different reverse, dies ; five sets of three, and one
of four, from the same obverse, but different reverse, dies ;
and three sets of two from the same reverse, but different
obverse, dies. After examining specimens from two
hoards, I have made a series of five coins of Otacilia Severa
from the same obverse, but different reverse, dies. These
facts, so far as they go, appear to be in general accordance
with Mr. Sedgwick's conclusion. And this rapid wear
of reverse dies furnishes an explanation of the great
inferiority in execution of the reverses of Alexandrian
coins as compared with the obverses : it is quite usual
to find an obverse type of considerable artistic merit
associated with a very rudely designed reverse type ;
and it is not unnatural that the greater pains should
have been spent on preparing the dies which were
likely to be of longer service. It may be noted that
it is not uncommon to find an Alexandrian coin struck
ALEXANDKIAN TETRADRACHMS OF TIBERIUS. 339
from a split obverse die, but very rare to find one
from a damaged reverse, which suggests that a large
supply of reverse dies was always at hand, and as soon as
one began to crack it was thrown away ; but a damaged
obverse die would not be so readily discarded. Probably
a flaw in a reverse die would be more easily noticed than
one in an obverse.
J. GrRAFTON MlLNE.
NOTE. — The examples shown on Plate X. have been chosen
to show the range in variation of the portraiture. 5 and 13
(the obverse and reverse of the same coin) are instances which
show how the plating has perished in some cases : while in 6
the plating is splitting away across the cheek of the Emperor's
portrait.
XVII.
THE MEDALS OF PAUL II.
(See Plates XI.-XIII.)
THE medals of Pier Barbo, both as Cardinal of San Marco
and as Pope Paul II, although seldom of very high
artistic interest, are well worthy of study. For with
this Pope begins the series of official Papal medals.
True, there are medals of Nicolas V, Calixtus IV, and
Pius II, by Guazzalotti, but these are isolated portrait
pieces of an essentially personal kind. With Paul II,
on the other hand, begins 'a long series of commemora-
tive medals, which, although in the first instance made
by fairly good artists, foreshadow the depressing pro-
ducts of the Papal mint in the sixteenth and later
centuries. Pier Barbo was himself, it is well known,
an enthusiastic collector of coins and medals, ancient
as well as modern.1 It was he who, in 1455, by some-
thing like main force, extracted from Carlo de' Medici
some silver medals (or coins) which Carlo had bought
from Pisanello's garzone ; and he had the queer notion
of copying some of Pisanello's medals on the tiles which
he used to roof the Basilica of San Marco in 1467. It
1 See the inventory of his collection published by Miintz, Les Arts d
la Cour des Papes, ii pp. 265-279. Canensius, Pauli II . . . Vita
(ed. 1740), pp. 31, 32, gives a naive account of Paul's skill in identifying
the portraits of Roman Emperors on coins.
THE MEDALS OF PAUL II. 341
was thus but natural that he should wish to see himself
commemorated by this pleasing art.
I propose first to give a list, as complete as possible,
of the medals which concern us, before entering on the
discussion of their significance and possible attributions
to known medallists. The later struck pieces, restora-
tions of the sort which are attributed to Paladino, do
not of course call for description or consideration here.2
1. Qbv. — PETRVS • BARBVS VENETVS CARDINALIS S -
MARC I Bust to 1., tonsured, wearing cope.
fieVt — HAS • AEDES • CONDIDIT ANNO CHRISTI • M -
CCCCLV Shield (heater- shaped) of the arms of
Barb6 of Venice : [azure], a lion [arg., langued
gu.], debruised by a bend [or] ; surmounted by
a cardinal's hat.
Rosenheim Coll., bronze, 34 mm. [PI. XI] :
British Museum, bronze, 34*5 mm. See Keary,
Guide, No. 309; Armand, ii 31. 2 (34 mm.);
Supino, 175 (34 mm.); Fabriczy (Eng. trans.),
pp. 156, 157, PI. xxxii 2.
2. Obv. — From the same mould entirely as No. 1.
Rev. — HAS • AEDES • CONDIDIT ANNO CHRISTI - M •
CCCCLV View of the Palazzo di Venezia.
British Museum, bronze, 35 mm. [PI. XI] ;
Arm., ii 31. 1 (34 mm.). The inscription on
the reverse is from the same model as that on
No. 1, showing that the models of inscription
and type were separable.
3. Olv.— PETRVS BARBVS • PAVLVS • PAPA - SECVNDVS
Bust to 1., from the same model as on Nos. 1, 2.
The first two words of the inscription are
also from the original model.
2 My best thanks are due to Mr. Max Bosenheim and to M. J. de
Foville of the Bibliotheque Nationale for casts of medals concerned.
All the medals here described, except the original of No. 14, were cast,
not struck. In the descriptions, ligatured letters are represented with
a line above them.
342
NUMISMATIC CHKONICLE.
4.
Rev. — 14 64 across the field ; shield of the Barb6 arms
as on No. 1, surmounted by crossed keys and
Papal tiara ; the shield is apparently from the
same model as that on No. 1.
Bibliotheque Nationale, 31 mm. [PI. XI].
Arm., ii 31. 3.
Obv.— PAVLVS • VENETVS • PAPA • II • Bust to 1.,
tonsured, wearing cope with floral decoration
on orphrey, and a morse with a nimbate bust.
ARCEM CONDIDIT ANNO CHRISTI - M .
CCCCLXV • The shield of the Barbo arms
surmounted by the Papal tiara.
Arm., ii 32. 6 (after Litta).
5. Obv. — Same as No. 4 (doubtless same model).
Jfcyt__HAS • AEDES - CONDIDIT ANNO CHRISTI • M -
CCCCLXV • The Palazzo di Yenezia. (See
No. 10.)
British Museum, bronze, 33-5 mm. [PI. XI].
Arm., ii 32. 4; iii lQ3a (set in a rim making
diameter 52 mm.) ; Supino, 177 (32 mm.).
6. Ol>v. — Same model as No. 5.
R(,.Vt — LETITIA • SC HOLASTICA • and in exergue • A •
BO Female figure standing to 1., in attitude
of Spes (holding flower in raised r., raising
skirt with 1.) ; beside her, two small scholars,
one (on left) with bare legs, the other (on right)
wearing mantle and carrying a circular object.
Rosenheim Coll., bronze, 32mm. [PI. XI];
Arm., ii 32. 7.
7. Obv. — Same as No. 5.
i.—HILARITAS PVBLICA Female figure, classically
draped, standing to front, looking to 1., sup-
porting palm-branch with r., holding cornucopiae
in 1. ; beside her a small boy (nude) and girl.
Arm., ii 32. 8 (after Litta). The type is
copied from Hadrian's coins with HI LA RITAS
P • R •
THE MEDALS OF PAUL II. 343
g^ 0^_PAVLVS • II • VENETVS • PONT • MAX Bust to
1., as on obverse No. 5 (from the same model).
Rev. — Same as No. 4 (doubtless from the same model).
British Museum, bronze, 33-5 mm. [PI. XI].
9. Obv. — Same model as No. 8.
J2ey._HAS • AEDES CONDIDIT ANNO CHRISTI • M -
CCCCLXV • Same type as No. 8, and from the
same model ; the inscription is also from the
same model, the first two words only having
been altered from HANG ARCEM to HAS
AEDES.
British Museum, bronze, 33 mm. [PI. XI].
See Arm., ii 32. 9 (34 mm.) ; Supino, 179 (32
mm.). That this reverse is made from No. 8,
and not vice versa, is shown by the irregularity of
the spacing between the first two words, as
compared with the rest ; in No. 8 the spacing is
regular throughout. In fact, traces of the C of
HANG are visible.
10. Obv.— Same model as No. 8.
Rev. — Same as No. 5, from the same model. The
inscription is from the same model as was
used for No. 9.
British Museum, bronze, 34 mm. ; cp. Supino,
No. 176 (32 mm.).
11. Obv.— Same as No. 8.
Rev. — Same as No. 7.
Florence. Supino, 180 (32 mm.).
12. Obv. — PAVLVS • VENETVS • PAPA • II • Bust to L, as
on obverse No. 8. (This obverse has been
made from a specimen of obverse No. 8 by
leaving out the II • after PAVLVS, and altering
PONT • MAX • into PAPA • II •)
ReVt — Similar to No. 9, from a specimen of which it
has been made, but the whole of the inscrip-
tion has been shifted round some 3 mm.
Mr. Lincoln's stock, 33 mm. Specimens
occur set in a moulded rim ; e.g. Tresor de
344 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Num., Med. Ital., i PI. xxiii 6 (50 mm.);
Arm., ii 32. 5; Supino, 178; Mr. Lincoln's
stock (52 mm.).
13. Obv.— PAVLVS • SECVNDVS • PONT • MAX Bust to 1.
as on obverses Nos. 4 and 8 (same model) ;
inscription from same model as obverse
No. 8, II-VENETVS having been altered to
SECVNDVS.
Rev. — Similar to No. 7, and doubtless from the same
model.
British Museum, bronze, 33'5mm. [PI. XI] ;
Bibliotheque Rationale, 33 mm. See Arm.,
iii 162J3.
14. Olv.— *SACRVM • PVBLICVM • APOSTOLICVM CON-
CISTORIVM • PAVLVS - VENETV • PP . II •
The Pope, enthroned, presiding ; on either
side of him, six Cardinals seated ; in the centre,
three clerks, members of the clergy, and two
persons in lay dress ; behind the Cardinals,
the public ; below, the Barb6 arms on a kite-
shaped shield surmounted by crossed keys and
tiara.
Rev.— ^IVSTVS^ • ES -^DOMINIE - ET • RECTVM •
IVDICIVM • TVVM - MISERERE - NOSTRI •
DO • MISERERE - NOSTRI Christ in glory,
in a mandorla of cherubs' heads, held by two
angels issuing from clouds; in the Heavens
are seen the Saints, the Sun, Moon and Stars ;
lower, the twelve Apostles seated (each with a
book and an attribute), and, behind them,
fifteen other saints, all nimbate ; below, on an
altar or tomb, emblems of the Passion (column,
nails, lance, sponge in a cleft reed, and two
scourges), and above them two angels issuing
from clouds holding cross, on which is the
crown of thorns ; on either side, the dead
rising from their graves to the sound of trum-
pets blown by two angels ; on 1. of the altar,
the Virgin ; on the r., St. John Baptist.
Inscription between two plain circles, of which
the inner one is double.
British Museum, bronze (78'5 mm.), cast
from a struck original (Fig. 1). Friedlander,
VOL. X., SERIES IV
346 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Die gepragten Ital. Medaillen des fimfzehnten
Jahrh. (Berlin, 1883), p. 14, PI. ii 12 (silver,
78 mm.). Armand (ii 33. 19) describes a
specimen struck in gold, value 20 zecchini
(cp. iii 163e). Is this the piece that was given
in 1497 by Alexander VI to Boguslav X of
Pomerania (Z. /. N., vi p. 254) ? In the Print
Room of the British Museum are impressions
from a specimen, but they are modern. Cast
specimens like the one described are in most
collections.
15. Obv.— PAVLVS • II - VENETVS • • PONT • MAX •
Bust to 1., wearing cope similar to obverses
Nos. 4, 8, and 12, but with plain morse.
Rev.— Within a heavy oak- wreath, ANNO| CHRIST I |
MCCCCLXX | HASAEDES | CONDIDIT in five
lines.
British Museum, lead, 39 mm. [PI. XII,
rev.]; cp. Arm., ii 33. 16; Supino, 185
(38 mm.).
16. Obv. — Same as No. 15.
SALVTIS (in exergue). SS. Peter and
Paul nimbate, seated, each in front of a palm-
tree ; between them, a flock of sheep moving
up to the Sacred Mount, to drink of the waters
which flow out under arches ; the arches sup-
port a structure, in which stands the Agnus
Dei, with a chalice beside him ; above his
head, the Christian monogram (?) in a circle ;
above the roof, a large cross.
British Museum, bronze, 39'5 mm. [PI. XII] ;
see Arm., ii 33. 14 ; Supino, 184 (38 mm.).
17. Obv. — Same as No. 15.
Rev. — Within a laurel- wreath IACOBVS | GOTTIFRE-
DVS | ROMANVS • PHISICVS | EIVSDEM •
SVFFRA | GIOHASEDES • AFV | NDAMENTIS |
E REX IT in seven lines.
British Museum, bronze, 38-5 mm. [PI. XII,
rev.]; Arm., ii 32. 11.
THE MEDALS OF TAUL II. 347
18. Obv. — Same as No. 15.
Rev. — Same as No. 24, below (same model), but the
inscription replaced by SACER SENATVS
Mr. Lincoln's stock, bronze, 40 mm.
19. Obv. — Same as No. 15.
Rev> — FELIX above, ROMA below. Summary and con-
ventional view of Rome. Plain linear border.
British Museum, bronze, 37 mm. I mention
this late after-cast and hybrid only for the
sake of completeness. The reverse is one of
those invented in the sixteenth or seventeenth
century for the series with imaginary portraits
of the early Popes ; it is used on various pieces
representing Popes from Pelagius II onwards.
20. Obv.— PAVLVS • II • VENETVS • • PONT • MAX •
Bust to 1., orphrey decorated with panels,
showing SS. Peter and Paul standing side by
side, St. Peter healing the cripple, &c. ; on the
morse a half-figure of the Virgin and Child.
(This obverse has been made from a specimen
of obverse No. 15, the whole of the bust,
though not the head, having been re-worked.)
Rev. — Same as No. 17 (same model).
British Museum, bronze, 38'5 mm. [PI. XII,
obv.].
21. Obv.— Same as No. 20.
Rev. — Same as No. 15 (same model).
Bibliotheque Nationale ; cp. Arm., ii 33.
16 ; Supino, 185.
22. Obv.— Same as No. 20.
Rev.— - ANNOCHRIS TIMCCCCLXXHAS AEDESCON-
DIDIT • and, in exergue, ROMA View of the
Tribune of St. Peter's; on the arch, TRIBVNA
• S • PETRI and, on the apse, figure of Christ,
blessing, in a mandorla supported by two
kneeling angels.
British Museum, bronze, 39 mm. [PI. XII,
rev.] ; lead, 38 mm. ; Arm., ii 32. 10 (39 mm.) ;
2 A2
348 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Supino, 183 (37 mm.). Both Armand and
Supino give the date as MCCCCLXV; but on
both the British Museum specimens, which
show no sign of alteration, the date is clearly
MCCCCLXX.
23. Obv.— Same as No. 20.
Rev. — CONSISTORIVM | PVBLICVM (in exergue;; the
Pope, accompanied by Cardinals, seated on a
dais, receiving and blessing the faithful, who
kneel to kiss his toe ; in the background,
architecture, with the Barbo shield suspended.
British Museum, bronze, 39 -5 mm. [PL XII,
rev.] ; Rosenheim Coll., bronze, 39 mm. ; Arm.,
ii32. 12; Supino, 181.
24. Obv.— Same as No. 20.
Eev. — Same as No. 23 (same model), but the shield
erased and the inscription replaced by
• AVDIENTIA • PVBLICA - | - PONT • MAX .
British Museum, bronze, 39 mm. [PI. XII,
rev.]; Arm., ii 33. 13; Supino, 182. The
lettering on this reverse is of the same
crowded, niggling kind as is found on the
reverse of the Gottifredo medals (Nos. 17, 20).
That of No. 23, on the other hand, is bolder
and better.
25. Obv.— Same as No. 20.
Rev. — Within a laurel wreath, shield (horse-head shape)
of the Barbo arms, surmounted by Papal tiara.
British Museum, bronze, 38'5 mm. [PI.
XII, rev.].
26. Obv. — Same as No. 20.
Rev. — Within a heavy, formal wreath, shield (heater-
shaped; of the Barbo arms surmounted by
crossed keys and tiara, all in high relief, the
field being deeply cut away.
British Museum, bronze, 38 mm. [PI. XII,
rev.] ; Arm , ii 33. 15. See below, No. 30.
I
THE MEDALS OF PAUL II. 349
27. Obv.— PAVLO • VENETO • PARE - II • ITALICE • PACIS •
FVNDATORI and ROMA (the last word between
three ears of corn tied together, and a bunch
of grapes on a stalk). Bust to r., wearing
cope adorned with floral scroll-work ; large
circular morse. The whole in formal wreath.
Rev. — Same as obverse (same model).
Rosenheim Coll., bronze, 44*5 x 38 mm.
[PL XIII] ; British Museum, bronze (same
dimensions); Supino, 180 (45 x 38 mm.).
28. Obv. — Same as No. 27 (same model).
Rev. — Shield (horse-head shape) of the Barbo arms
surmounted by crossed keys and tiara ; formal
wreath border.
(a) Rosenheim Coll., bronze, 44'5 x 37-5
mm. [PL XIII, rev.] ; (6) British Museum,
bronze, 43 '5 x 37*5 mm. These two specimens
vary in minute details on their reverses.
-29. Obv. — Same as No. 27 (same model), but wreath re-
placed by border of dots.
Rev. — Same as No. 28a (same model).
British Museum, bronze, 43-5 x 37 mm.
30. Obv. — Same as No. 29 (same model).
Rev. — Shield (heater-shaped) of the Barbo arms sur-
mounted by crossed keys and tiara (same
work, perhaps same model, as the shield and
insignia on No. 26) ; formal wreath border.
Rosenheim Coll., bronze, 42-5 X 36 mm.
[PL XIII]; Arm., ii 33. 17 (44 X 38 mm.);
Supino, 186 (42 x 36 mm.).
31. Obv. — Same as No. 27 (same model), but wreath removed
altogether.
British Museum, bronze, 38-5 x 32-5 mm. ;
cp. Litta, Barbo No. 16.
This obverse exists, so far as I know, only
without a reverse (Mr. Lincoln's stock) or
attached to a plaquette of Apollo and Marsyas
(as Molinier, Plaquettes, i p. 2, No. 2, but with-
out inscription). It hardly deserves to count
as a separate variety of medal.
350
NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
32. Obv.— PAVLVS • VENETVS • PP • II • PO • MA • PACIS •
FVND • Bust to 1., wearing cope with plain
orphrey and circular morse.
Rev.— CONVIVIVM PVB • ERGA POPVLVM ROMANVM •
and ROMA between two cornuacopiae in saltire.
British Museum, bronze, 19 mm. ; Arm., ii
33. 18.
FIG. 2A (No. 34).— Obverse.
33. Obv.— PAVLO • VENETO • PARE • II - ANNO - PVBLI-
CATIONIS • IVBILEI and, below the bust,
ROMA, between three ears of corn tied together
and a star. Bust to r., wearing tiara and
cope fastened with circular morse.
THE MEDALS OF PAUL II.
351
Rev. — Same as obverse.
sides.
Guilloche border on both
British Museum, bronze (68-5 x 45 mm.,
with ear, making the height 82 mm.) [PI.
XIII] ; Arm., iii 162D (66 x 44 mm.) ; Simon
Collection, No. 331 ; Lobbecke Sale, lot 63
(64 x 41 mm.).
FIG. 2B (No. 34).— Reverse.
34. Obv.— Between two cable circles, + PAVLVS • VEI/1ETVS -
PP • MCCCC LXIIII (stops: lozenges with in-
curved sides ; after the fourth C of the date,
a mask). Bust to 1., wearing richly jewelled
tiara and cope.
352
NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Rev. — Crossed keys surmounted by tiara.
Rosenheim Coll., bronze, 94 mm. (Fig. 2 A
and 2s) ; see Burlington Magazine, December,
1907, p. 149, PI. iv 2 ; Arm., ii 34. 23 (from the
Heiss Collection, 98 mm.). Armand has some-
what rashly placed this medal among the "resti-
tutions." It looks more like a jeweller's than
a medallist's work, and this may have aroused
his suspicions. The tiara seems to be meant
for the same one that is worn by the Pope in
his bust in the Palace of San Marco, the decora-
tion being mainly of fleurs-de-lis. The morse
seems, however, to be different.
35. Obv.— PAVLVS • |~PP • II . in the field; the Pope seated
r. on the throne, between two cardinals, receiv-
ing seven kneeling persons.
St. Peter (holding keys and book) on r. and St.
Paul (holding sword and book) on 1., seated to
front, nimbate, looking at each other ; between
them, on the ground, a cross on a base ; above,
•S-S-
^ £ Cable border on both sides.
V T
Paris, 42 mm. (with ear for suspension)
[PI. XIII]; Arm., iii 1620; Rosenheim
Coll., 41 mm. This is really only a cast from
a bulla, worked up. It seems, however, to
have been used as a medal, since it exists in
a number of specimens in bronze.3
3 For the bulla on which this is modelled, see Bonanni, i p. 79
(document of 1467, from Macrus, Hierolexicori) ; d'Arcq, Inventaire,
6079 (attached to a bull of 1468, given at San Marco in favour of the
goldsmiths of Paris), also 6080; Birch, Catalogue of Seals, 21954 ff.
In the medal the decoration of the field has been chased away.
If this medal is only a cast of a seal, there is, on the other hand,
some doubt about the bulla of Calixtus III (Birch, 21946). This
bears on one side a portrait of the Pope modelled exactly on Guazza-
lotti's medal (Arm., i 49. 7). The other side (with the usual design of
the two heads) does not match it in size ; and unless a specimen of
this bulla is found appended to an actual document, some suspicion
must attach to it.
THE MEDALS OF PAUL II. 353
The interpretation of the medals described above is in
most cases fairly simple, although their chronological
arrangement is not very easy. First of the Papal medals
I have placed that which was remade out of one of the
medals of 1455 (No. 3). When exactly this piece was
cast, it is difficult to say with certainty ; but there is no
strong reason to suppose that it was not made in the
year which stands on the reverse. The forms of the
numerals are those in use at the time. Also, any person
making a " restitution " at a later date would have been
more likely to use one of the numerous other medals
which originated during Paul's tenure of the see. The
existing medal of the Cardinal, on the other hand, might
very naturally be seized upon at the time of his election
and modified so as to commemorate the event.
All the pieces which bear the inscription HAS AEDES
or HANG ARCEM CONDIDIT were obviously made for use
in foundation-deposits. The Pope's implacable enemy,
Platina, makes this harmless practice a count in his
charge against the man who dismissed him from his
post : "He used to deposit, after the ancient custom, an
almost infinite number of coins of gold, silver, or bronze,
bearing his portrait, sine utto senatus consulto " (a serious
aggravation of the crime in the eyes of the pedant !) " in
the foundations of his buildings, herein imitating the
ancients rather than Peter, Anacletus, and Linus."
Cardinal Ammanati also makes the same complaint,
that the Pope not only strikes coins with his portrait,
but places them in the foundations and walls of build-
ings, in order that, when they fall to the ground with
age there may fly out, after a thousand years, monuments
of the name of Paul.4 So indeed it has come to pass.
4 The passages are quoted by E. Miintz, Les Arts d la Cour des
354 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Specimens of Paul's medals, both of 1455 and of 1465,
were found in the walls of the Palazzo di Venezia in
1857 and in 1876.5 Again, Jacopo Gottifredo's house in
the Piazza di Pasquino was converted into the Oratory
of the Arciconfraternita degli Agonizzanti in 1692, and
on this occasion there was found a bronze specimen of
one of his medals (No. 17 or No. 20).° Other medals,
including some with the type of Nos. 23 and 24, were
buried in the portion of the Vatican front which was
built by Paul.7
There is, of course, no doubt that the building which
appears on Nos. 2, 5, and 10 is the Palazzo di Venezia
or di 8. Marco. We know little about the appearance
of the original palace. It is interesting to note that
Papes, ii p. 5. With reference to this custom of burying medals,
Timoteo Maffei has an interesting passage in a letter written in 1453,
to Sigisrnondo Malatesta (quoted by Friedlander, Ital. Schaumiinzen,
p. 43, from Zanetti, Raccolta, v, p. 414 n. 327) : ad quandam tui nominis
immortalitatem Matthaei Pasti Veronensis opera industriague [Zanetti
gives industris quidem, which makes nonsense] vidi aere auro et argento
innumcras quasi coelatas imagines quae vel in defossis locis dispersae vel
muris intus locatae vel ad exteras nationes transmissae sunt.
3 Dengel, Dvorak und Egger, Der Palazzo di Venezia in Rom
(Vienna, 1909), p. 14, note 2. Signer G. Zippel, "Per la storia del
Pal. di Venezia," in Ausonia, ii (1907), p. 116, gives entries from
accounts for making bochalette (earthenware receptacles) for putting
medals in the new walls of S. Marco (May 13, 1466), also ^n? faciendis
fragalibus in fabrica S. Marci (February 15, 1470), and ad emendum
vasa pro reponendis medallis in muris fabricarum (November 16, 1470),
and for certis pingatis depictis cmptis ad ponendnm fragallas in fabrica
(March 16, 1471). Signer Zippel has, with the utmost courtesy, allowed
me to make use of the proofs of the appendices to his edition of the
Lives of Paul II in the new issue of Muratori. From documents there
collected by him we learn that payments were made on March 2, 1469,
to Christoforo da Mantova for mBikingfragallos scu medalias pro fabrica
sancti Marci ; and on July 19, 1469, to the same medallist, for making
medalias for the same object. The etymology of the word which is
here equated to " medal " is unknown to me.
* P. Mandosio, Qsarpov (ed. 1696), p. 105. See also below, p. 358.
7 Miintz, op. cit., p. 34, note.
THE MEDALS OF PAUL II. 355
the medal shows trefoil-headed windows, and that one
such is still preserved in the building.8 The wording
of the inscription, HAS AEDES, &c., on the medal is
identical with that which stands on the east front of
the palace.9 What, however, is the arx referred to on
Nos 4 and 8 ? It is hardly likely that the word would
be applied— although not altogether unsuitable to such
vast fabrics— to the Palace of S. Marco, or to the Vatican.
On the other hand, it would be apt to the Capitol or to
the Castle of S. Angelo.10 But the work which we
•know to have been done on those buildings during Paul's
pontificate would hardly warrant such a reference as the
medal makes. May it not be that Paul, among his other
magnificent schemes, had a plan for extensive alterations
in one or other of these places, and that the medal was
prepared accordingly ? Such anticipatory medals are
common enough, the most famous being the medal of
the " Descente en Angle terre " of Napoleon ; and a nearer
parallel is afforded by the medal of Sigismondo Malatesta,
showing the never- completed facade of S Francesco at
Rimini. It is some slight argument in favour of this
interpretation, that the words HANG ARCEM were cut out
of the inscription and replaced by HAS AEDES. This
looks as if the medal was originally made for an object
which was afterwards abandoned.11
8 Dengel, &c., op. cit., p. 14 and PI. xiii.
8 Dengel, &c., op. cit., p. 155, No. 1.
10 Documents referring to work here, chiefly on the dungeons, from
January, 1466, onwards, are given by Miiiitz, pp. 90-92, 94; cp. E.
Rodocanachi, Le Chateau de Saint- Ange, p. 73.
11 Bonanni, Numismata Pontificum, i pp. 87 f., describes a specimen
with the obverse of the Cardinal medals, and the reverse of No. 4, but
with the date MCCCCLV, which is an impossible or at any rate false
combination, since the type shows the Papa] tiara. His illustration
of the reverse, however, has the correct date.
356
NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
We have also medals referring to work begun or carried
out in 1470 on one or more constructions. One of these
was doubtless still the Palazzo di Venezia, since, as we
have seen above,12 medals were being made for it in that
year. No. 15 does not specify any particular building,
but No. 22 identifies the aedes (aedem would have been,
perhaps, more correct here) as the Tribune of St. Peter's.
As Miintz has remarked, it is in this year 1470 that entries
begin to appear in the accounts referring to work on the
Tribune.13 Paul's splendid enterprise never seems to
have been carried very far by himself, although he spent
enormous sums on it, and it was not continued by his
successor.
The medal "Letitia Scholastica " (No. 6) has been
referred u to the reorganization by Paul of the Koman
University. This piece is the only one of the series
which bears an artist's signature, A. BO. Bonanni,15 it
is true, explains this as an abbreviation of Academia
Bononiensis, so that the medal would refer to benefits
conferred by Paul on the University of Bologna. But
Milanesi's identification 1(i of the artist as Aristotile
Fioravanti, to whom we shall return, is much more
probable.
"Hilaritas Publica " (Nos. 7 and 11) seems to com-
memorate the celebration of the election of Paul to the
papacy.17 He added greatly to the gaiety of the people
by his elaboration of the Carnival festivities, and the little
12 P. 354, note 5.
13 Op. cit., pp. 44 ff.
14 Miintz, op. cit., ii p. 2, note 1.
15 Vol. i p. 86.
1H Armand, iii 1636.
17 Bonanni, i p. 83. For the public rejoicings on "this occasion, see
also Ganensius, op. cit., p. 34.
THE MEDALS OF PAUL II. 357
medal (No. 32) commemorating a public banquet doubt-
less refers to the feast given to the chief citizens in front
of the Palazzo di Venezia at the end of the games, and
may indeed have been distributed among the guests.18
Platina seems to date this banquet to 1468, after the
pacification of Italy, and not to the first Carnival after
Paul's accession ; and he would seem to be right, since
on the obverse of the little medal Paul takes the title of
"Founder of the Peace of Italy." But the feast, at
any rate, became annual.19
The " Pabulum Salutis " (No. 16) is one of the most
interesting of the reverses in this series. Bonanni20
makes the very interesting suggestion that the sheep
which are seeking the sources of Divine salvation are
the Maronites of Mount Lebanon, who in 1469 sent to
consult the Pope on certain mysteries of the Christian
faith. The whole type is clearly derived from some
original of early Christian date, possibly from a relief
such as is found on Ravennate sarcophagi.20'1 Grirolamo
Gualdo, whose account of medals supposed to have been
made by Bartolommeo Bellano for the Pope we shall
discuss later, has a curious note on this piece, which
he refers to the occasion when Paul "edifice il
Presepio in Santa Maria Maggiore, dove si vede la
Beatissima Vergine con il Puttino fra animali e pastori.
Pabulum Salutis e il suo motto." He has apparently
altogether misinterpreted the design, unless he is refer-
ring to another piece which is now lost.
18 The nummi argentei, on the other hand, which Paul scattered
among the crowd at these feasts (see Canensius, op. cit., p. 51), were
probably not medals, but coins.
19 Canensius, loc. cit.
20 Vol. i p. 74.
20a See Diitschke, Ravennatische Stolen, Leipzig, 1909.
358
NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Of Jacopo Gottifredo, called Jacopo del Zoccolo, who
is mentioned on Nos. 17 and 20, we, have already spoken.
He was Paul's chief physician, and a great favourite,
being made Chancellor of the City in 1469. His house,
on the north side of the Piazza di Pasquino, was
purchased in 1691 by the Archconfraternity of the
Agonizzanti, for their church.21
The Public Consistory mentioned on No. 14 may very
well be, as Bonanni urges,22 that of December, 1466, in
which sentence was pronounced against G-eorge Podiebrad,
the heretic King of Bohemia, or the Consistory of Holy
Week, 1467, when the sentence was confirmed. This
sitting seems to have been one of peculiar solemnity, to
judge by the descriptions which have come down to us.
Bonanni notes that the Last Judgment 23 represented on
the reverse is appropriate to the occasion. It is especially
recorded that representatives of the orders and doctors
of canon law were summoned to this Consistory, and
their opinion was taken.
On the other hand, the various medals Nos. 18, 23, 24,
which, sharing a common reverse type, are 'inscribed
SACER SENATVS, CONSISTORIVM PVBLICVM, and AVDIENTIA
PVBLICA PONT- MAX-, can hardly have any particular
significance. The type, it will be noticed, is similar to
that of the Pope's bulla (see No. 35), but here the sup-
pliants seem to be adults. No. 23, with CONSISTORIVM
PVBLICVM, would at first sight seem to have been the
earliest version; No. 18, with SACER SENATVS, the latest
21 See P. Cancellieri, II Mercato, &c. (Borne, 1811), p. 99, note 2 ;
G. B. Piazza, Eusevologio Romano (1698), p. 410. I owe these references
to Miss Edith Hewett. Of. also above, p. 354.
12 Vol. i pp. 80 f.
23 Strictly speaking, the actual Judgment is not represented.
THE MEDALS OF PAUL II. 359
(if, indeed, that inscription is at all contemporary).
The shield which is seen in No. 23 has been removed in
the two others. And yet, of the three inscriptions,
AVDIENTIA PVBLICA is the only one that seems really
appropriate to the type.
Bonanni (p. 82) very plausibly suggests that the type
of the bulla (No. 35) commemorates the benevolence of
Paul II towards the children of the exiled despot of
Morea, Thomas Palaeologus. Thomas died in Kome on
May 12, 1465, and Paul recognized his son Andrew as
titular despot of Morea.24 Bonanni recognizes in the
suppliant figures the two sons and a daughter of Thomas,
with a tutor. The three most prominent figures certainly
seem to be youthful.25
The title of" Founder of the Peace of Italy," which the
Pope claims on many of his medals, obviously refers to
his attempts towards the pacification of Italy. Thus,
upon the death of Francesco Sforza in 1466, he sum-
moned the cardinals, and after consultation wrote letters
to all the princes and states of Italy, exhorting them to
maintain peace ; and again in April, 1468, it was by his
mediation that Colleone was induced to consent to a
peace including all the Italian states. In 1470 he made
yet another attempt to unite all Christian princes,
especially the Italians, against the Turks.26
The inner portion of the Jubilee medal (No. 33) is a
reproduction of a carnelian intaglio at Florence, the
24 G. F. Hertzberg, Gesch. Griechenlands seit d. Absterben des ant.
Lebens, ii p. 781, note 1.
25 It has also been suggested (Marino Marini, quoted by Mas Latrie,
Tresor de Chronologic, 1139) that this bulla type represents the Pope
receiving in consistory the envoys of Italian princes who were charged
to come to an agreement with the Holy See in the matter of the
anti-Turkish alliance.
26 Ciacconius, ii col. 1076.
360 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
dimensions of which are 58 x 34 mm. The represen-
tation of the tiara here is quite different from what is
found on the large medal No. 34, the chief element in
the decoration being palmettes instead of fleurs-de-lis
(Paul's tiaras were famous for the richness of the jewels
with which they were adorned).27 On the other hand,
the morse, with its large central stone, may be the same
as the one worn by the Pope in the bust variously
attributed to Bellano, Mino da Fiesole, and Giovanni di
Sicilia (lohannes lurdi Catalanus),28 although naturally
enough in the medal the morse is rather summarily
represented. The mention of the publication of the
Jubilee fixes the date of the intaglio from which the
medal was made to 1470.29
Three or four medallists are associated by documents
or tradition with Paul II. We may naturally consider
first Aristotile Fioravanti of Bologna, whose signature
appears on the " Letitia Scholastica " medal. This
artist was primarily an engineer and architect, and is
famous for having anticipated modern engineering
science by bodily moving buildings, such as the Torre
della Magione at Bologna. It is worth noticing that
while at Eome, in 1473, Fioravanti was accused by his
enemies of issuing false coins.30 Whether true or not,
-: See Canensius, pp. 43 f., and the passages quoted by Bonanni,
i p. 71.
2S See Zippel, Appendix to his edition of the Vite di Paolo II.
Payments to this artist for what appears to be a bust are recorded
in 1469. The bust is finely illustrated by Dengel, &c., Dcr Palazzo
di Venezia, PL xxv, xxvi.
29 The printed copy of the bull proclaiming the Jubilee is dated
" MCCCCLXXIII. decimo" (for 1470, tertio decimo) "Kal. Mali
pontificatus nostri Anno VI," i.e. April 19, 1470.
30 Gualandi, in Atti e Mem. della E. Dcp. di Storia Patria per le
Prov. di Romagna, ix (1870), p. 64.
THE MEDALS OF PAUL II. 361
this charge squares with the supposition that he was
employed at the mint. When he went to Kussia, in
1475, he apparently became engraver to the mint of
Moscow, and coins exist bearing his name, ORISTO-
TELES or ORRISTOTELES, in full on the reverse.31
That they are of no artistic interest whatever is doubt-
less chiefly due to the traditions of the Kussian
coinage.
If Fioravanti made the reverse " Letitia Scholastica/'
it is very likely that he also made the reverse " Hilaritas
Publica," which is akin to it in style. But there is
nothing to show that he made the obverse which is
associated with these and two or three other reverses.
It is hardly necessary to say that the unsatisfactory
practice of commissioning different men to design the
obverse and the reverse of the same piece has prevailed
at many mints at many periods in the history of coinage.
Another artist, traditionally supposed to have worked
for Paul, both as sculptor and as medallist, is Barto-
lommeo Bellano of Padua. The tradition goes back to
Vasari.32 Armand cautiously declined to distinguish
the work of this artist among the numerous unsigned
medals of the Pope. Whether it is to be distinguished
depends upon the amount of credence which is to be given
to a certain statement by Grirolamo Gualdo of Vicenza.33
This person wrote, in the middle of the seventeenth
31 C. Malagola, in Atti e Mem. delle ER. Dep. di Storia Patria per le
Prov. delV Emilia, N. S., i (1877), pp. 217 f.
32 Vita di Vellano da Padova. " Fece il medesimo molte medaglie,
delle quali ancora si veggiono alcune, e particolarmente quella di quel
Papa, e quelle d' Antonio Rosello Aretino, e di Batista Platina ambi di
quello segretarj." This passage does not occur in the first edition of
1550.
33 For what follows in the text, see B. Morsolin, in Biv. ItaL, 1890,
pp. 550 ft, and Nuovo Archivio Veneto, viii. (1894), pp. 198 ft.
VOL. X., SERIES IV. 2 B
362 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
century, a description of the Museo Gualdo, which had
been founded at Vicenza by his ancestor of the same
name, who died in 1566. According to Girolamo the
younger, this museum contained no less than five
medals of Paul II by Bellano ; they are sufficiently
described by him to enable us to identify them. How
much, however, is the statement of Gualdo worth,
dating as it does nearly 200 years later than the
medals themselves? Even supposing that his state-
ment embodies the attribution accepted by the founder
of the museum, that only brings us one century nearer
to the time of Bellano. The fact that an attribution
to Bellano of medals of Paul II first appears in print in
the second edition of Vasari's Lives, published in 1568,
just after the death of Gualdo the elder, can hardly be
regarded as a confirmation of the tradition. This is a
question not easily to be solved, but it is obvious that
Gualdo' s statement, taken as it stands, cannot count as
first-class evidence.34
On the other hand, there is a general consensus of
opinion that of the three medals mentioned by Vasari
as having been made by Bellano, of Paul II, Antonio
Koselli, and Bartolommeo (often, as by Vasari himself,
wrongly called Baptista) Platina, the second at any rate
is to be identified. Eoselli spent his old age in Padua,
and his monument was carved by Bellano. The medal
represents him at an advanced age ; its style is quite
unlike that of any other known medal, and its uncom-
promising realism and the ungainliness of its forms
are certainly quite in keeping with what we know of
31 The latest writer on Bellano (A. Moschetti, in Thieme and Becker's
Lexicon, iii p. 234) seems to me to exaggerate the importance of
Guaklo's evidence in this connexion.
THE MEDALS OF PAUL II.
363
IBellano's style in sculpture. This is the piece
pig. 3):
Obv.— ANTONIVS DE ROYZELLIS MONARCHASAPIEN
TIE Bust to 1., wearing flat cap with soft
crown, brim turned up close all round, and
gown ; in the field, on the r., the figures 91
FIG. 3. — Medal of Antonio Eoselli, by Bartolommeo Bellano.
Rev. — CELITVM BENIVOLENTIA Semi-nude male figure
(Roselli) with loose drapery, seated to 1. on a
seat of which the legs end in dragons' heads,
his r. hand raised in exhortation ; the whole
figure supported by an architectural bracket ;
in the field, C V
British Museum, bronze, 46*5 mm. Cp.
Friedlander, Ital. Schaumiinzen, p. 82 ; Arm., i
47. 3; Fabriczy (Eng. trans.), pp. 61 f. The
figures 91 cannot indicate the sitter's age, if it
is true that he was only 85 when he died on
December 10, 1466.33
As Friedlander has already remarked, this piece is
absolutely different in style from any of the known
medals of Paul II. They cannot be by the same hand.
Paul's medals show not a single one of the peculiarities
Semrau, Donatella's Kanzeln, p. 151.
2 B 2
364 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
of conception, modelling, or lettering by which the
medal of Eoselli is so strongly characterized ; and as
some of these peculiarities are precisely those which
we should expect to find in a medal by Bellano,
there is a very strong presumption that Bellano did
not, so far as we know, work as a medallist for the
Pope.
Oristoforo of Mantua, generally known as Cristoforo
Geremia, is in different case. On the death of Cardinal
Scarampi on March 22, 1465, Cristoforo, who had been
in his service, entered the employment of the Pope.
Payments were made to him in 1469 for medals for the
foundations of the Palazzo di Venezia, and also for
making artillery for the defences of the " arces S. Eo.
Eccl."36
Kaphael Maffei of Volterra, in his Anthropologies also
tells us37 that Cristoforo of Mantua made a medal of
Pope Paul II. On the strength of this statement it
has been suggested 38 that Cristoforo is responsible for
the portrait of Pier Barbo as Cardinal (Nos. 1, 2).
Cristoforo seems to have been in Eome at the time,
but to have left for his native Mantua in 1456 ; from
1461 to 1465 he was back in Eome with Cardinal
Scarampi. From 1465 onwards he was in the Pope's
service.
The attribution of these early medals to Cristoforo
3ti The entries referring to the medals have been quoted above
(note 5). I repeat my thanks to Signor Zippel for communicating
them to me. The medallist was dead by February 22, 1476, on which
day certain credits were assigned to his heirs.
37 The passage is most conveniently accessible in Muntz, Les Arts
d la Cour des Papes, ii p. 305, or Friedlander, Ital. Schaumunzen ,
p. 121.
38 See Fabriczy, Ital. Medals (Eng. trans.), pp. 156, 157.
THE MEDALS OF PAUL II. 365
requires to be supported by the evidence of style ; but
it is difficult to find points of analogy between them
and the authenticated works of the artist, his medals,
namely, of Alfonso Y of Aragon and of the Emperor
Augustus. I see no resemblance in the modelling of
the busts ; and in lettering and arrangement of the
legend there is a remarkable difference. The Barbo
medals are distinguished by a neat, well-spaced inscrip-
tion, with plain but well-proportioned letters, and with
rather wide intervals between the words. The medals
signed by Cristoforo, on the other hand, and also the
FIG. 4. — Medal of Ludovico Scarampi, by Cristoforo Geremia.
medal of Cardinal Scarampi which Fabriczy rightly
attributes to him (Fig. 4),39 show a tendency to crowd
the inscription, running the letters into each other,
and leaving no space between the words; and the
letters themselves are not plain, but have strong serifs.
Cristoforo also uses a border of dots, which is not found
on the Barbo medals. Of course, the differences might
be due to a modification in the artist's style, but more
39 I have to thank Mr. H. P. Mitchell for kindly obtaining for me a
cast of the fine specimen in the Victoria and Albert Museum, here
illustrated.
366 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
evidence seems to be required before the proposed
attribution can be accepted.
I have said that Fabriczy's attribution of the medal
of Scarampi to Cristoforo seems to be right. Among
the medals of Paul II those which it most resembles
are to be found in the group measuring from 40 to
38 mm. (Nos. 15-26). The resemblance in the lettering
is often very close, as in the " Audientia Publica " and
G-ottifredo medals ; but there is, moreover, a family
likeness in the treatment of the groups of figures on
the reverse, as in the " Audientia Publica " and " Pabulum
Salutis " medals. The only date which is mentioned on
any of these pieces is 1470, which is, at any rate, not
inconsistent with the fact that the only payments which
we know to have been made to Cristoforo for medals
are recorded in 1469. It seems reasonable, therefore, to
attribute to Cristoforo the original model for the
obverses of this group (as we have seen, there is essen-
tially only one obverse model for all of them), and
also a certain number of the reverses, such as those of
Nos. 15-17, 20-24. The others are probably rifacimenti
by less skilled hands. The fine model of the various
oval pieces, Nos. 27-31, may also be his, as well as
the little medal commemorating the public banquet
(No. 32), which, if Platina is right, is of or after 1468.
Signor Zippel has suggested that some of the medals
of Paul II attributed to Bellano may be from the hand
of Andrea di Piccolo da Viterbo, the Pope's favourite
jeweller. He publishes documents relating to him
from September 22, 1464; on December 12 of that
year he is mentioned with Milianus Permathei de
Orsinis de Fulgineo as Master of the Mint. On
August 5, 1468, Pierpaolo della Zecca is substituted
THE MEDALS OF PAUL II. 367
for Andrea.40 It might therefore seem possible to assume
that he made the series of smaller medals, mostly of 1465
(Nos. 4-13), except in so far as we have seen reason to
attribute the reverses " Hilaritas Publica " and " Letitia
Scholastica" to Aristotile Fioravanti. Nevertheless, they
show no resemblance in lettering to the great struck
medal of the Consistory (No. 14), which would certainly
be made at the mint under the supervision of the master
for the time being. It seems preferable, therefore,
assuming that the Consistory is that of 1466 or 1467, to
attribute this piece, rather than the others, to Andrea da
Viterbo.
But, if this struck piece is by Andrea, then we may,
with all but certainty, say that two other medals were
also produced under his supervision, if not by his own
hand. First there is the great chased medal of 1464
(Fig. 2). This is, as already remarked, handled in a
jeweller's style; that is to say, the chasing, not the
original modelling, is of paramount importance. That
fact is sufficient to account for the superficial difference
in style between it and other medals produced in a
different way, like No. 14, as well as for the doubt which
has unreasonably been cast upon its authenticity.
Between this large piece and the struck medal we may
notice a most remarkable resemblance in lettering : the
gradual broadening of the legs of the letters, and the
hollowing out of their extremities, are most characteristic
and unusual.41 Secondly, these peculiarities occur on
only one other medal of Paul II, and that is the bulla-
40 For other information about him, see Miintz, op. cit., ii pp. Ill,
115.
41 Lettering closely approaching it is found on Papal bullae of
Paul II' s predecessors.
368 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
medal, No. 35, which is further connected with the large
chased medal of 1464 by the use of cable-circles, a mark
of jeweller's work. We may then have little hesitation
in assigning all three pieces, Nos. 14, 34, and 35, to the
same hand ; and to whom more naturally than to that
jeweller and goldsmith who was at the time in charge
of the mint ?
Another jeweller whom Signor Zippel shows to be
concerned with medals is one Angelo, possibly Angelo
Paci dalF Aquila ; but all that we know is that in 1470
he was paid a certain sum for two " medaliae " of gold
and certain others of silver. We are not told that he
made these pieces, and as we know that Paul was a
collector, they may have been merely pieces, ancient
or other, acquired through him for the Papal collection.
We have thus arrived at a rough and (be it under-
stood) tentative classification of all the ordinary
medallic series of Paul II. The medal made from the
carnelian intaglio stands by itself. Artistically regarded,
the medals have no very great value, although a consider-
able power of characterization is shown in the portraits
which we have assigned to Cristoforo Geremia. To the
numismatist the chief interest lies in the extreme economy
of models revealed by a comparison of the varieties. Just
as in modern times we continue to use the same model for
coinage for many years, so the same bust was used over
and over again ; but a superficial appearance of novelty
was given to it by altering the decoration of the cope,
or one or two words of the inscription. The circular
inscriptions were not worked on the same piece as the
bust or other design, but on a detachable circular strip,
so that they could be removed and attached as a whole
to different types, or could have certain words cut out
THE MEDALS OF PAUL II. 369
and replaced by others. This was not a new practice ;
it was already employed by Amadeo Milano in his
medals of Borso d'Este,42 and doubtless by other
artists who were jewellers before they were medallists.
It obviously tends to destroy the unity which ought to
exist in a medal between type and legend, and one
cannot credit that any of the greater artists of the
fifteenth century would be likely to indulge in it.
G. F. HILL.
42 Burlington Magazine, January, 1909, p. 216.
XVIII.
ME. PARSONS' ARRANGEMENT OF THE
COIN-TYPES OF AETHELRED II.
(Num. Cliron., 1910, pp. 251 ff.)
IN this paper by Mr. Parsons it is the object of the
author to prove : (A) the Sequence, (B) the Dates
and Meanings, of the Coin-Types of Aethelred II.
A. The sequence which he wishes to prove is set out
clearly on pp. 252, 253. Eliminating from the main
types those numbered in the British Museum Catalogue,
iv., v., vi. (as mule pieces — Hildebrand, 1881, pp. 27,
28), vii. (as a variety of Type viii. — op. cit., p. 28), ix.,
ix. a (as Danish — op. cit., p. 31), x. (as a medal), and
xi. (as a sort of mule between a medal and a coin),
he is left with five main types : B. M. Cat., i., ii. a
(ii. being a variety of this), iii. a (iii. being again the
variety), iv. a and viii., which correspond with Hilde-
brand's Types A, B (which includes, I suppose, B 1,
B 2, B 3), C, D, E ; and his intention is to show that
his own arrangement of these types, viz. B, C, E, D, A,
is a likely one, or at least more likely than that of
Hildebrand, for which purpose he compares the two
arrangements, A-B-C-D-E and B-C-E-D-A, most care-
fully, and sets both out in tables to show how far
his arguments favour one or the other. Nobody, how-
ever, has ever yet shown — certainly Hildebrand, at least,
COIN-TYPES OF AETHELKED II. A CRITICISM. 371
never has— any reason for adopting this sequence
A-B-C-D-E, with A ceasing at the commencement of B,
which the author quotes throughout as Hildebrand's
arrangement. On p. 29 of the 1881 edition, Hilde-
brand repeats the statement he made in the 1846
edition (p. 23), that "without doubt the same type
[Type A] was used continuously, together with the
later types, during the whole of King Aethelred's
reign," in proof of which he cites the large variety in
size, weight, workmanship, and inscriptions seen on
coins of this type. Now, considering the large tributes
paid to the Danes in the years 991 (10,000 pounds of
silver), 994 (16,000 pounds), 1007 (36,000 pounds), 1011-
1012 (48,000 pounds), and the speed with which money
for these tributes had to be raised, it is no unreasonable
thing to suppose that the dies of this first type, the
reverse of which is the simplest and easiest to engrave,
were reproduced at such periods of necessity ; and
though Hildebrand does not state clearly whether he
thinks the type continued incessantly or was recalled
into use at these urgent periods, the former view is so
unnatural, and the latter so suitable both to the history
of the period and to Hildebrand's notes on the coins,
that I think he must have had the latter view in mind.
However that may be, Mr. Parsons' negligence of this
important point invalidates his arguments from beginning
to end, because, in consideration of the recurrence of
Type A throughout the reign, these arguments support
Hildebrand's arrangement as well as, and in most cases
better than, his own. This point, among others, will
be shown by a brief examination of Mr. Parsons'
arguments, of which the most important is —
(1) The transition from M~o to ON in the reverse
#72 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
inscriptions (pp. 263-267). To corroborate this he uses
the arguments of—
(2) Finds (pp. 267-270).
(3) Mule coins and types of the preceding and suc-
ceeding reigns (pp. 270, 271).
(4) Moneyers (pp. 272-275).
(5) Mints (pp. 273-274, 276-277).
(1; This main argument is certainly an important
one. The author says, ' The writer is not aware that it
has previously been noticed that the transition from
M~O...toON... between the nioneyers' and mint
names, has a very important bearing on the question
of the order of the types.' But why is he "not
aware"? He quotes Hildebrand constantly throughout
his paper, using the 1846 edition to compile his table
of finds on p. 268. On p. 23 of this first edition,
Hildebrand points out the importance of this transition
from IVTO to ON, as showing that Type A continues
throughout the reign, some coins of this type having
M~O, and the others, ' presumably the later ones,' the
varieties MO, M-O, M-ON, &c., and finally O, ON ; in his notes
on other types also Hildebrand is careful to point out
which form of abbreviation finds use. Now, does this
argument support Mr. Parsons' arrangement as opposed
to Hildebrand's ? We are given on p. 264 a table which
seems to fit the author's arrangement very nicely : he
has taken it from the catalogue of coins in the Stock-
holm Collection, and says that the coins described in
the British Museum Catalogue point in the same direction.
But a table compiled from the British Museum coins
(including those acquired since the publication of the
catalogue) gives the following percentages 1 : —
1 The regular use of M~O in the preceding reign necessitates this
COIN-TYPES OF AETHELEED II. A CRITICISM. 373
M"O.
Intermediate.
ON.
1 (Hild. B) .
96-7
3-3
2 (Hild. C) . . .
100
3 (Hild. E) . . .
3-75
96-25
4 (Hild. D) . . .
0-75
98-5
0-75
5 (Hild. A) ...
21-35
29-2
49-45
This table shows a great point of difference, in that
here M~O is seen to be almost completely obsolete in
Types 3 (E) and 4 (D). This disappearance of the older
inscription in the third and fourth types leaves us in
need of an explanation, if we accept Mr. Parsons' arrange-
ment, why it reappears in the fifth type; with Hilde-
brand's arrangement, on the contrary, it is what we
should expect, the M~O coins being struck during the
original issue of Type A, those with the other readings
during its later issues. With regard to the order of
Types 3 (E) and 4 (D), neither Mr. Parsons' table nor
the one here printed gives any help, as these two types
do not in either table differ in any percentage to a large
enough extent (3 per cent, is the maximum) to throw
any weight on either side.
The author mentions (pp. 265-267), in connexion
with this matter, the local conservatism of some mints,
especially in the North, arguing from this that " it is
beyond question that no one centre was wholly respon-
sible for making the dies." The argument, however, is
faulty in ascribing the local peculiarities to the engraver
of the die instead of to the moneyer who was sent to
abbreviation being placed alone in the first column ; in the second must
come all the varieties MO, M-O, M'O, MilO, &c. ; and in the third the
forms O, ON, which are regularly used in the reign of Cnut. (See
Hildebrand, 1846, pp. 23, 24.)
374 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
London to have his dies engraved,2 and doubtless
controlled, or at least influenced, the form of the inscrip-
tion engraved on his die.
(2) The evidence of " Finds " is treated, very rightly,
as an important argument. Again we are given a table,
this time with a cross or dash to show if a particular
type was represented in each find or not ; but how does
it help in any way to know that a type occurred in a
particular find, unless we also know, at least approxi-
mately, the number of coins of each type that occurred ?
Take, for example, Find No. 12 : suppose the coins to
have been thus distributed —
Type (1) 6, Type (2) 10, Type (3) 60, Type (4) 80,
Type (5) 100,
it would then be an argument that this were a correct
arrangement of the types ; if, however, the figures were—
Type (1) 100, Type (2) 80, Type (3) 60, Type (4) 10,
Type (5) 6,
the reverse order of types would be a more likely
arrangement. So with all the finds : it is useless to
know that certain types occur without also knowing in
what proportion they occur.
The comments on the finds are equally untrustworthy
as evidence of the sequence of types.
Find 4 seems likely to have been buried somewhere
about 995 (i.e. soon after Skotkonung became King, as
only two of his coins were found), therefore Type C, the
2 Gf. Domesday, folio 172: " Quando moneta vertebatur, quisque
monetarius dabat xx solidos ad Lundoniam pro cuneis mouetae
accipiendis ; " and folio 179 : " Quaiido moneta renovatur, dabat quisque
corum xviii. solidos pro cuneis recipiendis, et ex eo die quo redibant
usque ad unum mensem dabat quisque eorum regi xx solidos."
COIN-TYPES OF AETHELRED II. A CRITICISM. 375
commonest in the find, was probably then in circulation ;
but as for the other coins of Aethelred, which are not
described, being "very possibly of Type 1 (Hild. B),"
they are just as likely to have been of Type 5
(Hild. A), or of both Types A and B.
Suppose Find 5 to have been deposited in 996 (which
will allow for the presence of a coin of Basil II and
one of Skotkonung), then it could not possibly have
included all the types of Aethelred, and Types 3 (E)
and 4 (D) must have been struck after that date ; this
would agree with Hildebrand's arrangement, the coins
of Type A belonging to its first issue.
In Find 6 one can only assume that the coins of
Aethelred belong to Type 5 by first assuming that
Type 5 is the last type of his reign ; this assumption,
then, as an argument in evidence of the sequence of
types, is an argument in a circle.
In Find 10, Hildebrand (1846, p. xlv.)— from which
source the author takes his account of the finds — says
that Duke Bernard, of whom a coin occurs, is probably
the first duke of that name ; 3 so Mr. Parsons has no
authority for saying that this coin might have been
struck by either the first or second Duke Bernard, and
then arguing as if it were the second. This is important,
because this coin is the latest in the find, and the find was
therefore buried before 1011, certainly not later, and the
absence of Types 3 (E) and 4 (D) is therefore not alto-
gether accidental, but due to one or both of them not
being yet issued. As Find 5, this find also is strongly
3 Had Hildebrand's attribution of this coin been incorrect, he would
doubtless have made a statement to that effect in the second edition of
1881, seeing that the publication of Dannenberg's Deutsche Mitnzen in
1876 left no doubt in distinguishing the coins of these two Dukes.
376 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
in favour of Hildebrand's arrangement, the Type A coins
belonging to this type's first issue at the beginning of
the reign.
Similarly the absence of Type 3 (E) from Finds 8 and
11 cannot be called accidental, but militates strongly in
favour of putting Type 3 (E) after Type 4 (D) which does
occur in this hoard, as Hildebrand puts it. The other
finds which, our author says, " need no comment," are of
course as strongly in favour of Hildebrand's arrangement
as his own, in view of the important fact that he makes
Type A occur not only at the beginning, but also
throughout the reign.
(3) The evidence of mule coins is, our author says, not
conclusive for this reign, as many different obverses occur
with the same reverse [e.g. obverses of 1 (B I),4 2 (C),
3 (E), 4 (D), all occur with the reverse of 5 (A)]. This
is surely in itself as strong an argument as could be
found in favour of Hildebrand's arrangement, the recur-
rence of Type 5 (A) at intervals of necessity throughout
the reign being an excellent — I think the only possible —
explanation of the strange phenomenon that the dies of
this type (for it is this type only that is promiscuously
muled in this way) are used in combination with all the
other types of this reign.
The argument connecting the "Hand " type (Parsons, 1 ;
Hild. B) with the same type of Edward the Martyr
(p. 270), is very slender. A unique coin represents this
type in the earlier reign ; but the ordinary type of Edward
the Martyr's reign does connect with Type 5 (A) of
Aethelred's reign — a point strongly in favour of Hilde-
brand ; the further connexion of this Type 5 (A) with the
4 See Hildebrand, 1881, p. 25, Type A, var. a.
COIN-TYPES OF AETHELRED II. A CRITICISM. 377
succeeding reign supports Hildebrand as strongly as
Mr. Parsons — a fact which the latter naturally fails to see,
as he was not aware of Hildebrand 's true explanation of
Type A.
Mr. Parsons points out that Types 3, 4, 5 (E, D, A)
recur on coins of Cnut ; that of 3 (E) is dismissed as " a
rough copy," though no explanation is given of a rough
copy being made of a type that had been so long out of
circulation. The dies of Types 4 (D) and 5 (A) are said
to be pressed into service for the payment of 1018,
and this is cited as valuable corroboration of the
correct position of Type 5 ! The only possible deduc-
tion would be that these two types were both in use
at the end of Aethelred's reign, certainly not that 5
was later than 4.
(4) Next follows the evidence of moneyers' names with
another of these misleading tables : misleading in the first
place because in it, as in the others, Hildebrand is again
treated as having arranged the types in order of A-B-C-
D-E with A ceasing at the commencement of B ; and
here, as throughout the paper, the whole effect of the
argument would be completely changed were Hilde-
brand correctly quoted as making Type A continue
throughout the reign (for example, the five names occur-
ring in Cnut's first type, which are said to be in favour
of the author's arrangement as opposed to Hildebrand's,
viz. Eadric, Godman, Leofred, Lifinc and Wulfwine, all
fit Hildebrand's arrangement equally well); misleading
also because to take but one type before and one after
the reign under consideration makes no allowance for the
many moneyers' names that are likely to have occurred
on a type of which but few specimens have survived (of
Edward the Martyr's reign, for example, there are only six
VOL. X., SERIES IV. 2 C
378 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
London coins in Hildebrand's catalogue of 1881, and only
one in the British Museum), coins of these moneyers of
that particular type or reign being now lost. Many of
the moneyers' names in this list which are not known on
coins of this particular type of Cnut's reign, appear on
other of his types : Aelfgar, Aelfget, Aelfric, and Aelfstan
are instances.
(5) On the evidence of mints it is hardly necessary to
repeat what I have just said under the evidence of
moneyers' names with regard to the misrepresentation of
Hildebrand, and the fallacy of arguing from one preced-
ing and one succeeding type. My remarks on both these
points apply to this case also.
With regard to the " Moneta " coins, it is difficult to
place a York coin with the " Moneta " legend on the
reverse so late as the last few years of the reign. Admit-
ting the conservative tendency of York, it is nevertheless
hard to account for the appearance of this abbreviation
in the first and last types, when it is absent in all the
three intermediate types. Hildebrand's arrangement
affords less difficulty, Bedford coins being so rare (there
are nine of Type A in Hildebrand 1881, and none in the
British Museum) that the absence of " Moneta " coins of
Type A struck at Bedford proves less than the existence
of one of this type struck at York.
B. The Times of Issue, and Meaning of the Types are,
on the author's admission, speculative. As the correctness
of the dates must depend absolutely on the correctness
of the sequence of types, little more need be said on this
subject. Further, as each type after the first is dated
roughly by the tribute-payments, the author's chronology
is not convincing, when he argues from the commonness
of each type that each type in succession, after the first,
COIN-TYPES OF AETHELRED II. A CRITICISM. 379
was in circulation during the large payments of 991, 994,
1007, 1011-12.
The author has assumed the "Hand" type to have
been started by Edward the Martyr, and continued, as his
first type, by Aethelred ; he now attributes to Dunstan
responsibility for the design. But if Edward the Martyr
took the type in honour of Dunstan, how comes it that
Aethelred continues so to honour an Archbishop who
retired from politics in disgust at the murder which
brought him to the throne ?
Again, if this type refers to the millennium, why is it
adopted twenty-two years before the millennium is
expected ?
" Crux," the author would have us believe, is used on
the next type in the sense of " trouble, misery, &c." He
is surely reading a modern sense into a mediaeval symbol ;
such phrases as " crucem tollere," in the Christian sense
of the cheerful bearing of affliction, occur of course in
the earliest times, but there seems no authority for
" crux " being used absolutely to mean " trouble " or
" adversity : " the English word " cross " is not found in
that sense before the year 1573. And why go so far
afield ? If the word CKVX is placed in the angles of a
cross, what should it mean but " cross " ? 5
Of the treatment of the Agnus Dei pieces as medals
little need be said. As Mr. Lawrence has pointed out,
the last figure on the author's second plate — a cut half-
penny with the Agnus Dei obverse — is proof positive
that they are coins ; no further proof is necessary ; if it
were, the following points have already been mentioned :
5 This usage is very common on mediaeval European coins. See
Engel et Serrure, Num. du Moyen Age, pp. 585, 670, 868, 1222, 1262.
2c2
380 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
(1) the adjustment of their weight to the standard coin-
weight ; (2) their issue from various mints, six or seven in
number ; (3) the appearance of the moneyer's name and
mint upon them (a safeguard against the issue of pieces
of impure metal or false weight) : (4) the use of an obverse
die in conjunction with an undoubted coin-die ; (5) the
hopeless anachronism of the author's theory.
GEORGE C. BROOKE.
XIX.
MR. G. C. BROOKE ON "THE COIN-TYPES OF
AETHELRED II." A REPLY.
I DESIRE to preface a reply to Mr. Brooke by saying that
the points of my paper were, generally speaking, dealt
with on purely independent lines — i.e. a conclusion as to
the sequence of the types was arrived at without reference
to the previous numismatic writings on the period.
Perhaps the main point to be considered is Hildebrand's
theory that his Type A was used continuously, together
with the later types, during the whole of the reign. It
is at once admitted, with regret, that the significance of
the words conveying this statement was, owing to the
absence of a translation of Hildebrand, not appreciated.
This is a regrettable omission on rny part, and I crave
leave to deal with it here briefly. The theory seems to
me to be untenable on the following grounds : 1. There
is no coin which can unquestionably be considered a mule
of Types A and B. 2. Type A is not found in a good
many of the hoards : it ought never to be absent if
continued throughout the reign. 3. Type A is, for all
practical purposes, the only one on which the form ON
occurs. 4. The simple device of a cross only equally
applies to Hild. D, and the variations in inscription and
workmanship are very considerable on other types. 5. If
Type A was a kind of universal tribute-money, it would
382 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
be reasonable to suppose that the majority of the barbarous
copies of Aethelred's coins would be of that type, but
Hild. D takes the first place in that respect. 6. The
almost entire absence of the early and intermediate forms
of MO on the very numerous coins of Type A of
Winchester. If Type A was continued throughout the
reign, specimens with all the variations of inscription
should be known of this important mint.
I have also to regret overlooking the fact that Hilde-
brand referred, to some extent, to the transition from MO
to ON. This transition was noticed by me quite indepen-
dently, and, as a result, it has been applied somewhat
differently. Mr. Brooke, following Hildebrand's method
of application, has therefore compiled his table on quite
different principles, and his comparison is consequently
nugatory. My basis of compilation, the only one admis-
sible to my idea, was all coins with MO — whether the two
letters were divided by a dash, dot, n, comma, or
nothing, which are simply contraction marks — at one
end, all coins with ON at the other end, and combinations
of these two in the centre. In the table on p. 264
M~o is intended to cover all coins with MO, whatever the
mark of contraction. In a test of this kind it is obviously
necessary to take a large number of coins, and to elimi-
nate all duplicates. As indicated in my paper, these
conditions are amply fulfilled by the 4000 to 5000 coins
in the Stockholm Catalogue (1881), not one of which is
duplicated. On the other hand, there are only 408 coins
described in the British Museum Catalogue, some being
in duplicate.
On the question of where the dies were cut, Mr. Brooke,
in saying "the argument is faulty," presupposes the
establishment of one die-sinking centre only at London
COIN-TYPES OF AETHELRED II. A REPLY. 383
in Saxon times, and quotes two passages from "Domesday"
in support ; but surely this is a palpable anachronism.
The question of where the dies were cut in Norman
times, which is not in dispute, is very different to that of
where they were made nearly 100 years before, and,
what is more important, under an entirely different
administration.
In regard to Mr. Brooke's remarks on the "finds," I
originally acknowledged that the table was imperfect.
In the majority of cases no record of the number of
coins in each type was published, and the whole matter
had to be looked at from a broader standpoint, as has
had to be done before in connexion with other reigns.
At least the table is useful in showing how improb-
able it is that Type A was continued throughout the
reign. Otherwise it would be in all, or nearly all, the
finds.
In his remarks on Find 4, Mr. Brooke omits to mention
my comparison of it with Find 3, which, in itself, justifies
the supposition that the unrecorded type was Hilde-
brand B.
In regard to Mr. Brooke's remarks on Find 5, it can
equally be supposed that the coins could have been
deposited any time after 996.
Keferring to Find 10, as Hildebrand was uncertain to
which Bernard the coin of Saxony belonged, it might
well have been of the second as of the first Duke of that
name.
My critic says the "other finds" are as much in favour
of Hildebrand's arrangement as my own, having regard to
Type A occurring throughout the reign. If so, then why is
Type A absent in a large number of the finds, especially
those numbered 2, 3, and 8 ? It ought to be present in
384 NUMISMATIC CHKONICLE.
every one if there is anything in Mr. Brooke's statement.
I repeat, the evidence of the finds is strongly against
placing Type A from the beginning to the end of the
reign.
In regard to the mule coins, Aethelred's reign is not
the only one in which mules occur made up of types
which do not immediately succeed each other, although
such anomaly is more pronounced in the period under
discussion, for the reason given on p. 261. It is extremely
doubtful whether Hildebrand A, var. a (PL VII. Fig. 6)
is a mule of Types A and B. The size and general
workmanship indicate that it is merely a variety of
Type A with the bust turned the opposite way, as
described on p. 260. The coin illustrated seems to show
that the artist himself was uncertain which way to engrave
the bust, and another specimen, also in my collection,
indicates the same thing.
As regards the test of the nioneyers' and mint names,
attention is drawn to my remarks on p. 272 (first
paragraph) and p. 273 (last paragraph). In these para-
graphs it is indicated that no importance is attached to
these tests. The fact that the tables are rendered to
some degree ineffectual by the omission to show, in the
sections relating to Hildebrand's arrangement, Type A
as continuing throughout the reign, does not therefore
affect the general argument. I quite agree that such
tables would be more useful if extended to show more
types of preceding and succeeding sovereigns, but a limit
has to be fixed somewhere, and the tables are quite large
enough as they are.
With regard to the M ON ETA coins, Mr. Brooke says,
" It is difficult to place a York coin with the * Moneta '
legend on the reverse so late as the last few years of the
COIN-TYPES OF AETHELRED II. A REPLY. 385
reign." But if York practically refused to have the
legend, ON, at the end of the reign, as was the case, it
might very well have refused to relinquish the old form
" Moneta " at the same time.
Mr. Brooke says, " The author has assumed the ' Hand '
type to have been started by Edward the Martyr, and
continued, as his first type, by Aethelred " (p. 379). In
this I am supported by the weighty opinion of the late
Sir John Evans, and in other parts of my paper I brought
forward reasonable arguments in support of the contention.
In connexion with this issue I am credited with saying
that "Edward the Martyr took the type in honour of
Dunstan." My statement is that "there seems great
probability that Dunstan . . . was responsible for the
adoption of the design," and I followed this by giving
reasons (p. 279). As regards the continuation of the type
by Aethelred II, politics had, probably, nothing to do
with the question, except so far as they forced Dunstan
to devote more of his time to art, literature, and science.
By his pre-eminence in these matters Dunstan, notwith-
standing his political retirement, would be likely to have
much to say regarding coin designs. If the political
aspect is admitted at all, it is in favour of the adoption
of something different to the widespread type bearing
Edward's name, as the Government, headed by Aethel-
red's mother during her son's minority, bitterly antago-
nistic to the late king and his party, would be likely to
adopt something different to what was, for all practical
purposes, the only type of Edward's reign.
The question, "If this type (Hild. B) refers to the mil-
lennium, why is it adopted twenty-two years before the
millennium is expected? " (p. 379) seems to me to be quite
answerable. Compared with 1000 years 22 is a very short
386 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
time, and the popular belief, reflecting itself in the
industry of the period, might reasonably be reflected also
in the coinage.
On the question of the word "crux," my critic has
again failed to substantiate his point. He will find that
even in Konian times pain, affliction, trouble, and un-
prosperous affairs, were called " crosses " (see Complete
Concordance, by Alexander Cruden, M.A.). The fact that
the metonymic meaning of the word does not appear in
" English " writings until 1573 — and I presume my critic
is referring to Turner on Husbandry — has no bearing
on its use or not in the Latin tongue. My critic says, in
effect, the word is to be interpreted simply as "cross,"
and asks, " Why go so far afield ? " The obvious reply
is, Why use the word at all, when the object itself is
plainly depicted, unless it is intended to specially
symbolize something? Beyond, apparently, a solitary
and doubtful English coin of Harthacnut, the word does
not appear on other Anglo-Saxon issues of coins, although
some form of cross is almost universal, on many emissions
so engraved as to leave plenty of space for the insertion
of the word. Its presence on this one issue only must,
therefore, be intended to refer to something more than
the mere object, " cross."
On the question of the " Agnus Dei " cut mule, it should
be stated that I have had no other belief than that it is
a halfpenny. It is so described in my list of the mints of
the "Agnus Dei " (p. 287), and it should have so appeared
on the plate. Its existence can be explained, but this
must be left over, together with other evidence in
connexion with the medal theory, for a separate paper.
As regards my critic's points 2 and 3, the matter has
already been explained (see pp. 287 and 289). As regards
COIN-TYPES OF AETHELRED II. A REPLY. 387
point 1, there was no standard weight at this time. The
coins of most if not all the types constantly vary from
16 grs. to 27 grs. A few go below 16 grs., and there
are some above 30 grs. Point 4 has been dealt with
above ; and as regards 5, " the hopeless anachronism " has
to be proved. There are certain pieces known of Saxon
Britain and of the Continent which partake more of the
character of medals than coins ; and medallions, at least,
are known of Eoman times. It would perhaps have been
better to call the "Agnus Dei" pieces a "commemorative
issue," but I wished to convey the idea that they were
not struck, primarily, as coins. It is very possible that
some of them were afterwards used as such, as in the
case of medalets of later times.
H. ALEXANDER PARSONS.
XX.
CHAKLES I: THE TRIALS OF THE PYX, THE
MINT-MARKS AND THE MINT ACCOUNTS.
ONE of the most remarkable of the many unusual
characteristics of this King's coinage was his steady
adherence to the correct standards of the metals used
at the Mint, and this at a time when an empty privy
purse and political misfortunes must have offered the
strongest of inducements to leave the straight path.
That Charles impressed his determination upon the
officials is shown by the satisfactory results of the formal
tests known as the trials of the pyx, which were con-
tinued, so far as the Tower was concerned, during the
darkest period of the Civil War.
At the Public Record Office are to be found the
contemporary papers and books concerning these trials,
but before citing extracts from the national archives on
this and the kindred subjects, it may not be out of place
to say a few words on the history of the pyx and the
method of procedure.
The proving of the coinage by assay and weighing
was first regulated by an indenture of Edward III,
and the custom has been followed at varying intervals
from that time onward. It was the duty of those in
charge of the Royal Mint to place, immediately after
striking, a fixed proportion of each coinage in a chest,
or pyx, kept at the Tower and duly safeguarded,
CHARLES I : THE TRIALS OF THE PYX, ETC. 389
where it remained until the Crown directed a trial of
the contents. In Harl. MSS. 6364, a Master of the
Mint, writing tempore James I, lays down the propor-
tion as one piece out of every 15 Ibs. weight of gold,
and two pieces out of every 30 Ibs. weight of silver,
which practice no doubt obtained during Charles's reign.
A trial having been ordered, the next step was to pro-
duce the standards by which the fineness of the metals
could be determined; these standard trial plates have
been kept from time immemorial in a second chest,
which was secured in the gloomy chamber known as
the Chapel of the Pyx, in the cloisters of Westminster
Abbey. Popular tradition points to this chamber as
the place of trial, but there is direct evidence that, at
all events from the nineteenth year of Henry VIII
until 1640, the ceremony took place in the Star
Chamber, at the old palace of Westminster, as will
presently appear.1
The judicial body known as the Court of Star Chamber
was abolished by statute in 1640-41 ; it may be only
a coincidence that the pyx verdicts of July, 1641, and
subsequent years invariably denote the place of meeting
as being " near," and not in, that Chamber. The con-
tents of the respective chests, or pyxes, thus furnished
the materials for the trial by fire and balance, which was
conducted before a tribunal of Lords of the Council by
a jury of practical goldsmiths, who by their verdict
either relieved or condemned the Master of the Mint.
In 1643 the Privy Councillors gave place to a joint
Committee of both Houses, to which some of the Com-
mittee of Ke venue were afterwards added.
1 Harl. MSS. 698 says that in Elizabeth's reign the pyx was tried
" in the middle chamber next the mint furnace in the Star Chamber."
390 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
I will now set out, as an example, a transcript of the
original documents relating to one of Charles's trials of
the pyx, premising that the Tower Mint only was subject
to these tests ; it would appear that the country mints,
even before the outbreak of hostilities, never submitted
their productions to the central authority, and there-
fore the purity of their standards is the more to be
commended.
Warrant to summon a jury, 1631—
" These are to will and require you forthwith upon receipt
hereof to somon and warne all and every the persons here-
under named, being citizens and goldsmithes of London
retorned by the Wardens of that Company to make tryall
upon their othes of the pixe of moneyes coyned in the Tower
of London, to appeare personallie on Thursday the xxxth dale
of this instant June in the Star Chamber by viii of the clock
in the morning before the Lords of his Mats privy counsell for
the performance of that service, as they and every of them
will answere the contrary at their perills. And this shalbe
your warrant in that behalf.
"From Durham House the xxiiii of June 1631. Tho
Coventrye.
" To Humfrey Leigh esqr his Ma'ties sergeant at Armes
attending the great seale.
" Thomas Sympson, Cheapside. William Warde, Cheapside.
John Acton „ Edmond Rolf, St. Olave's
Gyles Allen, Fleete bridg. Hart St.
Symon Owen, Noble St. John Hill, Lombard St.
John Williams, Cheapside. Frauiicys Manyng, Cheapside.
John Hawes, „ Richard Tayler „
William Haynes, Lorn- William Gibbs, Foster Lane.
bard St. Alexander Jackson „
Symon Gibbon, Cheapside. Thomas Masters, lower ende
Robert Hooke „ of Milk St."
Robert Dodson, Lombard St.
CHARLES I! THE TRIALS OF THE PYX, ETC. 391
Next follows a report of the proceedings, and their
result.
" The assaies and tryall of the Pixe monies in the Star
chamber before the Right Honorable Lords of his Ma*8 most
honorable privie councell the thirtith day of June Anno Dni
1631. Sr William Parkehurst Knight beeing wardein, Sr
Robert Harley Knight of the Bath mr and worker, and
Richard Rogers esqr comptroller of his Mate mynte.
"Goulde of the standard of 23 carrotts 3 graynes and a
halfe taken out of the pixe, the privie marke being the
Feathers, accordinge to the Indenture bearinge date the
eight day of November in the second yeare of the raigne of
our Soveraigne Lord Kinge Charles, weighinge viii d- wt 2 graines
q'ter and halfe, makeing in coyned moneys consistinge of
three Angells the some of thirtie shillings, arisinge in the
pounde weight to xliiii" ixs, is founde at the assaye one quarter
of a grayne better than the Standard of his Ma1' Treasury
dated the xx*!1 of August 1605.
" Goulde of the standard of 22 carrotts taken out of the
same pixe, the privie marke beeing the Feathers, accordinge
to the same indenture weighinge ixliwt one ounce vidwt
x graynes, makeing in coyned moneys consistinge of unites
dooble crownes and Brittayne crownes the some of ccclxxiiii"
xvs, arisinge in the pounde weight to xli" iis viiid ob, is founde
at the assaie agreeable to the standard of his Mats Treasurye
(scant) dated the xix'!1 of November 1604.
" Silver money taken out of the same pixe, the privie
marke being the Feathers, accordinge to the same indenture
weighinge xix11 wt iiiioz xiiiid wt viii graynes, makeinge in coyned
moneys consistinge of crownes, halfe crownes, shillinges, halfe
shillinges, two pences, and pence, the some of sixtie poundes
eight shillinges and eight pence, arisinge in the pounde
weight to iii" ii? iiid three farthinges, is founde at the assaie
just agreeable to the Standard of his Mats Treasury dated
the xix* of November 1604."
" The Yer edict.
"Wee finde by the assayes and tryalls of the severall
moneys above menconed that they are agreeable to the said
392 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
standards in his Mats Treasury and covenants in the said
indenture, and in weight Tale and allay within the remedies
ordayned in such manner and forme as is above expressed
and declared, accordinge to our best knowledge and
discretions."
Then follow the signatures of 17 jurors, Wm. Warde
being marked " non jurat."
On this occasion eleven Privy Councillors were present,
and a sum of £4 10-s. 2^d. is allowed in the Warden's
accounts for the recoining and waste of gold and silver
moneys.
Under the earlier Stuarts it was customary to change
the privy, or mint, mark after each trial, and to continue
it until the next visit to the Star Chamber, but some-
times the demand for currency or other exigencies led
to the adoption of an intermediate mark, in which case
two would appear in the same pyx and would be tried
separately. The first pyx trial of Charles, viz. on July
7, 1625 (rn.m. Trefoil) was less than four months after
his accession, and as it contained the coins of his father,
James I, and none of his own, it has been omitted from
the tabular statement which follows. For a similar
reason I have included the assay held after the King's
execution, viz. on November 9, 1649, as that was solely
concerned with money bearing his portraits and legends.
In the fourth column of the table are the amounts of
silver coin found on each opening of the pyx, which
figures are a reliable guide to the comparative rarity of
the mint-marks ; it will be observed that the Triangle
in Circle is the most plentiful, and that the Blackmoor's
Head occupies the place of honour at the other end of
the scale.
CHAKLES I : THE TRIALS OF THE PYX, ETC. 393
A TABLE COMPILED FROM THE MS. RECORDS OF THE EXCHEQUER.
Date of trial.
Mint-mark.
Denominations in pyx.
Amount
of silver
in pyx.
£
June 29, 1626
Fleur-de-lys
» »
Gold, 23 c. 3J grs. Angel.
Gold, 22 c. Unite. Double
crown. Britain crown
» »
»
Silver, 5s., 2s. 6d., Is.,
51
6d., 2d., Id., ^d.
Apr. 27, 1627
Blackmoor's head
Omits 5s.
3
» >5
Long cross 2
As 162G (a second pyx)
35
July 3, 1628 .
June 26, 1629
Castle
Anchor
Omits 5s.
9
5
June 23, 1630
Heart
Omits 5s.
4
June 30, 1631
Feathers
Omits id.
60
June 21, 1632
Rose
As 1626
33
July 11, 1633
Harp
»
143
June 27, 1634
Portcullis
»
142
June 18, 1635
Bell
»> »
182
Feb. 14, 1636
Crown
Omits Angel
21
» »
>»
As 1626 (a second pyx)
345)
May 8, 1638 .
Tun
»
465
July 4, 1639 .
Anchor
»
229
June 26, 1640
Triangle
»
423
July 15, 1641
Star
?>
412
May 29, 1643
Triangle in circle
Omits %d,
1324
July 15, 1644
P in two semicircles
Omits Angel.
826
May 12, 1645
R » »
» »t
935
Nov. 10, 1645
Eye
498
Feb. 15, 1646
Sun
M J>
1192
Nov. 9, 1649 .
Sceptre
,, ,, and 5s.
92
In the light of the foregoing table certain minor
modifications of the text-books of Hawkins and Kenyon
would appear to be desirable, but a consideration of such
points is not within the scope of these notes.
A comparison of the dates in the first column with
the mint accounts for the same period raises a puzzling
question. The latter documents contain entries relating
to the expenses of at least three trials of the pyx at
Westminster, in 1628, '29, and '30 respectively, which
have no counterparts among the papers dealing with
2 I.e. cross on steps, or cross Calvary.
VOL. X., SERIES IV. 2 D
394 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
the trials and verdicts: whether these have been lost,
or whether the additional trials referred to matters out-
side the ordinary coinage, it is difficult to say. The
various issues of Briot's money have never been traced
in the pyx returns, although it is not improbable that
his work bearing m.m. Anchor was included in the test
of 1639, when the Tower coins show the same mark; we
are, however, left in doubt as to when the remainder
of his issues were tried, assuming that they are to be
regarded as ordinary currency, and that they were pro-
duced in the Tower. It would be natural to suppose
that these pieces would have to undergo the usual
formalities before or after being circulated. Can it be
possible that one or other of the supplementary but
unrecorded trials included the earlier examples of
Briot's skill?
SOME NOTES ON " THE ACCOUNTS OF THE WARDENS
OF THE EXCHANGE AND MONEYS WITHIN THE
TOWER," 1625-1649.
These rolls contain among other items the details of
the working costs of the mint, which were returned
annually into the Exchequer for audit, the periods being
from April 1 to March 31, unless otherwise stated. A
lew of the entries appear to be of some numismatic
interest, and therefore worthy of reproduction in the
pages of the Chronicle.
1628-9. — Edward Greene as chief graver received .£30,
and Charles Greene as under-graver ,£40, which is not
what one would expect. The yearly payments were
in the nature of retaining fees, as the engravers claimed
additional remuneration for patterns of seals, medals,
CHARLES I: THE TRIALS OF THE PYX, ETC. 395
or coins. The chief graver was here allowed a sum
for making patterns for five varieties of gold and nine
of silver coins, which had been shown to the King, but
they are not identified in any way.
The expenses of a pyx trial at the Star Chamber on
26 June, 1628, are allowed, in addition to those in-
curred on 3 July. (See Table.)
1629-30. — Expenses of a second pyx trial on 10 Oct., 1629,
are allowed.
1630-1. — Again, a second pyx on 26 June, 1630.
Allowance for preparing patterns for largesse at the
baptism of the Prince, and " square dies fit for the
impression of the said largesse."
1634-5. — John East is now under-graver.
Allowance is made for an annuity of £50 to Nichas
Bryott, as granted by letters patent of 22 Jan.,
9 Charles, for the exercise of the office of one of the
principal gravers or workers in iron of his Majesty's
moneys in the Tower, payable during pleasure at the
four usual Feasts, and to begin from Christmas, 1632.
This definitely settles the status of Briot as from the
end of the last-named year, and negatives the sug-
gestion often put forward that he was chief graver.
The accounts prove that he never held the latter office
at the English Mint,
Ed. Greene is now allowed £220 for preparing
patterns for five gold and four silver coins " for the
moneys new made."
1635-6. — Allowance of a payment to the chief graver for
making tokens used for the healing of the King's evil
and delivered to William Clowes, sergeant chirurgeon,
at 2d. the piece ; the number being 5500. This is an
interesting discovery, proving, as it does, that Charles
used a touch-piece of base metal when the gold Angels
had become too valuable to be distributed at such
ceremonies. This is the first mention of copper or
brass touch-pieces, but similar entries recur in the
later accounts. There are also frequent references to
the striking of " healing Angels."
2D2
396 NUMISMATIC CHKONICLE.
Mr. Grueber suggests that this so-called token is
identical with the small medal shown on pi. 33, No. 23,
of Medallie Illustrations, which reads —
Obv. — He touched them = A hand over four heads.
Rev. — And they weare healed = Rose and thistle under a
crown.
I think there can be no doubt as to the correctness
of this attribution. The same piece is included by
Boyne, 2nd edition, among the XVII.-Century Trade
Tokens, p. 1427, No. 102, and I have a specimen bored
with a large hole for the white ribbon that was used.
1640-1. — There is here a charge for preparing the Irish
Mint houses for the striking of " copper money to have
been coyned there this yeare," which probably refers
to the abortive suggestion in that year to issue
shillings containing 9d in a base metal, the only
occasion, I believe, on which Charles wavered as to
the fineness of his money. In the same year it was
decided by the Council to remove the mint to Leaden
Hall, as the workmen were afraid of the soldiers and
the city afraid to bring in bullion (Dom. S. P.). But
nothing more is heard of the proposal.
1641-2.— David Ramagh is allowed £85.10.0 for pro-
viding several instruments for the two mints at York
and Shrewsbury, as detailed on a bill dated 7 July,
which is unfortunately not forthcoming. This is
evidence in favour of a close association between the
Tower and the country mints as late as 1641-2. In
the same account we learn that Nicholas Burgh,
graver, was pressed into the service to engrave coining
irons, and that John Decroso and Abraham Preston
were similarly employed during portions of that year.
This entry introduces three new gravers at the Tower ;
perhaps the first-named is identical with the Nich.
Burghers, who prepared a medal at Oxford in 1648.
CHARLES I: THE TRIALS OF THE PYX, ETC. 397
There is now a regrettable gap in the accounts from
1642 until 1645, in which latter year Ed. Wade and
Thos. Simon appear as chief gravers, with John East as
their deputy.
1646-7. — The payment of Briot's annuity for nine months
to 25 Dec. shows that he died during the Christmas
quarter of 1646.3
1 April, 1647, to 15 May, 1649.— Esther, the relict of Nich.
Briot, receives from the Com. of Public Revenue, by
warrant of 17 June, 1647, the sum of £258 . 10 . 0 for
his mills, presses, and tools, which were delivered to
the Warden of the Mint, to remain there for service.
It has been generally assumed that the famous
engraver followed the fortunes of the King, and retired
with his patron to Oxford and elsewhere. If that were
so, it would argue great magnanimity on the part of the
Parliamentary Government to continue the payment of
the annuity down to the day of Briot's death at the end
of 1646, when, ex Jiypothesi, he had thrown up his work
at the Tower some two years previously.
In conclusion, I wish to make acknowledgment to
Mr. W. J. Hocking, who has kindly answered several
inquiries.
HENRY SYMONDS.
3 Since the foregoing paper was finished, the closing scenes of Briot's
life have been made clear. He died, not in Oxford or in France, as has
been stated, but in London, and by a freak of chance the window near
which I am writing looks out upon his resting-place in the church of
St. Martin's-in-the-Fields, where " Nicholaus Briett " was buried on
Dec. 25, 1646. His will (P.C.C. 10 Fines) is dated Dec. 22, 1646, when
he was no longer able to sign his name, and is stated to have been
written in the parish of St. Martin, without giving any more precise
place of abode. It is somewhat pathetic to read that the portions of
his youngest daughter and younger son depended upon the payment of
a debt by Charles I.
XXI.
A FIND OF GUPTA GOLD COINS.
(See Plate XIV.)
CONSIDERABLE hoards of Gupta gold coins are compara-
tively rarely found. Writing in 1889, Mr. V. A. Smith
was able to refer 1 to only ten or eleven. Since the work
of examining treasure trove found in the United Pro-
vinces was entrusted to a committee connected with the
Lucknow Museum, a few odd coins have turned up, but
none in any number till the present year. A find of forty
has now been reported from a village called Tikri Debra,
in police circle Gopiganj, in the district of Mirzapur. In
view of the uncertainty attaching to the reading of
some of the inscriptions, a full account of all the coins
is here given. I am indebted to Mr. J. Allan of the
British Museum for assistance in preparing this paper,
and selecting specimens for publication. All the coins
will be acquired for the Lucknow Museum.
The following abbreviations will be used in quoting
the leading authorities on the Gupta coinage : —
V. A. Smith, J.R.A.S., 1889, pp. 1-158.
Notes: E. J. Kapson, Num. Chron., 1891, pp. 48-64.
Observations: V. A. Smith, J.B.A.S., 1893, pp. 77-148.
History: „ „ J.A.S.B., 1894, pp. 164-212.
I. M. Cat. : „ ,, Indian Museum Catalogue of
Coins, vol. i., 1906.
1 J.R.A.S., 1889, pp. 46 and 49.
A FIND OF GUPTA GOLD COINS. 399
Arranging the coins by their main types, as classified
by Mr. V. A. Smith, in Coinage (pp. 11 sqq.), the follow-
ing summary is obtained : —
King. Type. Number of coins.
Samudragupta Javelin2 . . .2
„ Battle-axe . . .1
Candragupta II Retreating Lion . . 1
,, Horseman to 1. . .3
,, Horseman to r. . .5
„ Lion-Trampler . . 4
,, Combatant Lion . 4
„ Lion-Slayer" . . 1
„ Archer . . ,15
Kumaragupta I Combatant Lion . 1
,, Horseman to 1. . .1
,, Horseman to r. . .1
„ Archer . . .1
—40
The principal novelties are two coins of Candragupta,
a " Eetreating Lion " of a new variety, and the " Lion-
Slayer," which may fairly be classed as a new type. A
full description of the coins follows, with notes on those
which present novel features.
SAMUDRAGUPTA.
Javelin or Spearman.
Refs. : Coinage, p. 68, with reading corrected in Notes,
p. 53; Observations, p. 100; and /. M. Cat., p. 102.
1. Obverse. Reverse.
King 1., casting incense Throned goddess with
on altar, and grasping staff feet on lotus. Legend r. ,
or spear with 1. arm ; Garuda- Pardkrama ; mon., PI. xviii.4
-standard 1. with crescent 9 ; line between legend and
above. Samudra, vertically, goddess. Above, cornu-
under 1. arm. Marginal copiae a mark A
legend, Samarasatav(i)tata
••••»• y(o) j(i)tar(i)puro
jit(o) .... A7. -85. Wt. 112-4.
2 Called " Spearman " in I. M. Cat., p. 102.
3 I give this name to a new type in which the king attacks a lion
with a sword.
4 The references for the monograms are to I. M. Cat., PI. xviii.
400 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
2. Obverse. Keverse.
As on 1, but Samudra Asonl ; mon.,P].xviii. 8.
inside, and Gupta outside
the staffer spear, vertically.
Marginal legend, ....
-marasatavitata m . . . . ^j .gg ^N\j 112'3
Battle-axe.
Refs. : Coinage, p. 72 ; and I. M. Cat., p. 104.
3. Obverse. Keverse.
King facing, with head Throned goddess. Le
L, leaning with 1. arm on gQnd,Kritdntaparasu ; mon.,
battle-axe ; r. hand on hip. PI. xviii. 2 ; above cornu-
An attendant in 1. field copiae, PI. xviii. 47.
supports a crescent-tipped
standard. Legend under 1.
arm, vertically, Samudra.
Marginal legend, Kritdnta-
-parasu ja .... ty(a)j(i)ta
A7. -8. Wt. 114. [PI. XIV. 1.]
The legend on the obverse points to a new reading,
which cannot at present be completed. There is no
space between (para)su and ja for the rd of rajddhirdja,
which is usually read. For the last word of the legend
compare L M. Cat., No. 29, p. 104, where, however (see
PL xv. 9) -tyajita appears on right margin, and not on
left, as on the coin now described.
CANDRAGUPTA II.
Archer.
Refs. : Coinage, p. 80; Notes, p. 55 ; Observations, p. 104;
History, p. 168 ; and I. M. Cat,, p. 105.
4. Obverse. Reverse.
King standing 1. ; in 1. Goddess on lotus. In r.
arm bow with string out- hand holds (?) noose, and in
wards; beyond string, ver- 1. flower \f mon., PL xviii. 9.
tically, Candra; Garuda- Legend, Sri vilcTcrama h.
-standard behind r. arm.
Marginal legend, Deva Sri
ma .... (letters very
faint). A7. '8. Wt. 121-2.
A FIND OF GUPTA GOLD COINS.
401
This coin appears to differ from any published hither-
to, in having the lotus reverse combined with an obverse
bearing the bow-string outwards and the right hand of
the king pointing downwards. Both obverse and
reverse, however, conform to known types.
Obverse.
King facing L, grasping
with 1. arm bow with string
inwards ; r. hand extended
over altar; Garuda-standard
behind r. arm ; below 1.
arm, vertically, Candra.
Marginal legend, (?) Deva
Sri .... Candraguptah.
Reverse.
Goddess seated on lotus ;
holds noose in r. hand and
flower in 1. Legend, r.,
Sri vikrama ; mon., PI.
xviii. 9.
A7. -85. Wt. 120-6. [PI. XIV. 2.]
I cannot find that any variety of this type has been
published on which the king is shown as casting incense
on an altar, though the " Umbrella" type (Coinage,
p. 91) depicts this.
6-12. Obverse.
King standing 1., holding
bow in 1. hand and arrow
in r. hand ; Garuda-stand-
ard behind r. arm; Candra,
vertically, below 1. arm.
Marginal legend gone.
A7. -75. Wts. 119-7 [PL
120-1, 121-2, 122-5.
13.
Obverse.
As on 6-12, but marginal
legend, Deva Sri mahdrdjd-
14.
Obverse.
As on 6-1 2, but marginal
legend, .... Candragup-
tah.
Reverse.
Goddess seated facing,
on lotus, holding noose in
r. hand ; 1. hand raised
and holding lotus near the
flower. Margin, &ri vi-
-krama ; mon., PI. xviii. 15.
XIV. 3], 120-8, 122, 120-1,
Reverse.
As on 6-12, but 1. hand
extended downwards, hold-
ing lotus with long stalk ;
mon., PI. xviii. 9.
A7. '8. Wt. 122-4.
Reverse.
As on 13.
A7. -85. Wt. 122-5.
402
NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
15. Obverse.
As on 6-12, but marginal
legend, Deva . . . gupt . . .
16, 17. Obverse.
As on 6-12, but marginal
Reverse.
As on 13, but mon.
doubtful.
A7. -7. Wt. 118-8.
Reverse.
As on 6-12, but 1. hand
legend, Deva Sri malid .... rests on knee, and lotus is
behind 1. arm ; mon., PI.
xviii. 14.
AT. -8. Wt. 125-2.
A/. -75. Wt. 120.
Reverse.
Goddess seated facing,
on throne, holding noose (?)
in r. hand, and cornucopiae
in 1. Margin, Sri vikrama.
N. -75. Wt. 120-5.
18. Obverse.
As on 6-12, but .
Ca n dragupta Ji .
On Nos. 13, 14, and 15 the king's right hand points
downwards, these coins being thus exceptions to the
general rule, pointed out by Mr. Kapson (Notes, p. 56),
and accepted by Mr. V. A. Smith (Observations) p. 104),
that, with the lotus reverse, the right hand of the king
on the obverse always points upwards. Nos. 6-12 and
16, 17 are normal in this respect, while No. 18 conforms
to type for the throne reverse.
Horseman to Left.
Refs. : Coinage, p. 85 ; Notes, p. 58 ; Observations, p.
L M. Cat., p.
19. Obverse.
King on horseback to L,
horse prancing ; in 1. hand
holds an object which sticks
out behind ; sword on 1.
thigh. Marginal legend,
Parama . . . . ma(hd)ra-
-jadliiraja Sri Candraguptali.
N. -8.
109 ;
108.
Reverse.
Goddess seated L, on
round stool, holding double
noose in r. and lotus in 1.
hand. Legend, Ajitavifckra-
-mali; mon., PL xviii. 18.
Wt. 120-9. [PI. XIV. 4.]
A FIND OF GUPTA GOLD COINS. 403
Mr. Allan thinks that the object near the king's left
hand is part of his dress, and this is possible. It is
clearly not a bow, as in some varieties, e.g. the following.
A Bodleian coin (Notes, PL ii. 5) resembles it.
20, 21. Obverse. Eeverse.
As on 19, but no sword ; As on 19, but noose is
the object in king's 1. hand single ; mon., 9?. The sub-
is a bow. One coin has script ra in km makes a
bhagavata after parama. long curve to the 1.
N. -75. Wt. 117-7. [PI. XIV. 5.]
N. -75. Wt. 119-8.
This variety may be distinguished from No. 5 by the
absence of a sword, the clearly defined bow, the single
noose, and style of writing km. I. M. Cat., PL xv. 15,
appears to be of this variety.
Horseman to Right.
Refs. : Coinage, p. 84 ; Notes, p. 58 (amplifying the reading) ;
Observations, p. 109 ; and I. M. Cat., p. 107.
22. Obverse. Eeverse.
King on horseback to r., Goddess seated L, on
a streamer attached to r. round stool, holding noose
arm, and bow slung behind in r. and lotus in 1. hand ;
back. Legend, Parama . . . mon., PL xviii. 51. Legend,
Candraguptdh. Ajitamkrama (?/i).
N. -8. Wt. 120-6. [PL XIV. 6.]
23. Obverse. Eeverse.
As on 22, but streamers As on 22, but mon. cut,
absent, part of bow visible, and no final li. Legend
Legend, ... ndra . . . separated from goddess by
-pta. a row of dots very close
together.
N. -75. Wt. 119-8.
24. Obverse. Eeverse.
As on 22, but only hinder As on 22, but mon. is
portion of bow visible; wanting, and there is no
crescent above head. Le- final li.
gend, Paramabhaga ....
CandraguptaJi. X. '85. Wt. 121-8.
404
NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
25. Obverse. Reverse.
As on 24, but legend, As on 24, but legend
Paramdbhaga .... ndra- blurred.
-<juptali.
N. -8. Wt. 117-7.
26. Obverse. Reverse.
As on 22, but no trace As on 22, but mon. want-
of bow. Legend, Parama- ing, and final h is clear.
-bJidgavata .... ndra . . .
-ptah.
Ar. -85. Wt. 120-5. [PI. XIV. 7.]
It is almost certain that the obverse should be read
bhagavato, as in Notes, p. 58.
Lion- Tr ampler.
Eefs. : Coinage, p. 87 ; Observations, p. 110; L M. Cat., p. 108.
27-29. Obverse.
King in energetic atti-
tude to r., trampling 011
lion with 1. foot, holding
bow in 1. hand, and shoot-
ing animal in mouth ; girdle
with loose ends. Marginal
legend, Narendra Candra
.... read doubtfully.
N. -75.
rpi. xiv. s
30.
Obverse.
King in energetic atti-
tude to r., trampling on
lion with 1. foot, holding
bow in 1. hand, and shoot-
ing animal in mouth. Figure
differs from 27-29 in hav-
ing 1. leg bent instead of
r. Legend, Nam ....
AT. -8.
Reverse.
Goddess facing, seated
011 lion 1. ; (?) cornucopiae
in r. hand ; lotus in 1. arm.
Legend, Sihliaviltkramdh \
mon. (on one coin), PL
xviii. 2.
Wts. 120-9, 120-6, 119-4.
(obv. of 28 and rev. of 27).]
Reverse.
Goddess astride of lion,
both facing 1. ; holds lotus
in r. hand, and has 1. hand
resting on quarters of lion •
mon. wanting. Legend,
Sihhavikramah .
Wt. 121. [PI. XIV. 9.]
A FIND OF GUPTA GOLD COINS. 405
Combatant Lion.
Refs. : Coinage, pp. 89, 158; Notes, p. 58; Observations,
p. Ill; and I. M. Cat., p. 108.
31. Obverse. Eeverse.
King to 1., with 1. leg Goddess seated facing,
bent ; holds bow in r. hand, on lion to 1. ; holds noose
and shoots lion on 1. in in r. hand and flower in
mouth. Marginal legend, 1. Legend, Sihhavikrama ;
Na .... nhamkrama. mon., PI. xviii. 17.
N. -75. Wt. 119-4. [PL XIV. 10.]
32. Obverse. Reverse.
As on 31, but legend, As on 31, but mon., PI.
Nara .... hhavikrama. xviii. 9.
A7. -75. Wt. 120-2. [PI. XIV. 11.]
33. Obverse. Be verse.
As on 31, but legend, As on 32.
.... krama.
A7. -75. Wt. 119-7.
34. Obverse. Eeverse.
As on 31, but king's r. As on 31, but lion faces
foot is not quite clear of r., and goddess holds cornu-
lion. Legend, .... £ri (?) copiae in 1. hand instead of
.... Sihhavikrama. a flower ; mon. doubtful.
A/. -8. Wt. 121-3. [PL XIV. 12.]
As pointed out by Mr. V. A. Smith (Coinage, p. 89),
there is very little difference between the types styled
respectively " Lion-Trampler " and " Combatant Lion."
It seems possible that Nos. 31-33 should really be classed
with variety 8 of the former (Coinage, p. 88), but these
coins show clearly that the right foot of the king rests
on the ground, and not on the lion. The obverse of
No. 34 resembles that of the coin of variety 8 in the
Bodleian (Notes, PL ii. 9), but the reverse, with lion
facing right, differs.
406 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Retreating Lion.
Refs. : Coinage, p. 89 ; and Observations, p. 112.
35. Obverse. Eeverse.
King facing, with head Goddess facing, seated on
turned to 1., holding bow lion r. ; noose in r. hand,
in r. hand and arrow in 1. ; and lotus in 1. ; mon., PL
lion on 1. with back to king, xviii. 49. Margin, Sinha-
Marginal legend, Deva £ri -vikramali.
maJidrajddh(i)r .... Can-
-dragitptali.
AT. -8. Wt. 122. [PI. XIV. 13.]
This coin differs in inscription, and in some details,
from the only specimen hitherto known of this type, in
the British Museum. I see no trace of an arrow sticking
in the lion's head. On the reverse the lion faces to
right, and it is the right foot of the goddess, not the
left, which hangs over the lion's back. There is no
staff or axe between the goddess and the inscription,
which reads sinha and not singlia. The name of the
king is plain, thus supporting Mr. V. A. Smith's attribu-
tion of the other specimen (Coinage, p. 90) to Candra-
gupta II.
Lion-Slayer.
This is a new type, differing from other types in which
the king attacks a lion, in that his weapon is a sword,
and not a bow and arrow.
36. Obverse. Keverse.
King standing to r., Goddess seated facing
holding sword uplifted in on lion to 1. ; holds noose
r. hand ; to r. lion rearing in r. hand and lotus in 1.
up and looking back at Margin, SinhamTckramaJi ;
king. Margin, Naren[dra] mon., PI. xviii. 9.
Can[dra\ priihi ....
N. -8. Wt. 121-2. [PI. XIV. 14.]
The letters in square brackets are by no means clear,
but Mr. Allan tells me they are often lightly indicated.
A FIND OF GUPTA GOLD COINS. 407
KUMARAGUPTA.
Tiger (Combatant Lion).
Refs. : Coinage, p. 107, corrected in Observations, p. 123 ; see
also I. M. Cat., p. 114, for a fairly complete reading of
the inscription.
37. Obverse. Reverse.
King facing, with head Goddess standing 1.,
turned to 1. ; bow in r. with 1. hand on hip, holding
hand ; king shooting tiger lotus ; feeding peacock with
in mouth. Under 1. arm, r. hand ; mon., PI. xviii. 2.
Ku, with crescent above. Legend, Kumaraguptodhi-
Legend, &rl ma (? a) . . . . -rdj(d).
vya(ghra) . . .
Pi. -75. Wt. 125-4. [PI. XIV. 15.]
Horseman to Left.
Refs. : Coinage, pp. 39 and 103 ; Observations, p. 120 ;
I. M. Cat., p. 113.
38. Obverse. Eeverse.
King on horseback to 1., Goddess seated on stool
carrying bow at back. to L, feeding peacock with r.
Legend .... mahendra hand, and holding flower in
kamajito jaya. 1. Margin, Ajitamahendra.
Mark over r. hand.
A7. -75. Wt. 123-6. [PI. XIV. 16.]
The full inscription on coins of this type is doubtful.
At p. 39 of Coinage, Mr. V. A. Smith says that a coin in
the Bodleian gives the title Kramajita, but this state-
ment is not repeated at p. 104, where the obverse legend
on that coin is described as illegible. It is not figured
in Notes, though it is mentioned in the list of coins
(p. 63). The letter ~ka bears no sign of subscript r, but
this is possibly intended, as in the parallel case on No. 36
of this paper. Mr. Allan suggests that the word may be
Jcarmajito. There is a slight mark above the ma, which
might be either r or a. On the reverse there is no trace
of the vowel o in ajita, as read in Coinage, p. 103,
408 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
though the vowel is clear on the obverse. On the left
of the coin, in the place usually occupied by the mono-
gram, are two clusters of dots.
Horseman to Right.
Refs. : Coinage, p. 100 ; Observations, p. 118 ; I. M. Cat., p. 112.
39. Obverse. Reverse.
King on horseback to r. Goddess seated on stool
Marginal legend, KulacJia- to r. ; with r. hand offers
masa !$ri jaya .... ma- fruit to peacock, and in 1.
hendrah . . . gupta. arm holds flower. Margin,
Ajit(o) mah(endra). No
monogram.
A7. -75. Wt. 126-8. [PL XIV. 17.]
The first five letters of the obverse inscription, though
apparently clear, do not make sense. They differ com-
pletely from the various readings suggested in the
references quoted above.
Archer.
Refs. : Coinage, p. 95; Observations, p. 115.
40. Obverse. Reverse.
King standing 1. ; bow Goddess seated on lotus,
in 1. hand, with string in- holding noose in r. hand,
wards ; r. hand extended and lotus in 1. Margin,
across Garuda - standard ; £rl makendra ; mon., PI.
no name under arm. Mar- xviii. 2.
ginal legend, .... ptaJi.
N. -75. Wt. 125-1.
The statement at p. 98 of Coinage, that coins of this
type always seem to have ku under the king's left arm,
on the obverse, is corrected at p. 115 of Observations.
R. BURN.
MISCELLANEA.
VERGIL AND COINS.
FOLLOWING a suggestion of Mr. G. F. Hill,1 I wish to call
attention to five references to cities in the Aeneid which are of
such a character as to appear to one familiar with the monetary
series of those cities to have been influenced by the coin-types
themselves.
The passages in question are as follows :—
1. Agrigentum. Aen. 3. 703 f. :
" Arduus inde Acragas ostentat maxima longe
moenia, magnanimum quondam generator equorum."
Compare the occurrence of the quadriga, or the free horse,
on various Agrigentine issues from c. 415 to c. 287 B.C.2 A
better epithet than magnanimi for the horses of the famous
" medallion " it would be hard to find.
2. Carthage. Aen. 1. 444 :
"... capul acris equi."
Compare the occurrence of the horse's head on Carthaginian
issues of the periods c. 410-310 and c. 241-218 — tetra-
drachms and hexadrachms/5
3. Gela. Aen. 3. 702 :
" immanisque Gela fluvii cognomine dicta"
Compare the occurrence of the river-god on Geloan coins
from the earliest period until c. 405 B.C. ; many of these
coins are tetradrachms.4
4. Selinus. Aen. 3. 705 :
"... palmosa Selinus."
1 Coins of Ancient Sicily, p. 50.
2 I follow the chronology of Head, Hist. Num.
3 HiU, op. cit., p. 145.
4 See Hill, op. cit., p. 50.
VOL. X., SERIES IV. 2 E
410 NUMISMATIC CHKONICLE.
Compare the selinon-leaf which occurs either as type or as
symbol on almost all the Selinuntine issues (chiefly didrachms
and drachms) from the beginning of the coinage to the
destruction of the city in 409 B.C.
This rare plant, as represented on some at least of the
coins, might well have been mistaken by the Augustan
antiquaries for the palm,5 a tree which itself, althQugh
occurring occasionally in Sicily in antiquity as now,6 can
hardly have been strikingly characteristic, one would suppose,
of the Selinuntine flora.
5. Tarentum, Aen. 3. 551 :
"... sinus Herculei . . . Tarenti."
Compare the occurrence of the head, or some one of the
labours, of Herakles on Tarentine issues of small silver from
c. 400 to c. 272, and of small bronze from c. 300 to
c. 272 B.C.
In each instance it will be observed that the coin-type in
question is represented by numerous examples and several
issues ; on coins which bear on their face clear indications as
to the issuing mint,7 and, except in the case of the very
frequent Tarentine type of Herakles, by pieces which in
appearance might well have been attractive to the Augustan
amateurs.
It is a reasonable inference from the oft-quoted passage in
Suetonius, Aug., 75, that the collecting of ancient coins was
in vogue in the circle of Augustus. The confronting of the
above passages in the Aeneid with the respective monetary
series conduces to the impression that the coins were known
to Vergil, and that to him, as to a modern amateur, the
mention of the particular city evoked a mental image of its
coin-types, which in turn influenced the poet in his choice of
•'' Mr. G. P. Hill, who has been so kind as to read this note in manu-
script and to make some much-appreciated suggestions, informs me
that " many a modern also mistakes the selinon-leaf of Selinus for a
palm-leaf."
t! Compare the didrachm of Camarina (Hill, op. cit., p. 80).
7 The curious misinterpretation of the Agrigentine inscription so
ingeniously traced down by M. Th. Reinach, L'Histoire par les
Monnaies, p. 81, notwithstanding ; the Rhodian antiquaries, who were
Pliny's ultimate source, did not realize that the decoration and the
inscriptions on the cups which they saw had been made by a mould
taken from a coin, and thus they were led to attribute the cups to a
toreutes *Acragas.
MISCELLANEA.
411
descriptive epithets, or, as in the case of Carthage, in his
choice of local myths.8
The above is perforce in the nature of a suggestion rather
than a demonstration. But in view of the interest attaching
to the question of Vergil's methods of composition, as well as
to all that has to do with the history of antiquarian pursuits
in the Augustan age, I feel that it is deserving of
consideration.
ALBERT W. VAN BUREN.
The American School in Rome.
FORGERIES FROM CAESAREA MAZACA.
A NUMBER of silver coins of the four types figured above
have reached Europe through Smyrna, where a large hoard
composed chiefly of type 2 was bought up, apparently in good
faith, by local and Athenian dealers from an Armenian
jeweller in the bazaars. I saw a few of types 3 and 4 still in
the jeweller's hands (May, 1910), and inquired as to their
provenance. The reply " Kaisaryeh " raised my suspicions,
as the place (Caesarea Mazaca) is a well-known centre for
forgeries, and type 1 has Lycian characters on the reverse.
Arriving at Kaisaryeh in the course of my journey, I became
acquainted with the forger of the dies for type 2 ; and a coin
of type 1, which I came across a few days later in the bazaars,
was sold to me as a forgery by another hand. This condemns
the whole hoard, since all four types were represented in the
stock of the Smyrna jeweller when a collector-friend of mine
had the pick of the lot. The handling of the coins, which are
8 The introduction of the story of Arethusa in connexion with
Syracuse, Aen. 3. 694 ff., may in like manner have been influenced by
the frequent occurrence of the head of a goddess on Syracusan coins ;
but the legend, apart from the coins, was so familiar from literature as
to suggest itself to the poet.
2 E 2
412 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
(a) made of silver, (b) struck with a punch, and (c) put on
the market in hundreds, speaks eloquently for the misdirected
intelligence of the exploiters. I may add that the artist of
type 2, who is reputed the most skilful at Kaisaryeh, is
entirely illiterate, and nominally Mohammedan by religion.
He is a fair cameo-engraver, and when I left the town was
being solicited by his patrons to engrave (after the illustration
of a tetradrachm from Svoronos' edition of Head's Historia
Numorum) a decadrachm of Tigranes: the result, I should say,
will deceive no one.
F. W. HASLUCK.
Athens, Nov. 3, 1910.
^
COSIMO I, DUKE OF FLORENCE, BY CESARE DA BAGNO.
CESARE di Niccolo di Mariano Federighi, called da Bagno,
from his birthplace, S. Maria in Bagno, died in 1564 at
Milan. Armand, in his first volume (p. 174, No. 3), attributed
to him a rare medal of Cosimo I as Grand Duke. But later
(vol. iii. p. 77) he rightly points out that, since Cosimo was
not made Grand Duke until 1569, Cesare da Bagno cannot
NOTICE OF RECENT PUBLICATION. 413
have made this medal. And, indeed, the resemblance in style
on which Armand originally based his attribution is anything
but clear.
Nevertheless, there is a medal of Cosimo by this artist,
although it exists only, so far as I know, in the form of a lead
proof of the obverse, which, owing to the faulty casting at the
edge, was never even trimmed. It is in my collection, and
represents the bust of the Duke to left, wearing a richly
decorated cuirass, and sash fastened on his right shoulder.
The inscription is COS • ME • DVX FLO • II. The diameter
(ignoring the remains of the runner at the edge) is 76 mm.
(see figure). Although unsigned, it bears all the marks of
Cesare da Bagno's hand, in its low relief, sketchy modelling,
and elaboration of the decorative portion of the bust.
MAX ROSENHEIM.
NOTICE OF RECENT PUBLICATION.
Roman Coins from Corstopitum.
LAST year attention was called in these pages to Mr. H. H. E.
Craster's report of coins from Corstopitum (Num. Chron. 1909,
p. 431). In the latest report on the excavations (reprinted
from ArcJiaeologia Aeliana, 3rd series, vol. vi.) Mr. Craster
again earns the gratitude of all who are interested in Roman
Britain by giving a list of all coins earlier in date than
260 A.D. found during the last season. Of eight asses of Pius,
he notes that three bore the " Britannia " reverse, and
considers that this supports Mr. F. A. Walters' theory that
the "Britannia" coins were minted in Britain. Until,
however, some evidence is forthcoming of peculiarities of
fabric, as distinct from type, distinguishing these "Britannia"
coins, we shall prefer to suppose that they were minted in
Rome and exported to Britain. It was only natural that
coins of a type calculated to bring home to the Britons the
reality of the Roman conquest should be sent to this country
in greater numbers than elsewhere.
Of coins certainly struck in Britain, Mr. Craster notes an
interesting, if minute, variety. It is a coin of Crispus (rev.
VICTORIAE LAETAE PRINC. PERP. mm. P LON) with a cross
within a wreath on the altar. This shows " that Christian
symbols were used in the London mint in the reign of
Constantine, and that, too, at a time when they had not yet
414 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
been introduced at Rome or into the three Gallic mints of
Trier, Lyons, and Aries."
Finally, we may mention a large bronze coin of Septimius
Severus struck at Hadrianeia, in Hellespont : one of the few
authenticated instances of a "Greek Imperial" found in
Britain. To the other instances noted by Mr. Craster may be
added a denarius of Amisus found at Silchester; but as that
by its weight would easily circulate with the Roman Imperial
denarii, its occurrence in this country is less surprising. Mr.
Craster is inclined, if we may say so, to exaggerate the
medallic, as distinct from the monetary, nature of these Greek
Imperial bronze coins. That they were struck on special
occasions, such as local festivals, may be true ; but to speak of
them as "medals" merely is to imply that they were purely,
commemorative, and that cannot be proved. They were issued
doubtless to supplement the ordinary currency at times when
a press of visitors made this necessary. They were also, some-
times, in a sense commemorative, but they still remained
coins, although the larger ones may have been treasured and
transported to distant provinces.
G. F. H.
INDEX.
A.
A and Cx) on coins of Aethelred '
II, 254-257
Abbas Coolie Khan, career of,
158-159
Aesculapius on French medal on '
cholera outbreak (1832), 93 ; on
medal of International Medical
Congress (1881), 95
Aeternitas, type of, on Roman
coins, 178
Aethelred II, coin-types of, 251-
290, 370-387; number of dis-
tinct issues of, 253; "Hand"
type of, 254, 257 ; date of, 278, |
376, 377, 385; "Crux "type, 257; i
date of, 280-281 ; "Quadrilateral "
type, 257-258; date of, 284; !
"Long Cross," 259 ; date of, 289 ;
" Small Cross," 260-261, 379, 316 ;
date of, 289 ; " Agnus Dei " type !
of, 262, 379-386 ; date and mean-
ing of, 285-289; finds of coins
of, 267-269, 374-375, 383-384;
mules of coins of, 270, 381 ; !
moneyers and mints of, 271-278 ;
character of, 286 ; Hildebraiid's
type A of, 382 ; relations
with Dunstan, 279-280, 379,
385
Affre, Archbishop, death of (1848),
medal on, 94
" Agnus Dei " type of Aethelred
II, 262 ; meaning and date of
issue of, 285-289, 379, 386
Agrigentum, suggested reference
by Vergil to coins of, 409
Ahmad Shah, Mughal Emperor,
Katak coins of, 328
Alam II, Mughal Emperor, E.I.C.
coins in name of, 325 ; Bikanir
coins of, 328
Alamgir II, Mughal Emperor,
coins of Balapur in name of, 160
Albinus, Clodius, bronze medallion
of, 97-100 ; occasion of striking,
98:; death of, 99
Alexandria, double quinio of Dio-
cletian struck at, 100-103 ; coins
of Julian II of, 250; tetra-
drachms of Tiberius of, 333-339
ALLAN, J., M.A., M.R.A.S.:—
Notice of F. Friedensburg, Die
Milnze in der Kulturge-
schichte, 208
Notice of H. Nelson Wright,
Catalogue of Coins in the
Indian Museum, vol. iii.,
326-328
Note on the Coinage of Muham-
mad Ali, 325-326
Altar of Himera on coins of
Thermae, 226-227
Amisus, denarius of, found at
Silchester, 414
Ammanati, Cardinal, refers to
Paul II' s fondness for striking
coins, 353
Amulets, Egyptian, found with
mummies, 181-182
Andrea da Viterbo, medallist of
Paul II, 366-368
Angel nobles, first issue of, 120
Angels and angelets, coinage of, by
Sir Richard Tunstall,authorized,
119-120; half-angels first coined,
121
Angels " healing," 395
Angelo (Paci dall' Aquila?), possi-
bly a medallist of Paul II, 368
Anna Catherina, daughter of
Charles IV of Denmark, medal
on death of, 71-72
Antioch, coins of Julian II struck
at, 250; aureus of Gratian
416
INDEX.
struck at, on elevation of Va-
lentinian II, 109
Antoninus Pius, coins of, found at
Castle Bromwich, 29-32, 38-39 ;
found in Nottingham, 206
Antony, Mark, legionary coins of,
found at Castle Bromwich, 14,
16, 37 ; their circulation, 14
Anwar-ud-din Khan, Nawab of
the Carnatic, 148
Aphrodite of Paphos, temple of,
on coins of Pergamon, 207-208
Apis not the bull 011 coins of
Julian II, 244-245
ATTOAINIC, former reading of a
word on medal of Heraclius,
111
ATTOAITTIC, true reading of word
on medal of Heraclius, 112 ;
meaning of, 112-115
Apollo and Artemis as healing
deities on coins of Selinus, 44
Apostles, the Twelve, on a medal
of Paul II, 344-345
Aquileia, coins of Julian II of, 250
" Archer " type of Candragupta I,
coins of, found in Mirzapur dis-
trict, 399, 400-402 ; new variety
of, 401 ; of Kumaragupta I, 408
Aries, coins of Julian II of, 250
Assmann, Dr. E., his theory of
the etymology of moneta, 1-12
Athanasius, Archbishop of Alex-
andria, 248-249
. Attalos I, supposed portrait of,
on tetradrachm, 207
Aurelius, Marcus, denarii of,
found at Castle Bromwich, 14,
33-36, 38-40; at Nottingham,
206
Aureus of Gratian struck at
Antioch, 109 ; ten-aureus piece
of Diocletian struck at Alex-
andria, 100-103; do. Nicomedia,
100-103
B.
Babylonian standard, 210 ff.
Bagno, Cesare da, his medal of
Cosimo I, Duke of Florence,
412
Balaiizano, Pietro, medal of, 59
Balapur, coinage of, 158-162 ;
gold fanams, 160 ; copper coins,
161-162
Baldwin, Archbishop of Canter-
bury, receives grant of coinage
from King John, 310-311 ; death
of, 311-312
Barbo, Pier, arms of, on medals of
Paul II, 341, 342, 348, 349.
See also Paul II
Barneveldt, John van Olden, medal
on execution of, 69
Bartholomew, Massacre of Saint,
medal on, 64-65
Basel, Moralische Pfennige of,
76-78
Basil II, coin of Emperor, found
with coins of Aethelred II, 269
Baskerville, Thomas, his testimony
to the striking of coins of
Charles I with monogram Bv
at Oxford, 203
" Battle- Axe " type of Samudra-
gupta, 399-400
Bay ley, Kichard, his monogram
on coins of Charles I, of Oxford,
203-205
Bedford, ring supposed to have
belonged to John Bunyan,
found at, 185
Beharn, Barthel, engraving by,
61
Bellano, Bartolommeo, probably
not a medallist of Paul II, 361-
364 ; medal of Roselli by, 362-
364
Bernard, Duke of Saxony, coin of,
found with coins of Aethelred
II, 269, 375, 383
Berry, Jean Due de, possessed
medal of Heraclius, 110-114
Binio (double aureus) of Con-
stantine I, with view of Treves,
103-106
Blakeney, Admiral, medal of, 90
Boldu, Giovanni, memento mori
medals by, 49-51, 196, 198
Bowcher, Frank, his design for
Hong-Kong plague medal, 96
Brearcliffe, John, halfpenny token
of, 81-82
Brier cliffe. See Brearcliffe
Briett. See Briot
Brigetio, Roman gold coins found
at, 100, 102
Briot (Briett, Bryott), Nicholas,
money by, not mentioned in Pyx
records, 394 ; one of the gravers
to the Mint, 395; annuity to,
397 ; death of, 397
INDEX.
417
Bristol mint of Henry VI (restora-
tion period), 127-130 ; gold coins
of, 128; silver (groats only
known), 129-130 ; mint-marks
of, 129; legends of, 129; local
origin of dies discussed, 129-130 ;
coins described, 141-143 ; coins
of Charles I with monogram EH,
to be transferred from Bristol to
Oxford, 203-205
Bristowe prize medal, 89
"Britannia" coins, where struck,
413
BROOKE, G. C., B.A. :—
A Find of Eoman Denarii at
Castle Bromwich, 13-40
A Find of English Coins (Edward
VI— Charles I), 205
Chronology in the Short-Cross
Period, 291-324
Mr. Parsons' s Arrangement of
the Coin-Types of Aethelred
II, 370-380
Bull, type on Eoman coins, dis-
cussed, 244-245 ; on coins of
Julian II not Apis, 245
Bunyan, John, ring said to have
belonged to, found at Bedford,
185
BUEEN, ALBERT W. VAN : —
Vergil and Coins, 409-411
Burgh, Nicholas, graver at the
Mint in 1641, 396; probably
same as Nicholas Burghers (q.v.)
Burghers, Nicholas, prepared a
medal at Oxford in 1648, 396
BURN, R., I.C.S., M.R.A.S.:—
A Find of Gupta Gold Coins,
398-408
Byng, Admiral, medals of, on loss
of Minorca, 90
C.
Caesar, Julius, denarius referring
to assassination of, 46, 47, 60
Caesarea Mazaca, forgeries from,
411-412
Camarina, tetradrachm of, 232
Camillus, vow of, 9
Campanian coin with head of
Juno, 6
Candragupta II, coins of, 399,
400-406
Canterbury Mint in the short-
cross period, coins of the moneyer
Goldwine, 296-297 ; hitherto
wrongly attributed to Chiches-
ter, 304; coins of Reinaud of,
wrongly attributed toChichester,
304, 312; coins of Archbishop
Baldwin of, 309-310, 313
I Carisius, denarius of Titus, with
head of Juno and legend
M ON ETA, 6-7
, Carnatic, copper coins of Muham-
mad Ali of the, 146-157
Carthaginian coins circulated in
Sicily and Italy, 1; suggested
reference by Vergil to, 409
j Castle Bromwich, Roman denarii
found at, 13-40
Cesare da Bagno, his medal of
Cosimo I, Duke of Florence, 412
I Cestianus,denarius of T.Plaetorius,
with legend M ON ETA and head
of Juno, 6, 7
Chanda Sahib. See Husain Dost
Khan
Charles I, memorial medal of, 75-
76 ; memorial rings of, 184-185 ;
shillings of, found at Winters-
low, 205
Charles II, memorial medal on
death of, 84, 85
Charles IX of France, medal of,
on Massacre of St. Bartholomew,
65
Charon receiving soul from Mer-
cury, on intaglio, 164 ; obolus
of Charon, 182-183, 202 ; survival
of custom, 183
Charun, the Etruscan Charon,
174, 175
Cheselden, William, the surgeon,
memorial prize medal of, 88-89
Chester, coins of Leicester of
William I and II, wrongly
attributed to, 294
Chevalier, A., a Paris engraver,
medal by, of Samuel Plimsoll, 94
Chichele, Henry, Archbishop of
Canterbury, sepulchre of, 72-73
Chichester Mint, no coins of class
II. of short-cross period of, 300-
305 ; writs of reign of John
referring to, 318-319; date of
reopening, 319-323
Chosrces I, inscription on seal of,
190
Christ in glory on medal of Paul
II, 344-345, 347
Cistophori, date of Pergamene, 207
418
INDEX
Clowes, William, surgeon, record
of delivery of bronze touch-
pieces to, in 1635-6, 395
Cnut repeats a type of Aethelred
II, 377
Colchester find, 291 ff . (pass.)
"Combatant Lion" type of
Candragupta I, 399, 405; of
Kumaragupta I, 399, 407
Commodus, coins of, found at
Castle Bromwich, 14, 37
Consistory, public, medals of Paul
II referring to, 344, 345, 348,
352, 358, 359
Constantiiie I, double aureus of,
struck at Treves, 103-106 ; date
of issue of, 106 ; mediaeval medal
of, 115-116; Arabic numerals
on, 115-116 ; probably made in
Flanders, 116
Constantinople, coins of Julian II
of, 250
Constantius II, his relations with
Julian, 238-240
Corstopitum, Roman Coins from,
noticed, 413
Cosimo I, Duke of Florence, medal
by Cesare da Bagno, 412
Cowries, used as currency in Bala-
pur, 162
Crete, copper ingots discovered in,
209-211
Crispus, coin of London of, with
Christian symbols, 413
Cristoforo of Mantua, medallist of
Paul II, 364-366
Cross fitchee mint-mark of Ed-
ward IV, 119, 120, 135.
Cross, long, type of Aethelred II,
259 ; date of, 285
Cross pattee (larger) mint-mark
adopted by Henry VI, 122
Cross pierced, mint-mark of Henry
VI, of London, 125
Cross, plain (pierced or unpierced)
mint-mark of Henry VI, 122 ;
of London, 125 ; (pierced) of
Bristol, 129
Cross, small, type of Aethelred II,
260-261 ; date of, 285
" Crux " type of Aethelred II, 257 ;
date and meaning of, 280-282,
379, 386
CRVX legend on mediaeval coins,
Cupid dislodging a skeleton, type
on a Koman gem, 167
Cupid and Psyche, 170-172
Curitis, or Curritis, epithet of
Juno, 9
Curtius, M., modern medal on
sacrifice of, 754
D.
Danace, the obolus of Charon,
182-183, 202
Danegelt, payments of, in reign
of Aethelred II, 251 ff.
Daubeny, C.G.B., Professor of
Chemistry at Oxford, medal of,
89
Daud Khan Pani, Nawab of
Arcot, 147
Death, medals referring to, 41-96,
163-203 ; death yielding to
valour, design 011 a plaque, 67
Death's head rings, 183-185
Decroso, John, a graver at tho
Mint in 1642, 396
Deities, busts of, custom of plac-
ing, in Phoenician temples, 208
Delft, badge of Guild of Physicians
of, 75
Demeter, altar of, on Pergamene
coins, 208
Dido, head of, on Carthaginian
coins, 1-2
Dies, for coins of Aethelred II,
where made, 265-267, 373-374,
382-383 ; for coins of Henry VI,
probably made at provincial
mints from designs from London,
128
Dieudonne, A., on the true attri-
bution of certain coins of
Antioch and Nicomedia formerly
attributed to Julian II, 243-244
Diocletian, ten-aureus piece of,
struck at Alexandria, 100
Domitian, coins of, found at Not-
tingham, 206; denarii of, found
at Castle Bromwich, 14, 18-19
Dorothea, Queen of Denmark,
memorial medal of, 62
Dost Ali Khan, Nawab of the
Carnatic, 147
Dunstan, his relations with Aethel-
red II, and suggested influence
on coin-types, 278-279, 282-283,
379, 385
Diirer, Albrecht, engraving of
Erasmus by, 56-58 ; medal of
Erasmus attributed to, 56
INDEX.
419
E.
East, John, engraver at the Mint,
1630, 395, 397
Eccles find, short-cross coins from,
291
Ecclesiastical mints of Henry VI i
(restored), 133-134, 145
Edward the Martyr, "Hand"
type of, 270
Edward III institutes trial of the
Pyx, 388
Edward IV, flight of, in 1470, ;
117
Edward VI, shilling of, found at
Winterslow, 205
Egyptian deities on Roman coins, i
245-247 ; on coins of Julian II, •
245-249
Eldred, Anne, memorial medal of, |
83 <
Eleusis, bronze coins of, 46
Elizabeth, shillings of, found at j
Winterslow, 205
Epicurean ideas of death, &c., on |
gems, 168-171
Erasmus, medal of, 54-58 ; engrav- j
ing of, by Diirer, 50-53 ; seal of,
58, 189-190
Etruscan gems, 174 ff.
Eumenes I of Pergamon, coins of,
207
EVANS, A. J., M.A., F.R.S.,
D. Litt., &c. :—
Notes on some Roman " Medal-
lions " and Coins of Clodius
Albinus, Diocletian, Constan-
tine I, and Gratian, 97-109
Everard, short-cross moneyer,
coins of the second class of,
wrongly attributed to Chiches-
ter, 300-305
Evil, king's, 395 ; bronze touch-
pieces for, 395-396
EX I = 1X3, initials of engraver
on coins of Camarina, 232-235
P.
Fanams of Balapur, 159-160
Faustina I, coins of, found at
Nottingham, 206; denarii of,
found at Castle Bromwich, 14,
32-33, 40
Faustina II, denarii of, found at
Castle Bromwich, 14, 36
Fiamma, G-abrielle, Bishop of
Chioggia, medal of, 65
Finds of coins —
Brigetio (Roman gold), 100, 102
Castle Bromwich (Roman dena-
rii), 13-40
Corbridge (Corstopitum) (Roman
and Greek Imperial), 413-414
Mirzapur (Gupta), 398-408
Nottingham (Roman), 205-206
Winterslow (English, Edward
Vl-Charles I), 205
Of Aethelred II (table of), 267-
269, 383-384
Fioravanti, Aristotele, medallist
of Paul II, 342, 360-361; in
Russia, 361
Fleur-de-lys mint-mark of London
of Henry VI, 125
Fothergill Medal of the Royal
Humane Society, 92
Foundation deposits of Paul II,
353-354
Franco, Goffredo, medal of, 63
Friedensburg, F., notice of his Die
Milnze in der Kultergeschichte,
208
Fritze, H. von, notice of his Die
Miinzen von Pergamon, 207-208
G.
GABBICI, Ettore : —
Moneta di Argento dei So(ntini),
329-331
Galleotti, Pietro Paolo, medals by,
63-66
Gallicia, massacres in, medal on,
93-94
Galvani, Aloisio, medal of, 92
Gela, suggested reference by Vergil
to, 409
George Podiebrod, King of
Bohemia, medals of Paul II,
probably referring to Consis-
tory of 1466, 358
Gerard, Philippe de, medal of
G. L. E. Mouchon, by, 96
Geremia, Cristoforo (of Mantua),
364-366, worked for Paul II,
364-365 ; medal of Scararnpi
by, 365-366
Gidley, Bartholomew, medal on
death of, 85
Giovanni, Bertholdo di, medal on
Pazzi conspiracy by, 51
420
INDEX.
Godric, Leicester moneyer of
William I and II, 294
Godwine, short-cross moneyer,
296-297
Goldwine, coins of short-cross
moneyer, wrongly attributed
to Chichester, 300-305
Gottifredo, Jacopo, medals of
Paul II and, 346-347, 358
Grand val, Chevalier de, medal on
execution of, 88
Gratian, aureus of, on elevation
of Valentinian II, 107-109
Greene, Charles, under-graver at
the Mint, 394
Greene, Edward, chief graver of
the Mint, 394, 395
GEUEBEE, H. A., F.S.A. :—
Roman Coins found in Notting-
ham, 205-206
H.
Hadrian, coins of, found at Castle
Bromwich, 14, 24-28, 38 ; found
in Nottingham, 206; coin of,
with reverse Hilaritas copied on
medal of Paul II, 342, 344
Hadrianeia, coin of Severus struck
at, found at Corstopitum, 414
Haeberlin's theory of Roman
metrology criticized, 209-222
Halifax, halfpenny token of J.
Brearcliffe of, 81, 82
"Hand" type of Aethelred II,
254-257, 376-377, 379 ; of
Edward the Martyr, 376, 379
HANDS, REV. A. W. :—
Juno Moneta, 1-12
HASLUCK, F. W., M.A.: —
Forgeries from Caesarea Mazaca,
411-412
Hat-jewels with memento mori
devices, 193
Haverfordwest, angel of Henry VI
found at, 124
Helena, wife of Julian II, 239,
248 ; not Isis on the coins, 247
Henry VI, restored in 1470, 117 ;
restoration coinage of, 117-145 ;
early angels of, 120; London
Mint of, 123-127, 136-141 ;
Bristol Mint of, 127-130, 141-
143; York Mint of, 130-134,
143-145
Heraclea, mint of Julian II, 250
I Heracles and bull on coin of
Selinus, 45
Heraclius, mediaeval medal of,
110-115 ; explanation of type of,
112-115
! Hermes Psychopompos on gem,
173; with butterfly, 173; and
caduceus, 174, 176, 177
Hilaritas, on medal of Paul II,
342, 344 ; meaning of, 356-357,
361
HILL, G. F., M.A. :—
i Note on the Mediaeval Medals
of Constantine and Hera-
clius, 110-116
Notice of Die Milnzen von Per-
gamon, by H. von Fritze,
207-208
The Medals of Paul II, 340-
369
Notice of Roman Coins from
Corstopitum, 413-414
Himera, altar of, on tetradrachm
of Thermae, 226-227
Hojer, George, memorial medal of
(1630), 82
Holbein's "Ambassadors," me-
mento mori jewel in, 184
Hong-Kong Plague medal, 96
"Horseman" type of Candra-
gupta I, 399, 402-404 ; of
Kumaragupta I, 399, 403
Hotham, Sir John, memorial
medal of, 75
Hubert, Bishop, opens Canterbury
Mint in short-cross period, 313
Husain Dost Khan, Nawab of the
Carnatic, 148
Huss, John, medals on martyr-
dom of, 48-49
Hypsas, the river-god, sacrificing,
on coin of Selinos, 45
I.
I not necessarily I on early
English coins, but first stroke
of a letter, 298-299
Ipswich, Anglo-Saxon coins found
at, 268
Isis on Roman coins and on the
Marlborough cameo, 246 ; not
to be identified with Helena, wife
of Julian II, 247-248
Isleworth, find of Anglo-Saxon
coins at, 268
INDEX.
421
J.
JACKSON, MAJOR B. P. : —
Muhammad All, Nawab of the
Carnatic (1752-1756 A.D.), and
his Copper Coins, 146-157
The Coinage of Balapur, 158-
162
James I of England, memento
mori jewel belonging to, 260 ;
shillings of, found at Winters-
low, 205
" Javelin " type of Samudragupta,
399
John, King of England, errors in
chronology in reign of, corrected,
305-306 ; Exchequer and regnal
years of, 305-306; writ of the
ninth year summoning money-
ers, &c., 315 ; occasion of, 316-
318
John the Baptist, Saint, on medals
of Paul II, 344-345
John's, St., College, Oxford, gives
college plate to Charles I, 204
Jubilee medals of Pope Paul II,
350-351, 359-360
Julian II, coins of, 238-250 ; rise
of, 239-241 ; his beard, a sign of
paganism, 239 ; his marriage, 239 ;
division of coins of, 241 ; use of
title Caesar by, 242 ; his treat-
ment of Christians, 242-245;
allusions to Egyptian deities,
243 ; as Serapis on cameo, 246-
247 ; unpublished coins of, 249-
250 ; mints of, 250
Juno, temple of, 3 ff . ; goddess of
the Veii, 10 ; identified with the
Astarte of the Carthaginians, 5 ;
cult of, on coins, 6-8
Juno Curitis (or Curritis), a
Sabine divinity, 9
Juno Moneta, temple of, 3 ff. ;
nature of, 3, 4
Juno Sospita, on coins, 7 ; goddess
of warriors, 10
Jupiter, seated, type on reverse of
a ten-aureus piece of Diocletian,
100-102
K.
Katak coins of Ahmad Shah not
all official issues, 328
Kharpur, suggested Mughal mint,
327
Kletias, suggested signature on a
Carthaginian tetradrachm, 224
Korn, Onophrius (1662), medal of,
63
Kumaragupta I, coins of, found in
Mirzapur, 399, 407, 408
L.
Langstrother, John, grant to, of
office of Gustos Cambii from
Henry VI, 118
Lawrence, St., on early Christian
medalet, 49
Lefwine, Lincoln rnoneyer in
1202-1203, 314
Leicester coin of William I
wrongly attributed to Chester,
294 ; early forms of name of
Leicester, 295
Letitia Scholastica, type of medal
of Paul II, 342 ; explained, 356
Liberty, head of, on denarii struck
after the death of Nero, 47 ; cap
of, and daggers on medal of
Lorenzo de' Medici, 60
Lichfield, dies granted to Bishop
of, by Richard I, 313-314
"Lion, Retreating" type of Can-
dragupta I, new variety of, 399,
406
" Lion-Slayer," new type of Can-
dragupta I, 399, 406
" Lion-Trampler " type of Candra-
gupta I, 399, 404
Litta, Alberto, medal of, 64
London, coin of Crispus, struck at,
with Christian symbols, 413
London, short- cross coins of, 297-
299; distinguished from Lincoln,
297-299; mint of Henry VI,
123-127 ; angels of, 123-124 ;
silver of, 124-127; denomina-
tions of, 124 ; mint-marks, &c.,
of, 125; legends of, 123-127;
coins of, described, 136-141
Lucio, Lodovico, medal of, by the
" MMailleur a la Fortune," 53
Lucretia, bust of, on Italian
sixteenth-century plaque, 54
LVN D, erroneously recorded mint-
mark of Julian II, 250
Luther, memento mori finger-ring
of, 184
422
INDEX.
Lyons, mint of Julian II, 250
Lys, mint-mark of York Mint of
Henry VI, 133 ; of Bristol, 129.
See also Fleur-de-lys
M.
Machanat, Phoenician inscription
on coins, suggested original of
Latin moneta, 1-12
Madras, E.I.C.'s coins of, 325
Madruzzo, Cardinal, medal of, 59
MAI, engraver's signature on coin
of Himera, 228
Makarsha, ingot found at, 213
Maler, Christian, medals by, 74,
199
Malmesbury, " Agnus Dei " penny
of Aethelred II of, 288
Man, Isle of, Anglo-Saxon coins
found in, 268
Marlborough cameo of Julian II,
246-247
Marsden, coin attributed to Mysore
by, 326
Marzi, Galeotto, medal of, 52
MCCLEAN, J. R., M.A. :—
Metrological Note on the Coin-
age of Populonia, 209-222
" Medailleur a la Fortune," medals
by, 53-54
Medallions, unpublished Roman,
97-109
Medical Congress, International,
medal on, 95
Medici, Alexander de', medal on
murder of, 48, 59-60 ; Lorenzo
de', medal on escape of, 51-52
Melkarth, on Carthaginian coins,
2, 232-234
Memento mori medals, Danish,
67-72 ; English, 76-81
Mercandetti, medal of Aloisio
Galvani by, 92
Metsys, Quentin, made a medal
of Erasmus, now lost, 56
Middelburg, Guild of Surgeons of,
meclalets of, 88
Millennium, belief in approach of,
in Aethelred II's reign, 279-280
MILNE, J. G., M.A. :—
Alexandrian Tetradrachms of
Tiberius, 333-339
Mint-marks of Edward IV, 122 ;
alterations in, by Henry VI,
120-122; of Bristol, 129; of
London, 125; of York, 132;
tables of, of Charles I, 393-394
Mirzapur district, Gupta coins
found in, 398-408
Moawiyah II, seal of the Caliph,
191
I Moneta, etymology of, 1-12
>: MONETA on Roman coins, 7
MONETA on coins of Aethelred
II, 378, 384
i MO-ON transition of, on coins of
Aethelred II, 263-267, 372-373
I Moneyers : method of identifying
moneyers of the same name,
292-294
j Monmouth and Argyle, medal of
execution of, 85-86
Moralische Pfennige of Basel,
76-78
Morea, despots of, and Paul II, 359
! Moro, Tommaso, medal of, 59
Muhammad Ali, Nawab of the Car-
natic, 146-157; seeks British
assistance, 148-149 ; his suc-
cesses, 150 ; treaties with the
British, 153-154 ; death of, 134 ;
coins described, 156-157 ; coins
wrongly attributed to, 325
| Muhammad Shah, Mughal Em-
peror, coins of Balapur in name
of, 160-162; of Surat, 327,
328
Mules of coins of Aethelred II,
252, 270, 376-377, 384
! Mysore, coins of Tipu Sultan of,
162
N.
Nagpur, late Mughal coins circu-
lating in, 328
Nahtarnagar, coin of Muhammad
Ali struck at, 325-326
Nantes, Revocation of Edict of,
medal on, 86
Nerva, coins of, found at Castle
Bromwich, 14, 19-20 ; at Not-
tingham, 206
Nesb0, Anglo-Saxon coins found
at, 268
Nevill, George, Archbishop of
York, coins of, temp. Henry VI
(restored), 134, 145
Nicolson, Josias, memorial medal
of, 84
Nicomedia, mint of Julian II, 250
INDEX.
423
Notices of books : —
H. H. E. Craster, Report on
Roman Coins from Corstopi-
tum, 413-414
F. Friedensburg, Die Miinze in
der Kullurgeschichte, 208
H. von Fritze, Die Miinzen von
Pergamon, 207-208
H. Nelson Wright, Catalogue of
Coins in the Indian Museum,
vol. Hi., 326-328
Nottingham, Roman Coins found
in, 205-206
0.
Oak-spray, attribute of Jupiter on
medallion of Diocletian, 102
Obolos of Charon, 182, 183, 202
Occo III, Adolph, medals of, 68
Olaf Skotkonung, coins of, found
with those of Aethelred II, 267,
268
Old Szony (Brigetio), Boman gold
coins found at, 100, 102
Oswald, moneyer of Norwich, of
Aethelred II, 271
Oxford, coins of Charles I, with
monogram Br, to be attributed
to, 203-205
P.
PABVLVM SALVTIS on medal
of Paul II, 346, 357
Packe, A. E., his view that
Henry VI coined gold at York
confirmed, 121
Paine, Thomas, satirical tokens
of, 91-92
Palaeologi of the Morea and Paul
II, 359
Paris, medal by Rogat on cholera {
epidemic of 1832 in, 93
Parmigiani, Lorenzo, medal of ,
Cardinal Madruzzo by, 59
PAESONS, H. ALEXANDEE : —
The Coin-Types of Aethelred II,
251-290
Mr. Brooke on " The Coin-Types
of Aethelred II : " A Reply,
380-387
Paul II, medals of, 340-369 ; a col-
lector of coins, 340 ; his fondness
for foundation-stone deposits,
353 ; finds of coins of, 354 ; re-
organizes Roman University,
356 ; and Peace of Italy, 359 ;
Jubilee medal of, 389 ; medal-
lists of, 360-369
Paul and Peter, Saints, on medals
of Paul II, 346, 347, 352
Pazzi conspiracy, medal on, 51-52
Peacock, a symbol of immortality
on coins, &c., 178
Pergamon, coins of, 207-208
Persephone, head of, on Cartha-
ginian coins, 2
"Pest-token," Danish, 95
Philip and Mary, shilling of,
found at Wmterslow, 205
Phoenix, symbol of immortality
on coins, &c., 52, 59, 178
Phrygian cap worn by charioteer
on tetradrachm of Thermae
Himerenses, 229-230
Platina, Bartolommeo, on charac-
ter of Paul II, 353
Plato, so-called portrait of, on
gems, 168
Plimsoll, Samuel, medal of, 94
Populonia, metrology of, 209-223
Pozzi, J. H., physician of Bologna,
medal of, 89
Preston, Abraham, graver at the
Mint in 1641-2, 396
Psyche on Roman gems, 168-176
Ptolemaic coins circulated in
Roman times, 334
Ptolemy II, coin of, found in
Egypt . with coins of Tiberius,
333-334
Ptolemy VII, coins of, found in
Egypt with coins of Tiberius,
333-334
Puritans, wearing of rings with
death's heads by, 184
Pyx, trial of the, 388-394; in
time of James 1, 389 ; of Charles
I, 390-394
Q.
" Quadrilateral " type of Aethel-
red II, 257-258, 289
Quinio, Roman gold coin of five
aurei, struck at Tarraco, found
at Old Szony (Brigetio), 102
R.
Ramagh, David, makes mint
machinery for York and Shrews-
bury, 396
424
INDEX.
RAV erroneously recorded mint-
mark of Julian II, 250
Reinaud, coin of Class II of short-
cross of, wrongly attributed to
Chichester, 312
Renius, L., denarius of, with head
of Juno Sospita, 7
Riccio, Domenico, medal of, 52
Richard I grants dies to Bishop of
Lichfield, 313
Rod, Richard, his testimony that
B-L coins of Charles I were
struck at Oxford, 203
Rogat, E., medal by, on cholera
epidemic of 1832, in Paris, 93
Roman coins found atCastle Brom-
wich, 13-40 ; in Nottingham,
205-206
Roman medallions and coins, un-
published, 97- 109
Roman standard, origin of, 209-
222
" Romano," epithet of medallist
Pietro Paolo Galeotti, 66
Rome, coins struck at, by Julian
II, 250
Rose, mint-mark of Bristol, of
Henry VI, 129, 130
Roselli, Antonio, medal of, by
Bartolommeo Bellano, 362-364
Rosenbaum, Lorenz, plaque and
medal by, 61
ROSENHEIM, MAX, F.S.A. : — -
Medal of Cosimo I, Duke of
Florence, by Cesare da Bagno,
412
Royal Humane Society, Fother-
gill medal of, 92-93
Ryals discontinued by Henry VI
on his restoration, 119
S.
S. W., a German medallist, 63
Saadut Ulla Khan, Nawab of the
Carnatic, 147
Sabina, denarii of, found at
Castle Bromwich, 14, 28-29
Safaar Ali, Nawab of the Carnatic,
147
Salisbury, coins found near. See
Winterslow
Samudragupta, coins of, found in
Mirzapur, 399-400
Sardinia, ingot found in, 211
Scandinavian coins, earliest, 280
Schornberg, Marshal, medal on
death of, 87
Seals with memento mori inscrip-
tions, 189-192 ; Oriental, 191
Seleucus, portrait of, on Per-
gamene coins, 207
Selinus, coin of, commemorating
freedom from pestilence, 43-45 ;
the god sacrificing to Aescula-
pius, 44-45 ; suggested reference
by Vergil to coins of, with
selinon-leaf, 409-410
SELTMAN, E. J. : —
On some Rare Sicilian Tetra-
drachms, 223-237
Serapis on coins of Julian II,
246-247
Severus, Septimius, and Clodius
Albinus, as consuls, &c., 98-99
Sforza, Faustina, medal of, 65-
66
Shakespeare refers to " death's
head " tokens, 82, 185
Short-cross coinage, chronology of
the, 291-324 ; date of second issue,
307 ; of third issue, 320-322
Siculo-Punic coins, 223-232 ; last
issue of, 231, 236-237
Silchester, denarius of Arnisus
found at, 414
Simon, Thomas, chief engraver at
the Mint, 1648, 391-397
Sirmium, coins struck at, by Julian
II, 250
Siscia, coins struck at, by Julian
II, 250
Skeleton and wine- jar on Roman
gems, 164-165; and butterfly
on Roman gems, 170-171' ; danc-
ing on Roman gems, 179
Skulls, ancient Mexican, of crys-
tal, 192-193
Smith, Vincent A., Esq., on Gupta
coins, quoted 398-408, pass.
ZO on tetradrachm of the Sontini,
329-332
Sontini, unpublished tetradrachm
of the, 329-332
Star Chamber and trial of the
Pyx, 389
Sun, mint-mark of Henry VI of
Bristol, 129, 130, 135 ; of York,
133, 135
Surat, late Mughal coins of, 328
SYMONDS, HENRY, F.S.A. : —
The BR or RB on certain Coins
of Charles I, 203-205
INDEX.
425
SYMONDS, HENRY (cont.) —
Charles I : The Trials of the Pyx,
the Mint-Marks, and the Mint
Accounts, 388-398
T.
Tarentum, suggested reference by
Vergil to coins of, 410
Tarraco, quinio of Diocletian struck
at, 103
Tenniel, Sir John, his design for
International Medical Congress
Medal, 95
Terminus on medal of Erasmus,
54-56 ; on seal, 58
Thermae Himerenses, tetradrachm
of, 223-231
Thessalonica, coins of Julian II
struck at, 280
Tiberius, Alexandrian tetra-
drachms of, 333-339 ; found in
Egypt, 333 ; did not continue
in circulation, 334 ; weights of,
335-337 ; analysis of, 336 ; dies
of, 337-338
Tikri Debra (Mirzapur), Gupta
coins found at, 398-408
Tipu Sultan introduced silver
coinage into Mysore, 162
Titus, coins of, found at Castle
Bromwich, 14, 18 ; at Notting-
ham, 206
Tower Mint, mint-mark of Edward
IV of, 119 ; alone subject to the
trial of the Pyx, 396
Trajan, coins of, found at Castle
Bromwich, 14, 20-24, 37-38 ; at
Nottingham, 206
Trefoil mint-mark of Henry VI, of
Bristol, 129
Treves, view of, on double aureus
of Constantino I, 103, 106;
coins of Julian II of, 250
Tribune of St. Peter's, building of,
recorded, 347, 356
Triptolemus on coin, of Eleusis,
46
U.
UmdatuTumara, definition of,
154
VOL. X., SERIES IV.
V.
Valens represented on aureus of
Gratian, on elevation of Valen-
tinian II, 107-109
Valentinian II, aureus of Gratian,
on elevation of, 107-109
Valour (or Virtue) overcoming
death, plaque, 67
Vecchietti, Alessandro, medal of,
by the " Medailleur a la For-
tune," 53
Venezia, Palazzo di, on medals of
Paul II, 341, 342, 343 ; medals
found in, 354-355
Vergil and coins, 409
Verus, Lucius, denarii of, found at
Castle Bromwich, 14, 36
Vespasian, coins of, found at
Castle Bromwich, 14, 16-18 ; at
Nottingham, 206
W.
Wade, Edward, chief engraver at
the Mint in 1645, 397
Wadham, Nicholas and Dorothy,
memorial medal of, 69
Walajah, a title of Muhammad Ali
(q.v.)
Walid I, caliph, memento mori
legend on seal of, 191
Walpole, Horace, ring belonging
to, 188
WALTERS, FREDERICK A., F.S.A. :—
The Coinage of the Reign of Ed-
ward IV (contd., Period of the
Restoration of Henry VI),
117-145
Walton, Izaak, his bequest of
memorial rings to friends, 188-
189
Wardens of the Exchange, &c., in
the Mint from 1625 to 1649,
394-398
Warren, James, enamel on death
of, 87
Warsaw, medal on foundation of
Medical Association in, 89-
90
Warwick, Earl of, declares himself
Lieutenant of the Realm, 118 ;
crowns Henry VI, 119
WEBB, PERCY H. : —
Coinage of Julian II, 238-
250
2F
426
INDEX.
WEBER,F.PARKES,M.D.,F.S.A. :—
Aspects of Death, &c., illus-
trated by medals, gems, &c.
(continued), 40-96, 163-203
Winterslow, English coins (Ed-
ward VI-Gharles I), found at,
205
Witt, Jan and Cornelius de, medal
on execution of, 82-83
Wolff, Tobias, memento mori medal
by, 66-67
Wright, H. Nelson, I.C.S., notice
of his Catalogue of Coins in the
Indian Museum,vol. iii., 326-328
Wyon, Allan, medal on plague in
Hong-Kong by, 96
Wyon, L. C., medal on Inter-
national Medical Congress by, 95
Wyon, W., Gheselden Medal by, 89
Y.
York Mint, coin of Aethelred II,
with legend M ON ETA, 378, 384-
385 ; coin of Everard of short-
cross Class II., wrongly attri-
buted to Chichester, 298-304;
coins of Henry VI of, 130-134 ;
documentary evidence as to issue
of gold at, 131; gold ascribed
to, 132 ; silver, 133 ; mint-mark
of, 132, 133 ; archiepiscopal
coins of, 134 ; the coins described,
143-145
Z.
Zah, Sebastian, medal of, 64
END OF VOL. X.
THE
NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE
INDEXES TO YOLS. I.— X., 1901-1910.
FOURTH SERIES.
INDEX I.
NAMES OF THE AUTHORS, AND OF THE PAPERS
CONTRIBUTED BY THEM.
A.
ALLAN, J., M.A., M.R.A.S. :—
The Coinage of Assam, ix. 300-331
Notice of Die Miinze in der
Kulturgeschichte, by Dr. F.
Friedensburg, x. 208
A Note on the Coinage of
Muhammad Ali, x. 325-326
Notice of Catalogue of the Coins
in the Indian Museum, vol. iii. :
Mughal Emperors, by H. Nel-
son Wright, I.C.S., x. 326-328
AMEDEOZ, H. F., M.R.A.S. :—
The Assumption of the Title
Shahanshah by Buwayhid
Rulers, v. 393-399
ANDERSON, J. G. C., M.A. : —
Two Pontic Eras, iv. 101-102
ANDREW, W. J., F.S.A. :—
A Numismatic History of the
Reign of Henry I, i. 1-515
B.
BAKER-PENOYRE, J. FF. : —
Coins of Blaundus in Lydia, iv.
102-103
BATTENBERG, VICE - ADMIRAL
H.S.H. PRINCE Louis OF : —
Medals Commemorative of
Vice - Admiral Edward
Vernon's Operations 1739-
1741, ix. 418-429
i BLANCHET, ADRIEN : —
Coins of the Ancient Britons
found in France, vii. 351
! BLANCHET, A., and GRUEBER,
H. A. :—
Treasure-Trove, its Ancient and
Modern Laws, ii. 148-176
BLISS, T. :—
Anglo-Saxon Coins found in
Croydon, vii. 339-342
BROOKE, G. C., B.A. :—
A Find of English Coins at
Constable Burton, ix. 285-
291
A Find of Roman Denarii at
Castle Bromwich, x. 13-40
A Find of English Coins at
Winterslow, near Salisbury,
x. 205
Chronology in the Short-Cross
Period, x. 291-324
Mr. Parsons' Arrangement of
the Coin-Types of Aethelred
II, x. 370-380
BUREN, ALBERT W. VAN : —
Vergil and Coins, x. 409-411
BURN, R., I.C.S., M.R.A.S.:—
Note on the Mughal Mints of
India (corrections to Mr.
Longworth Dames's article),
iii. 194-196
A Find of Gupta Coins, x.
398-408
428
INDEX I.
C.
CAHN, DR. JULIUS :—
German Renaissance Medals in
the British Museum, iv. 39-
61
CAELYON - BEITTON, P. W. P.,
F.S.A. :—
Bedwin and Marlborough and
the Moneyer Cilda, ii. 20-
25
On a Rare Sterling of Henry,
Earl of Northumberland, ii.
26-33
On the Coins of William I and
William II, and the Se-
quence of the Types, ii. 208-
223
Eadward the Confessor and his
Coins, v. 179-205
COCHRAN-PATEICK, R. W. : —
Notes on some Original
Documents relating to Touch-
pieces, vii. 121-123
CODRINGTON, 0., M.D., F.S.A.,
M.R.A.S.: —
Some Rare Oriental Coins, ii.
267-274
COVERNTON, J. G., M.A. : —
Two Coins relating to the
Buwayhid and Okaylid
Dynasties of Mesapotamiaand
Persia, iii. 177-189
Malwa Coins of Bahadur Shah
of Gujarat, iii. 314-315
A Round Copper Coin of Ghi-
yath Shah of Malwa (?), iii.
316
Some Silver Buwayhid Coins,
ix. 220-240
CBEEKE, A. B. : —
Unpublished Stycas of Aelfwald
I and Aethelred I, ii. 310-
311
CRUMP, C. G., and JOHNSON, C. : —
Notes on a Numismatic History
of the Eeign of Henry J, ii.
372-378; corrections to, iii.
99
D.
DAMES, M. LONGWOETH, M.R.A.S.,
I.C.S. (retd.) :—
Some Coins of the Mughal
Emperors, ii. 275-309
E.
ESDAILE, MES. (Miss K. A. MAC-
DOWALL) : —
Contorniates and Tabulae
Lusoriae, vi. 232-266
An Unpublished Medallion of
the Younger Faustina, viii.
56-61
EVANS, A. J., M.A., D.Litt.,
F.R.S., V.P.S.A. :—
Notes on some Roman Imperial
" Medallions " and Coins :
Clodius Albinus ; Diocletian ;
Constantino the Great ;
Gratian, x. 97-109
EVANS, SIE JOHN, K.C.B., F.S.A.,
F.R.S. :—
Note on a Gold Coin of Addedo-
maros, ii. 11-19
The Burning of Bonds under
Hadrian, ii. 88-92
On some Rare or Unpublished
Roman Coins, ii. 345-363
The Cross and Pall on the Coins
of Alfred the Great, ii. 202-
207
Ancient British Coins of Veru-
lamium and Cunobelinus, iii.
192-193
A New Type of Carausius, iv.
136-143
An Advertising Medal of the
Elizabethan Period, iv. 353-
361
Rare or Unpublished Coins of
Carausius, v. 18-35
The Horseman Shilling of
Edward VI, v. 400-401
The Silver Medal or Map of
Francis Drake, vi. 77-89;
supplemental Remarks on,
348-350
An Unpublished Coin of
Carausius, vi. 328
Some Silver Coins of Carausius,
vii. 272-273
On some Rare or Unpublished
Roman Gold Coins, viii. 85-
101
Ancient British Coins found
with Roman Coins in England,
viii. 80-81
EVANS, LADY, M.A. : —
Hair-dressing of Roman Ladies
as illustrated on Coins, vi.
37-64
NAMES OF AUTHORS, ETC.
429
EVANS, LADY (cont.) —
A Silver Badge of Thetford, vii.
89-106
Memorial Medal of Anne Eldred,
viii. 178-194
A Silver Plaque of Charles I as
Prince, viii. 266-272
Memorial Medal of Josias
Nicolson, ix. 241-249
F.
FARQUHAR, Miss HELEN : —
A Half-Crown of Charles I of
Uncertain Mint, vi. 219-220
A Note on William Holle,
Cuneator of the Mint, viii.
273-277
Nicholas Hilliard, "Embosser of
Medals of Gold," viii. 324-
356
Clich6 Reverse for a Touchpiece
of Charles II by Thomas
Simon, ix. 297-299
FOSTER, WILLIAM : —
A Note on the First English
Coinage at Bombay, vi. 351-
357
Fox, H. B. EARLE : —
Some Athenian Problems, v. 1-9
The Initial Coinage of Corcyra. !
viii. 80
G.
GABRICI, ETTORE : —
Moneta di Argento dei So(ntini),
x. 329-332
GRA.HAM, T. H. B. :— •
The Re coinage of 1696-1697, vi.
358-384
Cromwell's Silver Coinage, viii.
62-79
GRANTLEY, LORD : —
A Penny of Baldred, vi. 90-91
GRUEBER, H. A., F.S.A. : —
Some Coins of Eadgar and
Henry VI, ii. 364-371
Notice of Catalogue of Greek
Coins in the Hunter Collection,
vol. ii., by G. Macdonald, ii.
188-189
Notice of Traite" des Monnaies
grecques et romaines by E.
Babelon, Part I. vol. i., ii.
189-191
GRUEBER, H. A. (cont.)—
A Unique Naval Reward, " The
Breton Medal," ii. 311-312
A Find of Silver Coins at
Colchester, iii. 111-176
A Find of Coins of Alfred the
Great at Stamford, iii. 347-355
Roman Bronze Coinage from
45-3 B.C., iv. 185-244
Notice of Roman Coins by
Comm. F. Gnecchi, trans, by
Rev. A. W. Hands, iv. 288
Notice of Les Medailleurs et les
Graveurs de Monnaies, Jetons,
et Medailles en France, by
Natalis Rondot, iv. 362
A Find of Coins of Stephen and
Henry II at Awbridge, near
Romsey, v. 854-363
Notice of John of Gaunt, by S.
Armitage-Smith, v. 315-316
Notice of Traite" de Numisma-
tique du Moyen Age, vol. iii.,
by A. Engel and R. Serrure, v.
401-402
An Unpublished Half -unicorn of
James IV of Scotland, vi. 66-76
Notice of Die Mttnzen der
Flottenprafecten des Marcus
Antonius, by M. Bahrfeldt,
vi. 91-92
William Hole or Holle, Cuneator
of the Mint, vii. 346-350
The " Descente en Angleterre"
Medal of Napoleon I, vii.
434-439
An Anglo-Saxon Brooch, viii.
83-84
Notice of Coins and How to
Know Them, by Miss G. B.
Rawlings, viii. 379-380
A Find of Roman Coins at
Nottingham, x. 205-206
H.
HANDS, REV. A. W. :—
Note on a Phoenician Drachm
bearing the name " lahve," ix.
121-131
Juno Moneta, x. 1-12
HASLUCK, F. W., M.A. :—
Notes on Coin-collecting in
Mysia, vi. 26-36 ; vii. 440-441
Forgeries from CaesareaMazaca,
x. 411-412
430
INDEX I.
HAVEBPIELD, PROFESSOR F., M.A.,
LL.D. :—
Two Hoards of Roman Coins,
ii. 184-186
Find of Roman Silver Coins near
Caistor, Norfolk, ii. 186-188
HAVERFIELD, F., and MAC-
DONALD, G. : —
Greek Coins at Exeter, vii. 145-
155
HEAD, B. V., D.C.L., D.Litt.,
Ph.D. :—
Notice of Greek Coins and their
Parent Cities, by John Ward,
F.S.A., and G. F. Hill, M.A.,
ii. 191-192
The Earliest Graeco-Bactrian
and Graeco-Indian Coins, vi.
1-16
Ephesian Tesserae, viii. 281-286
HEADLAM, REV. A. G., D.D. :—
Some Notes on Sicilian Coins,
viii. 1-16
HEWLETT, L. M. : —
Anglo-Gallic Coins (Henry II-
Edward I), v. 364-392
Contd. (Edward II-Henry of
Lancaster), vi. 267-327
Contd. (Edward the Black Prince
-Henry IV), viii. 102-177
HILL, G. F., M.A. :—
Timotheus Refatus of Mantua
and the Medallist " T. R.," ii.
55-61
Roman Coins found at South-
wark, iii. 99-102
Notice of Mcdaillen der italien-
ischcn Renaissance, by Cor-
nelius von Fabriczy, iii. 190-
192
Some Coins of Caria and Lycia,
iii. 399-402
The Seal of Bernhardus de
Parma, iv. 179-180
Roman Coins from Croydon, v.
36-62
Roman Silver Coins from
Grovely Wood, Wilts, vi.
329-347
Account of Presentation of
Corolla Numismatica to Dr.
Head, vi. 387-389
Dr. Haeberlin on the Earliest
Roman Coinage, vii. 111-120
Two Hoards of Roman Coins
(Weybridge and Icklingham),
viii. 208-221
HILL, G. F. (cont.)—
The Barclay Head Prize for
Ancient Numismatics, ix.
250-251
Two Italian Medals of English-
men, ix. 292-296
Roman Coins from Corbridge
and Manchester, ix. 431-
432
Notice of Melanges Numis-
matiques, by A. Dieudonn6,
ix. 251-252
Notice of Die Munzen von Per-
gamon, by Dr. Hans von
Fritze, x. 207-208
Note on the Mediaeval Medals
of Constantino and Heraclius,
x. 110-116
The Medals of Paul II, x. 340-
369
Notice of Roman Coins from
Corstopitum, x. 413-414
HOCKING, W. J. : —
Notes on some Coins of William
II in the Royal Mint Museum,
v. 109-112
Simon's Dies in the Royal Mint
Museum, with some Notes on
the Early History of Coinage
by Machinery, ix. 56-119
HOWORTH, SIR HENRY H.,
K.C.I.E., F.R.S., F.S.A. :—
A Note on some Coins generally
attributed to Mazaios, the
Satrap of Cilicia and Syria,
ii. 81-88
The History and Coinage of
Artaxerxes III, his Satraps
and Dependants, iii. 1-47
Some Coins attributed to Baby-
lon by Dr. Imhoof-Blumer,
iii. 1-38
Some Notes on Coins attributed
to Parthia, v. 209-246; con-
tinuation, vii. 125-144
Early Parthian and Armenian
Coins, vi. 221-231
The Coins of Ecgbeorht and his
Son Athelstan, viii. 222-
265
I.
IMHOOF-BLUMER, DR. F. : —
The Mint at Babylon : a Re-
joinder, vi. 17-25
NAMES OF AUTHORS, ETC.
431
J.
JACKSON, MAJOR R. P. : —
Muhammad Ali, Nawab of the
Carnatic (1752-1795 A.D.) and
his Copper Coins, x. 146-157
The Coinage of Balapur, x. 158-
162
JOHNSON, C. See CEUMP, C. G.
JOHNSON, J. M. C. : —
Gold Coins of the Muwayhids,
ii. 77-80
Coinage of the East India Com-
pany, iii. 71-98
K.
KEN YON, R. LL., M.A. : —
A Find of Coins at Oswestry, v.
100-108
A Find of Coins at Bridgnorth,
viii. 319-323
KING, L. WHITE, LL.D., I.C.S.
(retd.) :—
History and Coinage of Malwa,
Part L, iii. 356-398 ; Part II.,
iv. 62-100
L.
LANGTON, NEVILLE : —
Notes on Phocian Obols, iii.
197-210
LAWRENCE, L. A., F.S.A. : —
A Find of English Silver Coins
of Edward IV-Henry VIII,
ii. 34-54
The Coinage of Henry IV, v.
83-99
M.
MACDONALD, G., M.A., LL.D. :—
The Coinage of Tigranes I, ii.
193-201
Numeral Letters on Imperial
Coins of Syria, iii. 105-110
The Pseudo-Autonomous Coins
of Antioch, iv. 105-135
A Recent Find of Roman Coins
in Scotland, v. 10-17
A Hoard of Edward Pennies
found at Lochmaben, v. 63-82
Roman Medallions in the Hun-
terian Collection, vi. 93-126
MACDONALD, G. (cont.)—
Greek Coins at Exeter (with
Professor Haverfield), vii.
145-155
Notice of Die griechischen Miin-
zen der Sammlung Warren, by
K. Regling, vii. 352
Notice of Nomisma, Part I.,
by H. von Fritze and Hugo
Gaebler, vii. 441-442
Roman ContorniatesintheHun-
terian Collection, ix. 19-55
MACDOWALL, REV. S. A. : —
A Find of Coins of Henry I, v.
112
MAURICE, JULES : —
Classification Chronologique des
Emissions Monetaires de
1'Atelier d' Alexandrie pendant
la Periode Constantinienne,
ii. 92-147; de Nicomedie,
iv. 211-285; de Heraclee de
Thrace, v. 120-178
MAVROGORDATO, J. : —
Was there a Pre-Macedonian
Mint in Egypt ? viii. 197-207
MCCLEAN, J. R., M.A. :—
The True Meaning of # on the
Coins of Magna Graecia, vii.
107-110
Metrological Note on the Coin-
age of Populonia, x. 209-222
MILNE, J. G., M.A. :—
Roman Coin-Moulds fromEgypt,
v. 342-353
The Leaden Token-Coinage of
Egypt under the Romans, viii.
287-310
The Alexandrian Coinage of
Galba, ix. 274-285
Alexandrian Tetradrachms of
Augustus and Tiberius, x.
333-339
Mow AT, R. K. :—
The Countermarks of Claudius
I, ix. 10-18
MYLNE, REV. R. SCOTT, M.A.,
B.C.L., F.S.A. :—
Two Medals of the Academy of
St. Luke at Rome, iv. 180-183
N.
NELSON, PHILIP, M.D. :—
The Coinage of William Wood,
1722-1723, iii. 47-70
432
INDEX I.
NELSON, PHILIP (cont.) —
A Plumbago Mould for the
Fabrication of Coins of Henry
VII, v. 205-206
0.
OMAN, PROF. C. W. C., M.A. :—
The Fifth - Century Coins of j
Corinth, ix. 353-356
P.
PARSONS, H. ALEXANDER : —
Note on the Re-coinage of
William III, vii. 124
A Unique Penny of Henry I,
struck at Derby, ix. 332
The Coin-Types of Aethelred II,
x. 251-290
Mr. G. C. Brooke on "The
Coin-Types of Aethelred II : "
a Eeply, x. 381-387
PINCHES, J. H. : —
Obituary Notice of George
William de Saulles, iii. 311-
313
PRITCHARD, J. E., F.S.A. :—
Bristol Tokens of the Sixteenth
and Seventeenth Centuries,
ii. 385-387
R.
RABINO, H. L. : —
Coins of the Shahs of Persia, -
viii. 357-373
BAPSON, PROF. E. J., M.A., !
M.R.A.S. :—
Ancient Silver Coins from Balu- i
chistan, iv. 311-325
Notice of A Manual of Mussul- j
man Numismatics, by Dr. i
Codrington, iv. 103-104
Notice of Catalogue of Coins in
the Indian Museum, vol. i., :
by Vincent A. Smith, vii. 273- '
276
RASHLEIGH, JONATHAN : —
An Unpublished, or Unique ;
Half-crown of Charles I, i
from the Exeter Mint, iii. :
193-194
REINACH, THEODORE : —
Some Pontic Eras, ii. 1-11 ;
correction, 184
A Stele from Abonuteichos, v.
113-119
ROSENHEIM, MAX, F.S.A. : —
An Alleged Portrait-Medal of
John of Leyden, vi. 385-387
Medal of Cosimo I, Duke of
Florence, by Cesare da Bagno,
x.412
ROTH, BERNARD, F.S.A. : —
A Large Hoard of Gold and Sil-
ver Ancient British Coins of
the Brigantes, found at South
Ferriby, Lines., in 1906, viii.
17-55
A Unique Ancient British Gold
Stater of the Brigantes, ix.
7-9
A False Ancient British Coin,
ix. 430
S.
SEARLE, REV. W. G., M.A. : —
Some Unpublished Seventeenth-
Century Tokens, ii. 378-384
SELTMAN, C. T. : —
A Synopsis of the Coins of
Antigonus I and Demetrius
Poliorcetes, ix. 264-274
SELTMAN, E. J. : —
A Tetradrachm with the Name
of " Hippias," viii. 278-280
Lacedaemon versus Allaria, ix.
1-6
The "Medallion" of Agri-
gentum, ix. 357-364
On some Rare Sicilian Tetra-
drachms, x. 223-237
SMITH, SAMUEL, JUNR. : —
Some Notes on the Coins struck
at Omdurman by the Mahdi
and the Khalifa, ii. 62-73
SMITH, VINCENT A., M.A.,
M.R.A.S., I.C.S. (retd.) :—
Notice of E. J. Rapson's Cata-
logue of the Coins of the
Andras, Western Ksatrapas
and the Bodhi Dynasty in the
British Museum, ix. 119-120
SPICER, F. :—
The Coinage of William I and
William II, part i., iv. 144-
179; part ii., 245-287
NAMES OF AUTHORS, ETC.
433
SYMONDS, H., F.S.A. : —
The Monogram BR or RB on
certain Coins of Charles I, x.
203-205
Charles I : The Trials of the Pyx,
the Mint-marks, and the Mint
Accounts, x. 388-397
V.
VLASTO, M. P. : —
Rare or Unpublished Coins of
Taras, vii. 277-290
On a Recent Find of Coins struck
during the Hannibalic Occu-
pation of Tarentum, ix. 253-
263
W.
WALTEES, F. A., F.S.A. :—
Some Remarks on the Last >
Silver Coinage of Edward III, j
ii. 176-183
The Silver Coinage of the Reign
of Henry VI, ii. 224-266
The Gold Coinage of the Reign
of Henry VI, iii. 286-310
The Coinage of Richard II, iv. !
326-352
The Coinage of Henry IV, v. \
247-306
An Unpublished Variety of the j
Groat of the First Coinage of
Henry VII, v. 207-208
The Coinage of Henry V, vi.
172-218
A Find of Early Roman Bronze I
Coins in England, vii. 353- !
372
Groats from a Presumed Find in |
London, vii. 427-433
An Unpublished Half-groat pro-
bably of the Heavy Coinage of
Henry IV, vii. 120
York Halfpenny of Henry VIII !
(second coinage) struck by
Wolsey, vii. 121
A Find of English Silver Coins
in Hampshire, viii. 311-318
A Rare Sestertius of Antoninus
Pius, viii. 194-196
WALTERS, F. A. (cont.)—
The Coinage of the Reign of
Edward IV, ix. 132-219 ; contd.
(Period of the Restoration of
Henry VI, October, 1470-
April, 1471), x. 117-145
WEBB, PERCY H. : —
Coins found on the Premises of
the Worshipful Company of
Carpenters, about 1872, iii.
102-104
The Coinage of Allectus, vi.
127-171
The Reign and Coinage of
Carausius, vii. 1-88, 156-218,
291-338, 373-426
Fausta N • F • and other Coins,
viii. 81-83
Notice of Numismatique Con-
stantinienne, vol. i., by Jules
Maurice, viii. 376-379
The Coinage of Julian the Philo-
sopher, x. 238-250
WEBER, F. PARKES, M.A., M.D.,
F.S.A. :—
Medals and Medallions of the
Nineteenth Century relating
to England, by Foreign
Artists, vii. 219-271
Aspects of Death, &c., illus-
trated on Medals, Gems, &c.,
ix. 365-417 ; x. 41-96, 163-202
WROTH, WARWICK : —
Greek Coins acquired by the
British Museum in 1901, ii.
313-314 ; in 1902, iii. 317-346;
in 1903, iv. 289-310
The Earliest Parthian Coins : A
Reply to Sir Henry Howorth,
v. 317-323
Select Greek Coins in the
British Museum, v. 324-341
Y.
YEAMES, A. H. S., M.A. : —
Romney Penny of Henry I, vii.
343-345
YEATES, F. WILLSON :—
Three Lead Tickets of the
Eighteenth Century, ii. 74-77
Folly Tickets, iv. 183-184
INDEX II,
PEOCEEDINGS1 OF THE KOYAL NUMISMATIC SOCIETY,
OCTOBER, 1900— JULY, 1910.
ISSUED WITH Num. Chron. SEE. IV. VOLS. I.-X.
A.
Addedomaros, staters of, ix. 15
Aelfrici, moneyer of Bath, penny
of Cnut of, vi. 18
Aelfwald I, styca of, i. 15
Aethelred I, styca of, i. 15
Aethelred II, penny of, probably
of Thetford Mint, viii. 19
AIOQN, magistrate's title on coin
of Kydonia, v. 10
" Ambrose, Bishop of Bath," token
of 1660, v. 5
Amsterdam, admission ticket to
Botanic Gardens of, 1684, x. 7
Ancona, coin of "Roman Repub-
lic " cast at, x. 7
Antioch, early fourth-century coin
of, with figure of city, vii. 18
Antonia, aureus of, found at Pin-
bury (near Cirencester), ii. 6
Antoninus Pius, sestertius of,
with Britannia, viii. 9 ; with
terminal figure, v. 11
Anubis on dog, reverse type of coin
of Jovian, x. 9
Apollo, obv. type of coin of Atar-
neus, iii. 13
Aquitaine, half-groat of Edward
III of, with Irish title, vi. 7
Aquitaine, groat of Edward the
Black Prince of, vi. 7
Archelaus of Macedon, double-
struck coin of, v. 17
Asclepios on coin of Epidaurus,
iv. 17
Atarneus, drachm of, with type
obv. Apollo, and rev. serpent,
iii. 13
Athens, Imperial bronze coin of,
with reverse design copied from
Marathon memorial, i. 13
Augustus, sestertius of, counter-
marked with head of Vespasian,
B.
Bainbridge, Archbishop, half-
groat struck at York by, ii. 1
Baldred of Kent, penny of
moneyer Danan, iv. 7
Bath, penny of Cnut of moneyer
Aelfrici, vi. 18
Becker's dies for forging Hun-
garian coins, iv. 14, 16
Beeston Castle, Charles I siege
pieces of, i. 10
Beggar's badge of Huntley parish,
iv. 7
Belfast halfpenny of 1734, iv. 12
Blake medal awarded to Captain
Haddock, v. 8
Blondeau, pattern half-crown of
1651 by, iii. 6
Boar on Shropshire shilling of
1811, iv. 10
Boar's head, mint-mark of Richard
III, iv. 5
Boduoc, gold coin of, found at
Sapperton, ii. 6
Exclusive of matter afterwards published in the Chronicle.
PROCEEDINGS.
435
"Bonnet" type of William I
penny of Sandwich of, v. 17
Brigantes, doubts cast on attribu-
tion of coins to, viii. 6
Bright, John, bust of, on Free Trade
Medal, vii. 13
Briot, pattern crown of Charles I
by, ii. 3 ; pattern broad, pattern
shilling, and coronation medal
of 1628 by, v. 19
Bristol, medals, &c., found at, v. 5
Bristol testoon of Edward VI with
Thomas Chamberlain's mint-
mark, x. 5
Britannia on sestertius of Anto-
ninus Pius, viii. 9
British coins found in Hayling
Island, iv. 9
British coins of " Hod-Hill " type
found at Romsey, viL 16
Brutus, M. Junius, denarius of,
with El D. MAR., x. 18
Bull, type on gold stater of Gor-
tyna, ix. 5
Burton-on-Trent, seventeenth-
century farthing token of John
Wakefield, iv. 18
Byzantium, didrachm of, with
obv. bull, rev. Hercules strang-
ling snakes, i. 5
C.
CAESARVM NOSTROR.,unpub- j
lished legend of Licinius I,
ii. 11
Calais Mint, unpublished groat,
half -groat, and penny of the i
rosette-mascle issue of Henry |
VI, ix. 9
Camoludunum, bronze coin of
Carausius of, with rev. centaur,
iii. 12
Canterbury, sede vacante coins of
the moneyer Oba, i. 3
Capri, plated votive denarii from
well in, vii. 9
Carausius, unpublished solidus of,
i. 14 ; bronze coin of Camulodu-
nurn of, iii. 12 ; unusual variety
of Pax denarius of, iv. 10 ; bronze
coin of, restruck on coin of
Claudius II, iv. 18; ancient
forgery of coin of, viii. 7
Carlisle, siege piece of Charles I
struck at, i. 10
Ceolwulf I, penny of monever
Oba of, i. 2
Chamberlain, Thomas, his mint-
mark on a Bristol testoon of
Edward IV, x. 5
Charles I, unpublished farthing
token of, i. 10 ; siege pieces of,
ibid. ; pattern crown of, by
Briot, ii. 3 ; Oxford £3 pieces of
1642, 1643, 1644, iv. 10 ; pattern
broad of, in silver, by Rawlins,
vi. 5 ; proof shilling with mint-
mark rose and pellets of, pattern
shilling by Briot, and coronation
medal of 1628 by Briot of, v. 19 ;
half-crown probably of Salisbury
of, vii. 5 ; York shilling, mint-
mark lion, and Tower shilling,
mint-mark eye, of , vii. 14 ; Tower
shillings of, x. 18
Charles II, siege piece of Ponte-
fract of, i. 10 ; pewter proof of
crown of 1673 of, ii. 8; two-
guinea piece of 1671 of, iv. 7 ; pat-
tern broad by Thomas Simon,
with his initial, of ,v. 12 ; restruck
and blundered crown of 1682 of,
v. 17 ; pewter farthings of, x. 9 ;
pattern farthings in silver,
bronze, and pewter of, x. 14
Charles Edward, "Young Pre-
tender," medal on arrival of, in
1745, viii. 7
Chichester, penny of Henry I of, v. 8
Chinese sycee, 10-tael piece, i. 8 ;
50-tael piece of Jang-yang-
Hsien, ii. 8
Cirencester, solidus of Carausius
found at, i. 14
Claudius II, bronze coin of, re-
struck by Carausius, iv. 18
Clavia, relievo showing burning
of, by Trajan, i. 3
Clippings of coins from Edward
VI to Charles II, ix. 13
Cnossus, tetradrachm of, with
Minotaur, v. 10
Cnut, penny of moneyer Aelfrici
of Bath of, vi. 18
Cobden, Richard, bust of, on
medal, vii. 3
Colchester, siege pieces of, i. 11
Commodus, sestertius of, rev.
Emperor spearing lion, iii. 8
Commonwealth pattern half-
crown, 1651, vi. 8; halfpenny
by Rawlins, x. 9
436
INDEX II.
Commune Asiae, sestertius of
Augustus of, iii. 16
Congo Free State, medal on twen-
tieth anniversary of the founda-
tion of, viii. 15
Constantinian coins found in
Dorsetshire, iv. 12
Constantinople, unpublished triens
of Valentinian I, vii. 5
Constantius II, gold medallion of
Treves, iii. 16
Coritani may have struck coins
attributed to the Brigantes,
viii. 6
Crassus, P. Canidius, bronze coin
of, x. 7
Cromwell, Oliver, medal by Simon
of, as Protector, in gold, viii. 7 ;
coins of 1649, ix. 13 ; halfpenny,
x. 9
Crown mint-mark on Durham
penny of Edward III, ii. 2
Cunobelinus, copper coin of,
found at Sandy, ii. 2 ; gold coin
of , with name on both sides,iii.4-5
Cyprus, new English coinage for,
i. 8; Greek copper of, with
inscription EYA, iv. 9
D.
Daedalus of Sicyon, stater of
Elis by, x. 15-16
Danan, moneyer of Baldred of
Kent, iv. 7
David I of Scotland pennies of
Edinburgh and Roxburgh, found
at Nottingham, i. 8
Dollar of U.S., pattern on silver
standard, v. 13
Dorchester, sceatta found at, iii. 14
DOROVERNI CIVITATIS, re-
verse legend on penny of
Wulfred, Archbishop of Canter-
bury, x. 8
Dorsetshire, Constantinian coins
found in, iv. 12
Dublin heavy groat of Edward
IV, x. 11
Durham penny of Edward III
with mint-mark crown, ii. 2
E.
Eadgar, penny of, moneyer Wer-
stan, ii. 4
Edinburgh, penny of David I
struck at, found at Nottingham,
18
Edward the Elder, penny of
Wynstan of Totnes, vi. 14
Edward III, Durham penny of,
i. 2 ; London halfpenny of, iii.
13 ; coins of, found at Southend,
iii. 5 ; half-groat of Aquitaine
with Irish title, vi. 7 ; early
London groat with Roman
M's, vii. 7 ; half-groat reading
DI.GRA, viii. 7; half-noble
with trefoil on reverse, viii. 16 ;
noble of 1351-1360, with rev.
leg. beginning I HE, ix. 15
j Edward the Black Prince, groat
of Aquitaine, ii. 11
Edward IV, heavy half-groat of
London of, i. 10 ; groat of Nor-
wich of, viii. 5 ; heavy Dublin
groat of, x. 11 ; discussion on
Mr. Walters's paper on coinage
of, x. 12
Edward V, unique halfpenny of,
vii. 7
Edward VI, pattern half-sovereign
of, i. 3 ; sovereign with mint-
mark ostrich's head, v. 5 ; gold
crown of, with name of Henry
VIII, v. 12; Bristol testoon
with T. Chamberlain's mint-
mark, x. 5
Egypt, bronze coin of P. Canidius
Crassus struck in, x. 7
EID. MAR. denarius, x. 18
Eleonora, wife of Francis I, medal
presented to, iv. 14
Elis, stater of, by Daedalus, x.
15-16
Elizabeth, hammered groat and
half-groat probably of 1558, ii. 8 ;
pound-sovereign of 1602, v. 7
Epidaurus, drachm of, with
obv. Asclepios, iv. 7
Essex, Earl of, gold badge of, v. 8
Euboic standard, electrum half-
stater of, vii. 14
EYA inscription on Greek coin
found in Cyprus, iv. 9
F.
Finds of coins at —
Capri (votive denarii), vii. 9-10
Challow (Berks), (Verica), i. 10
PROCEEDINGS.
437
Finds of coins at (cont.)—
Cirencester (Carausius), i. 14
Dorchester (sceatta), iii. 14
Dorsetshire (Constantinian), iv.
12
Hay ling Island (British), iv. 9
London, Drury Lane (sceatta),
iii. 6; Roman gold (site of
new G.P.O.), viii. 16 ; South-
wark (clippings of English
coins), ix. 13
Marsham (Abingdon), (clippings
of English coins), ix. 13
Naukratis (Athenian), vi. 14
Nottingham (David I), i. 8
Pinbury (Antonia), ii. 6
Reculver (Gaulish), v. 15
Romsey (Roman with " Hod-
hill" type), vii. 16 ; viii. 11
Salbris (Loire), (Roman), iii. 10
Sandy (Beds.), (British), ii. 2
Sapperton (Gloucester), Boduoc,
ii. 8
Soissons (Gaulish), viii. 10
Southend (Edward III), iii. 5
Wiltshire (Gaulish), ii. 8
France, Bank of, centenary medal
of, ii. 14
Frey, A. R., medal of, vii. 14
Fuchs, Emil, South African medal
by, i. 3
G.
Gaulish stater found in Wiltshire,
ii. 8 ; half-stater found at Re-
culver, v. 15
Gauvain, Jacques, medal by, iv.
14
Geographical Society, Royal, Ant-
arctic medal of, x. 5
Geological Society, Prestwich
medal of, ix. 7
George I, half-crown of, with Tl R-
TIO, v. 13
Gibson, Messrs. A. and Co., tokens
of, v. 5
Gondo mine, 20-franc piece of
gold from, i. 8
Gordian III, medallion of, iii. 10
Gortyna, gold stater of the third
century B.C. of, ix. 5
Gun-money, gold proof of half-
crown of 1690, i. 4 ; silver and
pewter proofs of crown, i. 6;
silver proofs of crown and half-
crown of 1690, vi. 8
H.
Haddock, Captain, Blake Medal
awarded to, v. 8
Halaliya, era on Mongol coins, ii. 11
Harold II, forgery of Lewes coins
of, vii. 12
Hayling Island, British coins
found in, iv. 9
Henry I, Chichester penny of, v. 8
Henry IV, heavy half-groat of,
vii. 10 ; half-noble of, with
crescent, viii. 16 ; late noble of,
viii. 16 ; unpublished light groat
of, with name H 6( N R I CX punched
over RIC(ftRD, x. 5
Henry V, noble of last coinage
of, with mint-mark perforated
cross, vi. 16
Henry VI, half and quarter nobles
of annulet coinage, iii. 8 ; Lon-
don pennies of rosette-mascle
and pine-cone-mascle coinages,
iii. 11; London halfpenny of
annulet and rosette coinage, vi.
12 ; heavy penny of York, viii.
7 ; angels of restoration period,
viii. 10; unpublished Calais
groat, half-groat, and penny of
rosette-mascle coinage, ix. 9 ;
light groat of, x. 11
Henry VII, angel, mint-mark rose
of, reading DNS.HIB, vi. 9;
groat of second coinage of, x. 7 ;
groat of third coinage of, x. 16
Hercules strangling snakes, type
of Byzantium, i. 5
Hod-hill type of British coins
found at Romsey, vii. 16 ; viii. 11
Huntley, beggar's badge of, iv. 7
I.
Iceni, plated gold coin of the, ii. 14
! Inchiquin money, crown, half-
crown, shilling and fourpence,
i. 11
I Ionian Islands, proof of George
IV's penny for, iv. 5
! Irish imitations of coins of Harold
II, William I and Henry I, ii. 2
J.
James I (of England), sixpence
mint-mark thistle-head, vi. 5 ;
shilling of, vii. 14
438
INDEX II.
James II (of England), proof in
gold of gun-money half-crown, i.
4 ; in silver and pewter of
crown, i. 6; in silver of half-
crown, i. 6 ; in silver of half-
crown and crown, vi. 8 ; Irish
pewter halfpenny of 1690, iv. 10
James III (of Scotland), half-rider
of, without Us under sword, v. 17
James V, half-bawbee of, unpub-
lished, vi. 7
James, " Elder Pretender," medal
of 1697 of, viii. 7
Jang-yang-hsien, 50-tael sycee of,
ii. 8
Jovian, bronze coin of, rev. Anubis
on dog, x. 9
Juba II, coins of, ix. 5
Julia Domna, denarius of, rev.
legend VASTA (sic), iv. 7
Julia Maesa, denarius of, rev.
" Fides Militum," iii. 10
K.
King's Theatre, pass to Prince of
Wales's box in, iv. 7
Kydonia, tetradrachm of, with
engraver's name, v. 10
L.
Leofine of Lewes, forgeries with
moneyer's name, vii. 12
Lesbos, hecte of, obv. head of
Pallas, i. 3
Lewes, forgeries of Pax pennies of,
vii. 12
Licinius I, unpublished coin of
Siscia, ii. 11
Linnean Society, Darwin Medal
of, ix. 5
Lis mint-mark on groat and half-
groat of Elizabeth, ii. 8
Liverpool, medal on 700th anni-
versary of foundation of, viii. 7
Liverpool and Manchester Rail-
way, medal on opening of, v. 8
Lochwannoch, tokens of, struck
on Spanish coins, v. 5
London, Roman gold coins found
in, viii. 16
London, C.I.V. medal, ii. 4
London Mint, heavy half-groats of
Edward IV, i. 10 ; halfpenny of
annulet and rosette coinage
of Henry VI, vi. 12; groats of
Edward III and Henry IV,
vii. 7
Louis XV, medal of, on visit to
Utrecht, iv. 14
Louis XVI, medal of, on abolition
of royal privileges, vii. 10
Lysimachus, coins of Kydonia with
types of, v. 11
M.
Man, Isle of, proofs of coins of,
i. 4
Mare and foal, type of coin of
Cyprus, iv. 9
Marsham, clippings of coins found
at, ix. 13
Mecca, dinar of al-Radi struck
at, ii. 8
Minotaur, type on coin of Cnossus,
v. 10
lf<we£a,criticisms of Dr.Assmann's
etymology of, x. 14
N.
Natal Rebellion, 1906, war-medal,
viii. 19
Naukratis, coins of Athens from,
vi. 14
Nelson, medals of, vi. 5
NEYANTOS ETTO El, inscription
on coin of Kydonia, v. 10
Newark shilling of 1640, i. 6
New Jersey cent by Wyon, i. 2
Norwich, unique groat of Edward
IV of, viii. 5
Notices of books : —
Avebury, Lord, History of Coins
and Currency, ii. 39
Babelon, T&.,Traitt des Monnaies
Grecques et Romaines, vol. i.,
ii. 88
Dattari, G., Numi Alexandrini,
ii. 37
Fabriczy, C. von, Medals of the
Italian Renaissance, iv. 39
Forrer, L., Biographical Dic-
tionary of Medallists, &c., vol.
i., ii. 39 ; vol. ii., iv. 40 ; vol.
iii., vii. 45
Hands, Rev. A. W., Common
Greek Coins, vii. 45
PROCEEDINGS.
439
Notices of books (cont.) : —
Hauberg, P., Myntforhold, &c.,
i Danmark indtil 1146, ii. 40
Head, B. V., B. M. Cat. : Lydia,
ii. 38 ; Phrygia, vii. 45
Hill, G. F., Coins of Ancient
Sicily, iii. 36-37 ; B. M. Cat. :
Lycaonia, &c., i. 32-33;
Cyprus, v. 41
Hocking, W. J., Catalogue of
Coins, dc., in the Royal Mint
Museum, vol. i., vi. 40-41
Hohenzollern, die Schaumiinzen
des Hauses, i. 33
Macdonald, G., Catalogue of
Greek Coins in the Hunterian
Museum, vol. ii., ii. 35-36 ;
Coin-Types, <&c., vi. 39-40
Bapson, E. J., B. M. Cat. :
Andhras, &c., ix. 39-42
Begling, K., Sammlung Warren,
viii. 46-47
Beinach, T., L'Histoire par les
Monnaies,iu37 ; JewishCoins,
v. 40-41
Stainer, C. L., Oxford Pennies,
v. 42
Ward, J., Greek Coins and their
Parent Cities, iii. 36
Wroth, W., B. M. Cat. : Parthia,
iii. 35-36; Byzantine Em-
perors, ix. 35-39
Nottingham, coin of David I
found at, i. 8
Nottingham penny of William II
(Hks 243/247), ii. 16,
Nottingham Yeomanry, medal
presented to, by Lord Newark
on their disbandment, vii. 13
O.
Oba, moneyer of Ceolwulf I, i.
2-3
Obituary notices : —
BagnaU-Oakley, Mrs., iv. 32
Barthelemy, A. de, v. 26-27
Brown, Joseph, ii. 28
Buick, David, vii. 34-35
Bush, Colonel Tobin, ii. 27
BusheU, Dr. S. W., ix. 55
Carfrae, B., i. 23
Clerk, Major-General M. G., vii.
33-34
Copp, A. E., iii. 27-28
Cuming, Syer, iii. 28
Obituary notices (cont.) :—
Dickinson, Bev. F. B., v. 32-33
Drouin, E., iv. 30-31
Evans, Sir John. viii. 25-31
Evans, Sebastian, x. 31
Gosset, Sir Matthew E. W., ix.
55-56
Griffith, Henry, iv. 31
Grissell, H. de la G., vii. 35
Hoblyn, R. A., vi. 28-29
Hodge, E. G., vii. 32
Inderwick, F. A., v. 32
lonides, C. A., i. 23-24
James, J. H., \. 31
Kitt, T. W., vi. 29-30
Krumbholz, E. C., v. 31-32
Lambert, G., ii. 37
Lambros, J. P., x. 32-33
Lincoln, W. S., ix. 56-57
Mackerell, C. E. G., vi. 30
Madden, F. W., v. 27-28
Mitchell, E. C., iv. 32
Mommsen, Theodor, iv. 29-30
Murdoch, J. G., iii. 29
Neck, J. F., x. 31-32
Neil, B. A., i. 24
Oldfield, E., ii. 28
Oliver, E. E., ii. 28
Price, F. G. Hilton, ix. 34-35
Bashleigh, Jonathan, v. 29-30
Smith, Samuel, vii. 30-31
Spence, C. J., vii. 34
Spicer, F., ii. 27
Tiesenhausen, Baron Wladimir
von, iii. 27
Wakley, Dr. T., x. 33
Willett, E. H., iv. 31-32
Wood, Humphrey, iv. 32-33
Wyon, Allan, vii. 32
Oppius, Q., bronze coin of, x. 7
Orange Free State, pattern penny
of, i. 8
"Order of Blue and Orange
Club," badge of, i. 6
Oscar II., Jubilee medal of, viii. 9
Ostrich head,mint-mark of Edward
VI, v. 5
P.
Paduan copy of coin of Vespa-
sian, ix. 19
Partridge, John, medal awarded
to, v. 8
Peel, Sir Bobert, bust of, on medal,
vii. 13
Phaestus, tetradrachm of, v. 11
,:
440
INDEX II.
Pitt, William, memorial medal of,
ii. 10 ; kit-box label of, viii. 5
Plymouth Independent Bangers,
medal of, v. 8
POIS D' ESTER LIN, inscription
on a mediaeval weight, i. 6
Pontefract siege-piece of Charles
II, i. 10
Prestwich Medal of the Geological
Society, ix. 7
Prevost Volunteer Medal, ii. 8
al-Badl, dinar of Mecca of. ii. 8
Bamage, pattern Commonwealth
half-crown of 1651 by, vi. 8 ; ix.
13
Bawlins, pattern broad of Charles
I by, vi. 5 ; pattern Common-
wealth farthing by, x. 9
Beading 40s., 2s. 6d., and Is. Qd.
tokens, iii. 7
" Bestored " Boman coins, i. 32
Bichard II, halfpenny of London
of, v. 17 ; groat of, with crescent
on breast, vi. 18 ; half-groat of,
struck by Henry IV, vi. 14 ;
noble of, with slipped trefoil on
obverse, viii. 7
Bichard III, half-groat of, mint-
mark boar's head, iv. 5
Bochester " canopy " penny of
William I and II, iv. 9
"Boman Bepublic " coin of
1849 of the, x. 7
Bothesay Cotton Works, tokens
of, v. 5
Boty, 0., medal of Bank of France
by, ii. 14
Boxburgh, penny of David I of,
i. 8
Buyter, Admiral de, medal of,
vii. 18
S.
Salisbury half-crown of Charles I,
vii. 5
Sandwich penny of William I,
v. 17
Sandy, coins of Verulamium and
Cunobelinus found at, ii. 2
Scantilla, sestertius of, vi. 7
Scarborough siege-pieces of Charles
I, i. 10
Sceatta found in Dorchester, iii.
14 ; in Drury Lane, iii. 16
Serpent on coin of Atarneus, iii.
13
Severus, Septimius, unpublished
dupondius of, iv. 15 ; denarius
of, x. 9
Shrewsbury, medal on battle of,
iv. 5
Shropshire shilling of 1811, iv. 10
Simon, Blake Medal by, v. 8 ;
pattern broad of Charles II by,
v. 12 ; gold medal of Cromwell,
1650, by, viii. 7
Soissons (Loire), Gaulish coins
found at, viii. 10
Southend, coins of Edward III
found at, iii. 5
Southwark, clippings of coins
found at, ix. 13
Spanish dollars restruck in Scot-
land, v. 5
Swiss 20-franc piece of gold from
Gondo mine, i. 8
T.
Terina, stater of, x. 16
Tesserae, Boman, viii. 13
Thetford (?) penny of Aethelred
II, viii. 19
Tibet, silver coin of, with head of
Chinese Emperor, ix. 13
Tigranes, gold stater of, v. 15
Titus, sestertius of, without S . C .,
v. 15
Totnes penny of Edward the Elder
of Wynstan, vi. 14
Transvaal crown with double
shaft, ii. 14 ; pattern penny,
1894, viii. 13
Travancore, gold coin of, i. 4
Treves, gold medallion of Con-
stantine II of, iii. 16
U.
United States dollar pattern on
silver standard, v. 13
V.
Valentinian I, unpublished triens
of Constantinople of, vii. 5
PROCEEDINGS.
441
"Vasta" blunder for " Vesta,"
iv. 7
Venetian sequins, brass copies of,
from Seistan, vii. 6
Verica, silver coin of, from
Challow, i. 10
Veritas, type of denarius of Septi-
mius Severus, x. 9
Verulamium, bronze coins of,
found at Sandy, ii. 2
Vespasian, coin of Augustus coun-
termarked with bust of, vi. 9 ;
Paduan copy of coins of, ix. 19
Victoria, pattern penny of 1865 of,
iii. 6
Victory, medal of copper from the,
Nelson's ship, vi. 7
Victory, type of coin of Terina,
x. 16
Villiers, bust of, on Free Trade
Medal, 1846, vii. 13
VO-COR I, legend on British coins,
ii. 6
W.
Wakefield, John, of Burton-on-
Trent, farthing of, iv. 18
Wareham, Archbishop, half-groat
and penny of, i. 11
Werstan, moneyer, penny of Ead-
gar I of, ii. 4
William I, Irish copies of pennies
of, ii. 2 ; iv. 7 ; Rochester penny
of " canopy " type, iv. 9 ;
"bonnet" type of, v. 17; for-
geries of Lewes coins of, vii. 12
William II, Rochester penny of,
iv. 9
William III and Mary, pattern
copper farthing of, ii. 6 ; pattern
pewter halfpenny of 1689 of,
vii. 5
Wilson, bust of, on Free Trade
Medal, 1846, vii. 13
Wolsey, Cardinal, York halfpenny
of, vi. 5
Wulfred of Canterbury, penny of,
without moneyer's name, x. 18
Wynstan, moneyer of Totnes of
Edward the Elder, vi. 14
Wyon, New Jersey cent by, i. 2
Y.
York Mint, halfpenny of Cardinal
Wolsey of, vi. 5 ; shilling of
Charles I, mint-mark Us, of, vii.
14 ; heavy penny of Henry VI
of, viii. 7
VOL. X., SERIES IV.
INDEX III.
GENEKAL SUBJECT INDEX.
VOLUMES I— X., 1901-1910.
A.
A and CO on coins of Alfred, iii.
350, 354 ; on coins of Aethelred
II, x. 254-257
Abbas I, Shah of Persia, weights
and legends of his coins, viii.
361-370
Abbas II, Shah of Persia, weights,
&c., of his coins, viii. 362-373
Abbas III, Shah of Persia, weights,
&c., of his coins, viii. 365
Abbas Coolie Khan, career of, x.
158-159
Abbasi Caliphs, unpublished coins
of, ii. 269 ff.
Abbeville, Anglo-Gallic mint of
Edward I, v. 387
Abd-al-Mumin, a Muwahhid, di-
nars of, ii. 78
Abdullah. See Khalifa
Abern, Ingbram de, perhaps
same as Engebram, a Thetford
moneyer of Henry I, i. 428
Aberystwith mint removed to
Shrewsbury (temp. Charles I),
v. 107
Abetot, Urso d', i. 212, 215, 416-
417, 472, 475-476
Abingdon (temp. Henry I), i. 101,
148, 177, 352
Abonuteichos, stele from, v. 113 ;
coins of, 116
Abu Abd-allah Muhammad, a Mu-
wayhid, ii. 80
Abu Kalinja. See Imad-ad-din
Abu Ya'akub, Yusuf I, a Muwah-
hid, gold coins of, ii. 79
Abu Yusuf, Ya'akub I, a Muwah-
hid, ii. 80
Abydos (Troas), tetradrachm of, ii.
330 ; bronze coin of, v. 334
Accius, the poet, seated, type on
a contorniate, ix. 28
Accolti, Francesco, supposed medal
of, ix. 416
Achaean cities, didrachm of early
federation of, ii. 324
Acharis (Pharaoh), throne-name
of, on Athenian obol, viii. 201
Acre, medal on capture of, vii. 267
Actian era, date of, iv. 106
Adam Khan invades Malwa, iii.
397
Addedomaros, coins of, ii. 11 ;
types of, 13, 14 ; finds of, 15-18 ;
weight standard of, 18
Adeliza of Louvain, wife of
Henry I, i. 156, 194, 329-330
Adolphus I, Archbishop of
Cologne, denier of, in Colchester
hoard, iii. 136
ADVENTVS legend on coins of
Carausius, vii. 33
Advertising medal of the Eliza-
bethan period, iv. 353
Aegae (Achaia), silver coin of, iv.
298
Aegium (Achaia), bronze coin of
Antoninus Pius of, with reverse
Zeus, ii. 323
Aelfwald I of Northumbria, styca
of, ii. 310
Aeneas fleeing from Troy, type on
a contorniate, ix. 39 ; on coin of
Aeneia, ix. 39
Aeneia, coin of, with type Aeneas
fleeing from Troy, ix. 39
Aenus (Thrace), silver coins of, ii.
317 ; v. 329
GENERAL SUBJECT INDEX.
443
Aesculapius, type on French medal
on cholera outbreak (1832), ix.
408 ; x. 93 ; on medal of Inter-
national Medical Congress (1881),
x. 95
Aeternitas, type on Roman coins,
x. 178
Aethelred I of Northumbria, styca
of, ii. 311
Aethelred II, laws of, concerning
coinage, i. 277-279; coin- types of,
x. 251-290, 370-387, number of
distinct issues of, 253 ; " Hand "
type of, 254-257; date of, 278,
376-377, 385 ; " Crux " type of,
257 ; date of, 280-281, 379, 386 ;
" Quadrilateral " type, 257-258 ;
date of, 284; "Long-Cross" type,
259; date of, 289; "Small-Cross"
type, 260-261, 378, 386 ; date of,
289 ; " Agnus Dei " type of, 262,
379, 386 ; date and meaning of,
285, 289 ; finds of coins of, 267-
269; 374-375; 383-384; mules of
coins of, 270, 381; moneyers
and mints of, 271-278 ; character
of, 286 ; Hildebrand's type A of,
382 ; relations with Dunstan,
279-280, 379, 385
Aethelwulf, King of Wessex, coins
of, found at Croydon, vii. 342
Afire, Archbishop of Paris, medal
on death of (1848), x. 94
African, South, War, medals of,
vii. 232, 258, 268
Agen, Anglo-Gallic Mint of Edward
III, vi. 276 ; of Edward the Black
Prince, viii. 102 ; coins of, 108ff. ;
silver coins of, 130, 132, 148
"Agnus Dei" type of Aethelred
II, meaning and date of, x. 262,
285-289, 379, 386
Agrigentum, " Medallion " of, in
Munich, ix. 358-364
Agrippa, P. Lurius, coins of, iv. 233
Agrippa, M. Vipsanius, bronze
coins of, found in Southwood,
iii. 99
Ahmad Shah, Mughal Emperor,
coins of, ii. 303 ; x. 328
A horn language on Assamese coins,
ix. 309-310, 313-315, 319-320
Akbar, Mughal Emperor, coins of,
ii. 285 ; conquers Malwa, iii.
397 ; coins for Malwa, iv. 93
Akbar II, Mughal Emperor, coins
of, ii. 307
Ala-ad-daulah, a Buwayhid chief,
ix. 226-227
Alam I. See Bahadur Shah
Alam II, Mughal Emperor, E.I.C.
coins in name of, x. 325 ; Bikanir
coins of, 328
Alamgir II, Mughal Emperor,
coins of, ii. 303 ; Balapur coins
of, x. 160
Albert, Prince Consort, medal on
visit to France of, vii. 248
Albinus, Clodius, bronze medallion
of, x. 97-100 ; occasion of strik-
ing, 98 ; death of, 99
Aldred, Archbishop of York,
strikes coins, iv. 150
Aldrovandi, Ulisse di Tesco, medals
of, by T. E., ii. 59
Alexander I, Bala, of Syria, and
Cleopatra Thea, silver coin of,
iv. 307
Alexander II of Scotland, pennies
of, in Colchester hoard, iii. 112,
136
Alexander III of Scotland, pennies
of, found at Lochmaben, v. 64, 81
Alexander III of Macedon, silver
coins of, attributed to Babylon,
iv. 16, 18 ; Arrian on, v. 218 ff . ;
coins of, probably struck in
India, vi. 1-12 ; head of, type on
contorniates, ix. 20-26; mounted,
type on contorniates, 20, 22, 34,40
Alexandria, Constantinian coins
of, ii. 92-147; clay moulds for
coins of, v. 342-353 ; era of, ix.
274 ; Galba's coinage of, 274-
284 ; a type on coins of
Alexandria, 275 ff . ; blunders on
coins of, 280; tetradrachms of
Tiberius of, x. 333-339 ; double
quinio of Diocletian struck at,
100-103 ; coins of Julian II
struck at, 250
Alfonso V of Portugal, coins of,
found in England, ii. 45
Alfred the Great, coins of, found at
Stamford, iii. 347 ; new type of
halfpenny of, 354 ; cross and
pall on coins of, ii. 202 ;
moneyers of, 206
Algod, Ralph Fitz, probably
RAVLFVS ON LVN, i. 305
Allaria, tetradrachms ascribed to,
to be given to Lacedaemon, ix.
1-6
Allectus, coinage of, vi. 127 ff. ;
444
INDEX III.
mint-marks of, 133; mints of,
134 ; types of, 138 ; coins of
London, 142 ff. ; of Camulodu-
num, 156 ff. ; uncertain mints
of, 169
Altar of Himera, on coins of
Thermae, x. 226-227
Amasia (Pontus), era of, ii. 7, 8
Ambika Devi, an Ahom queen,
coins of, ix. 304, 318
American Colonies, Wood's coinage
for, iii. 53-63
Amisus, denarius of, found at
Silchester, x. 417
Ammanati, Cardinal, on Paul II's
fondness for striking coins, &c.,
x. 353
Amphitheatre, type on coins of
Caesarea Germanica, iii. 330
Amulets, Egyptian, found with
mummies, x. 181-182
Ancyra (Galatia), coin of Caracalla
of, iii. 341-343
Andragoras of Bactria, gold and
silver coins of, v. 210 ff . ; history
of, 217
Andrea da Viterbo, a medallist of
Paul II, x. 366-368
Andrieu, Bernhard, medals by, vii.
219
Andromeda, wife of Sextus, coin
of, struck at Mytilene, ii. 334
Andros, drachm of, ii. 328
Angel, introduction of, ix. 151 ;
its coinage by Tunstall, autho-
rized, x. 119-120
Angel nobles of Edward IV, ix.
182-185 ; of Henry VI, x. 120
Angels, " healing," x. 395
Angelo (Paci dalP Aquila ?),
possibly a medallist of Paul II,
x. 368
Angers, A. R., Governor of Quebec,
medal of, vii. 225
Aiigliiia, silver coin struck for
Bombay, vi. 355
Anglo-Gallic coins, — Henry II to
Edward I, v. 364-392 ; not issued
by Edward II, vi. 267; of Edward
III, 268, 281 ; gold coins of, 268 ;
silver of, 294; of Henry, Duke
of Lancaster, 320-322 ; of
Edward the Black Prince, viii.
102-163; of Eichard II, 163-
168 ; of Henry IV, 169-177
Anglo-Saxon charters, spurious,
viii. 222 ft.
Anglo-Saxon coins found at
Croydon, vii. 339-342
Aninetus (Lydia), bronze coin of,
iii. 335
Anna Catherina, daughter of
Charles IV of Denmark, medal
on death of, x. 71-72
Anne of Denmark, medal of, by
Charles Anthony, viii. 350, 352
Annius, — , coins of, iv. 228
Annulet oil coins of Henry I, i.
28, 156, 158, 364, 376, 378, 467,
481-486, 491
Annulet coinage of Henry VI, ii.
227 ; iii. 291, 302
Annulet noble of Henry V, iii. 293
Antalcidas, Peace of, ix. 352
Anthony, Charles, chief engraver
at the Mint, viii. 343 ; medals of
Anne of Denmark and Henry
of Wales attributed to, 350-
352 ; bezant of James I by, 354
Anthony, Derick, chief engraver
at the Mint, viii. 346
Antigoneia, coin of Antigonus I,
probably struck at, ix. 265
Antigonus I, coins of, ix. 264-273 ;
gold stater of, 268-269 ; death of,
270
Antimachus Theos of Bactria, coin
of, found in Baluchistan, iv. 320
Antinous, coin of the Arcadians of,
found at Godmanchester, viii.
374 ; bust of, as Pan, type on
a contorniate, ix. 48
Antioch (Syria), numeral letters on
Imperial coins of, iii. 107, 109 ;
pseudo-autonomous coins of, iv.
105 ; archieratic coins of, 108 ;
coins commemorating Hadrian's
visit to, 128 ; Imperial coins of,
vi. 337 ; coins of Julian II of, x.
250 ; aureus of Gratian of, on ele-
vation of Valentinian II, x. 109
Antiochia ad Eiiphratem, numeral
letters on imperial coins of, iii.
106
Antiochia (Pisidia), bronze coin of,
iii. 339
Antiochia ad Sarum, bronze coin
of, iv. 165
Antiochus I, Soter, coins of, found
in Baluchistan, iv. 317 ; Graeco-
Bactrian copies of, vi. 14
Antiochus II, Theos, coins of,
found in Baluchistan, iv. 318
Antiochus III, the Great, attacks
GENERAL SUBJECT INDEX.
445
Parthia, v. 229; coins of, and
imitations found in Baluchistan,
iv. 318-319
Antiochus VII of Syria, attacks the
Parthians, vii. 135
Antistia gens, aureus of, with
reverse sacrificial scene, viii. 85
Antonia Tryphaenia of Pontus,
coins of, ii. 4, 5 ; regnal year of,
5 ; daughter of, 6 ; era of, 7 ; suc-
cession to throne of Pontus, ib.
Antoninus Pius, coin of Aegium of,
with reverse boy Zeus, ii. 393 ;
aureus of, with Liberalitas,
349 ; bronze coins of, struck at
Cos and Miletus, iv. 304 ; medal-
lion of, vi. 94 ; bronze coins of,
found at Croydon, vii. 369 ; aurei
with figure of Jupiter, viii. 88 ;
with " Primi Decennales," 89 ;
sestertius of, with Britannia,
194 ; head of, on contorniate,
ix. 49 ; coins of, found at Castle
Bromwich, x.>14, 29-32, 38-39 ;
at Nottingham, 206
Antony, Mark, coins of, found in
Scotland, v. 11 ; at Castle
Bromwich, x. 14, 16, 37 ; bronze
coins of, struck in the East, iv.
192-197, 205 ; date of consulship
and Imperatorship of, 200 ; and
Cleopatra, bronze coins of, struck
in the East, 196, 197, 205 ; and
Octavia, bronze coins of, struck
in the East, 192-196, 205
Anwar-ad-din Khan, Nawab of the
Carnatic, x. 148
Aphrodite of Paphos, temple of,
on coins of Pergamon,x. 207-208
Aphytis (Macedonia), bronze coin
of, ii. 314
Apis, not the bull on coins of
Julian II, x. 244-245
Aplustre on coins of Corinth, ix.
353
AnOAiniC(AnOAINIC)onmedal
of Heraclius, x. 111-115
Apollo, head of, on coins of Scione
(?), v. 328 ; Hyakinthos on coins
of Tarentum, vii. 277 ; type on
contorniate, ix. 47 ; and Mar-
syas on contorniate, 38 ; of
Amyclae, statue of, on coin of
Areus, ix. 3 ; on coin of Nabis,
4 ; and Artemis on coins of Seli-
nus, x. 44
Apollonia (Mysia), coins of,vi.29fL
Apollonia Pontica (Thrace), bronze
coins of, ii. 318; silver of v.
331
Apollonia ad Ehyndacum, bronze
coins of Nerva, Faustina I, and
Commodus, vii. 440
Apollonius of Tyana, bust of, on
contorniate, ix. 26
Apollonos-Hieron (Lydia), bronze
coins of, ii. 335-336
Aquileia, Roman mint, coins of,
found at Groveley Wood, vi. 336 ;
at Icklingham, viii. 218, 220 ;
coins of Julian II of, x. 250
Aquitaine, coins of Henry II of,
v. 365-366; of Eichard I of,
368; of Eleanor, 369-379; of
Edward I, 386, 392
Aramaic legends on Athenian
tetradrachm, iv. 10; on coins
of Mazaios, ii. 82
Arbela, battle of, iv. 1
Arcadians, coin of Antinous of the,
found at Godmanchester, viii. 374
Arcadius, coins of, found at
Groveley Wood, vi. 330 ; at Ick-
lingham, 218
" Archer " type of Candragupta I,
coins of, found in Mirzapur, x.
399, 400-402 ; of Kuniaragupta I,
408
Arelatum, Roman coins of, vi. 335,
viii. 218, 228; of Julian II,
x. 250
Arensberg, denier of, in Colchester
hoard, iii. 136
Areus of Lacedaemon, ix. 3
Argyle, Duke of, medal on execu-
tion of, ix. 400
Ariaspes, son of Artaxerxes II,
death of, iii. 2
Aristoxenos, signature of, on coins
of Tarentum, vii. 286
Arkat, E.I.C. coins of, iii. 73, 75,
78, 95 ; x. 325
Aries. See Arelatum
Armada badge, attributed to
Nicholas Milliard, viii. 338 ; de-
sign of, compared with Irish
Great Seal, 347 ; Armada Jewel
in collection of Mr. J. Pierpont
Morgan, 336, 340
Armenian and Parthian coins, vi.
221 ; provenance of, 222 ; origin
of types, vi. 224; vii. 132; of
Tigranes I, ii. 193
Armour on coins of Henry I, i. 89
446
INDEX III.
Arnost, Bishop of Kochester,
coins struck by, iv. 163
Arsakes, King of Parthia, history
of, v. 226 ft.
Artabazes, Satrap of Phrygia, re-
volts, iii. 4 ; allied with Athe-
nians, 5 ; invades Mysia, 22
Artaxerxes II, history of, iii. 1-3
Artaxerxes III, history and coin-
age of, iii. 1 ff. ; invades Egypt, 4 ;
Phoenicia, 13-15; attacks Sidon,
16 ; invades Egypt, 18-21 ;
coinage of, 25 ff ; destroys Sidon,
ix. 123
As, type of, struck in the East, iv.
211-212; reissue of, at Rome,
240; its metal, 241; its type,
242
Assam, coins of Ahom kings of,
ix. 300-331 ; languages and
characters used on, 309-310 ;
eras used on, 310-311 ; transla-
tion of legends on, 330-331;
shape of, 300, 307; denomina-
tions of, 311
Assmann, Dr. E., his theory of
the etymology of Moneta, x.
1-12
Atarneus (Macedonia), drachm of,
v. 336
Athanasius, Bishop of Alexandria,
x. 248-249
Athens, tetradrachm of, with figure
of Harrnodius, ii. 323 ; bronze
coins of, iii. 322-329; tetra-
drachms with Aramaic legends,
iv. 10 ; early bronze coins of, v.
1 ; Graeco-Indian imitations of
coins of, vi. 6, 10-12 ; coins of,
current in Egypt, viii. 202, 205 ;
with Egyptian hieroglyphs,
197 ; with name of Hippias, 278
Athos, Mount, darics found at, iii.
29
ATLE, supposed mint, due to mis-
reading of a Canterbury coin,
i. 503
Atratinus, L. Sempronius, bronze
coins of, iv. 192-196, 202
Attalea (Lydia), bronze coin of
Caracalla of, iii. 336
Attalia (Pamphylia), bronze coin
of Valerian I, iii. 339
Attalos I, coins and portrait of.
x.207
Atys and Cybele, type on con-
torniates, ix. 40, 44, 50
Aubenheimer, R. L., medal by, vii.
220
Augusta Trevirorum. See Treves
" Augustale " of Frederick II, de-
sign of, used for seal, iv. 180
Augustus, bronze coins of, struck
in the East, iv. 198 ; in Spain,
210; in Gaul, 221; at Rome,
225, see also Octavius ; geneth-
liac sign of, ii. 3 ; head of, type
on a contorniate, ix. 29
Aungier's new coinage for Bombay,
vi. 353
Aurangzlb, Mughal Emperor,coins
of, ii. 294
Aurelianus, bronze coin of, struck
at Cremna, ii. 340
Aurelius, Marcus, aureus of, with
reverse Minerva, ii. 350 ; bronze
coin of, struck at Tabae, iv. 304 ;
medallion of, vi. 97 ; and L.
Verus medallion of, 99 ; coins of,
found in Scotland, v. 12; at
Croydon, vii. 371 ; at Castle
Bromwich, x. 14, 33-36, 38-40
Aurifabri or cuneators, temp. Henry
I, i. 25, 26, 38, 44, 46-47, 74-86
. Otto family, i. 25, 26, 27,
38-41, 44, 46-47, 71, 74, 87, 97,
99, 155, 160, 275, 389, 410
Leostan, i. 78-87, 275
! Wyzo Fitz Leof-
stan, i. 275
Richard, i. 127
i Ewart, i. 280
Auxilium, i. 160, 164-165
connected with mints,
i. 165, 171
j Awbridge, coins of Stephen and
Henry I found at, v. 354
Azad-ad-daulah, Buwayhid, ix.
221-223; coins of, 228-229, 235
B.
Baal, type on satrapal coins, iv.
6,10,22; identified with Zeus,
ix. 124
" Baaltars " on coin of Tarsus, a
place-name, iii. 42
i Babar, Mughal Emperor, coins of,
ii. 283
j Babba (Mauretania), coin of
Claudius I of, ix. 13
1 Babelon, E., his classification of
i satrapal coins criticized , iii. 30 ff .
GENERAL SUBJECT INDEX.
447
Babylon, mint of, coins attributed
to, iv. 1-38 ; vi. 17-25
Babylonian standard and Roman
metrology, x. 210, 211
Bacallaos, region of, on Drake
medal, vi. 80
Bacchus, type on contorniates, ix.
21, 43, 45
Bactrian coins found in Baluchis-
tan, iv. 319 ; barbarous imita-
tions of, 321 ; copied by Par-
thians, vii. 128
Bagdad, unpublished coins of
caliphs of, ii. 267-273
Bagno, Cesare da, his medal of
Cosimo I of Florence, x. 412-413
Bagoas commands Greeks in Egypt,
iii. 19 ; Satrap of Upper Asia, 21 ;
poisons Artaxerxes, 24 ; coins
attributed to, 32
Baha-ad-daulah, a Buwayhid
prince, ix. 224-227
Bahadur Shah of Gujarat, coins
of, struck for Malwa, iii. 314 ;
iv. 93 ; conquers Malwa, iii.
388-330 ; his title on coins, iv.
97
Bahadur Shah (Alain I), coins of,
ii. 297
Bahadur Shah II, coins of, ii. 308
Bainville, J., medal by, vii. 220
Bakhtiar. See Izz-ad-daulah
Balacros, Satrap of Cilicia, ii. 83
Balanzano, Pietro, medal of, x. 59
Balapur, coinage of, x. 158-162 ;
gold f anams of, 160 ; copper coins
of, 161-162
Balbinus, aureus of, with reverse
Victory, ii. 355 ; viii. 95
Baldred, King of Kent, penny of,
vi. 90
Baldwin, Archbishop of Canter-
bury, receives a grant of coinage
from King John, x. 310-311 ;
death of, 311-312
Baldwin Fitzgilbert, strikes coins
at Exeter, iv. 154
Baluchistan, ancient coins found
in, iv. 311 ; classes of, 313-316
Bambyce (Cyrrhestica), bronze
coin of, iii. 344
Bandel, J. E. von, medal by, vii. 220
Barbo, Pier. See Paul II
Baristughan, a Buwayhid, assumes
title of Shahanshah, v. 395
Barneveldt, Jan van Olden, medal
on execution of, x. 69
Barn staple, types and moneyers of
William 1 and II of, iv. 256 ;
history and coinage of, under
Henry I, i. 102-107
Bartholomew, Massacre of Saint,
medal on, x. 64-65
Basel, " Moralische Pfennige " of,
ix. 375, 392-393 ; x. 76-78
Basil I, Byzantine Emperor, coin
of, found with coins of Aethel-
red II, x. 269
Baskerville, Thomas, his testimony
to the striking of coins of
Charles I with the monogram
Bx at Oxford, x. 203
Basset, Ealph, King's justiciary,
temp. Henry I, i. 342, 430, 450
Basset, Eichard, Sheriff of Peter-
borough, i. 361, 422, 428
Bassus, P. Betilienus, coins of,
iv. 234
Bath Mint, moneyers and types of,
under William I and II, iv.
256 ; history and coinage of,
under Henry I, i. 107-113
Bath metal used for American
colonial>coinage, composition of,
iii. 53, 54
" Battle-axe," type of Samudra-
gupta, x. 399-400
Bayley, Richard, his monogram on
coins of Charles I, of Oxford,
x. 203-205
Bayonne, Anglo-Gallic coinage of
Edward III at, vi. 280
Baz Bahadur, his rule in Malwa,
iii. 396-398 ; coins of, iv. 93, 100 ;
titles of, 97
Beachy Head, Roman coins found
near, ii. 184
Beagmuiid, moneyer of Ecgbeorht,
viii. 245, 247
Beaworth, coins of William I and
II found at, iv. 145
Beaworth and Colchester finds
compared, iii. Ill
Beck, Bishop of Durham, mint-
mark of, v. 68, 72, 76
Becket, Gilbert a, i. 282, 298
Bedford, types and moneyers of
William I and II of, iv. 256 ;
history and coinage of, under
Henry I, i. 113-117
Bedford, ring supposed to have
belonged to John Bunyan found
at, x. 185
Bedwin, mint of Edward the
448
INDEX III.
Confessor and of William I, ii.
10, 22, 24, 25 ; of Henry I, 407
Bee-charms (?), Ephesian, viii. 284
Beham, Barthel, engraving by, x.
61
Beham, Hans Sebald, medallist,
his signature, iv. 57
Behnesa, Roman coin-moulds
found at, v. 342-353 ; lead
Roman tokens found at, viii.
287
Belesys, Satrap of Syria, attacks
Phoenicia, iii. 14 ; coins attri-
buted to, 40
Belgium, medal on restoration of
peace to, vii. 261
Belgium, Peace conference relat-
ing to (1831), medal on, vii. 237
Bellano, Bartolommeo, probably
not a medallist of Paul II, x.
361-364; medal of Roselli by,
362-364
Bellerophon, type on a contorni-
ate, ix. 33
Bemme, J. A., medals by, vii. 221-
222
Benares, E.I.C. mint at, iii. 75, 76,
78 ; coins of, 87
Benavides, Marco Mantova, medals
of, ix. 224-295
Bengal, E.I.C. mint of, iii. 72-75 ;
coins of, 90
Beornehart, Wessex moneyer of
Ecgbeorht, viii. 253
Bergamo, Martino da, medal of
Benavides by, ix. 295
Bergerac, Anglo-Gallic mint of
Edward III, vi. 280 ; of Henry
Duke of Lancaster, 320
Bermondsey, coins of William I
and II found at, iv. 154-155
Bernard, Duke of Saxony, coin of,
found with coins of Aethelred
11, x. 269, 375, 383
Bernardus de Parma, seal of, iv.
179
Beroea (Cyrrhestica), numeral
letters on coins of, iii. 106
Berry, Jean, Due de, possessed
medal of Heraclius, x. 110-114
Bertrand, A., medals issued by, vii.
222
Berwick pennies of the Edwards
found at Lochmaben, v. 75
Bes, a Phoenician god, ix. 129
Bethune, Robert de, sterlings of,
found in Hampshire, viii. 314
Bezant of James I, by Charles
Anthony, viii. 351
Bharatha Sirhha, an Ahom king,
coin of, ix. 307, 326, 327
Bhrajanatha Sirhha, an Ahom
king, coins of, ix. 308, 328-329
Bibulus, L. Calpurnius, bronze
coins of, iv. 192, 196; history
of, 203
Bigod Roger, i. 163, 228, 326-327
William, i. 229, 233-235
Hugh, i. 233-237
Bilbao, medals on battle of, vii.
264-265
Binio of Constantine I with view
of Treves, x. 103-106
BISES, supposed mint of Henry I,
probably Bristol, i. 49, 117-118,
127
Blackfriars Bridge, coins placed in
foundation-stone of, iv. 182
Blackmoor hoard, coins of Carau-
sius, &c., in, vii. 35
Blakeney, Admiral, medal of, x. 90
Blandus, C. Rubellius, coins of, iv.
234
Blaundus, coins of, iv. 102
Bloccenus, Levinus, medal of, iv.
58
Blondeau, Peter, invited to Eng-
land, ix. 85 ; made machinery
only, 88 ; invented new method
of inscribing edge, 88-89 ; coin-
age of Blondeau and Ramage,
86-87
Boar, obverse type of silver coins
of the Brigantes, viii. 44
Boehm, Sir J. E., medals by, vii.
223
Boileau, F., medal by, vii. 223
Boldu, Giovanni, memento mori
medals by, x. 49-51, 196, 198
Bologna, engraved dies first used
in, ix. 58
Bombay, first English coinage of,
vi. 351-355
Bordeaux, Anglo-Gallic mint of
Edward I, v. 388-390; of
Edward III, vi. 272-276; of
Edward the Black Prince, viii.
102, 108 ; gold coins of, 116,
117, 121, 124, 127 ; silver, 131,
134, 142, 150; biUon, 160; of
Richard II, 164-167 ; of Henry
IV, 170
Borrel, Val. Maurice, medals by,
vii. 223, 224
GENERAL SUBJECT INDEX.
449
Borza, Wessex moneyer of
Egbeorht, viii. 253
Bosset, C. P. de, Governor of
Cephalonia, medal of, vii. 228
Bottee,L. A., medals by, vii. 224-226
Bouvet, L. C., medal by, vii. 226, 227
Bovy, J. F. A., medal by, vii. 227
Bowcher, F., his design for Hong
Kong plague medal, x. 96
Boxmoor, coin of Hadrian found
at, ii. 88
Bramente, the inventor of the
screw-press, ix. 60
Brandon, Alicia, wife of Nicholas
Hilliard, miniature of, viii. 354
Brandt,H. F. , medal by, vii. 227-228
Brantygham, Thomas de, receiver
of the Calais Mint, ii. 225
Brearcliffe (Briercliffe), John,
halfpenny token of, x. 81-82
Breitenbach, Georg von, medal of,
iv. 54
Breton naval reward medal, ii. 311
Briconnet, R., medal of, ix. 410
Bridgnorth, English coins (Mary-
Charles I) found at, viii. 319
Bridport, moneyers and types of,
under William I and II, iv. 256 ;
of Henry I, i. 407
Brigantes, gold and silver coins of,
found at South Ferriby, viii. 17-
55 ; types of gold, 19 ; of silver,
44; analysis of weights of gold,
51 ; of silver, 54 ; unique gold
stater of, ix. 7-9
Brigetio, Roman gold coins found
at, x. ICO,' 102
Briot (Briett orBryott), Nicholas,
and his coinage in England, ix.
82 ; in Scotland, 82-83 ; money
by, not mentioned in Pyx re-
cords, x. 394 ; one of the gravers
to the Mint, 395; annuity to,
397 ; death of, 397
Bristol Mint, moneyers and types
of William I and II of, iv. 257 ;
history and coinage of, under
Henry I, i. 199-201 ; of Henry
II, ii. 228 ff. ; coins of Edward
I-III of, found at Lochmaben,
v. 67-71 ; re-established in 1465
by Edward IV, ix. 152 ; coins
struck at, by Edward IV, 138,
170-171, 181-182, 213-214; by
Henry VI (restored), x. 127-130 ;
gold coins of, 128; silver (groats
only known), 129-130; mint-
marks of, 129 ; legends of, 129 ;
local origin of dies discussed,
129-130; coins described, 141-
143; coins of Charles I with
monogram B\ to be transferred
from Bristol to Oxford, 203-205 ;
tokens of Bristol of sixteenth
and seventeenth centuries, ii.
385 ; recoinage of 1696-1697 at,
vii. 358
Bristowe prize medal, ix. 407 ; x.
89-90
Britannia on coins of Antoninus
Pius found in Britain, vii. 317,
359, 362 ; viii. 351 ; their striking
in Britain suggested, vii. 359-
362 ; doubted, x. 414
British, ancient, coins, found in
France, vii. 381 ; at South Fer-
riby, viii. 17-55 ; ix. 7-9 ; forgery
of, ix. 403
British Museum, Greek coins ac-
quired by the, in 1901, ii. 313-
344 ; in 1903, iv. 289-310 ; select
Greek coins in, v. 324-341
Brooklands, Roman coins found
at, viii. 208
Brown, Commodore, medals of
Admiral Vernon and, ix. 428-429
Browning, Robert, medal of, vii.
250
Brucher (Brulier), Aiitoine, not
the inventor of the laminoir,
ix. 71-72
Brunswick, Franz, Duke of, medal
of, iv. 53
Bucer, Martin, medal of, iv. 49
Buckinghamshire, unpublished
tokens of, ii. 378
Bull, type on Roman coins, dis-
cussed, x. 244, 245 ; on coins of
Julian II not Apis, 245
Bunyan, John, ring said to have
belonged to, found at Bedford,
x. 185
Burgh, Nicholas, graver at the
Mint in 1641, x. 396 ; probably
same as Nicholas Burghers (q.v.)
Burghers, Nicholas, prepared a
medal at Oxford in 1648, x. 396
Burning of bonds by Hadrian com-
memorated on coins, &c., ii. 88
Bury St. Edmunds, history and
coinage of Henry I at, i. 385-392 ;
pennies of Edward I-III of,
found at Lochmaben, v. 75
Buwayhid dynasty, coins of, iii.
450
INDEX III.
177 ft . ; ix. 220-240 ; assumption
of title Shahanshah by, v. 393
Byblos, coin of Mazaios attributed
to, iii. 45
Byng, Admiral, medals of, on loss
of Minorca, ix. 368, 400 ; x. 90
Byzantine coins found on the
premises of the Carpenters'
Company, iii. 103
Byzantium, alliance of, with
Erythrae, ix. 12 ; 'counter-
marked coin of, ibid.
C.
C. A. (Commune Asiae) on Roman
bronze coins, 45-3 B.C., iv. 198;
explained, 208
Caesar, Julius, denarius referring
to assassination of, x. 46-47, 60
Caesarea Germanice, bronze coin
of Hadrian of vii. 441 ; bronze
coin of Julia Domna of, iii. 330
Caesarea Mazaca, forgeries of
Greek coins from, x. 411-412
Caesarian years on coins of Antioch,
vi. 243
Caistor (Norfolk), Roman coins
found at, ii. 186
Cakradhvaja Simha, an Ahom king,
coins of, ix. 301, 309, 314
Calais Mint, nobles and half-nobles
of Richard II of the, iv. 333,
344-346; coins of Henry V of,
vi. 188, 215-218; accounts of,
during reigns of Henry V and VI,
ii. 225 ff.; iii. 287 ; gold coins of,
29G; quarter-noble of, ii. 300;
last issue of gold coins of, ii.
257 ; iii. 304 ; Edward IV and
the, ix. 176
Calculi or contorniates, vi. 243
Calcutta, E.I.C. mint of, iii. 73,
75, 79
Calverd, Felix, token of, ix. 248
Camarina, tetradrachm of, x. 232
Cambridge, moneyers and types of,
under William I and II, iv. 257
Camillus, vow of, x. 9
Campanian coin with head of
Juno, x. 6
Camulodunum, coins of Allectus
struck at, vi. 134, 156; of
Carausius, iv. 142; vii. 46, 58,
186-218 ; of Carausius with name
of Diocletian, 417; of Maximian,
420; of Carausius, Diocletian,
and Maximian, 414
Canadian Exhibition of Agricul-
ture, Quebec, medal of, vii. 226
Candragupta II, coins of, found in
Mirzapur, x. 399, 400-406
Candrakanta Simha, an Ahom
king, coins of, ix. 308, 328
Canning, George, medal of, vii. 268
" Canopy " type of William I ex-
plained, iv. 155
Canterbury Mint, of Ecgbeorht,
vii. 241 ; moneyers and types of,
under William I and II, iv.
257; of Henry I, i. 128-139;
short-cross pennies of, in the
Colchester hoard, iii. 112, 119,
139, 157, 162 ; short-cross pennies
of second period of, wrongly
attributed to Chichester, x. 304,
312 ; Archbishop Baldwin and,
309, 310 ; pennies of Edward I-
III of, found at Lochmaben, v.
68, 70, 72, 75, 77 ; revived in 1465,
ix. 156 ; coins of Edward IV of
Royal Mint of, 160-163, 177,
191, 197, 206-210; of archi-
episcopal mint of, 163-164, 177,
178, 197, 211
Capella, C. Naevius, coins of, iv.
234
Capito, C. Fonteius, bronze coin
of, iv. 195, 204
Car, winged, a coin-type, ix. 127
Caracalla, bronze coin of Attalia
of, iii. 336 ; of Ancyra, 341, 343 ;
aureus of, with reverse Liberty,
viii. 94 ; with reverse Victory,
95 ; bust of, type on a contorni-
ate, ix. 51 ; Caracalla and Julia
Domna, aureus of, ii. 351
Carausius, aurei of, with reverse
Pax, ii. 359 360; denarius of,
with reverse head of Sol, 361 ;
new type of coin of, iv. 36 ; un-
published coins of, v. 18 ; vi. 328 ;
coinage of, vii. 1, 156, 291, 373 ;
history of, 1 ; finds of coins of, 31,
35, 37 ; mint-marks on coins of,
52 ; coins of London, 158 -185 ; of
Colchester (Camulodunum), 186-
218 ; with R S R, 303i; of Roto-
magus, 316 ; uncertain mint of,
331, 373; (British) coins with
name and bust of Diocletian,
415, 417 ; with name and bust
of Maximian, 419, 420
GENERAL SUBJECT INDEX.
451
Carausius, name of a later ruler,
vii. 39
CARAVSIVS ET FRATRES SVI,
legend on coins of Carausius,
vii. 34, 81
Caria, coins of, iii. 399
Carinus, aurei of, with figures of
Carinus and Numerian, viii. 96 ;
medallion of, vi. 118
Carisius, P., bronze coins of, struck
at Emerita, iv. 216 ; history of,
219
Carisius, Titus, denarius of, with
head of Juno and legend
MONETA, x. 6, 7
Carlisle, history and coinage of
Henry I at, i. 139-143 ; silver
coins of, 140-141 ; sterling of
Henry, Earl of Northumberland,
struck at, ii. 26 ; short-cross
pennies of, in the Colchester
hoard, iii. 112, 122, 142, 163
Carlists, defeat of, at St. Sebastian,
medal on, vii. 264
Carlyle, Thomas, medal of, vii. 223
Carnatic, copper coins of Muham-
mad Ali of the, x. 146-157
Carolina, name of a gold coin of
Bombay, vi. 355
Cartagena, medals on capture of,
in 1741, ix. 428-429
Carthage, Punic coins of, circula-
tion of, in Italy and Sicily, x. 1 ;
Roman coins struck at, found at
Weybridge, viii. 215
Carus, medallion of, vi. 118
Cast Roman coins, method of
making, v. 342
Castle Bromwich, Roman denarii
found at, x. 13-40
Catholic Poor School Committee,
medal of, vii. 263
Catullus, L. Valerius, coin of, iv.
234
Caunois, F. A., medal by, vii. 228
Cavino, medal of Benavides by,
ix. 295
Celer, C. Cassius, C. F., coins of,
iv. 230
Cellini, Benvenuto, coinages by,
ix. 62-67 ; his Trattato, 64 ; in
France, 66-67
Censorinus, L. Marcus L. F., coins
of, iv. 225
Ceolnoth, Archbishop of Canter-
bury, coins of, found at Croydon,
vii. 341
Cera'itae (Pisidia), bronze coin of,
ii. 339; and Cremna, bronze
coin of, 339-340
Cesare da Bagno, his medal of
Cosimo I, Duke of Florence,
x. 412
Cestianus, T. Plaetorius, denarius
of, with legend MONETA and
head of Juno, x. 6, 7
Oestrus (Cilicia), bronze coin of,
v. 341
Chaise, or 6cu, Anglo-Gallic coin
of Edward III, vi. 270, 272;
classification of, 282
Chalcis (Chalcidice), numeral
letters on imperial coins of, iii.
107
Chancton and Colchester finds
compared, iii. Ill
Chanda Sahib. See Husain Dost
Khan
Chaplean, J. A., Lieut. -Governor
of Quebec, medal of, vii. 225
Charioteer, obverse type on
contorniate, ix. 52-53
Charles the Bold, half-denier of,
found at Stamford, iii. 350-354 ;
coins of, found in England, vi. 44
Charles I, coins of, found at
Oswestry, v. 104, 105 ; at
Bridgnorth, viii. 321 ; at
Constable Burton, ix. 288-289 ;
at Winterslow, x. 205 ; medalet
of, copied by Wood for Irish half-
penny of 1724, iii. 62; unique
half-crown of Exeter of, 193 ;
silver plaque of, as prince, viii.
266-271 ; memorial medal of, x.
75, 76 ; memorial rings of, 184,
185
Charles II, reverse of a touch-piece
by Thomas Simon for, ix. 297-
299 ; memorial medal on death
of, x. 84-85
Charles IX of France, medal of,
on Massacre of St. Bartholomew,
x. 65
Charon receiving soul from Mer-
cury on intaglio, x. 164; obolusof
Charon, ix. 396; x. 182, 183, 202 ;
its survival, x. 183
Charun, the Etruscan Charon, x.
174, 175
Cheke, Sir John, medal of, ix. 293
Cheselden, William, the surgeon,
memorial medal of, ix. 401 ; x.
68-89
452
INDEX III.
Chester, coins of Leicester of
William I and II, wrongly
attributed to, x. 294 ; moneyers
and types of William I and II,
at, iv. 259 ; history and coinage
of, under Henry I, i. 143-151 ;
recoinage of 1696-1697 at, vi. 358
Chevalier, A., a Paris engraver,
medal of Samuel Plimsoll by,
vii. 229 ; x. 94
Chichele, Henry, Archbishop of
Canterbury, sepulchre of, x. 72,
73
Chichester Mint, moneyers and
types of William I and II of, iv.
259 ; history and coinage of,
under Henry I, i. 151-158;
short-cross pennies of, in the
Colchester hoard, iii. 112, 142,
163 ; no coins of class II, of
short-cross period of, x. 300-
305 ; writs of reign of John
referring to, 318-319; date of
reopening, 319-323
Chosroes I, inscription on seal of,
x. 190
Christ in glory on medal of Paul
II, x. 344-345, 347
Christy, Miller, his account of
Drake's silver map medal, vi. 77
Cilbiani Nicaei (Lydia), copper
coin of, ii. 336 ; copper coin of
Geta of, 337
Cilda, moneyer of Bedwin and
Marlborough, ii. 21-25
Cilicia, satrapal coins of, attributed
to Mazaios, ii. 81 ; iv. 5
Circus Maximus, type 011 contor-
niate, ix. 22-24, 30,i34, 42, 47
Cisthene (Mysia), satrapal coins
of, iii. 11
Cistophori of Ephesus and Per-
gamon, ii. 330 ; of Pergamon,
^ date of, x. 207
Claudius I, bronze coins of, found
in Southwark, iii. 100 ; at Croy-
don, vii. 366 ; countermarked
coins of, ix. 10-18 ; coins of
Lycia of, iii. 400
Claudius II, medallion of, vi. 116
Clausentum, mint of (?), of Allec-
tus, vi. 134 ; of Carausius, iv.
142 ; vii. 46
Clay Coton, groats of Edward IV
found at, ix. 155
Clazomenae (Ionia), drachm of, v.
338
Clement XIII, medal of Pope,
found under Blackfriars Bridge,
iv. 181, 182
Clement XIV, medal of, iv. 183
Cleopatra and Antony, bronze
coins of, struck in the East, iv.
196-205
Cleopatra Thea and Bala of
Syria, silver coins of, iv. 307
i Clovius, C., coins of, iv. 224, 235,
236
Clowes, William, surgeon, record
of delivery of bronze touch-
pieces to, in 1635-6, x. 395
i Cnut repeats a type of Aethelred
II, x. 377
I Cockleshell, symbol on coins of
Corinth, ix. 343-344
Coenwulf of Mercia, coin of, found
at Croydon, vii. 340
Colchester find of short-cross
pennies, iii. Ill
Colchester Mint, moneyers and
types of William I and II of,
iv. 260 ; history and coinage of
Henry I of, i. 159-167
Colchester, mint of Carausius. See
Camulodunum
Collar, segmental, introduced to
strike inscription on edge of
coins, ix. 70-71
Cologne, deniers of, in Colchester
hoard, iii. 136-137
Colophon (Ionia), coins of, iii. 10 ;
iv. 302
Colvart, Felix, token of, ix. 247
j Comana, era of, iv. 101
Combe, Taylor, medallion of, vii.
254
Comets, appearance of, recorded
on coins of William I, iv. 165 ;
of William II, 253
Commagene, numeral letters on
coins of, iii. 106
Commodus, medallion of, vii. 102 ;
bronze coins of Apollonia ad
Rhyndacum of, vii. 440 ; of
Poemanenum, 441 ; of Germe,
ii. 337 ; denarii of, found at
Castle Bromwich, x. 14, 37
Consistory, public, medals of Paul
II referring to, x. 344, 345, 348,
352, 358, 359
Constable Burton, English coins
found at, ix. 285-291
Constans I, coins of Heraclea of,
v. 174, 176; of Alexandria, ii.
GENERAL SUBJECT INDEX.
453
141 ; of Nicomedia, iii. 279 ; ]
medallion of, vi. 123 ; bust of, on j
contorniate, ix. 54
Constans II, coins of, found at .
Croydon, v. 37, 53
Constantino I (the Great), coins j
of Alexandria of, ii. 100 ff. ; I
of Nicomedia, iii. 218 ff. ; of |
Heraclea, v. 135 ff. ; medallion
of, vi. 121 ; double aureus of,
of Treves, x. 103-106; date of
its issue, 106 ; mediaeval medal
of, 115, 116 ; Arabic numerals
on, 115, 116 ; probably made in
Flanders, 116
Constantine II, coins of Alexan-
dria of, ii. 134 ff. ; of Nicomedia,
iii. 244 ff . ; of Heraclea, vi. 53 ff . ;
medallion of, 122
" Constantinopolis " coins of Con-
stantine I of Alexandria, iii.
142 ff. ; of Nicomedia, 279, 280
Constantius I, Chlorus, coins of
Alexandria of, ii. 98 ff . ; of Nico-
media, iii. 213 ff. ; of Heraclea,
v. 124; medallion of, vi. 120;
bust of, on contorniate, ix. 54
Constantius II, coins of Alexandria
of, ii. 134 ff. ; of Nicomedia, iii.
259, 262 ff. ; of Heraclea, v. 166 ;
medallions of, vi. 123 ; coins of,
found at Croydon, v. 37, 47 ; at
Groveley Wood, vi. 330
Constantius Gallus, coins of, found
at Croydon, v. 37, 61 ; medallion
of, vi. 125
Contorniates and tabulae lusoriae,
vi. 232; symbols on, 236-237;
used as draughtsmen, 237-241 ;
date of, 246 ; types of, 234 ff . ;
Dressel's theory of, ix. 18 ;
Froehner's theory of, 19 ; in the
Hunterian Collection, 19-58
Corbridge (Corstopitum), Roman
coins found at, ix. 431 ; x. 413, 414
Corey ra, initial coinage of, viii. 80
Corinth, classification of fifth-cen-
tury coins of, ix. 333-356
Cornwall, unpublished seven-
teenth-century tokens of, ii. 378
Corvey, Abbey of, coins of, in
Colchester hoard, iii. 136
Cos and Miletus, copper coins of
Antoninus Pius of, iv. 204
Cosimo I, Duke of Florence,
medal by Cesare da Bagno of,
x. 412
Countermarks on sigloi, iii. 28 ; on
coins of Claudius I, ix. 10-18
Coventry, mint established at, in
1465, ix. 152 ; coins and mint-
marks of Edward IV of, 158-
159, 171-172, 178, 206, 207
Cowries current in Assam, ix.
301 ; in Balapur, x. 162
Cox's Museum, admission tickets
to, ii. 76
Crassus, P. Canidius, coins of, iv.
197 ; history of, 206
Creighton, Captain, medal awarded
to, vii. 251
Cremieux, Adolphe, medal of, vii
250
Cremna (Pisidia), copper coin of
Aurelian of, ii. 340; and
Ceraitae, copper coin of, 339
Crescent, mint-mark of Richard
II, iv. 335; badge of Henry IV,
v. 255 ; and star, type on Irish
coins of John, iii. 174
Crete, copper ingots discovered in,
x. 209-211
Cricklade Mint, moneyers and
types of, under William I, iv.
259 ; abolition of, i. 407
Crimean War, medals of, vii. 220,
248 ; Turkish medals of, 268
Crispus, coins of, struck at Alexan-
dria, ii. 134 ff. ; at Nicomedia,
iii. 247 ff. ; at Heraclea, v.
153 ff. ; coin of London of, with
Christian symbols, x. 413
Cristoforo of Mantua, a medallist
of Paul II, x. 364-366
Crommelinck, Dr., medal of, vii.
266
Cromwell, silver coinage of, viii.
62 ; not legally current, but
probably circulated, ix. 94
Cross and pall on coins of Alfred,
ii. 202
Cross and pellet coinage of Henry
VI, ii. 261
Cross fitchee, mint-mark of Ed-
ward IV, ix. 179, 216-218; x.
119, 120, 135
Cross, long, type of Aethelred II,
x. 259, 285
Cross pattee (long), mint-mark
of London adopted by Henry VI,
x. 122
Cross, pierced, mint-mark on
annulet coinage of Henry V or
VI, ii. 230, 370
454
INDEX III.
Cross, plain, mint-mark of Henry
VI, x. 122, 125, 129
Cross pornmee on short-cross
pennies, iv. 158
Cross, " Small," type of Aethelred
II, x. 260, 261, 285
Crown, demiurgic and archieratic
on coins of Tarsus, ii. 343
Croydon, Anglo-Saxon coins
found in, vii. 339 ; coins of the
Antonines found at, 353 ; Roman
(late) coins found at, v. 26-41
" Crux " type of Aethelred II, x.
257 ; date and meaning of, 280-
282, 379, 386
CRVX legend on mediaeval coins,
and on coins of Aethelred II, x.
379
Cunobelinus, bronze coin of, iii. 192
Cupid dislodging a skeleton, type
on a Roman gem, x. 67
Cupid and Psyche, x. 170-172
Curitis or Curritis, epithet of Juno,
x. 9
Curtius, M., modern medal on
sacrifice of, x. 754
Cut pennies, i. 55, 56, 69, 492
Cybele, figure of, on medallion of
Faustina II, viii. 56 ; a type on
Roman Republican and Imperial
coins, 57 ; on contorniates, 59 ;
and Atys, type on contorniates,
ix. 40, 44, 50
Cyme (Aeolis), silver coin of, ii. 333
Cyprus revolts against Persia, iii.
14 ; coinages of, 26 ; coins of
Evagoras of, ii. 37-39, 43-44
Cyrrhestica, numeral letters on
coins of, iii. 166
Cyrrhus, numeral letters on coins
of, iii. 106
Cyzicus (Mysia), hemidrachm of,
ii. 329 ; coin of, vi. 26 ff. ; bronze
coins of Gordian III of, vii. 440 ;
clay mould for coins of, v. 347
D.
"Danace" obolus of Charon, x.
182, 183, 202
"Dance of Death" in art and
literature, ix. 376-379
Danegelt, payments of, in reign of
Aethelred II, x. 251 ff.
D'Angers, David, medals by, vii.
229-230
Danish imitations of coins of
Alfred, iii. 351 ff.
Darics coined for circulation
among the Greeks, iii. 28, 29;
classification of, 29 ff .
Daubeney, C. G. B., Professor of
Chemistry at Oxford, medal of,
x. 89
Daud Khan Pani, Nawab of Arcot,
x. 147
D'Ax, Anglo-Gallic mint of
Edward III, vi. 280 ; of Edward
the Black Prince, viii. 102 ;
coins of, 108 ff.
Death, medals, &c., illustrative of
ideas of, ix. 365-417 ; x. 41-96,
163-203
" Death or Glory " badge, ix. 403^
Death's heads, as military devices,
ix. 402-404 ; on wings, x. 184
Decroso, John, graver at the Mint
in 1642, x. 396
Deitenbeck, E., medals by, vii. 230
Delft, badge of Guild of Physicians
of, x. 275
Delmatius, coins of Alexandria of,
iii. 143 ff. ; of Nicomedia, iii.
279, 284 ; of Heraclea, v. 176, 177
Delphi, silver coins of, iv. 295
Demeter, altar of, on coins of
Pergamon, x. 208
Demetrius of Bactria, coins of,
found in Baluchistan, iv. 319
Demetrius I, Soter, of Syria,
imitations of coins of, found in
Baluchistan, iv. 319
Demetrius Poliorcetes, coins of, ix.
264-273
Demi-gros of Edward III, vi. 277,
302
Demi-sterling of Edward III, vi.
298, 308
Denarius, first issue of, iv. 186 ;
reduction of weight of, 188
Denier of Edward III, vi. 278,
308-310
Deniers esterlins in Colchester
hoard, iii. 112, 136, 175; see
also Sterlings
Derby, moneyers and types of Wil-
liam I and II of, iv. 260 ; penny
of Henry I struck at, ix. 332
De Salis, Count. See Salis, de
De Saulles, G. W., biography of,
ii. 311-312
" Descente en Angleterre " Medal,
vii. 434 ; imitated by Droz, 437
GENEKAL SUBJECT INDEX.
455
Deschler (or Teschler), Johann, I
medallist, iv. 59
Devizes, money ers and types of
William I and II of, iv. 260
Diadumenianus, aurei of, reverses
Spes and Princ. Juventutis, iii.
352 ; and Macrinus, medallion
of, vi. 109
Diana of Mantua, medal of, by
T. R., ii. 60
DIAN/E REDVCI on coins of
Carausius, vii. 73
Dido, head of, on Carthaginian
coins, x. 1-2
Dies, for coins of Aethelred II,
where made, x. 265-267, 373-374,
382-383 ; for coins of Henry VI,
probably made at provincial
mints from designs sent from
London, 128 ; for medals first
used in Bologna, ix. 58
Dieudonne, A., on the true attribu-
tion of certain coins of Antioch
and Nicomedia formerly attri-
buted to Julian II, x. 243, 244
Diocaesarea (Cilicia), (copper coin
of Philip I of, iv. 306
Diocletian, coins of, struck at
Alexandria, ii. 96 ; at Heraclea,
v. 124 ; at Camulodunum, vii.
414 ; aurei of, with reverse Jupi-
ter, viii. 97, 98 ; aureus of, reverse
Emperor seated, ii. 358 ; medal-
lion of, vi. 119 ; ten-aureus piece
of Alexandria of, x. 100-103
Dionysos, type on coin of Ancyra,
iii. 342
Diormod, moneyer of Ecgbeorht,
viii. 241, 246
Doerrer, Lucia, medal of, iv. 42
Doliche (Commagene), numerals
on imperial coins of, iii. 106
Dolphins on coins of Syracuse and
Messana, viii. 6,7; on coins of
Corinth, ix. 343-352
Domard, J. F., medal by, vii. 231
Domitian, sestertius of, ii. 348 ;
coins of, found in Scotland, v.
11; at Croydon, vii. 366; at
Timsbury, 81; at Nottingham,
x. 206 ; at Castle Bromwich, 14,
18-19 ; and Titus, coins of
Laodicea, iii. 340
" Donatio " legend on coin of
Cremna (Pisidia), ii. 340
Dorchester, moneyers and types of
William I and II of, iv. 260 ;
history and coins of Henry I
of, i. 167-172
" Dorobernia," monogram of, on
coins of Ecgbeorht, viii. 237
Dorothea, Queen of Denmark,
memorial medal of, x. 62
Dortmund, denier of, in Colchester
hoard, iii. 137
Double daric, &c. See Darics, &c.
Dover, moneyers and types of
William I and II of, iv. 261;
history and coinage of Henry I
at, i. 172-176
Downton. See Devizes
Drake, Sir Francis, map medal
of, vi. 77, 348
Drakon of Pellene, suggested type
parlant on coins of Atarneus, v.
336
Drapier's Letters, iii. 57
Droz, J. P., his imitations
of " Descente en Angleterre "
Medal, vii. 437
Drury House, coining plant at,
ix. 95
Dublin, pennies struck at, in
Colchester hoard, iii. 134
Dubois, A., medal by, vii. 231
Dunstan, relations with Aethelred
II, and suggested influence on
coin-types, x. 278, 279, 282, 283,
379, 385
Dunun (Dynyn), moneyer of
Ecgbeorht, vii. 244
Dunwich, its claims as a mint of
Henry I, i. 181
Dupondius, types of, struck in the
East, iv. 211 ; revived in Rome,
240 ; type, 242 ; change of type
of, ibid.
Diirer, Albrecht, medal of, iv. 42 ;
his Wappen des Todes, ix. 376,
378 ; engraving of Erasmus by,
x. 56-58 ; medal of Erasmus
attributed to, 56
Durham, moneyers and types of
William I and II of, iv. 281 ;
history and coinage of, under
Henry I, i. 176-186 ; short- cross
rnies of, in Colchester hoard,
112, 122, 143, 163 ; coins of
Richard II of, 339, 359 ; pennies
of Edward I-III of, found at
Lochmaben, v. 68, 72, 76-77;
coins of Henry V of, vi. 194, 203,
208, 211, 213 ; of Henry VI, iii.
233 ff. ; of Edward IV, ix. 164,
456
INDEX III.
172, 178, 198, 215 ; ecclesiastical
mint of, 211, 215
Durmius, M., Roman money er,
iv. 226
" Dutch " crown of Cromwell, vii.
63, 74, 77 ; ix. 109
Dymchurch, coins of William I
found at, iv. 145
Dynyn. Sec Dunun
E.
Eadberht Praen, coins of, viii. 229 ;
history of, 230-234
Eadgar, coins of, struck at York,
ii. 364 ff.
Eanwald, Essex money er of
Ecgbeorht, viii. 252, 253
East, Roman bronze coins struck
in the, iv. 192 ff. ; denomina-
tions of, 211, 213, 214 ; weights
of, 213, 214; analyses of, 213,
215, 244
East Anglian coins of Ecgbeorht,
viii. 251
East India Co., coinage of, iii. 71
ff. ; distinguished from native
issues, 72, 78 ; period of, 72-74
East, John, engraver at the Mint
in 1630, x. 395, 397
Easton, Norfolk, Roman imperial
coins found at, ii. 185
Eccles and Colchester finds com-
pared, iii. 111-112
Eccles find, short-cross coins from,
x. 291
Ecclesiastical coinages of reign of
Henry I, i. 18, 28, 29, 131, 212,
214, 362-369, 371-376, 481-489 ;
of reign of Edward IV : Canter-
bury, iv. 163, 164, 177, 178, 197,
211, 216 ; Durham, 178, 211, 215 ;
York, 165, 167, 168, 178, 181, 211,
215; of Henry VI (restored) , x.
133, 134, 145
Ecgbeorht of Wessex, coins of,
viii. 222-266; identification of,
222 ; coins of, as King of Kent,
277 ; at court of Charlemange,
231 ; his return to England, 238 ;
moneyers of, 240 ff . ; Canterbury
Mint under, 249 ; East Anglian
coins of, 251 ; Wessex coins of,
252 ; appropriates East Anglia,
260 ; coins of, found at Croydon,
vii. 341
Echter zu Mespelbronn, Peter,
medal of, iv. 56
Ecu, or. chaise (Anglo-Gallic), of
Edward III, vi. 270, 271 ; first
issue of, 272; classification of,
282
Edinburgh, Alfred Duke of, mar-
riage medal of, vii. 258
EDW. REX pennies, their classi-
fication discussed, v. 78
Edward the Elder, coin of, imita-
ted for an Anglo-Saxon brooch,
viii. 83
Edward the Martyr, "Hand" type
of, x. 270
Edward the Confessor, his por-
trait on coins, i. 88 ; coins of,
struck at Bedwin, ii. 20-22 ; law
of treasure trove under, 160 ;
coins of, v. 179 ; classification of,
183-200; chronology of types,
205
Edward I, changes feudal cha-
racter of the coinage, i. 19, 20 ;
| treasure trove laws of, ii. 161;
Anglo-Gallic coins of, before his
accession, v. 381 ; after acces-
sion, 382 ; classification of, 385 ;
coins of, found at Lochmaben,
63, 64 ; penny of, found in Hamp-
shire, viii. 314
Edward II, pennies of, found at
Lochmaben, v. 63 ; classification
of, 64 ff . ; issued no Anglo-Gallic
coins, vi. 267
Edward III, last silver coinage of,
ii. 176 ; coins of, found at Loch-
maben, v. 63 ; classified, 64 ff . ;
Anglo-Gallic coins of, vi. 268 ;
their denominations, 270; classi-
fication of, 281 ff . ; coins of,
found in Hampshire, viii. 314 ;
institutes trial of the Pyx, x.
388
Edward IV, find of silver coins of,
ii. 34, 35, 45 ; coins of, ix. 132-
219 ; first issue of, 186-188 ;
heavy gold coins of, 186 ; early
heavy silver of, 187, 188 ; heavy
coins with rose mint-mark, 189-
191 ; light coins with ditto, 193-
201 ; coins with sun mint-mark,
211-213; with crown mint-mark,
213-215 ; with crown fitchee
mint-mark, 216-218 ; angel
noble of, 181-185
Edward VI, coins of, found at
GENERAL SUBJECT INDEX.
457
Oswestry, v. 101; at Constable
Burton, ix. 286 ; at Winterslow,
x. 205 ; coins of, used at game
of shovel-board, v. 310; their
enhanced value accounted for,
311 ; horseman shilling of, 400
Edward VII as Prince of Wales,
medal of, vii. 232
Edward the Black Prince, Anglo-
Gallic coins of, viii. 102 ; gold,
116-130; silver, 130-158; billon,
158-163
Egypt, Roman coin-moulds from,
v. 342 ; suggested pre-Mace-
donian mint in, viii. 197 ;
leaden token coinage of, 287 ;
their current values, 302 ; their
provenance, 301 ; tetradrachms
of Tiberius struck in, x. 333-339 ;
coins of Julian II struck in, 245-
249 ; war-medal of 1801 of, vii.
268
Eighteenth-century lead tickets,
ii. 74
Eirene, type on Alexandrian coins
of Galba, ix. 271 ff.
Elagabal on aureus of Elagabalus,
ii. 353
Elagabalus, bronze coin of Tarsus
of, ii. 343 ; aureus of, with
Elagabal, ii. 353 ; bronze coin
of Prostanna of, iii. 340 ; bronze
coin of Ephesus of, iv. 302
Eldred, Anne, memorial medal
of, viii. 178-194 ; x. 83
Eleanor, queen of Henry II, coins
of Aquitaine of, v. 369
Eleusis, bronze coins of, x. 46
Eleutheria, type of Alexandrian
coins of Galba, ix. 275 ff .
Elis, silver coins of, ii. 327; iv.
298 ; bronze, v. 334
Elizabeth, reform of English cur-
rency by, ix. 72 ; milled six-
pence of, v. 312 ; coins of, found
at Oswestry, v. 101 ; at Con-
stable Burton, ix. 286, 287 ; at
Winterslow, x. 205
Els track, Renold, silver plaque of
Charles I attributed to, viii. 271
Emerita, coins of, iv. 216
Emisa, numeral letters on coins
of, iii. 107
Emmersweiler, Roman coins found
at, viii. 209
England and France, medal on
alliance of, against Russia, vii.
VOL. X., SEEIES IV.
248 ; treaty of commerce, medal
on, 248
Engraved dies for medals, first use
of, necessity for, ix. 58-59
Ephesus, cistophori of, ii. 330 ; tes-
serae of, with bee and stag, viii.
281 ; bronze coin of Elagabalus
of, iv. 302
Epicurean views on life and death
ix. 371 ff . ; x. 168-171
Epidaurus, bronze coin of, iv. 299
Epping Forest, medal on openino-
of (1882), vii. 249
Eppius, M., bronze coin of, struck
in Spain, iv. 216 ; history of, 218
" Eques Romanus" on coins of
Constantine the Great, iii. 339
Eras of Pontus, ii. 1 ; of Sebasteia,
9, 10 ; of Sebastopolis, 7-9, 184 ;
of Sidon, 198
Erasmus, medal of, x. 54-58 ; en-
graving of, by Diirer, 50-53 ;
seal of, 58, 189-190
Eretria (Euboea), tetradrachm of,
ii. 321 ; bronze coin of, 322
Erivan, a Persian mint, coins of,
viii. 370
Erythrae, copper coins of third
century B.C., iv. 303 ; in alliance
with Byzantium, ix. 12
Escallop shell on coins of Richard
II, iv. 338-341
Essex, unpublished token of Rom-
ford in, ii. 379
Etenna (Pisidia), copper coins of
Otacilia Severa of, iii. 339
Ethelmod, moneyer of Ecgbeorht,
viii. 243, 247
Ethelred. See Aethelred
Ethelweard, King of East Anglia,
viii. 262
Ethelwulf, son of Ecgbeorht of
Wessex, viii. 255 ; King of
Kent, 257, 261 ff.
Etruscan gems, x. 174 ff.
Etruscilla. See Herennia
Euboea, uncertain coin of, iii. 322
Euboic- Attic standard, date of in-
troduction of, by Alexander the
Great, vi. 21
Eucratides, coins of, found in
Baluchistan, iv. 320 ; barbarous
imitation of, 321
Eugenius, silver coins of, found at
Icklingham, viii. 218
Eumenes I of Pergamon, coins of,
x. 207
2H
458
INDEX III.
EVSTADVS,coinof, i. 89
Euthydemus II, coins of, found in
Baluchistan, iv. 319
Evagoras II of Cyprus, coins of,
for Sidon, iii. 34; for Cyprus,
37-39, 44
Evelyn, John, reference by, to the
invention of coining plant in
Italy, ix. 65; to edge-inscrip-
tions, 92
Everard, short-cross moneyer, his
coins of the second class wrongly
attributed to Chichester, x. 300-
305
Evil, king's, x. 395 ; bronze touch-
pieces for, 395, 396
Exeter Mint, moneyer s and types
of William I and II of, iv. 261 ;
coinage of Henry I at, i. 186-196 ;
ii. 373 ; short-cross pennies of,
in the Colchester hoard, iii. 112,
113 ; moneyers of, 143, 157 ;
history of, 164 ; unique half-
crown of Charles I of, iii. 193 ;
recoinage of 1696-1697 at, vi.
358
EXI = 1X3, engraver's signature,
x. 232-235
EXPECTATE YEN I on coins of
Carausius, vii. 33, 69, 70
Eye on coin of Scione, v. 327
Eyres, Kingsmills, associated with
Wood in his Irish coinage, iii.
53
Ezekiel, vision of, and the type of
a Phoenician obol with name
"lahve," ix.,122
F.
Fakhr-ad-daulah, a Buwayhid
prince, ix. 223-224
Fame, a type on an Italian medal,
ix. 398
Fanarns of Balapur, x. 159, 160
Farrukhabad, E.I.C. mint of, iii.
75-78, 86
Farrukhsiyar, Mughal Emperor,
coin of, ii. 299
Farthings of Henry I, i. 8-12, 55 ;
of Richard II, earliest issue of,
iv. 330, 351
Fausta, coins of, struck at Alexan-
dria, ii. 137 ; at Nicomedia, iii.
259, 266, 267; at Heraclea, v.
166
Faustina I, aureus of, with reverse
Fortune, ii. 349 ; viii. 90 ; coins
of, found at Croydon, vii. 370 ;
at Castle Bromwich, x. 14, 32-
33, 40; at Nottingham, 206;
bust of, type on a contorniate,
ix. 50 ; standing at altar, type
on a contorniate, 35
Faustina II, bronze coin of, struck
at Apollonia ad Rhyndacum,
vii. 440 ; at Syedra, ii. 343 ; at
Hadrianopolis (Thrace), iii. 320 ;
at Nicomedia (Bithynia), 332;
coins of, found at Croydon, vii.
371 ; at Castle Bromwich, x. 14,36
Felicitas, type on a contorniate,
ix. 53
Ferdinand, Prince of Roumania,
marriage medal of, vii. 257
Ferriby. See South Ferriby
Fiamma, Gabrielle, Bishop of
Chioggia, medal of, x. 65
Figeac(orFontenoy), Anglo-Gallic
mint of Edward III, vi. 272;
of Edward the Black Prince,
viii. 102, 108, 135, 150, 158
Filongleye, Richard, his accounts
for the coinage of Aquitaine,
viii. 105-107
Finds of coins at —
Awbridge (Stephen and Henry
II), v. 354
Beachy Head (Valerian— Aure-
lian), ii. 184, 185
Bridgnorth (Mary — Charles I),
viii. 319-323
Brigetio (Old Szony), x. 102, 103
Caistor (Tiberius — Faustina II),
ii. 186-188
Castle Bromwich (Antony, Ves-
pasian— Commodus), x. 13-40
Colchester (Henry I, Stephen ;
short-cross pennies ; John
(Irish), William the Lion, and
Alexander II, and foreign
sterlings), iii. 111-176
Constable Burton (Edward VI-
Charles I), ix. 285-291
Cor bridge (Roman), ix. 431 ; x.
413, 414
Croydon (Claudius — Faustina
II), vii. 353-372
Croydon (Constantius II, Con-
stans, Magnentius, Gallus),
v. 36-62
Easton (Gallienus — Constans),
ii. 185, 186
GENEKAL SUBJECT INDEX.
459
Finds of coins at — contd.
Exeter (alleged find of Greek
coins), vii. 145-155
Garhgaon (Assamese), ix. 305
Godmanchester (Greek and
Roman), viii. 374
Groveley Wood (Constantius II
— Arcadius (silver), vi. 329-347
Hampshire (Edward I — Henry
VI and a Flemish sterling),
viii. 311-318
Haverfordwest (Henry VI), x.
124
Icklingham (late fourth-century
Eoman silver), viii. 215-221
Irk (river), Greek (?),ix. 432
Kirkintilloch (Antony, Ves-
pasian— Aurelius), v. 10-17
Larnaca (Philip II, Alexander
III, Philip III), iii. 320
Lochmaben (Edward I-III and
foreign sterlings), v. 63-82
London (Richard II — Henry VI,
groats), vii. 427-433
Lowestoft (Henry I), v. 112
Manchester (Roman), ix. 431
Mirzapur (Samudragupta —
Kumaragupta I), x. 398-408
Nottingham (Vespasian — Aure-
lius), x. 205, 206
Oswestry (Henry VIII— Charles
I), v. 100-108
Sandy (Verulamium and Cuno-
belinus), iii. 192-193
South Ferriby (Brigantes), viii.
17-55 ; ix. 7-9
Stamford (Alfred), iii. 347-355
Tarentum (silver of period of
Hannibalic occupation), ix.
253-263
Timsbury (Agrippa — Domitian,
and British), viii. 81
Umm-al-Atl (Roman), ix. 278
Weybridge (bronze of the
Tetrarchy), viii. 208-215
Winterslow (near Salisbury)
(Ed ward VI— Charles I), x. 205
Provenance unknown (Edward
IV— Henry VIII), ii. 34-54
Finds of coins of , lists of —
Aethelred II, x. 268
Carausius, vii. 31, 35, 37
Henry I, i. 506
William I and II, iv. 145-147
Fioravanti, Aristotele, medallist
of Paul II, x. 342, 360, 361 ; in
Russia, 361
Flaccus, L. Pomponius, strikes
coins for Antioch, iv. 116
Flag on gold coins of Calais of
Henry VI, iii. 396 ; iv. 333
Flaischer, Lorenz, medal of, iv. 53
Flavius Victor, silver coins of,
found at Groveley Wood, vi.
330 ; at Icklingham, viii. 218
Fleur-de-lys, mint-mark of Richard
II, iv. 339 ; of Henry VI, iii.
289-290, 294, 302, 297 ; x. 125
Florianus, medallion of, vi. 117
Florin, Anglo-Gallic, of Edward
III, vi. 270, 281
Florus, L. Aquillius, Roman
moneyer, iv. 226
Flotner, Peter, medallist, his work,
iv. 52-53
Follis, weight of, &c., iii. 212;
v. 133-136
Folly Inn tickets, iv. 183, 184
Fontenoy. See Figeac
Foreign artists, English medals by,
vii. 219 ff .
Forgeries, modern, of Henry I,
i. 84, 89, 326, 433 ; from Caesarea
Mazaca, x. 411, 412
Formschneider, representation
of, at work, iv. 357, 358
Forum Romanum, plan of tabula
lusoria in, vi. 240
Fothergill Medal of the Royal
Humane Society, ix. 407 ; x. 92
Foundation deposits of Paul II,
x. 353, 354
France, law of treasure trove in,
ii. 151-155, 174 ; coins of ancient
Britons found in, vii. 351 ; coin-
age by machinery in, ix. 66-72 ;
see also England
Francia, Francesco, first to use
engraved dies for medals, ix. 58
Franco, Goffredo, medals of, x. 63
Frederick II, Emperor, denier of,
in Colchester hoard, iii. 137, 138 ;
augustale of, used as design for
a seal, iv. 180
Frederick William, Crown Prince
of Prussia, marriage medal of,
vii. 238 ; silver wedding medal
of, 245
Friedrich, Abbot of St. Giles in
Nuremberg, medal of, iv. 50
Fuchs,Emil,medals by, vii. 232-234
Furnext Pelham, token of Felix
Calverd of, ix. 248
Furtenagel, Lucas, medal of, iv. 44
2H2
460
INDEX III.
G.
Galatia, " Koinon " of, bronze coin
of, iv. 307
Galba, denarii of, struck in Spain,
ii. 346, 347 ; Alexandrian coinage
of, ix. 274-284 ; praenomen of, 278
Galeria Valeria, wife of Galerius,
coins of Alexandria, ii. 186 ft". ;
of Nicomedia, iii. 222, 223 ; of
Heraclea, v. 126
Galerius, coins Sf Alexandria of,
ii. 103 ff. ; of Nicomedia, iii.
213 ff . ; of Heraclea, v. 124 ff. ;
bronze coins of, found at Wey-
bridge, viii. 211
Galleotti, Pietro Paolo, medals by,
x. 63-66
Galley half -pence, description of,
ii. 247
Gallicia, medal on massacres in,
ix. 401 ; x. 93
Gallienus, bronze coin of, struck
at Gertae, ii. 338 ; aureus of,
with reverse, Victory, 357 ;
medallion of, vi. 16 ; bust of,
on contorniate, ix. 54
Gallus, C. Asinius, C. F., coins of,
iv. 230
Gallus, C. Cestius, coins of, struck
at Antioch, iv. 121
Galus, coins of, iv. 234
Galvani, Aloisio, medals of, ix.
393 ; x. 92
Garhgaon, Assamese coins found
at, ix. 305
Gart, G., name on Folly Inn
tickets, iv. 183, 184
Garter badge of Queen Elizabeth,
viii. 340
Gascony, Anglo-Gallic coins of
Edward I of, v. 382
Gaul, Roman bronze coins struck
in, iv. 220
Gaunt, John of, Duke of Aqui-
taine, viii. 163, 164
Gauriniitha Sirhha, an Ahorn king,
coins of, ix. 307, 321, 326
Gayrard, Raymond, medal by, vii.
234
Gaza, Phoenician drachm of, with
name " lahve," ix. 123
Gazur (Cappadocia), satrapal coins
of, iii. 43
Gebel, Matteas, medallist, iv. 54
GENIO BRITANNI on coins of
Carausius,iv.l36,141; vii. 69, 70
Genius on Roman coins, origin
and history of, iv. 136
Genius of the Roman people, cult
of, iii. 227
George I, Wood's Irish coinage of,
iii. 57 ff. ; American coins of,
62 ff.
! George IV, medals of, vii. 223, 247
George Podiebrod, King of
Bohemia, medals of Paul II,
probably referring to Consisto-
ries against, x. 358
Gerard, Philippe de, medal of
G. L. E. Mouchon, by, x. 96
Gerbier, L. A., medal by, vii. 235
Geremia, Cristoforo (of Mantua),
x. 364-366 ; worked for Paul II,
364, 365 ; medal of Scarampi by,
365, 366
German Renaissance Medals in
the British Museum, iv. 39-62 ;
early medals how produced,
41
GERMANICVS MAX V on coins
of Carausius, vii. 35, 74
Germany, law of treasure trove in,
ii. 156
Germe (Mysia), coins of, vi. 35
Germe (Lydia), copper coin of
Commodus of, ii. 337
Geta, copper coin of, struck by the
Cilbiani Nicaei, ii. 337 ; struck
at Lysinia, 341 ; aureus of, with
busts of Severus and Domna,
viii. 94
Ghias-ad-din of Malwa, coins of,
iii. 316; iv. 79-99; history of,
iii. 377 ; title of, iv. 95
Ghisi, Diana, medal of, bv T. R.,
ii. 60
Gidley, Bartholomew, medal on
death of, x. 85
Gilbert, John, chief engraver to
the Mint, viii. 274, 275
Giovanni, Bertholdo di, medal on
Pazzi conspiracy by, x. 51
Gladstone, W. E., medal of, vii. 241
Glasgow Assembly, admission
tickets to, ii. 74
Gloucester, moneyers and type of
William I and II of, iv. 262 ;
history and coinage of Henry I
of, i. 124, 125, 196-203
Godfried II of Arensburg, coins
of, in Colchester hoard, iii. 136
Godmaiichester, coins found at,
viii. 374
GENERAL SUBJECT INDEX.
461
Godric, Leicester moneyer of
William I and II, x. 294
God wine, short-cross moneyer,
x. 296, 297
Goldbeter, Bartholomew, Master
of the Mint, temp. Henry V and
VI, ii. 228, 231, 232, 335; iii.
297, 299 ; vi. 188
Goldschmidt, Hermann, astrono-
mer, medal of, vii. 231
Goldwine, coins of short-cross
moneyer, wrongly attributed to
Chichester, x. 300-305
Gordian III, medallion of, vi. 110 ;
copper coin of Cyzicus of, vii. 440
Gottifredo, Jacopo, medals of
Paul II and, x. 346, 347, 358
Gower, Lord Konald, medal of,
vii. 240
Gracchus, T. Sempronius, coin of,
iv. 225
Grandval, Chevalier de, medal on
execution of, x. 88
Gratian, coins of, found at Groveley
Wood, vi. 330; at Icklingham,
viii. 218 ; aureus of, on elevation
of Valentinian II, x. 107-109
Graxa (Calabria), copper coin of,
iv. 291
Greek coins, alleged find of, at
Exeter, vii. 145 ; found in
Baluchistan, iv. 314, 317, 321
Greene, Charles, under-graver at
the Mint, x. 394
Greene, Edward, chief graver of the
Mint, viii. 274, 275 ; x. 394, 395
Groats, find of (in London ?),vii. 427
Groom leading horse, type on a
contorniate, ix. 28, 36
Gros of Edward III, vi. 275, 294
Groveley Wood, find of Eoman
silver coins at, vi. 329-348
Grueber, H., medal by, vii. 235
Guessin or Guiche, Anglo-Gallic
mint of Edward I of, v. 390 ; of
Edward III, vi. 270-272
Guiennois, Anglo-Gallic coins of
Edward III of. vi. 270, 272, 273,
287
Guildford, money ers and types of
WiUiam I and II of, iv. 263 ;
mint of, discontinued, i. 299, 309
H.
H. B., initials of H. S. Beham(?),
medallist, iv. 57
H. R., initials of Hans Beimer,
medallist, iv. 60
Hadow, supposed mint of Henry I
explained, i. 203
Hadran, a Phoenician deity, head
of, on coins of the Mamertini,
ix. 131
Hadrian, medallion of, vi. 94 ;
copper coin of Laertes (Cilicia) of,
iii. 341 ; coins commemorating
his visit to Antioch, iv. 128;
coins of, found at Croydon, vii.
368; in Scotland, v. 12; at
Castle Bromwich, x. 14, 24-28,
38 ; in Nottingham, 206 ; reverse
type Hilaritas of a coin of, copied
by Paul II, 342-344 ; burning of
bonds by, ii. 88
Hadrianeia(Mysia), copper coins of,
ii. 329 ; coins of Severus struck
at, found at Corbridge, x. 414
Hadrianopolis (Thrace), copper
coin of Faustina II struck at,
iii. 320
Hadrianutherae (Mysia), coin of,
vi. 34 ; of Julia Domna struck
at, vii. 441
Haeberlin's theory of Roman
metrology criticized, x. 209-222
Hagenauer, F., medallist, iv. 42,
44-49
Hair-dressing of Roman ladies on
coins, vi. 37-66
Hakr (Pharaoh), throne-name of,
on Athenian obol (?), viii. 201
Half-broad of 1656, probably struck
by Tanner, ix. 101, 113-115
Half dan, Danish leader, London
coin of, iii. 352
Half-victoriatus, where struck, iv.
189
Haliartus (Boeotia), hemi-obol of,
ii. 321
Halifax, halfpenny token of J.
Brearcliffe of, x. 81, 82
Haller von Hallenstein, medal of,
iv. 57
Hamel, — , medals by, vii. 236
Hampshire, find of English silver
coins in, viii. 311 ff.
" Hand " type of Aethelred II,
x 254-257, 376, 377, 379; of
Edward the Martyr, 376, 379
Han Hans, advertising medal of,
iv. 353-361
Handy, Thomas, and Wood's half-
pence, iii. 52
462
INDEX III.
Hannibalic occupation of Taren-
tum, coins of, ix. 253-263
Harmodius on tetradrachm of
Athens, ii. 323
Harold, — , engraves dies for
Wood's American coins, iii. 53
Harpasa (Caria), copper coins of
Gordian III struck at, iii. 334
Hart, L. J., medals by, vii. 237
Hastings, moneyers and types of
William I and II of, iv. 263 ; of
Henry I, i. 204-210
Haverfordwest, angel of Henry VI
found at, x. 124
Hawkesbury, Lord, his statement
on the alteration of the date
1636 on Simon's crown die, ix.
105
Heaberht, coins of, viii. 229
Head Prize for ancient numis-
matics, founded in Oxford, ix.
250, 251
Helena, coins of Alexandria of,
ii. 137 ; of Nicomedia, 261, 264 ;
of Heraclea, v. 166
Helena, wife of Julian II, x. 229,
248 ; not Isis on the coins,
247
Henri II of France introduced
coinage by machinery, ix. 68
Henry I, coinage of, i. 1-515 ;
Romney penny of, vii. 343 ;
Derby penny of, ix. 332 ; coins
found at Lowestoft, v. 112 ; law
of treasure trove in time of, ii.
161
Henry II, coins of, found at
Awbridge, v. 354 ; Anglo-Gallic
coins of, 364 ; short-cross period
of, iii. 156
Henry III, no Anglo-Gallic coins
of, v. 389 ; short-cross period of,
iii. 156
Henry IV, coinage of, v. 83, 247 ;
change of standard, 88 ; heavy
coinage of, 252 ; classification
of, 253, 290; light coinage of,
267, 208 ; classified, 273 ff., 296 ;
badges of, 254 ; heavy half-groat
of, vii. 120 ; groats of, found in
London, 430 ; in Hampshire,
viii. 315 ; Anglo-Gallic coins of,
169-176
Henry V, coinage of, v. 83, 90,
91 ; vi. 172-219 ; mint accounts
of, 179; classification of, 179;
groats of, found in Hampshire,
viii. 315 ; in London, vii.
431
Henry VI, find of silver coins of,
ii. 34, 36, 45 ; silver coinage of,
224; noble of, 369; groats of,
found in London, vii. 431 ; in
Hampshire, viii. 315 ; noble of,
ix. 136; restoration coinage of,
x. 117-145 ; early angels of, 120 ;
London Mint of, 123-127, 136-
141 ; Bristol Mint of, 127-130,
141-143 ; York Mint of, 130-134,
143-145
Henry VII, plumbago moulds for
forging coins of, v. 205 ; un-
published groat of, 207 ; find
of silver coins of, ii. 34, 46
Henry VIII, coins of, found at
Oswestry, v. 101 ; sequence of
mint-marks of, ii. 48-52 ; use
of Roman and Lombard letters
on, 50
Henry, Earl of Northumberland,
rare sterling of, ii. 26
Henry, Prince of Wales, medal of,
by Charles Anthony, viii. 350-
352
Heraclea, issues of the mint of,
during Constantinian period, v.
120 ; mint of Julian II. x. 250
| Heraclius, mediaeval medal of,
x. 110-115 ; explanation of type
of, 112-115
| Hercules, on Parthian coins, vii.
130-131 ; head of, on coin of
Demetrius and Antigonus, ix.
265-274 ; and centaur, type on
a contorniate, 37 ; and bull on
coins of Selinus, x. 45
I Hereford, moneyers and types of
William I and II of, iv. 263;
of Henry I of, i. 216-218; un-
published seventeenth-century
tokens of, ii. 379
i Herennia Etruscilla, medallion
of, vi. 115
Heriot, George, jewel attributed
to, viii. 353
' Hermes Psychopompos on gern,
x. 173 ; with butterfly, 173 ; and
caduceus, 174, 176, 177
i Hertford, moneyers and types of
William I and II of, iv. 264 ;
unpublished seventeenth-cen-
tury tokens of, ii. 379
', Hesse, Princess Victoria Melita
of, medal of, vii. 230
GENERAL SUBJECT INDEX.
463
Hieroglyphs on Athenian obol,
viii. 198 ff.
Hieron of Syracuse, coinage of,
viii. 9
Hieropolis (Cyrrhestica), copper
coins of, iii. 344
Hilaritas on medal of Paul II, x.
342,344; meaning of, 356, 357,361
Hilliard, Laurence, limner to
James I, viii. 335
Hilliard, Nicholas, miniature-
painter and goldsmith, viii.
324-356 ; seal of Elizabeth by,
341, 346 ; seal for Ireland by,
346; gold medals of James I,
348, 352
Himera, altar of, on tetradrachm
of Thermae, x. 226, 227
Himerus of Parthia, coins to be
attributed to, vii. 442
Hind, J. K., astronomer, medal
of, vii. 231
Hippias, tyrant of Athens, name
of, on coin of Athens, viii. 278
Hipponium (Bruttii), copper coin
of, iv. 291, 292
Histiaea (Euboea), silver coin of,
iv. 297
Hitchin,mint of (?), under William
I, iv. 264
Hohenzollern, Prince Ferdinand
of, marriage medal of, vii. 257
Hojer, George, memorial medal
of (1630), x. 82
Holbein's portrait of Sir Brian
Tuke, ix. 385, 386 ; of the
" Ambassadors," memento mori
jewel in, x. 184
Hole or Holle, William, cuneator
of the Mint, vii. 346 ; viii. 273 ;
coins by, 275
Holland, Wilhelmina, Queen of,
medal of, vii. 243
Homer, bust of, on contorniate,
ix. 27
Hong Kong Plague medal, x. 96
Honorius, silver coins of, found at
Icklingham, viii. 218
Horace, bust of, on contorniate,
ix. 28
Horseman shilling of Edward VI,
v. 400
"Horseman" type of Candra-
gupta I, x. 399, 402-404; of
Kumaragupta I, 399, 408
Hoshang, Shah of Malwa, coins |
of, iv. 70, 94
Hotham, Sir John, memorial
medal of, ix. 393 ; x. 75
Howard, John, philanthropist,
medal of, vii. 239
Hubert, Archbishop, opens Can-
terbury Mint in short-cross
period, x. 313
Hudson's Bay Company, medal of,
vii. 239
Hulbert, name on Folly Inn
tickets, iv. 183, 184
Humayun, Mughal Emperor,
coins of, ii. 284, 285
Hungary, law of treasure trove in,
ii. 156
Hunter and boar, type on a
contorniate, ix. 22, 27, 33, 39
Hunterian Museum, Roman
medallions in, vi. 93-126;
contorniates in, ix. 19-55 ;
Tanner's crown in, 103
Huntingdon, moneyers and types
of William I and II of, iv. 264 ;
history and coinage of Henry I
of, i. 219-237 ; coin of Stephen
struck at, v. 359
Husain Dost Khan, Nawab of the
Carnatic, x. 148
Husain, Shah of Persia, weights
and legends of his coins, viii.
363, 373
Huss, John, medals on martyrdom
of, x. 48, 49
Hydisus (Caria), copper coin of,
iii. 335
Hypsas, river-god, sacrificing on
coins of Selinos, x. 45
Hythe, money ers and types of
William I and IT of, iv. 264
I.
I not necessarily I on early English
coins, but first stroke of a letter,
x. 298, 299
I. D. initials of John Deschler (or
Teschler), medallist, iv. 59
" lahve," origin of name, ix. 125-
127; Phoenician drachm with
name, 121-131
Ibn Kakwayh, a Buwayhid prince,
ix. 226, 227
Ibrahim Shah, coin of Malwa of,
iv. 91
Icklingham, Roman silver coins
found at, viii. 215-224
464
INDEX III.
Iconium (Lycaonia), copper coin
of, ii. 342
If a, Wessexmoneyer of Ecgbeorht,
viii. 253
Ilchester, moneyers and types of
William I and II of, iv. 265 ; (?)
short-cross pennies of, in Col-
chester hoard, iii. 112, 123,
144 ; history of the mint of,
164
Imad-ad-daulah, Buwayhid prince,
ix. 221
Imad-ad-din Abu Kalinjar, a
Buwayhid prince, coins of, iii.
178 ; iv. 227
Indian coins from Baluchistan,
iv. 311-316
lo, nuptials of, on coins of Tralles,
111. 338
lolla, supposed coin of, iii. 9
Ipswich, moneyers and types of
William I and II of, iv. 265 ;
history and coins of Henry I of,
i. 228-238 ; short-cross pennies
of, in Colchester hoard, iii.
112, 123, 144, 165 ; Anglo-Saxon
coins found at, x. 268
Ireland, Wood's coinage for, iii.
47 ff. ; Celtic ornaments found
in, and law of treasure trove,
ii. 164, 173 ; Great Seal of, by
Nicholas Billiard, viii. 346
Irish coins in the Colchester
hoard, iii. 112, 134, 173
Irk (river), Greek coins said to have
been found in, ix. 432
Isfahan, coins of Sultan Husain
struck at, viii. 373
Isis on Eoman coins and on the
Marlborough cameo, x. 246 ; not
to be identified with Helena
wife of Julian II, 247, 248
Isleworth, find of Anglo-Saxon
coins at, x. 268
Isma'il I, Shah of Persia, coins of,
viii. 359, 368
Issoudun, Anglo-Gallic coins of
Richard I of, v. 378
Istrus (Moesia), silver coin of, iv.
293
Italy, law of treasure trove in,
ii. 156, 175 ; coinage by
machinery in, ix. 57-66
Ivy-branch, symbol on coins of
Corinth, ix. 357
Izz-ad-daulah, a Buwayhid chief,
ix. 222, 223
J.
| Jahandar, Mughal Emperor, coin
of, ii. 298
Jahangir, Mughal Emperor, coins
of, ii. 289
, Jalal-ad-daulah, a Buwayhid
prince, v. 396, 397 ; ix. 227
James I of England issues warrant
to Nicholas Hilliard to make
gold medals, viii. 348; bezant
of, by Charles Anthony, 351 ;
memento mori jewel belonging
to, x. 260 ; coins of, found at
Oswestry, v. 103-105 ; at Bridg-
north, viii. 320, 321; at Con-
stable Burton, ix. 288, 289 ; at
Winterslow, x. 205
James III of Scotland, unicorns
of, vi. 67 ; half -unicorns of, 68
James IV, half-unicorn of, vi. 66 ;
unicorns of, 69
James V, unicorns of, vi. 71
Jason yoking bulls, type on a con-
torniate, ix. 27
" Javelin," type of Samudragupta,
coins of, x. 399
Jenner, Dr. Edward, medals of,
vii. 222, 236, 239, 245, 263
Jette, L. A., Lieut .-Governor of
Quebec, medal of, vii. 225
JogesVara Simha, an Ahom king,
coins of, ix. 308, 329
John, King of England, Irish
pennies of, in the Colchester
hoard, iii. 112, 134 ; short-cross
period of, 156 ; no Anglo-Gallic
coins of, v. 379 ; errors in chrono-
logy in reign of, corrected, x.
305, 306 ; Exchequer and regnal
years of, 305, 306; writ of the
ninth year summoning money-
ers, &c., 315; occasion of, 816-
318
John of Gaunt, Duke of Aquitaine,
grant of coinage to, vi. 279, 321 ;
viii. 163, 164
John the Baptist, Saint, on medals
of Paul II, x. 344, 345
John's, St., College, Oxford, gives
college plate to Charles I, x.
204
Johnson, Stefano, medals by, vii.
237, 238
Jovian, silver coins of, found at
Groveley Wood, vi. 330; at
Icklingham, viii. 218, 221
GENERAL SUBJECT INDEX.
465
Jubilee Medal of Pope Paul II, x. !
350, 351, 359, 360
Julia Domna, copper coin of,
struck at Caesarea Gernianica, ,
iii. 330; medallion of, vi. 109; ;
aureus of, reverse Empress as j
" Mater Castrorum," viii. 93 ; j
copper coin of Hadrianutherae
of, vii. 441 ; and Caracalla, j
aureus of, ii. 351
Julian II, coins of, x. 238-250 ; rise }
of, 239-241 ; his beard, a sign of
paganism,239 ; his marriage,239 ; I
division of coins of, 241 ; use of
title Caesar by, 242; his treat-
ment of Christians, 242-245 ;
allusions to Egyptian deities, by,
243 ; as Serapis on cameo, 246,
247 ; unpublished coins of, 249,
250 ; list of mints of, 250 ; coins
of, found at Groveley Wood, vi.
330 ; at Icklingham, viii. 218
Julius Caesar, bronze coins of,
struck in Spain, iv. 216
Junker, J. C., medal by, vii. 238
Juno, temple of, x. 3 ff . ; goddess
of the Veii, 10 ; identified with
the Astarte of the Carthaginians,
5 ; cult of, on coins, 6-8
Juno Curitis (or Curritis), a
Sabine divinity, x. 9
Juno Moneta, temple of, x. 3 ff. ;
nature of, 3, 4
Juno Sospita, goddess of warriors,
x. 10 ; on coins, 7
Jupiter, seated, type on reverse of
a ten-aureus piece of Diocletian,
x. 100-102
K.
Kadir Shah of Malwa, iii. 393
KAA, artist's signature on coin of
Tarentum, vii. 288
Kam Baksh, Mughal pretender,
coins of, ii. 296
Kamale^vara Simha, an Ahom
king, coins of, ix. 307, 327,
328
Kamran, Mughal governor, coins
of, ii. 285
Kashan, coin of Isma'il Shah I
struck at, viii. 368
Katak coins of Ahmad Shah not
all official issues, x. 328
Kazwin, a Persian mint, coins of,
viii. 369, 370, 372
Kellow, Bishop of Durham, mint-
mark of, v. 77
Kendal,Duchess of, receives patent
for Irish copper coinage, iii. 47
Khalifa, The, coins of, struck at
Omdurman, ii. 62-73
Kharpur, suggested Mughal mint,
x. 327
Khevenhuller von Aichelberg, C.,
medal of, iv. 55
Khilji dynasty of Malwa, history
of, iii. 367
Kl on Phocion obols, initials of
Kirrha (?), iii. 207
Kirrha (?), obols of, iii. 205
Kiel Canal, medal on opening of,
vii. 250
King's evil, touching for, ix. 298
Kingsley, Charles, medal of, vii. 260
Kirkintilloch, Roman coins found
at, v. 10-17
Kletias, suggested signature on a
Carthaginian tetradrachm, x. 224
Koppa (letter), symbol on coins of
Corinth, ix. 337
Korn, Onophrius, medal of, x. 63
Kratesis, type on Alexandrian
coins of Galba, ix. 275 ff.
Krug, Ludwig, medallist, iv. 51
Krueger, C. J., medal by, vii. 239
Kriiger, President, medals of, vii.
241, 243, 247, 258
Kuchler, C. H., medal by, vii. 239
Kullrich, W., medal by, vii. 239
Kumaragupta I, coins of, found in
the Mirzapur district, x. 399,
407, 408
L, initial of unknown German
medallist, iv. 54
Lacedaemon, tetradrachm attri-
buted to, ix. 1-6
Laconia, coin of, found at God-
manchester, viii. 374
Laertes (Cilicia), copper coin of
Hadrian struck at, iii. 341
Lafayette,General,medalof,vii.282
Lakshmi Simha, an Ahom king,
coins of, ix. 306-310, 323-324
Lamia, Q. Aelius, L. F., coin of,
iv. 227
Lammas, — , engraves dies for
Wood's American coins, iii. 53
Lampsacus (Mysia), coins of
Orontes struck at, iii. 8, 9
466
INDEX III.
Lancelot-Croce, Madame M. R.,
medal by, vii. 240
Lanchberger, J., medal of, iv. 45
Lanchberger, P., medal of, iv. 45
Langa, Count von, medallist, vii.
240
Langstrother, John, grant to, of
office of Gustos Cambii from
Henry VI, x. 118
Laocoon and serpents, type on a
contorniate, ix. 38
Laodicea (Lycaonia), copper coins
of Titus and Domitian struck
at, iii. 340
Larissa (Thessaly), silver coins of,
ii. 318 ; v. 333
Larissa Phriconis (Aeolis), silver
coin of, ii. 332
Larnaca (Cyprus), gold coins of
Philip II from find at, iii. 320
Lauer, L. C., medals by, vii. 241,
242
Laurel wreath on coins of Corinth,
ix. 342
Laval, Mons. F. de, Bishop of
Quebec, prize-medal of, vii. 237
Leaden token-coinage of Egypt,
viii. 287; types of, 288-295;
analysis of, 295; date of, 300,
302 ; provenance of, 307
Le Bourg, C. A., medal by, vii. 242
Lechevrel, A. E., medal by, vii. 243
Lefwine, Lincoln moneyer in
1202-1203, x. 314
Legionary types on coins of
Carausius, v. 27 ; vii. 25 f.
Leicester, coin of William I
struck at, wrongly attributed to
Chester, x. 294 ; early forms of
name Leicester, 295 ; money ers
and types of William I and II
of, iv. 266 ; history and coinage
of Henry I at, i. 239-251
Lenn or Lynn, short-cross pennies
of, in the Colchester hoard, iii.
112, 124, 144, 156, 165
Leonardo da Vinci designed
machine for striking coins, ix.
60, 61
Leoni, Ludovico, medal of Richard
White of Basingstoke by, ix.
295, 296
Leontini, date of tetradrachm of,
viii. 56
Leopard, Anglo-Gallic coin of
Edward III, vi. 270, 271, 273 ;
classification of, 283
Leopold I, medal of, vii. 261
Le Roy, Hippolyte, medal by, vii.
243
Letitia Scholastica, type on medal
of Pope Paul II, x. 342, 356
Leucas (Coele-Syria), copper coin
of Trajan struck at, iii. 345
Lewes, moneyers and types of
William I and II of, iv. 266 ;
history and coinage of Henry I,
of, i. 251-257
Ley den, John of, alleged portrait-
medal of, vi. 385
Liberty, head of, on denarii struck
after the death of Nero, x. 47 ;
cap of, and daggers on medal of
Lorenzo de' Medici, 60
Lichfield, dies granted to Bishop
of, by Richard I, x. 313, 314 ;
short-cross coins of,in Colchester
hoard, iii. 144, 166
Licinius I, coins of Alexandria of,
ii. 108 ; of Nicomedia, iii. 222 ;
of Heraclea, v. 130
Licinius II, coins of Alexandria
of, ii. 125 ; of Nicomedia, ii.
125 ; of Heraclea, v. 147 ; aureus
of, with reverse Jupiter, ii. 363
Lilaea (Phocis), obol of, iii. 200
Limavody (Ireland), Celtic orna-
ments found at, ii. 164
Limerick, pennies of, in the Col-
chester hoard, iii. 134
Limoges, Anglo- Gallic mint of
Edward III, vi. 272 ; of Edward
the Black Prince, viii. 102, 108,
122, 128, 135, 143, 151, 160
Lincoln, penny of Alfred of, iii.
340; its Danish fabric, 351;
moneyers and types of William
I and II of, iv. 266 ; history and
coinage of Henry I of, i. 257-
273 ; short-cross pennies of, in
the Colchester hoard, iii. 112,
124, 145, 147, 166
Lincolnshire. See South Ferriby
Lind, Jenny, medals of, vii. 220,
241, 245, 254, 255
Lippe, denier of, in Colchester
hoard, iii. 137
Litta, Alberto, medal of, x. 64
Little Haddon, token of Felix
Calvert of, ix. 247
Little Malvern, Roman coins
found at, viii. 208
Lochmaben, pennies of the Ed-
wards found at, v. 63-82
GENERAL SUBJECT INDEX.
467
Lodowich or Lowys, John, Master
of the Mint, temp. Henry V, vi.
173
Loewenstark, A. P., medal by, vii.
243-245
Lombardic letters on coins of
Henry VIII, ii. 50
Lomellini, Cardinal, medal of, by
" T. R.," ii. 58
Londinium, mint of Allectus, vi.
134, 142 ff. ; of Carausius, vii.
46, 60 ; gold coins of, 158 ; silver,
159; bronze, 160; coins of Carau-
sius of, with name and bust of
Diocletian, 415 ; of Maximian,
419 ; aureus of Magnus Maxi-
mus of, viii. 108
London Mint, monogram of, on
coin of Alfred, iii. 352 ; coins of
Danish fabric of, 348, 351;
coins of Ecgbeorht of, viii. 249 ;
moneyers and types of William
I and II of, iv. 146 ; history and
coinage of Henry I of, i. 273-
316 ; short-cross pennies of, in
the Colchester hoard, iii. 112, 124,
146, 158, 166 ; short-cross coins
of, x. 297-299 ; distinguished
from Lincoln, 297-299 ; coins of
Richard II of, iv. 326 ; gold, 343,
345 ; silver, 347-351 ; coins of
Henry V of, vi. 179 ff., 200-217 ;
of Henry VI of, ii. 225, 246-249 ;
mint of Henry VI (restored),
x. 123-127 ; angels of, 123-124 ;
silver of, 124-127 ; denomina-
tions of, 124 ; mint-marks, &c.,
of, 125 ; legends of, 123-127 ;
coins described, 136-141 ; un-
published seventeenth - century
tokens of, ii. 329
London, suggested Roman mint
in second century in, vii. 427 ;
x. 414
London, supposed find of groats
in, vii. 427
London International Exhibition,
medals of, vii. 223, 231, 258
London Moneyers' Corporation,
hostility of, to Mestrell, ix. 74 ;
to Blondeau, 85
Longinus, C. Crassus, C. F., strikes
coins at Antioch, iv. 116
Loos, D. F., medal by, vii. 245
Loos, G. B., medal by, vii. 245
Louis Philippe, medal of, vii. 224
Louvre, balancier de, ix. 83
Lowestoft, coins of Henry I found
at, v. 112
Lowys. See Lodowich
Lucilla, medallion of, vi. 101
Lucio, Ludovico, medal of, by the
" Medailleur a la Fortune," x. 53
Lucius Verus, medallion of, vi.
99, 100
Lucretia, bust of, on Italian
plaque, x. 54
Lugdunum, coins struck at,
found at Groveley Wood, v.
335; at Weybridge, viii. 213;
at Icklingham, 218 ; coins of
Julian II of, x. 250
LVN D, erroneously recorded mint-
mark of Julian II, x. 250
Lundgren, Peer, medal by, vii. 245
Lupercus, C. Gallius, C. F., coins
of, iv. 230, 231
Luther, C. T. R., astronomer,
medal of, vii. 231
Luther, Martin, memento mori
finger-ring of, x. 184
Luxemburg, Grand - Duchy of,
law of treasure trove in, ii. 156
Lycia, coins of, iii. 400
Lydae (Caria), coins of, iii. 399
Lynn. See Lenn
Lyons, altar of, on Roman coins,
iv. 221, 223 ; see also Lugdunum
Lysimachus, tetradrachms of,
countermarked by Claudius I,
ix. 10, 11
Lysinia (Pisidia), copper coin of
Geta of, ii. 341
Lyte jewel attributed to George
Heriot, viii. 353
M.
M on coins of Alexander the
Great probably struck at
Marathus or Mallus, iv. 16, 18,
33
Macdonald, Sir Hector, medal of,
vii. 247
Macedonian coins, Graeco-Indian
and Graeco-Bactrian imitations
of, vi. 12
Machanat, legend on Phoenician
coin, suggested original of
Latin moneta, x. 1-12
Machinery, coinage by, in Italy,
ix. 57-66 ; in France, 66-72 ; in
England, 72-118
468
INDEX III.
Macrinus, aureus of, with reverse
Jupiter, ii. 351
Macrinus and Diadumenianus,
medallion of, vi. 104
Madras, E.I.C. mint of, iii. 73,
95 ; x. 325
Madruzzo, Cardinal, medal of, ix.
393 ; x. 59
Magna Graecia, <p on coins of, vii.
107
Magnentius, coins of, found at
Croydon, v. 37, 56; medallion
of, vi. 118
Magnesia ad Maeandrum, copper
coin of, v. 340
Magnia Urbica, medallion of, vi.
118
Magnus Maximus, coins of, found
at Groveley Wood, vi. 330; at
Icklingham, viii. 218 ; solidus
of, with Maximus and Flavius
Victor, viii. 99
Mahdi, the, coins of, ii. 62-69
Mahendra, Mount, position of, ix.
119
Mahmud of Ghazni, ix. 225-227
Mahmud I of Malwa, iii. 367 ;
coins of, iv. 72, 94, 100
Mahmud II of Malwa, iii. 380;
coins of, iv. 88, 97, 100
MAI, engraver's signature on coins
of Himera, x. 228
Majad, a Buwayhid prince, ix.
224-227 ; coins of, 229, 237
Makarsha, ingot found at, x. 213
Maldon, moneyers and types of
William I and II of, iv. 271;
mint of Henry I, i. 160, 162,
279
Maler, Christian, medal by, x. 74,
199
Maler, Valentin, medallist, iv. 60
Malms, double-darics of, iv. 16, 18,
33
Malmesbury, "Agnus Dei" penny
of Aethelred II of, x. 288 ;
moneyers and types of William
1 and II of, iv. 271 ; mint
abolished at, i. 407
Malvern. See Little Malvern
Malwa, history and coinage of,
iii. 356-399 ; iv. 62-100
Mamcrtini, coin of the, with head
of the god Hadran, ix. 131
Man, Isle of, Anglo-Saxon coins
found in, x. 268 ; Wood's coin-
age for, iii. 56
Manchester, Roman coins found
at, ix. 431
Manlius Torquatus, L., denarius
of, with torque, ix. 411
Marathus, probable issue of double-
darics at, iv. 16, 18, 33
Marcus Aurelius. See Aurelius
Maria Alexandrovna, Grand-
Duchess of Russia, marriage
medal of, vii. 258
Maria Theresa, dollars of, circula-
ting in the Sudan, ii. 64
Marie of Edinburgh, Princess,
marriage medal of, vii. 257
Marlborough mint, coin of the
moneyer Cilda of, ii. 20-24 :
moneyers and types of William
I and II of, iv. 271 ; abolition of,
i. 407
Marmande, Anglo-Gallic mint of
Henry IV, viii. 169, 173
Mars, type on a contorniate, ix. 31
Martinianus, coins of, struck at
Nicomedia, iii. 253
Mary I of England, coins of, found
at Oswestry, v. 101 ; at Bridg-
north, viii. 320
Marzi, Galeotto, medal of, ix. 393 ;
x. 52
Masler, Johann, medal of, iv. 60
Masson, L. F. R., Governor of
Quebec, medal of, vii. 224
Masulipatam, E.I.C. coins of, iii.
75,93
Matilda, wife of Henry I, i. 93,
194, 234, 413; her rights at
Norwich, 328-331
" Matri Deum Salutari " on medal-
lion of Faustina II, viii. 56 ; on
contorniate, 60
Maximian I, medallion of, vi. 119,
210 ; and Carausius and Diocle-
tian, coins of, struck at Camu-
lodunum, vii. 414; coins of
Alexandria of, ii. 97 ; of Hera-
clea, v. 124 ; aureus of, with Her-
cules and Salus, ii. 359 ; coins
of, found at Weybridge, viii.
210
Maximinus Daza, coins of Alexan-
dria of, ii. 98 ff. ; of Nicomedia,
iii. 213 ff. ; of Heraclea, v. 125
Mayer, W., medal by, vii. 247
Mazaios, Satrap of Cilicia, coins
attributed to, ii. 81 ; iii. 41, 44,
45 ; iv. 1, 5, 6, 8 ; coins struck
in Babylon by, vi. 23
GENERAL SUBJECT INDEX.
469
Mazandaran, coins struck by
Abbas I at, viii. 371
" Medailleur a la Fortune," medals
by, x. 53, 54
Medallions, Roman, in the Hunter
Collection, vi. 93-126; in the
Evans Collection, x. 97-109
Medical Congress, International
medal on, x. 95
Medici, Alexander de', medal on
murder of, ix. 402 ; x. 48, 59-60 ;
Lorenzo de', medal on escape of,
x. 51-52
Megalopolis and Sebasteia identi-
fied, ii. 9
Melkarth, a Phoenician deity, ix.
130; x. 2, 232, 234
Memento mori devices, mediaeval,
ix. 383-387 ; Shakesperian allu-
sions to, 386 ; modern, 387-392 ;
medals, Danish, x. 67-72 ; Eng-
lish, 76-81
Mercandetti, medal of Aloisio
Galvani by, x, 92
Mercator, Michael, medal of, iv.
48 ; executed Drake map-medal,
vi. 348
Merlen, J. B., medals by, vii. 247
Merley, Louis, medal by, vii. 248
Mescinius, L., Roman moneyer,
iv. 225
Messalla, coins of, iv. 234
Messalla, Volusus Valerius, coins
of, iv. 231
Messana, coins of, with dolphins,
viii. 6, 7
Mestrell, strikes coins at Tower
Mint in 1561, ix. 73, 74; con-
fusion between Philip and Eloye,
75,76
Metapontum, coins of, found at
Tarentum, ix. 235-257 ; alliance
with Tarentum, 260
Metrology, Persian, 1502-1739, viii.
366
Metsys, Quentin, made a medal of
Erasmus, now lost, x. 56
M. G., initials of Matteo Gebel,
iv. 84
Middelburg, Guild of Surgeons of,
x. 88
Middlesex, unpublished seven-
teenth-century token of, ii. 382
Miletopolis, copper coins of, iv.
299; vii. 441
Miletus and Cos, copper coins of
Antoninus Pius of, iv. 304
Miliarensis, first issue of, iii. 276-
277 ; v. 161
Mill-money (monnaie du monlin)
instituted in France, ix. 68 ;
opposition to, 72 ; in England',
74 ; re-established in France in
1640, 84 ; definition of and con-
fusion with milled money, 77-79
Milled money, modern use of the
term, ix. 78
Millennium, belief in approach of,
in Aethelred IPs reign, x. 279,
280
Minerva, type on a contorniate
ix. 44
Minorca, medalet on loss of, ix. 365
400 ; x. 90
Mint, Royal, Simon's dies in the,
Ac., ix. 56-118
Mirzapur district, Gupta coins
found in, x. 398-408
Miscal, Persian weight, weight of
viii. 357, 358
Mithradates Euergetes of Parthia,
v. 117, 118, 231, 238; coins at-
tributed to, 137, 245
Mithradates I, coins to be attri-
buted to, vii. 129
Mithradates II, coins to be attri-
buted to, vii. 141
Moawiyahll, Caliph, seal of,x. 191
Molossi (Epirus), silver coin of,
iii. 321
M ON ETA on coins of Aethelred
II, x. 378, 384
MONETA on Roman coins, x. 7
Moneta, etymology of, x. 1-12
Monetae (Tres), type on a contor-
niate, ix. 54
Monetagium, tax of, and change
of coin-type, ii. 209-211
Moneyers at Rome, their number,
iv. 238 ; revival of, under Augus-
tus, 238, 239
Moneyers, English, method of
identifying moneyers of the
same name, x. 292-294
Monmouth and Argyle, medal of
execution of, ix, 400 ; x. 85, 86
Montagny, J. P., medals by, vii.
248
Montefiore, Lady Judith, medals
of, vii. 249, 262
Montefiore, Sir Moses, medals of,
vii. 244, 249, 250, 262, 267
Montgomery, James, medal of,
vii. 223
470
INDEX III.
Montreal Civic Library, medal of,
vii. 238
MO- ON transition on coins of
Aethelred II, x. 263, 267, 372, 373
Moralische Pfennige of Basel, ix.
375, 392, 393 ; x. 76, 78
Morel-Ladeuil, L., medal by, vii.
249
Morgagni, medal of, vii. 252
Moro, Tommaso, medal of, ix. 393 ;
x. 59
Morrison, Alfred, medallic portrait
of, vii. 243
Mould for fabrication of coins of
Henry VI, v. 205
Mouton d'or wrongly attributed
to Edward III, vi. 274
Mucianus, C. Licinius Crassus,
coins of Antioch of, iv. 122
Mughal Emperors, unpublished
coins of, ii. 275 ff . ; coins of later,
distinguished from E.I.C., iii. 72 ;
additional mints of, 194
Muhafiz Khan, Governor of Mandu,
iii. 380, 383
Muhammad I of Malwa, iii. 366 ;
iv. 71, 94
Muhammad II of Malwa, iii. 381-
383 ; iv. 91, 97
Muhammad, Mughal Emperor,
coins of, ii. 301 ; coins of
Balapur in name of, x. 160-
162 ; of Surat, 327, 328
Muhammad Ali, Nawab of the Car-
natic, x. 146-157 ; seeks British
assistance, 148, 149; his suc-
cesses, 150 ; treaties with the
British, 153, 154 ; death of, 134 ;
coins described, 156, 157 ; coins
wrongly attributed to, 325
Muhammad Ibrahim, Mughal
pretender, coin of, ii. 301
Muhammad bin Dushmanzar,
coins of, ix. 226, 227, 229, 230,
237-239
Muh ammadKhodabandah, weights
of coins of, viii. 360-370
Muizz-ad-daulah, a Buwayhid
prince, ix. 221, 222
Mules of coin-types of Aethelred
II, x. 252, 270, 376, 377, 384
Munbai (Bombay), E.I.C. coins of,
iii. 73, 91
Miinster, denier of, in Colchester
hoard, iii. 137
Murex symbol on coins of Corinth,
ix. 342
Murphy, P. J., prize medal, vii.
264
Murshidabad, E.I.C. mint of, iii.
75, 78, 80
Mu'tamid-ad-daulah, an 'Okaylid,
coin of, iii. 179
Muwahhids, gold coins of the, ii.
77
Mylne, Robert, F.R.S., medal
awarded to, by the Academy of
St. Luke, iv. 181-183
Mysia, coins collected in, vi. 26-
36 ; vii. 440
Mytilene, silver coins of, ii. 333 ;
copper coin of, with portraits of
Sextus and Andromeda, 334
N.
NA as abbreviation for a mint of
Henry I, i. 316-318, 359
Nabis, tyrant of Lacedaemon,
coins of, ix. 3-6
Nadir, Shah of Persia, weights of
his coins, vii. 365
Nagpur, late Mughal coins circu-
lating in, x. 328
Nahtarnagar, coin of Muhammad
Ali struck at, x. 325, 326
Nankenreut, Siegmund von, medal
of, iv. 57
Nantes, medal on Revocation of
Edict of, x. 86
Napoleon I, medal of, vii. 234;
" Descente en Angleterre "
Medal of, 434-439 ; imitation of
Droz, 437
Napoleon III, medal of, vii. 236 ;
medal of, on visit of Queen
Victoria and Prince Albert, 248
Nasir-ad-din Khilji of Malwa, iii.
379 ; coin of, iv. 85, 96, 99
Nassaro, Matteo del, his coin-mill,
ix. 68, 69
Nathan Gebriider, medals by, vii.
249, 250
Natorp, Gustav, medal by, vii.
250
Naukratis (Egypt), copper coin of,
ii. 344 ; Athenian coins found
at, viii. 202, 204
NE as abbreviation for a mint of
Henry I, i. 312, 313, 316-318
Neandria (Troas), silver coin of,
ii. 331
GENERAL SUBJECT INDEX.
471
Neapolis ad Harpasum (Caria),
coin of, iii. 400
Neapolis (Campania), didrachm
of, iii. 319
Nero, coins of, found in Southwark,
iii. 100 ; in Croydon, vii. 366 ;
head of, on contorniates, ix.
32-34 ; as Mercury, 31 ; as
Hercules, 31
Nerva, coins of, found at Croydon,
vii. 366; at Castle Bromwich,
x. 14, 19, 20; at Nottingham,
206; copper coin of, struck at
Apollonia ad. Rhyndacum, vii.
440
Nesb0, Anglo-Saxon coins found
at, x. 268
Nevill, Archbishop of York, coins
of, ix. 180, 181, 211, 218 ; x. 134,
145
Nevill, Bishop, his badge on coins
of Durham, ii. 260
Newark, mint of Henry I, coins
of, i. 316-318
Newcastle, coins of Henry I of,
i. 181, 182
Newton, Sir Isaac, his report on
Wood's coinage, iii. 352
Nicias, Peace of, perhaps com-
memorated on coins of Corinth,
ix. 355
• Nicolson, Josias, memorial medal
of, ix. 241-249 ; x. 84
Nicomedia, coins of Constantino
period struck at, iii. 211 ff. ;
copper coin of Faustina II struck
at, 332 ; clay moulds of coins of,
v. 247 ; coins of Julian II of, x.
250
Nicostrates commands Greeks in
Egypt, iii. 18, 19
Nike of Samothrace, on coins of
Demetrius, ix. 267-269
Nimbus on Roman coins, symbol
of Imperial power, iii. 244, 269
Normandy, custom of treasure
trove in, ii. 130
Northampton, moneyers and types
of William I and II of, iv. 271 ;
of Henry I, i. 318-326 ; short-
cross pennies of, in the Col-
chester hoard, iii. 112, 129, 149,
158, 167
Norwich, moneyers and types of
William I and II of, iv. 271 ; of
Henry I, i. 326-339 ; short-cross
pennies of, in the Colchester
hoard, iii. 112, 129, 149, 168 ;
mint established in 1465 at, ix.
152 ; coins of, 159, 160, 173, 174,
199, 207 ; coinage in 1696-1697
at, vi. 358
Notices of books : —
Armitage-Smith, S., John of
Gaunt, v. 315, 316
Babelon, E., Traitt des monnaies
grecques et romaines, vol. i.
pt. i., ii. 189-191
Bahrfeldt, Die Miinzen der
Flottenprafecten des Marcus
Antonius, vi. 91, 92
Codrington, 0., A Manual of
Musulman Numismatics, iv.
103, 104
Craster, H. H. E., Roman
Coins from Corstopitum, ix.
431 ; x. 413, 414
Dieudonne", A., Melanges Nu-
mismatiques, x. 251, 252
Engel, A., et Serrure, E., Traite
de Numismatique du Moyen
Age, vol. iii., v. 401, 402
Fabriczy, Die Medaillen der
italienischen Renaissance, iii.
190-192
Friedensburg, F., Die Munze in
der Kulturgeschichte, x. 208
Fritze, H. von, Die Mttnzen von
Pergamon, x. 207, 208
and Gaebler, H.,
Nomisma, pt. i., vii. 441, 442
Gnecchi, Fr., An Elementary
Manual of Roman Coins
(translated by Eev. A. W.
Hands), iv. 288
Haeberlin, E. J., Die Systematik
des ciltesten rb'mischen MiLnz-
wesens, vii. 111-120
Macdonald, G., Catalogue of
Greek Coins in the Hunterian
Museum, vol. ii., ii. 188, 189
Maurice, J., Numismatique Con-
stantinienne, vol. i., viii. 376
Eapson, E. J., Catalogue of
Andhra, (&c., Coins in the
British Museum, ix. 119, 120
Eawlings, Miss G. B., Coins and
How to Know Them, viii. 379,
889
Eegling, K., Die griechischen
Miinzen der Sammlung
Warren, vii. 352
Eondot, N., Les Medailleurs,
<&c., de France, iv. 362
472
INDEX III.
Notices of books— contd.
Smith, V. A., Catalogue of Coins
in the Indian Museum, vol. i.,
vii. 273-276
Ward, J., Greek Coins and their
Parent Cities, ii. 192, 193
Wright, H. N., Catalogue of
Coins in the Indian Museum,
vol. iii., x. 326-328
Nottingham, moneyers and types
of William I and II of, iv. 272 ;
of Henry I, 340-351 ; Roman
coins found at, x. 216
Numeral letters on coins of Syria,
iii. 105
Nummi Castrenses, nature of, iv.
190
Nummus Centenimialis, issue of,
iii. 236 ; v. 149, 175
Nuremberg counters and galley
halfpence, ii. 248
Nysa (Lydia), copper coin of, v.
340
0.
Oak-spray, attribute of Jupiter, on
medallion of Diocletian, x. 102
Oba, money er of Ecgbeorht, viii.
246
Obole, Anglo-Gallic coin of Edward
III, vi. 278; classification of,
308-310
Obols, Athenian, with hieroglyphs,
viii. 198 ff .
Obolus of Charon, x. 182, 183, 202
Occo, Adolph III, medals of, ix.
393 ; x. 68
Ochus. See Artaxerxes III
O'Connell, Daniel, medal of, vii.
224
O'Connor, Arthur, senr., medal of,
vii. 229
O'Connor, Arthur, junr., medal of,
vii. 230
O'Connor, Eliza C., medal of, vii.
230
Octavia and Anthony, bronze coin
of, struck in the East, iv. 192,
196, 205
Octavius, bronze coins of, struck
in the East, iv. 198, 208; in
Gaul, 220. See also Augustus
Odo, Bishop of Bayeux, i. 173-175,
379-382
Odo of Winchester, i. 393, 396
Oertel Medallic Establishment,
medals issued by, vii. 250
Ohrwalder, Father, on the coinage
of the Sudan, ii. 65, 67
Okaylid dynasty, coin of, iii. 177 ;
history of, 187
Olaf Skotkonung, coin of, found
with those of Aethelred II, x.
267, 268
Old Szijny (Brigetio), Roman gold
coins found at, x. 100, 102
Olive-branch, its significance on
the coins of Syracuse and Gela,
viii. 2, 4, 8
Oliver, Aubin, superintendent of
the French mint, ix. 69
Oliver, Isaac, pupil of Nicholas
Hilliard, viii. 333
Olophyxus (Macedonia), copper
coin of, iii. 319
Olympias, type on contorniates, ix.
35, 37, 44
Orndurman, coins struck by the
Khalifa at, ii. 62
Oppius, Q., bronze coins of, iv.
224 ; • struck at Rome, 235 ;
history of, 237
Orange Club Medal, vii. 262
Orichalcum, when first used in
Roman coins, iv. 214, 240 ; its
composition, 241
Orontes, Satrap of Mysia, iii. 6-8 ;
coins of 8, 11
Osbert, Sheriff of York, temp.
Henry I, i. 483, 484
Osmund, moneyer of Ecgbeorht,
viii. 245, 247
Ostrich head, badge of the Peckham
family (?), v. 400
Oswald, moneyer of Norwich of
Aethelred II, x. 271
Oswestry, find of English coins at,
v. 100-108
Otacilia Severa, medallion of, vi.
112 ; copper coin of, struck at
Etenna, iii. 339 ; medallions of,
with Philip I and II, vi. 113
Otrnar, Hans Wolfs medal of, iv.
46
Otto, M. Salvius, coins of, iv. 232
'Otto IV, Emperor, deniers of, in
the Colchester hoard, iii. 137
Otto, moneyer of William I and II,
last work of, iv. 247
Oxford, moneyers and types of
William I and II of, iv. 273 ; of
Henry I, 351-359, 434, 435;
GENERAL SUBJECT INDEX.
473
short-cross pennies of, in the
Colchester hoard, iii. 112, 130 ;
moneyers of, 150, 158 ; history
of mint, 168 ; coins of Charles I
with monogram Bn, to be
transferred from Bristol to
Oxford, x. 203-205
Oxford University, foundation of
the Head Prize in, ix. 250-251
Oxfordshire, unpublished seven-
teenth-century tokens of, ii.
383
Oxyrhynchus. See Behnesa
P.
PABVLVM SALVTIS on medal
of Paul II, x. 346, 357
Packe, A. E., his view that Henry
VI coined gold at York con-
firmed, x. 121
Paine, Thomas, satirical tokens
of, ix. 401 ; x. 91, 92
Palaeologi of the Morea and Paul
II, x. 359
Pall and cross on coins of Alfred
the Great, ii. 202
Pallas, head of, on coins of Corinth,
ix. 334 ff . ; on coins of Deme-
trius, 267 ff.
Palm-branch, symbol on coins of
Corinth, ix. 344, 345, 349
Palmette, symbol on coins of
Corinth, ix. 353
Pan, head of, on coin of Syracuse,
viii. 14
Pandina, figure of, on coins of
Hipponium, iv. 292
Pantheon Gardens, Spa Fields,
tickets of admission to, ii. 75
Panticapaeum, copper coin of, iv.
292
Paquet, A. C., medal by, vii. 251
Paris, cholera epidemic of 1832 in,
medal on, x. 73
Paris, Peace of, 1814, medal of, vii.
269; Peace of, 1856, medal of,
248
Parlais (Lycaonia), copper coin of,
ii. 342
Parmigiani, Lorenzo, medal of
Cardinal Madruzzo by, x. 59
Parthia, early coins of, v. 209,
233, vii. 125 ; to be transferred
to Armenia, v. 243; vi. 222;
provenance of, v. 319 ; vi. 222 ;
VOL. X., SERIES IV.
types of, v. 320; vi. 224; vii.
127, 128
Parthian coins found in Balu-
chistan, iv. 314
Passe, Simon van de, his engraved
portraits, viii. 269; plaque of
Charles I attributed to, 271
Pau, machine-made coins of 1556
of, ix. 70
Paul II, Pope, medals of, x. 340-
369 ; a collector of coins, 340 ;
fondness for foundation-stone
deposits, 353; finds of coins
of, 354; re-organizes Eoman
University, 356; and Peace of
Italy, 359 ; Jubilee medal of, 389 ;
medallists of, 360-369
Pausanias of Macedon, copper
coin of, vi. 317
Pawlick, F. X., medal by, vii. 251
" Pax " coins of Edward the Con-
fessor, v. 202
PAXS type of William I, i. 179,
183 ; iv. 170, 171
Pazzi conspiracy, medals on, ix.
402 ; x. 51-52
Peckham family, badge of, v.
400
Pegasus, on coins of Corinth, ix.
334-343 ; straight-winged, 346-
351; curled-winged, 347, 349,
350 ; drinking, 350, 351 ; tied to
a ring, 353-356
Peloponnese, coins of Antigonus
and Demetrius issued in the, ix.
265, 269
Pergamon (Mysia), cistophorus of,
ii. 330 ; copper coins of, iv. 300 ;
H. von Fritze on coins of, x.
207, 208
Perger, B., medal of Pope Clement
XIV by, iv. 183
Perinthus (Thrace), copper coins
of, iv. 294
Periwig, introduction of the, ix.
242
Persephone, head of, on Cartha-
ginian coins, x. 2
Persian coins (1502-1737), metro-
logy of, viii. 366
Pescennius Niger, aureus of, with
reverse " Fortuna redux," viii.
90
Pest-token, Danish, x. 95
Peterborough Mint, moneyers and
types of William I and II of, iv.
274 ; of Henry I of, 360-371
2 i
474
INDEX III.
Petronius, P., P. F., strikes coins
for Antioch, iv. 116
Pevensey Mint, moneyers and
types of William I and II of, iv.
274; temp. Henry I, i. 204,
205
Phalanna (Thessaly), copper coin
of, ii. 319
Philiarchos, a Tarentine magis-
trate, ix. 260
Philip III of Macedon, gold stater
of, iii. 320
Philip V of Macedon, tetradrachm
of, ix. 5
Philip I, Roman Emperor, copper
coin of Diocaesarea, iv. 306;
with Otacilia and Philip II,
medallions of, vi. 113
Philip II, medallion of, vi. 114 ;
see also Philip I
Philip, Archbishop of Cologne,
denier of, in Colchester hoard,
iii. 136
Philip and Mary, coins of, found
at Oswestry, v. 101 ; at Bridg-
north, viii. 320 ; at Constable
Burton, ix. 286 ; at Winterslow,
x. 205
Phocian obols, notes on, iii. 197
Phoenician obol with name
" lahve," ix. 121-131
Phoenix Street, Wood's coins
struck in, iii. 50, 55
Phraates, King of Parthia, coins
attributed to, v. 237
Phriapates, King of Parthia, coins
attributed to, v. 237
Phules'vari, an Ahom queen, coins
of, ix. 304, 316, 317
Pieria and Seleucus, numeral
letters on coins of, iii. 107
Pieroiii, — , medal by, vii. 252
Pine - cone - mascle coinage of
Henry VI, ii. 241 ; iv. 304
Pine-cone-pellet coinage of Henry
VI, ii. 257 ; iv. 308
Pine-cone-trefoil coinage of Henry
VI, ii. 251
Piso, Cii. Calpurnius, coins of, iv.
228, 229
Pistrucci, Benedetto, medals by,
vii. 252
Pixodaros, dynast of Caria, coin-
age of, iii. 26
Placia (Mysia), coin of, vi. 35
Plancus, L. Munatius, coins of, iv.
224, 235
Planta, Joseph, medallic portrait
of, vii. 253
Platina Bartolemmeo, on character
of Paul II, x. 353
Plato, so-called portrait of, on
gems, x. 168
Plimsoll, Samuel, medal of, vii.
229 ; ix. 404 ; x. 94
Plumbago mould for fabrication of
coins of Henry VII, v. 265
Pnytagorag, King of Cyprus, coin-
age of, iii. 37, 39
Pocket pieces, early milled coins
used as, ix. 73
Poemanenum (Mysia), coins of, vi.
35 ; vii. 441
Poitiers, Anglo-Gallic mint of
Edward III, vi. 272 ; of Ed-
ward the Black Prince, viii.
102, 108 ; gold coins of, 122, 125,
129 ; silver, 137, 144 ; billon, 158,
160, 161
Poitou, Anglo-Gallic coins of
Henry II of, v. 366 ; of Richard
I, 373
Polemon II of Pontus, coins of,
ii. 4
Pompey, Cnaeus, bronze coins of,
struck in Spain, iv. 216, 217
Pompey, Sextus, bronze coins of,
struck in Spain, iv. 216, 217
Ponthieu, Anglo-Gallic coins of
Edward I of, v. 386 ; of Edward
III of, vi. 281, 320
Pontic eras, ii. 1-11
Populonia, metrology of, x. 209-
223
Poseidon on coins of Demetrius
Poliorcetes, ix. 271, 272
Potidaea (Macedonia), copper
coins of, ii. 315, 316
Pozzi, J. H., physician of Bologna,
medal of, x. 89
Pramathes"vari, an Ahom queen,
coins of, ix. 305, 307, 319, 320
Pramatta Simha, an Ahom king,
coins of, ix. 301, 309, 313
Pratapa Simha, an Ahom king,
coins of, ix. 301, 309, 313
Preston, Abraham, graver at the^
Mint in 1641-2, x. 396
Priapus (Mysia), coins of, vi. 35
Probus, medallion of, vi. 117
Proconnessus, Island of, silver
coin from, iv. 301
Prostanna (Pisidia), copper coin of
Elagabalus of, iii. 340
GENERAL SUBJECT INDEX.
475
Prussia, Frederick William Victor
of, marriage medal of, vii. 239
Psyche on Roman gems, x. 168-
176
Ptolemaic coins circulated in
Roman times, x. 334
Ptolemy II, coin of, found in
Egypt, x. 333, 334
Ptolemy VII, coins of, found in
Egypt, x. 333, 334
Pulcher, Clodius, coins of, iv. 226
Punic coins found at Tarentum,
ix. 256, 257
Puritans, wearing of rings with
death's heads by, x. 184
Pylaemenes Euergetes, King of
Paphlagonia, copper coin of, iii.
329
Pythodoric era, commencement
of, ii. 1
Pyx, trial of the, x. 388-394 ; in
time of James I, 389 ; of Charles
I, 390-394
Q.
al-Qadir, a Buwayhid prince, ix.
229
Quadrans, issue of, in Gaul, iv.
222, 223 ; reissue at Rome under
Augustus, 241; metal of, 241;
type of, 242
Quadratus, C. Ummidius Durmius,
strikes coins for Antioch, iv. 117
Quadriga, victorious, type on con-
torniates, ix. 32, 35, 36, 44, 51-53
" Quadrilateral " type of Aethelred
II, x. 257, 258, 289
Qualla, Theodorus, medals of, by
Timotheus Refatus, ii. 55, 56, 61
Quebec Agricultural and Industrial
Exhibition, medal of, vii. 235
Quebec, Laval University of, medal
of, vii. 237
Queen's College, Cambridge,
seventeenth-century tokens in,
ii. 378
Quinarius, first issue of, iv. 186 ;
probable cessation of, 188; re-
issue of, 189 ; (?) of Allectus, vi.
132
Quinctilianus, Sextus Nonius,
coins of, iv. 232
Quinio, Roman gold coin of five
aurei, struck at Tarraco, found
at Old Szony, x. 102
R.
Radnitzky, Count, medals by, vii.
254
Rafia'-ad-Darajat, Mughal Em-
peror, coins of, ii. 300
Ragha, a Moran rebel in Assam,
ix. 306
Rajesvara Sirhha, an Ahom king,
coins of, ix. 305, 309, 320-322
Ramage, David, at the Royal
Mint, ix. 85-87 ; x. 396
Ramakanta, an Assamese rebel,
said to have struck coins, ix.
306
RAV, erroneously recorded mint-
mark of Julian II, x. 250
Reading, history and coinage of
Henry I at, i. 371-378
Refatus, Timotheus, of Mantua,
medals by, ii. 55-61
Reginus, C. Antistius, Roman
moneyer, iv. 231
Regulus, L. Livineius, coins of,
iv. 226
Reimer, Hans, medallist, iv. 60
Reinaud, short-cross moneyer,
coin of Class II. of, wrongly
attributed to Chichester, x. 312
Renius, L., coins of, with Juno
Sospita, x. 7
Rey, Koos de la, medal of, vii.
251
Rhoemetalces I of Thrace, copper
coin of, iv. 294
Rhuddlan Mint, moneyers and
types of William I and II of,
iv. 274; temp. Henry I, i. 147,
492 ; short-cross pennies of, in
Colchester hoard, iii. 112, 133 ;
moneyers of, 155, 158 ; history
of, 172
RIG, supposed mint of Henry I,
explained, i. 378
Riccio, Domenico, medal of, ix.
393 ; x. 52
Richard I, short-cross coinage of,
iii. 156; grants dies to Bishop
of Lichfield, x. 313; Anglo-
Gallic coins of, v. 367, 372
Richard II, coinage of, iv. 326-
352 ; groats of Edward III
attributed to, 329 ; earliest half-
pence and farthings of, 329 ;
nobles and half-nobles of, 330 ;
varieties of bust on groats, 335 ;
mint-marks, 337; classification
2i2
476
INDEX III.
of coins of, 343-352; iv. 85;
coin-dies of, used by Henry IV,
iv. 260 ; Anglo-Gallic coins of,
viii. 163-168; groat of, found
in London, vii. 430 ; in Hamp-
shire, viii. 315
Richborough. See Rutupiae
Rieneck, Thomas, Graf zu, medal
of, iv. 47
Rings, memorial, ix. 393 ff. ; x.
183 ff.
Roberts, Earl, medal of, vii. 234
Rochelle, Anglo-Gallic Mint of
Edward III, vi. 272, 276; of
Edward the Black Prince, viii.
102, 108 ff.
Rochester Mint, of Ecgbeorht, viii.
248 ; moneyers and types of
William I and II of, iv. 274 ; of
Henry I, i. 378 384; short-
cross pennies of, in the Col-
chester hoard, iii. 112, 130;
moneyers of, 151, 158 ; history
of the mint, 168
Rod, Richard, his testimony that
the B\ coins of Charles I were
struck at Oxford, i. 203
Rogat, E., medal by, on a cholera
epidemic in Paris (1832), x. 93
Roma, type on a contorniate, ix,
35 ; on coins of Alexandria,
275 ff.
Rome, bronze coinage of 45-3 B.C.,
iv. 185-244; struck in the
East, 192 ; denominations, 211,
213, 214 ; weights, 213, 214 ;
analyses, 213, 215 ; struck in
Spain, 216 ; denominations and
analyses, 220 ; struck in Gaul,
220 ; denominations and analy-
ses, 223 ; struck at Rome,
224 ; temporary reissue of, 235 ;
renewal of, under Augustus, 238,
239 ; analyses and types of, 241 ;
first silver Republican coinage
of, iv. 186 ; standards of bronze,
186, 188 ; first issue of gold, 187 ;
method of production of cast
coins, v. 342 ; origin of Roman
standard, x. 209-222
Roman Empire, medallions of, in
the Hunterian Museum, vi. 93 ;
contorniates in the Hunterian
Museum, ix. 19-55 ; rare or un-
published gold and silver coins
of, ii. 345 ; viii. 85-101. See also
Finds of coins
Roman law of treasure trove, ii.
148-150
Roman letters on coins of Henry
VIII, ii. 50
" Romano," epithet of medallist
Pietro Paolo Galeotti, x. 66
Romney Mint, moneyers and types
of William I and II of, iv. 274 ;
not operating temp. Henry I, i.
384
" Rosa Americana " coinage struck
by William Wood, iii. 53, 56, 63
Roselli, Antonio, medal of, by
Bellano, x. 362-364
Rosenbaum, Lorenz, plaque and
medal by, x. 61
Rosette-mascle coinage of Henry
VI, ii. 238 ; iii. 303
Ross, Sir Patrick, medal of, vii. 269
Roth, J. G., medal by, vii. 256
Rothschild family, medals of, vii.
234
Rotomagus, coins of, under
Carausius, vii. 31, 47, 50, 316,
423, 424 ; mint -marks of, 65
Rouen, Anglo-Gallic coins of
Richard I of, v. 379
Rouen, Roman Mint. See Roto-
magus
Roumania, Crown, Prince of,
marriage medal of, vii. 257
Royal Humane Society, Fother-
gill medal of, x. 92, 93
Royal Mint Museum, coins of
William II in, v. 109 ; Simon's
dies in, ix. 56-118
R S R, mint-initials on coins of
Carausius, vii. 46, 49, 303 ; pro-
posed explanation of, 48
Rudolph II, Emperor, medal of,
iv. 59
Rudra Sirhha, an Ahom king,
coins of, ix. 302, 303, 309, 315
Rufus, C. Plotius, coins of, iv. 229
Rukn-ad-daulah, a Buwayhid
prince, ix. 221, 222 ; coins of,
228, 232, 234
Rumford, Count von (Sir Benja-
min Thompson), medal of, vii.
261
Russia, Alliance of England and
France against, 1853, medal of,
vii. 248
Rustius, Q. Roman money er, iv.
226
Rutupiae (Richborough) mint (?)
of Carausius, vii. 47
GENERAL SUBJECT INDEX.
477
Byal, introduction of, ix. 151;
discontinued, x. 119
S.
S. W., a German medallist, x. 63
Saadut Ulla Khan, Nawab of the
Carnatic, x. 147
Sabina, copper coin of, struck at
Tmolus (Lydia), iii. 337 ; denarii
of, found at Castle Bromwich, x.
14, 28, 29
Sabine women, rape of, type on
a contorniate, ix. 33
Safaar Ali, Nawab of the Carnatic,
x. 147
San I, Shah of Persia, legends
and weights of coins of, viii.
361, 372
Sahib Khan revolts, ii. 381-382;
assumes title of Muhammad II
of Malwa, 383
St. Bartholomew, medal on Mas-
sacre of, x. 64-65
St. Denis, half-denier of Charles
the Bald of, found at Stamford,
iii. 350, 354
St. Edmundsbury Mint, history
and coins of Henry I of, i. 385-
392 ; short-cross pennies of, in
the Colchester hoard, iii. 112,
130 ; moneyers of, 151 ; history
of mint, 169
St. Giles, Friedrich, Abbot of,
in Nuremberg, medal of, iv. 50
St. John the Baptist on medals of
Paul II, x. 344, 345
St. John's College, Oxford, gives
college plate to Charles I, x.
204
St. Luke, Academy of, at Eome,
medal of, iv. 180-183
St. Mary Hill Church, London,
coins of William I found at,
iv. 145
St. Peter and St. Paul on medals
of Paul II, x. 346, 347, 352
Salamis, battle of, and coins of
Antigonus Poliorcetes, ix. 265,
266
Salis, Count de, his classification
of the Roman Republican coin-
age, iv. 185
Salisbury, mint, moneyers, and
types of William I and II of,
iv. 275 ; of Henry I, 392-402 ;
coins found near, see Winter-
slow
Sallust, bust of, type on a con-
torniate, ix. 38
Salonina, medallion of, vi. 116
Samos, copper coin of, struck by
Trajan, iv. 303
Samudragupta, gold coins of,
found in Mirzapur, x. 399, 400
Sandrart, Joachim, medal of, iv,
60
Sandwich, mint, moneyers, and
types of William I and II of, iv.
275 ; of Henry, i. 402-405 ; coins
previously attributed to, 390
Sandy (Beds.), ancient British
coins found at, ii. 192
Sanquinius, M., M. F., coins of, iii.
226
Santa Maura Canal constructed,
medal of, vi. 269
Sardinia, ingots found in, x. 211
Sarhind, Mughal mint, history of,
ii. 280
Sarvananda Sirhha, an Ahom king,
coins of, ix. 307, 327
Sarvesvari, an Ahom queen, coins
of, ix. 304, 318, 319
Sassanian coins found in Balu-
chistan, iv. 315
Satrapal coins of Mazaios, ii. 81 ;
iii. 26, 27, 29
Saturninus, L. Volusius, Q. F.,
strikes coins for Antioch, iv. 100
Saulles, George William de,
obituary notice of, iii. 310-312
Scandinavian coins, probably of
Lincoln, i. 261 ; the earliest,
x. 280
Sceptre and sword on coin of
William II, iv. 246, 247
Sceptres (two) on coins of William
I, iv. 159
Scharff, Anton, medals by, vi. 257
Schnitzpahn, Christian, medals by,
vii. 258
Schomberg, Marshal, medal of, ix.
394, 411 ; x. 389
Schwab, Marx, supplies machinery
for coining to Henri IV, ix. 68
Schwarz, Hans, medallist, iv. 43
Scione (Macedonia), early silver
coins of, v. 325
Scotland, law of treasure trove in,
ii. 173 ; coins of, in the Colchester
hoard, iii. 112, 135, 174 ; Roman
coins found in, v. 10 ; find of
478
INDEX III.
Edward pennies at Lochmaben
in, v. 63
Scotussa (Thessaly), copper coin
of, ii. 320
Screw-press probably first used by
Brabante, ix. 60
Scylla attacking Ulysses, type on
contorniates, ix. 23, 26, 47
Seal of Henry I, i. 44
Seals of Elizabeth, viii. 338, 341, 346
Seals with memento mori inscrip-
tions, x. 189-192
Sebasteia (Pontus), era of, ii. 9, 10
Sebastopolis (Pontus), era of, ii.
7, 8, 9, 184 ; iv. 101
" Sede Vacante " coins of Canter-
bury (so-called), viii. 238;
moneyers of, 239
Seguier, Chancellor, instrumental
in re-establishing mill-coinage
in France in 1640, ix. 83
Seleucia Pieria, numeral letters
on coins of, iii. 107
Seleucid coins, found in Baluchis-
tan, iv. 317, 318, 322 ; imitated
by the Parthians, vi. 128 ff .
Seleucus and Antiochus of Syria,
Graeco-Bactrian imitations of
coins of, vii. 14
Seleucus, portrait of, on Pergamene
coins, x. 207
Selinus, coin of, commemorating
freedom from pestilence, x. 43-
45 ; the god sacrificing to Aescu-
lapius, 44, 45
Semis, type of, struck in the East,
iv. 211, 212
Serambos, a magistrate of Taren-
tum, ix. 260
Serapis on coins of Julian II, x.
246, 247
Sestertius, bronze, type of, struck
in the East, iv. 211, 212; first
issue of, 212 ; prototype of coin
struck at Rome, 215 ; issued in
Gaul, 223, 224 ; first issue of, in
Rome, 240; its metal, 241;
change of type, 242
Sestertius, silver, first issue of, iv.
186 ; cessation of, 188 ; reissue
of, 189
Severus, Septimius, aureus of,
with reverse Liberalitas, ii. 350 ;
medallion of, vi. 108 ; aureus of,
with reverse a galley, viii. 92 ;
relations of, with Clodius Al-
binus, x. 98, 99
Severus II, coins of Alexandria of,
ii. 98 f . ; of Nicomedia, iii. 213 ff . ;
of Heraclea, vi. 124 ff .
Severus Alexander, medallion of,
vii. 110
Seyntlowe, Gerard, controller of
the Calais Mint, ii. 255-258
Sforza, Faustina, medal of, ix. 409 ;
x. 65-66
Shadiabad, coins of, iv. 70-81
Shaftesbury Mint, moneyers, and
types of William I and II of, iv.
276 ; closed in reign of Henry I,
i. 418
Shahanshah, title of, assumed by
Buwayhid rulers, v. 393
Shakespeare, a numismatic ques-
tion raised by, v. 307 ; references
to death's head rings by, x. 82,
188
Shillington, coins of William II
found at, iv. 146
Shiraz, coins struck at, viii. 373
" Short-cross " type of Henry I, i.
15, 16
Short-cross coins in the Colchester
hoard, iii. Ill, 113-117, 156;
chronology of short-cross period,
x. 291-324 ; date of second
issue, 307 ; of third issue, 320-
322
Shortt, Captain, and Greek coins
at Exeter, vii. 145 f .
Shovel-board, game of, described,
v. 308 ; coins used at, 330
Shrewsbury Mint, moneyers, and
types of William I and II of,
iv. 276 ; in reign of Henry I,
i. 94, 191 ; short-cross pennies
of, in the Colchester hoard, iii.
112, 131 ; moneyers of, 151 ;
history of, 170 ; removal of, to
Oxford by Charles I, v. 187
Shuja' Khan, his rule in Malwa,
iii. 394
Siculo-Punic coins, x, 223, 232 ;
last issue of, 231, 236, 237
Side (Pamphylia), coin of Gallienus
of, ii. 338
Sidon and Tripolis, era of, ii. 198 ;
coinage of, under Tennes, iii. 83 ;
under Evagoras II, 34 ; sigloi,
&c., attributed to, 34-36
Sigestef, moneyer of Ecgbeorht,
viii. 241,246
Sigloi, coined for circulation among
the Greeks, iii. 28, 29 ; counter-
GENERAL SUBJECT INDEX.
479
marks on, 28 ; classification of,
29; type of, 35; attributed to
Sidon, 34-36
Silanus Creticus, Q. Caecilius
Metellus, strikes coins for
Antioch, iv. 113
Silianus, A. Licinius Nerva, coin
of, iv. 231
Silius, 0., coins of, iv. 28
Simon, Thomas, chief engraver at
the Mint in 1648, x. 391, 397 ;
his coinage for Cromwell, viii.
62 ; his coinage of 1656, 64 ; of
1658, 68 ; list of coins by, 76-78 ;
dies by, in the Royal Mint, ix.
56-118 ; assisted Blondeau, 87 ;
prepared dies for Cromwell's
coins, 93, 94 ; description of his
dies, 96-118 ; alteration of date
in his dies, 101-106 ; design for
a touch-piece of Charles II by,
297-299
Simpulum on Alexandrian coins,
ix. 281, 282
Sirmium, coins of Julian II of,
x. 250
Siscia, coins of Julian II of, x. 250
Sisenna, Roman moneyer, coin of,
, iv. 234
Siva Simha, an Ahom king, coins
of, ix. 303, 309, 316-319
Skeleton and wine- jar on Roman
gems, x. 164, 165 ; and butterfly
on ditto, 170, 171 ; dancing on
ditto, 179
Slatin Pasha on the coinage of the
Mahdi, ii. 65, 67
ZO on tetradrachm of the Sontini,
x. 329-332
Sogenes, a Tarentine magistrate,
ix. 260
Solis, Diego de, medal of, by
"T. R.," ii. 57
Sontini, unpublished tetradrachm
of the, x. 329-332
Sophytes of Bactria, coins of, iv.
323-325 ; vi. 14
South African War, medals of, vii.
232, 258, 268
South Ferriby, coins of the
Brigantes found at, viii. 17-55 ;
ix. 7-9
Southampton Mint, moneyers and
types of William I and II of, iv.
276 ; history and coins of Henry
I of, i. 405-410
Southampton Water, find of
English coins near, viii. 311-
318
Southwark Mint, moneyers and
types of William I and II of,
iv. 276 ; history and coins of
Henry I of, i. 273-316; un-
published seventeenth-century
token of, ii. 383 ; Roman coins
found in, iii. 99
Spa Fields, Pantheon Gardens,
ticket of admission to, ii. 75
Spain, medal on defeat of the
Carlists at St. Sebastian, vii. 264
Spain, Peace with, gold medal on,
by Nicholas Hilliard, viii. 349
Spain, Roman bronze coins struck
in, iv. 216 ; denomination of,
220; analyses, 220; denarii of
Galba struck in, ii. 346, 347
Spanish bullion, Simon's coins
made from, ix. 94
Stafford Mint, moneyers and types
of William I and II of, iv. 277
Staffordshire, unpublished seven-
teenth-century token of, iii. 383
Stamenes, Satrap of Babylon,
coins attributed to, iv. 19, 27,
30,38
Stamford, moneyers and types of
William I and II of, iv. 277 ; of
Henry I, i. 360-371 ; coins of
Alfred found at, iii. 347
Standbroke, — , engraves dies for
Wood's American coinage, iii. 13
Star or stars on coins of William
I, iv. 164 ; on coins of William
II, 253 ; on coins of Henry I, i.
62, 63 ; and crescent on Irish
coins of John, iii. 174
Star Chamber, trial of the Pyx
held in the, x. 389
Stein, Marquardt von, medal of,
iv. 56
Stephen, coins of, in the Colches-
ter hoard, iii. 112, 118 ; coins
of, found at Awbridge, v. 354
Stepney Mint, moneyers and types
of William I and II of, iv. 278
Sterling, Anglo-Gallic coin of
Edward III, vi. 278 ; classifica-
tion of, 307
Sterlings (foreign), found at Loch-
maben, v. 64, 81, 82
Steyning, moneyers and types of
William I and II of, iv. 278
Stigard, Archbishop of Canterbury,
strikes coins, iv. 151
480
INDEX III.
Stole, P. Licinius, coins of, iv.
226, 227
Sudbury Mint, moneyers and types
of William I and II of, iv. 278 ;
history and coinage of Henry I
of, 409-415
Suffolk, unpublished seventeenth-
century tokens of, ii. 383
Suhung, an Ahom king, coin of,
ix. 302, 309, 314
Sulpicianus, T. Quinctius Cris-
pinus, coins of, iv. 225
Sunderland, Earl of, grants patent
for Irish coinage to the Duchess
of Kendal, iii. 47
Sunyatpha, an Ahom king, coins of,
ix. 302, 309, 315
Surat, E.I.C. mint of, iii. 74, 78,
93 ; late Mughal coins of. x.
328
Surdinus, L. Naevius, coins of, iv,
229
Surrey, unpublished seventeenth-
century tokens of, ii. 383
Swefiieard, moneyer of Ecgbeorht,
viii. 247
Swift, Dean, and Wood's coinage,
iii. 51
Sword and sceptre on coins of
William II, iv. 246, 247
Syedra (Cilicia), copper coin of
Faustina II struck at, ii. 343
Syracuse, tetradrachm of, viii. 1 ;
date assigned to tetradrachm
of, 4 ; dolphin on coins of, 6, 7 ;
types of coins of, 10 ; unpub-
lished copper coins of, 14 ;
alliance of, with Corinth, ix.
345-347
Syria, medal on campaign in, vii.
257 ; restoration of, to the
Porte, medal on, 256
Syria, numeral letters on coins of,
iii. 105
Syrinx on coin of Syracuse, viii.
14
T.
Tabae (Caria), coin of M. Aurelius
of, iv. 304
Tabriz, coins of, viii. 372
Tabulae lusoriae, their purpose,
vi. 233; their form, 237; de-
sign of, in the Forum Romanum,
240, 243
Tachereau, Cardinal, medal of,
vii. 220
Tahmasp I of Persia, weights of
coins of, viii. 359 ; legends of, 369
Tahmasp II, weights of coins of,
viii. 364
Talbot, Hon. J. Chetwynd, medal
of, vii. 252
Tamworth, moneyers and types of
William I and II of, iv. 278 ;
history and coins of Henry I
of, i. 415-420 ; coins of William
I and II found at, iv. 146
Tanner, John Sigismund, his coin-
age of Cromwell, viii. 62 ; list of
coins, 71 f., 76, 78, 79 ; ix. 104,
107-112
Tarbes, Anglo-Gallic mint of Ed-
ward the Black Prince, viii. 102 ;
coins of, 108, 131, 140, 146, 157
Tarentum, rare or unpublished
coins of, vii. 277 ; coins struck
during Hannibalic occupation
of, ix. 254-287 ; alliance of, with
Metapontum, 260
Tarraco, quinio of Diocletian
struck at, x. 103
Tarsus (Cilicia), copper coin of
Elagabalus of, ii. 343 ; supposed
coins of, struck by Orontes, iii.
9 ; coins with legend " Baal-
tars," 42, 341
Taunton, moneyers and types of
William I and II of, iv. 279
Taylor, Lady Maud May, medal of r
vii. 243
Tealby and Colchester finds com-
pared, iii. Ill
Teneth, a Phoenician goddess, ix.
129
Tennes, King of Sidon, coinage of t
iii. 33
Tenniel, Sir John, his design for
International Medical Congress
Medal, x. 95
Terminus on medal of Erasmus,
x. 54-56 ; on seal, 58
Teschler (or Deschler), Johann,
medallist, iv. 59
Tesserae with stag and bee struck
at Ephesus, viii. 281
Tetzel, Georg, medal of, iv. 59
Teuthrania(Mysia), supposed coins
of, iii. 9
Theodosius, coins of, found at-
Groveley Wood, vi. 320; at
Icklingham, viii. 218
I
GENERAL SUBJECT INDEX.
481
Thermae Himerenses, tetradrachm
of, x. 223-231
Theseus and Amazon, combat of,
on a contorniate, ix. 51
Thessalonica, coins of Julian II
struck at, x. 280
Thessaly, copper coin of Nero of,
v. 332; double-victoriatus of
confederacy of, iii. 321
Thetford, moneyers and types of
William I and II of, iv. 279;
history and coins of Henry I of,
i. 420-429
Thompson, Sir Benjamin, medal
of, vii. 261
Thurium (Lucania), silver coin of,
iv. 291
Thymaterium, symbol on coins of
Corinth, ix. 327-352
Tiberius, genethliac sign of, ii. 3,
4 ; Alexandrian tetradrachms of,
x. 333-339; found in Egypt,
333 ; did not continue in circu-
lation, 334; weights of, 335-
337; analysis, 336; dies of,
337-338
Tideman, Wessex moneyer of
Ecgbeorht, viii. 253
Tiffin, N. J., medal of, vii. 238
Tigranes I, coinage of, ii. 193
Tikri Debra (Mirzapur), Gupta
coins found in, x. 398-408
Timotheus Befatus. See Befatus
Timsbury, find of Boman coins at,
viii. 89
Tinny, tin coin struck at Bombay,
vi. 355
Tiolier, P. J., medal of, vii. 259
Tiolier, P. N., medal by, vii. 259
Titus, copper coin of Bithynia of,
iii. 390 ; coins of, found at
Croydon, vii. 366; at Castle
Bromwich, x. 14, 18 ; at Not-
tingham, 206
Titus and Domitian, coin of
Laodicea Combusta of, iii. 340
Tmolus (Lydia), copper coin of
Sabina of, iii. 337
Token coinage, lead, of Egypt, viii.
287 ; types of, 288-298 ; date of,
300, 304 ; values of, 302
Tokens,un published English, of the
seventeenth century, ii. 378-384
Tolstoi, Count F. P., medal by, vii.
260
Totnes, moneyers and types of
William I and II of, iv. 280
Touch-pieces, documents relating
to, vii. 121 ; base metal of
Charles I, x. 395 ; of Charles II
by T. Simon, ix. 297-299
Tower Mint, alone subject to trial
of the Pyx, x. 396; Mestrell
at, ix. 73; his improvements,
77; mills introduced at, 78;
Blondeau at, 87-91
Trajan, coin of Leucas (Coele-
Syria) of, iii. 345 ; coin of Samos
of, iv. 303 ; coins of, found in
Scotland, v. 12 ; at Croydon,
vii. 367; at Castle Bromwich,
x. 14, 20-24, 37-38; at Not-
tingham, 306; bust of, on
contorniate, ix. 39-47
Trajan Decius, medallion of, vi.
114 ; bust of, on contorniate, ix.
53
Trajanus, M. Ulpius, strikes coins
at Antioch, iv. 125
Tralles (Lydia), copper coin of
Tranquillina of, iii. 337
Tranquillina. See Tralles
Treasure trove, law of, ii. 148-
175 ; see also under various
countries
Trefoil coinage of Henry VI, iii.
306
Trefoil on coins of the Brigantes,
ix. 7-9 ; on Gaulish coins, 9 ;
slipped, on coins of Bichard II,
iv. 338
Treves, coins of Julian II of, x.
250 ; view of, on double aureus
of Constantine I struck at, 103,
106
Tribune of St. Peter's, x. 347,
356
Tricennalia of Constantine I, date
of, iii. 281
Trident, symbol on coins of
Corinth, ix. 338
Trinity College, Dublin, tercente-
nary medal of, vii. 238
Tripod, symbol on coins of
Corinth, ix. 353
Tripolis and Sidon, era of, ii. 196
Tripondius, type, etc. of, struck in
the East, iv. 211, 212
Triptolemos on Greek vase, ix.
127 ; on coin of Eleusis, x. 46
Truchsess, Lorenz, of Pommers-
felden, medal of, iv. 51
Trussell or upper die, its liability
to fracture, iv. 168
482
INDEX III.
Tryphaenia. See Antonia Try-
phaenia
Tuke, Sir Brian, Holbein's por-
trait of, ix. 385, 386
Tullus, M. Maecilius, coins of, iv.
233
Turpilianus, P. Petronius, Roman
moneyer, iv. 226
Tutbury and Colchester finds com-
pared, iii. 11
Tyche, on coin of Tigranes I, ii.
193 ; on Parthian coins, vii. 133
U.
Udayaditya, an Ahom king, coins
of, ix. 302, 309, 314
Ujjain, coins struck at, iv. 93
Ulysses, attacked by Scylla, type
on a contorniate, ix. 26, 47
Umayyad Caliphs, coins of the,
ii. 267
UmdatuTumara, definition of, x.
154
Unicorns of James III of Scotland,
vi. 67; of James IV, 69; of
James V, 71
" Urbs Roma," coins of Constan-
tine I of Alexandria, ii. 142 ; of
Nicomedia, iii. 279, 280
V.
Valarsakes, King of Armenia, v.
258
Valens, coins of, struck at Alexan-
dria, ii. 123 ff. ; medallions of,
vi. 126 ; coins of, found at
Groveley Wood, 330 ; at Ickling-
ham, viii. 218 ; representation
of, 011 aureus of Gratian, on
elevation of Valentinian II, x.
107-109
Valentinian I, coins of, found at
Groveley Wood, vi. 330; at
Icklingham, viii. 218
Valentinian II, coins of, found at
Groveley Wood, vi. 330 ; at
Icklingham, viii. 218 ; aureus
of Gratian, on elevation of, x.
107-109
Valerian I, copper coins of Attalia
of, iii. 339
Valour (or Virtue) overcoming
death, plaque of, x. 67
Vanbranburgh, Gilbert, engraver
of dies in reign of Henry V, vi.
188
Varin, Jean, director of the Paris
Mint, ix. 83 ; his coins, 84
Varus, P. Quinctilius, S. F., strikes
coins for Antioch, iv. 106
Vecchietti, Alessandro, medal of,
by the "Medailleur a la For-
tune," x. 53
Venezia, Palazzo di, on medals of
Paul II, x. 341-343; medals
found in, 354, 355
Vergil and coins, x. 109
Vermeiren, M., medal by, vii. 260
Vernon, Admiral, medals of, ix.
418-429
Verulamium, coins of, iii. 192
Verus, Lucius, medallions of, vi.
100 ; denarii of, found at Castle
Bromwich, x. 14, 36 ; and
Aurelius, medallion of, vi. 99
Vespasian, aureus of, with reverse
" Equitas," viii. 87 ; head of, on
contorniates, ix. 39 ; coins of,
found in Southwark, iii. 102 ; in
Scotland, v. 11 ; at Croydon, vi.
366 ; at Castle Bromwich, x. 14,
16-18 ; at Nottingham, 206
Vetus, C. Antistius, Roman
moneyer, iv. 225
Veyrat, — , medals by, vii. 261
" Vicennalia " of Constantine I,
date of, iii. 270, 272, 281 ; of his
sons, 281, 284
VICTORIA GERM., legend on
coins of Carausius, vii. 35, 74
Victoria Melita, Princess. See
Hesse, Grand-Duchess of
Victoria, Princess Royal of
England, marriage medal of,
vii. 238 ; silver-wedding medal
of, 245
Victoria, Queen, medal of, vii.
241 ; medal on visit to France
of, 248
Victoriatus, date of issue of, iv.
189
Vinicius, L., Roman moneyer, iv.
225
Vinci. See Leonardo da Vinci
Y (= VL) on gold coins of Nico-
media, iii. 216, 218, 220
V M, initials of Valentin Maler,
medallist, iv. 60
VN— M R on coin of Constantine I,
struck at Alexandria, ii. 146
GENEKAL SUBJECT INDEX.
483
Volusian, medallion of, vi. 115
" Vota publica " on coins of
Carausius, vii. 85
Vulcan, type on a contorniate, ix.
48
W.
Wade, Edward, chief engraver at
the Mint in 1645, x. 397
Wadham, Dorothy and Nicholas,
memorial medal of, ix. 394 ; x.
69
Walajah, a title of Muhammad Ali
(q.v.)
Wales, Prince of, medal of, vii.
232
Walid I, Caliph, memento mori
legend on seal of, x. 191
Wallace, Lady, medal of, vii. 242
Wallingford Mint, moneyers and
types of William I and II of,
iv. 280 ; history and coinage of
Henry I at, i. 430-437
Walpole, Horace, ring belonging
to, x. 188
Walpole, Sir Eobert, satirical
medal of, ix. 401
Walton, Izaak, bequeathed me-
morial rings to friends, x. 188,
189
Wardens of the Exchange, &c., in
the Mint, x. 394-398
Wareham Mint, moneyers and
types of William I and II of,
iv. 281 ; history and coinage of
Henry I at, i. 437-442
Warren, James, enamel on death
of, x. 87
Warsaw, medal on foundation of
Medical Association in, 89, 90
Warwick, Earl of, declares himself
Lieutenant of the Realm, x. 118 ;
crowns Henry VI, 119
Warwick Mint, moneyers and
types of William I and II of,
iv. 281 ; history and coinage of
Henry I of, i. 443-447
Warwick, unpublished sixteenth-
century tokens of, ii. 384
Watchet, moneyers and types of
Wiiliam I and II of, iv. 282
Werheard, moneyer of Ecgbeorht,
viii. 242, 247
Wessex coins of Ecgbeorht, viii.
252 ff.
West, Mr., medal of, vii. 226
Wet, General de, medal of, vii. 251
Weybridge, Roman copper coins
found at, viii. 208-215
White, General Sir George, medal
of, vii. 234
White, Richard, of Basingstoke,
medal of, by Leoni, ix. 295, 296
Wicker, Agnes, medal of, iv. 45
Wiener, Charles, medals by, vii. 261
Wiener, Leopold, medals by, vii.
263
Wilhelmina, Queen of Holland,
medal of, vii. 243
William I and William II, coinage
of, iv. 144, 245 ff . ; list of mints
of, 256 ; sequence of types of ,
ii. 208-212 ; mints and types of,
221
William I, coins of Marlborough
of, ii. 23, 24
William II, some coins of, in the
Royal Mint Museum, v. 108
William III, recoinage of 1696-
1697, vi. 358 ; mints of, 358 ;
description of coins of, 366;
note on, vii. 124
William I of Holland, medal of,
vii. 221
William II of Germany, medal of,
vii, 241
William the Lion, pennies of, in
the Colchester hoard, iii. 135
Williams, John, engraver of
medals, viii. 354
Williamson, Sir Joseph, arms of,
on a badge of Thetford, vii. 89 ;
life of, 89 ff. ; arms described,
101, 104
Wilson, J. W., medal of, vii. 257
Wilton, moneyers and types of
William I and II of, iv. 282;
history and coins of Henry I of,
i. 448-452
Wiltshire, unpublished seven-
teenth-century token of, ii. 384
Winchelsea Mint, moneyers and
types of William I and II of, iv.
285
Winchester, Anglo-Saxon brooch
found at, viii. 83 ; a mint of Ecg-
beorht, 254 ; moneyers and
types of William I and II of,
iv. 283 ; history and coinage of
Henry I of, i. 453-471; short-
cross pennies of, in the Col-
chester hoard, iii. 112, 131;
484
INDEX III.
moneyers of, 152, 158 ; history
of the mint, 174
Winterslow, English coins found
at, x. 205
Witney Mint, moneyers and types
of William I and II of, iv. 285
Witt, Jan and Cornelius de, medal
on execution of, x. 82, 83
Wolfe, General, medal on death
of, ix. 404, 411
Wolff, Tobias, memento mori
medal by, x. 66, 67
Wood, William, coinage of, iii.
47 ; place of striking coins of,
48 ; patent for American coinage,
53, 54 ; description of Irish coins
of, 56 ff. ; American, 63 ff .
Woodhouse, James, medal of, vii.
271
Worcester, moneyers and types of
William I and II of, iv. 285;
history and coinage of Henry I
of, i. 472-478; short-cross
pennies of, in the Colchester
hoard, iii. 122, 133 ; moneyers
of, 153 ; history of, 171
Wulfred, Archbishop of Canter-
bury, his bust on coins, viii. 235
Wyon, Allan, medal on plague in
Hong-Kong by, x. 96
Wyon, L. C., medal on Inter-
national Medical Congress by,
x. 95
Wyon, W., Cheselden Medal by,
Y.
Yezd, coin of Tahrnasp I struck
at, viii. 369
York Mint, coins of Eadgar of, ii.
366 ff. ; coin of Aethelred II,
with legend MONETA, x. 378,
384, 385 ; history and coinage of,
under Henry I, i. 141, 478-491 ;
coins of William I found at, iv.
144, 146; moneyers and types
of, under William I and II, iv.
285; short-cross pennies of, in
the Colchester hoard, iii. 112,
133 ; moneyers of, 153, 158 ;
history of, 172; fleur-de-lys,
symbol of, 297 ; coin of Everard
of short-cross Class II., wrongly
attributed to Chichester, x. 298-
304 ; coins of Richard II of, iv.
339, -340, 351 ; coins of Henry V
of, vi. 192, 203, 207, 211, 212,
216 ; coins of Henry VI of, ii.
224-266 ; coins of Henry VI (re-
stored) of, x. 130-134 ; documen-
tary evidence as to issue of gold
at, 131 ; gold ascribed to, 132 ;
silver, 133 ; mint-mark of, 132,
133 ; archiepiscopal coins of,
134 ; the coins described, 143-
145 ; coins and mint-marks of,
in time of Edward IV: Royal,
ix. 165-166, 174-176, 181, 200,
208; archiepiscopal, 167, 175,
178, 181, 200, 201, 211, 218;
halfpenny of Henry VIII of,
struck by Wolsey, vii. 121 ; re-
coinage of 1696-1697 at, vi.
358
Z.
Zagar, Jacob, medallist, iv. 58
Zah, Sebastian, medal of, x. 64
Zeleia, Troas, coins of, vi. 35
Zeno-Artaxias, King of Armenia,
ii. 6
Zeugma (Commagene), numeral
letters on imperial coins of, iii.
106, 108
Zeus, as a boy, statue of, on coins
of Aegium, ii. 323 ; identified
with Jehovah by the Phoencians,
ix. 123, 124 ; with Baal of Tar-
sus, 124; symbol on coins of
Corinth, 381-382 ; Aetophoros,
type on coins of Demetrius and
Antigonus I, 265
LONDON : PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED,
DUKE STREET, STAMFORD STREET, S.E., AND GREAT WINDMILL STREET, W.
Num. Chron. Ser. IV. Vol. X. PL X
14
Augustus
ALEXANDRIAN TETRADRACHMS
OF TIBERIUS
Num. Chron. Ser. IV. Vol. X. PL XI
MEDALS OF PAUL II
Num. Chron. Ser. IV. Vol. X. PI. XII
MEDALS OF PAUL II
Num. Chron. Set-. IV. Vol. X. PL XIII
>\-IU *- I V
MEDALS OF PAUL II
Num. Chron. Ser. IV. Vol. X. PI. XIV
GUPTA COINS FOUND IN MIRZAPUR
LIST OF FELLOWS
OF THE
ROYAL
NUMISMATIC SOCIETY
1910
PATEON
HIS MAJESTY THE KING
LIST OF FELLOWS
OF THE
EOYAL
NUMISMATIC SOCIETY
1910
The sign * indicates that the Fellow has compounded for his annual
contribution : f that the Felloiv has died during the year.
ELECTED
1909 VICE-ADMIRAL H.S.H. PRINCE Louis OF BATTENBERG, G.C.B.,
G.C.V.O., K.C.M.G., 87, Queen's Gate, S.W.
1873 *ALEXEIEFF, M. GEORGES D', Maitre de la Cour de S.M.
1'Empereur de Russie, 40, Sergnewskaje, St. Petersburg.
1907 ALLAN, JOHN, ESQ., M.A., M.R.A.S., British Museum, W.C.,
Hon. Secretary.
1907 ALLATINI, ROBERT, ESQ., 18, Holland Park, W.
1892 AMEDROZ, HENRY F., ESQ., 48, York Terrace, Regent's Park,
N.W.
1884 ANDREWS, R. THORNTON, ESQ., 25, Castle Street, Hertford.
1909 ARNOLD, EDWIN L., ESQ., 108, Nightingale Lane, S.W.
1900 AVEBURY, RT. HON. LORD, P.O., F.R.S., High Elms, Down,
Kent.
1882 BACKHOUSE, SIR JONATHAN E., BART., The Rookery, Middleton
Tyas, R.S.O., Yorks.
1907 BAIRD, REV. ANDREW B., D.D., 247, Colony Street, Winnipeg,
Canada.
1909 BALDWIN, Miss A., 415, West 118th Street, New York, U.S.A.
1902 BALDWIN, A. H., ESQ., Duncannon Street, Charing Cross,
W.C.
1905 BALDWIN, PERCY J. D., ESQ., Duncannon Street, Charing
Cross, W.C.
1898 BANES, ARTHUR ALEXANDER, ESQ., The Red House, Upton,
Essex.
1907 BARRON, T. W., ESQ., Yew Tree Hall, Forest Row, Sussex.
1887 BASCOM, G. J., ESQ., The Breslin, New York, U.S.A.
1896 BEARMAN, THOS., ESQ., Melbourne House, 8, Tudor Road,
Hackney.
4 LIST OF FELLOWS.
ELECTED
1906 BEATTY, W. GEDNEY, ESQ., 55, Broadway, New York, U.S. A
1910 BENNET-POE, J. T., ESQ., M.A., 29, Ashley Place, S.W.
1909 BIDDULPH, COLONEL J., Grey Court, Ham, Surrey.
1880 *BIEBER, G. W. EGMONT, ESQ., 4, Fenchurch Avenue, E.G.
1885 BLACKETT, JOHN STEPHENS, ESQ., C.E., Inverard, Aberfoyle,
N.B.
1882 BLACKMORE, H. P., ESQ., M.D., Blackmore Museum, Salisbury.
1904 BLACKWOOD, CAPT. A. PRICE, 52, Queen's Gate Terrace, S.W.
1882 *BLISS, THOMAS, ESQ., Coningsburgh, Montpelier Eoad,
Ealing, W.
1879 BLUNDELL, J. H., ESQ., 157, Cheapside, E.G.
1907 BOSANQUET, PROF. W. C., M.A., Institute of Archaeology,
40, Bedford Street N., Liverpool.
1896 BOULTON, SIR SAMUEL BAGSTER, BART., J.P., D.L., F.K.G.S.,
Copped Hall, Totteridge, Herts.
1903 BOUSFIELD, STANLEY, ESQ., M.A., M.B. (Camb.), M.E.C.S.,
35, Prince's Square, W.
1897 BOWCHER, FRANK, ESQ., 35, Fairfax Koad, Bedford Park, W.
1906 BOYD, ALFRED C., ESQ., 7, Friday Street, E.G.
1899 BOYLE, COLONEL GERALD, 48, Queen's Gate Terrace, S.W.
1895 BRIGHTON PUBLIC LIBRARY, The Curator, Brighton.
1910 BRITTAN, FREDERICK J., ESQ., 28, Gowan Avenue, S.W.
1908 BROOKE, GEORGE CYRIL, ESQ., B.A., British Museum, W.C.
1905 BROOKE, JOSHUA WATTS, ESQ., Eosslyn, Marlborough, Wilts.
1896 BRUUN, HERR L. E., 101, Gothersgade, Copenhagen.
1878 BUCHAN, J. S., ESQ., 17, Barrack Street, Dundee.
1881 BULL, EEV. HERBERT A., M.A., J.P., Wellington House,
Westgate-on-Sea.
1910 BURKITT, MILES CRAWFURD, ESQ., Trinity College, Cambridge.
1897 BURN, EICHARD, ESQ., I.C.S., M.E.A.S., c/o Messrs. Grind-
lay & Co., Parliament Street, S.W.
1881 BURSTAL, EDWARD K., ESQ., M. Inst. C.E., North Green,
Datchet, Bucks.
1904 BURTON, EEV. EDWIN, St. Edmund's College, Old Hall, Ware.
1878 *BUTTERY, W., ESQ. (address not known).
1904 CAHN, DR. JULIUS, Niedenau, 55, Frankfurt-am-Main,
Germany.
1886 CALDECOTT, J. B., ESQ., The Stock Exchange, E.G.
1908 CALLEJA SCHEMBRI, EEV. CANON H., D.D., 50, Strada Saluto,
Valletta, Malta.
1904 CAMPBELL, W. E. M., ESQ., I.C.S., c/o Messrs. Grindlay & Co.,
Parliament Street, S.W.
LIST OF FELLOWS. 5
ELECTED
1894 CARLYON-BRITTON, P. W. P., ESQ., D.L., J.P., F.S.A., 43,
Bedford Square, W.C.
1898 CARNEGIE, COLONEL D. LINDSAY, 6, Playfair Terrace, St.
Andrews, N.B.
1905 CARTHEW, COLONEL E. J., J.P., Woodbridge Abbey, Suffolk.
1910 CHETTY, B. C., ESQ., Curator, Mysore Government Museum,
Bangalore.
1886 CHURCHILL, WM. S., ESQ., 102, Birch Lane, Manchester.
1891 *CLAUSON, ALBERT CHARLES, ESQ., Hawkshead House, Hat-
field, Herts.
1903 CLULOW, GEORGE, ESQ., 51, Belsize Avenue, Hampstead,
N.W.
1886 CODRINGTON, OLIVER, ESQ., M.D., F.S.A., M.E.A.S., 12,
Victoria Eoad, Clapham Common, Librarian.
1895 COOPER, JOHN, ESQ., Beckfoot, Longsight, Manchester.
1906 COSSINS, JETHRO A., ESQ., Kingsdon, Forest Eoad, Moseley,
Birmingham.
1902 COVERNTON, J. G., ESQ., M.A., Director of Public Instruction,
Eangoon, Burma.
1910 CREE, JAMES EDWARD, ESQ., Tusculum, North Berwick.
1886 *CROMPTON-EOBERTS, CHAS. M., ESQ., 52, Mount Street, W.
1884 DAMES, M. LONGWORTH, ESQ., I.C.S. (retd.), M.E.A.S.,
c/o J. Allan, Esq., British Museum, W.C.
1900 DATTARI, SIGNOR GIANNINO, Cairo, Egypt.
1902 DAVEY, EDWARD CHARLES, ESQ., St. Aubyn, Bloomfield
Avenue, Bath.
1878 DAVIDSON, J. L. STRACHAN, ESQ., M.A., Balliol College,
Oxford.
1888 DAWSON, G. J. CROSBIE, ESQ., M. Inst. C.E., F.G.S., F.S.S.,
May Place, Newcastle, Staffordshire.
1897 DAY, EGBERT, ESQ., F.S.A., M.E.I.A., Myrtle Hill House,
Cork.
1886 *DEWICK, EEV. E. S., M.A., F.S.A., 26, Oxford Square, Hyde
Park, W.
1889 DIMSDALE, JOHN, ESQ., Summerhill, Hollington Park,
St. Leonards-on-Sea.
1868 DOUGLAS, CAPTAIN E. J. H., Eosslyn, Hardy Eoad, West-
combe Park, S.E.
1905 EGGER, HERR ARMIN, 7, Opernring, Vienna,
1907 ELDER, THOMAS L., ESQ., 32, East Twenty-third Street, New
York, U.S.A.
6 LIST OF FELLOWS.
ELECTED
1898 ELLIOTT, E. A., ESQ., 16, Belsize Grove, Hampstead, N.W.
1904 ELLISON-MACAKTNEY, ET. HON. WILLIAM, The Eoyal Mint, E.
1895 ELY, TALFOURD, ESQ., M.A., D.Litt., F.S.A., Ockington,
Gordon Road, Claygate, Surrey.
1888 ENGEL, M. ARTHUR, 23, Rue Erlanger, Auteuil, Paris.
1872 *EVANS, ARTHUR J., ESQ., M.A., D.Litt., LL.D., F.R.S.,
V.P.S.A., Corr. de 1'Inst., Whitebarn, near Oxford, Vice-
President.
1892 *EVANS, LADY, M.A., Britwell, Berkhamsted, Herts.
1904 *FARQUHAR, Miss HELEN, 11 Belgrave Square, S.W.
1886 FAY, DUDLEY B., ESQ., 287, Beacon Street, Boston, Mass.,
U.S.A.
1902 FENTIMAN, HARRY, ESQ., Murray House, Murray Road, Ealing
Park, W.
1910 FISHER LIBRARY, THE, University. Sydney, N.S.W.
1908 FITZWILLIAM MUSEUM, The Curator, Cambridge.
1901 FLETCHER, LIONEL LAWFORD, ESQ., Norwood Lodge, Tup-
wood, Caterham.
1898 FORRER, L., ESQ., 11, Hammelton Road, Bromley, Kent.
1894 *FOSTER, JOHN ARMSTRONG, ESQ., F.Z.S., Chestwood, near
Barnstaple.
1891 *Fox, H. B. EARLE, ESQ., 37, Markham Square, S.W.
1903 Fox, HENRY ELLIOTT, ESQ., Jeune House, Salisbury.
1906 Fox, MRS. IDA MARY, Jeune House, Salisbury.
1905 FRANCKLIN, EDWARD, ESQ., 20, Hyde Park Square, W.
1868 FRENTZEL, RUDOLPH, ESQ., 28, Springfield, Upper Clapton,
N.E.
1882 *FRESHFIELD, EDWIN, ESQ., LL.D., F.S.A., New Bank
Buildings, 31, Old Jewry, E.G.
1905 FREY, ALBERT R., ESQ., 1083, Lincoln Place, Brooklyn, New
York, U.S.A.
1896 *FRY, CLAUDE BASIL, ESQ., Stoke Lodge, Stoke Bishop,
Bristol.
1897 *GANS, LEOPOLD, ESQ., 207, Madison Street, Chicago, U.S.A.
1871 GARDNER, PROF. PERCY, Litt.D., F.S.A., 105, Banbury Road,
Oxford.
1907 GARDNER, WILLOUGHBY, ESQ., Deganwy, North Wales.
1889 GARSIDE, HENRY, ESQ., 46, Queen's Road, Teddington.
LIST OF FELLOWS. 7
ELECTED
1910 GLASGOW PUBLIC LIBRARY.
1904 GOLDNEY, FRANCIS BENNETT, ESQ., F.S.A., M.P., Abbots
Barton, Canterbury.
1894 GOODACRE, HUGH, ESQ., The Court, Ullesthorpe, Rugby.
1910 GOODALL, ALEX., ESQ., 5, Maria Street, Kirkcaldy, N.B.
1907 GOUDY, HENRY, ESQ., M.A., LL.D., D.C.L., Eegius Professor
of Civil Law, All Souls College, Oxford.
1899 GOWLAND, PROF. WILLIAM, F.I.C., M.C.S., F.R.S., F.S.A., 13,
Russell Road, Kensington, W.
1904 GRAHAM, T. HENRY BOILEAU, ESQ., Edmund Castle, Carlisle.
1905 GRANT DUFF, EVELYN, ESQ., Knowle, Cranleigh, Surrey.
1891 *GRANTLEY, LORD, F.S.A., Oakley Hall, Cirencester.
1865 GREENWELL, REV. CANON W., M.A., F.R.S., F.S.A., Durham.
1903 GRIFFITH, FRANK LL., ESQ., M.A., F.S.A., 11, Norham
Gardens, Oxford.
1871 GRUEBER, HERBERT A., ESQ., F.S.A., Keeper of Coins,
British Museum, Vice-President.
1910 GUNN, WILLIAM, ESQ., 19, Swan Road, Harrogate.
1899 HALL, HENRY PLATT, ESQ., Toravon, Werneth, Oldham.
1898 HANDS, REV. ALFRED W., 13, Grove Road, Wanstead, Essex.
1904 HARRIS, EDWARD BOSWORTH, ESQ., 5, Sussex Place, Regent's
Park, N.W.
1904 HARRISON, FREDERICK A., ESQ., 10-12, Featherstone Street,
E.G.
1903 HASLUCK, F. W., ESQ., M.A., The Wilderness, Southgate, N.
1902 HAVERFIELD, FRANCIS J., ESQ., M.A., LL.D., F.S.A., Christ
Church, Oxford.
1864 HEAD, BARCLAY VINCENT, ESQ., D.Litt., D.C.L., Ph.D., Corr.
de 1'Inst., 26, Leinster Square, Bayswater, W., Foreign
Secretary.
1906 HEADLAM, REV. ARTHUR CAYLEY, D.D., King's College, London.
1886 *HENDERSON, JAMES STEWART, ESQ., F.R.G.S., M.R.S.L.,
M.C.P., 1, Pond Street, Hampstead, N.W.
1901 "HENDERSON, REV. COOPER K., M.A., 8, Via Garibaldi, Siena,
Italy.
1906 HERCY, THOMAS F. J. L., ESQ., J.P., D.L., 40, Albert Palace
Mansions, Battersea Park, S.W.
1892 HEWITT, RICHARD, ESQ., 28, Westbourne Gardens, W.
1900 HEWLETT, LIONEL M., ESQ., 27, Roxborough Park, Harrow-
on-the-Hill, Middlesex.
1903 HIGGINS, FRANK C., ESQ., 5, West 108th Street, New York,
U.S.A.
8 LIST OF FELLOWS.
ELECTED
1893 HILBERS, THE YEN. G. C., St. Thomas's Eectory, Haverford-
west.
1898 HILL, CHARLES WILSON, ESQ. (address not known).
1893 HILL, GEORGE FRANCIS, ESQ., M.A., British Museum.
1898 HOCKING, WILLIAM JOHN, ESQ., Eoyal Mint, E.
1895 HODGE, THOMAS, ESQ., 13, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C.
1910 HOWORTH, DANIEL F., ESQ., 24, Villiers Street, Ashton-
under-Lyne.
1878 HOWORTH, SIR HENRY H., K.C.I.E., F.E.S., F.S.A.,
30, Collingham Place, Earl's Court, S.W., President.
1883 HUBBARD, WALTER K., ESQ., 6, Broomhill Avenue, Partick,
Glasgow.
1885 HUGEL, BARON F. VON, 13, Vicarage Gate, Kensington, W.
1908 *HUNTINGTON, ARCHER M., ESQ., Secretary to the American
Numismatic Society, Audubon Park, 156th Street, West
of Broadway, New York, U.S.A.
1897 HUTH, EEGINALD, ESQ. , 32, Phillimore Gardens, Kensington, W.
1907 JACKSON, MAJOR E. PILKINGTON, Howielands, Cradley,
Malvern.
1910 JEKYLL, EDWARD J., ESQ., J.P., D.L., Higham Bury, Ampthill.
1879 *JEX-BLAKE, THE VERY EEV. T. W., D.D., F.S.A., Deanery,
Wells.
1898 JONAS, MAURICE, ESQ., 7, Northwich House, St. John's
Wood, N.W.
1843 fJoNES, JAMES COVE, ESQ., F.S.A., Loxley, Wellesbourne,
Warwick.
1873 KEARY, CHARLES FRANCIS, ESQ., M.A., F.S.A., Savile Club,
Piccadilly, W.
1874 *KENYON, E. LLOYD, ESQ., M.A., Pradoe, West Felton, Salop.
1876 KITCHENER, FIELD-MARSHAL VISCOUNT, OF KHARTOUM, G.C.B.,
O.M., G.C.S.I., G.C.M.G., c/o Messrs. Cox & Co., Charing
Cross, S.W.
1901 KOZMINSKY, DR. ISIDORE, 20, Queen Street, Kew, near
Melbourne, Victoria.
1883 *LAGERBERG, M. ADAM MAGNUS EMANUEL, Chamberlain
of H.M. the King of Sweden, Director of the Numis-
matic Department, Museum, Gottenburg, and Eada,
Sweden.
1871 *LANG, SIR EOBERT HAMILTON, The Grove, Dedham, Essex.
LIST OF FELLOWS. 9
ELKCTED
1906 LANGTON, JOHN GORDON, ESQ., F.C.A., F.I.S., 90, St. Mary's
Mansions, St. Mary's Terrace, Paddington, W.
1910 LAUGHLIN, KEY. A., M.A., Nogales, Arizona, U.S.A.
1898 LAYER, PHILIP G., ESQ., M.E.C.S., 3, Church Street, Col-
chester.
1899 LAWES-WITTEWRONGE, SIR CHARLES BENNET, BART., The
Studio, Chelsea Gardens, S.W.
1877 LAWRENCE, F. G., ESQ., Birchfield, Mulgrave Koad, Sutton,
Surrey.
1885 *LAWRENCE, L. A., ESQ., 44, Belsize Square, N.W.
1883 * LAWRENCE, EICHARD HOE, ESQ., 15, Wall Street, New York.
1871 *LAWSON, ALFRED J., ESQ., Smyrna.
1893 LESLIE-ELLIS, LIEUT.-COL. HENRY, D.L., F.S.A., F.E.G.S.,
Magherymore, Wicklow.
1900 LINCOLN, FREDERICK W., ESQ., 69, New Oxford Street, W.C.
1907 LOCKETT, EICHARD CYRIL, ESQ., Clounterbrook, St. Anne's
Eoad, Aigburth, Liverpool.
1893 LUND, H. M., ESQ., Waitara, Taranaki, New Zealand.
1903 LYDDON, FREDERICK STICKLAND, ESQ., 5, Beaufort Eoad,
Clifton, Bristol.
1885 *LYELL, ARTHUR HENRY, EsQ.,F.S.A., 9, Cranley Gardens, S.W.
1895 MACDONALD, GEO., ESQ., M.A., LL.D., 17, Learmonth Gardens,
Edinburgh.
1901 MACFADYEN, FRANK E., ESQ., 2, Grosvenor Eoad, Jesmond,
Newcastle-on-Tyne.
1895 MARSH, WM. E., ESQ., Marston, Bromley, Kent.
1897 MASSY, COL. W. J., 96, Oakley Street, Chelsea, S.W.
1880 *MAUDE, EEV. S., The Vicarage, Hockley, Essex.
1905 MAVROGORDATO, J., ESQ., 4, Dalmeira Court, Hove.
1906 McCLEAN, JOHN ROBINSON, ESQ., M.A., Eusthall House, Tun-
bridge Wells.
1901 McDowALL, EEV. STEWART A., 5, Kingsgate Street, Win-
chester.
1905 McEwEN, HUGH DRUMMOND, ESQ., Custom House, Leith, N.B.
1868 MCLACHLAN, E. W., ESQ., 55, St. Monique Street, Montreal,
Canada.
1905 MESSENGER, LEOPOLD G. P., ESQ., 151, Brecknock Eoad,
Tufnell Park, N.
1905 MILLER, HENRY CLAY, ESQ., 35, Broad Street, New York,
U.S.A.
10 LIST OF FELLOWS.
ELECTED
1897 MILNE, J. GRAFTON, ESQ., M.A., Bankside, Goldhill, Farn-
ham, Surrey.
1906 MiTCHELL-lNNES, E. A., ESQ., Churchill, Hemel Hempstead,
Herts.
1910 MITCHELL LIBRARY, THE, Glasgow, F. T. Barrett, Esq.,
Librarian.
1906 MITCHISON, A. M., ESQ., 7, Eaton Place, S.W.
1898 *MONCKTON, HORACE W., ESQ., F.L.S., F.G.S., 3, Harcourt
Buildings, Temple, E.G.
1888 MONTAGUE, L. A. D., ESQ., Penton, near Crediton, Devon.
1905 MOORE, WILLIAM HENRY, ESQ. (address not known).
1879 MORRIESON, LIEUT.-COL. H. WALTERS, K.A., F.S.A., 42, Beau-
fort Gardens, S.W.
1904 MOULD, EICHARD W., ESQ., Newington Public Library,
Walworth Eoad, S.E.
1894 MURPHY, WALTER ELLIOT, ESQ., 17, Longridge Eoad, Earl's
Court, S.W.
1900 *MYLNE, EEV. EGBERT SCOTT, M.A., B.C.L., F.S.A., Great
Am well, Herts.
1909 NAGG, STEPHEN K., ESQ., 1621, Master Street, Philadelphia,
U.S.A.
1898 NAPIER, PROF. A. S., M.A., D.Litt., Ph.D., Headington Hill,
Oxford.
1905 NATHAN, SIDNEY, ESQ., M.D., 50, Harrington Gardens, S.W.
1864 fNECK, J. F., ESQ., c/o Messrs. F. W. Lincoln, 69, New
Oxford Street, W.C.
1910 NESMITH, THOMAS, ESQ., c/o J. Munro & Co., 7, Eue Scribe,
Paris.
1905 NEWALL, HUGH FRANK, ESQ., M.A., Madingley Eise, Cam-
bridge.
1906 NEWBERRY LIBRARY, Chicago, U.S. America.
1905 NEWELL, E. T., ESQ., Knickerbocker Buildings, 247, Fifth
Avenue, New York, U.S.A.
1909 NIKLEWICZ, H., ESQ., 28, Park Place, Brooklyn, New York,
U.S.A.
1904 NORFOLK, DUKE OF, E.M., K.G., Arundel Castle, Arundel.
1904 NORTHUMBERLAND, DUKE OF, K.G., 2, Grosvenor Place, S.W.
1898 OGDEN, W. SHARP, ESQ., Hill View, Danes Eoad, Eusholme,
Manchester.
1897 *O'HAGAN, HENRY OSBORNE, ESQ., Al4, The Albany,
Piccadilly, W.
1882 OMAN, PROF. C. W. C., M.A., F.S.A., All Souls College,
Oxford.
LIST OF FELLOWS. 11
ELECTED
1904 PAGE, ARTHUR W., ESQ., Woodstock House, Sion Hiil Place,
Bath.
1890 PAGE, SAMUEL, ESQ., 12, Vickers Street, Nottingham.
1903 PARSONS, H. ALEXANDER, ESQ., " Shaftesbury," Devonshire
Eoad, Honor Oak Park, S.E.
1882 *PECKOVER OF WISBECH, LORD, LL.D., F.S.A., F.L.S.,
F.E.G.S., Bank House, Wisbech.
1896 PEERS, C. E., ESQ., M.A., F.S.A., 14, Lansdowne Eoad,
Wimbledon.
1894 PERRY, HENRY, ESQ., Middleton, Plaistow Lane, Bromley,
Kent.
1862 *PERRY, MARTEN, ESQ., M.D., Spalding, Lincolnshire.
1909 PETERSON, F. W. VOYSEY, ESQ., B.C.S. (retd.), 38, Bassett
Eoad, W.
1888 PINCHES, JOHN HARVEY, ESQ., 21, Albert Embankment, S.E.
1904 PITT, JAMES SMITH, ESQ., Mannering, 11, Waverley Eoad,
Eedland, Bristol.
1910 PORTER, PROFESSOR HARVEY, Protestant College, Beirut,
Syria.
1889 POWELL-COTTON, PERCY H. GORDON, ESQ., Quex Park,
Birchington, Thanet.
1887 PREVOST, SIR AUGUSTUS, BART., F.S.A., 79, Westbourne
Terrace, W.
1903 PRICE, HARRY, ESQ. (address not known).
1878 PRIDEAUX, COL. W. F., C.S.I., F.E.G.S., Hopeville, St.
Peter's-in-Thanet, Kent.
1899 PRITCHARD, JOHN E., ESQ., F.S.A., 85, Cold Harbour Eoad,
Eedland, Bristol.
1906 EADFORD, A. J. VOOGHT, ESQ., Vacye, College Eoad, Malvern.
1902 EAMSDEN, HENRY A., ESQ., Charge d' Affaires of Cuba, P.O.
Box 214, Yokohama, Japan.
1887 EANSOM, W., ESQ., F.S.A., F.L.S., Fairneld, Hitchin, Herts.
1893 EAPHAEL, OSCAR C., ESQ., New Oxford and Cambridge Club,
68, Pall Mall, W.
1890 EAPSON, PROF. E. J., M.A., M.E.A.S., 8, Mortimer Eoad,
Cambridge.
1905 EASHLEIGH, EVELYN W., ESQ., Stoketon, Saltash, Cornwall.
1909 EAYMOND, WAYTE,Esq., South Norwalk, Connecticut, U.S.A.
1887 EEADY, W. TALBOT, ESQ., 66, Great Eussell Street, W.C.
1903 EEGAN, W. H., ESQ., 124, Queen's Eoad, Bayswater, W.
1876 *EOBERTSON, J. D., ESQ., M.A., 17, St. George's Court,
Gloucester Eoad, S.W.
12 LIST OF FELLOWS.
ELECTED
1910 ROGERS, REV. EDGAR, M.A., St. Sepulchre's Vicarage, 5,
Charterhouse Square, E.G.
1903 ROSENHEIM, MAX, ESQ., F.S.A., 68, Belsize Park Gardens,
N.W.
1900 BOSKELL, ROBERT N., ESQ., 1, Gray's Inn Square, W.C.
1896 *ROTH, BERNARD, ESQ., J.P., F.S.A., King's Wood, Enfield.
1904 fRowLANDSON, HERVY, ESQ., Nant-y-Glyn, Clapton Common,
Stamford Hill, N.
1903 RUBEN, PAUL, ESQ., Ph.D., Alte Rabenstrasse, 8, Hamburg,
Germany.
1904 RUSTAFFJAELL, ROBERT DE, ESQ., Luxor, Egypt.
1872 *SALAS, MIGUEL T., ESQ., 247, Florida Street, Buenos Ayres.
1877 *SANDEMAN, LIEUT.-COL. JOHN GLAS, M.V.O., F.S.A., Whin-
Hurst, Hayling Island, Havant, Hants.
1906 SAWYER, CHARLES, ESQ., 9, Alfred Place West, Thurloe
Square, S.W.
1875 SCHINDLER, GENERAL A. HOUTUM, C.I.E., Teheran, Persia.
1905 SEARLE, REV. W. G., M.A., 11, Scroope Terrace, Cambridge.
1904 SEEBOHM, FREDERICK, ESQ., LL.D., Litt.D., F.S.A., The
Hermitage, Hitchin.
1895 SELBY, HENRY JOHN, ESQ., The Vale, Shortlands, Kent.
1907 *SELTMAN, CHARLES T., ESQ., Kinghoe, Berkhamsted, Herts.
1890 SELTMAN, E. J., ESQ., Kinghoe, Berkhamsted, Herts.
1900 SHACKLES, GEORGE L., ESQ., Wickersley, Brough, R.S.O., E.
Yorks.
1908 SHEPHERD, EDWARD, ESQ., 2, Cornwall Road, Westbourne
Park, W.
1896 SIMPSON, E. C., ESQ., Huntriss Row, Scarborough.
1893 *SIMS, R. F. MANLEY-, ESQ. (address not known).
1896 SINHA, KUMVAR KUSHAL PAL, RAIS OF KOTLA, Kotla, Agra,
India.
1883 SMITH, B. HOBART, ESQ., 141, East Avenue, Norwalk,
Connecticut, U.S.A.
1892 SMITH, VINCENT A., ESQ., M.A., M.R.A.S., I.C.S. (retd.),
116, Banbury Road, Oxford.
1890 SMITH, W. BERESFORD, ESQ., Kenmore, Vanbrugh Park Road
West, Blackheath.
1905 SNELLING, EDWARD, ESQ., 26, Silver Street, E.G.
1909 SOUTZO, M. MICHEL, 8, Strada Romana, Bucharest.
1894 SPINK, SAMUEL M., ESQ., 17, Piccadilly, W.
LIST OF FELLOWS. 13
ELECTED
1902 STAINER, CHARLES LEWIS, ESQ., 10, South Parks Road, Oxford.
1890 STANFORD, CHARLES THOMAS-, ESQ. (address not known).
1869 *STREATFEILD, REV. GEORGE SIDNEY, Fenny Cornpton Rectory,
Leamington.
1896 STRIDE, ARTHUR LEWIS, ESQ., J.P., Bush Hall, Hatfield.
1864 *STUBBS, MAJOR-GEN. F. W., R.A., 2, Clarence Terrace, St.
Luke's, Cork, Ireland.
1910 SUTCLIFFE, ROBERT, ESQ., 21, Market Street, Burnley, Lanes.
1909 SYMONDS, H., ESQ., Union Club, Trafalgar Square, S.W.
1896 *TAFFS, H. W., ESQ., 35, Greenholm Road, Eltham, S.E.
1879 TALBOT, LIEUT.- COL. THE HON. MILO GEORGE, 39, Belgrave
Road, S.W.
1897 TALBOT, W. S., ESQ., I.C.S., c/o Messrs. King & Co., 9, Pall
Mall, S.W.
1888 TATTON, THOS. E.,EsQ., Wythenshawe, Northenden, Cheshire.
1892 TAYLOR, R. WRIGHT, ESQ., M.A., LL.B., F.S.A., 8, Stone
Buildings, Lincoln's Inn, W.C.
1887 TAYLOR, W. H., ESQ., The Croft, Wheelwright Road,
Erdington, near Birmingham.
1887 THAIRLWALL, F. J., ESQ., 12, Upper Park Road, Haverstock
Hill, N.W.
1896 THOMPSON, SIR HERBERT, BART., 9, Kensington Park
Gardens, W.
1896 THORBURN, HENRY W., ESQ., Cradock Villa, Bishop Auckland.
1903 THORPE, GODFREY F., ESQ., Falklands, 62, Nightingale Lane,
Balham, S.W.
1888 THURSTON, E., ESQ., Central Government Museum, Madras.
1894 TRIGGS, A. B., ESQ., Bank of New South Wales, Yass, New
South Wales.
1887 TROTTER, LIEUT.-COL. SIR HENRY, K.C.M.G., C.B., 22,
Charles Street, Berkeley Square, W.
1874 fVERiTY, JAMES, ESQ., High Bank, The Drive, Roundhay,
Leeds.
1903 VINTER, WALTER FREDERICK, ESQ., Lindisfarne, Walton-on-
Thames, Surrey.
1874 VIZE, GEORGE HENRY, ESQ., 15, Spencer Road, Putney, S.W.
1899 VLASTO, MICHEL P., ESQ., 12, Allee des Capucines, Marseilles,
France.
1892 VOST, LIEUT.-COL. W., I.M.S., Muttra, United Provinces,
India.
14 LIST OF FELLOWS.
ELECTED
1905 WAGE, A. J. B., ESQ., M.A., Leslie Lodge, Hall Place, St.
Albans.
1883 WALKER, E. K., ESQ., M.A., Watergate, Meath Koad, Bray,
Ireland.
1897 WALTERS, FRED. A., ESQ., F.S.A., 37, Old Queen Street,
Westminster, S.W., Hon. Secretary.
1894 WARD, JOHN, ESQ., J.P., F.S.A., Farningham, Kent.
1901 *WATTERS, CHARLES A., ESQ., Highfield, Woolton Eoad,
Wavertree, Liverpool.
1901 WEBB, PERCY H., ESQ., 4 & 5, WTest Smithfield, E.G., Hon.
Treasurer.
1885 * WEBER, F. PARKES, ESQ., M.D., F.S.A., 19, Harley Street,
W.
1883 * WEBER, SIR HERMANN, M.D., 10, Grosvenor Street, Gros-
venor Square, W.
1884 WEBSTER, W. J., ESQ., Melrose, Beulah Eoad East,
Thornton Heath.
1904 WEIGHT, WILLIAM CHARLES, ESQ., 6, Ship Street, Brighton.
1905 WEIGHTMAN, FLEET-SURGEON A. E., Junior United Service
Club, Charles Street, St. James's, S.W.
1899 WELCH, FRANCIS BERTRAM, ESQ., M.A., Oswestry School,
Oswestry, Shropshire.
1869 *WIGRAM, MRS. LEWIS, The Kookery, Frensham, Surrey.
1908 WILLIAMS, T. HENRY, ESQ., 85, Clarendon Eoad, Putney,
S.W.
1910 WILLIAMS, W. I., ESQ., 3, West Terrace, Northallerton, Yorks.
1881 WILLIAMSON, GEO. C., ESQ., F.E.S.L., Burgh House, Well
Walk, Hampstead, N.W.
1906 WILLIAMSON, CAPT. W. H., Blenheim Club, St. James's
Square, S.W.
1869 WINSER, THOMAS B., ESQ., F.E.G.S., F.I.A., 81, Shooter's
Hill Eoad, Blackheath, S.E.
1904 WINTER, CHARLES, ESQ., Orinskirk, Durham Eoad, W.
Wimbledon.
1906 WOOD, HOWLAND, ESQ., 93, Percy Street, Brookline, Massa-
chusetts, U.S.A.
1860 WORMS, BARON G. DE, F.E.G.S., F.S.A., V.P.E.S.L., F.G.S.,
D.L.,J.P.,17, Park Crescent, Portland Place, W.
1903 WRIGHT, H. NELSON, ESQ., I.C.S., M.E.A.S., Allahabad,
United Provinces, India.
1880 WROTH, W. W., ESQ., Assistant-Keeper of Coins, British
Museum.
LIST OF FELLOWS. 15
ELECTED
1904 YEAMES, ARTHUR HENRY SAVAGE, ESQ., United University
Club, Pall Mall East, S.W.
1889 YEATES, F. WILLSON, ESQ., 7, Leinster Gardens, Hyde
Park, W.
1880 YOUNG, ARTHUR W., ESQ., 12, Hyde Park Terrace, W.
1898 YOUNG, JAMES, ESQ., 14, Holland Eoad, W.
1900 ZIMMERMANN, KEV. JEREMIAH, M.A., D.D., LL.D., 107, South
Avenue, Syracuse, New York, U.S.A.
HONORARY FELLOWS
ELECTED
1898 His MAJESTY VICTOR EMMANUEL III, KING OF ITALY,
Palazzo Quirinale, Eome.
1891 BABELON, M. ERNEST, Mem. de 1'Inst., Bibliotheque Nationale,
Paris.
1903 BAHRFELDT, GENERAL-MAJOR M., Eastenburg, East Prussia.
1898 BLANCHET, M. J. A., 40, Avenue Bosquet, Paris.
1898 DRESSEL, DR. H., Miinz-Kabinet, Kaiser Friedrich Museum,
Berlin.
1899 GABRICI, PROF. DR. ETTORE, S. Giuseppe dei Nudi, 75, Naples.
1893 GNECCHI, COMM. FRANCESCO, 10, Via Filodrammatici, Milan.
1886 HERBST, HERR C. F., late Director of the Museum of Northern
Antiquities and Inspector of the Coin Cabinet, Copenhagen.
1886 HILDEBRAND, DR. HANS, Eiksantiquarien, Stockholm.
1873 IMHOOF-BLUMER, DR. F., Winterthur, Switzerland.
1893 JONGHE, M. LE VICOMTE B. DE, Eue du Trone, 60, Brussels.
1878 KENNER, DR. F., K.K. Museen, Vienna.
1904 KUBITSCHEK, PROF. J. W., Pichlergasse, 1, Vienna.
1893 LOEBBECKE, HERR A., Cellerstrasse, 1, Brunswick.
1904 MAURICE, M. JULES, 33, Eue Washington, Paris.
1898 MILANI, PROF. LUIGI ADRIANO, Florence.
1908 MOWAT, COMMANDANT EGBERT KNIGHT, 10, Eue des Feuillan-
tines, Paris.
1899 PICK, DR. BEHRENDT, Miinzkabinet, Gotha.
1895 EEINACH, M. THEODORE, 9, Eue Hammelin, Paris.
1891 SVORONOS, M. J. N., Conservateur du Cabinet des Medailles,
Athens.
1886 WEIL, DR. EUDOLF, Schoneberger Ufer, 38, in., Berlin, W.
16
LIST OF FELLOWS.
MEDALLISTS
OF THE ROYAL NUMISMATIC SOCIETY
KLKCTED
1883 CHARLES EOACH SMITH, ESQ., F.S.A.
1884 AQUILLA SMITH, ESQ., M.D., M.E.I. A.
1885 EDWARD THOMAS, ESQ., F.E.S.
1886 .JOR-GENERAL ALEXANDER CUNMNGHAM, C,S ' , C.I.E.
18 OHN EVANS, ESQ., D.C.L., LL.D., F.E.S., ?.S^
" <* ~°
1888 DR. F. IMHOOF- . UMER, Winterthur.
1889 PROFESSOR PE ^GARDNER, Litt.D., F.S.A.
1890 MONSIEUR J. P. Six, Amsterdam.
1891 DR. C. LUDWIG MULLER, Copenhagen.
1892 ROFESSOR E. STUART POOLE, LL.D.
1893 _-!ON^ 'EUR W. 7 WADDINGTON, Senate? • Membre de 1'Insk
Pans.
1894 CHARI ss FWci, KEARY, ESQ., M.A., F.S.A.
1895 PROF ".OR DR. THEODOR MOMMSEN, I>t :lin.
1896 ^R RIG W. MADDEN, ESQ., M.E.A.S.
1897 DR. .FRED VON SALLET, Berl1' i.
lc , TFE EV. NON W. GREENWELL, M.A., F.E.S., F.S.A.
1899 I >N 5UB ERNEST BABELON, Membre de 1'Institut, Con
p.rvp^ ar des Medailles, Paris.
1900 PROFESSOR STANLEY LANE-POOLE, M.A., Litt.D.
1901 S. E. BARON VLADIMIR VON TIESENHAUSEN, St. Petersburg.
1902 ARTHUR J. '. ANS, ESQ., M.A., F.E.S. , F.S.A., Keeper of the
Museum, Oxford.
,TAVE SCHLUMBERGER.
Ashmol'
1903 MONSIEUR
Paiis.
1904 His MAJESTY VICTOR EMMANUEL III, KING OF ITALY
1905 SIR r:r^RMANN WEBER, M.D.
1906 Co FRANC co GNECCHI, Milan.
1907 P " VINCENT HEAD, ESQ., D. Litt., D.( L., Ph.D
•t
1908 ] sso:. . H^INRICH DRESSEL, Berlin.
1909 A. GRUEb. ; ^SQ., F.S.A.
1910 DR. FRIEDRICH EDLER VON KENNER, Vienna.
mibre de I'ln^titut,
Corr.
18'
IP
18'
.:G DEPT. MAR 1 1958
GJ
1
N6
ser.4
v.10
The Numismatic chronicle
and journal of the Royal
Numismatic Society
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