aadidtedibin chal aekakanamenaeaiee
Sete bee te
dbiredharteeed
wWeeert®
Sh th diet’
. sheet eee
ahd Doh tee oh ete et
vighsto te! shahetehete Oh
argh ioe
neh hee teae erst
a OH CPP ote Por ener sere e
shee gat ee ae ge Pak Pe oe ee ee yi neu HINT ANT F
oe a nel ae oar det ener ort dr LAD ethdieat kndhah dhtaddlsl
peerage owe pedis lees tise Sele Stes | | --- ch ll a
oh melee’
wre er ee Tige'e
eer at a or etet re tene aes
eNO RS Here HEY vartearclenerechotendtbieNn= es
et ee te a a ida ahchanathabed
Per er sme arate vhet ahs toners Ceci cotons tne togt wont endear crt a
aide adbdy rags eets > lsthdh vigs Onbab cient at cid etd elec Last iae posure
he a ee ed ee ee ee
COOP MLE OE MP epee wy Pe ee ed
Heer rst. PF oie eae wre enenon ene
oletetehete
meee i anebe tal
aly ahr alesse he ere ENTE Ween gee”
9 thes babe Ferereroteters
Toepen precy ters vigiviey
PEPE ET eETE TE TEENS EY Pe
Sak A chee aynerereny’
ee ae
PT ee Rene
ree
wre
Sipe tet ale heehee ere
rl Uk Sh bill Rh thdiidie Ah th-dednededi-tvchetedk hap aedidh teabahati a
sah cethdi-feak ta ovahbe ‘
ad “Py seneie roetee
POPOL LPR TET
¥ ashanehanasa dl abdde aed
rer terre?
CO ree ne rus re Te
Seermie pmwts
FOP eee ele Ae Pee whe"
St ae ie ee Sedat iti ob he A a A oe hh eel
kthdl tote dk te tdh 2h ai 4h tadaahel ta, Adehdhetethdh dk Ababeetie
See eer ee
See ee dd
—— ree erheteiesetsrites
ee ae
ty Ah O45 Ae Aeneas
ses Pee ee
Theta yore Pe tire
4 whew hee eae
ad
- te v ‘we ae - s < 1 oo ae Sine & ‘ s
S = w@ i om» Sz = a = 's= ‘ww J rd
y . APR Neth
s A > : PO Neg rn Cas
soe~ wv d - ~ SS & (Se: y ey wy Kk. v : ie a al
{Je ¥ Ch BRIE Ria Ny Ney wy! ‘oS
ad ~, Ne ee CI ite We Min Mt iis
veltiee “1 node “te ¥ ee Sowsek ee ee ee
= 24 ‘ow pees . A oa ;
SSS EOE E SE a PET a neuen Uy
A Le wer “ Ve = ™\" s wren = OS sus SELLE 2 2 eae
weve ¥ ae a we Suda, x Sk cr . < k a
, GO BA nae SES eg ial tr Cappemnmtse of v isc vy" ier wow wR
1 ._ Ares. | ih Ses F154 i Sn Oe See.
ohedl ‘ oe Pepe. oe SAS nigh Ap Sy 2 -e ty
| por hy Dirty ve ga ey "sy NSN Ne Sete we oie m wry eM
ee ee ae oe Oy oy ng, abd? esas pdb be bib wry BI A. ae
Se ae ad ww: oP te™ Awe. aes Pied | nari PDA AG — i f a . |
Tach RGR te. ea afte ooo Coe OA a :
bf
$
a
BLL
©
a4
ad ree wy wat ~ oe es
Spann see eS eeve3 CES ARS GES
a db sPifey ty de drevOrlyty a , yf! \
, *>, v« ;
\ dé ‘> Z ash tb “¢ fe 4 4 al ,
we Se . Ll MEER Deby aan? wie Apes: (Sees wi wa Re Nei
o*- Pays > 4 ped » * "ar ’ se ee to ~
hae F fF tj} ft ae Shes ~u \ Sy PS obs iwi? eS Gre | —_ < has -~@ ‘, °
? » < Ww Ww Z \
' nal » \ewN\Y y J
wwly - - od ee Rel : rm wg Ww OY ve HOM reviy Ny qm
ww —" & ~ R Py aw > cw:
wy “- SUNS TSN PRpr pnb) TT On a pe ee on ae
~
a
lm oe
CU | @ (€@ C@ec Cul
A
AAA
-_ a
EE BLE
A
\ a ae aA
As
m™ a6 be aan ee es sa “
la Viariy
Ng
y_
=
~ =
\ |
am |
“y ¥ ay
L
AN ae -—f
~ Pa",
= \
af
es. Slee
ve
ae
5 We
Ger
PY
j ee. &
FR - i mt
AINAAE
BRP.
(it _.¥
AA
RDA
eee
e
m=
ma
Le
DA
N\ \
v =
are ar « «4
CME Co .
= =
af
GEeae
as
ww = p\ pp.
raw 4
r r.
aR,
‘
y « am
one
am
q
AN
i 7
ft
St te
Poe
_r =<
a ae
a
o_o
it an EM
a]
of
4s
a
a " ZOOLOGY, WITH DESCRIPTIONS is
OF NEW SPECIES. 3 =
ee
WALTER FAXON, , :
| te
- (with Plates LX LXX).
[No. 1136.] re
WASHINGTON:
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.
1898.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE ASTACIDA IN THE UNITED
STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM AND IN THE MUSEUM OF
COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW
SPECIES. »
By WALTER F AXON,
Assistant in charge of Mollusca and Crustacea, Museum of Comparative Zoology,
Cambridge, Massachusetts.
SINCE the publication of my ‘“‘ Notes on North American Crayfishes”
in 1890, a good deal of material has accumulated in the United States
National Museum and in the Museum of Comparative Zoology. Thie
first part of the present article embodies the results of an examination
of this material.!
The second part relates to the crayfishes of the Southern Hemi-
sphere—the Parastacine. After the publication of Part I of my
“Revision of the Astacide,” which treated of the Northern Hemi-
sphere genera, Cambarus and Astacus, | hoped to get together a col-
lection of the Parastacine crayfishes that would enable me to issue the
second part of the revision in a shape similar to the first part. Disap-
pointed in this hope, I have decided to include in this paper such results
as I could obtain from a study of the Parastacine in the two museums
above named. Thanks to Mr. Charles C. Chilton, of Christchurch,
New Zealand, my series of New Zealand crayfishes is ample, but lack
of adequate material from Australia, Tasmania, and South America
precludes a satisfactory revision of the Parastacine as a whole.
Six new species and three new subspecies of Cambarus are described
and figured in this paper. Of these, five belong to the United States,
four to Mexico. Five new species of Parastacus are also described and
figured—two from Uruguay, two from Chile, and one ostensibly from
Mexico.
1Anyone who undertakes the perplexing study of the North American crayfishes
should have at hand the following works: 1. Monograph of the North American
Astacidie. By Hermann A. Hagen. Ill. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. 3 [Mem. Mus,
Comp. Zool., II, No. 1], 1871. 2. A Revision of the Astacide. PartI. The Genera
Cambarus and Astacus. By Walter Faxon. Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., X, No. 4, 1885.
3. Notes on North American Crayfishes—Family Astacide. By Walter Faxon.
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XII, pp. 619-634, 1890. 4. The present article. In these
works all the North American crayfishes are described and many of them figured,
PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, VOL. XX—NO. 1136.
643
644 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XX.
Family ASTACID ®%.
Subfamily ASTACINE.!
Genus CAMBARUS BErichson.
Cambarus ER1cHSON, Arch. f. Naturgesch., 12ter Jahrg., I, p. 88, 1846.
Type, Astacus bartonti Fabricius.
GROUP I. (Type, Astacus blandingii Harlan.)
Third segment of third and fourth pairs of legs of male hooked.
Outer part of first pair of abdominal appendages of male truncate at
the tip and furnished with one to three small recurved teeth; inner part
ending in a short acute spine, which is commonly directed outward.
CAMBARUS BLANDINGII ACUTUS (Girard).
Specimens of this Southern and Western form of C. blandingii have
been received through Professor S. E. Meek from Kainister and Good
Land, Indian Territory, Mammoth Spring, Batesville, and Camden,
Arkansas, and Arthur (Red River), Texas. There are specimens in the
United States National Museum from Corpus Christi, Texas, and from
Portage River, at Oak Harbor, Ohio. Mr. W. P. Hay? has recorded
this form from the following new localities in Indiana: Turkey Lake,
Kosciusko County; Lake Maxinkuckee, Marshall County; Kankakee
River, Lake County; Terre Haute, Vigo County.
Specimens procured by Professor Meek at McAlister, Indian Terri-
tory, are peculiar. The rostrum is narrower, more deeply excavated,
with more convergent sides than in typical specimens of C. b. acutus.
The rostral acumen, too, is longer, surpassing the antennular pedunele,
the lateral spines more prominent. The rostrum approaches the form
seen in the Eastern C. blandingii, or even more nearly that of the typ-
ical C. clarkii from Texas.
CAMBARUS FALLAX Hagen.
Eustis, Lake County, Florida (Coll. U.S.N.M.); Gainesville, Alachua
County, Florida (Coll. Mus. Comp. Zool.).
CAMBARUS CLARKII Girard.
There is a fine series of specimens in the United States National
Museum, collected in Las Moras Creek, Kinney County, Texas, by F. A.
Ciark and E. A. Mearns, in 1893. As in the specimens collected by
Edward Palmer at San Antonio, Texas, and described on page 26 of
my ‘Revision of the Astacidie,” the areola, although very narrow, is
1Same as Family Potamobiide Huxley=Subfamily Potamobiine Faxon. Potamobius
being a synonym of Astacus (see p. 662), the subfamily name should be Astacine.
*The Crawfishes of the State of Indiana, By W. P. Hay. 20th Ann. Rep. Dept. of
Geology and Natural Resources of Indiana, pp. 475-507, 1896,
No. 1136. OBSERVATIONS ON THE ASTACIDE—FAXON. 645
not obliterated and the sides of the rostrum are less strongly conver-
gent. This is without doubt to be considered the typical form of
C. clarkii, since Girard’s specimens were collected in the same region,
somewhere between San Antonio and E1 Paso del Norte.
CAMBARUS ACHERONTIS Lénnberg.
(Plate LXII, figs. 1-5.)
Cambarus acherontis LONNBERG, Zoolog. Anz., XVII, pp. 125-127, 1894; Bihang
till K. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handlingar, XX, Pt. 4, p. 6., figs. 1-6, 1894.
Female.—Rostrum broad, excavated, superior lateral margins raised
into sharp carinze which overhang the inferior lateral margins and con-
tinue backward inside of and parallel with the postorbital ridges; a
pair of sharp projecting angles or teeth near the tip at base of the acu-
men; acumen short, acute. Rostrum, gastric region, and areola smooth
and polished; sides of carapace thickly studded with small papillz or
tubercles; postorbital ridges furnished with a2 small spine at the ante-
rior end; areola almost obliterated in the middle by the apposition of
the branchio cardiac lines; posterior section of carapace equal in length
to the distance between the cervical groove and the anterior spines of
the postorbital ridges.
Abdomen a little longer than the cephalo-thorax, smooth; telson
three or two spined on each side of the anterior segment, posterior
segment subtruncate.
Antenne very long, much longer than the body; a small external
spine behind the base of the antennal scale; antennal scale very broad,
broadest at the middle, apical end rounded and armed with a small
external spine. Epistome short, broad, anterior border convex.
Chelipeds slender; merus furnished with the customary biserial spines
below, superior margin spinulose, outer and inner faces sparsely granu-
lated; carpus with a longitudinal furrow above, tuberculiferous, the
tubercles tending to assume the form of short spines on the inner side;
chelee subeylindrical, granulated, the granules on the inner or upper
margin of the hand taking on the form of blunt spines; fingers long,
slender, inner and outer sides costate, upper margin of the dactylus
tuberculate, cutting edges of fingers irregularly denticulate on the
proximal half.
Length 75 mm.; carapace 39 mm.; from tip of rostrum to cervical
groove 23.5 mm.; from cervical groove to posterior border of carapace
16 mm.; length of rostrum from tip to anterior spines of postorbital
ridges 9 mm.; width of rostrum 4.5 mm.
Annulus ventralis transverse, with a prominent posterior tubercle
and a crescentic anterior fossa.
In a young male of the second form, 43 mm. in length, the third pair
of legs are furnished with a blunt hook on the third segment, while
the corresponding segment of the fourth pair bears a small tubercle,
the vestige of the hook of the adult. The first abdominal appendages
646 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XX.
are truncate at the tip, the outer part terminating in two small recurved
teeth, the inner part in a slender spine which is directed outward.
Gum Cave, Citrus County, Florida (Coll.U.S. N.M.). Two females,
twelve young (male, Form II; female).
Lénnberg’s types of Cambarus acherontis, two males, 50 and 55 mm.
long, were procured in sinking a well, from a subterranean rivulet
about forty-two feet from the surface, in Orange County, Florida.
According to Lénnberg’s description and figures, the chela is thicker
than in the Citrus County examples above described, the telson is
shorter, the abdominal pleurse more acuminate, and the antennal scales
more triangular in form. Following the description alone, the rostral
acumen is blunt and its base extends back into the rostral groove as a
slight ridge. These conditions are not true of the Citrus County speci-
mens, neither are they shown in Lénnberg’s figures of C. acherontis.
The only adult examples in the Citrus County lot, moreover, are
females, while Lénnberg’s specimens were both males. I am therefore
inclined to believe that the discrepancies between the Swedish author’s
account of C. acherontis and the specimens before me are due to dif-
ferences in age and sex, and in part to inaccuracy of description and
delineation.
This species, the fourth blind Cambarus described from the United
States, is very distinct from any of the others. As pointed out by
Léunberg, it is probably descended from C. clarkii. It is noteworthy
that in a specimen of C. clarkii collected in St. Johns River, Florida,
the areola, although narrow, is not obliterated in the middle. In this
respect this specimen agrees with C. acherontis as well as with Texan
specimens of C. clarkii, and differs from the form of C. clarkit found in
Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana. That the maximum age of the
caverns in which C. acherontis lives is probably Post-pliocene has been
shown by Loénnberg.!
CAMBARUS PUBESCENS Faxon,
3uckhead Creek, Millen, Burke County, Georgia (Coll. U.S.N.M.).
CAMBARUS VERSUTUS Hagen.
Pollard (Escambia County), Greenville (Butler County), and Calera
(Shelby County), Alabama (Coll. U.S.N.M.). All of these specimens
have a carinated rostrum.’
CAMBARUS ALLENI Faxon.
This species is recorded by Lénnberg’® from Apopka (Orange County4,
Arcadia (DeSoto County), and from Hillsboro County, Florida.
1 Bihang till K. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., XX, Pt. 4, pp. 8, 9, 1894.
2 Rev. Astacide, p. 34, and Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XII, p. 619.
’ Bihang till K. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., XX, Pt. 4, p. 1, 1894.
NO. 1136. OBSERVATIONS ON THE ASTACIDI—FAXON. 647
CAMBARUS PELLUCIDUS (Tellkampf).
This species has been found by Mr. W. P. Hay in Shiloh Cave,
Down’s Cave, and other caves near Bedford, Lawrence County, Indiana,
and in a small cave near Paoli, Orange County, Indiana.' The speci-
mens from these caves belong rather to the form described by Cope as
C. inermis (Wyandotte Cave) than to the typical form commonly found
in the Mammoth Cave of Kentucky. Mr. Hay has shown that these
specimens are very variable as regards the development of the spines
of the rostrum and sides of the carapace, and that the reduction of the
spines is most marked in specimens from the more northerly localities.
A transition is thus formed through these individuals to the following
subspecies :
CAMBARUS PELLUCIDUS TESTII Hay.
Cambarus pellucidus testii Hay, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., XVI, 1893, p. 285, pls.
XLIV, XLV, figs. 2, 5, 6, 10, 11, 12; Crawfishes of the State of Indiana,
p. 484, fig. 4, 1896.
In this form, which has been found in Mayfield’s Cave and Truett’s
Cave, near Bloomington, Indiana (the most northern locality in which
cave crayfishes were found by Mr. Hay), the reduction of the spines is
carried to the extreme. The lateral spines of the rostrum, the anterior
spines of the postorbital ridges, and the spines on the sides of the
carapace @fe altogether wanting, while the external spine of the second
antennal segment and the apical spine of the antennal scale are much
reduced in length. So this form comes to bear a close likeness to
C. bartonii and suggests the possible derivation of C. pellucidus from
C. bartonii. It is true that in regard to the structure of the male exter-
nalorgans C. pellucidus is similar to those species of Cambarus that are
placed in Group I. But, as I pointed out in my “Revision of the Asta-
cide” (p. 18), this type of the male organ is a very simple and primitive
one, and might be acquired through an inherent reversionary tendency
by cave-dwelling species of any of the groups into which the genus
Cambarus has been divided. The presence of hooks upon the fourth
pair of legs may, in this case, be correlated with the reversion of the
male appendages to the type of Group I. It will be observed that in
Form II (the less perfect form of the male) the hooks on the fourth pair
of legs are more or less abortive not only in C. p. testii but also in the
typical form of C. pellucidus from the Mammoth Cave.
The difference, pointed out by Hay, between C. p. testii and C. pellu-
cidus from Shiloh and Wyandotte caves, with regard to the shape of
the hooks on the third pair of legs, probably results from comparing
the second form of C. p. testii with the first form of C. pellucidus.
Three types (two males, Form II, one female) of this subspecies are
in the collection of the United States National Museum (No. 17702,
Mayfield’s Cave, Indiana, W. P. Hay).
1Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XVI, 1893, pp. 283-285.
648 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. XX.
GROUP II. (Type, Astacus advena Le Conte.)
Third segment of third pair of legs of male hooked. First pair of
abdominal appendages of male similar to those of Group I.
CAMBARUS CARINATUS, new species.
(Plate LXIII.)
Male, Form I.—Rostrum of moderate width, excavated, lateral margins
slightly convergent, carinated, and armed near the tip with a pair of
spiniform teeth; acumen of moderate length, reaching to the distal end
of the antennular peduncle; a median longitudinal carina extends from
the base of the acumen backward to the level of the eyes. Carapace
coarsely granulated on the sides, armed with a pair of lateral teeth
behind the cervical groove; branchiostegian spine small; postorbital
ridges furnished with sharp anterior spines, posterior spines repre-
sented by slight tubercles; anterior border of carapace angulated below
the orbit. Areola of moderate width, about one-half the length of the
anterior section of the carapace.
Abdomen equal to the cephalo-thorax in length, smooth; pleure
broad, bluntly angled. Anterior segment of telson three-spined on
each side of the posterior margin; posterior segment short, rounded.
Basal segment of antennule armed with a spine below. Antennal
scale broadest at the middle, tapering to a sharp apical spine. A sharp
tooth at external base of the antennal scale. Epistoma triangular.
Chelipeds: Merus granulated on superior border, and armed with a
single spine near the distal end; lower face with biserial arrangement
of spines; carpus tuberculate within, with four spiniform teeth near
the anterior border, viz, one near each point of articulation with the
propodite and two between tlese points; hand of moderate width,
inflated, covered with small squamous tubercles.
Third segment of third legs hooked.
First abdominal appendages stout, curved forward at apex, inner and
outer parts ending in a small horny tooth, anterior margin furnished
with a small tooth near the tip.
Length 125 mm.; carapace 62 mm.; length from tip of rostrum to
cervical groove 40 mm.; length of rostrum from tip to anterior spine
of postorbital ridge 17 mm.; acumen 5 mm.; cheliped 104 mm. (merus
25 mm., carpus 16 mm., chela 51 mm., dactylus 30 mm.); breadth of
chela 17 mm.
Type.—Guadalajara, Mexico, altitude 5,200 feet (No. 17699, U.S.N.M.),
P. L. Jouy. One male, Form I.
Ameca, Jalisco, Mexico (No. 16085, U.S.N.M.), A. Dugés. Hacienda
de Villachuato, Michoacan, Mexico (No. 17707, U.S.N.M.), A. Dugés.
Three males, Form I.
According to the manuscript label this species is brought to the
market of Guadalajara as food.
No. 1136. OBSERVATIONS ON THE ASTACIDA—FAXON. 649
CAMBARUS MEXICANUS Erichson.
Mirador and Santa Maria, Mexico (Coll. U.S.N.M.). The annulus ven-
tralis of the female forms a prominent tubercle, with perpendicular
posterior wall, facing a roundish tubercle arising from the posterior
thoracic segment. The anterior and ventral sides of the annulus are
divided by a longitudinal groove which is bounded on each side by a
rather prominent lip.! .
CAMBARUS GRACILIS Bundy.
Six young specimens from Day Brook, Jasper County, Missouri, Miss
Ruth Hoppin, probably belong to this species. (No. 4341, Mus. Comp.
Zool.)
GROUP III. (Type, Astacus bartonit Fabricius.)
Third segment of third pair of legs hooked. First pair of abdomi-
nal appendages of male thick, the inner and outer parts both terminat-
ing in a short recurved tooth.
CAMBARUS BARTONII (Fabricius).
North Adams, Berkshire County, Massachusetts (Coll. Mus. Comp.
Zool.); Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania; Waynesville, Haywood
County, North Carolina; Roan Mountain, North Carolina, from an alti-
tude of 6,000 feet (Doctor C. H. Merriam); Warren County, Ohio;
Albany, Clinton County, Kentucky; Claiborne, Monroe, and McMinn
Counties, Tennessee (Coll. U.S.N.M.); caves in Lawrence and Orange
Counties, Indiana (W. P. Hay, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., X VI, 1893, p. 286).
CAMBARUS BARTONII ROBUSTUS (Girard).
Oneida Creek, Peterboro, Madison County, New York, G. 8. Miller,
jr. (No. 4329, Mus. Comp. Zool.). According to Doctor R. W. Shufeldt,’
Cambarus bartonii robustus in Montgomery County, Maryland, builds
mud towers at the mouth of its burrow similar to those of C. diogenes.
A figure of one of these towers, or ‘‘chimneys,” from a photograph, is
given in Shufeldt’s article.
CAMBARUS BARTONII LONGIROSTRIS Faxon.
Two males and one female from Will’s Creek, Pollard, Escambia
County, Alabama (Coll. U.S.N.M.). The suborbital angle is sharply
'In the artificial key to the species of Group II on p. 48 of my ‘“ Revision of the
Astacidie,” C. mexicanus is distinguished from C. simulans by the moderate width of
the areola contrasted with the narrow areola of C. simulans. In fact, the areola is
very narrow in both species (itis too broad in the figure of C. simulans on pl. 1 of
the ‘‘ Revision”). The distinction should have been drawn from the rostrum and
chelee. The rostrum is nearly plane above in C. mexicanus, deeply hollowed out in
C. simulans; the chela is much narrower, and more heavily and closely tuberculated
in C. mexicanus than in the latter species.
2?The Observer, VII, No. 3, p. 88, March, 1896.
650 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XX.
defined and spiniform, a as in in specimens from Cumberland Gap.! 0.0.
longirostris has been previously known from Blountsville and Cumber-
land Gap, Tennessee, and the Clinch River, West Virginia.
CAMBARUS LONGULUS Girard.
Cumberland Gap, Tazewell, Greeneville, and Knoxville, Tennessee
(Coll. U.S.N.M.).
CAMBARUS LATIMANUS (Le Conte).
Atalla, Etowah County, Alabama (Coll. U.S.N.M.). One male, Form
II, three females. The sides of the rostrum are more nearly parallel
than in Le Conte’s types of C. latimanus.
CAMBARUS DIOGENES Girard.
Columbus and Lockbourne, Franklin County, Ohio (Coll. Mus. Comp.
Zool.). Minnesota River at Fort Snelling, Minnesota (Coll. U.S.N.M.).
Spring Creek at Delhi, Delaware County, Iowa; Belmond, Wright
County, lowa; Paragould, Greene County, Arkansas; Fayetteville,
Washington County, Arkansas (Coll. S. E. Meek).
The specimen (male, Form I) from Belmond, Iowa, differs from the
typical C. diogenes in having a long rostrum, with a narrower, more
tapering acumen.
Mr. W. P. Hay has recorded this species from the following new
localities in Indiana: Irvington, Marion County; Greencastle, Putnam
County; North Salem, Hendricks County.
CAMBARUS ARGILLICOLA Faxon.
Bay Saint Louis, Hancock County, Mississippi; Brazoria and Vic-
toria, Texas (Coll. U.S.N.M.). Irvington, Bloomington, and Wheatland,
Indiana (teste W. P. Hay). According to Mr. Hay, C. argillicola, like
C. diogenes, builds mud ‘‘chimneys” over its burrows.
CAMBARUS EXTRANEUS Hagen.
a
rakes specimens from the Big Cahawba River, “Alabama (Coll. U.S.N.M,),
combine characters belonging to C. ertraneus and to C. girardianus in
such a way as to render it necessary to reduce the latter form to the
rank of a subspecies. In these intermediate specimens, the areola is
long as in C. girardianus; there are two spines on the upper border of
the merus as in C. extraneus, while the posterior wall of the orbit has
an outline midway between these two forms.
CAMBARUS EXTRANEUS GIRARDIANUS Faxon.
Cambarus girardianus Faxon, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sei., XX, p. 117, 1884.
Two males of the second form from Eastanaula Creek, near Athens,
Tennessee (Coll. U.S.N.M.).
1 Rey. Astacidex, p. 64,
Wee
No. 1136. OBSERVATIONS ON THE _ASTACIDA—FAXON. 651
GROUP IV. (Type, Astacus affinis Say.)
“
Third segment of third pair of legs of male hooked. First abdominal
appendages of male bifid, terminating in two styliform branches, which
are straight or lightly recurved.
CAMBARUS LANCIFER Hagen.
Cambarus lancifer HAGEN, Monogr. N. A. Astacide, p. 59, pl. 1, figs. 86, 87; pl.
Ill, fig. 159, 1870 (male, Form I).
Cambarus faxonii MEEK, Amer. Nat., XXVIII, p. 1042, figs. 1-4, 1894 (male,
Form IT).
In 1891 Mr. W. P. Hay sent me a female specimen of C. lancifer col-
lected at Vicksburg, Mississippi. Up to that time Doctor Hagen’s
type specimen had remained unique. Mr. Hay’s specimen differed from
the type in having a median spine on the inner side of the carpus of
the chelipeds. In the‘‘American Naturalist” for December, 1894, Pro-
fessor S. E. Meek described and figured the second form of the male
under the name of Cambarus faxonii. Professor Meek’s specimens were
taken in St. Francis River at Greenway and Big Bay, Arkansas.
Seven (four males, Form IT; three females) have been presented to the
Museum of Comparative Zoology (No. 4220). In the second form of
the male the tips of the first pair of abdominal appendages are not
horny, as in the first form; the inner and outer branches are of about
equal length, the inner tapering to a rather sharp, straight point, the
outer blunt and rounded. These appendages are cleft only for a short
distance from the tip, and so present a form very similar to that seen
in Groups I and II. The annulus ventralis of the female is depressed
in front, more prominent and unituberculate behind, with a closed,
curved fissure.
The areola is very incorrectly represented in Meek’s fig. 1. The are-
ola is entirely obliterated in the middle, not opeu as there portrayed.
CAMBARUS INDIANENSIS W. P. Hay.
Canbarus affinis, var. FAXON, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., XXII, 1890, p. 628.
- Cambarus indianensis Hay, 20th Ann. Rep. Dept. Geol. Indiana, p. 494, fig. 9,
1896.
This form, which I considered as a Western race of Cambarus affinis,
has been described as a distinct species by Mr. Hay. It has been found
in the Patoka River at Patoka, Indiana, and at Huntington, Dubois
County, Indiana.
CAMBARUS SLOANII Bundy.
Madison and Marengo, Indiana (fide W. P. Hay).
CAMBARUS PROPINQUUS Girard.
Lake Douglas and Saginaw River, Michigan; Indian Lake, Water-
loo, Indiana; Portage River at Oak Harbor, Ottawa County, Ohio.
(Coll. U.S.N.M.)
652 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XX.
C. propinquus is probably the most abundant crayfish in Indiana,
according to Mr. W. P. Hay. 5
CAMBARUS OBSCURUS Hagen.
Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania (Coll. U.S.N.M.).
In the female of Cambarus obscurus the anterior part of the annulus
ventralis is prominently bituberculate, and behind the tubercles there
is a deep transverse fossa. The organ thus has a very different form
from that of C. propinquus. This difference, together with the pecul-
iarity of the sexual appendages of the first form of the male,' supports
Doctor Hagen’s view that C. obscwrus is a species rather than a local
race of C. propinquus, as I considered it in my ‘“ Revision.”
CAMBARUS NEGLECTUS Faxon.
Day Brook, Jasper County, Missouri (No, 4344, Mus. Comp. Zool.);
James River, Springfield, Missouri (Coll. U.S.N.M.). There are speci-
mens of Cambarus neglectus in 8S. E. Meek’s collection from the following
new localities: Turkey River, Fort Atkinson, Winneshiek County,
Iowa; Neosho, Newton County, Missouri; Spring Creek, Johnson,
Arkansas; Prairie Grove and Fayetteville, Washington County, Arkan-
sas; Batesville, Independence County, Arkansas; Red River, Arthur,
Texas.
CAMBARUS VIRILIS Hagen.
Jasper County, Missouri (No. 4325, Mus. Comp. Zool.); Spirit Lake,
Dickinson County, and Ames, Story County, Iowa (Coll. U.S.N.M.);
Lake Douglas, Michigan (Coll. U.S.N.M.). In 8. E. Meek’s collection
C. virilis is represented from the following localities: Storm Lake,
Buena Vista County, lowa; Cherokee, Cherokee County, lowa; Yellow
Creek, Postville, Allamakee County, Iowa; Spring Creek, Delhi, Dela-
ware County, Iowa; Boyer River, Arion, Crawford County, Iowa;
Belmond, Wright County, Iowa; Shell Rock River, Waverley, Bremer
County, lowa; Neosho, Newton County, Missouri; Blue River, Crete,
Saline County, Nebraska; Prairie Grove and Fayetteville, Washington
County, Arkansas; McAlister, Indian Territory (one female, var. A);
ted River, Arthur, Texas.
In Indiana C. virilis is confined, according to Mr. W. P. Hay, to the
noithern part of the State, where it is extremely numerous.
Specimens from Big Piney Creek, Cabool, Texas County, Missouri
(Coll. U.S.N.M.), differ in many particulars from the typical form. The
cephalo-thorax is more cylindrical, the chel shorter, with more inflated
hand and shorter fingers, the immovable finger narrower and less flat-
tened; there are one or two additional spines on the lower side of the
carpus between the median and internal spines; the rami of the male
sexual appendages are longer, slenderer, and less strongly curved. In
the shape of the hand these individuals are very similar to those col-
1Rev. Astacide, p. 93.
No. 1136. OBSERVATIONS ON THE ASTACIDE—FAXON, 653
lected at Irondale, and in Reynolds County, Missouri.'! Both in the
shape of the claws and in the character of the male appendages the
Cabool specimens are transitional forms connecting C. virilis with C.
rusticus and allied species.
CAMBARUS LONGIDIGITUS, new species.
(Plate LXII, figs. 6-9.)
Dorsal surface of the carapace flattened, thickly and coarsely pune-
tate; lateral walls granulate. Rostrum long, concave above, sides par-
allel from base to the lateral pair of spines, which are sharp and directed
forward; acumen long, acute, reaching to the distal extremity of the
antennular peduncle, and to the middle of the distal segment of
the antennal peduncle. Postorbital ridges curved inward at the pos-
terior end, armed at the anterior end with a sharp spine. <Antero-
lateral margin of carapace bluntly angulated beneath the orbit, but
not armed with a spine. There is a prominent spine on each side of
the carapace on the hinder border of the cervical groove; a smal]
branchiostegian spine is also present. The areola is very narrow for
the greater part of its length; its narrowest part is well forward, close
to the small, but broad, trianguiar field that borders upon the cervical
groove; from this point it widens gradually and slightly to the hinder
end.
The abdomen presents no distinctive characters; the pleure are
punctate, their postero-lateral angles rounded. The telson is rather
long, armed with a pair of spines on each side of the transverse suture;
its hind margin truncate.
The anterior process of the epistome is broadly triangular, its antero-
lateral margins slightly convex, its anterior angle rounded, truncate,
or (in a few examples) slightly notched. The basal segment of the
antenna bears no spine, but the so-called olfactory turbercle is promi-
nent just in front of the orifice of the green gland; the second seg-
ment of the antenna is armed with a small but sharp lateral spine.
The antennal seales are about as long as the rostrum, of moderate
width, widest at the middle.
The merus of the chelipeds is armed, as usual, with spines bise-
rially disposed on the inferior margins, and with two obliquely placed
spines on the superior border near the distal end; the carpus is longi-
tudinally furrowed, punctate, and slightly tuberculate above; there
is a small spine near each point.of articulation with the manus, two
spines besides on the inner border—one median and one smaller one
near the posterior end of the segment; the lower surface presents,
moreover, a prominent acute median spine together with a minute
spinule lying between the inferior median and the internal median
spines (the smaller spinule is sometimes obsolete). The palm, or basal
part of the propodite, is flattened and very short; its upper face is
— — —
1 Rev, Astacide, p. 98, au Prac; U, S, Nat, Mus., XI, p- 630,
654 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XX.
coarsely punctate and armed along its inner border with a double
row of spiniform tubercles. The fingers are excessively long, the
dactylus being more than three times as long as the inner margin
of the palm; the fingers meet only at their tips, which cross each
other; the grasping edges of both fingers are furnished with blunt
teeth, irregular in size, while the opposite margin (or margin toward
the median line of the body) of the dactylus is armed with two longi.
tudinal rows of acute teeth. The external finger is barbate within at
the base.
The first abdominal appendages of the second form of the male are
long and slender, their tips lying between the second pair of legs
when directed forward. The outer branch is longer than the inner
branch. The tips of both branches are distinctly recurved.
The annulus ventralis of the female is triangular, with a deep trans-
verse central fossa. The anterior wall is indistinctly bituberculate,
the posterior wall thickened and divided by a median longitudinal
sigmoid closed fissure. The claws of the female do not differ in form
from those of the male.
Dimensions of a male, Form Il: Length 81 mm.; length of carapace
41 mm.; length of rostrum 13 mm., width of rostrum 4.5 mm.; length
of rostral acumen 6 mm.; distance from tip of rostrum to cervical
groove 28 mm.; distance from cervical groove to posterior border of
carapace 13 mm.; width of areola at its narrowest 0.5 mm.; length of
cheliped 67.5 mm.; length of merus 15.5 mm.; length of carpus 10
min.; length of chela 35 mm.; breadth of chela 10.5 mm.; inner mar-
gin of palm 8 mm.; length of dactylus 25.5 mm.
The largest specimen (a female) is 101 mm. long; the large claw
measures 47.5 mm. in length, the dactylus 36 mm.
Oxford Bend nat inten, Arkansas. (Coll. Mus.Comp. Zool.) Four
males, Form II; four females, six young.
This clearly Ph cued species, discovered by Professor S. E.
Meek, is related to C. virilis, with which it agrees essentially in the
form of the sexual parts, both male and female, and the areola. It is
readily distinguished from C. virilis by its longer, parallel-sided ros:
trum, with longer lateral spines and acumen, as well as by the excessive
length and slenderness of the fingers. In many individuals the chele
are unequal in size on the right and left sides, the right being com-
monly the larger.
In recent alcoholic specimens the fingers are clouded with dusky, and
a large spot or blotch of the same hue is seen on both sides of the hand
near the articulation with the wrist.
CAMBARUS IMMUNIS Hagen.
Sinall stream flowing into Oneida Lake, New York (No. 4330, Mus.
Comp. Zool.). Sandusky, Erie County, Ohio (No. 5038, Mus. Comp.
Zool.). Northern Ohio, near shore of Lake Erie; Ames, Story County,
Iowa; South Bend, Cass County, Nebraska (Coll. U,S.N.M.). Also
No. 1136. OBSERVATIONS ON THE ASTACID.E—FAXON. 655
from the following localities (Professor S. E. Meek’s collection): Cedar
River, Cedar Rapids, Linn County, lowa; Mapleton River, Mapleton,
Monona County, lowa; Boyer River, Arion, Crawford County, Iowa;
Belmond, Wright County, Iowa; Blue River, Crete, Saline County,
Nebraska.
CAMBARUS IMMUNIS SPINIROSTRIS Faxon.
W. P. Hay reports this form as found in Terre Hante, Indiana.
The type locality is Obion County, Tennessee. It has also been
recorded by me from Shawnee County, Kansas.
CAMBARUS PALMERI Faxon.
St. Francis River, at Greenway and Big Bay, Arkansas; Black
River, at Black Rock, Arkansas; Paragould, Green County, Arkansas
(Coll. S. E. Meek).
The type specimens of C. palmeri are small individuals of the second
form of the male and females collected in Obion County, Tennessee.
In the collection of Professor S. E. Meek are a good many examples from
the above-named localities in northeastern Arkansas which agree
essentially with the Tennessee specimens, differing from them merely
in the outline of the rostrum, which is somewhat longer and narrower,
with more convergent sides. The first abdominal appendages of the
first form of the male are strongly recurved, as in C. immunis, but the
rami are much longer than in that species. The largest specimens
attain to a length of 80 mm. .The dactylus of the large cheliped in
adult individuals varies in length from one and a third to a little over
twice the length of the inner border of palm. The upper surface of the
claw is ornamented with scattered, roundish, dark spots. In C. pal-
meri there is no very evident spine on the lower face of the carpus
between the median spine and the spine on the internal border.
CAMBARUS PALMERI LONGIMANUS, new subspecies.
(Plate LXIV, figs. 1-6.)
Similar to C. palmeri, but different in the shape of the hand, the
body of which (or palm) is thinner (less inflated) and the fingers much
longer proportionally. The antenne, too, are longer, and the rostrum
as a rule is more deeply excavated.
Dimensions of the chela of a male, Form I, 83 mm. long: Length
from point of articulation with carpus to end of dactylus 44 mm.; inner
margin of palm 10 mm.; dactylus 35 mm.
Good Land, Indian Territory; Walnut Creek, Kainister, Indian Ter-
ritory; Arthur, Texas (Coll. Mus. Comp. Zool., from S. H. Meek).
Many specimens, including both forms of the male, together with
females, from each of the above localities. The upper surface of the
carpus and hand is spotted with dusky; the tips of the fingers are red,
preceded by a transverse band of dark color which runs along the
whole outer margin of the hand.
656 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XX.
CAMBARUS DIFFICILIS, new species.
(Plate LXV, figs. 1-4.)
Cephalo-thorax oval, flattened above, of equal length with the abdo-
men. Carapace obscurely punctate above, lightly granulate on the
sides; lateral spines of moderate size, branchiostegian spines obsolete,
antero-lateral margins but slightly and bluntly angulated, unarmed
with spines. Rostrum of moderate length, reaching a trifle beyond the
proximal end of the third antennular segment; upper surface excavate,
margins convergent and slightly convex from the base to the single
pair of lateral teeth, which are small and acute, with horny tips;
acumen of moderate length, acute, horny at the slightly upturned tip.
Postorbital ridges ending anteriorly in a sharp tooth or short spine.
Areola obliterated throughout a considerable part of its lehgth by the
contiguity of the branchio-cardiac lines. Abdominal pleurz rounded,
telson bispinose on each side. Anterior process of epistome squarely
truncate at the front end.
Antenne longer than the body, basal segment unarmed, second seg-
ment furnished with a spine on the outer side, at the base of the scale;
scale of moderate width, widest near the middle.
The merus of the chelipeds shows the usual biserially arranged spines
upon its lower side, and the two obliquely placed spines near the distal
end of the upper margin; the carpus is marked by a deep, curved
longitudinal furrow on the upper side, just inside of which lies a series
of about seven small tubercles, the anterior one sharp pointed and quite
near to the upper point of articulation with the propodite; the inner
border of the carpus is armed with a stout median spine and a smaller
one near the hinder end of the segment; on the lower face of the seg-
ment one sees a minute spine at the lower articular surface with the
propodite, a prominent median spine, and a much smaller one between
the inferior median and the larger spine of the inner border; the chelz
are very large, a littie longer than the cephalo-thorax including the
rostrum; the palm or basal part is short, its inner border ornamented
with a double row of dentiform tubercles, outside of which, on the
upper face, appears a row of obsolescent tubercles in line with the
axis of the movable finger; the fingers are very long (the movable one
being from two and a half to a little over three times the length of the
inner border of the palm), pitted and furrowed, armed with blunt teeth
along their prehensile edges; the inner border of the dactylus is fur-
nished with dentiform tubercles which show a tendency to an arrange-
ment in two rows, and which decrease in size from the proximal to the
distal end of the segment; it is further to be observed that the dactylus
is bowed inward in such a fashion that the prehensile edge comes into
contact with the immovable finger throughout the distal two-thirds of
its length when the fingers are closed, leaving a gape at the base.
The upper surface of the hand and wrist is mottled with dark spots,
4
— a ee
No. 1136. OBSERVATIONS ON THE ASTACID.E—FAXON, 657
The first pair of abdominal appendages of the first form of the male
are short and stout, reaching forward only to the base of the antepe-
nultimate pair of thoracic legs. They end in two short, recurved
styles, the inner (or posterior) of which is slender and more strongly
recurved than the outer one. In males of the second form, these
appendages are split for only a short distance from the tip, and the free
ends are stouter, blunter, and less strongly recurved. The anterior
wall of the annulus of the female is depressed to the level of the ster-
num so that there is no distinct central fossa. The posterior wall, on
the other hand, is very thick and protuberant, forming a transverse
tubercle across the hind margin of the penultimate thoracic sternum.
The chela of the female is shorter and broader than that of the first
form of the male, and the dactylus less bowed. The chela of the second
form of the male is similar to that of the female.
Length 93 mm.; carapace 46 mm.; rostrum 11.5 mm.; from tip of
rostrum to cervical groove 50 mm.; from cervical groove to hind border
of carapace 16 mm.; antenna 106 mm.; cheliped 90 mm.; merus 20 mm.;
carpus 13 mm.; chela 48 min.; dactylus 56 mm.; width of palm 19 mm.;
length of inner border of palm 14 mm.; length of first pair of abdom-
inal appendages 12 mm.
MeAlister, Indian Territory. (Coll. Mus. Comp. Zool., from S. E.
Meek.) Twelve males, Form I; five males, Form II; eleven females.
Prairie Grove, Washington County, Arkansas. (Coll. S. E. Meek.)
One male, Form I.
This species bears the closest possible resemblance to Cambarus
palmeri longimanus, with which it would surely be confounded if it
were not for the peculiar form of the sexual appendages of the male.
These organs consist of a stout peduncle terminating in two very short
recurved spmes. In C. palmeri longimanus the two terminal spines are
represented by two very long slender branches, equal in length to the
peduncle itself. The annulus ventralis of the female also differs from
that of C. palmeri inasmuch as the central fossa is well-nigh obliterated.
The upper side of the wrist and hand display the same spots of dark
color which are seen in C. palmeri longimanus.
CAMBARUS MEEEKI, new species.
(Plate LXV, figs. 5-9.)
Cephalo-thorax cylindrical, polished, conspicuously punctate, except
in the middle of the gastric area, granulated on the anterior portion of
the sides, lateral spine small or obsolete, antero-lateral border bluntly
angulated below the orbit, postorbital ridges armed with a sharp ante-
rior spine. Rostrum deeply excavated, often very faintly carinated
near the tip; margins thickened, coucave, strongly divergent at base,
each with a longitudinal row of impressed dots; lateral spines and
acumen horny-tipped, strongly upturned; acumen reaching to distal
end of anteunular peduncle. Areola narrow, punctate. Anterior
Proce. N. M. vol. xx 42
658 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. voumer.
process of epistome blunt at the anterior end, the sides convex, the lat-
eral angles protuberant. Carpus armed with a large median and a
small posterior spine on the inner border; below, the carpus presents
a prominent median spine together with a smaller one situated between
the latter and the median internal spine. The chela is of moderate
size, punctate, doubly serrate on the internal border, fingers armed
with blunt teeth along their prehensile edges, the base of the immo-
bile fingers commonly beared within; dactylus about twice as long as
the inner margin of the palms. Antennal scale broad, broadest beyond
the middle, internal margin very convex.
First pair of abdominal appendages of the male similar to those of
C. palmeri.
Annulus ventralis of the female triangular, central cavity roundish,
not elongated transversely, posterior wall much swollen and divided in
the middle by an almost straight, longitudinal closed fissure.
Length 59 nm.; carapace 29 mm.; rostrum 7 mm.; from tip of rostrum
to cervical groove 18.5 min.; from cervical groove to posterior margin
of carapace 10.3 mm.; cheiiped 46 mm.; merus 11.5 mm.; carpus 7 mm.;
chela 22.5 mm.; dactylus 15 mm.
Walnut Fork, Piney, Arkansas (Coll. Mus. Comp. Zool., from S. E.
Meek.). Twelve males, Form II; fifteen females.
Fayetteville, Arkansas (Coll. S. E. Meek.). One male, Form 1; seven
males, Form I]; five females.
This small species, discovered in northwestern Arkansas by Professor
S. E. Meek, appears to be distinct from any hitherto described. In its
general appearance it resembles C. rusticus, but the areola is much
narrower, as in C. virilis, while the male appendages are fashioned like
those of C. palmeri. The first pair of abdominal appendages of the
female are reduced to the merest rudiments in the shape of a pair of
soft papille springing from the first sternal segment of the abdomen.
CAMBARUS RUSTICUS Girard.
Grand Rapids, Wood County, Ohio; Defiance, Defiance County, Ohio;
Ottawa, Putnam County, Ohio; McCutchenville, Wyandot County,
Ohio; Tiffin, Seneca County, Ohio; Waterloo, Indiana; Moscow, Hick-
man County, Kentucky; Saginaw and Tiffin, Michigan; Springfield
and Marshfield, Missouri. (Coll. U.S.N.M.) Black River, Black Rock,
Arkansas; Shell Rock River, Waverley, lowa; Indian Creek, Marion,
lowa. (Coll. S. E. Meek.)
CAMBARUS SPINOSUS Bundy.
Indian Creek, tributary of Powell’s River, six miles southeast of Cum-
berland Gap, Tennessee; Clinch River at Walker’s Ford, eleven miles
southwestof Tazewell, Tennessee; Courtland, Alabama. (Coll.U.S.N.M.)
The specimens from Courtland, Alabama, are three females and oue
NO, 1136. OBSERVATIONS ON THE ASTACIDA—FAXON. 659
male, Form II, with uncommonly long rostral acumen and long-spined
antennal scale. The epistoma is not emarginate in front in these four
specimens.
CAMBARUS ERICHSONIANUS, new species.
(Plate LXIV, figs. 7-12.)
Male, Form I.—Rostrum of moderate width, sides parallel, not thick-
ened, lateral spines minute, acumen reaching to the distal end of
the antennular peduncle. Carapace cylindrical, heavily punctated,
lightly granulate and ciliate on the sides; lateral spines well devel-
oped; postorbital ridges armed with a small anterior spine; antero-
lateral border scarcely angulated below the eye; areola of moderate
width, but little longer than the distance from the cervical groove to
the lateral spines of the rostrum. Abdomen as long as the cephalo-
thorax. Epistome triangular, often truncate or notched in front. Car-
pus of chelipeds with an internal median and inferior median spine.
Chela broad, inflated, setiferous, fingers somewhat longer than the palm;
internal margin of palm with a double row of depressed ‘tubercles.
First pair ot abdominal appendages straight, without any prominent
angle or shoulder on the anterior border, bifid, the two branches slender
and acute, reaching forward to the base of the second pair of legs.
In the second form of the male the first pair of abdominal appendages
are thicker, blunter at the tips, and not horny, as in the first form.
In the female the annulus ventralis is depressed, only very imper-
feetly bituberculate in front, the hind border more prominent than the
front border, the central fossa obsolescent.
Dimensions of amale, Form]: Length 70 mm.; cephalo-thorax35mm. ;
areola 11 mm.; rostrum 5 mm.; chela 25 mm.; dactylus 15.5 mm.;
breadth of chela 6 mm.
Rip Roarivg Fork, five miles northwest of Greeneville, Tennessee;
Eastanaula Creek, Athens, Tennessee; Matlock Spring Creek, near
Athens, Tennessee; Big Cahawba River, Alabama. (Colls. U.S.N.M.
and Mus. Comp. Zool.)
In large males, Form I, the inner branch of the first abdominal
appendages is somewhat enlarged and spoon-shaped at the tip.
This species has the facies of C. spinosus, but the male appendages
are nearly like those of C. propinquus, although the rami are a little
longer. Compared with C. spinosus, the rami of the sexual appendages
in the male, Form I, are much shorter, and there is no angle or shoulder
on the anterior margin of these appendages; in the second form of the
male of C. erichsonianus the sexual appendages are much shorter and
blunter than in C. spinosus, and the two rami are of equal length.
The female of C. spinosus, may be distinguished from the present species
by the prominent annulus ventralis with bituberculate anterior border
and deep transverse central fossa. C. propinquus, compared with
C. erichsonianus, is distinguished by its more ovoid cephalo-thorax,
660 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XX,
the greater length of the section of the carapace behind the cervical
groove, aud its shorter, more tapering, and carinated rostrum. All of
these characters, with the exception of the carination of the rostrum,
also serve to separate C. propinquus sanbornii from the present species.
The habitat of C. erichsonianus, eastern Tennessee and northern
Alabama, is closely adjacent to that of C. spinosus. C. propinquus is a
more northern form, unknown south of the Ohio. C. propinquus
sanbornit has been found in Kentucky and Ohio.
CAMBARUS FORCEPS Faxon.
Clinch River at Walker’s Ford, eleven miles northwest of Tazewell,
Tennessee; Bull’s (or Big Sycamore) Creek, tributary of Clinch River,
seven miles south of Tazewell, Tennessee. (Coll.U.S.N.M.)
GROUP V. (Type, Cambarus montezume Saussure. )
Third segment of second and third pairs of legs of male hooked.
First abdominal appendages similar to those of Group IV.
CAMBARUS MONTEZUM£ Saussure.
The typical form of C. montezume comes from the plain of the City
of Mexico. It has also been recorded from Puebla’ and from Vera
Cruz.2. The Puebla specimens (var. tridens von Martens) are described
as having a pair of small lateral teeth near the apex of the rostrum,
but this is also true of many of the specimens, especially the second
form males and the females, from the type locality. In the typical form
the rostrum is smooth and lightly hollowed out above, the sides of the
rostrum are nearly parallel (but slightly convex) from the base to the
proximal end of the acumen, which is short (not surpassing the second
antennular segment) and flanked by very small lateral teeth (often
obsolete). The postorbital ridges are unarmed, or furnished at the most
with the merest vestige of the anterior spines. The portion of the
carapace posterior to the cervical groove is much more than half the
distance from the groove to the anterior extremity of the rostrum.
CAMBARUS MONTEZUM£ DUGESII, new subspecies.
(Plate LXVI, fig. 1.)
Cambarus montezume F AXON, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., XII, 1889, p. 633.
Differs from C. montezume as follows: The upper surface of the
rostrum is perfectly flat, except for the margins, which are raised so as
to form lateral carinie; the sides of the rostrum converge from the
base to the proximal end of the acumen, which is slenderer and a little
longer than in C. montezume; the lateral teeth of the rostrum are
1Von Martens, Arch. f. Naturgesch., 38ter Jahrg., 1872, I, p. 130.
2Ortmann, Zoolog. Jahrb., Abth, f. Syst., VI, 1891, p. 12.
No. 1136. - OBSERVATIONS ON THE ASTACIDE—FAXON. 661
spines; the hand is broader and more hirsute, and the fingers are
tipped with more conspicuous, yellow, corneous nails.
Length 38 mm.
State of Guanajuato, Mexico, A. Dugés (No. 16087, U.S.N.M.).
CAMBARUS MONTEZUMZ AREOLATUS Faxon.
(Plate LXVI, fig. 2.)
Cambarus montezuma, var. areolata Faxon, Rev. Astacide, Pt. 1, 1885, p. 123.
In this form the outline of the rostrum is similar to that of C. m.
dugesii, but the lateral margins are not.raised so as to form prominent
carine. The lateral rostral spines and the spines at the anterior end
of the postorbital ridges are developed to about the same degree as
in C. m. dugesti. The characteristic feature of this form is the short-
ness of the posterior section of the carapace, which involves a very
short and broad areola.
Parras, Coahuila, Mexico, Edward Palmer (No. 3650, Mus. Comp.
Zool.).
CAMBARUS MONTEZUMZ OCCIDENTALIS, new subspecies.
(Plate LXVI, figs. 3, 4.)
Cambarus montezume FAXON (pars), Rey. Astacidi, Pt. 1, 1885, p. 123.
Rostrum plane above, margins but very slightly raised, tapering grad-
ually from the base to the tip without distinct lateral spines or deti-
nitely limited acumen. It reaches at the most to the distal end of the
second antennular segment. Postorbital ridges unarmed.
Mazatlan, Mexico (No. 3652, Mus. Comp. Zool.).
CAMBARUS CHAPALANUS, new species.
(Plate LXVII, figs. 1,.2.)
Similar to C. montezume, but differs in the following regards: Body
slenderer and more cylindrical; rostrum much longer and narrower,
reaching to the end of the antennular peduncle, somewhat hirsute,
armed with a pair of stout and sharp lateral spines, and a long spini-
form acumen; postorbital ridges terminating anteriorly in long and
strong spiniform teeth; autennal scales much longer and narrower and
armed with a much longer apical spine.
Type.—Lake Chapala, State of Jalisco, Mexico, P. L. Jouy (No. 17698,
U.S.N.M.). One male.
Same locality and collector (No. 16294, U.S.N.M.). Three males.
The upper surface of the rostrum is plane, with raised lateral mar-
gins. The sides of the rostrum are convex, distinetly converging
before attaining to the lateral spines. The chelipeds and the male
sexual organs are like those of the typical form of C. montezume.
662 ROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. XX.
In some respects: 0. montezwmer dugesti shows an “approach toward
this species, but the two forms can net be confounded on account of
the greater slenderness of C. chapalanus, the great length of the ros-
tral and postorbital spines, ete. C. shufeldtii is distinguished from C.
chapalanus by the presence of lateral spines on the carapace, broader
rostrum, differently shaped male appendages, etc.
Genus ASTACUS Fabricius (s. s.).!
< Cancer LINN2EUS, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., I, p. 625, 1758.
< Astacus FABRICIUS, Syst. Entomol., p. 413, 1775; Species Insectorum, I, p.514,
1781; Mantissa Insectorum, I, p. 331, 1787; Entomol. Syst. emend., II, p. 478,
1793; Suppl. Entomol. Syst., p. 382, 1798.
< Astacus LATREILLE, Considérations Générales, p. 101, 1810 (Astacus fluviatilis
FABRICIUS = Cancer astacus LINN2ZUS, specified as the type, p. 422).
< Astacus LEacH, Edinb. Encyel., VII, p. 398, 1814; Trans. Linn. Soc. London,
XV, pp. 336, 343, 1815.
< Potamobius Leacu, Samouelle’s Entomologist’s Useful Compendium, p. 95,
1819 (Type, Potamobius fluviatilis —= Cancer astacus LINN ZUS).
< Astacus MILNE-EDWaRDs, Hist. Nat. Crust., II, p. 329, 1837.
— Astacus (subgenus) ERICHSON, Arch. f. Naturgesch., 12ter Jahrg., I, p. 90, 1846.
Type, Cancer astacus Linneus.
The genus Astacus, as first established by Fabricius,’ included eight-
een species. The dismemberment of this heterogeneous assemblage
was begun by Fabricius himself in 1781,’ by the removal of three
species to the genus Squilla. In 1798,* he eliminated several other
species from Astacus, forming for their reception the genera Crangon,
Alpheus, Palemon, and Paiinurus. As left by its founder in 1798, the
genus Astacus contained only five of the original species, namely, A.
marinus (=Cancer gammarus Linneus), A. fluviatilis (= Cancer
astacus Linnieus), A. cerulescens, A. fulgens, and A. norvegicus. Two
of these, cwrulescens and fulgens, are indeterminable. In 1810 Latreille,’
'Those who ac ene the genera deaned by polynomialists after the year 1758 will
ascribe the genus Astacus to Gronovius, 1764 (Zoophylacium Gronovianum, Fascic-
ulus II, p. 227). Even asearly as 1760 Gronovius (Acta Helvetica, IV, p. 23) assigned
Galatea strigosa polynomially to Astacus, using Astacus in its old pre-Linniean sense.
1n 1772 Pallas, a binomialist, in his ‘‘Spicilegia Zoologica,” Fasciculus IX, p. 81, used
the combination Astacus dauuricus in treating of the Daurian crayfish. Pallas wrote
in Latin, and it is evident that Astacus was here used merely as the Latin word for
“crayfish” or ‘‘ lobster,” and not asa technical generic name; for the diagnosis of the
Daurian crayfish is headed ‘ Descriptio Cancri dauurici,” conformably with Linniens’s
nomenclature. Evenif one forces the point and carries the genus Astacus back to
Pallas, 1772, it will not make the Daurian crayfish the type of the genus, since the
description of the Daurian crayfish is a comparative one, the lesser European Asta-
cus [ Astacus nostras minor], i. e., Cancer astacus Linnieus, segving as the standard for
comparison. To regard as a type the thing compared, rather than the standard of
comparison, would be a manifest absurdity.
*Syst. Ent., 1775.
®Species Insectorum.
4Suppl. Ent. Syst.
* Considérations Générales sur Ordre Naturel des Animaux composant les Classes
des Crustacés, des Arachnides, et des Insectes.
No. 1136. OBSERVATIONS ON THE ASTACIDA—IFAXON. 663
in a‘ Table des Genres avec Vindication de Vespece qui leur sert de
type,” designated A. fluviatilis as the type of the genus Astacus. In
1814 and 1815 Leach! further curtailed the genus by removing A. nor-
vegicus as the type of the new genus Nephrops. The genus Astacus,
thus restricted, retained only two of the valid original species, namely,
A. marinus (the Kuropean lobster) and A. fluviatilis (the common Euro-
_pean crayfish). In 1819° Leach went a step further, and separated
the crayfishes from the lobster, instituting a new genus Potamobius
for the former, leaving the latter as the representative of the restricted
genus Astacus. This restriction of Astacus to the marine species is
nullified by Latreille’s specification of A. fluviatilis as the type of Asta-
eus in 1810.2) In 1837 Milne-Edwards* did essentially the same thing
that Leach had done in 1819, but he left the crayfishes in Astacus, and
made the lobster the type of the new genus Homarus. This being in
accord with Latreille’s designation of A. fluviatilis as the type of Asta-
cus, the European lobster should be called by the modern rules of
nomenclature (restoring the Linnean specific name) Homarus gammarus
(Linneus), while the European crayfish, as Astacus astacus (Linnewus),
stands as the type of the genus Astacus.
Mr. T. R. R. Stebbing’® argues that Latreille, in his ‘Table des Genres
avec Vindication de V’espéce qui leur sert de type,’ probably designated
Astacus fluviatilis “not as the type, but merely as a type, an example,”
of the genus Astacus, and that Leach’s restriction in 1819 was there-
fore valid. As I understand it, the French word ‘type’ means ‘ model,’
‘type,’ or ‘standard,’ not ‘example’ or ‘illustration’ (Gallicé exemple).
1 see no reason for going behind Latreille’s plain words, to indulge in
uncertain speculation concerning his possible meaning.. If Mr. Steb-
bing is unwilling to allow Latreille the use of the word ‘type’ in its
technical sense, by what ‘statute of limitation’ will he fix the year
when the word acquired that meaning? Even if it be admitted that
there is some doubt concerning the significance of the word ‘type’ as
employed by Latreille, the benefit of the doubt should, by a reasonable
ruling applicable to all such cases, be given to a long-established termi-
nology. Between 1819 and 1893, the date of Stebbing’s “ History of
the Crustacea,” the name Potamobius was applied to the crayfishes but
thrice, so far as I know, namely, by Adam White in his “ Catalogue of
British Crustacea,” 1850, and in his “* Popular History of British Crus-
tacea,” 1857, and by G. B. Sowerby in his continuation of Leach’s
* Malacostraca Podophthalma Britannie,” 1875. “But,” continues Mr.
Stebbing, “if it be insisted that Latreille here intended to set up the
crayfish as technically type of the genus, in preference to the lobster,
of which his book makes no mention, the answer is simple. His inten-
' Edinb. Encyel., VII, p.398; Trans. Linn. Soe. London, XV, pp. 336, 343.
2 Samouelle’s Entomologist’s Useful Compendium, p. 95.
3F. H. Herrick, Bull. U.S. Fish Comm. for 1895, p. 9.
4Hist. Nat. des Crustacés, II, p. 329.
® Natural Science, IX, 1896, p. 40.
664 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL XX.
tion was inoperative, pecanse he had been fore stalled by an enilies
writer. J. C. Fabricius, in his various writings, of which it will be
sufficient to cite the ‘Species Insectorum,’ 1781, and the ‘Entomologia
Systematica,’ 1793, consistently places Astacus marinus (Cancer gam-
marus Linnzeus) as the first species of the genus Astacus, giving to
A. fluviatilis invariably the second place. There can therefore be no
reasonable gainsaying that he made the European lobster, and not
the river crayfish, the type. From this it follows * * * that the
generic name of the lobster is properly Astacus, and that of the Euro-
pean crayfish Potamobius.”
It is hard to believe that this contention of Mr. Stebbing’s is made
in good faith, involving as it does an unreasonable and long-discarded
method of ascertaining atype. Such a method is repudiated every time
we concede to an author who first subdivides a genus in which no type
has been specified, the right to restrict the original name to such part
of it as he pleases. It is not true that the first species is presumably
the author’s implied type. Fabricius’s genus Astacus was formed by a
dismemberment of the genus Cancer of Linnzus, and the sequence of
the two species under consideration in Fabricius’s works was undoubt-
edly derived from the ‘Systema Nature,” where (in the twelfth edition)
Cancer gammarus stands as No. 62, Cancer astacus as No. 63, in the
genus Cancer. <A better, though not a valid, claim might be set up for
A. fluviatilis as Fabricius’s implied type of his genus Astacus, since
that species is the Cancer astacus of Linnzus.
In Agassiz’s ‘‘Nomenclator Zoologicus” the name Potamobius is
entered as a genus of Brachyura, with a citation of Leach’s article in
“Dictionnaire des Sciences Naturelles,” XII, 1818. By reference to
this work it appears that the name occurs on page 75, under the Galli-
cized form *‘ Potamobie.” in a merely nominal, alphabetical list of the
genera of Crustacea. Since the crayfish and lobster are both entered
elsewhere in the same list, by the names of ‘‘ Ecrevisse” and “ Homard,”
I am inclined to think that ‘‘ Potamobie” was here really intended for a
genus of fluviatile crabs, as assumed in the ‘‘ Nomenclator,” and that it
was written through a lapsus penne for ‘‘ Potamophile,” 1. e., Potamo-
philus or Potamon. As the name occurs as a pure nomen nudum in the
‘“‘ Dictionnaire,” it would be unworthy of notice but for the fact that
Desmarest said in 1823:! ‘*Tl est probable que ce genre | Thelphusa ou
Potamophilus] differe peu, ou ne differe pas de ceux qui ont été nommés
Potamon par M. Savigny, et Potamobia par M. Leach,” and that Risso
in 1826? adopted “ Potamobius Leach” (with “ Potamophile” as the
French equivalent) as the generic name for the fresh water crab, Potamon
fluviatilis. In this way, probably, it came to pass that Huxley’ was
led into the essentially erroneous assertion that Potamobius had been
used in another sense before it was applied to the crayfish.
ioieheanaiee Ake Seieness Nadavelion XXVIII, p. 246.
2Hist. Nat. de !Europe Mérid., V, p. 14.
3 Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1878, p. 752.
No. 1136. OBSERVATIONS ON THE ASTACIDA—FAXON, 665
White, in his “ ‘List of the Specimens of Crustacea i in the Collection
of the British Museum,” 1847, page 71, gives * Potamobius europaeus
Leach, Edin. Ene.” as a synonym of Astacus fluviatilis. This seems to
beanerror. Leach’s article, ‘“‘Crustaceology,” in the seventh volume
of the Edinburgh Encyclopedia, was published in 1814. The European
crayfish is there called Astacus AusnEnes; the name Potamobius
europaeus does not appear.
Subgenus CAMBAROIDES Faxon.
Cambaroides FAXoN, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., XX, p. 150, 1884.
Type, Astacus japonicus De Haan.
ASTACUS (CAMBAROIDES) SIMILIS Koelbel.
Astacus (Cambaroides) similis KOELBEL, Anzeiger d. kais. Akad. d. Wissensch. in
Wien, math.-naturw. Classe, 29ter Jahrg., 1892, pp. 176, 177; Sitzungs-
berichte, CI, Pt. 1, 1892, pp. 650-656, figs. 1, 2, 4, 5, 7-11.
There are three specimens (two males, one female) of this species in
the United States National Museum, collected by P. L. Jouy near
Fusan, and at Seoul, Korea; Koelbel’s specimens came from the Prov-
ince of KjOng-Kwi-do, Korea.
The Korean crayfish is exceedingly close to Astacus japonicus. The
only constant differences appear to be these: In A. japonicus the ros-
trum terminates in a minute horny denticle, and the lateral margin
bears a similar denticle! on each side, a little way behind the apex,
while in A. similis the lateral denticles are wanting. The fingers of A.
japonicus are a little shorter than those of A. similis and there is some
difference in the form of the first pair of abdominal appendages (See Plate
X, fig. 10, of my “ Revision of the Astacide” and figs. 8, 9 of Koelbel).
The other differences pointed out by Koelbel are not constant; the
median rostral carina is more pronounced in two of the specimens of
A. similis in the National Museum than in any of the nine specimens of
A. japonicus that I have seen, and in one of the three Korean specimens
the spine on the inner branch of the sixth abdominal appendage is as
far removed from the margin as it is in A. japonicus.
In two of the examples in the United States National Museum
(including the largest one of the three) the rostrum is shorter than the
antennal peduncle.
Subgenus ASTACUS.
ASTACUS KLAMATHENSIS Stimpson.
Klamath River, Siskiyou County, California; Umatilla River, Pendle-
ton, Oregon; Hangman Creek, Tekoa, Washington; Dart’s Mill, Little
Spokane River, Washington; Coeurd’ Alene Lake, Idaho (Coll.U.S.N.M.).
eras from the Walla Walla River at walla: Washington, and
tects a Teeiiel Cateaneaben, d. kais. Rend a. Wisseneeh in Wien, CL, teal
p. 651, fig. 3) there are two denticles on each side of the rostrum in some specimens of
A. japonicus.
666 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XX.
from Potlatch Creek, at Lewiston, Idabo, ith the general facies of A.
klamathensis, show certain characters of A. trowbridgti. For instance,
in most of them the posterior pair of postorbital spines is very evi-
dent, while the rostral spines, the apical spine of the antennal scale,
the external spine of the second segment of the antenna, and the spine
at the anterior internal angle of the carpus are much more strongly
developed than in typical specimens of A. klamathensis.
ASTACUS TROWBRIDGII Stimpson.
A large female specimen, 138 mm. long (Coll. U.S.N.M.), said to
have been taken from a bunch of seaweed in salt water at Monterey,
Jalifornia, approaches A. leniusculus in three respects, namely: The
posterior pair of spines on the back of the carapace, behind the eyes,
are rather more strongly developed than in the typical A. trowbridgii ;
the rostral acumen is as long as in A. leniusculus ; the tubercle at the
orifice of the green gland ends in a sharp, horny point. In other
respects this specimen agrees with A. trowbridgii. The body is very
bread across the branchial region, and there are three spines on the
left side of the telson, two on the right. There is a rudimentary limb
on the right side of the first abdominal segment, a condition seldom
seen in the American species of Astacus.
Astacus trowbridgii has been previously known only from firs region
near the mouth of the Columbia River.
ASTACUS LENIUSCULUS Dana.
There is a large female, 122 mm. long, from San Francisco County,
California, in the collection of the California Academy of Sciences (No.
3259). The right and left chelipeds of this specimen are of equal size;
the upper margin of the right merus is armed with two spines, of the
left merus with three spines; the telson is armed with one spine on
the right side, two on the left. This species has been previously
recorded from the Columbia River and Puget Sound.
ASTACUS GAMBELII (Girard).
Crawfish Creek, at Moose Falls, one mile above junction with Lewis
River, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming; Snake River, just south
of Yellowstone Park, Wyoming; Mink Creek and Port Neuve River,
Pocatello, Idaho; Shoshone Falls, Idaho; Blue Lakes, four miles below
Shoshone Falls, Idaho (Coll. U.S.N.M.).
All of these localities are in the Snake River drainage.
ASTACUS TORRENTIUM (Schrank).
Recorded from Cologne, Germany, and from St. Gallen, eastern Switz-
erland, by Doctor A. P. Ninni.!
Atti della Son. eure ao Sci. Nat., XXIX, pp. 32 29-326, 1886.
Amd
NO. 1136. OBSERVATIONS ON THE ASTACIDE—FAXON. 667
ASTACUS PALLIPES Lereboullet.'
Neighborhood of Madrid, Spain (No. 4349, Mus. Comp. Zool.). These
Spanish crayfishes do not differ from French and English specimens of
A. pallipes.
Doctor Ninni,’ in a note on the crayfishes of Italy, shows that A. pal-
lipes is the common crayfish of that country, being widely distributed
through the Kingdom, as far south as Naples. <A form found in the
province of Belluno, characterized by the presence of spines on the
outer margin of the antennal scale, is named by him Astacus pallipes,
var. fulcisiana.®
Two specimens in the United States National Museum from Piobezi,
near Turin, vary in the direction of A. astacus. This variaticn is chiefly
shown in the outlines of the rostrum.
The Astacus rugosus of Rafinesque,* presumably from Sicily, is quite
indeterminable, and the Astacus tomentosus of the same writer’ is a
pure nomen nudum.
ASTACUS ASTACUS Lirnezus.
Cancer astacus LINNEUS, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., I, p. 631, 1758.
Astacus fluviatilis Faprictus, Syst. Entomol., p.413, 1775, et auet. plurim.
Astacus astacus MEUSCHEN, Museum Gronovianum, p. 85, 1778; Zoophyl. Gronoy.,
Fase. III, Index [p. 389], 1781.
Cancer (Astacus) astacus GMELIN, Linn. Syst. Nat., 13th ed., Pt. 5, p. 2985, 1788
(in part).
Cancer nobilis SCHRANK, Fauna Boica, IIT, p. 246, 1803.
Potamobius fluviatilis LEAcH, Samouelle’s Entomologist’s Useful Compendium,
p. 95, 1819 (in part).
Potamobius astacus WHITE, List of the Specimens of British Animals in the Col-
lection of the British Museum, Pt. 4, Crustacea, p. 34, 1850 (in part).
Astacus fluviatilis communis GERSTFELDT, Mem. Acad. Impér. Sci. St. Pétersbourg,
IX, pp. 554, 584, 1859.
Astacus nobilis HuXLry, The Crayfish, p. 233, fig. 61, B, E, H; p. 245, fig. 62,
B, E; p. 296, 1880.
A.P. Ninni’ records Astacus astacus from Carniola and Goritz. One
young specimen from Belluno, northern Italy, is also considered by
Ninni to belong to this species.
Since the publication of my “ Revision of the Astacidie,” ° V.M. Shim-
kevitch* has printed (in Russian) a fuller account of the Turkestan
crayfish, Astacus kesslert Shimkeviteh.
| On page 141 of my ‘‘ Revision of the Astacidie,” lines 2 and 5, for ‘‘antennule” read
‘antennal peduncle.”
2 Atti della Soc. Italiana di Sci. Nat., XXIX, pp. 322-326, 1886.
3Tbid., p. 326.
41 Précis des Découvertes et Travaux Somiologiques, p. 22, 1814.
5Tbid.
‘See p. 152 of that work.
7 Bull. Imper. Soe. Friends of Nat. Hist., Anthropol., Ethnogr., Moscow, L, Pt.1
(Proc. Zoolog. Sect., I, Pt.1, p. 20), 1886.
668 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XX,
Subfamily PARASTACIN 2%.
First abdominal somite devoid of appendages in both sexes; podo-
branchie lacking a bilobed plaited lamina, although the stem may be
expanded into a wing; epipod of first maxilliped generally furnished
with branchial filaments, coxopoditic sete hooked at the end; telson
not divided by a transverse suture.
ASTACOIDES Guérin.
Astacoides GUBRIN, Revue Zoologique, II, p. 109, 1839.
Type, Astacoides goudotit Guérin=A stacus madagascariensis Audouin et Milne-Edwards.
tostrum short, quadrilateral, concave above, margins furnished with
small teeth or tubercles. Antennal scale very small.'. Anterior process
of epistome long triangular. Superior border of the hand dentate.
Sides of the carapace armed with small tubercles, some of which assume
the form of small spines. Number of well-developed gills reduced to
twelve on each side of the body; posterior arthrobranchie rudimentary
and functionless; one pair of pleurobranchic (on the fourteenth somite) ;
the branchial formula, according to Huxley,’ being as follows:
ARTHROBRANCHLE.
SOMITE. PODOBRANCHLE. —§ ——————__~—~._. PLEUROBRANCHI®
Anterior. Posterior.
Wile 54... ace) 0 0 = Q(ep7)
VAT ee tre, oe Se ees r 0 5 ust) = 1+ r
IX. 1 1 0 md) = 2
Xe 1 1 bi Ree rama) = 2--r
XI. il 1 Ae 2) Pe 0) — 2-7
20 1 1 ee 0 = 2+r
XIII. 1 1 a tues < x0 = Ey
XIV. 0 0 rat) aie Stak = |]
6+epr + 5+r + 4r + 1 = 12+5r-+epr
One species known.
Habitat.—Madagasear.
ASTACOIDES MADAGASCARIENSIS (Audouin et Milne-Edwards).
Astacus madagascariensis AUDOUIN ET MILNE-EDWARDs, Journ. de I’ Institut, 1839,
p. 152; Arch. du Mus. d’Hist. Nat., IL, p. 35, pl. m1, 1841.
Astacoides goudotii GUERIN, Revue Zoologique, II, p. 109, 1839.%
Astacus ( Astacoides) madagascariensis ERICHSON, Arch. f. Naturgesch., 12ter Jahrg.,
I, p. 89, 1846.
1Erroneously said to be wanting by Guérin.
°Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1878, p. 775.
‘Guérin’s description of the Madagascar crayfish must have been published about
the same time as Andouin and Milne-Edwards’s. The Revue Zoologique was issued
monthly. Guérin’s description oceurs in the April number, 1839. Audonin and
Milne-Edwards’s description in the Institute, p. 152, was communicated to the
Société Philomatique on the 27th of April, 1839. In cases like this it seems reason-
able to retain the name adopted by the next following author who treated of the
species—in this instance, Andouin and Milne-Edwards ‘n the Archives du Muséum
d’ Histoire Naturelle, II, 1841.
aR OF» Ty a
No. 1136. OBSERVATIONS ON THE ASTACIDI—FAXON. 669
Astacus caldwelli BATE, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1865, p. 469, pl. XXvII.
Astacoides madagascariensis HUXLEY, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1878, p. 759, fig.
2B; p. 773, fig. 7; The Crayfish, p. 251, fig. 65, 1880.
Halitat.—Madagascar.
The only specimen of this species that I have seen is Guérin’s type,
in the Museum of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia
(No. 290, Guérin Coll). The color in life, according to Goudot, is
brownish green.
ASTACOPSIS Huxley.
Astacopsis HUXLEY, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1878, p. 764.
Type, Astacus franklinii Gray.
Rostrum triangular, concave above, margins toothed. Antennal
seale of moderate width, tapering off to an apical spine. Anterior
process of epistome long triangular. Superior border of hand dentate.
Carapace and abdomen more or less tuberculous or spinous, at least in
mature individuals. Form homaroid. Twenty-one gills on each side
of the trunk, disposed as shown in the following formula:
ARTHROBRANCHLE.
SOMITE. PODOBRANCHLE. - PLEUROBRANCHLE.
Anterior. Posterior.
aliens, Ol(epa yet os. 0 0 0 = O(epr)
eile SA WL SL te ce rn Ae dL. 0 0 = 2
IX. Feo! 1 neta! 0 = &
X4 1 1 ell 0 ey
ule il | ee 1 1 = 4
>.) GIP 1 1] 1 1 — 4
XIII. 1 1 1 1 = 4
NOEVE: 0) 0 0 1 = |]
6+epr + 6 4. 5 + 4 = 21-+-epr
Habitat.—Australia and Tasmania.
ASTACOPSIS FRANKLINII Gray.
Astacus frankliniti Gray, Eyre’s Journals of Expeditions of Discovery into Cen-
tral Australia, I, p. 409, pl. u1, fig. 1, 1845; List Crust. Brit. Mus., p. 72,
1847 (no description ).
Astacus franklinit ERtcuson, Arch. f, Naturgesch., 12ter Jahrg., I, p. 375, 1846
(after Gray).
Astacopsis franklinii HUXLEY, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1878, p. 764, figs. 4, 5.
Astacopsis frankliniti HASWELL, Cat. Australian Stalk-and Sessile-eyed Crustacea,
p. 176, 1882 (after Gray).
Habitat.—Tasmania. One specimen (male), 96 mm. long, in Museum
of Comparative Zoology (No. 1140), from Hobart Town, Mr. Robertson.
The angles of the abdominal pleurze in this specimen tend to develop
spiny points.
Astacopsis franklinii is similar in external appearance to the Mada-
gasear crayfish (Astacoides madagascariensis). The latter, however, as
has been shown by Huxley, has the number of gills reduced to twenty-
four, against forty-two in the former. A. franklinii appears to be rep-
670 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, XX.
resented in New South Wales by an allied species, Astacopsis nobilis
(Dana), through which we pass to the great Murray River crayfish,
Astacopsis spinifera (Heller).
ASTACOPSIS SPINIFERA (Heller).
Cancer serratus SHaAw, Zoology of New Holland, pl. vii, 1794. (Nee Cancer
serratus Forskal, 1775. )
Potamobius serratus WuItTE, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, XVIII, p. 95, pl. xv, 1850.
Astacoides spinifer HELLER, Reise der Novara, Zool. Th., II, Pt. 3, Crust., p. 102,
pl. 1x, 1865.
Astacus armatus VON Martens, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 3d ser., X VII, p. 359, 1866.
Astacoides serratus McCoy, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 3d ser., XX, p. 189, 1867; Pro-
dromus of the Zoology of Victoria, Decade II, pl. xv, 1878.
Astacus serratus VON MARTENS, Monatsber. Akad. Wissensch. Berlin, 1868, p. 615.
Australian crayfish HUXLEY, The Crayfish, p. 307, fig. 76, 1880.
Astacopsis serratus HASWELL, Cat. Australian Stalk- and Sessile-eyed Crust.,
p. 174, 1882.
Astacopsis spinifer BaTr, Rep. Challenger Crust. Macrura, p. 195, pl. xxvin,
1888.
Habitat.—Australia, in Murray River, the Murrumbidgee and tribu-
taries, the Paramatta River at Sydney (Bate), Richmond River (White),
Brisbane Water (White), and at Mount Wilson (Haswell).
List of specimens examined: Australia, Doctor F. Miiller, one male
(Coll. Mus. Comp. Zool.); Melbourne, Doctor F. Miiller, one female ovig.
(Coll. Mus. Comp. Zool.); Murray River, one female ovig. (Coll. Mus.
Comp. Zool.); Murrumbidgee River, one male (Coll. Mus. Comp. Zool.),
and Moreton Bay, one (Coll. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.).
The largest specimen in the Museum of Comparative Zoology (an
egg-bearing female) is 124 inches (510 mm.) long. Von Martens records
a Specimen 13 inches (330 mm.) in length, while according to Stebbing
a length of 20 inches (507 mm.) is sometimes attained. The eggs
measure 4 by 3 mm.
According to McCoy the Murray lobster is brought to the Melbourne
market from the Murray River in considerable numbers. In living
specimens the anterior legs, the middle of the back, and the apices of the
‘spines and tubercles are rich, creamy white orivory color; the ground
color of the other legs, sides of the carapace, and the abdomen pale prus-
sian blue of varying shades of intensity in different individuals, or some-
times mottled with dull olive green. The semicorneous, flexible edges
of the tail fin are brownish. Some specimens are olive green where the
blue appears in others.
According to Haswell, “specimens from Mount Wilson differ from
those from the Murrumbidgee in having the apical spine of the rostrum
very short, the tubercles of the carapace blunt, and the tubercles of the
abdomen small, the inner row being altogether rudimentary; the color
of this variety is deep red, with bluish shades on the sides of the
carapace and legs, as in Shaw’s figure.”
—— = a
No. 1136. OBSERVATIONS ON THE ASTACID4—FAXON, 671
The telson of the specimen figured by Heller is more spiny than usual.
This species was first described by Shaw as Cancer serratus, a name
already used by Forskal for a different animal, Scylla serrata. Follow-
ing the American Ornithologists’ Union Committee’s code of nomencla-
ture,' the name serratus must be discarded in favor of spinifer of Heller.
The number and arrangement of the gills are the same as in A.
Sranklinii, as shown in the formula on page 669. But the inner wall
of the stem of all the podobranchie, except the hindmost, develops
a broad limb or ala, as in the genus Cheraps; this ala, however, bears
long hair-like sete in place of the hooked branchial filaments seen
in Cheraps. In A. franklinii this ala is very rudimentary, in which
regard that species shows again its affinity to Astacoides madagasca-
riensis. The epipod of the first maxilliped bears a large number of
hookless branchial filaments.
Genus CHERAPS Erichson.
Cheraps Er1cHson, Arch. f. Naturgesch., 12ter Jahrg., I, p. 101i, 1846.
Type, Astacus (Cheraps) preissit Erichson.
Rostrum rather narrow, triangular, plane or even a little convex
above, obscurely marginate, entire or obscurely toothed near the tip.
Antennal scale broadly oval, or often broadly truncate at the distal
end. Anterior process of epistome broadly triangular. Superior border
of hand with a denticulated carina. Carapace and abdomen smooth,
nearly free from spines and tubercles; areola narrow. Distal moiety
of telson and of both branches of the posterior abdominal appendages
membranaceous; median carina of inner branch of the latter terminat-
ing in a small spine near the middle of the segment; transverse suture
of the outer branch halfway between the proximal and distal ends.
Form cambaroid. Gills forty-two (one pair very small—almost rudi-
mentary), disposed as shown in the following table :”
ARTHROBRANCHL®E.
SOMITE. PODOBRANCHL®. a ——__ PLEUROBRANCHLE.
Anterior. Posterior.
Wiles. ON(ep)?:) 0 On een eet LO = O(epr)
Wilt ere oe 1S 1 OG Stes a0 = 2
EX 1 1 1 0 =— &£
xe 1 1 1 0 ——
XI. 1 1 1 1 ==. 4
XII. 1 seek 1 i = 4
XIII. 1 i al 1 — 4
XIV. 0 0 0 1 — 1
6+epr + 6 + 5 4+ 4 = 21+ep?
a Very minute, almost rudimentary.
Habitat.—Australia.
'Canon XXXIII.
*The arrangement and structure of the branchial apparatus in Cheraps was first
described by Huxley, from an undetermined specimen in the British Museum from
the Yarra-Yarra River, Australia. From the locality, this specimen was presumably
Cheraps bicarinatus. I have examined the branchial organs in specimens of C. bicar-
inatus in the Museum of Comparative Zoology and find that they agree in every
respect with Huxley’s description (Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1878, pp. 768, 769, fig.
6). Erichson was manifestly wrong in saying that Cheraps, like Cambarus, lacked
gills on the last thoracic somite.
672 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XX,
CHERAPS PREISSII Erichson.
Astacus (Cheraps) preissii Ericuson, Arch. f. Naturgesch., 12ter Jahrg., I, p.
101, 1846.
? Astacoides plebejus Hess, Arch. f. Naturgesch., 3lter Jahrg., I, p. 164, pl. vu, fig.
17, 1865.
Astacus preissii VON MARTENS, Monatsber. Akad. Wissensch. Berlin, 1868, p. 617
(after Erichson).
Astacopsis preissti HASWELL, Cat. Australian Stalk and BessHleroye’ Crust., p.
177, 1882 (after von Martens).
Southwestern Australia (Erichson). Erichson’s types could not be
found in the Berlin Zoological Museum by Doctor von Martens in 1868.
Victoria, Australia (No. 4356, Coll. Mus. Comp. Zool., one male).
The specimen in the Museum of Comparative Zoology agrees well
with Erichson’s diagnosis, so far as it goes. It shows alow postorbital
ridge on each side of the gastric area, terminating anteriorly in a
minute blunt tubercle. Therostrum is flat and punctate, lightly margi-
nate, the margins passing anteriorly into the short, triangular acumen
without developing lateral spines or teeth. The areolais much broader
than in C. bicarinatus, measuring 5.5mm. in width (length of the whole
animal, 109 mm.). The outer part of the upper surface of the hand is
thickly sown with very large, deep pits. The fingers are strongly
curved, the movable one armed within with a large, blunt tooth. The
carpus bears a long and stout tubercle on its inner border; this tuber-
cle is curved forward and is blunt at the end; there are, besides, a few
low tubercles on the anterior border of the lower face of the carpus.
The anterior process of the epistoma is bounded behind by a slight
transverse furrow; its sides are very convex, and its anterior angle is
produced so as to form a thin, vertical plate.
Hess’s Astacoides plebejus came from Sydney, New South Wales.
The shape of the large chele, the breadth of the areola, and the color (yel-
lowish, the large claws dusky) make it probable that this specimen was
Cheraps preissii. The specimen (dry) of C. preissii in the Museum of
Comparative Zoology has chelipeds of a very dark purplish color, in
striking contrast with the yellow hue of the rest of the body. It is true
that the deep, large pits seen on the chele of C. preissit are ignored in
both the description and the figure of Astacoitdes plebejus, and that the
telson has a very different shape, if Hess’s figure be correctly drawn.
Ortmann treats Astacoides plebejus as a synonym of Cheraps preissii,
but I think that Ortmann’s specimen of C. preissit was in reality
bicarinatus. (See below.)
CHERAPS BICARINATUS (Gray).
Astacus bicarinatus GRAY, Eyre’s Journals of Expeditions of Discovery into
Central Australia, I, p. 410, pl. 111, fig. 2, 1845; List Crust. Brit. Mus., p. 72,
1847 (no description).
Astacus bicarinatus ERICHSON, Arch. f. Naturgesch., 12ter Jahrg., I, p. 376, 1846
(after Gray).
:
:
NO. 1136. OBSERVATIONS ON THE ASTACIDA—FAXON. 673
Astacus bicarinatus Hess, Arch. f. Naturgesch., 31lter Jahrg., I, p. 164, 1865 (after
Gray; no description).
Astacus bicarinatus VON MARTENS, Monatsber. Akad. Wissensch. Berlin, 1868,
p- 617.
Astacoides bicarinatus McCoy, Prod. Zool. Victoria, Decade III, pl. xxrx, 1879,
-. Astacopsis bicarinatus HASWELL, Cat. Australian Stalk- and Sessile-eyed Crust.,
p. 177, 1882 (after Gray).
Cheraps bicarinatus ORTMANN, Zoolog. Jahrb., Abth. f. Syst., VI, p. 7, pl. 1, fig. 2,
1891; Semon’s Zoolog. Forsch. in Australien, V, 1 Lief., p. 21 (Denkschr.
med.-naturwissensch. Gesellsch. zu Jena, VIII), 1894.
? Cheraps preissii ORTMANN, Zoolog. Jahrb., Abth. f. Syst., VI, p. 8, pl. 1, fig. 1,
1891.
Habitat.—Australia. Port Essington (Gray), Cape York (von Mar-
tens), Rockhampton (Ortmann), Manning River (Haswell), Sydney
(Coll. Mus. Comp. Zool.), Murray River (von Martens), Melbourne (Coll.
Mus. Comp. Zool.).
Gray’s description and figure of Astacus bicarinatus (from Port Es-
sington, northern Australia) do not apply very closely to the species
now commonly known by thisname. The wrist, for instance, is described
and figured as ‘‘triangular, angularly produced in front;” the areola is
too broad, and the account of the carine on the tail fin is not at all clear.
Gray’s type should bein the British Museum. In close connection with
his description of A. bicarinatus, Gray notices a drawing brought home
by Eyre, representing the ‘“ Ukodko,” or smaller crayfish of the Murray
River—undoubtedly the Cheraps bicarinatus of more recent authors.
Gray’s failure to identify the “‘ Ukodko” with his own Astacus bicari-
natus may have been due to the inaccuracy of the drawing, which
showed no indications of the carinz or postorbital ridges.
Cheraps bicarinatus attains to a length of about 6 inches. The ros-
trum is long triangular in outline, plane above, the margins slightly
raised, commonly armed with a minute tooth on each side near the tip;
but the lateral teeth are wholly wanting in some individuals. The
postorbital ridges may terminate anteriorly in a blunt tubercle, or in
others they may be quite free from any tendency to develop tubercle
or spine. The areola is narrow, widening gradually from the anterior
end backward. The antennal scale is very broad, broadest at the
distal end, its inner margin very convex. In large specimens the
dactylus of the chelipeds is equal in length to the inner margin of the
palm, but in small specimens the fingers are commonly longer in pro-
portion to the palm. The upper surface of the hand is sparsely and
not very conspicuously punctate, the punctations being most evident
on the outer half of this surface.
According to Mr. Eyre, as quoted by Gray, this crayfish (known to the
aborigines of the Murray River district as the Ukodko or Koongola)
‘is found in the alluvial flats of the river Murray, in South Australia,
which are subject to a periodical flooding by the river. It burrows deep
below the surface of the ground as the floods recede and are dried up, and
remains dormant until the next flooding recalls it to the surface. At
Proc. N. M. vol. xx ——43
674 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. Vou. XX.
first it is in a thin and weakly state, but soon recovers and gets plump
and fat, at which time it is most excellent eating. Thousands are pro-
cured from a small space of ground with ease, and hundreds of natives
are supported in abundance and luxury by them for many weeks
together. It sometimes happens that the flood does not occur every
year, and in this case the eu-kod-ko lie dormant until the next, and a
year and a half would thus be passed below the surface. I have often
seen them dug out of my garden, or in my wheat field, by men engaged
in digging ditches for irrigation. The floods usually overflow the river
flats in August or September, and recede again in February or March.”
This species has been well figured (in color) by McCoy. Different
specimens vary considerably in color, “some having the body and
abdomen dark olive, others paler or with a yellow tinge, and some are
of a dull pale brown or horn color; the large anterior pair of claws are
always blue, with red joints, and the flexible part of the five tail fins
dull brown; the smaller pairs of legs are blue, or greenish, or whitish
in different living individuals.” According to the same author, this
species is commonly known about Melbourne by the native name of
‘abber or Yabbie. It does not inhabit the streams, ‘‘but is abundant
in the quarry holes and swamps round Melbourne and in most water-
holes in the colony, doing great damage to dratns and reservoirs from
burrowing holes through the banks. The individuals live for a long
time underground in their burrows after the pools of water on the
surface have dried up.” Professor McCoy could detect no difference
between specimens from the swamps near Melbourne and those of the
Murray district.
As noted above, the lateral teeth near the tip of the rostrum are
sometimes obsolete, and the proportional length of the fingers may
vary according to the size of the specimen. It therefore seems to me
probable that the specimen from Victoria in the Strasburg Museum
assigned to Cheraps preissii by Ortmann is in reality Cheraps bicarinatus.
The obsolescence of the lateral rostral spines is, in a few cases, accompa-
nied by an appreciable shortening of the rostrum, but, after examining
all the material before me, I can see no ground for forming two species.
List of specimens examined: Australia, eight males, four females
(Coll. Mus. Comp. Zool.); Sydney, Australia, one male, one female (Coll.
Mus. Comp. Zool.); Melbourne, Australia, two females (Coll. Mus. Comp.
Zool.); no locality, one male, one female (Coll. Mus. Comp. Zool.); south-
ern Australia, two males (Coll, U.S.N.M.); Happy Valley Creek, South
Australia, two males (Coll. U.S.N.M.).
For convenience of reference I append a summary of the Austra-
lian and Tasmanian species of crayfish that are doubtful or that are
unknown to me.
NO. 1136. OBSERVATIONS ON THE ASTACIDA#—FAXON, 675
ASTACOPSIS NOBILIS (Dana).
Astacoides nobilis DANA, U. 8S. Explor. Exped., XII, Pt. 1, p.526, 1852; Atlas, pl.
XXXII, fig. 3, 1855.—Huss, Arch. f. Naturgesch., 31lter Jahrg., I, p. 164, 1X65
(Gottingen Mus.).—HELLER, Reise der Novara, Zool. Th., II, Pt. 3,Crust., p.
101, 1865.
Astacus nobilis VON MARTENS, Monatsber. Akad. Wissensch. Berlin, 1868, p. 616
(after Dana, Hess, and Heller).
Astacopsis nobilis HASWELL, Cat. Australian Stalk- and Sessile-eyed Crust., p. 175,
1882 (after Dana).
Habitat—New South Wales? (Dana); Sydney, New South Wales
(Heller, Hess).
Von Martens and Haswell incline to identify this species with A.
Jranklinii; Huxley with A. spinifera. It seems to me more likely that
it is a valid species, the Australian representative of the Tasmanian A,
franklinit.
ASTACOPSIS PARAMATTENSIS Bate.
Astacopsis paramattensis BATE, Rep. ‘‘ Challenger” Crust. Macrura, p. 202, pl.
XXVUi, fig. 1, 1888.
Habitat.—Paramatta River, Sydney, Australia (Bate).
Bate described this species from a single female specimen 94 mm.
(about 34 inches) long, collected by the ‘“‘ Challenger” expedition. Asta-
copsis spinifera was collected at the same place (Paramatta River, Syd-
ney), and I am inclined to think that A. paramattensis is nothing but a
young, small specimen of A. spinifera. It can be demonstrated that
among the Parastacine, as, for instance, in the genus Paranephrops,
the heavy armature of spines or tubercles may be acquired only by
large individuals, long after sexual maturity has been reached.
ASTACOPSIS SYDNEYENSIS Bate.
Astacopsis sydneyensis BatE, Rep. “Challenger” Crust. Macrura, p. 204, pl.
XXVIII, fig. 2, 1888.
Habitat.—Sydney, Australia (Bate).
Based on single female specimen in the “Challenger” collections, 50
mm. (about 2 inches) long. Probably an immature specimen of an
Astacopsis, perhaps A. spinifera.
“ASTACUS” AUSTRALASIENSIS Milne-Edwards.
Astacus australasiensis MILNE-EDWARDS, Hist. Nat. des Crustacis, II, p. 332, pl.
XXIV, figs. 1-5, 1837.—AuDOUIN ET MILNE-EDWarbs, Arch, du Mus. d’Hist.
Nat., II, p. 36, 1841.
Astacus australiensis ERICHSON, Arch. f. Naturgesch., 12ter, Jahrg., I, p. 94, 1846
(after Milne-Edwards).—HELLER, Reise der Novara, Zool. Th., I, Pt. 3,
Crust., p. 100, 1865.—von MarTENS, Monatsber. Akad. Wissensch. Berlin,
1868, p. 618 (after Milne-Edwards and Heller).
Astacopsis australiensis HASWELL, Cat. Australian Stalk- and Sessile-eyed Crust.,
p. 178, 1882 (after Milne-Edwards).
676 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XX.
Habitat Australia (Milne-Edwards), Sydney, Australia (Heller).
Length about 2 inches (Milne-Edwards), 24 inches (Heller). Color
greenish (Heller, as also in Milne-Edwards’s figure).
Probably an immature specimen of an Astacopsis, possibly A. nobilis.
“ASTACUS” TASMANICUS Erichson.
Astacus tasmanicus ERICHSON, Arch. f. Naturgesch., 12ter Jahrg., I, p. 94, 1846.—
VON MARTENS, Monatsber. Akad. Wissensch. Berlin, 1868, p. 618.
Astacopsis tasmanicus HASWELL, Cat. Australian Stalk- and Sessile-eyed Crust.,
p. 178, 1882 (after von Martens).
Habitat.—Tasmania. Type in Berlin Zoological Museum, No. 1579,
female (von Martens).
“ENGAUS” FOSSOR Erichson.
Astacus (Engeus) fossor Ericuson, Arch. f. Naturgesch., 12ter. Jahrg., I,
p. 102, 1846.
Astacus fossor VON MARTENS, Monatsber. Akad. Wissensch. Berlin, 1868, p. 618.
Engeus fossor HASWELL, Cat. Australian Stalk- and Sessile-eyed Crust., p. 178,
1882 (after von Martens).
Habitat.—Tasmania(Erichson, von Martens), Australia(von Martens).
Types in Berlin Zoological Museum, Nos. 1123, 1124 (von Martens).
“ENGAUS” CUNICULARIS Erichson,
Astacus (Engeus) cunicularis Er1cuson, Arch. f. Naturgesch., 12ter Jahrg., I, p.
102, 1846.
Astacus cunicularis VON MARTENS, Monatsber. Akad. Wissensch. Berlin, 1868, p.
619.
Engeus cunicularis HASWELL, Cat. Australian Stalk- and Sessile-eyed Crust., p.
179, 1882 (after von Martens).
Habitat.—Tasmania (Erichson, von Martens). Type in Berlin Zoo-
logical Museum, No. 1122 (von Martens).
“ ASTACOIDES” PLEBEJUS Hess.
Astacoides plebejus Hess, Arch. f. Naturgesch., 3lter Jahrg., I, p. 164, pl. vu,
fig. 17, 1865.
Astacus plebejus VON MARTENS, Monatsber. Akad. Wissensch. Berlin, 1868, p.
616 (after Hess). '
Astacopsis plebejus HASWELL, Cat. Australian Stalk- and Sessile-eyed Crust., p.
175, 1882 (after Hess).
Habitat.—Sydney, Australia (Hess). Type in Gottingen Museum
(Hess).
This is probably a Cheraps—C. preissii Erichson, or else C. bicarinatus
(Gray). (See p. 672.)
No. 1136. OBSERVATIONS ON THE ASTACIDA—FAXON. «> GNeh
CHERAPS QUINQUE-CARINATUS (Gray).
Astacus quinque-carinatus GRAY, Eyre’s Journals of Expeditions of Discovery
into Central Australia, I, p. 410, pl. 111, fig. 3, 1845; List. Crust. Brit. Mus.,
p. 72, 1847 (no description).—ERIcHsoNn, Arch. f. Naturgesch., 12ter Jahrg.,
I, p. 376, 1846 (after Gray).—VON MARTENS, Monatsber. Akad. Wissensch.
Berlin, 1868, p. 616 (after Gray).
Astacopsis quinque-carinatus HASWELL, Cat. Australian Stalk- and Sessile-eyed
Crust., p. 176, 1882 (after Gray).
Habitat.—Western Australia, near Swan River (Gray).
CHERAPS QUADRICARINATUS (von Martens).
Astacus quadricarinatus VON MARTENS, Monatsber. Akad. Wissensch. Berlin, 1868,
ae Ore
Astacopsis quadricarinatus HASWELL, Cat. Australian Stalk- and Sessile-eyed
Crust., p. 177, 1882 (after von Martens).
Habitat.—Cape York, Australia (von Martens). Type in Berlin
Zoological Museum, No. 2972 (von Martens).
Genus PARANEPHROPS White.
Paranephrops WHITE, Gray’s Zoolog. Miscell., No. 2, p. 79, 1842.
Type, Paranephrops planifrons White.
Rostrum triangular, upper surface plane or subplane, margins raised
and armed with spines or teeth. Carapace more or less spiny or tuber-
culate (at least in large individuals), Chel more or less armed with
spines and teeth. Form astacoid. Branchial formula:
ARTHROBRANCHLE.
SOMITE. PODOBRANCHI. ————————[{»——_ PLEUROBRANCHI®.
Anterior. Posterior.
VG ee. 21 0S a) Ore 0 0 == OK(ep 7)
VCS Sere alee ea iL ee (ON Pe 0 = 2
EX: 1 il 4; A Ne 0 = 6:
X. ites 1 1 pete 0 =e
xe db Se ieee Lap 1 aed
XII. aly al es 1 ee
XII. pate le nr. 1 = 349
LV: Ox: Om: 0 1 = il
6+epr + 6 al. 4—--r + 4 = 20+r-epr
Habitat.—New Zealand.!
1 Huxley (Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1878, p. 771) mentions two specimens of a
Paranephrops in the British Museum, said to have come from the Fiji Islands.
Mr. Edward J. Miers wrote to me, February 4, 1894, that he could not find any such
specimens in the collection of the British Museum. Mr. Charles Chilton, of Christ-
church, New Zealand, to whom I am indebted for a fine collection of the crayfishes
of that country, has been at some pains to procure specimens of the fresh-water
Crustacea of the Fijis, and he informs me that all the ‘‘ crayfishes” have proved
to be fresh-water prawns (Palemon). It is probable that the specimens of Para-
nephrops labelled “ Fiji Islands” in the British Museum were assigned to the wrong
locality.
678 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XX.
PARANEPHROPS PLANIFRONS White.
Paranephrops planifrons WHITE, Gray’s Zoolog. Miscell., No. Il, p. 79, 1842;
Dieftenbach’s Travels in New Zealand, II, p. 267, 1843; List Crust. Brit.
Mus., p. 72, 1847 (no description).
?Paranephrops tenuicornis DANA, U.S. Explor, Exped., XIII, Crust., Pt. 1, p. 527,
1852; Atlas, pl. xxxim, fig. 4, 1855.
Paranephrops tenuicornis HELLER, Reise der Novara, Zoolog. Th., II, Pt. 3,
Crust., p. 104, 1865.
Paranephrops planifrons Miers, Zool. ‘‘ Erebus and Terror,” Crust., p. 4, pl. 1m,
fig. 1, 1874; Cat. Stalk- and Sessile-eyed Crustacea of New Zealand, p. 72,
1876; Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 4th ser., XVIII, p. 418, 1876; Trans. and Proc.
New Zealand Inst., IX, p. 476, 1877.
Paranephrops planifrons UWuUX LEY, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1878, p. 770.
Paranephrops planifrons CurLtron, Trans. and Proc. New Zealand Inst., XXI,
pp. 242, 249, pl. x, figs. 1-3, 1888.
Types in British Museum (White, Miers).
Paranephrops planifrons is a very puzzling species. The type local-
ity is the river Thames, North Island, New Zealand. In specimens
from Puriri Creek, a tributary of the Thames, the rostrum tapers off
into a long and sharp acumen, which overreaches the distal end of the
antennular peduncle. Each side of the rostrum is armed with three
teeth, which are produced into long spine-like points. In one of the
five specimens before me there are four spines on the right side, three
on the left; the lower side of the rostrum is furnished with one or two
spines. The antennal scale is long, and diminishes in width from the
basal third to the tip; it exceeds the rostrum in length. The postor-
bital ridge is interrupted between the two sharp spines with which it is
armed. A median ridge runs along the gastric area, reaching forward
as far as the anterior pair of postorbital spines, but not continued on
the rostrum. There are two or three sharp spines on each side of the
carapace, just behind the cervical groove, besides several more on the
hepatic and pterygostomian regions. The areola is very short and
broad—not much over one-third as long as the distance from the cervi-
cal groove to the tip of the rostrum. The abdominal pleure are
bluntly angulated. The hand is long and narrow, its superior and
inferior margins nearly straight, parallel, and armed with a double
row of spines—those on the superior margin the longest. The inner
and outer faces of the hand are convex and sparsely armed with spines,
the largest of which are disposed in a median longitudinal row on each
face.
Specimens from Karaka, Manukau Harbor (near Auckland), are alto-
gether similar to typical examples from the Thames. The largest of
these (an ovigerous female) measures 83 mmm. from tip of rostrum to end
of telson.
Individuals from localities south of the Thames basin, from the lake
called Roto-Iti (North Island) southward to Cook Strait and beyond,
differ almost constantly from the typical form in having a shorter rostral
acumen, Shorter lateral rostral teeth, shorter and broader antennal
is much longer, being nearly one-half as long as a line drawn from the
cervical groove to the anterior end of the rostrum; the hand, too, is
provided with shorter fingers and the lower half of the hand is more
heavily tuberculate both on the inner and outer faces. The number of
lateral rostral spines varies from three to five on each side; the number
of inferior spines on the rostrum is one or two. In large specimens
from Roto-Iti and Napier the sides of the carapace are thickly set with
blunt tubercles which become spiny only on the hepatic and pterygo-
stomian regions, and along the cervical suture; but in similarly large
examples from Nelson (South Island) all the tubercles, even those on
the branchial regions, tend to assume the form of sharp spines. Finally,
in individuals collected at Wellington and in Pelorus River, Marlbor-
ough (localities on opposite sides of Cook Strait), a tendency is mani-
fested to variation in the direction of Paranephrops zealandicus, inasmuch
as the lateral rostral spines are increased in number and reduced to
Short, blunt teeth, and the antennal scale is short and broad, broadest
at the middle, with very convex internal border. The largest of these
specimens is only 73 mm. long. The number of lateral rostral spines
varies between three and eight on each side, the average number being
five. The lower side of the rostrum is in many cases destitute of teeth.
In three out of the four specimens from Pelorus River the median carina
of the carapace is very prominent, and extends forward from the gastric
area half way to the tip of the rostrum. Usually in P. planifrons it
runs forward only as far as the anterior postorbital spines.
The most southern locality where P. planifrons has been found is
Greymouth, on the western side of the South Island.
It thus appears, as was first pointed out by Mr. Chilton, that P.
plunifrons is a variable species distributed throughout the whole length
of the North Isiand (where it is the only species found) and through
the northern part of the South Island as far south as Greymouth.
Hence it would seem, in the words of Mr. Chilton, ‘‘that Cook Strait
has not proved so great, or rather so old a barrier to these crayfish as
the mountains in Nelson forming the northern continuation of the
Southern Alps. As this point seemed to be of some importance in
connection with the geographical distribution of the fauna of New
Zealand, and as lL wasignorant of the configuration of that part of the
South Island, I applied to Professor Hutton for information. With
his characteristic kindness and promptness, he at once told me that
there was no great division (by mountains, that is,) between Nelson
and Greymouth, but that the first great division would be along the
Kaikoura Mountains and across westerly to Mount Franklin, and then
down the Spencer Mountains and the Southern Alps; though the part
between the Kaikoura Mountains and Mount Franklin is much broken
by rivers, some running north and some south. He also told me
that several North Island plants extend to Nelson and down the
680 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. ~ VOL. XX:
west coast to Westport and Greymouth. Another fact pointing in
the same direction is found in the distribution of Armadillo speciosus,
a terrestrial isopod. This is known from the North Island (Bay of
Islands, Dana, and Wellington, Hutton), and I have specimens from
Nelson; but I have never heard of it occurring in the southern part
of the South Island.” On either side of Cook Strait (Wellington,
Pelorus River) specimens were found which show a marked approach in
the form of the rostrum, antennal scale, etc., to P. zealandicus.
Paranephrops tenuicornis Dana, from fresh-water streams about the
Bay of Islands, northern New Zealand, is described as having a short
point or tooth on the inner border of the antennal scale, near the apex,
and the lower margin of the hand spinuli-scabrous, but not seriately
spinous. It is probably the same species as P. planifrons.
List of specimens examined:
Karaka, Manukau Harbor (North Island), four males, three females
(Colls. Mus. Comp. Zool.and Dunedin Mus.); Puriri Creek, River Thames
(North Island), three males, four females (Colls. Mus. Comp. Zool. and
Dunedin Mus.); Roto-Iti (North Island), eight males, one female (Colls.
Mus. Comp. Zool. and Dunedin Mus.); Napier (North Island), one male,
one female (Coll. Dunedin Mus.); Wellington (North Island), three males,
four females, four young (Coll. Dunedin Mus.); Pelorus River (South
Island), two males, three females (Coll. Dunedin Mus.); Nelson (South
Island), three males, two females (Colls. Mus. Comp. Zool. and Dunediu
Mus.); Greymouth (South Island), one female (Coll. Dunedin Mus.).
PARANEPHROPS ZEALANDICUS (White).
Astacus zealandicus WHITE, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, Pt. 15, p. 123, 1847; List
Crust. Brit. Mus., p. 72, 1847 (no description); Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 2d ser.,
I, p. 225, 1848; Zool. ‘‘ Erebus and Terror,” pl. U, fig. 2, 1874.
Paranephrops zelandicus Mizrs, Zool. ‘‘ Erebus and Terror,” Crust., p. 4, 1874.
Paranephrops zealandicus Mimrs, Cat. Stalk- and Sessile-eyed Crust. of New Zea-
land, p. 73, 1876; Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 4th ser., XVIII, p. 413, 1876; Trans.
and Proc. New Zealand Inst., IX, p. 476, 1877.
Paranephrops neo-zelanicus CHILTON (in part), Trans. and Proc. New Zealand
Inst., XXI, p. 249, 1888.
Types in British Museum (Miers).
In P. zealandicus the chela is much shorter and broader than in
P. planifrons, and it is furnished with conspicuous dense tufts of silky
hair, disposed in longitudinal rows. The upper margin of the hand is
armed with a series of prominent spines, continued as a double row on
the margin of the dactylus. _The lower margin of the hand is furnished
with a double row of shorter spinous teeth. The outer face of the hand
is provided with a few tubercles, which seldom develop any spinous
points; the inner face bears two longitudinal rows of short teeth.
The rostrum is armed on eich side with small, blunt teeth, usually five
in number, but in some individuals three, four, or six; the inferior
edge is either unarmed or else provided with one or two acute teeth; a
median carina runs over the gastric area, ceasing abreast of the ante-
E
:
‘
NO. 1136 OBSERVATIONS ON THE ASTACIDA—FAXON. 681
rior pair of postorbital spines, the rostrum proper bein gw holly desti-
tute of a median dorsal keel. In small specimens the sides of the cara-
pace are smooth, or at the most reveal only the slightest trace of low,
rounded papillz; but in large specimens, that have attained a length
of 115 mm. or more, the sides of the carapace are thickly studded
with rounded tubercles. The antennal scale is rather short, and it is
broadest in the middie.
White does not state from what part of New Zealand his type speci-
mens came. These are still in the British Museum, and belong to this
form, judging from the figure in the Zoology of the ‘¢ Erebus and
Terror,” and from Miers’s brief notice of them,' rather than to the
following species, P. setosus.
List of specimens examined:
Near Dunedin (South Island), ten males, thirteen females (Colls.
Mus. Comp. Zool. and Coll. Dunedin Mus.); Oamaru (South Island),
one male (Coll. Dunedin Mus.).
According to Chilton,’ P. zealandicus has been found in the western
tributaries of the Waiau (in the southwestern part of Otago) and in
Stewart Island.
Of a series of specimens collected in a small cance at Sawyer’s Bay,
near Dunedin, sent to me by Mr. Charles Chilton, some were taken
from small streams affording a small flow of water, while others were
captured in a little reservoir, not more than ten feet deep, formed by
damming up one of the small streams. The maximum length attained
by the individuals inhabiting the streams is about 84mm. These
specimens are sexually mature, as is shown by the fact that some of the
females carry young beneath the abdomen. In all these examples from
the small streams the carapace is well-nigh destitute of spines and
tubercles. The specimens from the reservoir, on the contrary, are all
very large, attaining a length of 118 to 158 mm., and heavily tuber-
culated on the sides of the carapace, the tubercles having the form of
prominent, smooth, rounded papill.
PARANEPHROPS SETOSUS Hutton.
Paraneplirops setosus HuTTON, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 4th ser., XII, p. 402, 1873.
aeaae setosus Miprs, Cat. Stalk- and ene -eyed Gract. Now Zealand,
p- 72, 1876; Ann. Mag. Nae. Hist., 4th ser., XVIII, p. 413, 1876; Trans. and Proce.
New ite Inst., [X, p. 476, 1877 7.
Paranephrops horridus ‘“S[eMPER ?] MS.,” Miers, Cat. Stalk- and Sessile-eyed
Crust. New Zealand, p. 73, 1876.
? Astacoides tridentatus Woop-MASON, Proc. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1876, p. 4.
? Astacoides zealandicus WOOD-MAsoNn, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 4th ser., XVIII, p. 306,
1876.
Paranephrops setosus CHILTON, Trans. and Proc. New Zealand Inst., XV, p. 150,
pls. XIX-XXI, 1882.
Paranephrops neo-zelanicus CHiLtton (in part), Trans. and Proc. New Zealand
Inst., X XI, PP. 246, 249, pl. X, figs. la, 2a, 1888.
1 Ann, pes Nat. Hist., Ath ser., X VIII, p. 413, 1876.
2 Trans. New Zealand Inst., XXI, p. 241, 1888.
682 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XX.
Paranephrops setosus is nearly related to P. zealandicus, but may be
distinguished by the following characters: The cephalothorax is more
oval than in P. zealandicus, owing to the bulging of the sides of the
carapace; the sides of the carapace are thickly strewn with acute,
forward-turned spines, which take the place of the rounded tubercles
in P. zealandicus. The rostrum and antennal scale are longer, the lat-
eral rostral teeth longer and more spiniform; the rostrum is furnished
with an evident median keel, most prominent on the distal half of the
rostrum (in P. zealandicus there is a gastric keel, but no keel on the ros-
trum). These characters are manifest even in small specimens not
more than 65 mm. in length, although in them the carapacial spines are
much reduced in number—linited, indeed, to the hepatic area and the
parts near the cervical groove. In P. zealandicus of a similar size
the carapace is smooth.
The number of spines on each side of the rostrum varies between
three and six. In every specimen I have examined there is at least one
spine on the under side of the rostrum; in several individuals there
are two, in one individual three.
The largest specimen before me is 145 mm. long.
When Professor Hutton described P. setosus he was apparently
unacquainted with White’s description of P. zealandicus,' and his type
material probably included both the present species and P. zealandicus,
for he gives as the habitat of P. setosus ‘‘stream near Invercargill,
Province of Otago, and the river Avon, near Christchurch, Canter-
bury.” The form from Invereargill is presumably (from what we know
of the distribution of the New Zealand crayfishes) P. zealandicus.
This is rendered the more certain in that Chilton? tells us that a large
specimen in the Otago Museum, labeled P. setosus by Professor Hutton
himself, has a cylindrical carapace, furnished with numerous rounded
tubercles—features peculiar to large specimens of P. zealandicus.
Hutton’s description, however, seems to have been drawn up from the’
Avon River form, to which the name setosus may be properly restricted.
I have received specimens of P. setosus (sensu strictiori) from Mr. Chil-
ton, collected in the neighborhood of Christchurch, in the Avon and
Heathcote rivers, and one pair taken at Rangiora, fifteen or twenty
miles north of Christchurch.
Mr. Chilton® considers P. zealandicus and P. setosus to be one and
the same species. As far as can be determined from the material at
my disposal, the two species are perfectly distinct, even young, very
small specimens being easily distinguishable.
List of specimens examined :
River Avon, Christchurch, New Zealand (South Island), four males,
four females (Coll. Mus. Comp. Zool. and Coll. Dunedin Mus.); river
Heathcote, near Christchurch, New Zealand (South Island), one male,
1 Chilton, Trans. New Zealand Inst., X XI, p. 287.
2Tbid., p. 248.
3Tbid., p. 238.
NO. 1136. OBSERVATIONS ON THE ASTACIDA—FAXON. 683
three females (Coll. Mus. Comp. Zool. and Coll. Dunedin Mus.); Ran-
giora, New Zealand (South Island), one male, one female (Coll. Dune-
din Mus.). .
Genus PARASTACUS Huxley.
Parastacus HuxLry, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1878, p. 771.
Type, Astacus pilimanus von Martens.
Form cambaroid. Rostrum of moderate width, rather flat above,
marginate, entire or armed with a pair of denticles near the tip.
Antennal scale broad. Anterior process of epistome broadly triangu-
lar. Superior margin of hand not carinate. Carapace and abdomen
smooth (without prominent spines or tubercles). Telson and posterior
pair of abdominal appendages more or less membranaceous at distal
end, but no sharp line of demarcation between the membranaceous
and calcified portions. Median carina of inner branch of the posterior
abdominal appendages terminating not far from the posterior border
(usually in a small spine); transverse suture of outer branch one-third
way from the posterior border. Gills forty, arranged as shown in the
subjoined table:
ARTHROBRANCHLE,
SOMITE. PODOBRANCHL®. os PLEUROBRANCHL#.
Anterior. Posterior.
Mie Sele 2 Olep#or’ep)? 0 jag) = (0(eprorep)
WALD VER Ral CAS ier tee | ae (0) = 2
TX. i te 1 1 tO = 3
xX. ly Oe 1 1 50 == tS
el: alae at 1 al ae
DG LS 1 cis 1 1 eal = 4
XIII. ites es. 1 r a3 el! = 3+r
XIV. On: 0 0 aye all — 1
6+ep r or ep+6 +. 4+r + 4 = 20-+r-+eprorep
Habitat.—South America (and Mexico”).
Von Martens! notes the existence of a pair of genital orifices on the
basal segment of the third pair of legs in a male Parastacus pilimanus
and in a male P. brasiliensis. The coexistence of sexual orifices in
both the third and fifth pairs of legs of the same individual appears to
be the normal condition in the burrowing species of Parastacus. I
have found it in every specimen of the following species examined:
P. saffordi, P. varicosus, P. defossus, and P. hassleri. In most cases
the vulve are closed by a chitinous membrane.
PARASTACUS SAFFORDI, new species.
(Plate LX VIII. )
Rostrum of moderate length, plane above, with raised toothless mar-
gins, which extend backward for a short distance on the gastric area
inside the postorbital ridges; margins parallel throughout their basal
third, then gradually converging to the acute, depressed acumen; the
end of the rostrum reaches to the distal end of the antennular pedun-
cle; infero-lateral margins fringed with long cilia. Cephalo-thorax
laterally compressed. Postorbital ridges continuous, parallel with each
1Sitzungs-Berichte der Gesellschaft naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin, 1870, p. 3.
684 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XX.
other except posteriorly, where they converge; they are armed ante-
riorly with a minute spine. Anterior border of the carapace produced to
form a short subocular spine. Branchiostegian spinule minute. Cer:
vical groove sinuous. Areola broad, about one-half as long as the ante-
rior section of the carapace. The branchio-cardiac lines form a slightly
raised, blunt ridge in the anterior part of their course. Sides of cara-
pace granulate; no lateral spines. Abdomen longer than cephalo-
thorax, pleure broadly rounded. Telson truncate, with posterior
corners rounded; a pair of lateral spines about two-thirds the way
from the proximal to the distal ends. Anterior process of epistome
broad, separated from the posterior part by a transverse furrow, sides
slightly convex, apex blunt.
Antenne rather short; proximal segment armed with one small
spine external to the orifice of the green gland; two more small spines
on the external side of the antenna, one at the base of the scale, the
other farther forward and at a lower level; antennal scale short and
broad, broadest at the middle, internal border very convex, external
border inflated and terminated by a small spine. Third maxillipeds
densely bearded. Chelipeds of moderate length; margins of merus
spinulose, lower face spinuloso-granular, as is also the distal part of
the inner face; carpus triangular, upper border and inner face thickly
set with small spiniform tubercles, outer face squamoso-tuberculous;
chele of moderate length, symmetrical, inflated, ornamented with low
Squamous tubercles on the superior and inferior margins, outer face
nearly smooth, inner face clothed with long hairs; fingers longer than
the palm, incurved, their inner faces excavated, bearded, cutting edges
denticulate, with one prominent denticle on each finger—the one on the
movable finger proximad of the one on the immovable finger; tips acute.
Length 90 mm.; carapace 42 mm.; from tip of rostrum to cervical
groove 28 mm.; from cervical groove to posterior border of carapace
14 mm.; length of abdomen 45 mm.; width of areola 5 mm.; length
of cheliped 59 mm.; merus 16 mm.; length of chela 25 mm.; breadth
of chela 11 mm.; length of dactylus 15 mm.
Habitat.—Montevideo, Uruguay. W.E. Safford, U.S.S. ‘“‘ Vandalia.”
(No. 12581, Coll. U.S.N.M.) Three specimens. There is also a small
specimen in the collection of the Philadelphia Academy of Sciences
labeled, “‘ Brazil” (No. 287 Guérin Coll.). According to the manu-
script label accompanying the specimens in the United States National
Museum, they were found in burrows one hundred meters from the coast
and two meters deep, in strata of sand covered by soil.
This species is allied to Parastacus pilimanus'! and P. brasiliensis.”
1 Astacus pilimanus VON MARTENS, Arch. f. Naturgesch., 35ter Jahrg., I, p. 15, pl. 0,
figs. 1, 1b, 1869.— Parastacus pilimanus HUXLEY, Proc. Zool. Soe. London, 1878, p. 771.
Habitat.—Porto Alegre, and also Santa Cruz, in upper part of the Rio Pardo basin, #
tributary of the Jacuhy, Brazil. Types in Berlin Zool. Mus., Nos. 3323, 3447 (von
Martens).
2Astacus brasiliensis VON MARTENS, Arch. f. Naturgesch., 35ter Jahrg., I, p. 16, pl. u,
figs. 2, 2b, 1869.—Parastacus brasiliensis HUXLEY, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1878,
@ nts telat, eid
No. 1136, OBSERVATIONS ON THE ASTACID E—FAXON. 685
PARASTACUS VARICOSUS, new species.
(Plate LXIX.)
Similar to P. saffordi, but different in the following particulars: The
branchio-cardiac lines bounding the areola are elevated so as to form
very prominent, rounded ridges, serrated externally; these ridges run
a short distance down the cervical groove in front, but cease before
reaching the hind border of the carapace. The cheliped is very much
longer than in P. saffordi; the distal end of the merus, which in the lat-
ter species only reaches to the subocular angle, in P. varicosus attains
to the level of the rostrum; the hand, too, is very much longer, and
different in outline, the superior and inferior margins being straight
instead of convex, while the external face is beveled off so as to form
a nearly flat field, oblique to the vertical plane of the hand, on each
side of a low, blunt, longitudinal keel, which runs from the carpal
joint to the base of the thumb. In P. saffordi the superior and inferior
margins of the hand are distinctly convex, the external face swollen
and roundish. The dorsal surface of the rostrum is conspicuously
pitted in P. varicosus, obscurely or not at all pitted in P. saffordi.
The anterior ventral margin of the proximal antennal segment is armed
with two spines in the former species; one of these spines lies in front
of the orifice of the green gland, the other at the external angle of the
segment. In P. saffordi only one of these spines exists—the one at
the external angle of the segment. The posterior border of both
branches of the swimmerets has a more truncate outline in P. varico-
sus than in P. saffordi.
Length 100 mm.; carapace 49 mm.; from tip of rostrum to cervical
groove 34 mm.; from cervical groove to posterior border of carapace
15 mm.; abdomen 52 mm.; width of areola 5 mm.; cheliped 91 mm.;
merus 24 mm.; length of chela 40 mm.; breadth of chela 13 mm.;
length of dactylus 22 mm.
The number and arrangement of the branchial organs are exhibited
in the subjoined table:
ARTHROBRANCHL®E.
SOMITE. PODOBRANCHL. PLEUROBRANCHLE.
Anterior. Posterior.
WE. tara OGepies) 0 f 0 = O(epr)
0 eo eae 1 0 0 —
Xe il et 1 tO =
x. 1 1 ] a0 == 88)
XI. il 1 1 fe il = il
XII. 1 1 1 “hein = 4
SET. 1 1 Spal} ae i oo
XIV. 0 0 0) eo — |]
6+epr + 6 -+ 4tr + 4 = 20+r+epr
The epipod of the first maxillipeds bears about twenty gill filaments
on the upper half of its external face. The posterior arthrobranchia
p. 771; TheCrayfish, p. 250, fig. 64, 1880.—ORTMANN, Zoolog. Jahrb., Abth. f. Syst., VI,
p. 9, 1891. Habitat.—Southern Brazil: Porto Alegre and near Ridersberg (von
Martens), Rio Grande do Sul, Sio Lourenzo (Ortmann). Types in Berlin Zoolog,
Mus., Nos. 3322, 3448 (von Martens).
686 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM, VOL. XX.
of the thirteenth somite is reduced to a small, simple filament. The
podobranchiz are alate and the ale are provided with hooked tubercles
similar to those of the Astacine. The coxopoditic sete are long and
hooked at the end.
Habitat.—Colima, Mexico. J. Xantus. (No. 4133, Coll. U.S.N.M.)
One specimen.
The locality is notable as being the only one north of the equator
where Parastacine crayfishes occur. Furthermore, the close affinity
between this species and a native of Uruguay (Parastacus saffordi) is
surprising. But beyond this there appears to be no reason to discredit
the legend which accompanies the type specimen of P. varicosus in the
United States National Museum.
PARASTACUS DEFOSSUS, new species.
(Plate LXVII, figs. 3, 4.)
Cephalo-thorax laterally compressed, the sides high and nearly vertical.
Anteriorsegmentofabdomensmall. Rostrum small, triangular, deflexed,
plane above, lateral borders slightly marginate, strongly converging from
the base to the blunt tip which hardly reaches to the proximal end of the
third antennular segment. The margins of the rostrum are prolonged
backward for a short distance on the gastric area, where they tend to
fuse with the anterior end of the postorbital ridges. The latter are
but slightly marked, unarmed, strongly divergent in their backward
course. The suborbital angle is prominent, but perfectly rounded off.
The dorsal surface of the carapace is smooth, polished, and sparsely
punctate, the lateral walls lightly granulate. The areola is very long
and narrow, the gastric area proportionally short. Abdominal pleurze
rounded, telson long, posteriorly oval in outline. Anterior process of
epistome rather long, but slightly separated from the body of the
epistome by transverse suture; anteriorly truncate. Antenne about
equal in length to the cephalo-thorax; scale small, broad, broadest
near the distal end, external border terminating in a long, stout spine
directed a little outward; a blunt spine or tubercle on the lower side of
‘the first antennal segment, just in front of the orifice of the green
gland; no external spine at base of the scale. Third maxillipeds hairy
within. Chelipeds symmetrical; merus trigonal, outer face smooth, infe-
rior edges serrate, superior edge armed with one blunt tooth near the
distal end; carpus broadly triangular, internal border armed with a
single series of blunt teeth which increase in size toward the distal end
of the segment; hand short and broad, the palm as broad as long, outer
face convex, smooth, with scattering coarse puncta, superior (or internal)
margin ornamented with a low crest of squamous, setiferous tubercles,
inferior border similarly adorned with single row of tubercles running
from the proximal end of the hand as far as to the base of the immo-
bile finger, where they are replaced by shallow pits; dactylus equal in
length to the breadth of the hand, upper margin rounded, with a single
ei aia
NO. 1136. OBSERVATIONS ON THE ASTACIDE—FAXON,. 687
row of confluescent pits, outer face with a longitudinal furrow just
below the superior margin; cutting edges of the fingers armed with a
few blunt teeth near the proximal end. The inner branch of the last
pair of abdominal appendages bears a longitudinal median rib, which
runs nearly to the posterior margin of the segment, but this rib does
not end in a spine as it usually does in the crayfishes.
Length 47 mm.; length of carapace 23.5 mm.; from tip of rostrum
to cervical groove 15 mm.; from cervical groove to hind border of
carapace 9.3 mm.; breadth of areola 1.75 mm.; length of cheliped 31
mm.; length of merus 9 mm.; length of carpus 6 mm.; breadth of
carpus 6 mm.; length of chela 13.5 mm.; breadth of chela 8 mm.;
superior margin of propodite 6.2 mm.; length of dactylus 8 mm.
Habitat—Montevideo, Uruguay. W.E.Safford,U.S.S. “ Vandalia.”
(Coll. U.S.N.M.) Three specimens. Taken, together with P. saffordi,
in burrows two meters deep, one hundred meters from the coast, in
strata of sand covered by soil.
Parastacus defossus is a species whose appearance clearly reveals its
subterranean mode of life, like Cambarus diogenes of the United States
and the so-called Hngei of Tasmania. It has some affinity with P.
brasiliensis of southern Brazil, a species not especially fossorial in
habit, but found in brooks and springs. PP. defossus is easily distin-
guished from P. brasiliensis by the extreme lateral compression of the
cephalo-thorax, the small size of the anterior end of the abdomen, the
strong convergence of the lateral margins of the rostrum, the length
and narrowness of the areola, the shape of the chela (which is much
shorter and broader than in P. brasiliensis), the long oval outline of
the telson, etc.
PARASTACUS HASSLERI, new species.
(Plate LXX, figs. 1-3.)
Cephalo-thorax narrow. Rostrum rather short, reaching nearly to
the distal end of the second segment of the antennular peduncle; upper
surface slightly excavated, with raised, toothless margins convergent
from the base to the blunt (sometimes truncate) extremity. Postorbital
ridges slightly marked, strongly divergent from before backward, not
confluent with the margins of the rostrum, inflated at the posterior end
so as to form a low tubercle. Wall of the orbit produced to form a prom-
inent angle under the eye, but not armed with a spine. Dorsal surface
of carapace smooth, polished, nearly free from impressed dots over the
gastric area, areola rather narrow, its field thickly strewn with im-
pressed dots; a group of six to nine small, blunt tubercles on the ante-
rior part of the lateral walls of the carapace; branchial regions lightly
granular. Distance from.tip of rostrum to cervical groove about twice
the length of the areola. Abdominal pleurze rounded. Hind border
of telson rounded, lateral spines obsolescent. Anterior process of epis-
688 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XX.
tome triangular, bounded behind by a transverse furrow, apex sub-
acute. Basal segment of antenna devoid of spines, neither is there
any trace of an external spine at the base of the antennal scale; the
latter is small, broad, its inner border rounded, its outer border term1-
nating in a long, stout, straight tooth or spine. Third maxillipeds
hairy within. Chelipeds long, usually symmetrical on the two sides of
the body, but in some individuals distinctly unsymmetrical; upper
margin of merus lightly serrate, without any prominent tooth; lower
margins armed with a row of small, blunt teeth or tubercles, lower
face more or less tuberculous, inner and outer faces smooth; carpus
short, triangular, superior internal margin with a series of small obso-
lescent teeth or tubercles; there is also a short row of similar teeth
near the external lower angle of the carpus, near the point of articula-
tion with the chela; chela large and powerful, palm inflated, outer and
inner faces smooth, superior margin nearly straight, adorned with low,
squamous tubercles which are irregularly disposed in two rows; the
inferior margin of the hand is convex, and is similarly ornamented with
biserial, depressed obsolescent tubercles which cease at the base of the
immobile finger. The fingers are conspicuously marked with longitudrf-
nal rows of pits, three rows on each finger; the cutting edges are
irregularly toothed, two teeth on the movable finger and three on the
immovable finger; the fingers are not conspicuously bearded. The
median carina of the inner branch of the posterior pair of abdominal
appendages ends near the hind margin without developing a spine.
Dimensions of a specimen: Length 96 mm.; carapace 48 mm.; from
tip of rostrum to cervical groove 32 mm.; from cervical groove to pos-
terior border of carapace 15.5 mm.; width of areola 4.5 mm.; length
of cheliped 86 mmn.; length of merus 22 mm.; length of carpus 17
mm.; breadth of carpus 13 mm.; length of chela 39.5 mm.; breadth
of chela 18 mm.; length of dactylus 25 mm.
In the number and arrangement of the branchial organs, Parastacus
hasslerit agrees with P. varicosus.'! The epipod of the first maxilliped
bears gill filaments, as in the latter species, the podobranchie have
narrow ale, the posterior arthrobranchia of the thirteenth somite is
reduced to a small filament which bears a single lateral branch. The
coxopoditic sete are long and hooked at the end.
Habitat.—Taleahuano, Chile, No. 3401, Coll. Mus. Comp: Zool. ae
Exped., April, 1872). One hundred specimens. Cees
Astacus chilensis Milne-Edwards,’ from “the coast of Chile,” is not
described with enough detail to be determinable. The type, however,
may be still extant in Paris. It is said to bear a close resemblance to
Astacus australasiensis Milne-Edwards,* but to differ from the latter
species in having a shorter rostrum, a carpus destitute of teeth or
'Page 635.
2Hist. Nat. des Crustacés, II, p. 3383, 1837.
2Tbid., Il, p. 332, pl. xxrv, figs. 1-5, 1837.
No. 1136. OBSERVATIONS ON THE ASTACIDE—FAXON. 689.
tubercles, hands swollen, rounded above and below, slightly tubercu-
late on their upper margin, and scarcely punctate. The anterior proc-
ess of the epistome is shaped as in Astacus astacus, but it is separated
from the body of the epistome by a transverse furrow. Length about
three inches. It would seem from Milne-Edwards’s diagnosis and from
the same author’s description and figure of Astacus australasiensis
that, whatever Astacus chilensis may prove to be, it is neither of the
two Chilean crayfishes described in this paper. In 1849, Nicolet!
described and figured as Astacus chilensis Milne-Edwards, a species of
crayfish found “in the rivers of Chile”—a species manifestly distinet
from Milne-Edwards’s. For, not to mention other peculiarities, the
carpus is described and figured by Nicolet as furnished with a crest of
blunt, tuberculiform teeth on its inner border, whereas Milne-Edwards
distinctly says that there are neither teeth nor tubercles upon the carpus
of A. chilensis. I therefore propose to call Nicolet’s crayfish Parastacus
nicoletit (= Astacus chilensis Nicolet nec Milne-Edwards).
Parastacus hassleri is similar to P. nicoletii. That both of them are
fossorial in their habits is evinced by the marked compression of the
cephalo-thorax, small size of the first abdominal segment, ete. The
following comparison will make clear the chief specific differences
between the two species: In P. nicoletii the anterior part of the sides of
the carapace is covered with fine spinules; in P. hassleri these spinules
are replaced by a small group of blunt tubercles. In P. nicoletii the ros-
trum does not overreach the proximal end of the second segment of
the antennular peduncle; it is quadrate in form, with straight and par-
allel lateral margins, its upper surface deeply concave. In P. hassleri
the rostrum is longer, attaining almost to the distal extremity of the
second segment of the antennular peduncle; its upper surface is but
lightly hollowed out, while its lateral borders are distinctly convergent
from the base forward. The carpus of P. nicoletii is furnished with a
conspicuous crest of rounded, tuberculiform teeth along its inner supe-
rior border, and the outline of the opposite, lower or external border
is extremely convex or protuberant. In P. hassleri the tubercular
crest is obsolete, being represented merely by a few lightly pronounced
denticles; the lower or external border is but slightly convex, whereby
the carpus comes to have a triangular outline. Finally, the hand of
P. hassleri is much longer than that of P. nicoletii, its upper border
longer, straighter, and less strongly tuberculate, the fingers less deeply
suleated.
According to Nicolet, crayfishes are found in the rivers, brooks, and
even in the forests, of southern Chile, where they live in holes in the
ground, around the entrance of which they construct earthworks in
the shape of a cone nearly a foot in height. As is well known, Cam-
barus diogenes Girard, erects similar mud towers or ‘ chimneys” in the
1Gay’s Historia Fisica y Politica de Chile, Zoologia, III, p. 211; Atlas, II, Crus-
taceos, pl. I, fig. 4.
Proc. N. M. vol. xx——44
690 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XX.
United States, and Mr. P. R. Uhler tells me that Cambarus dubius
Faxon, has the same habit in western Virginia.’ Titian R. Peale
informed Girard’ that he had observed mud chimneys, altogether sim-
ilar to those of C. diogenes, along the Rio Magdalena in New Grenada,
several hundred miles from the seashore. But the builders of these
chimneys in New Grenada still remain unknown to science. In this
connection it is worthy of note that the earliest mention of adobe
towers, erected at the mouth of Crustacean burrows, occurs in Molina’s
work on the natural history of Chile,* page 208: “I gamberi fluviali
pitt rimarchevoli sono i Muratori, Cancer cementarius,* i quali hanno
circa otto pollici di lunghezza; il lor colore é bruno rigato di vene di
un rosso vivo, e la carne bianca e pitt saporosa di quella de’ gamberi
marini e degli altri fluviali. Questi si trovonoin gran quantita in tutti
quei fiumi e rivi, nei margini dei quali essi si fabbricano con dell’ ar-
gilla un’ abituro cilindrico alto un mezzo piede sopra il terreno, ma
profondo di maniera che l’ acqua corrente vi passa per mezzo di un
canaletto sotterraneo.”°
Péppig considered the Cancer ceementarius of Molina to be a common
edible prawn of Chile, Palemon (Bithynis) cementarius Poppig.’ This
prawn is said to dig deep holes in the clayey banks of the Chilean rivers
near the sea, closing up the mouths of the holes with mud. Molina’s
description of the mud tenements of Cancer cementarius vividly recalls
the ‘‘chimneys” constructed by fossorial crayfishes. The character
“yostro obtuso.” moreover, applies better to Parastacus nicoletii or P.
hassleri than to Palemon cementarius Péppig, although the rostrum
of the latter is obliquely truncated at the tip. On the other hand,
the aculeate claws and the length of C. cementarius point rather to the
Palemon.
PARASTACUS AGASSIZII, new species.
(Plate LXX, figs. 4, 5.)
Body robust, subeylindrical, first abdominal somite of normal size.
Rostrum long, triangular, slightly surpassing the antennular peduncle,
and attaining the distal end of the antennal peduncle; upper face flat,
1Since the above was written, crayfish ‘‘ chimneys” observed by Mr. W. P. Hay in
Indiana and by Doctor R. W. Shufeldt in Montgomery County, Maryland, have
been ascribed to Cambarus argillicola and C. bartonii robustus, respectively.
2Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., VI, p. 90, 1852.
3Saggio sulla Storia Naturale del Chili. Del Signor Abate Giovanni Ignazio
Molina. Bologna, 1782.
4Cancer macrourus, thorace levi cylindrico, rostro obtuso, chelis aculeatis.
Translation: The most remarkable of the river prawns are the ‘‘ Masons,” Cancer
cementarius. They are about eight inches in length, of a brown color, veined with
bright red; the flesh is white and more delicious than that of any other kind of
prawn, either fluviatile or marine. They are found in great abundance in all the
rivers and brooks, on whose banks they build of clay a cylindrical dwelling rising
half a foot above the ground, but so deep withal that the current passes into it by
means of a small subterranean canal.
6 Arch. f. Naturgesch., 2ter Jalrg., I, p. 143, 1836.
No. 1136. OBSERVATIONS ON THE ASTACIDE—FAXON. . 691
with scattered set; margins slightly raised, convergent, lightly con-
vex, armed near the tip with a pair of small, blunt denticles; acumen
short, subacute. Suborbital angle prominent, but rounded off, unarmed
with tooth or spine. Postocular ridges obsolete except their anterior
ends, which form a tubercle on each side of the base of the rostruam—a
tubercle channeled along its outer face and terminating anteriorly in
an obsolescent tooth. Carapace smooth and lightly punctate above,
minutely granular on the sides. Cervical groove sinuous, no lateral
spine. Areola very broad. Distance from tip of rostrom to cervical
groove upward of tWice and a half as long as the areola. Abdomen
smooth, pleure rounded. Sides of telson slightly convergent, armed
with a spine on each side, one-third way from the distal end; distal
border truncate, postero-lateral corners rounded. Anterior process of
the epistome triangular, sides straight or slightly convex, tip blunt or
slightly truncate; a slight furrow divides the anterior process from the
body of the epistome, and the latter is divided in halves by a longi-
tudinal depression. Basal segment of antenna armed with a sharp
spine in front of the orifice of the green gland; another spine lies at
the base of the outer edge of the antennal scale; the antennal scale is
of moderate size, a little longer than the rostrum, broadest near the
middle, its outer margin slightly convex, ending in a small apical spine.
Third pair of maxillipeds hairy within and below. Right and left cheli-
peds very unequal, the left usually the larger; lower margins of the
merus denticulate, upper margin furnished with one small tooth near
the distal end of the segment; outer and inner faces smooth; carpus
marked with a conspicuous longitudinal groove on its upper outer
face, and with a few small, blunt tubercles on its inner margin; lower
external border of carpus short, rounded, and protuberant; chele with-
out prominent tubercles or spines, but when viewed under a lens the
surface is finely squamoso-tuberculate proximally, punctate distally;
the superior and inferior borders of the chela are rounded, the fingers
setose along their cutting edges; the fingers of the left (larger) chela
are stout, somewhat gaping, with one evident round tubercie on the
prehensile margin; the fingers of the right (smaller) chela are rela-
tively longer and slenderer and are devoid of tubercles on the prehen-
sile margins. The median longitudinal ridge on the inner blade of
the last abdominal appendages ends in a small spine near the posterior
border.
Length of a male 83 mm.; cephalo-thorax 38 mm.; abdomen 45 mm.;
length of rostrum 9 mm.; width of rostrum at base 5mm.; length of
telson 12 mm.; width of telson at base 11 mm.; from tip of rostrum
to cervical groove 28 mm.; from cervical groove to posterior margin
of carapace 10 mm.; width of areola 8.8 min.; length of left cheli-
ped 67 mm. (merus 15 mm., carpus 11 mm., chela 32 by 16 mm.,
dactylus 20 mm.); length of right cheliped 54 mm. (merus 14 mm.,
carpus 9 mmn., chela 25 by 8.5 mm., dactylus 16 mm.).
The largest individual (a male) is 97 mm. long.
692 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, Xx.
The branchial formula for P. agassizii is as follows:
ARTHROBRANCHLE.
SOMITE. PODOBRANCHLE. a —._ PLEUROBRANCHLE..
Anterior. Posterior.
Vise Sy 20 NGep)) 0 0 0 = Oj(ep)
VILE iti; Peds oe awten pbs ies Peak) 5 0 =— 2
TEX: i Sy are oe el ae 0 = 8
Xe 1 oe ws ili! Guha 1 ae
XT Sara pelt 3 ag as it, Ales ak = 4
© eras Se ie WE Aydt as ant hh as if! ee
TT Se" eA Spa ha BOS ih 1 = 3-tr
XIV. 0 meer y ee)
6-+ep + 6 + 4trpo + 4 = 20+r-+ep
The epipod of the first maxilliped is destitute of branchial filaments,
a condition rarely found among the Parastacine. The stems of the
podobranchie are alate. The posterior arthrobranchia of the thir-
teenth somite is a simple, slender filament. Coxopoditic sete long,
hooked at the free end.
Habitat.—Taleahuano, Chile, No. 3400, Coll. Mus. Comp. Zool., (Hass-
ler Exped., April, 1872). Nine males, eight females (two ovig.).
The egg measures 3.5 by 2.5 mm.
In nine out of fourteen specimens the larger claw is on the left side.
Judging from the form of the body, this is probably not a burrowing
species. ¢
Museum of Comparative Zoology,
Cambridge, Massachusetts, August 1, 1896.
- EXPLANATION OF PLATES.
[Note.—All of the figures were drawn by James H. Emerton. Owing to errors in the photographic
reduction of the original drawings, it is impossible to give the exact scale for many of the figures
in these plates.]
PLATE LXII.
Fig. 1. Cambarus acherontis Lonnberg. Female. Gum Cave, Citrus County, Florida.
Reduced. (U.S.N.M.)
2. The same, lateral view of the head.
3. Cambarus acherontis Lounberg. First abdominal appendage of a young
male, Form II, from the outside.
4. The same, from the inside.
5. Cambarus acherontis Lénunberg. Annulus ventralis of adult female.
6. Cambarus longidigitus Faxon. Male, Form IJ. White River, Arkansas.
Reduced. (No. 4364, Mus. Comp. Zool.)
7. The same, first abdominal appendage from the outside.
8. The same, first abdominal appendage from the inside.
9. Cambarus longidigitus Faxon. Annulus ventralis of female.
PLATE LXIII.
Fig. 1. Cambaruscarinatus Faxon. Male, FormI. Guadalajara, Mexico. X%. (No.
17699, U.S.N.M.)
. The same, first abdominal appendage from the outside.
3. The same, first abdominal appendage from the inside.
bo
ee
NO. 1136.
Fig.
Fig.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE ASTACIDA—FAXON. 693
10.
ile
bo
So
ey)
PLATE LXIV.
Cambarus palmeri longimanus Faxon. Male, Form I. Arthur, Texas. x.
(Mus. Comp. Zool.)
. The same, first abdominal appendage from the outside. X23.
. The same, first abdominal appendage from the inside. X23.
. Cambarus palmeri longimanus Faxon. First abdominal appendage of the
male, Form II, from the outside. X23.
. The same, from the inside. X23.
. Cambarus palmeri longimanus Faxon. Annulus ventralis of female. Arthur,
Texas. X23.
. Cambarus erichsonianus Faxon. Greeneville, Tennessee. X1. (No. 4347, Mus.
Comp. Zool. )
. Cambarus erichsonianus Faxon. First abdominal appendage of the male,
Form I, from the outside. Greeneville, Tennessee.
. The same, from the inside.
Cambarus erichsonianus Faxon. First abdominal appendage of the male,
Form II, from the outside. Greeneville, Tennessee.
The same, from the inside.
. Cambarus erichsonianus Faxon. Annulus ventralis of female. Greeneville,
Tennessee.
PLATE LXV.
Cambarus dificilis Faxon. Male, FormI. McAlister, Indian Territory. Xx.
(Mus. Comp. Zool.)
. The same, first abdominal appendage of the male from the outside. X23.
. The same, first abdominal] appendage of the male from the inside. X2}.
. Cambarus dificilis Faxon. Annulus ventralis of female. McAlister, Indian
Territory. X23.
. Cambarus meeki Faxon. Male, Form Il. Piney, Arkansas. x1. (Mus.
Comp. Zool. )
. Cambarus meeki Faxon. Chela of female. Piney, Arkansas. X1.
. Cambarus meeki Faxon. First abdominal appendage of the male, Form II,
from the outside. Piney, Arkansas. X23.
. The same, from the inside. X23.
. Cambarus meeki Faxon. Annulus ventralis of female. Piney, Arkansas. X23.
PLATE LXVI.
. Cambarus montezume dugesii Faxon. Female. Guanajuato, Mexico. X24.
(No. 16087, U.S.N.M.)
. Cambarus montezume areolatus Faxon. Female. Cohahuila, Mexico. X24.
(No. 3650, Mus. Comp. Zool.)
Cambarus montezume occidentalis Faxon. Female. Mazatlan, Mexico. X24.
(No. 3652, Mus. Comp. Zool. )
. The same. Left chela, viewed from the outside.
PLATE LXVII.
. Cambarus chapalanus Faxon. Male, FormI. Lake Chapala, Mexico. X2t.
(No. 17698, U.S.N.M.)
. Thesame. Right chela, viewed from the outside. X2H.
. Parastacus defossus Faxon. Montevideo, Uruguay. X14. (U.S.N.M.)
. Thesame. Right chela, viewed from the outside. X14.
Fig.
Fig.
bo
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XX.
PLATE LXVIII.
Parastacus saffordi Faxon. Female. Montevideo, Uruguay. Somewhat
enlarged. (No. 12581, U.S.N.M.)
. The same. Right claw, from the outside.
PLATE LXIX.
. Parastacus varicosus Faxon. Colima, Mexico. Slightly enlarged. (No. 4133,
U.S.N.M.)
. The same. Right chela, viewed from the outside. Slightly enlarged.
PLATE LXX.
. Parastacus hassleri Faxon. Talcahuano, Chile. Somewhat reduced. (No.
3401, Mus. Comp. Zool.)
. Thesame. Right chela, viewed from the outside. Somewhat reduced.
. The same. Part of the sternum, showing sexual orifices on the proximal
segments of the third and fifth pairs of legs.
. Parastacus agassizii Faxon. Male. Talcahuano, Chile. Somewhat reduced.
(No. 3400, Mus. Comp. Zool.)
. The same. Part of the sternum, showing the extended vasa deferentia on
the proximal segments of the fifth pair of legs.
hh en ania tls i i a
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XX PL. LXII
OWN eam
a j ‘\ md hI N
Ya fy ‘\ oR \ A
= 4 oth } : AS <
CU Tl byt mM
2
A
—
SN
Vane
or
ee
a
CRAYFISHES.
Fies. 1-5. Cambarus acherontis. Fires. 6-9. Cambarus longidigitus.
FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 692.
PROCEEDINGS, VCL. XX PL. LXIII
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
CRAYFISHES.
s carinatus. =
Cambaru
FoR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 692.
»
ot
Ais
ei,
by
tes
Bt ay ue
ee
rai
his
7,
vat
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XX PL. LXIV
hs
ens i
7 PME Ra
| LLL
cing
—
CRAYFISHES.
Fis. 1-6. Cambarus palmeri longimanus. Fias. 7-12. Cambarus erichsonianus.
FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 693.
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XX PL. LXV
CRAYFISHES.
Fias. 14. Cambarus difficilis. Fias. 5-9. Cambarus meeki.
FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 693.
ie Amey ~ ae
:
? F
7 i :
> : é y
] o : ¥ br
- s
; y Y
, . dj
7 i" 4 a ‘
; "
4
i 4% -
= is
s
, -
° ‘
.
:
rs i .
i
rap ne. '
‘ ‘ .
-
= m
«
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XX PL. LXVI
4 oan
TP pple A |\\\\% \"
Ps TOT AN i
il
Ut
[==
CRAYFISHES.
Fic. 1. Cambarus montezumee dugesii. Fics. 3, 4. Cambarus montezumee occidentalis.
Fic. 2. Cambarus montezumce areolatus.
FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 693.
U.S NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XX PL. LXVII
BD f G YN
CLAW. YN \y ne
Y yy
~
Die VIN nO
)
| \ y
La AM My
CRAYFISHES.
Fias. 1, 2. Cambarus chapalanus. Fias. 3, 4. Parastacus defossus.
FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 693,
PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XX PL. LXVIII
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
=>
=~
Re
ASS =.
=
SS = GTA Ti+
Scion
BD= Tp ae
ipo!
7
CRAYFISHES.
Parastacus saffordi.
FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 694.
PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XX PL. LXIX
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
2 Ne Wh
AAAS
Ss mak
CRAYFISHES.
Parastacus varicosus.
FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 694.
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XX PL. LXX
i
wy
WW Y)Yyyypyp
rm)
ANI
feat
tN Ss
ni!
CRAYFISHES.
Fics. 1-3. Parastacus hassleri. Fies. 4,5. Parastacus agassizvi.
FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 694.
a". =
AA + Renae A
fy a, Ait onl = gp Om Se
Re mg eRe 2 ANA een ahs EAs:
a
& (A | ~
| . i aap
Nu FR Pe BURR apse fan RARE AaSae Pinal ainia ~ Re
el Reapccar cot agaer PIT Ga Rn ano:
MA dy ee ete ea v eS 6%)
eer nasa cieiatia cae
os Tol (Aaa are sh A, | YY wn aM an = ae
>? ve reper ee Resets aA - orn nin VN gw NO at np a
1 ae § j We et em EN 5 ae am, aa nA —_ ‘ r & ees
ee i ee SS Velelele et fs pam VAR DIA ARAMA awe
a 2 2 2A ~. RANAR ZS rN ye ' Y alefihe '
~ Aone ay = Va" Ae Se al ES p- or
| eh oat ~~ ates Same ° A. AA MAAA oe
ate AA ay aie gaee eA : of ata onan planes
ANS Was = Vee d i
ae
Ande naa ‘pl ae
maar ve a
NRE war are Sam tens sam eoaurerenh us a
“ NaF
p..| ol *: eh ~ ) ap >» ry. ont mY aA a, ae at an
te d a el
Z PF aa! NAAT ON apAanceremrag’ a y% aD, eh
ele RE Re ANE pm Am age a ee bs Se eo 4 NAD are A'- et so ahs afa* a> NaS A RA
‘-& . Ne kay” ay 1 iy : ! Se, aia. ~~ a t ~ rae ~ ~ > @ La * a a, A, a , we
Ae par ve AAALAC 7 | TW, ae oP al ‘ae
~ Pore ~ ~ | \ Ag*
ssnrentrrn = Wy to a we ena an A, aaa “ a
BAY
aaa a7 bls -A
A mR Aee, pee FOP ORgaAn.’ . Sa MAPA,
1 Ay Ab Bi MBH va
PPLIR SL a
Sa
ARPS aan
\ ‘ond < os = re ae See > @. 7 A ay ENE poerecha |
a sot" coat tate y poh BEES Fae eee Ae ‘ perce apie sf
a nt ae near’ ae eee es AEBS ar
fs al” rs ; Gy hte <
le i] ba , a : Aa noe * . be ais gn 4,
Baan Rak ly an son as Rees
‘ ; CP eI ts an
he oe TT Luar Ae
J ~ mA»
an g pare F
a rer ry - Nal Ne Bee AC
Fs 2 1, sy ™ pe 2 s \ v
i” _—— ly em ee pe any a a \> a naa Wy —~y
aN UPOAARAAARR A
coat - Te aim RE a ah Ae
~ Ar Ala rN A) A: A As ante ie &
>
°:
RN Spars a By
ale vANiaAe ene
on 3 we .
) \a. aPhaw a ] Soy . j ‘ wn —_— pa i. =~ =
Live Music Archive
Librivox Free Audio
Metropolitan Museum
Cleveland Museum of Art
Internet Arcade
Console Living Room
Books to Borrow
Open Library
TV News
Understanding 9/11