MCZ
OCCASIONAL PAPERS1- " ,Y
FEB 2 2 1V91
THE MUSEUM
TEXAS TECH UNIVE^iiSFv
NUMBER 137
18 FEBRUARY 1991
MAMMALS OF THE ABAJO MOUNTAINS,
AN ISOLATED MOUNTAIN RANGE
IN SAN JUAN COUNTY, SOUTHEASTERN UTAH
Tracy S. Schafer
The Abajo Mountains are located in southeastern Utah. A
large part of this range and the surrounding valley floor com¬
prise much of the Manti-La Sal National Forest in San Juan
County. The Abajo Mountains are completely separated from
other mountain ranges, and there is no geological evidence
that they ever have been connected to another range (for dis¬
cussion, see Kelson, 1951, and Lee, 1960). The Abajos are bor¬
dered to the north by the desert floor of Canyonlands National
Park, to the west by the deeply entrenching Colorado River, to
the south by sagebrush flats, and to the east by sagebrush-
covered lowlands that extend into western Colorado.
Spruce-fir forests with interspersed alpine meadows
dominate higher elevations in the Abajos. Some of the high
slopes are covered with talus and support little or no vegeta¬
tion. Ponderosa pine, pinon pine, oak, and aspen dominate
other communities, which are strongly influenced by soil type
as well as elevation. Interspersed juniper occurs frequently
throughout pinon pine and oak communities.
Kelson (1951) summarized the evidence for the Abajo Moun¬
tains having originated from laccolithic intrusions during the
Eocene, which have since been severely eroded. Major dif¬
ferences between the east- and west-facing exposures are evi¬
dent. Eastern exposures have a relatively heavy vegetational
cover, whereas the western exposures are more arid; the latter
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OCCASIONAL PAPERS MUSEUM TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY
are predominantly sandstone, which affects permeability rates.
Small reservoirs are scattered throughout the region, along
with mountain springs and creeks. Indian Creek, the major
permanent stream in the study site, is surrounded by a habitat
that supports a lush vegetative cover of grasses and forbs.
Durrant (1952) is the most recent comprehensive treatment
of mammals from the region. Kelson (1951) investigated ro¬
dent distribution of southeastern Utah, Armstrong (1982)
treated the mammals of Canyonlands National Park, and Lee
(1960) studied relictual mammalian faunas of isolated moun¬
tain ranges of the area. This study provides the first detailed in¬
vestigation of one of the many isolated ranges. Findings
indicate comparable studies of other such ranges are necessary
to fully understand the complex island-like zoogeography of
the southeastern corner of Utah. Documentation and natural
history observations for 31 species of mammals from the Abajo
Mountains are presented herein. Some of these are reported
for the first time from the range, but equally noteworthy is the
conspicuous absence of such taxa as Ochotona, Marmota , Sper-
mophilus lateralis , Clethrionomys, Neotoma, Zapus , and Procyon.
Methods
In 1983 and 1986, Walter W. Dalquest made small collections
of mammals in the Abajo Mountains, providing the impetus for
a more detailed mammalian survey of them. The most inten¬
sive part of the study was accomplished during six continuous
weeks in the field by the author in July and August of 1988.
During this period, 2600 trap-nights took 574 small mammals, a
trap success rate of 22 percent. Additionally, 78 bats were cap¬
tured during 19 nights of mist netting. Most specimens were
prepared as museum study skins accompanied by skulls.
The study area encompasses most of the Abajo Mountains
(Fig. 1); elevations range from 6400 to 10,360 feet above sea
level in the mountains and from selected sites on adjoining Elk
Ridge and in the surrounding flats. Species determined to in¬
habit the Abajo Mountains, at least sporadically, are treated in
accounts below. Durrant (1952) and Hall (1981) served as
points of departure for the known distribution of mammals.
All specimens have been deposited in the Collections of
Recent Mammals at Midwestern State University and The
Museum of Texas Tech University. Tissues of selected individuals
SCHAFER— MAMMALS OF THE ABAJO MOUNTAINS
3
109° 30’
Fig. 1 . — Collecting localities in the Abajo Mountains as listed in text. Inset shows
location of the Abajo Mountains within San Juan County, Utah.
were placed in the collection of frozen tissues at Texas Tech
University.
Following is a numerical listing, from north to south, and
west to east, of major collecting localities (as mapped in Fig. 1 )
in San Juan County, Utah. Elevations (in feet) are given in
parentheses following most localities: 9) 7 mi. N Monticello
(9180); 5) Foy Lake, 10 mi. WNW Monticello (8690); 6) 9 mi.
WNW Monticello (8690); 7) Monticello Lake, 7 mi. WNW Mon¬
ticello (8700); 8) 5 mi. WNW Monticello (8200); 13) 6 mi. W
Monticello; 15) 4 mi. W Monticello (8040); 17) Vega Creek, 4
mi. E Monticello (6400); 2) 14 mi. W Monticello (8101); 11) 9
mi. W Monticello (9500); 14) 6 mi. WSW Monticello; 4) Little
Dry Mesa, 15 mi. W Monticello (7770); 10) Indian Creek, 10
mi. WSW Monticello (9180); 12) Abajo Peak, 7 mi. WSW Mon¬
ticello (11360); 16) 3 mi. SW Monticello; 1) 19 mi. W Monticello
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OCCASIONAL PAPERS MUSEUM TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY
(7400); 3) 15 mi. WMonticello (8200); 19) 9 mi. SWMonticello
(8200); 18) 13 mi. SWMonticello (7380); 20) 8 mi. SSWMon-
ticello (7200); 21) 9 mi. SSW Monticello (7200); 22) 6 mi. N
Blanding (6580) ; 23) 5 mi. N Blanding (6580) .
Results and Discussion
Species Accounts
The following species accounts are of mammals for which in¬
formation on occurrence in the Abajo Mountains was ob¬
tained. Systematic order of presentation and vernacular names
followjones etal. (1986).
Sorex merriami Dobson
Merriam’s Shrew
Merriam’s shrew is one of the most xeric-adapted of North
American Sorex , and commonly inhabits sagebrush desert and
shrub steppe throughout its range ( Junge and Hoffmann,
1981). One specimen was collected in 1983 by W. W. Dal quest,
from a sagebrush community associated with lush grasses along
a roadside east of the mountain.
Specimen examined (1 ) . — 5.5 mi. E Monticello.
Sorex monticolus Merriam
Montane Shrew
This is the most common shrew in the Abajo Mountains and
the surrounding valley floor, where more mesic conditions
occur. It was particularly abundant along Indian Creek in a
spruce-fir community. This is probably the shrew Lee (1960)
recorded from the area as S. vagrans obscurus.
Specimens examined ( 14) . — Foy Lake, 1 0 mi. WNW Monticello, 1 ; 1 3 mi. W
Monticello, 4; 1 1 mi. W Monticello, 1; 6 mi. WSW Monticello, 1; Indian Creek, 10
mi. WSW Monticello, 7.
Sorex nanus Merriam
Dwarf Shrew
No specimens of the dwarf shrew were taken; the only Utah
record is that of Durrantand Lee (1955) from Elk Ridge.
SCHAFER— MAMMALS OF THE ABAJO MOUNTAINS
5
Sorex palustris Richardson
Water Shrew
Three specimens of Sorex palustris were collected along In¬
dian Creek, largest permanently flowing stream of the range.
The specimens were taken along the bank at a site where the
creek is about six inches deep and from two to four feet in
width. Kelson (1951) declared the water shrew absent from the
Abajo Mountains, and Lee (1960) failed to obtain specimens
from the area. The only other locality of record was reported
by Hall (1981) from North Creek, 7 mi. W Monticello, located
three miles northeast of the site at Indian Creek.
Specimens examined (3) . — Indian Creek, 10 mi. WSW Monticello.
Myotis evotis (H. Allen)
Long-eared Myotis
This long-eared bat inhabits coniferous forests of the western
mountains, but apparently is never common (Barbour and
Davis, 1969). Specimens of both sexes were collected in July
and August, in ponderosa pine and spruce-fir associations.
Specimens examined (7). — Indian Creek, 10 mi. WSW Monticello, 3; 13 mi. SW
Monticello, 4.
Myotis ciliolabrum (Audubon and Bachman)
Small-footed Myotis
One specimen was taken in a ponderosa pine community im¬
mediately after sunset. The single encounter with this bat sug¬
gests its scarcity in the area, although possibly its slow, fluttering
flight enables it to detect and avoid nets.
Specimen examined ( 1 ) . — Indian Creek, 1 0 mi. WSW Monticello.
Myotis volans (H. Allen)
Long-legged Bat
According to Barbour and Davis (1969), Myotis volans oc¬
cupies a variety of habitats, particularly forested areas, but it
seems to be absent from deserts of the Southwest. This bat is
easily netted because of its direct flight. Specimens from the
study area were captured only in spruce-fir communities.
Specimens examined (1 1). — 19 mi. W Monticello, 2; Indian Creek, 10 mi. WSW
Monticello, 9.
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Lasionycteris noctivagans (LeConte)
Silver-haired Bat
Forty-six silver-haired bats, all males, were collected in
August; those taken at the end of that month were laden with
subcutaneous fat. None was netted at the same locality in July.
Males apparently occur in groups, residing in the area for a
short time as they build fat reserves to sustain them through
autumn migration.
Specimens examined (46). — Indian Creek, 10 mi. WSW Monticello.
Eptesicus fuscus ( Be auvois )
Big Brown Bat
This species was seldom encountered and appears to be an
uncommon resident of the Abajo Mountains. Individuals col¬
lected in late August lacked the fat reserves possessed by
Lasionycteris noctivagans. A single female, taken on 21 July 1988,
was lactating.
Specimens examined (3) . — Indian Creek, 10 mi. WSW Monticello, 2; 13 mi. SW
Monticello, 1.
Lasiurus cinereus (Palisot de Beauvois)
Hoary Bat
Barbour and Davis (1969) suggested that the sexes of the
hoary bat are segregated throughout most of the summer
range of the species, and that adult males typically are absent
from the maternity ranges of females in the eastern and central
United States. During this time, males evidently are limited to
the western states (Dalquest, 1943; Findley andjones, 1964).
Lasiurus cinereus is common in the Abajo Mountains; several
specimens, all males, were netted over small bodies of water in
ponderosa pine and spruce-fir communities. Most specimens
were taken in July; one was taken in early August.
Specimens examined (7). — Indian Creek, 10 mi. WSW Monticello, 1; 13 mi. SW
Monticello, 6.
Sylvilagus nuttallii (Bachman)
Nuttall’s Cottontail
Nuttall’s cottontail is uncommon throughout most of the
Abajo Mountains. The species was observed only in oak wood¬
lands and communities comprised mostly of antelope brush
and rabbit brush at the lower elevations of the mountains and
SCHAFER— MAMMALS OF THE ABAJO MOUNTAINS
7
on the valley floor. These habitats offer concealment and food
resources lacking in alpine communities at higher elevations.
Specimens examined (2). — Monticello Lake, 7 mi. WNW Monticello, 1; Little Dry
Mesa, 15 mi. W Monticello, 1.
Tamias minimus Bachman
Least Chipmunk
The least chipmunk is most abundant in oak woodlands, but
is also common in ponderosa pine and other communities. It
occurs sporadically in spruce-fir forests. As noted by Lee
(1960), elevation does not appear to limit its distribution, as
Tamias minimus was collected from the lowest to the highest
elevations in the study site. Two females collected in mid-July
were lactating.
Specimens examined (59). — 7 mi. N Monticello, 3; Foy Lake, 10 mi. WNW
Monticello, 8; Monticello Lake, 7 mi. WNW Monticello, 11; 14 mi. W Monticello, 6;
13 mi. W Monticello, 1; 9 mi. W Monticello, 2; 8 mi. W Monticello, 2; 4 mi. W
Monticello, 2; 7 mi. E Monticello, 1 ; 8 mi. E Monticello, 4; 6 mi. WSW Monticello, 5;
Abajo Peak, 7 mi. WSW Monticello, 1; Indian Creek, 10 mi. WSW Monticello, 1; 3
mi. SW Monticello, 3; 9 mi. SW Monticello, 1; 13 mi. SW Monticello, 3; 9 mi. SSW
Monticello, 5.
Spermophilus variegatus (Erxleben)
Rock Squirrel
The rock squirrel seems most abundant among rocks, cliffs,
and canyons in ponderosa pine and oak communities. In¬
dividuals were seen feeding on fungi, which seems to be a local¬
ly preferred food item and a possible source of moisture.
Specimens examined (3). — Little Dry Mesa, 15 mi. W Monticello, 1; 13 mi. WSW
Monticello, 1; 9 mi. SW Monticello, 1.
Sciurus aberti Woodhouse
Abert’s Squirrel
Clippings of needle clusters located beneath particular trees
were noticed on several occasions, revealing that Sciurus aberti
is a rather common resident in ponderosa pine communities.
Because of the secretive nature of the species, only two squir¬
rels were seen. Both were observed, on separate occasions,
foraging on the ground in a ponderosa pine community.
Tamiasciurus hudsonicus was not noted to inhabit this com¬
munity type and the two species seem ecologically segregated
in the Abajos. Because Abert’s squirrel is a protected species in
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OCCASIONAL PAPERS MUSEUM TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY
Utah, none was collected. Lee (1960) listed several specimens
from the Abajo Mountains.
Tamiasciurns hudsonicus Erxleben
Red Squirrel
Tamiasciurus hudsonicus is a common resident of the spruce-
fir associations in the Abajo Mountains, but seems to be absent
from ponderosa pine forests where Sciurus aberti was observed.
Lee (1960) reported 16 specimens from the study area.
Specimens examined, (3) — Abajo Peak, 7 mi. WSW Monticello, 1; Indian Creek, 10
mi. WSW Monticello, 2.
Thomomysbottae (Eydoux and Gervais)
Botta’s Pocket Gopher
The genus Thomomys is represented by two species in the
Abajo Mountains. Thomomys bottae is primarily southern in dis¬
tribution. Where its range overlaps that of T. talpoides, Botta’s
pocket gopher typically is restricted to lower elevations,
whereas T talpoides inhabits the higher elevations.
Thomomys bottae probably is uncommon and is restricted to
low elevations in the Abajos. One specimen was trapped in a
small meadow among ponderosa pine at an elevation of 7400
feet, and may have come from a relict population distributed
along the western exposure of the mountains. The habitat and
elevation are otherwise typical of T. talpoides.
Specimen examined (1 ) . — 19 mi. W Monticello.
Thomomys talpoides (Richardson)
Northern Pocket Gopher
This pocket gopher is widely distributed in the Abajo range.
It seems to be nowhere abundant, although Lee (1960) took 39
specimens. Populations appear localized in small areas, par¬
ticularly along grassy roadsides. Mounds were common in
small clearings throughout ponderosa pine communities, as¬
sociated with the sandy-loam soils required by the trees.
Primarily a gopher of northern distribution, the study site is
near the southern extent of the range of the species.
Specimens examined (7). — 5 mi. WNW Monticello, 1; 14 mi. W Monticello, 2; 8 mi.
W Monticello, 2; 4 mi. W Monticello, 1; Indian Creek, 10 mi. WSW Monticello, 1 .
SCHAFER— MAMMALS OF THE ABAJO MOUNTAINS
9
Castor canadensis Kuhl
Beaver
Beavers were not seen within the study site, but abandoned
beaver ponds were noted along Indian Creek. One of the
ponds had large quantities of gnawed wood that obviously had
been used to build a dam or lodge. Beaver ponds in the area
are probably short-lived due to the heavy accumulations of sedi¬
ment deposited by the spring runoff.
Peromyscus boylii (Baird)
Brush Mouse
Peromyscus boylii evidently is rare in the Abajo Mountains, but
may be more common in brushland of the valley floor. Two
specimens were collected along a canyon in a community
dominated by ponderosa pine and sage. This site, where
Peromyscus maniculatuswdLS the most abundant mouse, was lower
in elevation than most other collecting localities.
Specimens examined (2) . — 9 mi. SSW Monticello.
Peromyscus maniculatus (Wagner)
Deer Mouse
This mouse is the most abundant mammal in the study area,
from the valley floor to the highest peak. Specimens commonly
were taken from each trap line and in every habitat type. Oc¬
casional specimens even were collected in the afternoon in
traps placed in Microtus runways under dense grassy cover.
From mid-July to early August, seven gravid females were col¬
lected that carried from four to five embryos (mean 4.3) .
Specimens examined { 121). — 19 mi. SMoab, l;FoyLake, 10 mi. WNW Monticello,
3; 9 mi. WNW Monticello, 8; Monticello Lake, 7 mi. WNW Monticello, 19; 5 mi.
WNW Monticello, 5; 19 mi. W Monticello, 1; Little Dry Mesa, 15 mi. W Monticello,
2; 14 mi. W Monticello, 4; 13 mi. W Monticello, 4; 1 1 mi. W Monticello, 1; 10 mi. W
Monticello, 1; Vega Creek, 4 mi. E Monticello, 2; 5.5 mi. E Monticello, 5; 7 mi. E
Monticello, 4; 8 mi. E Monticello, 5; 11.5 mi. E Monticello, 1; 6 mi. WSW
Monticello, 1 1; Abajo Peak, 7 mi. WSW Monticello, 9; Indian Creek, 10 mi. WSW
Monticello, 9; 3 mi. SW Monticello, 6; 13 mi. SW Monticello, 6; 9 mi. SSW
Monticello, 14.
Microtus longicaudus (Merriam)
Long-tailed Vole
Microtus longicaudus is abundant in suitable habitat of dense
grasses along lake shores and streams. Lee (1960) collected
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OCCASIONAL PAPERS MUSEUM TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY
124 specimens, all from above 6200 feet in elevation. Many of
my specimens were collected in oak communities with little
grass understory. This is the most widespread of the two species
of voles inhabiting the Abajo range, occuring in a wide variety
of habitats. Between mid-July and early August, two lactating
females and six gravid females were taken. The number of
embryos ranged from four to six (mean 5.2) .
’ Specimens examined, (57). — 7 mi. N Monticello, 1; Monticello Lake, 7 mi. NW
Monticello, 3; Foy Lake, 10 mi. WNW Monticello, 4; 9 mi. WNW Monticello, 2; 11
mi. W Monticello, 5; 4 mi. W Monticello, 1 ; Vega Creek, 4 mi. E Monticello, 1 3; 6 mi.
WSW Monticello, 3; Indian Creek, 10 mi. WSW Monticello, 17; 3 mi. SW
Monticello, 3; 13 mi. SW Monticello, 2; 9 mi. SSW Monticello, 3.
Microtus montanus (Peale)
Montane Vole
The montane vole may be locally abundant where its
preferred dense grass cover is present and Microtus longicaudus
is absent. On 17 July 1988, a female gave birth to four young in
a Sherman live trap. A lactating female and a gravid female
containing six embryos were collected in mid-July.
Specimens examined (36). — Foy Lake, 10 mi. WNW Monticello, 2; Monticello
Lake, 7 mi. WNW Monticello, 2; 13 mi. W Monticello, 13; 1 1 mi. W Monticello, 1; 7
mi. E Monticello, 3; 6 mi. E Monticello, 1; 5.5 mi. E Monticello, 1; 6 mi. WSW
Monticello, 12; Indian Creek, 10 mi. WSW Monticello, 1.
Erethizon dorsatum (Linnaeus)
Porcupine
No porcupines were observed or collected, although trees
gnawed on by this species commonly were observed.
Canislatrans Say
Coyote
One animal was observed at an elevation of approximately
8700 feet, and coyotes often were heard howling at elevations
between 7000 and 9000 feet. The skulls of four individuals were
salvaged from a fur trapper’s carcass dump. The trapper told
me they had been trapped on the sage flats north of Monticello.
Specimens examined (4). — 7 mi. N Monticello.
SCHAFER— MAMMALS OF THE ABAJO MOUNTAINS
11
Canis lupus Linnaeus
Gray Wolf
Young and Goldman (1944) reported two gray wolves taken
in 1916 from Harts Draw, on the north slope of the Blue
[=Abajo] Mountains, 20 mi. NW Monticello. No records from
the area since then are known. One of the two specimens is the
holotype of Canis lupus youngi Goldman.
Urocyon cinereoargenteus (Schreber)
Gray Fox
The skull of a gray fox was obtained from a trapper’s
dumpsite. The animal had been taken on the sage flats north
of Monticello. No indications of gray foxes were seen on the
mountain, and I believe they are uncommon there, although
this species is not infrequently taken in traplines on the sur¬
rounding flats.
Specimen examined ( 1 ) . — 7 mi N Monticello.
Ursus americanus Pallas
Black Bear
From Abajo Peak, shortly after sunset, I observed a bear in the
black color phase approximately one-half mile away in Gold
Queen Gulch. It foraged in a small clearing in oak woodland
for 10 minutes before disappearing into the surrounding
forest.
A longtime resident and hunting guide, Carl Mahon, stated
that during the 1940s few black bears existed in the area, after
which time the population slowly began to increase. Today
these bears are common and widely distributed throughout the
mountain range. Mahon also noted that the black bear oc¬
cupies higher elevations in summer and often wallows in water
to escape the heat. According to him, the brown or cinnamon
color phase is slightly more common locally than the black
phase. Other color phases reported in the area are blonde and
red.
Ursus arctos Linnaeus
Grizzly Bear
The grizzly no longer occurs in the Abajo Mountains, al¬
though Carl Mahon relates that sometime in the 1930s a
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OCCASIONAL PAPERS MUSEUM TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY
government trapper was brought to the mountains to eliminate
a bear that had been killing cattle. Traps were set and a grizzly
was taken the following day.
Mustela erminea Linnaeus
Ermine
The first evidence of presence of ermine was of trapped mice
that had been consumed, and the traps then scattered. Two
traps dragged to the entrance of a burrow in a creek bank
marked where an ermine subsequently was taken in a live trap
baited with mouse carcasses. This animal escaped, but a second
was taken in a Sherman live trap, baited with rolled oats. Pos¬
sibly the animal was lured by the residual scent of mice pre¬
viously collected in the trap.
Specimen examined, (1). — FoyLake, 10 mi. WNW Monticello, 1.
Mustela frenata Lichtenstein
Long-tailed Weasel
On two separate occasions, long-tailed weasels were observed
hunting chipmunks during midmorning hours, one along a
dirt road near Foy Lake, and another among rocks of a talus
slope. Chipmunks are undoubtedly an important component
of the weasel’s diet where the two co-occur. A single specimen,
captured in a Sherman live trap baited with rolled oats, may
have been attracted by the scent of mice on the trap.
Specimen examined (1 ) . — Vega Creek, 4 mi. E Monticello.
Mephitis mephitis (Schreber)
Striped Skunk
The striped skunk is not common in the Abajo Mountains.
No tracks were seen and only one individual was sighted during
my study.
Felis concolor Linnaeus
Cougar
Carl Mahon reported that the cougar population on the
mountain range is presently stable. This cat is sometimes
hunted in the Abajo Mountains with dogs.
SCHAFER— MAMMALS OF THE ABAJO MOUNTAINS
13
Felisrufus Schreber
Bobcat
Suitable habitat for the bobcat exists throughout the study
site. Its presence has been noted by local residents.
Cervus elaphus Linnaeus
Elk
Lone elk occasionally were seen at various places in the Abajo
Mountains. A herd of 20 was observed one morning near
Abajo Peak, foraging in a clearing in a spruce-fir community.
According to San Juan County game warden Guy Wallace, elk
are native to the Abajos, the population is stable, and there is
talk of opening a limited hunting season.
Odocoileus hemionus (Rafinesque)
Mule Deer
The population of mule deer on the Abajo Mountains has
changed dramatically during the present century. According
to Carl Mahon, mule deer were scarce during the early 1900s,
probably due to overgrazing by livestock, and they did not
begin to increase until the 1940s. Today the species is abundant
and can be seen virtually anywhere on the range. The marked
increase is probably a response to predator control and transi¬
tion to a more brushy habitat as a result of overgrazing. The
deer population in the Abajos is above carrying capacity, as
evidenced by the high browse line often observed in woody
communities.
The breeding season begins in winter and fawns usually are
dropped in late June or earlyjuly (Cahalane, 1947) , although a
newborn fawn was seen on 7 August 1988.
Specimens examined (3) . — Foy Lake, 10 mi. WNW Monti cello, 1; 4 mi. W
Monticello, 1 ; 3 mi. W Monticello, 1 .
Ovis canadensis Shaw
Mountain Sheep
According to Carl Mahon, the bighorn sheep was a common
resident of the Abajo Mountains during the 1930s. It was not
unusual to see 30 or more individuals in a herd. Its abundance
coincided with a time when mule deer were scarce. Increase of
the mule deer population may have caused decline of the
bighorn. In any event, the bighorn is restricted at present to
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OCCASIONAL PAPERS MUSEUM TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY
rocky terrain along the Colorado River adjacent to the study
site.
Species of Hypothetical Occurrence
General distribution of the following species include the
Abajo Mountains (Hall, 1981;Junge and Hoffmann, 1981),
and further collecting efforts yet may document their
presence. Because of the volant, and the sometimes migratory,
nature of chiropterans, the following list is restricted to ter¬
restrial species.
Sorex vagrans. — The wandering shrew is common throughout
much of the western United States. It is possible that this
species is a resident of the area, but has escaped notice. The
shrews Lee (1960) reported as Sorex vagrans from the Abajo
Mountains probably are referable to S. monticolus.
Sylvilagus audubonii. — The desert cottontail was not observed
in the study area, although it probably occurs in the lower
foothills and lowlands where suitable habitat is present.
Neotoma albigula. — The white-throated woodrat is reportedly
a rare resident in the Needles District of Canyonlands National
Park (Armstrong, 1982). It may occur in the lowlands of the
Abajo Mountains, but characteristic sign of the genus was not
noted during this study.
Neotoma mexicana. — This species has been reported from
Devil Canyon, 14 mi. SMonticello (Kelson, 1951). This record
is five miles south-southeast of the study site, and the canyon in
which this specimen was obtained may be a route of possible
dispersal into the Abajos. However, presence of the Mexican
woodrat is doubtful, as no sign was observed.
Ondatra zibethicus. — Suitable habitat for the muskrat seems to
be available in the Abajo Mountains, but no evidence of this
animal was observed.
Bassariscus astutus. — An individual of this species possibly was
sighted near the edge of a cliff within a sage community. Local
residents claim ringtails occur on the flats north of Monticello.
Spilo gale gracilis. — The Abajo Mountains are within the
mapped range of this small, secretive skunk (Hall, 1981); it may
inhabit the valley floor.
Acknowledgments
I am deeply indebted to W. W. Dalquest and F. B. Stangl, Jr., for their guidance
throughout the course of this project and for critically reviewing the manuscript.
Stangl prepared the figure and gave considerable time to improving the
SCHAFER — MAMMALS OF THE ABAJO MOUNTAINS
15
manuscript. David M. Armstrong made many useful criticisms on an earlier draft.
Appreciation is expressed to Stephen Kasper for his many suggestions and for
assistance in the field. I thank Jane Lindsey for her technical assistance, N. V.
Horner for reviewing an earlier draft of the manuscript, and the Utah Department
of Natural Resources for issuing the collecting permits. I am grateful to Utah
residents Joanne Harvey, Guy Wallace, and Carl Mahon for giving their time,
helpful suggestions, and information pertinent to the study. This study was
undertaken in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of
Science at Midwestern State University.
Literature Cited
Armstrong, D. M. 1982. Mammals of the canyon country. Canyonlands Nat. Hist.
Assoc., 263 pp.
Barbour, R. W., and W. H. Davis. 1969. Bats of America. Univ. Press Kentucky,
Lexington, 286 pp.
Cahalane, V. H. 1947. Mammals of North America. The MacMillan Co., New York,
x + 682 pp.
Dalquest, W. W. 1943. Seasonal distribution of the hoary bat along the Pacific
Coast. Murrelet, 24:21-24.
Durrant, S. D. 1952. Mammals of Utah. Univ. Kansas Publ., Mus. Nat. Hist.,
6:1-549.
Durrant, S. D., and M. R. Lee. 1955. Rare shrews from Utah and Wyoming. J.
Mamm., 36:560-561.
Findley, J. S., and C. Jones. 1964. Seasonal distribution of the hoary bat. J. Mamm.,
45:461-470.
Hall, E. R. 1981. The mammals of North America. John Wiley and Sons, l:xv +
1-600 + 90and 2:vi + 601-1181 + 90.
Jones, J. K., Jr., D. C. Carter, H. H. Genoways, R. S. Hoffmann, D. W. Rice, and C.
Jones. 1986. Revised checklist of North American mammals north of
Mexico, 1986. Occas. Papers Mus., Texas Tech Univ., 107:1-22.
Junge, J. A., and R. S. Hoffmann. 1981. An annotated key to the long-tailed shrews
(genus Sorex) of the United States and Canada, with notes on a Middle
American Sorex. Occas. Papers Mus. Nat. Hist., Univ. Kansas, 94:1-48.
Kelson, K. R. 1951. Speciation in rodents of the Colorado River Drainage. Univ.
Utah Biol. Ser., ll:vii+ 1-125.
Lee, M. R. 1960. Montane mammals of southeastern Utah, with emphasis on the
effects of past climates upon occurrence and differentiation. Unpublished
Ph.D dissertation, Univ. Utah, iv+ 199 pp.
Young, S. P., and E. A. Goldman. 1944. The wolves of North America. Amer.
Wildlife Inst., Washington, D. C., xx + 636 pp.
Address of author: Department of Biology, Midwestern State University, Wichita Falls,
Texas 76308. Received 9 July 1990, accepted 10 August 1990.
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OCCASIONAL PAPERS
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THE MUSEUM
HARVARD
TEXAS TECH UNIVERSWf , Y
NUMBER 138
25 FEBRUARY 1991
RECORDS OF MAMMALS FROM THE LLANO
ESTACADO AND ADJACENT AREAS OF TEXAS
AND NEW MEXICO
Larry L. Choate, Richard W. Manning, J. Knox
Jones, Jr., Clyde Jones, and TonyR. Mollhagen
Recent field exploration on the Llano Estacado and in adjacent
areas of western Texas and eastern New Mexico by field parties
from The Museum of Texas Tech University has resulted in col¬
lection of several thousand specimens of mammals. Some of
these provide noteworthy distributional data that establish the
presence of, or better elucidate the status of, species inhabiting
that region. We have summarized such information for 14 taxa
in this paper.
Collecting efforts were supported by The Museum, the
Department of Biological Sciences, and the Graduate School
at Texas Tech University, and by the Rob and Bessie Welder
Wildlife Foundation, which supported one of us (Choate) in
the laboratory and in the field in 1989 and 1990 as a Welder
Wildlife Foundation Fellow. This publication constitutes con¬
tribution no. 366 of that foundation.
In the following accounts, catalogue numbers refer to the col¬
lection of Recent mammals housed in The Museum at Texas
Tech. Measurements are in millimeters.
Cryptotis parva parva (Say, 1823). — On 30 June 1990, a male
(testes 3x1) least shrew (58316) was taken byj. R. Goetze in a
museum special trap baited with rolled oats and set in a line
along a grassy fencerow (mostly brome, white triden, and sweet
clover) 12 mi. S and 1 mi. E Pampa, Gray Co., Texas. Chaetodipus
2
OCCASIONAL PAPERS MUSEUM TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY
hispidus, Peromyscus maniculatus, Sigmodon hispidus, and Mus
musculus were trapped at the same locality. This record adds to
those published by Owen and Hamilton (1986) for the Llano
Estacado, and further substantiates the general distribution of
this species in the northern half of that region.
Several authors, including Owen and Hamilton (1986), have
suggested that widespread irrigation on the High Plains has
facilitated westward migration by C. parva in the past few
decades. The latter authors also opined (p. 405) that this shrew
“. . . will be found with increasing frequency ... in the vicinity of
permanent playas, particularly those . . . associated with sub¬
stantial areas of uncultivated land supporting native vegeta¬
tion.” We would add that the Conservation Reserve Program,
under which thousands of acres on the Llano Estacado that
formerly were under cultivation have been returned to
grassland, some planted to native grasses, also may result in in¬
creased populations of this shrew.
Myotis californicus californicus (Audubon and Bachman,
1842). — Two males of this small bat from nearby localities at
the northwestern tip of the Llano Estacado in New Mexico, one
(58707) taken 6 mi. N and 6 mi. E Newkirk, Guadalupe County,
on 26 July 1990, and the other (58057) caught 3 mi. N Ima,
Quay County, on 31 May 1990, provide the northeasternmost
records of this species from the state and are the first to be
reported from the Llano (see Findley et al., 1975). Both in¬
dividuals were netted over stock tanks located near the edge of
the caprock in company with M. ciliolabrum. The tank in Quay
County was surrounded by pinon and juniper, whereas the one
in Guadalupe County was in a much more open area that sup¬
ported mostlyjuniper.
Myotis ciliolabrum ciliolabrum (Merriam, 1886). — Three New
Mexican specimens of this small-footed myotis, all females, two
(58055-56) from 3 mi. N Ima and one (58708) from 6 mi. N
and 6 mi. E Newkirk (see account above) , establish new county
records that help to clarify the distribution of this species in the
northeastern part of that state. They also provide the second
and third known localities of record for M. ciliolabrum on the
Llano Estacado (the other being from Armstrong Co., Texas —
Hollander and Jones, 1987). Two females netted on 31 May
each carried a single fetus (4 in crown-rump length); one shot
on 26July evinced no reproductive activity.
CHOATE ET AL. — MAMMALS FROM THE LLANO ESTACADO
3
Lasiurus borealis (Muller, 1776). — A few females of this
migratory species rear young on the Staked Plains and in ad¬
jacent areas, but males evidently occur there only as young-of-the-
year or as migrants. Specimens from four localities in western
Texas better establish the red bat as seasonally widespread in
the region: male (58059), 8 mi. S, 8 mi. E Claude, Armstrong
County, 15 May 1990; female (56887), 10 mi. N, 35 mi. W
Hereford, Deaf Smith County, 23 August 1989; male (58758), 3
mi. N, 8 mi. E South Plains, Floyd County, 29 August 1990;
female (58319), 3 mi. N Jerico, Gray County, 30 June
1990. The circumstances under which the first three
specimens were collected are described below. The female
from Gray County, which was lactating, was netted along with
two Myotis velifer over a water-filled overflow pit adjacent to a
stock tank.
Lasiurus cinereus cinereus (Palisot de Beauvois, 1796). — The
hoary bat evidently is not resident in western Texas and eastern
New Mexico, but migrates through the area both to and from
summer haunts farther northward. Texas records that help to
document the seasonal occurrence of this species are as fol¬
lows: female (58060, two fetuses 12 in crown-rump length), 8
mi. S, 8 mi. E Claude, Armstrong County, 15 May 1990; four
specimens (56888-91) from 10 mi. N, 35 mi. W Hereford (=14
mi. S, 2 mi. E Glenrio), Deaf Smith County, a male (testes 7 x
3) on 16 August 1989, and two males (testes of both 5x2) and
a female on 23 August 1989; male (58759, testes 6 x 3), 3 mi. N,
8 mi. E South Plains, Floyd County, 29 August 1990; male
(57202, testes 7 x 4), Muleshoe National Wildlife Refuge,
Bailey County, 10 September 1989.
The bat from Armstrong County was netted over Mulberry
Creek under cottonwoods and other deciduous trees; those
from Deaf Smith County were taken in a net stretched over a
stock tank not too distant from the edge of the caprock,
whereas one from Floyd County was netted over an impound¬
ment fed by a natural spring at the base of the Llano escarp¬
ment ( Eptesicus fuscus , Lasiurus borealis, Antrozous pallidus, and
Tadarida brasiliensis were taken in the same net and Pipistrellus
hesperus was shot over the spring) . The male from Bailey Coun¬
ty was one of two (the other escaped our net) trapped in a net
over a small, water-filled, concrete tank near a residence.
Antrozous pallidus bunkeri Hibbard, 1934. — A male (52941,
testes 11x6) pallid bat from 7 mi. WJusticeburg, Garza Co.,
4
OCCASIONAL PAPERS MUSEUM TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY
Texas, captured on 10 September 1988, extends the known
range of this subspecies almost 100 miles southward along the
eastern edge of the Llano Estacado, a distributional pattern
predicted by Manning et al. (1988). The large size of the
specimen (forearm 55.4) clearly aligns it with bunkeri.
Spermophilus variegatus buckleyi Slack, 1861. — A male (6678)
from 10 mi. E Eldorado, Schleicher Co., Texas, obtained by R.
W. Wiley on 23 February 1968, represents a northern marginal
record for this ground squirrel on the Edwards Plateau. We
tentatively refer this specimen to the subspecies buckleyi be¬
cause of the blackish coloration on the head, shoulders, and
middorsum, which is typical of these squirrels in south-central
Texas. However, color varies greatly in some populations of S.
variegatus (Schmidly, 1977), and the species clearly is in need of
systematic scrutiny with respect to intraspecific variation.
Spermophilus variegatus grammurus (Say, 1823). — A lactating
female (58102) and adult male (58721, testes 28 x 13) taken 1
mi. N and 1 mi. W Ima, Quay Co., New Mexico, on 30 May and
24 July 1990, respectively, not only fill a distributional gap (see
Findley etal., 1975) in the northeastern part of the state, but are
the first specimens of this species to be recorded from the Llano
Estacado. The squirrels were shot on a west-facing, brushy
slope strewn with large boulders. Scrub oak and skunkbush
along with yucca and grasses comprised the dominate vegeta¬
tion. Each squirrel was perched atop a boulder when shot, and
the cheek pouches of both were filled with skunkbush seeds.
The breaks along the extreme northwestern edge of the Llano
Estacado well may be the only place where this species occurs in
that region.
Perognathus flavescens copei Rhoads, 1894. — In their study of
geographic variation in this pocket mouse on the Great Plains,
Reed and Choate (1986) examined a number of specimens
from eastern New Mexico and western Texas, but the distribu¬
tional pattern revealed was decidedly spotty. Reed and Choate
inferred that additional collecting efforts concentrated in
areas of sandy soil would establish that the species, although
probably not continuously distributed through the region, was
more widespread than their records indicated. Over the past
three years, we have collected P. flavescens on sandy or sandy loam
soils at a number of places in western Texas where it previously
was unknown. Some of these records were reported by
Pesaturo et al. (1990); the others follow: Andrews Co.: 4 mi. N, 5
CHOATE ET AL.— MAMMALS FROM THE LLANO ESTACADO
5
mi. E Andrews (56821); 3 mi. N, 6 mi. W Andrews (56822); 8.5
mi. S, 4 mi. E Andrews (56823-24); 9.5 mi. S, 5 mi. E Andrews
(56825) . Gaines Co.: 10 mi. S, 20 mi. W Seminole (58732) . Lynn
Co.: 4 mi. N, 3 mi. W New Home (58754). Yoakum Co.: 8 mi. N
Bronco (58346); 13-14 mi. N Plains (56921-22, 58344-45).
Records of occurrence of P. f. copei on the Llano Estacado and
in adjacent areas are mapped in Figure 1. The eastern margin
of the range in Texas evidently is just east of the border of the
map in Callahan (Davis, 1974) and Wilbarger (Dalquest and
Horner, 1984) counties; the northernmost records are in ad¬
jacent Oklahoma. Otherwise, the known distribution of the
subspecies is depicted in the figure.
Reithrodontomys fulvescens laceryi J. A. Allen, 1896. — Three
adults of this harvest mouse from Wheeler County establish the
northernmost localities of record in the Texas Panhandle.
Davis (1974) previously mapped R. fulvescens as occurring in
Armstrong County, to the southwest, but we do not know on
what evidence that record was based. Two males (52218-19)
were collected 2.5 mi. N and 9 mi. E Wheeler on 8 May 1990 in
dense grass (mostly A ndropogon) on the first terrace above
Sweetwater Creek. On the following day, a nonpregnant
female (58775) was trapped on sandy soil, in a low-lying, brushy
habitat with rank bluestem, in the floodplain of the North Fork
of the Red River at a place 2 mi. N Shamrock.
Peromyscus nasutus nasutus ( J. A. Allen, 1891). — This rock
mouse has been reported previously from the Llano Estacado
in Quay County, New Mexico, by Tamsitt (1959) from 8.5 mi. S
San Jon and by Aday and Gennaro (1973) from 3 mi. E and 2
mi. N Ragland. Three specimens from 9 mi. N and 3 mi. E
Broadview, Curry County (56994-96), expand the known
range a few miles farther eastward along the margin of the
caprock from the former locality to within approximately 6.5
miles of the border with the Texas Panhandle (where P. nasutus
has yet to be recorded) . Unfortunately, we found no pinon ex¬
tending along the edge of the Llano Estacado into Texas.
Our specimens, all adult females, were trapped on 16 August
1989 in rocky situations at the break of the Llano in pinon-
juniper-scrub oak, and in the same general area as P. boylii, P.
leucopus , and P. truei. One animal carried four fetuses (4 in
crown-rump length), another was gravid with three (6 in
length) , whereas the third dropped two young in a live trap and
6
OCCASIONAL PAPERS MUSEUM TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY
Fig. 1. — Known records of occurrence of Perognathus flavescens copei on the Llano
Estacadoand in adjacent areas of Texas and New Mexico after Findley et al. (1975),
Jones et al. (1988), Pesaturo et al. (1990), and Reed and Choate (1986). Some
records are not plotted because undue crowing of symbols would have resulted.
The open symbol in Wheeler Co., Texas, is the type locality of the subspecies. The
extent of the Llano Estacado is outlined on the map.
retained a fetus measuring 28. One was completely in worn
pelage, but the other two were molting.
Respective external measurements are: total length, 191, 184,
191; length of tail, 94, 92, 92; length of hind foot, 23, 22, 22;
CHOATE ET AL. — MAMMALS FROM THE LLANO ESTACADO
7
Fig. 2. — -Juniper-clad break of Llano Estacado, 8 mi. S and 2 mi. E Glenrio, Deaf
Smith Co., Texas. Two Peromyscus truei truei were trapped at the location in
foreground.
length of ear, 21, 21, 21. From the sympatric and morphologi¬
cally similar R t. truei, the three nasutus differ in being somewhat
darker dorsally, and in having ears that are shorter (rather than
longer) than the hind feet and slightly smaller auditory bullae.
They differ also in cusp morphology of the lower molars (see
Hoffmeister, 1986). Cranial measurements are given in Table
1. We follow Carleton (1989) in regarding P. nasutus as a
species distinct from P. difficilis (butseejanecek, 1990).
Peromyscus truei truei (Shufeldt, 1885). — Five pinon mice col¬
lected along the edge of the Llano to the south of Glenrio, Deaf
Smith County, are the first of this subspecies to be reported
from the Texas Panhandle. Previously, P. t. truei was known
from the state only on the basis of four specimens from
Guadalupe Mountains National Park, Culberson County (Cor-
nely et al. , 1981), far to the southwest. All five specimens were
trapped in association with P. leucopus on rock ledges beneath
or near junipers (Fig. 2) as follows: two males (58043-44, testes
14 x 8 and 12 x 7), 8 mi. S, 2 mi. E Glenrio, 21 March 1990;
male (58045, testes 1 2 x 7) , 1 1 mi. S, 2 mi. E Glenrio, 22 March
1990; female (57015, lactating) and male (57016, testes 14 x
8) , 10 mi. N, 35 mi. W Hereford (=14 mi. S, 2 mi. E Glenrio), 24
August and 14 August 1989, respectively.
8
OCCASIONAL PAPERS MUSEUM TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY
We also obtained six specimens of this subspecies along the
margin of the caprock in adjacent eastern New Mexico as follows:
Curry Co.: three females (57013-14, 57471), 9 mi. N, 3 mi. E
Broadview, two on 16 August (one with three fetuses measuring
10 in crown-rump length) and one (lactating) on 11 November
1989. Quay Co.: subadult female (56737), 5 mi. N Wheatland,
15 June 1989; female (58216, five fetuses 4 in length) , 2 mi. N
Ima, 31 May 1990; lactating female (58217), 4 mi. S, 3 mi. E
Ima, 23 May 1990.
Average external measurements of nine adults (one in¬
dividual with incomplete tail not included), four males and five
females, from New Mexico and Texas (extremes in paren¬
theses) are as follows: total length, 189.7 (180-205); length of
tail, 90.2 (82-106); length of hind foot, 22.6 (22-24); length of
ear, 23.8 (23-25) . Length of ear was equal to that of hind foot
in one specimen and greater in the other eight. See Table 1 for
cranial measurements.
The specimens reported here of P. t. truei from Texas reduce
the known diastema between the distribution of that subspecies
and the isolated P. t. comanche to approximately 75 miles, albeit
directly across inhospitable habitat. If the ranges of these two
races meet, which we doubt, it will be along the circuitous
northern margin of the Llano Estacado. However, significant
rocky habitats and stands of juniper are lacking at some places
in this area. As presently known, comanche is restricted to
suitable outcroppings that support juniper along the eastern
escarpment of the High Plains in Armstrong, Briscoe, and Ran¬
dall counties. P. t. comanche differs from P. t. truei as described
by Schmidly (1973), principally in having a longer tail on the
average, measurably shorter ears that are about the same
length as the hind feet, a flatter skull, and slightly smaller
auditory bullae. See Table 1 for comparative cranial measure¬
ments of the two subspecies. In some features, comanche differs
from truei in the same way as does P. nasutus, explaining why
some previous authors aligned comanche with the latter. Our
specimens of both subspecies of truei differ from nasutus in
lacking well-developed accessory stylids and lophids on the first
two lower molars. The two species also are known to differ
chromosomally and electrophoretically.
External measurements taken by different collectors some¬
times vary, causing difficulties in making critical comparisons
among specimens. The larger ear of P t. truei is aptly illustrated
CHOATE ET AL. — MAMMALS FROM THE LLANO ESTACADO
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OCCASIONAL PAPERS MUSEUM TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY
in comparison to that of P. t. comanche by dry measurements,
however: 20.8 (19.1-21.8) in 10 adult specimens of the former
listed above as opposed to 18.5 (17.3-20.4) in 22 specimens of
comanche from Brisco Co., Texas.
Baiomys taylori taylori (Thomas, 1887). — Northward and
westward dispersal of the northern pygmy mouse in
northwestern Texas was documented by Choate et al. (1990), a
paper in which habitats were described and mammalian as¬
sociates listed. Specimens of B. taylori obtained in 1990 that ex¬
tend the known range on the Llano Estacado beyond a line
drawn through the northwesternmost localities of occurrence
mapped by Choate et al. are as follows: Armstrong Co.: 1 mi. S, 7
mi. E Claude (58390-91). Carson Co.: 1 mi. S, 3 mi. W Groom
(58119). Lubbock Co.: 5 mi. S, 3 mi. W Shallowater (58737).
Swisher Co.: 1 mi. N, 2 mi. W Vigo Park (58393-94). Terry Co.:
3.5 mi. N, 10.5 mi. W Meadow (58392). Yoakum Co.: 5 mi. S, 13
mi. E Plains (58129). The last-listed locality is only ap¬
proximately 20 miles east of the New Mexican border.
A female trapped in Swisher County on 18 June carried four
fetuses (4 in crown-rump length). Of the two taken in early
July, one from Armstrong County had three fetuses (3 in crown-
rump length) , whereas another from Terry County carried one
that measured 17.
Spilogale gracilis leucoparia Merriam, 1890. — The posterior
part of the cranium (58045) of a spotted skunk referable to this
species was found at the base of a rocky slope near the bed of
the Double Mountain Fork of the Brazos River, 5.5 mi. E Jus-
ticeburg, Garza Co., Texas, in April 1989. This record reduces
the known hiatus to but a few miles between the range of S.
gracilis and that of the eastern spotted skunk, 5. putorius, just to
the east of the Llano escarpment (the latter was reported from
1 mi. SPost, Garza County, by Jones etal., 1985). Our specimen
clearly is assignable to gracilis on the basis of its inflated mastoid
region and enlarged auditory bullae. It is the northernmost
record of the species in Texas (see Hollander etal., 1987).
Literature Cited
Aday, B. J., Jr., and A. L. Gennaro. 1973. Mammals (excluding bats) of the New
Mexican Llano Estacado and its adjacent river valleys. Stud. Nat. Sci.,
Eastern New Mexico Univ., 1 (5): 1-33, 1 fig., 44 maps.
Carleton, M. D. 1989. Systematics and evolution. Pp. 7-141, in Advances in the
study of Peromyscus (Rodentia) (G. L. Kirkland, Jr., and J. N. Layne, eds.),
Texas Tech Univ. Press, Lubbock, 367 pp.
CHOATE ET AL. — MAMMALS FROM THE LLANO ESTACADO
11
Choate, L. L., J. K. Jones, Jr., R. W. Manning, and C. Jones. 1990. Westward ho:
continued dispersal of the pygmy mouse, Baiomys taylori, on the Llano
Estacado and in adjacent areas of Texas. Occas. Papers Mus., Texas Tech
Univ., 134:1-8.
Cornely, J. E., D. J. Schmidly, H. H. Genoways, and R. J. Baker. 1981. Mice of the
genus Peromyscus in Guadalupe Mountains National Park, Texas. Occas.
Papers, Mus., Texas Tech Univ., 74:1-35.
Dalquest, W. W., and N. V. Horner. 1984. Mammals of north-central Texas.
Midwestern Univ. Press, Wichita Falls, Texas, 261 pp., 72 pis.
Davis, W. B. 1974. The mammals of Texas. Bull. Texas Dept. Parks and Wildlife,
Austin, 41:1-294.
Findley, J. S., A. H. Harris, D. E. Wilson, and C. Jones. 1975. Mammals of New
Mexico. Univ. New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, xxii + 360 pp.
Hoffmeister, D. H. 1986. Mammals of Arizona. Univ. Arizona Press, Tucson, xx +
602 pp.
Hollander, R. R., and J. K. Jones, Jr. 1987. A record of the western small-footed
myotis, Myotis ciliolabrumMerria.m, from the Texas Panhandle. TexasJ. Sci.,
39:198.
Hollander, R. R., C. Jones, R. W. Manning, andJ. K. Jones, Jr. 1987. Distributional
notes on some mammals from the Edwards Plateau and adjacent areas of
south-central Texas. Occas. Papers Mus., Texas Tech Univ., 110:1-10.
Janecek, L. L. 1990. Genic variation in the Peromyscus truei group (Rodentia:
Cricetidae). J. Mamm., 71:301-308.
Jones, J. K., Jr., R. R. Hollander, and D. A. McCullough. 1985. Records of the
spotted skunk and long-tailed weasel from the Llano Estacado of Texas.
TexasJ. Sci., 37:355-358.
Jones, J. K., Jr., R. W. Manning, C. Jones, and R. R. Hollander. 1988. Mammals of
the northern Texas Panhandle. Occas. Papers Mus., Texas Tech Univ.,
126:1-54.
Manning, R. W., C. Jones, J. K. Jones, Jr., and R. R. Hollander. 1988. Subspecific
status of the pallid bat, Antrozous pallidus, in the Texas Panhandle and
adjacent areas. Occas. Papers Mus., Texas Tech Univ., 118:1-5.
Owen, R. D., and M. J. Hamilton. 1986. Second record of Cryptotis parva (Soricidae:
Insectivora) in New Mexico, with review of its status on the Llano Estacado.
Southwestern Nat., 31:403-405.
Pesaturo, R. J., J. K. Jones, Jr., R. W. Manning, and C. Jones. 1990. Mammals of the
Muleshoe Sandhills, Bailey, Hale, and Lamb counties, Texas. Occas. Papers
Mus., Texas Tech Univ., 136:1-32.
Reed, K. M., and J. R. Choate. 1986. Geographic variation in the plains pocket
mouse ( Perognathus flavescens ) on the Great Plains. TexasJ. Sci., 38:227-240.
Schmidly, D.J. 1973. The systematic status of Peromyscus comanche. Southwestern
Nat., 18:269-278.
- . 1977. The mammals of Trans-Pecos Texas. . . . Texas A&M Univ. Press,
College Station, xiii + 225 pp.
Tamsitt,J. R. 1959. Peromyscus nasutus in northeastern New Mexico. J. Mamm.,
40:611-613.
Addresses of authors: The Museum and Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech
University, Lubbock 79409, and Department of Civil Engineering Texas Tech University,
Lubbock 79409 (TRM). Received 2 September 1990; accepted 1 7 September 1 990.
'
\
.
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TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY
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The preferred abbreviation for citing The Museum’s
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ISSN 0149-175X
Texas Tech University Press
Lubbock, Texas 79409-1037
OCCASIONAL PAPERS
THE MUSEUM
LIBRARY
J 0 1991
TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITi^^fV
NUMBER 139
7 JUNE 1991
ANNOTATED CHECKLIST OF LAND MAMMALS
OF EL SALVADOR
James G. Owen, J. Knox Jones, Jr.,
and Robert J. Baker
El Salvador, a country of approximately 21,000 square kilometers, is
located in Central America between 13°09' and 14°27' N latitude and
87°41' and 90°08' W longitude. To the north and east it borders on
Honduras, to the west on Guatemala, and to the south on the Pacific
Ocean. El Salvador has more than 200 inhabitants per square
kilometer, a population density more than 12 times the average of Latin
American countries (Escamilla, 1986). It is the smallest of the Central
American republics, and one of only two countries in the region (the
other is Belize) that do not have a coast along both the Atlantic and
Pacific oceans. Although small in area, the country has a varied
climate and topography, and thus a diverse tropical biota.
Temperature changes relatively little during the year, with annual
and daily variations rarely exceeding 10° C (Escamilla, 1986). In San
Salvador, at 710 meters, the mean annual temperature is 22.8° C. The
coldest month, December, has a mean of 2 1 .8° C and the hottest month,
April, has a mean of 24.5° C. Although the temperature at a given
locality is relatively constant, temperature does vary considerably with
altitude. For example, at Santa Cruz Porrillo (elevation 30 meters) the
average annual temperature is 26.7° C. In contrast, at Montecristo (2230
meters) the mean annual temperature is only 12.8° C (Holdridge,
1975).
Climatic differences in El Salvador are due mainly to the quantity
and distribution of annual precipitation. Rainfall is abundant from
May through October but rare from November through April (Escamilla,
2
OCCASIONAL PAPERS MUSEUM TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY
1986). The mean annual rainfall at San Salvador is 1789 mm., ranging
from 355 mm in July to only 4 mm in February (Holdridge, 1975).
Elevations vary from sea level along the Pacific coast to 2730 meters
in the mountains along the Honduran border. Habitat zonation ranges
from dry tropical forest to wet montane forest. The country has been
subdivided into 19 life zones, based on climate, according to the sys¬
tem devised by Holdridge (Tosi and Hartshorn, 1978).
According to Burt and Stirton (1961), the first mammalian specimen
taken from El Salvador was a squirrel, probably obtained in Depar-
tamento de La Union, to which Ogilby (1839) gave the name Sciurus
variegatoides. Bats obtained near Volcan Izalco, Departamento de
Sonsonate, and donated to the Academy of Natural Sciences of
Philadelphia in 1860 also represent an early collection from the
country. In 1866, H. Allen described Vespertilio concinnus ( =Myotis
nigricans ) from “Salvador,” presumably based on the material from
Volcan Izalco (Burt and Stirton, 1961).
Systematic mammal collecting in El Salvador began in 1925 under
the financial patronage of Donald R. Dickey. Collecting was done by
the late Rubin A. Stirton from July 1925 to April 1926, and from late
November 1926 through June 1927. Stirton returned to El Salvador
from November 1941 to May 1942 as head of an expedition from the
University of California. Milton Hildebrand served as mammalogist
on that expedition (Burt and Stirton, 1961).
Dickey (1928a, 1 9287?, 1928c) described 11 new species and sub¬
species from Stirton’s collections. Four other subspecies later were
described from this material by Nelson and Goldman (1931), Nelson
(1932), Goldman (1937), and Hooper (1949).
The only other general mammal collecting in El Salvador was by
Heinz Felten from October 1952 to April 1954. Felten (1955, 1956a,
1956 6, 1956c, 1957a, 19576, 1958a, 19586, 1958c) published nine
papers on the mammals of the country in which he recorded 73 species
and described two new subspecies.
The series of papers by Felten and the treatise on Salvadorian land
mammals by Burt and Stirton (1961) are the only synoptic treatments
of the mammalian fauna of the country. A total of 97 species was
reported in these publications. Records published since then, together
with several overlooked by Burt and Stirton, have increased the num¬
ber of known species to 121 as here listed, almost half of which are
bats. Probably at least an additional dozen taxa, possibly more, occur
in El Salvador. For example, the genera Caluromys, Diclidurus, Galic-
tis, and Mazama are unrepresented in our list; furthermore, only one
species of Micronycteris, only four genera of glossophagines, and only
OWEN ET AL.— CHECKLIST OF LAND MAMMALS OF EL SALVADOR
3
two kinds of xenarthrans have been reported from the country. In addi¬
tion to new distributional records, systematic studies have resulted in
changes in nomenclatorial status of several taxa in recent years. Some
of the new distributional records and changes in nomenclature have
been incorporated into second-hand summaries such as those of Hall
(1981) and Jones etal. (1988).
Historic accounts of biological conditions in El Salvador (Daugher¬
ty, 1972, and Guzman, 1883, for example), some of which address the
drastic affect in recent centuries of humans on the environment, sug¬
gest the possible past occurrence of a few species of mammals not
listed here. We have not included these taxa (howler monkeys, white-
lipped peccaries, and brockets are examples) because the published
records are of a general nature or speculative, and, in any event, are not
substantiated by actual specimens or first-hand observations. None¬
theless, chronicles of conditions in colonial and early republican times
are of considerable value in gauging the overall impact of land
degradation and human population pressure on biodiversity in the
country.
Following is a checklist of mammalian species known to occur in El
Salvador or that occurred there until relatively recently. Taxa are ar¬
ranged phylogenetically through genera, but species in each genus are
listed alphabetically. Citations are given to publications that are
primary (or principal) sources of distributional data on species and
subspecies of Salvadorian mammals. In a few instances, notation is
made of specimens reported in the literature under a name different
than the one used here, or comments are entered concerning the
taxonomic status of a taxon. We hope this checklist will prove a useful
reference for both laboratory and field workers concerned with studies
of mammalian biology in El Salvador. We are grateful to K. F. Koop-
man, T. J. McCarthy, and D. E. Wilson for comments on a draft version
of the manuscript.
Order Marsupialia
Family Didelphidae
Didelphis marsupialis caucae J. A. Allen, 1900. Felten (1958c: 2 17, as
D. m. californica in part), Burt and Stirton (1961: 18, as D. m.
t abase ensis in part), Gardner (1973:70).
Didelphis virginiana californica Bennett, 1833. Felten (1958c:217, as
D. marsupialis californica in part), Burt and Stirton (1961:18,
asD. marsupialis tabascensis in part), Gardner (1973:74).
Philander opossum pallidus (J. A. Allen, 1901). Felten (1958c: 215,
as P. o.fuscogriseus), Burt and Stirton (1961 :20).
4
OCCASIONAL PAPERS MUSEUM TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY
Chironectes minimus argyrodytes Dickey, 1928. Dickey (1928c: 15,
as C. argyrodytes ), Burt and Stirton (1961 : 20, as C. argyrodytes).
Marmosa mexicana mexicana Merriam, 1897. Felten (1958c: 215),
Burt and Stirton ( 1 96 1 : 1 9).
Order Insectivora
Family Soricidae
Cryptotis goodwini Jackson, 1933. Felten (1958c:218).
Cryptotis nigrescens merriami Choate, 1970. Burt and Stirton
(1961:21), Choate (1970:279).
Cryptotis parva orophila (J. A. Allen, 1895). Choate (1970:264).
Order Chiroptera
Family Emballonuridae
Rhynchonycteris naso (Wied, 1820). Sanborn ( 1 937 :327, as
Rhyne hiscus naso), Felten (1955:276, as Rhynchiscus naso),
Burt and Stirton (1961:22, as Rhynchiscus naso).
Saccopteryx bilineata (Temminck, 1838). Felten (1955:276), Burt
and Stirton (1961:22). Regarded by some authorities as
monotypic, but others recognize the subspecies S. b. centralis
Thomas, 1904, as occurring in Central America.
Saccopteryx leptura (Schreber, 1774). Burt and Stirton (1961:23).
Peropteryx macrotis macrotis (Wagner, 1843). Felten (1955: 284),
Burt and Stirton (1961:23).
Balantiopteryx plicata plicata Peters, 1867. Felten (1955:280), Burt
and Stirton (1961:24).
Family Noctilionidae
Noctilio leporinus mastivus (Vahl, 1797). Hellebuyck et al. (1985:
784).
Family Mormoopidae
Pteronotus davyifulvus (Thomas, 1892). Felten (1956^:78), Burt and
Stirton (1961:27), Smith (1972:102), Hellebuyck et al. (1985:
785).
Pteronotus gymnonotus (Wagner, 1843). Felten 1956a:75, asP.
suapurensis), Burt and Stirton (1961:26, as P. suapurensis ),
Smith (1972:106, as P. suapurensis).
Pteronotus parnellii mesoamericanus Smith, 1972. Felten (1956a: 69,
as Chilonycteris rubiginosa fusca), Burt and Stirton (1961:25, as
OWEN ET AL.— CHECKLIST OF LAND MAMMALS OF EL SALVADOR
5
P. rubiginosus fuscus), Smith (1972:74), Webb and Perrigo
(1984:249), Hellebuyck etal. (1985:786).
Pteronotus personatus psilotis (Dobson, 1878). Felten (1956a:73, as
Chilonycteris per sonata), Burt and Stirton (1961:26, as P.
psilotis). Smith (1972:93).
Mormoops megalophylla megalophylla Peters, 1864. Felten (1956a:
80), Burt and Stirton (1961 :27, as M. m. senicula), Davis and Carter
(1962:67), Smith (1972: 118).
Family Phyllostomidae
Micronycteris megalotis mexicana Miller, 1898. Felten (1956b: 180),
Burt and Stirton (1961:28).
Lonchorhina aurita aurita Tomes, 1863. Felten (1956b: 181).
Macrophyllum macrophyllum (Schinz, 1821). Felten (19566:183),
Burt and Stirton (1961 : 28), Harrison and Pendleton (1975:869).
Phyllostomus discolor verrucosus Elliot, 1905. Felten 19566:186),
Burt and Stirton (1961:29).
Trachops cirrhosus coffini Goldman, 1925. Felten (19566:189), Burt
and Stirton (1961: 30) .
Chrotopterus auritus auritus (Peters, 1856). Burt and Stirton
(1961:30).
Glossophaga commissarisi commissarisi Gardner, 1962. Hellebuyck
etal. (1985:784-786).
Glossophaga leachii (Gray, 1844). Hall (1981: 121, as G. alticola).
Glossophaga soricina handleyi Webster and Jones, 1980. Felten
(19566:192, as G. 5. leachii ), Burt and Stirton (1961:3 1, as G.
s. leachii ), Hellebuyck et al. (1985:784-786).
Anoura geoffroyi lasiopyga (Peters, 1868). Sanborn (1933:27), Felten
(1956 b : 1 96), Hellebuyck et al. (1985:784-786).
Choeroniscus godmani (Thomas, 1903). Burt and Stirton (1961: 32),
Owen etal. (1990:418).
Leptonycteris curasoae yerbabuenae Martinez and Villa, 1940. Jones
and Bleier (1974:144), Arita and Humphrey (1988:55). We fol¬
low the latter authors in use of the name combination here
employed.
Carollia perspicillata azteca Saussure, 1860. Felten (1956/?: 199),
Burt and Stirton (1961:33), Pine (1972:70-71), Hellebuyck et
al. (1985:784-786).
Carollia subrufa (Hahn, 1905). Felten (19566:211, as C. castanea
subrufa), Burt and Stirton (1961:33, as C. castanea subrufa),
Pine ( 1 972:28), Hellebuyck et al. ( 1 985:785).
6
OCCASIONAL PAPERS MUSEUM TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY
Sturnira lilium parvidens Goldman, 1917. Felten (1956c:341), Hel-
lebuyck etal. (1985:784-785).
Sturnira ludovici ludovici Anthony, 1924. Hellebuyck et al. (1985:
784-786).
Uroderma bilobatum davisi Baker and McDaniel, 1972. Felten
(1956c:343, as U. b. bilobatum), Burt and Stirton (1961: 34,
as U. b. bilobatum ), Davis (1968:695, as U. b. bilobatum ), Baker
and McDaniel (1972:4), Baker et al. (1972:428), Baker et al.
(1975:141), Baker (1979:126), Baker et al. (1979:222), Baker
(1981:297), Greenbaum (1981), Owen(1987:56).
Uroderma magnirostrum Davis, 1968. Davis (1968:680), Swanepoel
and Genoways (1979:102).
Vampyrops helleri Peters, 1866. LaVal (1969:820), Hellebuyck et al.
(1985:785-786).
Chiroderma salvini salvini Dobson, 1878. Hellebuyck et al. (1985:
785).
Chiroderma villosum jesupi J. A. Allen, 1900. Hellebuyck et al. (1985:
785) , Owen (1987:55).
Artibeus aztecus major Davis, 1969. Hellebuyck et al. (1985:784-
786) . Owen (1987) removed this and other small species (in¬
cluding phaeotis and toltecus ) from the genus Artibeus and
placed them in the genus Dermanura.
Artibeus inopinatus Davis and Carter, 1964. Burt and Stirton
(1961:35, as A. hirsutus), Davis and Carter (1964:121).
Artibeus inter me dius J. A. Allen, 1897. Davis (1984:10), Owen
(1987:54).
Artibeus jamaicensis paulus Davis, 1970. Felten (1956c:346, as A.j.
jamaicensis ), Burt and Stirton (1961:35, as A. j. jamaicensis),
Davis (19706: 121), Hellebuyck etal. (1985:784-786).
Artibeus lituratus palmarum J. A. Allen and Chapman, 1897. Felten
(1956c:350), Burt and Stirton (1961:34), Davis (1984:13),
Hellebuyck et al. (1985:784-785).
Artibeus phaeotis palatinus Davis, 1970. Davis (1970^:401), Hel¬
lebuyck etal. (1985:784-786).
Artibeus toltecus hesperus Davis, 1969. Felten (1956c:35 1 , as A
cinereus toltecus), Burt and Stirton (1961:35, as A. cinereus),
Davis (1969:26), Swanepoel and Genoways (1979:98), Hel¬
lebuyck et al. ( 1 985:784-786).
Enchisthenes hartii (Thomas, 1892). Hellebuyck et al. (1985: 785).
Owen ( 1 987) reluctantly placed hartii in the genus Der¬
manura. Jones et al. (1988), however, opined that Enchis¬
thenes probably merits generic status.
OWEN ET AL.— CHECKLIST OF LAND MAMMALS OF EL SALVADOR
7
Centurio senex senex Gray, 1842. Felten (1956c:352), Burt and Stir-
ton (1961:36), Davis et al. (1964:386), Paradiso (1967:601),
Hellebuyck et al. (1985:784, 786), Owen (1987:55).
Desmodus rotundus murinus Wagner, 1840. Felten (1956c :354), Burt
and Stirton (1961:36), Hellebuyck et al. (1985: 785).
Diaemus youngi Jentink, 1893. Greenbaum and Jones (1978:5),
McBee etal. (1985:404), Owen etal. (1990:418).
Diphylla ecaudata Spix, 1823. Felten (1956c:364, as D. e. centralis ),
Burt and Stirton (1961:37). Currently regarded as a monotypic
species (Jones etal., 1988).
Family Natalidae
Natalus stramineus saturatus Dalquest and Hall, 1949. Felten
(1957c?: 1 , as N. mexicanus), Goodwin (1959:8), Burt and Stir¬
ton (1961:38, as N. mexicanus).
Family Vespertilionidae
Myotis keaysi pilosatibialis LaVal, 1973. Hellebuyck et al. (1985:
786).
Myotis nigricans nigricans (Schinz, 1821). H. Allen (1866:280), Fel¬
ten ( 1957cz:5), Miller and G. M. Allen (1928:181, 187), Burt
and Stirton (1961:39), LaVal (1973(2: 10), Koopman (1976:5).
Myotis velifer velifer (J. A. Allen, 1890). Hellebuyck et al. (1985:
786).
Eptesicus fuscus miradorensis (H. Allen, 1866). Burt and Stirton
(1961:39), Hellebuyck etal. (1985:785).
Lasiurus blossevillii frantzii (Peters, 1871). Burt and Stirton
(1961:39, as L. borealis). We follow Baker et al. (1988) in use
of the specific name blossevillii.
Lasiurus intermedius intermedius H. Allen, 1862. Hellebuyck et al.
(1985:786).
Rhogeessa tumida H. Allen, 1866. Felten (1957^:6, as R. parvula
tumida), Burt and Stirton (1961:40, as R. panmla tumida), LaVal
(19736:44), Bickham and Baker (1977:453), Baker (1984:179),
Baker etal. (1985:235).
Family Molossidae
Nyctinomops laticaudatus yucatanicus (Miller, 1902). Felten
( 1957cf:8, as Tadarida yucatanica).
Eumops auripendulus auripendulus (Shaw, 1800). Burt and Stirton
(1961:40, as E. abrasus), Eger (1977:28).
8
OCCASIONAL PAPERS MUSEUM TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY
Eumops underwoodi underwoodi Goodwin, 1940. Hellebuyck et al.
(1985:787).
Molossus coibensis J. A. Allen, 1904. Felten (1957a: 14, as M.
tropidorhynchus coibensis), Burt and Stirton (1961:41), Dolan
(1989:59).
Molossus molossus (Pallas, 1766). Felten (1957a: 13, as M. major az-
tecus), Burt and Stirton (1961:41, as M. major), Warner et al.
(1974: 175, as M.pygmaeus), Dolan (1989:65).
Molossus rufus E. Geoffroy St. -Hilaire, 1805. Felten (1957a:9), Burt
and Stirton (1961:41), Dolan (1989:46). Dolan (1989)
regarded this large mastiff bat as monotypic, but indicated that
further studies may show that recognition of subspecies is jus¬
tified. In that case, the name nigricans would apply to Central
American populations of the species.
Order Primates
Family Cebidae
Ateles geoffroyi vellerosus Gray, 1866. Kellogg and Goldman
(1944:35), Felten (1958c:219), Burt and Stirton (1961:21).
Order Xenarthra
Family Myrmecophagidae
Tamandua mexicana mexicana (Saussure, 1860). Burt and Stirton
(1961:42, as T. tetradactyla mexicana).
Family Dasypodidae
Dasypus novemcinctusfene stratus Peters, 1864. Felten (1958c: 220),
B urt and Stirton (1961: 42) .
Order Lagomorpha
Family Leporidae
Sylvilagus floridanus hondurensis Goldman, 1932. Felten (1958c:
220), Burt and Stirton (1961:65).
Order Rodentia
Family Sciuridae
Sciurus deppei deppei Peters, 1863. Felten (1957/?: 149), Burt and Stir¬
ton (1961:52).
Sciurus variegatoides bangsi Dickey, 1928. Dickey (1928/? :9), Harris
(1937 : 1 1 ), Felten ( 1 951b: 150), Burt and Stirton (1961 :52).
OWEN ET AL.— CHECKLIST OF LAND MAMMALS OF EL SALVADOR
9
Sciurus variegatoides variegatoides Ogilby, 1839. Ogilby (1839:
117), Lesson (1842:112), J. A. Allen (1877:747), Nelson
(1899:81), Dickey (1928^:8), Harris (1937:8), Felten
(1957£>:150), Burt and Stirton (1961:50).
Family Geomyidae
Orthogeomys grandis engelhardi Felten, 1957. Felten (195 lb: 151),
Burt and Stirton (1961:52).
Orthogeomys grandis pygacanthus Dickey, 1928. Dickey (1928Z?:9,
as O. pygacanthus), Burt and Stirton (1961:52).
Family Heteromyidae
Liomys salvini salvini (Thomas, 1893). Felten ( 1 9577?: 153, asL.
heterothrix) , Burt and Stirton (1961:54), Genoways (1973:
241).
Heteromys desmarestianus desmarestianus Gray, 1868. Dickey
(19287?: 10, as H. d. psakastus ), Felten ( 1 9577? : 152), Burt and
Stirton (1961:53), Rogers and Schmidly (1982:385).
Family Muridae
Oryzomys alfaroi saturator Merriam, 1891. Felten (1958^:5), Burt
and Stirton (1961:61, as O. pal us tr is couesi ).
Oryzomys couesi couesi (Alston, 1877). Felten (1958a: 1), Burt and
Stirton (1961:61).
Oryzomys fulvescens fulvescens (Saussure, 1860). Felten (1958^:6),
Burt and Stirton (1961:62).
Oryzomys melanotis salvadorensis Felten, 1958. Felten (1958<?:3, as
O. rostratus salvadorensis), Burt and Stirton (1961:61).
Tylomys nudicaudus nudicaudus (Peters, 1866). Burt and Stirton
(1961:59).
Ototylomys phyllotis phyllotis Merriam, 1901. Felten (195 8a: 7, as O.
p. guatemalae) , Hooper ( 1 9 60 : p 1 . 9), Burt and Stirton
(1961:59), Lawlor (1969:40), Carleton (1980:25).
Nyctomys sumichrasti florencei Goldman, 1937. Goldman (1937:
422), Felten (1958^:7), Burt and Stirton (1961:59), Csuti
(1980:43).
Reithrodontomys fulvescens chiapensis A. H. Howell, 1914. Hooper
(1952: 122), Burt and Stirton (1961:56).
Reithrodontomys gracilis anthonyi Goodwin, 1932. Hooper
(1952: 135), Anderson and Jones (1960:524), Burt and Stirton
(1961:56).
10
OCCASIONAL PAPERS MUSEUM TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY
Reithrodontomys gracilis pacificus Goodwin. 1932. Felten (1958(7:9,
as R. g. anthonyi ). Anderson and Jones (1960:525).
Reithrodontomys mexicanus ocotepequensis Goodwin. 1937.
Hooper (1952:150). Burt and Stirt on (1961:56).
Reithrodontomys mexicanus orinus Hooper. 1949. Hooper
(1949: 169-170. 1952: 149). Felten (1958a: 10), Burt and Stirton
(1961:55), Csuti (1980:44).
Reithrodontomys sumichrasti modestus Thomas. 1907. Hooper
(1952:81), Felten (1958a :8). Burt and Stirton (1961:55).
Peromyscus aztecus cordillerae Dickey. 1928. Dickey (1928a:2, as P.
boylii cordillerae ), Ondrias (1960:218. as P. boylii), Burt and
Stirton (1961:56. as P. boylei cordillera ), Carleton (1979:294).
Peromyscus aztecus oaxacensis Merriam. 1898. Hooper (1957:12),
Felten (1958b: 13 3, as P. oaxacensis ), Burt and Stirton
(1961:57, as P. oaxacensis ), Carleton (1979:295).
Peromyscus boylii sacarensis Dickey. 1928. Dickey (1928a:3). Burt
and Stirton (1961:56). Carleton (1979:281).
Peromyscus gymnotis Thomas. 1894. Owen etal. (1990:417).
Peromyscus mexicanus saxatilis Merriam. 1898. Dickey (1928a:3, as
P. m. philombrius, and 192 8a: 4, as P. m. salvadorensis).
Hooper ( 1 957: 1 2), Felten ( 1 958b: 1 34), Ondrias ( 1 960: 218),
Burt and Stirton (1961:57), Huckaby (1980:16), Owen et al.
(1990:417).
Peromyscus stirtoni Dickey. 1928. Dickey (1928a:5), Burt and Stirton
(1961:58), Huckaby (1980:9).
Habromys lophurus (Osgood, 1904). Hooper ( 1 95 8 : pi . 13, as
Peromyscus lophurus ), Musser (1969:20, as Peromyscus
lophurus ), Robertson and Musser (1976:8, as Peromyscus
lophurus ). We follow Carleton (1980, 1989) in recognition of
Habromys at the generic level.
Baiomys musculus nigrescens Osgood, 1904. Felten ( 1958b: 136, as
B. m. grisescens ), Packard (1960:625), Burt and Stirton
(1961:58).
Scotinomys teguina rufoniger Sanborn. 1935. Felten ( 1 958b : 1 37),
Hooper (1960:pl. 11), Burt and Stirton (1961:58), Hooper
(1972:19).
Sigmodon hispidus griseus J. A. Allen, 1908. Felten ( 1 95 8b : 138),
Bun and Stirton (196 1:62).
Rheomys thomasi stirtoni Dickey, 1928. Dickey (1928b: 12), Stirton
(1944:342), Burt and Stirton (1961:60).
Rheomys thomasi thomasi Dickey, 1928. Dickey (1928b: 11), Stirton
(1944:341-342), Burt and Stirton (196 1:60), Hooper (1968:5 52).
OWEN ET AL. — CHECKLIST OF LAND MAMMALS OF EL SALVADOR
11
Rattus rattus (Linnaeus. 1758). Fallen 19585:139. as R. r. rattus).
Burt and Stirton( 196 1:63).
Afus musculus Linnaeus. 1758. Fallen 19585:140. as M. m. domes-
ticus ), Bun and Stinon (1961 :63 *.
Family Erethizontidae
Coendou mexicanus mexicanus (Kerr. 1“ 92). Fallen (19576:147 ).
Bun and Stinon (1961:64).
Family Dasyproctidae
Agouti pac a nelsoni Goldman. 1913. Felten ( 1957b: 148. as Cuni-
culus paca nelsoni ), Bun and Stinon < 1961:64).
Dasyprocta punctata punctata Gray. 1 842. Felten ( 19575:149), Bun
and Stinon (1961:65).
Order Carnivora
Family Canidae
Canis latrans dickeyi Nelson. 1932. Nelson 1932:224). Bun and Stir-
ton (1961:48). Csuti (1980:57).
Urocyon cinereoargenteus guatemalae Miller. 1899. Felten
(1958c:221. as U. c.fraterculus L Bun and Stinon (1961: 48).
Family Procyonidae
Bassariscus sumichrasti variabilis Peters. 1874). Felten (1958c:
222), Burt and Stirton ( 1961:45. as Jentinkia sumichrasti
variabilis).
Procyon lotor crassidens Hollister. 1914. Felten ( 1958c:222».
Goldman (1950:70), Bun and Stinon (1961:43).
Procyon lotor dickeyi Nelson and Goldman. 1931. Nelson and
Goldman (1931:20). Goldman * 1950:69), Burt and Stirton
(1961:43), Csuti (1980:59).
Xasua nasua narica (Linnaeus. 1 “66 «. Felten ( 1958c:222. as .V.
narica narica ), Bun and Stinon < 1961:44. as N. narica narica ).
Potos flavus chiriquensis J. A. Allen. 1904. Felten (1 958c :22 3. as P. /.
campechensis ). Bun and Stinon 1 196 1 :44), Konlucke ( 1973:34 ).
Family Mustelidae
Mustela frenata goldmani (Memam. 1896 . Hall (195 1:360 >. Felten
(1958c:224), Bun and Stinon (1% 1:46).
Eira barbara inserta (J. A. Allen. 1908). Bun and Stinon ( 1961:46 c
12
OCCASIONAL PAPERS MUSEUM TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY
Spilogale putorius elata Howell, 1906. Van Gelder (1959:325), Burt
and Stirton (1961:46).
Spilogale putorius tropicalis Howell, 1902. Van Gelder (1959: 319),
Burt and Stirton (1961:46).
Mephitis macroura macroura Lichtenstein, 1832. Felten
(1958c:225), Burt and Stirton (1961:47).
Conepatus mesoleucus nicaraguae J. A. Allen, 1910. Burt and Stirton
(1961:47, as C. leuconotus nicaraguae).
Lutra longicaudis annectens Major, 1897. Burt and Stirton (1961:48,
asL. annectens).
Family Felidae
F elis concolor mayensis Nelson and Goldman, 1929. Burt and Stirton
(1961:49).
Felis onca centralis Meams, 1901 . Nelson and Goldman (1933: 235).
Felis pardalis pardalis Linneaus, 1758. Burt and Stirton (1961 : 49).
Felis wiedii salvinia (Pocock, 1941). Felten (1958c:226), Burt and
Stirton (1961:49).
Felis yagouaroundi fossata Mearns, 1901. Burt and Stirton (1961:
50).
Order Perissodactyla
Family Tapiridae
Tapiris bairdii (Gill, 1865). Hershkovitz (1954:496).
Order Artiodactyla
Family Tayassuidae
Dicotyles tajacu nigrescens (Goldman, 1926). Felten (1958c:226, as
Pecari tajacu nigrescens ), Burt and Stirton (1961:66, as Tayas-
su tajacu nigrescens). We follow Woodbume (1968) and more
recently Wright (1989) in employing the generic name
Dicotyles.
Family Cervidae
Odocoileus virginianus nelsoni Merriam, 1898. Felten (1958c:227),
Hershkovitz (1958:543), Burt and Stirton (1961:66), Mendez
(1984:521).
OWEN ET AL.— CHECKLIST OF LAND MAMMALS OF EL SALVADOR
13
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OWEN ET AL.— CHECKLIST OF LAND MAMMALS OF EL SALVADOR
17
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Addresses of authors: J. G. Owen, Universidad Salvadorean “Alberto Masferrer
Apartado Postal 2053, San Salvador, El Salvador; J. Knox Jones, Jr. , and Robert J. Baker,
The Museum and Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock
79409. Received 16 July 1990, accepted 8 October 1990.
.
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