HANDBOUND
AT THE
UNIVERSITY OF
TORONTO PRESS
HORACE : THE ODES
HORACE: THE ODES
EDITED BY
A. H. ALLCEOFT, M.A. OXON.
AUTHOR OF "TUTORIAL HISTORY OF ROME," "ROME UNDER THE OLIGARCHS'
"THE EARLY PRINCIPATE," EDITOR OF CAESAR'S GALLIC WAR
VERGIL'S AENEID, ETC.
AND BOOKS I. —III. BY
B. J. HAYES, M.A. LOND. AND CAMS.
GOLD MEDALLIST IN CLASSICS
AUTHOR OF "THE TUTORIAL LATIN GRAMMAR," ETC.
LONDON : W. B. OLIVE
HIGH ST., NEW OXFORD ST., W.C.
PRINTED IN OEEAT BRITAIN BY DNIVEPxSITY TUTORIAL PRESS LT>. AT THE
BURLINGTON PRESS, FOXTON, NEAR CAMBRIDGE.
INTRODUCTION.
§ 1. Life of Horace. — QUINTUS HORATIUS FLACCUS, born
December 8th, B.C. 65, was the son of a freedman, a coactor,
or collector of moneys, occupying a small farm at Yenusia
in Apulia. The birth of Horace occurred after the en-
franchisement of his father, so that he was ingenuus, i.e.
the son of free parents ; but nevertheless he incurred some
cavil on the score of his parentage. At the age of twelve
or thereabouts he was brought to Rome to receive the best
education the city could give, and thus instead of attending
the country school whither many of his superiors in station
went, he became a pupil of some of the leading teachers
of the senatorial and equestrian youth. In particular he
records his school days with one Orbilius, whose cane was
always in his hand. He went to Athens at the age of eighteen,
that being to Rome what the English Universities are to
us; and there he studied the Epicurean philosophy, which
he afterwards professed. While there, he heard of the
assassination of Caesar (B.C. 44), and the flight of the
murderers, one of whom, Brutus, met Horace at Athens,
and appointed him to the command of a legion in the army
of the republican party That army was routed at Philippi
B.C. 42, and amongst the rest Horace left his shield behind
him and fled for his life. When the victorious party of
Octavianus (Augustus) shortly after wards issued free pardon
to the mass of the republicans, Horace immediately returned
to Italy. He found himself ruined, — his father dead, his
farm confiscated, and himself without influence or property.
He took the post of a clerk to the Quaestors, and turned to
composing Satires, the only field of literature not already
Hor. I.— IV.
2 INTRODUCTION.
occupied by some contemporary writer. His verses caught
the attention of Vergil and Varius, who introduced him to
Maecenas. The latter was, with Agrippa and Messala, at
once a leading political figure and a warm patron of litera-
ture. He introduced Horace to the highest literary society
of the time, including at different dates, besides Varius and
Vergil and many lesser lights, the great names of Tibullus
and Ovid. Propertius too was probably an acquaintance,
but not a friend, of Horace. His patron also presented
Horace to the Emperor Augustus, whom the poet long
treated with respect without affection ; and finally Maecenas
gave him a small estate amongst the Sabine Hills, about
fifteen miles from Tibur. At the latter place also the
poet had a small villa ; and between his farm, his villa, and
Rome, he spent the remaining years of his life, dying on
November 27th, B.C. 8, a few weeks after Maecenas.
§ 2. His Writings. — In giving his son so liberal an
education the father of Horace must have trusted that he
would one day turn it to good account. Unfortunately,
the death of Caesar and the subsequent civil war occurred
just at the period when the worth of that education would
under happier circumstances have shown itself; and, as
we have seen, Horace was driven to the merest drudgery
for a li ving. His own disgust may have led him to indulge
in the Satires, of which the first book probably appeared
about B.C. 35. The second book followed in B.C. 30, and in
the same year — the year after Augustus overthrew his
last opponent, Antonius, at Actium — appeared the first of
Horace's lyric compositions, the Epodes. The poet no
longer had any excuse for writing satire, as he was already
able to address Maecenas as amice, and was on the high
road to fortune. The first three books of the Odes appeared
before the end of B.C. 23 ; in B.C. 17 was written the Carmen
^aeculare, an Ode to be sung at the celebration of the Ludi
Saeculares, or Centennial Games; and between B.C. 17 and
13 was composed the fourth and last book of the Odes.
The Epistles — letters to various friends in the form of
verse — are in two books : the first \vas published in B.C. 20 j
the date of the second is uncertain : only one thing is clear,
INTRODUCTION. 3
that it was not contemporaneous with Odes, Book IV., but
was written either between B.C. 20 and 17, or at some date
after B.C. 13. The date of the Ars Poetica (sometimes
called the Third Epistle of the Second Book, or the Epistle
to the Pisos) is equally uncertain : till recent years it was
looked upon as unfinished, but editors now generally date
it B.C. 20 or 19.
§ 3. Chronological Summary of Horace's Life and
Writings.
B.C. 65. Birth of Horace, near Venusia, December 8th.
53. Arrival of Horace at Rome.
44. Horace at Athens.
42. Battle of Philippi : Horace fights on the side of
Brutus.
41. Horace a Quaestorian scribe at Rome.
39. Introduced by Vergil to Maecenas.
35. Satires I.
30. Satires II. and Epodes.
23. Odes I.— III.
23—20. Epistles I.
17. Carmen Saeculare.
13. Odes IV.
20—17 or after 13. Epistles II.
8. Death of Horace, November 27th.
§ 4. Date and Arrangement of the Odes. — For the date
we have the external evidence of Suetonius (A.D. 75 — 150)
and the internal evidence of the Odes themselves. Suetonius
gives us the vague information that Horace published
Books I. — III. first, and Book IV. later, at the special
request of Augustus, who wished the poet to do honour to
the deeds of himself and his step-sons Tiberius and Drusus.
Whether Books I. — III. were published simultaneously is
not quite certain; but the three Books were not written
consecutively, but during the same period of time. As
Book I. opens with a dedication to Maecenas and Book II.
closes fitly with an Ode on the poet's immortality, while
there is no special conclusion to Book I., or pi elude to
4 INTRODUCTION.
Book II., Books I. and II. form a whole in themselves;
and Book III. again is complete in itself, with introduction
and conclusion. This may only mean that the poet had a
special purpose in Book III., and does not prove a separate
or later publication. All three Books refer generally to
some well-known events; thus Horace is in possession of
his Sabine farm, given him by Maecenas about B.C. 33
(I. 17; II. 13, 18; III. 13, 16); the civil wars are over
(B.C. 31), but the empire has not yet settled down again
after the confusion (I. 2, 35; II. 1, 6 ; III. 6); Augustus,
first so called B.C. 27, is entering upon the path of reform
(I. 12; II. 15, 16; III. 1—6, 24); and wars in Spain
(ended in B.C. 19), Parthia (ended in B.C. 20), and Scythia
(ended much later) are still being waged (I. 2, 12, 19, 29,
35; II. 2, 6, 9, 11, 13, 16; III. 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 29). But
only in the few following Odes can any approximation be
made to a definite date. In Book I. we may place Ode
12 between B.C. 25 and 23, the date of the adoption of
Marcellus by Augustus and the date of his death ; and we
may also add that the Book would certainly not have been
published with this Ode after the death of Marcellus. Ode
24 must have been written in B.C. 24, when Quintilius
Varus died, and Ode 18 consequently earlier; Ode 31 in
B.C. 28, when the temple of Apollo was opened ; and Ode
37, the earliest, in September B.C. 30, on the death of
Cleopatra. In Book II., Ode 1 belongs to B.C. 30 or 29,
before the civil wars were quite ended ; Ode 2 falls between
B.C. 25, when Phrahates was restored to the throne of
Parthia, and B.C. 23, the year in which Murena, the
brother of Proculeius, joined the conspiracy of Fannius
Caepio against Augustus, for which he was executed in
B.C. 22 : this Ode and 10, and III. 19, would not have been
published after this conspiracy was discovered, so that this
limits the date of the publication of II. and III. Ode 4
of Book II. was written in B.C. 25, when Horace was forty
years of age ; Ode 9 after B.C. 27, when Octavianus was
n'rst called Augustus ; and Ode 10, like Ode 2, before B.C.
23. In Book III., we may place Ode 3 after B.C. 27 (see
II. y) ; Ode 14 in B.C. 24, when Augustus returned from
Spain; and Ode 19 before B.C. 23 (see II. 2, 10).
INTRODUCTION. 5
The latest date of each of the first three Books is
therefore B.C. 23, and in this year they were probably all
published. The earliest ascertainable date at which any
were written is B.C. 30 (I. 37) ; it is, however, possible that
some were written earlier, for, although the Epodes were
published early in B.C. 30, they contain only iambic metres,
and Horace may purposely have withheld some poems in
other metres and published them in the collection of Odes.
The date of the Carmen fiaeculare is B.C. 17 : it was
written at the special request of the Emperor for the Ludi
Saeculares in that year.
Book IY. was written between B.C. 17 and 13, and pub-
lished in B.C. 13. Four of its fifteen odes can be dated :
Odes 4 and 14 in B.C. 15, when Drusus and Tiberius defeated
the Ehaeti and Vindelici; Ode 5 in B.C. 13, when Augustus
returned from Spain; and Ode 6 in B.C. 17, the same year
as the Carmen Saeculare.
A difficulty has been raised by I. 3 and IV. 12, two Odes
addressed to Vergilius, often supposed to be the poet. I. 3
on that supposition refers to Vergil's last voyage from
Greece in B.C. 19, and would therefore make the publica-
tion of I. fall later than 23; but IV. 12 contains phrases
which cannot refer to the poet; another Vergil must be
meant, and if we assume I. 3 also to have been addressed
to this other Vergil, the difficulty as to the date of Book I.
vanishes.
The plan on which the Odes are arranged is clearly not
chronological, nor is it easy to discover any definite plan
at all, except in Book IV., and, to a slighter extent, in
Book III. Horace certainly had some artistic design, and
his general idea was apparently to give as much variety of
style and metre as possible. He studiously avoids the
impression of too much seriousness, and relieves a serious
poem by placing it in the company of lighter ones. And
again, the first nine poems of Book I. are all different in
metre. Book III., more serious than Books I. and II., has
a moral and political purpose more definitely stamped by
the six opening Odes, all part of one general plan and in
the same metre ; but, by way of compensation, fancy has
a freer hand in the rest of the book. Book IV., in respect
6 INTRODUCTION.
of plan as in other respects, stands by itself, being a model
of artistic arrangement : it contains four chief poems (Odes
4, 5, 14, 15), two sets of two, in each set an Ode in praise
of Augustus' step-sons preceding one in honour of Augustus
himself. The other poems are employed to set them in
relief: Odes 1, 2, 3 are introductory, leading up to 4 and 5,
while Odes 6 — 13 relieve the tension of seriousness, and
finally lead us back to the main purpose of the poet in his
two concluding Odes.
§ 5. The Title.— The word Ode is Greek (<o&} = " a song ") ;
the term is applied to these poems of Horace because they
are professed imitations of Greek " Odes." Horace himself
never uses the word of these poems, but calls them carmina
(III. 1, v. 2; IV. 1, v. 24).
§ 6. Greek origin. — Horace claims rightly the merit of
introducing into Italy songs written in imitation of Greek
lyric poetry in the Greek lyric metres. The poets he
specially imitates are Alcaeus, Alcman, Archilochus,
Asclepiades, Hipponax, Pindar, and Sappho. The metres
in which he has written are named after several of these.
Alcaeus was a native of Mytilene in Lesbos, born about
B.C. 650. He belonged to the aristocratic party, and fought
under Pittacus against the despots Melanchrus and Myrsilus;
by the latter he was banished, and travelled to Egypt. On
his return he opposed Pittacus, who was now despot, and was
taken prisoner, but pardoned. On one occasion, in a battle
against the Athenians at Sigeum, he threw away his shield,
as did Horace six centuries later at Philippi, and Horace
only imitated him in celebrating the event in poetry. He
wrote, in the Aeolic dialect, hymns, political songs, love
songs, and especially drinking songs. Alcman also flourished
in the closing half of the seventh century B.C. He was a
Lydian slave brought to Sparta, where he obtained his free-
dom, and founded a school of Doric lyric poetry. He wrote
six books of poems containing hymns, paeans, love songs,
songs for maidens, and drinking songs. Archilochus, an
Ionian, the son of Telesicles and a slave-woman, was born at
Paros in the latter half of the eighth century B.C. He lived
INTRODUCTION. 7
a wandering life, went with a colony to Thnsos, where in
battle he too threw away his shield, visited Sparta, where
he was not allowed to remain, and returned at last to Paros
to be slain in battle. He was betrothed at one time to
Neobule, daughter of Lycambes, but, being jilted, replied with
a satire so scathing that Keobule and Lycambes hanged
themselves. His nature was like gall and his pen charged
with poison. He is one of the greatest of Greek poets, and
introduced into literature not only satire, but also iambic
and trochaic metres. His style is perfect. Asclepiades was
a native of Samos, and a poet of the Alexandrine school of
the second century B.C. His surviving works are epigrams,
mostly erotic. Hipponax, an imitator of Archilochus in
the use of satire written in iambics, was born at Ephesus in
the early part of the sixth century B.C. He was banished
to Clazomenae by the despots of Ephesus, Athenagoras arid
Comas, and is best known for his encounter with two
sculptors of Chios, Bupalus and Athenis ; they ridiculed his
unprepossessing appearance ; he replied with satire, and
Bupalus hanged himself. He wrote in Ionic and invented
scazon, or "limping" iambic verse. Pindar, the greatest
of Greek lyric poets, was born at Thebes about B.C. 520,
where he lived the greater part of his life ; he found great
patrons in the Aleuadae of Thessaly, Alexander of Macedon,
Arcesilaus of Cyrene, and especially Theron of Agrigentum
and Hieron of Syracuse. He died at Argos in B.C. 422.
His works were remarkable for number, variety, and genius ;
but only four books of epinicia, or odes in honour of victors
at the Greek games of Olympia, Delphi (Pythian), Nemea,
and the Isthmus survive. Sappho, probably the greatest
poetess the world has known, was a contemporary of Alcaeus
at Mytilene in Lesbos. She lived 630 — 570 B.C. She is
said to have been short and dark, but beautiful, and was of
good birth and position. Owing to political troubles she
lived for some time in Sicily. At Lesbos she founded a
school of poetry for ladies, and wrote mainly lyrics in the
Aeolic dialect, using the metre called after her Sapphic.
§ 7. Scope. — Under this aspect we must keep Book IV.
of the Odes apart from the other three (see § 4). Between
8 INTRODUCTION.
it and them there are strong and unmistakably marked
differences. Books I. — III. were written by Horace between
the ages of thirty-five and forty-two; Book IV. between
forty-eight and fifty-two. D uring the interval certain changes
took place in the poet's life. The central figure at the
earlier period was Maecenas, at the later Augustus. When
Book IV. was written Maecenas had retired from the helm
of state, and he is only once mentioned (in Ode 11), and that
in a light poem. In Books I. — III. Horace is only just
shaking off his earlier republicanism, and deciding to support
the new government of Augustus; whereas Book IV. is
written at the behest of the Emperor, and the poet is
recognised laureate. So in Book IV. the political purpose
is predominant, and the lyre is used as the background,
reversing the earlier condition, where, if seriousness is not
wanting, it is the seriousness of the cause of virtue, morality,
and the respublica, not of a special party ; and except for
the earlier Odes of Book III., where a set purpose is clear,
one would hardly suspect the poet to be a politician. In
the Odes, as contrasted with the Epodes, we bear in mind
that Horace is not now struggling for fame : he is known
and rewarded and in possession of his Sabine farm given by
Maecenas. Personal bitterness is absent. There are in all
(including the Carmen Saeculare) 104 poems, and, if we
remember the artistic arrangement of them, the most
striking feature is the growing moral purpose, culminating
in Book IV. Many — and these are generally the longer
poems — are directly aimed at public vice, or are only thinly
veiled incentives to the virtues of citizenship (I. 2, 12, 35,
37; II. 1, 15, 16; III. 1-6, 14, 24; IV. 4, 5, 14, 15).
Others again dwell on the chances and changes of life, the
vanity of riches, the blessings of contentment, no doubt im-
pressed on Horace by the experiences of his own early life ;
many of these are addressed to personal friends (I. 4, 9, 11,
18; II. 2, 3, 10, 14, 18; III. 16; IV. 7); a merrier philo-
sophy of love and wine in moderation and of enjoyment of
the passing hour is inculcated (I. 4, 7, 9, 11, 18, 27, 37;
II. 11; III. 17, 28; IV. 12); most numerous of all are
love poems (I. 5, 8, 13, 16, 19, 22, 23, 25, 30, 33; II. 4, 5,
8; III. 7, 9, 10, 12, 15, 19, 20, 26; IV. 10, 11, 13); there
INTRODUCTION. 9
are, moreover, a few touching ones on death and sorrow (I. 24,
28 ; II. 9) ; hymns to the gods Apollo, Bacchus, Diana,
Faunus, Mercury, Yenus (I. 10, 21, 31 ; II. 19; III. 11, 18,
21, 22, 25; IV. 1, 6); songs in praise of poetry, his muse,
and his own immortality (I. 1, 6, 32; II. 12, 20; III. 30;
IV. 2, 3, 8, 9) ; and finally, some personal poems (I. 3, 26,
29; II. 6, 7; III. 23, 27); poems on his home (I. 17;
III. 13); and occasional odes on passing events, anniver-
saries, invitations, and so forth (I. 14, 20, 34, 36; II. 13,
17; III. 8, 29).
§ 8. Style. — The great merit of Horace is that he intro-
duced Greek forms and styles of poetry with success into
Latium. His poetry is imitation concealed by art. Some
of his odes are clearly experiments in the adaptation of
Greek metres which he did not think altogether successful ;
others again are close representations of Greek songs. In
drawing comparisons we are hampered by the loss of the
Greek lyric originals; but when we compare Horace with some
of his fellow Latin poets we see with what marvellous skill
he rises above them in this direction. Occasionally there
are Greek constructions, and the references to Greek litera-
ture and mythology are numerous; but a Roman would
not have felt that he was reading mere imitations : the
poet's crucible has in magic wise re-formed his material.
On two points a word may be said : Horace's choice of
words and phrases, and his arrangement of matter. We
have noticed the arfeist in his arrangement of the Odes.
The artist is equally seen in these two points. His phrases
are terse, pointed, clear, and simple: he is one of the
world's greatest masters of expression. His arrangement
is marked by self-repression and characteristic irony. He
deprecates elevation and didactics while using them, and
apologises for lofty nights by rebuking his muse. Important
themes are often introduced by allegories, or as if uninten-
tionally, and a serious thought is rounded off into lightness.
He is always vigorous, healthy, and interesting.
§ 9. Prosody. — The metres used by the classical Latin
poets are all of Greek origin, and depend entirely on
10 INTRODUCTION.
quantity; i.e. on the length of syllables. A syllable con-
tains either one vowel or a diphthong ; any syllable contain-
ing a diphthong or long vowel is a long syllable, and a
syllable containing a short vowel is a short syllable unless
two consonants (see Rule 3 below) follow the vowel. Thus —
os, " bone," has genitive ossis, in which the first syllable is
long on account of the position of o before ss, although the
o is naturally short, as is seen by the nominative.
The following rules are sufficient for the learner's guidance
in reading verse, but are nearly all subject to some few
exceptions : —
(1) A diphthong or contracted syllable is long; e.g.
mensae, nil ( = nihil}.
(2) The former of two vowels not forming a diphthong ia
short ; e.g. puer.
(3) A syllable is long when its vowel is followed in the
same word by two consonants (other than h), by one of the
double consonants x, «, or by semi-consonant i (sometimes
printed j).
(4) A final syllable ending in a consonant counts as long
before a word beginning with a semi-consonant i or a con-
sonant (other than h).
(5) A syllable containing a vowel naturally short is either
long or short when the vowel is followed by two different
consonants of which the second is I or r ; e.g. patris or pdtris,
gen. sing, of pater. (A vowel by nature long remains long ;
e.g. mdtris, gen. sing, of mater).
(6) Final syllables of words ending in a, i, o, u, as, es, os,
and c, are long. Final a, however, in nom., voc., and ace.
is short. Final es is short in such nominatives singular as
miles, and in the nom. plural of Greek substantives, e.g.
lampddes ; and final as is short in the corresponding Greek
ace. plural, lampddds. Final os is short when it represents
Greek -os.
(7) Final e is short except in the 1st (Greek) and 5th
declensions, in 2nd sing, imper. act. of verbs of the 2nd
conjugation, and in adverbs.
(8) Final is is short except in ace., dat., and abl. plural,
INTRODUCTION. H
and in 2nd sing, pres, ind. act. of verbs of the 4th con-
jugation.
(9) Final us is short, except in the nom., voc., and ace.
plural and gen. sing, of the 4th declension, and in fern,
substantives like pdlus.
(10) Final syllables of words of more than one syllable
ending in a consonant other than c or s are short.
(11) Monosyllables are generally long, excepting those
ending in 6, d, t.
ELISION. — Before a word beginning with a vowel or h a
final vowel or diphthong is elided, as also is a final m
together with the vowel preceding it — e.g. in the first and
second lines of Odes II. 1.
§ 10. Metre. — A line of Latin poetry is termed a verse.
Some of the Odes of Horace consist of the same verse
throughout, others are written in couplets, and others again
in stanzas of four verses each. Some authorities hold that
as all Horace's Odes (with the exception, perhaps, of III. 12
and IV. 8) contain a number of verses divisible by 4, they
should all be arranged in four-line stanzas.
A verse consists of a certain number of feet, all the feet
in any one verse being theoretically of the same length,
i.e. each foot contains the same number of short syllables or
their equivalent, the short syllable (^) being adopted as the
unit of measurement, and counting as one " time."
The necessity of a system of scansion which recognises
uniformity in the length of the feet of a verse arises from
the fact that metre originated with songs, and that feet
correspond to bars of music, which must be of uniform
length so long as the same " time " is maintained.
A long syllable (-) has normally the value of two times.
In certain positions, however, a long syllable takes the place
of a short syllable ; it is then called " irrational," and is
denoted by the sign > .
Again, a long syllable may have the value of three or of
four times : in the former case it is denoted by u_ ; the
latter value does not occur in any of the metres to be
explained here.
12 INTRODUCTION.
The leet found in the Odes of Horace are : —
Of three times : trochee (•* ^), irrational trochee (- > ),
and syncopated trochee (i— ) ;
cyclic dactyl * (-^ «^) ;
iambus (w _x) and irrational iambus (> -^).
Of four times : dactyl (- ^ ^) ;
spondee (- -).
Of six times : ionicus a minore (w w - -).
The sign (') indicates the position of the ictus or metrical
stress; this must not be confused with the word-accent,
with which it may or may not coincide. In the following
metrical schemes it can easily be supplied from the above
list of feet, but the relative strength of the ictus in different
parts of the verse was by no means the same, and cannot be
determined with certainty ; it must have varied in accord-
ance with the requirements of rhythm and sense.
Many verses begin with an introductory syllable (known
as the "anacrusis"), which does not form part of the system
of the verse, and is marked off below by a dotted line ( • ).
This syllable may be long or short.
In many verses the last foot is incomplete, a pause
compensating for the missing syllable : such verses are
termed " catalectic " (i.e. " stopping short "). Verses in
which the last foot is complete are called " acatalectic."
The last syllable of a verse is in practice either long or
short without regard to its theoretical length; the latter
accordingly is not given in the schemes below.
Caesura ("cutting") is a break at a fixed place in the
verse, and must coincide with the end of a word; it is
indicated by the sign ||. Caesura occurs once in most
kinds of verse, and twice in some; it may come in the
middle or at the end of a foot.
The Odes of Horace are, with but few exceptions,
written in (a) the Alcaic stanza, (6) the Sapphic stanza, or
(c) one of the five Asclepiad systems. All these measures
are trochaic.
* In a cyclic dactyl the long syllable and the first short syllable
together have the value of two times.
INTRODUCTION. 13
(a) The following is the scheme of the Alcaic stanza : —
C i - w I - > I! -w w I - ^ I - *
c; - w I - > n -w w I - w I -
C: - w I - > | _ w | _ ^
— ^ w I — ^ w I — <^ I — sy
This is the metre of 37 Odes; the first of them (I. 9)
begins thus : —
Vi- : des ut | alta || stet mve | candi- 1 dum
So- j racte, | nee iam || sustine- 1 ant o- 1 nus
Sil- • vae la- 1 boran- 1 tes, ge- 1 luque
(b) In the Sapphic stanza (sometimes called " First
Sapphic ") the first three lines are alike : —
_ w I _ > |-wwl-v>l-w (verses 1-3).
-^ ^ I - w (verse 4).
Caesura occurs in each of the first three verses of the
stanza after the fifth syllable ; no pause should, however,
be made at that place in reading.
This is the metre of 25 Odes; the first of them (I. 2)
begins thus : —
Iam sa- 1 tis ter- 1 ris n mvis | atque j dirae
Grandl- 1 nls mi- 1 sit i, Pater, | et ru- 1 bente
Dexte- 1 ra sar I eras n iacu- 1 latus | arces
Terruit | Orbem.
(c) Of the five Asclepiad systems, the first and second
consist of uniform verses, the third of couplets, the fourth
and fifth of four-line stanzas, f
First Asclepiad (in I. 1, III. 30, IV. 8) :—
- > I -w w I i— II -w <^ I - w I —
Maece- 1 nas ata- 1 vis || edite | regi- 1 bus. (I. 1.)
* The line is catalectic ; the pause compensates for the missing
syllable.
f As already pointed out, these should perhaps all be arranged in
four-line stanzas.
14 INTRODUCTION.
Second Asclepiad (in I. 11, 18, IV. 10):—
- > I -w -^ I "- H -w w I I- II -^ w I - w I -
Tu ne I quaesie- 1 ris.||scire ne- 1 fas.|jquem mihi, j quem ti- j bi. (1. 11.)
Third Asclepiad (in 12 Odes) :—
Couplets consisting of the First Asclepiad preceded by
- > I -w ^ I - w I -
Sic te I diva po- 1 tens Cy- 1 pri,
Sic fra- 1 ties Hele- 1 nae, || lucida | side- 1 ra. (I. 3.)
Fourth Asclepiad (in 9 Odes) :—
Stanzas consisting of three lines like the First Asclepiad,
followed by the shorter line of the Third Asclepiad.
_ > I _ w y I 1— 1 1 - y v I - y I
Scribe- [ ris Vari- 1 o || fortis et | hosti- 1 um
Victor I Maeoni- 1 i || carmmTs | all- 1 te,
Quam rem | cumque fe- 1 rox || navibus | aut e- 1 quis
Miles | te duce | gesso- 1 rit. (I. 6.)
Fifth Asclepiad (in 7 Odes) :—
Four-line stanzas, ot which the first two lines are like the
First Asclepiad and the last one like the shorter line of
the Third Asclepiad, the third line being
_ > | -^ w | L_ | _
t I - w y I L_ I! _ wv]- v|
Quis mul- 1 ta graci- 1 lis || te puer j in ro- 1 sa
Perfu- 1 sus Uqui- 1 dis || urget o- 1 dori- 1 bus
Grato, I Pyrrha, sub [ an- 1 tro ?
Cui fla- 1 vam reli- 1 gas co- | mam ? (I. 5.)
Besides Alcaics, Sapphics, and Asclepiads, there are six
other metres used by Horace in the Odes, perhaps (as has
been suggested) by way of experiment. Of these, the
Alcmanian is found in two Odes (I. 7, 28), the rest in one
Ode each.
(d] The Alcmanian couplet consists of the common dactylic
INTRODUCTION. 15
hexameter followed by a dactylic tetrameter. The latter is
the same as the hexameter minus the first two feet.
- ww I - ww I — II ww I - s^w 1 - ww I
The caesura may occur after the second syllable of the
third foot of the hexameter, if that is a dactyl. A spondee
in the last foot but one of either verse is rare.
Lauda- 1 bunt all- 1 i 1 cla- 1 ram Ehodon | aut My tl- 1 lenen.
Aut Ephe- 1 son blma- 1 rTsve Co- 1 rinthi. (I. 7.)
C («) The First Archilochian couplet consists of the dactylic
hexameter followed by a dactylic trimeter (verse of three
feet) catalectic.
Diff u- 1 gere ni- 1 ves, 1 1 rede- 1 unt iam | gramina | campis
Arbori- [ busque co- 1 mae. (IV. 7.)
(/) The Fourth Archilochian couplet begins with four
dactyls, for the first three of which spondees may be sub-
stituted ; as the rest of the measure consists of feet of three
times, the dactyls should be regarded as cyclic and the
spondees as irrational.
w" -wl^-wl-wl-wll— I -
Solvitur | acris hi- 1 emps gra- 1 ta vice || vens | et Fa- 1 vo- 1 ni,
Ti-a- • huntque siccas machi- nae ca- ri- nas. (I. 4.)
The Second Archilochian and Third Archilochian do not
occur in the Odes.
(g) The Greater Sapphic (sometimes called " Second
Sapphic") has the following scheme: —
-w v, I - w I L_ I -
- w | _> | -v^wli— l!-wwl -W|L_ |«
_ „„ I _ „ I L_ I
Lydia, | die, per | om- 1 nes
Te de- | os o- 1 ro, Syb-i- 1 rin || cur prope- | res a- 1 man- 1 do. (I. 8.)
16 INTRODUCTION
(h) The couplet known as Hipponacteum consists of a
trochaic tetrapody catalectic and an iambic hexapody
catalectic. (A tetrapody is a verse of four feet, a hexapody
a verse of six feet.)
Non e- 1 bur ne- 1 que aure- 1 um
v- I „ _ I w _ I « _ I „ - '
Mea | reni- | det in | domo | lacu- 1 nar. (II. 18.)
(i) The metre called lonicus a minor e consists entirely
of the foot of the same name (^ w ± _); it occurs only in
III. 12. The division of this Odo into verses, as in the
text, is customary, but rests on no certain authority.
Q. HORATI FLACCI
C A EM INU M
l/LIBER PEIMUS.
I.
-* (Asclepiad 1.)
MAECENAS atavis edite regibus,
O et praesidium et dulce decus meum,
Sunt quos curriculo pulverem Olympicum
Collegisse iuvat, metaque fervidis
Evitata rotis palmaque nobilis 5
Terrarum dominos evehit ad deos;
Hunc, si mobilium turba Quiritium
Certat tergeminis tollere honoribus ;
Ulum, si proprio condidit horreo,
Quidquid de Libycis verritur areis. i c
Gaudentem patrios findere sarculo
Agros Attalicis condicionibus
Numquam demoveas, ut trabe Cypria
Myrtoum pavidus nauta secet mare.
Luctantem Icariis fluctibus Africum 1 5
Mercator metuens otium et oppidi
Laudat rura sui ; mox reficit rates
^uassas, indocilis pauperiem pati.
Est qui nee veteris pocula Massici
Nee partem solido demere de die 20
Hor. I. %
18 HORACE
Spernit, mine viridi membra sub arbuto
Stratus, nunc ad aquae lene caput sacrae.
Multos castra iuvant et lituo tubae
1 Permixtus sonitus bellaque matribus
Detestata. Manet sub love frigido 25
Yenator tenerae coniugis inmemor,
Seu visast catulis cerva ndelibus,
Seu rupit teretes Marsus aper plagas.
Me doctarum hederae praemia frontium
Dis miscent superis, me gelidum nemus 30
Nympharumque leves cum Satyris chori
Secernunt populo, si neque tibias
Euterpe cohibet nee Polyhymnia
Lesboum refugit tendere barbiton.
Quodsi me lyricis vatibus inseres, 35
Sublimi feriam sidera vertice.
II.
(Sajpphic 1.)
r> lam satis terris nivis atque ditae
Grandinis misit Paler, e^ rubente
Dextera sacras iaeulatus arees
Terruit tlrbem,
Terruit gentes,' grave ne rediret
Saeculum Pyrrhae nova monstra questae.,
Omne cum Proteus pecus egit altos
Visere montes.
ODES I. 2. 19
•^ |~_\^ ^ o \ _ vj I— o
Piscium jet sujc^a^enusuiaesiyulmo,
Nota /quaiT seizes fujerat c^lun{bi^ i o
Et superiecto. pavidae natarunt
. Aequore damae> '
Vidimus flavum Tiberim retprtis
Etrusco violenter undijf
Ire deiectum monumenta regis 1 5
Templaque Yestae ;
Iliae, dum se nimium querenti
lactat ultorem^ vagus et sinistra
Labitur ripa.Iove non .pjobante. u-
xorius amnis.. 20
Audiet cives acuisse f errum,
Quo graves I^ersae meKus parirent,
Audiet pugnas vitio. parentum
Bara iuventusy,
Quem^vocet divum populus ruentis 25
Imperi rebug ? Prece qua fotigent
Yirgines sanctae minus audientem
Carmina Yestam ?
Cui. dabit partes scelus expiandi
luppiter ? Tandem venias, precamur, 30
Nube candentes umeros amictus,
Augur Apollo ,;
Sive tu mavis, Erycina ridens,
Quam locus circum volat et Cupido ;
Sive ^eglectum genus et nepotes 35
Eespicis auctor,
20 HORACE
Heu minis longo satiate ludoy
Quern iuvat clamor galeaegue leves
Acer et Mauri peditis cruentum
Voltus in hostem. 40
Sive mutata iuvenem figura
Ales in terris imitaris almae
Filius Maiaej pati'ens yocari
Caesaris ultor :
Serus in caelum redeas, diuque 45
Laetus intersis populo Quirini,
Neve te nostris vitiis'iniquum
Qcior^-aura
Tollat ; hie magnos potius triumphos,
Hie ames dici pater atque princeps, 50
Neu sinas Medos -equitare inultos,
Te duce, Caesar. '
(Asclepiad 3.)
Sic te diva potens Cypri,
Sic fratres Helenae, lucida sidera, \/
Ventorumque regat pater
Obstrictis aliis praeter
Navis, quae tibi creditum
Debes Yergilium : finibus Atticis
Beddas incolumem, precor,
Et serves animae dimidium meae.
ODES I. 3. 21
Illi robur et aes triplex
Circa pectus erat, qui fragilem truci i o
Conmisit pelago ratem ^
Primus, nee tinTUit praecipitem Africum
Decertantem Aquilonibus,
Nee tristes Hyadas, nee rabiem Noti,
Quo non arbiter Hadriae 1 5
Maior, tollere seu ponere volt freta.
Quern mortis timuit gradum,
Qui siccis oeulis monstra natantia,
Qui vidit mare turbidum et
Infames scopulos, Acroceraunia ? 20
Nequiquam deus abscidit
Prudens Oceano dissociabili
Terras, si tamen inpiae
Non tangenda rates transiliunt vada.
Audax omnia perpeti 25
Gens humana ruit per vetitum nefas.
Audax lapeti genus
Ignem fraude mala gentibus intulit.
Post ignem aetheria domo ^
Subductum macies et nova febrium 30
Terris incubuit cohors,
Semotique prius tarda necessitas
Leti corripuit gradum.
Expertus vacuum Daedalus aera
Pennis non homini datis ; 35
PeiTupit Acheronta Herculeus labor.
22 HORACE
Nil mortalibus arduist ;
Caelum ipsum petimus stultitia, neque
Per nostrum patimur scelus
Iracunda lovem ponere fulmina. 40
IV.
(ArchilocMan 4.)
Solvitur acris hiemps grata vice veris et Favoni,
Trahuntque siccas machinae carinas,
Ac neque iam stabulis gaudet pecus aut arator igni,
Nee prata canis albicant pruinis.
Iam Cytherea chores ducit Venus inminente luna, 5
lunctaeque Nymphis Gratiae decentes
Alterno terram quatiunt pede, dum graves Cyclopum
Volcanus ardens urit officinas.
Nunc decet aut viridi nitidum caput impedire myrto
Aut flore terrae quern f erunt solutae ; i o
Nunc et in umbrosis Fauno decet immolare lucis,
Seu poscat agna sive malit haedo.
Pallida Mors aequo pulsat pede pauperum tabernas
Kegumque turres. 0 beate Sesti,
Vitae summa brevis spem nos vetat inchoare longam. 1 5
Iam te premet nox, fabulaeque Manes,
Et domus exilis Plutonia ; quo simul rnearis,
Nee regna vini sortiere talis,
Nee tenerum Lycidan mirabere, quo calet iuventus
Nunc omnis et mox virgines tepebunt. 20
ODES i. 5, 6. 23
V.
(Asclepiad 5.)
Quis multa gracilis te puer in rosa
Perfusus liquidis urget odoribus
Grato, Pyrrha, sub antro ?
Cui flavam religas comam,
Simplex munditiis ? Heu quotiens fidem 5
Mutatosque deos flebit et aspera
Nigris aequora ventis
Emirabitur insolens,
Qui nunc te fruitur credulus aurea,
Qui semper vacuam, semper amabilem 10
Sperat, nescius aurae
Fallacis. Miseri, quibus
Intemptata nites. • Me 'tabula sacer
Voting, paries indicat uvida
Suspendisse potenti 1 5 N
Vestimenta maris dgo. \
(Asclepiad 4.)
Scriberis Yario fortis et hostium^.
Victor Maeonii carminis jilit§,
Quam rem cumque f erox navibus aut equis
Miles te duce gesserit.
Nos, Agrippa, neque liaec dicere nee gravem
Pelidae stomackum cedere nescii,
Nee cursus duplicis per mare Ulixei,
Nee saevam Pelopis domum
24 HOHACE
Qonamur, tenues grandia, dum pudor
Inbellisque lyrae Musa potens vetat i o
Laudes egregii Caesaris et tuas
Culpa deter ere ingeni.
Qtiis Martem tunica tectum adamantina
Digne scripserit, aut pulvere Troico
Nigrum Merionen ? aut ope .Palladia 1 5
Tydiden superis parem ?
Nos convivia, nos proelia virginum
Sectis in iuvenes unguibus acrium
Cantamus, vacui, sive quid urimur,
Non praeter solituin leves. 20
V
™-
(Alcmanian.)
Laudabunt alii claram EJiodon aut Mytilenen, -
Aut Epheson bimarisve Corinthi
Moenia, vel Baccho Thebas vel Apolline Delphos
Insignes aut Thessala Tempe.
Sunt quibus unum opus est, intactae- Palladis
Carmine perpetuo celebrare et
Undique decerptam fronti praaponere olivam.
Plurimus in lunonis honorem
Aptum dicet equis Argos ditesque Mycenas.^
Me nee tarn patiena JLacedaemon i o
Nee tarn Larissae percussit campus opimae,
Quam domus Albuneae resonantis
Et praeceps Anio ac Tiburni lucus et uda
Mobilibus pomaria rivis.
Albus ut obscuro deterget nubila caelo 1 5
Saepe Notus nee parturit imbres
ODES i. 8. 25
Perpetuo, sic tu sapiens finire memento
Tristitiam vitaeque labores
Molli, Plance, mero, sen te fulgentia signis
Castra tenent sen densa tenebit . z«
Tiburis umbra tui. j Teucer Salamina patremque
Cum fugeret, tamen uda Lyaeo
Tempora populea fertur vinxisse corona,
Sic tristes adf atus amicos :
" Quo nos cumque feret melior fortuna parente, 25
Ibimus, o socii comitesque !
Nil desperandum Teucro duce et auspice Teucro :
Certus enim promisit Apollo,
Ambiguam tellure nova Salamina futuram.
0 fortes peioraque passi 3»
Mecum saepe viri, nunc vino pellite curas ;
Cras ingens iterabimus aequor."
VIII.
/(Sapphic 2.)
Lydia, die, per omnes
Te deos oro, Sybarin cur properes amando
Perdere; cur apricum
Oderit campum, patiens pulyeris atque solis ? IA^>J
Cur neque militaris 5
Inter aequales equitat, Galliica nee lupatis
Temperat ora frenis ?
Cur timet flavum Tiberim tangere ? Cur olivum
Sanguine viperino
Cautius vitat, neque iam livida gestat armis i o
j1 Brasilia, saepe disco,
Saepe trans finem iaculo nobilis expedite ?
26 HORACE
Quid latet, ut marinae
Filium dicunt Thetidis sub lacrimosa Troiae
Funera, ne virilis 1 5
Cultus in caedem et Lycias proriperet catervas ?
IX.
(Alcaic.)
Vides ut alta stet nive candidum
Soracte, nee iam sustineant onus
Silvae laborantes, geluque
Flumina constiterint acuto.
Dissolve frigus ligna super foco 5
Large reponens atque benignius
Deprome quadrimum Sabina,
0 Thaliarche, merum diota.
Permitte divis cetera, qui simul
Stravere ventos aequore f ervido i o
Deproeliantes, nee cupressi
Nee veteres agitantur orni.
Quid sit futurum eras, fuge quaerere, et
Quern fors dierum cumque dabit, lucro
Adpone, nee dulces amores 1 5
Sperne, puer, neque tu choreas,
Donee virenti canities abest
Morosa. Nunc et campus et areae
Lenesque sub noctem susurri
Conposita repetantur hora, 20
Nunc et latentis proditor intimo
Gratus puellae risus ab angulo,
Pignusque dereptum lacertis
Aut digito male pertinaci.
ODES I. 10, 11.
X.
(Sapphic 1.)
l/Mercuri, facunde nepos Atlantis,
Qui feros cultus nominum recentum
Voce formasti catus et decorae
More palaestrae,
Te canam, magni lovis et deorum 5
Nuntium curvaeque lyrae parentem,
Callidum, quidquid placuit, iocoso
Condere furto.
Te, boves olim nisi reddidisses
Per dolum amotas, puerum minaci i o
Voce dum terret, viduus pharetra
Risit Apollo.
Quin et Atridas duce te superbos
Ilio dives Priamus relicto
Thessalosque ignes et iniqu'a Troiae 1 5
Castra fefellit.
Tu pi as laetis animas reponis
Sedibus, virgaque levem coerces
Aurea turban^ superis deorum
Gratus et imis. 20
XI.
(Asclepiad 2.)
Tu ne quaesieris, scire nefas, quern mihi, quern tibi
Finem. di dederint, Leuconoe, nee Babylonios
Temptaris numeros. Ut melius, quidquid erit, pati !
Seu plures hiemes seu tribuit luppiter ultimam,
28 HORACE
Quae mini oppo^tTs; debilftaf pumicibus mare
Tyrrhenum : sapias, vina liques, et spatio brevi
Spem longam reseces. Dum loquimur, fugerit invida
Aetas : carpe diem, quam minimum credula postero.
XII,
(Sapphic 1.)
Quern virum aut heroa lyra vel acri
Tibia sumis celebrare, Clio ?
Quern deum ? Cuius recinet iocosa
Nomen imago
Aut in umbrosis Heliconis oris, 5
Aut super Pindo gelidove in Haemo ?
Unde vocalem temere insecutae
Orphea silvae,
Arte materna rapidos morantem
Fluminum lapsus celeresque ventos, i o
Blandum et auritas fidibus canons
Ducere quercus.
Quid prius dicam solitis parentis
Laudibus, qui res hominum ac deorum,
Qui mare ac terras variisque mundum 1 5
Temperat horis ?
Unde nil maius generatur ipso,
Nee viget quicquam simile aut secundum.
Proximos illi tamen occupavit
Pallas honores, 20
Proeliis audax ; neque te silebo,
Liber, et saevis inimica virgo
Beluis, nee te, metuende certa
Phoebe sagitta.
ODES i. 12. 29
Dicam et Alciden puerosque Ledae, 25
Hunc equis, ilium superare pugnis
Nobilem ; quorum simul alba nautis
Stella refulsit,
Defluit saxis agitatus umor,
Concidunt venti fugiuntque nubes, 30
Et minax, quod sic voluere, ponto
Unda recumbit. >,
Romulum post lios prius, an quietum
Pompili regnum memorein, an superbos
Tarquini fasces, dubito, an Catonis 35
Nobile letum.
Regulum et Scauros animaeque magnae
Prodigum Paullum superante Poeno
Gratus insigni ref eram camena
Fabriciumque. 40
Hunc, et incomptis Curium capillis
Utilem bello tulit, et Oamillum
Saeva paupertas et avitus apto
Cum lare fundus.
Crescit occulto velut arbor aevo 4 5
Fama Marcelli ; inicat inter omnes
lulium sidus, velut inter ignes
Luna minores.
Gentis humanae pater atque custos,
Orte Saturno, tibi cura magni 50
Caesaris fatis data : tu secundo
Caesare regnes.
30 HORACE. <
Hie seu Parthos Latio inminentes
Egerit iusto domitos triumpho,
Sive subiectos Orientis orae 55
Seras et Indos,
Te minor latum reget aequus orbem ;
Tu gravi curru quaties Olympum,
Tu parum castis inimica mittes
Fulmina lucis. 60
XIII.
(Asclepiad 3.)
Cum tu, Lydia, TelepM
Cervicem roseam, lactea Telephi
Laudas bracchia, vae meum
Fervens difficili bile tumet iecur.
Turn nee mens mihi nee color 5
Certa sede manet, Timor et in genas
Furtim labitur, arguens
Quam lentis penitus macerer ignibus.
Uror, seu tibi candidos
Turparunt umeros inmodicae mero i o
Kixae, sive puer furens
Inpressit memorem dente labris notam.
Non, si me satis audias,
Speres perpetuum dulcia barbare*
Laedentem oscula, quae Yenus 1 5
Quinta parte sui nectaris imbuit.
Felices ter et amplius,
Quos inrupta tenet copula nee malis
Divolsus querimoniis
Suprema citius solvet amor die. 20
ODES i. 14, 15. 31
XIV.
(^Asclepiad 5.)
O navis, referent in mare te novi
Fluctus. 0 quid agis ? Fortiter occupa
Portum. Nonne vides, ut
Nudum remigio latus
Et malus celeri saucius Africo 5
Antennaeque gemant, ac sine funibus
Vix durare carinae
Possint imperiosius
Aequor ? Non tibi sunt integra lintea,
Non di, quos iterum pressa voces malo. i o
Quamvis Pontica pinus,
Silvae filia nobilis,
lactes et genus et nomen inutile :
Nil pictis timidus navita puppibus
Fidit. Tu, nisi ventis 1 5
Debes ludibrium, cave.
Nuper sollicitum quae im'Tii taedium,
Nunc desiderium curaque non levis,
Interfusa nite*ntes
Vites aequora Cycladas. 20
XV.
(Asclepiad 4.)
Pastor cum traheret per freta navibus
Idaeis Helenen perfidus hospitam ;
Ingrato celeres obruit otio
Ventos, ut caneret fera
32 HORACE
Nereus fata. " Mala duels avi domum, 5
Quam multo repetet Graecia milite,
Coniurata tuas rumpere nuptias
Et regnum Priami vetus.
Elieu, quantus equis, quantus adest viris
Sudor ! quanta moves f unera Dardanae i o
Genti ! lam galeam Pallas et aegida
Currusque et rabiem parat.
Nequiquam Yeneris praesidio ferox
Pectes caesariem, grataque feminis
Inbelli cithara carmina divides ; 1 5
Nequiquam thalamo graves
Hastas et calami spicula Cnosii
Vitabis strepitumque et celerem sequi
Aiacem : tamen, lieu serus! adulteros
Crines pulvere collines. 20
Non Laertiaden, exitium tuae
Gentis, non Pylium Nestora respicis ?
Urguent inpavidi te Salaminius
Teucer, te Sthenelus, sciens
Pugnae, sive opus est imperitare equis, 25
Non auriga piger. Merionen quoque
Nosces. Ecce furit, te reperire atrox
Tydides melior patre,
Quern tu, cervus uti vallis in altera
Yisum parte lupum graminis inmemor, 30
Sublimi fugies mollis anhelitu,
Non hoc pollicitus tuae.
ODES i. 16. 33
Iracunda diem prof eret Hio
Matronisque Phrygian classis Achillei ;
Post certas hiemes uret Achaicus 35
Ignis Pergameas domos."
XVI.
(Alcaic.)
0 matre pulchra filia pulchrior,
Quern criminosis cumque voles modum
Pones iambis, sive flamma
Sive mari libet Hadriano.
Non Dindymene, non adytis quatit 5
Mentem sacerdotum incola Pythius,
Non Liber aeque, non acuta
Si geminant Corybantes aera,
Tristes ut irae, quas neque Noricus
Deterret ensis nee mare naufragum 10
Nee saevus ignis nee tremendo
luppiter ipse ruens tumultu.
Fertur Prometheus addere principi
Limo coactus particulam undique
Desectam et insani leonis ! 5
Vim stomacho adposuisse nostro.
Irae Thyesten exitio gravi
Stravere, et altis urbibus ultimae
Stetere causae, cur perirent
Funditus inprimeretque muris 20
Hostile aratrum exercitus insolens.
Conpesce mentem ; me quoque pectorip
Temptavit in dulci iuventa
Fervor et in celeres iambos
Hor. I. 3
34 HORACE
Misit furentem ; nunc ego mitibus 25
Mutare quaero tristia, dum milii
Fias recantatis arnica
Opprobriis animumque reddas.
XVII.
(Alcaic.)
Volox amoenum saepe Lucretilem
Mutat Lycaeo Faunus et igneam
Defendit aestatem capellis
Usque meis pluviosque ventos.
Inpune tutum per nemus arbutos 5
Quaerunt latentes et thyma deviae
Olentis uxores mariti,
Nee virides metuunt colubras,
Nee martiales Haediliae lupos,
Utcumque dulci, Tyndari, fistula 10
Yalles et Usticae cubantis
Levia personuere saxa.
Di me tuentur, dis pietas mea
Et Musa cordist. Hie tibi copia
Manabit ad plenum benigno 1 5
Ruris hone-rum opulenta cornu.
Hie in reducta valle Oaniculae
Vitabis aestus, et fide Te'i'a
Dices laborantes in uno
Penelopen vitreamque Oircen ; 2 o
Hie innocentis pocula Lesbii
Duces sub umbra, nee Semeleius
Cum Marte confundet Thyoneus
Proelia, nee metues protervum
ODES i. 18, 19. 35
Suspecta Cyrum, ne male dispari 25
Incontinentes iniciat marnis
Et scindat haerentem coronam
Crinibus inmeritamque vestem.
XVIII.
(Asclepiad 2.)
Nullam, Vare, sacra vite prius severis arborem
Circa mite solum Tiburis et moenia Catili ;
Siccis omnia nam dura deus proposuit neque
Mordaces aliter diffugiunt sollicitudines.
Quis post vina gravem militiam ant pauperiem crepat ? 5
Quis non te potius, Bacche pater, teque, decens Venus ?
At ne quis modici transiliat munera Liberi,
Centaurea monet cum Lapithis rixa super mero
Debellata, monet Sithoniis non levis Euhius,
Cum fas atque nef as exiguo fine libidinum i o
Discernunt avidi. Non ego te, candide Bassareu,
Invitum quatiam nee variis obsita frondibus
Sub divum rapiam. Saeva tene cum Berecyntio
Cornu tympana, quae subsequitur caecus amor sui,
Et tollens vacuum plus nimio gloria verticem, 1 5
Arcanique fides prodiga, perlucidior vitro.
XIX.
(Asclepiad 3.)
Mater saeva Cupidinum
Thebanaeque iubet me Semeles puer
Et lasciva Licentia
Finitis animum reddere amoribus.
36 HORACE
Urit me Glycerae nitor, 5
Splendentis Pario marmore purius ;
Urit grata protervitas
Et voltus nimium lubricus adspici.
In me tota ruens Venus
Cyprum deseruit, nee patitur Scythas i o
Et versis animosum equis
Parthum dicere, nee quae nihil attinent.
Hie vivum mihi caespitem, hie
Verbenas, pueri, ponite turaque
Bimi cum patera meri : 1 5
Mactata veniet lenior hostia.
XX.
(Sapphic 1.)
Vile potabis modicis Sabinum
Cantharis, Graeca quod ego ipse testa
Condition levi, datus in theatro
Cum tibi plausus, v
Clare, Maecenas, eques, ut paterni V 5
Fluminis ripae simul et iocosa
Bedderet laudes tibi Vaticani
Montis imago.
Caecubum et praelo domitam Caleno
Tu vides uvam : mea nee Falernae i o
Temperant vites neque Formiani
Pocula colles.
ODES i. 21, 22. 37
XXI.
(Asclepiad 5.)
Dianam tenerae dicite virgines,
Intonsum, pueri, dicite Cynthium
Latonamque supremo
Dilectam penitus lovi.
Vos laetam fluviis et nemorum coma, 5
Quaecumque aut gelido prominet Algido,
Nigris aut Erymanthi
Silvis aut viridis Cragi ;
Vos Tempe totidem tollite laudibus
Natalemque, mares, Delon Apollinis, i o
Insignemque pharetra
Fraternaque umerum lyra.
Hie bellum lacrimosum, hie miseram famem
Pestemque a populo et principe Caesare in
Persas atque Britannos 15
Yestra motus aget prece.
\y xxii.
(Sapphic 1.)
Tiifieger vitae scelerisque purus
Non eget Mauris iaculis neque arcu
Nee venenatis gravida sagittis,
Fusee, pharetra,
Sive per Syrtes iter aestuosas,
Sive facturus per inhospitalem
Caucasum vel quae loca fabulosus
Lambit Hydaspes.
38 HORACE
Namque me silva lupus in Sabina,
Dum meam canto Lalagen et ultra 10
Terminum curis vagor expeditis, X
Fugit inermem,
Quale portentum neque militaris
Daunias latis alit aesculetis,
Nee lubae tellus generat, leonum 1 5
Arida nutrix.
Pone me pigris ubi nulla campis
Arbor aestiva recreatur aura,
Quod latus mundi nebulae malusque
luppiter urguet ; 20
Pone sub curru nimium propinqui
Soils in terra domibus negata :
Dulce ridentem Lalagen amabo,
Dulce loquentem.
y xxni.
(Asdepiad 5.)
Vitas hinnuleo me similis, Chloe,
Quaerenti pavidam montibus aviis
Matrem non sine vano
Aurarum et siliiae metu.
Nam seu mobilibus veris inhorruit 5
Adventus foliis, seu virides rubum
Dimovere lacertae,
Et corde et genibus tremit.
Atqui non ego te tigris ut aspera
Gaetulusve leo f rangere persequor : i o
Tandem desine matrem
Tempestiva sequi viro.
ODES i. 24, 25. 39
, m
(Asclepiad 4.)
" Quis desiderio sit pudor aut modus
Tam cari capitis ? Praecipe lugubres
Cantus, Melpomene, cui liquidam pater
Vocem cum cithara dedit.
Ergo Quintilium perpetuus sopor 5
Urguet ? Cui Pudor et lustitiae soror,
Incorrupta Fides, nudaque Veritas
Quando ullum inveniet parem ?
Multis ille bonis flebilis occidit,
Nulli flebilior, quam tibi, Vergili. 10
Tu frustra pius heu non ita creditum
Poscis Quintilium deos.
Quid si Threi'eio blandius Orpheo A *}*•
Auditam moderere arboribus fidem ? /^
Num. vanae redeat sanguis imagini, 1 5
Quam virga semel horrida,
Non lenis precibus fata recludere,
Nigro conpulerit Merctirius gregi ?
Durum : sed levius fit patientia
Quidquid corrigerest nefas. 20
XXV.
(Sapphic 1.)
Parcius iunctas quatiunt fenestraa
Ictibus crebris iuvenes protervi,
Nee tibi somnos adimunt, amatque
lanua limen,
40 HORACE
Quae prius multum facilis movebat 5
Cardines. Audis minus et minus iam :
"Me tuo longas pereunte noctes,
Lydia, dormis ? "
Invicem moechos anus arrogantes
Flebis in solo levis angiportu, 10
Thracio bacchante magis sub inter-
lunia vento,
Cum tibi flagrans amor et libido,
Quae solet matres furiare equorum,
Saeviet circa iecur ulcerosum, 1 5
Non sine questu,
Laeta quod pubes liedera virenti
Gaudeat pulla magis atque myrto,
Aridas frondes Memis sodali
Dedicet Euro. *o
XXVI.
(Alcaic.}
Musis amicus, tristitiam et metus
Tradam protervis in mare Oreticum
Portare ventis, quis sub Arcto
Rex gelidae metuatur orae,
Quid Tiridaten terreat, unice 5
Securus. 0 quae fontibus integris
Q-audes, apricos necte flores,
Necte meo Lamiae coronam,
Pimplei dulcis. Nil sine te mei
Prosunt honores : hunc fidibus novis, 10
Hunc Lesbio sacrare plectro
Teque tuasque decet sorores.
ODES i. 27. 41
XXVII.
(Alcaic.)
Natis in usum laetitiae scyphis
Pugnare Tkracumst : tollite barbarum
Morem, verecundumque Bacchum
Sanguineis proliibete rixis.
Vino et lucernis Medus acinaces 5
Immane quantum discrepat : inpium
Lenite clamorem, sodales,
Et cubito remanete presso.
Voltis severi me quoque sumere
Partem Falerni ? Dicat Opuntiae i o
Frater Megillae, quo beatus
Volnere, qua pereat sagitta.
Cessat voluntas ? Non alia bibam
Mercede. Quae te cumque domat Venus,
Non erubescendis adurit. 1 5
Ignibus; ingenuoque semper
Amore peccas. Quidquid habes, age,
Depone tutis auribus. A miser,
Quanta laborabas Charybdi,
Digne puer meliore flamma ! 20
Quae saga, quis te solvere Thessalis
Magus venenis, quis poterit deus ?
Vix inligatum te triformi
Pegasus expediet Chimaera.
42 HORACE
XXVIII.
(Alcmanian.)
Te maris et terrae numeroque carentis arenae
Mensorem cohibent, Archyta,
Pulveris exigui prope litus parva Matinum
Munera, nee quicquam tibi prodest
Aerias temptasse domos animoque rotundum 5
Percurrisse polum morituro.
Occidit et Pelopis genitor, conviva deorum,
Tithonusque remotus in auras
Et lovis arcanis Minos admissus, habentque
Tartara Panthoiden iterum Oreo 10
Demissum, quamvis clipeo Troiana refixo
Tempora testatus nihil ultra
Nervos atque cutem morti concesserat atrae,
ludice te non sordidus auctor
Naturae verique. Sed omnes una manet nox, 1 5
Et calcanda semel via leti.
Dant alios Furiae torvo spectacula Marti,
Exitiost aviduin mare nautis ;
Mixta senum ac iuvenum densentur funera, nullum
Saeva caput Proserpina fugit. 20
Me quoque devexi rapidus comes Orionis
Illyricis Notus obruit undis.
At tu, nauta, vagae ne parce malignus arenae
Ossibus et eapiti inhumato
Particulam dare : sic, quodcumque minabitur Eurus 2 5
Muctibus Hesperiis, Yenusinae
Plectantur silvae te sospite, multaque merces,
Unde potest, tibi defluat aequo
ODES I. 29. 43
Ab love Neptunoque sacri custode Tarenti.
Neglegis inmeritis nocituram 30
Postmodo te natis fraudem conmittere ? Fors et
Debita iura vicesque superbae
Te maneant ipsum : precibus non linquar inultis,
Teque piacula nulla resolvent.
Quamquam festinas, non est mora longa; licebit 35
Iniecto ter pulvere curras.
XXIX.
(Alcaic.)
Icci, beatis nunc Arabum invides
Gazis ; et acrem militiam paras
Non ante devictia. Sabaeae
Regibus, horribilique Medo
Nectis catenas. Quae tibi virginum . 5
Sponso necato barbara serviet ?
Puer quis ex aula capillis
Ad cyathum statuetur unctis,
Doctus sagittas tendere Sericas
Arcu paterno ? Quis neget arduis i o
Pronos relabi posse rivos
Montibus et Tiberim reverti,
Cum tu coemptos undique nobilis
Libros Panaeti Socraticam et domum
Mutare loricis Hiberis, * 5
Pollicitus meliora, tendis ?
44 HORACE.
XXX.
(Sapphic 1.)
0 Venus, regina Cnidi Paphique,
Sperne dilectam Cypron et vocantis
Ture te multo Glycerae decoram
Transfer in aedem.
Fervidus tecum puer et solutis
Gratiae zonis properentque Nymphae
Et parum comis sine te luventas
Mercuriusque.
XXXI.
(Alcaic.)
Quid dedicatum poscit Apollinem
Vates ? Quid orat, de patera novum
Fundens liquorem ? Non opimas
Sardiniae segetes feracis,
Non aestuosae grata Calabriae 5
Armenta, non aurum aut ebur Indicum,
Non rura, quae Liris quieta
Mordet aqua taciturnus amnis.
Premant Galena f alee quibus dedit
Fortuna vitem, dives et aureis i o
Mercator exsiccet culullis
Vina Syra reparata merce,
Dis cams ipsis,'quippe ter et quater
Anno revisens aequor Atlanticum
Inpune. Me pascunt olivae, 1 5
Me cichorea levesque malvae.
ODES i. 32, 33. 45
Frui paratis et valido milii,
Latoe, dones ac precor Integra
Cum mente, nee turpem senectam
Degere nee cithara carentem. 20
XXXII.
(Sapphic I.)
Poscinmr. Siquid vacui sub umbra
Lusimus tecum, quod et hunc in annum
Vivat et plures, age die Latinum,
Barbite, carmen,
Lesbio primum modulate civi, 5
Qui ferox bello tamen inter arma,
Sive iactatam religarat udo
Litore navim,
Liberum et Musas Veneremque et illi
Semper haerentem puerum canebat i o
Et Lycum nigris oculis nigroque
Crine decorum.
0 decus Phoebi et dapibus supremi
Grata testudo lovis, o laborum
Dolce lenimen medicumque, salve 15
Bite vocanti !
XXXIII.
(Asclepiad 4.)
Albi, ne doleas plus, nimio memor
Inmitis GUycerae neu miserabiles
T)ecantes elegos, cur tibi iunior
Laesa praeniteat fide.
46 HORACE
Insignem tenui fronte Lycorida
Cyri torret amor, Cyrus in asperam
Declinat Pholoen : sed prius Apulia
lungentur capreae lupis
Quam turpi Pholoe peccet adultero.
Sic visum Veneri, cui placet inpares i o
Formas atque animos sub iuga aenea
Saevo mittere cum ioco.
Ipsum me melior cum peteret Venus,
Grata detinuit compede Myrtale
Libertina, fretis acrior Hadriae 1 5
Curvantis Calabros sinus.
XXXIV.
(Alcaic.)
Parcus deorum cultor et infrequens,
Insanientis dum sapientiae
Consultus erro, nunc retrorsum
Vela dare atque iterare cursus
Cogor relictos : namque Diespiter, 5
Igni corusco nubila dividens
Plerumque, per purum tonantes
Egit equos volucremque currum ;
Quo bruta tellus et vaga flumina,
Quo Styx et invisi norrida Taenari i o
Sedes Atlanteusque finis
Concutitur. Valet ima summis
Mutare et insignem attenuat deus,
Obscura promens ; hinc apicem rapax
Fortuna cum stridore acuto 1 5
Sustulit, hie posuisse gaudet.
ODES i. 35. 47
XXXV.
(Alcaic.)
0 diva, gratum quae regis Antium,
Praesens vel imo tollere de gradu
Mortale corpus vel superbos
Vertere funeribus triumphos,
Te pauper ambit sollicita prece 5
Kuris colonus, te dominam aequoris,
Quicumque Bithyna lacessit
Carpatliium pelagus carina.
Te Dacus asper, te profugi Scythae,
Urbesque gentesque et Latium f erox i o
Regumque matres barbarorum et
Purpurei metuunt tyranni,
Iniurioso ne pede proruas
Stantem columnam, neu populus frequens
Ad arma cessantes, ad anna 1 5
Concitet imperiumque frangat.
Te semper anteit saeva Necessitas, •
Clavos trabales et cuneos manu
Gestans aena, nee severus
[Jncus abest liquidumque plumbum. 20
Te Spes et albo rara Fides colit
Yelata panno, nee comitem abnegat,
Utcumque mutata potentes
Yeste domos inimica linquis.
At volgus infidum et meretrix retro 25
Periura cedit, diffugiunt cadis
Cum f aece siccatis amici,
Ferre iugum pariter dolosi.
48 HORACE
Serves iturum Caesarem in ultimos
Orbis Britannos et iuvenum recens 30
Examen, Eois timendum
Partibus Oceanoque rubro.
Eheu cicatricum et sceleris pudet
Fratrumque. Quid nos dura refugimi
Aetas? quid intactum nefasti ^^ 35
Liquimus ? unde manum iuventus
Metu deorum continuit? quibus
Pepercit aris ? 0 utinam nova
Incude diffingas retusum in
Massagetas Arabasque ferrum ! 40
:\
XXXVI.
(Asclepiad 3.)
Et ture et fidibus iuvat
Placare et vituli sanguine debito
Custodes Numidae decs,
Qui nunc Hesperia sospes ab ultima
Caris multa sodalibus, 5
Nulli plura tamen dividit oscula
Quarn dulci Lamiae, memor
Actae non alio rege puertiae
Mutataeque simul togae.
Cressa ne careat pulchra dies nota, i o
Neu promptae modus amphorae,
Neu morem in Salium sit requies pedum,
Neu multi Damalis meri
Bassum Threicia vincat amystide,
Neu desint epulis rosae 1 5
Neu vivax apium neu breve lilium.
ODES i. 37. 49
Omnes in Darnalin putres
Deponent oculos, nee Damalis novo
Divelletur adultero,
Lascivia hederis ambitiosior. 20
xxxvu.
(Alcaic.}
Nunc est bibendum, mine pede libero
Pulsanda tellus, nunc Saliaribus
Ornare pulvinar deorum
Tempus erat dapibus, sodales.
Antehac nefas depromere Ckecubum 5
Cellis avitis, dum Capitolio
Regina dementes ruinas
Funus et imperio parabat
Contaminate cum grege turpium
Morbo virorum, quidlibet inpotens 10
Sperare fortunaque dulci
Ebria. Sed minuit furorem
Vix una sospes navis ab ignibus,
Mentemque lymphatam Mareotico •
Kedegit in veros timores 1 5
Caesar, ab Italia volantem
Remis adurguens, accipiter velut
Molles columbas aut leporem citus
Venator in campis nivalis
Haemoniae, daret ut catenis 20
Fatale monstrum. Quae generosiua
Perire quaerens nee muliebriter
Expavit ensem nee latentes
Classe cita reparavit oras,
Ear. I.
0"
50 HORACE I ODES I. 38.
A lisa et iacentem visere regiam z 5
Voltu sereno, fortis et asperas
Tractare serpentes, ut atrum
Corpore conbiberet venenum,
Deliberata morte f erocior ;
Saevis Liburnis scilicet invidens 30
Privata deduci superbo
. Non humilis mulier triumpho.
XXXVIII.
/(Sapphic 1.)
Persicos odi, puer, adparatus,
Displicent nexae philyra coronae ;
>Mitte sectari, rosa quo locorum
Sera moretur,
Simplici myrto nih.il adlabores
Sedulus euro ; neque te ministrum
Dedecet myrtus neque me sub arta
Vite bibentem.
NOTES.
G. refers to the Tutorial Latin Grammar (Univ. Tutorial Press),
t Denotes a variant reading.
ODE I. — Some men, Maecenas, find pleasure in fame or .ojfic&or
riches. The yeoman loves his fields, the merchant his ship^ Wine
pleases one, War another ; a third will forego everything for Sport.
My pleasure is to be a, poet, my ambition to be classed amongst the
writers of Lyrics.
The Ode is addressed to Maecenas, concerning whom see Index.
1. atavis regibus : abl. of origin ; G. § 386. The two nouns are in
apposition — " Sprung from ancestors who were kings." Avus, is a
grandfather ; proavus, a great-grandfather , abavus, atavus, tritavus
each signify an ancestor one degree more remote.
3. Olympicum : the " dust of Olympia " alludes to the great national
festival, celebrated with trials of genius and strength every four
years, round the temple of Olympian Zeus at Pisa in Elis. The
prize (palma] was a wreath of wild olive. luvat : -est qui, sunt qui
take the indie, when merely stating that such and such a person
exists; the subj. when meaning "there exist persons of such and
such a sort as to ... ."
6. terrarum dominos : an oblique predicate — " raises up as masters
of the world."
7. hunc . . . ilium: "one . . . another." The accusatives depend
on evehit ad deos to be supplied as apodosis to the two clauses " si . . .
honoribus" and " *i . . . horreis." In English we should say, "if
so and so happens, it raises him," etc. Quiritium : Quirites, lit.
''Lance-bearers" (from quiris, a lance), is the name for Romans
in their civil capacity.
8. tergeminis honoribus : the threefold office (honor) of Curule
Aedile, Praetor, and Consul.
12. Attalicis condicionibus : "by offers such as Attalus could
make." See Index. Gondiciones means terms, conditions, offers.
13. demoveas : subj. in the apodosis of a conditional sentence of
which the protasis is suppressed — " You could never remove (if you
were to try)."
52 HOUACE, ODES I. 2.
14. Myrtoum mare : the Western parts of the Aegean Sea, so-called
from the island of Myrto off the S. point of Euboea (Negroponf).
Eastward of this lay the Icarium mare, said to be named after Icarus,
son of Daedalus, who was drowned while endeavouring to fly across
it. Africum : so. ventum (the S. wind from Africa), is object of
metuens.
18. pati: the use of an infin. depending upon an adj., rare in
earlier writers, is very common in Horace. In prose it must be
replaced by a gerund or a dependent subjunctive with ut, etc. Other
instances in this Book are iii. 25 ; vi. 6 ; x. 7 ; xviii. 18 ; xxxv. 2 ;
xii. 10, 26 ; xxiv. 17 ; xxxv. 28.
19. Massici : so. vini. see Index.
20. solido : "whole," " uninterrupted," i.e. the business hours of the
day.
21. membra: accus. of the part affected, with stratus.
23. lituo is put, by brachylogy, for litui sonitui. Cavalry used
the curved lituus ; infantry, the straight tuba.
24. matribus : dat. of the agent G. § 356. So catulis, v. 27.
25. sub love : the name of Jupiter is put for the sky where he
dwelt. Cp. sub divo, and xxii. 20.
29. Poets were thought to be inspired by Bacchus, to whom the
ivy was sacred.
33. Euterpe. . . . Polyhymnia: see Index, s.v. Musa.
34. Lesboum : i.e. to sing such songs as those of the Lesbian poets.
See Index, s.v. Alcaeus.
i ODE IL — There have been enough of prodigies and fear — Jupiter
and Tiber affrighting us. Our children will hear of our civil wars
end suffer for our sins. But what God will hear us? Apollo?
Venus? Mars? Or Mercury \ rather, for he is here on earth. Long
may he remain to avenge us and triumph over our enemies I
Addressed to Augustus (Octavianus), who is represented as Mercury.
The Ode was probably written soon after 31 B.C., for in that year
Augustus finally crushed at Actium the partizans of the murderers of
his (adoptive) father C. Tulius Caesar.
2. Pater : Jupiter. Nivis, grandinis : both dependent upon satis ;
G. § 395. *
5. ne : the construction usual after a word denoting fear is here
used because terruit gentes^he made the nations afraid.
6. Deucalion and his wife Pyrrha were alone spared when the
deluge covered the world ; they re-peopled it afterwards by throwing
behind them stones which immediately turned into human beings.
Novus often signifies " new and strange."
7. Proteus : a sea-god, usually attended by a flock (jpecus) of
seals. It was of them that Pyrrha complained, as well as of their
being able to swim even over the hill-tops in the flood.
8. visere : this use of the infin. to express purpose is not allowable in
prose. It is a Graecism. Cp. xii. 2. Queui virum suiui* oelebrwre :
xxvi. 3, tradam ventii portare.
NOTES. 53
-m™. nsed fot ^ the nraal word for a rirer-bank.
ine liber divided Etruria from Latium for some distance.
n 1,'»»2ieC^m: snPine expressing purpose after a verb of motion.
G. §332. Regis : Numa, second king of Borne, 723 B.C., who built
the hall and temple of Vesta.
17. Ilia, or Ehea Sylvia, became by Mars the mother of Romulus
and Remus. According to one account, Amulius, her uncle, fearing
that her sons would deprive him of his kingdom of Alba Lonea
threw aU three into the Tiber ; whence she is said to have been the
wife of Tiber, and that river is called « too fond of his wife " because
he avenged her by his inundations.
18. iactat : for the tense, see G. § 531 simstra ripa: abl. of the
road by which.
22. Persae : see Index, t.v. Parthus. Perirent: see i. IS, n. The
suppressed protasis in this case is " if it were used at all."
23. vitio parentum : belongs as a causal abl, to rara — " few because
of (t.<?. lessened by) the faults of their parents."
25. vocet: deliberative subj. : mfatigent.
26. rebus: "for (the help of) the fortunes of the falling state,"
a dat. of advantage.
27. minus : « too little," i.e. " not at all," qualifying audientem.
30. venias : G. § 476 : and cp. redcas and intersi* w. 45, 46.
Precamur: is parenthetic, and has nothing to do with the syntax
31. umeros : cp. i. 21, n.
32. Apollo is the god of prophecy, and the augures were the inter-
preters of omens. Hence he is called Augur, or prophet, himself.
33. Erycina : Venus, so called from her famous temple at Mt. Bryx,
in N.W. Sicily.
34. quam . . . circum : a preposition (except terms') seldom follows
the word it governs. Its proper position is immediately before it.
36. auctor: Mars, " Father " of Romulus and, through him, of the
Roman people (see v. 17, n).
37. satiate: voc. of the participle. Ludo; the pastime of Mars
is war.
38. leves: (notice the quantity) "smooth,** and so "polished,"
" bright"
41. nmtata figura : abl. of means with imitaris.
43. " Benign Maia's winged son " is Mercury, the child of Jupiter
and Maia, one of the daughters of Atlas.
44. ultor : see Index, g.v. Augustus.
47. iniquum : *' unkind to," "intolerant of," our sins.
50. ames : see v. 30, n. Pater : sc. patriae, was a title given to
Augustus, who rescued the State from civil war; and once before to
Cicero, who saved it from Catiline's conspiracy.
51. Medos : see Index, g.v. Parthus.
52. te duce, see G. § 3S3. Caesar : Augustus. After the time of
Julius all emperors called themselves Caesars.
54 HORACE, ODES I. 3.
V ODE TIT. — May all the deities of Seat and Winds protect you,
Vergil, and bring you safe to Greece I Whoso first braved the
storms and stars, the sea and Us crags, had a heart of brass ! The
gods divided the world with seas, but we laugh at the barrier. No-
thing awes us. The daring of Prometheus brought suffering upon
us ; but that did not awe Daedalus or Hercules ; it does not awe us.
We defy the gods to anger, nor suffer them to leave us in peace.
Addressed to the ship in which the poet Vergil is sailing to Athena.
1. Sic : " on such conditions ..." The condition is contained in
the clauses "finibus . . . meae." In English we should transpose the
order, and say, " Prithee, give back safe to the shores of Attica, and
take care of my soul's other half 1 So (i.e. on these conditions) may
Venus, etc., guide thee." The verbs are all in the jussive subjunctive ;
G. § 475 ; and regat (regant} must be repeated with all the nomina-
tives in the first stanza. Diva : Venus, who was especially wor-
shipped at Paphos in Cyprus, and who sprang from the foam of the
sea.
2. fratres Helenae : Castor and Pollux, twin sons of Zeus (Jupiter)
and Leda, and brothers of Helen, the wife of Menelaus, and cause of
the Trojan war. They were the protecting gods of sailors.
3. pater : Aeolus, who restrained or let loose the winds at will.
4. lapyga : the W.N.W. wind, favourable to a vessel voyaging to
Greece from Italy. It blew off the lapygian promontory in the heel
of Italy, whence its name.
6. debes : lit. " owe us Vergil entrusted to thee," i.e. " art our
debtor for Vergil."
7. incolumem : predicative to Verg ilium repeated, to which
dimidium is appositive.
12. Africum : see i. 14, n.
14. Hyades : (Gk. 'TdSes, the rainers}, a group of seven stars in
the constellation Taurus.
15. quo : abl. of the thing compared after maior, G. § 387. The
S. wind is called the Ruler of the Adriatic Sea, as being the prevail-
ing wind there.
16. ponere: "lay to rest." Cp. Verg. Aen. v. 763, Straverunt
aequora renti. Seu is omitted before tollere.
18. monstra : here — monsters, not prodigies. Vidit is to be
supplied from v. 19.
20. Acrocerannia : " Peak of Thunders," a dangerous headland on
the coast of Epirus, opposite to the heel of Italy.
25. perpeti: see i. 18, n.
27. lapeti genus : see Index, *.«?. Prometheus.
29. ignem subductum : "the filching of the fire." So "the founda-
tion of the city " «= urbs condita, the passive participle being often
used with a substantive to express, not so much a thing or person
acted on, as the action itself.
34. Daedalus : see Index.
36. Herculeus labor: " Herculean toil," i.e. " the toils of Hercules,"
Acheron was one of the six rivers of Hades. ^
NOTES. 6
37. Ardui: see G. § 396. The adj may here be considered an
example of the predicative genitive.
ODE IV. — Winter it gone, and all the signs of Spring are here
again. Now there are jfiowers for wreaths and lambs for sacrifice.
Let us "be merry \ Sestius^ for death awaits all alike, and life is too
thortfor ambitious toiling. There is no pleasure beyond the grave.
The Sestius addressed is probably the son of the P. Sestius whom
Cicero defended in an extant speech.
2. machinae (Gk. /MTXOI^, mechane) : rollers used for moving
down to the water vessels which had been drawn np on to the beach
during the winter.
3. stabulis . . . igni : causal ablatives.
5. Cytherea : a name of Venus, from the island of Cfthera off the
south coast of the Morea, where she had an ancient temple.
7. The Cyclopes, for their attempt to conquer heaven, were con-
demned to be slaves of Vulcanus, the god of Fire, for whom they
forged the thunderbolts in the volcanoes of Aetna and Lipari.
10. solntae : " freed " from frost, i.e. " thawed." Cp. Solvitur, T. 1 .
11. Fauno: dat. of advantage, "In honour of Faunus." See Index.
12. The full construction is " sive poscat nos agna immolare, sive
malit nos haedo immolare." Verbs of sacrificing, e.g. facio, operor,
immolo, regularly take abl. of the victim, dat. of god to whom it is
offered, and sometimes also ace. (sacrum) ; e.g. : lovi tauro sacrum
facio. Pascat . . . malit : poets sometimes use the subjunctive in
clauses introduced by sive . . . sive or by some indefinite relative
(e.g. quicumgue), apparently to indicate that the action will not
necessarily take place.
13. aeqno : " impartial." " fair." Pede : the Roman custom was
to kick, not knock, at the door.
14. Sesti : the usual form of the vocative of proper names in -ius,
as also of filing and genius.
17. means — meaveris : fut. perf. of meo.
18. " Neither wilt thou obtain by the dice the sovereignty of the
wine," i.e. there will be no banquets there at which you may be
chosen master of the wines. The "master of the wines" (arbiter
bibendi) directed the quality and quantity of the wine drunk at a
banquet, and was chosen by means of dice (tali).
ODE V. — What dainty suitor is wooing thee, Pyrrha F For whom
art thou adorning thyself? Ah, he will soon learn how gods and
winds change. Unhappy they who have yet to learn thy character /
I learnt it to my cost, losing everything but life.
1. Quis is generally used pronominally ; but sometimes, as here,
it is a masculine interrogative adjective. Qui, of persons, asks for
the character, quis usually for the name.
4. cui : " in whose honour ? " cp. iv. 11, n ; and quibus v. 12, infra.
8. insolens: in its original meaning of "unwonted," iu?. "unused
to such a sight." ?Che meaning of " insolent " is secondary.
56 HORACE, ODES I. 6.
11. Sperat: *c. tefore. Vacuam means " free to givr him ftfl your
attention."
13-16. Tabula votiva is instrumental abl. ; uvida goes with vesti-
menta, and potenti with maris. Those who escaped from shipwreck
often had painted a picture of their misfortune, which they dedicated,
together with their clothes, in the nearest temple as a thankoffering.
Horace remarks that he was shipwrecked on the rock of his passion
for Pyrrha, and only just survived to make the proper grateful
offering for his escape.
ODB VI. — You are, a warrior, and your victories must be written of
by Variu*. I cannot sing of Tragic and Epic themes, and the
exploits of yourself and of Caesar ; I am the poet of wine and love.
Addressed to Agrippa, for whom see Introd. § 1.
j- 1. Vario . . . alite : a personal agent is expressed by the preposition
a or ab, or (in poetry) the dative (G. § 356) ; therefore, unless the
conjecture aliti be adopted, these words must be taken as abl. of
attendant circumstance (ablative absolute) : " with V. for singer,"
lit " bird," i.e. " swan." Cp. Ep. 1. 1, 94. " Cnratus inaequali tonsorc
capillos " (when the barber cut awry), and luv. I. 13, " assiduo ruptae
lectore columnae" (the reader continuing incessantly). L. Varius
Rufus was one of the literary circle collected about Horace and
Vergil, and acted as the latter poet's posthumous editor.
2. Maeonii : Maeonia was on the seaboard of Lydia, and included
the region of Troy, whence Maeonium carmen— songs of Troy.
Homer himself is commonly called Maeonius or Maeonides.
3. qnam rem cmnque : tmesis for quamcumque (cp. vii. 25). The
construction is irregular. We should have expected either (1) Scribet
Varius quamcunque rem, etc. ; or (2) Vario scribetur res, quam-
cunque, etc. Navibns . . . equis : ablatives of manner, te duce : cp.
ii. 52.
5. dicere : the infin. depends on conamur (v. 9).
6. Pelidae stomachum: "the wrath of Achilles." Cp. Index, g.v.
Achilles, cedere nescii: cp. i. 18, n.
7. TTlixei : for the declension, see G. § 40. The ten-years' wander-
ings of Ulysses (Odysseus) form the subject of the Odyssey.
8. Pelopis: see Index.
9. tenues : in agreement with no*, grandia : referring to all the
foregoing accusatives.
10. lyrae : cp. Cypri iii. 1 ; maris v. 16.
14. scripserit : fut. perf. *' will be found to have written."
15. Meriones was the charioteer of Idomeneus, King of Crete, who
fought on the Grecian side against Troy.
16. Tydiden : Diomedes, son of Tydeus, was " a match for the
gods," when he wounded Ares (Mars) and Aphrodite (Venus) in a
battle before Troy, by the help of Pallas (Minerva).
19. yacni: cp. v. 10. Sive is omitted before this word (cp. iii. 16).
quid: "to some degree ;" the accusative denotes the extent of th
action of the verb.
NOTES. 67
.— Different people praise the beauties of different places.
To my mind, Tibur is fairest of alL The sky it not always dull,
Plancus. Brighten up, as it brightens ; and remember how Teucer
made the best of his exile by founding himself a new home.
1. Bhodon: the island of Khodes, off the S.W. comer of Asia
Minor. Mytilenen : the capital of Lesbos, a large island off the coast
of Lydia.
2. Epheson : Ephesus, the capital of Ionia, famous for its worship
of Diana. Bimaris : Corinth, on the isthmus of the same name, lies
between the Sinus Saronicus (part of the Aegean) on the B., and the
Gulf of Corinth on the W.
3. Baccho : see Index. Thebes was the first Grecian town to receive
the Bacchic rites, according to legend. See Index, s.v. Pentheus.
Delphos: the famous oracle of Apollo in Phocis. Apolline, like
JBaccho, is a causal abL with insignes, which belongs to both Thebas
and Delphos.
4. Tempo : the narrow gorge by which the river Peneus escapes to
the sea, between Mounts Olympus and Ossa. The word is here neut.
plur. (G. § 68, 3).
5. The city of Pallas (Minerva) is Athens, which was claimed as
the spot at which the goddess first created the olive, her sacred
symbol.
8. plurimns: "many a man." Used in the sing, instead of plur.
here, and in a very few other passages.
9. Argos : accus. sing. neut. It was the sacred city of Hera (Juno).
Mycenae, the capital of Agamemnon, stood a few miles N.W. of
Argos.
11. Larisae : Larlsa (or Larissa) was one of the capitals of Thessaly,
which was famous for its fertile corn and pasture lands. Whenever,
as here, the subject of a verb extends over several lines, it is best to
use the passive construction in English.
12. Albnnea, the last of the Sibyls, was worshipped at Tibur.
13. Anio: Tiburai: see Index, s.v. Tibur.
15. albus: predicative, "when clear," i.e. not bringing cloud and
rain. The south wind was especially the rainy wind of Italy.
17. sapiens: predicative — " be wise and remember," etc.
21. Teucer, when he returned from Troy without his brother Ajax
(who had killed himself), was sent into banishment by his father
Telamon, King of Salamis, an island off Athens. He fled to Cyprus,
and there founded the town of Salamis. Salamina is the Greek accus.
of Salamis.
22. fugeret: the mood is due to cum in a concessive sense
(G. § 521), " Though he was an exile." Lyaeus (the looser from care)
is a name for Bacchus. It is here used for " wine," of which he was
the god.
25. quo . . . cumque : cp. vi 3, n.
29. tellure nova : " place at which " may be expressed by the
simple abL of certain nouns (G. § 369) without in when an epithet is
joined to the noun.
68 HORACE, ODES I. 8, 9.
31. mecum : the preposition cum, when used with personal and
reflexive pronouns, with quis, and with qui, is enclitic, i.e. suffixed,
instead of preceding its case.
ODE VIII. — Why are you ruining Sybarfo, Lydiaf Why dnes
lie shun all exercise — riding, swimming, wrestling, throwing the quoit
or the javelin T Why does he hide himself as Achilles did T
2. proper es : subj. in an indirect question after die. G. § 483. So
oderit, which is in meaning equivalent to a present, there being no
present stem to odi. Cp. memini, novi.
4. pulveria : after patiens (adjective), G. § 399 : but patiens,
when used as a true participle, governs the accus. The distinction
applies to all similar forms in -ens, -ans.
f 6. militaris : " as a soldier." There is a v. 1. militaresf agreeing
with aequales ("equals in age").
6. Gallica ora: i e. " the mouths of Gallic horses."
8. Olive oil was used by wrestlers to make their limbs supple.
11. disco . . . iaculo : both words are causal abls. with nobilis.
14. dicunt: sc. latuisse. The subject, being indefinite ("as they
say," " as men say "), is not expressed. Filium Thetidis : see Index,
s.v. Achilles. Sub with the accus. often means "close upon" (of
time), whether before or after. Here it has the former sense.
16. Notice the hendiadys : " slaughter and the L. bands " being
equivalent to " slaughter of the L. bands."
ODE IX. — 'Tis mid-winter with its snow and wind and frost.
Heap up the logs, broach your best wine, and leave the rest to Provi-
dence. Never heed the morrow, but count every day as a gain.
Enjoy yourself while you are young.
1. ut : " how : " hence stet is subj. of indirect question. G. § 483.
So sustineant, constiterint.
2. Soracte : a lofty mountain of Etruria, 26 miles north of Rome,
and clearly visible from thence.
7. deprome : the regular word for " drawing off " wine from a
larger into a smaller vessel.
9. qui simul: the relative qui must frequently be turned in
English into the demonstrative with a conjunction. Simul « simulac,
as often both in prose and verse. Translate : " for as soon as
they," etc.
10. aequore: abl. of place where.
18. sit ; G. § 483. Quaerere : the infin. is used as a noun in the
accus. — " avoid the question what will happen," etc.
14. quern . . . cumqne: cp. vi. 3, n. dierum: partitive gen. depen-
dent on quemcunqiie. The neuter quodcumque would be more usual.
G. § 395. Jucro adpone : " set down for gain," i.e. " count as gain."
The dative is predicative.
20. repeto = to seek again and again.
24. The use of male with an adj. with the force of non is fairly
common. Here it might also mean "roguishly," " wickedly."
59
X.— Twill ting thy praises, Mercury. Thou didst Mag mtn
out of savagery by means of speech and training, messenger of the
gods, father of the lyre, king of thieves. Thou didst steal the cows of
Apollo, but he must laugh at thee even in the midst of his threats.
By. thy aid Priam passed safely through the Grecian lines. Thou
art the conductor of the dead, and the favourite of all the gods.
Addressed to Mercurius. See Index, s.v. Atlas.
2. recentnm: adjs. and participles in -ens, -ans, form the gen.
plur. in -ium as a rale. The forms in -urn, however, are not un-
common in poetry. Recent — new-made, fresh ; novus «= (new and)
strange.
3. formasti: contraction may occur in any perfect stem forms
containing the syllables -vi-, -ve-, or -si- ; e.g. nosse ( — novisse),
norat ( — noverat), traxe (=traxisse =- trac-sisse).
8. condere : depending upon callidum. See i. 1 8, n.
9. terret : G. § 534. reddidisses : the construction is " reported
condition " after the idea of saying contained in terret. What Apollo
said was — " I will do so and so if you shall not have restored "
(Ilaecfaciam, nisi reddideris). The apodosis (G. §518) is omitted,
and only the protasis remains in its regular form (se haec facturum
esse, ni#i reddidisses).
13. quin : " Why even." The word is formed of the old abl. of
quis (qui), and -ne (-non). Thus lit. quin fefellit**"hovr did he
not cheat ?" = " Ay, and he cheated . . ." Ilio: nom. Ilios, f.,
or Ilion, n. (no other cases) = Troy.
15. Tnessalosque ignes : i.e., the camp-fires of the Myrmidons, the
followers of their Thessalian chief Achilles, iniqua Troiae : — hostile
to Troy.
16. fefellit: "escaped the notice of," "eluded."
18. sedibus : abl. of place where. The " abodes of the good " are
Elysium, levem turbam : ** the shadowy herd " of the spirits of the
dead.
19. deornm: partitive genitive, dependent on superis and imis
used as nouns.
ODE XI. — Trouble not about the future, Leuconoe. What matter
whether this winter be your last or no: better to enjoy it in contentment.
JRe wise in time, and let your hopes be few ; maJce the most of the
present.
1. quaesieris . . . temptaris : G-. § 478, and x. 3, n. scire nefas
(se. e»t) is parenthetical, \.e. independent of the rest of the sentence.
2. dederint: perf. subj. Gr. § 483. Babylonios numeros : "calcula-
tions such as the Chaldaeans use." Babylon, capital of Chaldaea, was
famous for its astrologers.
3. ut : " how much better is it to," etc. ; a less common usage for
the ordinary quanto. $
6. sapias . . . liques . . . reseces : subjunctives of con^nand
(G. § 477), the advice being of general application.
60 UOftACE, ODfiS I. 12.
7. spem longam resecare: lit. "to cut down one's far-teaching hopes
by the narrow span (of life)."
8. quaxn minimum : G. § 594, minimum is adverbial.
ODE XII. — Of what god or man am I to sing, Clio ? Of Jupiter ?
Pallas ? Bacchus ? Of all the gods and goddesses, and the hero
Hercules, with Castor and Pollux, the patron gods of mariners ? And
then am I to sing of Romulus, or of PompUius, of the pride of the
Tarquins, or of Cato, and all Home's early heroes? Then come
Marcellus and Augustus — defend the latter, Jupiter, and rule thou in
heaven, he upon earth.
M. Marcellus, son of Augustus' sister Octavia, was adopted by the
Emperor as his successor in B.C. 25, and married Julia, daughter of
Augustus. Less than two years after he sickened and died at Baiae,
B.C. 23. This Ode was probably written at the time of his marriage ;
certainly before his death.
2. sumis celebrare : see ii. 8, n. Clio : see Index, s.v. Musa.
5. Helicon : A mountain in the south of Boeotia, between that state
and Phocis, sacred to the Muses.
6. Pindo : Pindus was the name of the mountain range dividing
Thessaly on the east from Epirus on the west. Haemo : Mount
Haemus (the Balkans) runs east and west along the northern border
of Thrace.
8. Orphea : G. § 68. Orpheus, a legendary poet of Thrace, was the
son of Calliope (hence arte materna, v. 9).
11. blandum . . . ducere : see i. 18, n.
•j-13. parentis : Jupiter. Some edd. read parentum — " our ancestors."
laudibus is the abl. of comparison depending onprius.
19. occupavit : occupo rarely means " to occupy." Usually it
signifies "to seize," especially "to seize so as to forestall another, "
" to anticipate."
22. Liber: Bacchus. virgo: Diana (Artemis), the huntress-
goddess.
24. Phoebe : voc. of Phoelus, as the « shows. Phoebe is a name for
Diana as goddess of the moon.
25. Alciden : Hercules, pueros Ledae : cp. iii. 2, n. Castor was
famous for his riding, Pollux (Polydeuces) for his boxing.
26. Superare depends on nobiiem. (Jp. i. 18, n. Pugnis is from
pugnux, not piigna.
34. Pompili: Numa Pompilius was the second, as Tarquinius
Superhua was the last, of the seven kings of Eome. memorem :
G. § 483. Before Romulum supply utrum.
35. fasces: (plur.) — "a bundle of sticks," especially the bundle of
rods, with a headsman's axe in the middle, carried both as a symbol
of office and as an instrument for inflicting punishment, before kings
and consuls.
37. M. Atilius Regulus, consul 256 B.C., invaded Africa and over-
ran most of the territories of Carthage. In the following year he was
defeated by Xanthippus, the Spartan general of the Carthaginian
NOTES.
61
army, and remained a prisoner until 250 B.C., when he was sent to
Borne to treat for peace, or for an exchange of prisoners. On his
arrival he advised the Senate, according to the traditional account, to
continue the war, and refused to break his promise by not returning
to Carthage. He died in prison soon after.
M. Aemilius Scaurus, consul 115, 107 B.C., and one of the
leading Romans of his day, was the great champion of the
Optimates or conservative party; as such he had won through
Cicero's oratory a renown beyond his deserts. The plural
(Scauros) is used of him and his son. The story runs that
the latter committed suicide on being rebuked by hia father
for cowardice.
38. L. Aemilius Paulina, consul 216 B.C., was wounded in the
great defeat at Cannae, fighting against Hannibal. Though offered
the means of escape he refused to fly, and died on the field.
40. C. Fabricius Luscinus, consul against Pyrrhus B.C. 278, sent
back to the latter a physician who had offered to poison the king.
Out of respect for him Pyrrhus withdrew from Italy for two years.
41. M'. Curius Dentatus, consul 290, 276 B.C., defeated the Samnites
in the former year, and in the latter drove Pyrrhus finally from Italy
by the victory of Beneventum. His frugality and integrity were
proverbial, incomptis capillis : abl. of quality, G. § 382.
42. M. Furius Camillus, five times dictator and six times consul,
captured Veii 395, went into exile 391, and, according to the legend,
saved Rome from the Gauls 390 B.C.
47. lulium sidus : — " the star of the house of Julius," i.e. the glory
of the Caesars. There is an allusion to the comet which appeared
after the murder of Julius Caesar.
60. Saturno : G. § 386. Cp. i. 1. The " son of Saturn" is Jupiter.
61. secundo : cp. v. 18. "As your second."
53. Parthos: see Index. The Seres and Indi (Chinese and
Indians) are put for any nations of the far Bast.
57. te : abl. of comparison. Olympus : a mountain in the N.E. of
Thessaly, whereon dwelt the gods, according to Homer. Hence it is
used, as here, for " heaven."
ODB XIII. — I hate to hear you praising Telephus^for lie is not the
.tort of lover that is constant ; he is too ardent. Happy are they who
2. cervicem : the king, of cervix is not found in the oest prose.
9. uror : here of the fire of jealousy ; more commonly of love.
10. mero : belonging as an abl. of respect to immodicac.
14. spares : sc.futwrum esse, cp. v. 11 \perpetuvm (=" constant ") is
predicative to laedentetn.
16. quinta parte: either (1) the best parts, because, according to
Pythagoras, the fifth element was also the best ; or (2) merely ft
poetical way of saying "some portion."
20. die : di#* is commonly feminine in sing, when used in the §ense
62 HORACE, ODES I. 14, 15.
of "an appointed time." Suprema . . . die is equivalent to quain
mpr&tna dies (i.e. the day of death) solvet.
ODE XIV. — Ah bark t fresh waves will bear you out to tea. Uastrn
into port ,f or the storm is ruing and you are sorely damaged. May
you steer your course in safety !
2. occupa : see note on xii. 19.
4. remigio : G. § 385. With nudum and taucius supply est (or sit,
gee next note).
f 6. gemant : indirect question after vide* ut. If the reading
gemunt be adopted, nonne vides is parenthetical, and ut is exclamatory
(How . . . !)
10. voces : consecutive subjunctive, G. § 602. Di : images affixed
to the prow or poop.
11. Pontica: " from Pontus ; " the name belongs both to the Black
Sea, and to the province of Pontus along the southern shore of that
sea.
16. " Unless you are bound to give sport to the winds, have a
care." Debeo (=dehibeo) is " to be bound to give," " to owe."
17. quae: so. eras. Es must be similiary supplied in the next
?ine.
20. vites: the subj. expresses a wish; G. § 476. The Cyclades
I4* Circling ") are the group of islands encircling Delos in the
Aegean Sea. nitentes alludes to their marble rocks. The ace.
nitentes Cycladas depends upon inter in interfusa.
ODE .XV.— When Paris sailed for Troy with Helen, Nereus be-
calmed him and said : — " Thy luckless marriage means ruin, war,
and trouble to Troy. The gods are angered against thee, and vain
shall be thy graces. Bethink thee of all the heroes of Greece. They
will come up against Troy, and her doom is fixed."
1. Pastor : i.e. Paris. See Index, s.v. Troia.
2. Idaeis : " built of the pinewood of Mount Ida," which separated
Mysia from Phrygia and Troas.
Qfltereus : a sea-god, father of Thetis and grandfather of Achilles.
Ai^T " omen," because omens were drawn from the flight and notes of
birds. It is an abl. of attendant circumstance. An antecedent to
quam (hanc or earn) must be supplied.
7. rumpere nuptias et regnum : this is an instance of zeugma, or
the " yoking " of a verb to two objects, to the second of which it is not
strictly applicable.
15. divides : either (1) "divide into bars," i.e. mark the time of;
(2) " share between voice and lyre ; " or (3) withfeminis, " distribute
now to one woman, now to another.
17. Cnosus was a chief town of Crete ; hence Onosvus = Cretan.
See vi. 15, n, and infra v. 26.
18. celerem sequi; cp. infra v. 27 atrox reperire ; and see L 18, n.
21. Laertiaden : Ulysses, son of Laertes.
KOTES. 63
22. Nestora : King of Pylus in Messenia, and the wisest of the
Greeks at Troy.
24. Teucer : see vii. 21, n. Sthenelus : the charioteer and friend of
Diomedes.
25. pugnae : objective gen. with sciens, G. § 276, Obs. Sive : rarely
found, as here, without a preceding si expressed or understood, and
merely =" or if."
28. Tydides : See iv. 16, ».
29. quern : object of fugles ; after cervut supply fugit to govern
the ace. lupum.
31. sublimi . . . anhelitu : lit. " with uplifted panting," i.e. " with
head thrown back to pant."
32. tuae : i.e. Helen. The participle polUcitu* is concessive :
" though thou didst not promise."
33. iracunda : cp. vi. 6 : and see Index, s.v. Achilles. Troaa being
part of Phrygia, Phryges = Troiani.
36. Pergameas : "belonging to Pergama (n., pi.) or Pergamum,"
another name for Troy. There is a v. 1. Miacas, — "belonging to
Ilium." See x. 14, n.
ODE XVI. — Put what end you please, fair girl, to my bitter verses.
More potent than the inspiration of a deity, reckless anger — the spark
of lion-spirit which Provtetheus gave us — has bro-tight nuiny a Iwuse
and city to destruction ; and it drove me to write as I did. Let us
befriends again.
1. matre : either (1) abl. of origin — " daughter of a fair mother ; "
or (2) abl. of comparison — " still fairer than thy fair mother."
2. modum : ponere modum is usually = " to limit." Here it means
" to put an end to." Iambic verses were said to have been intro-
duced by Archilochus of Paros, that he might in that metre vent his
wrath upon the girl who had jilted him. Flamima and inari are
instrumental ablatives.
6. Cybele was called Dindymene from Mt. Dindymus in Phrygia,
where she was worshipped, adytis, local abl. " in his shrine."
6. incola Pythius : Apollo, cp. vii. 3, *. ^^
8. Corybantes : priests of Cybele. ^k
9. Noricus : " of Noricum," the province which included the
modern Tyrol and Styria.
12. lupiter : the sky. Cp. i. 25. ruens : " falling in thunder showers."
13. addere: with coactus. Its object is particulam undique
desectam ; vim is object to adposuisse. et : " also," " besides,"
16. Tnyesten: see Index, s.v. Pelops.
21. The total destruction of a city was signified by rasing its walls,
drawing a plough over the site, and sowing it with salt.
25. muto usually takes an accus. of the thing given, an abl. of the
thing taken, in exchange. Occasionally the cases are reversed, e.g.
xvii. 2.
27. fias : G. § 535. So reddat.
64 HORACE, ODES I. 17, 18.
ODE XVII. — Faunus often, leaves Arcadia and comes to my Sabine
farm. Everything attracts him tJiere, and 1 am, his favourite.
Leave the hot lowlands, Tyndaris, and visit me here wliere you
may sing and enjoy the cool breezes at your pleasure, without fear
of Cyrus' violence.
2. The home of Pan, with whom Horace here identifies Faunus,
was Mt. Lycaeus in Arcadia. Lucretilis mons : a mountain in the
Subine districts. For the construction, see xvi. 25, n.
I. mariti : the he-goat, whose " wives " are the she-goats of the
flock.
9. Haediliae : supposed to be the name of some neighbouring hill.
10. fistula : the Fan-pipes.
II. cubantis : " low-lying," if Ustica is a valley ; " sloping," if it is
a hill.
14. cordist : ije. cordi ext — " lies at their heart," " is pleasant."
16. ad plenum : adverbial, — " to the full." The allusion is to the
Horn of Plenty (cornucopia), teeming with fruit and flowers which are
the "pride of the fields." honorum depends on opule?itat G. §398,
and ruris qualifies the former.
17. Caniculae : the dog-star, also called Sirius (a Canis Maioris),
which rises about July 26th and brings the so-called "dog days."
(A star is said to " rise " when the difference between its right
ascension and that of the sun grows sufficient to render it visible
before sunrise.)
18. fide Teia : " A lyre like that of Anacreon of Teos," a lyric
poet who flourished c. 600 B.C. Teos was a city of Ionia, north-west
of Ephesus.
20. Penelopen : the wife of Ulysses, who remained faithful to him
during all his twenty years of absence. He stayed a year with the
sorceress Circe in the isle of Aeaea, after she had changed his followers
into swine. She is called vitrea (sea-green) because she was the
daughter of a sea-nymph.
21. Lesbii: sc. vini.
22. Semele (or Thyone) became by Zeus (Jupiter) the mother of
Dionysus (Bacchus). She was destroyed by the glory of Zeus, whom
sheJflpl asked to see in all his majesty. Hence Thy 6n6Hs= Bacchus.
^rsuspicere, "to look up at," •« to revere," is to be distinguished
from suspicari, "to suspect,'* though the perf. part. pass, is often
used (as here) is the sense of suspected, male dispari : " ill-matched."
See ix. 24, n. The dat. is that of recipient (remoter object).
ODE XVIH. — Plant vines before all else, Varus. The wine-goa
banishes care, and is the companion of love. Only there muxt be no
excess — excess that brings quarrel, and swaggering, and breach of
trust.
1. severis : perf. subj. of sero. Cp. xi. 1.
2. Catili : see Index, s.v. Tibur.
3. aiccia : "dry," i.e." who take no wine."
8 Cemaurea rixa: for the "quarrel of the centaurs" aee Index,
NOTES. (jr,
t.v. Lapithae. Both Centaurs and Lapithae dwelt in Thessaly
Sithonii : "of Sithone" (the middle of the three tongues of the
Chalcidic peninsula in the S. of Thrace) is here put for " Thracians,"
whose intemperance was notorious.
11. Bassareu : a name of Bacchus, from a Thracian word bassara,
a fox-skin, worn by the Bacchic worshippers. «s
13. sub divum : " into the open air," i.e. " into publicity." Cp. i.
25, n. To reveal any portion of the Bacchic Mysteries was sacrilege.
Here they are called dbsita frondibiis — " the things wrapped in
leaves" — from the ivy with which the sacred ark was wreathed.
tene: "restrain." Berecyntus was a Phrygian mountain where
Gybele was worshipped with the music of cymbals (tympana, aero, ;
cp. xvi. 8), horns and flutes.
15. nimio : abl. of measure, plus, adverbial, =plus iusto. The
whole expression means " more than what is right by far too much,"
i.e. " much more than is right."
16. arcani fides prodiga : an oxymoron, i.e. an intentional incon-
sistency.
ODE XIX. — Venus and Bacchus and idleness bid me love again.
Venus possesses me, and suffers me not to sing of aught but herself.
Let me do sacrifice to appease her.
2. Semeles puer : see xvii. 22, n. Licentia: "freedom."
6. Pario : from Paros. See xiv. 20, n. The marble of Paros was
peculiarly white and brilliant.
8. adspici : see i. 18, n. In prose we should have quam ut (or qui)
adspiciatur. lubricus : " slippery," i.e. " tripping up one's good
resolves," " dangerous."
11. versis : the Parthians were famous horsemen. Their manoeuvre
was always to retire before their enemies, shooting their arrows
backwards as they rode.
12. nihil attinent : sc. ad Venerem.
14. pueri : " slaves." Cp. xxxviii. 1, etc.
16. mactata hostia : abl. of attendant circumstances (abl. absolute) :
" when a victim has been sacrificed (to appease her)."
ODE XX. — I will give you the best wine I hav& — only cheap Sabine,
but I bottled it myself, and its date will give you pleasant memories
of a people's favour. I have no costly vintages for you.
An invitation to Maecenas to visit Horace on his farm. See
Introd. § 1 ; and Index, s.v. Maecenas.
1. Sabinum : sc. vinum.
3. lavi: {lino) "sealed up," because the cork was smeared over
with pitch.
5. eques : Maecenas was one of the ordo equcster, which held a
middle rank between the Senate and the ordinary cives, and included
well-to-do Romans whose property amounted to 400,000 sesterces
(£3,400). Of these a special number became known as Equites
Hor. I. 6
66 HORACE, ODES I. 21, 22.
Splendidi — a kind of upper class— and Maecenas belonged to them.
Paterni fluminis, i.e. the Tiber. Maecenas was of Etruscan origin.
7. Vatican! mentis : on the W. bank of the Tiber opposite to the
Campus Martins, redderet : after ut consecutive.
0. Caleno : " of Gales," in Campania, famous for its vintage.
10. vides is a conjecture in place of the MSS. bibct, which will not
make good sense, because the Caecuban and Calenian were among
the finest of Italian wines. Videre here, as in Terence, means " to
procure."
11. Fonnianae : "of Formiae,"in Latium. Tempera Is to "blend"
or " temper," and is usually said of the man who mixes the liquor,
but is here applied to the vines and hills, and is equivalent to " fill "
or "help to fill."
ODE XXI. — Call upon Apollo, and, his mother Latona, and his
sitter Diana, ye beys and maidens. Sing their praises, that so
Apollo may avert woe from us and turn it upon our enemies.
2. Apollo was called Cynthius from his birthplace Mt. Cynthus, in
Delos, the central island of the Cyclades.
4. lovi : cp. matribus, i. 24.
5. laetam : gc. Dianam, the sister of Apollo and goddess of hunting.
Hence she rejoices in the woods and streams, and wears the quiver.
She was specially worshipped at Mt. Algidus, one of the Alban Hills,
about fifteen miles S.E. of Rome; and was supposed to frequent
both Erymanthus, a mountain on the N. of Arcadia, and Cragus, a
mountain in Lycia.
9. Tempe : see vii. 4, «. Apollo was said to have there purified
himself after slaying Python, the great serpent which dwelt on
Mt. Parnassus above Delphi.
11. As the god of hunting, Apollo carried the bow and quiver. As
the god of music he carried the lyre, which was invented by his
brother ffn&tm*) Mercury, umerum is ace. of closer definition
(G. § 340) ; lit., " and (him who is) decked as to his shoulder with a
quiver."
ODE XXII. — No matter where he be, the man of pure life need
fear nothing. I was wandering through a Saline wood when a wolf
came upon me and left me unJuirmed. I was singing of Lalage.
Put me where yoit will, at the Poles or the Equator, I will sing of
her.
1. vitae : gen. of reference (G. § 400), denoting the thing in point
of which a term is applied to a person. It is peculiar to poets
and late prose writers, especially Tacitus, sceleris : the use of gen.
after purus, solutus, etc., is apparently a Graecism. Cp. the geni-
tives in G. § 401.
7. fahulosus : " famed in story." The Hydaspes is the Jelum, a
river of the Punjaub in India.
11. terminum: i.e. the limits of Horace's own farm.
13. quale: the antecedent (demonstrative) correlative tale is, as
often, omitted. In full— fugit lujnist, tale portent urn guile, etc.
NOTES 67
14. Daunias : see Index, s.v. Daunus.
15. lubae tellus : Africa. Juba was king of Kumidia, and fought
against Caesar at Thapsus, for which his kingdom was forfeited,
B.C. 46. Augustus restored it to his son, also called Juba ; and in
B.C. 25 the latter exchanged it for Mauretania.
20. Inppiter : " sky " or " climate : " cp. i. 25, n.
22. domibus negata : " denied to dwellings," i.e. " where none can
live," because of the heat.
23. dulce : the ace. 'neut. of the adj. used as an adverb. Cp. Bk.
ii. xii. 64, " lucidum fulgentes." So in the next line. It is a
Graecism.
^/ODE XXIIT. — Ton fly from me, ChloS, as flies a fawn that trembles
at the rustling of the leaves. But lam no tigress, and 'tis time you
grew more bold.
1. hinnuleus: a dimin. from hinnulus, itself a dimin. of hinnus.
4. Biliiae : notice this pronounced as a trisyllable.
6. foliis : either (1) abl. of place : or (2) abl. of means — " shiver
with its leaves," just as below corde et genibus tremit (sc. hinnuleus).
10. frangere: infin., for the prose construction with ut and the
subj. (final), or future participle. Cp. ii. 8 ; xii. 3 ; notes.
ODE XXIV. — Who could be ashamed, who could help weeping for
Varus ? Let us mourn for him, whose like neither Honour, nor
Justice, nor Loyalty, nor Truth will ever find. Most of all should
Vergil mourn. Tet regret is vain — nothing can bring back the dead
now as Orpheus once did his wife. We can but bear our grief in
patience.
Addressed to the poet Vergil on the occasion of the death of
Quinctilius Varus of Cremona, which occurred B.C. 24.
1. Quis : used here as an adj. : cp. v. 1, n. sit is deliberative
subj. G. § 481. pndor = feeling of shame ; but in v. 6 it is
" Honour " personified. Desiderium usually means regret for a thing
lost, or which one ought to have but has not. It governs the object
gen, capitis, G. § 399. This use of caput to denote a person is a
Graecism.
3. Melpomene : see Index, s.v. Musa. Her father was Jupiter.
9. bonis : dat. of agent, used after an adj. in -bilis as after the
gerundive.
11. Quinctilium deos : G. § 336. creditum : credo has three uses :
(1) In trans. Credo tibi = I believe you. (2) Trans. Credo hoc tibi =
I entrust this to you. (3) Intrans. Credo hoc ita fieri = I believe this
happens so. Only the transitive usage (2) can have full passive.
See G § 303.
13. Quid si : the apodosis after quid is regularly omitted in such
cases as this where the question is only rhetorical. English — " What
if you, etc. . . . ? " The omitted verb is fiat or some such form.
Another reading is quod si, where quod is the ordinary relative
68 HORACE, ODES f. 25, 2fi.
used as an accus. of reference or sphere of action (G. § 839), " As
to which if ..." " But if ..." Orpheo : cp. xii. 8, n.
17. recludere : dependent upon lenis : — " Kind to unseal jdoom (in
answer) to prayers." See i. 18, n. Precibus also depends on lenix.
18. nigro . . . gregi : we should have expected ad nigrum gregem.
The dat. thus used is rare even in poetry. G. § 357. compulerit is
subj. because dependent on the hypothetical subj. redeat. Cp. Livy,
28, 42. f^raus fid-em in parvis si bi praestruit , ut, cum opera pretium
tit, cum mercede magnet f allot. " Deceit wins for itself confidence in
small matters, in order that, when it is worth while, it may cheat
with great profit." For Mercury's office, see x. 17, 18.
ODE XXV. — You have few lovers now, Lydia. and few callers, few
serenade™. You must mourn over your vanished charms and submit
to see other favourites take your place.
3. amatqne : " loves," i.e. " clings to," because it is rarely opened
to admit a visitor.
5. nmltum : to be construed as an adverb vrith facilis.
7. tuo : with me, " while I that am thine am perishing." noctes :
G. § 344.
11. Thracio vento : the North Wind. The construction is abL
abeol. sub interlunia : cp. viii. 14, n. The idea is that the new moon
causes a storm.
15. iecur: (gan. iecoris or ieciniJris): "heart," as we should
Bay. The Romans imagined the liver to be the seat of the
passions.
17. quod: "that." G. § 526. The subjunctive (gaudeat, dedicet}
is used because the words denote not facts asserted by Horace, but
the grounds of Lydia's complaint (virtual oratio obliqua). The order
is "guod laeta pubes magis gaudeat virenti hedera atque pulla myrto
(et) dedicet," etc.
ODE XXVI.— The friend of the Muses, 1 shall cast care to the
winds. Weave me, Muse, a chapletfor my friend Lamia. My com-
pliments are vain without your help, and he is a fit subject for your
gifts.
2. Creticum mare : the S. parts of the Aegean, about the island of
Crete.
3. portare : cp. ii. 8. quis : either = quibus, dat. of the agent
(G. §356), or iiom. sing, with rex. The moods of metuatur and
terreat are those of indirect question depending upon securus.
Translate — " heeding not by whom, etc. . . ." The Rex gelidae oraf
is the chief of the Scythians.
f5. quid : there is another reading, quod, which is relative ; and
the mood of terreat may then be explained as due to the concessive
force of quod — "though it (i.e. the previous question quibus . . . orae)
disturbs T." Tiridaten : see Index, s.v. Parthus.
•f-9. Pimplei : i.e. Musa. Pimplea was a fountain near Mt.
Olympus, one of the haunts of the Muses ; hence they were called
Pimpleides. Pimplei is voc. of the singular Pimpleis.
NOTES. 69
10. hunc : i.e. Lamia, mentioned again xxxvi. 7.
11. Lesbio : cp. i. 34, n. The plectrum (Gk. =1 " the striker ") was
a small piece of ivory or a quill used to strike the strings of the
lyre, etc.
ODE XXVII. — To wrangle over one's wine is a savage fashion. No
quarrelling I Must I drink, too ? Then Megillrfs brother must tell
me with whom he is in love. I will drink on no other terms. You
need not be ashamed; come, whisper it. Ah! Poor wretch ! You are
in peril indeed, and I know not who can rescue you.
2. Thracum : predicative gen. " It is (the custom) of Thracians."
4. rixis : G. § 385.
7. immane quantum : a parenthetical clause, imitated from the
Greek. The ordinary full expression would be quantum vino et
lucernis Medus acinaces discrepet (G. § 483) immane eat.
8. cubito presso : the Romans took their meals reclining on sofas
with the left elbow supporting them. Hence to " remain witb
elbows down " = "to keep one's seat."
10. Opuntiae : of Opus {gen. Opuntis), a Locrian town opposite to
Euboea.
11. beatus . . . pereat : an oxymoron. Cp. xviii. 16, n.
16. ingenuo : " worthy of an ingenuus? i.e. of one born of free
parents, and so " noble."
19. laborabas : the imperfect is to be explained as referring to the
time previous to the telling of the secret. "In what trouble you
were all the time (and still are) I " Charybdi : see Index, s.v. Scylla.
20. flamma : G. § 570.
21. Thessalis : the Thessalians were famous for their sorceries.
24. Pegasus : the winged horse given by Minerva to Bellerophon,
mounted on which he attacked and slew the Chimaera, a fire-
breathing monster — part dragon, part goat, and part lion — which
infested Lycia. The word is Greek, and denotes a she-goat.
ODE XXVIII. — Sailor : " Thou didst take the measure of earth, and
sea, and heaven, Archytas, but it profits thee not now. All must die,
however favoured by heaven, whether or no we ever live again, as
Pythagoras avers. Some fall in battle, some are lost at sea ; old
and young alike perish." Archytas' Shade : " Yes: I was lost at
sea, and am still unburied. Grant me but burial, and so may the
storms spare thee, the gods keep thee and make thee rich. But if thou
hearst me not, a dead man's curse will be upon thee and thy children.
'Tis but a little boon Task."
An Ode in the form of a dialogue between a sailor who finds upon
the shore the corpse of Archytas, and the shade of the drowned man.
Archytas was a famous philosopher of Tarentum, a Pythagorean, and
a friend of Plato. Like all Pythagoreans, he was a great astronomer
and mathematician. He flourished in the middle of the fourth
century, B.C.
3. inunera pnlveris exigui : " the ^ift of a little dust restrain?
70 HORACE, ODES I. 28, 29.
thee," i.e. " the lack of the gift," etc. The gen. here denotes that of
which the thing consists. According to ancient belief, the spirits of
the unburied could find no rest. All that was necessary was that a
handful of dust should be sprinkled over the corpse. Matinum litus :
" the shore near Matinus," a spur of Mount Garganus, in Apulia.
7. genitor : Tantalus. See Index, g.v. Pelops.
9. Minos (gen. Minois) : a legendary king of Crete, whose righteous-
ness won for him the office of Judge in the nether world, and whom
Zeus (Jupiter) instructed in the making of laws.
10. Panthoiden: "son of Panthous." See a. § 280. Pythagoras,
the philosopher of Elea (Telia), in Lucania, maintained that the soul
does not die, but passes into another body. He pretended that his
own soul had once animated Euphorbus, son of Panthous, who was
killed before Troy. He was thus himself the " son of P., who
was a second time sent down to Hades." The shield of Euphorbus
was hung up in a temple at Argos, and Pythagoras pretended to
recognize it as his own. Oreo : cp. gregi, xxiv. 18, n.
11. refizo: " tmfastened." The prefix has the same force in
recludo, resigno, and a few other words.
13. concesserat : quamvis is followed by the subj. in prose writers
of the best period, except Livy.
17. The three Furies drive men to murder and bloodshed. They
were Tisiphone, Alecto, and Megaera.
•j-18. ezitio : dat. of the predicate. For avidum, some edd. read
avidis, " greedy of gain." nautis : dat. of the recipient.
20. fugit : perf., as the quantity shows. — " Has ever fled from."
22. Illyricis : Illyria was the strip of coast on the E. and N. of the
Adriatic Sea. Hence Illyricig iwdis = Hadria.
23. ne parce : to be construed with dare — " spare not to give."
21. capiti inhumato : hiatus, the final i of oapiti not being elided
before the following vowel.
25. sic : cp. iii. 1, n, as also for the moods, quodcumque : accus.
of sphere of action. Cp. xxiv. 13, n. Venusinae : " of Venusia."
27, merces (gen. mercedis) : " reward *' : not here the plur. of merx,
29. Tarentum : a colony of Sparta, now Taranto, at the head of the
gulf of that name. It was the chief Greek city in Magna Graecia
(Southern Italy).
31. te : abl. of origin with natis, G. § 386. It might ako be taken
as subject of committere, in accua. and infin. construction. Fors :
sc. sit an, = forsitan. The subjunctive (maneant) comes therefore
under the head of " dependent question."
33. precibus inultis : abl. of attendant circumstances (abl. abs.).
36. curras : licet and many other verbs are regularly constructed
with the jussive subj. without ut.
* ODB XXIX. — So you are envious of the gold of Arabia, Iccins,
and are counting on Eastern slaves and handmaidens ? The rivers may
run uphill now, the impossible may happen, for Iccius has exchanged
his "books for the breastplate.
NOTES. 71
Augustus' Prefect of Egypt, Aelins Gallus, led an unsuccessful
expedition into Arabia in 24 B.C. Iccius was contemplating joining
in it,
3. Sabaeaa : see Index, s.v. Arabs.
4. re gib us . . . Me do ; datives of disadvantage
6. virginum: partitive gen.
7. quis : as an adj. Cp. xxiv. 1.
8. ad cyathum : ad may signify " at " when used with common
nouns, "near by" when used with namea of towns. So here ad
cyathum, u at or by your cups." Ad cyathum stare — " to be a
cupbearer."
9. tendere : the infinitive, being a verbal noun, stands as the accus.
of the thing taught after a verb of teaching. See G. § 410, Obs. 2.
Sericas : " Chinese." Cp. xii. 56.
10. neget : potential subjunctive. G. § 517. arduis : with mon-
tibus as an abl. absolute : " the mountains being steep," or possibly
poetical dative of place whither.
14. Panaeti : Panaetius, the Stoic philosopher and friend of Scipio
Africanus, wrote a book which Cicero translated and enlarged as the
DC Officiis (" On Duty "). Socraticam domum : "the house (i.e. school)
of Socrates." Plato and Xenophon are the chief philosophers of the
" School of Socrates," who was an Athenian and the first to take up
the study of moral philosophy. He made himself obnoxious by his
habit of showing men the error of their views on such matters, and
was accordingly compelled to drink the hemlock on the ground that
he taught impiety, B.C. 399.
15. mutare : See xvi. 25, n.
ODE XXX. — GlycSra is sacrificing to you, Venus. Leave your
wonted haunts and come to her tvith the Graces* and Loves, the
Nymphs, and the deities of Youth and Wit.
1. See iiL 1, n.
5. puer : Cupid, the child of Venus.
6. properentque : the position of que shows that properent strictly
belongs to Nymphae, etc., and must be supplied with puer et gratiae.
8. Mercurius : the god of wit and repartee. Cp. x. 1-3.
ODE XXXI.— For what shall I ask Apollo ? Not riches or lands.
Let others grow, buy, and drink the costliest vintages. The simplest
iiet is enough for me. Grant me, Apollo, sane mind and body to
injoy it, and to retain my poetical powers to the last.
1. dedicatum: with Apollinem. The epithet refers to the temple
i f Apollo on the Palatine, with its famous library, opened B.C. 28.
4. segetes : this, with all the following accusatives, are objects of
orat understood.
5. Calabria : the heel of Italy — a district famous for ita pasturage.
7. The Liris ( Garigliand) flows through Latium between the famous
vineyards of Falernum and JUassicus.
72 HORACE, ODES I. 32, 33.
9. Galena: see xx. 9, n. A prose writer would have joined the
epithet to vitem rather than to f alee. The subject of premant is it,
antecedent to quibus.
13. et : to be taken as first word in the clause.
19. dones : dono has two constructions (1) dono tibi munus, " I give
a gift to you ; (2) dono te (accus.) munere, " I present you with a
gift." Here an infin. stands for the accus. in constr. 1. Latous : a
name of Apollo from his mother Latona (Leto).
ODE XXXII. — We are asked for an Ode. Come, lyre of mine; let
us now, if ever, sing to Romans such songs as Alcaeus sang even amid
war and tempest — songs of love and mine. You bring pleasure to the
gods an face to mortals : hear me when, I invoke you, lyre of mine.
fl. Poscimur: sc. carmen. G. § 337. There is a v. 1. posciiinis
sc. te (i.e, lyram).
3. vivat : for the mood, see G. § 602.
6. Lesbio civi : Alcaeus, q.v. in Index, modulate : though modular
is deponent, modulatus is used with a passive meaning. Cp. G.
§ 172. Civi is dative of the agent.
7. sive : the preceding sive (before inter arma) is omitted.
10. puerum : cp. xxx. 6. Lycus was a favourite of Alcaeus.
f!5. medicumque : this is the suggestion of Lachmann. All the
MSS. read " mitii cumque." But cumque, which must be translated
41 at any time," is never found by itself. It may be an abbreviation
for quumeumque, as quandoque for quandocumque. With the present
reading vocanti (sc. mihi) must be taken as an ethic dative.
ODE XXXIIL— Grieve nottoomuch, Albius, ifQlyctra be faithless.
The course of true love never did run smooth, and I have suffered as
you do now.
Addressed to Albius Tibullus, the elegiac poet (v. 3).
1. ne doleas : jiot prohibitive, but final — " to prevent your griev-
ing ; " there being an ellipse of " Consider what I say," or some such
phrase. Ne with the present subj. can denote a general prohibition,
but not one addressed to an individual.
6. Cyri : objective genitive : Lycoris amat Cyrum.
7. Apulia: "of Apulia," the country on the west coast of the
Adriatic between Calabria on the south, Lucania on south and south-
west, and Samnium on north-west.
9. peccet : G. § 533. This use of the subj. is to be classed as final.
It denotes the prevention of the act of sinning prior to the action of
the main clause, adultero: "for the sake of," etc. Cp. precibus,
xxiv. 17.
10. visnm : sc. est. Videri is often thus used impersonally, " To seem
good," i.e. " to be decreed." Veneri is here the goddess. In v. 13
it stands merely for amor.
15. libertina : a manumitted slave was called libertus or liber -
tinus, the former denoting his relation to his old master (now his
vatronus), the latter his status in society. Oalabros : see xxxi. 6, n.
NOTES. 73
ODE XXXIV.— Once I mas an Epicurean and cared not for the
Gods ; now I believe that there are Gods that shake the firmament —
sky, earth, and sea ; that put down the mighty and exalt the humble
at their pleasure
According to Epicurus, the gods, if they existed, had no care for
the world. He tried to explain all phenomena from the materialistic
standpoint. Horace had been an Epicurean until one day he heard
thunder when there were no clouds to account for it according to the
theory of Epicurus. The gods do regard the deeds of men, and the
reverses of fortune prove it. The Ode must not be taken too seriously.
3. consultus is regularly constructed with the objective genitive
iuris, " one consulted on legal matters." Hence its use with other
words, as here.
6. Diespiter: an archaic name of Jupiter and with the same
meaning, i.e., " father of light." It is from the same root as dies,
Zeus, and divus.
7. pnrnm : sc. aera — " a cloudless sky."
10. Taenari: in the cliffs of Taenarus (<7. Matapan) was a cavern
which was believed to be the entrance to Hades.
11. Atlanteus finis: "the bounds of Africa." See Index, s.v.
Atlas.
14. apicem: apex was the tiara or crown of Eastern monarchs,
who were proverbial as examples of pride and power.
16. sustulit: "has, ere now, lifted." This use of the perfect
to express customary action is called gnomic or aoristic. Cp.
Verg. Georg. I. 49. Illius immensae ruperunt horrea messes. " Its
boundless harvests are wont to burst the garners."
ODE XXXV. — O goddess Fortune, all men revere thee — the hus-
bandman, the mariner, the savages of the north, the princes of the
East, and the warriors of Italy ; for thou canst change the fortunes
of all to good or ill. Necessity is thy pioneer, Hope and Loyalty
follow thy vicissitude*, but not so false friends. Do thou preserve
Augustus in his mars ; and may atonement be thus made for the late
civil strife.
1. Antium : on the coast of Latium, thirty miles south of Rome.
It possessed a famous temple of Fortune.
2. praesens, properly the present participle of praesum, means
" present to help," i.e. " powerful." For its constr. with tollet-e, cp. i.
18, n.
4. funeribus : abl. of price, like that used with mutare. Cp.
xvi. 25, n.
8. Carpathian mare : between Rhodes and Crete, taking its name
from the island of Carpathus.
10. Latium, whence the adj. Latinus, is the small division of
Italy south of the Tiber, of which Rome was anciently the head.
14. columnam : "the pillar of their prosperity." frequens, like
celeber (creber), means properly " crowded," not " frequent."
74. HORACE, ODES I. 36, 37.
15. cessantes is the object of concitet. Cessare is " to hesitate,"
not " to cease." Op. xxvii. 13.
22. comitemt so. se — "denies herself (to thee) as a companion."
Both Spes and Fides are subjects of edit and abnegat.
28. ferre dolosi : cp. i. 18, n. In prose we should have dolosiores
quam qui ferant. pariter=" equally (with their suffering friends)."
31. examen : for ex-ag-men, " that which is led out " ; hence " a
swarm" (of bees, etc.), here "a levy." The following datives are
those of the agent, rubro : the " Red Sea " (Erythraeum Mare) was
the ancient name for the Indian Ocean, not for the sea which is now
so called (Gulf of Suez). Eois : " Eastern," from Hot (the Dawn).
34. fratrum : i.e. of the wounds which in civil war brothers have
inflicted upon brothers.
35. nefasti : depending on quid.
39. diffingas : " fashion for a different purpose." For the con-
struction of utinam, see G. §476. retusum: it was blunted by
civil war.
40 Massagetae : a Scythian tribe living near the Caspian Sea.
ODE XXXVL — I gladly make thank-offering* to the god* who have
brought back Numida to his friends from distant Spain. It it a day
to be remembered : let us drink and dance and wreathe our heads with
flowers. Damalis mill keep all her smiles for Numida.
8. alio rege : " under another master " at school. The constr. is
abL absolute, puertiae = pueritiae, by syncope. Cp. lamna
(= lamina), soldus (=solidus). Ode xxvi. was addressed to
9. mutataeque, etc. : the " changing of the toga " took place when
a Roman reached the age of fifteen years, and laid aside the toga
praetexta — the broidered boy's dress, with a broad coloured stripe —
for the toga virilit, the plain white robe of the civilian.
.10. Cressa nota : it was proverbial to speak of marking a happy
event in the calendar with white, an unfortunate occurrence with
black. Cressa is a fern. adj. from creta, itself originally an adj., and
denoting Cretan earth, i.e. chalk.
11. modus: "limit." amphorae may be an objective geiu, but
more probably a dat. of the indirect object with modus.
12. The Salii ("the leapers," fr. salio) were the priests of Mars
who celebrated the Feast of Mars with wild dances. They were
famous for ^ejuxu^ry_oftheir banquets. ^See xxxvii. 2, where Saltarer
^"Belonging to the ~Salii.y Saiiuui may be gen. plur. (G. § 4G) or
nccus. sing.
13. multi mem gen. of quality. One " of much wine " == " a heavy
drmker."
19. Threicia : see xviii. 8, n.
ODE XXXVIL— Now is the time for feasting, dance, and wine I
ire dared not, for our country was menaced by a mad
NOTES. 75
queen1 9 rabble. But nom she it fled. Caesar has affrighted her at the
hank scares the dove, or as a hunter the hare — that mad queen who yet
scorned to be led in a Roman triumph and had courage to handle the
asp with smiling face.
Cleopatra, Queen of Egypt, supported Antonius with her whole
fleet and treasure at the battle of Actium, B.C. 31. Her flight led to
the complete defeat of Antonius, who followed her to Alexandria, and,
being pursued by the victorious Octavianus (Augustus Caesar), com-
mitted suicide there. Shortly afterwards Cleopatra, finding that she
had no mercy to hope for from Octavianus, also committed suicide —
by allowing an asp to bite her, it was said, 30 B.C. These events fix
the date of this Ode to the same year.
1. bibendum — pulsanda : notice that the former word is a nomi-
native gerund (sometimes called the impersonal gerundive), while
the second is a gerundive in agreement with the object. G. §§ 423,
431. Saliaribus : see xxxvi. 12, ».
4. erat : the imperf . is used because Horace is thinking of the
bygone days of anxiety when all were waiting for the time when
they might celebrate Cleopatra's defeat. Cp. xxvii. 19, n.
6. nefas: sc. erat. Nefas is a ''sin against the gods." For
depromere. cp. ix. 7, n.
8. et : for its unusual position, cp. xxxi. 10, and below, vv. 25, 26.
10. impotens sperare : " weak enough to hope for anything." 7m-
rtens means " powerless over oneself," " without self-control." See
18, n. In prose we should have tarn impotens ut speraret.
14. Mareotico : sc. vino, wine grown at Marea on the shores of lake
Maredtis, a lagoon on the east of Alexandria.
18. columbas . . . leporem: accusatives after adurguens to be
supplied with accipiter and venator.
20. Haemonia: Thessaly, BO called from Haemon, father of
Thessalus.
21. fatale: "fateful," "bringing fate." (Never to be translated
" fatal.")
24. reparavit: the force of the re must be brought out by an
adjective — "prepared new shores for herself": i.e. she did not use
her fleet to conquer a new land out of Caesar's reach.
25. visere belongs to ausat and tractare toforti*. Cp. i. 18, n.
29. morte : causal ablative.
30. Liburnis: sc. navibus. Light barks used by the Liburni, a
piratical tribe of Ulyrians (xxviii. 22, »). The usual constr. of invideo
is simply a dat. of the person or thing envied. The cause of the
envy is sometimes added in the abl. Here it is expressed by the
infin. dedvci, etc. ; — " grudging the Liburnian galleys that she
should be led, etc."
31. private; "robbed (of her crown)," "nntyip.p.np.d." The nom-
inative ia TiseoTafEeiTtEe Greek idiom instead of the accusative, as
subject to the infinitive deduci. mulier; in apposition with the
subject of the sentence.
76 INDEX OF PROPER NAMES.
ODE XXXVIII. — I care not for Persian luxuries. Seek no rosei
for me — tliou canst find nothing better than plain myrtle to grace
both thee and me.
1. Persicos : the Persians were proverbial for extravagant luxury.
3. quo locorum : G. § 395. Moretur : subj. in indirect question ;
sectari being=qnaerere. For its constr., cp. ix. 13.
5. adlabores : " add by toiling. " The subj. is jussive. Cp. xxviii. 36, n.
INDEX
OF PROPER NAMES.
Achilles, -is or-Si, m. (I. xv. 34 : II. iv. 4, xvi. 29) : Achilles, son of
PELEUS (hence called Pelides, I. vi. 6) and THETIS (-idos, f.),
daughter of the sea-god Nereus, led the MYRMIDONES of Thessaly
(I. x. 15) against Troy. Thetis knew that he would die in the war,
and tried to keep him hidden, dressed as a maidservant, in Scyros.
Ulysses discovered him, and persuaded him to go to Troy (see I.
viii. 16), which could not be taken without him. He there won
BRISEIS (II. iv. 4) as a prize, while Agamemnon won Chryseis.
Apollo compelled the surrender of the latter to her own parents, and
in compensation Agamemnon took Briseis from Achilles, who was so
indignant that he refused to fight for his countrymen. After a
time the death of his companion Patroclus by the hand of Hector
aroused him once more. He slew Hector, and was himself slain
a few days later. Pelidae stomachum alludes to his obstinate
refusal to fight.
Aiax, -acis, m. : (1) Ajax, son of O'ileus, a Greek at Troy, famous
for his speed (I. xv. 19). (2) Ajax, son of Telamon (II. iv. 5) and
brother of Teucer (L vii. 21, xv. 24), came to Troy from Salamis,
whence both he and his brother are called SALAMINITJS. After the
death of Achilles, Ajax and Ulysses were rivals for his armour ; and
Ajax, being disappointed, went mad and killed himself. His wife,
TECMESSA, was a captive slave-girl.
Alcaeus, -i, m : a famous lyric poet who lived about 600 B.C. at
Mitylene in Lesbos, a large island off Ephesus. Hence he is called
Lesbius civis (I. xxxii. 5). He was a friend of SAPPHO (II. xiii. 25),
the lyric poetess, and each used a particular metre, called after
them Alcaic and Sapphic (see Introd., pp. 15, 16), while * Lesbian
songs,' a ' Lesbian lyre,' mean such as were those of Alcaeus anX
INDEX OF PROPER NAMES. 77
Sappho (T. i. 34, xxvi. 11). He fought against the Athenians at the
battle of Sigeum, 606 B.C., and threw away his shield in flight, and
he was nearly shipwrecked once. Most of his poems were about
love and wine, or about his favourites, Lyons, etc. (see I. xxxii.
5 sqq.}.
Apollo, -mis, m. : god of music, healing, hunting, medicine, and
prophecy. His oracle was the famous Delphi (I. vii. 3), and his
symbol was the bow and quiver. He had many titles, e.g. Phoebus,
Cynthius. DIANA (Artemis), goddess of hunting, of the moon, and
of Hell, was his twin-sister, and their mother was LATONA (I. xxi. 3),
whence Apollo is called Latous (I. xxxi. 18). They were born in
Delos (I. xxi. 10), and are therefore called Delius and Delia. See
also I. x. 12 ; II. x. 20, xii. 20.
Arabs, -bis, m. : an Arab, a native of Arabia, of which there were
three divisions : Petraea (Rocky), Deserta (Desert), and Felix
(Fertile). One of the tribes of Arabia Felix were the Sabaei, whose
country was SABAEA (I. xxix. 3), and their capital Saba. In 24 B.C.
A.elius Gallus invaded Arabia Felix, but was forced to retire, owing
to famine and the climate.
Arctos, -i, f . (I. xxvi. 3, II. xv. 16) : * the Bear ; ' the constellation
of that name in the northern sky. Hence, the North.
Atlas, -ntis, m. : One of the Titans who made war upon Jupiter.
As a punishment he had to support heaven on his shoulders. He
was father of Maia and grandfather of Mercury (L x. 1), and was
identified with Mount Atlas in Africa, whence Atlanteus finis =
1 farthest Africa ' (I. xxxiv. 11).
Atrides, -ae, m. : A son of Atreus. The two Atridae were Aga-
memnon and Menelaus, chiefs of the Greeks before Troy. See Ti'oia.
Attains, -i, m. (adj. Attalicus, -a, -urn, I. i. 12) : the name of three
kings of Pergamus, of enormous wealth. The last of them made the
Romans his heirs, 133 B.C. (II. xviii. 5).
Augustus, -i, m. : The title by which the first Emperor of Rome
was known after he became sole ruler. His original name was
Cn. Octavius, and he was the great-nephew of Julius Caesar, the
dictator, who adopted him as his heir 45 B.C., and sent him to learn
the art of war in Illyria. On the murder of Caesar, 44 B.C., by
Brutus and Cassius, Octavius came to Italy to claim his rights as
heir. He conciliated the people by paying to them the legacies
which Caesar had left them, and was appointed general by the
senate against Antonius. He soon after joined Antonius, and with
Lepidus, another senatorial general, set up the Second Triumvirate,
43 B.C. In 42 B.C. the three defeated Brutus and Cassius at Philippi
in Macedonia, and divided the world between them. They soon
quarrelled. Lepidus was the first to be deprived of his power,
36 B.C. ; and five years later, 31 B.C., Octavianus crushed Antonius,
who was assisted by Cleopatra (I. xxxvii.), at ACTIUM in Epirus.
He now became sole ruler, and devoted himself to reducing the
Roman world to order. He defeated all his opponents, and extended
his empire from the Euphrates to the Rhine, even reaching as far as
78 INDEX OF PROPER NAMES.
the Elbe for a time. He did all in his power to improve Rome and
the Romans by justice and by the example of his own modest life.
He was the patron of many of the writers of his time, and Horace
was on good terms with him. He died 14 A.D., and was succeeded
by Tiberius, his stepson,
B.
Bacchus, -i, m. : the god of wine, whose sacred plant was the
ivy, and whose worshippers were called Bacchantes, Thyades,
Maenades. He had many other titles, euch as Liber (-eri\ JSuhiu*
(-ii), Bassareus (-eos), Lenaeus (-i), Lyaeus (-i), Thyoncus (-i).
His mother was SSmtle or Throne. (I. xix. 2, xvii. 22).
Bithynus, -a, -nm (also Tliyniis, -a, -um, II. xiii. 15) : belonging to
Bithynia, the district of Asia Minor on the E. shore of the Bosporus,
between Pontus and Mysia. ' Bithynian merchandise ' is put for
any Eastern stuffs. (I. xxxv. 7.)
0.
Caecubnm (sc. vinum), -i, n. : wine grown in the Ager Caccit'bits,
a marshy coast district of the S. of Latium, between Fundi and
Terracina. (I. xx. 9 ; II. xiv. 25, etc.)
Cato, -onis, m. : (1) M. Porcius Cato (Censorius) served during
the Second Punic War against Hannibal, and triumphed 194 B.O. for
his successes against the Spanish tribes. In 191 B.C. he gained for
his commander Glabrio the victory of Thermopylae against Antiochus,
King of Macedonia. He earned his name (Censorius), and his reputa-
tion as a pattern of the old stern Roman life, from the rigour with
which he acted as censor 184-180 B.C. (II. xv. 11). (2) M. Porcius
Cato (Uticensis), a bigoted member of the Senatorian party, and
subsequently leader of the Pompeians against Caesar in Africa.
After his defeat by Caesar at Thapsus, 46 B.C., he committed
suicide at Utica (I. xii. 35). Centauri: see Lapithae. He was
great grandson of the Censor.
Cyprus, -i, f. : the island of this name in the Eastern Mediter-
ranean. It was the favourite haunt of Venus, who had a famous
temple at PAPHOS, on the W. coast ; and it gave its name to the
surrounding sea. (I. xiii. 1, xxx. 2, etc.)
D.
Dacus. -i, m. : a Dacian, an inhabitant of Dacia, the country N,
of the Ister (Danube), now Transylvania, Moldavia, Wallacliia, etc.
This people fought on the side of Antonius at Actium, and gave
some trouble to the frontier armies of Augustus on the Danube. At
a later time they were amongst Rome's most dangerous enemies.
(I. xxxv. 9 ; II. xx. 18.)
INDEX OF PROPER NAMES. 70
Daedalus, -i, m. (whence the adj. Dacdaleus, -a, -um), father of
Icarus (-i) : a famous artist, who built the Cretan Labyrinth, in
which was kept the Minotaur, c He was pursued by Minos, and, to
escape, made wings for himself and his son. The latter fell into
the Aegean, and was drowned, but Daedalus escaped to Cuma<5 in
Campania. (I. iii. 34 ; II. xx. 13.)
Dardanus, -i, m. (adj. Dardanns. -a, -um = Trojan) : the founder of
Troy, which was called after him Dardania (-ae).
Daunus, -i. m. : a mythical king of Apulia, which is hence called
DAUNIAS (-adis, f .) : hence the adj. Daunlus, -a, -um, meaning Italian.
(I. xxii. 14 ; II. i. 34.)
Diana : see Apollo.
E.
Etruria, -ae, f. (adj. Etruscvs, -a, -um, and Tyrrlienus, -a, -?m) :
the district of central Italy lying S. and W. of the Apennines and
N. of Latium, from which it was separated by the Tiber, hence called
Etruscuis amnis. Now Tuscany.
Euhius, -i, m. (also Euius or Emus') : see Bacchus.
F.
Falernnm, -i, n. (sc. vinum) : wine grown in the Agcr Falernnx,
in the N. of Campania, between Mons Massicus and the Volturnus
(jNUfftflt).
Faunus, -i, m. : god of flocks, mountains, and fields, identified
with the Greek god Pan. (I. iv. 11, xvii. 2 ; II. xvii. 28.)
G.
Gaetulus, -a, -nm : African, from the Gaetuli, a powerful nomad
tribe of the interior of Northern Africa. (I. xxiii. 10 ; II. xx. 15).
Gratiae, -arum, f. : the three Graces, daughters of Jupiter, and
companions of Venus, Cupid, and the Nymphs. They were usually
represented as nude (zonis solutis).
H.
Hadria, -ae, m. : the Hadriatic (Adriatic) Sea, notorious for its
storms, mostly from the south ; whence the south wind is called
" the ruler of the Hadriatic." (I. iii. 15.)
Hercules, -is, m. (Heracles ; adj. JTercvleus, -a, -um) : the god of
travel and strength, son of Alcmcna, the wife of Amphitryon, son of
Alcaeus. Hence he is called Alcldes ( ae, m.), "Son of Alaaeus"
80 INDEX OF PROPER NAMKS.
(I. xii. 25). He was compelled by Eurystheus, King of Tiryns, to
perform twelve labours, one of which was the descent to Hades, and
bringing thence Cerberus, the three-headed dog which guarded it
(I. iii. 36). He is also said to have assisted Jupiter in the struggle
with the Titans (II. xii. 6), and to have done battle with the
Centaurs.
Hesperius, -a, -nm, belonging to Hesperia, -ae, f. : 'the Western
Land.' It usually signifies Italy, Italian (I. xxviii. 26 ; II. i. 32),
but sometimes alludes to Spain (L xxxvi. 4), and at other times
merely = ' Western ' (II. xvii 20).
Hiberus, -i, m. : the river Ebro in Spain , also spelt Ilerus and
Hiber (-i), (II. xx. 20) ; also as an adj. of three terminations =
' Spanish ' (I. xxix. 15) ; Hiberia being the old name for Spain.
I.
luppiter, lovis, m. (Zeus) : Jupiter, god of heaven and the
universe, whose queen is IUNO, -onis, f. The name luppiter is also
used as a common noun=#&y, climate. (I. i. 25, etc.)
Lapithae, -arum, m. : the Lapithae and the Centanrs (Centauri,
Srum, m.) were wild peoples of Thessaly. They were present at the
marriage feast of Pirithous and Hippolyte, when they quarrelled
violently, the affair ending in a general battle, in which Hylaeus,
chief of the Centaurs, was slain (II. xii. 6). They were notorious
for their intemperance (I. xviii. 8). The Centaurs were figured as
having the bodies of horses with the heads and arms of men. (Adj.
Centaureus, -a, -um, I. xviii. 8.)
Libya, -ae, f. (adj. Libycns, -a, -urn) : Africa. It was regarded as
a far-away land (II. ii. 10), and its crops of corn were proverbial
(I. i. 10).
M.
Maecenas, -atis, m. : C. Cilnius Maecenas, chief minister of
Augustus and patron of Horace (see Introd. I.). He was an .Kqncs,
but descended from the royal race of Etruria, whence the Tiber
(Etruscus amnis) is called his ' paternal river ' (I. xx. 6). He several
times mediated between Antonius and Augustus (see Augustus), and,
when the latter was absent in the war which ended at Actium,
Maecenas had entire charge of Italy and Rome. He continued to be
high in favour until 21 B.C., when he retired from public life, and
contented himself with the society of literary men. He was an
author himself in a small way, but not successful. He died 8 B.C., a
few days before Horace.
INDEX OP PROPER NAMES. gj
Marsus, -a, -urn, belonging to the Marsi (-urum), one of the most
warlike people of Samnium. They were a proverb for bravery, and
there was said never to have been a Roman general who triumphed
without their aid or over them. (I. ii. 39 ; II. xx. 18 ; and as sub-
stantive, I. i. 28.)
Massicus, -i, in : sc. Mons, a famous wine-growing district between
Latium and Campania, next to the Ager Falernus. Hence Massicum
-i, n. (sc. vinum), the wine grown there.
Maurus, -i, m. : a Moor ; a native of the western part of the
North African coast, Mauretania. Also as adj. Maurus, -a, -nm =
African (I. xxii. 2 ; II. vi. 3).
Mercurius, -i, m. : god of wit and trickery, and the messenger of
the gods. He conducted the souls of the dead to Hades (I. x. 16).
(See Atlas.) As a son of Jupiter, he was brother of Apollo, to whom
he gave the lyre which he had invented, and hence he is the patron
of lyric poets, whom he protects in danger (II. vii. 13).
Minerva, -ae, f. : identified with the Greek Pallas (-adu, f.), goddess
of spinning and all female accomplishments, and of learning. She
assisted the Greeks in the war against Troy, and was patron-goddess
of Athens, which was called Palladis urbs (I. vii. 5). Her breast-
Slate was the aegis made of the skin of the goat which suckled
upiter (I. xv. n).
Musa, -ae, f. : the nine Muses, daughters of Jupiter, were Terpsi-
chore (Muse of Dancing'), Euterpe (Isyricg), Urania (Astronomy),
Polyhymnia (Divine Hymn), Clio (History), Calliope (Epic), Erato
(Love-poetry), MelpomSne (Tragedy), Thalia (Comedy).
N.
Nymphae, -arum, f. : nymphs : minor deities who possessed trees,
rivers, mountains, seas, etc. They are the companions of the Graces,
Venus, and Cupid.
O.
Or ens, -i, m. : a name for Hades, the place of the dead (I. xxviii.
10; II. m. 24, etc.).
Orion, -onis, m., one of the giants, and a ' mighty hunter,' who
was slain by Diana in revenge for an insult (II. xiii. 39). After
his death he was placed amongst the stars as the constellation Orion,
whose rising brings storms (1. xxviii. 21).
P.
Parthus, -i, m. : a Parthian, a native of Parthia, the country to the
S.E. of the Caspian. South and west of them were the Medi (Media /<*).
and further south still the Persae (Persians) ; but the name Parthus
Hor. I. 6
82 INDEX OF PROPER NAMES.
is used vaguely by Horace for all three peoples (I. iii. 51 ; IL i. 31).
They provoked a war with Rome in 52 B.C , when they annihilated
an army, and killed its commander, the famous Crassus, at
CARRHAE. They were compelled to make peace again by Ventidius,
who twice defeated them B.C. 39-38. Augustus intended to chastise
them ; but civil war in Parthia between two claimants to the throne,
PHRAHATES IV. (or Phraates ; II. ii. 17) and TIRIDATES (I. xxvi.
5), ended in an appeal to his arbitration. He set up Tigranes as
king, 20 B.C. This appeal for arbitration is construed by Horace and
other writers as equivalent to doing homage to Augustus. The
Parthians had a peculiar style of fighting, never coming to close
quarters, but discharging their arrows backwards as they rode
(I. xix. 12). Augustus never triumphed over them (L xii. 63).
Pelops, -opis, m. : was the son of TANTALUS, King of Lydia (or
Argos). The latter wishing to try the omniscience of the gods, cut
to pieces his son, and served up his flesh at a banquet. In return for
this and other crimes, Tantalus, the 'guest-fellow of the gods'
(I. xxviii. 7). was condemned to be tortured with everlasting thirst
in Tartarus, while grapes hung over him just beyond his reach
(II. xiii. 37). Pelops was revived by Hermes (Mercurius). He had
two sons, ATREUS and THYESTES. The former became king of
Mycenae, and banished his brother. Afterwards he pretended to be
reconciled, killed the two sons of Thyestes, and served up their flesK
to their father. For this the gods cursed Atreus and the house of
Pelops (L vi. 8) for ever.
Pentheus, -ei, m. : King of Thebes, refused to allow the Theban
women to worship Bacchus, and was torn to pieces by them, his
mother, Agave, leading them on, on Mt. Cithaeron (II. xix. 14).
Thebes afterwards became a favourite haunt with Bacchus (I. vii. 3).
Phrahates, -is, m. (or Phraates) : King of Parthia, was driven out
by his own people for his cruelty. He engaged in a civil war with
the other claimant, TIRIDATES. The Scythians supported Phrahates,
who compelled his rival to fly to Augustus. The latter finally put
Tigranes on the throne (II. ii 17 ; and see also *.r. Parthus).
Pluto, -onis, accus. Plutona, m. (adj. Plutoniv-s, -a, -unt) : god of
the lower world, and brother of Jupiter and Neptune. His queen
was PROSERPINA (II. xiv. 7 ; I. iv. 17), the daughter of Ceres, whom
he carried off by force.
Priamns, -i, m. : King of Troy, and father of Paris, whose rape of
Helen caused the Trojan war. When his son Hector was slain by
Achilles, Priam visited the Greek camp to ransom the dead body,
which Achilles at once surrendered (I. x. 14). See Troia.
Prometheus, -ei, m. : one of the Titans, the sons of TapStvs
(I. iii. 27), stole fire from heaven to give it to men, and otherwise
benefited them. In return for his theft he was chained to a rock,
with a vulture perpetually tearing at his vitals (II. xiii. 37).
Proserpina, -ae, f. : see Pluto.
INDEX OF PROPER NAMES. 88
s.
Sabmus, -a, -urn : belonging to the Sabines, a name which included
the SAMNITES, and represented the ancient inhabitants of Eoman
Italy, from Etruria to Lucania. They were famous for their hardi-
hood, simplicity, and honesty. (I. ix. 7, xx. 1 ; H. xviii. 14.)
Scylla, -ae, *f. : Scylla and Charybdis (I. xxvii. 19) were two
monsters who guarded the strait between Italy and Sicily. The
latter thrice a day swallowed the waters of the sea and thrice threw
them up again.
Scythae, -arum, m. : the Scythians, dwellers in the country north
of the Danube and Black Sea, and conterminous with the Parthian*
at the Caucasus. Like the Parthians, the Scythians were a restless
people, whom the Romans dreaded, but never successfully chastised
(1. xix. 10, xxv. 9 ; II. xi.).
Styx, -gis, m. (' Hateful ') : one of the six rivers in Hades. The
others were Acheron, Lethe ( Forgetfulneit), PhlegSthon (Flaming},
Cocytus ( Wailing}, and Avernus.
Syrtes, -ium, m. (I. xxii. 5 ; II. vi 3 ; xx. 15) : the • Drifts/ or quick-
sands in the two bays of the north coast of Africa east of Tunis. They
were distinguished as the Greater (Maior) and Lesser (Minor) Syrtes.
T.
Thracia, -ae, f. (also Thraca, -ae, and Thrace, -es) : Thrace ; the
region south of the Balkans (Haemus) and north of Macedonia. A
native of Thrace is Thrax (-tig, m.) or Thregga (-ae, f.), and the
adjs. are Thracius, Threicius, and sometimes Thrax.
Thynus, -a, -um : see Bithynus.
Tiber, -eris (also Thybris, -ig), m. : the Tiber, which rises in the
Apennines, near Tifernum, and flows south-west, separating Latium
from Etruria. Hence it is called Etruscu* amnis. Its chief tribu-
taries are the Nar (-ris) and Anio (-onis).
Tibur, -uris, n. : situated on the side of a hill sixteen miles north-
east of Rome, in Latium (now Tivoli). It was said to have been
founded by three Argives, TIBURNUS, CATILUS (I. vii. 13, xviii. 2),
and CORAS. It was famous for the beauty of its scenery, where the
Anio, descending from the hills, makes gullies and cascades ; and
famous, too, as the home of Albunea, the last of the Sibyls (or
prophetesses), who had there a sacred grove and shrine (I. vii. 12).
Horace had a villa there. (Adj. Tiburtinu*, -a, -um.)
Tiridates. -is, m. : see Phrahate*.
Tithonus, -i, m. : a mortal with whom Aurora, the goddess of
Dawn, fell in love. She gave him the gift of immortality, but forgot
to add that of eternal youth. (I. xxviii. 8 ; II. xvi. 30.)
Troia, -ae, f. : Troy, the capital of the small district of north-
west of Asia Minor called the Troad (Troas, -adig, f.). It was
besieged by the whole force of Greece, the legends said, for ten
years, to avenge the abduction of HELEN (Helena, -ae, f.), wife of
MENELAUS, King of Sparta, who had been carried off by PARIS
84 INDEX OF PROPER NAMES.
(Paris, -Idis ; also called Alexander), son of Priaraus. In the tenth
year it was taken by stratagem. The Greeks pretended that they
gave up the siege, but left behind them a gigantic wooden horse,
which the Trojans took within their walls. The horse contained a
band of the picked warriors of Greece, who got out in the night,
opened the city gates, and admitted the whole Greek army. The
bravest of the Greeks was Achilles ; of the Trojans, Hector (passim).
Tyrrhenus, -a, -urn (I. xi 6) : see Etruria.
V.
Vesta, -ae, f . : goddess of the Hearth, on whose altar was kept
burning a fire, which was never allowed to expire. Her priestesses
were the Vestal Virgins, whose house, the .Regia (monumenta regis,
L ii. 16) was on the slope of the Palatine hill, near the Forum.
Q. HORATII FLACCI
CARMINVM
LIBER SECYNDYS.
NOTE. — The text is mainly that of L. Muller, in which the
spelling conforms closely to the exigencies of the metre ; e.g.,
furerest (~furere est),
I.
(Alcaic.)
JVlotum ex Metello consnle civicum
Bellique causas et vitia et modos
Ludumque Fortunae gravesque
Principum amicitias et arma
Nondum expiatis uncta cruoribus, 5
Periculosae plenum opus aleae,
Tractas et incedis per ignes
Suppositos cineri doloso.
Paullum severae Musa tragoediae
Desit theatris : mox ubi publicas I o
Res ordinaris, grande nmnus
Cecropio repetes cothurno,
Insigne maestis praesidium reis
Et consulenti, Pollio, Curiae,
Cui laurus aeternos honores 15
Delmatico peperit triumplio.
lam mine minaci murmure cornuum
Perstringis aures, iam litui strepunt,
lam fulgor armorum fugaces
Terret equos equitumque voltus. 20
U HORACE
Audire magnos iam videor duces,
Non indecoro pulvere sordidos,
Et cuncta terrarum subacta
Praeter atrocem animum Catonis.
luno et deornm quisquis amicior 25
Afris inulta cesserat inpotena
Tell u re, victorum nepotas
Rettulit inferias lugurthae.
Quis non Latino sanguine pinguior
Campus sepulcris inpia proelia 30
Testatur auditumque Medis
Hesperiae sonitum ruinae ?
Qui gurges aut quae flumina lugubria
Ignara belli ? quod mare Dauiiiae
Non decoloravere caedes ? 35
Quae caret ora cruore nostro ?
Sed ne relictis, Musa procax, iocis
Ceae retractes munera neniae,
Mecum Dionaeo sub antro
Quaere modos leviore plectro. 40
II.
(Sapphic 1.)
Nullus argento color est avaris
Abdito terris, inimice lamnae
Crispe Sallusti, nisi temperate
Splendeat usu.
Vivet extento Proculeius aevo,
Notus in fratres animi paterni :
Ilium aget pinna nietuente solvi
Fama superstes.
ODES II. 3. 15
regnes avidumvdomando
Spiritum, quam si Libyam reinotia 10
Gadibus iungas et uterque Poenua
Serviat uni.
Crescit indulgens sibi dirus hydrops
Nee sitim pellit, nisi causa morbi
Fugerit venis et aquosus albo 15
Corpore languor.
Kedditum Cyri solio Phrahaten
DLssidens plebi numero beatorum
Eximit Virtus populumque falsis
Dedocet uti 20
Vocibus, regnum et diadema tutum
Deferens uni propriamque laurum,
Quisquis ingentes oculo inretorto
Spectat acervos.
III.
(Alcaic.)
Aequam memento rebus in arduis
Servare mentem, non secus in bonia
Ab insolenti tempera tarn
Laetitia, moriture Delli,
Seu maestus omni tempore vixeris, 5
Seu te in remoto gramine per dies
Festos reclinatum bearis
Interiore nota Falerni
Quo pinus ingens albaque populus
Unibram hospitalem consociare am ant 10
Ramis? Quid obliquo laborat
Lympha f ugax trepidare rivo 1
16 HORACE
Hue vina et unguenta et nimium bi eves
Flores amoenae ferre iube rosae,
Dum res et aetas et sororum 15
Fila trium patiuntur atra.
Cedes coemptis saltibus et domo
Yillaque, flavus quam Tiberis lavit,
Cedes, et exstructis in altum
Divitiis potietur heres. 20
Divesne, prisco natus ab Inacho,
Nil interest an pauper et infima
De gente sub divo moreris,
Victima nil miserantis Orci.
Omnes eodem cogimur, omnium 25
Versatur urna serius ocius
Sors exitura et nos in aeternum
Exsilium impositura cumbae.
IV.
(Sapphic 1.)
Ne sit ancillae tibi amor pudori,
Xanthia Phoceu. Prius insolentem
Serva Briseis niveo colore
Movit Achillem ;
Movit Aiacem Telamone natum 5
Forma captivae dominum Tecmessae :
Arsit Atrides medio in triumpho
Yirgine rapt a,
Barbarae postquam cecidere turmae
Thessalo victore et ademptus Hector 10
Tradidit fessis leviora tolli
Pergama Grais.
ODES II. 5. 17
Nescias an te generum beati
Phyllidis flavae decorent parentes :
Hegium certe genus et penates 15
Maeret iniquos.
Crede non illam tibi de scelesta
Plebe dilectam, neque sic fidelem,
Sic lucro aversam potuisse nasci
Matre pudenda. 20
Bracchia et voltum teretesque suras
Integer laudo ; fuge suspicari,
Cuius octavum trepidavit aetas
Claudere lustrum.
HOT. II.
V.
(A Icaic.)
Nondum subacta ferre iugum valet
Cervice, nondum munia conparis
Aequare nee tauri ruentis
In venerem tolerare pondus.
Circa virentes est animus tuae 5
Campos iuvencae, mine fluviis gravem
Solantis aestum, nunc in udo
Ludere cum vitulis salicto
Praegestientis. Tolle cupidinem
Inmitis uvae : iam tibi lividos 10
Distinguet autumnus racemos
Purpureo varius colore.
Iam te sequetur : currit enim ferox
Aetas, et illi, quod tibi demserit,
Adponet annus ; iam proterva 1 5
Fronte petet Lalage maritum,
18 HORACE
Dilecta, quantum non Pholoe fugax,
Non Chloris, albo sic umero nitens,
Ut pura nocturne renidet
Luna mari Cnidiusve Gyges, 20
Quern si puellarum insereres choro,
Mire sagaces falleret hospites
Discrimen obscurum solutis
Crinibus ambiguoque voltu.
\
VI.
t (Sapphic 1.)
^T Septimi, Gades aditure mecum et
0* Cantabrum indoctum iuga ferre nostra et
Barbaras Syrtes, ubi Maura semper
Aestuat unda,
Tibur Argeo positum colono 5
Sit meae sedes utinam senectae,
Sit modus lasso maris et viarum
Militiaeque.
Vnde si Parcae prohibent iniquae,
Dulce pellitis ovibus Galaesi 10
Flumen et regnata petam Laconi
Rura Phalantho.
Ilie terrarum mihi praeter omnes ' .
Angulus ridet, ubi non Hymetto -y
Mella decedunt viridique certat r* 15
Baca Venafro ;
Ver ubj, longum tepidasque praebet
luppiter brumas, et amictus Aulon
Fertili Baccho minimum Falernis
Invidet uvis. 20
ODES II. 7. 19
7r Jlle te mecum locus et beatae
•7 Postulant arces ; ibi tu calenteir,
Debita sparges lacrima favillam
Vatis amici.
VII.
(A Icaic.)
saepe mecum tempus in ultimum,
7 Deducte Bruto militiae duce,
Quis te redonavit Quiritem
Dis patriis Italoque caelo,
Pompei, meorum prime sodalium, >• 5
Cum quo morantem saepe diem mero
Fregi, coronatus nitentes
Malobathro Syrio capillos ?
Tecum Philippos et celerem fugam
Sensi relicta non bene parmula, io
Cum f racta virtus et minaces
Turpe solum tetigere mejito.
Sed me per hostes Mercurius celer
Denso paventem sustulit acre ;
Te rursus in bellum resorbens 15
Vnda fretis tulit aestuosis.
Ergo obligatam redde lovi dapem,
Longaque fessum militia latus
Depone sub lauru mea nee
Parce cadis tibi destinatis. »o
Oblivioso levia Massico
Ciboria exple, funde capacibus
Ynguenta de conchis. Quis udo
Deproperare apio coronas
20 HORACE
Curatve myrto ? Quern Yenus arbitruzn 25
Dicet bibendi ? Non ego sanius
Bacchabor Edonis : recepto
Dulce mihi f urerest amico.
vm.
(Sapphic 1.)
Vila si iuris tibi peierati
Poena, Barine, nocuisset umquam,
Dente si nigro fieres vel uno
Turpior ungui,
Orederem. Sed tu simul obligasti 5
Perfidum votis caput, enitescis
Pulchrior multo iuvenumque prodis
Publica cura.
Expedit matris cineres opertos
Fallere et toto tacit urna noctis 10
Signa cum caelo gelidaque divos
Morte carentes.
Bidet hoc, inquam, Venus ipsa, rident
Simplices Nymphae ferus et Cupido,
Semper ardentes acuens sagittas 15
Cote cruenta.
Adde quod pubes tibi crescit omnis,
Servitus crescit nova, nee priores
Inpiae tectum dominae relinquunt,
Saepe minati. 20
Te suis matres metuunt iuvencis,
Te senes parci miseraeque, nuper
Virgines, nuptae, tua ne retardet
Aura maritos.
ODES II. 9. 21
IX.
(A Icaic.)
NOIL semper imbres nubibus hispidos
Manant in agros aut mare Caspium
Yexant inaequales procellae
Ysque, nee Armeniis in oris,
Amice Yalgi, stat glacies iners 5
Menses per omnes, aut aquilonibus
Querqueta Gargani laborant
Et foliis viduantur orni :
Tu semper urgues flebilibus modis
Mysten ademptum, nee tibi Vespero 10
Surgente decedunt amores
Nee rapidum fugiente solem.
At non ter aevo functus amabilem
Ploravit omnes Antilochum senex
Annos, nee inpubem parentes 15
Troilon aut Phrygiae sorores
Flevere semper. Desine mollium
Tandem querellarum, et potius nova
Cantemus Augusti tropaea
Caesaris et rigidum Niphaten, ao
Medumque flumen gentibus additum
Victis minores volvere vertices,
Intraque praescriptum Gelonos
equitare campis.
HORACE
X.
(Sapphic 1.)
Rectius vives, Licini, neque altum
Semper urguendo neque, dum procellas
Cautus horrescis, nimium premendo
Litus iniquum.
Auream quisquis mediocritatem 5
Diligit, tutus caret obsoleti
Sordibus tecti, caret invidenda
Sobrius aula.
Saepius ventis agitatur ingens
Pinus et celsae graviore casu 10
Decidunt turres feriuntque sumrnos
Fulgura montes.
Sperat infestis, metuit secundis
Alteram sortem bene praeparatum
Pectus. * Inf ormes hiemes reducit 1 5
lupiter, idem
Submovet. Non, si male nunc, et olim
Sic erit : quondam cithara tacentem
Suscitat Musam neque semper arcum
Tendit Apollo. to
Rebus angustis animosus atque
Fortis adpare ; sapienter idem
Contrahes vento nimium secundo
Turgida vela.
ODES II. 11. 23
XL
(Alcaic.)
Quid bellicosus Cantaber et Scythes,
Hirpine Quinti, cogitet Hadria
Divisus obiecto, remittas
Quaerere, nee trepides in usum
Poscentis aevi pauca : fugit retro 5
Levis iuventas et decor, arida
Pellente lascivos amores
Canitie facilemque somnum.
Non semper idem floribus est honor
Yernis, neque uno luna rubens nitet 10
Yoltu : quid aeternis minorem
Consiliis animum fatigas ]
Cur non sub alta vel platano vel hac
Pinu iacentes sic temere et rosa
Canos odorati capillos, 15
Dum licet, Assyrioque nardo
Potamua uncti 1 Dissipat Euhius
Curas edaces. Quis puer ocius
Restinguet ardentis Falerni
Pocula praetereunte lympha ? 20
Quis devium scortum eliciet domo
Lyden ] Eburna, die age, cum lyra
Maturet, incomptam Lacaenae
More comam religata nodo I
24 HORACE
xn.
(Asclepiad 4.)
Nolis longa ferae bella Numantiae
Nee dirum Hannibalem nee Siculum mare
Poeno purpureum sanguine mollibus
Aptari citharae modis,
Nee saevos Lapithas et nimium mero 5
Hylaeum domitosque Herculea manu
Telluris iuvenes, unde periculum
Fulgens contremuit domus
Saturni veteris : tuque pedestribus
Dices historiis proelia Caesaris, 10
Maecenas, melius ductaque per vias
Regum colla minacium.
Me dulces dominae Musa Licymniae
Cantus, me voluit dicere lucidum
Fulgentes oculos et bene mutuis 15
Fidum pectus amoribus ;
Quam nee ferre pedem dedecuit choris
Nee certare ioco nee dare bracchia
Ludentem nitidis virginibus sacro
Dianae Celebris die. ao
Num tu quae tenuit dives Achaemenes
Aut pinguis Phrygiae Mygdonias opes
Permutare velis crine Licymniae
Plenas aut Arabum domos,
Dum flagrantia detorquet ad oscula 25
Cervicem, aut facili saevitia negat,
Quae poscente magis gaudeat eiipi,
Interdum rapere occupat.
ODES u. 13. 25
XIII.
(Alcaic.)
Ille et nefasto te posuit die,
Quicumque primum, et sacrilega manu
Produxit, arbos, in nepotum
Perniciem opprobriumque pagi ;
Ilium et parentis crediderim sui 5
Fregisse cervicem et penetralia
Sparsisse nocturne cruore
Hospitis ; ille venena Colcha
Et quidquid usquam concipitur nefas
Tract avit, agro qui statuit meo 10
Te triste lignum, te caducum
In domini caput inmerentis.
Quid quisque vitet, numquam homini satis
Cautumst in horas : navita Bosphorum
Thynus perhorrescit neque ultra 15
Caeca timetve aliunde fata,
sagittas et celerem fugam
Parthi, catenas Parthus et Italum
Robur ; sed improvisa leti
Vis rapuit rapietque gentes. 20
Quam paene furvae regna Proserpinae
Et iudicantem vidimus Aeacum
Sedesque discretas piorum et
Aeoliis fidibus querentem
Sappho puellis de popular ibus 25
Et te sonantem plenius aureo,
Alcaee, plectro dura navis,
Dura fugae mala, dura belli.
26 HORACE
Vtrumque sacro digna silentio
Mirantur umbrae dicere ; sed magis 30
Pugnas et exactos tyrannos
Densum umeris bibit aure volgus.
Quid mirum, ubi illia canninibus stupena
Demittit atras belua centiceps
Aures, et intorti capillis 35
Eumenidum recreantur angues ?
Quin et Prometheus et Pelopis parena
Dulci laborem decipifcur sono,
Nee curat Orion leones
Aut timidos agitare lyncas. 40
A
XIV.
; (Alcaic.)
!3ieu fugaces, Postume, Postume,
jabuntur anni, nee pietas moram
Rugis et instanti senectae
Adferet indomitaeque morti ;
Non, si trecenis, quotquot eunt dies, 5
Amice, places, inlacrimabilem
Plutona tauris, qui ter amplum
Geryonen Tityonque tristi
Conpescit unda, scilicet omnibus,
Quicumque terrae munere vescimur, 10
Enaviganda, sive reges
Sive inopes erimus coloni.
.Frustra cruento Marte carebimus
Fractisque rauci fluctibus Hadriae,
Frustra per autumnos nocentem 15
Corporibus metuemus austrum :
ODES ii. 15. 27
Yisendus a£gr, flumine languido
Cocytos errans et Danai genus
Infame damnatusque longi
Sisyphus Aeolides laboris. 20
Linquenda tellus et domus et placens
Yxor, neque harum, quas colis, arborum
Te praeter ihvisas cupressos
brevem dominum sequetur.
Absunaet heres Caecuba dignior ^5
Servata centum clavibus et mero
Tinguet pavimentum superbo,
Pontificum potiore cenis.
XV.
(Alcaic.)
lam pauca aratro iugera regiae %
Moles relinquent, undique latius
Extenta visentur Lucrino
Stagna lacu, platanusque caelebs
Evincet ulmos ; turn violaria et
Myrtus et omnis copia narium
Spargent olivetis odorem,
Fertilibus domino priori ;
Turn spissa ramis laurea fervidoa
Excludet ictus. Non ita Romuli
Praescriptum et intonsi Catonis
Auspiciis veterumque norma.
Privatus illis census erat brevis,
Commune magnum : nulla decempedis
Metata privatis opacam
Porticus excipiebat Arcton.
28 HORACE
Nee fortuitum spernere caespitem
Leges sinebant, oppida publico
Sumptu iubentes et deorum
Templa novo decorare saxo. ao
XVI.
(Sapphic 1.)
Otium divos rogat in patent!
Prensus Aegaeo, simul atra nubes
Condidit lunam neque certa fulgent
Sidera nautis ;
Otium bello furiosa Thrace, 5
Otium Medi pharetra decori,
Grosphe, non gemmis neque purpura ve-
nale nee auro.
Non enim gazae neque consularis
Submovet lictor miseros tumultus 10
Mentis et curas laqueata circum
Tecta volantes.
Vivitur parvo bene, cui paternum
Splendet in mensa tenui salinum, ?> •
Nee leves somnos timor aut cupido 15
Sordidus aufert.
Quid brevi fortes iaculamur aevo
Multa ? Quid terras alio calentes
Sole mutamus ? Patriae quis exsul
Se quoque f ugit ? 20
Scandit aeratas vitiosa naves
Cura nee turmas equitum relinquit,
Ocior cervis et agente nimbos
Ocior Euro.
ODES n. 17. 29
Laetus in praesens animus quod ultrast 25
Oderit curare et amara lento
Temperet risu ; nihil est ab omni
Parte beatum.
Abstulit clarum cita mors Achillem,
Longa Tithonum minuit senectus, 30
Et mini forsan, tibi quod negarit,
Porriget hora.
Te greges centum Siculaeque circum
Mugiunt vaccae, tibi tollit hinnitum
Apta quadrigis equa, te bis Afro 35
Murice tinctae
Vestiunt lanae ; mihi parva rura et
Spiritum Graiae tenuem Camenae
Parca non mendax dedit et malignum
Spernere volgus. 40
XVII.
(Alcaic.)
Cur me querellis exanimas tuis ?
Nee dis amicumst nee mihi te prius
Obire, Maecenas, mearum
Grande decus columenque rerum,
A, te meae si partem animae rapit 5
Maturior vis, quid moror altera,
Nee carus aeque nee superstes
Integer ? Ille dies utramque
Ducet ruinam. Non ego perfidum
Dixi sacramentum : ibirnus, ibimus, 10
Ytcumque praecedes, supremum
Carpere iter comites parati.
30 HORACE
Me nee Chimaerae spiritus igneae
Nee, si resurgat, centimanus Gyas
Divellet umquam : sic potenti 15
lustitiae placitumque Parcis.
Sen Libra seu me Scorpios adspicit
Formidolosus, pars violentior
Natalia horae, seu tyrannus
Hesperiae Capricornus undae, ao
Ytrumque nostrum incredibili modo
Consentit astrum. Te lovis inpio
Tutela Saturno refulgens
Eripuit volucrisque Fati
Tardavit alas, cui populus frequens 15
Laetum theatris ter crepuit sonum ;
Me truncus inlapsus cerebro
Sustulerat, nisi Faunus ictum
Dextra levasset, Mercurialium
Gustos virorum. Reddere victimas 30
Aedemque votivam memento ;
Nos humilem feriemus agnam.
XVIII
(Hipponacteum.)
Non ebur neque aureum
Mea renidet in domo lacunar,
Non trabes Hymettiae
Premunt columnas ultima recisas
Africa, neque Attali
Ignotus heres regiam occupavi,
Nee Laconicas mihi
Trahunt honestae purpuras clientae.
ODES II. 18. 31
At fides et ingeni
Benigna venast, pauperemque dives 10
Me petit : nihil supra
Deos lacesso nee potentem amicum
Largiora flagito,
Satis beatus unicis Sabinis.
Truditur dies die, 15
Novaeque pergunt interire lunae.
Tu secanda marmora
Locas sub ipsum funus et sepulcri
Inmemor struis domos,
Marisque Bais obstrepentis urgues 20
Submovere litora,
Parum locuples continente ripa.
Quid quod usque proximos
Revellis agri terminos et ultra
Limites clientium 25
Salis avarus ? Pellitur paternos
In sinu f erens deos
Et uxor et vir sordidosque natos,
Nulla certior tamen
Rapacis Orci fine destinata 30
Aula divitem manet
Erum. Quid ultra tendis ? Aequa tellus
Pauperi recluditur
Regumque pueris, nee satelles Orci
Callidum Promethea 35
Revexit auro captus. Hie superbum
32 HORACE
Tantalum atque Tantali
Genus cohercet, hie levare functum
Pauperem laboribus
"Vocatus atque non vocatus audit. 40
XIX.
(Alcaic.)
Bacchum in remotis carmina rupibua
Yidi docentem, credite posteri,
Nymphasque discentea et aures
Capripedum Satyrorum acutas.
Euhoe, recenti mens trepidat metu, 5
Plenoque Bacchi pectore turbidum
Laetatur. Euhoe, parce Liber,
Parce, gravi metuende thyrso.
Fas pervicaces est mihi Thyiadas
Vinique fontem lactis et uberes 10
Cantare rivos atque truncis
Lapsa cavis iterare mella ;
Fas et beatae coniugis additum
Stellis honorem tectaque Penthei
Disiecta non leni ruina 15
Thracis et exitium Lycurgi.
Tu flectis amnes, tu mare barbarum,
Tu separatis uvidus in iugis
Nodo coherces viperino
Bistonidum sine fraude crines. 20
ODES ii. 20. 33
Tu, cum parentis regna per arduum
Cohors Gigantum scanderet input,
Rhoetum retorsisti leonis
Ynguibus horribilique mala ;
Quamquam choreis aptior et iocia 25
Ludoque d ictus non sat idoneus
Pugnae ferebaris ; sed idem
Pacis eras medinsque belli.
Te vidit insons Cerberus aureo
Cornu decorum, leniter atterena 30
Candam, et recedentis trilingui
Ore pedes tetigitque crura.
XX.
(Alcaic.)
Non usitata nee tenui ferar
Pinna biformis per liquidum aethera
Vates, neque in terris morabor
Longins invidiaque maior
Vrbes relinquam. Non ego, pauperum 5
Sanguis parentum, non ego, quern vocas,
Dilecte Maecenas, obibo
Nee Stygia cohibebor unda.
lam iam residunt cruribus asperae
Pclles et album mutor in alitem 10
Superne, nascunturque leves
Per digitos umerosque plumae.
ffor. II. 3
34 HORACE.
Jam Daedaleo tutior Icaro
Visam gementis litora Bosphori
Syrtesqne Gaetulas canorus 15
Ales Hyperboreosque campos.
Me Colchus et qui dissimulat metum
Marsae cohortis Dacus et ultimi
Noscent Geloni, me peritus
Discet Hiber Rhodanique potor. 20
Absint inani funere neniae
Luctusque turpes et querimoniae ;
Conpesce clamorem ac sepulcri
Mitte supervacnoa honores.
NOTES.
References to passages in the Odes are made thus: I. xii. 17 means Book I.,
Ode xii., line 17.
An obelus (t) denotes that the reading is doubtful.
ODE I.
You are writing the history of the Civil Wars, Pollio — a dangerous
task indeed. Lay aside your tragedies awhile, great lawyer, great
statesman, great general. Methinks I hear the sounds and see the
sights of battle even now ; methinTcs 1 watch the conquest of the world
— all the world save Cato ; his death was an offering to Jugurtha.
'The stain of our blood has defiled all the world. But, my Muse, let
ins sing a lighter song.
Addressed to C. Asinius Pollio, a supporter of Julius Caesar, who
triumphed 39 B.C. over the Parthini, an Illyrian tribe in arms on
behalf of Brutus and Cassius. He was a patron of literature, and
a friend of Horace and Vergil. The " History of the Civil Wars " to
which Horace here refers comprised the years 60-30 B.C. Pollio
was a successful tragic poet as well as an historian, but all his
writings have been lost.
1. motum : a noun, not the participle of moveo. Metello : Q.
Caecilius Metellus was consul in the year of the First Triumvirate,
60 B.C., and led the senatorian party against the league of Caesar,
Pompeius, and Crassus (the principum of v. 4).
7. tractus : this verb governs all the preceding accusatives as
direct objects, except periculosae plenum opus aleae, which stands
in apposition with the others collectively. To write the history of
the Civil Wars was dangerous, because Augustus might easily be
offended, as well as many other notable Romans.
20. theatris : dative.
12. Cecropio : "Athenian," from Cecrops, a legendary king of
Attica, where all the greatest tragedians were bred. The cothurnus
was a buskin or thick-soled shoe, worn by tragic actors to increase
their height.
36 HORACE, ODES II. 2.
16. Delmatico : i.e. Illyrian. Delmatia was strictly the district
north of Illyria, about the head of the Adriatic Gulf and the
Tyrol.
18. perstringis : i.e. in a public recitation of his works, a fashion
which Pollio introduced. litui : "bugles" used by cavalry.
Cp. Odes I. i. 23, n.
23. terrarum : partitive genitive.
25. luno : the patron goddess of Carthage in N. Africa.
28. rettulit : "offered due (re-) sacrifice." A singular verb
agreeing with one member only of a composite subject is not un-
common, especially in Horace. lugurthae : Prince of Numidia ;
he attacked his brother Adherbal, who was under the protection of
Rome, and so began the Jugurthine War, 111 B.C. In 106 he was
captured by Sulla and Marius, and in 104 was starved to death.
Horace says that his death was avenged by the blood of the Romans
who in 46 fell at Thapsus, where Cato (v. 24) commanded the
senatorians. See Index s.v. Cato.
29. quis : used here adjectivally with campus.
31. Media: dative of the agent; for the "Medes" see Index
s.v. Parthus. Hesperiae : the adjective, "of Hesperia." See
Index.
36. caret: "is free from." Distinguish the force of careo from
that of egeo, " to be in need of."
38. retractes : final subjunctive, i.e. expressing purpose. The
first meaning of retracto is " to handle again " ; that of " withdraw-
ing," "retracting," is secondary. Ceae neniae : i.e. mournful
songs such as those of Simonides of Ceos, 556-467 B.C. He was
famous for his elegies and epitaphs on the dead.
39. Dionaeo : belonging to Venus, Goddess of Love, the daughter
of Dione.
ODE II.
Silver has no beauty unless it be well used, as Proculeius used it to
his undying praise. Better conquer avarice than rule the world.
Avarice is like dropsy, always thirsty, yet only increased by indul-
gence. Virtue teaches us to call happy only him who can look once
at wealth and not turn back to gaze upon it.
Addressed to Sallust, adopted son of the historian of the Jugur-
thine War and the Catilinarian conspiracy ; he was a courtier of
Augustus and a patron of literature.
2. lamnae : syncopated for laminae, properly " a flat plate of
metal " ; Horace is referring to silver coin or plate.
4. splendeat : subjunctive in what is virtually a reported con-
ditional clause ; Sallustius is represented as saying inimicus sum,
nisi splendet. The metaphor is from coin, which keeps bright only
when continuallv used.
NOTES. 37
5. Proculeius : said to have divided his own property with his
two brothers, when the latter had lost their own by confiscation
during the Civil Wars.
6. animi : gen. of reference, or of the " thing in poinc of which a
term is applied to a person." The construction is a poetic exten-
sion of the adjectival use of the genitive, and is very rarely used in
prose.
9. regnes : hypothetical subjunctive, the protasis to which is con-
tained in domando ( = si domes). lungas and serviat depend on the
implied hypothesis " (than) you would reign."
11. Gadibus (Cadiz) : the famous port at the mouth of the Baetis
(Guadalquiver), founded about 1000 B.C. by the Phoenicians.
uterque Poenus: "both Carthaginians," i.e. the older Carthaginians
of Carthage in Africa, and the settlers who occupied Spain and
Carthago Nova (Cartagena) after 238 B.C.
12. uni : "alone" (sc. tibi). Cp. v. 22.
14. pellit : sc. " the dropsical patient," from hy drops.
15. fugerit : future-perfect ; the cause of the disease must be
eradicated before the thirst is quenched.
17. The construction is Virtus eximit Phrahaten numero beatorum.
Dissidens plebi goes with virtus ; and solio is dat. after redditum,
which belongs to Phrahaten. Cyrus the Great founded the Persian
empire about 560 B.C. The Persians and Parthians are, as often,
identified. For Phrahates see Index.
19. falsis . . . vocibus : i.e. by calling P. beatus when he is not
virtuous.
20. dedocet : " tmteaches them to use," i.e. " teaches them not to
use."
21. diadema : properly not a metal crown, but a broad riband
which formed part of the royal head-dress.
in.
Be not too sorrowful in trouble, Dellius, nor too glad in good
fortune. Of what use are the good things of life unless you enjoy
them ? Do so while you may, for you must forego them all at last.
High, low, rich, and poor, we must all die.
3. temperatam : sc. servare memento.
5. seu . . . seu : to be taken after moriture — "doomed to die,
whether you have lived," etc.
8. interfere nota : the wine-jars were stored away in the apotheca
as they were filled, so that the amphora which stood farthest back
would of course contain the oldest and best wine. Falerni : sc. vini ;
cp. Massicum. The nota, or label upon the amphora, would record
the place and date of the vintage.
9. quo: "to what end?" "why? "(lit. "whither?").
10. amant : "are wont," a Graecism.
38 HORACE, ODES II. 4.
12. trepidare : with laborat. The use of an infinitive with many
verbs more usually constructed with a gerund or ut is an extension
of the prolative infinitive, used with such verbs as possum, incipio,
volo, etc. Other examples occur in iv. 23, xii. 28, xviii. 21, xvi. 39,
xviii. 40. The obvious answer to the questions in this stanza is that
all is for our pleasure.
14. ferre iube : the object of iube, being indefinite (e.g. aliquem),
is omitted, ajnoenae : this adjective is used of things which are
pleasing ; iucundus nf pftyppna.
1 5. res : not " circumstances, " but ' ' property. " aetas : ' ' youth. "
116. fila : the Fates (Parcae), three sisters, Clotho, Lachesis, and
Atropos, were represented as holding, spinning, and severing the
thread of man's life.
18. villa : the country house, opposed to domo, the house in town.
Most wealthy Romans possessed several such country seats, lavit :
present tense, as if from a verb of the 3rd conjugation, an archaic
form affected by Horace.
19. in altum: used as a noun; cp. ad plenum, "to the full,"
I. xvii. 15.
21. Inacho : a mythical king of Argos.
23. moreris : the verb belongs to both divesne and pauper, the
subjunctive is that of the dependent question, sub divo : "under
the open sky " ; cp. sub love. The god of the sky was Jupiter.
25. eodem : "in the same direction," " to the same place,"
adverb.
26. The subject to versatur is sors, while urna is an ablative of
the instrument. Vcl is omitted between the two adverbs serins,
ocius, which qualify exitura. The lives of men are represented as
so many lots (sortes) shaken together in an urn, and he whose lot
first leaps out must die.
27. The scansion affords an instance of synapheia, the final -urn
of aeternum being elided before the vowel with which the next line
begins ; cp. xvi. 34.
28. cumbae : the boat of Charon, in which the ghosts of the dead
were ferried across the Styx to Hades.
ODE IV.
Be not ashamed to love a slave, Xanthias. Achilles, Ajax,
Agamemnon, all did so. Who knows? Phyllis may be the daughter
of kings ; and, in any case, one whom you love cannot be base-born.
She is fair ; be not jealous of me if I praise her, for I am forty.
1. pudori : predicative dative.
2. Phoceu: Greek vocative of Phoceus, a native of Phocis in
Northern Greece.
3. Briseis : a captive in war, who became the prize of Achilles.
Agamemnon afterwards took her away again, and Achilles in his
wrath refused to fight against the Trojans any more.
NOTES. 89
5. Aiacem : called *' the son of Telamon " to distinguish him from
Ajax the Less, son of Oi'leus. He married Tecmessa, daughter of
Teleutas, king of Phrygia, a captive slave.
7. Atrides : Agamemnon fell in love with Cassandra, daughter of
Priam, and took her home to Argos, where both were murdered by
his queen Clytaemnestra.
9. cecidere . . . tradidit : English requires the past perfect, " had
fallen . . . had handed over."
10. Thessalo victore : not an abl. of the agent (which would
require the preposition a, ab), but an ablative absolute. Thessalus
is Achilles, who came from Phthia in Thessaly. ademptus Hector :
lit. " Hector removed," i.e. " the removal of Hector." The Roman
preference for. concrete to abstract phraseology often causes a (con-
crete) noun and participle to be used to express the action itself.
11. tolli : with leviora. Such a use of the infinitive dependent
upon an adjective is not allowable in prose, but forms a special
feature in the Latin of Horace. Cp. indoctus ferre, vi. 2 ; and com-
pare Book L, iii. 25, vi. 6, x. 7, xii. 10, xviii. 18, xxxv. 2, 28.
12. Pergama : Pergama, -orum or Pergamum, -i — the citadel of
Troy, and so used for the city itself.
13. nescias an : when an introduces an apparently single question,
the implication is that the alternative mentioned is the right one.
Here nescias is potential: "you would not know, if asked," and
may be rendered " for all you know." But Horace does not mean
this stanza, or indeed anything in the Ode, to be taken too seriously.
15. genus : this may be taken either as nominative, the subject
of est (understood), and therefore also the subject of maeret ; or as
the accusative, the object of [Phyllis'] maeret.
16. iniquos : aequus signifies (1) level; (2) just, considerate;
(3) kind. Iniquus signifies the opposite in all three senses, the last
being that which is here conveyed.
17. tibi : dative of the agent. De scelesta plebe is predicative.
19. potuisse nasci : possum, debeo, etc. , are in this sense con-
structed with a present infinitive, and themselves take whatever
tense sign the English transfers to the dependent infinitive, e.g.
debuifacere, "I ought to have done." matre : ablative of origin.
22. integer : from in ( = not) and tag (root of tango, to touch),
"intact," i.e. "heart-\vhole."
24. claudere : see on iii. 12. lustrum : properly the sacrifice of
purification performed by the Censors at the close of their census in
every fifth year. Hence it comes to mean " a term of five years."
As Horace was born in 65 B.C., the date of this ode must be 25 B.C.
y/ODE V.
Lalage is too young to marry yet. Like a young heifer, she cares
only for play and pleasure. Soon will come the time when she will be
ready for love; you will be fonder of her than of Phol&e or Chloris,
fairer though Chloris be than a moon-lit sea or the boy Gyges,
40 HORACE, ODES II. 6.
2. cervice : the sing, of this noun is rarely used except in poetry,
munia : viz. that of pulling at the yoke as a mate (compar) should.
9. tolle: " away with ..." Tollo bears the three meanings of
(1) to raise ; (2) to lift up and carry off; (3) to remove, destroy.
10. iam: "soon," and so in v. 15. lividos : properly "dark-
blue," i.e. "dark."
12. colore : with distinguet, " set off with," not with varius.
15. The meaning is that the lover need not fear to wait awhile.
The years that take him past his prime of life will bring the maiden
nearer hers.
16. petet: "will playfully butt," not "will seek."
20. Cnidiua : a native of Cnidus, a Dorian colony in Caria.
21. The boy Gyges is so girlish in his features, that if he were
dressed as a girl it would be difficult to distinguish his true sex.
ODE VI.
/ should like to live the rest of my days at Tibur or Tarentum,
Septimius. The fields and flocks of Tarentum, its bees and olices
and vines, invite me. Let us go there and end our days together.
1. Gades : see on ii. 11.
2. Cantabrum : the Cantabri were a wild mountain tribe of North-
western Spain and Northern Portugal. They resisted the Romans
longer than any other Spanish clan, and the years 29- 15 B.C. were
occupied in almost ceaseless campaigns against them. They were
finally conquered and pacified by Agrippa. ferre : see on iv. 11.
3. Syrtes : see Index.
5. colono : dative of the agent. For the legend alluded to see
Index s.v. Tibur.
7. lasso : not to be taken too seriously. Horace's only militia
was in 42 B.C. (see vii. 2, n.) ; this was written probably after 29.
inaris . . . militiaeque : the genitives depend on lasso. Cp. fessi
rerum (Vergil). They might also be taken with modus. With
lasso, sc. mihi.
9. Parcae : see iii. 16, n. ; and for iniquae see iv. 16, n.
10. pellitis : "clad in skins" (pelles), with which sheep of ex-
ceptionally fine breed were covered in order to preserve their fleece
from damage. ^ Galaesi : not "the river Galaesus " (which would be
expressed by putting the two nouns in apposition), but the " waters
of the Galaesus." This river falls into the Gulf of Tarentum.
1 1 . regnata : regno is an intransitive verb, but the passive is used
transitively in poetry and post-Augustan prose.
12. Phalantho : dative of the agent. While the Spartan warriors
were absent during the long wars against Messenia in the eighth
century B.C., there grew up a population which, headed by Phalan-
thus, endeavoured to expel the legitimate Spartans. Foiled in the
attempt, Phalanthus was allowed to lead them away as colonists,
and so founded Tarentum (Taranto), 707 B.C.
NOTES. 41
14. Hymetto . . . Venafro : examples of the figure called bra-
chyology (short-speaking). The honey of Tarenturn does not rival
Hymettus, but the honey of Hymettus. The latter place was a
mountain overlooking Athens from the south.
16. Venafro : a celebrated olive-growing town on the southern
borders of Latium, near the Vulturnus river.
18. Aulon : a mountain in Calabria, fertili: either (i} "luxurious,"
if Baccho be taken to mean "grapes" ; or (2) "fertilising," if Baccho
be understood literally, f amictus : there is another reading,
amicus, "friendly to."
22. When the body of a Roman was burnt upon the funeral pyre,
his intimate friends wept solemnly over his smouldering ashes
(favilla), and subsequently quenched them with libations of wine,
prior to enclosing them in the urn.
ODE VII.
Pompeius, my comrade in every danger, what has "brought yov
back safe home? How often have I feasted with you! With you
I fought at Philippi ; but while I ran away, you were drawn back
into warfare. Now we can feast again. I could drink like a
Thracian.
1. tempus ultimum: "gravest peril," tempus here, as often,
denoting "a crisis."
2. Bruto : Marcus Junius Brutus, a friend of Julius Caesar, was
the head of the conspiracy which ended in the assassination of
Caesar, March 15th, 44 B.C. He was compelled to quit Italy by
Marcus Antonius, and endeavoured to assert his cause by arms. At
Philippi in Macedonia the army commanded by himself and Cassius
was routed by Octavianus and Antonius, and the two commanders
committed suicide, 42 B.C. militiae : not locative, but genitive case.
3. Quiritem : Quirites (from the Sabine quiris, a spear) was a
name for the Romans in their civil capacity.
4. Pompei : scanned as a spondee. The e and » coalesce in
pronunciation by the figure called synizesis. Sodalis is a " boon-
companion" ; comes (cum and eo, ire) is one who " goes by the same
road," a comrade; collega (cum and lego) is one " commissioned at
the same time," a colleague in office.
8. capillos : in poetry many passive verbs, especially in the past
participle, are used in a "middle" sense, i.e. the subject is also the
indirect object of the action ; so here coronatus capillos = " having
wreathed my hair."
9. Philippos : see note on v. 2, and Introduction, § 1. The parma
was the distinctive shield of a cavalry soldier. The diminutive
implies irony or apology.
11. fracta : so. est. Virtus (from vir) means primarily ' ' manliness. '
13. Mercurius : Mercury was the inventor of the lyre, and may
therefore have been regarded as the patron of lyric poets.
42 HORACE, ODES II. 8.
21. levia : " smooth," i.e. polished in your honour. Massico : see
Index, and iii. 8, note on Falerni.
23. unguenta : perfumes such as malabathrum, nardum, etc. , were
regularly sprinkled over the heads of banqueters ; hence the adjec-
tive nitens applied to the hair (v. 7).
24. deproperare : depropero, which, like propero, is naturally
intransitive, is here used transitively.
25. curatve : the -ve belongs in sense to myrto. Garlands of
roses, myrtle, and parsley were worn during drinking-bouts,
arbitrum bibeudi: the "master of the cups" directed the quality
and quantity of the wines drunk during the banquet, and was
elected by means of dice (tali). The latter were four in number,
numbered on four sides each. If all fell with the same number
uppermost, the throw was called cam's, the worst. The best,
Venus, was a throw in which all four dice showed different
numbers.
27. Edonis : the Edoni (or Edones) were a Thracian tribe. They
are here put for " Thracians " generally, that people being addicted
to excessive drinking.
28. f merest : i.e. fur ere est.
ODE Vin.
If any of the, oaths which you have broken had brought you
punishment, Barlne, I could believe those which you make now. But
no such thing. The very deities of love smile upon your perjuries.
Your old lovers leave you not, fresh ones come, and every young wife
dreads your influence.
1. iuris peierati: "false oath," formed on the analogy of ius
iurandum. The genitive is objective with poena.
4. turpior : both dente and ungui belong to the adjective turpior
as ablatives of amount of difference, and uno must be taken with
each noun.
5. crederem : sc. tibi or iuri iurando tuo. simul : for simulac,
as often.
10. fallere : " to forswear." Barine swore by the buried (opertos)
ashes of her dead mother, and broke her oath.
14. Cupido : in Vergil and other writers, when masculine, Cupido
signifies the god of love, who is represented as armed with the bow
and arrows. When feminine, it is a common noun, "desire." In
Horace the word is always masculine. Cp. xvi. 16.
17. tibi: dative of advantage, "forthee."
18. servitus : abstract for concrete, "slaves." The young men
only grow up to be slaves to her charms like their elders.
21. iuvencis : the young men are compared to growing cattle, just
as 'was Lalage, Ode v.
24. aura: "the breeze of your favour," that blows on your
lovers.
NOTES. 43
ODE IX.
Rain and storm and winter do not last for ever, Valgius, and why
should the storm of your grief for Mystes be unceasing ? Nestor
forgot his grief for Antildchus ; Troilus' death was forgotten. Do
you also forget, and let us sing of the triumphs of Rome's Emperor.
1. nubibus : ablative of place whence motion takes place. It is
unusual for it to stand without a preposition.
7. Gargani : the Mons Garganus forms a headland on the Adriatic
Sea in the north of Apulia.
8. foliis : the ablative may be explained as one of either separa-
tion or respect.
9. modis : " measures " (musical), i.e. elegies ; so amores in v. 11
means love-poems. Gaius Valgius Rufus was an elegiac poet of
Maecenas' circle.
10. Mysten ademptum : cp. ademptus Hector, iv. 10, n. vesper :
the planet Venus, which does not " rise " in the evening, though it
may then become visible.
12. fugiente solem : i.e. when Venus is a morning star.
14. senex : |^estorT king of Pylos in Messenia, lived through three
generations of men, and was the wisest counsellor of the Greeks
before Tr»y. His son Antilochus was slain by Memnon while
defending his father. n
16. Troilus : son of Priam and Hecuba ; he was slain by Achillea
while still a mere lad. He had fifty sisters, here called Phrygian,^
because the Troad was a portion of Phrygia.
18. quereUarum: this use of the genitive is a Graecism, the
regular Latin construction requiring the accusative, nova . . .
tropaea : the reference is probably to some monument erected in
25 B.C. to celebrate victories gained over various barbarous tribes.
19. August! : see Index.
20. Niphaten : the name of a mountain of Armenia, rigidum :
"stiff with ice," "ice-bound."
21. Medium flumen : the Euphrates, which Augustus constituted
the boundary between the Roman Empire and the Parthians. The
construction here changes, and an accusative and infinitive clause is
put as object in place of the simple accusative (tropaea . . . Ni-
phaten). Translate: "Sing of the trophies, etc. . . . and how the
Median stream . . . rolls lesser eddies down."
23. Gelonos : the Geloni were a Scythian tribe dwelling about the
Tanais (Don). They are here put loosely for the Dacians, who were
compelled to retire beyond the Danube at some time posterior to
25 B.C., and thenceforward to recognise that river as their limit,
praescriptum : neuter adjective used as a substantive. Their plains
are called "narrow," in contrast with the wide area of Thrace,
which they had once occupied.
44 HORA.CB, ODES II. 10.
/ ODE X.
The lest life, Licinius, is that which aims at neither too much nor
Thei
tooT/ittle. The golden mean avoids alike envy and insult ; it is the lofty
f--°e which is struck by the lightning. 'Tis best to be guarded in all
3es~ Change will come, and Apollo** ghf'Jf* g*w fJ«** fa frfr fffj^fr
: bold in troublet cautious in success.
I. Licini : Lucius Licinius Murena, who was afterwards (22 B.C.)
put to death for conspiring against Augustus.
4. iniquum : see iv. 16, n.
5. auream: "golden," i.e. most valuable, best, mediocritatem :
according to the Greek philosopher Aristotle every virtue is a mean
between two vices.
9. ingens : the position of this word at the end of the line shows
that stress is laid upon it in sense ; so with xummos.
II. summos . . . montes : "the tops of mountains," not "the
highest mountains," which would require altissitnos.
13. infestis . . . secundis : ablatives of attendant circumstances,
sc. rebus, as in v. 21.
17. olim : "hereafter." Derived from ille (old form, olle), olim is
a locative case, and really means " at the time mentioned " (whether
future or past). Usually it refere to past time ; but here it refers
to a point of time in the distant future, male nunc : sc. est.
18. t cithara : another reading is citharae, " the Muse of his
lyre."
22. idem : lit. "you, the same one," i.e. you too.
23. contrahes : future simple equivalent to an imperative, as in
English, vento secundo : ablative of attend*"* oirflnmstances.
secundo : secundus, originally a participle" oTsequor, is used as an
adjective (cp. oriundus), and means " following astern," i.e. favour-
able.
ODE XI.
Trouble not t Quintius, to inquire what is going on in far away Spain
and Moesia. Life wants but little ; fret not about it, but enjoy youth
while you may — it vanishes like Jlowers or like the waning moon.
Better lie in the shade and drink with me. Let a slave mix us some
Falernian, and fetch Lyde to sing to us.
1. Cantaber : see on vi. 2, n. Scythes : the term Scythian com-
Ced a large number of barbarous tribes about the Danube and
.
3. divisus : sc. ab Italia. Of course the epithet belongs only to
Scythes. The Cantabri lay beyond the M are Tyrrhenum. remittas :
jussive subjunctive ; so trepides. This use of the 2nd person sin-
gular of the present subjunctive is poetic or colloquial, except when
the subject is indefinite.
NOTES. 45
4. in usum : " about the needs of " ; an unusual meaning for usus.
6. levis : i.e. with skin still soft and unwrinkled.
7. pellente : when retaining their verbal force, present participles
form the ablative in -e ; the ablative in -* is more usual when they
are used as simple adjectives.
12. consiliis : the ablative depends alike upon fatigas and
minorem, being instrumental with the former and ablative of the
standard of comparison with the latter, minorem : " inferior to,"
»". e. not equal to.
14. sic : " like this," i.e. just as we are.
15. capillos : for the accusative cp. vii. 8, «., and v. 24, below.
17. Euhius : Bacchus. See Index. The name was derived from
the cry (evoe /) of his worshippers.
18. quis: see i. 29, n. puer : "slave." ocius : the positive
degree (ociter) of this adverb is rarely found, and ocius may bear
either its proper comparative sense, or may be used for the positive.
22. age : this imperative is used as a mere exclamation, and is
often strengthened by the suffix -dum.
23. maturet : jussive subjunctive in quasi-dependence on die.
Lacaenae more: i.e. simply. Lacaena is feminine of Loco, a
Spartan (vi. 11).
24. fcomam : see vii. 8, n. Most MSS. have incomptum . . . comas
nodum, whence some editions have in comptum nodum, in which case
the sense is "binding her hair into a neat knot." The reading in
the text is that of Bentley.
ODE XII.
To sing of Rome's wars or of the old myths, Hercules and the war
of the giants, does not suit my lyre, Maecenas. If Caesar needs a
historian, you will best meet his wishes by writing in prose. I must
sing of Licymnia's bright eyes, her fidelity, and all her charms.
Would you take aught in exchange for one lock of her hair, when she
teases you to give or take a kiss ?
1. nolis : hypothetical (also called potential) subjunctive, i.e. the
apodosis of a conditional sentence, the protasis of which is not
expressed. Numantia, in Hispania Tarraconensis, held out for six
years against Scipio Africanus Minor and other generals. It at
last fell in 133 B.C., when the survivors of the siege fired the town
and slew themselves to avoid captivity.
2. tdirum : so Orelli. Most MSS. read durum, "unyielding."
Hannibalem : who led the Carthaginians across the Alps, won the
battles of Trebia, Ticmus, Trasimenus, and Cannae ; and for sixteen
years (218-202) kept alive the terrible Second Punic War.
3. Poeno : Carthaginian. During the First Punic War the waters
of Sicily were the scene of several great sea fights, notably those of
Mylae (260 B.C.), Ecnomus (256), and the Aegatea Insulae (241),
which ended the war.
46 HORACE, ODES II. 13.
4. citharae : the Greek poems in the metres imitated by Horace
were sung to the lyre, though his own poems were not.
5. Lapithas : see Index. Hylaeus was one of the chief centaurs
in their fight.
6. Herculea manu : i.e. "the hand of Hercules." The adjective
takes the place of a possessive genitive. The giants, sons of Earth
and Uranus, rebelled against Saturn (Cronos) and the gods, but
were defeated, mainly by the aid of Hercules. See Index s.v.
Hercules.
7. under with periculum, "the danger from which source."
This adverb is rarely used with reference to persons ; but cp.
I. xii. 17, unde nil maius generatur ipso, where unde refers to
Jupiter, contremuit : used transitively in the sense of "trembled
at " and governing periculum.
9. pedestribus : "belonging to prose writing," as opposed to
verse.
11. vias : sc. Romae. Captured princes were usually led along
the Via Sacra in the triumphal procession of their conqueror.
Horace is thinking of the triple triumph of Augustus in 29 B.C., for
his victories in Delmatia, Pannonia, Egypt, and Asia.
14. lucidum : accusative neuter of the adjective used adverbially.
Cp. I. xxii. 23, dulce ridentem, dulce loquentem. Licymnia is sup-
posed to represent Maecenas' wife Terentia, with whom he lived on
such variable terms that it was jestingly said "he married and
divorced a new wife every day."
17. dedecuit : the word may be taken either as a true perfect ("to
whom it has thus far been no disgrace," etc.) or as gnomic aorist
(" whom it disgraces not "). Cp. sustulit in I. xxxiv. 16.
20. Celebris : "crowded" ; the word applies rather to the temple
than the goddess. This festival of Diana was probably one held in
August.
21. AchaemSnes was a mythical ancestor of Cyrus, and king of
Persia, an empire proverbial for its wealth. See ii. 17, n.
22. Mygdonias : belonging to Mygdon, a Homeric prince of
Phrygia.
23. crine : mutare usually takes an accusative of the thing given,
an ablative of the thing taken in exchange ; but the reverse con-
struction is used here and in Odes I. xvii. 2. The ablative must be
considered as one of price.
27. gaudeat : the clause is causal, giving the explanation of
saevitia: "inasmuch as she rejoices," etc. poscente : ablative of
the standard of comparison, " more than you who ask it."
28. foccupet : there is a variant occupat, the object of which
(oscula) must be understood from the preceding clause.
/ ODE XIII.
Whoso first planted thee, miserable tree, did so on an evil day, and
was a murderer or a sorcerer, doubtless. How little can men foresee-
&OTES. 4?
the dangers against which they must guard themselves. I have been
all but killed — all but seen the kingdom of Proserpine and the mighty
dead, and Alcaeus and Sappho, beset by listening ghosts and singing
songs so sweet that even Cerberus grows tame, and the shades forget
their pains and pastimes.
1. nefasto : a dies nefastus was one on which the praetor did not
attend to administer justice, nor could assemblies of the people be
held. Such a day was regarded as an unlucky one generally.
2. primum : sc. posuit.
3. arbos : the archaic form in -os is adopted because the quantity
of that termination is long, whereas the more usual ending -or is
short.
5. crediderim : potential, "I could well believe."
6. cervicem : see on v. 2. Cervicem frangere is equivalent to "to
hang " or " to strangle. " penetralia : the shrine in the atrium (or
hall) where the household gods (Penates) stood.
8. Colcha : " Colchian," such as the sorceress Medea, the daughter
of Aeetes, king of Colchis, made use of to assist Jason when he came
with the Argonauts in search of the golden fleece. Colchis lay on
the E. coast of the Euxine (Black Sea), at the foot of the Caucasus.
13. vitet : the subjunctive is not due merely to the indirect ques-
tion ; for the corresponding direct question contains a deliberative
subjunctive (Quid quisque vitet ? " What is each to avoid ?"). The
deliberative subjunctive is the interrogative form of the jussive use,
e.g. Hoc quisque vitet, "Let each avoid this." homini : dative of
the agent.
14. in boras : " from hour to hour " ; op. in dies.
15. f Thynus : all the MSS. have Poenus ; but the Carthaginians
were not, to Romans, proverbial for their mercantile activity, and
the Bithynians were. Hence the conjecture Thynus is generally
accepted.
16. caeca: not "blind, "but "hidden from sight." timetve : the
-ve belongs to aliunde. Cp. vii. 25. The verb timet (or timent) must
be supplied with all the nominatives in the rest of the sentence.
19. robur: "prison." It was a name for the Tullianum, the
state prison beneath the Capitol in Rome, named after its builder,
Servius Tullius. Robur, however, may mean simply "steadiness."
22. Aeacum : Aeacus was a king who, for his justice on earth, was
made one of the judges in the Lower World after his death.
24. Aeoliis : i.e. "Lesbian." See Index s.v. Alcaeus.
25. Sappbo : see Index s.v. Alcaeus.
30. dicere : the construction is accusative and infinitive after
mirantur.
31. exactos tyrannos : "the driving out of despots." See iv. 10, n.
Alcaeus and his fellow-citizens drove out Melanchros and Myrsilus,
who successively made themselves tyrants of Mitylene.
32. umeris : a local ablative with densum, " crowded shoulder on
shoulder."
48 HORACE, ODES II. 14.
34. belua : Cerberus, who is represented sometimes with a hundred
heads, more commonly with three.
36. Eumenidum : Eumenidet (the Kindly Ones) was a Greek name
for the three Furies, Tisiphone, Allecto, and Megaera, and was
adopted as a euphemism to avoid pronouncing names which were
dreaded, capillis : dative of the indirect object with int'orti.
37. quin: "moreover." When used with the indicative mood
quin has either this meaning, or it introduces a question ; e.g. quin
sedemus ? " why are we not sitting down ? " Pelopis parens : Tan-
talus. See Index «. y. Pt lops.
38. flaborem : "beguiles his toil" or (rather) "beguile their
toil " ; cp. vii. 8, n. Many edd. read laborum, which must be taken
as a Greek genitive with decipitur. The predicate is singular,
agreeing with the latter member of the composite subject.
40. lyncas : Greek accusative plural of lynx. The word is treated
as feminine by Vergil, but here as masculine.
DE XIV.
A las, PostHmus, we must all grow old and die. Neither good life
nor sacrifices will keep off Death. 'Tis vain to flee from dangers ; die
we must, and leave behind us all we love, all our treasures to a reck-
less heir.
5. non : supply adferat, etc. , from the first stanza, trecenis is a
distributive numeral: "three hundred a day." Distinguish triceni,
the distributive corresponding to triginta. quotquot eunt : the full
form of the sentence would be tot diebus quotquot eunt; but the
antecedent correlative is omitted, as often, and the noun diebus is
transferred to the relative clause.
6. places : the present tense here expresses an attempt, " were to
try to appease. "
7. Plutona : Greek accusative, as are Geryonen and Tityon.
8. Geryonen : Geryones (or Gerjfon) was a giant-king of Spain,
with three bodies, whose oxen Hercules carried off. Tityon: Tityos
was slain for offering violence to Artemis (Diana), and in the Lower
World he was punished by having his liver devoured perpetually
by two vultures.
10. munere : "the gifts of the earth" are its fruits, etc. The
ablative with vescor is that of the instrument: "feed ourselves
with."
16. reges : rex here, as often in Horace, = dives.
18. Cocyt6s : one of the six rivers of the Lower World. The name
is Greek, and means "wailing." Danai : the fifty daughters of
Danaus, compelled to marry their cousins the fifty sons of Aegyptus,
slew them all on their wedding night. One alone, Hypermnestra,
spared her husband Lynceus. Their punishment was that they
should spend eternity in the effort to fill a sieve with water.
NOTES. 49
20. Sisyphus : son of Aeolus (Aeolides is a patronymic), a legen-
dary king of Corinth. He was condemned for his avarice to roll a
huge stone up a hill for all time ; so soon as the stone reached the
brow it fell back again, laboris : the genitive here may be modelled
on that in capitis damnare, " to condemn to loss of civil rights."
23. eupressos : the funeral pyres were surrounded with cypress
boughs.
24. brevem : "short-lived." The words brevem dominum are in
apposition with te, the direct object of sequetur.
25. Caecuba : sc. vina, a highly-prized wine from the Caecubus
Ager in South Latium.
26. clavibus : i.e. the keys of the wine-cellar (apotheca). Distin-
guish clava (cudgel), clavus (nail or helm or stripe), and dams (key).
27. pavimentum : i.e. the floor of the dining room, which was of
marble.
28. pontificum : the banquets of the College of Pontiffs were
proverbial for their luxury. Cp. I. xxxvii. 2, Dapes Saliares.
This wine was even richer than was usual at such banquets.
potiore cenis : " better than (that of) pontiffs' banquets." This form
of brachylogy is called comparatio compendiaria ; cp. vi. 14, n.
ODE XV.
Private houses and gardens grow so large that there will soon be
little land left to plough or to plant with vines and olives. That was
not the way with our forefathers. They lived in cottages of turf,
and built palaces of marble for their temples and public buildings.
3. Lucrino : the Lucrine Lake, an arm of the Bay of Cumae
between Puteoli and Misenum, was converted into the Julian Harbour
by Agrippa, who cut through the moles which separated it from the
sea on the one hand and the Lacus Avernus on the other.
5. stagna : artificial ponds in which fish were bred and fattened,
caelebs : the plane is called " unwed " because it was not used as a
support for vines. The elm, on the other hand, usually had vines
trained up its trunk, and was called " the husband of the vine."
6. copia narium : "all the fulness of the nostrils," i.e. of those
things which delight the nostrils, myrtus : nominative plural ; the
word belongs to both 2nd and 4th declensions.
7. olivetis : ablative of place.
8. domino : dative of advantage, depending on fertilibus.
9. laurea : adjective used as a noun (= laurus) ; arbor must be
understood.
10. The order is non ita praescriplum (est) auspiciis Romuli et
intonsi Catonis normdque veterum.
13. census : the amount of property at which the censors assessed
an owner, and so generally "property." Sometimes it signifies
" a censor's assessment."
EOT. II. 4
50 HORACE, ODES II. 16.
14. commune: adjective used as a noun, "the public treasury."
decempedis . . . privatis : in the old days the porlicus v/Qvepublicae,
and so measured by the public surveyor.
15. metata : an example of a deponent participle used passively,
opacain : the north being the shady side of a house, the epithet is
applied also to the wind.
16. Arcton : Arctos denotes (1) the constellations of the Great
and Lesser Bear, (2) the North, (3) the North Wind (as here).
17. fortuitum : observe the quantity here ; the t is also found
short.
|X<>E>E XVI.
The sailor, the savage, the Mede, all desire peace, Grosphus ; but
riches or rank will not buy it. A modest life is best. There is no
running away from care : it climbs after you everywhere. Content
is to be studied ; we cannot always have what we wish. Achilles
and Tithonus gained what they asfad and yet were not happy. So
you may rejoice in your riches ; I am hippy as I am.
1. patent! : see xi. 7, n.
2. Aegaeo : the Aegean was the name given to the sea which liea
between Asia Minor, Greece, Thrace, and Cyprus. simul : equiva-
lent to simulac, as in viii. 5.
5. otium : sc. rogat. bello . . . decori : cp. ix. 21, 23, notes.
7. purpura : i.e. the consul's robe, bordered with purple (toga
praetexta).
10. Each consul was attended by an escort of twelve lictors
carrying the fasces. Summovere is the technical word for their
clearing the way, or making the mob " move on."
13. parvo : "cheaply," ablative of price, cui : the antecedent is
ab illo understood.
15. cupido : for the gender see viii. 14, n.
17. fortes : predicative, " why are we so bold as to aim at many
things in our brief life ? " multa : iaculor takes an accusative of
the object aimed at ; cp. I. ii. 3.
19. mutamus : "to exchange one's land " is to emigrate, or move
from country to country,, On the construction of muto see xiL 23, n.
patriae : various prepositions are required in rendering the objective
genitive ; have from, — "an exile from his fatherland."
25. praesens : neuter adjective used as a noun, ultrast : i. e. ultra
est. The relative clause is merely attributive, as the mood shows.
Distinguish this from the dependent question quid sit ultra.
26. oderit : jussive subjunctive, and so temperet. The perfect is
usred because odi is defective and has no present stem.
V 29. Achillem . . . Tithonum : Achilles prayed to remain at Troy
and gain renown (hence clarum) rather than return home and enjoy
a longer life. For Tithonus' wish see Index.
33. circum : preposition, governing te. Dissyllabic prepositions
NOTES. 51
frequently follow their noun, but they are rarely separated by so
many words as in this instance.
34. tibi : cp. viii. 17, n. hinnitum : notice the elision of the final
syllable -um before the initial vowel of the following line ; cp. iii. 27.
38. Camenae : Camena (or Casmena) is the Latin word correspond-
ing to the Greek Musa.
39. Parca : see iii. 16, n.
40. spernere: iii. 11, n.
ODE XVII.
Cease your complaints, Maecenas. Neither heaven nor I will let
your death precede mine. I have sworn it, and nothing shall stop me.
Whatever the star under which I was born, it tallies wonderfully with
your own. We each escaped a peril at about the same time (you
remember how they welcomed you in the theatre ?}, and let us be thank-
ful for it.
Addressed to Gaius Cilnius Maecenas, for whom see Index and § 1
of Introduction.
2. amicumst: "'tis not pleasing." The subject of this predica-
tion is the clause te prius obire.
6. maturior : "earlier (than that which carries me away)."
altera : sc. pars, appositive to the ego implied in moror.
7. cams : sc. mihi. aeque : i.e. as much as before.
8. utramque : "both downfalls" is a brief way of saying "the
downfall of both of us."
11. precedes : English idiom requires the present.
13. Chimaerae : the Chimaera was a fabulous monster, part lion,
part goat, and part dragon, slain by Bellerophon. It was repre-
sented as breathing fire.
14. Gyas : one of the three hundred-handed giants who shared in
the giants' war and overthrow (see xii. 6, n.). His brothers were
Cottus and Briareus.
16. placitumque : the -que properly belongs to Parcis ; cp. I. xxx
6, Gratiae . . . properentque Nymphae.
17. Libra . . . Scorpios : Libra (the Scales) and Scorpios (the
Scorpion), like Capricorn, are constellations. Horace is alluding to
the astrologers' belief that the life of man is influenced by the planet
or constellation which happens to be in the ascendant at his birth,
pars violentior : " more dangerous element" in the horoscope of my
birth-hour. The word horoscope is derived from Greek words, and
signifies a " watching of the seasons."
20. Capricornus : called "tyrant of the western seas," because his
rising, in mid-winter, brought stormy weather.
23. Saturno : the influence of the planets Saturn and Jupiter were
respectively bad and good ; hence our adjectives saturnine and jovial.
The dative depends on refulgens as well as on eripuit.
52 HORACE, ODES II. 18.
26. theatris : the people, assembled in the theatre of Pompeius to
witness the games, greeted with loud applause the entry of Maecenas
on his first recovery from a dangerous illness. Cp. I. xx. The
plural theatris is merely poetical, sonum : cognate accusative.
28. sustulerat : the regular mood and tense would have been sus-
tulisset. In such cases the indicative is not uncommonly preferred
in the apodosis, as the exaggeration gives additional vividness to
the statement. So in English : " It had struck me, had I not," etc.
Horace is of course alluding to the falling tree of Ode xiii.
29. Mercurialium : see vii. 13, n.
32. feriemis : plural for singular, as in xiii. 22, etc.
ODE XVIII. <*
/ have no palace, no train of vassals ; only a taste for poetry. Yet
the rich court me, and I am content in my small Sabine farm, while,
you build palaces and villas at Baiae, and never think that death is
near. You remove your neighbour's landmark and drive the rustic
from his little home. Yet your doom is as sure as his. The earth is
\ust even if you are not, and will open to receive you and him alike.
And there is no return from the. Lower World.
3. Hymettiae: "belonging to Hymettus " ; see vi. 14. It was
famous for its marbles, which were white, while those of Africa
were crimson, red, and purple.
6. occupavi: "seized upon." Occupare must not be translated by
"to occupy": its first meaning is "to be beforehand" in doing
something, and so "to be the first to get."
8. trahunt purpuras : " spin purple fleeces." The dyed wools of
Sparta were famous for their quality, honestae : "of noble birth."
An Attalus would be ashamed of even a handmaiden who was not
high born.
10. venast: i.e. vena est ; sc. mihi. nihil : both lacesso and
flagito are here constructed with double accusatives.
12. potentem amicum : probably Maecenas.
14. Sabinis : ablative of Sabini. A Roman called his country
estates by the name of the inhabitants of the neighbourhood ; so
here Sabinis means "my Sabine farm."
16. interire : with pergunt. See on iii. 12.
17. secanda : "to be quarried," or hewn into shape.
18. locas : "give a contract for." sub : with accusative, denoting
*' immediately before" ; cp. I. ix. 19, sub noctem.
20. Baiae was the fashionable watering-place of Rome, west of
Naples, and opposite Puteoli.
21. summovere : " to push forward," by erecting artificial banks
•and moles in the waters of the bay, on which to build villas. The
infinitive stands in the place of an accusative governed by urgues.
23. quid quod : there is an omission of some such word as est or
NOTES. 53
vult — "what means it that . . . ? " It is a regular formula for intro-
ducing a new and still more forcible point, and may be rendered,
"nay, what is more, you," etc.
25. The patronus, in his greed for larger grounds, destroys his
client's landmark, and evicts the cottagers in order to appropriate
their small holdings.
30. fine : feminine here, destinatd agreeing with it.
34. satelles Orel : i.e. Charon, who ferries the spirits of the dead
across the Styx.
36. hie : i.e. Orcus, here the god (Pluto), not the place, of the
dead.
37. Tantalum, etc. : see Index s.v. Pelops.
38. The order is hie audit, vocatus (atque non vocatus) levare
pauperem functum Idboribus. For the construction of levare with
vocatus see iii. 12, n.
ODE XIX.
/ have seen Bacchus and the nymphs; the god has inspired me.
Spare me, Bacchus ! I may sing of all his rites and powers and
honours— how he overthrew Pentheus and the giants, though he is
more the god of jest and mirth than of war. Yet he rules all, and
even Cerberus fawned at his feet.
6. pleno : i.e. inspired, turbidum : adverbial; cp. xii. 14, n.
Euhoe, or evoe, was the cry of the worshippers of Bacchus.
8. thyrso : causal ablative.
9. Thyiadas (or Thyadas) : see Index s.v. Bacchus.
10. et : the position of et here and in v. 16 as second word in the
clause or phrase is a poetic licence, vinique . . . mella : these are
the miracles Bacchus performed in Greece.
13. coniugia : Ariadne, daughter of Minos, became the wife of
Bacchus when deserted by Theseus. After her death, her crown
was placed amongst the constellations (Corona Borealis).
14. honorem : " ornament," i.e. her crown. Penthei : see Index.
16. Lycurgi : Lycurgus, king of the Edonian Thracians, was
driven mad for refusing to allow the celebration of Bacchic orgies.
17. amnes : Bacchus crossed the Orontes and Hydaspes by chang-
ing their courses, barbarum: i.e. the Indian Ocean ( Mare Rubrum).
20. Bistonidum : the Bistones (fern. Bistonis, -idis) were a power-
ful Thracian tribe celebrated for their orgies. Cp. vii. 27, n. sine
fraude : " without harm " to them or himself. This meaning is the
original one of /raws.
21. arduum : used as a noun, " up the steep."
22. Rhoetum : Rhoetus was one of the Gigantes ; see xii. 6, n.
24. jinguibus . . . mala : the ablatives are instrumental. Bacchus
(Dionysus) actually assumed the form of a lion.
25. quamquam : with ferebaris ; the words choreis . . . dictus are
parenthetic, aptior : with dictus (esse).
64 HORACE, ODES II. 2U.
27. ferebaris : " wast said to be." Fertur, feruntur, are common
in this sense, as also &referunt ("they say "), ferebant (" they said").
28. mediusque : "the same in the midst of peace or war." The
genitive is not uncommon after medius, but no exact parallel to this
passage can be produced. Here and in v. 32 -que belongs logically
to the following word ; cp. xvii. 16, n.
29. insons : "harmless," i.e. "without doing thee harm." For
Cerberus see xiii. 34, n. Dionysus was represented as wearing
horns, the symbol of power. He went to the Lower World to fetch
his mother Semele.
30. cornu : a drinking-horn, from which he poured drugged wine
for Cerberus.
31. trilingui ore : "his three- tongued mouth," i.e. the tongues of
his three mouths.
ODE XX.
I shall be changed into a swan and fly away from earth ; I shall
never die. I feel the feathers even now forming upon me ; soon shall
I wing my way North, South, East, and West. All peoples will hear
my songs. Mourn not for me, for I am immortal.
2. biformis : " of double form," i.e. at once a poet and a swan.
4. invidiaque maior : " greater than (i.e. superior to) envy."
Cp. the use of minor in xi. 11. The -que must, after the negatives,
be translated "but." Cp. xii. 9.
6. vocas : i.e. " call to your table," as if Horace were merely
Maecenas' parasite. Some editors omit the comma after locas and
insert it after dilecte, in which case the translation is : " 1, whom
you, Maecenas, call 'loved one,' shall not die."
7. obibo : sc. mortem.
8. Stygia : see Index s.v. Styx.
13. Daedaleo Icaro : see Index s.v. Daedalus.
16. Hyperborel : these (lit. "men beyond the North Wind") were
the fabled inhabitants of the farthest north.
17. Colchus : see xiii. 8, n.
19. Geloni : see ix. 23, n.
20. Hiber : either (1) a Spaniard ; or (2) the Ebro. Both are
usually Hiberus.
21. inani : Horace says his funeral ceremony will be "empty,"
because there will be no one to bury : he will have flown away.
funere : the abl. depends on the ab in absint ; the dative is more
usual
INDEX
OF PROPER NAMES.
A.
Achilles, -is or ei,'m. (I. xv. 34; II. iv. 4, xvi.29): Achilles, son of
PELETJS (hence called Pelides, I. vi. 6) and THETIS (-idos, f.),
daughter of the sea-god Nereus, led the MYRMIDONES of Thessaly
(I. x. 15) against Troy. Thetis knew that he would die in the war,
and tried to keep him hidden, dressed as a maidservant, in Scyros.
Ulysses discovered him, and persuaded him to go to Troy (see I.
viii. 16), which could not be taken without him. He there won
BBISEIS (II. iv. 4) as a prize, while Agamemnon won Chryseis.
Apollo compelled the surrender of the latter to her own parents, and
in compensation Agamemnon took Briseis from Achilles, who was so
indignant that he refused to fight for ten years. At the end of
that time the death of his companion Patroclus by the hand of
Hector aroused him once more. He slew Hector, and was himself
slain a few days after. Pelidae ttomaclium alludes to his obstinate
refusal to fight.
Aiax, -acis, m. : (1) Ajax, son of Oileus, a Greek at Troy, famous
for his speed (I. xv. 19). (2) Ajax, son of Telamon (II. iv. 5) and
brother of Teucer (I. vii. 21, xv. 24), came to Troy from Salamis,
whence both he and his brother are called SALAMINIUS. After the
death of Achilles, AjtL and Ulysses were rivals for his armour ; and
Ajax, being disappointed, went mad and killed himself. His wife,
TECMESSA, was a captive slave-girl.
Alcaeus, -i, m. : a famous lyric poet who lived about 600 B.C. at
Mitylene in Lesbos, a large island off Ephesus. Hence he is called
LesUus civis (I. xxxii. 5). He was a friend of SAPPHO (II. xiii. 25).
the lyric poetess, and each invented a particular metre, called after
them Alcaic and Sapphic (see Introd., § iv., 1, 2), while " Lesbian
songs," a " Lesbian lyre," mean such as were those of Alcaeus and
Sappho (1. i. 34, xxvi. 11). He fought against the Athenians at the
battle of Sigeum, 606 B.C., and threw away his shield in flight, and
he was nearly shipwrecked once. Most of his poems were about
love and wine, or about his favourites, Lycus, etc. (see I. xxxii.
6 sqq.').
Apollo, -inis, m. : god of music, healing, hunting, medicine, and
56
INDEX OP PROPER NAMES.
prophecy. His oracle was the famous Delphi (I. vii. 3), and his
symbol was the bow and quiver. He had many titles, e.g. Phoebus,
Cynthius. DIANA (Artemis'), goddess of hunting, of the moon, and
of Hell, was his twin-sister, and their mother was LATONA (I. xxi. 3),
whence Apollo is called Latous (I. xxxi. 18). They were born in
Delos (I. xxi. 10), and are therefore called Delius and Delia. See
also I. x. 12 ; II. x. 20, xii. 20.
Arabs, -Ms, m. : an Arab, a native of Arabia, of which there were
three divisions : Petraea (Rocky), Deserta (Desert), and Felix
(Fertile). One of the tribes of Arabia Felix were the Sabaei, whose
country was SABAEA (I. xxix. 3), and their capital Saba. In 24 B.C.
Aelius Gallus invaded Arabia Felix, but was forced to retire, owing
to famine and the climate.
Arctos, -i, m. (I. xxvi. 3; II. xv. 16) : " the Bear ; " the constellation
of that name in the northern sky. Hence, the North.
Atlas, -ntis, m. : One of the Titans who made war upon Jupiter.
As a punishment he had to support heaven on his shoulders. He
was father of Mai a and grandfather of Mercury (I. x. 1), and was
identified with Mount Atlas in Africa, whence Atlanteus finis =
"farthest Africa" (I. xxxiv. 11).
Atrides, -ae, m. : a son of Atreus. The two Atridae were
Agamemnon and Menelaus, chiefs of the Greeks before Troy. See
Troia.
Attains, -i, m. (adj. Attalicus, -a, -urn, I. i. 12) : the name of three
kings of Pergamus, of enormous wealth. The last of them made the
Komans his heirs, 133 B.C. (II. xviii. 5).
Augustus, -i, m. : the title by which the first Emperor of Rome
was known after he became sole ruler. His original name was
On. Octavius, and he was the great-nephew of Julius Caesar, the
dictator, who adopted him as his heir 45 B.C., and sent him to learn
the art of war in IHyria. On the murder of Caesar, 44 B.C., by
Brutus and Cassius, Octavius came to Italy to claim his rights as
heir. He conciliated the people by paying to them the legacies
which Caesar had left them, and was appointed general by the
senate against Antonius. He soon after joined Antonius, and with
Lepidus, another senatorial general, set up the Second Triumvirate,
43 B.C. In 42 B.C. the three defeated Brutus and Cassius at Philippi
in Macedonia, and divided the world between them. They soon
quarrelled. Lepidus was the first to be deprived of his power,
36 B.C. ; and five years later, 31 B.C., Octavianus crushed Antonius,
who was assisted by Cleopatra (I. xxxvii.), at ACTIUM in Epirus.
He now became sole ruler, and devoted himself to reducing the
Roman world to order He defeated all his opponents, and extended
his empire from the Euphrates to the Rhine, even reaching as far as
the Elbe for a time. He did all in his power to improve Rome and
the Romans by justice and by the example of his own modest life.
He was the patron of many of the writers of his time, and Horace
was on good terms with him. He died 14 A.D., and was succeeded
by Tiberius, his stepson.
INDEX O7 PROPER NAMES. 57
Bacchus, -1, m. : the god of wine, whose sacred piant was the
ivy, and whose worshippers were called Bacchantes, Thyades,
Maenadeg. He had many other titles, such as Liber (~eri), Euhius
(-ii), Bassareus (-eos), "Lenaeus (-i), Lyaeug (-i), TKyoneu* (-i).
His mother was Simile or Thyone. (L xvii. 22, xix. 2).
Bithynus, -a, -urn (also Thynus, -a, -urn, II. xiii. 15) : belonging to
Bithynia, the district of Asia Minor on the E. shore of the Bosporus,
between Pontus and Mysia. " Bithynian merchandise" is put for
any Eastern stuffa (L xxxv. 7.)
0.
Caecuhum (so. vinum), -i, n. : wine grown in the Ager Caecubus,
a marshy coast district of the S. of Latium, between Ftmdi and
Terracina. (I. xx. 9 ; II. xiv. 25, etc.)
Cato, -onis, m. : (1) M. Porcius Cato (Censorius) serred during
the Second Punic War against Hannibal, and triumphed 194 B.C. for
his successes against the Spanish tribes. In 191 B.C. he gained for
his commander Glabrio the victory of Thermopylae against Antiochus,
King of Macedonia. He earned his name (Censoring), and his reputa-
tion as a pattern of the old stern Roman life, from the rigour with
which he acted as censor 184-180 B.C. (EL xv. 11). (2) M. Porcius
Cato (Uticensis), a bigoted member of the Senatorian party, and
subsequently leader of the Pompeians against Caesar in Africa.
After the defeat of his army by Caesar at Thapsus, 46 B.C., he com-
mitted suicide at Utica (I. xii. 35), so remaining "unconquered to
the end " (II. i. 24). He was great-grandson of the Censor.
Centattri : see LapitJiae.
Cyprus, -i, f. : the island of this name in the Eastern Mediter-
ranean. It was the favourite haunt of Venus, who had a famous
temple at PAPHOS, on the W. coast ; and it gave its name to the
surrounding sea. (L xiii. 1, xxx. 2, etc.)
D.
DacTis.-i, m. : a Dacian, an inhabitant of Dacia, the country N.
of the Ister (Danube), now Transylvania, Moldavia, Wallachia, etc.
This people fought on the side of Antonius at Actium, and gave
some trouble to the frontier armies of Augustus on the Danube. At
a later time they were amongst Rome's most dangerous enemies.
(I. xxxv. 9 ; II. xx. 18.)
Daedalus, -i, m. (whence the adj. Daedaleus, -a, -urn), father of
Icarus (-i) : a famous artist, who built the Cretan Labyrinth, in
which was kept the Minotaur. He was pursued by Minos, and, to
escape, made wings for himself and his son. The latter fell into
the Aegean, and was drowned, but Daedalus escaped to Cumae in
Campania. (I. iii. 34 ; II. xx. 13 J
58 INDEX OF PROPER NAMES.
Dardanus, -i, m. (adj. Dardanus, -a, -win = Trojan) : the founder of
Troy, which was called after him Dardania (-ae).
Daunus, -i, m. : a mythical king of Apulia, which is hence called
DATJNIAS (-adis, f.) : hence the adj. Daunius, -a, -urn, meaning Italian.
(I. xrii. 14 ; IL i. 34.)
Diana : see Apollo.
Etruria, -ae, f. (adj. Etrvscus, -a, -urn, and Tyrrhenus, -a, -urn") :
the district of central Italy lying S. and W. of the Apennines and
N. of Latium, from which it was separated by the Tiber, hence called
EtrU'SCUis amnis. Now Tuscany.
Euhius, -i, m. (also Euius or Evius) : see Bacchus.
F.
Falernum, -i, n. (sc. vinum) : wine grown in the Ager Falermu,
in the N. of Campania, between Mons Massicus and the Volturnus
(passim).
Faunus, -i, m. : god of flocks, mountains, and fields, identified
with the Greek god Pan. (I. iv. 11, xvii. 2 ; II. xvii. 28.)
G.
Gaetulus, -a, -urn : African, from the Gaetuli, a powerful nomad
tribe of the interior of Northern Africa. (I. xxiii. 10 ; II. xx. 15).
Gratiae, -arum, f. : the three Graces, daughters of Jupiter, and
companions of Venus, Cupid, and the Nymphs. They were usually
represented as nude (zonis tolutis).
H.
Hadria, -ae, m. : the Hadriatic (Adriatic) Sea, notorious for its
storms, mostly from the south ; whence the south wind is called
" the ruler of the Hadriatic." (I. iii. 15.)
Hercules, -is, m. (Heracles ; adj. Herculeus, -a, -um) : the god of
travel and strength, son of Alcmena, the wife of Amphitryon, son of
Alcaeus. Hence he is called Alcldcg ( ae, m.), "Son of Alcaeus"
(I. xii. 26). He was compelled by Eurystheus, King of Tiryns, to
perform twelve labours, one of which was the descent to Hades, and
bringing thence Cerberus, the three-headed dog which guarded it
(I. iii. 36). He is also said to have assisted Jupiter in the struggle
with the Titans (II. xii. 6), and to have done battle with the
Centaurs.
Hesperius, -a, -um, belonging to Hesperia, -ae, f. : "the Western
Land." It usually signifies Italy, Italian (I. xxviii. 26 ; IL i. 32),
but sometimes alludes to Spain (I. xxxvi. 4), and at other times
merely = " Western " (II. xvii. 20).
INDEX OP PROPER NAMES. 59
Hiberns, -i, m. : the river Ebro in Spain ; also spelt Iberus and
Hiber (-i), *(IL xx. 20) ; also as an adj. of three terminations -
" Spanish " (I. xxix. 16); Hiberia being the old name for Spain.
lupiter, lovis, m. (Zeus) : god of heaven and the universe, whose
queen is IUNO, -onis, f. The name lupiter is also used as a common
noun for kky, climate. (I. i. 25, etc.)
L.
Lapithae, -arum, m. : the Lapithae and the Centaurs (Centauri,
•orum, m.) were wild peoples of Thessaly. They were present at the
marriage feast of Pirithous and Hippolyte, when they quarrelled
violently, the affair ending in a general battle, in which Hylaeus,
chief of the Centaurs, was slain (II. xii. 6). They were notorious
for their intemperance (I. xviii. 8). The Centaurs were figured as
having the bodies of horses with the heads and arms of men. (Adj.
Centaureus, -a, -urn, I. xviii. 8.)
Libya, -ae, f. (adj. Libycus, -a, -um) : Africa. It was regarded as
a far-away land (II. ii, 10), and its crops of corn were proverbial
(I. i. 10).
M.
Maecenas, -atis, m. : C. Cilnius Maecenas, chief minister of
Augustus and patron of Horace (see Introd. I.). He was an Eques,
but descended from the royal race of Etruria, whence the Tiber
{Etrusous amnis) is called his " paternal river " (I. xx. 6). He several
times mediated between Antonius and Augustus (see Augustus], and,
when the latter was absent in the war which ended at Actium,
Maecenas had entire charge of Italy and Borne. He continued to be
high in favour until 21 B.C., when be retired from public life, and
contented himself with the society of literary men. He was an
author himself in a small way, but not successful. He died 8 B.C., a
few days before Horace.
Marsus, -a, -um : belonging to the Marsi (-5rum), one of the most
warlike people of Samnium. They were a proverb for bravery, and
there was said never to have been a Roman general who triumphed
without their aid or over them. (I. ii. 39 ; H. xx. 18 ; and as sub-
stantive, L i. 28.)
Massicus, -i, m. : sc. Mons, a famous wine-growing district between
Latium and Campania, next to the Ager Falernug. Hence Massicum
-i, n. (sc. vinum\ the wine grown there.
Maurus, -i, m. : a Moor ; a native of the western part of the
North African coast, Mauretania. Also as adj. Mauru*, -a, -nm ~
African (I. xxii. 2 ; II. vi. 3).
60 INDEX OF PROPER NAMES.
Mercnrius, -i, m. : god of wit and trickery, and the messenger of
the gods. He conducted the souls of the dead to Hades (I. x. 16).
(See Atlas.) As a son of Jupiter, he was brother of Apollo, to whom
he gave the lyre which he had invented, and hence he is the patron
of lyric poets, whom he protects in danger (II. vii. 13).
Minerva, -ae, f. : identified with the Greek Pallas (~adis, f.), goddess
of spinning and all female accomplishments, and of learning. She
assisted the Greeks in the war against Troy, and was patron -goddess
of Athens, which was called Palladia urbs (I. vii. 6). Her breast-
plate was the aegit made of the skin of the goat which suckled
Jupiter (I. xv. 11).
Musa, -ae, f. : the nine Muses, daughter of Jupiter, were Terpsi-
chore (Muse of Dancing}, Euterpe (Lyricg), Urania (Astronomy'),
Polyhymnia (Divine Hymn), Clio (History), Calliope (Epic), Erato
(Lcve-poetry\ Melpomene (Tragedy), Thalia (Comedy).
N.
Nymphae, -Rrnw f. : nymphs ; minor deities who . possessed trees,
rivers, mountains, sfeas, etc. They are the companions of the Graces,
Venus, and Cupid.
Orcus, -i, m. : a name for Hades, the place of the dead (I. xxvni.
10 ; II. iii. 24, etc.).
Orion, -onis, m. : one of the giants, and a " mighty hunter," who
was slain by Diana in revenge for an insult (II. xiii. 39). After
his death he was placed amongst the stars as the constellation Orion,
whose rising brings storms (I. xxviiL 21).
P.
Parthus. -i, m. : a Parthian, a native of Parthia, the country to the
S.E. of the Caspian. South and west of them were the Medi (Medians),
and further south still the Persae (Persians) ; but the name Parthus
is used vaguely by Horace for all three peoples (I. iii. 51 ; II. i. 31).
They provoked a war with Rome in 52 B.C., when they annihilated
an army, and killed its commander, the famous Crassus, at
CARRHAE. They were compelled to make peace again by Ventidius,
who twice defeated them B.C. 39-38. Augustus intended to chastise
them ; but civil war in Parthia between two claimants to the throne,
PHRAHATES IV. (or Phraates ; II. ii. 17) and TIRIDATES (I. xxvi.
5), ended in an appeal to his arbitration. He set up Tigranes as
king, 20 B.C. This appeal for arbitration is construed by Horace and
other writers as equivalent to doing homage to Augustus. The
Parthians had a peculiar style of fighting, never coming to close
quarters, but discharging their arrows backwards as they rode
(I. xix. 12). Augustus never triumphed over them (I. xii. 53).
INDEX OF PROPER NAMES. 61
Pelops, -opis, m. : was the son of TANTALUS, King of Lydia (or
Argos). The latter wishing to try the omniscience of the gods, cut
to pieces his son, and served up his flesh at a banquet. In return for
this and other crimes, Tantalus, the " guest- fellow of the gods"
(I. xxviii. 7), was condemned to be tortured with everlasting thirst
in Tartarus, while grapes hung over him just beyond his reach
(II. xiii. 37). Pelops was revived by Hermes (Mercurius). He had
two sons, ATREUS and THYESTES. The former became king of
Mycenae, and banished his brother. Afterwards he pretended to be
reconciled, killed the two sons of Thyestes, and served up their flesh
to their father. For this the gods cursed Atreus and the house of
Pelops (L vi. 8) for ever.
Pentheus, -ei, m. : King of Thebes, who refused to allow the Theban
women to worship Bacchus, and was torn to pieces by them on
Mt. Cithaeron, his mother, Agave, leading them on (II. xix. 14).
Thebes afterwards became a favourite haunt with Bacchus (I. vii. 3) .
Phrahates, -is, m. (or Phraates) : King of Parthia, was driven out
by his own people for his cruelty. He engaged in a civil war with
the other claimant, TiRiDlTES. The Scythians supported Phrahates,
who compelled his rival to fly to Augustus. The latter finally put
Tigranes on the throne (II. ii. 17 ; and see also *.r. Parthus).
Pluto, -onis, accus. Plutona, m. (adj. Plutonius, -a, -tm) : god of
the lower world, and brother of Jupiter and Neptune. His queen
was PROSERPINA (I. iv. 17 ; II. xiv. 7), the daughter of Ceres, whom
he carried off by force.
Priamus. -i, m. : King of Troy, and father of Paris, whose rape of
Helen caused the Trojan war. When his son Hector was slain by
Achilles, Priam visited the Greek camp to ransom the dead body,
which Achilles at once surrendered (I. x. 14). See Troia.
Prometheus, -ei, m. : one of the Titans, the sons of lapttus
(I. xvi. 13), stole fire from heaven to give it to men, and otherwise
benefited them. In return for his theft he was chained to a rock,
with a vulture perpetually tearing at his vitals (II. xiii. 37).
Proserpina, -ae, f. : see Pluto.
Sablnus, -a, -urn : belonging to the Sabines, a name which included
the SAMNITES, and represented the ancient inhabitants of Roman
Italy, from Etruria to Lucania. They were famous for their hardi-
hood, simplicity, and honesty. (I. ix. 7, xx. 1 ; II. xviii. 14.)
Scythae, -arum, m. : the Scythians, dwellers in the country north
of the Danube and Black Sea, and conterminous with the Parthians
at the Caucasus. Like the Parthians, the Scythians were a restless
people, whom the Romans dreaded, but never successfully chastised.
(I. xix. 10, xxv. 9 ; II. xi.)
Styx, -gis, m. ("Hateful") : one of the six rivers of Hades. The
others were Acheron, Lethe (Forgetfulnegs), Phlegethon (Flaming'),
Cocytus (Wailing}, and Avernus.
62 INDEX OF PROPER NAMES.
Syrtes, -ium, m. (I. xxii. 5; II. yi. 3, xx. 15): the "Drifts," or
quicksands in the two bays of the north coast of Africa east of Tunis.
They were distinguished as the Greater (Major) and Lesser (Minor)
Syrtes.
T.
Thracia, -ae, f. (also Thraca, -ae, and Thrace, -es) : Thrace ; the
region south of the Balkans (Haemus) and north of Macedonia. A
native of Thrace is Thrax (-cig, m.) or Thressa (-ae, f.), and the
adjs. are Thracius, Tkreicius, and sometimes Thrax.
Thynns, -a, -nm : see Bithynux.
Tiber, -eris (also Thybris, -is), m. : the Tiber, which rises in the
Apennines, near Tifernum, and flows south-west, separating Latium
from Etruria. Hence it is called Etruscus amnis. Its chief tribu-
taries are the Nar (-rw) and Anio (-onis).
Tibur, -uris, n. : situated on the side of a hill sixteen miles north-
east of Rome, in Latium (now Tivoli). It was said to have been
founded by three Argives, TIBURNUS, CATILLUS (I. vii. 13, xviii. 2),
and CORAS. It was famous for the beauty of its scenery, where the
Anio, descending from the hills, makes gullies and cascades ; and
famous, too, as the home of AlbunSa, the last of the Sibyls (or
prophetesses), who had there a sacred grove and shrine (I. vii. 12).
Horace had a villa there. (Adj. Tiburtinus, -a, -um.)
Tiridates, -is, m. : see Phr abates.
Tithonus -i, m. : a mortal with whom Aurora, the goddess of
Dawn, fell in love. She gave him the gift of immortality, but forgot
to add that of eternal youth. (I. xxviii. 8 ; II. xvi. 30.)
Troia, -ae, f. : Troy, the capital of the small district of north-
west of Asia Minor called the Troad (Troas, -adis, f.). It was
besieged by the whole force of Greece, the legends said, for ten
years, to avenge the abduction of HELEN (Helena, -ae, f.), wife of
MENELIUS, King of Sparta, who had been carried off by PARIS
(Paris, -idis ; also called Alexander), son of Priamus. Tn the tenth
year it was taken by stratagem. The Greeks pretended that they
gave up the siege, but left behind them a gigantic wooden horse,
which the Trojans took within their walls. The horse contained a
band of the picked warriors of Greece, who got out in the night,
opened the city gates, and admitted the whole Greek army. The
bravest of the Greeks was Achilles ; of the Trojans, Hector (passim).
Tyrrhenes, -a, -um (I. xi. 6) : see Mruria.
V.
Vesta, -ae, f. : goddess of the Hearth, on whose altar was kept
burning a fire, which was never allowed to expire. Her priestesses
were the Vestal Virgins, whose house, the Regia (monumenta regis,
I. ii. 15), was on the slope of the Palatine hill, near the Forum.
APPENDIX.
§ 1. WORDS VARYING IN MEANING ACCORDING TO THEIR
QUANTITY, ETC.
SSrS: abl. sing.,aes,aeris,n., bronze.
ales : ales, -itis, winged.
cadis : dat. or abl. pi., cadus, -i,
m., a cask.
cecidere: they have killed,caedo 3.
colls : dat. or pi. colus, i, f., a
distaff.
cupido : cupido, -inis, m. and f.,
desire.
decidunt : they cut down, decide 3.
decori : decorus, -a, -urn, graceful.
dedit : dedo 3, to surrender.
dices : thou shalt say, dico 3.
duces : thou shalt lead, duco 3.
fretis : fretus, -a, -um, relying on.
fugit: he has fled.
latus : latus, -a, -um, broad.
latus : part, f ero, tuli, f erre, borne.
leges : 2nd sing. pres. subj.lego 1,
to appoint.
leges : nom. and accus. pi., lex,
legis, f . a, law.
levis : levis, -e, smooth.
mala : mala, -ae, f., a jaw.
mala : malum, -i, n., an apple.
manet : 3rd sing, pres.subj., mano
1. to drip.
moreris : 2nd sing. pres. subj.
moror 1, dep., to linger.
nisi : part, mtor 3, dep., to strive.
nitens : pres. part., nitor 3, dep.,
striving.
nota : notus, -a, -um, known,
parce : adv. sparingly.
par ens : «
, pareo 2.
aere : abl. sing, aer, -is, m., air.
ales : 2nd sing. fut. simp., alo 3,
to nourish.
cadis : 2nd sing. pres. ind., cado
3, to fall.
cecidere : they have fallen, cado 3,
colls : 2nd sing. pres. ind., colo 3,
to cultivate.
cupido : ciipldus, -a, -um, desirous.
decidunt: they fall <Z0wjn,decido 3.
decori : dat. decus, -oris, n., an
ornament,
dedit : perf . do, dare, to give.
dices : thou may est dedicate, dico 1.
duces : nom. and accus. pi., dux,
-cis, c., a leader.
fretis : f return, -i, n., a strait.
fugit : he is flying.
latus : latus, -eris, n., a side.
leges : 2nd sing. fut. simp, lego 3,
to choose.
levis : levis, -e, light.
mala : malus, -a, -um, lad.
manet: 3rd sing. pres. ind., maneo
2, to remain.
moreris: thou art dying, morior 3,
dep.
nisi: unless.
nitens : gleaming, niteo 2.
nota : a mark.
parce : pres. imper., parco 3, to
spare.
parens : a parent.
64 APPENDIX.
places: thou mayest appease, places: thou art pleasing, pl£ceo 2.
placo 1.
pSpnlus : f , a poplar. popnlus : m., a people.
prodls : thou goest forth, prodeo, prodis : thou letrayest, prodo,
-ire 4. -ere 3.
reges : rex, regis, m., a king. reges: thou shalt rule, rego, -ere 3.
rosae : part, rodo, -Sre, -osi, to rosae : rosa, -ae, f ., a rose.
gnaw.
sails : thou leapest, salio 4. sails : sal, sails, m.f gait.
satis : part, sero, sevi, satum 3, satis : enough.
to sow.
sedes : sedes, -is, f., a seat. sedes : thou fittest, sgdeo 2.
serva : pres. imper., servo l,pre- serva : a female slave
serve.
solum : solus, -a, -urn, alone. solum : -i, n., soil.
uti : pres. infin. utor, 3rd dep., uti : = fit, how.
to use.
venis : vena, -ae, f., a vein. venis, thou comest, vSnio 4.
venis : thou art on sale, veneo,
-ire, 4.
ora : (1) ora, -ae, f., a shore ; (2) oa, oris, n., a mouth.
armorum : (1) arma, -orum, n., arms; (2) armus, -i., m., the upper
arm.
caedes : (1) caedes, -is, f., slaughter ; (2) caedo, -ere, cgcidi, 3, to hill
fides : (1) fides, -ei, f., faith; (2) fides, -is, f., a harp-string.
nubes : (1) nubes, -is, f., a cloud; (2) nubo, -ere, nupsi, to take the
veil for.
parci: (1) parcus, -a, -urn, frugal; (2) pres. infin. pass., parco,
peperci, 3, to be merciful to.
pelles : (1) pellis, is., f., a skin; (2) pello, -ere, pepuli, 3, to drive.
vis : (1) vis, f ., strength ; (2) volo, vis, vult, to wish.
$ 2. GREEK NOUNS.
Like Aeneas (Tutorial Latin Grammar, § 62) : Gyas, Xanthias.
Like Tydides (§ 62) : Atrldes, Geryones, Gyges, Mystes, Niphaten
Phrahates, Scythes.
Like Phoebe ($ 62) : Lalage, Lyde, Pholoe, Thrace.
Like barbitos (§ 63) : Arctos, Cocytos, Scorpios, Tityos, Tro'ilos.
Like lampas (§ 65) : lynx (lync-), Thyiaa (Thyiad-).
Like Phaethon (§ 65) : Acheron (Acheront-), Pluton (PlutSn-).
Like tigris (§ 66) : Briseis (Briseld-), PhyUis (PhyUid-).
Like echo (§ 67) : Sappho.
Like Socrates (§ 68) : Achilles.
Like Atreus (§ 68) : Pentheus, Phoceus, Prometheiis.
Aether has ace. sing, aethera ($ 48, NOTE).
BOOK III.
Q. HORATII FLACCI
CARMINVM
LIBER TERTIYS.
NOTE. — Tlie text is mainly that of L. Muller, in nkioJ) the
conforms closely to the exigencies of the metre; e.g., iinperiunut
(~imperium esf).
I.
(Alcaic.)
\Jdi profanum volgus et arceo.
Favete linguis ; carmina non prius
Audita Musarum sacerdos
Virginibus puerisque canto.
Regum timendorum in proprios gregca, 5
Reges in ipsos imperiumst lovis,
Clari Giganteo triumpho,
Cuncta supercilio moventis.
Est ut viro vir latius ordinet
Arbusta sulcis, hie generosior 10
Descendat in campum petitor,
Moribus hie meliorque fama
Contendat, illi turba clientium
Sit maior : aequa lege Necessitas
Sortitur insignes et imos ; 1 5
Omne capax movet urna nomen.
Destrictus ensis cui super inpia
Cervice pendet, non Siculae dapoa
Dulcem elaborabunt saporem,
Non avium citharaeque cantii3 20
HORACE. [l.
Sommirn reducent. Somnus agrestium
Lenis virorum non humiles domes
Fastidit umbrosamque ripam,
Non zephyris agitata tempo.
Desiderantem quod satis est neque 25
Tumultuosum sollicitat mare,
Nee saevus Arcturi cadentis
Impetus aut orientis Haedi,
Non verberatae grandine vineae
Fundusque mendax, arbore nunc aquas 30
Oulpante, nunc torrentia agros
Sidera, nunc hiemes iniquas.
Contracta pisces aequora sentiunt
lactis in altum molibus : hue frequens
Caementa demittit redemptor 35
Cum famulis dominusque terrae
Fastidiosus. Sed Timor et Minae
Scandunt eodem, quo dominus, neque
Decedit aerata triremi et
Post equitem sedet atra Cura. 40
Quod si dolentem nee Phrygius lapis
Nee purpurarum sidere clarior
Delenit usus nee Falerna
Vitis Achaemeniumque costum :
Cur invidendis postibus et novo 45
Sublime ritu moliar atrium ?
Cur valle permutem Sabina
Divitias operosiores ?
n.] ODES in.
II.
(Alcaic.)
amice pauperiem pati
Robustus acri militia puer
Condiscat et Parthos feroces
Vexet eques metuendus hasta,
Vitamque sub divo et trepidis agat 5
In rebus. Ilium ex moenibus hosticia
Matrona bellantis tyranni
Prospiciens et adulta virgo
Suspiret : ' eheu, ne rudis agminum
Sponsus lacessat regius asperum 10
Tactu leonem, quern cruenta
Per medias rapit ira caedes.'
Dulce et decorumst pro patria mori.
Mors et fugacem persequitur virum,
Nee parcit inbellis iuventae 15
Poplitibus timidoque tergo.
Virtus, repulsae nescia sordidae,
Intaminatis fulget honoribus,
Nee sumit aut ponit secures
Arbitrio popularis am ae. 20
Virtus, recludens inmeritis mori
Caelum, negata temptat iter via,
Coetusqne volgares et udam
Spernit humum fugiente pinna.
Est et fideli tuta silentio 15
Merces : vetabo, qui Cereris sacrum
Volgarit arcanae, sub isdem
Sit trabibus fragilemve mecum
10 HORACE [ll.
Solvat phaselon ; saepe Diespiter
Neglectus incesto addidit integrum, 30
Raro antecedentem scelestum
Deseruit pede Poena claudo.
ra.
(Alcaic.)
lustum et tenacem propositi virum
Non civium ardor prava iubentium,
Non voltus instantis tyranni
Mente quatit solida, neque Auster.
Dux inquieti turbidus Hadriae, 5
Nee f ulminantis magna manus lovis ;
Si fractus inlabatur orbis,
Inpavidum f erient ruinae.
Hac arte Pollux et vagus Hercules
Enisus arces attigit igneas, 10
Quos inter Augustus recumbens
Purpureo bibet ore nectar.
Rac te merentem, Bacche pater, tuae
Vexere tigres, indocili iugum
Collo trahentes ; hac Quiriiius 15
Martis equis Acheronta f ugit,
Gratum elocuta consiliantibus
lunone divis : * Ilion, Ilion
Fatalis incestusque iudex
Et mulier peregrina vertit go
In pulverem, ex quo destituit deos
Mercede pacta Laomedon mihi
Castaeque damnatum Minervae
Cum populo et duce fraudulento.
III.] ODES III. 11
lam nee Lacaenae splendet adulterae 25
Famosus hospes nee Priami domus
Periura pugnaces Achivos
Hectoreis opibus refringit,
Nostrisque ductum seditionibus
Bellum resedit. Protinus et graves 30
Iras et invisum nepotem,
Troica quern peperit sacerdos,
Marti redonabo ; ilium ego lucidas
Inire sedes, ducere nectaris
Sucos et adscribi quietis 35
Ordinibus patiar deorum.
Dum longus inter saeviat Ilion
Romamque pontus, qualibet exsules
In i/arte regnanto beati ;
Dum Priami Paridisque busto 40
Insultet armentum et catulos ferae
Celent inultae, stet Gapitolium
Fulgens triumphatisque possit
Roma ferox dare iura Medis.
Ilorrenda late nomen in ultimas 45
Extendat oras, qua medius liquor
Secernit Europen ab Afro,
Qua tumidus rigat arva Nilus,
Aurum inrepertum etsic melius situm,
Cum terra celat, spernere fortior 50
Quam cogere humanos in usus
Omne sacrum rapiente dextra.
12 HORACE. [in.
Quicumque mundo terminus obstitit,
Hunc tangat arm is, visere gestiens,
Qua parte debacchantur ignes, 55
Qua nebulae pluviique rores.
Sed bellicosis fata Quiritibus
Hac lege dico, ne nimium pii
Rebusque fidentes avitae
Tecta velint reparare Troiae. 60
Troiae renascens alite lugubri
Fortuna tristi clade iterabitur,
Ducente victrices catervas
Coniuge me lovis et sorore.
Ter si resurgat murus aheneus 65
Auctore Phoebo, ter pereat meis
Excisus Argivis, ter uxor
Capta virum puerosque ploret.'
Non hoc iocosae conveniet lyrae :
Quo, Musa, tendis ? Desine pervicax 70
"Referre sermones deorum et
Magna modis tenuare parvis.
IV.
(Alcaic.)
Descende caelo et die age tibia
Regina longum Calliope melos,
Seu voce nunc mavis acuta,
Sen fidibus citharaque PhoeLi.
Auditis, an me ludit amabilis
Insania ? Audire et videor pios
Errare per lucos, amoenae
Quos et aquae subeunt et aurae.
ODES III. 13
Me fabulosae Yolture in Apulo
Altricis extra limen Apuliae 10
Ludo fatigatumque somno
Fronde nova puerum palumbes
Texore, mirum quod foret omnibus,
Quicumque celsae nidum Acherontiae
Saltusque Bantinos et arvum 15
Pingue tenent humilis Forenti,
Ut tuto ab atris corpore viperis
Dormirem et ursis, ut premerer sacra
Lauroque conlataque myrto,
Non sine dis animosus infans. 20
Vester, Camenae, vester in arduos
Toiler Sabinos, seu mihi frigidum
Praeneste seu Tibur supinum
Seu liquidae placuere Baiae.
Vestris amicum f ontibus et choris 2 5
Non me Philippis versa acies retro,
Devota non extinxit arbos,
Nee Sicula Palinurus unda.
Utcumque mecum vos eritis, libens
Insanientem navita Bosphorum 30
Temptabo et urentes arenas
Litoris Assyrii viator ;
Visam Britannos hospitibus feros
Et laetum equino sanguine Concanum ;
Visam pharetratos Gelonos 35
Et Scythicum inviolatus amnem.
1 4 HORACE. [IT.
Vos Caesarem altum, militia simul
Fessas cohortes abdidit oppidis,
Finire quaerentem labores,
Pierio recreatis antro. 40
Vos lene consilium et datis et dato
Gaudetis, almae. Scimus, ut inpioa
Titanas inmanemque turmam
Fulmine sustulerit caduco,
Qui terrain inertem, qui mare temperat 45
Ventosum et urbes regnaque tristia,
Divosque mortalesque turbas
Imperio regit unus aequo.
Magnum ilia terrorem intulerat lovi
Fidens iuventus horrida bracchiis, 5 o
Fratresque tendentes opaco
Pelion inposuisse Olympo.
Sed quid Typhoeus et validus Mimas,
Aut quid minaci Porphyrion statu,
Quid Rhoetus evolsisque truncis 55
Enceladus iaculator audax
Contra sonantem Palladia aegida
Possent ruentes? Hinc avidus stetit
Yolcanus, hinc matrona luno et
Numquam umeris positurus arcum, 60
Qui rore puro Castaliae lavit
Crines solutos, qui Lyciae tenet
Dumeta natalemque silvain,
Delius et Patareus Apollo.
ODES III. 15
Vis consili expers mole ruit sua : 65
Vim tempera tarn di quoque provehunt
In maius ; idem odere vires
Omne nefas animo moventes.
Testis mearum centimanus Gyas
Sententiarum, notus et integrae yc
Temptator Orion Dianae,
Virginea domitus sagitta.
Iniecta monstris Terra dolet suis
Maeretque partus fulmine luridum
Missos ad Orcum ; nee peredit 75
Inpositam celer ignis Aetnam,
Incontinentis nee Tityi iejpur
Reliquit ales, nequitiae additus
Gustos ; amatorem trecentae
Pirithoum cohibent catenae. 80
V.
(Alcaic.)
Caelo tonantem credidimus lovem
Regnare ; praesens divus habebitur
Augustus adiectis Britannis
Imperio gravibusque Persis.
Milesne Crassi coniuge barbara 5
Turpis maritus vixit, et hostium, —
Pro curia inversique mores ! —
Consenuit socerorum in armis
Sub rege Medo Marsus et Apulus.
Anciliorum et nominis et togae 10
Oblitus aeternaeque Vestae,
Incolumi love et urbe Roma ?
1 6 HORACE. [ V
Hoc caverat mens provida Reguli
Dissentientis condicionibus
Foedis et exemplo trahenti 15
Perniciem veniens in aevum,
Si non periret inmiserabilis
Captiva pubes. ' Signa ego Punicis
Adfixa delubris et arma
Militibus sine caede ' dixit ao
1 Derepta vidi ; vidi ego civium
Eetorta tergo bracchia libero
Portasque non clausas et arva
Marte coli populata nostro.
Auro repensus scilicet acrior 25
Miles redibit. Flagitio additis
Damnum : neque amissos colored
Lana refert medicata f uco,
Nee vera virtus, cum semel excidit,
Curat reponi deterioribus. • 30
Si pugnat extricata densis
Cerva plagis, erit ille fortis,
Qui perfidis se credidit hostibus,
Et marte Poenos proteret altero,
Qui lora restrictis lacertis 35
Sensit iners timuitque mortem.
Hie, unde vitam sumeret inscius,
Pacem duello miscuit. 0 pudor !
O magna Carthago, probrosis
Altior Italiae ruinis ! ' 40
VI.] ODES III. 17
Fertur pudicae coniugis osculum
Parvosque natos ut capitis minor
Ab se removisse et virilem
Torvus humi posuisse voltuni
Donee labantes consilio patres 45
Firmaret auctor numquam alias dato,
Interque maerentes amicos
Egregius properaret exsul.
Atqui sciebat quae sibi barbarus
Tortor pararet ; non aliter tamen 50
Dimovit obstantes propinquos
Et populum reditus morantem,
Quam si clientum longa negotia
Diiudicata lite relinqueret,
Tendens Venafranos in agros 55
Aut Lacedaemonium Tarentum.
VI.
(Alcaic.)
elicta maiomm inmeritus lues,
Romane, donee templa refeceris
Aedesque labentes deorum et
Foeda nigro simulacra f umo.
Dis te minorem quod geris, imperas : 5
Hinc omne principium, hue refer exituin.
Di multa neglecti dederunt
Hesperiae mala luctuosae.
lam bis Monaeses et Pacori manus
Non auspicates contudit impetus 10
Nostros et adiecisse praedam
Torquibus exiguis renidet,
3
18 HORACE. [VL
Paene occupatam seditionibus
Delevit TJrbem Dacus et Aethiops,
Hie classe formidatus, ille 15
Missilibus melior sagittis.
Fecunda culpae saecula nuptias
Primum inquinavere et genus et domos :
Hoc fonte derivata clades
In patriam populumque fluxit. 20
Motus doceri gaudet lonicos
Acerba virgo et fingitur artibus
lam nunc et incestos amores
De tenero meditatur unguL
Mox iuniores quaerit adulteros 25
Enter mariti vina, neque eligit
Cui donet inpermissa raptim
Gaudia luminibus remotis,
Sed iussa coram non sine conscio
Surgit marito, seu vocat institor 30
Seu navis Hispanae magister,
Dedecorum pretiosus emptor.
Non his iuventus orta parentibus
Infecit aequor sanguine Punico
Pyrrhumque et ingentem cecidit 35
Antiochum Hannibalemque dirum ;
Sed rusticorum mascula militmn
Proles, Sabellis docta ligonibus
Versare glaebas et severae
Matris ad arbitrium recisoes 40
ra.] ODES in. 19
Portaro fustes, sol ubi montium
Mutaret umbras et iuga demeret
Bobus fatigatis amicum
Tempus agens abeunte cumx.
Damnosa quid non inminuit dies I 45
Aetas parentum, peior avis, tulit
Nos nequiores, mox daturos
Progeniem vitiosiorem.
ra
(Asclepiad 6.)
Quid fles, Asterie, quern tibi candidi
Primo restituent vere Favonii
Thyna merce beatum,
Constantis iuvenem fide,
Gygen ? Hie Notis actus ad Oricum 5
Post insana Caprae sidera frigidas
Noctes non sine multis
Insomnis lacrimis agit.
Atqui sollicitae nuntius hospitae,
Suspirare Chloen et miseram tuis 10
Dicens ignibus uri,
Temptat mille vafer modis.
Ut Proetum mulier perfida creduium
Falsis inpulerit criminibus nimi^
Casto Bellerophontae 15
Maturare necem refert ;
Narrat paene datum Pelea Tartaro,
Magnessam Hippolyten dum f ugit abstinens ;
Et peccare docentes
Fallax historias movet. 20
20 HORACE. [vm,
Frustra : nam scopulis surdior Icari
Voces audit adhuc integer. At tibi
Ne vicinus Enipeus
Plus iusto placeat cave ;
Quamvis non alius flectere equuin sciens 25
Aeque conspicitur gramine Martio,
Nee quisquam citus aeque
Tusco denatat alveo.
Prima nocte domum claude neque in vias
Sub cantu querulae despice tibiae, 30
Et te saepe vocanti
Duram difficilis mane.
\
vm.
(Sapphic.)
Martiis caelebs quid agam Kalendis,
Quid velint flores et acerra turis
Plena miraris positusque carbo in
Cespite vivo,
Docte sermones utriusque linguae 1 5
Voveram dulces epulas et album
Libero caprum prope funeratus
Arboris ictu.
Hie dies anno redeunte festus
Corticem adstrictum pice dimovebit 10
Amphorae, fumum bibere institutae
Consule Tullo.
Sume, Maecenas, cyathos amici
Sospitis centum et vigiles lucernas
Perfer in lucem : procul omnis esto 15
Clamor et ira.
DC] ODES III. 21
Mitte civiles super urbe curas :
Occidit Daci Cotisonis agmen,
Medus infestus sibi luctuosis
Dissidet armis, 3O
Servit Hispanae vetus hostis orae
Cantaber sera domitus catena,
lam Scythae laxo meditantur arcn
Cedere campis.
Neglegens, ne qua populus laboret, 25
Parce privatus nimium cavere ;
Dona praesentis cape laetus horae,
Linque severa.
IX.
(Asclepiad 3.)
IUVENIS. ' Donee gratus eram tibi
Nee quisquam potior bracchia candidae
Cervici iuvenis dabat,
Persarum vigui rege beatior/
LYDIA. ' Donee non alia magis 5
Arsisti neque erat Lydia post Chloen,
Multi Lydia nominis
Eomana vigui clarior Ilia.1
luv. ' Me nunc Thressa Chloe regit,
Dulces docta modos et citharae sciens, jo
Pro qua non metuam mori,
Si parcent animae fata superstiti/
LYD. * Me torret face mutua
Thurini Calais filius Ornyti,
Pro quo bis patiar mori, 15
Si parcent puero fata superstiti/
22 HORACE. [X.
IUT. ' Quid si prisca redit Venus
Diductosque iugo cogit aheneo I
Si flava excutitur Chloe
Reiectaeque patet ianua Lydiae V 20
LYD. * Quamquam sidere pulchrior
Illest, tu levior cortice et inprobo
Iracundior H>dria :
Tecum vivere amem, tecum obeam libens I '
(Asclepiad 4)
Extremum Tanain si biberes, Lyce,
Saevo nupta viro, me tamen asperas
Porrectum ante fores obicere incolis
Plorares Aquilonibus.
Audis, quo strepitu ianua, quo nemus 5
Inter pulchra satum tecta remugiat
Ventis, et positas ut glaciet nives
Puro numine luppiter ?
Ingratam Veneri pone superbiam,
Ne currente retro funis eat rota ; 10
Non te Penelopen difficilem procis
Tyrrhenus genuit parens.
0 quamvis neque te munera nee precea
Nee tinctus viola pallor amantium
Nee vir Pieria paelice saucius 15
Curvat ; supplicibus tuis
Parcas, nee rigidamollior<£jBsculo
Nee Mauris animum mitior anguibua.
Non hoc semper eiit liminis aut aquae
Caelestis patiens latus. 2O
XL] ODES in. 23
XL
(Sapphic.)
Mercuri, nam te docilis magistro
Movit Amphion lapides canendo,
Tuque testudo, resonare septem
Callida nervis,
Nee loquax olim neque grata, nunc et 5
Divitum mensis et arnica templis,
Die modos, Lyde quibus obstinatas
Adplicet aures ;
Quae velut latis equa trima campis
Ludit exsultim metuitque tangi, 10
Nuptiarum expers et adhuc protervo
Cruda marito.
Tu potes tigres comitesque silvas
Ducere et rivos celeres morari ;
Cessit inmanis tibi blandienti 15
Janitor aulae
Cerberus, quamvis furiale centum
Muniant angues caput, eius atque
Spiritus taeter saniesque manet
Ore trilingui. 20
Quin et Ixion Tityosque voltu
Risit invito, stetit urna paullum
Sicca, dum grato Danai puellas
Carmine mulces.
Audiat Lyde scelus atque notas 25
Virginum poenas et inane lymphae
Dolium fundo pereuntis imo
Seraque fata,
24 HORACE. [XII.
Quae manent culpas etiam sub Oreo.
Inpiae, (nam quid potuere maius ?) 30
Inpiae sponsos potuere duro
Perdere ferro.
Una de multis face nuptiali
Digna periurum f uit in parentem
Splendide mendax et in omne virgo 35
Nobilis aevum,
*,Surge' quae dixit iuveni marito,
' Surge, ne longus tibi somnus, unde
Non times, detur ; socerum et scelestas
Falle sorores, 40
Quae, velut nactae vitulos leaenae,
Singulos eheu lacerant : ego illis
Mollior nee te feriam neque intra
Claustra tenebo.
Me pater saevis oneret catenis, 45
Quod viro clemens misero peperci ;
Me vel extremos Numidarum in agros
Olasse releget.
I, pedes quo te rapiunt et aurae,
Dum fa vet nox et Venus ; i secundo 50
Online, et nostri memorem sepulcro
Scalpe querellam.'
XII.
(lonicus a Minore.)
Miserarumst nee amori dare ludum neque dulci
Mala vino lavere, aut exanimari metuentes
Patruae verbera linguae.
xm.] ODES in. 25
Tibi qualum Cythereae puer ales, tibi telas
Operosaeque Minervae studium aufert, Neobule, 5
Liparaei nitor Hebri
Simul unctos Tiberinis umeros lavit in undis,
Eques ipso melior Bellerophonte, neque pugno
Neque segni pede victus,
Catus idem per apertum fugientes agitato 10
Grege cervos iaculari et celer arto latitantem
Fruticeto excipere aprum.
XIIL
(Asclepiadf).}
0 fons Bandusiae, splenclidior vitro,
Dulci digne mero non sinejGLoribus,
Cras donaberis haedo,sJ/^
Cui frons turgida cornibus
Primis et venerem et proelia destinat. 5
Frustra : nam gelidos inficiet tibi
Rubro sanguine rivos
Lascivi suboles gregis.^, ' tf^"
Te flagrantis atrox hora Caniculae
Nescit tangere, tu frigus amabile jo
Fessis vomere tauy is £*-«*•*•< I^^^*^^L^~^
Praebes eFpecori vago. i ^\
Fies nobilium tu quoque fontium,
Me dicente cavis inpositam ilicem
Saxis, unde loquaces 15
^ L^mphae desiliunt tuae.
26 HOEACB. • fxiV.
XIV.
(Sapphic.}
Herculis ritu modo dictus, o plebs,
Morte venalem petiisse laurum,
Caesar Hispana repetit penates
Victor ab ora.
Unico gaudens mulier marito 5
Prodeat iustis operata divis,
Et soror clari ducis et decorae
Supplice vitta
Virginum matres iuvenumque nuper
Sospitum. Vos, o pueri et puellae 10
lam viruxn expertae, male inominatis
Parcite verbis.
Hie dies vere mihi festus atras
Eximet curas ; ego nee tumultum
Nee mori per vim metuam tenente j 5
Caesare terras.
I, pete UDguentum, puer, et coronas
Et cadum Marsi memorem duelli,
Spartacum si qua potuit vagantem
Fallere testa. 20
Die et argutae properet Neaerae
Murreum nodo cohibente crinem ;
Si per invisum mora ianitorem
Fiet, abito.
Lenit albescens animos capillus 85
Litium et rixae cupidos protervae ;
Non ego hoc ferrem calidus iuventa
Consule Planco.
xv.] ODBS in. 27
XV.
(Asclepiad 3.)
Uxor pauperis Ibyci,
Tandem nequitiae fige modum tuae
Famosisque laboribus :
Mature propior desine funeri
Inter ludere virgines, 5
Et stellis nebulam spargere candidis.
Non, si quid Pholoen, satis
Et te, Ohlori, decet : filia rectiug
Expugnat iuvenum domos,
Pulso Thyias uti concita tympano. 10
Illain cogit amor Nothi
Lascivae similem ludere capreae ;
Te lanae prope nobilem
Tonsae Luceriam, non citharae decent
Nee flos purpureus rosae 15
Nee poti vetulam faece tenus cadi
XVI.
(Asclepiad 4.)
Inclusam Danaen turris ahenea
Robustaeque fores et vigilum canum
Tristes excubiae munierant satis
Nocturnis ab adulteris,
Si non Acrisium virginis abditae
Custodem pavidum luppiter et Venus
Bisisset : fore enim tutum iter et patens
Converse in pretium deo.
28 HORACK. [XVL
Aurum per medios ire satelKtes
Et perrumpere am at saxa, potentius 10
Ictu f ulmineo : concidit auguris
Argivi domus, ob lucrum
Demersa exitio ; diffidit urbium
Portas vir Macedo et submit aemulos
Reges muneribus ; munera navium 15
Saevos inlaqueant duces.
Crescentem sequitur cura pecuniam
Maiorumque fames. lure perhorrui
Late conspicuum tollere verticem,
Maecenas, equitum decus. 20
Quanto quisque sibi plura negaverit,
Ab dis plura feret : nil cupientium
Nudus castra peto et transf uga divitum
Partes linquere gestio,
Contemptae dominus splendidior rei, 25
Quam si, quidquid arat inpiger Apulus,
Occultare meis dicerer horreis,
Magnas inter opes inops.
Purae rivus aquae silvaque iugerum
Paucorum et segetis certa fides meae 30
Fulgentem imperio fertilis Africae
Fallit sorte beatior.
Quamquam nee Calabrae mella ferunt apes,
Nee Laestrygonia Bacchus in amphora
Languescit mihi, nee pinguia Gallicis 35
Crescunt vellera pascuis ;
xvn.] ODES m.
Inportuna tamen pauperies abest,
Nee, si plura velim, tu dare deneges.
Contracto melius parva cupidine
Yectigalia porrigam,
Quam si Mygdoniis regnum Alyattei
Campis continuem. Multa petentibus
Desunt multa : benest, cui deus obtulit
Parca quod satis est manu.
xvn.
(Akaic.)
Aeli vetusto nobilis ab Lamo,
Quando et prior es hinc Lamias ferunfc
Denominates et nepotum
Per memores genus omne f astos ;
Auctore ab illo ducis originem, 5
Qui Formiarum moenia dicitur
Princeps et innantem Maricae
Litoribus tenuisse Lirim,
Late tyrannus. Cras foliis nemus
Multis et alga lit us inutili 10
Demissa tempestas ab Euro
Sternet, aquae nisi fallit augur
Annosa cornix. Dum potis, aridum
Conpone lignum : eras genium mero
Curabis et porco bimestri 15
Cum famulis operum solutis.
30 HORACE [XVHI.
XVIII.
(Sapphic.}
Faune, Nympharum fugientum amator,
Per meos fines et aprica rura
Lenis incedas abeasque parvis
Aequus alumnis,
Si tener pleno cadit haedus anno, 5
Larga nee desunt Veneris sodali
Vina craterae, vetus ara multo
Fumat odore.
Ludit herboso pecus omne campo,
Cum tibi Nonae redeunt Decembres ; 10
Festus in pratis vacat otioso
Cum bove pagus ;
Inter audaces lupus errat agnos ;
Spargit agrestes tibi silva frondes j
Gaudet invisam pepulisse fossor 15
Ter pede terrain.
XIX.
(Asclepiad 3.)
Quantum distet ab Inacho
Codrus pro patria non timidus mori
Narras et genus Aeaci
Et pugnata sacro bella sub Ilio ;
Quo Chium pretio cadum
Mercemur, quis aquam temperet ignibus,
Quo praebente domum et quota
Paelignis caream frigoribus, taces.
XX.] ODES III 31
Da lunae propere novae,
Da noctis mediae, da, puer, auguris 10
Murenae : tribus aut novem
Miscentur cyathis pocula commodis.
Qui Musas amat inpares,
Ternos ter cyathos attonitus petet
Vates ; tres prohibet supra 15
Eixarum metuens tangere Gratia
Nudis iuncta sororibus.
Insanire iuvat : cur Berecyntiae
Cessant flamina tibiae?
Cur pendet tacita fistula cum lyra t 20
Parcentes ego dexteras
Odi : sparge rosas ; audiat invidus
Dementem strepitum Lycus,
Et vicina seni non habilis Lyco.
Spifisa te nitidum coma, 25
Puro te similem, Telephe, vespero
Tempestiva petit Rhode ;
Me lentus Glycerae torret amor meae.
XX.
(Sapphic.)
Non vides quanto moveas periclo,
Pyrrhe, Gaetulae catulos leaenae ?
Dura post paullo fugies inaudax
Proelia raptor,
Cum per obstantes iuvenum catervas
Ibit insignem repetens Nearchum :
Grande certamen, tibi praeda cedat.
Maior an illi.
32 HORACE. [XXT.
Interim, dum tu celeres sagittas
Promis, haec denies acuit timendos, 10
Arbiter pugnae posuisse nudo
Sub pede palmam
Fertur et leni recreare vento
Sparsum odoratis umerum capillis,
Qualis aut Nireus fuit aut aquosa 15
Raptus ab Ida.
XXI.
(Alcaic.)
0 nata mecum consule Manlio,
Seu tu querellas sive geris iocos
Sen rixam et insanos amores
Seu facilem, pia testa, somnum,
Quocumque lectum nomine Massicum 5
Servas, moveri digna bono die,
Descende, Corvino iubente
Promere languidiora vina. \
Non ille, quamquam Socraticis madet V
Sermonibus, te neglegit horridus : 10
Narratur et prisci Catonis
Saepe mero caluisse virtus.
Tu lene tormentum ingenio admovea
Plerumque duro ; tu sapientium
Curas et arcanum iocqso 15
Consilium retegis Lyaeo ;
Tu spem reducis mentibus anxiis
Viresque et addis cornua paupei'i,
Post te neque iratos trementi
Regum apices neque militum arma, ^o
xxn.] ODES in. ' 38
Te Liber et, si laeta aderit, Venus
Segnesque nodum solvere Gratiae
Vivaeque producent lucernae,
Dum rediens fugat astra Phoebus.
XXII.
(Sapphic.}
Montium custos nemorumque, Virgo,
Quae laborantes utero puellas
Ter vocata audis adimisque leto,
Diva triformis,
Jnminens villae tua pinus esto,
Quam per exactos ego laetus annos
Verris obliquum meditantis ictum
Sanguine donem.
/•
/ M
xxm.
(A Icaic.)
Caelo supinas si tuleris manus
Nascente luna, rustica Phidyle,
Si ture placaris et horna
Fruge Lares avidaque porca ;
Nee pestilentem sentiet Africum 5
Fecund^, yi,tis nee sterilem seges
RoDigiriem aut dulces alumni
Pomifero grave tempus anno.
Nam quae^vau" -pascitur Algido
Devota quercus inter et ilices 10
Aut crescit Albanis in herbis
Victima, pontjjQcum secures
a. in. 3
34 HORACE. [iXJV
Cervice tinguet : te nihil attinet
Temptare multa caede bidentium --V£<V^-%A«
Parvos coronantem marine 15
Rore deos fragilique myrtx).
-Tnmunis aram si tetigit manus,
Non sumptuosa blandior hostia,
Mollivit aversos Penates
Farre pio et saliente mica. 20
XXIV.
(Asclepiad 3.)
Intactis opulentior
Thesauris Arabum et divitis Indiae
Caementis licet occupes
Terrenum omne tuis et mare publicum,
Si figit adamantines 5
Summis verticibus dira Necessitas
Clavos, non animum metu,
Non mortis laqueis expedies caput.
Campestres melius Scythae,
Quorum plaustra vagas rite trahunt domos, i o
Vivunt et rigidi Getae,
Inmetata quibus iugera liberas
Fruges et Cererem ferunt,
Nee cultura placet longior annua,
Defunctumque laboribus 15
Aequali recreat sorte vicarius.
Illic matre carentibus
Privignis mulier temperat innocenR,
Nee dotata regit virum
Ooniunx nee nitido fidit adultero ; 20
XXIV. J ODES III. 35
Dos est magna parentium
Virtus et metuens alterius viri
Certo foedere castitas,
Et peccare nefas aut pretiumst mori.
O quisquis volet inpias 25
Caedes ot rabiem tollere civicam,
Si quaeret PATER CJKBIUM
Subscribi statuis, indomitam audeat
Kefrenare licentiam,
Clarus post genitis : quatenus, heu ncfas ! 30
Virtutem incolumem odimus,
Sublatam ex oculis quaerimus invidi.
Quid tristes querimoniae,
Si non supplicio culpa reciditur ;
Quid leges sine moribus 35
Yanae proficiunt ? si neque fervidia
Pars inclusa caloribus
Mundi nee boreae finitimum latus
Durataeque solo nives
Mercatorem abigunt, horrida callidi 40
Vincunt aequora navitae,
Magnum pauperies opprobrium iubet
Quidvis et facere et pati,
Virtutisque viam deserit arduae.
Vel nos in Capitolium, 45
Quo clamor vocat et turba faventium,
Vel nos in mare proximum
Gemmas et lapides aurum et inutile,
36 HORACE. | XXV.
Summi materiem mali,
Mittamus, scelerum si bene paenitet. 50
Eradenda cupidinis
* Pravi sunt elementa et tenerae nimis
Mentes asperioribus
Formandae studiis. Nescit equo rudis
Haerere ingenuus puer 5 5
Venarique timet, ludere doctior,
Seu Graeco iubeas trocho,
Seu mails vetita legibus alea,
Oum periura patris fides
Consortem socium fallat et hospitem, 60
Indignoque pecuniam
Heredi properet. Scilicet inprobae
Orescunt divitiae ; tamen
Curtae nescio quid semper abest rei.
XXV.
(Asclepiad 3.)
Quo me, Bacche, rapis tui
Plenum ? Quae nemora aut quos agor in specus,
Velox mente nova ? Quibus
Antris egregii Caesaris audiar
Aeternum meditans decus 5
Stellis inserere et consilio lovis t
Dicam insigne, recens, adhuc
Indictum ore alio. Non secus in iugis
Exsomnis stupet Euhias,
Hebrum prospiciens et nive candidam IO
Thracen ac pede barbaro
Lustratam Rhodopen, ut mihi devio
nvi.j ODES in. 37
Ripas et vacuum nemus
Mirari libet. 0 Naiadum potens
Baccharumque valentium 15
Proceras manibus vertere fraxinos,
Nil parvum aut humili modo,
Nil mortale loquar. Dulce periculumst,
O Lenaee, sequi deum
Cingentem viridi tempera pampino. 20
XXVL
(Alcaic.)
Yixi duellis nuper idoneus
Et militavi non sine gloria ;
Nunc arma defunctumque bello
Barbiton hie paries habebit,
Laevum marinae qui Yeneris latus 5
Custodit. Hie, hie ponite lucida
Ifunalia et vectes et arcus
Oppositis foribus minaces.
0 quae beatam diva tenes Cyprum et
Memphin carentem Sithonia nive, 10
Regina, sublimi flagello
Tange Chloen semel arrogantem,
XXVII.
(Sapphic.}
Inpios parrae recinentis omen
Ducat et praegnans canis aut ab agro
Rava decurrens lupa Lanuvino
Fetaque volpes ;
38 HORACE. [XXVII.
Rumpat et serpens iter institutum, 5
Si per obliquum similis sagittae
Terruit mannos : ego cui timebo,
Providus auspex,
Antequam stantes repetat paludes
Imbrium divina avis inminentum, 10
Oscinem corvum prece suscitabo
Solis ab ortu.
Sis licet felix, ubicumque mavis,
Et memor nostri, Galatea, vivas ;
Teque nee laevus vetat ire picus 15
Nee vaga cornix.
Sed vides, quanto trepidet tumultu
Pronus Orion. Ego quid sit ater
Hadriae novi sinus et quid albus
Peccet lapyx. 20
Hostium uxores puerique caecos
Sentiant motus orientis Austri et
Aequoris nigri fremitum et trementes
Verbere ripas.
Sic et Europe niveum doloso 25
Credidit tauro latus, et scatentem
Beluis pontum mediasque fraudes
Palluit audax :
Nuper in pratis studiosa florum et
Debitae Nymphis opifex coronae, 30
Nocte sublustri nihil astra praeter
Vidit et undas.
ODES in. 39
Quae simul centum tetigit potenfcem
Oppidis Creten, * pater, o relictum
Filiae nomen pietasque ' dixit. 35
' Yicta furore,
Undo quo veni 1 Levis una mors est
Virginum culpae. Yigilansne ploro
Turpe conmissum an vitiis carentem
Ludit imago 40
Vana, quae porta fugiens eburna
Somnium ducit ? Meliusne fluctus
Ire per longos fuit, an recentes
Carpere flores
Si quis infamem mihi nunc iuvencum 45
Dedat iratae, lacerare ferro et
Frangere enitar modo multum amati
Cornua monstri.
Inpudens liqui patrios Penates,
Inpudens Orcum moror. O deorum 50
Si quis haec audis, utinam inter errem
Nuda leones 1
Antequam turpis macies decentes
Occupet malas teneraeque sucus
Defluat praedae, speciosa quaero 55
Pascere tigres.
Vilis Europe, pater urguet absens :
Quid mori cessas ? Potes hac ab orno
Pendulum zona bene te secuta e-
lidere collum- 60
40 HORACE. [iXVII
Sive te rupes et acuta leto
Saxa delectant, age te procellae
Orede veloci, nisi erile mavis
Carpere pensum
Regius sanguis dominaeque tradi 65
Barbarae paelex.' Aderat querenti
Perfidum ridens Venus et remisso
Filius arcu.
Mox ubi lusit satis, * abstineto '
Dixit * irarum calidaeque rixae, 70
Cum tibi invisus laceranda reddet
Cornua taurus.
Uxor invicti lovis esse nescis,
Mitte singultus, bene ferre magnam
Disce fortunam ; tua sectus or bis 75
Nomina ducet/
XXVIII.
(Asdepiad 3.
Festo quid potius die
Neptuni faciam ? Prome reconditum,
Lyde, strenua Caecubum
Munitaeque adhibe vim sapientiae.
Inclinare meridiem 5
Sentis ac, veluti stet volucris dies,
Parcis deripere horreo
Cessantem Bibuli consulis amphoram. .
Kos cantabimus invicem
Neptunum et virides Nereidum comas ; 10
Tu curva recines lyra
J^atonam et celeris spicula Cynthiae :
XXIX.] ODES III. 41
Summo carmine, quae Cnidon
Fulgentesque tenet Cycladas et Paphon
Iimctis visit oloribus; 1 5
Dicetur ; merita Nox quoque nenia.
XXIX.
(Alcaic.)
Tyrrhena regum progenies, tibi
Non ante verso lene merum cado
Cum flore, Maecenas, rosarum et
Pressa tuis balanus capillis
lamdudum apud mest : eripe te morae, 5
Ne semper udum Tibur et Aef ulae
Declive contempleris arvum et
Telegoni iuga parricidae.
Fastidiosam desere copiam et
Molem propinquam nubibus arduis, 10
Omitte mirari beatae
Fumum et opes strepitumque Eomae.
Plerumque gratae divitibus vices
Mundaeque parvo sub lare pauperum
Cenae sine aulaeis et ostro 15
Sollicitam explicuere frontem.
lam clarus occultum Andromedae pater
Ostendit ignem, iam Procyon furit
Et stella vesani Leonis
Sole dies referente siccos : 20
Iam pastor umbras cum grege languido
Bivumque f essus quaerit et horridi
Dumeta Silvani, caretque
Eipa vagis taciturna ventis.
42 HORACE. [XXII.
Tu civitatem quis deceat status 25
Curas et Urbi sollicitus times,
Quid Seres et regnata Gyro
Bactra parent Tanaisque discora.
Prudens futuri temporis exitum
Caliginosa nocte premit deus, 30
Bidetque si mortalis ultra
Fas trepidat. Quod adest memento
Oonponere aequus ; cetera fluminis
Bitu feruntur, nunc medio alveo
Cum pace delabentis Etruscum 35
In mare, nunc lapides adesos
Stirpesque raptas et pecus et domos
Volventis una non sine montium
Clamore vicinaeque silvae,
Cum fera diluvies quietos 40
Inritat amnes. Ille potens sui
Laetusque deget, cui licet in diem
Dixisse ' Vixi : eras vel atra
Nube polum pater occupato
Vel sole puro ; non tamen inritum, 45
Quodcumque retrost, efficiet neque
Diffinget infectumque reddet,
Quod fugiens semel hora vexit.
Fortuna saevo laeta negotio et
Ludum insolentem ludere pertinax 50
Transmutat incertos honores,
Nunc mihi nunc alii benigna.
XXX.] ODES III. 43
Laudo manentem ; si celeres quatit
Pinnas, resigno quae dedit et mea
Virtute me involve probamque 55
Pauperiem sine dote quaero.
Non est meum, si mugiat Africis
Malus procellis, ad miseras preces
Decurrere et votis pacisci,
Ne Cypriae Tyriaeque merces 60
Addant avaro divitias mari :
Turn me biremis praesidio scaphae
Tutum per Aegaeos tumultus
Aura feret geminusque Pollux.'
XXX.
(Asclepiad 1.)
Exegi monumentum aere perennius
Regalique situ pyramidum altius,
Quod non imber edax, non Aquilo inpotens
Possit diruere aut innumerabilis
Annorum series et fuga temporum. 5
Non omnis moriar multaque pars mei
Vitabit Libitinam : usque ego postera
Crescam laude recens, dum Capitolium
Scandet cum tacita virgine pontifex.
Dicar, qua violens obstrepit Aufidus 10
Et qua pauper aquae Daunus agrestium
Regnavit populorum, ex humili potens
Princeps Aeolium carmen ad Italos
Deduxisse modos. Sume superbiam
Quaesitam meritis et mihi Delphica 15
Lauro cinge volens, Melpomene, comam.
NOTES.
L. C. refers to Allcroft and Haydon's Latin Composition (Unir. Tutorial Press).
L. G. refers to the Tutorial Latin Grammar (Unir. Tutorial Press),
t Denotes a variant reading.
ODE L
OF THE ADVANTAGES OP HUMILITY AND CONTENTMENT.
ARGUMENT. — lam the poet of the Muses, and 1 bid you listen to
my songs. There is none that is his own master save Jove: all others
must bom to Necessity, no matter what their rank or their pursuits.
Be content, then, to lead a quiet life ; for whoso lives thus need fear
no srvord of Damocles, no stroke of Fortune, whereas Fear and Care
search out the lofty and torment them, and wealth avails not to keep
them atvay. Setter my little farm and peace, than wealth and misery.
[See Index for Achaemenes, Damocles, Gigantes.]
2. favete linguis : literally " be favourable with your tongues,"
an expression used by Roman priests when commencing a sacrifice.
It was equivalent to a request that none of the bystanders should
utter any word of evil omen, and so mar the ceremony, whence it
equals " be silent." Horace is speaking as if he were the priest of
the Muses, and as if his Odes were religious. The profanum volgus
means all who cannot appreciate this poetry, because such persons
are "outside the sanctuary " (pro,fanuni) of the Muses.
6. tunendorum : merely an epithet of, not in gerundival construc-
tion with, regum, which depends upon imperiumst (= imperium est).
Cp. invidendis, v. 45. That over which one's rule extends is regu-
larly expressed by the accusative with in. greges : metaphorically
= populos.
7. clari : attributive to lovis, as is moventis. The adjective Giganteo
stands in lieu of de Gigantibus — *' triumph over the Giants." See
Index, s.v. Gigantes.
8. inpercilio : « frown," lit. " eyebrow." Homer says all Olympus
(Heaven) shakes when Zeus (Jupiter) nods or frowns.
9. fest ut: " it is possible that," " it may be that." The consecu-
tive subjunctives, ordinet. desceadat, contendat, sit, all depend upon
ut. Some editors read esto— " let it tertSat," "granted that." See
NOTES. 45
L. C., §§ 235, 236 ; L. G., § 544. viro : ablative of the standard of
comparison, with latlus (L. C., § 129 ; L. G., § 387), which means " to
a greater extent," i.e. one has larger vineyards than another.
10. arbusta : the trees (usually elms) upon which the vines were
trained. They were planted in regular rows (ordines, hence ordinef)
along trenches (sulci). sulcis: ablative of place, frequently used
in poetry without a preposition. In prose a preposition is required,
except with the name of a town and in certain expressions. L. C,
§§ 120, 121; L. G., §§368-69. generosior: "better born." The
word comes from genus, and has not the same meaning as its deriva-
tive " generous." hie . . . hie . . . illi : see L. C., § 158.
11. campum : i.e. the Campus Martius, a large level space of open
ground to the N. and W. of the city, lying within a bend of the river
Tiber. It was the customary place of meeting for elections (comitia)
and other public business which concerned the entire people ; and
here, too, the young Komans amused themselves with riding, running,
ball-play, and other exercises. A man was said descender e in campum,
because it lay lower than the city, petitor : peto is the proper word
for " being a candidate " for public office ; hence petitio =» " candida-
ture," andpetitor = "a candidate."
12. moribus . . . fama: ablative of respect, L. C., § 148; L. G.,
§ 370. The adjective melior, like generosior, is predicative, and must
be the emphatic word in translating.
13. illi: the usual dative of the possessor with esxe; L. 0., § 143,
NOTE 1; L. G.,§ 355. clientium: a wealthy or distinguished Roman
was the patron (patronw) of a number of men of humble station.
These were his "clients," and they were expected to attend their
patron upon any occasion when he appeared in public, e.g. when
canvassing for election. In return for this and other services, and
certain money payments, the patronus was bound to protect his aliens,
and defend him in the law-courts. The more the number of the
clientes, the greater the dignity of the patronus.
15. sortitur : " casts lots about," " allots their fate to." The verb
is more usually found with an accusative of the thing, e.g., sortiri
provinciam, '* to assign a province by lot."
16. urna : in casting lots, the names of the different persons con-
cerned would be written upon slips of wood and shaken up together
in a box, vessel (urna), or helmet. The man whose name was first
to fall out would be the one chosen.
17. cui : possessive dative for the more usual genitive ; L. C.,
§ 143, NOTE 2. The natural position for the relative would be first
in the clause. Notice the use of cervix in the singular. Ciceronian
prose only allows the plural, cervices. For the allusion, see Index,
s.v. Damocles.
19. elaborabnnt : " work out," " produce," with the idea of great
cost of time and trouble. Supply illi as indirect object, and ante-
cedent to cui above.
24. tempe : the vale of Tempe, through which the Thessalian river
Peneus makes its way to the sea, between mounts Olympus and Ossa,
46 HORACE, ODES III., 1, 2.
was of proverbial beauty ; so much so that the name came to be used
as a common noun, meaning a " beautiful valley." In form it is neuter
plural, and is used only in the nom. and ace.
25. desiderantem : this is the- object of sollicitat ; the rest of the
sentence to v. 30 is the subject. The best way is to retain the Latin
order in translating, but to turn the sentence into the passive voice,
i.e. instead of saying "Neither the sea . . . distresses him who . . . ,"
say " He who desires but a .sufficiency is distressed neither by . . ."
27. cadentis : " setting." By the " setting " of a star is meant the
date at which it becomes invisible in the evening owing to its appa-
rent proximity to the sun, while its " rising " (v. 28) is the time when
it emerges from the sun's rays and becomes visible in the morning.
Arcturus " sets " on October 29th, and Haedus " rises " earlier in the
same month.
29. grandine : hailstorms ruin the grapes.
30. mendax : " which belies its promise." His farm does not de-
ceive him, because his expectations are not immoderate, aquas : =
imbreSy "rain-storms."
32. sidera : Sirius, the Dog-star, which "rises" on August 25th,
was supposed to bring drought that " bakes the fields." iniquas :
iniquus is the negative of aequtis in its three senses of (1) " level" ;
(2) "fair," " just" ; and (3) " beneficent." The sense here is " male-
volent," " baneful." Hiemes (plural) means " frosts," or " storms."
33. It was the fashion to build marine villas on artificial islands
formed by letting down blocks of stone (moles) and shooting rubble
(caementa) into the sea (altutri). These " made the sea narrow "
(contracta), because they helped to fill it up.
34. iactis . . . molibus : the ablative absolute stands as one of
cause [see L. C., § 84 (&)] with contracta. Altum, "deep sea," is a
substantive, like profundivrn. Adjectives of three terminations are
very frequently thus used in the neuter singular, hue : i.e. down
amongst the boulders of rock (moles), in order to fill up the holes
between them. Caementa (caedo, I cut) means small, broken stuff,
rubble.
35. redemptor : " contractor " ; the man who undertakes (redimit)
the contract which the dominus lets out (locat).
36. terrae : the genitive belongs to fastidiosus (objective genitive ;
L. 0., § 40 (J); L. G., § 399), like fessus rerum, " weary of the
world."
38. eodem, quo : adverbs, see L. C., § 130, NOTE 2.
39. aerata : ancient ships had their bows sheathed with bronze
(aeg), to serve as rams. The projecting metal-work was known as
rostrum, from its resemblance to the "beak" of a bird, triremi (a
ship with three banks of oars) is ablative, the words being properly
an adjective Csc. navis). For neque . . . et (= not . . . but), see
L. C., § 298.
40. post equitem : " behind him when he rides " ; cp. iv. 30, *.
Cura : personified, like Necessitas, v. 14 ; Timor and Mijiae^ v. 37.
41. quod si : " but if," lit. " as to which, if "; see L. C., § 135, NOTE 1.
NOTES. 47
With dolentem sc. hominem ; cp. desiderantem, v. 25. " Phrygian
stone" was a beautiful and costly marble, white with brilliant
crimson spots. It is put here as a type of what wealth can buy.
42. purpurarum : " purple cloths," manufactured at Tyre, and
exceedingly costly, clarior : logically it is the cloth which is bright,
not the use of it; but the adjective is put in grammatical accord
with UKUS. Such a transfer of the epithet is known as hypall&ge
(" exchange ").
45. invidendis postibus : ablative of description, L. 0., § 133 ; L. Gr.,
§ 382. Invideo is an intransitive verb, and according to rule should
have no gerundive, and should not be used in the passive except
impersonally (L. C., §§ 60, 90, NOTE 2; L. G., § 205, 303), but
Horace once uses invideor (A. P. 56) and twice (here and in Od. II.,
x. 7) uses the gerundive, as though the verb were transitive. The
past participle invisus, " hated," is common.
46. atrium : the great central hall of a Roman house, about which
were grouped the dwelling and sleeping rooms. It was usually
supported on columns of wood or marble, and had a square opening
in the centre of the roof (impluvium). Its size was proportionate to
the owner's dignity, as it served him for a reception room. -^
47. valle : Horace' farm. See Introd. § 1. Verbs of exchanging
admit two constructions : (1) the thing given stands in the accusative,
that which is taken being put as an ablative ; (2) conversely, the
thing given is put in the ablative, the thing taken in the accusative,
as here. The ablative in each construction is one of price (L. 0.,
§ 127 : L. G-., $ 377), but in the former the action is regarded as one of
selling, in the latter as one of buying.
ODE IL
OP THE ADVANTAGES OF STERN TRAINING, AND THE REWARDS
OP COURAGE AND FIDELITY.
ARGUMENT. — The hard life of the camp is the best training for
manhood. The soldier's life is glorious ; for if he die for his country's
sake, it is a noble death ; and his manliness lives after him, careless
of the likes or dislikes of others. Man is mortal, but immortal the
hero's life. It has its reward as truly as have loyalty and piety. I
will not dwell or roam with the impious man, for his punishment is
sure and may reach even to an innocent companion.
1. amice : "like a friend," "with good will."
2. acri militia : the ablative is best taken with robustus (abl. of
cause).
3. condiscat : jussive subjunctive ; the prefix con denotes thorough-
ness.
4. eques : appositive to puer, the subject of vexet. The Parthians
were the best cavalry in the world : any horseman whom they
dreaded must be skilled indeed.
48 HORACE, ODES III., 2, 3.
6. sub divo : divum denotes " the open sky, "the sky being regarded
as a divinity (divus).
9. suspiret : jussive subjunctive ; see L. C., § 208 ; L. G., § 477.
So (ne) lacessat. agminum : the objective genitive regularly follows
adjectives denoting skill or its opposite. Agmen is properly a " line
of march," then " men marching," and finally here " war."
11. tactu: with asperum — "dangerous to handle." For the use
of the supine in -«, see L. C., § 99 ; L. G-., j 422.
13. decorumst : i.e., decorum est. This line is a good example of
the use of the infinitive as a noun (nominative), L. C., § 101, mori
corresponding with mors in the next line.
17. repulsae : for the case, cp. rudis agminum, v. 9. The metaphors
in this stanza are taken from electioneering : a candidate seeks office
(honores, v. 18) ; if he attains the consulate or the praetorship, he
assumes (sumif) the fasces (secures, v. 19) for a year, and lays them
down again (poni£) at its close. He owes his election to popular
favour (popularis aura, v. 20) ; and if he fails to win it, he suffers
defeat (repvlsa, v. 17).
18. honoribus : the technical term for public magistracies in Rome,
e.g. consulate, praetorship, aedileship, quaestorship.
19. secures: the axe, bound round with rods (yirgae), which
lictors carried before the magistrate to symbolise his power to exe-
cute or to flog.
20. arbitrio : causal ablative — " at the bidding of the popular
breath " (i.e. of popular favour).
21. recludens : " opening." Notice the reversing force of the prefix
re, and cp. figo and refigo, texo and retexo imneritis mori : the
dative is one of advantage ; L. C., § 143 ; L. G., $ 351. The infini-
tive mori stands as direct object of the verbal notion contained in
the adjective inmeritis («=m qui non merentur), and is equivalent to
mortem. Cp. v. 13, n.
22. via : ablative of the road by which, L. C., § 123 ; L. G., $ 376.
The road to immortality is prohibited (negata), but yet sought after.
26. vetabo: veto is usually followed by an accusative and an
infinitive, both standing in the relation of objects to veto. Here
their place is taken by object clauses containing jussive subjunctives,
which are said to be in " semi-dependence " on vetabo. See L. C.,
§ 243. The antecedent of the relative clause, qui . . . volgarit (i.e.
volgaverit), is the suppressed subject of sit and solvat.
27. volgarit: future-perfect, the leading verb being in the future
(vetabo'). See L. C., § 204, NOTE 2,
28. trabibus : " roof -beams." mecum : when used with a personal
pronoun, or the relative gui, the preposition cum becomes enclitic,
i.e. is appended to its case. L. C., § 20, NOTE 3.
29. phaselon : Greek form of the accusative, the nominative
being phaselOs. See APPENDIX 1 (iv.). PhaselOs denotes in Greek
(1) '• a kidney bean," (2) " a light boat" shaped like a pod. Solvere
is the regular word for unmooring, casting off, a vessel from the
shore.
NOTES. 49
30. addidit': this perfect, like deseruit,may be either a true perfect
— " has relinquished," etc.— or the "gnomic ' perfect, which is common
in proverbs, and is translated in English by the simple present.
32. pede claudo : ablative of quality. L. O.f § 133 ; L. G., $ 382.
ODE III.
OF THE REWARDS OP RIGHTEOUS PERSEVERANCE AND TRUTHFUL-
NESS, AND THE EXAMPLES OF TROY AND ROME.
ARGUMENT. — Righteous courage knows no fear. 'Twas this made
Hercules and Bacchus immortal, and 'twas this gave immortality
even to Romulus, when the gods debated his merits and Juno spake: —
" Troy has fallen for the fraud of Laomedon, for so I decreed it.
Helen and Paris and his people are no more, and their war is ended.
I will forgive the rest, and I will suffer Romulus, though of Trojan
blood, to take his place in heaven. His people, the fugitives from
Troy, may rule even over the peoples of the East, and spread their
name from the Nile to the Atlantic, provided Troy lies waste, and
that they lust not after gold at any price. Their destiny shall be to
conquer from the tropics to the pole, if but they seek not to make
Troy live again. In an, evil day shall they attempt it, and with evil
issue, for I, the queen of heaven, will fight against them I Yea, to
the third time would I rase it, though it were built by gods !"
My lyre is unfit for so high a theme as this: I do but debase it,
and 1 will refrain.
[See Index for Laomedon, Paris, Quirinns, Quirites.]
I. See i. 25, «. for the way in which a sentence with a lengthy
subject may most easily be translated, propositi : transitive adjec-
tives in -ax take the objective genitive. L. 0., $ 40 (b) ; L. G.,
6 399. Propositum is here a noun. Virum is the object of quatit
(v. 4).
4. mente: ablative of respect. L. C., § 148 ; L. G., § 370.
5. dux : because the waves follow the wind. The word is in appo-
sition to Auster. L. C., $ 9; L. G., § 322 (c).
7. inlabatnr : where the tense of the apodosis is future, as here
(ferient), the protasis is usually future also ; see L. C., § 250 (a) and
NOTES 1 and 4. The subjunctive is used because the falling of the
sky is a mere supposition, whereas the fearlessness of the righteous
man is a certainty and is therefore put in the indicative.
9. arte: i.e. the "quality" of righteous determination.
10. attigit : attigerunt would be more usual, according to L. C.,
§ 21 ; but in Horace " it is common to find a singular verb with two
or three subjects where all, or the one nearest to the verb, are
singular " (Wickham). igneas : " starlit," because the stars are fiery.
II. quos inter : the prepositions inter and circum frequently stand
after their nouns. In v. 37, inter is quite separated from its case.
Augustus : this title was conferred on Octavianus in B.C. 27.
JZ. in. 4
50 HORACE, ODES III,, 3.
12. fbibet : there is v. 1. Mbit, as though Augustus were already
numbered amongst the gods when Horace was writing (27-23 B.C.).
Purpureus is used of any bright object, even a white swan. Nectar
is the drink of the gods, as ambrosia is their food.
13. hac : sc. arte ; see v. 9, n. So in v. 15. The ablative belongs
as one of means to merentem — " made worthy by this quality."
14. vexere: he rode in a chariot drawn by tigers. Tigris is
always of feminine gender in the poets, even when a beast of the
male sex is denoted.
16. equis : ablative of instrument. Equi (plural) often stands for
currus, a car. Acheronta : Greek accusative of Acheron (App. 1, vii.),
one of the fabled rivers of the lower world, here used as an equivalent
for "death." Fugio, usually intransitive, is here used transitively,
and hence takes an accusative.
17. elocuta : the construction is ablative absolute (L. C., § 82 ;
L. G., § 383), and divis consiliantibus is dative of the indirect object.
With gratum, sc. verbum.
19. fatalist "sent by fate," "fated." The word seldom means
" fatal " in poetry, and never in the best prose. The index is Paris.
See Index.
20. mulier : see Index, s.v. HELENA. Vertit is the perfect tense.
21. ex quo : sc. teuipore, a common ellipse. The relative clause
qualifies damnatum. For a similar reversal of the logical order,
cp. ii. 26-7. deos : Poseidon (Neptune), Apollo (Phoebus, v. 66), and
Hera'cles (Hercules). See Index, s.v. LaomedSn.
22. mercede pacta : either ablative of the thing from which separa-
tion takes place, "defrauded them of their stipulated reward";
or perhaps an ablative absolute with concessive force, " though the
reward was stipulated (L. C., § 84, d}. mini : dative of the agent
(1) normal after the gerund or gerundive, (2) permissible after the
past participle, and (3) otherwise very rare (see L. C., § 111 ; L. G.,
( 356). So also Minervae.
25. splendet : " bedecks himself for." Lacaenae is dative of
advantage (L. C., § 143). Adultera is here an adjective. Paris and
Helen are again meant.
26. famosus : " infamous," " scoundrel." The word means simply
" much talked of," but is usually employed in a bad sense, like the
English " notorious."
29. ductum : " protracted." The Trojan war was prolonged for
ten years by the partisanship of the gods : Hera (Juno) fought for the
Greeks, Aphrodite (Venus) and Ares (Mars) for the Trojans.
31. nepotem : Quirinus (Romulus) was the son of Mars, who waa
son of Jupiter, Juno's consort. She hated him because his mother,
Ehea Silvia, was descended from Aeneas the Trojan.
32. sacerdos: Index, s.v. Quirinus.
33. redonabo : " forego." The dative Marti is like Lacaenae, v. 25.
34. ducere : " to quaff," "drain."
36. ordinibus : dative. The proper meaning of or do is a " rank."
37. saeviat : the subjunctive, as also in insultet and celet, is final,
NOTES. 51
and dum is to be rendered «« provided that," " if only " (L. 0,, § 294 ;
L. G., § 534, NOTE 2).
39. beati: predicative — " rule and prosper." Sofulgens, v. 43.
42. stet: jussive subjunctive. L. C., §208; L.G., §477. Sopossit,
v. 43, extendat, v. 46. Capitolium : the Capitol is the most western
of the seven hills of Rome. It stands immediately upon the bank of
the Tiber, an<? was surmounted by the great sanctuary of Jupiter
Capitolinus.
43. triumphatis : " who have been triumphed over." The usage
is irregular because triumpho, being an intransitive verb, cannot
properly be used in the passive except impersonally ; cp, i. 45, n.
44. dare iura : " lay down the law for."
45. late : with Tiorrenda.
46. medius liquor : i.e. the Straits of Gibraltar.
47. Europen : Greek accusative, from a nominative Europg. App.
1 (iii.).
49. This stanza depends as an adjectival clause upon Roma, the
subject understood with the main verb (extendat, v. 46). The order
is : [Roma extendat nomen] fortior spernere aurum . . . quam cogere
(aurum) in humanos usus dextra rapiente omne sacrum. The clause
cum terra celat explains rnelius situm. Dextra is ablative of the
instrument with cogere, and omne sacrum is the object of rapiente.
The meaning is that Rome's success is to depend upon her being
more scornful than careful of money-making.
50. spernere fortior : " braver in scorning," or (more literally),
"braver for the purpose of scorning." The infinitive both in Greek
and in Latin was originally in most of its forms the dative of a
verbal noun, and as such may denote an action to which that of the
main verb is directed, or for which it takes place (e.g., Idborat
trepidare, " toils to hasten on "), or an action for which the quality
expressed by an adjective exists (e.g., celer sequi, "quick to follow,"
"quick for following"). [Compare the use of the dative to denote
purpose in such expressions as triumviri agris dividendis, " three
commissioners for assigning lands."] In Latin these uses of the
infinitive seem to have survived in the spoken language, though
contrary to the usage of the best prose writers. They are found,
however (possibly in imitation of Greek syntax), in the Augustan
poets, and especially in Horace, who in the present instance and in
others employs the construction somewhat freely. Though the uses
of the infinitive explained above are derived from its original
character (viz. the dative of a verbal noun, expressing purpose),
they have received from various grammarians the following names,
which are used without distinction : (1) epexegetic, i.e. explanatory
(e.g. here it explains that for which Rome is braver) ; (2) prolative,
i.e. carrying on the sense, and (3) complementary, i.e. completing
the sense. The construction is not to be imitated in translating
English into Latin : in prose, for spernere fortior^ we should have
fortior in tpernendo.
54. hunc : sc. terminum, the substantive being expressed, as often,
52 HORACE, ODES III., 3, 4.
in the relative, instead of in the antecedent clause. See L. C., § 17.
For tangat, cp. stet, v. 42.
66. fqua parte debacchantur : with this reading the construction
is gestiens visere (earn partem) qua parte ignes debacchantur. But
there is another reading debacchentur (an indirect question : L. C.,
§ 227 ; L. G., § 483), and if this be adopted the meaning is "to see
in what region the fires revel." ignes : of the sun ; i.e. the land of
the tropics.
58. hac lege : " on this condition " ; a common meaning of lex.
The ablative is one of manner (L.G., \ 149; L. G., §381, 2). What
the condition -is, is expressed by the following final clause ne . . .
velint, the usual construction after a verb of commanding. Nimium
belongs both to pii and fidentes.
69. avitae : because Troy was the mother city of Alba Longa,
whence, according to the myth, Rome was founded.
61. alite lugubri : "under evil omens." Omens were commonly
taken from the flight of birds ; hence avis and ales, " a bird," come
to mean " an omen." The participle renascent is equivalent to a
protasis [si renata erit ; see L. C., §§ 250 (a), 257, NOTE], and
should be so translated.
63. ducente : ablative absolute with me, to which coniuge and
for ore are appositive.
66. auctore Phoebo: the ablative absolute here consists of two
substantives, of which one (auctore) is predicative ; " Phoebus being
the builder " (L.O., §83; L. G., § 383 (<?)). See Index, s.v. LAOMEDON.
With meis Argivis, dative of the agent, cp. mihi, v. 22.
72. modis : "musical measures," "notes," a common meaning in
poetry. Horace means that his style is too trivial to deal with the
destinies of nations — the proper subject of heroic poetry.
ODE IV.
OF THE DIVINE PROTECTION AFFORDED TO POETS, AND OF THE
DISASTROUS RESULTS OF ILL-JUDGED VIOLENCE.
ARGUMENT. — Inspire me, Calliope, with a long ode, either to the
pipe or the lute, until I fancy myself amongst your own blessed
groves t When a mere child that had strayed from home, I was
befriended by the Muses, to the wonder of the neighbourhood ; and
ever since 2 am wholly under their protection, in war, at sea, in
every peril. I should not fear to wander to the earth's wildest
peoples and places, for the Muses will protect me, even as they
protect my Emperor.
From the Muses comes good counsel, such as enabled Jupiter to
overthrow the Titans and the Giants, for he was aided by the Goddex*
of Witrfom herself, no le** than by the other deities. Force well-
NOTES. 53
counselled prevail* ; ill-counselled, it ends in ruin, as Gyas and
Orion, the Giants and Tityos, learnt.
[See Index for Augustus, Baiae, Concani, Delos, Geloni, Patara,
Philippi, Tanais, Voltur.]
1. caelo : in prose a preposition would be added (ex or de"), to
express motion from (L. C., § 116; L. Gk, § 384, NOTE 2). age:
" come ! " This imperative is used as an interjection. The tibia was
a long, straight musical instrument with a piercing treble note.
2. Calliope : Index, s.v. MUSA. For the declension of melos, see
APPENDIX, 1, x.
3. mavis : sc. dicer e longum melos. Two alternatives are given :
she is to sing either to the pipe, and in a treble (acuta) key ; or to
the lyre, and in a lower key ; but the sentence is somewhat confused.
The ablatives tibia, voce, fidibus, cithara, are all those of the in-
strument.
6. auditis, an : wtrum is omitted in the first question, as often ;
an always introducing the second alternative (L. C., § 225, NOTE 1).
Lvdo is common as a transitive verb, meaning " to mock."
6. pios : " belonging to those that are pious," " holy." Pius means
" full of pietas " ; and pietas is the affection of (1) children for
parents, (2) the citizen for his country, (3) man for the gods.
9. fabulosae : " mentioned in stories " (f alulae) ; they were the
birds of Venus.
10. fApuliae : editors emend this word in various ways, but not
satisfactorily. The text is almost certainly corrupt (1) because of
the use of the adjective Apulo immediately before ; (2) because the
initial A of Apulia is of long quantity, and the metre requires a short
vowel in its place. See Index, s.v. VOLTTJB.
11. fatigatum : with me, to which puerum is in apposition ; fatiga-
turn is, strictly speaking, applicable to ludo only, some word meaning
" overcome " being required before somno. Grammarians call this
figure of speech zeugma ("a yoking," from fctiyvvpi, " I yoke").
13. mirum quod foret : the relative refers to the incident men-
tioned in the previous stanza, and the subjunctive ia consecutive
(L.G.,$283; L.G.,§501, d} — "an incident of such a nature that it
was ..."
14. nidum: properly "a nest," here metaphorically of a town
which nestles on a hill.
17. ut : "how." The double clause, ut dormirem, ut premerer,
explains why the fact mentioned in the third stanza was mirum, "a
marvel." The subjunctive is that of indirect question (L. C., § 227 ;
L. G., $ 483). tuto corpora: ablative of attendant circumstance
(abl. absolute). Ater (" black ") is common in the sense of " deadly "
when applied to poisonous serpents.
18. sacra : the laurel or bay was the sacred tree of Phoebus, as
the myrtle was of Venus. The two epithets sacra and collata belong
in sense to both nouns, and must be so translated.
20. non sine dis : " not without the gods," i.e. " under the gods'
54 HORACE, ODES III., 4.
protection." animosus : because he felt no fear of the vipers and
bears.
21. vester: "your servant," or "under your care." Camenae is
the true Latin name for the Greek Muses, arduos : because the
Sabine country was mountainous. This stanza is confused : Horace
means to say that he is under the Muses' care, whether he goes into
the Sabine hills, or to Praeneste, etc. ; but the grammatical apodosis
to the various *0w-clauses (vester eo feror, " I go thither under your
protection ") is omitted.
24. liquidae : "bright," in allusion to its clear atmosphere.
25. fontibus: the Muses were believed to affect particularly the
fountains of Castalia (v. 61) on Mount Parnassus in Phocis, Hippo-
crene and Aganippe on Mount Helicon in Boeotia, and Pirene at
Corinth.
26. versa acies : " the routed battle line," i.e. " the rout of the
battle line." A past participle passive is often used with a substan-
tive in Latin where English employs an abstract expression ; in
such phrases the action is denoted rather than the thing acted upon
(L. C., § 81. NOTE 3). Philippis : ablative, denoting town where
(L.G.,\ 122; L. G.,§368(a)), the name of the town being plural in
form, viz. Philippi.
27. arbos : this is the older form of the word ; when followed by
a case ending, * changed to r (arias-is becoming aroSr-is), and sub-
sequently the nominative was assimilated to the stem, becoming arbSr.
28. Palinurus : Capo di Palinuro, a small promontory in northern
Lucania, south of the Gulf of Paestum, said to take its name from
Palinurus, the pilot of Aeneas, who fell overboard and was there
washed ashore. Apparently Horace had once escaped shipwreck here.
Sicula undo, is best taken as an abl. of instrument with extinxit. It
is called " Sicilian " because the point faces towards Sicily.
29. utcumque : " whenever." The more usual sense is " however,"
"in whatever way." eritis : English idiom requires the present
tense in place of the Latin future or future- perfect in relative and
conditional clauses (L. C., § 204 ; L. G., § 532). libens : Latin
frequently uses an adjective where we should employ an adverb,
especially when emotions are spoken of.
30. navita : " on shipboard," as viator = " on foot." Cp. eques,
" on horseback" (ii. 4).
37. Caesarem : Augustus, q.v. Index. Altum is "great," "exalted."
The order of the stanza is Vos recreatu antro Caesarem quaercntcm
finire labor es, simul abdidit oppidis cohortcs fessas militia, simul :
= simul ac ; see L. C., § 287, NOTE. The ellipse of ao or atque is
common in Horace.
38. cohortes : a cohors was the tenth part of a legion, about 460
men. Here it stands generally for " armies."
41. consilium : the last syllable disappears in scansion by elision of
-um before et, and the rest of the word counts as two long syllables,
the second i being treated as consonantal, dato : so. consilio leni,
The case is the usual causal ablative with gaudeo, laetort doleo, etc.
NOTES. 55
43. Titanas : note the quantity of the final syllable (-<&), and see
APPENDIX 1, vi.
44. sustulerit : subjunctive of indirect question (ut = " how," as
in v. 17) ; L. C., § 227 ; L. G., § 483.
45. qui: the relatives refer to ille or luppiter, the suppressed
subject of sustulerit. Tempera is used transitively, meaning "to
restrain," and intransitively, meaning "to forbear."
46. regna : of the dead, the kingdom of Pluto (Orcus).
50. iuventus : collective — "a body of warriors," "a host" The
Titans (TitdnSs') are meant, who are not the same as the Giants
( Gigantes ; see Index) to whom the following names belong.
51. fratres : the names were Otus and Ephialtes, sons of Poseidon
(Neptune) opaco : dark with forests.
52. inposuisse : the perfect infinitive is explained by the con-
sideration that what they desired was not to be engaged in piling
Pelion on Olympus, but to have accomplished the feat ; in other
words, they wanted to be able to say not " we are piling," but " we
have piled."
54. minaci statu : abl. of quality (L. C., § 133 ; L. G., § 382).
55. evolsis truncis : ablative of cause, closely with audax. Cp.
robustus militia, ii. 1 ; lit. " a javelin-thrower bold by reason of
uptorn trunks," i.e. " bold hurler of uprooted trees."
57. aegida : APPENDIX 1, vi. The aegis was a breastplate, covered
with the skin of the goat (cu£) which suckled Zeus (Jupiter). In its
centre was set the head of the Gorgon Medusa, which turned to
stone all who looked upon it.
58. possent : here used absolutely, in the sense of " to avail "
(L. C., § 79, NOTE 2), quid being accusative of extent. The sub-
junctive is used because the verb is really an apodosis to which
the protasis is suppressed (Potential Subjunctive, L. C., § 257 ; L. G.,
$ 517)—" what could they have availed (if they had tried) ? " hinc
. . . hinc : " on this side ... on that side." avidus : " eager for
the fray."
60. nmeris: ablative of separation. Positurus agrees with
Apollo (v. 64).
61. lavit: 3rd sing, of an older form Idvo, -tre (3rd conjugation) ;
not from lavo, -are (perfect Idvi). Cp. lavSre", xii. 2.
65 consili: objective genitive ; see L. C., § 40 (ft; ; L. G., § 398.
67. in maius : " to greater things," " to greater size," the adjective
being used as a substantive, idem: nominative plural. When thus
used at the beginning of a sentence, idem may often be rendered by
an emphatic conjunction — " moreover he (they)."
68. nefas : " sin " towards the gods, as iniuria is " wrong " towards
man ; the two words being the contraries of fas, "divine law," aud
ius, " human right."
69. testis : predicate ; " is " has here, as often, to be supplied in
translating.
73. monstris suis: i.e. the Giants and Titans, who were hurled
down to Tartarus, which was supposed to be covered over by the
56 HORACE, ODES III., 5.
earth. They were all the children of Earth. The case is ablative
of cause.
75. peredit : scan the line and determine the quantity ; the tense
depends on it. The fires which issued from Enceladus' mouth were
not able to burn away the mountain which held him down.
78. ales: a vulture ; see Index, *.v. Tityos. neqnitiae: the word
may be either dative with additus, or objective genitive with custos.
ODE V.
OP THE BEAUTY OF COURAGE, AS EXEMPLIFIED BY REGULUS.
ARGUMENT. — We know that Jupiter is the god of heaven : Augustus
shall be held as a god on earth, when he has completed the conquest
of the world, and avenged the cowardice of those who bought life by
surrendering to the Parthians. JRegulus foresaw what evils follow
•upon cowardice if it be not unpitied, and he spoke to dissuade tlie
Romans from such pity. " I taw thote warriors yield without a
struggle"/ Will they fight better if you buy them back? All they
care about is life, not honour." So he spoke, and his advice pre-
vailed, and he left wife, and children, and home, to return to the
torturer, at gladly as if he were setting out for a holiday.
[See Index for Carthago, Crassus, Eegulus, Tarentum.]
f A. caelo: ablative of place without a preposition. It goes closely
•with regnare. credidimus : " have come to believe," i.e. " are con-
vinced/' The perfect- fle.tio.tipa thftt th£ belief is now complete and
Casting.
^2. JHraesens : " on earth." The word combines the two notions of
" dwelling amongst men " and " helping men."
3. adiectis: temporal abl. absolute, going closely with habebitur.
See L. C., § 84 (a). Imperio is the dative of the indirect object after
adiectis.
4. Persia : Index, s.v. PARTHUS
5. coniuge barbara: ablative of attendant circumstance (abl,
absolute), to be joined in sense with turpis maritus — lit. " a disgraced
husband, his wife being (i.e. because his wife is) a barbarian."
Barbarus means simply " not Roman."
6. hostium: the noun is here used as an adjective with socerorum,
which genitive depends upon armis.
7. pro : this line is a parenthesis, i.e. has nothing to do with the
rest of the stanza, and must be translated as if enclosed in brackets.
Pro (or Proh) is an exclamation expressive of indignation, and curia
is in the nominative case.
10. anciliorum : heteroclite (i.e. belonging to another declension)
genitive plural of ancile, the shield of Mars, said to have fallen from
heaven. It was shaped something like the figure 8 ; and, to avoid
NOTES, 57
its being stolen, there were made eleven others exactly similar. The
whole dozen were hung up in the temple of Mars, under the care of
the Salii (priests of Mars). Obliviscor requires the genitive case
(L. 0., § 37 ; L. G., § 397 (it)), togae : the toga was the formal dress of
every Roman in his character of citizen.
12. incolumi love: abl. absolute, best rendered by a concessive
clause introduced by "although," or "while yet," L. C., § 84 (d).
love is here put for the great temple of Jove on the Capitol, the
symbol of Home's power. Cp. iii. 42, stet Capitolium.
13. hoc : direct object of caverat, which is here transitive, as in
cave canem, " beware the dog ! "
15. fexemplo trahenti: with this reading, exemplo is dative co-
ordinate with condicionibus, after disxentientis. The "precedent
which was drawing ruin upon the ages to come " was the ransoming
of the captive Romans. If the soldiers found that Rome would
ransom them, they would no longer prefer death to surrender. The
MSS. have traheniis, coordinate with dissentientis. Exemplo is then
ablative of the source, and trahentis means " (mentally^ extending to
future ages the evil." Whichever reading be adopted, trahenti or
trahentis represents the apodosis to which si periret is the protasis
— "would have drawn ... if they had not perished." Contrast
renascens, iii. 61, n.
17. f periret inmiserabilis : there is a reading perirent inmise-. abilet,
the plural being used because pules is collective ; see L. C., § 11,
NOTE 2. See xvi. 26, note on arat, for the quantity of the final
syllable in periret.
20. sine caede: "without bloodshed," "without a blow," with
derepta. Arma here means " shields," as often. Soldiers could not
lose their shields, nor citizens suffer bondage, without incurring
lasting disgrace, dixit: inquit or ait is generally used when the
exact words are quoted.
22. tergo : ablative of place — " on (i.e. behind) their backs."
23. portas . . . arva : of the Carthaginians.
24. marte : here used as a common noun, " warfare," and con-
structed as an instrumental ablative. Otherwise, either the ablative
with a or ab, or the dative, would be required after populata. See
L. C., §§ 110, 111; L. U., § 375.
25. repensus : = si repensut erit. See note on renascens, iii. 61.
Scilicet ( = scire licet, " as any one may know ") usually introduces
a sarcastic assertion. Acrior is predicative.
27. damnum : i.e. the loss of the money paid in ransom, because
the soldier would not prove worth the price, colores : the whiteness
which it had before it was altered by dyes (medicata}. Fucus is
literally " seaweed " ; then the " dye " got from it ; and finally any
dye.
31. si pugnat : the use of the present instead of the future in such
a protasis implies that the truth or untruth of the condition is well
known to every one.
34. marte : " war." Cp. v. 24, «. In the Second Punic War (218-
58 HORACE, ODES III., 5, 6.
202 B.C.) the Romans did crush Carthage, after sixteen years of
struggle.
36. iners : see the note on libens, iv. 29.
37. sumeret: subjunctive in indirect question dependent upon
inscius< Sumeret is the oblique form of the actual words
unde sumam? "Whence am I to win life?" See L. G.,
§ 486.
38. duello : abl. of instrument. Duellum is an old form of lellum ;
cp. duonus = bonus, duis = bis.
40. minis: ablative of instrument — "exalted by Italy's ruin."
Cp. robustus militia, ii. 1.
41. fertur : " he is said," a very common use of the passive offero
in the 3rd person. So the active ferunt often = " men say." The
subject is of course Regulus, as fertur is not impersonal ; see L. C.,
§ 104, NOTE 2.
42. ut capitis minor : " as one that was no more a citizen." Caput
is the technical word for legal personality, i.e. all the rights, liberties,
and powers, which belong to a citizen. If he lost any of these he
was said to suffer diminutio capitis, or to be capite diminutus. This
is what Horace means. Loss of rights might arise from a conviction
in the Law Courts, or from voluntary exile as in Regulus' case. The
genitive capitis is the genitive denoting the point in which the
adjective is applicable, cp. linguae fer 'ox, " violent in speech." This
use of the genitive is found only in poets and later prose writers ; it
falls under the general heading of adjectival genitive.
44. torvus : represented in English by an adverb, like iners, v. 36.
humi : locative. See L. C., § 122 ; L. G., $ 361 (3).
45. patres : " senators," because the original Senate was made up
only of such as were heads of families.
46. firmaret*: subjunctive, as expressing his purpose. See L. C.,
§ 293; L. G., § 535. So properaret. auctor : properly "one who
promotes the existence or increasing of a thing " ; here, the " giver "
of the advice. Alias is an adverb.
49. sibi : referring, of course, to the subject of the principal verb
sciebat. Se is regularly so used in dependent clauses which are final
(i.e. denote purpose), or contain an indirect question (as here), or a
reported statement.
63. quam si: resuming non aliter — "just as if." For flientes, see
note on i. 13, and observe the unusual form of the gen. plural (con-
trast clientium in i. 13), the rule being that substantives with bases
ending in two consonants have gen. pi. in -ium.
64. relinqueret : another case of the suppression of the apodosis ;
cp. v. 17, iiperiret. In full we should have non aliter dimovit quam
dimoveret si relinqueret. The impf. subj. denotes something " untrue
in the present." L. C., § 251 (a).
66. Lacedaemonium : Tarentum was colonised from Lacedaemon
(Sparta).
NOTES. 59
ODE VI.
OF THE DECLINE OF ROMAN MORALITY, AND THE DECADENCE
OF ALL VIRTUE.
ARGUMENT.— We must suffer for our neglect of the gods : disasters
in war and strife at home are the visitation of the gods for a decadence
which has vitiated all domestic ties. Our young girls are trained to
wantonness, young wives to vice ; and they are not ashamed, for their
husbands are like them. Far others were they whose sons made Rome
victorious over every foe. They were brave ; they were dutiful. But
time ruins all things, and we have not escaped.
[See Index for Aethiops, Antiochus, Crassus, Dacus, Hannibal,
Pyrrhus.]
1. maiornm : "ancestors," as minores sometimes = "descendants."
2. refeceris : donee here expresses time only, and therefore is
followed by the indicative. See L. C., § 293; L. G., § 535; and
contrast firmaret, v. 46. Note the English idiom by which the fut.
perf. refeceris is rendered by the present or perfect. Cp. iv. 29, n.
3. aedes : the plural here denotes " temples," not " a house."
labentes : " falling " into ruins ; to be distinguished from labantee,
v. 45.
5. dis minorem : " less than (i.e. subject to) the gods."
r6. hinc : from the feeling of humility mentioned in the last line,
as hue is "to the same feeling." Refer is constructed alike with
both adverbs, though strictly belonging only to hue. With hinc it
must be translated " take." This is an instance of zeugma (see iv. 1 1, n.).
Principium is here scanned like consilium in iv. 41.
9. bis : for the two occasions, see Index, s.vv. CRASSUS and PACORUS.
10. non auspicates : before leaving Rome to take over the command
of an army, the general offered sacrifice to Capitoline Jupiter, and
took the auspices (auspicia) or omens. If these were favourable, he
marched at once ; if not, he waited until they were so. This act is
expressed by the verb ausjpicari, so that exercitus auspicatus = " an
army to which the omens are favourable " ; while non auspicatus or
inauspicatus means " for which the omens have not been duly taken,
or are unfavourable." Unfavourable omens were supposed to bode
misfortune and the displeasure of the gods ; and conversely, if an
army proved unfortunate, it was supposed that the general had not
duly taken the auspices.
11. adiecisse : the infinitive depends upon renidet, as if the latter
were a verb of rejoicing. Properly renideo is " to shine again," " to
glisten " It is used here of one who "glows with pride " that a thing
has happened.
13. paene : with delevit. occupatam : " occupied with." Oocupo
is not common in this sense ; more usually it means " to be the first
to seize " a thing, or " to do a thing before some one else." The
60 HORACE, ODES III., 6, 7.
teditiones alluded to are those which followed the murder of Julius
Caesar, when the Triumvirs Octavianus (Augustus), Antonius, and
Lepidus were contending for power. See Index, *.«. DACU8,
AETHIOPS, for the allusions, which are important.
15. hie ... ille : "the latter ... the former." L. 0., § 159.
17. culpae : adjectives implying " full of " take an objective geni
tive. L. C., $ 51, NOTE 1 ; L. G., $ 398.
21. motus : verbs of teaching, which in the active govern two accusa-
tives, may retain one in the passive. L. C., $ 35, NOTE 1 ; L. G., § 337.
22. acerba : " ungrown," " immature," because fruit is sour when
unripe, fingitur : " is fashioned," i.e. " trained.'* Notice that an
(sing.) = " art," " skill" ; artes (plur.) — " accomplishmenta"
23. iam nunc : i.e. before her marriage.
24. de tenero ungui: "from the tender nail," generally explained
as meaning "from the days when the nails are still soft," "from
early youth." The expression is a translation of a Greek proverb,
and is equivalent to the common a puero, apuella, " from boyhood,"
" from girlhood."
25. iuniores : " younger " than her husband.
26. inter vina : "amidst the wine-cups" (= inter pocula\ i.e. at
the dinner- table.
27. donet : subjunctive of indirect question. L. C., § 227 ; L. G.,
$483.
29. non sine conscio : lit. " not without her husband conniving."
This is an example of the figure called litotes ("smoothing"), or
tneiosis ("lessening"), in which a statement is smoothed over by
being put in the form of the contradicted opposite ; e.g. the common
phrase " not a few" (= " many").
33. his . . . parentibus : ablative of origin, which may be used with
or without the prepositions ab, ex, de. L. C., § 150 ; L. G., § 386.
His means " such as these." See L. G., § 9, NOTE 3.
34. infecit aequor : referring to the naval battles in the first Punic
War (B.C. 264-241), especially off Mylae (260) and near the Aegatian
Islands (241).
40. recisos portare : " to carry the logs when cut," i.e. " to cut
and carry." Vast participles thus used may often be translated by a
finite verb.
42. mutaret . . . demeret : Augustan Latin expresses repetition
or "indefinite frequency" by the use of a relative followed by the
imperfect or pluperfect subjunctive ; but the earlier Latin of Cicero
allows only the indicative. See L. C., § 289. The sun "changes
the shadows" when he nears his setting, and at that hour the oxen
are unyoked after their day's ploughing.
43. bobus : abl. of separation, with demeret.
44. curru : the sun god (Apollo) was imagined to drive across the
heavens in a four-horsed car.
45. dies : in the plural, dies is always masculine ; in the singular
it is masculine when meaning a period of 24 hours, feminine when
used to denote lapse of time, or an appointed day.
NOTES. 61
46. peior avis : lit. "worse than our grandsires," i.e. "worse than
the time (aetate) of our grandsires." Such an abbreviation is known
as brachylogy (" short-speaking ").
47. daturos : " destined to produce." Cp. positurus, iv. 60.
ODE VII.
TO ASTERIE, WHO IS WEEPING FOB HER ABSENT LOVEB.
ABGUMENT. — Why weep for Gyges? The winds of spring will
bring Mm back to thee, and he is loyal, and as impatient of delay
as thyself. Many are his temptations, but he withstands them, nor
listens to the promptings of Chios' s messenger. And do thou prove as
constant : beware of Enipeu*' skill and strength, and take no heed of
his serenading.
[See Index for Bellerophontes, Icarus, Oricus, Peleus, Thynus. ]
I. Asterie : a fancy name, like that of Gyges, v. 5. The relative
quern refers to Gygen (v. 5), which is the object of fles. Seatum is
predicative with restituent, ami means " rich," as often in Horace ;
while iuvenem is in apposition with Gygen. candidi : " clear," i.e.
"cloudless," as compared with the south wind which brings wind
and rain-clouds.
4. fide : an old form of the genitive fidei. Similarly we have die
= diei. The genitive is one of quality, L. C., § 133 ; L. G., § 394.
5. Gygen : for the form, see APPENDIX 1, ii. Gyges Is supposed to
be a merchant, weather-bound on his homeward journey.
6. post : " after the rising of" the star. Capra, more usually called
Capella (the Goat), the brightest star in the constellation Auriga.
Capra rises (see i. 27, n.) about the end of September. Note the
plural sidera used by poetic licence of a single star.
8. agit : " spends," the constant meaning of agere when used with
an object denoting time (contrast tempus agens, vi. 44). For the
litotes in this verse, see vi 29, n.
10. Chloen : another fancy name. Chloe and hospita are the same
person.
II. ignibus : there are two ways of taking the words tuis ignibus :
(i) "a love like yours," "the passion that is yours," ignes being
common in this sense; (2) "the object of your love," just as we
speak of so-and-so's flame, meaning the object of his love. Ignis
(sing.) is common in this sense, but not so in the plural. The
same metaphor is continued in uri.
12. temptat : sc. Gygen. Vafer must be translated as an adverb ;
cp. abstinens, v. 18 ; fallax, v. 20.
13. nt : " how " (cp. iv. 17.), introducing the indirect question,
with verb inpnlerit in the subjunctive (L. C.,, § 227; L. G., $ 483\
depending upon rlfert. mulier : Antea. See Index, s.v. BELLERO-
PHONTES,
62 HORACE, ODES III., 7, 8.
16. maturare : the prose construction would be ut maturaret, as
usual with verbs of forcing. Seller 'ophontae is a dative of indirect
object. . necem : nex and letum always refer to violent death.
17. Pelea : for the form, see APPENDIX 1, ix. Tartaro : see Index.
18. fagit : the quantity (fu-) shows this to be present tense. Dim,
when used with the indicative and meaning " while," regularly
requires the present where the verb on which the clause depends is
past, and even retains this mood sometimes in Oratio Obliqua. See
L. C., §§ 200, 309, NOTE 2.
20. movet: "rakes up," "broaches." Cp. iv. 68.
21. frustra: so. movet. scopulis: ablative of the standard of
comparison ; cp. dis, vi. 6.
22. audit : the words surdior . . . audit are logically contradictory.
Such a use of terms meaning opposite things is known as oxymoron
(lit. " clever-foolish "). There is another example in the words agens
abeunte, vi. 44.
24. plus iusto : see L. C., § 132, NOTE 5. For the substantival use
of the adjective, cp. on altum, i. 34. placeat : the order is cave ne
placeat tibi. Ne with the present subjunctive is used to express a
prohibition in poetry only ; L. C., § 218.
25. flectere: object infinitive (i.e. infinitive standing, in its
character of verbal substantive, as object) depending on sciens ;
cp. inmeritis mori, ii. 21, n. Join aeque with sciens, and (v. 27)
with citus.
26. conspicitur: in Ciceronian Latin quamvis is followed by the
subjunctive mood. L. C., § 264. gramine Martio: the Campus
Martius. See i. 11, n.
28. Tusco : the Tiber is called Tuscan because it formed the eastern
boundary of Etruria, the land of the Tusci or Etrusci. alveo :
ablative of place without preposition.
30. §ub cantn: "at the sound of," lit. "during the note of,"— this
being the force of sub with the ablative in expressions of time. With
the accusative sub denotes "immediately before," or "immediately
after."
31. vocanti: sc. Enipeo. The word does not refer to tibiae.
ODE VITL
ADDRESSED TO MAECENAS, WHOM THE POET HAS INVITED TO
DINNER ON THE IST OF MARCH.
ARGUMENT. — You wonder why I make a holiday of this particular
day ? Because it is the day on which I escaped death, so I keep it
in honour of Bacchus with the lest of my wine and goat's flesh. Come
and drink to my health, and forget your cares for a while, for Rome
i$ at restt and her enemies are quiet.
[See Index for Dacus, Maecenas.]
NOTES. 63
1. Kalendis : the Kalendae of any month were the first day. The
First of March was the date of the Matronalia, a festival celebrated
in honour of Juno Lucina by married women. As Horace was a
bachelor, Maecenas might naturally jest about his keeping the feast
of the Matronalia. agam : indirect question, depending upon
miraris (v. 3). So velint.
2. velint : " what is the meaning of," a common"- sense of volo.
acerra : a small casket in which the incense (tus) used at sacrifices
was kept, turis : objective genitive with plena.
4. vivo : " fresh." Altars which were not intended for permanent
use were commonly made of sods of turf.
5. sermones : retained accusative after the passive docte, the active
voice governing two accusatives. Cp. vi. 21, n. utriusque lin-
guae: Greek and Latin, the only two languages which a Roman
Dared to know. Sermones, usually " discourses," is here used in the
sense of " traditions." The point is that Maecenas, being a student
of such matters, will wonder what rite, Greek or Roman, Horace is
keeping up.
6. voveram : " I had vowed " ; pluperfect, because the vow was
anterior to the preparations he is describing. Epulae, -arum, denotes
" a sumptuous meal," " a banquet " ; the sing., epulum, -t, is used of
a public banquet. Plurals which follow a declension different from
that of the singular are called Jieteroclite.
7. Libero : a name of Bacchus, because he frees men from care.
He was the guardian deity of poets, and Horace therefore regards him
as his preserver from the falling tree. Allusion is made to this
escape in iv. 27.
9. festus : predicative — " kept as a festival." Anno redeunte is
ablative absolute (temporal). L. C., § 84 (a).
10. pice: wine was stored in large earthenware vessels of con-
siderable girth (amphorae'). The neck, which was narrow, was
closed by a cork, and further sealed with pitch. A label was
attached, bearing the name and the year of the vintage; and the
whole was finally stored in the apotheca, a small closet so constructed
that the draught from the furnaces which warmed the house and
baths passed amongst the amphorae. Hence fumwn bibere. The
heat hastened the maturity of the wine.
11. bibere: instituo,. meaning " to teach," takes the infinitive.
12. consule Tullo: ablative of attendant circumstance (abl.
absolute). The Romans dated the year by the name of one or both
of the consuls for that year. Volcatius Tullus was consul in 66 B.C.,
so that this wine was vinted in the year before Horace's birth.
13. cyathos : the cyathus was a long-handled cup used for ladling
out the wine with the proper proportion of water, since wine was
never, or very rarely, drunk pure, amici: genitive of the person whose
health is drunk. It may be an imitation of the same construction
in Greek, or possibly in both languages it is a natural extension of the
possessive genitive : " your friend's cup " being equal to " a cup in
honour of your friend."
64 HORACE, ODES III., 8 — 10.
16. in lucem : " prolong till dawn," i.e. keep them burning all
night, sit up all night. A Roman drinking-bout began after the
coena, which commenced about 6 p.m. Lamps would be required
before it was over. Cp. luminibvs, vi. 28.
17. civiles : such as a good citizen (civii) would naturally feel,
and especially one in Maecenas' position.
19. fiibi: this will go equally well with infestus or luctuosis or
disiddet, and is probably meant to apply to all three.
23. laxo : " loose," i.e. " unstrung." Laaso arcu is an ablative of
attendant circumstance ; campis, ablative of separation, like caelo,
iv. 1.
25. qua: "in any way," adverb of the indefinite pronoun and
adjective, quis, qua, quid. Ldborare is " to be in trouble." The
clause depends on caver e.
26. parce : parco is commonly found with an infinitive in poetry,
but this is not allowed in prose.
ODE IX.
A DIALOGUE BETWEEN LYDIA AND HER LOVER.
ARGUMENT. — HE. 1 was happy as a "king while I mas sure I had
no rival. SHE. And Ilia max not so glorious as was I, before Chloe
came between us. HE. Yes, I love Chloe better than life. SHE. And
I love Calais better than my life twice over. HE. And if I throw
Chloe over ? SHE. Then Calais may go, for 'tis you that I love.
[See Index for Ehea, Thurii.]
2. quisquam iuvenis : the adjectival use of quisquam is compara-
tively rare ; it is regularly found in negative sentences, but generally
without a substantive in agreement, the corresponding adjectival
word being ullvs (L. 0., §§ 171, 172 ; L. G., § 116 (3)). potior : « pre-
ferred," " more favoured." The positive, potis, -e, is found only in
poetry, and is there used with est as an equivalent to potest. The
comparative is used in prose also, in the sense of " preferred " ; the
superlative is used in the ace. sing. neut. (potissimum) as an adverb.
3. cervici : see i. 17, n.
4. Persaruxn rege : the proverbial wealth and prosperity of eastern
kings is referred to in i. 44, Achaemenium, costum, " nard of
Achaemenes."
6. alia: ablative singular (instrumental). The metaphor is the
same as that in ignibns uri, vii. 11, where see note. $
6. post : " second to," put after Chloe in the scale of affection.
7. nominis : nomen is common in the sense of " fame." For the
genitive of quality, cp. constants fide, vii. 4.
8. Ilia : Index, s.v. QUIRINUS. Ilia is another name for Rhea.
10. modos : for the accusative, cp. viii. 6, n. citharae : objective
genitive ; cp. rudit agminum, ii. 9, n.
NOTES. 65
11. metuam: probably future, corresponding to the verb in the
protasis (parcent). L. C., § 250 (a). It might also be subjunctive,
parallel to inlabatur, iii. 7, where see note. So also patiar, v. 15.
12. animae : used as a term of endearment — " my dear one." This
is better than taking it literally as " her life." Super stiti is proleptic,
i.e. expresses the result of the verbal action, as if already completed.
Parco is an intransitive verb, and is regularly followed by a dative
of the indirect object.
13. face mutua : i.e. with a love whose flame he feels as strongly
as I do. The metaphor is the same as that of arsisti, v. 6.
14. Calais : a fancy name, like those of Chloe, Ornytus, and Lydia.
17. quid si : " what (will happen) if . . . 1 " English allows
exactly the same ellipse of the apodosis as does Latin.
18. diductos : sc. nos. A " brazen yoke " is merely one which it is
hard to break. Cogo from co- (=«= cum) and ago is literally " to draw
together."
20. Lydiae : dative of advantage.
22. illest : = ille est. tu levior : sc. eg. The ellipse of the second
person of sum is not common.
24. amem . . . obeam : " I would love ... I would die (if I had
my will)." The protasis is suppressed ; see L. 0., § 210 ; L. GK, $ 517.
ODE X.
A LOVER'S COMPLAINT TO His SCOENFUL MISTRESS.
ARGUMENT. — The merest savage could but pity my misery, Lyce.
Hear how the wind kowls about your doors and shrubberies, and see
how it freezes. Pity me, before it is too late : you are not PenSlSpe.
If nothing else will move your pity, bethink you that I cannot be thus
patient for ever.
[See Index for Penelope, Pieria, Tanais.]
1. si biberes : the imperfect subjunctive denotes a condition con-
trary to fact ; see L. C., § 251 (a). To " drink of a river " is the
same thing as to live near it.
2. viro : nubZre means " to put on a veil for " a man, and is followed
by a dative of advantage.
3. fores : properly denotes the two leaves of a folding door, whereas
ianua (v. 5) is a single door. Both are used of the door of a house,
whereas porta is the gate of a town, obicere : compounds of iacio
are written without the initial i in all present-stem tenses ; in pro-
nunciation, however, it is retained (= y), and hence the long quantity
of the prefixed syllable ; e.g. obicere, reicit, coniciat. Obicere is
object infinitive with plorares, the construction being the same as
that of gaudeo, etc., with inf.
5. quo : interrogative adjective, introducing an indirect question ;
hence the mood of remugiat, which belongs to both ianua and nemut,
B. III. K
66 HORACE, ODES III., 10, 11.
nemus : wealthy Roman houses had large courts (perittylia), sur-
rounded with colonnades, and planted with ornamental trees. Either
these are here meant, or simply the trees of some neighbouring public
garden like our " squares."
7. ut : as in vii. 13. The question depends upon audis, but as one
cannot hear it freeze, audis is here used by zeugma for sent is, " per-
ceive"). See the note on refer, vi. 6. Positas is "fallen." In the
next line Jupiter's "unclouded godhead" is the clear sky of frosty
weather.
10. rota : the speaker compares himself to a rope which is strained
by a windlass. As the wheel goes on, the rope may break under the
strain, and the loosened end will fly backwards. If Lyce wears out
his patience, it will break, and he will leave her.
14. viola : there was a yellow variety of violet, so that the line
may refer to wan cheeks. Possibly it alludes to the dark purplish
rings which form under the eyes in ill-health.
15. vir: "husband," as in v. 2. saucius : as we say "smitten"
with love. We should expect a paelice, as a person is meant ; but
the idea of person sinks into that of instrument (ablative without
preposition ; L. C., §§ 110, 111), as in Marts populata, Ode v. 24.
16. curvat : see the note on conspicitur, vii. 26.
17. parcas : jussive subjunctive. L. C., § 208 ; L. G., § 477.
18. animum : " in heart," accusative of the part concerned (also
called ace. of respect), usually of parts of the body, and found in
poetry with adjectives and verbs. In prose the ablative is used.
See L. C., § 59, Obs. ; L. G., $ 340.
19. liminis : he has been lying upon her doorstep. Present par-
ticiples used as adjectives require an objective genitive. Thus patiens
laboris = " one who can endure toil " ; but patiens laborem — " a
(particular) man who is enduring toiL" Aquae is " rain," as in i. 30.
hoc : — meum, " this of mine.
ODE XL
OF THE POWER OP Music, AND THE STORY OP THE DANAIDS.
ARGUMENT. — 0 Mercury I and O lyre once mute, now tuneful!
help me to prevail over Lyde's obstinacy ; for she shuns me like an
unbroken filly. The lyre can charm savage beasts, yea% Cerberus
himself, and the ghosts of the tormented dead. Yes, Danaus" daughters
stopped to hearken !
Let Lyde learn, from the fate of those brides who slew their
husbands, how stern is the punishment of cruelty. Only one ivas
merciful: she saved her husband at the peril of her life, and only
asked that he would remember her when no more.
[See Index for Danaus, Ixion, Numidae, Tityos.]
1. Mercuri : this is the regular form of the vocative of proper names
in -ius (2nd decl.). docilis : to be taken closely with the ablatives
NOTES.
67
te magistTO (abl. absolute) — "quick to learn with thee for hie
teacher."
3. testudo : the shell of a tortoise was used as the sounding-board
of the first lyre, which was fashioned, according to legend, by
Mercury (Hermes), resonare : for the construction of the infinitive
with callida, cp. spernere fortior, iii. 60, where see note.
6. loquax : " possessing voice," i.e. " able to utter notes."
8. applicet : subjunctive, because of the consecutive force of the
relative quibus (- tales ut ei*). See L. C., § 283 ; L. G., § 501 (d).
11. nuptial-urn : objective genitive. L. C., § 40 (&); L. G.,
§ 398.
12. cruda : ft ttnripe for." The metaphor is the same as that in
acerba, vi. 22 ; see note. Marito is a dative of advantage.
13. comites: to be joined predicatively with both accusatives —
" as thy companions." See Index, g.v. ORPHEUS.
15. inmanis : genitive with aulae (not nominative with ianitor).
16. aulae : "the palace" of Pluto, god of the Lower World.
17. furiale: "like the heads of the Furies," who also had hair of
snakes.
18. muniant: quamvis here takes its proper mood, as in mdnet.
See the note on vii. 26.
19. manet : observe the quantity (a), and distinguish mdnet. The
word is an instance of zeugma (vi. 6, ».), since spiritus cannot be
said to " trickle."
20. trilingui : lit. " triple-tongued." It really means three months
each with its own tongue, for Cerberus had three heads. The ablative
is that of separation.
21. quin: quin (qui, abl. of quu or qui, + tie) has three usages :
(1) most commonly introducing the object-clause (subjunctive) of a
verb of doubting or hindering < see L. C., $ 244 ; L. G. § 545-6), and after
negative sentences generally ; (2) with the indicative, asking indig-
nant questions (e.g., quin imui? Why ever do we not go ?) ; (3) as a
' particle of continuance or resumption," usually with et or etiam, as
here — "ay, and moreover." In sentences such as nemo est quinfleat
("there is no one who does not weep"), quin is compounded of qui
(nom.) + ne,
22. paullum : properly the neuter of the adj. paullus used sub-
stantivally as an accusative of duration (see L. C., $ 124; L. G.
§ 344).
24. mulces: see the note onfugit, vii. 18.
25. audiat: jussive subjunctive. L. C., § 208; L. G., § 477.
26. lymphae : adjectives such as inanis, meaning "empty of,"
require the objective genitive. L. C., § 51, NOTE 1 ; L. G., § 398.
27. dolium : the larger vessel, which they were trying to fill with
the urna ("pitcher") mentioned in v. 22. pereuntis: "running
through," the less common but original meaning of the verb, from
which the usual signification of "to perish" is derived; as to "run
through " and " run to waste " are usually the same thing.
29. manent: used (as here) as a transitive verb, mdneo = "to
68 HORACE, ODES III., 11-13.
await." It i& most commonly absolute, "to remain"; occasionally,
intransitive with the dative, " to be reserved for."
30. potuere : without infinitive, as possent, iv. 58. Possum, like
debeo, decet, etc., is regularly put in the indicative (rather than
subjunctive) in the apodosis of a condition of known falsity, even
where (as here) the protasis is suppressed : " What greater thing could
they have done (if they had wished) ? " See L. 0., § 252.^ In v. 32,
potuere has the rather unusual sense of " had the heart to.'*
33. una : Hypermnestra alone out of the fifty. See Index, s.v.
DANATJS. face : the bride was escorted to her husband's house by
torchlight after dusk. For the case, see L. C., § 53 ; L. G., § 570.
35. splendide mendax : oxymoron. See vii. 22, n.
38. ne : final — " in order that . . . not." The longus somnus is of
coufse death, uncle: as commonly, the antecedent adverb (alicunde,
" from some quarter ") must be supplied in translating — " from a
quarter, whence." See L. C., § 165.
45. oneret : jussive, as audiat, v. 25. So releget.
47. vel: "even." When not introducing an alternative, vel has
this meaning. L. C., § 300, NOTE.
50. secundo : originally a participle of sequor, used with an
active force = " following " (cp. oriundus, " springing "). Hence
either (1) " second," as being what follows ; or (2) " favourable," as
here, like a wind which follows and helps a ship. The ablative is one
of attendant circumstance. Cp. alitelugubri, iii. 61. and the whole
note there.
51. nostri memorem: "that is (shall be) mindful of me." Nostri
is objective genitive, as always (see L.-C., §§ 40 (&), 153) ; the use of
the pronoun of the first person in the plural with singular meaning
is not uncommon, sepulcro : ablative of the place where without
preposition, see i. 10, n.
ODE XII.
THE LAMENT OF NEOBULE, WHO LOVES IN SECKET.
ABGUMENT. — Eow hard is some women's lot! they may not shorn
their love, nor drown it in wine; or, if they do either, they are
lectured to death. And here am I, can do nothing, all for love of
Hebrus, so fair and manly!
[See Index for Bellerophontes, Lipara, Venus.]
1 miserarumst : i.e. miserarum est ; note the gender, and observe
the use of the adjective without a substantive ; L. C., § 12, NOTE 1.
The genitive is predicative, L. C., § 142; L. G., § 396. dare ludum:
exactly the English " give play to, " i.e. allow- to take its own course.
2. lavere: 3rd conjugation inf. (w " w), not to be confounded with
laverS (perf. 3rd plur.). See iv. 61, n. metuentes : the participle
really expresses the cause— " for dread of," " because they dread.'
Roman uncles were a proverb for their strictures.
NOTES. 69
3. patruae : adjective, from the substantive patruus, " uncle."
4. Cy thereae : Index, s.v. VENUS, qualum : object of aufert, to be
supplied from the next line. The change of subject from puer to
nitor would be harsh, did not " Cupid " and " Hebrus' beauty " both
express, from different points of view, the origin of her passion,
puer ales : Cupid ; ales is here an adjective (contrast iii. 61). telas:
'' webs " ; weaving was the regular occupation of women.
7. unctos : before taking athletic exercises — quoit-throwing,
wrestling, eto. — the young Romans rubbed their limbs with oil.
After the exercises came the plunge in the Tiber; cp. vii. 27.
Simul is for simul ac (atque ; L. CM § 132, NOTE 1), as constantly
in Horace, lavit : perfect (a). See v. 2, above. The subject of
lavit is Hebrus, understood from nitor Hebn.
8. pugno : ablative of cause ; so pede. The adjective seyni must
be taken with both nouns.
10. apertam : as a substantive — " open country," " the open."
See on altum, i. 34. agitato grege : ablative of attendant circum-
stances, like laxo arcu, viii. 23.
11. iaculari : the infinitive is constructed prolatively with catus,
as excipere with celer. See the note on spernerefortior, iii. 50.
12. excipere : to " receive " it, as it breaks cover, fruticeto : nouns
in -etum signify " a place where so-and-so grows," e.g., dumetnm (from
dumus, " bramble "), quercetum (from quercus, " oak ").
ODE XIIL
A_N ADDBESS TO A BEAUTIFUL SPRING.
ARGUMENT. — To-morrow I will do sacrifice in thine honour with
a Jdd,for thy perennial coolness ; and my poetry shall make thy name
famous for ever.
1. fons Bandusiae : genitive of material, expressing that of which
the thing consists, as in English we say " the city of London." The
more usual construction is apposition— -fons Bandusia.
2. non sine floribus : " and with flowers " ; see vi. 29, n.
3. haedo : donare (active) is constructed like dare (ace. of thing,
dat. of recipient) but may also take an accusative of the person to
whom, an ablative (instrumental) of the thing which is given ; cp.
in English " to present a person with a thing." In the passive form
of this construction the person becomes the subject, and the abl. of
the thing is retained.
4. cui : dative of indirect object with destinat (v. 5).
6. tibi : " in thine honour," a common meaning of the dative of
advantage
8. suboles : i.e. the kid (haedus) above mentioned.
9. nescit tangere : object infinitive ; cp. vii. 25, n.
11. vomere ; with fessis, as ablative of cause. Oxen are used for
ploughing in all parts of Europe.
70 HORACE, ODES III., 13, 14.
12. pecori : pecus (gen. pecQri*) denotes a flock or herd, particularly
of sheep ; pecus (gen. pecudis, f.), a single animal, especially a
sheep.
13. fontium : partitive genitive used predicatively. Ordinary
prose would say efontibus nobilibus units.
ODE XIV.
ADDRESSED TO THE ROMAN PEOPLE ON THE BETURN OP
AUGUSTUS FROM A CAMPAIGN IN SPAIN.
ARGUMENT. — Let Caesar's wife and sister, and the whole people,
thank the gods for his safe return. I too will keep festival ; go, boy,
fetch ointment, flowers, and wine — and Neaera, too, if possible. If
not I shall take it quietly, now that lam growing old.
[See Index for Hercules, Plancus,>Spartacus.]
1. ritu : " in the fashion of Hercules, who fetched from Gades
(Cadiz in Spain) the oxen of Geryon. modo : " but lately " ; L. C.,
§ 294, NOTE 2. plebs : properly pie bs means " the commons," opposed
to senators and knights (equites), populus the entire free population :
here plebs has practically the latter meaning.
2. morte : abl. of price (L. C., § 127 ; L. G., § 377). laurum : bay-
leaves were the symbol of victory.
3. The Spanish tribes (Index : s.v. Cantaber) gave so much trouble
that Augustus marched against them in person in 26-25 B.C. His
exertions brought on an illness, which was very nearly fatal (morte
venalem). penates : the gods of the family, as Lares are the gods of
the hearth. The two are not the same ; but both penates and Lares
are frequently used as common nouns » " home" and "hearth," as
here.
6. unico : here best taken as meaning " peerless," not " single " ;
it would have been a poor compliment to Livia to say she was no
bigamist, mulier : Livia Augusta, the Empress, and mother of
Tiberius, who succeeded his step-father Augustus.
6. prodeat : jussive subjunctive, L. 0., § 208 ; L. G., 6 477. f divis :
" in honour of the gods " ; cp. tibi, xiii. 6, n. There is a v. 1. sacris,
" sacrifices," ablative of instrument ; in which case iustis will have
the meaning of " proper," as in iusta legio, " a proper (i.e. complete)
legion," iustum proelium, "a regular battle." 'operata: operari
means "to be busied," "to bestow pains " on a thing (dative), and
is regularly used of the performance of sacred rites, but the thing
(indirect object) is not expressed, and the word denotes absolutely
"to sacrifi e." The tense of operata here need not be pressed ; the
meaning is "let her come forth and sacrifice" rather than "after
sacrificing."
7. soror : Octavia, widow of Marcus Antonius the Triumvir.
8. aupplice vitta : Roman women bound their hair with a fillet
NOTES. Tl
(yitta). There was also a special vitta of white wool, worn by
supplicants and others performing religious ceremonies. It would
be worn, therefore, by any one engaged in supplicatio, which means
" thanksgiving " in honour of a victory j and this may account for
the use of the adjective supplex here.
11. ezpertae : " who have experienced marriage " (lit. " a husband").
Distinguish expertus (from experior) and expers (xi. 11), "having
no part in/" f male inominatis : the reading inominatis (" ill-
omened ") is a conjecture ; if it be adopted, male must be rendered
"fatally." MS. reading was male ominatis, in which male has the
common meaning — " evil omened." The objection to this is that it
leaves a hiatus (Introd. p. 6) between the two words, of which
there is no other example in Horace. In either case the sense is
the same as in i. 2,favete linguis, where see note.
13. mihi: with verbs of " taking away "; the person from whom
the thing is taken is sometimes regarded (as here) as the indirect
object and expressed by the dative (L. 0., § 42 ;L. G,, § 349, NOTE 1).
14. tumultum : the regular word for a rising of the Gauls in
Italy (Gallia Cisalpina), and here denoting "insurrection" generally.
17. puer: "slave," as often. When banqueting or drinking,
Romans were accustomed to be crowned with flowers and sprinkled
with perfumes.
18. duelli : for the objective genitive, cp. nostri memorem, xi. 51,
ft. ; and for the form of the word, see Ode Y. 38, n. The date is
B.C. 90 ; see Index, s.v. Marsus.
19. qua : the quantity shows that this is not the nom. sing. fern,
of the indefinite pronoun quis, but the indefinite adverb (originally
abl. sing, fern.) denoting " in any way."
20. fallere : " escape the notice of." The testa was a general name
for an earthenware vessel, and practically synonymous with cadus
(v. 18), amphora (viii. 11).
21. properet: oblique jussive, depending upon die (= impera)\
L. 0., § 243. f As propero frequently takes the infinitive, some read
cohibere in the next line, which is easier than cohibente. Nodo
oohlbente is ablative of attendant circumstance (abl. absolute).
24. fiet : for the tense, cp. iv. 29, n. abito : 2nd person, " come
away." g
25. albescens : Horace was about 40 years of age now ; elsewhere
he speaks of himself as jpraecanus, "grey before his time."
26. litium : objective genitive. So rixae.
27. ferrem : potential subjunctive, i.e. apodosis with protasis sup-
pressed— " I should not have borne it (if he had done so)." L. C.,
§ 257, Obs. ; L. G., § 517. iuventa: abl. of instrument with calidus.
28. consnle Planco : L. Munatius Plancus was consul 42 B.C., the
flate of the battle of Philippi (iv. 26). For the construction cp.
tonsule TullOj viii. 12
72 HORACE, ODES HI., 15, 16.
ODE XY.
ADDRESSED TO AN OLD WOMAN WHO APES A YOUNG ONE.
ARGUMENT. — You are too old to behave like a girl now; you do
but throw a gloom over young beauties. Leave love and wine to your
daughter, and get you to your spinning.
[See Index for Luceria.]
3. famosis : "infamous," as in iii. 2Q,famosus Jiospes.
4. propior: the comparative degree may mean (1) "nearer than
you once were " ; (2) " somewhat near " (L. C., § 178) ; or (3) " getting
nearer and nearer," " ever nearer." Maturus properly signifies " ripe,"
of fruits, etc. ; hence of death, " coming at the proper time." Cp.
the metaphor in acerba, vi. 22, and the common expression acerla
mors, " untimely death."
6. stellis : dative. The " stars " are the girls (virgines).
7. satis : with adjectives and verbs, satis constantly has the meaning
of " quite," " as much as should be."
8. Chlori : the quantity (r) shows this to be vocative. See Appendix
1, vi. decet : not impersonal here, the subject being a demonstrative
understood from si quid Pholoen (decet) ; so below.
10. nti : = velut, " like." Citharae (v. 14) is the subject of decent.
Thyias : a Bacchante, a female devotee of Bacchus. The timbrel
(tympanum) was the favourite instrument at their orgies.
12. capreae : either genitive or dative. Similis and dissimilu
allow both cases, though usually we have the genitive of a person
and dative of a thing (L. C., § 40, NOTE 2).
15. flos : for garlands ; see xiv. 17, n. For purpureus, " bright,"
see iii. 12, n.
16. vetulam : agreeing with te, v. 13.
ODE XVI.
OF THE FOLLY OF AVARICE AND THE WISDOM OF CONTENTMENT.
ARGUMENT. — Jupiter knew well the porver of gold when he out-
witted Acrisius. Gold breaks down all obstacles, and ruins house
and city. It is all-powerful, and all-miserable ; for as it grows it
brings with it anxieties and lust for more. Therefore I prefer my
humble means, and keep away from money and moneyed men ; and I
am far happier than is the richest of them, for I have my little farm
with its spring and wood, I have enongh to live on, and I want for
nothing. Enough is Heaven's best gift.
[See Index for Alyattes, Amphiaraus, Danae, Gallia, 1/c.estrygones,
Mygdonia.]
3. munierant : " would have guarded," The more regular tense
NOTES. 73
and mood would be muniissent, but " the imperfect and pluperfect
indicative are found in the apodosis in lieu of the corresponding
tenses of the subjunctive, to express what was likely or apparently
the cage." See L. C., § 253.
6. pavidum : his fears arose from the oracle that declared his
daughter's son should slay him.
7. f risisset : a singular verb with compound subject is common
in Horace ; accordingly risisset has been conjectured here instead of
the manuscript reading risissent. Hideo is here, as often, used tran-
sitively. fore enim : " for they knew that the way would be," etc.
The construction is accusative and infinitive, depending upon a verb,
of thinking understood from risisset.
10 amat: "is wont"; in imitation of a similar use of the Greek
11. concldit : perfect, like diffidit. auguris : see Index, g.v..
AMPHIARAUS.
14. vir Macedo : Philip, King of Macedonia 359-336 B.C., who.
boasted that he had won more victories by bribery than by force of
arms. He conquered all Greece, and left his kingdom to Alexander
the Great.
16. duces : Horace is supposed to be thinking of Menas, a captain
in the fleet of Sextus Pompeius, whose slave he had been ; he deserted
his leader for Octavius, then returned to his allegiance, and finally
deserted again, 39-36 B.C. Inlaqueare (from in + laqueus, " a noose ")
is to " ensnare."
18. maiorum : neuter. The genitive is objective, lure : " rightly,"
" with good reason." Usually the ablative of manner requires a pre-
position, but a few words (forte, iure, etc.) are exceptions to this
rule (L. C., § 149, and NOTES).
19. conspicuum : the adjective is proleptic, i.e. expresses the result.
20. equitum decus : " pride of our knights." Maecenas was one
of the ordo eqitfster, which held a middle rank between the Senate
and the Plebs, and included well-to-do Romans whose income did not
exceed 400,000 sesterces (£3,400). Of these a special number became
known as Equites Splendidi — a kind of upper class — and Maecenas
belonged to them, steadily refusing all promotion, thus furnishing
Horace with an example of contentment like his own.
21. quanto : answering to an antecedent tanto understood with
plnra feret. Tanto . . . quanto are instrumental ablatives express-
ing the degree of difference (L. C., § 130). With negaverit, cp.
volgarit, ii. 27, n.
23. transfuga : the metaphor is that of two opposing camps — that
of the rich and that of the poor.
24. partes : " faction," as often in the plural ; cp. our use of the
words " party," " partisan."
25. rei : " property," "estate" ; in full, res familiar is.
26. arat : the final syllable is long (a), although followed by a
vowel. Other instances occur, in xxiv. 5 (Jiget), and in Ode v. 17, if the
reading yeriret be adopted. The employment as long of a syllable
74 HORACE, ODES in., 16-18.
usually short occurs in the case of syllables on which the if tut
(metrical accent) falls.
29. purae . . . aquae : genitive of material (L. 0., § 134), ex-
pressing " that of which a thing consists." So iugerum, which is a
heteroclite (see viii. 6, n.) plural of the third declension, the singular
being iugcrum, -i.
32. fallit sorte beatior : for the singular verb after a composite
subject, cp. ri*isset,v. 7. Sorte is ablative of respect (L. 0., § 148 ;
L. G., § 370) : "in lot," " as a lot." With beatior a participle mean-
ing " being " would be joined, if such existed in Latin, the Greek
construction of which this is1 an imitation being XavOdvet avrbv
fiOKapr^pa ofoa, lit. " escapes his notice being happier," i.e. " is
happier though he does not perceive it (who glitters ...)." Ful-
gentem (= eum quifulgef) is, of course, the direct object of. fallit.
33. ferunt : sc. ad me.
34. Bacchus : = vinum. amphora : see viii. 10, n.
38. velim . . . deneges : the form of the sentence (present subj.
in protasis and apodosis) indicates a supposition relating to future
time and dependent on a condition the truth or falsity of which is
not implied (L. C., § 250, b ; L. G., § 512).
39. cupidine : in Horace cupldo is always masculine. Vergil and
other writers make it feminine as a rule, masculine only when used
as the name of the god of love, Cupid.
40. vectigalia : " revenues." The word properly means any such
taxes as arise from customs-dues, rent of public properties, etc., as
distinct from tributum paid by a subject people.
42. petentibus : see L. C., § 47 ; L. G., $ 349, 3.
43. benest: = bene est. Sc. ei, antecedent to cui. Est is here
used impersonally : " it is well with him."
ODE XVH.
A MESSAGE TO AELIUS LAMIA, A FRIEND OF HORACE.
ARGUMENT. — Descendant (for such they say you and your family
are) of I ">ww*, the old-time King of Formiae, 'twill rain to-morron,
and you and your slaves mill have to stay at home ; so get in dry
wood, that you may be merry.
[See Index for Formiae, Lamus, Liris, Marica.]
1. Aeli : for the form of the vocative, cp. Mercuri, xi. 1, n. ab
Lamo : " from," i.e. " descended from Lamus."
2. hinc : = ab Lamo. The gens Lamia, to which Aelius belonged,
traced their family and name to the Homeric Lamus. For feruntt
see onfertur, v. 41. Esse must be understood with denominator
4. memores: " which preserve their memory." Cp. nostri memorem,
xi. 51. Fasti (no singular) denotes (1) court-days, i.e. days on which
legal business might be transacted ; (2) a list of such days, a calen-
dar ; (3) an official register of events kept by the higher magistrates.
NOTES. 75
5. fducis : so all the MSS. ; but some editors adopt the conjecture
duett, which makes the passage run more smoothly. If this be
adopted there will be no stop after fastos, and quando will introduce
the two clauses : (a) ferunt priores Lamias hinc (esse) denominates ;
(V) nepotum genus omne ducit originem db illo qui. . . .
7. princeps : predicative, " is said to have been the first to possess."
9. late tyrannns : the adverb qualifies, not the substantive, but
the verbal notion (of ruling) in the substantive. Nemus and litus
are the objects to sternet.
12. augur : " prophet," one who divines by observing the flight
and notes of birds. There was a board or college of augurs at Rome,
under the control of the Pontifex Maximus, and possessing consider-
able dignity. They were originally three, the king being one of
them. By the time that Horace wrote they had been gradually
increased to sixteen. Vfiihfallit, sc. me.
13. annosa : crows live to a great age — nine generations, said the
Greeks, potis : sc. es. See the note on ix. 2.
14. genium : uyour soul." The Romans believed that every man
had his own genius or " double," which came into being and perished
with him. To this Genius they sacrificed on birthdays. It was not
the same as " soul," but this word is perhaps the nearest equivalent.
16. operum : Cicero uses the ablative opere with solutvs ; the
genitive here is probably a mere imitation of Greek usage, that
language having no ablative case. Famulus is a " household slave " ;
whence familia, "the slaves in a household," " the domestics."
ODE XVIIL
A PBAYER TO THE GOD FAUNUS.
ARGUMENT. — Come and go, O Faunus, with kindly heart for me
and mine, for year by year I do tliee fitting sacrifice. At thy coming
man and beast take holiday, and the lambs dread not the wolf, and
the world does thee honour.
[See Index for Faunus.]
1. fugientum : the ordinary genitive plural of present participles,
as of all words with base ending in two consonants, is -ium, but the
shorter form is found when the metre requires it. Cp. clientum and
clieniium ; Ode v. 53, n.
3. incedas abeasque : jussive subjunctives. L. C., § 208 ; L. G.,
§477.
4. aequus : " propitious " ; the word properly means level, and is
said to owe the meaning it here bears to the fact that a level place
is favourable for military operations. Alumnis is dative. Properly
it signifies anything nourished (alo) ; hence the " young " of a flock.
6. pleno anno : ablative of attendant circumstance (abl. absolute)
— "when the- year is fulfilled," i.e. whenever a full twelve months
have gone by since the last festival.
76 HORACE, ODES III., 18-20.
6. sodali : in apposition to craterae, which is dative with desunt ;
cp. xvi. 42. Love and wine are commonly associated. The crdtera
was a large bowl, in which wine was mixed with water for drinking.
10. tibi : cp. xiii. 6, n., and below, v. 14. Nonae : literally "the
ninth days," because, counting inclusively in the Roman fashion,
they are nine days before the Ides. The Nones fall upon the fifth
(or, in the case of March, May, July, and October on the seventh)
of the month. See L. C., § 189 ; L. G., § 625.
15. pepulisse : perfect, to express his satisfaction when the act is
accomplished ; cp. inposuisse, iv. 52, «. To " strike the soil with
the foot" is to dance, and the earth is hated (invisani) by him
because he has to work hard at it.
16. ter: "*v™™" ~>^ v^t, "in triplp. time"; fa. it was a tri-
pudium, a sort of waltz, with three beats of the fooT^in each bar or
step.
ODE XIX.
HORACE INVITES A LEARNED FRIEND TO JOIN IN A REVEL.
ARGUMENT. — History and legends are well enough, but I had
rather you would tell its how to arrange a revel. Boy, a toast tt
the new moon, to midnight and to Murena. Pour out the wine ; the
measures may equal the Graces or the Muses in number. Strike up
with flute and lyre ! Bring roses in plenty I Let old Lycus and his
young love hear the din ! You have your love, TeUphus, and I have
mine.
[See Index for Aeacus, Berecyntus, Chios, Codrus, Inachus, Murena,
Paeligni.]
1. quantum distet : "how far he is removed," i.e. how many
generations later he lived. Quantum is an accusative of extent.
The subjunctive is that of indirect question depending on narras.
2. timidus mori: for the infinitive, see ii. 21, note on inmeriti*
mori.
3. genus : direct object of narras. The co-ordination of this
accusative with the clause quantum distet ... is a good illustration
of the term " object-clause." (L. C., § 5.)
4. sub Ilio : " beneath the walls of Troy." pngnata : an epithet.
Pugno is an intransitive verb, and therefore should admit only of the
impersonal passive use (L. 0., § 60) ; but from its frequently taking a
cognate accusative, it comes to be used in the passive as if transitive^,
even in Cicero. Cp. triumphatis, iii. 43.
6. mercemur : indirect question depending upon taces. So temperet
and caream. The direct question was quo pretio mercemur ? delibera-
tive subjunctive. L. C., § 207; L. G., § 486. Pretio is ablative of
the price. L. C., § 127; L. G., § 377. temperet: to "temper
water with fire " is to warm it to the right point. Compare the use
NOTES 77
of tempero, iv. 45, n. The Water was for the bath which a Koman
regularly took before dining. Horace is speaking of a feast to which
each guest contributes a certain share.
7. quo praebente : lit. " who providing the house, and at what
hour, I am to be free from, etc.," i.e. " who is to provide . . . and at
what hour I am to be free," etc. With quota, sc. hord, ablative of
time. The adjective means " which in order ? " and would be answered
e.g. by nond (hord). <
8. caream : careo «= " I am free from " something I do not need ;
egeo = " I lack n something necessary. Both words take the
ablative.
9. lunae novae : cp. sospitis amid, viii. 13, n. Observe that here
there is no direct object expressed corresponding to cyathos in viii. 13.
So noctis mediae and auguris Murenae. For the Augurs, see xvii. 12.
11. tribus ant novem : "drinking cups (pocula) are blended of
three measures (cyathi, used as dippers to fill the pocula from the
crater or mixing bowl) or of full (commodis) nine." According to
this interpretation the force of miscentur must not be pressed ; it
means that each guest takes a cup (poculum) containing either three
or nine cyatlii of mixed wine and water. A cyathus was about one-
twelfth of a pint. For commodus used with a numeral as above, cp.
Plaut. As. III. iii. 134, Viginti argenti commodas minas, " Full
twenty silver minae."
13. inpares : the number of the Muses was uneven.
14. ternos : in expressions of multiplication the numeral adverbs
are joined with the distributive adjectives.
15. snpra : adverbially with tres. Plus is similarly used. L. C.,
§ 132, NOTE 4 ; L. G., § 595.
16. rixarnm : see the note OIL patient laborem, x. 19.
19. cessant : " falter." The word must not be translated " cease.
20. fistula : a " shepherd's pipe," made of reeds of gradually de-
creasing length and thickness.
22. rosas : for garlands. Cp. xv. 15.
24. non habilis : she was young and would like to hear the riot,
while her husband (or suitor) would be annoyed by it.
26. vespero : for the case, ste on xv. 12. Vesper means (1) " the
evening " ; (2) as here, " the evening star."
27. tempestiva : " timely " (tempus), i.e. at the right time of life
well-matched in years with young Telephus.
ODE XX.
A WARNING TO PYERHUS AGAINST EXCITING A WOMAN'S WRATH.
ARGUMENT. — Take care, Pyrrhus. Y0« are dealing with a lioness,
and when she meets you it will go hard with you. The prize is not
worth the risk, for he looks on careless and conceited, and cares no
more for you than for her.
[See Index for Gaetulus.]
78 HORACE, ODES in., 20, 21.
1. moveas: quanta introduces an indirect question. L. C., § 227;
L. G., § 483. The ablative, quanta periclo, is one of manner.
3. post paullo: "soon afterwards," lit. "afterwards by a little."
Post is an adverb, as often; paullo is abl. of measure. L. 0., § 130;
L. G., § 378
6. ibit : the English idiom renders this future by a present tense.
L. C., § 204, NOTE 2 ; L. G., { 532.
7. certamen : accusative in apposition to the preceding sentence, i.e.
the contest consists in her " going " (ibif). A substantive so placed
is nominative or accusative, according as it is more closely connected
in thought with the subject or with the object of the sentence. The
following double indirect question depends on the idea of " problem"
contained in certamen. Before tibi, utrunt, is omitted. L. C., § 225
Obs. ; L. G., § 490.
8. f niaior an illi: with this reading maior cannot be rendered
"greater," but the meaning must be whether the prey fall to thee or
rather to her." The difficulty has given rise to the conjecture ilia
(nom.) : " whether the prey fall to thee, or she prove superior," sit
being understood after ilia.
10. promis : from the quiver. The whole of the language is of
course metaphorical. Dum belongs to both promis and acuit, the
main clause beginning with arbiter.
12. palmam : the symbol of victory.
13. fertur : cp. v. 41, n. Observe the difference in the tenses of
posuisse and recreare.
16. raptus : viz. Ganymedes, son of Tros, and brother of Hus the
founder of Troy. He was carried off from Mount Ida by an eagle
to be cupbearer to Zeus (Jupiter).
ODE XXI.
To A WINE-JAR.
ARGUMENT. — Ho jar, whatever the destined effect of thy contents,
tliou art, I know, well worthy of my guest Messdla, and he is a good
judge for all his learning, as was stern old Cato. Wine makes the
tongue mag, the anxious careless, the poor man bold. Come down,
then, and me mill keep thee circulating all night.
[See Index for Cato, Manlius, Massicus, Messala, Socrates.]
1. nata mecum: i.e. 65 B.C., when L. Manlius Torquatus was
consul. It must have been from thirty-five to forty years old at
the date the ode was written.
6. quocumque nomine : abl. of attendant circumstances, quocumque
being predicate ; " whatever the score on which thou storest choice
(lectuni) Massic." Nomen has the meanings of "title," "pretext,"
" account," " reason," all traceable to the primary signification
11 name," and denoting a classification under a heading or name.
NOTES. 79
With Massicum, sc. vinum ; so in English we speak of " port " 01
" port wine."
6. mover! : prose would require quae movearis (see L- C., § 285),
but the infinitive is frequent in poetry. Cp. iii. 50, n.
7. descends : from the apotheca, " store-room " (viii. 10, ».). De~
scende is the main verb of the sentence which occupies the first two
stanzas.
8. promere : the proper word for drawing the wine from the
amphora — " broaching " a new cask.
9. madet: "is soaked in." The word is frequently applied to
drunkenness, and there is a play on that meaning here.
10. sermonibus : "discourses," referring especially to Plato's Dia-
logues, in which Socrates takes the leading part, horridus : the word
originally means " bristling," and so applied to character it denotes
" blunt," " churlish."
12. virtus: connected with vir, the word means "manliness,"
" good qualities." Virtus pruci Catonis, is equivalent to " good old
Cato."
13. lene tormentum: the idea is that wine, like the rack, extorts
confessions.
16. retegis : for the force of the prefix, see on ii. 21. Lyaeo : abl.
of instrument, the god being identified with wine ; otherwise the abl.
of the agent would be used with a preposition. Lyaeus means " the
looser," i.e. from care, and is derived from the Greek Xi5w, " I loose " ;
cp. the Latin luo, " I discharge (a debt)."
18. viresqne et : the -que joins this line with the preceding ; the
et couples vires and oornua. The metaphorical use of " horns " for
"power " is familiar to most people from the Hebrew Scriptures.
19. post te : i.e. " after (he has drunk of) thee." Trementi agrees
with pauperi, and is here used transitively, the idea of " trembling "
being extended to that of " dreading " (L. C., § 31).
20. apices : properly the tiara, the lofty head-dress worn by
oriental monarchs. The epithet iratot is transferred by hypallage ;
see i. 42, n.
21. te : the jar in question, laeta : predicative—" in kindness,"
" without malice."
22. solvere: "loth to loose." For the infinitive, cp. spernen
fortior, iii. 50, n. *
23. vivae : " living," i.e. which do not go out. producent : pre
dicate of Liber, Venus, Gratiae, and lucernae.
24. dum : where there is no idea of purpose (i.e. of continuing one
action in order to allow time for another to take place), but simply
of time (i.e. of continuing one action until the occurrence of another),
dam, "until," is followed by the indicative (L. C., $ 293; L. G.,
§ 535). Cp. Verg. Eel.' 9, 23, Dum redeo, pasce capella*, " Pas-
ture the goats until my return."
£0 _ ^ HORACE, ODES III., 22, 23.
'
ODE XXII.
To DIANA.
ARGUMENT. — Queen of the woods, goddess of trarail, to thee 1
dedicate this pine tree, and to thee will I do yearly sacrifice of a
young boar.
1. Virgo : see Index, s.v. DlANA.
3. leto is dative ; cp. tibi, xii. 4.
6. tua esto : predicate — " thine be the pine."
6. per exactos : " as the years are fulfilled." The meaning is the
same as in plena anno, xviii. 5. Laetus is adverbial j cp. libent, iv.
29, n.
8. donem: final subjunctive, i.e. denoting purpose, the relative q\iam
being equivalent to ut earn (L. 0., § 278; L. G., § 501 (c)). For the
construction of do no, see xiii. 3, n.
ODE XXUL
To PHIDYLE, ON THE ACCEPTABILITY OF TUB POOR MAN'S
SMALL SACRIFICE.
ARGUMENT. — There is no need for a country-woman like you to
offer much in order that your prayer may be heard and your fortunes
may prosper. Costly victims are for the rich ; salted meal appeases
your household gods.
[See Index for Albanus, Algidus.]
1. caelo : "to heaven." The original sense is "for heaven " (dative
of advantage), but when coupled with a verb of motion (as here,
•tuleris) the dative in poetry sometimes denotes the goal of motion
which would be ordinarily expressed by the accusative with a pre-
iposition. This use of the dative is fairly frequent in Vergil ; e.g., It
caelo clamor, " The cry goes heavenward" ; Facilis descensvs Aver no,
" The downward path to Avernus is an easy one." tuleris : for the
tense of this verb, as of placaris (*=placaveris), see on volgarit, ii. 27.
4. Lares : see on penales, xiv. 3. They were tiny images which
•stood by the hearth. On special occasions they would be polished
with wax and wreathed (v. 16) with flowers.
5. sentiet : this must be supplied as predicate to vitis, scges, and
•(changed into the plural) alumni. Africum : the south-west wind,
so called a8blowing_tQwj.rds Italy from the direction of Africa. It
~ wind, which blights the green crops, now
known Tie the sirocco.
"TTaut: distinguish
what precedes (diseases of the crops) ; whereas nee . , , nee distin-
TTaut: distinguishing what follows (diseases of the flock) from
(diseases
NOTES. 81
gnish only between two cases of the latter, the vines and the corn,
alumni : cp. xviii. 4, n.
8. pomifero anno : " when the year is bearing fruit," i.e. in the
autumn, which is unhealthy (grave) in the greater part of Italy.
Pomum means any fruit.
10. devota : " doomed " to be sacrificed, quercus : the preposition
follows its case, as in iii. 11. Victvma (y. 12) is the antecedent of
quae (v. 9) and subject of tinguet (v. 13).
12. pontificum : (from pom, a bridge or road, + facers') the high-
test religious officers in Rome, the Pontiffs. They had the super-
[intendence of the worship of all the gods, and of all public sacrifices.
The victims which they used were naturally the best which could be
)t. The original number of the Pontifices was j&re. This was
[ncreased (by the Lev Ogulnia, 300 B.C.) to nine, and subsequently
in Horace' tlin^
which was the number in Horace' tlin^ secures : here
poll-axe used for slaughtering a large victim sucii as an ox.
13. te : in prose attinet usually takes the accusative with ad.
Nihil is accusative of extent (L. 0., $ 135 ; L. G., f 339, NOTE) ; " to
no degree," " in no wise."
15. ccronantem : agreeing with te (v. 13) and equivalent to a con*
ditional clause, " if thou wreathe them."
17. inmunia : " bringing no gift " ; from in + munus. The mean-
ing " stainless," which some authorities give to the word here, is
unparalleled and impossible ; whereas Horace in two other passages
(Odes IV. xii. 33 ; Ep. I. xiv. 33) uses it in the sense of " with empty
hand," " without a gift."
18. sumptuosa hostia : (1) if these words are, as the metre seems to
show, in the ablative, the line is parenthetical, blandior referring to
manus in v. 17 ; " (thy hand) no more persuasive with (abl. of in-
strument) a costly sacrifice," i.e. "that would not be more persuasive
were it to offer a costly sacrifice." (2) But some scholars, disliking
the harsh parenthesis, hold that sumptuosa hostia may be nominative,
the short a at the end of rumvtuosa being lengthened either by its
position before bl (Introd., p. 6) or like the last syllable of periret in
Ode v. 17. If this is so, the comma after hostia must be removed, and
hostia becomes the subject of mollivit : " a costly sacrifice has not
more persuasively appeased the estranged household gods than holy
meal," etc.,farre being ablative of the standard of comparison (L. C.,
§ 129 ; S. G., § 320), Against this rendering there is not only the
metrical difficulty, but also the awkwardness of the two adjectives
sumptuosa and blandior applied to one substantive.
20. saliente mica : " crackling grain (of salt)." Mica properly
means a crumb or grain of anything ; that it here denotes a grain of
salt is certain firom the Koman custom of offering meal mixed with
salt (mola salsa), and from the word saliente ("leaping-"), which
refers to the crackling of the salt in the flames.
B.III.
82 HORACE, ODES, III., 24,
ODE XXIV
OP THE BVIL8 OF AVABIOB.
ABGUMENT. — Though a man have all the nealth of Arabia and
India, yet he mutt bom to Necessity ; and the poor Scythian nomad
who carries hit all about in one waggon, lives a better life than does
the rich man. The Scythian mother it generous, her heart is pure ;
and she hands on to her children the rioh dowry of their parents'
virtue. With them, impurity is a sin whose wage is death. This
is the may of life which he must restore in Home who would be called
his country's Father, and be held in honour by the generations to
come. But nowadays we hate goodness when we see it, yet regret it
when it is fiown. Laws avail not when the heart is evil. Avarice
is the root of the wrong ; avarice, which stops at nothing, and makes
poverty a disgrace. We ought to cast our wealth away, or give it
to the gods, and set about training our children in a sterner school.
Look at them ! They cannot sit a horse, much less hunt like men ;
they can but gamble and play womanish games. Small wonder,
when their fathers set them such an example of fraud and dishonesty,
all lusting after gain, yet never satisfied.
[See Index for Ceres, Scythae.]
1. opulentior qualifies the subject (ec. tu) of occupes (v. 3).
3. caementis : i. 34, n. Here it is for the foundations of houses on
land and sea alike, licet : when licet introduces (as here) a con-
cessire subjunctive, it is equivalent to a conjunction ; " although,"
" granted that." For occupes, see vi. 13, n.
4. fterrenum : here a substantive — " the dry land." This is a
conjecture, all the MSS. giving Tyrrhenum, and some of them
Apulicum ; thus, Tyrrhenum omne et mare Apulicum — " the whole
Tyrrhenian and Apulian Sea." The Mare Tyrrhenum is that which
lies west of Italy, the Mare Apulicum that which washes the shores
of Apulia (the " heel " of Italy). The objection to reading Apulicum
is that its first syllable is long, and the metre requires a short vowel.
5. figit : the final syllable is made long by caesura. See on xvi. 26.
6. verticibus : " roofs " of the buildings. Necessity is pictured as
armed with nails of steel, which she drives into the very topmost
beams, to show that not even the richest man's loftiest building can
escape her law.
10. vagas : " nomad." They had no fixed habitation, but moved
from one region to another, as war or exhausted lands impelled them,
carrying their tente, etc., in their waggons, rite : " in their own
fashion."
12. inmetata .- " unmeasured," because, whatever land they tilled,
the entire produce was regarded as common property, and no man
had anything of hi» very own. Hence the crops were liberaet " free,"
11 unbougbt," all receiving their portion from the common stock.
NOTES. 83
14. annua : members of the tribe took it in turn to cultivate the
necessary quantity of land, but such labour was always regarded as
a grievance, and at the year's end the year's workers were glad to
get back to the fighting or hunting which occupied the rest of their
time.
16. defunctum: "he who has ended his (year's) labours." The
compounds of fungor take the same case as the simple verb. L. CL
f 54; L. G., § 586.
16. aequali sorte : " on like terms," i.e. for one year and no more.
17. illic : " in that land " of the Getae.
18. temperat : intransitive ; " refrains herself from," " is merciful
to." Stepmothers have always been proverbially unkind to their
stepchildren.
22. alterius viri: viri is the objective genitive after the verbal
adjective metuens (cp. rixarum metuens, xix. 16).
23. certo foedere : best taken as abL of attendant circumstances
(abl. absolute) ; " the marriage tie being indissoluble."
24. nefas : so. est. Peccare refers to the breaking of the marriage
vow, and may be translated by an abstract noun ; see L. 0., § 101,
Obt. The force of aut is " transgression is criminal, or, if they do
transgress, the price is death." pretiumst : — pretium est.
25. inpias : the regular epithet of " civil " war, which was a viola-
tion of the duty of pietas ; see iv. 6, n.
26. tollere : "to do away with," "remove," as in v. 32, sublatam.
Tollo means (1) " to lift up " ; hence (2) " to lift up and take away " ;
and (3) " to destroy."
27. Pater Urbium: the title of Pater, "Father," was given by
cities to their great benefactors as a mark of esteem: Cicero was
hailed Pater Patriae for saving Home from Catilma ; Augustus had
the title conferred on him by the Senate in B.C. 2, though it was
often unofficially applied to him before that.
28. subscribi statuis : the subject of subscribe is (as is always the
case with an infinitive following quaerere) the same as that of the
finite verb (qvaeref), the meaning being " if he shall seek to be entitled
beneath (sub-) his statues." subseribi is therefore here a copulative
verb, and pater urbium is the complement (L. C., § 14 ; L. G., § 323).
30. post genitis : " to them that are born after." Post is an adverb,
as in xx. 3 ; and the dative is that of the " person judging " (Roby),
which falls under the general heading of dative of the indirect object,
quatenus : " inasmuch as," " since." Heu nefas I is an exclamation
and syntactically forms no part of the sentence.
31. incolumem : "while it is safe," i.e. "alive." So sublatam is
equivalent to " when dead." Inmdi belongs to both clauses.
33. quid : so. proficiunt from v. 36 ; quid is accusative of extent.
L. 0., § 135.
36. si : all from here to the end of v. 44 is a protasis dependent
on quid proficiunt ? Si must therefore be understood before the
clauses, beginning with horrida (v. 40) and magnum (v. 42).
37. pars : i.e. the tropical regions. Join mundi with pars and
latus alike.
84 HORACE, ODES III., 24, 25.
39. solo : " on the ground," ablative of place without preposition
or epithet. Cp. i. 10, n.
42. opprobrium : appositive to pauperies — " (accounted) a deep
disgrace."
45. vel nos : the verb is niittamus (v. 60) ; the objects are given
in v. 48. The treasures are to be dedicated to the gods in the
Capitoline temple.
46. clamor et turba : i.e. " the shouting mob." This figure of
speech, in which two substantives stand for a substantive and adjec-
tive, is called hendiadys (from the Greek IF Sid Svow, " one thing
through two").
50. mittamus : jussive subjunctive (L. 0., § 208, Obs. ; L. G.,
§ 477). scelerum : poenitet, piget, pudet, and taedet require a geni-
tive of that which excites the feeling. With poenitet here sc. nos,
and see L. C., § 69.
61. eradenda : the gerundive is here used as an adjective implying
necessity; so, too, forniandae, v. 54. L. 0., § 90; L. G., $ 431. For
the gender of cupidinit, see on xvi. 39, n.
54. equo : either dative of indirect object with Jiaerere, or ablative
of place.
65. haerer«: cp.focteresoienst\v..25,n. Solludere dootior, Ode v. 66.
Ingenuu* means born of free parents, especially of noble parents ; what
we usually mean by " a gentleman born."
67. iubeas : sc. eum ludere, and also the next line with mails (note
the quantity, - -). The subjunctives iuleas and malis are those of
conditional clauses relating to the future (L. 0., § 250, i) ; the epithet
doctior forms the apodosis, instead of a statement of that epithet's
being applicable. Legibus is instrumental, depending on vetita.
Gambling was prohibited, but special laws de alea are unknown.
69. cum: " because," " since "; as is shown by the mood of fa Hat
and properet (causal, L. 0., § 273). The idea is " What else can
you expect from the son of Bach a father ? "
62. heredi : dative of advantage, lie hastens to get a fortune to
leave to an heir who does not deserve it.
64. rei : " fortune," as in xvL 25. It is dative in case. To the
owner it always seems ourtae, " maimed," i.e. "not quite perfect."
When nescio quit (guae, quid, etc.) is joined with the indicative, it
is equivalent to an indefinite pronoun, " some one or other " ; when
joined with the subjunctive it introduces a dependent question, " I
dop't know who, etc." L, C., § 229.
ODE XXV.
As ODE TO BACCHUS.
ARGUMENT.— I am inspired I Whither shall 1 flee to sing a song
that may make a god of my Emperor t I am as a Bacchante out on
NOTES. 85
Thracian mountains. No humble song will 1 utter : 1 will follow up
my inspiration at all hazards.
[See Index for Rhodope, Thrace.]
1. quo : adverb, tui : the nsnal genitive (objective) after a word
denoting "full of." L. 0., § 61, NOTE 1 ; L. G., $ 398.
2. in specus: the preposition must be understood before nemora
also.
3. velox : "quickened with changed soul." Themens nova is the
mind of the god working within him and endowing him with mira-
culous speed.
4. antris : either (1) dative of the agent after the passive verb
(see the note on iii. 22) ; or (2) ablative of place. Caesaris : sc.
Augusti.
6. meditans : meditari is 'the regular word for "practising" a
lyrical or other musical composition.
6. stellis inserere : i.e. to tell of his exaltation to heaven and his
admission to the council of the gods.
7. insigne : observe the force of the gender, " something illus-
trious."
8. non secus : " not otherwise," i.e. " so."
9. f exsomnis : many editors, thinking that iugis requires an
epithet, conjecture Edonis. The Edoni (adj. Edonus, -a, -urn) were
a Thracian tribe, east of the river Strymon. Euhias : a female wor-
shipper of Bacchus or Euhius, so called from the Bacchanal's cry of
Euhoe !
12. lustratam : " traversed." Lustrare means (1) " to purify " by
offering a propitiary sacrifice, and (2) because the sacrificing priest
walked round the person or thing to be purified, " to go round," " to
traverse," either physically or with the eye or mind, nt: "as,"
correlative with non secus, in v. 8.
14. potens : this word requires the genitive when meaning " master
of " (in accordance with L. C., § 40 (J) ; L. G. § 399), being properly
the present participle of possum. When meaning " powerful," it is
constructed with an ablative of cause ; e.g., centum oppldis potentem,
xxvii. 33. The person addressed is still Bacchus, among whose
attendants were the Naiades (" river nymphs ").
17. humili modo : ablative of quality. L. 0., § 133 ; L. G., $ 382.
18. periculumst : — perlculum est.
19. Lenaee: the adjective Lenaeus is from the Greek, and is
formed from the substantive \rjv6s (lends), denoting " a wine-press."
It may be here rendered " lord of the wine-press."
20. tempera: "temples" of the head.
86 BORACE, ODES III., 26, 27.
ODE XXVI.
HORACE RENOUNCES LOVE'S SERVICB.
ABGUMENT. — I have served well my time under Love's flag ; tion>
I take my discharge, and hang my armour up. But, 0 Venus^ do
thou chastise Chloe's proud spirit I
[See Index for Cyprus, Memphis, Sithonia.]
I. dueUis : for the form of the word, see Ode v. 38, n. The " wars '
are, of course, those of love.
3. defunctum : cp. xxiv. 15, n.
4. barbiton : ace. sing, of the Greek noun barbttSs (see App. 1, iv.).
paries : the wall of a building (here a temple), as murus, is the wall
of a town. It was usual for a man on escaping from danger to hang
up his clothes, weapons, etc., as an offering in the temple of the deity
who presided over the scene of his dangers. So Horace represents
himself as dedicating to Venus the instruments of love — the lyre,
torch, etc. — just as a man on escaping from drowning would dedicate
his clothes to Neptune (I. v. 16).
5. marinae : Aphrodite (Venus) was said to have risen from the
foam of the sea. LStus refers to the statue of the goddess in the
temple.
7. funalia: "torches," properly pieces of rope (/%«& = "a rope"),
dipped in tar or wax, which lighted the lover to his mistress' house,
vectes : " crowbars," for breaking down doors shut against him
(oppositis, sc. mihi). It is not clear what the bows were for.
9. 0 quae : i.e. Venus, beatam : " wealthy," a common meaning
in Horace.
II. sublimi: "uplifted," in attitude to strike.
12. semel : with tange. Chloe is to be made to feel the smart of
love just once.
ODE XXVIL
To GALATEA ABOUT TO START UPON A JOURNEY WARNING HER
OP EUROPE'S EXAMPLE.
)
ARGUMENT. — May no evil omen disturb one so good as you ! I will
take tlie auspices.
Yes, they are favourable ; go, and good Itiok go with you ! All is
well, but you know the perils of a journey by sea. Remember how
Europe, so bold at starting, regretted it wlien 'twas too late. How
she raved, and longed to punish the cause of all her sorrows, and
prayed for death to destroy for ever her fatal beauty. She thought
of her fathert bidding her kill herself, no matter how, rather than
ftOTBB. 87
live a slave-girl's life of tail and shame, until Venus "bade her consider
the dignity of her lot.
[See Index for Crete, Europe, lapyx, Lanuvium.]
I. recinentis : the prefix implies that the note was repeated many
times. The " omen of the owl " is the sign of bad luck, which its
note was supposed to give. The birds used in augury (see note on
iii. 61) were divided into (a) osoines aves, which gave omens by their
note (os-cen, from os and cdno} ; and (J) praepStes aves, which gave
them by their flight (praepes, -Mis, from prae &ndp&to). The various
animals mentioned below are all ill omened, except the raven (corvus)
in v. 11.
5. f rumpat : jussive subjunctive, expressing a wish (L. C., § 208 ;
L. G., § 476). There is a y. 1. rumpit, which makes the whole passage
a statement as to what occurrences may be looked upon as bad
omens.
6. per obliquum : "across their path" (lit. "sideways")- The
neut sing, adjective is used as a substantive, as in eao ooculto
(" secretly "), per taciturn (" quietly ").
7. oui timebo : the order is ego preoe susoitabo (ei) oui timebo
oscinem corvum, and both datives are of advantage. The tense of
timebo is due to the future tense of the main verb suscitabo.
8. auspex: here equivalent to augur, but generally used in the
derived sense of " director," " leader," as augurs were consulted
before any transaction of importance.
9. repetat: the subjunctive is one of purpose, the purpose being
the prevention of the occurrence of the action expressed by the
subjunctive before that of the main clause (tuscitabo) is accomplished
(L. C., § 291).
10. divina : " divinely inspired," " prophetic"; hence the objective
genitive imbrium (L. C., S 40, b ; L. G.,$ 399). The bird is apparently
the crow (oorniaf), which is called aquae augur, xvii. 12 ; perhaps
the heron. Notice the unusual form of the genitive, inminentum ;
cp. elientum, Ode v. 63, n.
II. oscinem: see v. 1, n.
13. sis licet : sis is jussive (cp. rumpat, y. 5) and licet is paren-
thetical, and equivalent to per me licet — " be happy, (as far as I am
concerned) you may."
14. nostri : cp. xi. 51, n.
15. laevns : " appearing on the left hand " (sinistra), and so
"unlucky," whence our word "sinister." The bird "forbids," as
being itself the forbidding sign, f vetat : there is a v. 1. vetet, jussive
subjunctive.
17. trepidet : indirect question, L. C., § 227 ; L.G., § 483. So sit
and peccet. The verb belongs closely to pronus — " hurries to its
setting." Orion sets about the beginning of November.
18. quid : in this clause quid is predicative, and the gender is like
that in triste lupus stabulis, " the wolf is a bad thing for sheep-folds.
In the next clause quid is an adverbial accusative of extension (see
.88 HOfcACE, ODES HI., 27, 28.
L. OL, § 135 ; L. G., 6 339) ; novi quid peecet*=" I know wherein
(lit. in respect of what) the north-west wind sins."
19. albus : " cloudless " ; cp. candidus, rii. 1. There may be a
violent gale in a cloudless sky.
21. caecos : oaeous = (1) " not seeing," " blind " ; (2) " not seen,"
" hidden." The latter is the meaning here.
22. sentiant : jussive subjunctive. Cp. mmpat, v. 6.
23. nigri : niger denotes a shining black, ater (v. 18), a dull black.
25. sic : " just thus " ; i.e. just as Galatea is doing, Europe left her
home to cross the water.
27. medias fraudei : '• the trickery that beset her," lit. "midmost,"
because she was in the midst of it.
28. palluit : here constructed as a transitive verb on the analogy
of tremo (xxi. I9),fugio, etc. audax : " bold though she was."
29. flornm : objective genitive with studiota.
81. subhistri: " half-lit," neither dark nor light. Notice the force
of the prefix ; so wtbrideo, " smile slightly " ; sulacutu*. " rather
sharp," etc. The ablative is one of attendant circumstance.
33. sixrral : = rimul ac, as in xii 7 (L. C., § 132, NOTE 1).
35. flliae : genitive of material, or that of which the thing (nomen)
consists (L. C., § 134). Some take it as dative of the agent : '« 0
name (of father) relinquished by thy daughter." Pietas, which
denotes the dutiful affection arising out of human relationships as
well as " piety " towards the gods, is here " filial love."
36. unae quo : both are interrogative ; " whence (and) whither f "
ISvii : " light," a light punishment, culpae : dative of indirect object
after Uvis, an adjective expressing an idea such as verbs followed by
the dative express (L. 0., $49 5 L. G. j 360).
38. vierilansne : -ne ia often used instead of utrum to introduce
the first alternative in a double question (L. C., $ 225, NOTE 3 ; L. G.,
$ 490).
40. ludit: transitive, as often — "to mock." Cp. v. 69. The object
is (me) carentem vitii*. imago : " fancy."
41. porta . . . eburna : ablative of the road by which one goes
(L. C., § 123). Dreams were fabled to come from the netber world
through two gates, one of ivory, the other of horn. Dreams issuing
from the latter gate came true, those from the ivory gate did not.
46. dedat : the form of the conditional sentence indicates that the
realisation of the protasis is regarded as possible (L. C., § 260, &).
47. modo: "lately" (L. 0., § 294, NOTE 2). multum: adverbial
accusative of extent (L. 0., $ 136 ; L. G., $ 341).
60. moror: "keep waiting." Odeorum: the genitive is partitive
(L. 0,, $ 141 ; L. G., $ 395), depending upon quis, which is here,
somewhat unusually, of the second person, utinam : with a primary
tense utinam expresses a wish which may be fulfilled ; with a past
tense, a wish which cannot now be accomplished, a regret. Observe
the separation of inter from its noun leone*.
64. oecupet : for the subjunctive, see v. 9, n.
66 praeda* dative of indirect object depending on dcfluat (L, Cn
NOTES. 89
$42 ; L. G., § 349, NOT! 1). Distinguish pasoere, « to give food to,"
from pasci " to get food."
67. vilis Europe : vocative, supposed to be her father's words, as
is all that follows from quid topaelex (v. 66).
68. ceesas : " hesitate," as in xix. 19.
69. pendulum: the verbal notion is prominent; "(thy neck) as it
hangs."
62. age : " come " ; cp. IT. 1, n.
64. pensum: (from pendSre, " to weigh ") properly the portion of
wool weighed out for the day's spinning to each handmaid (as here) ;
hence, generally, " a task."
65. sanguis: "daughter."
67. perfldum : adverbial use of the ace. sing. neut. of the adjective
(L. C., § 136 ; L. G., $ 341).
68. filius : Cupid. His bow, which he has just used against Europe,
is now remissus, " unbent."
69. lusit : " had mocked." For the tense, see L. 0., § 202 ; L. G.,
§ 529, Obs.
70. irarum : the use of the genitive here is apparently a Grecism,
i.e. an imitation of the construction that would be used after a verb
meaning "to cease from" in Greek, where, the ablative case being
lost, separation is expressed by the genitive. The ordinary Latin
use with dbstineo is the ablative. Observe the plural irarum ; it
may denote " fits of anger."
71. laceranda : complement to comua, " shall offer his horns to be
rent."
73. uxor esse nescis : this means either (1) "thou knowest not how
to be (i.<?. to play the part of) wife (of Jove)," or (2) " thou knowest
not that thou art wife (of Jove)." If the first meaning is adopted,
there is no syntactical difficulty ; with the second meaning the
construction may be explained (a) as abbreviated from tu, uxor
invicti lovis, nescis te uxorem lovis esse, " thou, though wife of
unvanquished Jove, knowest not that such thou art," or (&) as a
Grecism, for in Greek the subject of a dependent statement, if
the same as that of the main verb, is omitted, and any noun or
adjective referring to it is put in the nominative.
74. mitte : " let go," i.e. " away with."
76. sectus orbis : lit. " the divided world," i.e. " a portion of the
world," viz. Europe. Nomina is in the plural by poetic licence.
ODE XXVIII.
AN INVITATION TO LYDE TO CELEBBATE THE NEPTUNALIA.
ABGUMENT. — Let us drink in Neptune's honour. Bring out my
lest wine, and be speedy, for the day is waning. We will have a
singing match, with odes to Neptune, Diana, Venus, and Fight.
[See Index for Caecubum, Cnidos, Cyclades, Cynthus, Cyprus,
Latona,]
90 HORACE, ODES in., 28, 29.
1. festo die : ablative of point of time. The feast of Neptune was
kept on July 23rd. Potius is an adjective (see ix. 2, ??.), predicative
to 0wid.
2. faciam : potential subjunctive — " could I do (if I were to try)?"
L. 0., § 210; L. G., $ 517. reconditum: the prefix (re- «= " back ")
implies that the Jar is at the back of the apotheca, viii. 10, w., and
therefore one of an old vintage.
6. stet : subjunctive, because the supposed case is not a fact. See
L. C., §267. '
7. deripere : for the infinitive with paroo, cp. viii. 26, n. horreo :
properly a " granary " (cp. hordeum, " barley") ; here metaphorically
— " a store-room."
8. Bibuli : there was a Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus consul in 59 B.C.,
but the name is chosen here for the sake of a pun.
9. nos : this may here be equivalent to ego ; if it is not, the
sentence will be less symmetrical, but the meaning will still be
that Horace will sing of Neptune, Lyde of Diana, and both of Venus.
11. recines : " sing in answer (re-)." Contrast recinentis, xxvii.
1, n.
13. summo carmine : "at the end of our song." This meaning of
summus is classical, but somewhat rare. The ablative is temporal.
14. fulgentes : in allusion to their marble cliffs and quarries.
15. iunctis : Venus was represented as riding in a chariot drawn
by doves or ewans.
16. dicetur : according to the punctuation in the text, this verb
must be understood with Nox. Others put the stop after oloribus,
instead of after dicetur, and understand cantabimus with summo
carmine. In either case nenia is instrumental ablative, nenia :
generally " a dirge," but sometimes, as here, any trifling ditty. The
participle of the deponent mereor is often passive in sense, as here.
See the list of similar participles in L. C., § 64.
ODE XXIX.
AN INVITATION TO MAECENAS TO VISIT HORACE.
ABGUMENT. — Everything it ready for our feast, Maecenas, to
instead of gating at the country from your windows in Rome, come
and exchange magnificence for simplicity : others have found it a
good antidote for care. Besides, 'tis the dog-days, and work is im-
possible, yet you still worry about politics. Believe me, the future
is wisely hidden from us : be content to take things as they come, for
life is a river, now quiet, now swollen by floods, and he who makes
the most of each day as it passes is happiest, fortune is fickle,
but she cannot undo good deeds of the past or rob a man of his good
conscience. I laugh at her, and take her as the comes, fair or foul.
Thus lam ready for any vicissitudes.
NOTES.
91
[See Index for Andromeda, Bactra, Cyrus, Pollux, Seres, Tanais,
Tibur.]
1. Tyrrhena : see Index, g.v. TYBBHENUS and MAECENAS. The
adjective is made to agree with progenies by hy pallage (i. 42, ».).
2. verso : the cadus or amphora would be " tilted " to pour out its
contents. Ante is an adverb. Merum and balanus (v. 4) are each
the subject of eft (v. 6). cado : local ablative.
4. balanus : the Arabian behen-nut which, when crushed (pressa),
yields balsam, a fragrant viscous substance used for anointing the
hair. Capillis goes as a dative of advantage with pressa.
6. iamdudum : iamdudum, iamdiu, iampridem, require the present
in Latin, where we use a present-perfect See L. C., § 199. apud
mest : — apud me est — " this long time has been at my house." Used
with personal accusatives, apud frequently has this meaning ; but
apud Ciceronem, etc., may also mean " in the writings of Cicero,"
etc. morae : dative of indirect object with eripe (L. C., § 42 ; L. G.,
§ 349, NOTE 1).
6. f ne . . . contempleris : final, " lest thou gaze," i.e. '« rest content
with gazing." There is a reading neo contempleris, which involves a
difficulty, for in prohibitions addressed to definite persons, as here,
the tense used is the perfect of the subjunctive ; but there are in-
stances in which Horace appears to neglect this rule (Odes II. xi. 4 ;
Sat. II. 3, 88).
9. fastidiosam : here used in a causal sense — "causing satiety,"
" cloying."
10. molem : so in English we speak of "a stately pile."
13. gratae : Bc.fuerunt.
14. lare : the singular is less common than the plural. The word
here means simply " roof." See xiv. 3, n.
15. aulaeia et ostro : the aulaea (neut. pi.) were hangings round
the walls or across the ceiling ; ostrum denotes the purple upholstery
of the banqueting couches.
22. horrid! : here used in its original meaning of " rough," " un-
kempt."
26. deceat : subjunctive of indirect question (L. C., § 227 ; L. G.,
{ 483) after the idea of inquiry in cur at. Cp. parent, v. 28.
26. urbi : with sollicitu* (dative of reference). The object of
times is the following indirect question.
27. regnata : regnare is properly an intransitive verb, meaning
" to have royal power "; it is, however, in Augustan poetry and post-
Augustan prose, used transitively in the passive. Cp. triumphatis,
iii. 43, where see note. Cyro ia dative of the agent (L. C., § 111 ;
L. G., * 356).
28. parent : " are about," lit. what plots they are preparing.
Tanais is here put for SCYTHAE (see Index), and discors refers to
civil wars.
30. premit : " covers," " veils."
32. trepidat : " strives," '« frets." The verb
activity."
92 HORACE, ODES III., 29, 30.
33. aequus : here "calmly," "with undisturbed (lit. level) mind."
flnminis ritu : cp. Herculit ritu, xiv. 1. With fluminis agree the
participles delalentis (v. 35) and volventis (v. 38).
35. cum pace : " peacefully." The ablative of manner as a rule
requires the preposition cum or an epithet. L. C., § 149, and NOTES.
Notice that the final syllable of Etrutcwn is elided before the initial
vowel of the following line ; this running of one verse into another
is known as Synaphea (" fitting together").
41. potens sui : " master of himself," " self-restrained " ; opposed
to inpotens (*wi), " passionate," xxx. 3. For the genitive, cp. xxv. 14.
42. deget : BC. vitam. in diem : " from day to day." The plural
form in diet is more frequent.
43. dixisse: the perfect infinitive is often used "of an action
made the subject of a judgment" (Boby). Cp. Ovid, Met. i. 176,
Hie locug eft quern . . . hand timeam magni dixisse Palatia cadi,
" This is a place which I should not hesitate to call the palace of the
boundless sky."
46. retrost : i.e., retro est — all that is gone behind, past.
49. negotio : the ablative (instrumental) belongs to laeta, as in
robustus militia, ii. 1.
50. Indere : for this use of the infinitive see iii. 50, n. Insolentem
has here the secondary sense of "wanton," "insolent." The word
originally means "unaccustomed" (sol«o\ "unusuaL" Ludum is
cognate accusative. L. 0., § 33 ; L. Gk, § 335.
53. manentem: sc.fortunam.
54. r esigno : properly " unseal," " remove one's seal from," " to
rescind an agreement," and so " resign." For the force of the prefix,
cp. recludens, ii 21, n.
57. meum : " my part " ; it is nom. sing, neut., and stands as
predicate to the infinitive decurrere, etc. If a substantive were
used it would stand in the genitive. L. 0., § 142 ;
58. mains : note the quantity (a).
59. pacisci : " to make bargains by means of vows," i.e. like a
mariner in a tempest, to make extravagant vows.
62. turn : i.e. even through the storm. The ablative praesidio
belongs to tutum, which is a shortened form of the participle of
tueor, " I watch over," used passively.
ODE XXX.
OP THE POET'S IMMORTALITY : AN EPILOGUE.
ARGUMENT.— My monument ii grander and more lasting than the
pyramids, and it will weather storm and time. I shall be immortal,
and men will speak of me as the poet who first acclimatised in Italy
the lyric poetry of Alcaeus and Sappho.
[See Index for Aeolius, Aufidus, Daunus, Delphi, Libitina.]
2. sitn : situs is a verbal substantive from sino " I permit," of
NOTES. 93
which verb the original meaning was " I lay M ; situs, therefore,
denotes " a being laid or placed," whence it gets its meaning here of
" construction," " architecture," and also its ordinary meaning of
" situation," " site."
3. inpoteni : see xxix. 41, n.
4. possit : the subjunctive is consecutive, and the relative quod,
introducing it is equivalent to tale ut id. SeeL.G.,§ 283; L.G.,$ 501 (tf).
7. usque : with crescam. Poster a means "of posterity."
9. soandet : dwm, — " while," requires tBJe~Ba'iue Leilse as the
principal verb (oregcairi). The verb tcando implies the tteep ascent
of the Capitol, virgine : " vestaL" The vestal virgins were chosen
from the noblest families in Borne to tend the eternal fire in the
temple of Vesta (g.v. Index). They took an oath of perpetual
virginity, and amongst their duties was the attendance at certain
great religious ceremonies, pontifex : xxiii. 12, n.
10-12. The clause qua . . . populomm may be taken either with
dicar or with deduasisse, but far preferably with the latter ; Horace
looks forward to world-wide, not merely to local, fame.
11. aquae : the genitive is used because of the idea of " wanting "
in pauper. Cp. inane lymphaet xi 26.
12. populorum : regnare, as stated in the note on xxix. 27, is
intransitive ; it is here followed by an objective genitive dependent
on the substantival notion (reoe) contained in the verb, and in
imitation of the construction of verbs of ruling in Greek, ez humili :
lit. " mighty out of (a) poor (man)," i.e.." mighty after being lowly."
This use of eso is not uncommon ; cp. Transfvga ex oratore facing,
"Having become a deserter after being an ambassador." (L. C., § 150.)
13. princeps : " first." By Aeolium carmen Horace means the
Alcaic and Sapphic metres. Alcaeus and Sappho were both lyric
poets of Lesbos, an island of Aeolia, the northern part of the west
coa"8t of Asia Minor, and lived in the seventh century B.C.
j 14. deduxisse : deduoere is the regular word for leading colonists
'from their old to their new home, and is here used metaphorically of
{the introduction of Aeolian measures into Latin poetry.
15. mihi : dative of reference (L. C., § 143, NOTE 2).
16. Melpomene : see Index, t.v. MUSA.
INDEX
OF PROPER NAMES.
NOTE t— Thl» Index doet not include (A) tueh veil-known names as Roma, Ttalia, etc.,
and (B) fancy names of persons addressed or alluded to in the Odes.
A.
Aehaemenes, -is, m. (hence adj. Achaemenius, -a, -am) : a mythical
founder of the Persian dynasty, and ancestor of Cyrus. Persia was
the type of great oriental empires, both in its wealth and its power ;
hence " Achaemenian nard " (i. 44) stands for any costly eastern
perfume.
Acherontia, -ae, f. : Acerenza, a small town of Lucania, twenty-
five miles S. of Venusia, placed upon a lofty hill (iv. 14).
Achivi, -um, m. : a name given by Latin writers to the Achaeans,
and used to denote Greeks in general (iii. 27).
Acrisius, -i, m. : s.v. Danae (xvi. 6).
Aeacus, -i, m. the first ruler of the island of Aegina off the coast
of Attica, father of Peleus, and grandfather of Achilles, who are
therefore genus Aeaci (xix. 3).
Aefula, -ae, f. : (or Aestila, -ae), a fortress of Latium, in the
neighbourhood of Tibur. Its exact site is unknown.
Aegaeus, -a, -um (adj.) : of the Aegean Sea, now called the
Archipelago (xxix. 63).
Aelius, -i, m. : Aelius Lamia, to whom is addressed Ode xvii. See
s.v. Lamus.
Ae51ius, -a, -um : Aeolian, especially "Lesbian," because that
island was colonised by Aeolian Greeks. Lesbos lies off the coast
of Mysia in Asia, and was the home of Alcaeus and Sappho, who
flourished in the seventh century B.C. (xxx. 13).
Aethiops, -opis, m. : an Ethiopian, an Abyssinian. In vi. 14,
Horace applies the name to the Egyptians whom Cleopatra led to the
support of Antonius at the battle of Actium (*.«. Augustus), where
they manned a large fleet of galleys of immense size (cl&sse
formidatiu).
INDEX OF PROPER NAMES. 95
Aetna, -ae, f. : the well-known volcano on the east coast of Sicily
(iv. 76). Beneath it were said to be buried alive the giants Typhoeus
and Enceladus.
Afer, -ri, m. : an African.
Albanus, -a, -urn, adj.: belonging to Alba Longa, the ancient city
on the Alban Hills, 15 miles 8.S.E. from Rome, from which the Romans
were said to be colonists. It was good grazing land (xxiii. 11).
Algidus, -i, m.: Mount Algidus, to the S.E. of Rome, between
Praeneste and the Alban Mount. It was in some parts wooded,
and in others afforded good pasturage. Its height rendered it cold
(nivalis, xxiii. 9).
Alyattes, -el, or -is, m.: a king of Lydia, a district of western
Asia Minor, the father of Croesus, proverbial for his wealth (xvi. 41).
Amphiaraus, -i, m. : a hero of Argos, who possessed the gift of
prophecy (whence Argivus augur}. For the sake of a golden neck-
lace his wife Eriphyle was induced to send him to a war with Thebes,
which he knew would cost him his life (xvi. 11).
Amphion, -onis, m. : a son of Zeus (Jupiter), who was taught to play
the lyre by Hermes (Mercury), and acquired such persuasive skill that,
wishing to build a wall about Thebes, he did but play, and the stones
followed him and took up their required positions (xi. 2).
Andromeda, -ae, f. : daughter of Cepheus (pater, xxix. 17), king of
Aethiopia. To save his country from the wrath of Neptune, Cepheus
was forced to sacrifice her to a sea-monster, from which Perseus
rescued her. After his death Cepheus was placed among the stars.
Antiochus, -i, m. : King of Syria, was induced by Hannibal to
make war upon the Romans, and invade Greece 192 B.C. He was
driven out again at the battle of Thermopylae, 191 B.C. ; and in the
following year, at the battle of Mount Sipylus, he was utterly crushed
and forced to make peace (vi. 36). This was known as the Syrian
War.
Apollo, -inis, m. : a Greek god, who presided over prophecy and
music. He was in writers later than Homer identified with the Sun,
and also with the god of medicine. The epithet Phoebus (" bright ")
applied to him by Homer is an alternative name (xxi. 24).
Apulia, -ae, f. (hence adj. Apulus, -a, -urn): a large region in
S.E. Italy, bounded on the east by the Adriatic and on the western
side by Samnium and Lucania. Horace was there born and reared
(iv. 9).
Araba, -bis, m. : an Arab, a native of Arabia, of which there were
three divisions: Petraea (Rocky), Deserta (Desert), and Felix
(Fertile). The country was proverbial for riches, and for its gems
and spices (xxiv. 2).
Arcturus, -i, m. : the " Bear-keeper," a star in Bootes in a line
with the two last stars in the tail of the Great Bear. It sets at the
beginning of November, and is therefore supposed to bring bad
weather (i. 27).
Argivus, -a, -urn : belonging to Argos, Argive (xvi. 12). In
plural, Arglvi, -urn, m., the Argivee, a name for the Greeks at Troy.
96 INDEX OF PROPER NAMES.
Strictly it signifies the Greeks of Argos alone, whose patron-deity
was Hera, identified by the Romans with Juno (whence meis, iii.
66).
Assyrius, -t». -urn: Assyrian. The adjective was loosely used by
the Romans of various eastern countries, especially Syria (iv. 32),
where Assyrium litus may refer to the Syrian Desert, Horace over
looking the fact that it lay inland.
Aufidus, -i, m. : the chief river of Apulia. It rises near Mount
Voltur, flows past Venusia in a N.E. direction, and falls into the
Adriatic. After heavy rain it justifies Horace1 words, violent obstrepit
(xxx. 10).
Augustus, -i, m. : the title by which the first Emperor of Rome
was known after he became sole ruler. His original name was
On. Octavius, and he was the great-nephew of Julius Caesar, the
dictator, who adopted him as his heir 46 B.C., and sent him to learn
the art of war in Illyria. On the murder of Caesar, 44 B.C., by
Brutus and Cassius, Octavius came to Italy to claim his rights as
heir. He conciliated the people by paying to them the legacies
which Caesar had left them, and was appointed general by the
senate against Antonius. He soon after joined Antonius, and with
Lepidus, another senatorial general, set up the Second Triumvirate,
43 B.C. In 42 B.C. the three defeated Brutus and Cassius at Philippi
in Macedonia, and divided the world between them. They soon
quarrelled: Lepidus was the first to be deprived of his power,
36 B.C. ; and five years later, 31 B.C., Octavianus crushed Antonius,
who was assisted by Cleopatra, at ACTIUM in Epirus. He now
became sole ruler, and devoted himself to reducing the Roman world
to order. He defeated all his opponents, and extended his empire
from the Euphrates to the Rhine, even reaching as far as the Elbe
for a time. He did all in his power to improve Rome and the
Romans by justice and by the example of his own modest life. He
was the patron of many of the writers of his time, and Horace wa
on good terms with him. He died 14 A.D., and was succeeded by
Tiberius, his stepson.
Bacchus, -i, m.: god of wine, mentioned (iii. 13) as one of the
pioneers of civilisation. He is said to have conquered India, i.e. to
have civilised the far East ; and was accordingly represented as
riding in a car drawn by Indian tigers. In xvi. 34, etc., the name
stands for "wine." Bacchus was worshipped with wild revels
(orgies) amongst woods and hills ; his worshippers were called
Bacchae, Bacchantes, Euhiades, Thyiades, or Maenades ; and his
symbol was the thyrsus, a staff crowned with a pine-cone and
wreathed with ivy or vine leaves. He was also called Liber (viii. 7),
and L^aeua (xxi. 16).
Bactra, -ae, f . : the capital of the kingdom of Bactria, at the
northern foot of the Hindoo Khoosh. Bactria was conquered by
INDEX OP PROPER NAMES. 97
the Persians (whence regnata Cyro) and by Alexander. In Horace
time it owed allegiance to Parthia, and it is used as synonymous
with Parthia in xxix. 28.
Baiae, -arum, f. : a favourite watering place of the Romans on the
northern inlet of the Gulf of Naples, opposite to Puteoli and a little
S.E. of Cumae (iv. 24).
Bandusia, -ae, f. : the site of a beautiful fountain, either near
Venusia, or on Horace' Sabine farm (xiii. 1).
Bantia, -ae, f. (hence adj. Bantinus, -a, -tun): a small place in
Lucania, about 18 m. S.E. of Venusia (iv. 15).
Bellerophontes (see App. 1, ii.), m. (also SellSrOphon, -ntis) : he fled
to Proetus, king of Argos, seeking to be purified from the taint of a
murder. Antea, wife of Proetus, fell in love with him, but he resisted
her advances : whereupon she accused him of the same offence, and
so persuaded Proetus to compass Bellerophon's death (vii. 15). Hence
the latter is called nimis castus, because his virtue endangered his life.
Berecyntus, -i, m. (hence adj . Berecyntius, -a, -urn) : a mountain
in Phrygia, the chief seat in Asia of the worship of Cybele, which
was characterised by the noisy use of pipes and cymbals. Hence
JSerecyntiae tibiae — Phrygian pipes, which were of a wilder and
shriller note than other varieties of the instrument (xix. 18).
Bibulus, -i, m. : xxviii. 8, n.
Bosphoms, -i, m. : the strait on which Constantinople now stands.
The current from the Black Sea sets so strongly through the straits
as to make Horace speak of it as " raving" (iv. 30).
Britanni, -ornm, m. : the Britons, people of Britannia (Britain).
They were, to the Romans, the type of a savage people, partly
because of the cruelty and the human sacrifices which attended their
Druidical worship (iv. 33).
Caecubum, •!, n. (BC. vinum) : wine of the Ager Caec&bus, on the
coast of Latium, E. of Tarracma, on the sea coast of southern Latium
(xxviii. 3).
Caesar, -aris, m. : s.v. AUGUSTUS.
Calabria, -ae, f. (hence adj. Calaber, -ra, -rum) : the small region
occupying the heel of Italy. It was famous for its honey (xvi. 33).
Calliope, -es, f . : s.v. MUSA.
Canicula, -ae, m. : s.v. PBOCYON.
Cantaber, -ri, m.: a Cantabrian. The Cantabri were one of the
fiercest of the Spanish tribes, dwelling in north Spain, on the shores of
the Bay of Biscay. They stubbornly resisted the Roman arms, but
were gradually reduced 25-19 B.C. They rose in revolt on several
occasions. Sera catena (viii. 22) refers to the slowness of the
conquest.
Cato, -onis, m. : M. Porcius Cato (Censorius) served during the
Second Punic War against Hannibal, and triumphed 194 B.C. for
his successes against the Spanish tribes. In 191 B.C. he gained for
H.W. 1
98 INDEX OF PROPER NAMES.
his commander Glabrio the victory of Thermopylae against Antiochus,
king of Syria. He earned his name (Censoring}, and his reputation
as a pattern of the old stern Roman life, from the rigour with which
he acted as censor 184-180 B.C. (xxi. 11).
Capra, -ae, f . : the Goat (usually called Capella\ a star in the
constellation Auriga. It rises about the end of September, at the
commencement of the winter season when navigation was closed.
Hence insana sidcra (vii. 6), because of its character as a stonn-
bringer.
Capitolium, -i, n. : iii. 42, n.
Carthago, -inis, f. : Carthage, a famous city of N. Africa, founded
about 850 B.C. by fugitives from Tyre, upon the west coast of the
Gulf of Tunis. There were three great wars between Carthage
and Rome, known as the Punic Wars, the Carthaginians being
Phoenician in origin ; the First Punic War, 264-241 B.C., ended by
the battle of the Aegates Ingulae off Sicily (g.v. REGULUS) ; the
Second Punic War, 218-202 B.C., ended by the battle of Zama (s.v.
HANNIBAL) ; the Third Punic War, 149-146 B.C., ended by the
destruction of Carthage (v. 39).
Castalia, -ae, f. : a famous fountain on Mount Parnassus, north of
Delphi, sacred to ApoUo and the Muses (iv. 61).
Cerberus, -i, m. : a monstrous dog with three heads (xi. 30, n.),
which guarded the entrance of Hades.
Ceres, -eris, f. : the Latin goddess of corn and crops, answering
to the Greek Demeter, the mother of Proserpina. The "secret of
Ceres" (ii. 26) refers to the Mysteries of Demeter at Bleusis, to which
only the initiated were admitted, and which they were under oath
not to divulge. In poetry the name Ceres often stands simply for
the common noun " corn " (xxiv. 13).
Chios, -i, f. (hence adj. Chlui, -a, -urn) : (Sew), a large island off
the coast of Lydia, in the middle of the west coast of Asia Minor,
famous for the excellence of its wines (xix. 6).
Cnidos, -i, f.: a city on the western extremity of the Peninsula
of Krio, in Caria, in the S.W. corner of Asia Minor. It was a seat of
the worship of Aphrodite (Venus), and possessed a famous statue of
the goddess by Praxiteles (xxviii. 13).
Codrus, -1, m. : the last king of Athens. When the Dorians
invaded Attica, Codrus learnt that his country's safety depended
upon the self-sacrifice of its king. Accordingly he got himself slain
by the Dorians, who, on learning what had happened, gave up their
invasion as hopeless (xix. 2).
Concani, -orum, m. : a tribe of the Cant&bri (q.v .) in Spain, They
were believed to drink the blood of horses (iv. 34).
Cotiso, -onis, m. : g.v. DACUR.
Crassus, -i, m. : Publius Licinius Crassus, surnamed Dives (" The
Rich ") for his great wealth, led a Roman army against Parthia in
the year 63 B.C. He was cut off, with great slaughter, near Carrhae
(Haran) in Mesopotamia, and the few of his troops who escaped
alive became domiciled amongst the Parthians, and married Parthian
INDEX OF PROPER NAMES. 99
wives (v. 5). Hence they are said to have " taken service with foe-
men fathers-in-law M (ibid.). The standards of Crassus* legions were
recovered by Augustus in 20 B.C. (s.v. AUGUSTUS and PARTHUS).
The Parthian general is known as Surenas ; but, as it is apparently
he who is referred to by Horace as Monaeses (vi. 9), it has been
suggested that Surenas was his title, Monaeses his name. ^
Crete, -es, f. : the large island of Crete, to the S.E. of the Morea.
It was said anciently to have possessed a hundred cities (xxvii. 34).
Cyclades, -nm, f. : the " Encircling Isles," the group of islands in
the Aegean Sea, so called as forming a circle about Delos (xxviii. 14).
Cynthus, -i, m. : a mountain in Delos, an island in the Aegean
Sea. Hence adj. Cynthins, -a, -nm, applied to Apollo and Artemis
(Diana), who were born at the foot of Mount Cynthus.
Cyprns, -i, f. (hence adj. Cyprins, -a, -nm) : the island of this
name in the Eastern Mediterranean. It was the favourite haunt of
Venus, who had a famous temple at Paphos on the W. coast (xxvi. 9).
Cyrus, -i, m. : the first king of the Persians, and the conqueror of
Babylon and Lydia, which, with Persia and Media, constituted his
empire (xxix. 27). He reigned 660-529 B.o.
D.
Dacus, -i, m. : a Dacian. The Daci (or GStae) were a warlike tribe
dwelling upon the northern bank of the lower Danube. They fre-
quently made inroads into the provinces of Moesia, S. of the Danube.
This they did when the river was frozen (B.C. 27), and were repulsed,
but without permanent effect, by a certain M. Crassus, one of Augustus'
legati (vi. 14). To say that they " all but destroyed Home " is an
exaggeration. They were expert archers (melior tagittis\ and their
high morality is extolled in xxiv. II, foil.
Damocles, -is, m. : a flattering courtier of Dionysius the Elder, a
despot of Syracuse (B.C. 405-367). He expressed himself envious
of Dionysius' happy life, whereupon the despot changed places with
him for one evening. In the course of the banquet Damocles looked
up, and found a naked sword suspended over his head by a single
horse hair — a symbol of the anxious life of the great (i. 17).
Danae, -es, f. : the daughter of Acrisius, king of Argos. Learning
that he would be slain by any son born of his daughter, he immured
her in a brazen tower, where, however, Zeus (Jupiter) visited her in a
shower of gold, which fell through the roof. Danae's son, Perseus,
fulfilled the oracle by slaying his grandfather. Horace rationalises
the story of the shower of gold (xvi. 1).
Danans, -i, m. : a mythical person who gave his fifty daughters in
marriage to the fifty sons of Aegyptus, ordering them each to slay
her husband on the night of her bridal. All did so save Hypermnestra,
who spared her husband Lyncens. For their crime the others were
condemned to spend eternity in the attempt to fill with water a sieve
or a jar (xi. 27) that had no bottom.
Daunus, -i, m. : a mythical king of Apulia, called Daunia by the
100 INDEX OP PROPER NAMES.
Greeks. Apulia was scantily provided with rivers; hence pauper
aquae (xxx. 11).
Delos, -i, f. (hence adj. Delias, -a, -urn) : one of the Cycl&des in
the Aegaean sea, lying in the middle of the group. Here Latona
was said to have given birth to Apollo. Hence its woods are called
his natalii silva (iv. 64). *
Delphi, -orum, m. (hence adj. Delphicus, -a, -um) : a small town in
Phocis, celebrated for the oracle and shrine of Apollo at the foot of
Mount Parnassua The bay (lauru*) was sacred to Apollo, and is
hence called Delphic (xxx. 16).
Diana, -ae, f . : identified with the Greek Artemis, sister of Apollo,
and goddess of hunting, chastity, and of the moon. She slew Orion
for his violence (iv. 71). She was also identified with Hecate, goddess
of the Lower World ; and as goddess of sky, earth, and Hades, was
known as triformis. She was also invoked by women in travail
(xxii.).
Diespiter (nom. only) : a name of Jupiter as god of Light (ii. 29).
Its literal meaning is Father of Daylight (dies + pater).
E.
Enceladus, -i, m.: one of the rebel giants, whose javelins were
uprooted trees. He was buried alive under Mount Aetna, from which
he still continued to breathe fire (iv. 56).
Etruscus, -a, -um : g.v. Tuscus (xxix. 36).
Europe, -es, f. : (i) Europe, the continent of that name (iii. 47) ;
(ii) daughter of Agenor, king of Tyre, loved by Zeus (Jupiter). In
the form of a snow-white bull he induced her to mount upon his back,
and carried her off to Crete (xxvii. 25 — end).
P.
Falernus, -a, -um: Falernian, belonging to the Ager Falernus^ in
the north of Campania, between Mons Massicus 'and the river
Volturnus. Falernum (sc. vinum) frequently stands alone for the
wine grown there, which was of famous quality (i. 43, and passim).
Faunus, -i, m. : an Italian rural god, the patron of flocks and
herds, identified with the Greek Pan. The festival in his honour
(Dec. 5th) was a general holiday in the country (xviii. 1).
Fdrentum, -i, n. : a frontier village of Lucania, on the high road
between Venusia and Acherontia. It is called humilis (iv. 16), as
lying in a valley between the surrounding hills.
Formiae, -arum, f. : a coast town of the Aurunci in Latium, &
little west of the mouth of the Liris (xvii. 6).
O.
GaetuluB, -a, -um : Gaetulian, belonging to the Gaetuli, a nomad
people of the interior of Northern Africa. Hence, in general, African
(xx. 2).
INDEX OF PROPER NAMES. 101
Oallia, -ae, f. (hence adj. Gallicua, -a, -urn) : the country inhabited
by the Gauls, in the north of Italy (Gallia Oitalpina), as well as
the modern France (Gallia Transalpina). The pasture lands about
the Padus (P<>) in Cisalpine Gaul were renowned for the excellence
of the wool grown there (xvi. 35).
Geloni, -orum, m. : a savage Scythian people, occupying that
portion of southern Kussia immediately east of the Tanais (Don).
Their constant use of the bow gets them the epithet of "quiver-
bearing ". (iv. 35).
Getae, -arum, m. : s.v. Dacus.
Gigantes, -urn, m. : the sons of Ur&nus (Heaven) and Ge (Earth),
who attempted to dethrone Zeus (Jupiter), and were defeated mainly
by the help of Hercules (iv. 49, seqqC). Hence adj. Glgantlus, -a, -urn
(i. 7).
Gratia, -ae, f. : one of the Graces. They are usually represented
as three sisters of exceeding gentleness and beauty, whose arms are
always intertwined. Hence they are said to be " loth to unloose the
clasp " in which they hold each other (xix. 16 ; xxi. 22).
Gyas, -ae, m. : a hundred-handed giant, who rebelled against
heaven (iv. 69), and was hurled into Tartarus.
H.
Hldria, -ae, m. (also spelt Adria) : the Adriatic Sea (iii. 5). It
was well known for its violent storms (ix. 23 ; xxvii. 19).
Haedus, -i, m. : more usually in the plural, Hafdi, -orum (" The
Kids"), stars in the constellation Auriga (the Charioteer), which
rises about the end of September, at the commencement of the
winter season (i. 28).
Hannibal, -alls, m.: he succeeded to the command of the Carthaginian
forces in Spain in the year 221 B.C. In his boyhood he had sworn
eternal enmity to Rome, and he at once picked a quarrel with her.
Invading Italy by way of the Alps, he defeated the Romans in the
battles of Trebia and Tlcinus (218 B.C.), Lake Tr&riimenus (217),
and Cannae (216). From that date his success declined, and
ultimately he was forced to quit Italy after fifteen years (203) to
save Carthage, which was attacked by Scipio. At Zama, 202 B.C.,
Scipio finally defeated Hannibal, and ended this, the Second Punic
War. Subsequently HannibaJ ded to Asia, and persuaded Antiochus
(q.v.) to make war on Roma On the defeat of Antiochus, Hannibal
committed suicide. His name remained a proverb for a terrible foe
amongst the Romans (vL 36).
Hebrus, -i, m. : the largest river of Thrace, the Maritza, which
rises in Mount Rhodope, and flows east and south into the Aegean
Sea, north of the island of Samothrace (xxv. 10).
Hector, -oris, m. (hence adj. Hector eus, -a, -urn) : the bravest of
the sons of Priam, and the chief champion of the Trojans. He was
slain by Achilles in revenge for his having killed Patroclus (iii. 28).
Helena, -ae, f. : daughter of Leda (the wife of Tyndareus) by
102 INDEX OP PROPER NAMES.
Zeus (Jupiter), and wife of Menelaus, king of Sparta. She was
carried off by Paris (£.t>.)» and so was the cause of the Trojan War
(s.v. TROIA). $ She is called peregrina mulier (iii. 20), and L&caena
advltera (iii. 26), as being not a Trojan, but a Spartan's wife.
Hercules, -is, m.: a demi-god, and one of the pioneers of civilisation.
One of the tasks imposed upon him by Eurystheus, king of Tiryns,
was to fetch from Spain the cattle of the threefold giant Geryones,
whose abode was supposed to be Gades (Cadiz). Hence the cam-
paigns of Augustus in Spain are said to be after the fashion of
Hercules (ix. 1).
Hesperia, -ae, f . : the " Western Land," a poetical name for Italy
(vi. 8).
Hispanus, -a, -urn: Spanish, belonging to Spain (Hispania), one
of the most important trading countries in the Roman world (VL 81 j
xir. 8).
lapyx, -ygis, m. : a north-west wind, so called as blowing from the
heel of Italy, of which the ancient name was lapygia (xxvii. 20).
Icarus, -i, m. : son of Daedalus of Crete. The two were compelled
to fly from the island because of the help they had given in an
intrigue. They made themselves wings, and endeavoured to fly
across the Aegean Sea. Daedalus succeeded, Icarus fell down and
was drowned ; whence a part of the sea northward of Crete was
known as Mare Icarium. " Cliffs of Icarus " are any cliffs on which
that sea breako (vii. 21).
Ida, -ae, f. : a lofty mountain range of Phrygia, east of Troy, and
at the head of the Gulf of Adr&myttium. It was the scene of the
judgment of Paris and the seizure of Ganymede. Its numerous
springs won it the epithet of aquoxa (xx. 16).
Ilion, -i, n. (also IllOs, -*, f.) : a name of Troia, q.v. (iii, 18).
Inachus, -i, m. : first king of Argos, of fabulous antiquity (xix. 1).
lomcus, -a, -um : Ionic, belonging to Ionia, the western coast of
Asia Minor, which was early colonised by Ionic Greeks. It became
famous for the refined indolence and luxury of its people. Hence
lonici motut (vi. 21) means a wanton style of dancing.
luno, -onis, f. : a Roman goddess, the female counterpart of Jupiter.
She was identified with the Greek Hera, and as such was regarded as
the sister and wife of Jupiter.
luppiter, 16 vis, m. : a Roman god, ruler of the sky and guardian
of Rome. As he was regarded as identical with the Greek god Zeus,
all the myths relating to the latter were applied to Jupiter by the
Latin writers.
Ixion, -6nis, m. : a king of the Lapithae. He requited the kindness
of Zeus (Jupiter), who had purified him from the murder of his
father-in-law, by making love to Hera (Juno). For this he was
chained hand and foot to a wheel which revolved ceaselessly in the
lower world (xi. 21).
INDEX OF PROPER NAMES. 103
LacMaemoxx, -Cnls, f. (hence adj. Lacedaemonius, -a, -am) : the
other name for the city of Sparta, the famous capital of Liconia
(y. 56). Hence also Lacaena, -ae, f . : "a Spartan woman " ; the
masc. form being Loco, -onis, " a Spartan " (iii. 25).
Laestrygones, -urn, m. (hence adj. Laestrygonius, -a, -urn) : an
ancient fabulous race in Campania (t.v. LAAI us). Hence a " Laestry-
gonian jar" means a jar of Campanian wine, which was of high
quality (xvi. 34).
Lamia, -ae, m. : a member of the Gens Lamia (xvii. 2).
Lamas, -i, m. : a giant in Homer, king of the Laestrygonians.
The Gens Lamia claimed to get their name from him. According to
the Romans he was founder of Formiae (xvii. 1).
Lanuvium, -i, n. (hence adj. LanuYinus, -a, -urn) : an ancient city
on the Alban Hills, near the Via Appia, 20 miles south of Rome,
now Lavigna (xxyii. 3).
Laomedon, -ntis, m. : father of Priam and king of Troy, whom Zeus
(Jupiter) as a punishment compelled Apollo and Poseidon (Neptune)
to serve. The latter built for Laomedon the walls of his city, and
was refused the promised reward (iii. 22). In revenge Poseidon sent
a monster to waste the land ; and Hercules, who slew the monster,
was likewise defrauded of his reward. In revenge he slew Laomedon
and all his sons except Priam.
Latona, -ae, f. : the Roman name for the Greek Leto, who became
by Zeus (Jupiter) the mother of Apollo and Artemis (Diana), in the
island of Delos (xxviii 12).
Liber, -eri, m. : a name of Bacchus, as the god who/n?e« men from
care (viii. 7 ; xxi. 21).
Libitina, -ae, f.: goddess of burial, at whose temples all things
necessary for funerals were kept (xxx. 7).
lapara, -ae, f. (hence adj. Lipareus, -a, -um): the name of an
island and town, now Lipari, to the north of Sicily (xi. 6).
Liris, -is, m. : the Garigliano, a considerable river rising in the
Apennines near the Lake Fucinus in the lands of the Marsi, and
flowing south to the sea near Minturnae in Latium, close to the
frontier of Campania (xvii. 8). Near its mouth it spreads out
wide marshes (innantem litoribus).
Luceria, -ae, f.: a town of northern Apulia, near the Samnite
border. It was renowned for the high quality of its sheep pastures
(xv. 11). *
Lyaeus, -a, -um: a Greek name for Bacchus, denoting "he who
looses " from care (xxi. 16).
Lycia, -ae, f . : a small and exceedingly mountainous country in the
S.W. of Asia Minor (iv. 62). S.v. PATABA.
104 INDEX OP PROPER NAMES.
M.
Macgdo, -8nis, adj.: Macedonian (xvi. 19).
Maecenas, -atis, m. : 0. Cilnius Maecenas, chief minister of Augustus
and patron of Horace (see Introd., § 1). He was an Eques, and
descended from the royal race of Etruria, whence he is called
Tyrrhena regum progenies (xxix. 1). He several times mediated
between Antonius and Augustus (see Augustus), and, when the
latter was absent in the war which ended at Actium, Maecenas had
entire charge of Italy and Rome. He continued to be high in favour
until 21 B.C., when a coolness sprang up between him and the
emperor, and in 16 B.C. he retired from public life, and contented
himself with the society of literary men. He was an author himself
in a small way, but not successful. He died 8 B.C., a few days before
Horace.
Magnesia, -ae, f. : the narrow strip of Thessalian coast land, formed
by the range of Mount Pelion, Hippdlyte is in vii. 18 called Mag-
nessa ("woman of Magnesia "), because lolcus (*.t>. PBLEUS) is in
Magnesia.
Manlins, -i, m. : xxi. 1, n.
Marica, -ae, f. : a Latin nymph, worshipped at Minturnae, near
the mouth of the river Liris, whence the marshy lands thereabouts
are called " Marica's shores " (xvii. 7).
Mars, -tis, m. : god of war, and father of Quirinus (g.v.). Hence
he was considered the ancestor of the Romans (*.«. Quirites). In
v. 24, 34, the name stands for "warfare." Hence adj. Martins, -a,
-urn, applied (1) to the Campus Martius (i. 11, *.), (2) to the month
of March (viii 1).
Massicus, -a, -um : belonging to the Mons Massicus, a considerable
hill dividing Latium from Campania, a little south of the Liris.
Massicum, -i (sc. vinum) = Massic wine (xxi. 5).
Marsus, -i, m. : a Marsian, a native of an upland district bordering
upon Latium, and lying due E. of Rome. The Marsi were proverbial
for their courage, so much so that there was a saying that " No man
ever triumphed over the Marsi, or without their aid " (v. 9). This
made their conduct at and after the battle of Carrhae all the more
disgraceful. S.v. CRASSUS. The Marsi took so active a part in the
Social War (91-89 B.C.), by which the Italians wrung the franchise
from Rome, that it was commonly known as the Marsian War (xiv.
18).
Memphis, -is, or -Idos, f. : Memphis, an ancient city, at one time
the capital of Egypt. It lay immediately south of the Delta. A
temple of Aphrodite (Venus) existed there, but its great buildings
were the palace of the Pharaohs and temples of Apis and Serapis
(xxvi. 10).
Mercurius, -i, m. : a Roman god of commerce (mercari =» " to
trade"). He was identified with the Greek Hermes, son of Zeus
and Maia, messenger of the gods, who was the inventor of the lyre
INDEX OP PROPER NAMES. 105
(xi. 8), and many things that advanced civilisation, and the con-
ductor of the shades of the dead to the lower world, and was also
renowned for fraud and cunning.
Messala, -ae, m. : M. Valerius Messala CorvTnus at Caesar's death
(B.C. 44) joined the republican party, and at the battle of Philippi
(B.C. 42) turned Augustus' flank, and nearly took him prisoner. He,
however, subsequently attached himself to Antonius, until the latter
fell under Cleopatra's influence (B.C. 37) ; he then joined Augustus,
and fought for him at Actium (B.C. 31), and was proconsul of
Aquitania (B.C. 28-27). He died between B.C. 3 and A.D. 3, after
some years of retirement from public life. He was an orator,
grammarian, and poet, and a patron of literary men, especially of
Tibullus (xxi. 7).
Mimas, -ntis, m. : one of the rebel giants (iv. 63).
Minerva, -ae, f . : the Roman goddess of arts and trades, and of
intellectual pursuits generally. She was identified with the Greek
Athena or Pallas (iii. 23).
Monaeses, -is, m. : t.v. CIIASSUS (vi. 9).
Murena, -ae, m. : L. Licinius Murena, a friend of Horace, to whom
is addressed Ode xix., on the occasion of his being elected Augur.
In B.C. 25 he subdued the Salassi, an Alpine tribe ; in B.O. 22 he was
executed for conspiring against Augustus.
Musa, -ae, f. : the nine Muses, daughters of Zeus (Jupiter), were
TerpsichSre (Mute of Dancing}, Euterpe (Lyrics), Urania (As.
tronomy), Polyhymnia (Divine Hymn), Clio (History}, Calliope
(Epic-poetry}, ErSto (Love-poetry'), Melpomgne (Tragedy}, Thalia
(Comedy}. They presided over all forms of literature and especially
of poetry ; whence Horace calls himself their priest (i. 3).
Mygdones, -nm, m. (hence adj. Mygdonins, -a, -urn) : a people of
Asia Minor on the southern shore of the Propontis (Sea of Marmora)
(xvi. 41).
N.
Neptunus, -i, m. : god of the Sea (xxviiL 10), identified with the
Greek^Poseidon.
Nereides, -nm, f . : the sea-nymphs of the Mediterranean, daughters
of the sea-god Nereus (xxviii. 10).
Numidae, -arum, m. : a people of northern Africa, to the west of
of Carthage (xi, 47).
0.
Olympus, -i, m. : a lofty mountain range north of the Peneus,
dividing Thessaly from Macedonia. Upon it the gods were said to
dwell (iv. 52).
Orcus, -i, m. : one of the names given to the infernal regions.
Oricus, -i, f., or Orteum, -i, n. • a town within the bay formed by
106 INDEX OF PROPER NAMES.
the Acroceraunian promontory, at the northern extremity of Bpirua
and on the borders of Blyria (viL 6).
Orion, -onis, m. : a handsome giant and famous hunter, who was
Blain by ArtSmis (Diana), because he offered violence to her (iv. 71).
At his death he was changed into the constellation of Orion
(xxvii. 18).
Orpheus, -ei, m. : a Thracian, first of the bards. His music was
so sweet that rocks and trees and beasts followed its notes (xi. 13).
On the death of his wife Eurydlce1, he descended to Hades to recover
her. His melody so delighted the infernal deities that he was allowed
to lead his wife back to earth on condition that on the way he should
not look at her. This condition he failed to observe ; she was taken
from him again at the moment of recovering life.
F.
Pacorns, -i, m. : son of Orodes I., king of Parthia. He defeated a
Roman army under Decidius Saxa, in the year 40 B.C. (vi. 9). Next
year PacSrus was defeated by Ventidius Bassus. and in 38 B.C. fell in
battle while invading Syria.
Faeligni, -orum, m. (hence adj. Paelignus, -a, -urn) : inhabitants
of a cold and mountainous district farther east from Rome than the
country of the Marsi (xix. 8).
Palinurus, -i, m. : Capo di Palinuro. See iv. 28, n.
Pallas, -adis, f. : t.v. MINERVA.
Paphos, -i, m. : i.v. CYPRUS.
Paris, -Idis, m. : (also called Alexander) one of the sons of Priamus,
king of Troy. When the goddesses Hera (Juno), Athena (Minerva),
and Aphrodite (Venus), disputed as to which was the fairest, they
appealed to Paris to decide. (Paris is hence called iudex in iii. 19.)
He was induced by Aphrodite's promise of the fairest woman on
earth for his wife to decide in her favour, and thereby made Hera
and Athena bitter enemies of Troy. Guided by Aphrodite he sailed
to Greece and carried off HELENA (#.».). He slew Achilles, and soon
after died by an arrow-wound inflicted by Philoctetes.
Parthus, -i, m. : a Parthian, a native of Parthia, the country to
the S.E. of the Caspian. South and west of them were the Medi
(Medians), and further south still the Persae (Persians) ; but the
names of ithe three peoples are used vaguely by Horace for the
Parthians (ii. 3> They provoked a war with Rome in 63 B.C., when
they annihilated an army, and killed its commander, the famous
Crassus, at CARRHAE. They were compelled to make peace again
by Ventidius, who twice defeated them, B.C. 39-38. Augustus in-
tended to chastise them; but civil war in Parthia between two
claimants to the throne, Phrahates IV. and Tiridates, ended in an
appeal to his arbitration. He supported the latter, and obtained
(B.C. 20) the restoration of the standards taken from Crassus.
INDEX OF PROPER NAMES. 107
Patara, -ae, f. (hence adj. Patareus, -a, -um) : a coast town of
Lycia, at the extreme S.W. of Asia Minor. It was famous for its
worship of Apollo, who had an oracle there, and is hence called
Patareus (iv. 64).
Peleus, -ei, m. : 'king of the Myrmidones of Phthia in Thessaly,
and father of Achilles. He was falsely accused hy Hippolyte, wife
of Acastus king of lolcus, in whose palace he was residing (vii. 17).
The story is much the same as that of Bellerophontes (#.».).
Pelion, -i, n. : a mountain in Magnesia, some distance S. of
Olympus forming a continuation of the same range (iv. 62).
Penelope, -es, t : the wife of Ulysses, king of IthSca. While her
husband was absent at Troy and elsewhere, she was importuned
ceaselessly by suitors, but refused them all. Hence she became a
proverb for constancy and chastity (x. 11).
Pnilippi, -orum, m. : a town in the N.B. of Macedonia, near the
coast, and not far from Amphipolis. Here, in 42 B.C., Augustus and
Antonius overthrew the army of the Republicans under Brutus and
Cassius, in which Horace was serving (iv. 26). See Introd., § 1.
Phoebus, -i, m. : t.v. APOLLO.
Phr^gia, -ae, f. (hence adj. Phrygius, •», -um) : a wide district
in the N.W. of Asia Minor, including the neighbourhood of Troy
(i. 41).
Pleria, -ae, f. (hence adj. PiSrius, -a, -um) : a narrow territory in
the south of Macedonia, between the range of Mt. Olympus and the
coast. It was in early times a seat of the worship of the Muses, so
that Pierium antrwm, — a cave of the Muses (iv. 40).
Pirithous, -i, m.: king of the Laptthae. He descended into the
lower world to carry off Proserpina, its Queen, the wife of Pluto.
For this he was bound by Pluto and tormented for ever (iv. 80).
Plancus, -i, m. : Lucius Munatius Plancus was consul in 42 B.C.,
according to the arrangement made by Caesar before his death. He
subsequently governed the provinces of Asia and Syria. In 32 B.C.
he transferred his allegiance from Antonius to Octavianus, and it was
at his suggestion that the title of Augustus was, B.C. 27, conferred on
the latter.
Foeni, -orum, m. : the Carthaginians (v. 34).
Pollux, -ucia, m. : the Latin name for Polydeuces, twin brother of
Castor. They were sons of Leda, wife of Tyndareus, king of Sparta,
by Zeus (Jupiter). At their death they were placed among the
immortals (iii. 9), and were invoked in times of danger, especially at
sea (xxix. 64).
Porphyriou, -onis, m. : one of the rebel giants (iv. 54).
Praeneste, -is, n. and f. : now Palestrina, twenty miles 8.E. of
Rome. It stood high up amongst the Aequian hills, and was a
favourite summer resort because of its coolness (frigidum, iv. 23).
Prianms, -i, m. : king of Troia, q.v. (iii. 26, 40).
Procyon, -onia, m. : the " Fore-dog," the Greek name for a star
which rises July 15th, just before the Dog-star, and, like it, was
supposed to bring intensely hot weather. Hence furit (xxix. 18).
108 INDEX OP PROPER NAMES.
Punlcus, -a, -urn : Carthaginian, belonging to Carthage (T. 18 ;
vi. 34).
Pyrrhus, -i, m. : king of Epirus (upon the eastern shores of the
Adriatic). He invaded Italy in 280 B.C. at the request of the
inhabitants of Tarentum, won the battles of Heraclea (280) and
Asculum (279), then spent two years in Sicily, and, returning to
Italy, was driven out by a decisive defeat at Beneventum (276). He
was at one time within twenty -four miles of Rome. He was killed
at Argos 272 B.C., being at the time king of Macedonia (vi. 35).
Quirinus, -i, m. : Numltor, the legitimate king of Alba Longa, and
a descendant of Aeneas the Trojan, was deposed by his brother
Amulius, who made the former's only daughter, Rhea Silvia, a vestal
virgin (iii. 32). Nevertheless she became by Mars (iii. 33, 16) the
mother of twins, Romulus and Remua These Amulius caused to be
thrown into the Tiber, but they were miraculously preserved, and
subsequently slew Amulius and restored their grandfather Numitor.
They then founded Rome, of which Romulus became the first king.
He is said to have been carried up to heaven by his father Mars
during a violent storm, and was worshipped after his disappearance
under the name of Quirinus (iii. 16).
Quirites, -ium, m. : the Romans in their civil capacity. The name
may be derived from the Sabine town of Cures, the Sabines having
amalgamated with the Romans, or from a Sabine word Quiris, " a
spear," thus meaning "spearmen" (iii. 57).
Regulus, -i, m. : Marcus Atilius Regulus, consul in 256 B.C. during
the course of the First Punic War (264-241 B.C.), invaded Africa, and
was successful against Carthage for a whole year. He was then
defeated and captured by Xanthippus, a Spartan mercenary. He
was subsequently sent to Rome by the Carthaginians to endeavour
to make terms, having first sworn that he would return. Instead of
acting as was expected, he persuaded the Senate not to offer peace,
and on no account to ransom either himself or those of his troops
who had been made prisoners. For this he was, it was said, barbar-
' by the Carthaginians on his
lea, -ae, 1. : RTiyu Qil»ia urllm ; I.D. TJuirinus.
Rhodope, -es, f. : a mountain range of Thrace between the rivers
Strymon and Hebrus (xxv. 12).
RhoetuB, -i, m. : one of the rebel giants (iv. 65).
S.
Sabelli, -orum, m. (hence adj. Sabellus, -a, -um): a general name
for the smaller branches of the Sabine nation. These people repre-
INDEX OF PROPER NAMES. 109
sented the ancient inhabitants of Italy from Etruria to Lucania.
They were a type of rural simplicity, industry, and valour (vi. 38).
Sabini, -orum, m. (hence adj. Sabinus, -a, -urn) : the Sabines (i. 47).
S.v. Sabelli.
Scythae, -arum, m. (hence adj. Scythicus, -a, -urn): a nomad
people inhabiting a wide and ill-defined region stretching from the
Ister (Danube) eastward far into Asia. In iv. 36 the Tanais (Don) is
called Scythicus amni*.
Seres, -urn, m. : the name of some far-away Eastern people, sup-
posed to be the Chinese (xxix. 27).
Siciili, -orum, m. (hence adj. Siculus, -a, -am) : the people of Sicily
Siculae dopes (i. 18) ifl explained s.v. DAMOCLES.
Silvanus, -i, m. : an Italian god of woods, fields, and flocks. He
was represented with untrimmed hair (horridus) (xxix. 23).
Sithonia, -ae, f. (hence adj. Sithonius, -a, -am) : the central of the
three tongues of the Chalcidic peninsula which juts out from Mace-
donia into the Aegean Sea (xxvi. 10).
Socrates, -is, m. (hence adj. Socratious, -a, -am) : a philosopher of
Athens, 469-399 B.C. He was the founder of the dialectic system,
which attempts to find Truth by means of question and answer
(sermonibu*), and amongst his disciples was Plato. He aroused
much ill-feeling amongst the Athenians, and was put on his trial
(399 B.C.) for alleged impiety, and was condemned to death (xxi. 9).
Spartacas, -i, m. : a slave, a native of Thrace, who organised the
great Slave War in Italy, 73-71 B.C. He gained many victories, and
was at last defeated and slain by Orassus. His ravages were so
thorough that Horace doubts whether he can, find a jar of wine
which escaped him (xiv. 19).
Tanais, -is, m. : the river Don, falling into the Palus Maeotis (Sea
of Azov), at the north of the Euxine (x. 1).
Tarentum, -i, n. : (Taranto) a city standing upon the gulf of the
same name, on the southern coast of Italy. It was a colony from
Sparta (L&cedaemon), whence it is called LdcSdaemGnius (v. 56), and
was one of the most important maritime towns in Italy.
Tartarus, -i, m. (or pi. Tartara, -orum, n.) : one of the names given
to the lower world (vii. 17).
Telegonus, -i, m. : a son of Ulysses and the enchantress Circe, who
unwittingly slew his father. He fled to Latium, where he founded
Tusculum (Frascati) on a hill ten miles S.E. of Rome, hence called
Telegoni iuga (xxix. 8).
Thrace, -es, f. (also Thrdoia, -ae, f.) : Thrace, the country forming
the north-eastern coast of the Aegean Sea (xxv. 11). To the Greeks
and Romans it was a land of snow and barbarism. Hence Thrax,
Thracis, m., " a Thraciau " j fern. Thressa. -ae, '• a Thracian woman "
(ix. 9).
110 INDEX OF PROPER NAMES.
Thurii, -ortun, m. (hence adj. Thurinus, -a, -um) : a colony of
Greeks, mostly from Athens, founded 443 B.O. It was near the site
of the ancient Sybaris, and not far from the shore of the Gulf of
Tarentum, in Lucania (ix. 14).
Thynug, -a, .tun : of Bithynia, a region of Asia Minor lying N.E.
of Phrygia (vii. 2).
Tiberis, -is, m. (hence adj. Tlberinus, -a -um) : the river upon
which Rome stands, and upon the left bank of which lies the
Campus Martius (xii. 7).
Tibur, -uris, n. : situated on the side of a hill sixteen miles N.E.
of Rome, in Latium (now Tivoli). It was famous for the beauty
of its scenery, where the Anio, descending from the hills, makes
gullies and cascades. From its lying on a sloping hill, it gets
the epithet of supinum (iv. 23), and, because of its cascades, udum
(xxxi. 6). Horace had a country house there.
Titanes, -nm, m. : the offspring, like the Gigantes, of Uranus
(Heaven) and Ge (Earth), but anterior to them in time. One of the
Titanes was Cronos (Saturn), who deposed UrSnus, and so became
supreme. His son Zeus (Jupiter) in turn attacked Cronos and the
Titanes and finally overcame them. Horace, in iv. 43, apparently
confounds the Titanes with the Gigantes.
Tltjfos, -i, m. : a giant who offered violence to Arte'mis (Diana),
and was punished by being bound in the lower world, where a vulture
daily devoured his liver, which grew again in the night time (iv. 77).
Troia, -ae, f . (hence adj. Troicus, -a, -um) : Troy, the capital of a
small district in the north-west of Asia Minor, called the Troad
(Troas. -adis, f.). It was besieged by the whole force of Greece, the
legends said, for ten years, to avenge the abduction of Helena
(^.v.), wife of MENELAUS, king of Sparta, who had been carried off
by Paris (^.v.). In the tenth year it was taken by stratagem.
Amongst those who escaped was Aeneas ; who was the ancestor of
QUIRINUS (#.t>.).
Tullus, -i, m. : viiL 12, ».
Tuscus, -a, -um : Etruscan, belonging to Etruria, the region to the
north of Latium, between the Apennines and the Gulf of Genoa.
Typhoeus, -oeos, m. : a fire-breathing giant, buried under Mount
Aetna for his rebellion against heaven (iv. 53).
Tyrus, -i, i (hence adj. Tyrius, -a, -um) : the famous capital of
Phoenicia, long the most important commercial city in the world.
It was famous for its purple goods, Tyriae merces (xxix. 60).
Tyrrhenus, -a, um : = Tuscus, g.v. (x. 12).
Venafrum, -i, n. (hence adj. Venafranus, -a, -urn) : a Samnite town
on the borders of Latium. It lay in a beautiful district famous for
its vineyards and olive-orchards (v. 55).
Venus, -eris, t : identified with the Greek AphrSditg, goddess of
love. The name is often used as a common noun = a,mor ; e.g. ix. 17 ;
INDEX OF PROPER NAMES. Ill
xi. 50. She was worshipped in Cythera, an island between the
Peloponnesus and Crete, and was the mother of Cupldo, hence called
Cythereac puer (xii. 4).
Vesta, -ae, f. : one of the chief Roman divinities. She presided
ever the hearth, and in her temple was kept always burning the
sacred fire said to have been brought from Troy. Hence she is called
aeterna (v. 11). Her priestesses were the vestal virgins (of whom
Rhea Silvia (#.«.) was one ; they took an oath of chastity, any
violation of which was punished with living burial.
Volcanus, -i, m.: identified with the Greek Hephaestus, god of
fire ; whence the name is sometimes found as a common noun =
" fire " (iv. 69). He was superintendent of the Cyclopes, who forged
the thanderbolte for Zeus (Jupiter) in their workshops within Mount
Aetna.
Voltur, -urij, m. : a lofty mountain lying to the west of Horace'
birthplace Venusia, and dividing Apulia from Samnium. This
explains the phrase limen Apuliae, " threshold of Apulia " (iv. 10).
APPENDIX.
1. GREEK NOUNS.
NOTE. — The references in dark figures are to the sections in Hayes
and Masom's Tutorial Latin Grammar (Univ. Tutorial Press, 3*. Qd.) ;
those in lighter figures to the sections in Smith's Smaller Latin
Grammar (Murray, 3*. Grf.).
DECLENSION.
(i) Like Aeneas (§§ 62, 18): Boreas, Gyas.
(ii.) Like Tydides (§ 62) or Pelides (§ 18): Bellerophontes,
Gyges.
(iii.) Like Phoebe (§ 62) or Circe (§ 18): Asterie, Calliope, Chloe,
Crete, Danae, Europe, Hippolyte, Lyce, Lyde, Melpomene, Neobule,
Penelope, PhSloe, Phldyle, Rhode, Rhodope, Thrace.
SECOND DECLENSION.
(iv.) Like barbitos (§ 63) or Delos (§ 20) : Cnid5s, Paphos, phase -
los, Tityos.
(v.) Like rhododendron (§ 63) : Ilton, PelI5n.
THIRD DECLENSION.
(vi) Like lampas (§ 65), or in sing. Isls and in pi. Troades
(§ 40) : aegis, Chloris, Euhias, Memphis, Naias, Nereis, Pallas, Paris,
Thyias, CyciadSs, Titangs, Seres. (Chloris has voc. Chlori.)
112 APPENDIX,
(vii.) Like Phaethon (§ 65) : Acheron (base Acheront-), Lrlon (base
Ixlon-), Laomedon (base Laomedont-), Mimas (base Mimant-), Orion
(base Orion-), Porphyrion (base Porpbyrion-), Procy"on (base Procyon-).
( With some Second Declension Forms.)
(viii.) Like Socrates (§ 68) or Pericles (§ 40) : llyattes.
(ix.) Like Atreus (§§ 68, 40) : finipeus, Nireus, Peleus, Typh5eus.
(x.) Melos (neut.) has Sing. Gen. mell, Dat. Abl. meld, PI. N. V. A,
mele (§ 68).
8. BOMB NOTEWORTHY GRAMMATICAL POINTS,
(See the note* on the lines referred to.)
(i.) In the use of the accusative : iv. 21 ; x. 18; xxvii. 18 j xxvii.
27 ; xxvii. 67.
(ii.) In the use of the genitive : i. 36 ; v. 42 ; vi. 17 ; viii. 13
xiii. 13 ; xvii. 16 ; xix. 9 ; xxvii 70 ; xxx. 11 ; xxx. 12.
(iii.) In the use of the dative : xxiii. 1.
(iv.) Locative : v. 44.
(v.) In the use of the ablative : iii. 22 ; iv. 1 ; iv. 55 ; v. t; v. 24 ;
x. 15 ; xi. 51 ; xxiv. 39.
(vi.) In the use of the infinitive : ii. 21 ; iii. 50 ; vi. 11 ; vii. 16 ;
vii. 25 ; viii. 26 ; xi. 3 ; xii. 11, 12 ; xiii. 10 ; xv. 12 ; xix. 2 ; xxi. 6 ;
xxi. 22 ; xxiv. 56 ; xxvii. 73 ; xxviii. 7 ; xxix. 50.
(vii.) Intransitive verbs used personally in the passive : iii 43 •
xix, 4 ; xxix. 27.
3. PECULIAR FORMS.
(See the notet on the lines referred to.)
(1.) lavit : iv. 61 ; lavere, xii. 2.
(ii.) duello : T. 38 ; xiv. 18 ; xxvi t
(iii.) fide : vii. 4.
Q. HORATII FLACCI
C A R M I N V M
LIBER QVARTVS.
NOTE— The text is mainly that of L. Aluller, in which the spelling
conforms closely to the exigencies of the metre • e.g., tuist = tui est.
(Asclepiad 3.)
Intermissa, Yenus, diu
Rursus bella moves 1 Parce, precor, precor.
- Non sum qualis eram bonae
Sub regno Cinarae. Desine, dulcium
Mater saeva Cupidinum, 5
Circa lustra decem flectere mollibus
lam durum imperils : abi,
Quo blandae iuvenum te revocant preces.
Tempestivius in domum
Paulli, purpureis ales oloribus, 10
Comissabere Maximi,
Si torrere iecur quaeris idoneum.
Namque et nobilis et decens
Et pro sollicitis non tacitus reis
Et centum puer artium 1 5
Late signa feret militiae tuae,
Et quandoque potentior
Largi muneribus riserit aemuli,
Albanos prope te lacus
Ponet marmoream sub trabe citrea. 20
iv. \
HORACE. [r., II.
Illic plurima naribus
Duces tura, lyraeque et Berecyntiae
Delectabere tibiae
Mixtis carminibus non sine fistula ;
Illic bis pueri die 25
Numen cum teneris virginibus tuum
Laudantes pede candido
In morem Salium ter quatient humum.
Me nee femina nee puer
lam nee spes animi credula mutui, 30
Nee certare iuvat mero
Nee vincire novis tempora floribus.
Sed cur heu, Ligurine, cur
Manat rara meas lacrima per genas ?
Cur facunda parum decoro 35
Inter verba cadit lingua silentio ?
Nocturnis ego somniis
lam captum teneo, iam volucrem sequor
Te per gramina Martii
Campi, te per aquas, dure, volubiles. 40
II.
(SappJtie.)
Pindarum quisquis studet aemulari,
lule, ceratis ope Daedalea
Nititur pinnis vitreo daturus
Noiuina ponto.
Monte decurrens velut amnis, imbres 5
Quern super notas aluere ripas,
Fervet inmensusque ruit profundo
Pindarus ore,
TI.J ODES IV. 3
Laurea donandus Apollinari,
Seu per audaces nova dithyrambos 10
Verba devolvit numerisque fertur
Lege solutis,
Seu deos regesve canit, deorum
Sanguinem, per quos cecidere iusta
Morte Centauri, cecidit tremendae 15
Flamma Chimaerae :
Sive quos Elea domum reducit
Palma caelestes pugilemve equumve
Dicit, et centum potiore signis
Munere donat, 20
Flebili sponsae iuvenemve raptum
Plorat et vires animumque moresque
Aureos educit in astra nigroque
Invidet Oreo.
Multa Dircaeum levat aura cycnum, 25
Tendit, Antoni, quotiens in altos
Nubium tractus. Ego apis Matinae
More modoque
Grata carpentis thyma per laborem
Plurimum circa nemus uvidique 30
Tiburis ripas operosa parvus
Carmina fingo.
Concines maiore poeta plectro
Caesarem, quandoque trahet feroces
Per sacrum clivum merita decorus 35
Fronde Sygambros;
HORACE. [ll., III.
Quo nihil maius meliusve terris
Fata donavere bonique divi
Nee dabunt, quamvis redeant in aurum
Tempora priscum. 40
Concines laetosque dies et Urbis
Publicum ludum super inpetrato
Fortis Augusti reditu forumque
Litibus orbum.
Turn meae, si quid loquor audiendum, 45
Vocis accedet bona pars, et ' o Sol
Pulcher, o laudande ! ' canam recepto
Caesare felix.
Atque dum procedit, ' io triumphe 1 '
Non semel dicemus, ' io triumphe ! ' 50
Civitas omnis dabimusque divis
Tura benignis.
Te decem tauri totidemque vaccae,
Me tener solvet vitulus, relicta
Matre qui largis iuvenescit herbis 5 5
In mea vota,
Fronte curvatos imitatus ignes
Tertium Lunae referentis or turn,
Qua notam duxit, niveus videri,
Cetera f ulvus. 60
III.
(Asclepiad 3.)
Quern tu, Melpomene, semel •?
Nascentem placido lumine videris,
Ilium non labor Isthmius
Clarabit pugilem, non equus inpiger
HI., IV.] ODES IV. 5
Curru ducet Achaico 5
£. Victorem, neque res bellica Deliis
jjy Ornatum foHis ducem,
Quod regum tumidas contuderit minas,
Ostendet Capitolio ;
Sed quae Tibur aquae fertile praefluunt, i o
Et spissae nemorum comae y
Fingent Aeolio caj^Bine nobilem. -s
Romae priiicipis urbium
Dignatur suboles inter amabiles
Vatum ponere me choros, 1 5
Et iam dente minus mordeor invido.
0 testudinis aureao
Dulcem quae str^pitum, Fieri, temperas, **^
0 mutis quoque piscibus
Donatura cycni, si libeat, sonum, 20
-d^-*^»-«^
Totum muneris hoc tuist,
Quod monstror digito praetereuntium
Romanae fidicen lyrae : X»AA^V-^-^
Quod spiro et placeo, si placeo, tuumst. ** ^
IV.
(Alcaic.')
Qualem ministrum fulminis alitem,
Cui rex deorum regnnm in aves vagas
Permisit expertus fidelem
luppiter in Ganymede flavo,
Olim iuventas et patrius vigor •
Kido laborum propulit inscium,
Vernique iam nimbis remotis
Insolitos docuere nisus
HORACE [IV.
Venti paventem, mox in ovilia
Demisit hostem vividus impetus, 10
Nunc in reluctantes dracones
Egit amor dapis atque pugnae ;
Qualemve laetis caprea pascuis
Intenta fulvae matris ab ubere
lam lacte depulsum leonem 15
Dente novo peritura vidit :
Videre Raetis bella sub Alpibus
Drusum gerentem Vindelici ; quibus
Mos unde deductus per omne
Tempus Amazonia securi 20
Dextras obarmet, quaerere distuli,
Nee scire fas est omnia ; sed diu
Lateque victrices catervae
Consiliis iuvenis revictae
Sensere, quid mens rite, quid indoles 25
Nutrita faustis sub penetralibus
Posset, quid Augusti paternus
In pueros animus Nerones.
Fortes creantur f ortibus et bonis ;
Est in iuvencis, est in equis patrum 30
Virtus, neque inbellem feroces
Progenerant aquilae columbam ;
Doctrina sed vim pro mo vet insitam,
Rectique cultus pectora roborant ;
Utcumque defecere mores, 35
Dedecorant bene nata culpae.
IV. ODES IV. 7
Quid debeas, o Roma, Neronibus,
Testis Metaurum numen et HasdrubaJ
Devictus et pulcher fugatis
Ille dies Latio tenebris, 40
Qui primus alma risit adorea,
Dirus per urbes Af er ut Italas
Ceu flamma per taedas vel Eurus
Per Siculas equitavit undas.
Post hoc secundis usque laboribus 45
Romana pubes crevit, et inpio
Vastata Poenorum tumultu
Fana deos habuere rectos,
Dixitque tandem perfidus Hannibal :
* Cervi luporum praeda rapacium, 50
Sectamur ultro, quos opimus
Fallere et effugerest triumphus.
Gens, quae cremato fortis ab Ilio
lactata Tuscis aequoribus sacra
Natosque maturosque patres 55
Pertulit Ausonias ad urbes,
Duris ut ilex tonsa bipennibus
Nigrae feraci frondis in Algido,,
Per damna, per caedes, ab ipso
Ducit opes animumque ferro. 60
Nori hydra secto corpore firmior
Vinci dolentem crevit in Herculem,
Monstrumve submisere Colchi
Maius Echioniaeve Thebae.
HORACE. [iV., V.
Merses prof undo, pulchrior evenit ; 65
Lnctere, multa proruit integrum
Cum laude victorem geritque
Proelia coniugibus loquenda,
Carthagini iam non ego nuntios
Mittam superbos : occidit, occidit 70
Spes omnis et fortuna nostri
Nominis Hasdrubale interempto.
Nil Claudiae non perficiunt manus,
Quas et benigno numine luppiter
Defendit, et curae sagaces 75
Expediunt per acuta belli.'
V.
(Asclepiad 4.)
Divis orte bonis, optime Romulae
Gustos gentis, abes iam nimium diu ;
Maturum reditum pollicitus patrum
Sancto concih'o redi.
Lucem redde tuae, dux bone, patriae : 5
Tnstar veris enim voltus ubi tuus
Adfulsit populo, gratior it dies
Et soles melius nitent.
Ut mater iuvenem, quern Notus invido
Flatu Carpathii trans maris aequora 10
Cunctantem spatio longius annuo
Dulci distinet a domo,
Votis ominibusque et precibus vocat,
Curvo nee faciem litore dimovet :
Sic desideriis icta fidelibus 15
Quaerit patria Caesarem.
V., VI.] JF> ODES IV. 9
Tutus bos etenim rura perambulat,
Nutrit farra Ceres almaque Faustitas,
Pacatum volitant per mare navitae,
Culpari metuit fides, 20
Nullis polluitur casta domus stupris,
Mos et lex maculosum edomuit nefas,
Laudanttir simili prole puerperae,
Culpam poena prernit comes.
Quis Parthum paveat, quis gelidum Scythen, 25
Quis Germania quos horrida parturit
Fetus incolumi Caesare ? quis ferae
Bellum curet Hiberiae ?
Condit quisque diem colh'bus in suis,
Et vitem viduas ducit ad arbores ; 30
Hinc ad vina redit laetus et alteris
Te mensis adhibet deum ; ^
Te multa prece, te prosequitur mero
Defuso pateris, et Laribus tuum
Miscet numen, uti Graecia Castoris 35
Et magni memor Herculis.
* Longas o utinam, dux bone, ferias
Praestes Hesperiae ! ' dicimus integro
Sicci mane die, dicimus uvidi,
Gum Sol Oceano subest. 40
VI.
(Sapphic.}
Dive, quern proles Niobea mngnae
Vindicem linguae Tityosque raptor
Sensit et Troiae prope victor altae
Phthius Achilles,
10 HORACE. [VT.
Ceteris maior, tibi miles inpar, 5
Fili us quamvis Thetidis marinae
Dardanas turres quateret tremenda
Cuspide pugnax.
Ille mordaci velut icta ferro
Pinus aut inpulsa cupressus Euro, 10
Procidit late posuitque collum in
Pulvere Teucro.
Ille non inclusus equo Minervae
Sacra mentito male feriatos
Troas et laetam Priami choreis 15
Falleret aulam ;
Sed palam captis gravis, heu nefas, heu,
Nescios fari pueros Achivis x%
Ureret flammis, etiam latentem
Matris in alvo, 20
Ni tuis flexns Yenerisque gratae
Yocibus divum pater adnuisset
Rebus Aeneae potiore ductos
Alite muros.
Doctor argutae fidicen Thaliae, 25
Phoebe, qui Xantho lavis amne crines,
Dauniae defende decus Camenae,
Levis Agyieu.
Spiritum Phoebus mihi, Phoebus artem
Carminis nomenque dedit poetae. 30
Virginum primae puerique claris
Patribus orti,
VI., VII.] ODES IV. n
Deliae tutela deae, fugaces
Lyncas et cervos cohibentis arcn,
Lesbium servate pedem meique 35
Pollicis ictum,
Rite Latonae puerum canentes,
Bite crescentem face Noctilucam,
Prosperam frugum celeremque pronos
Volvere menses. 40
Nupta iam dices ' ego dis amicum,
Saeculo festas referente luces,
Reddidi carmen docilis modorum
Vatis Horati.'
vn.
(Archilochian I.)
Diffugere nives, redeunt iam gramina campis
Arboribusque comae ;
Mutat terra vices et decrescentia ripas
Flumina praetereunt ;
Gratia cum Nyinphis geminisque sororibus audet 5
Ducere nuda chores.
Immortalia ne speres, monet annus et almum
Quae rapit hora diem.
Frigora mitescunt Zephyris, ver proterit aestas
Interitura, simul 10
Pomifer autumnus fruges effuderit, et mox
Bruma recurrit iners.
Damna tamen celeres reparant caelestia lunae ;
Nos ubi decidimus,
Quo pater Aeneas, quo dives Tullus et Ancns, 15
Pulvis et umbra sumus.
12 HORACE. [VIL, VIII.
Qnis scit an adiciant hodiernae crastina summae
Tempora di super! ?
Cuncta manus avidas fugient lieredis, amico
Quae dederis animo. 20
Cum semel occideris et de te splendida Minos
Fecerit arbitria,
Non, Torquate, genus, non te facundia, non te
Restituet pietas :
Infernis neque enim tenebris Diana pudicum 25
Liber at Hippolytum,
Nee Lethaea valet Theseus abrumpere caro
Vincula Piritlioo.
vni.
(Asclepiad 1.)
Donarem pateras grataque commodus,
Censorine, meis aera sodalibus,
Donarem tripodas, praemia fortium
Graiorum, neque tu pessima munerum
Ferres, divite me scilicet artium, 5
Quas aut Parrhasius protulit aut Scopas,
Hie saxo, liquidis ille coloribus
Sellers nunc hominem ponere, nunc deum
Sed non haec mihi vis, nee tibi talium
Hes est aut animus deliciarum egens. i o
Gaudes carminibus; carmina possumus
Donare et pretium dicere muneris.
Non incisa notis marmora publicis,
Per quae cpiritus et vita redit bonis
Post mortem ducibus, non celeres fugae 15
Keiectaeque retrorsum Hannibalis minae,
VIII., IX.] ODES IV. 13
Non incendia Carthaginis inpiae
Eius, qui domita nornen ab Africa
Lucratus rediit, clarius indicant
Laudes quam Calabrae Pierides neque, - 20
Si chartae sileant quod bene feceris,
Mercedem tuleris. Quid foret Iliae
Mavortisque puer, si taciturnitas
Obstaret meritis invida Romuli 1
Ereptum Stygiis fluctibus Aeacum 25
Virtus et favor et lingua potentium
Yatum divitibus consecrat insulis.
[Dignum laude virum Musa vetat mori :]
Caelo Musa beat. Sic lovis interest
Optatis epulis inpiger Hercules, 30
Clarum Tyndaridae sidus ab infimis
Quassas eripiunt aequoribus rates,
[Ornatus viridi tempora pampino]
Liber vota bonos ducit ad exitus.
IX.
(Alcaic.)
"Ne forte credas interitura quae
Longe sonahtem natus ad Aufidum
Non ante volgatas per artes
Yerba loquor socianda chordis :
Non, si priores Maeonius tenet 5
Sedes Homerus, Pindaricae latent
Ceaeque et Alcaei minaces
Stesichorique graves Camenae ;
"Nee si quid olim lusit Anacreon
Delevit aetas ; spirat adhuc amor i o
Yivuntque conmissi calores
Aeoliae fidibus puellae.
14 HORACE. [IX.
Non sola comptos arsit adulteri
Crines et aurum vestibus illitum
Mirata regalesque cultus 15
Et comites Helene Lacaena,
Primusve Teucer tela Cydonio
Direxit arcu ; non semel Ilios
Yexata ; non pugnavit ingens
Idomeneus Sthenelusve solus 20
Dicenda Musis proelia ; non ferox
Hector vel acer Deiphobus graves
Excepit ictus pro pudicis
Coniugibus puerisque primus.
Vixere fortes ante Agamemnona 25
JVlulti ; sed omnes inlacrimabiles
TJrguentur ignotique longa
Nocte, carent quia vate sacro.
Paullum sepultae distat inertiae
Celata virtus. Non ego te meis 30
Chartis inoriiatum silebo,
Totve tuos patiar labores
Impune, Lolli, carpere lividas
Obliviones. Est animus tibi
Rerumque prudens et secundis 35
Temporibus dubiisque rectus,
Vindex avarae fraudis et abstinens
Ducentis ad se cuncta pecuniae.
Consulque non unius anni,
Sed quotiens bonus atque fidus ^o
IX. — XI.] ODES IV. 15
ludex honestum praetulit utili,
Reiecit alto dona nocentium
Yoltu, per obstantes catervas
Explicuit sua victor arm a.
possidentem multa vocaveris 45
Recte beatum ; rectius occupat
Nomen beati, qui deorum
Muneribus sapienter uti
Duramque callet pauperiem pati
Peiusque leto flagitium timet, 50
ille pro caris amicis
Aut patria timidus perire.
(Asdepiad2.)
0 crudelis adhuc et Yeneris muneribus potens,
Insperata tuae cum veniet pluma superbiae
Et, quae nunc umeris involitant, deciderint comae,
Nunc et qui color est puniceae flore prior rosae,
Mutatus, Ligurine, in faciem verterit hispidam ;
Dices ' heu,' quotiens te speculo videris alterum,
1 Quae mens est hodie, cur eadem non puero fuit,
Yel cur his animis incolumes non redeunt genae 2 '
XI.
(Sapphic.}
Est mini nonum superantis annum
Plenus Albani cadus ; est in horto,
Phylli, nectendis apium coronis ;
Est hederae vis
16 HORACE. [XI.
Multa, qua crines religata f ulges ; 5
Bidet argento domus ; ara castis
Vincta verbenis avet inmolato
Spargier agno ;
Cuncta festinat manus, hue et illuc
Cursitant mixtae pueris puellae ; 10
Sordidum flammae trepidant rotantes
Vertice fumum.
Ut tamen noris quibus advoceris
Gaudiis, Idus tibi sunt agendae,
Qui dies mensem Veneris marinae 15
Findit Aprilem,
Ture sollemnis mihi sanctiorque
Paene natali proprio, quod ex hac
Luce Maecenas meus adfluentes
Ordinat annos. 20
Telephum, quern tu petis, occupavit
Non tuae sortis iuvenem puella
Dives et lasciva tenetque grata
Compede vinctum.
Terret ambustus Phaethon avaras 25
Spes, et exemplum grave praebct ales
Pegasus terrenum equitem gravatus
Bellerophonten,
Semper ut te digna sequare et ultra
Quam licet sperare nefas putando 30
Disparem vites. Age iam, meorum
Finis amorum,
XI., XII.] ODES IV. I?
(Non enim posthac alia calebo
Femina) condisce modos, amanda
Yoce quos red das : minuentur atrao 35
Carmine curae.
XII.
(Asclepiad 4.)
lam veris comites, quae mare temperant,
Inpellunt animae lintea Thraciae ;
lam nee prata rigent nee fluvii strepunt
Hiberna nive turgidi.
Nidum ponit, Ityn flebiliter gemens, 5
Infelix avis et Cecropiae domus
Aeternum opprobrium, quod male barbaras
Regumst ulta libidines.
Dicunt in tenero gramine piriguium
Custodes ovium carmina fistula 10
Delectantque deum, cui pecus et nigrao
Colles Arcadiae placent.
Adduxere sitim tempora, Vergili ;
Sed pressum Calibus ducere Liberum
Si gestis, iuvenum nobilium cliens, 1 5
Nardo vina mereberis.
Nardi parvus onyx eliciet cadum,
Qui nunc Sulpiciis adcubat horreis,
Spes donare novas largus amaraque
Curarum eluere efficax. 20
Ad quae si properas gaudia, cum tua
Velox merce veni : non ego te meis
Inmunem meditor tingere poculis,
Plena dives ut in domo.
*H.IV. 2
18 HORACE. [XII., X11I.
Verum pone moras et studium lucri 25
Nigrorumque memor, dum licet, ignium
Misce stultitiam consiliis brevem :
Dulcest desipere in loco.
XIII.
(Asclepiad 5.)
Audivere, Lyce, di mea vota, di
Audivere, Lyce : fis anus et tamen
Vis formonsa videri,
Ludisque et bibis inpudens,
Et cantu tremulo pota Cupidinem 5
Lentum sollicitas. Ille virentis et
Doctae psallere Chiae
Pulchris excubat in genis.
Inportunus enim transvolat aridas
Quercus et refugit te, quia luridi 10
Dentes te, quia rugae
Turpant et capitis nives.
Nee Coae referunt iam tibi purpurae
Nee cari lapides tempora, quae semel
Notis condita fastis 15
Inclusit volucris dies.
Quo f ugit venus, heu, quove color ? decens
Quo motus ? Quid habes illius, illius,
Quae spirabat ainores,
Quae me surpuerat mihi, 20
Felix post Cinaram, notaque et artinra
Gratarum fades'? Sed Cinarae breves
Annos fata dederunt,
Servatura diu parem
XIII., XIV.] ODES IV. 19
Cornicis vetulae temporidus Lycen, 25
Possent ut iuvenes visere fervidi
Mul to non sine risu
Dilapsam in cineres facem.
XIV.
(Alcaic.}
Quae cura patrum quaeve Quiritium
Plenis honorum muneribus tuas,
Auguste, virtutes in aevum
Per titulos memoresque fastos
Aeternet, o qua sol habitabiles 5
Inlustrat oras, maxime principum ?
Quern legis expertes Latinae
Yindelici didicere nuper,
Quid marte posses. Milite nam tuo
Drusus Genaunos, inplacidum genus, 10
Breunosque veloces et arces
Alpibus inpositas tremendis
Deiecit acer plus vice simplici ;
Maior Neronum mox grave proelium
Conmisit inmanesque Raetos 1 5
Auspiciis pepulit secundis,
Spectandus in certamine Martio,
Devota morti pectora liberae
Quantis fatigaret minis,
Indomitus prope qualis undas 20
Exercet Auster, Pleiadum choro
Scindente nubes, inpiger hostium
Vexare turmas et frementem
Mittere equum medios per ignes.
HORACE. [XIV.
Sic tauriformis volvitur Aufidus, 25
Qui regna Dauni praefluit Apuli,
Cum saevit horrendamque cultis
Diluviem meditatur agris,
Ut barbarorum Claudius agmina
Ferrata vasto diruit impetu 30
Primosque et extremes metendo
Sfcravit humum sine clade victor,
Te copias, te consilium et tuos
Praebente divos. Nam tibi, quo die
Portus Alexandrea supplex 35
Et vacuam patefecit aulam,
Fortuna lustro prospera tertio
Belli secundos reddidit exitus,
Laudemque et optatum peractis
Imperils decus adrogavit. 40
Te Cantaber non ante domabilis
Medusque et Indus, te profugus Scythes
Miratur, o tutela praesens
Italiae dominaeque Romae.
Te, fontium qui celat origines, 45
iNilusque et Ister, te rapidus Tigris,
Te beluosus qui remotis
Obstrepit Oceanus Britannis,
Te non paventis funera Galliae
Duraeque tellus audit Hiberiae, 50
Te caede gaudentes Sygambri
Conpositis venerantur arinis.
XV.] ODES IV. 21
XV.
(Alcaic.)
Phoebus volentem proelia me loqui
Victas et urbes increpuit lyra,
Ne parva Tyrrhenum per aequor
Vela darem. Tua, Caesar, aetas
Fruges et agris rettulit uberes 5
Et signa nostro restituit lovi
Derepta Parthorum superbis
Postibus, et vacuum duellis
lanum Quirini clausit et ordinem
Rectum evaganti frena licentiae 10
Iniecit emovitque culpas
Et veteres revocavit artes,
Per quas Latinum nomen et Italae
Crevere vires famaque et imperi
Porrecta maiestas ad ortum 15
Soils ab Hesperio cubili.
Custode rerum Caesare non furor
Civilis aut vis eximet otium,
Non ira, quae procudit enses
Et miseras inimicat urbes. 20
Non qui prof undum Danuvium bibunt
Edicta rumpent lulia, non Getae,
Non Seres infidive Persae,
Non Tanain prope flumen orti.
Nosque et profestis lucibus et sacris 25
Inter iocosi munera Liberi,
Cum prole matronisque nostris,
Rite deos prius adprecati.
22 HORACE. LXV'
Virtute functos more patrum duces
J.ydis remixto carmine tibiis 30
Troiamque et Anchisen et almao
Progeniem Yeneris canemus.
NOTES.
t denotes a variant reading.
Proper names that need explanation will be found in the Index.
ODE I.
AN ODE TO THE GODDESS OF LOVE.
ARGUMENT. — Leave me in peace, Venus, for I am grown too old
for love. Address thyself to Paullus Maximus, for he has all the
charms which I lack, and moreover he is rich enough to pay thee
due thanks for thine aid. And yet, why is it that the fair Ligurlnus
haunts my dreams ?
1. intermissa : the Third Book of the Odes was issued as early as
24 B.C., whereas Book IV. cannot have been published before 13 B.C.
—eleven years later. Horace feigns that his reason for once more
writing love poetry is that his passions have again been stirred by
Venus.
2. bella : so we speak of being " smitten" with a lady's charms,
and of "laying siege" to her affections. Bella movere = "to stir
up war."
3. bonae : Horace tells us elsewhere that Cinara was fond of
money, but still fonder of him. Bonae implies no more moral good-
ness than does " my good friend."
6. lustra : a lustrum is properly the sacrifice of purification per-
formed by the Censors at the close of their census in every fifth year.
Hence it comes to mean "a term of five years." As Horace was
born in 65 B.C., the date of this ode must be about 15 B.C. The
phrase circa lustra decem stands as an attribute of a substantive
unexpressed — "a man of fifty." flectere : the metaphor in jlectere
is from a rider guiding his horse.
7. imperils : best taken as ablative of the instrument with Jlectere.
8. revocant : " call back," i.e. from me to themselves.
9. in domum : with comissabere, "wilt go and revel in the house
of . . ."
10. oloribus : ablative of the instrument with ales. The swan
and dove were sacred to Venus, who was represented as drawn
about in a flying car by those birds. Purpureus is "bright,"
"gleaming," and may be applied to any brilliant object.
23
24 HORACE: ODES IV., 1, 2.
11. comissabere : the comus was the "dessert" of a Roman
dinner ; after the ladies of the family had retired, the men drank
and sang or were entertained by professionals. Sometimes one
such company of revellers would march through the streets and
join another; hence comissari, "to take part in a procession of
revellers." The reference is probably to Paullus Fabius Maximus,
consul 11 B.C.
12. iecur : the liver was spoken of by the ancients as the seat of
the emotions, just as the heart is with us.
14. non tacitus : "not silent," i.e. eloquent.
15. artium: here "accomplishments."
17. quandoque : for quandocumque.
18. nmneribus : with potentior ; his qualities avail more than do
his rival's gifts.
19. Albanos prope lacus : we may assume that Paullus had a villa
in the neighbourhood of these lakes, which lay 15 miles S.E. of
Rome, te : i.e. a statue of thee.
22. duces: here " inhale."
24. carminibus : here used of instrumental music — Lieder ohne
Worte.
28. in morem Salium : " after the fashion of the Salii," the
priests of Mars ; they took their name from the dances (salio,
" I dance") with which they celebrated his yearly festival, ter :
referring to the " steps " of the dance.
30. animi mutui : " a return of affection."
31. certare . . . xnero : "to do rivalry with wine," i.e. to join in
a drinking bout.
38. lam captum : the description of a dream, in which Horace
seems to be pursuing Ligurlnus, but never quite overtaking him.
39. Martii Campi : the Campus Martius, bordered on three sides
by the river Tiber, north of the city, was the favourite exercise-
ground of the young Romans. Here they rode, ran, wrestled, and
threw the javelin or quoit (discus), ending up with a plunge in the
river (aquas volubiles).
ODE II.
THE POET DECLINES A TASK WHICH is TOO GREAT FOB HIM.
ARGUMENT. — To aim at rivalling Pindar is a foolish thing, and
dangerous : his voice is as the roar of a river in flood, alike when he
sings of gods, or heroes and their deeds, praises Olympian winners, or
laments the untimely dead. He is the swan, I am but a bee, in-
dustrious indeed, but of little strength.
33. But you, Antonius, are a greater poet: you shall sing of
Caesar's triumphs, and of the city's joy therein. I will join in, if I
can : all of us will do sacrifice to heaven — you with a score of cattle, I
with one small calf.
NOTES. 25
2. ope Daedalea : the words may go with nititur ; but it is more
natural to take them with ceratis — "relies on wings wax-bound by
the device of Daedalus." Daedalus (Daedaleus is an adjective)
made for himself, and for his son Icarus, wings which were
fastened with wax. The two attempted to fly across the sea, but
Icarus was drowned in the attempt, and "gave his name " to the
Mare Icarium, north of Crete. The cause of Icarus' mishap was
that he soared too high and the wax was melted by the sun : hence
his fate is a warning to the too ambitious poet.
4. nomina : a poetical use of the plural for singular.
7. inmensus ruit : "pours unfathomable." The adjective is a
secondary predicate, and the expression is imitated from the regular
Greek idiom, iro\t>j pet — " flows with a mighty stream."
9. laurea : the bay-tree was sacred to Apollo, and so to poets, of
whom he was the patron-deity. This and the three following
stanzas give four several styles of poetry in which Pindar carried
away the palm : (1) Sacred Hymns (dlthi/rambi), vv. 10-12 ;
(2) Paeans (paeanes), vv. 13-16, celebrating the great deeds of demi-
gods and heroes ; (3) Songs of Victory (gpinicia), vv. 17-20, in
honour of prize-winners at the Grecian games ; (4) Dirges (threni)
and Panegyrics (encdmia), vv. 21-24, lamenting the dead and
extolling their merits. Each of these classes is introduced by
sen or sive, excepting the fourth, which is connected by simple -ve
(v. 21).
10. dithyrambos : a Greek word signifying sacred hymns sung
about the altar of Dionysus (Bacchus). The passionate character of
his worship was reflected in the hymns, which were full of
"strange," "unusual" (nova) expressions. How far Pindar's
dithyrambs were irregular (lege solutis) in metre we cannot say,
as all are lost.
11. mimeris : musical "measures," for which the common word
is mSdus.
14. sanguinem : "children," in apposition to reges ; the ancient
Greek kings claimed divine descent, per quos : i.e. Theseus (Index,
s.v. CENTAURI) and Bellerophon (Index, s.v. CHIMAERA).
18. pahna : the victors in the Greek games carried a branch of
palm as the badge of their success ; whence palma comes to mean
"victory." At the Olympic games the victor also wore a wreath
of wild olive. See Index, s.v. ELIS. caelestes : predicative — "lifted
up to heaven" with pride and glory, "godlike."
20. munere : the Song of Victory, which contributes far more to
his fame than do statues (signa).
23. aureos : "noble"; the epithet belongs to all three nouns
preceding, educit in astra : i.e. " makes immortal."
25. multa: "strong," "great." cycnum : poets are of ten called
swans, apparently on account of the legend that the swan sings
sweetly just before its death ; cp. Tennyson's Dying Swan.
26. tendit : tendo is equally common as a transitive or intransitive
verb : "he goes " is either tendit iter (cursum, etc.), or tendit. The
26 HORACE : ODES IV., 2, 3.
relative quotiens is placed after tendit by a common poetical inversion ;
cp. quern, v. 6.
28. more modoque : an alliterative expression like our " bag and
baggage," " kith and kin."
29. per laborem : per with the accusative is a common substitute
for an adverb. So per iocum, " in jest," per taciturn, "quietly."
30. plurinmm : either with nemus, " many a grove," or with
laborem.
31. ripas : the banks referred to are those of the Anio in the
neighbourhood of Tibur.
33. maiore . . . plectro : the plectrum was a quill with which the
performer struck the strings of his lyre. The ablative is either (1)
descriptive, " a bard of bolder quill," i.e. a more majestic poet ; or
(2) instrumental with concinea, " thou shalt hymn with nobler
strain. "
35. sacrum clivum : any general who was counted worthy of a
triumph entered the city on the appointed day in special robes,
carrying a bough of bay (fronde) as the badge of victory, riding in
a chariot, and attended by his army and by the chief of his captives.
He crossed the Forum by the Via Sacra on its northern side, and
ascended the Capitoline Hill by the Clivus Capitolinus or Sacer,
which led from the Forum to the temple of Jupiter, where he
offered sacrifice. Augustus did not return from his expedition to
Germany to check the Sygambri (see Index) until 13 B.C.
39. in aurum : according to the myth there was a cycle of several
ages— of Gold, of Silver, of Bronze, of Iron,— each of which was less
blessed than the former. When the whole series was completed the
golden age was to return, and this is what is meant by " the seasons
returning to their pristine gold," i.e. "to their golden prime."
42. ludum: "holiday." Caesar's triumph would be signalised
by ludi (" public games ") and shows, super : "about," " for."
43. forum : there were several fora at Rome, the oldest and the
chief being the Forum Eomanum, at the eastern foot of the Capitol.
In it stood the law courts (Basilicae), and here was transacted most
of the public business of the city. This would all be at a standstill
on the occasion of a public holiday (called iustitium).
46. Sol : the day on which Augustus returns.
49. t atque dum procedit : most MSS. have teque, dum procedis ;
but te would necessarily refer to Augustus, whereas the Ode is
addressed to Antonius ; two MSS. have teque, dum procedit, which
is explained as addressed to triumphus personified. Te has been
generally regarded as corrupt, and conjectures are numerous : tuque
dum procedis, " whilst thou (Antonius) dost take the lead," "io"que,
dum procedis, atqua (or iamque, or isque, or terque), dum procedit
(sc. Augustus).
51. civitas : in apposition to nos understood from dicemus.
56. in mea vota: in is the equivalent of English "against" in
such phrases as " to prepare against to-morrow," expressing the aim
of an action. So here—" to pay my vow."
NOTES. 27
57. The calf's horns are shaped like the horns of the moon three
days after it is new.
59. duxit : "has got" ; as we say a thing "contracts a stain."
niveus videri : "snow-white to look upon" (lit. "to be looked
upon ") ; this use of the infinitive with an adjective is common in
Horace, but is not a prose construction.
60. cetera : " elsewhere," lit. " as to other parts " ; the accusative
is that of respect.
ODE III.
AN ODE TO MELPOMEKE.
ARGUMENT. — The poet will not win renown at Olympia or in war :
his subject — the trees and streams of home — shall make him glorious.
Even so men call me a poet and famous. But 'tis all thy gift, 0
Muse.
1 . quern : the ancients believed generally in the effect upon after-
life of all circumstances attending a man's birth. Here Horace pre-
tends that the Muses watched over his birth, and so made him a
poet.
2. lumine : lumen is common in the sense of " eye."
4. pugilem : the four great Greek athletic festivals — held at
Olympia, Nemea, Delphi, and the Isthmus of Corinth — included
contests in boxing, wrestling, running, leaping, quoit and javelin
throwing, and racing with teams of two and four horses.
6. res bellica : "deed," "exploit." Deliis . . . foliia : bay, the
badge of victory ; cp. ii. 36.
8. contuderit : the subjunctive (if such it is) seems to mean "on
the ground that he has crushed," as if War (personified) were
explaining the reason for the triumph ; but it is possible that
contuderit may be future-perfect.
10. aquae : this, the subject oifingent, is attracted into the relative
clause by a common idiom.
16. mordeor : the metaphor is the same as in " back-biting."
17. testudinis : properly the "shell" of a tortoise, and then "a
lyre," because Mercury was said to have fashioned the first lyre
from a tortoise-shell. Aureae is used as in ii. 23.
19. mutis . . . piscibus : proverbial; cp. "the uncommunicating
muteness of fishes " (Lamb).
20. cycni : see note on ii. 25.
21. muneris : predicative genitive, "this is all thy gift." tuist :
= tui est. Hoc is explained by the subject-clause quod monstror.
24. spiro : the idea is that the poet, being filled with the spirit
of the Muses, gives it forth to the world as music. Render : " that
melody and power to please are mine . . . ."
28 HORACE: ODES IV., 4.
ODE IV.
AN ODE IN HONOUR or TIBERIUS AND DRUSUS.
ARGUMENT. — The onset of the two Neros was as a full-grown eagle's
swoop, or the attack of a young lion ; and the Vindelici — / know not
why they wear the Amazons' axe — have felt to their cost the full power
of good training conjoined to good birth. 'Twas a Nero that defeated
Hasdrubal, and gave to our fortunes a lasting turn for the better, till
Hannibal confessed that he came as a fawn to hunt the wolf. " Like
the lopped oak, or like the Hydra, Rome gathers fresh strength from
her wounds " he said; "she rises superior to every disaster, and I
own myself defeated. Heaven helps the Claudii, and they are invin-
cible."
1. qual&n : in a simile (as here) any case of qualis is rendered
"just as." When in Latin the object with its enlargement pre-
cedes the verb, it is best to turn the sentence into the passive in
English, ministrum fulminis : the eagle, the bird sacred to Jupiter,
was represented as holding a thunderbolt in his claws.
2. in aves : with regnum. In with the accusative is a common
equivalent for the objective genitive after such nouns as regnum,
imperium.
4. in Ganymede: "in the matter of Ganymede."
5-12. The four predicates are (1) olim propulit, (2) iam docuere,
(3) mox demisit, (4) nunc egit. This last and vidit (v. 16) are best
translated as present-perfect ("has driven . . . has seen"). Olim,
iam, mox, nunc mark four periods.
15. lacte depulsum : "weaned," lit. driven from (the lioness')
milk. It is possible either (1) to make lacte and ubere refer to the
different animals, and to take fulva as meaning the colour of the
red-deer ; or (2) to explain matris as the lion's dam, and make ab
ubere epexegetic of lacte — "a lion lately weaned from his milk, yea,
from the teat of his tawny dam." The second way, though involv-
ing a cumbrous construction, gives the better sense.
16. novo : "young," or "new to bloodshed," "unfleshed."
18. quibus : render the relative as et eis — "and whence their
custom is derived which arms ..." The allusion is obscure.
24. iuvenis : Drusus. revictae : "subdued in their turn (re-)."
27. paternus : Augustus was the step-father of Drusus and
Tiberius.
36. bene nata : lit. " things (i.e. dispositions) nobly born."
37. Augustus' step-sons belonged to the same family as the
consul who defeated Hasdrubal in 207 B.C.
38. Hasdrubal devictus : in English idiom, " Hasdrubal's over-
throw." Sofugatis . . . tenebris (v. 39).
41. adorea : " victory " ; an old word derived from odor, " grain "
or "meal," because the soldiers received a largess of it after a
victory.
NOTES. 29
42. Afer : i.e. Hannibal, so called as a citizen of Carthage, in
Africa, ut : " ever since" ; a somewhat rare but classical construc-
tion, found also in prose.
43. taedas : "pine-trees." Commonly the word means " torches,"
because these were made of pine.
44. equitavit : the word is metaphorically applicable to flamma
and Eurus, as well as literally to Afer.
45. post hoc: i.e. after the victory at the Metaurus. usque:
with secundis — " ever fortunate."
46. inpio : because they violated the temples.
47. tumultu : generally used of a tribal "rising," a war within
the borders of the Roman dominions.
48. rectos : "upright" ; the Carthaginians had thrown down the
(statues of the) gods.
49. perfidus Hannibal : a popular phrase at Rome, as "perfidious
Albion " used to be. in France.
50. cervi : " like deer," in apposition to nos, understood with
sectamur. Praeda, again, is in apposition to cervi, "the prey of
wolves," the sons of Romulus, whom the she-wolf suckled.
51. sectamur ultro : "are taking upon ourselves to chase," " are
actually chasing " ; ultro implies that the action is the reverse of
what would be expected, opimus : "grandest"; Horace adopts
this word from the phrase spolia opima, arms taken on the field
of battle by the victorious from the vanquished general.
52. effugerest : effugere est.
54. sacra: "holy things," i.e. Vesta and the household gods
(penates). Aeneas was said to have brought away from Troy, when
it was sacked by the Greeks, his son Ascanius (natos), his father
Anchises who was too old to escape unaided (matures), together with
Vesta and his household gods. With these he came to Latium,
where Ascanius became the ancestor, under the name of lulus, of
the gens lulia, to which Augustus belonged by adoption.
57-60. Rome is strengthened by her misfortunes as the tree is by
being lopped.
61. secto corpore : one of the Labours of Hercules was to destroy
the nine-headed hydra (water-snake) of Lerna in Argolis.
63. monstrum : see Index, s.w. COLCHUS and THEBAE.
65. merses : "{/"you should sink it." So luctere, next line. This
is known as the concessive subjunctive.
69. Carthagini : dative expressing the goal of motion ; prose would
require the accusative. The allusion is to the messenger who
brought to Carthage the news of Hannibal's victory of Cannae
(216 B.C.). As proof of his report he poured out before the senate
three bushels of gold rings taken from the fingers of Roman knights
killed in the battle.
73. Claudiae : the Neros were a branch of the gens Claudia.
75. curae : either of Augustus or their own.
76. per acuta : the adjective is used as a substantive meaning
"perils."
HORACE: ODES IV., 5, 6.
ODE V.
AN ADDRESS TO AUGUSTUS REQUESTING HIM TO RETURN TO
ROME.
ARGUMENT. — Keep your promise, Caesar, and hurry back to your
expectant people, who mourn for you as a mother mourns her son
weather-bound at sea. You make the earth glad, and give to us every
kind of happiness and virtue. You cause each to dwell under his own
vine, and to reverence you as a god in his prayers at night and morn-
ing.
I. divis : Augustus claimed descent from Venus and Mars.
Others make divis bonis an ablative of attendant circumstance —
" when the gods were kind," i.e. " by the gods' favour." Romulae :
the more usual form of the adjective from Romulus is Romuleus.
3. patrum : "senators," because the original Senate was com-
posed of fathers of families.
5. lucem : " the light of joy."
8. soles : "days " ; cp. ii. 46 and note.
II. longius : adverb, like melius (v. 8). Spatium annuum was
the time available for sailing in one year ; the Romans did not put
to sea during the winter months.
13. ominibus : "by (consulting the) omens," to discover whether
it was well or ill with her son.
18. f farra : the MSS. have rura ; farra is a conjecture accepted
by editors who think that the repetition of rura is awkward and
due to a copyist's error.
19. paoatum : i.e. from pirates. The efficient navy kept up by
Augustus rendered piracy impossible.
20. culpari metuit : " shrinks from being blamed," i.e. " shrinks
from blame," " avoids doing anything which could be censured."
22. mos : "custom," "public opinion." lex : "statute-law."
edomuit : observe this force of e- in compounds — " thoroughly."
23. simili prole : the ablative may be either (1) causal with
laudantur — "praised for (lit. by reason of) offspring," etc., or (2)
descriptive with puerperae — " mothers whose offspring is like (their
husbands) in feature." The allusion is to various laws of Augustus
which aimed at encouraging marriage and punishing unchastity.
24. premit :" treads hard upon." The metaphor is from a pursuer
pressing his foes.
26. horrida : this may refer to the rugged forests of ancient
Germany, and also to the fact that the Germans wore the hair and
moustache long.
27. fetus : attraction of the antecedent to the relative clause.
29. coudit : "sees sink." collibus : vines are commonly grown on
slopes.
30. viduas : elms were used as props, upon which the vines were
NOTES. 31
trained. Hence they are said to be " wedded to the vine " ; and,
when not yet so used, to be "unwedded." ducit : uxorem ducere
is " to take a wife."
31. hinc : i.e. from his vineyard, and his labour there, alteris . . .
mensis : the " second course " of the dinner, at which wine was first
handed round.
33. prosequitur : properly " to escort" ; hence "to attend upon,"
and so "to honour." inero : it was customary when commencing
to drink to pour out a small quantity of wine from the patera (a
flat saucer-shaped vessel) as a libation to the gods of the household
(Lares), and others according to fancy.
35. uti : " just as Greece is mindful of . . ."
38. integro : with die, "unbroken," i.e. when the day has just
begun.
39. sicci : " dry - throated. " uvidi : " in our cups " or " when the
wine is in us."
ODE VI.
A HYMN TO APOLLO AND DIANA.
ARGUMENT. — Thou who dost punish the proud tongues, and didst
conquer even fierce Achilles, who would fain have extirpated by force
our Trojan ancestors, protect thy poet, whom thou hast inspired.
Come, boys and maidens, sing the Ode in honour of your protectress,
Diana the huntress, the giver of fertility, the queen of the night. In
later days ye will be proud to say, " I sang the Secular Hymn of
Horace ! "
The occasion of this Ode was the celebration of the Saeculares
Ludi, in 17 B.C. They recurred once in every 110 (or 100) years,
and included a hymn in honour of Apollo and Diana, sung by a
chorus of twenty-seven boys and as many young girls. On this
occasion Horace received orders to write the Hymn, which we know
as his " Carmen Saeculare," and this Ode is an invocation to Apollo
and Diana to inspire and help him in his task.
I. dive : Index, s.vv. APOLLO and NIOBE. magnae linguae :
"boastful tongue," objective genitive.
3. prope victor : by slaying Hector, the Trojan champion.
8. cuspide : the order of the words shows that this should go
closely with pugnax — "fighting with his spear."
II. procidit : perfect tense, late : " sprawling far and wide."
13. equo Minervae : having failed, after ten years' fighting, to
capture Troy by open war, the Greeks resorted to stratagem. They
professed to be desirous of going home, and constructed a gigantic
horse of wood, in which they concealed some of their picked warriors.
This horse, they gave out, was an offering to Minerva, and the
Trojans were induced to drag it to their citadel, where the hidden
warriors came forth by night, and opened the gates of the town to
32 HORACE : ODES IV., 6-8.
the rest of the Greek army, while the Trojans were sunk in slumber
after the rejoicings over their imagined deliverance.
14. male : "to their cost," a common meaning of the word.
16. falleret : this and ureret (v. 19) stand in the apodosis to the
conditional clause ni . . . adnuisset (21-24). Normal usage would
require fefellisset . . . ussisset, referring to actions not realised in
the past. But in poetry the imperfect is occasionally used in such
sentences in place of the pluperfect, and is then to be explained as
graphically representing the action in progress : "he would not
have set about deceiving . . . but would have been seen burning ..."
17. palam . . . gravis : to be taken together; gravis : "without
pity for."
22. divum pater : Jupiter.
23. rebus : "fortunes," as in the phrases res secundae, res adversae.
ductos : " traced out."
24. alite : since birds were specially observed in taking omens,
ales and avis are both used as equivalents for omen, muros : the
reference is to the walls of Rome. Jupiter having promised that
these should be founded by Aeneas' descendants, the total destruc-
tion of the Trojans, which would have been carried out by Achilles,
had to be averted by the latter's death.
26. lavis : a third-conjugation form equivalent to lavas.
27. decus : abstract for concrete, as in English " the pride of,"
viz. Horace himself ; or possibly merely " the honour of the Daunian
Muse."
28. levis : "smooth" (note the quantity), i.e. "beardless."
Apollo was represented as having long hair, but neither beard nor
moustache. Agyieu : see Index.
29. spiritum : "inspiration," which the god was supposed to
breathe into (inspirare) the poet ; it is contrasted with artem,
"artistic skill."
33. tutela : "wards," abstract for concrete.
35. Lesbium : "of Lesbos," i.e. in this case Sapphic. See Index,
s.v. AEOLIA. Pes is common of musical "feet " or " bars."
36. pollicis : Horace represents himself as beating time with his
thumb.
38. crescentem face: "increasing with her torch," i.e. with
crescent torch, the epithet being transferred, as often in poetry.
Noctilucam : see Index, s.v. DIANA.
39. frugum : the genitive is objective, celerem . . . volvere : see
note on ii. 59.
41. nupta iam dices : "soon, when married, thou wilt say."
arnicum : adjective qualifying carmen.
42. saeculo : see the introduction to this Ode.
43. modorum : objective genitive with docilis.
NOTES. 33
•
ODE VII.
MAN SHOULD LIVE MERRILY WHILE HE MAY.
ARGUMENT. — Winter is over, and Spring is returning; the seasons
are renewed year after year, but man never renews his youth. Then
be merry while there is time, for we know not when we must die, and
there is no return to life. Not even the gods and heroes can free their
favourites from death.
3. mutat terra vices: "Earth undergoes her usual changes,"
i.e. the seasons in their regular order.
4. praetereunt : " flow by," i.e. within, their banks ; the floods of
winter and autumn are over.
6. nuda : the three Graces were represented as naked, and there-
fore afraid of chill weather. 8. rapit : "hurries on or away."
12. iners: "unproductive."
13. damna . . . caelestia : "their losses in the sky," i.e. their
monthly waning, which is as regularly balanced by their monthly
increase from new to full.
16. pulvis et umbra : the dead are reduced to dust (pulvis) on
earth, and ghosts (umbrae) in the Lower World.
19. amico . . . dederis animo : i.e. all that one spends upon one's
own dear self, on one's own pleasure. Corpus or animus, as the case
may require, often stands where we speak merely of a man's self.
21. splendida : "majestic," referring to the solemnity of Minos
judgment-seat. Minos : Aeacus (viii. 25), Rhadamanthus, and
Minos were the three judges of the Lower World, before whom the
souls of all the dead came for judgment.
28. Pirithoo : for the allusion see Index, s.v. THESEUS.
ODE VIII.
ADDRESSED AS A GIFT TO MARCIUS CENSORINUS.
ARGUMENT. — / cannot afford costly presents, such as works of art,
nor do you need them ; but you are a judge of verses, so I send you
these. After all, poetry can do more to make a man famous than
any monument for famous deeds. It was so with Scipio, with
Romulus, and many others, even with some who are now among the
gods.
C. Marcius Censorinus, consul in 8 B.C., was one of the most
engaging men of the time.
1. commodus : " v/ith pleasure," lit. "obligingly." Latin com-
monly uses a predicative adjective, where English employs an
adverb, in speaking of a person's bodily or mental attitude while
performing an action.
*H. IV. 3
34 HORACE : ODES IV., 8, 9.
2. aera: "bronzes," i.e. statues, candelabra, etc., in that
material.
3. tripodas : a tripod, a three-legged stand, usually of bronze,
was often a prize (praemium) at Greek athletic contests.
4. munerum : partitive genitive with pessima.
5. artium : " works of art."
6. Parrhasius : Parrhasius (fl. 400 B.C.) of Ephesus was the most
celebrated painter of his time, as Scopas (fl. 380 B.C.) of Paros was
the most famous sculptor. To this refer saxo ("marble") and
coloribus in the next line.
8. ponere : " to set up " or "represent."
9. vis : "abundance" — " I have not abundance of these things,"
i.e. works of art.
10. res : " estate " in the sense of " fortune," " lot in life " ; i.e.
you are too rich to need such gifts from me. deliciarum :
" luxuries," generally in a contemptuous sense.
12. pretium dicere : "tell the value of the gift," i.e. what it is
worth, f For muneris there is another reading — muneri, dative of
reference, " to assign a value to the gift."
13. notis: "marble (monuments) sculptured with a nation's
records" ; i.e. public inscriptions setting forth the great deeds of
great men in language which " makes them live again " (v. 14).
15. fugae : plural for singular by common poetic licence. The
reference is to the flight of Hannibal after the battle of Zama,
202 B.C. The nouns marmora, fugae, minae, incendia all stand as
subjects to indicant, v. 19.
16. reiectae . . . retrorsum : "flung back again," a pleonasm
(redundance).
18. eius : to be joined with laudea. If the lines are genuine,
Horace is thinking of two Scipios, Africanus Maior and Minor. The
former defeated Hannibal, won the surname Africanus, and was
praised by Ennius ; the latter burnt Carthage. It is probable that
the passage from non (v. 15) to rediit (v. 19) has been interpolated :
the use of eius for illius is especially suspicious — indeed the pronoun
i« is hardly used at all by Augustan poets.
20. Calabrae Pierides: see Index, s.v. ENNIUS.
21. si ... sileant . . . tuleris : "if ... they should be silent . . .
would you be found to have won." feceris : subjunctive, because
in a relative clause dependent on a subjunctive. In such cases the
mood of the subordinate verb is usually assimilated to that of the
main verb.
23. puer : i.e. Romulus, v. 24, the son of Ilia (Rhea) and Mavors
(Mars).
25. fluctibua : dative ; cp. Pirithoo, vii. 28. In v. 32 eripere takes
a different construction. Aeacum : see vii. 21, n.
26. virtus : " force of genius," "poetic power." potentium : be-
cause they can give immortality.
27. vatum : the genitive (possessive) belongs to all the nomina-
tives in the preceding line, insulis : the "Islands of the Blest"
NOTES. 35
were supposed to be the home after death of such as were exception-
ally distinguished for goodness.
28. This line and v. 33 are inclosed in brackets to indicate that
they are regarded as interpolations. If they are omitted, the
Ode can be divided into stanzas of four lines each, like the other
Odes of Horace.
29. caelo . . . beat : "makes men rich with heaven," i.e. exalts them
to heaven, and so makes them immortal.
31. sidua : appositive to Tyndaridae, which is nominative. The
Tyndaridae (sons of Tyndareus of Sparta) were really the children
of his queen Leda and Jupiter, and brothers of Helen. Their
names were Castor and Pollux, and they were regarded as the
patrons of navigators ; cp. Acts xxviii. 11.
33. ornatus . . . tempora : "his temples adorned" ; tempora is
accusative of respect.
ODE IX.
ONLY THOSE WIN IMMORTALITY OF WHOM THE POETS SING.
ARGUMENT. — My poetry will live, as that of the Greeks has lived.
Many notable men and deeds have been forgotten because no poet cele-
brated them : you, Lollius, shall be made immortal by my songs ; I will
praise your virtues, and name you as the truly happy man — one who
knows how to make a right use of his gifts.
Marcus Lollius, commander of the army on the Rhine, was in
16 B.C. defeated by the Sygambri, and lived for some years after
at Rome ; about 1 B.C. he accompanied Gaius Caesar, the adopted
son of Augustus, to the East as tutor. He is said to have been
there detected in treasonable practices with the Parthians, and to
have committed suicide, 2 A.D. He was immensely rich, and a
personal friend of the Emperor.
1. ne forte : this stanza states the aim of the writer in making
the main assertion non . . . latent in the next stanza, to which is
subordinated the protasis (condition) si . . . tenet.
2. Aufidum : Horace was born at Venusia, which stands upon the
Aufidus.
3. non ante volgatas per artes : the " forms of art (i.e. metres)
not hitherto made known " are the Greek metres which Horace uses
in the Odes ; these are to be accompanied on the lyre (socianda
chordis ), i.e. the verse is lyric.
7. minaces : alluding to Alcaeus' active opposition to the demo-
cratic party.
8. graves: "solemn," "stately."
9. olim : besides meaning "formerly" or "at some future
time," olim can (as here) mean "at any time." lusit : ludere is
often used as a transitive verb in the sense of writing light, sportive
verses. From it must be supplied the object to delevit.
36 HORACE : ODES IV., 9-11.
12. puellae : possessive genitive with jidibus, which in its turn
depends on conmissi. Sappho is meant ; see Index.
13. adulteri: Paris.
14. crines et aurum : object of mirata. illitum : " inwrought
upon," lit. "smeared upon."
17. Cydonio : see Index, s.v. TEUCER.
19. vexata : sc. est. Ilios is used generically, as we say " a Troy,"
meaning any similar town.
21. dicenda : attributive ; cp. socianda, v. 4. proelia : cognate
accusative with pugnavit.
24. coniugibus : the plural may refer to the women of Troy
generally.
26. inlacrimabiles : here in a passive sense, " unwept." It is
sometimes active — "tearless," "pitiless."
27. urguentur: "are pressed," " whelmed," "buried."
28. sacro : poets are supposed to be under the protection of the
god who inspired them : hence the epithet.
34. obliviones : subject of carper e. An abstract substantive
when used in the plural usually refers to several instances in which
the quality manifests itself; here perhaps "continued forgetful-
ness."
37. vindex : in apposition to animus. So consul, v. 39. Abstinens
refers to the same noun. The genitive is here used with an ablatival
meaning in imitation of the Greek.
39. consul : there would be no harshness to a Roman's ear in
speaking of one's animus as consul, because to him the animus was
closely identified with the person ; cp. note on vii. 19. unius anni :
the consuls at Rome were elected to serve for one year only.
Lollius had been consul 21 B.C. ; but Horace says that, although his
office had been but for one year, his heart was so honest as to seem
always a consul, i.e., as we should say, always king,
41." index : appositive to animus, which is the subject of praetulit,
reiecit, explicuit. Honestum and utili are both used as substantives.
They are philosophical terms for "moral duty" and " expediency."
According to the Stoic philosophy, the man who always did his
duty was happy even in beggary, a monarch even in slavery.
42. alto : "lofty," i.e. not bending to the proffered bribe. The
allusion is to Lollius' incorruptibility when acting as a judge.
Before reiecit must be understood et, as also before per obstantes ;
quotiens extends its force to the following three verbs in the
indicative.
the arms are moral virtues (cp. Ephesians vi. 13-17).
45. vocaveris : potential perfect subjunctive of modified assertion,
" one would not call."
51. non ille . . . timidus : "he who fears not " ; ille is not gram-
matically required, but adds emphasis.
NOTES. 37
ODE X.
ADDRESSED TO A BEAUTIFUL BUT SCORNFUL FAVOURITE.
ARGUMENT. — You are fair to-day, Ligurinus ; but when your
cheeks are smooth no longer and your locks are gone, you will wish
your time over again.
2. pluma : the "down" of the early beard, superbiae : best
taken as dative with veniet.
3. deciderint : i.e. have been cut.
4. qui color: "the bloom which," the antecedent being trans-
ferred to the relative clause, prior : " taking precedence of," i.e.
excelling.
5. mutatus . . . verterit : " change and turn," i.e. when the rose-
pink of youth gives place to the bristly beard of manhood.
6. alterum : "your other self," i.e. yourself so different. The
Romans used mirrors of polished metal, not of glass like ours.
8. incolumes : i.e. not yet spoiled by the growth of the beard.
ODE XI.
AN INVITATION TO PHYLLIS TO KEEP MAECENAS' BIRTHDAY,
APRIL 13TH.
ARGUMENT. — / have all the materials for a sacrifice and a feast,
and my household is astir with preparations : come and keep with
me the Ides of April, and forget Telephus. He is no match for you.
Remember Phaethon and Bellerophon ! Come, last of my loves, and
sing to me.
1. superantis : " getting over its ninth year," i.e. more than nine
years old, and therefore well matured.
2. Albani : sc. vini. The ellipsis of vinum with similar adjectives
is frequent ; e.g. Falemum, Massicum, Chium. The Alban was one
of the best Italian wines.
4. vis : here " a quantity," "abundance."
5. qua . . . fulges : " (decked) with which you look pretty."
crines religata : " when you have tied your hair back." The passive
participle and occasionally other parts of the passive verb are used
by poets in a " middle " sense with a direct object ; by "middle "
sense it is meant that the subject performs an action on some part
of his body or attire, e.g. accingitur gladium, "he girds on his
sword."
6. ridet: " is bright." ara : made of turf for the occasion.
8. spargier : archaic infinitive passive.
9. manus : here " band," i.e. the household (familia) of slaves.
10. pueris puellae : i.e. slaves male and female ; so we speak of a
Cape "boy" and a "servant girl."
38 HORACE : ODES IV., 11-13.
13. ut noris : for the construction see note on ix. 1.
14. Idus : the Ides fell on the 13th of the month, except in the
case of March, May, July, and October, when they came on the
15th. The whole month of April was sacred to Venus, who was
said to have sprung from the foam of the sea (whence marinae).
19. adfluentes : "as they glide on."
22. tuae sortis : genitive of quality with iuvenem, " not of thine
estate," i.e. too high a lover for Phyllis (disparem, v. 31).
25. ambustus Phaethon : " Phaethon's fiery doom," just as ante
urbem conditam = "before the foundation of the city."
27. gravatus : "disdaining."
29. digna : neuter plural with te (ablative).
30. putando : "by thinking," but practically equivalent to a
participle ; the usage survives in the French invariable participle
and in Italian.
32. finis : abstract for concrete, " end," i.e. last one ; addressed
to Phyllis.
ODE XII.
AN INVITATION TO VERGILIUS TO JOIN IN FURNISHING A
DRINKING BOUT.
ARGUMENT. — Spring has come again; the nightingale is nesting,
and the shepherds are piping in the fields. 'Tis thirsty weather,
Vergilius ; and if you are willing to find perfumes, I have an excel-
lent cask of wine. I can't undertake to provide everything ; but I
hope you will come, and that speedily.
I. veris comites : the "comrades" of Spring are the North
winds, the Thraciae animae, a Greek name for winds blowing from
the North, Thrace lying north-east of Greece, temperant : "re-
strain," "calm" ; the ancients regarded a gentle breeze as calming
the sea, just as a strong wind makes it rough.
3. rigent : with frost.
6. et : the conjunction joins the epithet infelix and the appositive
noun opprobrium. Cecropiae : "of Cecrops," first king of Athens,
and so "Athenian." See Index, s.v. ITYS.
7. male : " horribly," with est ulta.
8. regum : generic plural, where we should use the indefinite
singular, "a prince."
II. deum : i.e. Faunus, an Italian god of flocks and fields, identi-
fied with Pan, whose favourite land was Arcadia, the mountainous
central portion of the Peloponnesus.
13. Vergili : an unknown person, not the great poet, who had
died in 19 B.C.
14. pressum : " pressed," i.e. the grapes were trodden in the vine-
presses of Gales. Liberum : here used as a common noun ( = vinum).
Cp. venus, xiii. 17 ; marte, xiv. 9.
NOTES. 39
15. cliens : a wealthy or distinguished Roman was the patron
(patronus) of a number of men of humble station. These were his
"clients," and they were expected to be present at their patron's
receptions and to attend him upon any occasion when he appeared
in public, e.g. when canvassing for election. The patronus was
bound to protect his cliens, and defend him in the law-courts.
16. nardo : Vergilius was to bring Horace a box of spikenard,
a valuable ointment.
17. onyx : " alabaster " ; here a small box of that material, con-
taining the ointment (cp. St. Matthew xxvi. 7).
18. Sulpiciis : adjective ; the Sulpicii were the owners of wine-
stores, adcubat : this word is frequently used of " reclining at
table," according to the Roman custom ; here it is appropriately
used of the cadus, which was a large earthenware vessel with two
handles and a slim body pointed at the foot, horreis : properly
"granaries."
19. donare . . . largus : "generous in giving " ; cp. note on ii. 59.
amara . . . curarum : for the partitive genitive with the neuter
plural adjective cp. iv. 76 and note.
22. merce : i.e. the ointment, which he is to " trade " with Horace.
26. nigromm . . . ignium : the " black flames" which would one
day consume his dead body on the funeral pyre.
28. in loco : " in season," " opportunely."
ODE XIII.
ADDRESSED TO A FADED BEAUTY.
ARGUMENT. — You are getting old now, Lyce, yet you make a pitiful
show of youth and love. But no art will restore the charms which
time has destroyed. And how unlike you are to Tier whom I once
loved best. That was after Cinara's time : she died in her prime,
but fate has preserved you to be the laughing-stock of young men.
5. pota : "when flushed with wine."
9. inportunus : " without pity " ; cp. note on viii. 1. The
"withered oaks" are, of course, old women like Lyce.
10. luridi: "yellow."
13. Coae : the silken and linen dress materials manufactured at
Cos were exceedingly fine and thin, corresponding to our muslin 01
gauze.
15. condita : stored, fastis : records of public events (hence
notis) year by year, such as the names of the consuls, dates of
festivals, etc.
17. venus : " charms."
18. illius : the genitive is partitive with quid, " What have you
(now) of that Lyce I once knew, who," etc.
20. surpuerat : for surripuerat ; in such a form the meeting of
40 HORACE : ODES IV., 13, 14.
consonants through the omission of a vowel is called syncope and
the form is said to be syncopated.
21. felix : "in favour (with me)." post Cinaram : in view of
the following lines it is best to understand post as temporal
(" after Cinara's death") rather than as "second in my affections."
artium gratarum facies : genitive of quality, "and a beauty of
winsome wiles."
25. cornicis : crows are still proverbial for long life.
28. facem : "her torch," i.e. the torch of her beauty, which waa
now burnt to ashes.
ODE XIV.
A PANEGYRIC UPON TIBERIUS AND AUGUSTUS.
ARGUMENT. — How shall we raise to thee the monuments thy virtues
merit, Augustus ? It is under thy auspices that Tiberius has routed
the Baeti and their fellows, scattering them as a whirlwind the
waters. His onset was as thejlood of a mighty river, but all his good
fortune was drawn from thee. This is the fifteenth year of thy power,
and lo ! all the peoples of the wide earth are obedient to thee.
1. quae cura : the verb is aeternet, v. 5, which is deliberative
subjunctive. Quiritium : the name of the Roman people in home
affairs, while Romani was used in connection with foreign affairs.
2. honorum : genitive of material, " gifts consisting of honours."
Amongst the honores bestowed on Augustus were the offices of
Consul, Triumvir, and Pontifex Maximus ; the powers of Pro-
consul, Consul, Censor, and Tribune ; and the titles of Imperator,
Augustus, Princeps Senatus, and (at a later date) Pater Patriae.
4. titulos : "inscriptions" on triumphal arches and other public
monuments, fastos : see note on xiii. 15. They would record the
various offices held by the Emperor, and his different titles of honour
as set forth in the decrees of the Senate bestowing them.
7. quern . . . didicere . . . quid . . . posses : the subject of the
dependent clause is made the object of the main verb ; cp. " We
know thee, who thou art."
8. didicere: "have learned to their cost";cp. sensere, iv. 25.
nuper : 15 B.C. See above, Ode iv.
9. marte : the proper name is used as a common noun equivalent
to bellum. Cp. xiii. 17, venus. tuo : because in theory the Emperor
alone possessed the imperium militare — the right to command
Roman troops. See note on v. 33.
10. Genaunos : a petty tribe of the Raetian Alps, as are also the
Breuni, v. II.
13. plus vice simplici : " with more than simple requital. " Quam
is omitted after plus. Vice means " interchange," and so " recom-
pense." Horace means that the chastisement of the Genauni was
far more than their successes had been.
NOTES. 41
14. maior : sc. natu, "elder," i.e. Tiberius. The younger was
Drusus.
17. spectandus : "so notable in war's strife for the greatness of
the overthrow wherewith he wearied," etc. The construction of
spectandus quantis fatigaret is best regarded as the passive form of
that explained in the note on v. 7 above, the active form being
something like operae pretium est ilium spectare, quantis . . .
18. liberae : a "free death" is such a death as free men die.
21. exercet : "stirs up." Pleiadum : the Pleiades ("sailing")
are seven stars which rise in May and set in October. Their rising
and setting marked the times when winter's storms ceased and
began, and were the limits of the Roman sailing season.
25. tauriformis : "like a bull." Rivers were represented in art
as horned figures, either because of their roaring like bulls, or
because of their branching like the horns of a bull.
29. lit: answering to sic, v. 25. 30. ferrata: "mail-clad."
31. metendo : cp. putando, xi. 30.
33. te : Augustus, who, as Emperor, alone possessed the control
of all the Roman armies (imperium), and who alone could take the
auspices, i.e. perform the sacrifices which were necessary to win the
favour of heaven for any military undertaking. Divos praebente
means that Augustus, in taking the auspices on this occasion, found
the gods favourable, and so, as it were, lent them (i.e. their favour)
to his deputy, Tiberius. The taking of the auspices involved the
offering of a sacrifice to Jupiter in the Capitol, and the observation
of the signs or omens attendant upon the sacrifice. Cp. v. 16.
34. quo die : "on the day when," i.e. on the same day of the
year ; but there is no need to suppose that Horace is exact here.
The allusion is to the entry of Augustus into Alexandria, the
capital of Egypt, after his victory at Actium, 31 B.C.
36. vacuam : it was " deserted " because its queen Cleopatra had
committed suicide, like Antonius, after their defeat at Actium.
37. lustro : see note on i. 6. Three lu tra = fifteen years:
therefore this Ode was written 16 B.C.
40. imperils : here " campaigns " ; as we speak of a man " hold-
ing commands," i.e. acting as a commander, adrogavit : "conferred
in addition" ; the word is probably meant as the counterpart of
prorogare, " to prolong a command."
42. Medus : see Index, s.v. PARTHUS.
43. tutelar "warden" (tutor), abstract for concrete. Contrast
its use in vi. 33. Here it is active, " one who guards " ; there it is
passive, " one who is guarded." praesens : lit. "present," and so
" present to bless."
45. qui : the relative is made to precede its grammatical ante-
cedent, Nilus. The sources of the Nile were unknown until late in
the nineteenth century.
49. funera: "death." The Gauls had a great reputation for
valour ; moreover, the Druids taught them to look forward to a life
after death.
42 HORACE : ODES IV., 14, 15,
50. durae : " stubborn," alluding to the long resistance of Spain
to the Roman yoke. It was only finally conquered in 19 B.C., nearly
200 years after the first entry of Roman troops.
52. conpositis : depono is the prose word for "laying down
arms " ; compono includes the idea of " laying to rest."
J
ODE XV.
IN HONOUR OF AUGUSTUS.
ARGUMENT. — I cannot sing of thy wars and conquests, Caesar:
such a task is beyond me. Thou hast made Italy happy once more,
retrieved her past disgraces, brought back peace, restored the long, for-
gotten innocence which made her power world-wide. While thou art
our guardian we have no fear of any foe however savage, but with our
wives and children we hymn thy praises, thou godlike descendant of
the gods.
2. lyra: with increpuit, "rebuked with his lyre," i.e. by striking
angry or warning notes.
4. Caesar: i.e. Augustus Caesar, aetas : "era," "days."
5. fruges et : et is "both," and is placed second in its clause.
The lands had been devastated in the Civil War, but with the
return of peace were again being cultivated.
6. signa : see Index, s. v. PARTHUS. lovi : Jupiter Capitolinus, whose
favour was essential to the success of every Roman army. See note
on xiv. 33.
9. lanuin Quirini : the god Janus is represented as having a head
with two faces and was regarded as the patron deity of gates ;
the term lanus is applied as a common noun to an arcade or
colonnade with an entrance at either end. Quirinus is another
name for Romulus. The arcade or temple in question was commonly
known as the lanus Quirinus, not (as here) Quirini. It was .closed
only when Rome was at peace with all the world ; while any war
was in progress the temple stood open. Augustus thrice closed it
(29, 18, 10 B.C.), although it had onlytwice been closed before.
12. artes : "virtues," " morals "; cp. note on i. 15.
13. Latinum nomen : i.e. "the Latin race."
18. f eximet : there is a v.l. exiget, " will drive away."
21. qui : those who " drink of the Danube " are the Daci.
22. edicta . . . lulia : "the Julian decrees," i.e. the decrees of
Augustus, who became a member of the gens Julia when adopted
by his great-uncle, Julius Caesar. Getae : a^bfancTTof the Scythians.
23. Persae : in Horace Persae always means Parthians ; see Index
a.v. PARTHUS.
24. Tanain : " those born near the Don " are the Scythians.
30. Lydis : Lydian tunes were famous.
31. Troiam : the gens lulia claimed descent from lulus, son of
Aeneas, son of Venus and Anchises of Troy,
INDEX
OF PEOPEE NAMES.
NOTB. — This Index does not include (a) such well-known names as Roma,
Italia, etc. ; (6) names of imaginary persons mentioned in the Odes, e.g. Chloe.
Achaia, -ae, f. : originally the name of the territory on the
northern coast of the Peloponnesus, but applied by the Romans
to their province, which included the whole of Greece south of
Thessaly. Hence the adj. Aehaicus : Grecian (iii. 5).
Achilles, -is, m. : son of Peleus and the sea-goddess Thetis (vi. 6),
the bravest of all the Greeks at Troy. He was slain in the last year
of the war by one of Apollo's arrows from the bow of Paris, and so
was " no match for Apollo " (vi. 4).
Achivi, -um or -onun, m. : a collective name for the Greeks in
Trojan times, derived from their chief tribe, the Achaeans. Adjec-
tive, Achivus, -a, -um, Grecian (vi. 18).
Aeacus, -i, m. : father of Peleus and grandfather of Achilles, for
his justice on earth appointed after death to be one of the three
judges of souls in the Lower World (viii. 25).
Aeneas, -ae, m. : a Trojan, son of Anchises and Venus, who after
the destruction of Troy fled to Italy ; he was regarded as the
ancestor of the Romans, and especially of the gens lulia, to which
Augustus belonged.
Aedlia, -ae, f., or Aedlis, -idis, f. : a district of Mysia in Asia
Minor. Hence Aedlius, -a, -um : Aeolian, i.e. of the A*eolic Greek
island of Lesbos off the coast of Asia Minor, near the Hellespont,
the home of the great Greek lyric poets, Alcaeus and Sappho (about
610 B.C.). Hence Carmen Aeolium or Lesboum (iii. 12) = songs
like those of Alcaeus and Sappho. Horace boasted himself the first
to write such odes in Latin, but he had been preceded to some
extent by Catullus (87-47 B.C.).
Africa, -ae, f . : Africa. In particular the name was applied to
the Roman province of Africa, the region immediately adjacent
to Carthage, from the invasion or conquest of which the Scipios took
the name of Africanus (viii. 18). See CARTHAGO. Adj. Afer, -ri,
m. : African.
43
44 INDEX OF PROPER NAMES.
Agamemnon, -onis, m. : brother of Menelaus (s.v. HELENE) and
king of Mycenae. He was the generalissimo of the Greeks in the
Trojan war. On his return he was murdered by his wife Clytaem-
nestra (ix. 25).
Agyieus, -ei, m. : a title of Apollo (g.v.) as guardian of public
streets (Greek, ayvtd) (vi. 28).
Alba, -ae, f. : an ancient Latin city on the Mora Albanus, fifteen
miles south of Rome, overlooking the Albanus lacus (i. 19). Rome
was said to have been founded by colonists from Alba Longa.
Albanus, -a, -um : of Alba, Alban. As a substantive Albanum (sc.
vinum), wine of Alba, which was of high quality (xi. 2).
Alcaeus, -i, m.: floruit about 610 B.C. ; s.v. AEOLIA (ix. 7). His
poetry is spoken of as Minaces Camenae because of its strong political
and warlike feeling, Alcaeus being an. ardent aristocrat, and having
served in a war between Mytilene and Athens, 611 B.C., for the
possession of Sigeum in the Troad (ix. 7).
Alexandria, -ae, f. : Alexandria, the chief port and capital of Egypt,
named after Alexander the Great of Macedon, who founded it in 332
B.C. When Antonius divided the world with Augustus (41 B.C.)
he made it his headquarters, and lived at the court of its queen,
Cleopatra. It surrendered to Augustus immediately after the battle
of Actium, 31 B.C. (xiv. 35).
Algidus, -i, m. : a low range of fertile hills between Praeneste
and the Mons Albanus, S.E. of Rome. It was famous for the
excellence of its pasturage and the fine growth of its oak woods
(iv. 58).
Amaz5nes, -um, f. : a mythical nation of female warriors living
on the Thermodon river in Asia. Amazonius, -a, -um : Amazonian ;
applied to their peculiar double-headed axe (iv. 20).
Anacreon, -ntis, m. : a famous poet of Teos, one of the cities of the
Asiatic coast near Lesbos. His subjects were mainly love and wine,
and gave their name to similar verses in later times, which were
known as Anacreontics. He lived 650-480 B.C., spending most of
his time at the courts of Polycrates, tyrant of Samos, and of Hippar-
chus, tyrant of Athens (ix. 9).
Ancus, -i, m. : Ancus Martius, the fourth king of Rome, 642-617 B.C.
(vii. 15).
Apollo, -mis, m. (adj. Apollinaris, -e) : god of music, poetry, light,
and healing, brother of Diana, and son of Latona and Jupiter. He
•u as also called Phoebus, Agyieus, Cynthius, etc. ; and the river
Xanthus in Asia, and the island of Delos, were believed to be
favourite resorts of his (vi. 1, 26, etc.).
Apulia, -ae, f. (adj. Apulus, -a, -um) : the region on the east coast
of Italy, north of Calabria. One of its towns was Venusia, the birth-
place of Horace. From a mythical king Daunus it was sometimes
ailed Daunia, q.v. (xiv. 26).
Aufidus, -i, m. : a river of Apulia, flowing past Venusia, to fall
into the Adriatic Sea. It is turbulent and noisy (ix. 2).
Augustus, -i, m. : the title by which the first Emperor of Rome
INDEX OF PROPER NAMES. 45
was known after he became sole ruler. His original name was
Cn. Octavius, and he was the great-nephew of Julius Caesar, the
dictator, who adopted him as his heir 45 B.C., and sent him to learn
the art of war in Illyria. On the murder of Caesar, 44 B.C., by
Erutus and Cassius, Octavius came to Italy to claim his rights as
heir. He conciliated the people by paying to them the legacies
which Caesar had left them, and was appointed general by the
senate against Antonius. He soon after joined Antonius, and with
Lepidus, another senatorial general, set up the Second Triumvirate,
43 B.C. In 42 B.C. the three defeated Brutus and Cassius at Philippi
in Macedonia, and divided the world between them. They soon
quarrelled. Lepidus was the first to be deprived of his power,
36 B.C. ; and five years later, 31 B.C., Octavianus crushed Antonius,
who was assisted by Cleopatra, at ACTIUM in Epirus. He now
became sole ruler, and devoted himself to reducing the Roman world
to order. He defeated all his opponents, and extended his empire
from the Euphrates to the Rhine, even reaching as far as the Elbe
for a time. He did all in his power to improve Rome and the Romans
by justice and by the example of his own modest life. He was the
patron of many of the writers of his time, and Horace was on good
terms with him. He died 14 A.D., and was succeeded by Tiberius,
his stepson.
Ausones, -um (or Aurunci, -orum), m. : an old tribe of Southern
Latium. Adj. Ausonius, -a, -um : Ausonian; hence used for Italian
generally (iv. 56).
B.
Bacchus, -i, m. : god of wine and jollity, represented as drawn
about in a car harnessed with tigers. Other names for him are Liber,
Euhius, Dionysus (viii. 34).
Bellerophon, -ntis, m. (also Bellerophontes, -ae) : a Corinthian
hero sent to kill the monster Chimaera in Lycia. He captured the
winged horse Pegasus, and by its aid slew the monster ; then growing
presumptuous, he endeavoured to fly to heaven. Thereupon Pegasus
threw him, and he was killed (xi. 28).
Berecyntus, -i,- m. : a mountain in Phrygia, famous as the chief
seat of the worship of Cybele. Hence the use of the adjective
Berecyntius as an epithet of tibia, because that instrument was much
used in the worship, as also were cymbals (tympana, aero). The
Phrygian pipe was exceptionally shrill (i. 22).
Breuni, -orum, m. : a tribe of the Vindelici, q.v. (xiv. 11).
Britanni, -orum, m. : the Britons, the people of Britannia (Britain).
They were twice attacked by Julius Caesar (55, 54 B.C.), and Augustus
meditated a fresh invasion of their island ; but they did not become
Roman subjects until 43 A.D. The British seas contained whales,
whence the epithet leluosus (xiv. 47).
46 INDEX OF I'ROPER NAMES.
c.
Caesar, -S,ris, m. : s.v. AUGUSTUS (ii. 34, etc.).
Calabria, -ae, f. (adj. Calaber, -ra, -rum) : the most south-easterly
region of Italy, where was born Ennius (viii. 20).
Cales, -ium, f. : (also Cales, -is) a small town in the north of
Campania, near the borders of Latium, and on the Via Latina,
famous for its wines (xii. 14). Now Calvi.
Camena, -ae, f. : the Latin name for the Greek MUSA (£.«.). Horace
calls himself the " pride of the Daunian Muse " (vi. 27).
Cantaber, -ri, m. : the most warlike and independent of the Spanish
tribes, occupying the central part of northern Spain near the Pyrenees.
After a contest of nearly eight years, they were finally conquered by
Agrippa, 19 u.c. (xiv. 41).
Capitolium, -i, n. : the chief and central hill of the seven upon
which Rome was built. It lay at the western end of the Forum
Romanum, on the left bank of the Tiber, and upon it was the great
national temple of Juppiter Capitolinus, in which were offered
sacrifices by generals about to depart for war, or returning in
triumph (iii. 9).
Carpathus, -i, m. (adj. Carpatblus, -a, -urn) : Scarpanto, an island
lying between Crete and Rhodes, off the S.W. corner of Asia Minor.
From it the sea between Crete and Syria was known as the Mare
CarpatHum (v. 10).
Carthago, -inis, f . , Carthage, the capital of the Poeni, or Cartha-
ginians. It thrice fought with Rome : (1) First Punic War, 264-241
B.C. ; (2) Second Punic War, 218-202 B.C., ended by Scipio Maior
at the battle of Zama (see s.v. HANNIBAL) ; (3) Third Punic War,
149-146 B.C., ended by Scipio Minor, who rased the town (iv. 69 ;
viii. 17). Hence each of the Scipios took the cognomen of Africanus.
Castor, -oris, m. : Castor and Poly deuces (Pollux), twin-brothers
of Helen, were born from the second of the two eggs which Leda
produced. They were believed to be the sons of Tyndareus, and are
hence called Tyndaridae, and sometimes CastGres — the two Castors
(v. 35). They were worshipped in Greece and Rome alike, and were
supposed to have aided the Romans to win the battle of Lake Regillus,
496 B.C.
Cea or Cia, -ae, f. (adj. Ceus, -a, -nm) : Zea, one of the Cyclades
isles, in the Aegean Sea, near the coast of Attica. It was famous
as the birthplace of Simonides, the lyric poet, 656-467 B.C., whose
poems were chiefly about the Persian Wars. He was celebrated for
his mournful epitaphs in elegiac verse, and to this alludes Ceae
Camenae (ix. 7).
Centanri, -orum, m. : the Centaurs, a fabulous savage tribe of
Thessaly, half-man, half-horse. They were invited to the marriage-
feast of Pirithous, king of the Lapithae, and, attempting to carry off
his bride Hippodamia, they were slain by him, with the assistance
of Theseus and Hercules (ii. 15).
INDEX OF PROPER NAMES. */
Ceres, -eris, f.: also called Demeter, goddess of corn and crops
(v. 18).
Chimaera, -ae, f. : a fabulous monster, in shape like a she-goat
(Gk. CJilmaira), with the head of a lion and the tail of a dragon.
It was said to breathe fire (whence flamma Ckimaerae, ii. 16), and
was probably meant to represent a volcanic mountain of Cilicia, in
S.W. Asia Minor, where it was said to dwell. It was slain by Belle-
rophon, of Corinth.
Claudius, -i, m. : (1) in xiv. 29, Tiberius Claudius Nero, s.v.
NERONES ; (2) adj. Claudius, -a, -um : of the Claudii. See note,
iv. 73.
Colchus, -i, m. : a native of Colchis, at the foot of the Caucasus,
about the river Phasis in Asia. Here was the dragon guarding the
golden fleece, which the Argonauts and Jason came to carry off.
Jason slew the dragon and sowed its teeth, from which sprang up
armed warriors of iron. Horace says (iv. 63) that these were not
more formidable than the Romans.
Cos, or Cous (C6os), -i, f. (adj. Cdus, -a, -um) : Stanco, one of the
Sporadef islands off the S.W. coast of Asia Minor, famous for the
excellence of its purple stuffs (xiii. 13).
D,
Dacus, -i, m. : a Dacian. The Dacians dwelt on the northern
bank of the Lower Danube, across which they made frequent forays
to the southern shore, the Roman region of Moesia. They were defeated
by Crassus in 29 B.C., and remained quiet for some years after (xv. 21).
Danuvius, -i, m. : s.v. ISTER (xv. 21).
Dardanus, -i, m. : an early king of Troy. Hence the adj. Dardanus,
-a, -urn, meaning Trojan.
Daunus, -i, m. : (xiv. 26) a mythical king of Apulia, which is
hence called Daunia. The adjective Daunius, -a, -um, is used for
eithei (1) Apulian, or (2) Italian, generally ; and Italy itself is some-
times called Daunia (vi. 27).
Deiphobus, -i, m. : one of the sons of Priam, to whom was given
Helen to wife, after Paris had been slain in battle (ix. 22).
Delos, -i, f. (adj. Delius, -a, -um) : Dili, a small island in the
Aegean Sea, one of the Cyclades, the birthplace of Apollo and Diana.
Diana, -ae, f . : goddess of chastity, of hunting, and ot the moon.
She was twin sister of Apollo, and is sometimes called Phoebe
(vii. 25). As the goddess of the moon she is called Noctiluca, -ae, f.
(vi. 38).
Dirce, -es, f. (adj. Dircaeus, -a, -um) : a small stream to the west
of Thebes in Boeotia, supposed to be especially dear to the Muses.
Hence Pindar is called the " Swan of Dirce " (ii. 25 ; where see the
note), because he came from Boeotia.
Drusus, -i, m, : younger brother of Tiberius and stepson of Augustus,
whose second wife, Livia, was his mother. His fuJl name was
48 INDEX OF PROPER NAMES.
Claudius (iv. 73, w.) Drusus (iv. 18) Nero (iv. 28). The northern
tribes from the Lippe to the Danube had revolted, and Drusus was
dispatched with Tiberius (^.v.) to secure the northern frontier. The
two brothers made their attack simultaneously from the east and
west, defeated the Rhaeti, Breuni, and Genauni, and subjugated the
whole of Vindelicia in a single campaign, 15 B.C. (iv. and xiv.).
E.
Elis, -idis, f. (adj. Eleus, -a, -um) : the N.W. division of the Pelo-
ponnesus, possessing a capital city of the same name. Near it was
Olympia, on the river Alpheus, where every four years were cele-
brated the Olympic games by all Greece, the prize for which was
but a wreath of wild olive (see the notes on ii. 18, and iii. 4), but
to win this was deemed the very highest attainable distinction.
Ennins, -i, m. : the first great Italian poet, born at Rudiae in
Calabria, 239 B.C. He was taken to Rome by Cato, served in various
campaigns, and found a patron in Scipio Africanus Major, the con-
queror of Hannibal. He wrote a work called Annales, a versified
history of Rome from the earliest times (viii. 20).
Gallia, -ae, f. : Gaul, the modern France, with parts of Holland
and all Belgium. It was conquered by Julius Caesar, 58-50 B.C.,
and divided by Augustus into three provinces — Lugdunensis (about
Lyons), Belgica in the north, and Aquitania (Aquitaine) : hence it
is often spoken of in the plural, Galliae, -arum (xiv. 49).
Gany'medes, -is, m. : son of Tros, king of Ilium. A beautiful
Trojan youth, who was carried off by Jove's eagle to serve as cup-
bearer to the gods (iv. 4).
Genauni, -orum, m. : a tribe of the Vindelici, q.v. (xiv. 10).
Gennania, -ae, f. : Germany. The entire country east of the
Rhine was so called by the Romans, who dreaded the German tribes,
never forgetting their invasion in the time of Marius (102-101 B.C.).
They remained unconquered to the last, and ultimately helped to
conquer Italy (v. 26).
Graii, -orum, m. : the Greeks ; a Roman name for the peoples of
Greece, who called themselves Hellenes (viii. 4).
Gratia, -ae, f. : a Grace. There were three Graces, represented aa
nude maidens, the personifications of beauty, modesty, and grace-
fulness (vii. 6).
H.
Hannibal, -is, m. : the famous general of the Carthaginians, who
invaded Italy 218 B.C., and for sixteen years maintained himself in
fihat country. He defeated t&e Romans successively at Ticinus and
INDEX OF PROPER NAMES. 49
Trebia (218 B.C.), Trasimenus (217 B.C.), and Cannae (216 B.C.), with
the loss on the last occasion of 50,000 Romans. It was after this
battle that he sent home an envoy who carried a bushel of Equestrian
rings, taken from the persons of dead Roman knights. The deter-
mination of the Romans not to fight any more pitched battles, and
the destruction of Hasdrubal's army, so weakened Hannibal, that
Scipio Africanus was at last able to invade Africa, and so draw
Hannibal from Italy. See SCIPIO (iv. 49).
Hasdriibal, -is, m. : younger brother of Hannibal. When the
latter invaded Italy, 218 B.C., he left his brother to watch Spain and
send reinforcements as required into Italy. Hasdrubal was employed
for ten years in resisting the activity of the Romans in Spain. At
length, 207 B.C., he entered Italy, but before he could effect a junction
with his brother he was attacked and slain by 0. Claudius Drusus at
the river Metaurus. This loss ruined Hannibal's plans, and within
five years more he was forced to leave Italy (iv. 38). ,
Hector, -oris, m. : eldest of the fifty sons of Priam, and chief captain
of the Trojans. For ten years he repulsed the attacks of the Greeks,
but was finally slain by Achilles (ix. 22).
Helene, -es, f. : daughter of Leda the wife of Tyndareus, king
of Sparta, and therefore sister of Castor. She became queen of
Menelaus, king of Sparta. When the three goddesses Hera (Juno),
Pallas (Minerva), and Aphrodite (Venus), were disputing as to which
was the fairest, they referred the decision to Paris (Alexander), son
of Priam, king of Troy. Venus promised him the fairest of women
as his wife if he gave her the prize, and accordingly Paris gave
judgment for Venus, and was in return bidden to sail to Greece and
carry off Helen. From this arose the famous Trojan War, in which
Menelaus and his brother Agamemnon led all the host of Greece
against Troy to recover Helen (ix. 16).
Hercules, -is, m. : the Greek god of strength, the son of Zeus and
Alcmene, born at Thebes. As punishment for a murder, he was
compelled to become the servant of Eurystheus, king of Argos, who
made him perform twelve labours, one of which was to destroy the
Lernaean Hydra (see note, iv. 61).
Hesperia, -ae, f. : the " western land," a poetical name for Italy
(v. 37). flesperius, -a, -urn : western, derived from HespSrus, the
evening star. The sun's " western chamber " is the Atlantic Ocean,
in which he seems to sink to rest (xv. 16).
Hiberia, -ae, f. : Spain ; so called from the Hiberi (or Iberi), one
of the leading tribes (v. 28). It gave the Romans immense trouble
to conquer. See the note on xiv. 50.
Hippoly"tus, -i, m. : son of Theseus, and stepson of Phaedra, who
tried to win his love, and being rejected accused him to Theseus
as guilty of her own offence. Theseus cursed him, and he was slain
by Neptune (Poseidon). ^For his chastity, he was a special favourite
of Diana, who could not however save him from death (vii. 26).
Homerus, -i, m. : Homer, the first Greek poet, author of the Iliad
(Story of Troy) and Odyssey (Story of Ulysses). He was believed
*H. IV. 4
50 INDEX OF PROPER NAMES.
to be a native of Asia Minor or of the island of Chios, and was justly
called the Father of Poetry. He was always considered the greatest
of the classical writers ; hence he is said to " hold a first place "
(1x6).
I.
Idomeneus, -ei, m. : captain of the Cretans when they sailed with
the Greeks against Troy, and famous for his deeds of valour there
(ix. 20).
Ilia, -ae, f . : another name for Rhea Silvia. S.v. ROMULUS (viii. 22).
Ilium, -i, m. (also nom. Ilios, f .) : another name for Troia (#.v.),
Troy (iv. 53).
Indus, -i, m. : an Indian, a native of India. When Augustus was
organising Asia in 20 B.C., there came to him envoys from some
Indian princes, which fact was exaggerated by the poets into the
regular homage and submission of the Indians to Roman rule (xiv. 42).
later, -tri, m. : the older name for the Danuvius (Danube), which
was, during the reign of Augustus, one of the chief frontiers of the
Roman Empire against the Scythes, Getae, etc. (xiv. 46).
Isthmus, or -os, -i, m. (adj. Isthmius, -a, -um) : the Isthmus of
Corinth, where were celebrated every two years the Isthmian Games
by united Greece. Isthmius labor (iii. 3) means the toil necessary
for winning a prize there in the various contests. See the note on
iii. 4.
Itys, -yos, m. : Pandion, son of Cecrops, king of Attica, had two
daughters, Procne and Philomela. Tereus, king of Daulis (PhScis),
married Procne, who bare him a son Itys. Tereus then shut up
Procne, said that she was dead, and married her sister, Philomela,
whose tongue he cut out that she might not tell the truth when she
learnt it. She told it, however, to Procne by weaving some words
into a robe, which she sent to her sister. Procne thereupon slew her
son, Itys, and served up his flesh to Tereus : herself and Philomela
fled, and were pursued by Tereus, who became a hoopoe, Philomela a
swallow (or nightingale), Procne a nightingale (or swallow). Procne
is the avis of xii. 6.
luppiter, lovis, m. : Jupiter, father of gods and men, and king of
heaven and the universe. He was the patron god of the Romans
under the epithet of Capitolinus, from his temple on the Capitoline
hill.
Lacaena, -ae, f. : the feminine adjective corresponding to the
masculine Laco, -onis, Lacedaemonian or Spartan. An epithet of
Helen (ix. 16) as queen of Sparta.
Latmus, -a, -um : belonging to the Latini, the people of Latium,
and so to the Romans, Latin (xiv. 7).
Latium, -i, n. : Latium, the land of the Latini. It extended along
INDEX OF PROPER NAMES. 51
the western shore of Italy between the Apennines and the sea, from
the Tiber to the Liris (Garigliano) and Campania; and so included
Rome (iv. 40).
Latona, -ae, f. : mother of Apollo and Diana. Hence the former is
called puer Latonae (vi. 37).
Lesbos or -us, -i, f. (adj. LesMus, -a, -urn) : Mytilene, Metelin, a
celebrated island in the Aegean sea, off the coast of Troy and Mysia,
the birthplace of Alcaeus and Sappho.
Lethe, -es, f. (adj. Lethaeus, -a, -urn) : = Gk. A^ (Lethe), forget-
fulness, a river in the infernal regions, from which the shades drank
and obtained forgetfulness of the past (vii. 27).
Liber, -eri, m. : a name of Bacchus (£.«>.) as the god who " sets
men free from care" (viii. 34).
Lollius, -i, m. : see Introduction to ODE IX.
Lydus, -a, -urn : xv. 30, n. Lydia is that part of Asia Minor which
lies on the coast between Mysia (N.) and Lycia (S.).
M.
Maecenas, -atis, m. : C. Cilnius Maecenas was a wealthy knight,
descended from the old Etruscan kings. He attached himself to the
party of Augustus, whose chief diplomatic minister he became,
arranging several treaties with Antonius, and conducting much of
home affairs when the emperor was absent. After the year 20 B.C.
he retired into private life, amusing himself with the society of
literary men, chief amongst whom were Horace and Vergil and
Tibullus. Horace speaks of him as his patronvs, and addresses
several odes to him. Maecenas and Horace died within a few
months of each other, 8 B.C. (xi. 19).
Maeonia, -ae, f. (adj. Maeonins, -a, -urn) : an old name for part of
Lydia and Mysia. The adjective is used as an epithet of Homer, who
was believed to have been a native of that region, and whose poem of
the Iliad deals mainly with the Troad in Maeonia (ix. 5).
Matinus, -i, m. (adj. Matinus, -a -urn) : a minor spur of Mount
Garganus which forms the great promontory of northern Apulia. It
was famous for the excellence of its honey (ii. 27).
Mavors, -tis, m. : another name for Mars, the god of war, and the
father of Komulus (<?.?>.), and therefore the patron divinity of the
Romans, as descendants of Romulus (viii. 23).
Medus, -i, m. : s.v. PARTHUS (xiv. 42).
Melpomene, -es, f. : one of the MUSAE (^.v.). Her special province
was tragedy, but in iii. 1 she is addressed as the protectress of Horace,
who was a lyric poet.
Metaurus, -a, -urn : a rare adjective, formed from Metaurus, -i
(Metaro), the name of a small river flowing into the Adriatic Sea,
in Umbria. Here, in 207 B.C., C. Claudius Nero defeated and slew
Hasdrubal (q.v.) (iv. 38).
Minerva, -ae, f. : goddess of spinning, wit, and industry ; identified
52 INDEX OF PROPER NAMES.
with the Greek goddess Pallas Athene, the champion of the Greeks
in the war against Troy. To her the wooden horse was alleged to be
a votive offering (vi. 13).
Minos, -ois, m. : king of Crete. See vii. 21, «.
Musa, -ae, f . : a Muse. There were nine Muses, daughters of Jupiter
and Memory. Horace in this Book mentions Melpomene (iii. 1),
the Muse of Tragedy, and Thalia (vi. 25), the Muse of Comedy.
He cites them both, however, in a general sense, as Muses of
Poetry.
N.
Nerones, -um, m. : the members of the Neronian house of the gens
Claudia, to which belonged Tiberius and Drusus. The house dated
its celebrity from 207 B.C., when C. Claudius Nero, consul, defeated and
slew Hasdrubal at the Metaurus (iv. 28, 37). See HASDRTJBAL.
Nilus, -i, m. : the Nile, the great river of Egypt (xiv. 46) . It often
stands poetically for Egypt itself, as in this passage.
NI6be, -es, f. (adj. Niobeus, -a, -um) : daughter of Tantalus, who
boasted overmuch of her numerous progeny, as compared with the
two children of Latona (Apollo and Diana) . To punish her boast-
fulness, Apollo and Diana destroyed all Niobe's children. Niobe
herself was turned into stone, and even then continued to weep (vi. 1).
Nymphae, -arum, f . : minor deities presiding over the streams,
trees, and groves, the companions of the Graces and Faunus (vii. 5).
O.
Orcus, -i, m. : the under- world of the dead, whose monarch was
Pluto or Dls. It was a gloomy region underground (nigro, ii. 23),
to which must pass all alike (vii. 15), and it was shut in by six
rivers, among which were Lethe (Forgetfulness) and Styx (Hate).
P.
Parrhasius, -i, m. : see viii. 6, n.
Parthus, -i, m. : a Parthian, a native of Parthia, the country to
the S.E. of the Caspian. South and west of them were the Medi
(Medes\ and further south still the Persae (Persians) ; but the
name Parthus is used vaguely by Horace for all three peoples. They
provoked a war with Rome in 62 B.C., when they annihilated an
army, and killed its commander, the famous Crassus, at CAERHAE.
They were compelled to make peace again by Ventidius, who twice
defeated them 39-38 B.C. Augustus intended to chastise them ; but
civil war in Parthia between two claimants to the throne ended in
an appeal to his arbitration. He set up Tigranes as king, 20 B.C.
INDEX OF PROPER NAMES. 53
This appeal for arbitration is construed by Horace and other writers
as equivalent to doing homage to Augustus. The Parthians had a
peculiar style of fighting, never coming to close quarters, but dis-
charging their arrows backwards as they rode. Augustus never
triumphed over them.
Paullus, -i, m. : Paullus Maximus, an unknown person spoken of
highly in Ode i. He was a skilful pleader (i. 14, ».), and had a
villa probably near the Alban Lake.
Pegasus, -i, m. : the winged horse which sprang from the blood
of the Gorgon. See s.v. BELLEROPHON. Pegasus flew to heaven
after its rider's death, and was placed amongst the stars (xi. 27).
Persae, -arum, m. : confounded by Horace with the Parthians.
S.v. PARTHUS (xv. 23).
Phaethon, -ntis, m. : son of the Sun. He begged to be allowed
to drive the chariot of the Sun across the heavens, but the steeds
proved too strong for him and ran away, whereupon Jupiter killed
him with a flash of lightning. He was a favourite poetical example
of presumption and its reward (xi. 25).
Phoebus, -i, m. : s.v. APOLLO (vi. 26).
PhtMa, -ae, f. (adj. Phthlus, -a, -um): Phthia, the capital of
PhthiStis, the S.B. portion of Thessaly, and the kingdom of Achilles
(vi. 4).
Pleris, -idis, f. : a woman of Pieria in Macedonia, between the
Peneus and Haliacmon rivers, on the noith-western shore of the
Aegean Sea. It was supposed to be a favourite haunt of the Muses,
whence Pleris = Musa (iii. 18).
Pindarus, -i, m. : the famous lyric poet of Boeotia, was born at
Cynoscephalae, in that country, 522 B.C. He spent most of his life
at the courts of Amyntas, king of Macedon, Archelaus of Gyrene,
Thero of Agrigentum, and Hiero of Syracuse. His various poems are
mentioned in Ode ii. (see note on ii. 9), but only his JEpinicia —
songs in praise of victories at the great Greek games — have come
down to us, in four books. He died 442 B.C. Adj. Pindaricus, -a,-um,
Pindaric. The Muse of Pindar (ix. 6) is his poetry.
Pleiades, -um, f. : see xiv. 21, n.
Poeni, -orum, m. : the Carthaginians, the people of Carthage. See
CARTHAGO (iv. 47).
Priamus, -i, m. : last king of Troy and father of Paris, whose rape
of Helen led to the Trojan War. He was slain by Achilles' son,
Pyrrhus, at the altar of his palace, when the town was surprised by
the Greek warriors concealed in the Wooden Horse (vi. 15).
Q.
Quirinus, -i, m.: the name of Romulus after his deification. It
means the lance-bearing god (quiris, a lance).
Quirites, -ium, m. : see note, xiv. 1.
54 INDEX OF PROPER NAMES.
R.
Raetia, -ae, f. : a Roman province south of the Danube, corre-
sponding to the Grisons and Tyrol. Raetus, -a, -urn : of the Raeti,
the people of Raetia, conquered by Tiberius and Drusus (q.v.) in
15 B.C. The Alpes Raeticae extend from the St. Goihard to the
Orteler (iv. 17).
Romulus, -i, m. : son of Mars and the vestal virgin Rhea Silvia.
With his twin brother, Remus, he was exposed at his birth, was
suckled by a she- wolf , lived to revenge his ill-treatment and recover
his grandfather's kingdom of Alba, from whence he led a body of
settlers who built Rome. He was the first king and the founder of
the Roman state (viii. 24). Romulus, -a, -um : belonging to Romulus ;
an epithet of the Romans as descended from Romulus (v. 1).
Salii, -onim, m. : see i. 28, n.
Sappho, -us, f. : of Lesbos, called Aeolia puella in ix. 12 (s.v.
AEOLIUS), a contemporary of Alcaeus (about 610 B.C.). Her poetry
was mostly about love, and she is said to have thrown herself into
the sea for love of Phaon, who had despised her.
Scipio, -onis, m. : Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus. (1) Scipio,
known as Maior, " The Elder," the general who by invading Africa
forced Hannibal to leave Italy. For his great victory at Zama
(202 B.O. ) he won his surname of Africanus. (2) Scipio Minor, " The
Younger," grandson of the above by adoption, who won the same
surname of Africanus for his rasing of Carthage (146 B.C.). He
was murdered in 127 B.C. See viii. 18, n. ; and Index, s.v. HANNIBAL
and HASDBUBAL.
Scdpas, -adis, m. : see viii. 6, n.
Scathes, -ae, m. : a Scythian. The Scythians (a name which in-
cluded various smaller nations, such as Getae, Sarmatians, Dacians)
occupied the whole of southern Russia from the Caucasus to the
Danube. The river Tanais (Don) was especially the centre of their
country. They were particularly dreaded by the Romans, and
their name stood for a type of formidable foes (v. 25). The epithet
gelidus refers to the bitter climate of Scythia.
Seres, -um, m. : a people of the far east, generally supposed to be
the Chinese. They are used as a type of a far-off people (xv. 23).
Sicflia, -ae, f . (adj. Siculus, -a, -um) : the island of Sicily (iv. 44).
StesichOrus, -i, m. : of Himera in Sicily, a famous writer of
choral odes about the time of Alcaeus and Sappho (about 610 B.C.).
His poetry dealt with epic subjects, whence it is called graves
Camenae (ix. 8).
SthSn&lus, -i, m. : captain of the Argives (men of Argos) in the
Trojan War (ix. 20).
Styx, -ygis and -y*gos, f. (adj. Stygius, -a, -um) : one of the six
INDEX OF PROPER NAMES. 55
rivers of Hell. Hence the " waves of Styx " are equivalent to death
(viii. 25).
Sulpicii, -orum, m. : see xii. 18, n.
Sygambri, -orum, m. : a German people on the right bank of the
Lower Rhine about Bonn. They defeated the army of M. Lollius,
legate of Germany, in 16 B.C. ; and Augustus left Rome to restore
order on the Rhine frontier, only returning three years later (13 B.C.).
Horace speaks (ii. 36) as if Augustus would celebrate a triumph for
his achievements, but he did not.
T.
Tanais, -is, m. : xv. 24, n.
Teucer, -ri, m. : brother of Ajax, and best archer of all the Greeks
at Troy. Whence he is said to be armed with a Cydonian (i.e.
Cretan) bow, because Cydonia was one of the chief cities in Crete,
and Cretan archers were proverbially excellent (ix. 17). Teucer,
-ra, -rum : a rare adjective = Trotcm, Trojan ; derived from the
name of Teucer, the first king of Troy (vi. 12).
Thalia, -ae, f. : s.v. MuSA (vi. 25).
Thebae, -arum, f. : the capital city of Boeotia, in Greece. It was
said to have been built by Cadmus, by help of iron warriors, who
sprang up from the teeth of a dragon, which he slew there. One of
these warriors was Echlon, whence the epithet Echlonius (iv. 64).
l*x""Theseus, -ei, m. : a hero-king of Athens. In conjunction with his
friend Plrithous, king of the Lapithae, he descended to Hades in
order to cany off Proserpina, Queen of Hell. Theseus was allowed
to escape, but Plrithous was chained for ever in Hades, as a punish-
ment for his audacity, and Theseus could not rescue him (vii. 27).
Thracia, -ae, f. (adj. Thracius, -a, -urn) : the modern region of the
same name in Northern Greece, proverbial for its rigorous winters,
and fierce north winds (xii. 2).
Tiberius, -i, m. : Tiberius Claudius Nero, elder brother of Drusus,
and stepson of Augustus, by whom he was adopted son and heir.
In 20 B.C. he undertook some movements in Asia which resulted in
the recovery of the standards lost at Carrhae by Crassus, 53 B.C.
(xv. 7). In 15 B.C., aided by Drusus, he conquered Raetia and
Vindelicia (Odes xiv. and iv.). He succeeded to the empire on the
death of Augustus (14 A.D.), and reigned until 37 A.D.
Tibur, -uris, n. : (Tivoli) on the Anio, sixteen miles E.N.E. from
Rome. It was famous for its beautiful scenery and cascades (whence
uvidi, ii. 30), and for its fertility, and was therefore a favourite
summer resort of the Romans. Horace had a villa near it.
Tigris, -is, m. : the Tigris, the great river of Mesopotamia, which
unites with the Euphrates below the site of ancient Babylon, and
falls into the Persian Gulf (xiv. 46).
Tityos, -i, m. : one of the Giants, who, for offering violence to
Diana, was slain by her brother Apollo. He had boasted that he
would win Diana's love (vi. 2). His punishment was to be chained
56 INDEX OF PROPER NAMES.
to the ground in Tartarus, where a vulture daily devoured his entrails,
which grew again in the night.
Troia, -ae, f. : Troy, also called Ilium and Ilios. It was situated
on a small hill in the region of N.W. Asia Minor called after it the
Troad, between the small rivers Simois and Xanthus (Scamander). In
revenge for the rape of Helen (q.v.) it was besieged by all Greece for
ten years and finally sacked (vi. 3). Tr6s, Trois, m. (pi. Tree's) :
a Trojan.
Tullus, -i, m. : Tullus Hostilius, the third king of Rome, 673-
642B.C. (vii. 15).
Tnsci, -orum, m. (adj. Tusc'us, -a, -urn) : another name for Etrusci,
the inhabitants of Etruria, the country beyond the Tiber, to the
north of Rome, between the Apennines and the sea. Hence the
adjacent portion of the Mediterranean (between Italy, Sicily, and
Sardinia), was known as the Mare Tuscum or Tyrrhenum (iv. 54).
Tyndaridae, -nm, n. : s.v. CASTOR (viii. 31).
Tyrrhenus, -a, -urn : s.v. Tuscus (xv. 3).
V.
Venus, -eris, f. : the goddess of love and mother of Cupid (i. 5).
She was identified with the Greek Aphrodite, and is generally
associated with Bacchus. Sparrows, swans, and doves were her
favourite birds. She was the mother of the Trojan Aeneas and
therefore protectress of Troy, and of Aeneas' descendants the Romans
(vi. 21).
Vindelici, -orum, m. : the people of Vindelicia, the Roman province
between Raetia (Grisons) and the Danube, and corresponding to
portions of Baden, the Tyrol, Wurtemburg, and Switzerland. They
were reduced in one campaign by Tiberius and Drusus, 15 B.C.
(Odes iv., xiv.).
Xanthns, -i, m. : the chief river of Lycia, rising in Mount Taurus,
and falling into the Aegean Sea near Patara (now Echeu Chai). It
was supposed to be sacred to Apollo (vi. 26). There was another
Xanthus river, also called Scamander, in the Troad,
VOCABULARY.
a, ab, from.
ab-d5, -didi, -ditum, 3, to hide.
ab-eo, -ii, -itum, -ire, depart.
abigo, -egi, -actum, 3, to drive
away, off.
ab-nego, -avi, -atum, 1, to refuse.
ab-mmpo, -rupl, -ruptum, 3, to
break off", tear away.
ab-scindo, -scidi, -scissum, 3, to
tear or wrench away, separate.
abstinens, -entis, abstinent, tem-
perate, continent.
abstineo, -tixral, -tentum, 2, to
refrain, abstain.
ab-sum, abfui (aful), abesse
(abforem or aforem, abfore or
afore, abfuturus or afuturus),
to be away or absent.
ab-sumo, -sumps!, -sumptum, 3,
to use up, consume.
ac, and.
ac-cedo, -cessi, -cessnm, 3, (1) to go
to ; (2) be added.
acceptus, -a, -urn, welcome, pleas-
ing.
accipio, -cepi, -ceptum, 3, (1) to
receive ; (2) welcome, entertain.
accipiter, -tris, m., a hawk.
ac-eubo, 1, to lie beside, lean
against, recline in.
acer, acris, -e, (1) sharp, keen ;
(2) fierce.
acerbus, -a, -um, sour, ungrown,
immature.
acerra, -ae, f., an incense-box.
Eor. L.
acervus, -I, m., a pile.
acies, -el, f., a line of battle.
acmaces, -is, m., a scimitar.
acuo, acui, acutum, 3, to sharpen,
whet.
acutus, -a, -urn, sharp; acuta,
-orum, n., perils*
ad, prep, with ace., (1) to, to-
wards ; (2) near.
adamantinus, -a, -urn, hard as
steel, adamantine, inflexible.
addo, -didi, -ditum, 3, (1) to
attach; (2) add, say in addition.
ad-duco, -duxi, -ductum, 3, (1) to
lead, bring to ; (2) prompt.
ad-edo, -edi, -esum, 3, (1) to eat
away, devour, consume; (2) wear
away.
ad-eo, -ii (rarely -ivi), -itum,
-ire, to approach.
adblbeo, -hibui, -hibitum, 2, (1)
to direct towards, apply to ; (2)
summon, call to one's help, invite.
adhuc, adv., (1) to this point,
hitherto ; (2) still.
adicid, -led, -iectum, 3, (1) to
throw, cast, or fling at ; (2) add.
adimS, -emi, -emptum (-emtum),
3, to take away or from.
ad-mittd, -mis!, -missum, 3, to
let in, admit.
ad-moveo, -movi, -motum, 2, to
move or bring to, apply.
addrea, -ae, f., (1) a prize of victory
(originally a gift of grain),
and hence : (2) victory.
1
ADTJL
AGNUS
adulter, -I, m., and adultera, -ae,
f., an adulterer, paramour,
an adulteress; adulter, -era,
-erum, adulterous.
adultus, -a, -urn, grown up,
marriageable.
ad-urgeo, 2, to pursue closely.
ad-tiro, -ussi, -ustum, 3, to burn,
inflame.
adventns, -us, m., an arrival.
ad-voco, -avi, -atum, 1, to sum-
mon.
adytum, -I, n., a shrine.
aedes and aedis, -is, f., (1) a
temple ; (2) (pi.) a dwelling.
Aegaeus, -a, -urn, Aegean,
mare, aequor, the Aegean
Sea, now the Grecian Archi-
pelago.
aegis, -gidis, f., a shield of
Minerva, with the Medusa head.
aemulor, -atus sum, -ari, to vie
with.
aemulus, -a, -um, striving after,
emulous-, subst., aemulus, -I,
m., a rival.
aeneus and alien eus, -a, -um
(aes), of copper or bronze.
Aeolius, -a, -um, Aeolian, with
especial reference to Sappho as
being a Lesbian woman.
aequalis, -e, (1) equal, correspond-
ing ; (2) of the same age;
aequalis, -is, m., one of the
same age, a companion.
aeque, in like manner, equally.
aequS, -avl, -atum, 1, (1) to make
level ; (2) make equal.
aequor, -oris, n., (1) a level sur-
face; (2) the level surface of the
sea, the sea (sing, and pi.).
aequus, -a, -um, (1) equal, jutt ;
(2) favourable ; (3) fair, calm.
aer, aeris, ace. aera, m., the air,
atmosphere, esp. the lower
air,
aeratus, -a, -um, covered or
fitted with bronze, with a bronze
beak.
2
aerius, -a, -um, pertaining to the
air, aerial.
aes, aeris, n., (1) copper, bronze ;
(2) something made of copper or
bronze ; aera, cymbals.
aesculetum, -I, n., a forest of
oaks.
aestas, -atis, f., summer, summer
heat.
aestivus, -a, -um, of summer.
aestuo, -avl, -atum, 1, to boil,
surge.
aestuosus, -a, -um, (1) burning
hot; (2) surging.
aestus, -us,m., (1) heat; (2) tide.,
aetas, -atis, f., (1) age, lifetime }*
(2) time.
aeterno, -avi, -atum, 1, to immor-
talise.
aeternus, -a, -um, eternal.
aether, -eris, m., the upper air,
sky.
aetherius, -a, -um, of the upper
air, ethereal.
Aethiops, -opis, m., a black man.
aevum, -I, n., (1) eternity; in
aevum,ybr ever ; (2) time of life,
life; (3) generation.
affe'ro, attuli, allatum, afferre, to
carry to, take to.
affigS, -fixi, -fixum, 3, to fasten
to, affix.
affluo, -fluxl, -fluxum, 3, to flow
to.
affor, -fatus sum, -farl, to speak
to.
affulgeo, -fulsl, 2, to shine
upon.
Africus, -a, -um, African; and
ESP. : with or without ventus,
the S. W. wind.
ager, agri, m., a field, farm.
agitd, -avl, -atum, 1, (1) to drive ;
(2) set in motion; (3) shake;
(4) excite ; (5) manage.
agmen, -minis, n., an army (in
close marching order}.
agna, -ae, f., a lamb.
agnus, -I, m., a lamb.
AGO
ANHE
ago, egi, actmn, 3, (I) to set in
motion, drive ; (2) carry off'; (3)
of time : pass ; (4) do, act ;
(5) keep, celebrate ; (6) imperat;
age, come, come now.
agrestis, -e, (1) of the country ;
(2) countrified.
ala, -ae, f., a wing.
albesco, 3 to become white.
albico, -avi, 1, to be white.
albus, -a, -tun, (1) white; (2)
pale ; (3) bright, clear.
alea, -ae, f., (1) a game played
with dice, any game of chance ;
• (2) hazard, risk.
Aales, -litis, (1) winged; (2) subst.,
m. and f., a (large) bird; (3)
augury, omen.
alga, -ae, f., sea-weed.
alias, adv. [ace. pi. f. of alms,
sc. vices], at another time.
aliter, adv., otherwise.
aliunde, fro-m another source.
alius, -a, -ud, gen. alius, dat.
alii, gen. f., alsoaliae, another,
other.
allaboro, -avi, -atum, 1, to add to
by toil.
almus, -a, -um, nourishing, fruit-
ful, bountiful, kindly.
aid, alui, altum and alitum, 3, to
nourish, foster, feed.
alter, -tera, -terum, (1) one of
two ; (2) second ; (3) different.
alternus, -a, -nm, alternate, by
turns.
altrix, -tricis, f., a foster-mother.
altus, -a, -um, (1) high ; (2) deep ;
(3) noble, altum, -i, n., the
deep.
alumnus, -i, m., foster -son, nurs-
ling.
alveus, -i, m., (1) a hollow;
(2; river-bed.
alvus, -i, f., the womb.
amabilis, -e, with compar. and
superl., worthy of love, amiable.
amans, -antis, m., a lover*
amarus, -a, -um, bitter.
amator, -oris, m., a lover.
ambiguus, -a, -um, moving from
side to side, wavering.
ambid, -ivi and -ii, -itum, 4,
(1) to go round; (2) canvass for
votes ; (3) solicit.
ambitiosus, -a, -um, twining
around.
amb-urd,-ussi,-ustum, 3, tob-urn.
amice, with good will.
amicid, -micui and -mixi, -mic-
tum, 4, to wrap around.
amicitia, -ae, f., friendship.
amicus, -a, -um, loving, kind;
amicus, -i, m., a friend.
a-mitto, -misi, -missum, 3, (1) to
let slip ; (2) lose.
amnis, -is, m., a stream.
amo, -avi, -atum, 1, (1) to love;
(2) be fond of, accustomed to,
with inf.
amoenus, -a, -um, pleasant,
charming.
amor, -oris, m., love.
a-moveo, -movi, -mdtum, 2, (1) to
remove; (2) steal; (3) put
aside.
amphora, -ae, f., a large two-
handled jar with a pointed bot-
tom.
amplius, more.
amplus, -a, -um, (1) large, spacious;
(2) abundant.
amystis, -tidis, f., the draining
of a cup at a draught.
an, conj., whether, or.
ancile, -is, n.«, gen. pi. ancilio-
rum, the shield said to have fallen
from heaven in Numa's reign, on
the preservation of which the
prosperity of Eome was believed
to depend.
ancilla, -ae, f., a handmaid.
angiportum, -i, n., and -us, -us,
m., a narrow"Street, alley.
anguis, -is, c., a serpent.
angulus, -i, m., a corner.
angustus, -a, -um, narrow.
anhelitus, -us, m., panting.
ANIM
ARGE
anima, -ae, f., (1) air, breeze,
wind; (2) the breath; (3) the
breath of life ; (4) lift; (5) soul.
animosus, -a, -urn, (1) living;
(2) spirited, courageous.
animus, -i, m., (1) the soul; (2)
disposition, feeling ; (3) heart,
spirit, self-confidence.
annosus, -a, -urn, full of years,
aged.
annuo, -nui, 3, to give assent by a
nod, grant.
annus, -I, m., a year.
animus, -a, -urn, (1) lasting for a
year ; (2) annual, yearly.
ante, (1) of space: before, in front
of; (2) of time: before, pre-
viously; freq. followed by quam
apart or as one word (ante-
quam), with indie, and subj.
ante-cedo, -cessi, -cessum, 3, to
go before, precede.
ante-ed, -ivi, and -ii, -ire, to go
before, precede.
ante-hac, before now.
antenna, -ae, f., yard- arm, a
sail-yard.
ante-quam, conj., before*
antrum, -1, n., a cave.
anus, -us, f ., an old woman.
anxius, -a, -urn, anxious, solici-
tous.
aper, apri, m., a wild boar.
aperio, -perul, -pertnm, 4, to
open.
apertus, -a, -um, open ; subst.,
apertum, -I, n., an open space,
the open field.
apex, -picis, m., (1) a point, sum-
mit; (2) the wool-bound rod at
the top ofthefiamen's cap; hence :
the fiamen 's cap ; (3) the tiara of
eastern potentates.
apis, -is, f., a bee.
apium, -ii, n., par sky.
apparatus, -us, m., (1) prepara-
tion ; (2) luxury, magnificence.
ap-pareo, -ul, -itum, 2, to become
visible, appear.
4
ap-plico, -avi or -ui, -atum, 1,
(1) to attach ; (2) direct towards,
apply.
ap-pdnd, -posui, -positum, 3, (1) to
set beside, add to ; (2) implant.
ap-precor, -atus sum, -an, to pray
to, worship.
apricus, -a, -um, sunny>
apto, -avi, -atum, 1, (1) to fit,
adjust ; (2) adapt to.
aptus, -a, -um, suitable, appro-
priate.
apud, prep, with ace., with, near,
by (usually of persons).
aqua, -ae, f ., water.
aquila, -ae, f ., an eagle.
aquilo, -onis, m., the north
wind.
aquosus, -a, -um, full of water ,
moist.
ara, -ae, f., an altar.
arator, -oris, m., a ploughman.
aratrum, -i, n. , a plough.
arbiter, -tri, m., (1) an umpire,
judge ; (2) master.
arbitrium, -ii, n., (1) decision,
judgment ; (2) authority, will.
arbor, (poet, arbos), -oris, f., a
tree.
arbustum, -i, n., a plantation.
arbutus, -i, f., the arbutus, wild
strawberry-tree.
arcanus, -a, -um, hidden, secret;
arcanum, -i, a secret.
arceo, -cui, 2, to shut out, keep off.
arcus (arch, arquus), -us, m., a
low.
ardeo, arsi, arsum, 2, (1) to be on
fire, glow; (2) burn with love
for.
ardor, -oris, m.,fire,fiame.
arduus, -a, -um, (1) steep, lofty;
(2) difficult.
area, -ae, f., (1) an open space;
(2) a court, square ; (3) thresh-
ing-fioor.
arena (harena), -ae, f., sand.
argentum, -i, n., (1) silver; (2)
silver plate.
ARGUO
AVER
arguo, -ui, -utum, 3, to make clear,
show.
argutus, -a, -um, (1) clear-ring-
ing ; (2) piercing, tuneful.
aridus, -a, -um, (1) dry, parched ;
(2) withered.
anna, -orum, n.,arms, weapons.
armentum, -I, n., (1) cattle; (2)
a herd.
aro, -avi, -atum, 1, to plough.
arrogans, -antis, arrogant, haugh-
ty.
arrogo, -avi, -atum, 1, to claim
for, confer upon.
ars, artis, f., (1) skill or art, accom-
plishment; (2) pi., works of art,
(3) conduct, quality.
artus, -a, -um, (1) close, confined;
(2) dense.
artus, -uum, m. pi., limbs.
arvum, -1, n., ploughed, cultivated
land, field.
arx, arcis, f., (1) fortress, citadel;
(2) eminence.
ascribe, -scrips!, -scriptum, 3, to
enrol.
asper, -era, -erum, (1) rough; (2)
harsh, cruel; (3) angry.
aspicio, -spexi, -spectum, 3, (1) to
look at ; (2) have regard to.
assum (ad-sum), affui (adfui),
adesse, to be at, present, at hand.
astringo, -strinxi, -strictum, 3,
to bind fast.
afltrum, -I, n. , a star, constellation.
at, but.
atavus, -I, m., the father of a
great-great-grandfather ; hence
ancestor.
ater, atra, atrum, (1) black, dark,
gloomy ; (2) dismal, deadly.
atque, and.
atqui, and yet.
atrium, -ii, n., the forecourt, hall.
atrox, -ocis, fierce, harsh, cruel.
attenuo, -avi, -atum, 1, (l)tomake
thin ; (2) abase.
at-tero, -trivi, -tritum, 3, to rub
against.
attine5, -tinui, -tentum, 2, (1) to
holdfast; (2) concern, beof conse-
quence to.
atting5, -tigi, -tactum, 3, to
touch, arrive at.
attonitus, -a, -um, (1) thunder-
struck; (2) frenzied, inspired.
auctor, -oris, c., (1) a founder,
father, maker; (2) author t
authority.
audax, -dacis, daring, bold.
audeo, ausus sum, 2, to dare.
audio, -m and -ii, -itum, 4, (1) to
hear ; (2) listen to, hear about ;
(3) obey.
aufero, abstuli, ablatum, auferre,
to take away, bear away.
augur, -guris, c., an augur, sooth-
sayer, seer, harbinger.
aula, -ae, f., (I) a forecourt, yard;
(2) palace, court.
aulaeum, -1, n., (1) tapestry; (2)
hangings.
aura, -ae, (1) a breeze; (2) breath.
aureus, -a, -um, (1) golden; (2)
excellent ; (3) noble.
auriga, -ae, m., a charioteer.
auris, -is, 1, an ear.
auritus, -a, -um, (1) with ears,
(2) listening.
aurum, -I, n., (1) gold; (2) the
Golden Age.
auspex, -spicis, m. and f., (1) one
who observes the omens given by
birds and makes prediction!
therefrom, an augur, diviner,
(2) leader.
auspicatus, -a, -um, consecrated
bg auspices.
auspicium, -ii, n., (1) augury
from birds, auspices; (2) omen,
sign.
aut, or; aut...aut, either. ..or.
avarus, -a, -um, eagerly desirous,
covetous, avaricious.
aveo, 2, to wish to, long for.
aversue, -a, -um, (1) turned away ;
(2) disinclined, unfavourable,
averse.
5
AVID
CALCO
avidus. -a, -urn, desirous, eager,
greedy.
avis, -is, f., (1) a bird ; (2) omen.
avitus, -a, -urn, of a grandfather,
ancestral.
avius, -a, -urn, untrodden.
avus, -I, m., a grandsire.
baca (bacca), -ae, f., a berry.
bacchor, -atus sum, -ari, to rave
like the Bacchantes, revel.
balanus, -i, f., a fragrant nut,
a behen-nut.
barbare, rudely, cruelly.
barbarus, -a, -um, foreign, bar-
barous.
barbitos, -i, c., a lyre, lute.
beatus, -a, -um, (1) happy, for-
tunate ; (2) prosperous, wealthy.
bellicSsus, -a, -um, warlike.
bellicus, -a, -um, (1) of war, mili-
tary ; (2) warlike.
bello, -avi, -atum, to wage war.
bellum, -i, n., war.
belua, -ae, f., a beast (of great
size), monster.
beluosus, -a, -um, teeming with
bene, well.
benignius, more generously (than
usual).
benignus, -a, -um, (1) good-
natured; (2) generous.
beo, -avi, -atum, 1, to bless, re-
ward.
bibo, bibi, 3, to drink.
bicornis, -e, two-horned.
bidens, -entis, with two teeth;
subst. f., a sheep.
biformis, -e, of two forms.
bilis, -is, f., bile, anger.
bimaris, -e, between two seas.
bimestris, -e, of two months, two
months old.
blmus, -a, -um, two years old.
bipennis, -is, f., a two-edged axe,
battle-axe.
6
biremis, -e, two-oared.
bis, twice.
blandius, more alluringly, more
persuasively.
blandior, -itus sum, -in, to coax.
blandus, -a, -um, caressing, allur-
ing.
bonus, -a, -um, (1) good; (2)
favourable, kind.
boreas, -ae, m., the north wind.
bos, bovis, c., an ox, cow.
brachium, -ii, n., (1) the fore arm;
i,2) the arm.
brevis, -e, (1) short; (2) short-
lived.
bruma, -ae, f., the shortest day,
winter time, winter.
brutus, -a, -um, heavy, immove-
able, dull.
bustum, -i, n., a tomb.
C.
cado, cecidi, casum, 3, (1) to
fall; (2) set (of stars).
caducus, -a, -um, (1) inclined to
fall, falling ; (2) frail, perish-
able.
cadus, -i, m., a wine-jar.
caecus, -a, -um, (1) blind; (2)
unseen, hidden.
caedes, -is, f., a cutting down,
slaughter.
caedo, cecidi, caesum, 3, (1) to
cut ; (2) kill.
caelebs (coelebs), -libis, un-
married, single.
caelestis, -e, of the sky, heavenly,
divine.
caelum (coelum), -i, n., the sky.
caementum, -i, n., an unhewn
stone, a quarry stone.
caesaries, -ei, f., the hair.
caespes (cespes), -pitis, m., a
turf, sod.
calamus, -i, m., a reed.
calco, -avi, -atum, 1, (1) to tread
upon: (2) tread.
CALEO
GELS
caled, -Hi, 2, (1) to be warm; (2)
love ardently.
calescd, calui, 3, to grow warm.
calidus, -a, -um, (1) warm, hot ;
(Z) fiery, rash.
caliginosus, -a, -um, misty,
Sloomy.
eo, -ui, 2, (1) to be thick-skin-
ned; (2) be experienced.
callidus, -a, -um, skilful, dex-
terous, clever.
calor, -oris, m., (1) warmth, heat ;
(2) the fire of love.
Camena (Camoena), -ae, f., a
Muse.
camp ester, -stris, -stre, (1) of a
level plain, fiat ; (2) nomad.
campus, -1, m., an open plain, field;
Campus Martius, or simply
Campus, a grassy plain along the
left bank of the Tiber in N. W.
Rome, used as an exercise ground
and a place for holding the
comitia.
candeo, -ui, 2, to shine with a
white glow.
candidus, -a, -um, shining or
dazzling white.
canis, -is, c., a dog.
canities, -ei, f., hoariness.
cano, cecini, cantum, 3, (1) to
sing ; (2) sing of.
canorus, -a, -um, melodious.
cantharus, -i, m., a tankard.
canto, -avi, -atum, 1, (1) to sing ;
(2) sing of.
cantus, -us, m., (1) a song ; (2)
music.
canus, -a, -um, hoary.
capax, -acis, large, capacious.
capella, -ae, f., a little she-goat,
kid.
caper, -pri, m., a he-goat, goat.
capillus, -i, m., a hair.
capio, cepi, captum, 3, (1) to take,
seize; (2) captivate.
caprea, -ae, f., a wild she-
goat.
capripes, -pedis, goat-footed.
captivus, -a, -um, taken in war,
captive; captiva, -ae, f., a
captive.
caput, -pitis, n., (1) the head; (2)
a head, person ; (3) the source ;
(4) civil rights.
carbo, -onis, m., coal, charcoal.
cardo, -dinis, m., a hinge.
careo, -ui, -iturus, 2, to be with-
out, in want of , free from.
carina, -ae, f., (1) a keel ; (2) a
ship.
carmen, -minis, n., a song.
carpo, carpsi, carptum, 3, (1) to
cull, pluck, pick, spin ; (2) graze
on; (3) seize, enjoy ; (4) pass
over ; (51 consume.
cams, -a, -um, dear, precious.
castitas, -atis, f., purity, chastity.
castra, -orum, v. castrum.
castrum, -i, n., (1) a fort; (2) pi.
a camp.
castus, -a, -um, pure, guiltless.
casus, -us, m., a fall.
catena, -ae, f., a chain, fetter.
caterva, -ae, f., throng, troop.
catulus, -i, m., a whelp, cub,
dog.
catus, -a, -um, clever.
cauda, -ae, f., the tail.
causa, -ae, f., a cause, reason,
motive.
cautius, more warily.
cautus, -a, -um, cautious, wary.
caveo, cavi, cautum, 2, to take
care, beware, guard against.
cavus, -a, -um, hollow.
cedo, cessi, cessum, 3, (1) to with-
draw, depart; (2) yield ; (3) give
up one's right.
celeber, -bris, -bre, frequented,
crowded.
celebro, -avi, -atum, 1, (1) to fre-
quent; (2) celebrate ; (3) praise,
honour.
celer, -eris, -ere, swift.
cella, -ae, f., a storehouse.
celo, -avi, -atum, 1, to hide.
celsus, -a, -um, lofty.
CEXA
COLL
cena (caena and coena), -ae, f.,
the principal meal of the Romans ;
dinner.
census, -us, m., property.
centiceps,- cip itis, hundred- headed.
centimanus, -a, -urn, with a
hundred hands.
centum, num. , a hundred.
cerebrum, -i, n., the brain.
cereus, -a, -urn, waxen.
cerd, -avi, -atum, 1, to cover with
wax.
certamen, -minis, n., a content.
certe, at least, at any rate.
certo, -avi, -atum, 1, (l)to fight,
contend ; (2) vie.
certus, -a, -um, (1) fixed, certain;
(2) trusty, unerring.
cerva, -ae, f., a hind.
cervix, -Icis, f., the neck.
cervus, -i, m., a stag, deer.
cesso, -avi, -atum, 1, (1) to be
remiss, tarry ; (2) be inactive,
falter.
ceterus, -a, -um, usually pi., the
other, the rest.
eeu, as, like as.
charta, -ae, f., (1) a leaf of papy-
rus, paper ; (2) poem.
chorda, -ae, f., a string (of a
musical instrument).
chorea, (-ea), -ae, f., a dance.
chorus, -i, m., (1) dance ; (2) the
company singing and dancing,
chorus.
ciborium, -ii, n., a drinking-cup.
cicatrix, -tricis, f., a scar.
eichoreum, -ei, n., chicory, endive.
cingo, cinxi, cinctum, 3, to en-
circle, wreathe, crown.
cinis, -eris, m., rarely f., ashes.
circa, around, about.
circum, around, round about.
cithara, -ae, f., a lute.
citius, more quickly.
citreus, -a, -um, of citrus-wood.
citus, -a, -um, quick, rapid.
civicus, -a, -um, of citizens, civic.
civilis, -e, of citizens, civil.
8
civis, -is, c., a citizen, fellow-
citizen.
civitas, -atis, f., (1) citizenship;
(2) a state.
clades and cladis, -is, f., a
disaster, loss.
clamor, -oris. m., (1) shout, cry ;
(2) echo.
claro, -avi, -atum, 1, to make
famous.
clarus, -a, -um, (1) bright; (2)
renowned*
classis, -is, i.,fieet.
claudo, clausi, clausum, 3, to
shut.
claudus, -a, -um, lame, halt.
claustrum, -i, n., a bar, barrier.
clavis, -is, f., a key.
clavus, -i, m., a nail.
Clemens, -entis, gentle, merciful.
cliens, -entis, m., a dependent,
client (i.e. a freeman under the
protection of a patronus).
clienta, -ae, f., a female client.
clipeus, -i, m., a round metal
shield.
clivus, i, m., a hill
co-emo, -emi, -emptum, 3, to buy
up.
coerced, -cui, -citum, 2, (1) to en-
close, encompass ; (2) confine,
control.
coetus, -us, m., an assembly,
crowd.
cogito, -avi, -atum, 1, to purpose,
design.
cogo, coegi, coactum, 3, (1) to col-
lect, unite ; (2) compel.
cohibeo, -bui, -bitum, 2, (1) to
hold together ; (2) confine; (3)
restrain.
cohors, -tis, f., (1) a company,
throng ; (2) cohort, battalion.
colligo, -legi, -lectum, 3, to
collect.
collino, -levi, -litum, 3, to be-
smear.
collis, -is, m., a hill.
collum, -i, n., the neck.
COLO
CONS
colo, colui, cultum, 3, (1) to culti-
vate ; (2) tend; (3) worship.
colonus, -1, m., a husbandman.
color (colos), -oris, m., (I) colour;
(2) complexion.
colubra, -ae, f., a snake,
columba, -ae, f., a dove.
columen, -minis, n., support,
stay.
columna, -ae, f., a pillar.
coma, -ae, f., (1) the hair (of the
head) ; (2) foliage or leaves.
com -bib 6, -bibi, 3, to absorb.
comes, -mitis, c., a companion.
cdmis, -e, courteous, comely, aff-
able.
comissor, -atns sum, -ari, to make
a merry procession, revel.
commissum, -I, n., a fault,
crime.
com-mittd, -xnisi, -missum, 3, (1)
to join together; (2) engage in,
fight; (3) commit; (4) iw-
trust.
commodum, -I, n., advantage.
commodus, -a, -um, (1) suitable;
(2) agreeable ; (3) full.
communis, -e, common, public.
como, compsi, compt'um, 3, to
comb, arrange.
corn-par, -paris, like, equal;
subst., a consort.
com-pello, -puli, -pulsum, 3, to
drive together.
com-pes, -pedis, f., a fetter.
compesco, -pescui, 3, to confine,
restrain.
com-pon5, -posui, -posittun, 3, (1)
to bring together, heap up; (2)
lay at rest ; (3) arrange.
con-cedo. -cessi, -cessum, 3, to
yield, give up.
concha, -ae, f ., a shell.
concido, -cidl, 3, (1) to fall down,
(2) subside.
con-cieo, -civi, -citum, 2, to ex-
cite.
concilium, -ii, n., an assembly,
council.
concino, -cinui, -centum, 3, (1) to
sing harmoniously ; (2) sing, cele-
brate.
concipio, -cepi, -oeptum, 3, to
conceive.
con-cito, -a'n, -atum, 1, to stir
up, rouse.
concutid, -cussi, -cussum, 3, to
shake violently.
condicio, -onis, f., (1) a stated con-
dition; (2) compact, terms.
con-disco, -didici, 3, to learn
well.
con- do, -didi, -ditum, 3, (1) to put
together', (2) store; (3) conceal,
see the last of; (4) enroll.
con-fero, contuli, collatum, (con-
latum), conferre, to bring to-
gether, gather.
con-fundo, -fudi, -fusum, 3, (1) to
mix; (2) mingle, join.
con-iuro, -avi, -atum, 1, (1) to
swear together ; (2) unite together
under oath.
coniuz (conj-) and coniunx
(conj-), -iugis, c., husband,
wife.
conor, -atus sum, 1, to under-
take, try.
conscius, -a, -um, (1) privy to;
(2) knowing.
consecro, -avi, -atum, 1, to conse-
crate.
con-senesco, -senui, 3, to grow
old together.
con-sentio, -sens!, -sensum, 4,
to agree.
consilior, -atus sum, 1, to con-
sult.
consilium, -ii, n., (1) deliberation,
counsel; (2) a council; (3) plan,
design.
con-sisto, -stiti, 3, (1) to take one's
stand ; (2) freeze.
con-socio, -avi, -atum, 1, to join,
unite.
con-sors, -sortis, sharing in.
conspicio, -spexi, -spectum, 3,
to look at, view.
9
CONS
CUBI
conspicuus, -a, -um, (1) visible;
(2) conspicuous.
constans, -antis, firm, constant.
consul, -sulis, m., a consul (the
two consuls were the highest
magistrates in Rome) .
consularis, -e, of a consul, consu-
lar.
consulo, -sului, -sultum, 3, to
consider, take counsel.
consultus, -a, -um, consulted,
skilled in; subst., consultus,
-I, m., a professor.
contaminatus, -a, -um, polluted.
con-temno, -tempsi, -temptum,
3, to despise.
contemplor, -platus sum, -ari,
to survey, contemplate.
con-tendo, -tendi, -tentum, 3,
(1) make an effort ; (2) contend.
continens, -entis, (1) bordering
upon; (2) unbroken.
contineo, -tinui, -tentum, 2, to
hold in, check.
continuo, -avi, atum, 1, to make
continuous, connect.
contra, (1) opposite; (2) in oppo-
sition, against.
con-traho, -traxi, -tractum, 3,
(1) to draw together ; (2) con-
tract; (3) reduce.
contremisco (contremesco), -tre-
mui, 3, (1) to quake; (2)
shudder at.
con-tundo, -tudl, -tusum, 3, to
bruise, crush, break in pieces.
con-venio, -veni, -ventum, 4, to
fit, be suitable to.
con-verto (convorto) , -verti
(-vorti), -versum (-vorsum), 3,
to change.
conviva, -ae, <j., a guest.
convlvium, -ii, n., a feast.
copia, -ae, f., (1) plenty; (2) pi.,
forces, troops.
copula, -ae, i.,a bond, tie.
•or, cordis, n., the heart; cordi
esse alicui, to be dear to one.
coram. openly.
10
comix, -nicis, f., a crow.
cornu, -us, and (rarely) -ft, n., (1)
a horn ; (2) strength, power ; (3)
trumpet.
corona, -ae, f., a wreath.
corono, -avi, -atum, 1, to crown.
corpus, -poris, n., a body.
eorrigo, -rexi, -rectum, 3, to
I make straight, set right.
Vcorripio, -ripui, -reptum, 3, (1)
to seize; (2) snatch up; (3)
hasten.
cortex, -ticis, m., bark, cork.
coruscus, -a, -um, glittering.
corvus, -I, m., a raven.
cos, cotis, f., a whetstone.
costum, -I, n., an oriental aroma-
tic plant, nard.
cothurnus, -1, m., (1) a high boot ;
(2) buskin.
eras, to-morrow.
crastinus, -a, -um, of to-morrow.
cratera, -ae, f., a mixing bowl,
wine-bowl.
creber, -bra, -brum, (1) thick;
(2) frequent.
credo, -didi, -ditum, 3, (1) to
believe ; (2) intrust, trust.
credulus, -a, -um, (1) confiding;
(2) believing in.
cremo, -avi, -atum, 1, to burn.
creo, -avi, -atum, 1, to create,
make, beget.
crepo, -pui, -pitum, 1, (1) to rattle;
(2) prate about.
cresco, crevi, cretum, 3, to grow,
become great.
crimen, -minis, n., (1) an accusa-
tion; (2) crime.
crimindsus, -a, -um, calumniat
ing, slanderous.
crinis, -is, m., hair.
crudelis, -e, cruel.
crudus, -a, -um, (1) raw; (2)
unripe.
cruentus, -a, -um, bloody, gory.
cruor, -oris, m., gore.
crus, cruris, n., a leg.
cubile, -is, n., a couch, bed.
CUBI
DECL
cubitum, -I, n., and cubitus, -i,
m., the elbow.
cubo, -bni, -bitum, 1, (1) to lie,
lie down ; (2) slope.
culpa, -ae, f., (1) fault, wicked-
ness; (2) defect.
culpo, -avi, -atum, 1, (1) con-
demn ; (2) lay the blame on.
cultor, -oris, m., a worshipper.
cultura, -ae, f., cultivation, till-
age.
cultus, -us, m., (1) cultivation;
(2) manner of life; (3) culture,
civilization, refinement ; (4)
adornment, dress.
culullus, -I, m., a beaker, bowl.
1. cum, prep., with.
2. cum (quom, quum), conj.,
when, since, although.
cunctor, -atus sum, 1, to delay,
linger.
cunctus, -a, -um, all together.
cuneus, -I, m., a wedge.
cunque, at any time.
cupido, -dinis, 1, desire, longing ;
Cupido, -dinis, m., the god of
love, Cupid.
cupidus, -a, -um, desirous of,
eager for.
cupid, -m or -ii, -Itum, 3, to
desire.
cupressus, -i, f ., a cypress.
cur, why.
cura, -ae, f ., (1) care; (2) anxiety,
concern; (8) a loved one.
curia, -ae,f., Senate-house, Senate.
euro, -avi, -atum, 1, to trouble
oneself about, care for, be care-
ful.
curriculum, -I, n., a race-course.
curro, cueurri, cursum, 3, to run,
hasten.
currus, -us, m., a chariot.
cursito, -avi, 1, to run about.
cursus, -us, m., arunning, course,
journey.
curtus, -a, -um, cut short.
curvo, -avi, -atum, 1, (1) to bend;
(2) hollow out.
curvus, -a, -um, bent.
cuspis, -pidis, f., a spear.
custodio, -ivi (-ii), -Itum, 4, to
guard, defend.
custos, -odis, c., a guard.
cutis, -is, f., the skin.
cyathus, -i, m., a cup, ladle.
cycnus, -i, m., a swan.
cymba, (cumba), -ae, f., a boat.
D.
damma, (dama), -ae, f.. a deer.
damno, -avi, -atum, 1, to con-
d^emn.
damnosus, -a, -um, injurious,
ruinous.
damnum, -i, n., damage, loss.
daps, dapis, f., a feast.
de, (1) from; (2) concerning,
about ; (3) down from.
dea, -ae, f., a goddess.
de-bacchor, -atus sum, -an, to
rave, rage.
de-bell5, -avi, -atum, 1, to Jight
out.
debed, -bui, -bitum, 2, to owe.
debilito, -avi, -atum, 1, (1) to
weaken ; (2) break.
de-canto, -avi, -atum, 1, to sing
off, sing often, sing to the end.
de-cedo, -cessi, -cessum, 3, (1) to
go away ; (2) give way, yield to.
decempeda, -ae, f., a ten-foot
measuring rod.
decens, -centis, beautiful.
decerpo, -cerpsi, -cerptum, 3, to
pluck off.
de-certo, -avi, -atum, 1, to fight
hard.
decet, 2, it is fitting, proper.
decide, -cidi, 3, (1) to fall down,
off, or away ; (2) die.
deciens and decies, ten times.
decipio, -cepi, -ceptum, 3, (1) to
deceive ; (2) cheat of.
de-clin5, -avi, -atum, 1, to turn
11
dec Ii vis, -e, sloping down.
DECO
DESI
de-coloro, -avi, -atum, 1, to dis-
colour, stain.
decor, -oris, m., beauty.
decoro, -avi, -atum, 1, (1) to
adorn; (2) distinguish.
decorus, -a, -um, (1) becoming ;
(2) beautiful, graceful.
de-cresco, -crevi, -cretum, 3, (1)
to grow less, wane; (2) shrink,
subside.
decretum, -I, n., a decree, ordin-
ance.
de-currd, -cum and (rarely) -cu-
curri, -cursum, 3, (1) to run
down ; (2) betake oneself to.
decus, -coris, n., an ornament,
glory, grace.
de-decet, it is unseemly.
de-decus, -coris, n., disgrace.
de-dico, -avi, -atum, 1, to dedi-
cate, consecrate.
de-do, -didi, -ditum, 3, to surren-
der.
de-doceo, 2, to cause to unlearn,
unteach.
de-duco, -duxl, -ductum, 3, (1)
to lead, draw, down; (2) derive,
deduce, introduce. {_
defendo, -fendi, -fensum, 3, (1) to
ward off, repel ; (2) defend.
de-fero, -tuli, -latum, -ferre, (1)
to bring down; (2) grant, con-
fer.
deficio, -fed, -fectum, 3, (1) to
fall off; (2) fail, be wanting,
cease.
de-flud, -fluzi, -fluxum, 3, to flow
down.
de-fundo, -fudi, -fusum, 3, to pour
out.
de-fungor, -functus sum, -fungi,
to discharge, perform, finish.
dego, degi, 3, to spend, pass, live.
deicio, -ieci, -iectum, 3, to hurl
down.
de-labor, -lapsus sum, -labi, to
glide down.
delecto, -avi, -atum, 1, to charm,
delight.
12
de-lenio (delinio), -ivi, -itum, 4,
to soothe.
deleo, -levi, letum, 2, to abolish,
destroy.
delibero, -avi, -atum, 1, (1) to
weigh well, ponder ; (2) resolve,
determine.
deliciae, -arum, f., a delight,
pleasure, luxury.
delictum, -i, n., crime.
delubrum, -i, n., a shrine.
de-mens, -mentis, mad, distracted.
de-mergd, -mersi, -mersum, 3, (1)
to submerge, plunge, dip; (2)
overwhelm.
de-mitto. -misi, -missum, 3, (1) to
send down, lower ; (2) let sink.
demo, dempsi, demptum, 3, to
take away.
de-nato, 1, to swim down.
de-neg5, -avi, -atum, 1, to re-
fuse.
de-nomino, -avi, -atum, 1, to
name.
dens, dentis, m., a tooth.
denseo, -sui, 2, (1) to make thick;
(2) send thick and fast.
densus, -a, -um, thick, close,
thronging.
de-pello, -puli, -pulsum, 3, (1) to
drive out or away ; (2) wean.
de-pono, -posui, -positum, 3, (1)
to lay doivn, fix ; (2) intrust.
de-proelior, -ari, to war violently.
de-promo, -prompsi, -promptum,
3, to fetch out.
de-propero, 1, to prepare hastily.
deripio, -ripui, -reptum, 3, to
snatch away, pull down.
de-rivo, -avi, -atum, 1, to draw
from.
descends, -scendi, -scensum, 3,
to go down.
de-eeco, -secui, -sectum, 1, to cut
away.
de-ser'o, -serui, -sertum, 3, to for-
sake.
desiderium, -ii, n., (1) object of
longing ; (2) yearning, regret.
DESI
DISC
desidero, -avi, -atum, 1, (1) to
yearn for ; (2) miss.
desilio, -silui, -sultum, 4, to leap
down.
de-sino, -slvi and -sii, -situm, 3,
to cease.
desipio, -sipui, 3, to be foolish,
trifle.
de-spero, -avi, -atum, 1, to despair
of, give up.
despicio, -spexl, -spec turn, 3, (1)
to look down upon ; (2) despise.
destine, -avi, -atom, 1, to assign,
devote, promise, reserve.
destituo, -stitul, -stitutum, 3, to
abandon, leave in the lurch, cheat.
de-stringo, -strinxi, -s trie tum,
3, to draw.
de-sum, -ful, -esse, to be away,
wanting, missing.
de-tergeo, -tersi, -tersum, 2, to
wipe off, away.
deterior, -ius, worse, inferior.
de-tero, -trivi, -tritum, 3, to wear
away, weaken, impair.
de-terreo, -terrui, -territum, 2,
to frighten off.
detestor, -atus sum, -an, to
execrate, detest.
detineo, -tinui, -tentum, 2, (1) to
hold fast ; (2) keep back, keep
away.
de-torqueo, -torsi, -tortum, 2, to
turn away, bend aside.
deus, -1, m., a god.
devexus, -a, -um, rolling away
from, sinking.
de-vinco, -vici, -victum, 3, to
conquer completely.
devius, -a, -um, secluded, wander-
ing,
de-volvo, -volvl, -volutum, 3, to
roll down, v
devotus, -a, -nm, accursed.
de-voveo, -vovi, -votum, 2, to
devote, consecrate.
dextera or (usu.) dextra, -ae,
f. (sc. manus), the right hand.
diadema, -matis, n., a diadem.
dlco, dixi, dictum, 3, (1) to say.
speak, tell, mention ; (2) call ;
(3) sing.
di-ducd, -duxi, -ductum, 3, to
separate.
dies, -ei, sing, c., pi. m., (1) a
day ; (2) time, lapse of time.
differd, distuli, dllatum, differre,
to put off, defer.
difficilis, -e, obstinate, surly, un-
endurable.
diffindo, -fidi, -fissum, 3, to split
asunder.
diffingo, 3, to forge anew, alter.
diffugio, -fugi, -fugitum, 3, to
flee in different directions.
digitus, -I, m., a finger.
digne, worthily.
dignor, -atus sum, -arl, to deem
worthy.
dignus, -a, -um, worthy.
dliudico (dij-), -avi, -atum, 1,
to decide.
dilabor, -lapsus sum, -lab!, (1) to
fall to pieces ; (2) go to ruin.
diligo, -lexi, -lectum, 3, to love.
/diluvies, -ei, f., a flood.
Jdimidium, -ii, n., a half.
dl-moveo, -movi, -mo turn, 2, (1)
to move asunder ; (2) move away,
remove.
didta, -ae, f ., a two-handled wine-
jar.
dirigo, -rexi, -rectum, 3, (1) to
set straight ; (2) direct, aim.
di-ruo, -rui, -rutum, 3, to hurl
asunder, destroy, demolish.
dirus, -a, -um, dreadful.
dis, ditis, m. and f., dite, -is,
n., wealthy.
dis-cernd, -crevi, -cretum, 3, to
sever, distinguish.
discS, didici, 3, to learn.
discors, -cordis, (1) disagreeing;
(2) quarrelsome.
dis-crepo, -crepui, 1, to be dis-
cordant.
discrimen, -minis, n., a distinc-
tion, difference.
DISC
EBUR
discus, -I, m., a quoit.
disicio, -ieci, -iectum, 3, to dis-
perse.
dis-par, -paris, unequal, unlike.
displiceo, -plicui, -plicitum, 2,
to displease.
dis-sentio, -sensi, -sensum, 4, to
differ, disagree.
dissided, -sedi, -sessum, 2, to be
at variance.
dis- simulo, -avi, -atum, 1, to
conceal.
dissipo, -avi, -atum, 1, to dis-
perse.
dissociabilis, -e, separating.
dis-solvo, -solvl, -solutum, 3, (1)
to unloose; (2) break up; (3)
scatter.
distilled, -tinui, -tentum, 2, to
keep asunder.
distinguo, -stinxi, -stinctum, 3,
(1) to distinguish ; (2) mark, set
of.
di-sto, 1, (1) to stand apart, be dis-
tant ; (2) be different.
dithyrambus, -i, m., a dithy-
rambic poem.
diu, a long time.
di-vello, -velli, -vulsum (vol-
sum), 3, to tear apart.
dives, -vitis, rich, blest.
divide, -visi, -visum, 3, (1) to
separate; (2) distribute.
divinus, -a, -um, (1) divine ; (2)
prophetic.
divitiae, -arum, f., riches.
divus, -i, m., a god ; diva, -ae,
f., a goddess ; divum, -I, n., the
open air.
do, dedi, datum, 1, (1) to give; (2)
let loose.
doceo, docul, doctum, 2, to teach.
docilis, -e, teachable, docile.
doctor, -oris, m., a teacher.
doctrina, -ae, f., (1) teaching, in-
struction; (2) erudition, learn-
ing.
doctus, -a, -um, learned, skilled.
doleo, dolui, 2, to grieve.
14
dolium, -ii, n., a large wide-
mouthedjar.
dolosus, -a, -um, cunning, treach-
erous, disloyal.
dolus, -I, m., guile.
domabilis, -e, that can be subdued.
domina, -ae, f., a mistress, lady.
dominus, -I, m., a master, owner.
domo, -mul, -mitum, 1, to tame,
conquer.
domus, -I, f., (1) a house; (2)
school, sect.
donee, while, as long as.
doud, -avi, -atum, 1, to give as a
present.
ddnum, -i, n., a gift.
dormio, -ivi or -ii, -itum, 4, to
sleep.
dos, dotis, f., a marriage portion,
dower.
dotatus, -a, -um, richly dowered.
doto, -avi, -atum, 1, to endow.
draco, -onis, m., a snake.
dubito, -avi, -atum, 1, to doubt.
dubius, -a, -um, wavering, doubt-
ful, uncertain.
duc5, duxi, ductum, 3, (1) to
draw ; (2) draw to oneself, get ;
(8) draw in, quaff ; (4) carry (a
wall) ; (5) protract, prolong ; (6)
lead ; uxorem d., marry.
duellum, -i, n., arch, for bellum,
dulcis, -e, sweet.
dum, while.
dumetum, -i, n., a thicket.
duplex, -plicis, (1) double; (2)
false.
duro, -avi, -atum, 1, (1) to make
hard; (2) endure.
durus, -a, -um, (1) hard; (2)
severe, unyielding.
dux, ducis, c., a leader.
ebrius, -a, -um, drunk.
ebur, -boris, n., ivory.
eburnus, -a, -um, of ivory.
ECCE
EX
ecce, lo !
edax, -dacis, devouring, destroying.
edictum, -1, n., a proclamation,
decree.
e-do, edidi, editum, 3, (1) to
give out ; (2) produce^
e-domo, -mui, -mitum, 1 , tosubdue.
e-duco, -duxl, -ductum, 3, to lift
up.
efficax, -cacis, efficacious, power-
ful, effective.
efficio, -fed, -fectum, 3, to make,
render.
effugio, -fugl, 3, to Jlee away,
escape.
effundo, -ffldi, -fusum, 3, (1) to
pour out ; (2) lavish.
egeo, -gul, 2, to be in need of,
want.
ego, /.
egregius, -a, -urn, (1) eminent,
surpassing ; (2) noble.
eheu, ah ! alas ! alack !
e-laboro, -avi, -atum, 1, to work
out, elaborate.
elegi, -drum, m., elegiac verse,
elegy.
elementum, -i, n., (1) an element;
(2) pi., rudiments, first principles.
elicid, -cui, -citum, 3, (1) to entice
out; (2) draw forth; (3) elicit,
win.
elido, -llsi, -Hsum, 3, to break.
eligo, -legi, -lectum, 3, to select.
e-loquor, -locutus (loquutus)
sum, -loqui, to speak out, de-
clare.
e-luo, -lui, -lutum, 3, to wash
away.
e-mlror, -atus sum, -ari, to be
amazed at.
e-moved, -movi, -mStum, 2, to
move out, dislodge.
emptor, -oris, m., a buyer, pur-
chaser.
e-navigo, -avi, -atum, 1, to sail
over.
enim, for.
e-nitesco, 3, to shine forth.
e-nitor, -nisus and -nixus sum,
-niti, (1) to struggle up; (2)
strive, struggle, make a great
effort.
ensis, -is, m., a sword.
eo, IvI and usu. ii, itum, ire, to
go, pass.
eodem, adv. [abl. n. of idem], in
the same direction, to the same
point.
epulae, -arum, f., a feast.
equa, -ae, f., a mare.
eques, -quitis, c., a horseman.
equinus, -a, -um, of a horse.
equito, -avi, -atum, 1, to ride (on
horseback) .
equus, -I, m., a horse.
e-rado, -rasi, -rasum, 3, to eradi-
cate, remove.
ergd, therefore.
erllis, -e, a master's or mistress's.
eripio, -ripul, -reptum, 3, (1) to
snatch away ; (2) deliver.
erro, -avi, -atum, 1, to wander.
e-rubesco, -rubui, 3, to blush, be
ashamed of.
erus, -I, m., the master of a
house.
esculus, -I, f., an oak.
et, and ; et . . . et, both . . .
and.
et-enim, for.
etiam, and even, and also.
euhoe, a joyous shout at the feasts
of Bacchus.
euoe, v. euhoe.
e-vagor, -atus sum, -ari, to over-
step, wander beyond.
e-veho, -vexi, -vectum, 3, (1) to
carry out ; (2) lift up.
e-vello, evelli, evulsum, 3, to
tear out,
e-venio*, -veni, -ventum, 4, to
come out.
e-vinco, -vici, -victum, 3, (1) to
conquer completely ; (2) supplant.
e-vltd, -avi, -atum, 1, to avoid.
ex and (only before consonants)
e, out of, from.
15
EXAM
FALS
examen, -minis, n., a warm,
throng.
ex-animo, -avi, -atum, 1, (1) to
put out of breath; (2) kill; in
pass., to faint. '
1. excido, -cidi, 3, (1) to fall out;
(2) pass away, be lost,
2. excido, -cidi, -cisum, 3, (1) to
hew out ; (2) cut down, destroy.
excipio, -cepi, -ceptmn, 3, to
catch, receive.
exclud5,-clusi, -clusum, 3, to shut
out.
excubiae, -arum, f., a watching,
keeping watch.
ex-cubo, -bui, -bitum, 1, (1) to
sleep out of doors ; (2) be on guard.
excutio, -cussi, -cussum, 3, (1) to
shake off; (2) reject.
exemplum, -I, n., (1) a model,
pattern; (2) example, instance,
precedent.
ex-eo, -ii (rarely -ivi), -itum,
-ire, to go forth.
exerceo, -cui, -citum, 2, (1) to keep
in motion, busy; (2) trouble,
vex.
exercitus, -us, m., an army.
exigd, -egi, -actum, 3, (1) to drive
out ; (2) carry through, finish.
exiguus, -a, -urn, scanty, little,
narrow.
exilis, -e, thin, poor, unsubstan-
tial.
eximd, -emi, -emptum, 3, to take
away.
exitium, -ii, n., destruction.
exitus, -us, m., (1) a going out ;
(2) issue, result.
•x-pavesco, -pavi, 3, (1) to be ter-
rified; (2) dread.
expedio, -ivi and -ii, -itum, 4,
(1) to unloose, let loose, free; (2)
bring forward, bring through;
expedit, it is serviceable, expedi-
ent.
experior, -pertus sum, -iri, (1) to
make trial of; (2) find or learn
by experience.
16
expers, -pertis, having no part or
share in, not privy to.
ex-pio, -avi, -atum, 1, to atone
for.
exple5, -plevi, -pletum, 2, to fill
up. ,
ex-plico, -avi, -atum, and -ui,
-itum, 1, (1) to unfold, unrol,
smooth; (2) disentangle; (3)
bring out victoriously.
ex-pugno, -avi, -atum, 1, to take
by assault, storm.
ex-siccd, -avi, -atom, 1, to dry
up, drain.
exsilium, -ii, n., banishment.
exsomnis, -e, sleepless.
exstinguo, -stinxi, -stinctum,
3, (1) to extinguish ; (2) destroy.
ex-struo, -struxi, -structum, 3,
to pile up, rear.
exsul (exul), -sulis, c., an exile.
exsultim, friskingly.
ex -tendo, -tendi, -tensum and
-tentum, 3, (1) to extend; (2)
spread abroad.
extra, (1) without ; (2) beyond.
extremus, -a, -um, outermost,
last.
extrico, -avi, -atum, 1, to disen-
tangle.
fabula, -ae, f., a tale.
fabuldsus, -a, -um, fabled,
storied.
facies, -ei, f., (1) appearance ; (2)
beauty; (3) face.
facilis, -e, (i) easy; (2) facile,
ready.
facio, feci, factum, 3, (1) to make ;
(2) do.
facundia, -ae, f., eloquence.
facundus, -a, -um, eloquent.
faex, faecis, f., sediment, dregs.
fallax, -lacis, deceitful, guileful,
treacherous.
fallo, fefelli, (falsum), 3, (1) t»
escape notice, elude ; (2) deceive.
falsus, -a, -um,
FALX
FINI
falx, falcis, f., a sickle, pruning-
hook.
fama, -ae, f., reputation.
fames, -is, f., hunger.
famosus, -a, -um, infamous, no-
torious.
famulus, -I, m., a servant.
fanum, -I, n., a sacred precinct,
temple.
far, farris, n., (1) spelt; (2) meal.
fas, n. indecl., right, justice.
fascis, -is, m., a bundle; ESP. :
pi., a bundle of rods with an axe
in the middle, carried by lictors
before the higher magistrates of
Rome.
fasti (sc. dies), -orum, m., a list
or calendar of the days and
months of the year, together with
the sacred festivals.
fastldio, -Ivi, -itum, 4, to loathe,
disdain.
fastidiosus, -a, -um, (1) disgusted
with, sick of; (2) tiring, cloy-
ing.
fatalis, -e, (1) destined, fated ; (2)
deadly.
fatlgo, -a vi, -atum, 1, to tire.
fatum, -I, n., destiny, fate.
faustus, -a, -um, favourable,
auspicious.
faveo, favi, fautum, 2, to be
favourable to; favete lingua,
keep holy silence, be silent.
favilla, -ae, f . , glowing ashes.
favor, -oris, m., (1) favour, parti-
ality ; (2) popularity.
fax, facis,f., (1) a torch; (2} flame;
(3) light.
febris, -is, f., fever.
fecundus, -a, -um, fruitful, fer-
tile.
felix, -licis, happy, successful.
femina, -ae, f., a woman.
fenestra, -ae, f., a window.
fera, -ae, f., a wild beast.
ferax, -racis, fruitful.
feriae, -arum, f., holidays, festi-
vals, peace.
Hor.L.
feriatus, -a, -um, keeping holiday,
at leisure.
ferid, 4, to strike.
fero, tuli, latum, ferre, (1)
carry; (2) report, say; (3)
carry off, obtain; (4) produce.
ferox, -ocis, fierce.
ferratus, -a, -um, furnished with
iron, mailed.
ferrum, -1, n., (1) iron; (2) an iron
implement, axe ; (3) sword.
fertilis, -e, fruitful.
ferus, -a, -um, (1) wild; (2)
fierce.
ferveS, -bui, 2, to be hot, boil,
glow, be heated.
fervidus, -a, -um, (1) glowing,
burning , fiery ; (2) boiling.
fervor, -oris, m., heat, ardour.
fessus, -a, -um, tired.
festmo, -avi, -atum, 1, to hasten.
festus, -a, -um, festal, holiday,
merry.
1. fetus, -us, m., young, off-
spring.
2. fetus, -a, -um, with young.
fidelis, -e, trustworthy, faithful.
1. fides, -el, i., good faith, honour.
2. fides, -is, f., a string, and in
pi., a stringed instrument, lyre.
fidicen, -iuis, m., a lute-player.
fido, fisus sum, 3, to trust, con-
fide in.
fidus, -a, -um, faithful,
figo, fix!, fixum, 3, to fix, set.
figiira, -ae, f., a shape.
filia, -ae, f., a daughter.
filius, -ii, m., a son.
filum, -I, n., a thread.
findo, fidi, fissum, 3, to split,
divide.
fing5, finxi, fictum, 3, (1) to mould,
fashion; (2) make; (3) devise;
(4) train.
finio, -Ivi, -itum, 4, to finish.
finis, -is, m., (1) a boundary ; (2)
end.
finitimus, -a, -um, bordering
upon.
17
FIO
FUGO
fio, factus sum, fieri, to become,
be made.
firmo, -avi, -atum, 1, (1) to
strengthen; (2) encourage.
firmus, -a, -um,^rm, strong.
fistula, -ae, 1, a shepherd's pipe,
reed-pipe.
flagellum, -i, n., a scourge.
flagitium, -il, n., shameful act,
disgrace.
flagit5, -avi, -atum, 1, to demand.
flagrans, -antis, blazing, burning.
fiagro, -avi, -atum, 1, to flame,
blaze.
flamen, -minis, n., a blowing,
blast.
flamma, -ae, f., aflame.
flatus, -us, in., a breathing, blast,
breeze.
flavus, -a, -um, golden-yellow,
golden- haired.
flebilis, -e, (1) deserving tears;
(2) causing tears; (3) tearful.
flebiliter, tearfully.
fiectd, fiexi, flexum, 3, to bend,
turn.
fleo, flevi, fletum, 2, (1) to weep ;
(2) weep for, lament.
flos, floris. m., a flower*
fluctus, -us, m., a wave.
flumen, -minis, n., a river.
fluo, fluxi, fluxum, 3, to flow.
fluvius, -ii, m., a river.
focus, -1, m., a hearth.
1. foedus, -a, -um, foul, unseemly.
2. foedus, -erig, n., a treaty, com-
pact.
folium, -ii, n., a leaf.
fons, fontis, m., a source, spring.
for, fatus sum, fari, to speak, say.
foris, -is, f., a door ; in pi., the
two leaves of a door.
forma, -ae, i.,Jorm, beauty.
formido, -avi, -atum, 1, to fear.
formldolosus, -a, -um, fearful,
dreadful.
formo, -avi, -atum, 1, to fashion,
mould.
formdsus, -a, -um, beautiful.
forte, by chance; fors, perchance.
forsan, perhaps.
fortis, -e, brave.
fortiter, bravely.
fortuitus, -a, -um, accidental,
casual.
fortuna, -ae, f., chance, fortune.
forum, -i, n., a market-place;
forum Eomanum or magnum
or simply forum, between the
Capitoline and Palatine Hills,
fossor, -oris, m., a digger, ditcher.
fragilis, -e, fragile, frail, weak.
frango, fregi, fractum, 3, (1) to
break; (2) break down, crush;
(3) rend.
frater, -tris, m., a brother.
fraternus, -a, -um, of a brother,
brotherly.
fraudulentus, -a, -um, deceitful.
fraus, fraudis, f., (1) deceit; (2)
injury ; (3) crime.
fraxinus, -i, f., an ash-tree.
fremitus, -us, m., din.
fremo, -mui, -mitum, 3, to roar,
snort.
frenum, -i, n., a bridle^ ..
frequens, -entis, (1) thronging,
j numerous; (2) crowded.
^fretum, -i, n., a strait, sea.
frigidus, -a, -um, cold, cool.
frlgus, -oris, n., cold.
1. frons, frondis, f., (1) foliage;
(2) chaplet.
2. frons, frontis, f., the forehead.
fruor, fruitus and fructus sum,
frui, to enjoy.
frustra, in vain.
fruticetum, -i, n., a thicket.
frux, frugis, f., fruits of the
earth, crops.
fucus, -i, m., dye. . •
fuga, -ae, i., flight.
fugax, -acis, flying.
fugio, fugl, fugitum, 3, (1) to takt
flight; (2) flee from; (3) avoid,
shun, decline ; (4) escape.
fug5, -avi, -atum, 1, to put ta
flight.
FULG
GEAV
rulgeo, fulsi, 2, to flash, shine.
fulgor, -oris, m., a glitter, bright-
ness.
fulgur, -guris and -goris, n., a
flash*
fulmen, -minis, n., a thunderbolt.
fulmineus, -a, -urn, of lightning.
fulmino, -avi, -atom, 1, to lighten,
hurl lightning.
fulvus, -a, -urn, tawny, gold-
coloured.
fumo, -avi, I, to smoke, reek.
fumus, -I, m., smoke.
funale, -is, n., a torch.
funditus, from the bottom, utterly,
totally.
fundo, fudi, fusum, 3, to pour.
fundus, -L,m., (1) the bottom, base
of anything ; (2) soil, farm,
estate.
funero, -avl, -atum, 1, to kill.
fungor, functus sum, fungi, to
perform, accomplish.
f finis, -is, m., a rope.
funus, -eris, n., (1) a funeral;
(2) death.
furialis, -e, raging, wild.
furio, -avl, -atom, 1, to madden.
furiosus, -a, -um, raging, frantic.
fur 6, 3, to rage, be mad.
furor, -oris, m., madness^ frenzy.
furtim, by stealth.
furtum, -I, n., a theft,
furvus, -a, -urn, dusky, murky.
fustis, -is, m., a club, billet,
log.
galea, -ae, f., a helmet.
gaudeo, gavlsus sum, 2, to rejoice.
gaudium, -ii, n.,joy.
gaza, -ae, f., treasure, wealth.
gelidus, -a, -um, (1) cold, chilly ;
(2) cool.
gelu, -us, n., cold.
gemino, -avl, -atum, 1 , to double,
redouble.
geminus,-a,-um, twin-born, twin.
gemma, -ae, f., a gem, precious
stone.
gemo, -ui, -itum, 3, (1) to groan;
(2) sigh over.
gena, -ae, f., a cheek.
gener, -eri, m., a son-in-law.
genero, -avl, -atum, 1, to beget.
generosius, more nobly.
generosus, -a, -um, of noble
birth.
genitor, -dris, m., a father.
genius, -ii, m., a genius, guardian
deity.
gens, gentis, f., a race, clan.
genu, -us, n., a knee.
genus, -neris, n., a race, stock, a
descendant, offspring.
gerd, gessi, gestum, 3, (1) to
carry; (2) carry on; (3) reflexive,
behave oneself.
gestio, -ivi and -ii, -itum, 4, (1)
to use gesticulations; (2) desire
passionately, long.
gesto, -avl, -atum, 1, to carry,
wear.
gigno, genui, genitum, 3, to
beget.
glacies, -el, f., ice.
glacio, -avl, -atum, 1, to freeze.
gleba (glaeba) -ae, f., a clod.
gloria, -ae, f., (1) renown; (2;
vainglory, boasting.
gracilis, -e, slender.
gradus, -us, m., (1) a step; (2)
advance.
gramen, -minis, n., grass.
grandis, -e, great, noble.
grando, -dinis, f., a hail-storm,
hail.
gratus,-a,-um, (1) pleasing, agree-
able ; (2) grateful.
gravidus, -a, -um, (1) pregnant ;
(2) heavy.
gravis, -e, (1) heavy ; (2) weighty,
dignified, impressive; (3) oppres-
sive, harsh, cruel; (4) noxious.
gravor, -ari, -atus sum, to regard
as a burden, shrink from, re-
fuse.
19
GREX
ICTUS
grex, gregis, m., (1) a flock,
herd ; (2) people,
gurges, -gitis, m., a whirlpool,
flood, sea.
habeo, -bui, -bitum, 2, (1) to
have, hold; (2) regard, think.
habilis, -e, suitable, fit.
habitabilis, -e, habitable.
haedilia, -ae, f., a little kid.
haedus, -I, m., a kid.
haereo, haesi, haesum, 2, (1) to
stick; (2) holdfast to, cling to.
hast a, -ae, f., a spear, lance.
hedera, -ae, f., ivy.
herba, -ae, f., grass, herbage.
herbosus, -a, -urn, grassy.
heres, -redis, c., an heir.
herds, -rdis, m., a demi-god, hero.
heu ! ah ! oh ! alas !
bibernus, -a, -urn, of winter,
wintry.
1. hie (hie), haec, hoc, (1) this;
(2) he, she, it.
5. hie, h>
2. hie, here.
hiems, hiemis, f., (1) winter; (2)
a storm.
hinc, (1) hence; (2) henceforth;
(3) hereafter, next, then.
hinnitug, -us, m., a neighing.
himmleus, -i, TO.., fawn.
hispidus, -a, -um, rough, shaggy.
historia, -ae, f., a narrative,
story.
hodie, to-day.
hodiernus, -a, -um, of this day,
to-day's.
homo, -minis, m., a human being,
man.
honestus, -a, -um, honourable,
well-born.
bonds and honor, -oris. m., (1)
honour, distinction; (2) office;
(3) grace, beauty.
hora, -ae, f., (1) a season; (2)
hour.
hornus, -a, -um. this year's.
20
horrendus, -a, -um, dreadful,
frightful.
horresco, horrui, 3, tremble at.
horreum, -i, n., a storehouse,
granary.
horribilis, -e, terrible.
horridus, -a, -um, (1) bristling,
shaggy ; (2) rude, uncouth; (3)
terrible, grim.
hortus, -i, m., a garden.
hospes, -pitis, m.,(l) a host; (2)
stranger.
hospita, -ae, f., a hostess.
hospitalis, -e, hospitable.
hostia, -ae, f., a victim, sacrifice.
hosticus, -a, -um, hostile.
hostis, -is, c., a foe.
hue, hither.
humanus, -a, -um, human.
humilis, -e, (1) low-lying; (2)
humble.
humus, -i, f., the earth, ground.
hydrops, -dropis, m., the dropsy.
I.
iace5, -cui, -citurus, 2, (1) to lie;
(2) lie low or prostrate.
iacio (jac-), ieci, iactum, 3, to
throw.
iactS, -avi, -atum, 1, (I) to throw
about, toss ; (2) boast of, vaunt.
iaculator (jac-), -oris, m., a
thrower, hurler.
iaculor (jac-), -atus sum, -ari, to
hit, strike, aim at.
iaculum, -i, n., javelin.
iam (jam), now, already; iam
dudum, now for a long time ;
iam non andnoniam, no longer.
iambus, -i, m., an iambic foot,
iambic poetry.
ianitor (jan-), -oris, m., a door-
keeper.
ianua (jan-), -ae, f., a door.
ibi, there.
icio or ic5, ici, ictum, 3, to strike,
smite.
ictus, -us, m., a blow, stroke*
IDEM
IMUS
idem, eadem, idem, the same.
iddneus, -a, -um, fit, proper.
iecur (jec-), gen. iecoris, iecin-
oris and iocineris, n., the liver,
supposed by the ancients to be the
seat of the passions.
ignarus, -a, -um, ignorant.
igneus, -a, -Tim, fiery, blazing.
ignis, -is, m., fire.
ignotus, -a, -um, unknown.
Ilex, -licis, f., holm-oak.
illabor, -lapsus sum, -labi, to
fall, fall upon.
illacrimabilis, -e, (1) tearless,
pitiless; (2) unwept.
illaqueo, -avi, -atum, 1, to en-
trap, entangle.
ille, ilia, illud, (1) that, he, she, it;
(2) the well-known.
illic, there.
illigd, -avi, -atum, 1, (1) to bind
on; (2) entangle.
illino, -levi, -litum, 3, to smear
or spread on or over.
illuc, thither.
illustrS, -avi, -atum, 1, to light
up, illuminate.
imago, -ginis, f., (1) a phantom,
ghost ; (2) echo ; (3) fancy.
imbellis, -e, unwarlike.
imber, -bris, m., shower, rain.
imbud, -bui, -butum, 3, (1) to
wet; (2) imbue, fill.
imitor, -atus sum, -ari, to imitate.
immanig, -e, huge, frightful,
immemor, -moris, unmindful,
forgetful.
immensus, -a, -um, immeasurable,
boundless.
immerens, -entis, innocent.
immeritus, -a, -um, (1) unde-
serving ; (2) undeserved.
immetatus, -a, -um, unmeasured.
hummed, 2, (1) to overhang ; (2)
threaten.
imminuo, -nui, -nutum, 3, (1) to
diminish ; (2) impair.
immiserabilis, -e, unpititd.
immitis, -e, (1) unripe; (2) cruel.
immodicus, -a, -um, excessive.
immold, -avi, -atum, 1, to sprinkle
with sacrificial meal, sacrifice.
immortalis, -e, deathless.
immunis, -e, (1) contributing
nothing; (2) free from, with. gen.
impar, -aris, unequal, ill-matched.
impavidus, -a, -um, intrepid.
imp e did, -ivi and -ii, -Itum, 4,
to entangle, entwine, ensnare,
hamper.
impello, -puli, -pulsum, 3, (1) to
push, urge on, incite; (2) over-
throw.
imperiosus, -a, -um, tyrannical.
imperito, -avi, -atum, 1, to rule.
imperium, -ii, n., (1) command,
rule, sway ; (2) empire.
impermissus, -a, -um, forbidden.
impero, -avi, -atum, 1, to com-
mand.
impetro, -avi, -atum, 1, to accom-
plish, get, obtain.
impetus, -us, m., an onset, attack.
impiger, -gra, -grum, inde-
fatigable, active.
impius, -a, -um, irreverent, god-
less.
implacidus, -a, -um, savage.
impono, -posui, -positum, 3, to
put upon.
importunus, -a, -um, (1) unsuit-
able; (2) harassing, troublesome ;
(3) tyrannical, ruthless.
impotens, -entis, (1) powerless;
(2) without self-control, head-
strong.
imprimd, -press!, -pressum, 3, (1
to press upon; (2) stamp upon,
imprint.
improbus, -a, -um, excessive, un-
conscionable, insatiable.
improvisus, -a, -um, unexpected.
impubes, -beris, youthful, beard-
less.
impudens, -entis, shameless.
impune, without punishment.
imus, -a, -um, lowest.
21
TNIM
in, (1) with abl., in, within, in
the ease of, among ; (2) with
ace., into, to, towards, against, in
view of, in the case of.
in-aequalis, -e, uneven.
inanis, -e, empty, unsubstantial.
in-audax, -dacis, timorous.
in-cedo, -cessi, -cessum, 3, (1) to
approach, enter ; (2) pass through.
incendinm, -ii, n., a fire, con-
flagration.
in-certus, -a, -um, doubtful.
incestus, -a, -um, impure, un-
chaste, guilty.
inchod or incoho, -avi,^-atum, 1,
to begin.
incido, -cidi, -clsum, 3, to carve,
engrave.
in-clino, -avi, -atum, 1, (1) to
bend; (2) sink.
include, -clusi, -clusum, 3, to
shut in, confine.
incola, -ae, c., an inhabitant.
incolumis, -e, uninjured, unim-
paired, safe.
in-comptus, -a, -um, (I)' unkempt ;
(2) unadorned.
in-continens, -entis, intemperate.
in-corruptus, -a, -um, incor-
ruptible.
in-credibilis, -e, beyond belief.
in-crepd, -ui, -itum, 1, to chide,
upbraid, rebuke.
in-cubo, -Hi, -itum, 1, (1) to rest
upon; (2) brood upon.
in-cumbo, -cubui, -cubitum, 3,
to fall heavily upon, settle on.
incus, -cudis, f., an anvil.
in-decoro, 1, to disgrace, mar.
in-decorus, -a, -um, unbecoming.
indico, -avi, -atum, 1, to point
out, declare.
in-dictus, -a, -um, unsaid, unsung.
in-dignus, -a, -um, (1) unworthy;
(2) undeserving.
in-docilis, -e, (1) unteachable ; (2)
untaught ; (3) untamed.
in-doctus, -a, -um, untaught,
ignorant.
22
indoles, -is, f., nature, character,
disposition, genius.
indomitus, -a, -um, untamed, wild.
indulged, -dulsi, -dultum, 2, to
give way to.
in-eo, -ii or -Ivi, -itum, -ire, to
enter.
inermis, -e, defenceless.
iners, -ertis, inactive, sluggish.
inertia, -ae, f., inactivity, in-
dolence.
infamis, -e, disreputable, notorious,
infamous.
infectus, -a, -um, not done, null
and void.
in-felix, -llcis, unhappy.
inferiae, -arum, f., sacrifices in
honour of the dead.
infernus, -a, -um, lower, of the
Lower World.
in-fero, intuli, illatum, inferre,
(1) to bring in ; (2) bring upon,
inflict.
infestus, -a, -um, (1) hostile ; (2)
dangerous, adverse.
inficio, -fed, -fectum, 3, (1) to
stain; (2) taint, pollute.
in-tidus, -a, -um, treacherous.
infiitms, -a, -um, lowest.
informis, -e, unshapely, ugly.
in-frequens, -entis, rare, infre-
quent.
ingenium, -ii, n., (1) character ;
(2) talent.
ingens, -entis, immense, mighty.
ingenuus, -a, -um, well-born,
noble, honourable.
in-gratus, -a, -um, displeasing.
in-horreo, 2, to stand erect, shiver
among.
in-hospitalis, -e, inhospitable,
desolate.
in-humatus, -a, -um, unburied
inicid (iniicio, injicio), ieci,
iectum, 3, to throw upon.
inimico, -avi, -atum, 1, to set af
variance.
inimicus, -a, -um, hostile, un-
friendly.
IKIQ
INVI
inlquns, -a, -tun, (1) uneven ; (2)
unfavourable, dangerous; (3)
hostile; (4) unfair, unkind.
iniuriosus, -a, -um, unjust, harm-
ful, insulting.
in-no, -avi, -atum, 1, (1) to float
upon ; (2) wash against.
in-nocens, -entis, harmless, inno-
cent.
in-numerabilis, -e, countless.
in-ominatua, -a, -urn, ill-omened.
in-ops, -opis, needy.
iri-ornatus, -a, -um,(l) unadorned;
(2) unpraised.
inquam, -is, -it, say.
in-quietus, -a, -tun, restless.
inqnind, -avi, -atum, 1, to defile.
inaania, -ae, f., (1) frenzy ; (2)
inspiration.
insanio, -ivi and -il, -itum, 4,
to be mad, rave, rage.
in-sanus, -a, -tun, wild, frantic.
inaciua, -a, -mn, not knowing,
ignorant.
in-aequor, -aecutus or -aequutua
aum, -aequi, to follow up.
in-sero. -serui, -sertum, 3, to put
in, mingle with, reckon among.
insignia, -e, distinguished, splen-
did.
inaitua, -a, -um, innate.
insolens, -entis, (1) unusual, unac-
customed; (2) extravagant ; (3)
haughty, insolent, ruthless.
in-solitus, -a, -um, (1) unaccus-
tomed ; (2) unwonted.
insomnia, -e, sleepless.
in-sons, -aontis, guiltless, inno-
cent.
in-speratus, -a, -um, unexpected.
instar, n. indecl., an image, like-
ness.
inatitor, -oris, m., a hawker, huck-
ster.
inatituo, -tui, -tutum, 3, (1) to be-
gin, undertake; (2) train, in-
struct.
in-sto, -atitl, -staturus, 1, to
follow closely, threaten.
insula, -ae, f., an island.
inaulto, -avi, -atum, 1, to leap
upon, trample upon.
in-tactus, -a, -um, (1) untouched,
unassailed; (2) virgin.
intaminatus, -a, -um, unsullied.
integer, -gra, -grum, (1) un-
touched, unharmed, whole; (2)
spotless, innocent.
in-tendo, -tendi, -tentum, 3, to
stretch out towards.
intentatus, -a, -um, untried.
intentua, -a, -um, attentive, in-
tent, devoted to.
inter, between, among.
interdum, occasionally.
inter-eo, -ii, -itum, -ire, to go to
ruin, perish.
interest, it is important, makes a
difference.
inter-fundo, -fudl, -fuaum, 8, to
pour between.
interim, meanwhile.
interims, -emi, -emptum, 3, to
destroy, kill.
interior, -iua, inner, interior.
interlunium, -ii, n., the time of
new moon.
inter-mitto, -misi, -missum, 3,
to break off, discontinue.
inter-aum, -fui, -ease, to be among.
intimua, -a, -um, most inward.
intonsus, -a, -um, unshorn.
in-torqueo, -torsi, -tortum. 2, to
twist in.
intra, within.
inultua, -a, -um, (1) unavenged;
(2) unpunished ; (3) unharmed.
in-utilia, -e, useless.
in-venio, -veni, -ventum, 4, to
find.
in-verto, -verti, -veraum, 3, to
alter, pervert.
invicem, by turn*, in turn.
invictua, -a, -um, unconquered.
in-video, -vidi, -visum, 2, (1) to
look at with an evil eye ; (2) envy,
grudge; invidendus, -a, -um,
enviable.
23
INV1
LAET
mvidia, -ae, f., envy, jealousy.
invidus, -a, -um, envious.
in-violatus, -a, -um, unhurt.
in-vlsus, -a, -um, hated.
invitus, -a, -um, unwilling.
in-volito, 1, to fly or flow over.
in-volvo, -volvi, -volutum, (1) to
roll in ; (2) wrap up.
16 ! hurrah !
iocosus (joe-), -a, -um, sportive.
iocus (joe-), -I, m., a jest, joke.
ipse, -a, -um, self, in person,
Ira, -ae, f., anger ; pi., bursts of
passion.
Iracundus, -a, -um, passionate,
angry.
irascor, Irasci, to be angry.
iratus, -a, -um, angry.
irrepertus, -a, -um, undiscovered.
irretortus, -a, -um, not turning
back.
irrito, -avi, -atum, 1, to provoke,
excite, rouse.
irritus, -a, -um, vain, useless.
irruptus, -a, -um, unbroken.
ita, thus, so.
iter, itineris, n., a journey.
itero, -avi, -atum, 1, to do over
again, repeat, embark on again.
iterum, again.
iubed (jub-), iussi, iussum, 2, to
command.
iudex (ju-), -dicis, m., a judge.
ifidico, -avi, -atum, 1, to judge.
iugerum, -eri, n., a juger, i.e.
almost five -eighths of an acre,
hence loosely : an acre.
iugo, -avi, -atum, 1, to unite in
wedlock, marry.
iugum (jug-), -I, n., (I) yoke; (2)
a ridge (of mountains).
iung6 (jung-), iunxi, iunctum,
3, (1) to join, unite, connect,
fasten; (2) associate, ally.
iunior (jun-), younger.
ius (jus), iuris, n., justice, right ;
law, sentence; iure, rightfully,
iuetitia, -ae, injustice.
iustus (jus-), -a, -urn, just, right.
24
iuvenca, -ae, f., a heifer.
iuvencus, -i, m., a young ox,
steer.
iuvenesco, -venui, 3, to reach the
age of youth, grow up.
iuvenis (juv-), -is, young; subst.,
a youth.
iuventa (juv-), -ae, f ., the age of
youth, youth.
iuventas, -atis, f., the age of
youth, youth.
iuventus (Juv')» -tltis, f., the age
of youth, youth, young people or
iuvo, iflvi, iutum, fut. P. iuva-
turus, iuvare, to help, delight,
aid ; impers., with inf., it is of
use, it delights.
I.
labo, -avi, -atum, 1, to totter,
waver, falter.
1. labor, lapsus sum, labi, (1) to
glide; (2) sink; (3) perish, dis-
appear.
2. labor, -oris, m., work.
laboro, -avi, -atum, 1, (1) to
labour, exert oneself; (2) be
anxious, care; (3) suffer, be in
distress, afflicted, oppressed; (4)
be in love.
labrum, -I, n., a lip.
lac, lactis, n., milk.
lacero, -avi, -atumv 1, to tear,
mangle.
lacerta, -ae, f., a lizard.
lacertus, -i, m. , the arm.
lacesso, -ivi and -ii, -itum, 3, to
excite, provoke, challenge, ask
of, stir up.
lacrima, -ae, f., a tear.
lacrimosus, -a, -um, tearful.
lacuuar, -aris, n., a panelled ceil-
ing.
lacus, -us, m., a lake.
laedo, laesi, laesum, 3, to injure,
break.
laetitia, -ae, i.,joy.
LAET
LIQUO
laetor, -atus sum, -ari, to rejoice.
laetus, -a, -um, (1) joyful; (2)
propitious; (3) fruitful; (fyrich,
copious.
laevus, -a, -um, on the left
hand.
lambd, Iambi, lambitum, 3, to
lick, lap.
lamina, and poet, lamna, -ae, f.,
a thin plate of metal, plate.
lana, -ae, f., wool.
languesco, langul, 3, to become
faint, grow mellow.
languidus, -a, -um, (1) faint,
mellow ; (2) listless.
languor, -oris, m., fai ntness, fee-
bleness.
lapis, -pidis, m., (1) a stone ; (2)
gem.
lapsus, -us, m., a gliding.
laqueatus, -a, -um, panelled,
fretted.
laqueus, -i, m., a noose, snare.
lar, laris, m., home, dwelling.
large, lavishly.
largus, -a, -um, bountiful.
lasclvus, -a, -um, (1) frolicsome ;
(2) wanton.
lassus, -a, -um, tired.
late, widely.
lateo, -tui, 2, to lie hid.
latito, -avi, -atum, 1, to lie hid.
latius, more widely.
latus, -a, -um, broad, wide.
latus, -teris, n., the side, region.
laudo, -avi, -atum, 1, to praise.
laurea, -ae, f., the laurel- or bay-
tree.
laurus, -I, f., laurel.
laus, laudis, f., praise, fame.
lavo, lavi, lautum and lotus,
lavere, and lavo, lavatum,
lavaturus, lavare, to wash.
laxo, -avi, -atum, 1, to slacken.
lazus, -a, -um, loose, relaxed, un-
strung.
leaena, -ae, f., a lioness.
lectus, -a, -um, picked, select.
lenimen, -minis, n., a solace.
lenio, -m and -il, -itum, 4, to
soften, soothe.
lenis, -e, gentle, mild.
leniter, softly, gently.
lentus, -a, -um, slow, lingering.
led, -onis, a lion.
lepus, -poris, m., a hare.
/letum, -1, n., death.
1. levis,-e, (1) smooth; (2) beard-
less, youthful.
2. levis, -e, (1) light; (2) easily
digested; (3) insignificant; (4)
gentle; (5) fickle, easy.
levo, -avi, -atum, 1, (1) to lift
up; (2) lighten, relieve.
lex, legis, f., a law, condition.
libens, -entis, willing, with good
will.
1. liber, -bera, -berum, free.
2. liber, -bri, m., a book.
llberi, -orum, m., children.
libero, -avi, -atum, 1, to set free,
release.
libertina, -ae, f., afreedwoman.
libet and lubet, -buit and -bi-
tum est, 2, it pleases.
libido, -dinis, f., caprice, lust.
licentia, -ae, f., (1) license; (2)
profiigacy.
licet, -cuit and -citum est, 3, it
is lawful.
lictor, -oris, m., a lictor (an
attendant granted to certain
Roman magistrates) .
lignum, -i, n., wood, timber.
ligo, -onis, m., a hoe, mattock.
lilium, -ii, n., a lily.
limen, -minis, n., a threshold.
limes, -mitis, m., a boundary.
limus, -i, m., slime, clay.
lingua, -ae, f., a tongue.
lino, livi and levi, litum, 3, to
smear, seal.
linquo, liqui, 3, to leave.
linteum, -i, n., a linen cloth, sail.
liquidus, -a, -um, (1) liquid,
fiowing ; (2) bright, clear.
liquo, -avi, -atum, 1, to clarify,
filter.
25
LTQU
MALO
liquor, -oris, m., a liquid, wine.
lis, litis, f., a strife, lawsuit.
litus, -toris, n., a shore, coast.
lituus, -I, m., a trumpet.
lividus, -a, -urn, (1) black and blue,
blue ; (2) envious, malicious,
loco, -avi, -atum, I, to let out,
give out on contract.
locuples, -pletis, wealthy.
locus, -I, m., a place ; in loco, at
the right time, seasonably.
longe, far off, for a long time.
longius, (1) longer; (2) for a longer
time.
longus, -a, -um, (1) long; (2)
protracted.
loquax, -quacis, talkative, speak-
ing, expressive, babbling.
loquor, -cutus (-quutus) sum,
loqui, to speak, mention.
lorica, -ae, f., a cuirass.
lorum, -1, n., a thong, whip.
lubricus, -a, -um, (1) slippery,
dangerous ; (2) smooth.
lucerna, -ae, f., a lamp.
lucidus, -a, -um, bright.
lucror, -atus sum, -ari, to gain,
win.
mcrum, -I, n., gain.
luctor, -atus sum, -ari, to wrestle,
strive.
luctuosus, -a, -um, sorrowful,
sad, disastrous.
luctus, -us, m., sorrow.
lucus, -i, m., a grove.
ludibrium, -ii, n., a laughing-
stock, butt.
ludo, lusl, lusum, 3, (1) to play ;
(2) write (light Terse); (3)
play at, do for amusement ; (4)
delude, deceive, mock.
ludus, -I, m., (l)game, amusement,
public games, spectacle; (2) play.
lugubris, -e, (1) disastrous; (2)
sad, plaintive.
lumen, -minis, n., light.
lima, -ae, f., the moon, a month.
lud, lui, luitum or lutum, 3, to
expiate.
26
lupa, -ae, f., a she- wolf.
lupatus, -a, -um, furnished with
jags like wolves' teeth, jagged.
lupus, -I, m., a wolf.
luridus, -a, -um, pale yellow, sal-
low, wan, ghastly.
lustro, -avi, -atum, 1, to traverse.
lustrum, -I, n., (1) a purificatory
sacrifice (celebrated every fifth
year by censors) ; (2) a period
of Jive years.
lux, lucis, f., (1) light ; (2) day.
lympha, -ae, f., water.
lymphatus, -a, -urn, frantic.
lynx, -cis,c., a lynx.
lyra, -ae, f., a lyre.
lyricus, -a, -um, of the lyre, lyric.
M.
macer5, -avi, -atum, 1, (1) to
weaken; (2) torture, consume.
machina, -ae, f., a machine, en-
gine.
macies, -ei, f., leanness.
mactd, -avi, -atum, 1, (1) to
magnify, glorify ; (2) sacrifice.
maculosus, -a, -um, spotted,
stained, defiled, wicked.
madeo, -dui, 2, (1) to be wet; (2)
be overflowing with, steeped in.
maered, 2, to be sad, grieve, lament.
maestus, -a, -um, sad.
magis, more.
magister, -tri, m., a master.
magnus, -a, -um, compar. maior,
n., -us, great; maiores, -um,
m., ancestors, forefathers.
magus, -i, m., a magician.
maiestas, -atis, f., greatness,
dignity.
maior, greater, elder.
mala, -ae, f., cheekbone, jaw.
male, badly, wickedly, cruelly.
malignus, -a, -um, (1) ill-natured,
envious, spiteful ; (2) grudging.
malo, malui, malle, to prefer.
malobathron, -I, n., malobathrum;
an ointment from a plant of the
tame name.
MALU
MILI
mains, -a, -um, bad; malum, -I,
n., evil, misfortune.
malus, -I, m., a mast.
malva, -ae, f . , a mallow.
mane, in the morning.
maneo, mansi, mansum, 2, to
remain, await.
mannus, -I, m., a small horse,
pmy.
mano, -avi, -atum, 1, to flow,
trickle, drop.
manus, -us, f., (1) a hand; (2)
band, troop.
mare, -is, n., the sea.
marinus, -a, -mn, of the sea.
maritus, -a, -um, of marriage,
nuptial; maritus, -I, m., a
husband.
manner, -oris, n., marble.
marmorens, -a, -nm, made of
marble.
mars, martis. m., war.
mas, maris, m., male.
masculus, -a, -um, (1) male, mas-
culine ; (2) manly.
mater, -tris, f., a mother.
materies, -el, f., (1) an occasion,
cause, source; (2) material.
maternus, -a, -um, of a mother,
maternal.
matrona, -ae, f ., a married woman,
wife.
mature, -avi, -atum, 1, to hasten.
maturus, -a, -um, (l)ripe; (2) of
proper age, seasonable; (3) early,
quick.
mecum = cum me.
medico, -avi, -atum, 1, (1) to
drug ; (2) dye.
medicus, -a, -um, healing.
mediocritas, -atis, f., a middle
state, mean.
meditor, -atus sum, -ari, (1) to
think about, purpose ; (2) prac-
tise.
medius, -a, -um, in the middle.
mel, mellis, n., honey.
melior, -is, better, comp. of
bonus.
melos, n., a tune, song.
membrum, -I, n., a limb.
memini, -nisse, perf. with pres.
force, to remember, be mindful.
memor, -oris, mindful, remember-
ing.
memoro, -avi, -atum, 1, to men-
tion, speak of.
mendax, -dacis, lying, false.
mens, mentis, f., (1) the mind,
disposition; (2) intellect.
mensa, -ae, f., a table, meal,
course.
mensis, -is, m., a month.
mensor, -oris, m., a measurer.
mentior, -tltus sum, -tin, (1) to
lie; (2) assert falsely; (3)
counterfeit.
mentum, -i, n., the chin.
meo, -avi, -atum, 1, to go, pass.
mercator, -oris, m., a trader.
merces, -cedis, f., wages, reward.
mercor, -atus sum, -ari, to buy.
mereor, -itus sum, (1) to earn;
(2) deserve.
meretrix, -tricis, f., a courtesan.
meridies, -ei, m., noon.
meritum, -i, n., merit.
meritus, -a, -um, deserved^
merso, -atus, 1, to plunge into,
immerse.
merus, -a, -um, pure, unmixed ;
and subst., merum, -i, n.,
unmixed or neat wine.
merx, mercis, f., wares, mer-
chandise.
meta, -ae, f., a turning post or
goal.
meto, messui, messum, 3, (1) to
mow, reap ; (2) cut down.
metor, -atus sum, -ari, to measure,
lay out. C*
metuo, -tui, -tutum, 3, to fear.
metus, -uB,fear.
meus, -a, -um, my, mine.
mica, -ae, f., a morsel, grain.
mico, -cui, 1, to flash.
miles, -litis, c., a soldier, soldiery.
militaris, -e, warlike, martial.
27
MILI
MUND
militia, -ae, f., military service,
warfare.
milito, -avi, -atum, 1, to be or
serve as a soldier.
mille, a thousand.
minae, -arum, f., threats.
rninax, -nacis, menacing.
minimum, least of all, not at all.
minimus, -a, -um, smallest,
superl. of parvus.
minister, -tri, m., a servant.
1. minor, minatus sum, -ari, to
threaten.
2. minor, -oris, less, comp. of
parvus.
minuo, -nui, -nutum, 3, to lessen,
impair, reduce.
mire, wonderfully, exceedingly.
miror, -atus sum, -ari, to wonder,
admire, wonder at.
mirus, -a, -um, marvellous.
misceo, miscui, mixtum, 2, to
mix.
miser, -a, -um, wretched.
miserabilis, -e, pitiable.
miseror, -atus sum,, -ari, to pity.
missilis, -e, that may be hurled or
thrown.
mltescd, 3, to become mild.
mitis, -e, gentle, genial.
mitto, misi, missum, 3, (1) to
send; (2) dismiss; (3) pass over,
omit.
mobilis, -e, (1) movable, fleet; (2)
pliant, fickle.
moderor, -atus sum, -ari, (1) to
control ; (2) play upon.
modicus, -a, -um, moderate,
mo&o, just now, lately.
modulor, -atus sum, -ari, to
modulate, sing, play.
modus, -I, m., (1) measure, melody,
tune; (2) limit, end; (3) way,
manner.
moechus, -I, m., an adulterer.
moenia, -ium, n., walls.
moles, -is, f., (1) mass; (2)
power ; (3) weight; (4) massive
structure.
28
molior, -itus sum, -iri, to build,
erect.
mollio, -m and -ii, -itum, 4, to
soften.
mollis, -e, (1) soft, yielding; (2)
gentle ; (3) effeminate.
moneo, -nui, -nitum, 2, to remind,
warn, instruct.
mons, montis, m., a mountain.
monstro, -avi, -atum, 1, to show.
monstrum, -i, n., (1) a prodigy ;
(2) monster.
monument urn (monimentum) , -i,
n., (1) a memorial, monument;
(2) record.
mora, -ae, f., delay.
morbus, -i, m., a disease.
mordaz, -dacis, biting, carlcing.
mordeo, momordi, mo r sum, 2,
to bite, eat into.
morior, mortuus sum, moriturus,
morl and moriri, to die.
moror, \-atus sum, -ari, (1 to
linger*; (2) cause to delay.
morosus, -a, -um, peevish, fret-
ful.
mors, mortis, f., death.
mortalis, -e, mortal.
mos, moris, m., a manner, habit ;
pi. morals, character.
motus, -us, m., (1) a moving,
motion; (2) gestures, dancing ;
(3) political movement, dis-
turbance.
moveo, movi, mdtum, 2, (1) to
move, stir, set working; (2)
recite ; (3) excite; (4) purpose.
moz, soon.
mugio, -ivi and -ii, -itum, 4, to
bellow, groan.
niulceo, mulsi, mulsum, 2, to
charm, soothe.
muliebriter, like a woman.
mulier, -eris, f., a woman.
multus, -a, -um, much, many,
many a.
multum, very.
munditia, -ae, f., neatness, ele-
gance.
MUND
NIMIS
1. mundus, -a, -urn, neat, elegant.
2. mundus, -I, m., the universe,
world.
mania, -ium, n., duties, functions.
munio, -ivi and -ii, -itum, 4,
(1) to fortify; (2) build.
xnunus, -neris, n., (1) a present;
(2) office, function, duty.
murex, -ricis, m., (1) the purple-
fish ; (2) purple.
murmur, -muris, n., a murmur.
murreus (murrheus, myrrheus),
-a, -um, perfumed with myrrh.
murus, -I, m., a wall.
muto, -avi, -atum, 1, to exchange,
change.
mutus, -a, -um, mute, speechless.
mutuus, -a, -um, reciprocal, inter-
changed.
myrtus, -I, f., a myrtle-tree.
nam, for.
namque, for indeed.
nanciscor, nactus and nanctus
sum, nancisci, to get, obtain.
nardus, -I, f., and nardum, -I,
n., nard, spikenard.
naris, -is, f ., a nostril.
narro, -avi, -atum, to tell,
relate.
nascor, natus (gnatus) sum,
nasci, to be born.
natalis, -•, of birth ; natalis, -is,
m., a birthday.
nato, -avi, -atum, 1, to swim.
natura, -ae, f., nature.
natus, -a, -um, (I) born; (2) con-
stituted by nature ; natus, -1,
m., a son.
naufragus, -a, -um, shipwrecking.
nauta, -ae, m., a sailor.
navis, -is, f., a ship
navita, -ae, m., a sailor.
1. ne, lest.
2. ne, whether.
nebula, -ae, f., a mist.
nee and neque, and not, also not,
nor,
necessitas, -atis, f., necessity.
need, -avi, -atum, 1, to slay.
nectar, -aris, n., nectar, drink of
the gods.
nectd, nexui and nexi, nexum,
3, to tie, twine.
nefas, n. indecl., an impious deed,
wickedness.
ne-fastus, -a, -um, unhallowed,
unlucky.
neglego, -lexi, -lectum, 3, (1) not
to heed, to slight ; (2) make light
of-
negligo, v. neglego.
nego, -avi, -atum, 1, (1) to say no,
deny ; (2) refuse.
negotium, -ii, n., (1) business;
(2) a transaction.
nemus, -moris, n., a grove.
nenia (naenia), -ae, f., a dirge.
nepos, -pdtis, m., (1) a grandson,
descendant ; (2) spendthrift.
nequam, adj. indecl., worthless.
neque, s.v., nee.
nequiquam, in vain.
nequitia, -ae, f., vileness, wicked-
ness.
nervus, -i, m., (1) a sinew ; (2)
string, cord (of a musical
instrument, etc.)
ne-scio, -ivi and -ii, -itum, 4, to
be ignorant of; nescio quts,
quid, and nescio qui, quae,
quod (interrog.), used as one
word, someone, somebody, ttc.,
some, a certain.
nescius, -a, -um, (1) ignorant,
unaware of; (2) unable.
neu, v. neve,
ne-ve and (syncopated form) neu,
and not, nor.
nex, necis, f., violent death.
ni, s.v. nisi,
nidus, -i, m., a nest.
niger, -gra, -grum, (1) black; (2)
gloomy.
nihil and (contracted) nil, nothing.
nimbus, -i, m., a cloud.
minis, too much, excessively.
29
NIMI
OBRTJO
nimius, -a, -mn, too much;
nimium, -ii, n., too much ; ni-
mium (ace. n. as adv.), too
much.
nisi, if not, unless.
nlsus, -us, m., (1) a pressing;
(2) flight; (3) struggling.
niteo, -tui, 2, to shine, glitter.
nitidus, -a, -um, (1) shining,
polished ; (2) spruce.
nitor, nisus and nixus sum, niti,
(1) to lean upon; (2) make an
effort, exert oneself.
nitor, -oris, m., lustre, beauty.
nivalis, -e, snowy.
niveus, -a, -um, snow-white, snowy.
nix, nivis, 1, (l}snow; (2) hoary
hair.
ndbilis, -e, (1) well-known, famous;
(2) noble^
nocens, -entis, m., a guilty person.
noceo, -cui, -citum, 2, to harm,
hurt.
nocturnus, -a, -um, nocturnal.
nodus, -I, m..,(l)aknot; (2) band.
nolo, nolui, nolle, to be unwilling.
nomen, -minis, n., (1) aname ; (2)
reputation.
non, not.
nonae, -arum, f., the Nones, the
fifth day of each month except
March, May, July, and October,
of which it was the seventh.
non-dum, not yet.
non-ne, not ? in questions (direct
and indirect) expecting an
affirmative answer.
nonus, -a, -um, the ninth.
norma, -ae, f., a rule, precept.
no s, we, us.
nosed, novi, notum, 3, to get to
know, learn; and in perf. sys-
tem, have learned, know.
noster, nostra, nostrum, our, ours.
nota, -ae, f., (1) a mark, stamp ;
(2) brand.
notus, -a, -um, well-known.
novem, nine.
novus, -a, -um, new, fresh, recent.
30
nox, noctis, f., night.
nubes, -is, f., a cloud.
nubilus, -a, -um, cloudy ; nubila,
-orum, n., clouds.
nubo, nupsl, nuptum, 3, to marry,
wed (of a woman) .
nudus, -a, -urn, (1) naked; (2)
stripped of, spoiled.
nullus, -a, -um, not any, none.
num, interrogative particle (1)
in direct questions expecting
answer " no " ; (2) in dependent
questions, if, whether.
numen, -minis, n., (1) a nod, a
command; will; (2) divinity;
(3) deity.
numerus, -I, m., (l)anumber; (2)
musical measure ; (3) calculation.
numquam, never.
nunc, now.
nuntius, -ii, m., a messenger.
nuper, recently.
nupta, -ae, f., a bride, wife.
nuptiae, -arum, f., a wedding,
marriage.
nuptialis, -e, of a marriage,
wedding-.
nutrio, -ivi and -ii, -Itum, 4, to
nourish.
nutrix, -tricis, f., a nurse.
ob, owing to.
ob-armo, -avi, -atum, 1, to arm.
ob-eo, -Ivi and -ii, -itum, -ire, to
die.
obicio, -ieci, -iectum, 3, to throw
in the way of, expose to.
ob-ligd, -avi, -atum, 1, (1) to
bind ; (2) bind on.
obliquus (oblicus), -a, -um, side-
long, slanting.
oblivio, -onis, f., for get fulness.
obliviosus, -a, -um, that brings
forgetfulness.
obliviscor, oblitus sum, oblivisci,
toforget.
ob-ru5, -rui, -rutum, 3, to over-
whelm.
OBSC
obscurus, -a, -um, (1) dark,
obscure ; (2) low.
ob-sero, -sevi, -situm, 3, to plant
over, cover with.
ob-sisto, -stiti, -stitum, 3, to
stand in the way of, bound.
obsoletUB, -a, -um, worn out, de-
lapidated.
obstinatua, -a, -um, resolute,
stubborn.
ob-sto, -Btiti, -staturuB, 1, to
stand in the way of.
ob-strepo, -pui, -pitum, 3, (1)
to roar at ; (2) clamour.
ob-sttingo, -Btrinxi, -strictum, 3,
to confine, bind, tie.
occido, -cidf, -casum, 3, to fall,
perish.
occnld, -culul, -cultuin, 3, to
cover, hide.
occulto, -avi, -atom, 1, to hide.
eccultas, -a, -um, hidden.
occupo, -avi, -atum, 1, (1) to
seize; (V) Jill, take up; (3)
anticipate; (4) engross.
Scior, -otis, swijter.
ocius, more swiftly.
octavus, -a, -um, the eighth.
oculus, -I, m., an eye.
6di, ddisse, osurus, to hate.
odor, -dris, m., (1) a smell; (2)
perfume.
oddratuB, -a, -um, perfumed, fra-
grant.
offero, obtuli, oblatum, offerre, to
bestow.
officlna, -ae, f., a workshop.
olens, -eutis, foul -smelling, foul,
rank.
oleo, -ui, 2, to smell.
olim, (1) of the past, at that
time; (2) of the present, at
times ; (3) of the future,
some time, hereafter.
oliva, -ae, f., an olive, olive-berry.
olivetum, -1, n., an olive-grove.
olivum, -I, n., oil.
olor, -dris, m., a swan.
omen, -minis, n., an omen, token.
dminatUB, -a, -um, giving omens,
portentous.
omitto, -mm, -missum, 3, to give
up, abandon.
omnis, -e, every, all.
onero, -avi, -atum, (1) to burden;
(2) oppress.
onus, -neris, n., a burden.
onyx, -nychis, m., an onyx-box.
opacus, -a, -um, shady.
operio, -perui, -pertum, 4, (1) to
cover ; (2) conceal.
operor, -atus sum, -ari, (1) to be
engaged in, perform; (2)
sacrifice.
operosus, -a, -um, (1) painstaking,
laborious ; (2) troublesome.
opifez, -ficis, c., a maker, weaver.
oplmus, -a, -um, (1) rich; (2)
splendid.
oppidum, -i, n., a town.
oppono, -posui, -positum, 3, (l)to
set before or opposite; (2) op-
pose.
opprobrium, -ii, n., (1) a disgrace ;
(2) taunt, reproach.
ops, opis, f., ability, power ; usu.
pi., resources, property, power ;
sing., help.
optimus, -a, -um, best.
opto, -avi, -atum, 1, to wish, wish
for.
opulentus, -a, -um, wealthy.
1. opus, -peris, n., work.
2. opus, n. indecl. with est, need,
want, necessity.
or a, -ae, f., (1) a boundary ; (2)
coast ; (3) region.
orbis, -is, m., (1) a circle; (2)
rotation, period ; (3) the world.
orbus, -a, -um, (1) bereft, robbed;
(2) free from.
ordino, -avi, -atum, 1, to set in
order.
ordo, -dinis, m., (1) a row ; (2)
order ; (3) rank.
oriens, -entis, m., the east.
origo, -ginis, f. , a beginning,
source, birth, origin.
ORIOR
orior, ortus sum, oriturus,
oriri, (1) to rise; (2) spring, be
born or descended.
orno, -avi, -atum, 1, to adorn,
decorate.
ornus, -I, f., a mountain-ash.
oro, -avi, -atum, 1, to pray, beg.
ortus, -us, m., a rising.
1. 6s, oris, n., the mouth, speech.
2. os, ossis, n., a bone.
oscen, -cinis, m., a bird of augury,
divining bird.
osculum, -I, iu a little mouth,
kiss.
ostendo, -tendl, -tentum and
-tensum, 3, to expose to view,
show, exhibit.
ostrum, I, n., purple.
otiosus, -a, -um, at leisute.
otium, -ii, n., repose, idleness.
ovile, -is, n., a sheep-fold.
ovis, -is, f., a sheep.
P.
paciscor, pactus sum, pacisci,
(1) to make a compact ; (2) agree,
stipulate.
paco, -avl, -atum, 1, to make
peaceful, pacify.
paelex, -licis, f., a mistress, con-
cubine.
paene, nearly.
paenitet, paenituit, 2, impers., it
repents.
pagus, -I, m., a village.
palaestra, -ae, f., (1) a wrestling-
school; wrestling.
palam, openly, publicly, plainly.
palleo, pallui, 2, (1) to be pale;
(2) grow pale at.
pallidus, -a, -um, pale.
pallor, -oris, m., paleness, terror.
palma, -ae, f., palm, prize.
palumbes, -is, c., a wood-pigeon,
ring-dove.
palus, -udis, f., a marsh.
pampinus, -I, m. and f., a vine-
tendril.
32
PATE
pango, panxi, panctum, and peg!,
or pepigl, pactum, 3, to settle,
promise.
pannus, -I, m., a garment.
par, paris, (1) equal; (2) equal
to, a match for ; subst., an
equal.
parcius, more rarely.
parco, pepercl (and rarely parsl),
parcitum and parsum, 3, (1) to
spare ; (2) forbear, grudge.
parcus, -a, -um, thrifty, stingy,
sparing.
parens, -eutis, c., a parent, father,
mother.
paries, -etis, m., a wall (of a
house, etc.).
pario, peperi, partum, pariturus,
3, to bring forth, procure.
pariter, equally.
parmula, -ae, f., a little shield.
paro, -avi, -atum, 1, (1) to pre
pare, furnish ; (2) determine.
parra, -ae, f., a bird of ill-omen
probably the owl.
parriclda, -ae, c., parricide.
pars, -tis, f., (1) a part, portion,
(2) party, side; (3) function,
duty ; (4) region.
particula, -ae, f., a small part.
parturio, -ivi and -ii, 4, to be
in travail, be big with, bring
forth.
partus, -us, m., (1) a, bearing,
birth ; (2) offspring.
parum, too little.
parvus, -a, -um, small.
pasco, pavi, pastum, 3, (1) to
feed; (2) browse upon.
pascua, -drum, n., pastures.
pastor, -6risrjn., a shepherd.
patefacid, -fed, -factum, 3, to
lay open.
patens, -entis, open.
pateo, -tui, 2, to lie open.
pater, -tris, m., a father ; patrea,
senators.
patera, -ae, f., a sailer-shaped
vessel, goblet.
PATE
PERL
paterntis, -a, -urn, (1) fatherly ;
(2) ancestral.
patiens, -entis, enduring, per-
mitting.
patientia, -ae, f., endurance.
patior, passus sum, (1) to suffer,
endure; (2) permit.
patria, -ae, f., (sc. terra), a
fatherland, native land.
patrius, -a, -um, of one's father,
ancestral.
patruus, -a, -um, of an uncle.
paucus, -a, -um, little, few.
paulum, -I, n., (1) a little ; (2) for
a little time; (3) but little;
paulo, by a little, somewhat.
pauper, -peris, poor; pauper,
-peris, m., a poor man.
paupertas, -atis, f., poverty.
pauperies, -el, f., poverty.
paveo, pavi, 2, to be in terror, be
alarmed at.
pavidus, -a, -um, trembling, timid.
pavimentum, -I, n., a pavement.
pax, pacis, f., peace.
pecco, -avi, -atum, 1, to trans-
gress, offend.
pectS, pexi, pexum, 3, to comb.
Vpectus, -oris, n., (1) the breast;
(2) mind, soul, spirit.
pecunia, -ae, f., money.
pecus, -coris, n., cattle, a herd.
pecus, -cudis, f ., a head of cattle,
beast.
pedes, -ditis, m., afoot-soldier,
pedester, -tris, -tre, prosaic, of
prose.
peiero, -avi, -atum, 1, to swear
falsely.
peior, worse, comp. of malus.
pelagus, -I, n., the sea.
pellis, -ig, f., skin.
pellitus, -a, -um, covered with or
clothed in skins.
pello, pepull, pulsum, 3, (1) to
strike, knock, drive; (2) drive
away ; (3) rout.
penates, -ium, m., (1) household
gods, family deitiest (2) home.
Hor. L.
pendeo, pependi, 3, to hang.
pendulus, -a, -um, hanging.
penetralia, -ium, n., inner-
chambers.
penitus, adv., far within, from the
inmost depths, from the heart.
penua, -ae, f., a wing.
pensum, -I, n., wool weighed out
for a slave to spin in a day, a
day's labour.
per, (1) through, across; (2) by
means of.
per-ago, -egi, -actum, 3, to carry
through, accomplish.
per-ambulo, -avi, -atum, 1, to
ramble through, traverse.
per-curro, -cucurri or -curri,
-cursum, 3, to run or hasten
through or over.
percutio, -cussi, -cussum, 3, (1)
to strike; (2) impress, affect.
per-do, -didi, -ditum, 3, (1)
destroy, ruin; (2) lose.
per-edd, -edi, -esum, 3, to eat
through.
peregrlnus, -a, -um, alien.
perennis, -e, everlasting.
per-eo, -ii (rarely -ivi), -iturus,
-ire, to perish.
per-fero, -tuli, -latum, -ferre, (1)
to carry through ; (2) bring, con-
vey.
perficiS, -feci, -fectum, 3, to com-
plete, accomplish, achieve.
perfldus, -a, -um, faithless,
false.
per-fund5, -fudi, -fusum, 3, to
pour over, bedew.
pergo, perrexi, perrectum, 3,
to go on, continue, proceed to.
per-horresco, -horrui, 3, to trem-
ble or shudder greatly at.
periculosus, -a, -um, perilous.
periculum and periclum, risk,
danger.
peritus, -a, -um, experienced,
skilled.
periurus, -a, -um, forsworn.
per-lucidus, -a, -um, transparent.
33
PE.RM
POLL
per-misceo, -miscui, -mistum or
mixtum, 2, to mix together.
per-mitto, -misi, -missum, 3, (1)
to entrust ; (2} permit.
per-muto, -avi, -atum, 1, to
interchange.
pernicies, -el, f., destruction, ruin.
perpetior, -pessus sum, -peti, to
bear steadfastly.
perpetuo, uninterruptedly.
perpetuus, -a, -urn, (1) continuous,
unbroken; (2) constant.
per-rumpo, -rupi, -ruptum, 3, (1)
to break through; (2) break
down.
per-sequor, -secutus (sequutus)
sum, -sequi, (1) to follow after,
chase ; (2) follow up.
per-sono, -sonui, -sonitum, 1, to
resound, re-echo.
per-atringo, -strinxi, -strictum,
3, (1) to graze against ; (2) stun.
pertinax, -nacis, persevering,
stubborn.
pvrvicax, -cacis, stubborn, wilful,
untiring.
pes, pedis, m., afoot, measure.
pessinms, -a, -um, worst.
pestilens, -entis, unwholesome,
noxious.
pestis, -is, f., pest, bane.
petitor, -oris, m., a candidate.
peto, -m and ii, -itum, 3, (1) to
seek; (2) woo, court ; (3) attack.
pharetra, -ae, f., a quiver.
pharetratus, -a, -um, wearing a
quiver.
phaselos (-us), I, m. and f., (1) an
edible bean, kidney - bean ; (2) a
light vessel (resembling a kidney-
bean),
philyra, -ae, f., inner bark of the
linden tree.
piaculum, -I, n., an expiatory
offering.
picus, -I, m., a woodpecker.
pietas, -atis, f., dutiful affection.
piger, -gra, -grum, (1^ slow, lazy;
(2) dull.
84
pignus, -noris and -neris, n , a
pledge.
pingo, pinxi, pictum, 3, to paint.
pinguis, -e,fat, rich, fertile.
pinna, -ae, f., a feather, wing.
pinus, -us and -1, f., a pine -tree.
piscis, -is, m., a fish.
pius, -a, -um, dutiful, religious.
pix, picis, f., pitch.
placed, -ui and placitus sum,
-itum, 2, to please, be agreeable.
placidus, -a, -um, peaceful, calm.
mild.
placo, -avi, -atum, 1, to calm,
appease.
plaga, -ae, f., a hunting-net,
snare.
platanus, -I, f., a plane-tree.
plaustrum (pldstrum), -I, n., a
waggon.
plausus, -us, m., a clapping,
applause.
plebs, plebis, f., the plebs, com-
mons.
plectd, 3, only pass, plecti, to be
beaten, suffer punishment.
plectrum, -i, n., (1) a quill or
stick (for playing on a stringed
instrument) ; (2) lyric poetry.
plenius, more loudly, more fully.
plenus, -a, -um, full.
plerumque, for the most part,
mostly.
ploro, -avi, -atum, 1, to wail,
weep.
pluma, -ae, f., (1) a feather; (2)
doivn, i.e. the first beard.
plumbum, -I, n., lead.
plurimus, -a, -um, very much,
very many ; as subst., many a
man.
plus, pluris, n., more; plus also
used as adv., more.
pluvius, -a, -um, rainy.
pcculum, -I, n., a drinking -vessel.
poena, -ae, f., punishment, pen--
ally.
poeta, -ae, m., a poet.
pollex, -licis, m., a thumb.
POLL
PEAV
polliceor, -citus stun, -eri, to
promise,
polluS, -ui, -utum, 3, to defile.
polus, -I, m., the heavens.
pomarium, -ii, n., an orchard.
p5mifer, -era, -erum, fruit-bear-
ing.
pondus, -eris, n,, a weight.
pdno, posui, positum, 3, (1) to
place; (2) represent, portray;
(3) found; (4) lay aside, give up ;
(5) put to rest.
pontifex, -ficis, m., a high-
priest.
pontus, -i, m., the sea.
poples, -plitis, m., the ham of the
knee, thigh.
popularis, -e, belonging to the
people, popular.
populous, -a, -urn, of poplars,
poplar-.
populo, -avi, -atum, 1, to ravage.
populus, -I, m., a people, nation,
multitude.
populus, -i, f., a poplar -tree.
porca, -ae, f., a sow.
porous, -I, m., pig.
porrigo, -rexi, -rectum, 3, to
stretch out, extend.
porta, -ae, f., a gate.
portentum, -I, n., (1) a sign; (2)
monster.
portions, -us, f., a colonnade, por-
tico.
porto, -avi, -atum, 1, to carry,
bring.
portus, -us, m., a harbour.
posed, poposcl, 3, (1) to demand,
request ; (2) ask of.
possided, -sedi, -sessum, 2, to
possess, hold, occupy.
possum, potui, posse, to be able.
post, (1) behind; (2) after.
poster!, -orum, m., posterity.
posterus, -a, -um, coming after,
future. \
post-geniti, -orum, m., posterity,
descendants.
post-hac, hereafter, henceforth,
postis, -is, m., a door-post, a door*
post-modo, afterwards.
post-quam, after that, when.
postuld, -avi, -atum, 1, to de-
mand, claim, ask.
potens, -entis, (1) mighty; (2)
ruling over, master of.
potior, -tltus sum, -tirl, to be
master of, possess.
potior, preferable, better.
potis, able.
potius, rather, preferably.
potS, potavi, potatum and potum,
1, to drink.
potor, -oris, m., a drinker.
potus, -a, -um, (1) drunk up;
(2) drunken.
praebeo, -bui, -bitum, 2, (1) to
Offeri (2) furnish.
prae-cedS, -cess!, -cession, 3, to
go before, lead the way.
praeceps, -cipitis, headlong.
praecipiS, -cepi, -ceptum, 3, to
instruct, teach.
praeda, -ae, f., prey.
prae-fero, -tull, -latum, -ferre,
to place before, prefer.
prae-fluo, 3, to flow by.
prae-gestio, 4, to desire greatly.
praegnans, -antis, pregnant.
praemium, -ii, n., a reward.
prae-niteo, -tui, 2, to outshine.
prae-parS, -avi, -atum, 1, to pre-
pare.
prae-pono, -posui, -positum, 3,
to place before.
prae-scribo, -scripsi, -scriptum,
3, to prescribe, appoint.
praesens, -entis, (1) at hand; (2)
present to aid ; (3) powerful.
praesidium, -ii, n., a protection.
prae-stS, -stiti, -stitum, 1, to
furnish, give.
praeter, (1) except; (2) besides;
(3) beyond.
praeter-eS, -ivi and -ii, -itum,
-ire, to go by.
pratum, -i, n., a meadow.
pravus, -a, -um, crooked, bad.
35
PREO
precor . -atus sum, -ari, to entreat,
pray.
preces, s.v. prex.
prelum, -1, n., a wine-press.
premo, preesl, pressum, 3, (1) to
press; (2) conceal; (3) press
upon, follow up; (4) press out;
(5). prune ; (6) crush.
prendo, -endi, -ensum, 3, to catch.
pretiosus, -a, -urn, extravagant.
pretium, -il, n., (1) price, value;
(2) money.
prex, precis, f., of sing, only
ace., dat.,abl., usu. pi. preces,
precum, a prayer.
primum, first, in the first place.
primus, -a, --am, first.
princeps, -cipis, (I) first (in order) ,
foremost; (2) original; (3) a
prince, emperor.
principium, -il, n., a beginning.
prior, prius, -oris, (1) previous,
preceding; (2) superior to; (3)
foremost.
prisons, -a, -urn, of former times,
old-fashioned.
prius, (1) before, sooner; (2)
formerly.
prlvatus, -a, -urn, private, hold-
ing no public office.
privignus, -i, m., a step-son.
l.prd! orproh! Oh! Alas!
2. prd, for, on behalf of.
probo, -avl, -atum, 1, to esteem
good, approve.
probrosus, -a, -um, shameful,
ignominious.
probus, -a, -um, good, upright.
procax, -cacis, bold, insolent,
wanton.
pro-cedo, -cessi, -cessum, 3, to go
before.
procella, -ae, f., a storm.
procerus, -a, -um, high.
procido, -cidl, 3, to fall forward.
pro-cudo, -cudi, -cusum, 3, to
fashion by hammering, forge.
procul, afar.
procus, -I, m., a suitor.
PROP
\^_J
prod-eo, -ii, -itum, ire, (1) to go
forth ; (2) appear.
prodigus, -a, -um, lavish, prodigal
proditor, -oris, m., a betrayer.
pro-duco, -duxi, -ductum, 3, (1) to
lead forward; (2) bring up ; (3)
protract.
proelium, -il, n., a battle.
profanus, -a, -um, out of the tem-
ple, uninitiated, unholy.
prS-fero, -tuli, -latum, -ferre, (1)
to carry forth ; (2) produce; (3)
postpone.
pro-festus, -a, -um, non-festival.
proficio, -feel, -fectum, 3, to make
progress.
profugus, -a, -um, fugitive, fieeing,
i.e. nomad.
profundus, -a, -um, bottomless,
deep; profundum, -I, n., the
deep, deep sea.
pro-genero, 1, to beget.
progenies, -el, f., offspring.
prohibeo, -bui, -bitum, 2, (I) to
hold back, keep away, check,
hinder; (2) forbid.
proles, -is, f., progeny.
pro-mined, -minui, 2, to stand
out, rise up.
pro-mitt5, -mm, -missum, 3, to
promise.
promo, prompsi, promptum, 3,
(1) to bring forth; (2) bring
forward, bring to light.
pro-moveo, -movi, -motum, 2, (1)
to move forward; (2) improve.
pronus, -a, -um, (1) leaning for-
ward, setting; (2) hastening.
prope, compar. propius, superl.
proximo, (1) near; (2) almost.
pro-pello, -pull, -pulsum, 3, to-
drive for ward, forth, away, orotit.
prop ere, quickly.
propero, -avl, -atum, 1, (1) to
hasten; (2) hastily prepare.
propinquus, -a, -um, neigh-
bouring ; propinqui, -orum, .
m., kinsmen.
PROP
QUAD
pro-pono, -posui, -positum, 3, to
put before.
propositum, -I, n., a purpose.
proprius, -a, -nm, one's own.
proripio, -ripul, -reptum, 3, to
drag forth.
pro-rogd, -avi, -atum, 1, to pro-
long, continue.
pro-ruo, -rui, -ruttun, 3, to throw
down, overthrow.
pro-sequor, -secutus sum, -sequi,
(1) to attend, escort ; (2) honour.
prospers, -avi, -atum, 1, to ren-
der fortunate.
prosperus, -a, -urn, favourable,
prosperous.
prospicio, -spexi, -spectum, 3, to
see afar off, descry.
pro-sum, p'roful, prodesse, to be
useful, do good, profit.
pro-tenus, and protinus, forth-
with.
pro-ter5, -trivi, -tritum, 3, (1)
to tread under foot ; (2) trample
before, push on.
protervitas, -atis, f., wantonness.
protervus, -a, -um, vehement,
wanton.
pro-veno, -vexi, -vectum, 3, (1)
to carry forward ; (2) advance,
promote.
providus, -a, -nm, foreseeing.
proximus, -a, -um, nearest.
prudens, -entis, (1) foreknowing ;
(2) discreet.
pruina, -ae, f., hoar-frost.
psallo, psalli, 3, to play upon the
cithara.
pubes, -is, f., (1) young men,
youth ; (2) people.
publicus, -a, -um, belonging to
the people or state.
pudendus, -a, -um, shameful.
pudet, puduit, with ace. of person
and gen. of thing, there is shame
for.
pudicus, -a, -um, modest, chaste.
pudor, -oris, m., (1) a sense of
thame, modesty ; (2) disgrace.
puella, -ae, f., a girl.
puer, -eri, m., (1) a boy; (2) son;
(3) slave.
puerpera, -ae, f., a woman in
labour, mother.
puertia, -ae, f., boyhood.
pugil, -gilis, m., a boxer.
pugna, -ae, f., a fight.
pugnax, -nacis, warlike.
pugno, -avi, -atum, 1, to fight.
pugnus, -1, m., a fist, boxing.
pulcher, -chra, -chrum, (1)
beautiful ; (2) glorious.
pullus, -a, -um, dark-coloured.
pulso, -avi, -atum, 1, to push,
strike, beat.
pulvinar, -naris, n., a couch of*
the gods (on which they were
placed at a great festival) .
pulvis, -eris, m., dust.
piimex, -micis, m., pumice-stone,
rock.
puulceus, -a, -um, purple.
puppis, -is, f., the stern or poop of
a ship, a ship.
purius, more purely, more brightly.
purpura, -ae, f., (1) purple; (2)
a purple garment.
purpureus, -a, -um, (1) purple-
coloured; (2) clad in purple ; (3)
bright.
purus, -a, -um, clean, pure, un-
defiled; and subst., piirum, -i,
n., the clear sky.
puter, putris, putre and putris,
-e, (1) rotten; (2) languishing.
puto, -avi, -atum, 4, (^toreckon^
(2) deem, think.
pyramis, -midis, i., pyramid.
qua, in which direction, whera ;
with si or a neg., in any way,
quadrigae, -arum, f., a, chariot
with four horses.
quadrlmus, -a, -um, four years
Old.
27
QTJAE
quaere, quaesivi, quaesltum, 3,
(1) to seek; (2) feel the want of,
miss; (3) strive; (4) inquire;
(5) earn.
qualis, -e, (1) of what sort; (2)
of such a sort, such as.
qualus, -I, m., a wicker basket.
quam, adv., how; conj., than.
quam-quam, although.
quam-vis, although.
quando, (1) when; (2) since.
quando-que, whenever.
quantus, -a, -urn, how great;
quantum, -I, n., as much as.
qua-tenus, inasmuch as.
quater, four times.
quatid (quassi), quassum, 3, (1) to
shake; (2) shatter ; (3) trouble,
affect, excite.
que, and.
quercetum, -I, n., an oak- grove.
quercus, -us, f., an oak.
querela (querella), -ae, f., a com-
plaint, lament.
querimonia, -ae, f ., a lamentation,
complaint.
queror, questus sum, queri, to
complain, complain of, lament.
querulus, -a, -urn, plaintive.
questus, -us, m., a complaint.
qui, quae, quod, who, which, what.
quia, because.
quicumque, quaecumque, quod-
cumque, whoever, whatever.
quid, why.
quies, -etis, f., rest, repose.
quietus, -a, -urn, quiet, peaceful.
qui-libet, quaelibet, quodlibet,
any one you like, no matter who.
uin, but, indeed.
urn et, yea, and.
uindecim, fifteen.
quintus, -a, -um, the fifth.
quippe, (1) certainly ; (2) since
indeed, inasmuch as.
1. quis, quid, who ? which ? what ?
2. quis, quid, pron. indef., (1) any
one, anybody, anything ; (2) some
one, something.
38
REOI
quisquam, quaequam, quid-
quam, or quicquam, (1) any ;
(2) any one, anybody, anything.
quisque, quaeque, quidque, each.
quisquis, quaequae, quidquid,
whoever, whatever.
qui-vis, quaevis, quidvls, any one
you please, any one.
quo, whither ? to what end ?
quocumque, whithersoever.
quod, that; because, since.
quods!, but if.
quondam, formerly.
quoque, ako, too.
quo ties and quotiens, (1) how
often? (2) as often, as many
times as.
quot-quot, how many soever, as
many as.
quotus, -a, -um, which (in order
of number) ? of what number ?
quota, at what hour ?
B.
>/rabies, -em, -e, f., rage, madness.
racemus, -I, m., cluster of grapes.
ramus, -I., m., a bough.
rapax, -pacig, greedy.
rapidus, -a, -um, rushing, rapid.
rapio, rapui, raptum, 3, (1) to
snatch, drag ; (2) hurry on ; (3)
carry off, rob ; (4) destroy.
raptim, hastily, hurriedly.
raptor, -or is, m., a robber, ab-
ductor, ravisher.
raro, seldom.
rarus, -a, -um, (1) thin, rare;
(2) scattered; (2) scarce, un-
common.
ratis, -is, f., a raft, vessel.
raucus, -a, -um, hoarse.
ravus, -a, -um, tawny.
re-cant5, 1, to recall, revoke.
re -cedo, -cessi, -cessum, 3, to go
back, retreat.
recens, -entis, fresh.
recido, -cidl, -cisum, 3, to cut
down.
EECI
REPE
recino, 3, to re-echo, repeat, whoop,
hoot.
recipio, -cepi, -ceptmn, 3, to get
back, recover.
re-clmo, -avi, -atum, to bend or
lean back.
recludo, -clusi, -clusum, 3, (1) to
opeti; (2) disclose; (3) un-
lock.
re-condo, -didi, -ditum, 3, to
store up.
re-cre5, -avi, -atum, 1, to restore,
revive, refresh, relieve.
recte, rightly.
rectus, -a, -run, (1) straight, up-
right; (2) right, proper; (3)
correct.
re-cumbo, -cubui, 3, to lie down,
sink down.
re-curro, -cum, (-cnrsnm), 3, to
run or hasten back.
red-do, -didi, -ditum, 3, (1) to
restore; (2) pay back ; (3) render,
make; (4) repeat, recite; (5)
re-echo.
redemptor, -oris, m., a contractor
red-eo, -ii (rarely -Ivi), -itum,
-ire, to return.
redigS, -egi, -actum, 3, to bring
back.
reditus, -us, m., a return.
re-dono, -avi, 1, (1) to restore;
(2) give up.
re-ducS, -duxi, -ductum, 3, (1) to
bring back; (2) lead back.
reductus, -a, -urn, withdrawn,
remote.
re-fero, rettuli, relatum, referre,
(1) to bear back; (2) restore,
recover; (3) report; (4) pay
back; (5) recall, resemble; (6
deliver, render.
reficiS, -fed, -fectum, 3, (1) to
make again; (2) restore; (3)
repair.
re-figS, -fixi, -fixum, 3, to un-
fasten, takedown.
re-freno, -avi, -atum, 1, to curb,
check.
refringo, -fregi, -fractum, 3, to
break up, destroy, burst through.
re-fugi5, -fugi, -fugitum, 3, to
flee from, shun.
re-fulgeo, -fulsi, 2, to flash back,
glitter.
regalis, -e, royal.
regia, -ae, f., a palace.
regina, -ae, f., a queen.
regius, -a, -urn, kingly.
regno, -avi, -atum, 1, to rule.
regnum, -I, n., (1) royalty; (2)
a kingdom.
rego, rexi, rectum, 3, to rule.
reicid, -ieci, -iectum, 3, (1) to
cast back ; (2) spurn.
re-labor, -lapsus sum, -labi, (1)
to glide back ; (2) return, relapse.
re-legd, -avi, -atum, 1, to exile,
banish.
re-ligo, -avi, -atum, 1, (1) to bind
back ; (2) moor.
re-linqu5, -liqui, -lictum, 3, to
leave behind.
re-luctor, -atus sum, -ari, to
struggle against.
re-maneo, -mansi, -mansum, 2,
(1) to remain; (2) lie still.
remigium, -ii, n., (1) a rowing ;
(2) oarsmen, oars.
re-misceo, -miscui, -mistum and
-mixtuin, 2, to mix up.
re-mitto, -misi, -missum, 3, (1)
to send back; (2) relax; (3)
give up; (4) cease, refrain
from.
re-moveo, -movi, -motum, 2, to
take away, banish.
re-mugio, 4, to bellow back, resound.
remus, -i, m., an oar.
re-nascor, -natus sum, -nasci,
to be born or grow again.
renideo, 2, (1) to shine again;
(2) beam (with joy), smile.
re-paro, -avi, -atum, 1, (1) to
restore, renew ; (2) barter for
purchase with.
re-pendo, -pendi, -pensum, 3, to
REPE
RTJBER
reperio, repperi, -pertam, 4, to
find, meet with.
re-peto, -ivi and ii, -itum, 3, (1) to
demand again ; (2) resume, begin
again ; (3) return to, seek again.
re-pono, -posui, -positum, 3, (1)
to replace, restore ; (2) duly place.
re-porto, -avi, -atum, 1, to carry
back.
repulsa, -ae, f., a rejection, non-
election, defeat.
re-quies, -quietis, f., rest.
res, rei, f., (1) a thing, affair,
event ; (2) possessions.
re-seed, -secui, -sectum, 1, (1) to
cut down ; (2) check.
reside, -sedi, -sessum, 3, to
settle down, subside.
re-signo, -avi, -atum, 1, (1) to
unseal; (2) resign.
re-solvo, -solvi, -solutum, 3, (1)
to untie; (2) release.
re-sono, 1, to resound, re-echo.
re-sorbeo, 2, to suck back.
respicio, -spexi, -spectum, 3,
(1) to look back upon; (2) re-
gard, care for.
responsmn, -I, n., an answer.
resting-uo, -stinxi, -stinctum, 3,
to quench.
restitud, -ui, -utum, 3, (1) to
restore; (2) replace.
re-stringo, -strinxi, -strictum,
3, to bind back.
re-surgd, -surrexi, -surrectum,
3, to rise again.
re-tardo, -avi, -atum, 1, to hinder,
detain.
re-tego, -texi, -tectum, 3, to un-
cover, reveal*
re-torqueo, -torsi, -tortum, 2,
(1) to twist back; (2) hurl back.
re-tractd, -avi, -atum, 1, to
handle anew.
retrS, (1) backwards; (2) again
(in the past),
retrorsum, backwards.
re-tundo, -tudi, -tusum, (I) to
beat back; (2) blunt.
40
reus, -I, m., an accused person,
defendant.
re-veho, -vexi, -vectum, 3, t»
carry back.
re-vello, -velli, -vulsum, 3, to
tear, pluck, away.
re-vertor, -versus sum, -verti, to
turn back, return.
re-vinco, -vici, -victum, 3, to con-
quer.
re-viso, -visi, -visum, 3, to re-
visit, visit.
re-voco, -avi, -atum, 1, to recall.
rex, regis, m., (1) a king; (2)
guide, teacher.
rideo, risi, risum, 2, (1) to laugh;
(2) smile, be cheerful or
pleasant ; (3) laugh at.
rigeo, 2, to be stiff (with cold).
rigidus, -a, -um, stiff, hard, stern.
rigo, -avi, -atum, 1, to wet,
moisten, water.
ripa, -ae, f., bank (of a river).
risus, -us, m., laughter.
rite, duly, fitly.
ritus, -us, m., a custom, usage,
manner.
rivus, -i, m., a stream.
rixa, -ae, f., a quarrel, brawl.
robigo (rubigo), -ginis, f., blight
mildew.
roboro, -avi, -atum,
I strengthen, invigorate.
'robur, -boris, n., (1) oak, oak-
wood; (2) strength; (3) a dun-
geon.
robustus, -a, -um, firm, powerful,
rogd, -avi, -atum, 1, (I) to ask;
(2) request.
ros, roris, m., dew ; ros marinus,
rosemary.
rosa, -ae, f., arose.
roseus, -a, -um, rosy.
rota, -ae, f., a wheel.
roto, -avi, -atum, 1, to whirl
about.
rotundus, -a, -um, round.
rubeo, rubui, 2, to be red, blush.
ruber, -bra, -fcrum, red,
RUBTJS
rubus, -I, m., a bramble-bush.
rudis, -e, awkward, unskilled.
ruga, -ae, f. , a wrinkle.
ruina, -ae, f ., (1) a falling down ;
(2) ruin.
rumpo, rupi, ruptum, 3, (1) to
break; (2) break through; (3)
destroy ; (4) break off, interrupt.
ruo, rui, rutum, but fut. partic.
ruiturus, 3, (1) to rush; (2)
fall, tumble down, go to ruin.
rupes, -is, f., a rock.
rursus, again.
rus, ruris, n., the country.
rusticus, -a, -urn, of the country.
S.
sacer, sacra, sacrum, sacred.
sacerdos, -dotis, c., a priest,
priestess.
sacramentum, -i, n., an oath of
allegiance.
sacrilegus, -a, -urn, impious.
sacro, -avi, -atum, 1, (1) to con-
secrate; (2) render sacred ; (3)
immortalise.
sacrum, -I, n., a sacred rite.
saeculum, -I, n., (1) a generation ;
(2) an age, generation; (3) cen-
tury.
saepe, often.
saevio, saevii, saevitum, 4, to be
Jierce, rage.
saevitia, -ae, f., cruelty.
saevus, -a, -um, (1) Jierce; (2)
cruel; (3) stern.
saga, -ae, f., a wise woman, witch.
sagax, -acis, keen-scented, shrewd.
sagitta, -ae, f. , an arrow.
salictum, -I, n., a willow-grove.
salinum, -i, n., a salt-cellar.
salio, salul, saltum, 4, to leap,
hop.
saltus, -us, m., a glade.
salubris, -e, (1) wholesome; (2)
healthy.
salutaris, -e, salutary, beneficial.
salveo, 2, to be well; salve, hail!
sanctus, -a, -um, sacred, i
lable.
sanguineus, -a, -um, bloody.
sanguis, -guinis, m., (1) blood;
(2) offspring.
sanies, -ei^ -e, f., (1) corrupted
blood, gore ; (2) slaver.
sanius, more wisely.
sapiens, -entis, u-ise.
sapienter, wisefar*
sapientia, -ae, f., wisdom, philo-
sophy.
sapid, -ii (rarely -ivi and -ul), 3,
to be discreet, sensible, tvise.
sapor, -oris, m., taste, flavour.
sarcnlum, -I, n., a hoe.
sat, (1) enough; (2) sufficiently.
satelles, -litis, c., (1) bodyguard;
(2) attendant.
sat id, -a vi, -atum, 1, to satisfy,
sate.
satis, (1) enough; (2) sufficiently.
saucius, -a, -um, (1) wounded;
(2) smitten.
saxum, -I, n., a (large] stone.
scalpo, scalps!, scalptum, 3, to
carve.
scando, scandi, scansum, 3, to
climb.
scapha, -ae, f., a skiff.
seated, 2, to overflow, abound.
scelestus, -a, -um, wicked.
scelus, -leris, n., crime.
sciens, -entis, skilled, expert.
scilicet, (1) of course, certainly;
(2) doubtless.
scindo, scidi, scissum, 3, to rend,
split.
'scid, -ivi and -ii, -itum, -ire, to
know.
scopulus, -I, m., a pointed rock,
crag.
scortum, -I, n., a mistress.
scribo, scripsl, scriptum, 3, (1)
to write; (2) write about, de-
scribe.
scyphus, -I, m., a goblet.
se, himself, herself, itself, them-
selves.
SECE
SINU
se-cerno, -crevi, -cretum, 3, to
separate.
seco, secui, sectum, 1, (1) to cut;
(2) cleave; (3) divide.
sector, -atus sum, -an, (1) to
follow eagerly ; (2) pursue; (3)
search.
secundus, -a, -um, (1) following,
second ; (2) favourable, fortun-
ate.
securis, -is, f., an axe.
securus, -a, -um, free from care,
careless.
secus, differently.
sed, but.
sedeo, sedi, sessum, 2, to sit.
sedes, -is, f., (1) a seat; (2)
dwelling -place.
seditio, -onis, f., civil dissension.
sedulus, -a, -um, earnest, zealous,
busy, industrious.
seges, -getis, f., (1) a crop; (2)
corn-field.
segnis, -e, sluggish, slothful, slow.
semel, (1) once ; (2) once for all.
vise-moved, -movi, -motum, 2, (1)
to put aside ; (2) separate.
semper, always.
senecta, -ae, f ., old age.
senectus, -utis, f., old age.
seuex, senis, old, aged; subst.,
an old man.
seutentia, -ae, f., (1) an opinion ;
(2) aphorism.
sentio, sensi, sensum, 4, to feel,
perceive.
se-paro, -avi, -atum, 1, to sun-
der, set apart.
sepelio, -pelivl and -pelii, -pul-
tum, 4, to bury.
septem, seven.
sepulcrum, -i, n., a grave.
sequor, secutus (sec[uutus) sum,
sequi, to follow.
serenus, -a, -um,^l) clear, fair;
(2) tranquil.
series, -el, f., a row, series.
sermd, -ouis, m., conversation,
dialogue; in pi., lore, old tales.
42
1. sero, sevi, satum, 3, to sow.
2. sero, late, comp. serius.
serpens, -entis, c., a serpent.
serus, -a, -um, late.
serva, -ae, f., a slave-woman.
servio, -m and ii, -Itum, 4, to
be a slave, serve.
servitus, -utis, f., (1) slavery;
i (2) a throng of lovers.
vservo, -avi, -atum, 1, (1) to pre-
serve, keep safe, protect; (2) pay
attention to, watch, observe.
seu, v. sive.
severus, -a, -um, (1) stern; (2)
tart; (3) severe, harsh, inexor-
able.
si, »/.
sic, so, thus.
sicco, -avi, -atum, 1, to make dry,
drain.
siccus, -a, -um, (1) dry; (2)
sober.
sidus, -deris, n., a star, con-
stellation.
signum, -I, n., (1) a mark; (2)
ensign, banner ; (3) statue; (4)
constellation.
silentium, -ii, n., silence.
sileo, -ui, 2, (1) to be silent;
(2) not to speak of.
silua, v. silva.
silva, -ae, f., a wood.
similis, -e, like.
simplex, -plicis, (1) single, simple,
plain; (2) artless.
simul, at the same time, to-
gether ; simulac, as soon as.
simulacrum, -i, n., portrait, effigy,
statue.
sine, without.
singuli, -ae, -a, one apiece.
singultus, -us, m., a sob.
sinister, -tra, -trum, on the left
hand; sinistra, -ae, f., the left
hand.
sino, sivi, situm, 3, (1) to let,
permit ; (2) let alone.
sinus, -us, m., (1) bosom, lap;
(2) a bay, gulf.
SITIS
8PON
sitis, -is, f., thirst.
1 situs, -a, -um, placed, situated.
2. situs, -us, m., situation, posi-
tion.
si-ve and seu, or if; Bive . . .
sive, whether ... or.
sdbrius, -a, -urn, moderate, tem-
perate.
socer, -ceri, m., a father-in-law.
socio, -avi, -atum, 1, to join
together, combine.
socius, -a, c., a companion, con-
federate.
sodalis, -is, m. and f., a comrade,
boon-companion.
sol, solis, m., (1) the sun; (2) day.
soled, solitus sum, 2, to be wont.
solidus, -a, -um, (1) firm, solid;
(2) complete; (3) resolute.
solitus, -a, -um, accustomed;
solitum, -I, n., that which is
usual, custom.
solium, -ii, n., a throne.
sollemnis (solemnis or solennis),
-e, (1) yearly, annual; (2)
religious ; (3) festive ; (4) cus-
tomary, usual.
sellers, -ertis, skilful, skilled.
sollicitS, -avi, -atum, 1, (1) to
agitate, disturb; (2) stir up,
provoke, tempt.
sollicitudo, -dinis, f., anxiety.
sollicitus, -a, -um, disquieted,
distressed.
solor, -atus sum, -ari, to console,
relieve, ease.
solum, -I, n., soil, ground.
solus, -a, -um, (1) alone, single ;
(2) solitary.
solvo, solvi, solutum, 3, (1) to
loosen, release; (2) put to sea;
(8) break up, melt ; (4) in pass.,
droop.
somnium, -ii, n., a dream.
somnus, -I, m., sleep.
sonitus, -us, m., a noise, din.
Bono, sonui, sonitum, 1, (1) to
sound ; (2) cry out.
sonus, -1, m., a sound, noise.
sopor, -oris, m., sleep.
sordes, -is, f., dirt, squalor.
sordidus, -a, -um, (1) dirty,
squalid, foul; (2) mean, con-
temptible.
soror, -oris, f., a sister.
sors, sortis, f., (1) a lot; (2)
fortune, destiny, condition.
sortior, -itus sum, -Iri, (1) to
assign by lot ; (2) obtain by lot.
sospes, -pitis, safe.
spargd, sparsi, sparsum, 3, to
scatter, sprinkle.
spatium, -ii, n., (1) space, extent;
(2) interval.
speciosus, -a, -um, beautiful.
spectaculum, -I, n., a spectacle,
shoio.
spectandus, -a, -um, worthy to be
gazed upon.
specto, -avi, -atum, 1, to look
at.
speculum, -I, n., a looking-glass.
specus, -us, m. and poet, n., a
cave. v
sperno, sprevi, spretum, 3, flJ
despise, reject.
spero, -avi, -atum, 1, to hope,
hope for, expect.
spes, -ei, f., (1) hope, (2) expecta-
tion.
spiceus, -a, -um, of ears of corn.
spiculum, -i, n., a dart, javelin,
shaft.
spiritus, -us, m., (1) a breath;
(2) sigh ; (3) spirit ; (4) inspira-
tion.
spiro, -avi, -atum, 1, (1) to
breathe; (2) be inspired; (3)
breath (forth], exhale, emit.
spissus, -a, -um, close, dense.
splendeo, 2, to shine.
splendide, brightly, nobly.
splendidus, -a, -um, (1) bright,
brilliant ; (2) magnificent, majes-
tic.
sponsa, -ae, f., a betrothed girl.
sponsus, -i, m., (1) a betrothed
man; (2) bridegroom.
43
STAB
SUPE
stabilis, -e, (1) firm, steadfast;
(2) enduring.
stabulum, -I, n., a stall, stable.
stagnum, -I, n., a pool.
statua, -ae, f., an image, statue.
statuo, -tui, -tutum, 3, (1) to set
up, erect ; (2) appoint.
status, -us, m., (1) attitude ; (2)
condition ; (3) constitution ; (4)
bearing, mein.
Stella, -ae, 1, a star.
sterilis, -e, (1) unfruitful; (2)
blighting.
sterno, stravi, stratum, 3, (1) to
spread, stretch (out) ; (2) pros-
trate, cast down; (3) smooth,
level; (4) bestrew, cover.
stirps, -pis, f., a tree-trunk.
sto, steti, statum, 1, (1) to stand,
stand still; (2) remain; (3)
continue; (4) be stagnant.
stomachus, -I, m., (1) the stomach;
(2) anger.
strenuus, -a, -um, prompt, vigor-
ous.
strepitus, -us, m., a noise, din,
rumbling.
strepd, -pui, -pitum, 3, to make
a noise, rattle, roar.
stridor, -oris, m., a whistling,
grating, whir.
struo, struxi, structum, 3, (1) to
heap up ; (2) erect, make.
studed, -dui, 2, to take pains
about, be eager.
studiosus, -a, -um, (1) eager,
studious; (2) fond of; (3)
intent on.
studium, -ii, n., (1) zeal, eager-
ness; (2) study.
stultitia, -ae, f., foolishness.
stupeo, -pui, 2, to be amazed.
stuprum, -I, n., violation, outrage,
impurity.
sub, (1) with abl., under; (2)
with ace., to beneath, up to,
towards, about.
sub-duco, -duxi, -ductum, 3, to
withdraw, steal away.
44
sub-ed, -ii, -itum, -ire, to ap-
proach, come up to.
sabicio, -ieci, -iectum, 3, to put
under.
subigo, -egi, -actum, 3, to over-
come.
sublimis, -e, lofty, elevated, up-
lifted.
sublustris, -e, glimmering, dim.
sub-mitto, -mis!, -missum, 3, to
cause to spring tip, produce.
sub -moved (summ-), -movi, mo-
tum, 2, to remove, clear away.
suboles (soboles), -is, f., oj-
spring, race.
sub-rud, -rui, -rutum, 3, to
undermine.
sub-scribo, -scrips!, -scriptum,
3, to write under.
sub-sequor, -secutus sum, -sequi,
to follow after.
sub-sum, -ful, -esse, to be be-
neath.
sucus (succ-), -I, m., (1) sap,
juice; (2) taste ; (3) draught.
sudor, -oris, m., sweat.
sulcus, -I, m., a furrow.
sum, ful, esse, to be; est with
inf., it is possible to, one may.
summa, -ae, f., sum, total.
summus, -a, -um, highest, last.
sumo, sumps! , sumptum, 3, (1) to
take up, take, assume; (2)
choose.
sumptuosus, -a, -um, expensive.
sumptus, -us, m., expense.
super, (1) over, above; (2) con-
cerning.
superbia, -ae, f., (1) pride, arro-
gance ; (2) high spirit.
superbus, -a, -um, (1) proud,
arrogant ; (2) severe.
supercilium, -ii, n., an eyebrow.
supericio, -ieci, -iectum, 2, to
throw upon.
sup erne, from above, above.
supero, -avi, -atum, 1, (1) to
overcome, surpass ; (2) survive.
superstes, -stitis, surviving.
SUPE
TENE
superus, -a, -tun, above, on high ;
superi, -orum, m., the gods
above.
cuper-vacuus, -a, -um, needless.
eupmus, -a, -urn, (I) on the back,
upturned; (2) sloping.
eupplex, -plicis, suppliant; subst.,
a suppliant.
Bupplicium, -ii, n., punishment.
suppono, -posul, -positum, 3, to
put under.
supra, over, beyond.
supremus, -a, -urn, highest,
last.
sura, -ae, f., the calf of the leg.
surdus, -a, -urn, (1) deaf; (2)
unheeding.
surgS, -rexi, -rectum, 3, to rise.
surripio, -ripui, -reptum, 3, to
snatch or take away secretly,
steal.
Buscito, -avi, -atum, 1, (1) to
rouse up, awake ; (2) summon.
suspends, -pendi, -pensum, 3,
to hang up.
suspicio, -spexi, -spectum, 3, (1)
to look up at ; (2) mistrust, sus-
pect.
suspicor, -atus sum, -ari, to sus-
pect.
suspiro, -avi, -atum, 1, to sigh.
austineo, -tinui, -tentum, 2, to
hold up, support.
«usurrus, -1, m., a murmur, whis-
per.
suus, -a, -um, one's own, his own,
their own.
T.
taberna, -ae, f., a hut, cottage.
tabula, -ae, f., (1) a board, plank ;
(2) a tablet.
taceS, tacui, taciturn, 2, (1) to be
silent ; (2) pass over in silence.
taciturnitas, -atis, f., silence.
taciturnus, -a, -um, quiet, silent.
tacitus, -a, -um, silent.
taeda, -ae, f., (1) a pitch-pine ,J
(2) pine-torch.
taedium, -ii, n., weariness, cause
of anxiety.
taeter, v. teter.
tails, -e, such.
talus, -I, m., (1) the ankle, ankle-
bone; (2) a die.
tarn, so, so very.
tamen, nevertheless, however.
tandem, at last.
tango, tetigl, tactum, 3, (1) to
touch ; (2) reach ; (3) seize, hit.
tardo, -avi, -atum, 1, (1) to de-
fay > (2) hinder-, impede.
tardus, -a, -um, slorv, lingering.
tauriformis, -e, bull-shaped.
taurus, -I, m., a bull.
tectum, -I, n., (1) a roof; (2)
shelter.
tecum = cum te.
tego, texi, tectum, 3, 1) to
cover ; (2) hide.
tela, -ae, f., a, web.
tellus, -luris, f., (1) the earth;
(2) soil; (3) country.
telum, -1, n., a weapon, dart.
temere, at random, heedlessly.
temperatus, -a, -um, moderate.
tempers, -avi, -atum, 1, (1) to
spare, with dat. ; (2) mix in due
proportion, temper, flavour ; (3)
govern; (4) regulate, soothe,
alleviate.
tempestas, -atis, f., a storm.
tempestivus, -a, -um, (1) timely ;
(2) in the flower of youth ; (3)
fitting, appropriate.
templum, -I, n., a temple.
tempus, -poris, n., (1) a portion
of time, time, season, age; (2)
the temple (on the forehead).
tenax, -nacis, (1) holding fast;
(2) firm.
tendo, tetendi, tensum and
tentum, 3, (1) to stretch, (2)
direct, aim; (3) direct oneself;
(4) strive.
tenebrae, -arum, f., darkness.
45
TENEO
TEAG
teneo, tenui, tentum, 2, (1) to
hold; (2) possess; (3) keep; (4)
control; (5) restrain, check.
tener, -^ra, -erum, tender, youth-
ful.
tentator (temptator), -oris, m.,
an attempter.
tentS (tempto), -avi, -atum, 1,
(1) to make trial of, test; (2)
assail, tempt.
tenuis, -e, (1) thin, slender; (2)
plain, simple; (3) weak; (4)
mean, inferior.
tenuo, -avi, -atum, 1, to make
thin, diminish, enfeeble.
terms, as far as, down to, up to.
tepeo, 2, (1) to be lukewarm; (2)
be warm or glow with love.
tepidus, -a, -urn, warm.
ter, thrice.
teres, -retis, (1) rounded, well-
turned ; (2) firm ly - twisted.
tergeminus, -a, -urn, three-fold.
tergum, -I, n., the back.
terminus, -I, m., a boundary -line,
limit.
terni, -ae, -a, three apiece.
terra, -ae, f., the earth, land.
terrenus, -a, -um, of earth,
earthy ; terrenum, -I, n., land,
ground.
terreo, terrui, territum, 2, to
terrify.
terror, -oris, m., affright, dread.
tertius, -a, -um, third.
testa, -ae, f., (1) an earthen
vessel, pitcher ; (2) wine-jar.
testis, -is, c., a witness.
tester, -atus sum, -ari, (1) to bear
witness to, testify ; (2) call to
witness.
testudo, -dinis, f., (1) the shell of
the tortoise ; (2) a lyre.
teter (taeter), -tra, -trum, loath-
some.
thalamus, -I, m., a bedchamber.
theatrum, -I, n., a theatre.
thesaurus, -I, m., a treasure.
thus, v. tus.
46
thy mum, -I, n., thyme.
thyrsus, -I, m., a wand bound
round with ivy and vine borne by
Bacchus and the Bacchantes.
tibia, -ae, f., a pipe, flute.
tigris, -gridis and -gris, c., a
tiger, tigress.
timendus, -a, -um, terrible, dread.
timeo, -ui, 2, to fear, be afraid
of.
timidus, -a, -um, fearful, timid.
timor, -oris, m., fear.
tingo (tinguo), tinxi, tine turn, 3,
(1) to wet ; (2) colour, tinge.
titulus, -I, m., (1) an inscription ;
(2) honourable appellation, glory.
toga, -ae, f., a toga, gown.
tolero, -avi, -atum, 1, to bear,
endure.
tollo, sustuli, sublatum, 3, (1) to
lift; (2) exalt; (3) remove; (4)
do away with, abolish.
tondeo, totondi, tonsum, 2, (1) to
shear, crop ; (2) cut, trim, make
smooth.
tono, tonui, 1, to thunder.
tormentum, -I, n., (1) an instru-
ment of torture; (2) torture,
compulsion.
torquis, -is, m., a necklace, collar.
torreo, torrul, tostum, 2, (1) to
dry up, parch ; (2) inflame.
tortor, -oris, m., a torturer,
executioner.
torvus, -a, -um, fierce, grim.
tot, so many.
totidem, just as many.
toties, so many times.
totus, -a, -um, whole, complete.
trabalis, -e, of a beam.
trabs, -abis, f., (1) a beam; (2)
ship ; (3) roof.
tracto, -avi, -atum, 1, (1) to
handle; (2) treat; (3) discuss.
tractus, -us, m., a stretch, ex-
tent.
trado (trans-do), -didi, -ditum,
3, to give up, surrender.
tragoedia, -ae, f., tragedy.
TRAHO
ULMUS
traho, traxi, tractum, 3, (1) to
draw, drag along; (2) derive;
(3) spin.
trans, (1) across ; (2) beyond.
trans -fero, transtuli, translation
and tralatum, transferre, to
carry across.
transfuga, -ae, c., a deserter.
transilio, -ui and -ivl, 4, to leap
across.
trans-mitt5, -misi, -missum, 3,
to transfer.
trans-muto, 1, to change, shift.
trans -void, -avi, -atum, 1, to fly
or hasten past.
trecenl, -ae, -a, three hundred
each.
trecenti, -ae, -a, three hundred.
tremendus, -a, -um, to be dreaded,
fearful.
tremo, -mui, 3, (1) to tremble;
(2) shudder at.
tremulus, -a, -um, shaking, quiver-
ing.
trepido, -avi, -atum, 1, (1) to be
agitated, hurry ; (2) tremble.
trepidus, -a, -um, agitated,
alarmed, anxious.
tres (tris), tria, three.
tribuo, -bui, -butum, 3, to allot,
give. ^
triform! s, -e, in three forms or
shapes, triple.
trilinguis, -e, triple-tongued.
trimus, -a, -um, three years old.
triplex, -plicis, threefold.
trip us, -podis, m., a three-footed
seat, tripod.
triremis, -is, f., a trireme.
tristis, -e, (1) sad, surly; (2)
gloomy ; (3) accursed.
tristitia, -ae, f., sorrow.
triumpho, -avi, -atum, 1, to
triumph over, subdue.
triumphus, -I, m., a triumph,
victory.
trochus, -I, m., a (bronze) hoop
(for trundling).
tropaeum, -I, n., a trophy, victory.
trudo, trusi, trusum, 3, to thrust
along.
truncus, -I, m. , a trunk (of a tree) .
trux, trucis, fierce, wild.
tu, thou.
tuba, -ae, f., a trumpet.
tueor, tuitus sum, tueri
watch over, protect.
turn, then.
tumeo, 2, to swell.
tumidus, -a, -um, swollen.
tumultuosus, -a, -um, turbulent
tumultus, -us, m., (1) an uproar,
civil war ; (2) agitation, tumult.
tunica, -ae, f., a shirt, tunic.
turba, -ae, f., a mob, crowd.
turbidus, -a, -um, (1) disordered
(2) turbulent.
turgidus, -a, -um, swollen.
turma, -ae, f. , a troup, squadron.
turpis, -e, (1) ugly, foul; (2)
shameful, unhonoured.
turpo, -avi,- atum, 1, to make un-
sightly, disfigure.
turris, -is,/., a tower.
tus, turis, n., incense.
aieitt, -ae-, f., (1) protection ; (2)
a defender ; (3) charge, ward;
(4) guardianship.
tutus, -a, -um, safe.
tuus, -a, -um, thy, thine.
tympanum, -I, n., a timbrel, tam-
bourine.
tyrannus, -X, m., a monarch.
U.
1. uber, uberis, rich, fruitful.
2. Bber, uberis, n., an udder.
ubi, (1) where ; (2) when.
ubicumque, wherever.
udus, -a, -um, wet, moist.
ulcerosus, -a, -um, full of sores,
wounded.
ulciscor, ultus sum, ulcisci, to
avenge.
ullus, -a, -um, any.
ulmus, -1, f., an elm tree.
47
TTLT1
ttltimns, -a, -urn, (1) last; (2)
remotest, earliest.
ultor, -oris, m., an avenger.
ultra, beyond.
ultro, beyond what is expected,
unasked, spontaneously.
umbra, -ae, f., a shade, shadow.
umbrosus, -a, -um, shady.
umerus, (humerus), -i, m., the
shoulder.
umor, -oria, m., liquid, moisture.
una, twther.
unctus, -a, -um, (1) anointed; (2)
perfumed.
l.uncus, -a, -um, hooked, crooked.
2. uncus, -i, m., a hook, clamp.
unda, -ae, f., a wave.
unde, (1) whence ; (2) from what
source or persons.
undeni, -ae, -a, (1) eleven each;
(2) eleven at a time ; (3) eleven.
undique, from all sides.
ungo (unguo), mm, unctum, 3,
to besmear, anoint.
unguentuni, -I, n., an ointment,
perfume.
unguis, -is, m., (1) a nail (of
tho human finger or toe) ; (2) a
claw.
unice, especially, uniquely.
unicus, -a, -um, (1) only ; (2)
unique, unparalleled, single.
unquam, ever.
unus, -a, -um, (1) one; (2) single,
alone.
urbs, urbis, f., (1) a city; (2) the
city of Rome.
urgeo and urgueo, ursi, 2, (1) to
press; (2) weigh down ; (3) urge
on, follow up, keep to; (4) with
inf., to hasten to, insist.
urna, -ae, f., a water -pot, urn.
uro, ussi, ustum, 3, (1) to burn,
consume; (2) fire, kindle; (3)
pass., be hotly in love.
ursa, -ae, f., a she-bear.
ursus, -I, m., a bear.
usitatus, -a, -um, customary.
usquam, anywhere.
48
VAST
usque, (1) right on, continuously }
(2) incessantly.
usus, -us, m., (1) use, enjoyment,
employment ; (2) need*
ut, and uti, (1) when, as; (2)
since, since the time that ; (3) in
order that; (4) how, that.
ut-cumque (cunque), whenever.
uterque, utraque, utrumque, each
of two, both.
uterus, m. , the belly, womb.
uti, v. ut.
utilis, -e, useful, serviceable, ad-
vantageous.
uti-nam, adv., oh that ! if only !
utor, usus sum, uti, to use>
employ.
uva, -ae, f., a bunch of grapes.
uvidus, -a, -um, (1) wet; (2)
drunken, mellow.
uxor, -dris, f., a wife.
uxorius, -a, -um, too devoted to a
wife.
V.
vacca, -ae, f., a cow.
vaco, -avi, -atum, 1, to be at
leisure, keep holiday.
vacuus, -a, -um, (1) empty; (2)
free, exempt; (3) idle; (4)
accessible; (5) lonely.
vadum, -i, n., (1) a shallow ; (2)
the sea.
vae, alas !
vafer, vafra, vafrum, sly, cunning.
vagor, -atus sum, -ari, to wander,
rove.
vagus, -a, -um, roaming, wander-
ing.
valeo, valui, valiturus, 2, to be
strong, be able.
validus, -a, -um, strong, robust.
valles and vallis, -is, f., a valley.
vanus, -a. -um, empty, idle.
varius, -a, -um, (1) parti-coloured,
diverse ; (2) changing.
vasto, -avi, atum, 1, to lay waste.
vastus, -a, -um, vast, huge.
VATE3
VIGIL
vates, -is, c., an inspired singer,
poet.
ve, or.
vectlgal, -galis, n., revenue.
vectis, -is, m., a crow-bar.
veb.6, vexi, vectum, 3, (1) to bear;
(2) carry off.
vel, or else, or.
vellus, -leris, n., a fleece, wool.
veld, -avi, -atum, 1, to cover,
envelope, veil.
velox, -locis, rapid, quick.
velum, -I, n., a sail.
vel-ut or vel-utl, just as.
vena, -ae, f., a vein.
venalis, -e, purchaseable.
venator, -oris, m., a hunter.
venenatus, -a, -urn, poisoned.
venenum, -i, n., (1) poison; 2)
charm; (3) drug.
veneror, -atus sum, -ari, (1) to
reverence ; (2) ask reverently.
venio, veni, ventum, venire, to
come.
venor, -atus sum, -ari, to hunt.
ventosus, -a, -um, windy.
ventus, -i, m., wind.
venus, -neris, f., (1) beauty,
charm ; (2) love.
ver, veris, n., the spring.
verax, -acis, truthful.
verbena, -ae, usu. pi. verbenae,
-arum, f., an olive-bough, sacred
bough.
verber, -beris, n., (1) a stripe;
(2) lash.
verbero, -avi, -atum, 1, to beat,
lash.
verbum, -i, n., a word.
verecundus, -a, -um, bashful.
vernus, -a, -um, of spring,
spring-.
verres, -is, m., a boar.
verro, versum, 3, to sweep.
verso, -avi, -atum, 1, to turn.
versus, -us, m., (1) a line, row ;
(2) verse.
vertex, -ticis, m., (1) an eddy ; (2)
the head.
Hor. L.
verto, verti, versum, 3, (1) to
turn; (2) tilt; (&} change ; (4)
overthrow.
verum, but in truth, but yet.
verus, -a, -um, true ; verum, -I,
n., the truth.
ve-sanus, -a, -um, raging, frenzied.
vescor, vesci, to eat, feed upon.
vesper, -peri, m., the evening-star.
vester, -tra, -trum, your, yours,
of you.
vestimentum, -i, n., a garment.
vestio, -ivi and -ii, -itum, 4, to
clothe.
vestis, -is, f ., a garment.
veto, vetui, vetitum, 1, to forbid.
vetulus, -a, -um, elderly.
vetus, veteris, old.
vetustus, -a, -um, ancient.
vexo, -avi, -atum, 1, to trouble,
harass.
via, -ae, f., (1) a way, road; (2)
journey.
viator, -oris, m., a wayfarer,
traveller.
vicarius, -ii, m., (1) a substitute ;
(2) successor.
vicinus, -a, -um, neighbouring;
vicinus, -I, m., and vicina,
-ae, f., a neighbour.
vicis, f., (gen. ; the nom. is not
found), (1) change, interchange,
alternation ; (2) requital, recom-
pense ; (3) season.
victima, -ae, f ., a beast for sacri-
fice, victim.
victor, -oris, m., a conqueror.
victrix, -tricis, f., conquering.
video, vidi, visum, 2, to see ; in
pass., (1) seem, appear; (2)
seem good.
viduS, -avi, -atum, 1, to bereave
of.
viduus, -a, -um, bereft, robbed of,
widowed.
vigeo, -gui, 2, to be lively, thrive,
flourish.
vigil, -gilis, awake, watchful,
alert.
49
VIG1
VULG
vigilans, -antis, awake.
vigilo, -avi, -atum, 1, to keep
awake, watch.
vigor, -oris, m., energy, vigour.
vilis, -e, cheap, common.
villa, -ae, f., a country house,
farm, home.
vincio, vinxi, vinctum, 4, to
bind.
vinco, vici, victum, 3, to con-
quer, excel.
vinculum and vinclum, -I, n., a
fetter, chain.
vindex, -dicis, c., an avenger,
punisher.
vinea, -ae, f., a vineyard.
vinum, -i, n., wine.
viola, -ae, f., (1) a violet; (2)
violet colour.
violarium, -il, n., a bank or bed
of violets.
violens, -entis, impetuous, furious.
violenter, violently.
violentus, -a, -um, impetuous,
vehement.
vipera, -ae, f., a viper.
viperinus, -a, -um, of a viper or
serpent.
vir, viri, m., (1) a man; (2) hus-
band; (3) hero.
virens, -entis, (1) green ; (2)
blooming, youthful.
vireo, 2, (1) to be green ; (2) be
fresh, vigorous.
virga, -ae, 1, (1) a twig, sprout;
(2) magic wand.
virgineus, -a, -um, of a maiden
or virgin, maidenly.
virgd, -ginis, f., a maiden.
viridis, -e, green.
virilis, -e, (1) of or like a man,
virile ; (2) manly.
virtus, -tutis, f., (1) excellence,
virtue ; (2) courage.
vis, f., (1) strength, power ; (2)
force, violence ; (3) abundance.
viso, vlsl, visum, 3, to go to see,
visit.
vita, -ae, f., life.
50
vitiosus, -a, -um, (1) faulty; (2)
vicious.
vitis, -is, f., a vine.
vitium, -ii, n., a fault, sin.
vito, -avi, -atum, 1, to shun.
vitreus, -a, -um, (1) glassy ; (2)
brilliant, splendid; (3) sea-green.
vitrum, -I, n. , glass.
vitta, -ae, f., a band, ribbon.
vitulus, -I, m., a calf.
vivax, -vacis, long-lived, endur-
ing.
vividus, -a, -um, lively, vigorous.
vivo, vixi, victum, 3, to live.
vivus, -a, -um, (1) alive; (2)
living, natural, fresh ; (3) wake-
ful.
vix, hardly.
vocalis, -e, musical.
voco, -avi, -atum, 1, to call, sum-
mon.
volito, -avi, -atum, 1, to fly to
and fro, flit about.
1. volo, -avi, -atum, 1, to fly.
2. volo, volui, velle, (1) to be will-
ing, wish ; (2) wish for.
volubilis, -e, revolving, spinning.
volucer, volucris, volucre, (1)
ftying_; (2) fleet.
voluntas, -atis, f., will, desire,
inclination.
volvo, volvi, volutum, 3, to roll,
cause to revolve.
vomer, -eris, m., a ploughshare.
vos, you.
vStivus, -a, -um, promised by a
vow, votive.
votum, -i, n., (1) avow ; (2) wish.
voveo, vovi, votum, 2, to promise,
vow.
vox, vocis, f., (1) a voice; (2)
word.
vulgaris (volgaris), -e, of the
multitude, common.
vulgd, -avi, -atum, 1, (1) to make
common, communicate; (2) spread
abroad, publish.
vulgus (volgus), -i, n., the multi-
tude, people.
VULP
ZONA
vulpes (older volpes), -is, f., a
fox.
vnltus, (voltus), -us, m., counten-
ance, look.
Z.
zephyrus, -I, m., a gentle west
wind.
z5na, -ae, f., a (maiden's) girdU
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