Skip to main content

Full text of "Oceanus"

See other formats 


H.  B.  BIGELOW  ISSUE 


VOL.  XIV,  NO.  2,  JULY   1968 


ON  THE  COVER- 


HENRY  BRYANT  BIGELOW 


1879 


1967 


Leader  in  the  Study  of  the  Sea.  Worthy  Exemplar  of  the 
Agassiz  tradition.  Biologist:  Distinguished  Teacher.  Judicious 
Advisor.  Humanist.  Sportsman. 

Author  of  "Oceanography,  its  Scope,  Problems  and  Eco- 
nomic Importance",  which  led  to  the  establishment  of  the 
Woods  Hole  Oceanographic  Institution  in  1930  and  laid  the 
foundation  of  modern  oceanography. 

Director  1930-1940.  President  1940-1950.  Chairman  of  the 
Board  of  Trustees  1950-1960.  Founder  Chairman  1960-1967. 


Jan  H;thn,  Editor 

Published  quarterly  and  distributed  to  the  Associates,  to 
Marine  libraries  and  universities  around  the  world,  to 
other  educational  institutions,  to  major  city  public 
libraries  and  to  other  organizations  and  publications. 

Library  of  Congress  Catalogue  Card  Number:  59-34518 


Noel  B.  McLean 
Chairman,   Board   oi   Trustees 

Paul  M.  Fye 

President   and   Director 

Columbus  O'D.  Iselin 

H.  8.  Bigelow  Oceanographer 

Bostwick  H.  Ketchum 
Associofe  Director 

Arthur  E.  Maxwell 

Associate  Director 


Vol.  XIV,  No.  2  July  1968 
(      ]  f"^  C  /\  INwj  |      J  C^        THE  WOODS  HOLE  OCEANOGRAPHIC  INSTITUTION 

™  Woods  Hole,  Massachusetts 


Q 


OCEANOGRAPHY  has  been  aptly  defined  as  the  study  of  the  world  below 
the  surface  of  the  sea;  it  should  include  the  contact  zone  between  sea  and  atmos- 
phere. According  to  present-day  acceptance  it  has  to  do  with  all  the  characteristics 
of  the  bottom  and  margins  of  the  sea,  of  the  sea  water,  and  of  the  inhabitants  of 
the  latter.  Thus  widely  combining  geophysics,  geochemistry,  and  biology,  it  is 
inclusive,  as  is,  of  course,  characteristic  of  any  'young'  science:  and  modern  oceanog- 
raphy is  in  its  youth.  But  in  this  case  it  is  not  so  much  immaturity  that  is  responsible 
for  the  fact  that  these  several  sub-sciences  are  still  grouped  together,  but  rather  the 
realization  that  the  physics,  chemistry,  and  biology  of  the  sea  water  are  not  only 
important  per  se,  but  that  in  most  of  the  basic  problems  of  the  sea  all  three  of  these 
subdivisions  have  a  part.  And  with  every  advance  in  our  knowledge  of  the  sea 
making  this  interdependence  more  and  more  apparent,  it  is  not  likely  that  we  shall 
soon  see  any  general  abandonment  of  this  concept  of  oceanography  as  a  mother 
science,  the  branches  of  which,  though  necessarily  attacked  by  different  disciplines, 
are  intertwined  too  closely  to  be  torn  apart.  Every  oceanic  biologist  should,  there- 
fore, be  grounded  in  the  principles  of  geophysics  and  geochemistry;  every  chemical 
or  physical  oceanographer  in  some  of  the  oceanic  aspects  of  biology." 

HENRY  BRYANT  BIGELOW 


HIS  definition  of  oceanography  was  written  so  well,  with  such  vision  that  I 
would  challenge  anyone  to  find  or  submit  a  better  one,  even  to-day. 

In  April  1927,  the  President  of  the  National  Academy  of  Sciences,  Professor 
A.  A.  Michelson,  appointed  a  committee  with  Frank  R.  Lillie  as  the  Chairman,  to 
consider  the  share  of  the  United  States  of  America  in  a  world-wide  program  of 
oceanographic  research  and  report  to  the  Academy.  Subsequently,  Dr.  Bigelow 
was  invited  to  make  investigations  and  prepare  a  report.  The  report  led  the 
Academy  to  recommend  the  establishment  of  a  well-equipped  oceanographic 
institution  on  the  east  coast.  The  result  was  that  our  Institution  was  established  almost 
full  blown  in  the  course  of  a  year,  with  Dr.  Bigelow  as  director.*  I  urge  anyone 
who  has  not  done  SO  to  read  the  book  "Oceanography,  its  Scope,  Problems  and 
Economic  Importance",  Houghton  Mifflin,  1931  which  contains  parts  of  the  original 
report.  Many  of  Dr  .Bigelow's  recommendations  are  as  valid  in  1968  as  they  were 
in  1929. 

Paul  M.  Fye 
Director 

Most  books  tell  what  their  authors 
know  or  think  they  know.  Henry  B. 
Bigelow's  "Oceanography"  (Houghton, 
Mifflin)  is  devoted  to  telling  what  Mr. 
Bigelow  does  not  know,  to  what,  in  fact, 
no  one  knows. 

Lewis  Gannett 

(Book  Review,  N.  Y.  Times,  1931) 


*For  a  full  account  of  the  developments  see  Chapter  IX  in:  "The  Woods  Hole  Marine  Biological 
Laboratory"  by  Frank  R.  Lillie.   The  Univ.  of  Chicago  Press.    1944. 


, 


HENRY  BRYANT  BIGELOW 

3  October  1879  —  11  December  1967 


An  Appreciation  .  .  . 


H, 


.ENRY  BRYANT  BIGELOW  died 
on  December  llth,  1967,  aged  88  years. 
The  world  seemed  suddenly  to  have  be- 
come appreciably  poorer.  When  1  first 
met  Henry  Bigelow  he  had  recently  lost 
a  son  in  a  mountaineering  accident,  and 
the  impression  that  I  gained  was  of  a 
stricken  saint.  Saintliness  was  a  quality 
that  he  would  have  disclaimed.  He  was 
a  many-sided,  warm  and  human  person, 
loving  the  open  air  and  the  occupations 
that  go  with  it.  I  have  not  previously 
heard  of  a  saint  who  so  much  enjoyed 
partridge  shooting.  Nevertheless,  my  first 
impression  was  to  be  borne  out  by  my 
later  experience  of  him.  From  his  boy- 
hood and  for  the  whole  of  his  life  Henry 
loved  the  outdoors  and  every  facet  of 
natural  life.  At  the  age  of  26  he  married 
Elizabeth  Perkins  Shattuck,  who  shared 
this  love  and  accompanied  him  on  many 
journeys.  It  was  indeed  tragic  that  they 
should  lose  not  only  a  son  in  the  out- 
doors, but  shortly  afterwards  their  elder 
daughter  in  an  accident  with  a  horse. 

They  always  treated  their  many  friends 
with  great  generosity.  In  the  early  years 
of  the  Second  World  War  we  lived  in 
Lowestoft,  which  was  rather  too  near  the 
enemy  and  rather  often  lightly  bom- 
barded. It  was  characteristic  of  the 
Bigelows  to  offer  to  take  our  children  and, 
as  it  were,  adopt  them  for  the  duration 
of  the  war.  This  seemed  to  us  a  very 
sensible  action  to  take,  so  much  so  that 
it  was;  I  think,  three  days  before  we 
decided  to  decline  it.  After  the  war  we 
did  not  decline  but  joyfully  accepted  an 
equally  generous  offer  to  take  one  of  our 
children,  who  had  suffered  a  serious  ill- 
ness, and  treat  her  as  a  Bigelow  daughter 
for  a  year.  These  kindnesses  were  only 
examples,  though  large  ones,  of  the  way 
that  the  Bigelows  treated  their  friends 
who  visited  them.  There  was  in  their 
behaviour  as  hosts  not  only  the  utmost 
consideration  but  also  a  determination  to 
take  trouble  to  make  the  visits  exceed- 
ingly interesting  for  their  guests.  They 
remain  as  vivid  memories. 


There  must  have  been  a  score  or  more 
sayings  of  Henry  Bigelow  that  should  be 
down  on  paper.  Two  have  stayed  with 
me  over  the  decades.  One  was  the  re- 
minder of  Mark  Twain's  definition  of 
ignorance;  "not  so  much  not  knowing 
things,  as  knowing  things  that  ain't  so." 
The  other  was  a  dirge  of  woe  about  the 
mistake  of  ever  becoming  a  Director.  "I 
can't  think  why  anybody  tries  for  it." 
I  was  often  to  think  of  that  later  when  I 
learned  from  my  own  experience  that  the 
staff  bring  to  the  Director  only  the  prob- 
lems to  which  there  is  no  good  solution. 
They  solve  all  the  easy  and  pleasant  ones 
themselves;  and  there  is  almost  no  limit 
to  the  kind  of  problem  that  crops  up 
among  a  staff  of  any  reasonable  size. 

Looking  over  the  list  of  Henry  Bigelow's 
associates  from  Europe,  I  feel  that  one 
of  his  great  qualities  was  that  he  had  a 
definite  effect  on  everybody  who  worked 
near  him  or  dealt  with  him  in  any  way.  I 
remember  myself  the  impact  he  made  on 
the  International  Council  for  the  Explora- 
tion of  the  Sea  when  he  came  to  see  us  in 
Europe  in  March  1931  as  representative 
of  the  North  American  Committee  on 
Fishery  Investigation.  Throughout  the 
proceedings  the  conference  was  richer 
whenever  he  was  present.  I  am  sure  that 
it  was  the  same  when  European  workers 
came  to  work  in  association  with  him. 
One  had  the  feeling  that  he  was  a  man  of 
such  excellence  and  such  exceeding  pleas- 
antness that  not  for  a  moment  would  one 
relax  in  the  effort  to  do  one's  very  best  in 
order  to  support  him  as  far  as  possible. 
That  was  my  personal  feeling  and  it  is 
clear  and  to  me  at  least,  very  remarkable, 
that  he  must  have  had  the  same  effect  on 
the  eleven  or  so  people  whose  names  are 
in  front  of  me:  Hjort,  Helland-Hansen, 
Schmidt,  Knudsen,  Maurice,  Stanley 
Gardiner,  D'Arcy  Thompson,  Vedel 
Taning,  F.  S.  Russell  and  le  Danois.  A.  G. 
Huntsman  of  Canada  and  Bigelow  were, 
as  I  saw  during  the  Passamaquoddy 
Investigations,  close  colleagues  and  joint 
venturers  in  many  an  enterprise.  Out  of 


the  friendship  with  Hjort  came  their  joint 
fishing  for  prawns  in  U.S.  deep  water 
similar  to  that  of  the  Norwegian  fjords 
and  so — I  have  always  supposed — the 
development  of  this  fishery  in  the  Gulf  of 
Maine  and  elsewhere. 

I  remember  D'Arcy  Thompson,  who  at 
that  time  was  by  no  means  recognized  as 
he  deserved  to  be,  holding  forth  on  the 
subject  of  professors  who  took  all  the 
limelight  for  themselves,  and  those  others 
whose  chief  monument  was  a  series  of 
very  distinguished  students.  On  the  latter 
score  Bigelow  ranks  high.  We  have  not 
only  Herrington,  Nesbit,  Schroeder,  Sette 
and  Walford,  all  of  whom  are  recognized 
as  being  of  the  first  rank  in  fishery  and 
marine  research,  but  also  Smith,  Ricketts, 
Hoyle  and  Graves  of  the  International  Ice 
Patrol,  whose  work  is  known  all  over  the 
world,  and  one  who'  became  his  colleague 
— George  L.  Clarke.  Two  students  were 
to  succeed  him  in  the  directorship  at 
Woods  Hole:  Columbus  OTJ.  Iselin  and 
Edward  H.  Smith. 

That  is  not  to  say  that  Bigelow  put 
teaching  before  research.  He  did  not  seek 
the  limelight  but  his  record  is  one  of 
absolutely  steady  and  painstaking  research 
from  contact  with  the  field.  Always  he 
put  the  importance  of  field  observations 
high.  There  is  a  story  that  once  he  was 
so  angry  with  a  student  who  drew  the 
insides  of  an  animal  from  his  imagination 
that  his  outburst  disqualified  him  from 
being  allowed  near  any  student  for  quite 
some  years. 

As  a  young  man,  between  the  ages  of 
23  and  28,  Bigelow  published  papers  on 
various  biological  subjects,  but  already  at 
the  age  of  25  he  was  working  on  coelen- 
terates  including  medusae  from  the  Mai- 
dive  Islands,  where  he  had  been  on  an 
expedition  with  Alexander  Agassiz.  This 
was  the  beginning  of  what  I  am  inclined 
to  call  the  coelenterate  period  of  Bigelow's 
biological  work,  and  it  continued  as  his 
main  interest  for  16  years.  It  really  ran 
on  for  much  longer  than  that  with  isolated 
papers,  as  his  bibliography  shows.  There 
was  a  paper  on  medusae  as  late  as  1940. 

Sir  Frederick  Russell  writes  to  me— 
"Throughout  his   career   Bigelow   had   a 
lasting    interest    in    the    systematics    and 
biology  of  the  pelagic  cnidarians  on  which 


group  he  was  an  acknowledged  master. 
His  report  in  1909  on  the  medusae  of  the 
eastern  tropical  Pacific  collected  by  the 
Albatross  is  a  classic  and  set  the  standard 
for  his  many  succeeding  papers.  It  is 
sufficient  surely  to  say  that  his  name 
stands  among  the  few  who  have  laid  the 
foundations  of  our  knowledge  of  this 
group.  Bigelow  studied  also  the  siphon- 
ophores,  the  group  in  which  in  his  latter 
years  he  collaborated  with  Mary  Sears. 
His  report  in  1911  on  the  Albatross  siph- 
onophores  was  of  the  same  standard  as 
that  on  the  medusae.  It  is  said  by  Totton 
in  his  1965  Synopsis  of  the  Siphonophora 
that  the  1911  report  is  'the  most  useful 
systematic  report  on  the  Siphonophora 
that  has  ever  been  written.'  Bigelow  thus 
undoubtedly  ranks  as  a  great  systematic 
zoologist." 

The  life  of  the  young  man  up  to  the 
age  of  33  was  based  on  the  Museum  of 
Comparative  Zoology  at  Harvard  where 
Bigelow  had  graduated  in  1901.  The 
Museum  life  was  broken  by  expeditions 
with  Agassiz,  the  one  to  the  Maldive 
Islands  already  mentioned  and  others  to 
the  east  and  tropical  Pacific  and  the  West 
Indies. 

Following  a  meeting  with  Sir  John 
Murray  in  the  Museum,  there  began  in 
1912  what  must  be  considered  as  the 
second  and  major  work  of  Bigelow's  life, 
the  cruises  in  the  Gulf  of  Maine.  The 
schooner  Grampus  was  made  available  for 
a  joint  expedition  by  the  Museum  and  the 
United  States  Bureau  of  Fisheries,  and 
was  conducted  by  Henry  Bigelow  for 
1 2  years.  Although  he  suffered  from  sea- 
sickness he  spent  the  greater  part  of 
every  year  in  making  observations  in  the 
Gulf  of  Maine  with  very  primitive  re- 
sources and  mainly  as  a  "one-man  band." 
This  is  where  the  patient  determination 
of  the  good  field  observer  was  called  upon 
to  a  degree  that  cannot  fail  to  arouse  our 
admiration.  The  three  book-size  mono- 
graphs that  resulted  were  respectively  on 
the  fishes,  the  plankton  and  the  hydrog- 
raphy of  the  Gulf.  And  each  is  a  classic 
because  the  completeness  derives  from 
close  observation  at  sea.  On  the  fishes  he 
had  the  help  of  W.  W.  Welsh  until  his 
untimely  death,  thereafter  he  had  to  com- 
plete it  himself.  It  has  always  seemed  to 
me  that  these  monographs,  since  I  first 


encountered  them  in  1930  on  joining  the 
Passamaquoddy  Commission,  gave  a 
better  and  more  coherent  account  than 
that  work  done  by  so  many  more  hands 
in  an  area  of  comparable  size,  namely  the 
North  Sea.  I  found  in  the  highly  uncertain 
and  difficult  area  of  the  Bay  of  Fundy  that 
there  was  at  least  this  firm  and  reliable 
basis  on  the  parent  sea,  namely  the  Gulf 
of  Maine. 

That  had  not  been  so  in  1912.  Until 
Bigelow  started,  there  was  virtually  no 
knowledge  of  the  biology  of  the  off-shore 
waters,  and  for  one  man  to  have  made 
such  a  clear  and  complete  job  of  a  rela- 
tively large  area,  which  has  a  wide  mouth 
open  to  the  ocean,  was  a  monumental  job 
of  which  any  man  could  be  proud  even  if 
he  had  done  nothing  else  in  his  whole  life. 
I  think  that  we  can  fairly  call  this  phase 
of  the  work  by  the  name  'oceanography,' 
and  just  as  Henry  Bigelow  sailed  as  as- 
sistant to  one  of  the  original  founders  of 
oceanography,  we  might  call  him  one  of 
the  founders  of  the  new  oceanography, 
that  is  oceanography  with  an  ecological 
aim,  so  that  instead  of  the  mere  descrip- 
tion of  what  there  was  in  the  sea,  there 
should  be  an  explanation  of  the  inter- 
connections based  on  full  knowledge  and 
the  applications  of  other  branches  of 
science. 

He  developed  this  idea  from  1927  on- 
wards as  secretary  of  the  Committee  on 
Oceanography  of  the  National  Academy 
of  Sciences.  His  report  to  the  Academy 
on  the  United  States  contribution  to  the 
study  of  the  oceans  resulted  in  the  found- 
ing of  the  Woods  Hole  Oceanographic 
Institution,  of  which  he  was  the  first 
Director.  Later  he  was  President  and 
then  Chairman  of  the  Board  of  Trustees 
and  his  association  with  the  Institution 
lasted  for  30  years. 

On  the  staffing  of  the  new  institution  I 
quote  the  account  in  the  preface  to 
"Bigelow  Volume"  of  this  journal  in  1955 
— "The  task  of  assembling  a  staff  for 
the  new  oceanographic  institution  at 
Woods  Hole  was  not  an  easy  one  for  there 
was  little  raw  material  with  which  to 
work.  There  were  a  few  young  men  with 
some  experience  at  sea  and  by  combing 
the  museums  of  the  country  doubtless  he 
could  have  assembled  a  respectable  group 
of  experts  on  special  groups  of  marine 


organisms.  The  primary  objective  how- 
ever was  to  give  impetus  to  oceanographic 
studies  in  the  universities  and  there  was 
the  developing  viewpoint  to  be  fostered. 
He  chose  the  bolder  course  of  educating 
a  new  generation  drawn  from  the  univer- 
sities: physical  chemists,  meteorologists, 
physiologists,  bacteriologists,  whoever 
could  be  persuaded  that  scope  for  their 
skills  could  be  found  in  studies  at  sea." 

That  quotation,  I  think,  substantiates 
my  view  that  Henry  Bigelow  was  a  founder 
of  modern  oceanography.  From  this  group 
of  men  of  diverse  skills  and  knowledge 
that  he  formed  at  Woods  Hole  has  grown 
one  of  the  world's  most  famed  oceano- 
graphic institutes  and  one  that  continues 
to  lead  in  many  branches  of  marine 
science. 

Already  in  1927,  Henry  Bigelow  had 
begun  a  collaboration  with  William  C. 
Schroeder,  which  was  the  beginning  of  the 
third  phase  in  his  biological  work,  that  of 
writing  systematic  treatises  on  the  fish  of 
the  North  Atlantic,  including  the  Gulf  of 
Maine.  This  was  the  work  that  continued 
until  his  death.  It  was  clear  even  in  1930 
when  I  was  in  contact  with  that  side  of  the 
North  Atlantic,  that  the  systematics  of  the 
fish  was  by  no  means  complete  in  spite  of 
the  excellent  work  that  had  been  done  by 
Bigelow's  predecessors.  Year  by  year,  and 
sometime  more  than  once  a  year,  the  gap 
was  filled  in,  brick  by  brick  as  it  were, 
including  his  monumental  work  as  Part  1 
of  the  Fishes  of  the  Western  North  Atlantic 
in  1948,  Part  2  in  1953  and  in  collabora- 
tion with  others,  Parts  3  and  4  in  1963 
and  1964.  As  lately  as  1965,  there  ap- 
peared A  further  account  of  batoid  fishes 
from  the  Western  Atlantic  and  Notes  on  a 
small  collection  of  rajiids  from  the  sub- 
Antarctic  region.  A  paper  in  1956  had 
announced  even  a  new  family  of  Batoid 
fish.  I  will  hazard  the  opinion  that  a  great 
many  biologists  have  gone  to  their  graves 
without  adding  as  much  in  their  lifetime  to 
knowledge  as  Henry  Bigelow  did  in  this, 
his  third  department  of  professional  work. 

Bigelow's  progress  from  the  position  of 
a  comparatively  obscure  assistant  in  the 
Museum  of  Comparative  Zoology  to  full 
professorship  at  Harvard  in  1931  could 
not  be  called  very  rapid  academic  promo- 
tion, but  nevertheless,  he  felt  strongly  his 
obligation  to  his  students  and  maintained 


his  teaching  for  many  years,  not  only  in 
oceanography,  but  also  in  invertebrate 
zoology.  He  maintained  his  professorship 
until  the  age  of  70,  and  I  have  heard  of 
him  attending  at  the  Museum  until  very 
much  later,  indeed  he  was  still  studying  the 
fishes  there  to  within  a  very  short  while  of 
his  death.  His  last  paper  is  "in  press"  at 
the  present  writing. 

Bigelow's  work  was  generally  recog- 
nized. He  was  granted  an  honorary  degree 
by  Yale  University  and  then  by  Harvard 
and  by  the  University  of  Oslo.  He  received 
the  Johannes  Schmidt  Medal,  the  Agassiz 
Medal,  the  Elliot  Medal,  the  Bowie  Medal, 
the  Monaco  Medal  and  was  the  first  recip- 
ient of  the  Henry  Bryant  Bigelow  Medal 
for  Oceanography,  established  in  his  hon- 
our in  1966  by  the  trustees  of  the  Woods 
Hole  Oceanographic  Institution.  He  was 
elected  to  membership  of  the  National 
Academy  of  Sciences,  the  American 
Academy  of  Arts  and  Sciences  and  the 
American  Philosophical  Society.  He  was 
affiliated  with  the  Norske  Videnskaps 
Akademi,  the  Royal  Geographical  Society 
of  London,  the  Zoological  Society  of 
London  and  the  Marine  Biological  As- 
sociation of  the  United  Kingdom. 


In  spite  of  all  these  notable  achieve- 
ments, I  feel  sure  that  Henry  Bigelow 
himself  would  be  more  pleased  than  any- 
thing else  that  we  had  noted  his  remark- 
ably long  record.  It  would  please  him  I 
am  sure  to  think  that  his  published  papers 
should  extend  over  68  years,  from  1901- 
1968.  We  know  that  he  was  quite  proud 
that  he  had  been  on  the  staff  at  Harvard 
for  longer  than  any  other  person  had  been, 
in  the  whole  of  the  long  and  distinguished 
history  of  that  university.  Technically 
Henry  Bigelow  can  be  described  as  having 
bridged  the  period  from  the  original 
oceanography  to  modern  oceanography 
and  the  present  day.  Truly,  however,  his 
character  seems  timeless.  He  would  have 
delighted  the  people  of  the  Elizabethan 
period,  or  those  of  early  New  England  or, 
I  steadfastly  believe,  those  of  the  times 
that  lie  ahead. 

He  is  survived  by  his  widow  Elizabeth, 
a  son  Frederick  Shattuck  Bigelow  and 
daughter  Mary,  Mrs.  Lamar  Soutter. 


MICHAEL  GRAHAM 


Rivington 

Bo/fon 

England 


Reprinted   by  permission  of  the   Pergamon 

Press   from:    Deep   Seo    Research,    Vol.    15,    No.    2, 

April   1968 


THE    HARVARD     CRIMSON 

WEDNESDAY,    DECEMBER    10,    1930. 


Professor  Bigelow  Heads  Oceanographic  Institute 
Begun  by  $2,500,000  Rockefeller  Foundation  Gift 


Harvard  Staff  Will  Assist  in 

New  Enterprise  at 

Woods  Hole 


Undergraduates  Will  be  Able 

to   Participate   in 

Informal  Study 


J™"' 

^^^^^hk^^^'V  M    ^P*tt   M     • 

*T  [••     '« 


Dr.  Bigelow  at  a  departure  of  the  'Atlantis'.    At  left  is  Columbus  O'D.  Iselin.    At  right  the 
late  Captain  Henry  Mandley,  Jr.,  second  mate  on  the  vessel  and  one  of  the  last  of  the 

American  whalemen.    Jhe  lady  is  unidentified. 


T 


0  attempt  to  write  adequately  about 
Henry  Bryant  Bigelow  is  extremely  diffi- 
cult,   especially    for    one    who    had    the 
privilege  of  being  one  of  his  students.    I 
discovered  Dr.  Bigelow  when  I  was  21. 
Thus,  I  have  known  him  and  have  sought 
out  his  advice  during  all  of  my  mature  life. 
His  advice  was  always  good. 

I  was  a  junior  at  Harvard  before  I  was 
smart  enough  to  discover  that  Harvard 
had  Dr.  Bigelow.  I  had  a  terrible  time 
finding  him,  but  I  finally  located  him  on 
the  top  floor  of  the  Museum  of  Coopera- 
tive Zoology  in  a  much  cluttered  room, 
bending  over  a  very  dead  fish  with  William 
Schroeder.  In  ten  minutes  my  entire 
career  was  changed.  I  was  supposed  to  be 
a  banker. 

1  told  him  about  my  growing  interest 
in  marine  science  and  hardly  looking  up 
from  his  little  fish  he  told  me  that  I  was 
reading  in  the  wrong  library.  For  anything 
having    to    do    with    oceanography,    the 
library  at  the  Museum  was  much  the  better 
one.    I  still  have  the  notes  which  I  made 
while   reading   in   those    days    and   they 


include  Dr.  Bigelow's  recommendations 
for  what  he  considered  the  more  important 
aspects  of  marine  science  on  which  one 
should  focus  attention. 

Dr.  Bigelow  and  several  of  his  student 
friends,  each  of  whom  became  a  full  pro- 
fessor at  Harvard,  had  made  a  summer's 
cruise  along  the  coast  of  Labrador.  Twenty 
years  later,  I  essentially  retraced  their 
steps.  He  and  his  associates  had  certainly 
skimmed  off  the  scientific  cream.  We 
found  in  1928  poor  pickings,  although  we 
had  much  fun. 

The  next  winter,  when  I  returned  to  the 
Museum,  Dr.  Bigelow  was  in  the  midst 
of  two  mammoth  projects:  he  had  just 
about  finished  his  classical  studies  of  all 
aspects  of  the  Gulf  of  Maine  and  at  the 
same  time  he  was  serving  as  the  secretary 
for  a  National  Academy  of  Sciences  Com- 
mittee on  Oceanography.  I  was  able  to 
help  him  some  on  his  writings  about  the 
Gulf  of  Maine,  but  in  his  thinking  about 
the  future  of  oceanography  he  was  so 
much  ahead  of  me  that  I  gave  up.  The 
book  that  he  wrote  remains  to  this  day 


the  bible  of  marine  science.  He  outlined 
all  the  problems  that  have  kept  his  many 
students  busy  during  the  subsequent 
40  odd  years.  It  will  require  many  more 
years  to  complete  the  job  that  he  so  clearly 
outlined. 

As  I  came  to  know  Dr.  Bigelow  as  a 
man,  rather  than  just  as  a  scientist,  I  began 
to  realize  how  much  of  an  outdoor  man  he 
really  was.  He  was  a  dead  shot  all  his  days, 
he  could  sail  a  racing  sloop  about  as  well 
as  his  friend  and  neighbor,  Charles  Francis 
Adams;  he  could  paddle  a  canoe  or  row 
a  boat  a  great  deal  better;  he  enjoyed 
mountain  climbing  and  he  seriously  took 
up  skiing  at  the  age  of  60.  His  one  physical 
weakness  was  that  in  the  open  ocean  he 
was  often  seasick. 

On  his  daily  trips  to  Cambridge,  he 
continued  to  grind  out  important  science. 
Many  of  the  references  are  of  book  length. 


He  leaves  behind  a  daughter  and  a  son, 
and  an  especially  lovely  wife.  His  privi- 
leged students,  such  as  I,  stand  in 
amazement  at  how  much  the  man  accom- 
plished. While  one  can  resort  to  claiming 
that  he  worked  dilligently  at  it  for  at  least 
68  years,  I  doubt  that  anyone  has  ever 
accomplished  more  for  the  general  welfare 
of  marine  science  than  Henry  Bryant 
Bigelow.  You  will  find  more  complete 
accounts  of  his  remarkable  achievements, 
but  I  choose  to  be  brief  because  I  doubt 
that  any  of  his  other  students  ever  had 
the  chance  that  I  had  to  know  the  whole 
man. 


C.  O'D.  /se/in 

H.  B.  Bigelow  Oceanographer 


Dr.  Bigelow  and  Mr.  W.  C.  Schroeder,  life- 
long collaborators,  on  "Bigelow  Day". 
August  19,  1960. 


M 


.Y  first  meeting  with  Dr.  Henry  B.  Bigelow  was  in  the  spring  of  1923  in 
Washington,  D.  C.  at  the  U.S.  Bureau  of  Fisheries.  His  visit  concerned  a  cod 
tagging  project  to  which  1  had  been  assigned.  I  invited  him  to  lunch  and  he,  being 
a  New  Englander,  I  selected  a  restaurant  noted  for  its  seafoods.  However,  seafood 
was  not  his  dish.  Also,  he  insisted  on  paying  for  his  meal  inasmuch  as  the  Govern- 
ment was  paying  him  four  dollars  a  day  for  hotel  and  meals.  So  that  was  that. 

Little  did  I  know  how  fortunate  I  was  to  have  joined  up  with  Dr.  Bigelow, 
for  my  close  association  with  him  lasted  without  interruption  until  his  death  in 
December  1967.  Never  was  there  a  cross  word  between  us.  Any  job  he  tackled 
was  sure  to  be  a  success  and  one  has  only  to  read  his  "Memories  of  a  Long  and 
Active  Life",  published  in  1964,  to  realize  how  truly  active  he  was.  Pessimism 
certainly  was  not  a  part  of  his  life  whereas  humor  was.  Languages,  French, 
German,  Spanish,  etc.  he  could  handle  well  and  I  was  amused  one  day  when  he 
was  paid  a  visit  by  a  French  colleague  with  whom  he  carried  out  an  animated 
conversation  in  the  native  tongue.  1  say  1  was  amused  because  it  was  the  only 
time  in  our  life  long  association  that  I  was  to  hear  Dr.  Bigelow  speak  French. 

W.  C.  Schroeder 


8 


For  many  years  Dr.  Bigelow  was  President  of  the  Tihonet  Club,  a  fishing  club  at  Wareham, 
Mass.,   and  for   the   last   two   years,    until   his   death,   he   was   Honorary   Club   President. 


I 


HAVE  fished  with  Henry  a  good  many  times  over  quite  a  good  many  years.  Our 
fishing  acquaintance  started  by  Henry  showing  me  all  the  little  known  spots  where 
trout  are  apt  to  hide,  especially  in  hot  weather.  He  knew  a  half  dozen  or  so  of  such 
spots  which  I  think  at  that  time  nobody  else  had  found.  Probably  on  account  of 
that,  in  all  the  years  I  have  fished  Tihonet  I  have  so  far  never  failed  to  catch  at 
least  one  trout  per  day. 

Three  times  Henry  and  I  arranged  a  fishing  party  at  Tihonet  with  James  B. 
Conant  and  James  Phinney  Baxter.  We  would  split  our  guests  between  us  for 
fishing,  and  assemble  at  meals,  where  the  conversation  was  most  stimulating. 
Baxter's  limitless  memory  would  start  Conant  off,  and  Henry  and  I  put  in  an 
occasional  remark,  either  to  keep  the  two  going,  or  to  shift  them  to  another  subject. 
I  remember  that  on  one  of  these  occasions  Henry  had  complained  that  Harvard  had 
retired  him  too  early.  Both  Conant  and  I  maintained  that,  if  it  were  not  for  his 
distinction,  he  would  have  been  retired  earlier.  At  the  time  of  his  retirement  1  had 
commissioned  Henry  to  use  his  vast  knowledge  about  fish  and  their  habitat,  plus 
his  increased  leisure,  to  find  out  why  our  best  fishing  pond,  the  Frogfoot  Reservoir, 
became  so  murky  in  the  summer  months  of  each  year  that  fly  fishing  was  totally 
unproductive.  As  far  as  I  could  see,  Henry  did  nothing  about  it,  but  the  Reservoir 
did  clear  just  before  this  particular  trip  with  Conant  and  Baxter.  Henry  and  Conant 
had  a  lengthy  discussion  about  why  it  had  cleared,  and  decided  that  the  copper  in 
the  natural  gas  pipeline  which  had  recently  been  laid  under  the  Reservoir  had  done 
the  trick.  I  am  not  sure  that  they  were  right,  because  the  Reservoir  has  reverted 
to  its  murkiness. 

As  recently  as  two  years  ago,  Henry  and  I  went  on  our  last  Tihonet  fishing 
expedition  together.  In  spite  of  his  age,  he  insisted  on  helping  me  lift  the  canoe  on 
and  off  the  car,  and  on  carrying  one  end  of  it  from  the  road  to  the  water.  He  com- 
plained about  his  casting,  saying  his  wrists  had  lost  their  spring;  but  he  handled  a 
line  of  proper  length,  and  when  we  fished  a  narrow,  winding  stream  running  through 
a  cranberry  bog,  with  a  strong  wind,  Henry  caught  his  fly  on  the  cranberry  bushes 
less  than  I  did. 

While  Henry's  conversation  was  always  interesting,  I  do  not  remember  any 
"bon  mots"  as  good  as  the  one  Parker  Perry  has  contributed.  It  was  Henry's  obvious 
enjoyment  of  the  fishing,  the  decisions  of  where  to  go  and  what  fly  to  use,  the  anec- 
dotes of  his  early  fishing  experiences,  and  above  all  his  friendly  companionship, 
that  made  our  trips  together  so  memorable  for  me. 

Charles  A.  Coolidge 


17  OUR  of  us  were  chatting  after  supper, 
and  I  asked  Dr.  Bigelow  a  question. 

"Dr.  Bigelow,  you  are  one  of  the  world's 
most  prominent  authorities  on  ichthyology, 
and  I  believe  you  have  perhaps  fished  for 
trout  and  salmon  in  more  rivers  and 
streams  throughout  the  world  than  any 
other  living  American.  As  you  know,  I 
too  love  the  sport  and  I  have  tested  many 
of  the  more  popular  theories  for  successful 
fishing.  Would  you  pass  on  to  me  your 
own  formula  for  success?" 


Dr.  Bigelow  replied:  "Well,  Parker,  I 
have  known  you  since  you  were  a  little 
boy  and  yes,  1  will  share  with  you  my 
secret  of  successful  fishing." 

I  waited  with  bated  breath,  for  this 
pearl  of  wisdom  from  such  a  great 
authority. 

And  then,  Dr.  Bigelow  with  his  quizzi- 
cal smile  said:  "Be  there  when  the  fish 
are  biting!" 

Parker  D.  Perry 


H.B.8.  on  board  the  'Atlantis' 
with  J.  Greenwood. 


J_  HE  summer  months  I  spent  at  Woods 
Hole,  between  1931  and  1941,  were 
always  a  sheer  delight  to  me,  scientifically 
speaking,  largely  due  to  the  genius  of 
Henry  Bigelow,  who  never  missed  an 
opportunity  to  come  to  my  laboratory  on 
the  second  floor  of  the  main  building.  He 
usually  brought  with  him  a  visiting  scien- 
tist or  just  dropped  in  for  a  few  minutes 
chat.  His  humor  and  genial  manner  were 
highly  stimulating  and  gave  me  a  much 
broader  outlook  of  the  problems  dealing 
with  the  sea. 

Dr.  Bigelow's  first  question  to  me  when 
I  met  him  in  the  spring  of  1931,  at  the 
home  of  Professor  Conklin  in  Princeton,* 
after  I  had  been  informed  of  the  plans 
for  the  Woods  Hole  Institution,  was:  "Do 
you  think  that  we  should  also  consider 
marine  bacteria"?  The  twinkle  in  his  eye 
and  my  appreciation  of  his  profound 
knowledge  of  marine  processes,  as  shown 
in  his  classical  book  on  "oceanography" 

*See  my  paper  on  "Marine  bacteria"  in  the 
1955  volume  of  Deep  Sea  Research  dedicated  to 
Dr.  Bigelow. 


that  led  to  the  establishment  of  the  Insti- 
tute, convinced  me  that  he  was  testing 
me  for  my  own  knowledge  of  the  prob- 
lems involved.  Without  hesitation,  my 
answer  was  in  the  affirmative.  When,  at 
the  end  of  the  month's  stay  in  1931  at 
Woods  Hole,  I  presented  to  him  a  plan 
for  organizing  a  marine  bacteriology 
program,  he  asked  me  again:  "Would  you 
like  to  do  it"?  There  was  again  only  one 
answer,  namely,  a  positive  one. 

Henry  Bigelow's  humor  was  well  ex- 
pressed in  his  talks  at  the  weekly  meet- 
ings of  the  staff.  He  addressed  the  first 
meeting  in  1931,  on  the  subject:  "The 
seas  that  I  vomited  in."  Thus  he  set  the 
tone  for  others  to  follow.  I  believe  that 
it  was  my  turn  the  following  week.  I 
remember  bringing  with  me,  for  illustrat- 
ing my  talk,  a  few  Petri  plates  and 
Erlenmeyer  flasks.  He  did  not  fail  to  ask 
pertinent  questions  and  make  comments. 
These  were  most  illuminating  and  highly 
stimulating.  The  following  morning  he 
came  down  to  what  he  liked  to  refer  to 
jokingly  as  my  "harem"*  to  talk  further 
about  the  role  of  bacteria  in  marine 
processes. 

One  day,  I  believe  it  was  in  1932,  he 
brought  with  him  the  eminent  Norwegian 
algologist  and  oceanographer,  Professor 
H.  Gran,  who  spent  that  summer  at  the 
Institution.  When  Gran  saw  the  auto- 
clave in  my  laboratory,  he  turned  to 
Bigelow  and  exclaimed:  "That  is  exactly 
the  equipment  that  I  will  need  for  my 
work."  When  I  asked  Gran  the  purpose 
of  the  autoclave  in  algal  studies,  he  re- 
plied: "To  prepare  soil  extract.  I  cannot 
grow  my  algae  in  sea  water  without  it." 
Both  Bigelow  and  I  were  amazed  by  this 
statement.  I  suggested  that  perhaps  the 
soil  extract  provided  the  necessary  iron  in 
proper  combinations  for  algal  growth  and 
photosynthesis.  Gran  replied:  "No,  I  do 
not  believe  it  since  we  have  tested  various 
organic  compounds  of  iron  without  any 
success."  I  proceeded  then  to  prepare  a 
synthetic  ferrolignoprotein  complex.  Gran 
tested  it,  and  to  both  Bigelow's  and  my 
delight,  it  worked  just  as  well  as  the  soil 
extract. 


*He  coined  this  term  because  of  the  fact  that 
most  of  my  assistants  then  and  in  subsequent 
summers  were  women. 


10 


r 


"The  ship  was  rocking  in  her  usual  manner." 


Who  can  ever  forget  my  first  trip  on 
the  'Atlantis'  in  1932.  In  addition  to 
myself  and  my  first  assistant,  there  were 
on  the  ship,  Bigelow,  Rakestraw,  Gran, 
and  I  believe  also  Redfield,  and  one  or 
two  other  scientists.  Rakestraw  shared 
the  cabin  with  me.  The  ship  was  rocking 
in  her  usual  manner.  After  I  laid  down 
on  my  bunk,  I  could  not  get  up  for  more 
than  24  hours.  Rakestraw  apparently 
felt  as  bad  as  I  did,  but  he  managed  to 
get  up  every  few  hours,  rush  to  the  toilet, 
then  for  an  hour  or  so  to  the  laboratory, 
and  then  to  the  bunk  again.  I  felt  so 
miserable  that  any  courage  that  I  may 
have  had  when  I  went  on  the  ship  left  me. 
I  well  remember  Bigelow,  opening  the 
door  of  the  cabin,  taking  one  good  look 
at  me,  and  announcing  that:  "All  food 
would  be  wasted  on  him."  Finally,  the 
sun  was  up,  and  I  felt  somewhat  better, 
I  went  outside  and  sat  down  on  the  deck 
of  the  ship,  with  Bigelow  and  Gran, 
listening  to  their  stories  about  seasickness. 
They  spoke  of  various  seas,  ranging  from 
Lofoten  Islands  off  the  Norwegian  coast, 
to  the  west  coast  of  South  Africa.  I  listened 


but  was  completely  unable  to  go  into  the 
lab  or  even  return  to  the  cabin.  The 
Captain  (McMurray)  brought  me  a  glass 
of  rum  toddy,  which  tasted  rather  good. 
Finally,  Bigelow  turned  to  me  and  said: 
"You  better  stay  on  shore  and  have  your 
assistant  go  to  sea  and  collect  the  water 
and  bottom  samples  that  you  require  for 
your  work."  Unfortunately,  my  assistant 
(Reuszer)  was  also  sick  at  that  time  and 
I  did  not  see  him  until  four  days  later, 
when  we  were  returning  to  port.  It  was 
only  when  Charlie  Renn  became  my 
second  assistant  the  following  year,  that 
I  could  follow  Bigelow's  advice. 

One  more  story.  Although  this  does 
not  involve  Bigelow  himself,  it  is  too 
good  a  story  not  to  be  told  here.  It  was 
my  last  summer  (1942)  in  Woods  Hole. 
We  were  in  the  midst  of  World  War  II, 
and  the  Institution  was  completely  oc- 
cupied with  naval  projects.  A  room  was 
rented  for  me  at  the  Marine  Biological 
Laboratory  where  I  spent  exactly  one 
month.  My  only  collaborators  were  Dr. 
Cornelia  Carey  and  one  graduate  as- 


11 


sistant.  Since  I  was  at  that  time  busily 
engaged  in  the  search  for  antibiotics, f  I 
made  an  attempt  to  determine  whether 
marine  bacteria  also  include  antibiotic- 
producing  organisms.  We  enriched,  daily, 
flasks  containing  fresh  water  with  living 
cultures  of  Escherichia  coli.*  The  latter 
were  rapidly  disappearing  when  added  to 
the  water.  There  appeared  to  be  develop- 
ing in  the  water  something  (I  still  do  not 
know  whether  it  was  a  living  organism 
or  a  chemical  agent)  that  killed  the  bac- 
teria. Since  our  time  at  Woods  Hole  was 
soon  coming  to  an  end,  I  decided  to  take 
the  flasks  with  the  enriched  water  to  New 
Brunswick  and  try  to  do  the  isolation 
work  in  my  laboratory  at  Rutgers.  When 
it  was  time  for  us  to  leave,  Dr.  Carey  and 
I  discovered  to  our  complete  disgust  that 
our  assistant,  in  an  effort  to  leave  a  clean 
laboratory,  washed  up  all  the  valuable 
flasks  with  the  enriched  water.  There 
went  our  whole  summer's  work  literally 
down  the  sink.  I  was  glad  that  Dr.  Bigelow 
was  not  there,  to  look  upon  my  dis- 
couraged face. 

That  was  the  end  of  my  active  scien- 
tific connection  with  the  Oceanographic 
Institution,  and  well  it  might  be,  since  it 
was  also  the  end  of  the  directorship  of 
Dr.  Bigelow.  Without  his  constant  guid- 
ance and  encouragement,  any  further 
work  in  the  field  of  oceanography  on  my 
part  would  have  lacked  the  luster  and 
perspective  that  only  the  master  could 
inspire,  and  the  master  was  Henry  B. 
Bigelow. 

Selman  A.  Waksman 
Professor  Emeritus 
Rutgers — The  State  University 


*This  was  a  method  that  I  often  used  at  that 
time  in  an  attempt  to  isolate  antibiotic-producing 
organisms  from  the  soil. 


TDr.  Waksman  modestly  omits  that  he  re- 
ceived the  Nobel  Prize  in  Medicine  in  1952.  We 
believe  that  he  and  Professor  August  Krogh  of 
Copenhagen  were  the  only  two  Nobel  Prize 
winners  who  have  been  connected  with  our 
Institution.  (Ed.) 


The  Anderson  Sampler,  used  to  obtain 
sediments  for  bacteriological  studies. 


"Finally,  the  sun  was  up,  and  I  felt  somewhat 
better.  I  went  outside  and  sat  on  the  deck". 
Dr.  Waksman  ahead  of  the  pilot  house  of 
the  'Atlantis'. 


12 


"Watcli  out  Archie  . .  . 

You're  sitting  on  your  cigar 


N. 


O  one  would  have  called  Dr.  Bigelow 
an  organization  man.  Yet,  he  did  produce 
an  organization,  and  a  peculiarly  effective 
one,  out  of  some  of  the  world's  most 
unorganizable  people.  He  did  it  by  being 
more  of  an  individual  than  any  of  them, 
and  they  became  docile  and  momentarily 
cooperative. 

The  most  useful  administrative  principle 
in  Dr.  Bigelow's  system  was  his  "open 
door  policy."  Early  in  the  Institution's 
first  meetings,  Dr.  Bigelow  announced  that 
he  liked  to  see  what  was  going  on,  and  he 
liked  to  feel  welcome  to  drop  in.  He  said 
that  he  deplored  the  cellular  pattern  of 
the  new  biological  labs  at  Harvard  where 
every  professor  was  protected  by  an  inno- 
cent girl  or  an  old  battle  axe  in  the  front 
office.  It  frightened  off  the  students  who 
should  have  the  benefit  of  a  full  paid 
professor  now  and  then.  He  did  not  want 
that  in  his  Institution,  he  said. 

He  made  this  seem  selfish,  but  what  he 
really  had  in  mind  was  that  those  of  us 
who  were  groping  around  for  ideas  in 
oceanography  could  visit  and  learn  from 
one  another.  He  knew  that  most  worth- 
while people  were  shy,  but  that  their 
curiosity  could  overcome  shyness,  and  this 
could  lead  to  learning  something  new  just 
by  dropping  in  to  investigate  a  smell  or 
a  buzzing  noise. 

Dr.  Bigelow  used  to  drop  in  to  visit  in 
Dr.  Selman  Waksman's  old  microbio- 
logical laboratory  on  the  second  floor  of 
the  old  building.  The  smells  always  chal- 
lenged him.  He  said  that  we  smelled  like 
a  menhaden  plant.  Then  he  would  ask  a 
few  questions,  say  one  or  two  words,  and 
you  had  something  to  chew  on  for  the  rest 
of  the  summer. 

Dr.  Bigelow  liked  to  watch  things  hap- 
pen. Now  and  then  he  would  stop  by  to 
glance  at  the  races  in  the  Hole.  He  knew 
exactly  when  a  boat  would  go  aground  or 
get  caught  in  an  eddy.  1  do  not  think  that 
he  especially  liked  small  boat  racing;  it 
was  too  slow  and  ritualistic.  He  called  it 
turtle  racing. 


Dr.  Bigelow's  eyes  were  always  out 
ahead  of  his  conversation.  That  gave  him 
an  edge.  He  liked  people  to  use  their 
eyes  as  well  as  their  heads,  and  he  was 
especially  disappointed  that  few  used  the 
big  cast  concrete  aquarium  tables  that 
were  installed  in  all  laboratories.  He 
would  roam  around  the  building  and  men- 
tion this.  He  had  hoped  that  everyone 
would  have  an  aquarium  to  stimulate  his 
ocean  thinking.  It  let  him  down  that  they 
boxed  those  tables  in  with  plywood,  made 
storage  space  of  them,  and  committed 
other  inanities. 

His  own  sharp  lookout  convinced  him 
that  everybody  around  the  Institution  was 
accident  prone,  and  he  was  concerned 
about  poles  leaning  on  tables,  flasks  and 
bottles  too  close  to  the  edge,  and  unat- 
tended flames.  Once  this  helped  me  out  of 
a  difficult  spot. 

In  my  first  few  years  at  the  Oceano- 
graphic  I  worked  on  the  parasite  of  eel 
grass  disease  and  Dr.  Bigelow  was  so 
pleased  with  the  project  that  he  used  to 
bring  notables  in  the  laboratory  so  that 
he  could  tell  them  about  its  progress. 
Word  came  that  Dr.  A.  G.  Huntsman  of 
the  Canadian  Fisheries  Board  was  going 
to  be  brought  up  to  see  what  we  were 
doing.  1  was  scared  to  death.  My 
Canadian  friends  had  told  me  about  Dr. 
Huntsman- -A.  G.  stood  for  Almighty 
God.  Dr.  Huntsman  was  supposed  to 
converse  with  migrating  herring  in  classical 
Greek.  Although  I  could  make  small  talk 
on  composts  and  fertilizers,  Greek  of  any 
kind  was  impossible,  and  I  was  headed 
for  humiliation.  (Later,  when  I  got  to 
know  Dr.  Huntsman  better,  I  found  him 
most  humane.  But  it  is  good  for  the  young 
to  have  a  severe  model,  now  and  then.) 

Dr.  Bigelow  arrived  with  Dr.  Huntsman 
and  introductions  were  finished  in  two 
seconds.  Then  there  was  a  long  awkward 
pause,  Dr.  Huntsman  lit  a  cigar,  walked 
about  a  bit,  came  back  to  my  corner, 
backed  away,  and  began  to  sit  down  on  a 
window  table,  passing  up  the  chair  that  I 
moved  to  him. 

Suddenly,  Dr  .Bigelow  said,  "Watch  out 
Archie,  you're  sitting  on  your  cigar." 


13 


Dr.  Waksman  seated  on  the  rail  chats 
with    Professor   H.    Gran. 


Dr.  Charles  E.  Renn  at  Woods  Hole  in  1934. 


Dr.  Huntsman  was  an  inch  off  the  table 
when  the  idea  connected,  and  he  went  up 
two  feet  without  touching  the  floor.  It  was 
superb  levitation  and  physically  impos- 
sible. Dr.  Bigelow  broke  up  in  stitches, 
Dr.  Huntsman  turned  a  lovely  pink,  and 
I  was  relieved.  I  do  not  believe  that  Dr. 
Bigelow  created  the  situation,  but  I  am 
certain  that  he  saw  it  as  a  way  of  breaking 
the  ice  and  getting  me  unfrozen.  I  liked 
Dr.  Huntsman  from  that  moment  on. 

This  sort  of  physical  alertness  touched 
everything  that  Dr.  Bigelow  managed.  His 
eyes  told  you  before  the  words  came. 
During  the  Friday  night  seminars,  in  which 
we  all  groped  our  way  to  basic  ideas 
about  oceanography  —  and  especially  the 
Gulf  of  Maine  —  Dr.  Bigelow  extracted, 
edited,  summarized,  and  clarified  with  the 
most  economical  mixture  of  finished  and 
unfinished  short  sentences,  encouraging 
nods,  leaps  to  the  chart,  and  groans  that 
could  be  produced  for  the  benefit  of  the 
young.  He  would  tell  about  what  he  had 
seen  and  you  saw  it. 

You  knew  that  he  was  looking — and 
that  he  cared  a  lot.  He  didn't  tell  you 
that.  But  this  sense  made  you  do  more, 
and  I  will  bet  that  more  lazy  biologists  and 
dilatory  intellectuals  achieved  twice  their 
expected  quota  and  at  least  half  their 
stated  aims  because  of  it. 

Dr.  Bigelow  could  assess  character  and 
potential  quicker  and  more  reliably  than 
any  computer  or  promotion  board  that 
I  ever  saw.  In  the  early  spring  meet- 
ings of  the  fellows  were  held  at  the 
Museum  of  Comparative  Zoology  to  re- 
view applications  for  fellowships  at  Woods 
Hole.  Letters  and  recommendations  were 
in  order  and  Dr.  Bigelow  would  review 
and  comment  from  the  top  of  the  stack 
down.  A  word  or  sentence  would  catch 
his  fancy  and  a  minute  analysis  would 
follow — later,  when  we  met  the  successful 
candidate  in  the  fleshpots  of  the  Cape,  we 
found  the  analysis  profoundly  correct. 

Among  other  strong  beliefs,  Dr.  Bigelow 
believed  that  incipient  oceanographers 
should  go  out  on  the  'Atlantis'  before  they 
made  elaborate  plans.  One  of  my  first  trips 
was  in  the  company  of  Dr.  Bigelow,  Dr. 
Waksman  and  Dr.  Gran.  Dr.  Waksman 


14 


had  used  his  thumb  on  a  small  scale  map 
of  the  Gulf  of  Maine  to  indicate  areas 
where  we  were  to  pull  up  bacteriological 
samples,  and  after  that  he  took  to  his  bunk 
and  stayed  there.  Everybody  was  seasick, 
it  was  gray,  miserable  and  pure  diesel 
exhaust — the  'Atlantis'  at  her  worst  in  the 
worst  water  in  the  world,  the  Gulf  of 
Maine. 

And  I  can  remember  Dr.  Bigelow,  pale 
green,  making  rounds  to  Dr.  Waksman 
with  whorn  he  was  much  concerned.  "I 
never  heard  of  anyone  dying  of  seasick- 
ness," he  said,  "but  then  1  never  saw 
anyone  this  sick." 

I  have  an  old  photograph  of  Dr.  Bige- 
low, Dr.  Waksman,  and  Dr.  Gran,  sitting 
in  the  sun  and  talking  by  the  locker  aft  of 
the  deck  laboratory  on  the  first  bright  calm 
day  following  the  bout.  I  have  never  dared 
show  it. 

When  Dr.  Bigelow  broke  into  the 
laboratory  on  an  impulse  visit,  he  would 


sometimes  find  his  way  into  his  theme 
with  an  exploration  of  the  wonderful  ways 
of  people.  Once  he  introduced  his  request 
that  we  change  a  cruise  schedule  with  a 
tale  about  the  odd  things  that  went  on  in 
the  then  new  Coonamessett  Ranch  where 
he  was  staying  temporarily. 

"I  don't  understand  it,"  he  said,  "they 
give  you  two  face  cloths  every  day,  but  no 
plug  for  the  tub.  You  know,  I  think  that 
the  maid  hoards  bathtub  plugs  and  leaves 
an  extra  face  cloth  to  clear  her  conscience. 
Anyway,  I  plug  the  bathtub  with  a  face 
cloth." 

This  put  us  so  far  off  base  that  we  were 
happy  to  accede  to  his  request  that  we  fit 
in  with  the  new  arrangement  that  he  had 
thought  up. 

Charles  E.  Renn 
Professor,  Dept.  of 
Environmental  Engineering 
Science.   The  Johns  Hopkins 

University 


"The  'Atlantis'  at  her  worst  in  the  worst  water  of  the  world".  The  unknown  photographer 
of  this  fine  illustration  must  have  been  standing  on  the  top  of  the  upper  laboratory  to 
show  the  vessel  rolling  under  storm  trysail. 


15 


Dr.  Bigelow  on  fhe  wheel  of  the  'Grampus' 
in   1912. 


Charles  Francis  Adams  on  the  wheel 
of  the  'Yankee'. 


CORRESPONDENCE  WITH  C.F.A. 


D. 


*R.  BIGELOW  carried  on  a  lively  correspondence  with  his  friend  Charles  Francis 
Adams,  then  Secretary  of  the  Navy,  which  provides  an  insight  in  their  personalities 
as  well  as  Dr.  Bigelow's  foresight.  Interesting  also  was  the  fact  that  although  they 
addressed  each  other  as  "Dear  Henry"  and  "Dear  Charlie",  or  "Charles",  they 
signed  their  letters  generally  as:  "C.F.A."  and  "H.B.B."  and  sometimes  with  their 
full  names. 


Dear  Charles: 


July  2,  1930 


I  don't  know  if  you  have  heard  the  news  of  the  establishment  of  the  new 
institution  for  Oceanography  at  Woods  Hole.  At  any  rate  it's  happened,  as  an 
outcome  of  the  general  survey  that  the  Committee  on  Oceanography  of  the 
National  Academy  carried  out;  perhaps  you'll  remember  that  you  and  I  talked  a 
little  about  this.  The  Rockefeller  Foundation  has  given  two  and  one  half  millions 
and  it's  my  fate  to  be  the  first  director  (of  course,  this  doesn't  mean  any  loosening 
of  my  ties  here).  The  enclosed  announcement  (if  you  read  any  of  it)  gives  an  idea 
what  it's  all  about. 

We  are  to  have  a  laboratory  at  Woods  Hole  on  which  work  has  already  been 
started,  and  you  will  be  glad  to  hear  that  we  are  to  build  a  fine  oceanographic 
ship.  She  is  149  ft.  long  on  top,  gross  tonnage  350-360,  300  Hp  Diesel  engine, 
rigged  as  a  ketch  with  a  pretty  fair  sail  plan.  She  is  intended  to  be  able  to  go 
anywhere  at  any  time  and  for  cruises  of  any  length,  carrying  half  a  dozen  scientists; 
fitted  for  every  kind  of  deep  sea  work.  We  have  just  let  the  contract  to  Burmeister 
&  Wain  in  Copenhagen  who  bid  $147,000,  as  against  the  $258,000,  by  the  lowest 
American  bidder.  We  hope  she'll  be  in  commission  next  June.  George  Owen  and 
Frank  Minot  drew  the  plans  and  they  are  working  out  the  details  of  the  machinery, 
which  are  quite  complex  and,  of  course,  the  most  important  thing  about  her.  If 
you  would  be  interested  to  see  the  plans,  I'll  bring  them  down  the  next  time  I 
come  to  Washington. 


16 


BURMEISTER   &  WAIN 


"Columbus  Iselin  is  to  be  the  first  captain ' 


Columbus  Iselin  is  to  be  the  first  captain  and  we  think  it  will  be  a  great 
advantage  to  have  a  scientific  captain  as  was  done  on  the  "Carnegie"  and  this 
brings  me  around  to  the  immediate  matter  of  this  letter.  Columbus  plans  to  join 
the  Naval  Reserve,  and  when  we  were  talking  it  over  the  other  day,  it  occurred  to 
me  that  it  might  be  a  good  idea  for  the  director  to  do  so  likewise,  i.e.  for  the 
director  always  to  be  in  the  Naval  Reserve — so  as  to  strengthen  the  liaison  between 
the  Navy  and  the  Institution.  With  its  endowment  and  the  prestige  it  has  behind 
it,  the  institution  is  bound  to  occupy  a  decidedly  important  position  in  the  scientific 
world,  unless  I  turn  out  to  be  a  fizzle  as  a  director,  and  many  occasions  are  bound 
to  arise  when  cooperation  with  the  Hydrographic  Office  will  be  helpful  to  both. 
I  am  thinking  of  such  things  as  soundings,  exploration  of  currents,  etc.  to  which 
we  will  devote  much  attention  with  the  best  and  most  modern  methods.  We  also 
plan  some  work  on  the  meteorological  side. 

If  the  Navy  and  the  new  Institution  should  decide  that  it  would  be  wise  to 
have  some  connection  more  definite  than  simple  friendship,  I  suppose  the  present 
director  (being  me)  would  be  appropriate  enough  for  the  Naval  Reserve  on  the 
basis  of  sea  experience,  etc.  However,  when  my  successor  comes  along,  he  may 


17 


not  be  a  seaman,  but  is  sure  to  be  a  leading  oceanographer.  Therefore,  it  might 
be  better,  from  the  beginning,  to  establish  a  precedent  of  associating  him  with  the 
Navy  on  the  basis  of  eminence  in  a  profession  (namely  oceanography)  in  which 
the  Navy  is  concerned.  1  wish  you  would  think  all  this  over  and  let  me  know 
how  it  strikes  you.  I  could  come  down  to  Washington  to  talk  it  over  with  you  if 
you  think  it  worth  while,  or  perhaps  can  see  you  sometime  when  you  are  in 
Boston.  There  is  no  hurry  about  it  for  the  institution  won't  be  in  active  operation 
until  next  spring. 

Elizabeth  and  three  of  the  children  departed  for  Norway,  via  England,  last 
Wednesday.  I  expect  to  follow  with  Betty  on  the  twentieth  of  this  month,  to  meet 
them  in  Switzerland  for  three  weeks  climbing,  to  be  home  about  September 
twentieth.  Somehow  I  must  have  a  paper  sent  over  now  and  then  to  tell  me  how 
you  are  getting  on  with  the  'Yankee1.  We  were  all  delighted  to  hear  that  you  are 
to  sail  her. 

Yours, 


tamscript 


Woods  Hole  for  Orders:  Atlantis  Seeks  a  Cargo  of  Scientists 


Dear  Charlie: 

.  .  .  Congratulations  on  the  way  you're  pushing  the  "Yankee"*  through  the  water. 
We're  all  much  excited. 

July  3,  1930 
My  dear  Henry: 

.  .  .  It's  nice  of  you  to  take  an  interest  in  YANKEE,  but  I  am  afraid  that  she  is  too 
big  and  is  not  the  horse  to  bet  on. 


*Four   yachts   had    been    built   for   the    1930  'Enterprise'     was     selected     over     'Weetamoe', 

America's    Cup,    challenged     by     Sir    Thomas  'Whirlwind'   and   'Yankee',   the   latter  skippered 

Lipton    with    'Shamrock    V.     After   hard    trials  by  Charles  Francis  Adams.    (Ed.) 


April  30,  1931 
Dear  Charlie: 

Here  is  the  thing  that  I  have  on  my  mind:  We  are  planning  to  start  at  Woods 
Hole  next  summer  some  observations  on  wind  velocities  in  relation  to  the  actual 
stress  exerted  on  the  surface  of  the  water.  To  do  this,  we  need  a  ship  theodolite. 
But  we  find  that,  not  only  are  these  instruments  very  expensive,  but  that  we  cannot 
possibly  have  one  built  in  time  to  use  this  summer.  So  I  have  had  Gardner  Emmons, 
who  is  to  work  on  this  problem,  write  to  the  Navy  Bureau  of  Aeronautics  to  see  if 
we  could  perhaps  borrow  one. 

I  gather  from  Lt.  Lockharfs  reply  that  one  can  be  spared,  but  that  it  would 
be  rather  contrary  to  rule  to  loan  it  to  any  person  or  institution  not  connected  with 
the  Navy.  He  suggests  that  I  could  sign  for  it  as  a  member  of  the  Naval  Reserve, 
if  the  loan  were  approved. 


18 


As  long  as  there  is  an  instrument  that  can  be  spared,  it  seems  to  me  entirely 
appropriate  for  the  Navy  to  loan  it  to  the  Woods  Hole  Institution,  for  all  the  data 
that  we  get  as  to  pilot  balloons  will  be  of  interest  to  the  Bureau  of  Aeronautics.  So 
won't  you  approve  the  loan  so  it  can  be  made?  Of  course  I'll  sign  for  it  and  we 
would  be  responsible  for  replacement  if  anything  happened  to  it.  As  I  said,  it  is 
an  expensive  little  gadget  costing  about  $1,000: — technical  name — ship  theodolite. 


Yours, 


My  dear  Henry: 


May  2,  1931 


That  theodolite  has  been  shipped  to  you  or  shipped  to  the  Naval  Reserve  for 
you.  If  it  does  not  appear  in  due  season  let  me  know. 

I  don't  know  just  what  you  are  about,  but  yachtsmen  would  be  interested  if 
your  observations  included  the  retardation  of  air  movement  by  the  surface  of  the 
water.  In  other  words,  we  would  like  to  know,  how  much  less  rapidly  the  wind 
moves;  say  10  feet  up,  than  it  does;  say  50  feet  up.  Obviously,  this  is  a  pretty  vague 
subject,  as  retardation  must  vary  with  the  strength  of  the  wind  and  the  roughness 
of  the  sea.  I  know  you  are  not  observing  for  the  benefit  of  yachtsmen,  but  it  is 
possible  you  might  produce  a  by-product  of  some  value  without  extra  effort. 

Affectionately, 


Dear  Charlie: 


May  4,  1931 


It's  good  news  that  the  theodolite  is  starting  to  travel  our  way.   Many  thanks. 

You  brought  up  an  interesting  problem  with  regard  to  the  retardation  of  air 
movement  by  the  surface  of  the  water  at  small  distances  above  the  land.  I  confess 
I  hadn't  thought  of  this,  but  I  can  see  how  observations  taken,  say  10  and  50  feet 
up,  might  bear  very  directly  on  the  matter  of  interaction  between  sea  surface  and 
air.  Next  time  I  see  Rossby  I'll  consult  him  as  to  how  observations  to  this  end  can 
be  taken.  I  don't  know  how  one  controls  the  height  at  which  balloons  float  or 
whether  one  can  put  .up  kites  and  register  the  pull  on  their  strings,  but  will  look  into 
it.  If  we  get  something  out  of  it  that  will  be  of  help  to  yachtsmen,  so  much  the  better. 

Anyhow  I  am  not  sure  that  it  isn't  rather  a  duty  to  tackle  any  job  that  seems 
to  have  a  direct  practical  bearing — there  are  few  enough  of  them  that  do. 

Affectionately, 


I- 


"Anyhow  /  am  not  sure  that  it  isn't  rather  a 
duty  to  tackle  a  job  that  seems  to  have  a 
practical  bearing  —  there  are  few  enough 
of  them  that  do." 

The  'scrounged'  theodolite  on  board '  the 
'Atlantis'  in  October  1931.  C.O'D.  Iselin  in 
the  background. 


H.8.8.  as  director. 


Sept.  26,  1932 
Dear  Henry: 

In  reply  to  your  letter  of  8  September  in  which  you  suggest  that  an  officer  from 
the  U.S.S.  HANNIBAL  make  a  trip  of  about  a  week's  duration  in  the  Gulf  of  Maine 
aboard  the  ATLANTIS,  I  am  glad  to  inform  you  that  arrangements  have  been  made 
for  Commander  C.  C.  Slayton,  the  commanding  officer  of  the  U.S.S.  HANNIBAL 
to  make  the  trip. 

I  have  forwarded  your  letter  to  Admiral  Gherardi  in  the  Hydrographic  Office 
and  he  has  noted  your  recommendations  for  acquainting  the  personnel  of  the 
HANNIBAL  with  the  instruments  and  methods  in  use  on  the  ATLANTIS  for 
obtaining  deep  sea  observations. 

The  Navy  hopes  to  be  able  to  continue  its  oceanographic  work  in  the  future 
and  especially  on  its  surveying  vessels  when  such  work  will  not  interfere  with  their 
regular  surveying  program. 


Sincerely  yours, 


My  dear  Henry: 


August  3,  1933 


To  my  regret  bordering  on  despair,  I  find  that  your  annual  meeting  is  right  in  the 
middle  of  the  New  York  Yacht  Club  cruise.  That  is  my  only  period  of  real  vacation, 
and  as  you  know,  my  most  sacred  one.  I  had  really  looked  forward  to  coming  to 
your  annual  meeting  this  year,  but  I  just  can't  find  it  in  my  soul  to  desert  and  do  so. 
Perhaps  you  will  show  me  over  the  situation  some  other  time. 

Ever  sincerely  yours, 


C.F.A.  as  Secretary 
of  the  Navy. 


20 


w. 


HAT  Dr.  Bigelow  has  meant  to 
oceanography  has  been  the  result  of  a 
vision,  and  you  know  how  difficult  it  is  to 
communicate  visions.  He  communicated 
parts  of  it  to  various  people.  The  word 
"exciting"  typified  the  atmosphere  that 
H.B.B.  created. 

The  list  of  his  publications  does  not 
provide  an  idea  of  their  importance.  A 
publication  is  extremely  cheap  now  com- 
pared to  former  times;  it  is  easier  to  get 
things  published.  The  wealth  of  material, 
of  pertinent  material,  and  the  thorough- 
ness with  which  he  and  his  associates 
made  sure  that  they  put  in  real  facts  is 
what  counted. 

Dr.  Bigelow  created  an  exciting  atmos- 
phere and  had  an  enormous  effect  on 
stimulating  people.  I  saw  him  occasion- 
ally and  have  been  much  affected  by  his 
personality.  His  conduct  of  a  meeting 
was  inimitable.  Somehow  he  had  a  queer 
combination  of  lively  humor  and  dead 
seriousness.  I  knew  him  for  some  50  years 
and  learned  that  he  saw  a  job  that  no  one 
was  doing.  You  have  to  go  out  on  the 
ocean  and  ask:  why? 

One  of  his  first  pieces  of  work — I  am 
relying  on  memory — was  on  Bermuda  and 
find  out,  as  I  put  it,  how  land  is  made  out 
of  water.  He  found  evidence  that  the 
Bermuda  Rock  was  made  out  of  hard 
skeletons.  Probably  that  was  a  demonstra- 
tion of  the  importance  of  life  in  making 
things. 

When  I  first  met  Henry  he  had  been  in 
contact  with  Johann  Hjort  and  had  told 
Hjort  about  the  redfish  being  taken  at 
Eastport,  Maine.  Hjort  opined  that  "that 
fish  does -not  behave  that  way  at  air. 
Henry  said:  "It  does".  The  arresting  fact 
is  that  he  brought  this  to  Hjort's  attention. 

Bigelow  had  that  spirit  of  discovery  and 
when  he  went  after  something  you  knew 
it  was  not  just  a  passing  whim.  He  went 
after  it  with  vigor  and  did  a  thorough  job. 
No  one  else  so  fully  deserves  recognition 
for  what  he  has  done  for  oceanography. 

A.  G.  Huntsman 
Professor  Emeritus 
Univ.  of  Toronto 


Dr.  Hunfsman  with  Dr.  Bigelow  at  the 
presentation  of  the  "Bigelow  Volume". 
January  24,  1956. 


II  etait  considere  comme  "le  Pere  de 
L'Oceanographie  americaine".  .  .  . 
Comble  d'honneurs  et  d'annees,  il 
disparait,  laissants  dans  la  tristesse 
toute  le  Communaute  des  Oceano- 
graphes. 

H.  L 

(Cahiers  Oceanographique,  20(3) 


21 


R, 


.EPEATEDLY,  I  urged  him  to  em- 
ploy a  secretary  to  help  him  with  his 
publications.  His  reply  was:  "No  scientist 
should  ever  have  a  secretary.  If  he  has 
one,  he  would  answer  his  mail  and  if  he 
answers  his  mail,  he  has  no  time  for 
scientific  work." 


H.B.B.  used  to  say  at  election  time  that 
he  was  going  to  vote  against  them  all. 

When  asked  why  he  preferred  the 
crooked  politician  to  the  reform  candidate 
he  replied  that  the  crooked  politician 
would  not  kill  the  goose  that  laid  the 
golden  egg. 

George  C.  Shattuck,  M.D. 


Dean  Bumpus  o/b  /he  'Atlantis'  with  a  Bumpus-Clarke 
stramin  net,  the  "Chariot",  equipped  with  wheels  to  keep 
the  net  opening  away  from  the  ocean  bottom. 


J 


OHN  ARMSTRONG  and  I  shared  a  lab  one  winter  in  George  Clarke's  suite  at 
the  Biological  Laboratories  at  Harvard.  John  was  studying  for  his  Ph.D.  He  had 
passed  his  written  exams  but  with  some  reservation.  He  knew  a  lot  about  marine 
animals  but  had  a  minimum  to  offer  about  terrestrial  ones.  Bigelow's  comment 
was  "Better  study  up  on  the  land  animals.  You  don't  want  your  knowledge  to  rise 
and  fall  with  the  tide." 

When  Armstrong  turned  in  his  thesis,  Bigelow  was  busy  so  he  laid  it  on  the 
corner  of  the  desk.  A  week  later  Dr.  Bigelow  called  him  over  to  his  office  and 
told  him  to  rewrite  the  thesis.  Armstrong  was  not  certain  whether  Bigelow  had 
read  it  or  not,  as  the  paper  was  exactly  where  Armstrong  had  left  it  on  the  desk. 
When  Armstrong  commenced  to  remonstrate  Bigelow  said  "Rewrite  it,  every 
paper  needs  to  be  rewritten!"  So  poor  uncertain  John  rewrote  it,  much  to  his 
own  benefit. 

Dean  F.  Bumpus 
Senior  Scientist 
on  our  staff. 


22 


T 


HERE  are  two  items  concerning  Dr.  Bigelow  that  I  would  like  to  mention,  just 
in  case  others  have  not  already  done  so.*  In  the  early  years  of  the  Institution, 
when  most  of  us  were  University  staff  members  who  inhabited  the  institution  only 
in  the  summer  time,  he  encouraged  each  of  us  to  feel  that  our  work  was  of  interest 
to  every  one  else  in  the  buliding.  Following  his  example,  every  one  kept  the  door 
or  lab  open  as  an  invitation  to  others  to  come  in,  and  indeed  the  Director  was  a 
frequent  and  welcome  visitor.  His  New  England  manner  of  getting  directly  to  the 
crux  of  a  matter  was  always  delightful  and  at  the  same  time  inspiring. 

Each  year  in  the  early  spring  the  research  staff  of  the  Institution  would  come 
together  for  a  meeting  at  Harvard.  The  purpose  of  this  was  to  prepare  a  budget 
for  the  expenses  of  the  Institution  for  the  coming  season,  earmarking  or  sanction- 
ing definite  amounts  to  individuals  with  projects  or  apparatus  being  prepared.  The 
procedure  was  always  referred  to  by  Dr.  Bigelow  as  "slicing  the  melon"  —  a 
delightful  word  picture  which  has  become  almost  a  password  between  Dr.  George 
Clarke  and  myself  for  evoking  pleasant  memories  of  those  days. 

Edmond  E.  Watson 
Acting  Head,  Dept.  of  Physics. 
This  aspect  of  the  Institution  was  mentioned  Queen's  University,  Ontario. 

by  many  of  the  contributors.  Obviously  it  made 

a  deep  and  lasting  impression.    (Ed.) 


Dr.  Watson  with  the  Watson  current 
meter.     A.    C.    Woodcock   at   right. 


Dr.  Bigelow's  course  in  Oceanic  Biology 
was  really  "marine  biology"  and  inspired 
me  to  go  on  and  establish  ecology  as  a 
subject  at  Harvard,  and  to  expand  the 
course  into  two  courses,  one  on  the  princi- 
ples of  ecology*  and  the  other  in  bio- 
logical oceanography.  Thus,  H.  B.  B.  was 
an  ecologist  without  knowing  it! 

One  day  members  of  the  staff  were 
discussing  what  to  do  about  the  behaviour 
of  another  staff  member,  when  H.  B. 
Bigelow  showed  his  tolerance  of  the  foibles 
of  others  by  urging  us  to  give  the  offender 
another  chance  and  saying  "Well,  we're 
all  basically 's,  you  know." 

George  L   Clarke 
Professor  of  Biology 
Harvard  University 

*Which  led  to  the  publication  of  my  book: 
"Elements  of  Ecology",  John  Wiley  &  Sons, 
1954. 


Dr.  Clarke  at  Woods  Hole  in  1933. 


23 


I 


SPENT  most  of  the  winter  of  1931  at 
sea  on  the  trawler  'Kingfisher'  under 
Captain  Sylvester  Dunn  out  of  Groton, 
Connecticut.  This  followed  some  previous 
months  in  the  company's  loft  learning 
how  to  make  and  repair  nets  (14<f  an 
hour);  now  the  business  at  hand  was  to 
weigh  each  haul  as  it  was  spilled  on  deck 
in  an  attempt  to  assess  the  loss  in  weight 
at  landing  several  days  to  two  weeks  later, 
and,  ultimately  to  have  a  hand  in  an 
improved  design  of  storage  bins  for  iced 
fish  on  board  ship. 

In  a  way  and  by  a  means  then  and 
now  conveniently  obscure  to  me,  H.B.B. 
was  instrumental  in  landing  me  that  job 
with  the  Portland  Trawling  Company. 

Came  spring  and  I  found  myself  en 
route  to  England,  where  I  spent  several 
months  on  trawlers,  herring  drifters,  and 
the  research  vessel  'George  Bligh'  under 
Captain  Stewart  out  of  Lowestoft.  Then 
to  Copenhagen  to  join  the  'Atlantis'  as  a 
so-called  "able  seaman"  on  her  memo- 
rable maiden  voyage  to  Plymouth  (Eng- 
land), Boston,  and  Woods  Hole.  H.B.B. 's 
fine  Italian  hand  again. 

He  and  his  life-long  friend,  Archibald 
G.  Huntsman,  the  latter  under  wholly 
different  circumstances,  started  me  on  a 
course  I  have  never  regretted  for  a  single 
second. 

Now  the  times  come  full  circle.  One 
of  the  main  architects  and  author-in-chief 
of  the  first  volumes  of  the  Fishes  of  the 
Western  North  Atlantic,  Sears  Founda- 
tion for  Marine  Research,  Yale  Uni- 
versity, was  Harvardian  Bigelow  (Yale 
ScrD.,  1941). 

May  it  be  given  to  a  whole  company 
of  us  in  many  areas  of  marine  research 
collectively  to  fill  H.B.B.'s  gargantuan 
shoes. 

Daniel  Merriman 
Director 
Sears  Foundation  for  Marine  Research. 


On  the  'Atlantis'  maiden  voyage.  Left— 
Knute  Nielsen,  a  Danish  sailor  who  remained 
on  board  for  several  years.  Right— Ona 
McClunen,  second  engineer.  Background, 
looking  up  — John  Churchill,  supercargo. 
Behind  McClunen— Terence  Keough,  sailor. 


H.B.B.  in   1932. 


24 


z 

LJ 


Many   scientists 
were  laid  low  by 
the  movements 
of  the  gimballed 
mess  table  on  the 
'Atlantis'. 


" .  .  .  as  the  archi- 
tect of  the 
scientific  program 
of   the 
International 
Ice   Patrol." 


A 


DAY  or  two  before  I  was  to  make 
my  first  trip  on  the  'Atlantis'  on  a  one 
week  cruise  across  the  Gulf  Stream,  about 
two-thirds  of  the  way   to   Bermuda   and 
return,   Dr.    Bigelow  called   me   into   his 
office    in    his    inimitable    manner    asked 
whether  I  got  seasick.    1  had  to  confess 
that  1  really  did  not  know  since   I  had 
never  been  to  sea.    Whether  he  actually 
believed  in  the  principle  or  not,  he  then 
went  on  to  assure  me  that  seasickness  was 
50%   psychological.    For  the  most  part, 
the  subsequent  voyage  was  quite  smooth 
and  no  real  test  arose  until  the  'Atlantis' 
made   an   "anchor   station"   in   the   Gulf 
Stream  to  attempt  current  measurement. 
The  roll  of  the  ship  and  the  consequent 
movement    of   the    gimbaled    mess   table 
plus  the  evening  meal  that  day  of  liver 
and  bacon  shortly  sent  me  to  the  rail  in 
spite    of    a    strong    application    of    Dr. 
Bigelow's  remedy. 

Charles  M.  Weiss 
Professor,  Dept.  of 
Environmental  Sciences  and 
Engineering,  The   Univ.  of 
North  Carolina. 


Dr.  Bigelow  was  a  great  believer  in 
observations.  As  the  architect  of  the 
scientific  program  of  the  International  Ice 
Patrol,  he  urged  me  to  "go  out  and  take 
a  look  at  the  icebergs  for  yourself."  Indeed, 
while  flying  over  the  bergs,  I  observed 
details  which  I  hadn't  noticed  on  photo- 
graphs but  after  personal  observations  was 
able  to  identify. 

Dr.  Bigelow  was  able  to  get  to  the  heart 
of  a  problem  quickly,  omitting  no  impor- 
tant details.  When  I  told  him  of  my  studies 
of  upwelling,  he  recounted  that  when  he 
was  with  Alexander  Agassiz  on  the 
'Albatross'  expedition  to  the  eastern  tropi- 
cal Pacific  (1904),  their  ship  was  becalmed 
off  Peru.  It  was  his  way  of  saying  that 
upwelling  was  not  a  continuous  process. 

In  the  years  I  have  shared  an  office  with 
him  in  his  beloved  Museum  of  Compara- 
tive Zoology  at  Harvard,  1  came  to  know 
him  as  a  special  kind  of  man — knowing, 

friendly,  and  plain  spoken." 

Irving  I.  Schell 

Ocean-Atmosphere  Research 

Institute 

Cambridge,  Massachusetts 


25 


Only  H.  B.  B.  would  have  thought 

of  such  a  contraption 


I 


T  is  somewhat  difficult  to  adjust  to  the 
idea  that  I  am  considered  an  "old  timer" 
in  the  Museum  of  Comparative  Zoology, 
but  the  fact  is  that  I  am  of  the  few  remain- 
ing who  worked  with  H.B.B.  as  a  graduate 
student.  In  those  days  T.  Barbour  was 
Director  of  the  Museum,  and  the  situation 
could  best  be  described  as  "broke,  but 
happy".  The  Museum  endowment  was 
totally  inadequate  to  pay  the  staff,  and 
T.  Barbour  had  collected  a  devoted  group 
of  volunteers,  many  with  little  or  no  prev- 
ious training  in  zoology,  who  kept  the 
collections  in  order  and  the  Museum  going. 
Looking  back  on  it,  the  Museum  was  a 
remarkable  combination  at  that  time,  for 
heading  the  staff  were  outstanding  scien- 
tists, and  perhaps  greatest  among  them 
was  H.B.B. 

In  the  meaning  of  the  present  day,  to 
call  a  scientist  an  "amateur"  is  deroga- 
tory, for  it  implies  lack  of  serious  applica- 
tion to  the  work  at  hand  in  comparison  to 
the   professional.    Actually   the   word  is 
"love",  and  the  amateur  is  the  person  who 
works  at  something  because  he  loves  it. 
The  men  who  gathered  at  T.  Barbour's 
"eateria"  for  lunch  were  amateurs  in  the 
finest  sense  and  it  was  a  joy  for  a  graduate 
student  to  sit  in  a  corner  and  listen  to 
them.  H.B.B.  and  T.B.  made  a  fascinating 
contrast.  The  former,  lean,  slightly  stooped, 
with  a  thin  face  and  bright  blue  eyes  that 
are  seen  only  in  those  that  make  their 
business  about  the  great  waters.  The  latter 
a  huge  man,  with  a  deep  voice,  a  great 
laugh,  and  a  habit  of  curling  his  forelock 
between  thumb  and  forefinger  when   in 
deep  thought.    The  conversation  covered 
many  subjects  and  almost  always  it  had 
its   basis  in  natural  history.    Both  men 
were  great  sportsmen  and  had  travelled 
widely,  but  the  thing  that  made  it  exciting 
was  their  remarkable  power  of  observation 
and  their  ability  to  ask  imaginative  ques- 
tions, and  even  derive  some  fascinating 
answers.  Their  enthusiasm  permeated  the 
place,  and  it  was  contagious. 


In  spite  Of  his  love  of  sport,  H.B.B.  was 
a  rigorous  scientist,  and  was  brought  up 
in  the  strict  scientific  discipline  of  the  turn 
of  the  century.  He  once  told  me  that  his 
sponsor,  E.  L.  Mark,  allowed  him  to  work 
on  a  thesis  problem  for  a  year  before  sug- 
gesting that  he  look  up  the  work  of  some 
German  published  years  before.  As  Mark 
knew  he  would,  H.B.B.  found  that  he  had 
been  thoroughly  "scooped",  and  thus  the 
lesson  was  learned  that  you  must  know 
the  "literature"  before  embarking  on  the 
problem.  This  kind  of  discipline  would 
start  a  riot  among  our  present  day  gradu- 
ate body,  but  H.B.B.  swallowed  the  pill 
and  even  ended  up  by  being  fond  of 
E.  L.  Mark. 

It  was  this  scientific  rigor,  plus  a  willing- 
ness to  work  unstintingly  and  an  ability  to 
put  his  finger  on  the  nub  of  the  question 
that  made  H.B.B.  the  great  scientist  he 
was.  In  the  mid-thirties  he  gave  a  course 
with  George  Clarke  in  marine  biology 
which  was  outstandingly  good.  As  we  took 
notes,  it  seemed  that  H.B.B.  was  giving  his 
lectures  with  effortless  ease,  yet  they  were 
packed  with  information  and  masterpieces 
of  clarity.  Behind  the  smooth  performance 
was  weeks  of  hard  work,  plus  a  touch  of 
genius.  He  attended  every  laboratory,  and 
it  was  here  that  his  enthusiasm,  clarity  of 
thought,  and  ingenuity  really  shone.  The 
students  loved  him,  for  he  was  completely 
natural  with  them,  and  his  gentle  Yankee 
wit  kept  them  on  their  toes.  He  hated 
scientific  jargon,  and  his  simple,  unclut- 
tered approach  to  a  problem  was  the  best 
of  training  for  all  of  us.  His  "Fishes  of  the 
Gulf  of  Maine"  is  a  prime  example  of 
exact  scientific  writing,  made  readable  and 
interesting  by  omitting  artificiality. 

I  never  fished  or  hunted  with  him, 
though  we  used  to  talk  about  it  a  lot.  Here 
too,  his  inquiring  mind  was  always  work- 
ing. No  one  knows  why  a  salmon  rises  to 
a  fly,  but  H.B.B.  rose  one  in  Grande  Pool 
on  a  burnt  match  tied  to  a  bare  line.  Only 


26 


H.B.B.  would  have  thought  of  such  a  con- 
traption, let  alone  being  able  to  cast  it. 
He  and  my  Uncle  Ted  went  up  to  Grande 
River  in  the  early  forties  and  had  a 
splendid  season,  though  it  was  the  last 
time  for  both  of  them.  Both  were  great 
amateurs,  one  Professor  of  Physics  and 
founder  of  the  laboratory  that  bears  his 
name,  the  other  Alexander  Agassiz  Pro- 
fessor of  Zoology  and  founder  of  the 
Woods  Hole  Oceanographic  Institution.  I 
like  to  think  of  them  at  that  most  beautiful 
pool,  with  the  clear  water  swirling,  twenty 
feet  deep  through  the  Jaws  and  spreading 
silently  below.  H.B.B.  is  trying  to  raise 
one  of  the  long  grey  shadows  lying  along 
the  Ledge  with  a  dry  fly  of  his  own  tying, 
and  T.  L.  is  in  the  shade  watching  him, 
smoking  his  pipe. 

Charles  P.  Lyman 

Assoc.  Professor  of  Anatomy 

Harvard  Medical  School 


Oceanographer 

He  plumbs  the  secret  depths  of  ocean 
Past  canyon  walls  and  jagged  peaks, 
His  fancy  is  intrigued  by  motion 
Of  tides  and  currents,  while  he  seeks 

The  final  answers  to  defeating 
Sea-mysteries  resolved  by  none. 
He  hears  the  heart  of  sea-life  beating 
Fathoms  below  his  hydrophone, 

Yet  he  can  never  hope  to  plunder 
The  sea  as  men  have  robbed  the  land, 
For  always  she  will  make  him  wonder 
But  never  let  him  understand. 

Louise  Crenshaw  Ray 
Dec.  16,  1953 

Copyright  1953, 

Reprinted  by  permission  of  the  authoress  and 
The  New  York  Times  Company. 


We  deeply  regret  to  announce  the  sudden 
death  of  Chief  Backus  on  July  21.  He  also 
was  part  and  parcel  of  our  Institution's 
beginning  and  traditions. 


Chief  Backus  in  the  early  days, 
wearing  cap  and  badge. 


BAILOR,  scientist  and  gentleman,  Dr. 
Bigelow  was  all  of  these.  I  was  shipmates 
with  him  several  times  on  the  old  'Atlantis' 
and  I  never  saw  him  suffer  from  mal  de 
mer,  and  he  really  enjoyed  a  cruise.  He 
was  a  Lt.  Commander  in  the  First  World 
War  with  the  Navy,  and  had  a  lot  of  sea- 
going experience  on  the  'Albatross'  be- 
longing to  the  Fisheries.  As  a  young 
biologist,  I  remember  he  and  Captain 
Carlson  gabbing  about  the  old  days,  and 
when  Henry  Bigelow  got  fresh  with  the 
skipper  and  cussed  him,  Carlson  chased 
him  around  the  deck  with  a  halibut  maul. 
Another  time  on  the  'Atlantis',  I  was  fish- 
ing over  the  side  with  an  underwater  light 
and  caught  a  huge  squid,  which  I  put  in 
a  large  wooden  tub  on  deck  and  called 
Doc  and  Dr.  A.  Redfield  (this  was  I  think 
in  1932)  and  they  were  looking  at  it  and 
moving  it  around,  when  the  squid  let  go 
a  blast  of  ink,  and  blew  half  the  water  out 
of  the  tub  all  over  them.  They  were  a 
mess,  and  I  laughed  at  them,  and  they 
chased  me,  and  were  going  to  dip  me  in 
that  gorey  mess  but  I  disappeared  below. 
Dr.  Bigelow  was  always  interested  in  the 
scientific  work  on  the  ship.  Ashore, 
whether  talking  to  any  of  the  scientists  or 
the  other  people  working  around  the 
buildings  or  ship,  he  always  had  our 
interests  at  heart,  and  was  a  perfect  host 
at  any  of  the  parties,  or  cocktail  get- 
togethers,  which  we  used  to  have  in  the 
good  old  days  of  the  Institution.  Yes,  he 
was  truly  a  gentleman. 

Harold  Backus 

*Chief  Backus  'came  on  board'  during  the 
building  of  the  'Atlantis'.  One  of  the  oldest 
hands  at  Woods  Hole,  he  was  Chief  Engineer 
of  the  'Atlantis'  for  25  years. 


27 


I 


N  1955,  a  group  of  Dr.  Bigelow's 
former  students  and  associates  decided  to 
honor  him  for  his  contributions  to  marine 
biology  and  oceanography.  The  twenty- 
fifth  anniversary  of  the  Institution's  found- 
ing appeared  to  be  a  fitting  occasion.  A 
volume,  containing  48  scientific  contribu- 
tions was  completed  by  the  end  of  the 
anniversary  year  and  a  leather  bound  copy 
was  presented  to  Dr.  Bigelow  at  a  gather- 
ing in  the  Director's  Room  at  the  Museum 
of  Comparative  Zoology,  Harvard  Uni- 
versity on  January  24,  1956. 

In  the  foreword,  Dr.  A.  C.  Redfield 
explained  succinctly  how  much  one  man 
can  do  to  motivate  others  to  do  their  best. 

We  quote:  "Henry  Bryant  Bigelow,  you 
have  broadened  the  vision,  sharpened  the 
perception,  fortified  the  determination, 
simplified  the  outlook,  improved  the  stand- 
ards, and  corrected  the  folly  of  each  of  us." 


In  his  reply,  Dr.  Bigelow  mentioned 
that  years  ago  he  was  invited  to  dinner  at 
Copenhagen.  "An  old  Danish  custom 
demands  that  the  host  gives  you  a  speech. 
Now,  all  the  Danish  I  knew  were  the 
words  for  thanks,  butter  and  Skol,  which 
everyone  knows.  So,  instead  of  returning 
the  speech  I  just  said:  Tak  and  Skol,  and 
sat  down.  This  is  what  I  want  to  do  now; 
Tak  and  Skol,  friends.  I  just  want  to  add 
this:  I  was  in  a  very  lucky  position  in 
oceanography,  there  just  weren't  enough 
oceanographers  around  and  so  there  was 
no  opposition.  There  were  lots  of  medals 
for  oceanography  and  if  you  stayed  alive 
long  enough  and  out  of  trouble  you  had 
to  get  the  medals  since  they  had  nowhere 
else  to  go.  But  this  book  is  different.  No 
one  has  to  do  it.  Nobody  has  to  take  all 
this  trouble  to  sit  down  and  write  papers 
and  print  them.  No  one  needs  to  take  the 
trouble  to  tell  a  fellow  how  nice  he  is. 
Tak  and  Skol  again,  friends.  This  is  the 
end." 


B 


IGELOW,  THE  MAN,  was  so  versatile  and  remarkable  that  one  might  go  on 
endlessly  paying  tribute.  His  "Memories  of  a  Long  and  Active  Life",  The  Cosmos 
Press,  Cambridge,  1964,  provides  a  great  deal  of  information.  What  struck  me 
most  were  his  repeated  references  to  "one  of  the  amusing  incidents  which  seem 
(automatically)  to  come  my  way."  "One  of  those  amusing  experiences  with  which 
my  life  has  been  "peppered".  Difficulties  and  hardships  are  glossed  over;  his  ship 
being  torpedoed  by  a  German  submarine  in  World  War  I  is  made  amusing. 

A  typical  account  went  ".  .  .  in  Naples  (1901)  we  climbed  Mount  Vesuvius 
and  visited  Pompeii:  I  also  had  an  unexpected  adventure,  for  while  I  was  walking 
across  the  open  square  in  front  of  the  famous  Naples  Aquarium,  a  man,  who 
emerged  from  a  roadway  across  the  square,  began  shooting  at  me  with  a  revolver, 
without  endangering  me,  however,  for  he  was  aiming  far  above  my  head!  When 
his  gun  was  empty  a  policeman  appeared  upon  the  scene  and  arrested  him.  Fortun- 
ately, the  policeman  understood  French,  and  on  my  inquiring  what  all  the  trouble 
was  about,  he  replied,  "I  think,  sir,  he  mistook  you  for  his  friend!" 

How  a  man  who,  at  the  drop  of  a  hat,  went  off  shooting  or  fishing,  "acting  on 
the  principal  that  one  should  never  allow  business  to  interfere  with  pleasure", 
accomplished  as  much  as  he  did,  was  explained  by  his  long  time  associate,  Wm.  C. 
Schroeder.  "H.  B.  never  wasted  a  moment  -  -  when  he  worked,  he  worked  hard." 

Little  has  been  said  in  this  volume  about  his  dear  wife  Elizabeth  Perkins 
Shattuck  whom  he  married  in  1906  and  promptly  took  on  a  honeymoon  canoe  trip 
to  Newfoundland.  His  wife's  canoe  capsized  in  rapids  of  the  swollen  Loyds  River 
and  she  lost  her  toilet  articles.  Since  she  was  wearing  an  old  pair  of  sneakers  full 
of  holes:  "Obviously,  then  our  first  job  was  to  make  her  a  serviceable  pair  of  shoes!" 
Whereupon  Dr.  Bigelow  described  how  he  walked  a  mile  or  two  to  shoot  a  caribou 
and  explained  how  to  make  a  serviceable  shoe  from  the  legskin  of  a  caribou  and  how 
to  tan  the  skin  by  boiling  some  cherry  and  maple  bark  in  a  solution  of  baking 
powder  and  soak  the  shoes  so  that  the  inside  part  would  not  continue  "disgustingly 
slimy".  Nothing  seems  to  have  fazed  him.  Nothing  seems  to  have  daunted  him. 

Jan  Hahn 


28 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  HENRY  BRYANT  BIGELOW 

(1902)    Birds  of  the  northeastern  coast  of  Labrador.  The  Auk,  19,  24-31 . 

(1904)  Medusae  from  the  Maldive  Islands.  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  Harvard  Coll.,  39  (9),  245-269, 
9  pis. 

(1904)  The  sense  of  hearing  in  the  goldfish,  Carassius  auratus  L.   Am.  Natur.,  38  (448),  275-284. 

(1905)  The  shoal-water  deposits  of  the  Bermuda  Banks.  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  Arts  Sci.,  40  (15),  559-592. 
(1907)    On  hybrids  between  the  mallard  (Anas  boschas)  and  certain  other  ducks.    The  Auk,  24  (4), 

382-388. 
(1907)    Studies  on  the  nuclear  cycle  of  Gonionemus  murbachii  A.  G.  MAYER.    Bull.  Mus.  Comp. 

Zool,  Harvard  Coll.,  48  (4),  287-399,  8  pis. 
(1909)    Coelenterates  from  Labrador  and  Newfoundland,  collected  by  Mr.  OWEN  BRYANT  from 

July  to  October,  1908.   Proc.  U.S.  natn.  Mus.,  37  (1706),  301-320,  Pis.  30-32. 
(1909)    Cruise  of  the  U.S.  Fisheries  Schooner  Grampus  in  the  Gulf  Stream  during  July,  1908,  with 

description  of  a  new  Medusa  (Bythotiaridae).  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  Harvard  Coll.,  52  (12), 

195-210,  1  pi. 
(1909)    Report  on  the  scientific  results  of  the  Expedition  to  the  Eastern  Tropical  Pacific,  in  charge  of 

ALEXANDER  AGASSIZ,  by  the  U.S.  Fish  Commission  Steamer  Albatross,  from  October, 

1904,  to  March,  1905,  Lieut.  Commander  L.  M.  GARRETT,  U.S.N.,  Commanding.  XVI.  The 

Medusae.  Mem.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  Harvard  Coll.,  37,  243  pp.,  48  pis. 
(191 1)    Biscayan  plankton  collected  during  a  cruise  of  H.M.S.  Research,  1900.  XIII.  The  Siphono- 

phora.    Trans.  Linn.  Soc.,  Land.,  (2nd  ser.,  Zool.),  10  (10),  337-358,  PI.  28. 
(1911)    Report  on  the  scientific  results  of  the  Expedition  to  the  Eastern  Tropical  Pacific,  in  charge 

of  ALEXANDER  AGASSIZ,  by  the  U.S.  Fish  Commission  Steamer  Albatross,  from  October, 

1904  to  March,  1905,  Lieut.  Commander  L.  M.  GARRETT,  U.S.N.,  Commanding.     XXIII. 

The  Siphonophorae.   Mem.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  Harvard  Coll.,  38  (2),  173-402,  32  pis. 
(1911)    The  work  of  the  Michael  Sars  in  the  North  Atlantic  in  1910.   (A  review).   Science,  n.s.,  34, 

7-10. 

(191 1)  Fishes  and  Medusae  of  the  intermediate  depths.   A  note  on  the  work  of  the  Michael  Sars. 
Nature,  Land.,  86,  483. 

(1912)  Reports  on  the  scientific  results  of  the  Expedition  to  the  Eastern  Tropical  Pacific,  in  charge 
of  ALEXANDER  AGASSIZ,  by  the  U.S.  Fish  Commission  Steamer  Albatross,  from  October, 
1904  to  March,  1905,  Lieut.  Commander  L.  M.  GARRETT,  Commanding.     XXVI.    The 
ctenophores.  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  Harvard  Coll.,  54  (12),  369-404,  2  pis. 

(1912)  Scientific  results  of  the  Philippine  cruise  of  the  Fisheries  Steamer  Albatross,  1907-1910, 
22.  Preliminary  account  of  one  new  genus  and  three  new  species  of  Medusae  from  the 
Philippines.  Proc.  U.S.  natn.  Mus.,  43  (1931),  253-260. 

(1913)  Medusae  and  Siphonophorae  collected  by  the  U.S.  Fisheries  Steamer  Albatross  in  the  north- 
western Pacific,  1906.  Proc.  U.S.  natn.  Mus.,  44  (1946),  1-119,  6  pis.,  2  text  figs. 

(1913)  Oceanographic  cruises  of  the  U.S.  Fisheries  Schooner  Grampus,  1912-1913.  Science,  n.s., 
38  (982),  599-601. 

(1913)  A  new  closing-net  for  horizontal  use,  with  a  suggested  method  of  testing  the  catenary  in 
fast  towing.  Int.  Rev.  Ges.  Hydrobiol.  Hydrogr.,  5,  576-580,  8  text  figs. 

(1914)  Explorations  in  the  Gulf  of  Maine,  July  and  August  1912,  by  the  U.S.  Fisheries  Schooner 
Grampus.  Oceanography  and  notes  on  the  plankton.  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  Harvard  Coll., 
58(2),  31-147,  9  pis. 

(1914)  Fauna  of  New  England.  12.  List  of  the  Medusae  Craspedotae,  Siphonophorae,  Scypho- 
medusae,  Ctenophorae.  Occ.  Papers,  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  7,  1-37. 

(1914)  Note  on  the  medusan  genus  Stomolophus  from  San  Diego.  Univ.  Calif.  Publ.  Zool.,  13  (10), 
239-241. 

(1914)  Oceanography  and  plankton  of  Massachusetts  Bay  and  adjacent  waters,  November  1912- 
May,  1913.  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  Harvard  Coll.,  58  (10),  383-420,  1  pi.,  7  text  figs. 

(1915)  Epheretmus,  a  new  genus  of  Trachomedusae.  Proc.  U.S.  natn.  Mus.,  49  (21 14),  399-404,  pi.  59. 

(1915)  Exploration  of  the  coast  water  between  Nova  Scotia  and  Chesapeake  Bay,  July  and  August, 
1913,  by  the  U.S.  Fisheries  Schooner  Grampus.    Oceanography  and  plankton.    Bull.  Mus. 
Comp.  Zool.,  Harvard  Coll.,  59  (4),  151-359,  2  pis.,  82  text  figs. 

(1916)  Halimedusa,  a  new  genus  of  Anthomedusae.   Trans.  R.  Soc.,  Canada,  (3),  10  (4),  91-95,  1  pi. 


29 


(1917)  Explorations  of  the  coast  water  between  Cape  Cod  and  Halifax,  in  1914  and  1915,  by  the 
U.S.  Fisheries  Schooner  Grampus.  Oceanography  and  plankton.  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zoo!., 
Harvard  Coll.,  61  (8),  163-357,  1  pi.,  100  text  figs. 

(1917)  Explorations  of  the  United  States  Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey  Steamer  Bache  in  the  western 
Atlantic,  January-March  1914  under  the  direction  of  the  United  States  Bureau  of  Fisheries. 
Oceanography.     U.S.  Bur.  Fish  Doc.  833  (App.  5  to  Rept.  U.S.  Comm.  Fish,  for  1915), 
1-62,  53  text  figs.,  1  fold-in. 

(1918)  Some  Medusae  and  Siphonophorae  from  the  western  Atlantic.    Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zoo!., 
Harvard  Coll.,  62  (8),  365-442. 

(1919)  Hydromedusae,  siphonophores  and  ctenophores  of  the  Albatross  Philippine  Expedition. 
Contributions  to  the  biology  of  the  Philippine  Archipelago  and  adjacent  regions.  Bull.  U.S. 
natn.  Mus.,  100,  1  (5),  279-362,  Pis.  39-43. 

(1920)  Medusae  and  ctenophores  from  the  Canadian  Arctic  Expedition,  1913-1918.  Rept.  Canadian 
Arctic  Exped.,  1913-1918,  8  (H),  22  pp.,  2  pis. 

(1922)    Exploration  of  the  coastal  water  off  the  northeastern  United  States  in  1916  by  the  U.S. 

Fisheries  Schooner  Grampus,    Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  ZooL,  Harvard  Coll.,  65  (5),  85-188,  53 

text  figs. 
(1925)    Oceanic  circulation.    Science,  62,  317-319. 

(1925)  Recent  oceanographic  work  carried  on  jointly  by  the  Museum  of  Comparative  Zoology 
and  by  the  U.S.  Bureau  of  Fisheries.  Bull.  Nat.  Res.  Council,  No.  53,  69-70. 

(1926)  Plankton  of  the  offshore  waters  of  the  Gulf  of  Maine.    Bull.  U.S.  Bur.  Fish.,  40  (2),  1-509. 
134  text  figs. 

(1927)  Physical  oceanography  of  the  Gulf  of  Maine.    Bull.  U.S.  Bur.  Fish.,  40  (2),  511-1027,  207 
text  figs. 

(1927)  Dynamic  oceanography  of  the  Gulf  of  Maine.  Bull.  Nat.  Res.  Council,  No.  61,  206-211. 

(1928)  Exploration  of  the  waters  of  the  Gulf  of  Maine.  Geogr.  Rev.,  18,  232-260. 

(1928)  Scyphomedusae  from  the  Arcturus  Oceanographic  Expedition.  Zoologica,  N.  Y.  Zool.  Soc., 
8  (10),  495-524,  Figs.  180-184. 

(1929)  Museum  of  Comparative  Zoology.  Its  cooperation  with  the  International  Ice  Patrol  and  the 
U.S.  Bureau  of  Fisheries.   Harvard  Alumni  Bull.,  31,  433-434. 

(1930)  A  developing  view-point  in  oceanography.   Science,  71  (1830),  84-89. 

(1930)    The  Woods  Hole  Oceanographic  Institution.    Harvard  Alumni  Bull.,  32,  749-750. 
(1930)    The  Woods  Hole  Oceanographic  Institution.    Science,  71,  277-278. 

(1930)  The  Woods  Hole  Oceanographic  Institution.  /.  du  Cons.,  5  (2),  226-228. 

(1931)  Siphonophorae  from  the  Arcturus  Oceanographic  Expedition.   Zoologica,  N.Y.  Zool.  Soc., 
8  (11),  525-592,  text  figs.  185-220. 

(1931)    Oceanography;  its  scope,  problems  and  economic  importance.     Houghton  Mifflin  Co., 

N.Y.,  and  Boston,  263  pp. 
(1933)    Studies  of  the  waters  on  the  continental  shelf,  Cape  Cod  to  Chesapeake  Bay.  1.  The  cycle 

of  temperature.  Pap.  Phys.  Oceanogr.  Meteorol.,  2  (4),  1-135,  66  text  figs. 
(1938)    Plankton  of  the  Bermuda  Oceanographic  Expeditions.  VIII.  Medusae  taken  during  the  years 

1929  and  1930.  Zoologica,  N.  Y.  Zool.  Soc.,  23  (2),  99-189,  23  text  figs. 
(1940)    Eastern  Pacific  Expeditions  of  the  New  York  Zoological  Society.    XX.  Medusae  of  the 

Templeton  Crocker  and  Eastern  Pacific  "  Zaca  "  Expeditions,  1936-1938.   Zooligica,  N.  Y. 

Zool.  Soc.,  25  (3),  281-321,  text  figs  1-20. 

(1952)    Thomas  Barbour.   Biogr.  Mem.,  Nat.  Acad.  Sci.,  27,  13-45. 
(1961)    A  new  species  of  the  Cetomimid  genus  Gyrinomimus  from  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  Breviora,  No. 

145,2pp. 

(1963)    Superclass  Pisces,  Class  Osteichthyes,  key  to  orders.  Mem.  Sears  Found.  Mar.  Res.,  1  (3),  1-17 
(1963)    Isospondyli,  characters  and  keys  to  suborders  and  families.  Mem.  Sears  Found.  Mar.  Res.,  1 

(3),  88-104. 
(1963)    Suborder  Elopoidea,  characters  and  key  to  families.    Mem.  Sears  Found.  Mar.  Res.,  1  (3), 

107-108. 
(1963)    Suborder  Clupeoidea,  characters  and  key  to  families.     Mem.  Sears  Found.  Mar.  Res.,  1  (3), 

148-150. 

(1963)    Family  Alepocephalidae  (interim  account).  Mem.  Sears  Found.  Mar.  Res.,  1  (3),  250-252. 
(1963)    Family  Searsiidae  (interim  account).  Mem.  Sears  Found.  Mar.  Res.,  1  (3),  254-255. 
(1963)    Suborder  Salmonoidae,  characters  and  key  to  families.  Mem.  Sears  Found.  Mar.  Res.,  1  (3), 

455-456. 
(1963)    Genus  Salvelinus;  genus  Cristovomer.   Mem.  Sears  Found.  Mar.  Res.,  1  (3),  503-544. 

(1963)  Family  Coregonidae.    Mem.  Sears  Found.  Mar.  Res.,  1  (3),  547-551. 

(1964)  Suborder  Bathylaconoidea.   Mem.  Sears  Found.  Mar.  Res.,  1  (4),  561-564. 

BIGELOW,  H.  B.  and  EDMONDSON,  W.  T.  (1947),  Wind  waves  at  sea,  breakers  and  surf.  U.S.  Navy 
Hydrogr.  Office  Pub.  602,  xii  plus  177  pp.,  57  text  figs.,  24  pis.  (Also  translated  into  Russian 
in  1951  by  B.  B.  SHTOKGANA). 

BIGELOW,  H.  B.  and  FARFANTE,  I.  P.  (1948),  Fishes  of  the  Western  North  Atlantic.  Chap.  1.  Lance- 
lets.  Mem.  Sears  Found.  Mar.  Res.,  1,  1-28,  3  text  figs. 

BIGELOW,  H.  B.  and  ISELIN,  C.  (1927),  Oceanographic  reconnaissance  of  the  northern  sector  of  the 
Labrador  current.  Science,  65  (1691),  551-552. 


30 


BIGELOW,  H.  B.  and  LESLIE,  MAURINE  (1930),  Reconnaissance  of  the  waters  and  plankton  of  Monterey 

Bay,  July  1928.  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  Harvard  Coll.,  70  (5),  429-481,  43  text  figs. 
BIGELOW,  H.  B.,  LILLICK,  Lois  C.  and  SEARS,  MARY  (1940),  Phytoplankton  and  planktonic  protozoa 

of  the  offshore  waters  of  the  Gulf  of  Maine.    1.  Numerical  distribution.   Trans.  Amer.  Phil.  Soc., 

n.s.,  31  (3),  149-191,  10  text  figs. 
BIGELOW,  H.  B.  and  SCHROEDER,  W.  C.  (1927),  Notes  on  northwest  Atlantic  sharks  and  skates.  Bull. 

Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  Harvard  Coll.,  68  (5),  239-251. 
BIGELOW,  H.  B.  and  SCHROEDER,  W.  C.  (1929),  A  rare  Bramid  fish  (Taractes  princeps  Johnson)  in  the 

northwestern  Atlantic.  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  Harvard  Coll.,  69  (2),  41-50,  1  pi. 
BIGELOW,  H.  B.  and  SCHROEDER,  W.  C.  (1934),  Canadian  Atlantic  Fauna.     12.  Chordata.     12d. 

Marsipobranchii  (Lampreys).    12e.  Elasmobranchii  (Sharks  and  rays).    12f.  Holocephali  (Chim- 

aeroids).  Univ.  Toronto  Press  for  Biol.  Bd.,  Canada,  38  pp.,  35  text  figs. 
BIGELOW,  H.  B.  and  SCHROEDER,  W.  C.  (1935),  Two  rare  fishes,  Notacanthus  phasganorus  Goode  and 

Lycichthys  latifrons  (Steenstrup  and  Hallgrimsson),  from  the  Nova  Scotian  banks.  Proc.  Boston 

Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  41  (2),  13-18,  PI.  3. 
BIGELOW,  H.  B.  and  SCHROEDER,  W.  C.  (1936),  Supplemental  notes  on  fishes  of  the  Gulf  of  Maine. 

Bull.  U.S.  Bur.  Fish.,  48  (Bull  No.  20),  319-343. 
BIGELOW,  H.  B.  and  SCHROEDER,  W.  C.  (1937),  A  record  of  Centrolophus  niger  (Gmelin)  from  the 

western  Atlantic.    Copeia,  1937  (1),  51. 
BIGELOW,  H.  B.  and  SCHROEDER,  W.  C.  (1939),  Notes  on  the  fauna  above  mud  bottoms  in  deep  water 

in  the  Gulf  of  Maine.   Biol.  Bull.,  46  (3),  305-324,  8  text-figs. 
BIGELOW,  H.  B.  and  SCHROEDER.  W.  C.  (1940),  Notes  on  New  England  fishes — Carcharodon  carcharias 

(Linnaeus).   Copeia,  1940  (2),  139. 
BIGELOW,  H.  B.  and  SCHROEDER,  W.  C.  (1940),  Some  deep  sea  fishes  from  the  North  Atlantic.  Copeia, 

1940(4),  231-238. 
BIGELOW,  H.  B.  and  SCHROEDER,  W.  C.  (1940),  Sharks  of  the  genus  Mustelus  in  the  western  Atlantic. 

Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  41  (8),  417-438,  Pis.  14-19. 
BIGELOW,  H.  B.  and  SCHROEDER,  W.  C.  (1941),  Cephalurus,  a  new  genus  of  Scyliorhinid  shark  with 

redescription  of  the  genotype  Catulus  cephalus,  Gilbert.    Copeia  1941  (2),  73-76,  4  figs. 
BIGELOW,  H.  B.  and  SCHROEDER,  W.  C.  (1944),  New  sharks  from  the  western  North  Atlantic.  Proc. 

New  England  Zool.  Club,  23,  21-36,  Pis.  7-10. 
BIGELOW,  H.  B.  and  SCHROEDER,  W.  C.  (1945),  Guide  to  commercial  shark  fishing  in  the  Caribbean 

area.     Anglo-American  Caribbean  Commission,  Washington,  D.C.,  149  pp.,  56  figs.     (Also 

Fishery  Leaflet,  U.S.  Fish  and  Wildlife  Service  No.  135). 
BIGELOW,  H.  B.  and  SCHROEDER,  W.  C.  (1947),  Record  of  a  tilefish,  Lopholatilus  chamaeleonticeps 

Goode  and  Bean  for  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  Copeia,  1947  (1),  62-63. 
BIGELOW,  H.  B.  and  SCHROEDER,  W.  C.  (1948),  New  genera  and  species  of  Batoid  fishes.   /.  Mar. 

Res.,  7  (3),  543-566,  Figs.  1-9. 
BIGELOW,  H.  B.  and  SCHROEDER,  W.  C.  (1948),  Fishes  of  the  Western  North  Atlantic.  Ch.  2.  Cyclo- 

stomes.  Ch.  3.  Sharks.  Mem.,  Sears  Found.  Mar.  Res.,  1  (1),  29-546,  103  text  figs. 
BIGELOW,  H.  B.  and  SCHROEDER,  W.  C.  (1950),  New  and  little  known  cartilaginous  fishes  from  the 

Atlantic.  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool,  Harvard  Coll.,  103  (7),  385-408,  7  pis. 
BIGELOW,  H.  B.  and  SCHROEDER,  W.  C.  (1951),  A  new  genus  and  species  of  Acanthobatid  skate  from 

the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  J.  Washington  Acad.  Sci.,  41  (3),  1 10-113,  1  text  fig. 
BIGELOW,  H.  B.  and  SCHROEDER,  W.  C.  (1951),  Three  new  skates  and  a  new  Chimaerid  fish  from  the 

Gulf  of  Mexico.  /.  Washington  Acad.  Sci.,  41  (12),  383-392,  4  text  figs. 
BIGELOW,  H.  B.  and  SCHROEDER,  W.  C.  (1952),  A  new  species  of  the  cyclostome  genus  Paramyxine 

from  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  Breviora,  No.  8,  10  pp.,  6  text  figs. 
BIGELOW,  H.  B.  and  SCHROEDER,  W.  C.  (1953),  Fishes  of  the  Gulf  of  Maine.   First  Revision.   Fish 

and  Wildlife  Service,  Fish.  Bull.,  53  (Fish.  Bull.  74),  1-577,  288  text  figs. 

BIGELOW,  H.  B.  and  SCHROEDER,  W.  C.  (1953),  Fishes  of  the  Western  North  Atlantic.   Ch.  1.  Saw- 
fishes, Guitarfishes,  Skates  and  Rays.    Ch.  2.  Chimaeroids.    Mem.,  Sears  Found.  Mar.  Res.,  1 

(2),  588  pp.,  127  text  figs. 
BIGELOW,  H.  B.  and  SCHROEDER,  W.  C.  (1954),  Deep  water  elasmobranchs  and  chimaeroids  from  the 

northwestern  Atlantic  slope.  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  Harvard  Coll.,  112  (2),  37-87,  7  text  figs. 
BIGELOW,  H.  B.  and  SCHROEDER,  W.  C.  (1954),  A  new  family,  a  new  genus  and  two  new  species  of 

Batoid  fishes  from  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  Breviora,  No.  24,  16  pp.,  4  text  figs. 
BIGELOW,  H.  B.  and  SCHROEDER,  W.  C.  (1955),  Occurrence  off  the  Middle  and  North  Atlantic  United 

States  of  the  offshore  hake  Merluccius  albidus  (Mitchill)  1818,  and  of  the  blue  whiting  Gadus 

(Micromesistius}  poutassou  (Risso)  1826.   Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  Harvard  Coll.,  113  (2),  205-226, 

3  text  figs. 
BIGELOW,  H.  B.  and  SCHROEDER,  W.  C.  (1957),  A  study  of  the  sharks  of  the  suborder  Squaloidea. 

Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  Harvard  Coll.,  Ill  (1),  1-150. 
BIGELOW,  H.  B.  and  SCHROEDER,  W.  C.  (1958),  A  large  white  shark,  Carcharodon  carcharias,  taken 

in  Massachusetts  Bay,  Copeia,  1958  (1),  54-55. 
BIGELOW,  H.  B.  and  SCHROEDER,  W.  C.  (1958),  Four  new  Rajidsfrom  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  Bull.  Mus. 

Comp.  Zool.,  Harvard  Coll.,  119  (2),  201-233. 
BIGELOW,  H.  B.  and  SCHROEDER,  W.  C.  (1961),  Carcharhinus  nicaraguensis,  a  synonym  of  the  bull 

shark.  Copeia,  1961  (3),  359. 


31 


BIGELOW,  H.  B.  and  SCHROEDER,  W.  C.  (1962),  New  and  little  known  Batoid  fishes  from  the  Western 

Atlantic.  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  Harvard  Coll.,  128  (2),  159-244. 
BIGELOW,  H.  B.  and  SCHROEDER,  W.  C.  (1963),  Preface.  In:  Sharks  and  survival,  P.  W.  Gilbert,  editor, 

D.  C.  Heath  and  Co.,  vii-viii. 
BIGELOW,  H.  B.  and  SCHROEDER,  W.  C.  (1963),  Family  Osmeridae.   Mem.  Sears  Found.  Mar.  Res., 

1  (3),  131-139. 
BIGELOW,  H.  B.  and  SCHROEDER,  W.  C.  (1964),  A  new  skate,  Raja  cervigoni,  from  Venezuela  and  the 

Guianas.   Breviora,  No.  209,  1-5. 
BIGELOW,  H.  B.  and  SCHROEDER,  W.  C.  (1965),  A  further  account  of  Batoid  fishes  from  the  Western 

Atlantic.  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  Harvard.  Coll.,  132  (5),  443-477. 

BIGELOW,  H.  B.  and  SCHROEDER,  W.  C.  (1965),  Notes  on  a  small  collection  of  Rajids  from  the  sub- 
Antarctic  region.  Limnol.  Oceanogr.,  Suppl.  to  Vol.  10,  R38-R49. 
BIGELOW,  H.  B.  and  SCHROEDER,  W.  C.  (1968),  Additional  notes  on  Batoid  fishes  from  the  Western 

Atlantic.  Breviora. 
BIGELOW,  H.  B.  and  SCHROEDER,  W.  C.  (1968)  New  records  of  two  geographically  restricted  species 

of  western  Atlantic  skates:  Breviraja  yucatansis  and  Dactylobatus  armatus.   Copeia,  1968  (3). 
BIGELOW,  H.  B.,  SCHROEDER,  W.  C.  and  SPRINGER,  STEWART  (1943),  A  new  species  of  Carcharinus 

from  the  western  Atlantic.  Proc.  New  England  Zool.  Club,  22,  69-74. 
BIGELOW,  H.  B.,  SCHROEDER,  W.  C.  and  SPRINGER,  STEWART  (1953),  New  and  little  known  sharks  from 

the  Atlantic  and  from  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool,  Harvard  Coll.,  109  (3),  213-276, 

10  text  figs. 
BIGELOW,  H.  B.  and  SEARS,  MARY  (1935),  Studies  of  the  waters  of  the  continental  shelf,  Cape  Cod  to 

Chesapeake  Bay.  II.  Salinity.  Pap.  Phys.  Oceanogr.  MeteoroL,  4  (1),  1-94,  55  text  figs. 
BIGELOW,  H.  B.  and  SEARS,  MARY  (1937),  H  2.  Siphonophorae.    Kept.  Danish  Oceanogr.  Exped., 

1908-10,  to  the  Mediterranean  and  Adjacent  Seas,  2  (Biol.),  144  pp.,  83  text  figs. 
BIGELOW,  H.  B.  and  SEARS,  MARY  (1939),  Studies  of  the  waters  of  the  continental  shelf,  Cape  Cod  to 

Cape  Hatteras.   III.  A  volumetric  study  of  the  zooplankton.   Mem.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  Harvard 

Coll.,  54  (4),  183-378,  42  text  figs. 
BIGELOW,  H.  B.  and  WELSH,  W.  W.  (1925),  Fishes  of  the  Gulf  of  Maine.  Bull.  U.S.  Bur.  Fish.,  40  (1). 

1-567,  278  text  figs. 
BARBOUR,  THOMAS  and  BIGELOW,  H.  B.  (1944),  A  new  giant  Ceriatid  fish.  Proc.  New  England  Zool, 

Club,  32,  9-15,  Pis.  4-6. 
BIGELOW,  H.  B.  AND  SCHROEDER,  W.  C.  ( 1 968 ),  New  records  of  two  geographically  restricted  species 

of  Western  Atlantic  skates;  Breviraja  yucatensis  and  Dactylobatus  armatus.  Copeia,  1968  (3). 


UH    17ZV 


The  editor  apologizes  if  any  of  the  illustrations  in  this  issue  are  not  properly 
identified  and  credited.  In  our  search  for  old  photographs  it  turned  out  only  too 
often  that  negatives  or  prints  had  no  identification  whatsoever.  Corrections  from 
readers  will  be  appreciated.  We  thank  the  many  persons  who  helped  us,  particularly 
Mr.  Norman  T.  Allen,  archivist  of  the  Institution,  whose  files  and  memory  are  a 
goldmine  of  information;  also  Mr.  Dean  F.  Bumpus,  Mr.  Harold  Backus  and 
Dr.  George  L.  Clarke. 


Other  memorabilia  connected  with  Dr.  Bigelow  appeared  in  "Oceanus": 

Dedication  of  Bigelow  Volume,  Vol.  IV,  No.  2 

"On  Fish  and  Fisheries",  by  H.  B.  Bigelow,  Vol.  IV,  No.  2 

H.  B.  Bigelow  Medal  Editorial,  Vol.  VII,  No.  1 

Photograph  of  the  four  directors,  Vol.  VII,  No.  1 

"A  Medal  for  Dr.  Bigelow",  Vol.  VII,  No.  4 

"Of  H.  B.  Bigelow  and  Fishes",  by  W.  C.  Schroeder,  Vol.  VII,  No.  2 


"He  hated  to  have  his  picture  taken,  and  had  a  decided  repugnance  for  cameras 

and  candid  camera  people,  especially." 


The  Board  of  Trustees  has  voted  to  name  the  original 
building  of  our  Institution  the  Henry  Bryant  Bigelow  Building. 

A   bronze   plaque   will   be   designed   and   placed   in   a 
prominent  position. 


John  Donne's 

s     17 


Contents 

H.  8.  Bigelow  Volume 


ECIATION 


by  Michael  Gra/iom 


CORRESPONDENCE  WITH  CHARLES  FRANCIS  ADAMS 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF   HENRY  BRYANT  BIGELOW 


Contributors 


Paul  M.   Fye 


C.O'D.    Iselin 
W.   C.   Schroeder 
Charles  A.  Cootidge 


m 


"Selman  A.  Waksman     10 
Charles  E.  Renn 
A.   G**Hvntsman 
George  C.  Shattuck       2 


frying   f.   Schell 
Charles  P.   Lyma 


o.  2  July  1 


WOODS  HOLE  OCEANOGRAPHIC  INSTITUTION 

•<*» 

WOODS  HOLE,  MASSACHUSETTS