Oceanus

VOL. IX NO. 3

MARCH. 1963

EDITOR: JAN HAHN

Published quarterly and distributed to the Associates,
to Marine libraries and universities around the world,
to other educational institutions, to major city public
libraries and to other organizations and publications.

Library of Congress Catalogue Card Number: 59-34518

The Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution

HENRY B. BIGELOW

Founder Chairman

NOEL B. McLEAN

Chairman, Board of Trustees

PAUL M. FYE

President and Director

COLUMBUS O'D ISELIN

H. B. Bigf/oiv Oteanografhtr

BOSTWICK H. KETCHUM

Associate Director of Biology and Chemistry

Woods Hole, Massachusetts

VOL. IX, No. 3, March 1963

x

.HE God and personifica-
tion of the stream Oceanus.
He was the eldest Titan
and married his sister
Thetys; their children be-
ing the Oceanids and the
rivers of the earth. Oceanus
also was the great outer
sea, the stream believed to
encircle the earth.

T1

JL HESE magnificent heads of our namesake appeared as two of many
beautiful color reproductions in: "Tunisia, ancient mosaics," by C. Caputo
and A. Driss, published in September 1962 by the New York Graphic
Society as one of the UNESCO World Art Series.

On the cover: Head of Oceanus,
from Boutrie, (Acholla). Second
Century A.D. National Museum, Le
Bardo.

On this page: Head of Oceanus,
from Susa. Second Century A.D.,
Susa Museum.

Editorial

VOL. IX, No. 3, March 1963

Our circulation

Wi

E must admit to a sense of satisfaction and pleasure caused by the
many letters received after the December issue. This revealed once again
that Oceanus is read by far more people than our modest circulation of 4,000
copies indicates. Apparently, the periodical is passed from hand to hand.
We certainly hope that Oceanus may obtain the status of the "National
Geographic". No one ever throws a copy away and the attics of the nation
are groaning under the weight of years of accumulation of that periodical.

Where does Oceanus go and by whom is it read? There are the As-
sociates, individual and corporative; our own staff, but also the staff of the
Indo-Pacific Fisheries Council in Bangkok, and our friends at the Depart-
ment of Geophysics, Cambridge University; the readers in the library of
the Russian Academy of Sciences and so forth, in 65 countries!

There are marine libraries and university libraries in all states of the
Union; the major public libraries; many Foundations; industries interested
in oceanography; Navy organizations and projects; ships, editors, science
writers; all Senators, many Congressmen; in short the circulation encom-
passes almost all branches of our society. Some day soon we hope to be able
to print far more copies per issue and supply the demand that exists
particularly among the individual laymen and in education below the
college level.

Larvae

in the

Open Sea

by R. S. SCHELTEMA

Many questions of identification and of mere survival are

raised by the larvae of bottom dwellers found in plankton

tows made at the sea surface.

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'URING the 19th century natural-
ists discovered zooplankton in the
sea. By towing conical, fine-meshed
nets through the surface of the ocean
they were able to strain minute
organisms from large volumes of
water. Among the animal life they

found were the free-swimming larvae
of sessile and bottom-dwelling or-
ganisms.

At first most of these animals were
not recognized as larvae and many
were given names derived from the

Larvae —

Greek and Roman. Our more classi-
cally oriented predecessors called the
animals: zoea, megalops, cypris, plu-
teus. But as the nature of these
larvae became known it was soon
evident that each kind of bottom or
attached animal was associated with
a particular type of larva. A pluteus
larva is always a stage in the life of a
sea-urchin, and at the end of its free-
swimming life metamorphoses into a
sea-urchin; a megalops, into a crab;
a cypris, into a barnacle.

What species?

It was therefore possible to predict,
from the form of the larva, the nature
of the adult to which it would give
rise. But knowing this presented an
entirely new problem. It now became
necessary to recognize each kind, or
species, of the many pluteus larvae
in order to know the exact species of
sea-urchin which would result after

metamorphosis. The situation is some-
what similar to associating the vari-
ous caterpillars which one's child
finds in the garden to the butterflies
which will result if they are kept in
jars in the kitchen. However, the
problem in the sea is more complex
because not only are there different
species of sea-urchin larvae, but also
different species of bivalve and snail
larvae, called veligers; early worm
larvae, or trochophores; the larvae of
sea moss or bryozoans, called cypho-
nautes; and so forth. Further, many
types of marine organisms have more
than one type of larva during their
planktonic development, and these
larvae are totally different and bear
little resemblance to one another.
Crabs have an early stage known as
a zoea, differing in each species, fol-
lowed by the next stage known as a
megalops, also different from one
species to the next. There appears no
certain method by which to associate
the zoea stage of a crab to its mega-
lops stage which in turn is not readily
associated with one of the many
adult crab forms.

Grow them

The answer may seem obvious.
Grow them in the laboratory from
the egg to the adult! This should re-
veal all the intervening stages. While
this solution seems straightforward
and simple this method did not have
even moderate success until quite
recently; for in order to grow the
larvae, one must first have the food
to feed them. Only by using the new
techniques for growing phytoplank-
ton in the laboratory has it been pos-
sible to raise larvae with a fair degree
of success.

An assemblage of deep-sea urchins, taken
by the 'Atlantis' in the Straits of Messina.

f ^^ •«•* ""*

•Is

..- ~- --'..•• v ,.7.- ~»

•- * r . f

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KSift-.4* ".?*•'

OWEN

Do /orvae of deep bottom dwellers come to the surf ace? In this bottom photograph

taken at a depth of 1115 fathoms, a sea urchin is shown amidst tracks and holes made

by other bottom animals. Photo taken at 39° 42' North and 70° 39' West.

Larvae —

The larvae of the open sea are the
least known. While most larvae taken
in plankton nets on the high seas may
be placed into a particular type, rela-
tively few may be associated with
specific species. Yet they offer some
intriguing question which were asked
first by the naturalists at the end of
the last century and which still are
almost completely unanswered.
Where do these larvae come from? Do
many come from the large numbers
of organisms found attached to the
sargassum weeds or are they carried
by currents from the shallow waters
of the coast? Do any larvae originate
from the bottom of the ocean several
miles below the surface of the sea?

Sargassum life

A very characteristic fauna is found
among the fronds of sargassum drift-
ing in the Atlantic. Much of it is
small and readily overlooked. Fairly
conspicuous is the encrusting, cal-
careous form of bryozoa or "moss
animal", an inappropriate name in
this instance because the form found

Sargassum weed floating in the Gulf
Stream area.

on the sargassum bears no resem-
blance to moss. Rather it consists of
colonies of individuals formed from
small, more or less rectangular boxes,
and somewhat reminiscent of a
honeycomb. Each box contains a
single member of the colony, and an
individual can extend itself from a
small opening in the top of the box
in order to feed. The colony increases
in size by a division of individuals
and their boxes and by the subse-
quent growth of the resulting two
individuals. At certain times sexual
reproduction occurs resulting in a
larva known as the cyphonautes. The
encrusting bryozoa found on the drift-
ing sargassum is apparently re-
stricted to one species, Membrani-
pora tuberculata. It is, therefore,
highly probable that the cyphonautes
larvae taken in nets in the open sea
are of this species. In order to fulfill
its mission the larva must at the
proper time find a new Sargassum
frond to metamorphose upon, there-
by starting a new colony. In the
closely related inshore forms it has
recently been shown that the larvae
are attracted to the preferred algae
by the polysaccharides (sugars)
which are liberated from them.

A greatly enlarged view of a portion of Sargassum shows coiled tube worms and a

honey-combed colony of Bryozoa. The author's drawings show a larva of a tube worm

Spirorbis borea/is, closely related to the species found on Sargassum and a larva

which is probably from the species of bryozoa shown on the weed.

The worm Spirorbis lives in a
small, tightly coiled, calcareous tube
which it constructs for itself. From
the opening it extends its tentacles for
food. When alarmed it withdraws
within the tube and plugs the small
circular opening. The young worms
start development inside the parent
tube, from which the completed lar-
vae emerge to swim free. Since they
do not feed, and since they carry but
relatively little yolk material for sus-
tenance, they must find a place to
settle and metamorphose almost im-
mediately. Experimentally, larvae
from closely related intertidal species
have been shown to metamorphose
near other individuals of the same
species. This effect has been called
"aggregation". Perhaps a similar
event occurs in the life of the sargasso
form.

The veliger larvae of the brown
sargassum snail, Litiopa melanos-
toma, is commonly found in the
plankton tows made during summer
months in the surface of the Sargasso
Sea. This snail is not difficult to relate
to its parent because of the "top shell"
or larval shell found preserved in the
apex of the adult. It is here simply a
matter of comparing the tip of the
adult shell with the shell of the larva.

Whereas an examination of the in-
habitants of the sargassum weed can
account for many of the larvae found
in the surface of the open sea, there
remain many which cannot be so
readily explained.

One of the more remarkable of
these is the occasionally encountered
larvae of the brachiopod or lantern-

Larvae —

shell. Two very transparent circular
valves contain within them a pair of
arms bearing tentacles for feeding.
Another, the beautiful transparent
auricularia larvae with its shimmer-
ing small inclusions, appears like a
lady in formal evening dress. This
belongs to an unprepossessing adult,
the bottom dwelling sea-cucumber.
The larvae of the lantern-shell and
the sea-cucumber must surely come
from the shallower coastal water.
Indeed it seems likely that their ori-
gin is the coast of Florida or the West
Indies. They are no doubt travellers
who will never reach their destina-
tion. Or will some by chance reach
the European shore?

And what about the deep sea? Are
there actually larvae which can per-
form the phenomenal feat of swim-
ming several miles from the bottom
of the ocean to the surface?* It seems
unlikely for such a larva at best
would require three weeks to make
the upward excursion. At present this
question remains unanswered for too
little is known concerning the breed-
ing habits of deep sea bottom dwell-
ing animals or even of the larvae
found on the surface of the sea.

Dr. SCHELTEMA came to the Insti-
tution as a Summer Fellow in 1956,
'57, and '58, prior to obtaining a Ph.D.
at the University of North Carolina
in 1960. He was appointed Research
Associate in Marine Biology on our
staff in 1961.

A new, old, find

/A_S so often happens in scientific
research much depends upon some-
one's interest and upon library re-
search. This larva was not uncom-
monly found in plankton tows made
last summer by the 'Atlantis' to the
east of the Gulf Stream. Yet, none
of the planktonologists at the Insti-
tution was able to recognize it. Dr.
Scheltema hit upon its identity while
browsing through an 1889 edition of
the account of the German plankton
expedition of the Humboldt Founda-
tion.

The specific identity of the adult
remains unknown, although the
larva is a member of a group of
bottom dwelling worms, the sipun-
culids. As is obvious, the larva was
tentatively given the name "Baccaria
citronella" (lemon berry).

The sketch was made from life
by the author while on cruise #1 of
the 'Atlantis II'. Apparently, the
larvae are common throughout the
year in the warm waters of the Gulf
Stream and the Sargasso Sea. It is
able to swim by means of cilia shown
around the head region, when this is
extended as shown in the drawing.

*See: "Deep Teredo", Vol. VIII, No. 2,
December '61.

8

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IT

How does this sea cucumber photographed at a depth of about 25,000 feet reproduce?
Are some of the larvae found at the sea surface from deep bottom dwelling creatures?

One of the few cases in which the adult
and the larvae can easily be recognized.
The tip of this adult snail shows the axial
ribs of the larval shell. After metamorpho-
sis there is an abrupt change and the
whorls on the shell become smooth. This
is the Brown Sargassum snail, Litiopa
melanostoma, about 'V long.

DE PUNTE

A Cruise

W/f/l f/76

Vityaz

U

_ NDER the sponsorship of UNESCO,
and in preparation for the Interna-
tional Indian Ocean Expedition, the
chemistry department of the Institu-
tion has participated in various
seminars to compare analytical me-
thods and techniques. The Russians
were unable to attend the meeting
held in Honolulu in 1961, so that a
second meeting was scheduled in the
summer of 1962 when Australian,
Japanese and American oceanogra-
phers gathered to await the arrival
of the Russian ship 'Vityaz' in Perth,
West Australia on the third and last
of its Indian Ocean surveys. I was
offered the unique opportunity of
spending ten days at sea with the
Russians on the flagship of their
oceanographic fleet.

BY D. A. McGILL

The 'Vityaz' is a former Baltic Sea
Liner, taken over from the Germans
after World War II. Vestiges of her
former glory remain in the grand
stairway from the bridge and prom-
enade decks to the dining salon on
the main deck level, although the
only decoration now is a large oil
painting of Lenin. Officers and scien-
tists use the main salon as their din-
ing room. As guests of the Soviets,
the visiting scientists were given
comfortable suites on the promenade
deck with twin beds and a sizable
sitting room and desk. Naturally,
there is more space than that avail-
able on our vessels.

10

- 'Vityaz'

The ship has a total of fourteen
laboratories, each with specialized
equipment. A complement of about
seventy scientists staff these labora-
tories, and personnel are about
equally divided between the major
oceanographic disciplines — biology,
chemistry, physical oceanography,
meteorology and geology or geophys-
ics all are conducted on a single
cruise. Each group consisted of one
or two senior members and a staff of
young people. Indeed, most of the
scientists were recent graduates and
the average age must be somewhat
below thirty. In addition, for this
particular cruise, UNESCO trainees
were on board from India, Ceylon,
Indonesia and Egypt.

About half of the ship's company
were women, and this applied to both
the scientific staff and the ship's
crew. My room was kept spotless by
a chambermaid who entered each
morning with a long and cheerful
Russian conversation which I never
understood. Pert waitresses in gauze
caps directed us to seats in the dining
room and answered our questions
about the food. As anticipated, borscht
was a staple of the menu, occasion-
ally replaced by a cold cucumber
soup (kvas). All provisions for a three
to six months cruise are loaded at
Vladivostok, home port of the 'Vityaz',
and my first impression of the vessel
as we watched her dock in Freeman-
tie was of the Russian galley help in

their scarves and heavy stockings,
collecting a day's rations of potatoes
from the mountain of supplies on the
after deck.

Language presented little difficulty,
for all members of the scientific staff
could understand English. Hosts for
the chemistry meeting were Dr.
Alexei Bogojavlensky and Mme.
Alexandra Isaeva, whom we quickly
learned to call Alex and Sasha. Both
are from the Institute of Oceanogra-
phy in Moscow. Dr. Olga Koblenze-
Mischke was host to a second inter-
national party on board, which was
concerned with the calibration of
techniques for the estimation of the
primary production in the sea. Direct
measurements for both groups were
made at sea on six stations, so that
data was obtained under regular sea
conditions by all investigators. On
completion of the sea experiments,
six of the Russians accompanied the
other foreign scientists to Sydney for
a period of discussion and examina-
tion of the results. The results are
now being prepared for a UNESCO
report.

On the last night at sea, the captain
of the 'Vityaz' entertained his foreign
guests to a cocktail party highlighted
by vodka and caviar. A spirit of
friendship prevailed and toast after
toast was exchanged, as the hope was
expressed repeatedly that this might
be only the first of many interna-
tional exchanges.

Oceanus gets around

J. HE article: "Antibiosis in Seawater", by Dr. A.K. Saz, published
in the December 1962 issue was reprinted and translated by the
U.S. Information Agency for worldwide distribution.

Mr. Schevill's article on whale sounds was reprinted from the
same issue by "Current Science", for distribution in high schools.

11

SHE'S HERE /

* I

"In a real sense 'Atlantis II' is your vessel too, because she IsTfcart of a natjonal scientific.
effort to increase man's knowledge of the oceans so that all may ultimately benefit."

'

Director

-

66

» •

we are proud as peacocks",
in the words of Dr. B. H. Ketchum.
The 'Atlantis IF* arrived at Woods
Hole on the last day of January, a
little too late for detailed discussion
in this issue. Our proud new posses-
sion was enthusiastically received
by a large throng and was visited by
thousands of people during a two
day open house on the 9th and 10th
of February.

Interior views and photos of her
special features will appear in the
June issue, together, we hope, with a
photograph of marine life taken
through the special bow chamber
some 16 feet below the sea surface.

* See: '-Design of Our New Research Vessel",
Oceanus, Vol. VIII, No. 4, June '62.

< v • • >j

• I

C\ SPOONER

Why does this protozoan of unusual elegance and beauty concentrate strontium from seawater?

The above species is: Phyllostaurus siculus; abundant in
the Gulf Stream, in the Canary Current, and in December
to February tows in the Sargasso Sea, south and east of
Bermuda. Relatively primitive in structure. In the Mediter-
ranean this has sporadic blooms of enormous abundance

- making up as much as 70% of the animals caught -

and leading to collections giving ash with a content as high

as 15% strontium. 60 x enlarged.

14

afure's Beauty

SCHREIBER

by V. T. BOWEN

ACANJHARIA

_ _^MONG the most interesting of the single celled
animals of the oceans are the Acantharia. As the
photographs accompanying this note show, they
have an elegance of form rarely equalled; many
more photographs would be required to begin to
show their variations of structure, and the fan-
tastic elaboration of some designs. As examples of
morphological evolution and as possible tools in
the identification of ocean circulation patterns,
the Acantharia are of considerable interest to
plankton taxonomists. To biochemists and geo-
chemists, these bizarre organisms offer a further
point of interest: the skeleton is formed of stron-
tium sulfate. Strontium, the fifth most abundant
metal ion in sea water, is by most organisms hardly
distinguished from calcium, the third most abun-
dant. We have no idea what chemical processes
permit this one group of Protozoa to concentrate
strontium selectively and use it for their skeletons;

15

Never abundant in our collections,
the Lythoptera fenestrata is found
from the Gulf Stream to the North
Equatorial Current and in the
Mediterranean. So far, not found
south of 70° North. 300x enlarged.

SCHREIBER

furthermore, since sea water is far from
saturated with respect to strontium
sulfate, we have no idea why such a
material should have been chosen. It
must require a fair fraction of the
energy output of these tiny creatures
simply to keep their supporting
structures from dissolution. As the
only marine organisms which can
separate strontium from calcium, and
consequently the only group which
could strongly alter the ratios of
these two elements, the Acantharia
are of real geochemical interest in
respect to their frequency, distribu-
tion, abundance and life histories.

16

Since 1961 we have been cooperat-
ing with Professor B. Schreiber of
the University of Parma, Italy. In
samples from two 'Chain' cruises in
1961,* Professor Schreiber and his
associates have identified and counted
more than 45 species of Acantharia,
obtained in 42 plankton tows made
from just off the New England coast
to 0° 13' south latitude. Many more
specimens await identification. Al-
most all tows from east and south of
the Gulf Stream contain some speci-
mens of this group of protozoa. Their
frequency varies enormously, from
less than one per hundred animals

•See: "'Chain' Cruise #17", Oceanus Vol.

VIII, No. 1 and: "Equatorial Studies", Vol.

IX, No. 2.

This Amphystaurus complanatus
is an abundant species in tows from
the North Equatorial Current, the
Sargasso Sea south and east of
Bermuda, and the Gulf Stream.
Often more than one half milli-
meter long. 300x enlarged.

SCHREIBER

caught, to as many as 30 per hundred;
their abundance varies even more,
from less than one, to more than 400
organisms per cubic meter of water
sampled. This series of collections is
enough to hint at the association of
certain species, and of high Acan-
tharian abundances with certain
water masses. Much more study of
similar series of plankton tows will
be needed to establish such associa-
tions firmly. The establishment of
cultures of Acantharia in the labora-
tory is urgently needed for life
history information and for the meas-
urement of physiological variables
of concern to the geochemist. Prog-

ress in both these directions is being
made, on our collaborative basis with
the group in Parma, but the advances
are necessarily slow.

In the meantime, it is a pleasure to
enjoy the beauty of design, the fas-
cinating variations, and the chemical
puzzles presented by their composi-
tion and abundance. Before Darwin
— faced with similar collections of
seemingly nonsensical properties of
organisms - • one naturalist was re-
duced to marvelling at: "The exuber-
ance of nature". One is drawn back
to this phase in contemplating series
of Acantharia.

17

To sea anyone?
Foundation, the

In a new program, supported by funds from the National Science
Institution co-operates with three independent schools to attract
students to the science of oceanography.

18

Education

I

N addition to ICSU, SCOR, SCAGI, NIO, IGY, APO, IUGG, etc., etc.,
another series of letters has been added to the alphabet soup of oceanog-
raphy. Oh, no! Oh, yes! And this one is a real puzzler: ISSCEO. Pronounc-
ing these letters in our native tongue, as we are sometimes wont to do,
we come out with; Iss-kay-oh, and the thought struck us that the public
relations people, who are spending sleepless nights trying to determine
the key word for the next astronaut to use, ("all systems are go", and
"A-OK" being slightly outmoded) are hereby given permission to use:
Iss-kay-oh.

Now that we have had our fun, we shall leave the serious words
describing the excellent program behind the letters to Mr. Gilbert E.
Stokes of Tabor Academy, Chairman of ISSCEO:

.HE Independent Secondary Schools
Cooperative Effort in Oceanography
(ISSCEO) originated from a meeting
held at Woods Hole in March 1960.
The project includes a limited num-
ber of boys from three schools, (three
juniors and three seniors) who have
taken on research which depends on
original data collected in their field.
The program is supported by funds
from the National Science Founda-
tion granted on the first of January,
1963.

At the Moses Brown School, Provi-
dence, R. I., a group is working on
the study of wave action beneath the
surface of a shallow lake. At St.
George's School, Newport, R. I., boys
are working on the geology and ecol-
ogy of a salt marsh. At Tabor
Academy, Marion, Mass., the pro-
gram is centered on a study of water
currents and the ecology at the
mouth of a fresh water river where
it enters the ocean.

19

Education —

In addition to these extra-
curricular, non credit studies at each
school the ISSCEO program includes
monthly lectures given by staff mem-
bers of the Woods Hole Oceano-
graphic Institution.

The broad aims of the program are:
first, to provide able students a chal-
lenging task in the study of the earth
sciences. The fields of limnology and
oceanography serve as good research
disciplines because the student be-
comes aware that a knowledge of all
the basic sciences is essential to such
disciplines, and that science is not
compartmentalized into various sub-
ject matters, or "courses", but de-
pends upon comprehensive knowl-
edge.

Secondly, to expose the student of
the techniques required, both in field
observations and in laboratory inves-
tigations, and to demonstrate, more
pointedly than can be done in a
classroom course, the precision, ac-
curate thinking, patience, and library
research necessary in dealing with
scientific problems. Thus, the student
also will obtain a better understand-
ing of natural environments. The
program is flexible enough so that,
depending upon his own interests, a
student can pursue any specific in-
vestigation which appeals to his en-
thusiasm, whether it is devising new
apparatus or probing into some
fundamental question.

Finally, we provide an oppor-
tunity, early in a boy's academic
career, to realize the satisfaction that
can be derived from scientific re-
search. It is also hoped that this
early training will cause students to
choose a vocation in the earth
sciences.

In a recent report from the Woods
Hole Oceanographic Institution it
was stated: "Among the personnel
involved from the Institution, the
consensus of opinion was that the
students are first rate, exciting, and
that the educational challenge is well
worth the effort."

Laboratory work

Instrumentation

20

Sea observations

New Aircraft

, HE Institution has completed ar-
rangements with the Navy to obtain
a four engine aircraft for oceano-
graphic research. A $100,000 grant
from the National Science Foundation
is being used to defray the costs of
its modification for scientific purposes.

The new aircraft is a C-54, the
Armed Forces version of the familiar
and reliable DC-4, and will replace
the DC-3 (R4D) which has been serv-
ing this Institution for the past five
years. The C-54 is being completely
overhauled and instrumented by
American Airmotive in Miami,
Florida where its conversion is pro-
ceeding on schedule and it is hoped
that the plane will be ready for its
initial test flight by April 1st. Its
modifications will include the instal-
lation of Doppler navigation, addi-
tional electrical circuitry, radar,
search blisters, camera ports, gust
probes, psychrograph mounts, a ra-
diometer hatch and a dropsonde
chute.

Because of its greater speed and
much greater range the plane will be
able to undertake research in areas
of the world that were inaccessible
to the R4D. Its first assignment will
be working in conjunction with the
International Indian Ocean Expedi-
tion, primarily for meteorological
investigations. Mr. A. F. Bunker,
Institution meteorologist, who is
supervising the scientific instrumen-
tation of the aircraft is also the

The interior of our aircraft is designed for
utility, not comfort.

Scientist in Charge of the Indian
Ocean aerial program. A series of two
months tours are planned to the
Indian Ocean. The program will in-
clude the study of the turbulent heat
exchange, water vapor momentum,
and radiative flux across the sea sur-
face, cloud and rainfall distribution
and the thermal structure of the
atmosphere. Flights will be made in
areas where observations will also be
gathered simultaneously by oceano-
graphic vessels, weather ships, and
instrumented buoys. Bombay prob-
ably will be the main base of opera-
tion.

The routes to and from the Indian
Ocean will be determined in part by
their amenability to the ONR marine
meteorology program in regions that
so far have received little attention,
such as the Sahara and Arabian Des-
erts and the jungles of Africa and
South America.

The pilot is Captain Norman Gin-
grass, who has been with the Institu-
tion for nine years as pilot of the R4D
and the PBY flying boat which pre-
ceded it.

F.C.R.

21

WORTHINGTON

A moored buoy being sef overboard from ffie M.V. 'Erika Dan' in ffie winter of 1962,
and its remains found a year later in the Faroe Islands.

22

Buoy program

Generally, one only hears of the successes in scientific research. Advances are
not always made rapidly and many difficulties often have to be overcome.

Ti

HE buoy program, announced in
Oceanus, Vol. VIII, No. 2, December
1961, is having its ups and downs. A
recent success was the over the hor-
izon transmission of digital data over
high frequency radio bands. In co-
operation with the International
Telephone and Telegraph Company
data was transmitted from two
moored buoys near Bermuda to ITT
receivers at Southampton, L. I., N. Y.

Among the downs are the difficul-
ties we have encountered with the
mooring systems. Of 78 buoys set out
with their attendant strings of cur-
rent meters and other instruments,
only 47% have been recovered com-
pletely, 20% were partly recovered
and 33% were completely lost. Meant
to stay on station for three months,
the longest lived buoy stayed on for
233 days, but others were lost after a
few days.

Fish bites

Much of the trouble with the moor-
ing lines is considered to be due to
"fish bites". Other countries which
have taken up our moored buoys
systems, including Russia and Canada,
also have suffered much trouble. We
understand that the Russians have
their ships stay by the buoys until
the data has been collected and the
buoy retrieved.

An amusing coincidence occurred
recently in the Faroe Islands. One of
our buoys had stranded there and a
picture of the buoys was recognized
by Mr. J. Gredsted, who was Chief
Officer of the 'Erika Dan' of the J.
Lauritzen Company during our Arctic
cruise last year. The buoy had been
set out by that ship about 150 miles
SSW of Cape Farvel off Greenland,
in about 13,000 feet of water. Three
days later the buoy had disappeared
only to be found this spring across
the North Atlantic, minus its string
of current meters.

23

Martin J. Pollak

Memorial Library

T,

HE late Martin J. Pollak, who initiated some of our physical studies
in the Mediterranean Sea and in the Puerto Rico Trench, and whose
gentleness brought him many friends, was remembered on March 8th
when the Martin J. Pollak Memorial Library was dedicated on board our
new research vessel, the 'Atlantis II'.

Martin, who died in June 1960, left his scientific library to the
Institution. Largely due to the efforts of his friend Dean F. Bumpus, of
our staff, the collection together with other books obtained through gifts
from the U.S. and 15 other countries, was thought to serve its best purpose
on board our new vessel, a ship that Martin, who loved the sea, un-
doubtedly would admire.

The excellent portrait shown here was painted by Mary Minot of
our staff.

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24

MBL/WHOI LIBRARY

!•• •• • • | | || || || ||

UH 17ZC I

Associates' News

Spring Meetings

.S last year there will again be three Associates' Dinners this year.
One at Wilmington, Delaware, one at New York and one at Boston. Dates,
places and speakers will be announced shortly by direct mail to the
Associates and Prospective Associates.

The Editor will be at sea on the R.V. 'Chain' in the Equatorial region
and regrets that, for the third year in a row, sea duty will not enable him
to be present at the meetings.

.HE ASSOCIATES of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution are a group
of individuals, corporations and other organizations who, because of their love
for the sea and interest in science and education, support and encourage the
research and related activities of the Institution.

Membership dues in the Associates are as follows:

Member $50

Contributing Member $100

Patron $500

Life Member $1,000

Corporate Member $1,000

Sustaining Corporate Member $5,000 or more.

All contributions and dues are tax deductible to the extent provided by law.

HOMER H. EWING, President

RONALD A. VEEDER, Executive Assistant

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE

CHARLES F. ADAMS PAUL HAMMOND

WINSLOW CARLTON NOEL B. McLEAN

RACHEL L. CARSON HENRY S. MORGAN

W. VAN ALAN CLARK MALCOLM S. PARK

PRINCE S. CROWELL GERARD SWOPE, JR.

F. HAROLD DANIELS THOMAS J. WATSON. JR.

JOHN A. GIFFORD JAMES H. WICKERSHAM

ontents

March 1963

LARVAE IN THE OPEN SEA
by R. Scheltema

n BRUISE ON THE 'VITYAZ'
by D. A. McGill

NATURE'S BEAUTY

fay V. T. Bowen

EDUCATION

by G. E. Stokes

Features

THE 'ATLANTIS

NEW AIRCRAFT

MOORED BUOYS

MARTIN J. POLLAK
MEMORIAL LIBRARY

ASSOCIATES- NEWS

BACK'COVER

Published by the

WOODS HOLE OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION

WOODS HOLE, MASSACHUSETTS