The oceanographic cruise of the USCGC GLACIER to the marginal sea-ice zone of the Chukchi Sea : MIZPAC 78

NPS 68-79-003

NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL

Monterey, California

The

Oceanographic

Crui se of

the

USCGC

GLACIER

to

the

Marg i nal

Sea-

Ice Zone of

th

e Chukchi Sea --

MIZPAC 78

Robert G.

Paquette and Robert H. Bourke

May 1979

Interim Repo

rt for Period Ju

W

1978 -

May 1979

Approved for public release; distribution unlimited

Prepared for:

Director, Arctic Submarine Laboratory

Naval Ocean Systems Center

c~ Diego, CA 92152

FEDDOCS
D 208.14/2:
NPS-68-79-003

I

DUDLEY KNOX LIBRARY ^ *

MtML POSTGRADUATE SCKXH ^ S

MONTEREY, a 93940 § %

tm

NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL
Monterey, California

Rear Admiral Tyler F. Dedman Jack R. Borsting

Superintendent Provost

The work reported herein was supported in part by the Arctic Submarine
Laboratory, Naval Ocean Systems Center, San Diego, California under Project
Order Nos . 00002 and 00004.

Reproduction of all or part of this report is authorized.

This report was prepared bv

Unclassified

SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE ("When Data Entered)

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READ INSTRUCTIONS
BEFORE COMPLETING FORM

1. REPORT NUMBER

NPS 68-79-003

2. GOVT ACCESSION NO.

3. RECIPIENT'S CATALOG NUMBER

4. TITLE (and Subtitle)

The Oceanographic Cruise of the U5CGC GLACIER
to the Marginal Sea- Ice Zone of the Chukchi Sea-
Mi ZPAC 78

5. TYPE OF REPORT & PERIOD COVERED

I nter im
!*♦ July 1978-2 May 1979

6. PERFORMING ORG. REPORT NUMBER

NPS 68-79-003

7. AUTHORC*;

Robert G. Paquette and Robert H. Bourke

8. CONTRACT OR GRANT NUMBERf*.)
N6600W8-P0-00002

N66001-79-P0-0000^

9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS

Naval Postgraduate School
Monterey, CA 939^0

10. PROGRAM ELEMENT. PROJECT, TASK
AREA 4 WORK UNIT NUMBERS

Element:62758N;WorK:MR015't9A0M

Project: ZF52-555

T*«;k- 7F^?-555-nni

II. CONTROLLING OFFICE NAME AND ADDRESS

Arctic Submarine Laboratory

Code 5^, Bldg 371, Naval Ocean System Center

San Diego, CA 92152

12. REPORT DATE

May 1979

13. NUMBER OF PAGES

U. MONITORING AGENCY NAME 6. ADDRESSf// different from Controlling Office)

tS. SECURITY CLASS, (of this report)
UNCLASS

15a. OECLASSIFI CATION/ DOWN GRADING
SCHEDULE

16. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of this Report)

Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.

17. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of the abstract entered In Block 20, It different from Report)

18. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

19. KEY WORDS (Continue on reverse aide It necessary and Identity by block number)

Marginal Sea- Ice Zone Ml ZPAC

Thermal Fi nes tructure CTD

Chukchi Sea Salinity Spiking

Arctic Ocean Oceanography

Fronts

Mi cros tructure

20. ABSTRACT (Continue on reverse side It necessary and Identity by block number)

This report presents the data and briefly describes the oceanographic results
of the cruise of the USCGC GLACIER to the marginal sea-ice zone of the
Chukchi Sea during the period l h to 28 July 1978. A brief analysis is
presented which shows yearly recurring ice bays presumed to be due to
bathymetric steering of warm currents. The relationship of upper and lower
level temperature fronts to each other and their association with temperature
f inestructure is described. Plots of temperature, salinity, density (a )

DD i jan 73 1473 EDITION OF 1 NOV 65 IS OBSOLETE

S/N 0102-014- 6601 |

i

Unclassified

SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE (When Data Entered)

Unclassified

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and sound speed are presented for each station. A detailed discussion
of salinity spike removal and data editing routines changed since the
last report is presented in Appendix A.

SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGEfWhan Data Enfrod)

TABLE OF CONTENTS
List of Figures

Page

I. INTRODUCTION 1

I I . GENERAL DESCRIPTION 1

III. DATA 3

IV. RESULTS 3

V. REFERENCES 13

APPENDIX A. DESPIKING AND DATA EDITING

APPENDIX B. EXPLANATION OF HEADING CODES

APPENDIX C. HEADING DATA FOR MIZPAC 78 STAT!

APPENDIX D. PROPERTY PROFILES FOR MIZPAC 78

)k

ONS
STATIONS

19

20
29

I !

LIST OF FIGURES

Page

Figure 1. Station plot of MIZPAC 78. k

Figure 2A. Computer-drawn, expanded-scal e station plot of 6

MIZPAC 78.

Figure 2B. Computer-drawn, expanded-scale station plot of 7

MIZPAC 78.

Figure 3- Temperature-salinity cross-section for Crossing No. 2. 8

Figure k. Schematic of upper level currents inferred from the ice 9
melt-back pattern, temperature core analysis, and
bottom bathymetry.

Figure 5. Distribution and intensity of f i nes tructure during 10

MIZPAC 78.

Figure 6. Nested profiles of temperature from Stations *+l 12

through kS illustrating the intense f i nestructure
found within the center of the western embayment.

Figure 7- Property profiles from four MIZPAC 78 stations 16

prior to editing to remove noise and temperature
induced salinity spikes.

Figure 8. Property profiles from the same stations in Figure 7 17
after edi ti ng .

i i i

THE OCEANOGRAPHIC CRUISE OF USCGC GLACIER
TO THE MARGINAL SEA- ICE ZONE OF THE CHUKCHI SEA

MIZPAC 78

by

Robert G. Paquette and Robert H. Bourke
Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA 939^0

I. INTRODUCTION

This report presents the data and briefly describes the oceanoqraph i c
results of the cruise of USCGC GLACIER into the region of the sea-ice margin
of the Chukchi Sea during the period 1 h July to 28 July 1978 as part of
the program designated MIZPAC 78. The primary objective of the cruise was
to find and characterize f inestructure in the vertical temperature profiles
and to discover its horizontal distribution and causes. This is the sixth
cruise devoted to this general problem. Other cruises in 1971, 1972, and
197^ were reported by Paquette and Bourke (1973, 1976), 1975 by Zuberbuhler
and Roeder (1976), and 1977 by Graham (1978) and Paquette and Bourke (1978).
An analysis of the MIZPAC 78 data has been performed by Small (1979).

I I . GENERAL DISCUSSION

The scientific group boarded GLACIER at Nome, Alaska by helicopter
on ]h July. The scientists and their affiliations were:

Dr. John Newton, Naval Ocean Systems Center, Chief Scientist

Dr. Robert G. Paquette, Naval Postgraduate School (NPS)

Dr. Robert H. Bourke, NPS

LT W. R. Lohrman, USN, Student at NPS

LT W. E. Small, USN, Student at NPS

LT P. Pad ilia, Ecuadorian Navy, Student at NPS

The measurements made were salinity and temperature profiles throughout
the entire water column at 130 stations, using the Applied Physics Laboratory-
University of Washington (APL-UW) portable, hand-lowered CTD. One hundred
and six stations were occupied from the drifting ship while 2k lowerings
were made from a hovering helicopter. The helicopter lowerings were a useful
adjunct as they could be used to extend survey lines relatively quickly.
They were especially useful in the ice where reduced icebreaker speed would
have caused delays. However, the helicopter is so restricted to periods of
good visibility that it is difficult to plan its use. Also, only four stations
typically can be occuppied during one flight. The lowering rate of the
CTD from the ship was about lm sec ' resulting in a data rate of approximately
three points per meter. Lowering from the helicopter was usually faster.

The CTD was checked systematically with Nansen bottles lowered on a
second wire. Prior to leaving each station, the temperature and salinity
were plotted utilizing a Hewlett-Packard 9100 series computer/plotter
system. These rough plots were used to make immediate assessments of the
presence of f i nestructure and to aid in the decision of where to make the
next few stations. They also became valuable when it was later discovered
that due to a variety of problems some digital data could not be recovered
from the cassette tapes. Cross-sections of temperature were constructed
along transects normal and parallel to the ice front to aid in the identifi-
cation of fronts.

Navigation was by visual piloting and radar when within range of land.
The navigation satellite system was the principal position locater when
well away from land, but due to equipment malfunctions most station
positions were determined by the Omega system, considered to have an
accuracy in these waters of +_ 5 km.

Current measurements were intended to be made for periods up to an hour
using a Savonius type meter moored just above the sea floor and with
the ice breaker lying to in the near vicinity. This procedure was
adopted due to previous experience wherein over-the-s ide measurements
were rendered nearly useless due to deviation of the magnetic direction
sensor by the ship's iron. However, due to poor seamanship, the initial
attempt at mooring the current meter caused it to be fouled in the screws.
The meter was recovered but the prospect of continuing so risky and time-
consuming an operation appeared unprofitable and no further moorings were
made.

Dissolved oxygen and gas samples for carbon dioxide and methane were
drawn at three stations: outside the ice, in a region of intense fine-
structure, and behind the ice. Samples were drawn from depths above, below,
and within a lens of temperature fi nestructure. The gas samples were analyzed
through the courtesy of Dr. John Kelley of the Naval Arctic Research
Laboratory. Neither the oxygen nor the gas samples revealed any salient
features characteristic of fi nestructure activity. If there is a correlation,
much more intensive sampling would be required to demonstrate it.

The original cruise plan was oriented toward sampling in the relatively
unstudied western Chukchi Sea. However, denial of permission to go west
of the Treaty Line forced a last-minute change of plans to one similar
to MIZPAC 77- More emphasis now was to be put on phenomena in the ice bays
and near the branches of current streams to attempt to confirm the
hypotheses regarding fronts expressed in Graham (1978).

The first half of the cruise proceded routinely, concentrating on
measurements in and near the large western embayment seen in Figure 1.
Observations had to be terminated after Station 58 when the ship had to

depart for Barrow to pick up engine spares. The ship had been limited

to operations on one or two engines from the outset. From 23 July

onward the ship operated in close proximity to Barrow, again mostly

on one engine. Subject to these constraints, ice margin crossings

and transects of the Alaskan Coastal Current were made, avoiding areas of

moderate to heavy ice conditions.

I I 1

DATA

The CTD was standardized by means of a Nansen bottle lowered on a
second wire to a depth just above the sea floor. Fourty four such
comparisons were in suff iciently unchang i ng water for temperature
standardization and kO for salinity. Two CTD systems were employed; their
error statistics are shown in the following table:

Mean Error (Nansen-

CTD #3
CTD ttk

Standard Deviation
CTD #3
CTD #k

CTD)

Temperature

-0.012°C
-0.045°C

±0.0140°C
±0.0358°C

Sal i ni ty

+0.007%o
-0.007%o

±O.Ol84%o
±0.020^%o

The CTD records its data on a cassette which is eventually transferred
to a seven-track tape by APL-UW for data editing and analysis at NPS.
Modifications required this year to the computerized editing routine,
described in some detail in the MIZPAC 77 report (Paquette and Bourke, 1978),
are presented in Appendix A. Noise problems were considerably more significant
and complex this year requiring a modification of the noise removal
subroutine. Also, the despiking subroutine was altered to make it more
logical, as indicated in Appendix A.

Heading data for each station are listed in Appendix C. These contain
station position and number, date/time of CTD lowering, water depth, type
of navigation, wind, wave, and air temperature data, etc. Appendix B is
an explanation of the codes used in Appendix C.

Plotting routines were used to display property profiles for each
station: temperature, salinity, sound speed, and density (at)- These are
compactly plotted four stations per page and displayed in Appendix D.
Stations taken in the deep water of the Barrow Canyon are shown two per page.
The helicopter stations are plotted separately at the end of Appendix D.
Plots of 4 stations do not appear in Appendix D, but their property profiles
are available from the original "at sea" plots. Due to sensor malfunctions
the data from five helicopter stations were unrecoverable.

IV. RESULTS

The array of stations occupied is shown in Figure 1 together with an
ice-margin position based principally upon observations made at the times
stations were occupied. The ice-margin is thus not a single synoptic view,

73°

66° N

56° W

Figure 1. Station plot of MIZPAC 78. The position of the ice
margin at the time of observation is also shown. The location
of temperature-salinity cross-sections constructed by Small
(1979) are indicated by the solid lines between stations. Only
Crossing No. 2 is shown in this report.

but a progressively distorted one which is more useful in describing
ice-related phenomena. Synoptic views are also available. Figure 2
is a computer-drawn, expanded view of the cruise track partitioned
into an eastern and a western section. Figure 1, taken from Small (1979)
also shows transects for which temperature and salinity cross-sections
have been constructed. Only Crossing 2 is shown in this report.

As seen in Figure 3, Crossing 2 cuts across the warm current branch
that flows northwestward to Herald Canyon. The warm water of the central
Chukchi is isolated from the colder waters below by an extremely sharp
thermocline, of the order of 5° to 7° C/m. The warm water extends within
5 km of the ice causing a sharp upper-layer front to be formed in both
temperature and salinity. Because the warm water from the south is the
principal agent in melting the ice, an upper-layer front close to the
ice is a widespread phenomenon of the MIZ.

Even more striking in Figure 3 is the lower-layer front, coincident
or nearly so with the upper-layer front. This frontal situation has
also been observed in 1975 and 1977 in almost the same geographic position
and ice edge pattern. Although four coincident fronts were found in
MIZPAC 78, these have been rarely observed on other cruises perhaps because
we did not sample in the areas conducive to their formation. All of these
coincident fronts are associated with regions of slow ice-edge recession
where the upper and lower-layer currents from the south are assumed to flow
more or less parallel to the ice edge and the lateral current shear to
erode away the cold, relict under-ice water which otherwise would extend
out beyond the ice edge. Other coincident fronts were observed at
Crossings 8, 9, and ]k (Figure 1). Contrary to previous findings,
f i nestructure is found south of this coincident front but at such large
distances from the ice as to suggest some other cause than simple interleaving
of transition water and northern bottom water.

The large ice embayment seen in Figure 1 centered at 166° W is an
annual feature observed in all the MIZPAC cruises. Figure h and Crossings
5 through 8 indicate that the embayment is melted out by a jet-like core
of warm water. The current pattern of Figure h has been derived from the
ice melt-back pattern and the sea floor bathymetry. Because this embayment
recurs year after year in nearly the same geographic position, we believe
that bathymetric steering of the warm southern water down the 25 fathom trouah
must account for its formation. In addition to the western embayment,
other examples of bathymetric steering are evident. The ice melt-back
pattern and temperature cross-sections indicate that the Alaskan Coastal
Current bifurcates at topographic junctures (Figure k) to cause the large
embayment northwest of Barrow and the smaller embayment west of Wainwright.

This was the first year that observations were taken within the embayment;
previously we had tended to sample along its periphery. Figure 5, which shows
the distribution of f inestructure coded according to Table |, indicates
rather large areas of moderate to strong fi nestructure. An example of
this f i nestructure is shown in Figure 6 as nested temperature profiles
taken along the axis of the embayment. These and all other f i nestructure
areas were located in the region of transition water between the northern
and southern bottom water.

72°N

t70

Figure 2A. Computer-drawn, expanded-sca 1<
station plot of MIZPAC 78.

157° W

Figure 2B. Computer-drawn, expanded-scale station
plot of MIZPAC 78.

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Figure h. Schematic of upper level currents inferred from
the ice melt-back pattern, temperature core analysis, and
bottom bathymetry. Bottom contours are in fathoms. The
solid and dashed lines indicate the position of the ice
edge from aerial and satellite observations on 17—18 July
and 25 July 1978, respectively.

73°

-66°N

l i i i. ..i I

60°

158°

156°W

Figure 5- Distribution and intensity of fine-
structure during MIZPAC 78. Symbols are described
i n Table 1 .

TABLE I

FINESTRUCTURE CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM

SYMBOL CATEGORY PEAK-TO-PEAK FLUCTUATION

Open circle Non existent <0.2°C

Circle with dot Weak 0.2 to 0.5°C

Circle with cross Moderate 0.5 to 1 .0°C

Solid circle Strong More than 1.0°C

Open tab on circle Nose w/o structure

Solid tab on circle Nose with structure

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Thoroughly systematic exploration for fronts and f i nes tructure in
the extreme eastern Chukchi was inhibited by ice breaker limitations,
i.e., the ship was reduced to short daily excursions on one screw.
Nevertheless, f inestructure was found northwest and east of Barrow.
The deepest structure to date was found at Station 77 over the Barrow
Canyon. It shows intense structure in the band between 80 and 100 m
undoubtedly formed on the margins of the Alaskan Coastal Current where
it has submerged in the Barrow Canyon. The notable lack of f i nes tructure
in the embayment northwest of Barrow, in contrast to the plentiful
structure found under similar conditions the previous year (Graham, 1978),
may have occurred because the ship did not sample the near-ice areas
where f i nestructure activity could be expected.

Readers interested in further detail are referred to Small (1979).
Further analyses based upon the entire series of MIZPAC cruises are in
progress and will be published in the near future.

V. REFERENCES

Graham, G.P. (1978). Fi nestructure, fronts, and currents in the Pacific

marginal sea-ice zone -- MIZPAC 77, Masters Thesis, Naval Postgraduate
School, Monterey, Tech. Rpt. NPS 68-78-006.

Paquette, R. G. and R. H. Bourke (1973)- Oceanograph i c measurements near
the Arctic ice margins, Tech. Report NPS-58PA731 21 A, Department of
Oceanography, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey.

Paquette, R. G. and R. H. Bourke (1976). Oceanog raph i c investigations
of the marginal sea-ice zone of the Chukchi Sea - MIZPAC 197**,
Tech. Report NPS-58PA76051 , Department of Oceanography, Naval
Postgraduate School, Monterey.

Paquette, R. G. and R. H. Bourke (1978). The oceanograph i c cruise of the
USCGC BURTON ISLAND to the marginal sea-ice zone of the Chukchi
Sea -- MIZPAC 77, Tech. Report NPS-68-78-001 , Department of
Oceanography, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey.

Small, W. E. (1979)- Fi nes tructure, fronts, and currents in the Pacific

marginal sea-ice zone -- MIZPAC 78, Masters Thesis, Naval Postgraduate
School, Monterey, Tech. Rpt. NPS 68-79-002.

Zuberbuhler, W. J. and J. A. Roeder (1976). Oceanography, mesostructure

and currents of the Pacific marginal sea-ice zone - MIZPAC 75, Masters
Thesis, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, Tech. Report NPS-58PA76091

13

APPENDIX A
DESPI KING AND DATA EDITING

Introduction and Modification to the NOISE Routine.

A few changes were made in the data-editing routines described by
Paquette and Bourke (1978) partly to make the despiking routine more
logical and partly to handle the manifold increase in the number of widely
aberrant data points this year. A consequence of the latter situation
is that two bad points could be adjacent. This destroyed the only
reliable criterion useable for automatic noise rejection: that a noise spike
differ from the preceding point by more than some minimum and that
the curve return to the vicinity of the projected curve within some maximum
tolerance onthe next following point. It also led to some serious
feedback problems which it is unimportant to describe here. Low-level
noise was more prevalent this year and Noise Spike-j not uncommonly
failed to be recognized because the j + 1 -th point was outside the
projection through points j-2 and j-1 by more than the usually accepted
tolerance. The noise-rejection routine was modified to partly handle
these problems but considerable human inspection and intervention was
required to get the bad points out of the data.

Modification of the Despiking Routine.

Previously, we had combined in a lag constant, k , the effects due
to digital sampling lag, physical displacement of the sensors from each
other and the flushing lag of the conductivity cell. This was reasonably
satisfactory. Although the first two effects are similar in nature,
the third can be treated as similar to the first two only if all the
change in electrical conductivity is due to temperature. When the salinity
changes rapidly, this cannot be true and some error in the correction must
result. This difficulty was removed be deriving a correction from the
slope of the conductivity curve.

The new correction procedure is as follows.

1. Correct the thermometer for a time constant, k , (about 0.05
sec on the down trace) by the equation

T = T + k dWdt

where T is the corrected temperature, T is the observed temperature,
ky is the time constant and t is time. The correction usually is small

2. Correct for the fact that the conductivity is sampled before the
temperature and that there is a small physical vertical displacement
between the two sensors. Bring the thermometer into effective
coincidence with the cell by the algorithm

TLG. = (l-LG)T. + LG • T. .
J J J-1

where TLG is the corrected temperature and LG is a lag constant
approximating 0.30 but varying from about 0.17 to 0.5-

14

3. Calculate the temperature of some thermal mass in the

conductivity cell which is buffered from TLG by a thermal

resistance corresponding to a time constant K , approximately

5 sec. Call this temperature T .

c

4. Add fraction F of T - TLG to TLG to obtain the effective cell
temperature, TEF. F varies from about 0.06 to 0.22.

5. Correct the conductivity ratio, c, as though the cell had a

time constant rather than a length constant (assuming constant

lowering rate) by the equation
i i

c = c + k dc /dt
c

in analogy to temperature. Here, k approximates 0.20 sec.

6. Use the corrected conductivity ratio from Step 5 and the
temperature from Step 4 to recompute the salinity and the
derived variables, sound velocity and sigrna-t. We used

the Northwest Regional Calibration Center equations, although
recent work indicates that a much simpler difference equation
would be adequate.

While we feel that the results of this procedure are better than
last year's, this is difficult to prove because the constants are
not fixed. They vary, probably mostly due to differences in lowering
rates. Good correction still depends upon ski 11 in adjusting the constants
and it is not much easier to do so this year than last year.

Some Examples

Some appreciation of the data editing task may be had by examining
the plotted data before editing for one group of stations in comparison
with the final edited results. Figure 7 shows Stations 11B, 14, 15 and
17B before editing and Figure 8 the same stations afterward. The
excursions to wild points have been stopped at the graph frame. The
number of wild points is fairly typical of most of the stations. However,
one feature not seen in most of the stations is the distortions due to
the ship's roll which may be seen in Stations 14 and 15. Loops due to
rolling of the ship are visible in the temperature and salinity traces
in the unedited data. They are more notable in the salinity. This is
a situation in which despiking is not very successful because the spikes
are due to changes in the lowering rate and some complex behavior of the
thermometer, cell and pressure sensor. The cell quickly shows the effects
of self-heating when stalled and the time constant of the cell increases at
slowflushing rates. Pressure sensor hysteresis would be an additional
complication. On the other hand, the dominant spike due to the sharp
temperature transient, which is seen most easily in Station 14, is
efficiently removed.

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The small amount of smoothing we use, a running mean over 5 points,
does not remove the noise due to rolling of the ship primarily because
depth changes more slowly than normal after the ratchet subroutine is
applied. The noise spikes, although narrow in depth, represent two
or more times as many points as the usual three per meter. This
reduces the effectiveness of smoothing over a fixed number of points.
More drastic smoothing is undesirable not only because of the tendency
for unrealistic broadening of real transients and sharp breaks but also
because the noise spikes due to rolling are one-sided and drastic smoothing
raises the apparent salinity. It should be noted that temperature is not
smoothed except insofar as it is a result of the ratchet applied to the
depth .

It should be emphasized that the spikiness evident in the edited
data of Figure 8 is not typical of most of the stations. An examination
of the complete data in Appendix D will show that most of the salinity
curves are relatively well behaved.

18

APPENDIX B

EXPLANATION OF HEADING CODES

The heading of the printed output uses the coding and format from
NODC Publication M-2, August 1 96^* , with a few exceptions. Heading entries
which are not self-explanatory are as follows: MSQ Is the Marsden Square,
and DPTH is the water depth in meters. Wave source direction is in tens
of degrees, but the direction 99 indicates no observation. The significant
wave height is coded by Table 10 (Code t 2«*height in meters) and the wave
period is coded by Table 11 (COde ■? 2 =; period in sec); in each case X
indicates no observation. Wind speed, V, is coded as Beaufort force, Table
17- The barometer is in millibars, less 1000 if more than 3 digits; wet
and dry bulb temperature in degrees C. The present weather is from Table 21
with cloud type and amount from Tables 25 and 26, respectively. The
combination k X S indicates that clouds cannot be observed usually because
of fog conditions. The visibility is from Table 27 which is roughly in powers
of two with Code k = 1-2 km. The ice concentration, IC, is in oktas;
amounts less than 1 okta are preceded by a minus sign and indicate
concentrations in powers of ten, e.g., 10"^ = -k.

The entry, COD, is a code to identify the accuracy of each station
position based upon the navigation system used. Code 1 indicates a position
determined by visual sightings, radar or by navigation satellite; Code 2
a position determined by Omega or Loran; and Code 3 a position determined by
dead reckoning.

19

APPENDIX C

HEADING DATA FOR MIZPAC 78 STATIONS

Heading data are listed on the following pages for MIZPAC 78. The
coding conventions are those described in Appendix B. The CTD lowerings
made from the ship are listed first, Station 1 through 106. Stations
with an A, B or C are replicated stations, normally made to test the
performance of one of the CTD's. The helicopter stations, 1H through
24H, are listed separately; note that much of the cl imatologi cal data are
missing from the helicopter lowerings.

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28

APPENDIX D

PROPERTY PROFILES FOR MIZPAC 78 STATIONS

This section contains plots of temperature, salinity, sound velocity
and sigma-t for all of the stations of MIZPAC 78 which were successfully
recovered from the cassette tapes. Those stations taken from the ship
are presented first; the helicopter stations follow. Station 55 is
shown prematurely truncated while Stations 61, H-13 and H-14 are missing.
The original plots made at sea are available for these four stations and
were used where necessary to construct cross-sections. The effort to
digitize these few stations did not appear warranted. The original plots of
Stations H-16, 17, and 18 are slightly distorted in depth due to sensor
problems, but are sufficiently acceptable for frontal and f i nestructure
analysis. The CTD malfunctioned on Stations H-9 and H-10 providing no
data for these stations. Replicate lowerings, e.g., Station 1 1A and 11B,
were generally conducted to test the performance of a CTD which had
malfunctioned. Four such stations are grouped together on the last
page of the shipboard CTD plots. Stations 76, 90 and H-6 show both the
down and up trace as there was some doubt as to the validity of the near-
surface downward salinity profile.

The basic four-per page plot has a maximum depth of 70 m. All
stations were plotted in this way. In addition, deeper stations were
plotted on a ]k0 m depth scale, two per page. These are interleaved
sequentially with the smaller plots. To assist in distinguishing between
curves the temperature has been darkened three times while the salinity
trace only twice. The curves are also labeled, T for temperature, S for
salinity, SV for sound velocity, and ST for sigma-t.

29

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i^SMIZPRC 78 C. T. D

r-ozr
fvioo en oo

zr

CvlzPCMOQ

o

on
r- =r zr c\j
— i — • oj r

r- ozr
r\jcooooo
zr

Ua.

H 1 1-

H 1-

STATIONS

< 1 1 1 1 1

-\ \-

cviLOcn
evi =r rvico

o

00
r^ zr zrcvi

—•—"(\J |Q

1— >
encocoh

DEPTH (M)

CO

zr»

h 1 1-

cn

55

<_)C_)h~ (_)
CJLU •
\COQ_LD
CD\ -LU
2Z2IQ_Q

MIZPflC 78 CTD STATIONS

r-o--r
cvioooooo

LO
OJLOCD
CM =*• CVI CO

o

CO

— 't—(\j i ■

C\|0O0O0O

zp

H 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 h

LO
CYILOCD
CM zT CM CO

o

en

r- =pZTCM

— <r-<CM

o

CO
CO

CO

h 1 1 1 1 1 F

h 1 1 1 ^

h 1 1 1-

cococo

-s—

LO

(W)

H 1 1 h

Hld3Q

*

H 1 h

56

CJCJX— LJ
CJLU •
\COQ_ CD

^oJSMIZPRC 78 C.T.D

r^-ozr
cvjcocooo
zr

STflTIONS

in
cxjlocd +
cxjzpcxjco

o

CO

r^zrzr c\j
-n^ai i

cyioococo

LO
CXJLOCD

c\j zrcvico

o

CO

r-zr zrc\j
— — cm ic:

i— >

CO CO CO i-

--

i 1 1 h-

— i

_i

\ —*. . .—•-* — -«— «— «•-

-■

-\\y

co -■

1

i 1 1 1-

--

— i

--

H

O CD

co
co

CO

o

DEPTH (M)

57

(_)(_) r— (_)
CJLU -

\coo_o

LD\ -LiJ

MIZPflC 78 CTD STATIONS

ojcooooo

LO

ojlooo
c\j=rc\joo

o

' — • , — i OJ I

CYICOOOOO

LO

ojlooo

(WzTCMCO

o

CO

o

H H

H 1-

+

H h

co
co

en

CO CO CO

LO

(N)

-I 1 h

Hld3Q

o

CO

-\ 1-

58

CJCJh- LJ
C_)LU •

CD\ -LU

^o-oMIZPRC 78 C.T.D. STATIONS

OdOOOOCO

LD

c\jmcn
cxjz^fvi on

o
en

— ^— <c\j i '
rvjoooooo

ZF

ld

rvjmcn
r\j=rcvion

1

o

CO

r- =r =r rvj
^ — oj ic

i— >
cnoncoh

DEPTH (M)

59

(_)(_) h-LJ

CJLU •
\COQ_ CO

oJSMIZPRC 78 C.T.D. STATIONS

OJOOOOOO

zl4

LO

c\jLOcn

OJzFOJCO

H 1 1 1 j4

r-ozr
ojcocooo

z?

lo
ojlocd •

C\J=T OJOO

CO

CO

en
oo

— CO

H h

H 1 1 h \-

-co
-co

C\J

OO

CO

H h

ro-

coco co

DEPTH (M)

H h

H 1 \

LO
CO

CO

o

60

LJLJI— LJ
LJLU •
\ O")Q_L0

^a^MIZPAC 78

cviooonoo

C.T.D. STATIONS

LO

ajLncn
cm zr cm en

o

00

r- =r ztcm

CXJOOCOOO

CMz? C\J0O

o
on

r- =r =r c\j
— • — «rsj iq

h— >
cococnH

H 1 1 1 1 h

DEPTH (M)

61

CJCJI— C_)
ULlJ •
\COQ_ CD

o-oMIZPRC

78 G.'T. D. STATIONS

cmooooco

uo
cmuooo
cmzfcmoo

o

oo
r-zr zr c\j
— i— .cm

cm oo on oo

ZT

LO
CMUOOO
CM zf CM 00

O

OO

r- zr zr cm

^-h^CM ic:

t— >

COOOCOh

DEPTH (M)

62

CJLU •
\COQ_ CO

i^EMIZPRC 7 8

CvJOOOOCO
zf

in
cvilocd
cvizfcyjoo

o
m
r- =r zfoj

— • — <C\J I

f^OzT
OJGOOOOO

zf

LO

ojlocd
njzfouco

o

on
p*- zr =rc\J

^^C\J |q

(— >

CO CO CO I-

C.T.D. STATIONS

— I 1 1 1 1 1

-\ 1 h

zr
en

H h

1 h-

— i 1 1 —

i—
. -co

— H

\r

., /fn

--

i*" - ■ U -l

if

CO -■
CD

--. ^yV

1

">

--

u J

1 h-

1 —
1 1 1

— 1

o
r-

DEPTH (M)

63

(_)(_) I— (_)
CJLxJ •

\oiq_cd

g^SMIZPflC

CvlOOOQCO

c\juicn

CYlzfCXJPO

o

CO

C\J CO OH) CO
zr

cxjlocd

CVJzF CvJCO

o

CO

i— >
cncncoh

78 C. T. D. STATIONS

— I 1 1 1 1 1

.3

H 1 1 1 h

h—

— i —

/

r^ --

-- — 'II

CD

1 \ >

Av\/^ — Ln

. ' V--

1 1 1 1 h-

1

o

DEPTH (M)

6k

(_)(_) I— (_)

C_)LU •
\COQ_L0

^a^MIZPRC 78

cmoocoo

in

CMLOOO
CMzzPCMOO

o
on
r- z^zfcm

«-•«-« CM I

cm co on oo

—^

< 1 1 1 1 —

— 1

s~S 'CO

/r- -co

-•

■f

o

■• 1

■ * . .

- i

--

k >

--

\zz:

VN^~ I —

1

1 1 1 1

— i

LO
CMLOOO
CM =P CM CO

a

CO
^-h^CM lC

h- >

CO CO CO I-

C.T.D. STATIONS

\ 1 1 1 1 1-

DEPTH

65

CJCJH-CJ
CJLU •

\ coo_ ld

o-qMIZPRC 78 C.T.D. STATIONS

cvioo en co

LO
OJLOOO
OJzFPJOO

o

no

C\J CO CO 00

LO
C\JLOCD
OJ^CVICO

o

CO

r- zr =r cvj

'— ' '—i C\J Iq

(— >

CO CO CO h-

DEPTH (M)

66

CJCJH- CJ
CJLlJ ■
\ COQ_ CD
LD\ - LU

o-'SMIZPHC 78 C.T.D. STATIONS

cmcocooo

LO
CM LOCO
CMzF CMCO

o
on

r- z^zr.c\j

CM0OCO0O

LO
CM LOO)
CM Zf CM CO

o

en

r- =r =r cm

.-.—.CM lC
COCOCOH

1 1 —

H 1 1

I—

^

___—-' to

QQ -"

- *i /

J CO

-^v

LO

-- ur^v. —

<-0 ..

--

V. ^-co

--

--

^1—

--

1 1 —

-I 1 1

■1

1 1 1

■H 1

H

CO

-- /

■ CO

-#01

OQ "
CO
to ..

..

--

i

k

-■

i\ -

>

--

\

CO

--

1 —

1 1 — | —

J 1

^

o

DEPTH (M)

67

UHJ ■
\OOQ_LD

i^a:SMIZPflC 78 C.T.D. STATIONS

C\JCO0O0O

m
cxjlooo

CVIz^OJOl

o
en

c^oocooo

_i 1 1 1 ^

CO

C\J
31

uo
eviuocn

C\lzFC\J00

o

oo

r- =r =r cm

h- >

OOOOOOh

H 1 1 1 1 h

00
00

31

H I h

>

^ 1 1 1 1

i—

H

_^~~<-j — ' ^

1 1 1

r~- "

oo -■

31

V.

-■

-■

1 \ >

S V "00

1 —

1 1 1 1 1

H

o

DEPTH (M)

68

CJCJI— (_)
C_JUJ •
\COQ_LD

i^oJoMIZPRC

78 C. T.D. STATIONS

rxjcooooo

c\iLncn

r-o z?

C\J0O0OCO

zv

in

CYILDCD

o

on
r- zf =r rvi

^-h(AJ Icz

f— >

CD COCO h

H 1 1 1 1 h

H 1 1 1 1 h

DEPTH (M)

69

LJLJh— CJ
CJLU •
\COQ_CD

i^SMIZPRC 78

C.T.D. STATIONS

OJCOCOOO
zf

LO

ojuicd
c\jzr cyico

H 1 1 1 i I f

ojoocooo

i_o

OJLOCD
CVJzF C\JCO

o
ro

I— >
cococoh

F=
-CD

CO

x

H h

H 1 1 1 H ♦"

CO
CO

CO

DEPTH (M)

CD

_| 1 1 1 y.

70

CJCJh-CJ
LJLU •
\ 010.0
O \ • LU

^□MIZPRC

cvioo on oo

rxjuncn
rviz^rvion

cyico on oo

z^

m

c\j zrnjon

o
on

r- =r zfcvj

cncnont-

78 C.T.D. STATIONS

H i 1 1 1 1-

1 f—

— I 1 1 —

I—

H

If

— CO

■■■ lO

■-- »» / 1

oj -■

1 /L /

C\J

|\

>

-■

' "' U~J

I

--

\—

1 f—

— 1 1 1 —

H

o

DEPTH (M)

71

(_>(_> I— (_>

LJLU •

\cog_cd

LD\ -LU

MIZPflC 78 CTD STRTIONS

<AJ l0

1 "- < — ' _r
OjOOoooD

zr

* — i

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

_ — cn

H 1 1

r . -0-,

--

//

'II

ro ■■

C\J

^/i

1 ..

LO

A

cyilocd

s~-^ 1

CMzf CVJOO"

j

--

I "^

--

it - - CO

■

-^r- ^^v^

o

^Vw.

CO

- " " 1

r-^r^rou

—.,_(\j | -

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

H H 1

r^ozr

1 1 1 1 H" —

/~co

H

CVJODCOOO
zf

-p --
CVJ

m ..

LO

CXJLOCD -

-.

CVJzT CVICO

, — 1

"

>

--

_^~co

o

CO

^ ~»^^

H

r- zr =rc\j

1 1 1 1 1 —

o

CO CO CO

DEPTH (M)

72

DISTRIBUTION LIST
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gc 181715

58 Paquette

PI96 The oceanographic

cruise of the USCGC
GLACIER to the margi-
nal sea- ice zone of
the Chukchi Sea -
MIZPAC 78.

genGC 58.P196

The oceanographic cruise of the USCGC GL

3 2768 001 78016 6

DUDLEY KNOX LIBRARY