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Be oy^€ 9 S<^.0(
Ifearbarli College ILitirarp
FROM
Official Catalogue
of the
Mexican Exhibits
at the
Pan-American Exposition
P:es:dent of il;e United States of Mexico
Official Catalogue
Mexican Exhibits
Pan-American Exposition
BUFFALO, N. Y:; U. S. A.
May first to November first
1901
.» ^ #
BfNJND DEC 22 1913
, Whlte.ETan..Penfold Company. Prt.t««. In Buffalo
National Commission
from the United States of Mexico to the
Pan-American Exposition
Albino R. Nuncio,
Mechanical Engineer, Chief of the Commission.
Maximiliano M. Chabert,
Secretary of the Commission, and Chief of Divisions
XIV, XV, and XVIII.
Lauro Viadas,
Agronomical Engineer, Chief Divisions I, III, and IV.
Jesus M. Nuncio,
Chief of Pomology and Viticulture, Division V.
Alberto McDowell,
Chief of Floriculture, Division V.
Enrique H. Garibay,
Chief of Division VI.
Juan de D. Fleury,
Mining Engineer, Chief of Divisions VIII and X.
Carlos Sellerier,
Mining Engineer, Chief of Divisions XI and XIII.
Enrique Mondragon,
Lieutenant Colonel of Engineers' Corps of the Mexican
Army, Honorary Chief of Division XII.
RosENDO Sandoval,
Assayor, Chief of Division XVI.
Antonio M. Maya,
Second Chief of Division XVI.
1. Albino R. Nuncio.
2. Maximiliano M. Chabert.
3. Juan de D. Fleur}\
4. Carlos Sellerier.
5. Rosendo Sandoval.
6. Enrique H. Garibay.
7. Alberto McDowell.
8. Jesus M. Nuncio.
9. Lauro Viadas.
10. Antonio M. Maya.
The numbers refer to the illustration opposite.
■^MMi^nL^..-L^^^^
Mi "
■1^
H>^
t4
|H^^^^^^iiT\
3-
3
tm
1
3
#■
Mk^h
o
3
^
BCl
*
p^i
I
Illustrations
Porfirio Dfaz
Leandro Fernandez ....
The Mexican Commission
Plan of the Pan- American Exposition
The Mexican Government Building
General View Exterior of Agriculture Exhibit
Interior View of Agriculture Exhibit
Interior View of Agriculture Exhibit
Floriculture Exhibit ....
Cactus Fjchibit
Wines and Horticulture Exhibit
Forestry Exhibit
Mines and Liberal Arts Exhibit
Front View of Manufactures Exhibit
General View of Manufactures Exhibit
Interior View of Manufactures Exhibit .
Interior View of Manufactures Exhibit .
Interior View of Manufactures Exhibit .
Mines and Liberal Arts Exhibit
Liberal Arts Exhibit ....
General View of Ethnology Exhibit
Fine Arts Exhibit
Sub-divisional Chart of the Geographical and Ex-
ploring Commission of Mexico
Frontispiece
Opposite page
iv
VI
viii
X
2
8
24
42
44
46
52
60
90
92
94
98
112
no
116
128
138
148
Catak
ogue
The Mexican Government Building
Mexico at the Pan-American Exposition
DIVISION I
Agricultural and Dairy
Products
DIVISION III
Live Stock
DIVISION IV
Foods and their Accessories
General View Exterior of Agriculture Exhibit
Agriculture Building
Mexico at the Pan-American Exposition
AGRICULTURE
|HE exhibit made by the Republic of
Mexico of her agricultural products
is undoubtedly the best proof of the
progress she has made within the
last years, under the protection of Gen. Porfirio
Diaz's wise administration.
The marvelous fertility of her soil is known
and proved throughout the world, with regard to
which we would be justified in saying that there
is not a product grown which cannot be raised
there with liberal profit to the cultivator. One
of the problems that Mexico ought to have
solved before this for the promotion of agricul-
ture (a problem which emanates on the other
hand from those topographical conditions that
give her the diversity of climates, and its pecul-
iarly advantageous conditions for the vegetable
life of so many varied species) is that of irriga-
tion, which Mexico is now solving in an excellent
manner, by means of free grants of water privi-
leges, under federal jurisdiction, and laws that
protect, stimulate, and promote the investment
of capital in the utilization of waters. To give
an idea of the results obtained, it suffices to point
out a single example : in the State of Puebla,
an American farmer invested on his own account
more than one million dollars in the necessary
works for the utilization of the waters of the
Atoyac River as a motive power and especially
for irrigation purposes. It can be affirmed with-
out doubt, that before very long, and as a natural
consequence of the works of this kind that are
initiated every day, Mexico will have more than
double her production, commensurate with the
place she justly deserves among the chief agri-
cultural countries of the world.
It would be superfluous to discuss this
subject further, as the vast collection of samples
of the agricultural products of Mexico are ex-
hibited in the Agricultural Building.
Hence, the great collection of cereals exhib-
ited by the Secretaria de Fomento (Department
of Public Promotion) of Mexico, is indeed very
notable, as it shows the different kinds that
are cultivated in the various states of the
Republic, many of which are articles of ex-
port, such as rice, beans, wheat, etc. The
Mexican Agricultural Society, organized by
prominent farmers and agriculturists, and
founded with a view to promote anything bearing
on the progress of agriculture, also makes an
exhibit that reveals the agricultural resources
of the country.
The exhibit contains samples of excellent
tobacco produced in Mexico, large quantities of
which have been shipped to Cuba where it was
manufactured and re-shipped to European or
North American markets with the pseudonym
of " Havana cigars." Mexican tobacco is be-
coming very popular and is being very highly
commended. It can be said that the production
at present is insufficient to cover the ever grow-
ing demand for such an important product.
The varied collection of fibers, especially
vegetable fibre, justly attracts the attention of
visitors. Many of these have been known in
this country for many years, such as jute, which
has enriched the peninsula of Yucatan, making
it a producing center to such an extent that,
thanks to her, the cordage industry did not suffer
all the mishaps that were expected on account
of the scarcity of the much valued Manila fiber
during the Philippine war.
If we are to examine now the various products
that make up the important division of foods,
we will see figuring prominently an extensive
collection of coffee ; there are samples on ex-
hibition coming from each one of the states
producers of that rich grain, and it is a fact well
known that since the Brazilian crisis stimulated
the production, Mexico has notably enhanced
her coffee plantations, and this is now one of the
most important articles of export. In competi-
tion with all the other coffee producing countries,
Mexico has obtained the highest awards for her
coffee in all the expositions that have been held
up to the present time.
Cocoa is a product which also promises a
great future in Mexico, and is exhibited by a
varied collection together with chocolate manu-
factured by two of the most important factories
in Mexico.
Notwithstanding the great competition that
sugar cane has been subjected to on account of
the increase in the production of sugar beets, it
still holds its place vigorously, and is the founda-
tion of inexhaustable richness throughout the
vast territories of the States of Morelos, Vera-
cruz, Puebla, Jalisco, and many others. As a
complementary to the sugar industry we might
mention the production of alcohol, although only
when employed in certain industries it pertains
to this division.
The exquisite and varied collection of
liquors is also worthy of special attention, because
the fruits from which they are prepared in
factories of the best established reputation, are
equally abundant. National beverages on exhi-
bition, such as "pulque," which is the favorite
drink of the people, should not be passed un-
noticed. This " pulque " is exhibited through
a special process of preservation. Beer, whose
consumption is increasing daily, receives such
impulse in Mexico that it can be stated that
there is not a state in the Republic without a
brewery, some of them with more than $1,000,000
invested.
The above information is at least a brief
outline of the agricultural resources of Mexico,
and reveals, as we have already said, the great
evolution that has taken place throughout the
country within the last few years by the impulse
of the vigorous administration of one of the
greatest statisticians of the present time.
A careful inspection of the products exhib-
ited by Mexico in the Department of Agricul-
ture, will fully demonstrate the vast field of
action she has for enterprising men.
DIVISION I
Agricultural and Dairy
Products
>
13
t-t-
l>
la
c
Division I
Agricultural and Dairy Products
( Chief, Engineer Lauro Viadas )
GROUP I
Farm Crops
1. Aguirre, Domingo G., La Fortuna, Tepic. Class 2
Rice.
2. Albaitero y Cia, Tacubaya, D. F.
Wheat.
3. Carpio, Doroteo, Matamoros, Puebla.
Rice.
4. Couttolene, Octaviano, Aljojuca, Puebla.
Cereals.
5. Drusina, Manuel D., Tlaxco, Tlaxcala.
Cereals.
6. Echave, Manuel, Texmelucan, Puebla.
Cereals.
7. Escanddn, A., " La Condesa " Tacubaya, D. F.
Com and Barley.
8. Escudero, Pedro, Acolman, Mexico.
Cereals.
9. Flores, Gabriel, Saltillo, Coahuila.
Com.
10. Garcfa, F^ix, Lerma, Mexico.
Cereals.
11. Gobierno del Estado de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes.
Cereals.
12. Gobierno del Estado de Chiapas, Tuxtla Gutierrez.
Cereals.
For explanation of classification see index.
9
13. Gobierno del Estado de Chihuahua, Chihuahua.
Cereals.
14. Gobierno del Estado de Durango, Durango.
Cereals.
15. Gobierno del Estado de Guanajuato, Guanajuato.
Cereals.
16. Gobierno del Estado de Guerrero, Chilpancingo.
Cereals.
17. Gobierno del Estado de Hidalgo, Pachuca.
Cereals.
18. Gobierno del Estado de Mexico, Toluca.
Cereals.
19. Gobierno del Estado de Morelos, Cuemavaca.
Beans.
20. Gobierno del Estado de Oaxaca, Oaxaca.
Corn and beans.
21. Gobierno del Estado de Puebla, Puebla.
Cereals.
22. Gobierno del Estado de Quer^taro, Quer^taro.
Cereals.
23. Gobierno del Estado de Sonora, Hermosillo.
Cereals.
24. Gobierno del Estado de Tabasco, San Juan Bautista.
Cereals.
25. Gobierno del Estado de Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala.
Cereals.
26. Gobierno del Estado de Zacatecas, Zacatecas.
Cereals.
27. (lonzdlez de Cosio Jos^, Quer^taro.
Beans.
28. Gonzdlez de Salceda, F. y E., Lerma, Mexico.
Cereals.
29. Gonzalez, Vicente, Tepetlaoxtoc, Mexico.
Cereals.
30. Gorozpe, Pedro, Coldn, Quer^taro.
Cereals.
31. Guerrero, Ignacio, Chietla, Puebla.
Rice.
For explanation of classification see index.
10
32. Jefatura Politica del Distrito de Cuautitlan, Mexico.
Cereals.
33. Jefatura Politica del Destrito de Texcoco, Mexico.
Cereals.
34. Jimenez, Simdn, Yautepec, Morelos.
Rice.
35. Leyva, Gregorio, Jojutla, Morelos.
Rice.
36. Lorenz, A., Puebla.
Wheat.
37. Mar, Ramdn, Jalpan, Quer^taro.
Cereals.
38. Martfnez y Abiega, Cuautitlan, Mexico.
Cereals.
39. Matienzo, Andres, Puebla.
Wheat and Beans.
40. Mier, Sebastian B. de, Puebla.
Cereals.
41. Montero, Lucio, Cuautla, Morelos.
Rice.
42. Morales, Lauro, Ures, Sonora.
Cereals.
43. Nieto, Tirso Julian, Ixtlahuaca, Mexico.
Cereals.
44. Ochoa, Tiburcio, Colima.
Rice.
45. Ortiz, BorboUa, Jacobo, Nopalucan, Puebla.
Cereals.
46. Ortiz y Yauz, Manuel, Acolman, Mexico.
Cereals.
47. Obando, Josd M., Chiautzingo, Puebla.
Cereals.
48. P^rez, Justo, Tepetlaoxtoc, Mexico.
Cereals.
49. Ramfrez, Ram6n, Apatzingdn, Michoacan.
Rice.
50. Reyes y Ramfrez, Pedro, Tepeaca, Puebla.
Cereals.
For explanation of classification see index.
II
Claim 3
Clasii 5
51. Rico, Rafael G., Chimalhuacdn, Mexico.
Cereals.
5a. Rios, Dionisio, Valle de Bravo, Mexico.
Cereals.
53. Rinc<5n Gallardo, Francisco, San Juan del Rio, Qiie-
retaro.
Cereals.
54. Rivera. Jos^ Marfa, Laborcilla, Quer^taro.
Cereals.
55. SAnchez» Miguel, Nopal ucan, Puebla.
Cereals.
5(1, Santa Cruz, Francisco, Colima.
Rice.
57. Sccretarfa de Fomento, Mexico, D. F.
Cereals.
5vH. Silva y Ilcrmanos, Manuel, Guanajuato.
Cereals.
$ih SiKiedad Agrfcola Mexicana, Mexico, D. F.
Ccrcals.
60. Solorzano Sanz, J., Mexico, D. F.
Cereals.
61. Torres. Lorenzo, Guaymas, Sonora.
Cereals.
6 J. Trucha Ilcrmanos, Mexico, D. F.
Cereals.
(\\, Valencia. Urbano, Tezoyuca, Mexico, D. F.
Cereals.
6.|. Valle. F. del, Tepic.
Rice.
65. (fobierno del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca.
Sweet potatoes.
66. Balsa y llermano, Veracruz.
Leaf tobacco.
67. Barron Forbes y Cia, Santiago Ixcuintla, Tepic.
Leaf tobacco.
68. Delius y Cia, Ixtapa Concepci6n, Tepic.
Leaf tobacco.
For explanation of classification see index.
12
6g, Escanddn, A., " La Condesa," Tacubaya, D. F.
Squash seed.
70. Fabrica, "La Virgen," Tajimaroa, Michoacan.
Beneseed.
71. Fletes, Testamentarfa de Amado, Tepic.
Leaf tobacco.
72. Fregoso, J. M. de., Ameca, Jalisco,
Sugar cane.
73. Gobierno del Estado de Durango, Durango.
Oily seeds.
74. Gobierno del Estado de Guanajuato, Guanajuato.
Oily seeds.
75. Gobierno del Estado de Mexico, Toluca.
Beneseed.
76. Gobierno del Estado de Morel os, Cuernavaca.
Peanuts, melon and squash seeds.
77. Gobierno del Estado de Oaxaca, Oaxaca.
Leaf tobacco.
78. Gobierno del Estado de Querdtaro, Quer^taro.
Oily seeds.
79. Gobierno del Estado de Sonora, Hermosillo.
Linseed.
80. Gobierno del Estado de Tabasco, San Juan Bautista.
Leaf tobacco and achiote (bixia orellana) butter
color.
81. Gobierno del Estado de Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala.
Squash seed.
82. Lanzagorta Hermanos, San Bias, Tepic.
LesS tobacco.
S^. Menchaca, Agustfn, Tuxpan, Tepic.
Oil cocoanut.
84. P^rez, Reguera, Luis, Oaxaca.
Leaf tobacco.
85. Secretarfa de Fomento, Mexico, D. F.
Seeds of several kinds.
86. Sociedad Agrfcola Mexicana, Mexico, D. F.
Oily seeds.
87. Solano, Dolores, Tlapanald, Puebla.
Peanuts.
For explanation of classification see index.
13
Class 6
GROUP II.
Fibers and Fertilizers
88. Agapito, Jesiis, San Juan Bautista, Tabasco.
Ixtle (fiber).
89. Aguirre, Claudio, Tutotepec, Oaxaca.
Cotton.
90. Barroeta, Gregorio, San Luis Potosi.
Rug (made of " Palma China " fiber).
91. Carrillo, H., Colima.
Fibra tronadora (fiber).
92. Companfa Industrial de Artefactos, M^rida, Yucatan.
Sisal hemp.
93. Cuevas, Hilario, Toliman, Jalisco.
Camolillo (fiber).
94. Espinoza Cuevas, Hermanos, Angostura, San Luis
Potoisi.
Cotton.
95. Espinoza, Primo F., Armadillo, San Luis Potosi.
Ixtle (fiber).
96. Fentanes, E., Cosamaloapan, Veracruz.
Majahua y Carddn (fibers).
97. Gobiemo del Estado de Chiapas, Tuxtla Gutierrez.
Ixtle (fiber).
98. Gobiemo del Estado de Durango, Durango.
Lechuguilla (fiber).
99. Gobiemo del Estado de Oaxaca, Oaxaca.
Collection of fibers.
100. Gobiemo del Estado de San Luis Potosf, San Luis
Potosi.
Lechuguilla (fiber).
1 01. Gobiemo del Estado de Tabasco, San Juan Bautista.
Collection of fibers.
102. Gobiemo del Estado de Yucatan, M^rida.
Sisal hemp.
103. Ibanez, Julio, Los Cuartos, Tepic.
Lechuguilla (fiber).
For explanation of classification see index.
104. Jefatura Polftica de Amealco, Quer^taro.
Ixtle (fiber).
105. Melgar, Jos^ Maria, Manzanillo, Colima.
Textile plants.
106. Menchaca, Jos^ Marfa, Ixcuintla, Tepic.
Cotton.
107. Muiioz, Adalbert©, Galeana, Nuevo Leon.
Fiber.
108. Nieto, Tirso Julian, Ixtlahuaca, Mexico.
Ixtle (fiber).
109. Peiro Hermanos, Mocorito, Sinaloa.
Ixtle (fiber).
no. Purcell, Guillermo, San Pedro, Coahuila.
Cotton.
111. Retes Hermanos, Mocorito, Sinaloa.
Ixtle (fiber).
112. Secretarfa de Fomento, Mexico, D. F.
Collection of fibers.
113. Sociedad Agrfcola Mexicana, Mexico, D. F.
Cotton.
114. Subprefectura de los Municipios de San Jose y
Santiago, Baja California.
Cotton.
115. Ur viola, Ignacio, Landa, Quer^taro.
Sisal hemp.
116. Vald^s, Abundio, Aguascalientes, Sinaloa.
Ixtle (fiber).
117. Vega, Manuel de la, Vizarrdn, Querdtaro.
Ixtle (fiber).
118. Zorrilla, Bernardo, Jaimiave, Tamaulipas.
Ixtle and sisal hemp.
119. Zorrilla, Federico Jos^, Costa Chica, Oaxaca.
Cotton.
120. Gobiemo del Estado de Jalisco, Guadalajara. Class 7
Raw silk and cocoons.
121. Gobiemo del Estado de Zacatecas.
Wool.
For explanation of classification see index.
15
122. Sociedad Agrfcola Mexicana, Mexico, D. F.
Wool.
Class 8 123. Gobiemo del Estado de Durango, Durango.
Wax.
124. Gobiemo del Estado de Guanajuato, Guanajuato.
Wax.
125. Gobiemo del Estado de 2^catecas, Zacatecas.
Wax.
126. Monroy, Everardo, Jala, Tepic.
Wax.
127. Santa Cruz. Francisco, Colima.
Wax.
128. Secretarfa de Fomento, Mexico, D. F.
Wax.
For explanation of classification see index.
16
GROUP IV.
I^iterature and Statistics
129. Bankhardt, D., Mexico, D. F. Class 12
" El Hacendado Mexicano," (an agricultural re-
view).
130. Covarrubias, Gregorio, P^njamo, Guanajuato.
Study about the sugar cane.
131. Escobar Hermanos, Ciudad Juarez, Chihuahua.
" El Agricultor Mexicano," (an agricultural re-
view) and " Elemental Treatise on Agriculture."
132. Jaspeado, Ruperto, Texcoco, Mexico.
Study about the wheat.
133. Portillo, A., Mexico, D. F.
" La Revista Agrlcola " (an agricultural review).
134. Secretarfa de Fomento, Mexico, D. F.
Laws on public waters.
135. Sociedad Agrfcola Mexicana, Mexico, D. F.
" Boletfn de la Sociedad Agrfcola Mexicana *' (an
agricultural review).
136. Cuesta 6 Hijos, Manuel M., Atequiza, Jalisco. Class 13
Album of photographs of their farm.
137. Jimta Local de Puebla para la Exposicidn de Paris de
1900, Puebla.
Album of photographs and agricultural statistics.
For explanation of classification see index.
17
DIVISION III
Live Stock
Division III
Live Stock
(Chief, Engineer Lauro Viadas)
GROUP X
Domestic Animals
I. Martinez del Cerro, J., Tacubaya, D. F. Class 33
Photographs of cattle.
GROUP XIII.
Liiterature and Statistics
2. Gonzalez Davalos, Luis, Mexico, D. F. Class 42
" El Ganadero Mexican© " (Treatise on live stock).
For explanation of classificatiou see index.
21
Irt
DIVISION IV
Foods and their Accessories
>
3
3
•-t
s>
SQTQ
„ -.
OP rD
W
rr
Division IV
Foods and their Accessories
(Chief, Engineer Lauro Viadas)
GROUP XIV
Coffees^ TeaSy Spices j and Essences
1. Albino, Leandro, Yecapixtla, Morelos. Class 43
Coffee.
2. Alfaro, Emigdio D., Chilchotla, Oaxaca.
Coffee.
3. Arciniega, Aurelio, Coatepec, Veracruz.
Coffee.
• 4. Arias, Jos^ C, Chietla, Puebla.
Coffee.
5. Artigas, Gabriel C, San Andres Tuxtla, Veracruz.
Coffee.
6. Avendano, Antonio, Chilchotla, Oaxaca.
Coffee.
7. Ayuzo, B., Juquila, Oaxaca.
Coffee.
8. Bano, Eugenio D., Chilchotla, Oaxaca.
Coffee.
9. Becerra Fabre, Belisario, San Juan Bautista, Tabasco.
Coffee and cocoa.
10. Cafetal Santiago, Chilchotla, Oaxaca.
Coffee.
11. Camacho, Ismael, Quechula, Chiapas.
Coffee and cocoa.
12. Campos, Ricardo de Maria, Tapachula, Chiapas.
Coffee.
For explanation of classification see index.
25
13. Cano, Modesto, Quechula, Chiapas.
Coffee,
14. Cortes, Anselmo, Tlapacoyan, Veracruz.
Coffee,
15. Dfaz Ordaz y Cia, Chilchotla, Oaxaca.
Coffee.
16. Dond^, Eduardo, Coatepec, Veracruz.
Coffee.
17. Escudero, Francisco, Tepic.
Coffee.
18. EspenSn, Manuel, Chilchotla, Oaxaca.
Coffee,
19. Finca Esperanza S. A., Teotitlan, Oaxaca.
Coffee,
20. Finca ^lercedes, Teotitlin, Oaxaca.
Coffee,
21. Flor, Jos^, Jalapa, Veracruz.
Chocolate.
22. Garcfa, Mariano, Chilchotla, Oaxaca.
Coffee.
23. Gobiemo del Estado de Chiapas, Tuxtla Gutierrez.
Coffee and cocoa.
24. Gobiemo del Estado de Jalisco, Guadalajara.
Coffee.
25. Gobiemo del Estado de Michoacan, Morelia.
Coffee.
26. Gobiemo del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca.
Coffee.
27. Gobiemo del Estado de Oaxaca, Oaxaca.
Coffee.
28. Gobiemo del Estado de Puebla, Puebla.
Coffee.
29. Gobiemo del Estado de San Luis Potosi, San Luis
Potosf.
Coffee.
30. Gobiemo del Estado de Tabasco, San Juan Bautista.
Tea, coffee, and cocoa.
31. Gobiemo del Estado de Veracruz, Xalapa.
Coffee.
For explanation of classification see index.
26
32. G<5mez Vargas, Rafael, C6rdova, Veracruz.
Coffee.
33. Hernandez, Agustfn, Chil6n, Chiapas.
Coffee.
34. Jarilla, Emiliano, Pahuatlin, Puebla.
Coffee.
35. Jefatura P61itica del Territorio de Tepic.
Coffee.
36. Jefatura P61itica de Zitdcuaro, Michoacan.
Coffee.
37. L<5pez, Felipe N., Coatepec, Veracruz.
Coffee.
38. Manuel, Ponciano, Tacimbaro, Michoacdn.
Coffee.
39. Mercado, Aristeo, Uruapan, Michoacan.
Coffee.
40. Mercado de Romano, Leonor, San Bias, Tepic.
Coffee.
41. Mexican Gulf Agricultural Company, Dos Rios, Vera-
cruz.
Coffee.
42. Moreno, Andres, Amilcingo, Morelos.
Coffee.
43. Noriega Simano, Alonso, Mexico, D. F.
Chocolate.
44. Olgufn, Estanislao, Calnalf, Hidalgo.
Coffee.
45. Park y Bergofe, Chilchotla, Oaxaca.
Coffee.
46. P^rez, Aurelio, San Jos^ Punla, Michoacan.
Coffee.
47. Popoca, Refugio, Tilapa, Puebla.
Coffee.
48. Portillo, J. O., Chilchotla, Oaxaca.
Coffee.
49. Pradillo, Agustfn, Teotitlan, Oaxaca.
Coffee.
For explanation of classification see index.
27
50. Rtf gules Hermanos, Chilchotla, Oaxaca.
Co£Eee.
51. Rodrfguez, Mariano, Pitzcuaro, Michoacdn.
CoflEee.
52. Rojas, Ponciano, Pichucalco, Chiapas.
Cocoa«
53. Rozas, 7usto, San Juan Bautista, Tabasco.
Coffee.
54. Santa Cruz, Francisco, Colima.
Coffee.
55. Secretarfa de Fomento, Mexico, D. F.
Coffee and cocoa.
56. Sociedad Agrfcola Mexicana, Mexico, D. F.
Coffee and cocoa.
57. Soldrzano, Ildefonso, Tacdmbaro, Michoacin.
Coffee.
58. Tellez, Antonio, Huauchinango, Puebla.
Coffee.
59. Tellez, Antonio, Villa Juirez, Oaxaca.
Coffee.
60. Tromblin Brijan E., C6rdova, Veracruz.
Coffee.
61. Velez Arriaga, Luis, Soconusco, Ciapas.
Cocoa.
62. Vogel, Amoldo, Colima.
Coffee.
63. Zaragoza, Santos, Tlalnepantla Cuautengo, Morelos.
Coffee.
64. ZiSftiga, Adalberto, Huazalingo, Hidalgo.
Coffee.
Class 44 65. Ball, Juan W., Durango.
Vinegar.
66. Gabifto, Salvador, Mexico, D. F.
Vinegar.
67. Gobiemo del Estado de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes.
Red pepper.
For explanation of classification see index.
28
68. Gobierno del Estado de Chiapas, Tuxtla Gutierrez.
Spices.
69. Gobierno del Estado de Jalisco, Guadalajara.
Green pepper.
70. Gobierno del Estado de Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala.
Red pepper.
71. Merino, S., Mizantla, Veracruz.
Mizantleca sauce.
72. Sociedad Agrfcola Mexicana, Mexico, D. F.
Red pepper.
73. Tardds 6 Hijos, Julio, Mexico, D. F.
Vinegar.
74. Jaspeado, Ruperto, Texcoco, Mexico.
Olive oil.
75. Vazquez, Jos^ G., Ayotla, Mexico.
Olive oil.
Class 45
GROUP XV
Sugars
76. Aguirre, Domingo G., Tepic.
Cane sugar.
77. Almada y Hermanos, Jesiis, Novalato, Sinaloa.
Cane sugar.
78. Garcfa, Pimentel Luis, Sta Clara, Jinacatepec, Morelos.
Cane sugar.
79. Gobierno del Estado de Jalisco, Guadalajara.
Brown sugar.
80. Gobierno del Estado de Morelos, Cuemavaca.
Cane sugar.
81. M^ndez, Epifanio, Guadalajara, Jalisco.
Cane Sugar.
82. Subprefectura de los Municipios de San ]os6 y San-
tiago, Baja California.
Cane sugar.
Class 46
For explanation of classification see index.
29
Class 47 83. Gobierno del Estado de Durango, Durango.
Agave syrup.
84. Municipio de C. Guerrero, Tamaulipas.
Agave syrup.
Class 48 85. Gobierno del Estado de Durango, Durango.
Honey.
GROUP XVI
Preserved Fruits
Class 49 86. Bentley & Harris, Colonia Juarez, Galeana, Chihuahua.
Preserved fruits.
GROUP XVII
Nuts^ Mushrooms^ Dried Fruits^ and
Vegetables
Class 5a 87. Gobierno del Estado de Durango, Durango.
Nuts and pine nuts.
88. P^re2, Jos^, Cuilapan, Oaxaca.
Nuts.
89. Sociedad Agrfcola Mexicana, Mexico, D. F.
Nuts and pine nuts.
For explanation of classification see index.
30
GROUP XVIII
Foods Prepared from Cereals
90. Albaitero y Cia, Tacubaya, D. F. Class 56
Flour.
91. Cervantes, Testamentaria de M., Mexico, D. F.
Flour.
9 2 . Gobier no del Estado de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes.
Flour.
93. Hidalgo, Gumersindo, Mexico, D. F.
Fecula oriental (special flour).
94. Lorenz, A., Puebla.
Flour.
95. Martfnez del Cerro, J., Tacubaya, D. F.
Flour.
96. P^rez Arce, Carlos, Guadalajara, Jalisco.
Sago.
97. Rivero Succs, V., Monterrey, Nuevo Ledn. Class 57
Maicena.
98. Compafifa Industrial, Hermosillo, Sonora. Class 59
Starch.
GROUP XIX
Beverages for Household and Other Uses
99. Lastinere, E., Puebla. Class 63
Ginger ale and sarsaparilla
100. P^rez Arce, Guadalajara, Jalisco.
Ginger ale.
1 01. Almada y Hermanos, Jesds, Novalato, Sinaloa. Class 64
Liquors.
102. Camacho, Timoteo, Quer^taro.
Liquors.
For explanation of classification see index.
31
103. Cattucci, Horacio, Xalapa, Veracruz.
Orange wine.
104. Compafifa Destiladora, Mexico, D. F.
Liquors.
105. Compaftfa Destiladora " Casa Colorada," Mexico, D. F.
Liquors.
106. C6rdova, Federico, Zacualtipin, Hidalgo.
Liquors.
107. DfaZy Aurelio, Quer^taro.
Quince wine.
108. Fuentes Solfs, Fernando, Zacualtipdn, Hidalgo.
Quince wine.
109. Galicia, C, Puebla.
Orange wine.
no. Gilvez, A., Coatepec, Veracruz.
Liquors.
111. Garcfa, Joaqufn, Texcoco, Mexico.
Liquors.
112. Jaspeado, Ruperto, Texcoco, Mexico.
Agavino (liquor).
113. Maldonado, Ram6n, Monterrey, Nuevo Ledn.
Liquors.
114. Martfnez, P., Zacatlin, Puebla.
Liquors.
115. Mena, Evaristo, Campeche.
Maran6n wine.
116. Meza y Cia, Quer^taro.
Quince wine.
117. Mogrovejo, Juan, Calnalf, Hidalgo.
Orange wine.
118. Moral, Tomds del, Toluca, Mexico.
Liquors.
119. Ochoa y Avilez, Fuerte, Sinaloa.
Liquors.
120. Pendas, Manuel, Zacualtipin, Hidalgo.
Quince wine.
For explanation of classification see index.
121. Ramirez, Tomis A., Molango, Hidalgo.
Liquors.
122. Riquelme, S., Mexico, D. F.
Pulque.
123. Sousa Rodriguez, Juan, Acaponeta, Tepic.
Liquors.
124. Ugalde, Agripino, Zacualtipin, Hidalgo.
Orange wine.
125. Uribe, Macedonio, Texcoco, Mexico.
Orange wine.
126. Vargas, M., Colima.
Liquors.
127. Companfa Destiladora, Mexico, D. F. Class 65
y Alcohol.
' 128. Cuesta Gallardo € Hijos, Manuel M., Atequiza,
Jalisco.
Alcohol.
129. Rodrfguez, Ramdn, Quer^taro.
Alcohol.
130. Santa Cruz, Francisco, Colima.
Alcohol.
131. Sociedad Agrfcola Mexicana, Mexico, D. F.
Alcohol.
132. Soldrzano y Sanz, J., Mexico, D. F.
Alcohol.
i33« Vogel, Amoldo, Colima.
Alcohol.
134. Compaiifa Cervecera de Chihuahua S. A., Chihuahua. Class 66
"Edelweiss," " Exposicidn," and "Carta Plata"
beers.
135. Fibrica de Cerveza " El Ledn," Ledn, Guanajuato.
" Bock " and " Perla de Oro " beers.
For explanation of classification see index.
DIVISION V
Horticulture
Pomology y Floriculture^ Viticulture
HORTICULTURE
i
^gJEXICO possesses climate and soil for
'^^"1 the development of horticulture in
all its branches, but as yet with the
exception of a few products it is not
carried on in a sufficiently large scale for export-
The climate of the table lands is admirably
adapted, with the aid of irrigation, for the culti-
vation of all fruits. Apples, peaches, figs, pears,
and apricots are produced in abundance for the
local markets, but no efforts have been made for
drying and preserving these fruits on a large
scale. In some sections the fruits are rich and
of very fine flavor on account of the good soil
and limited rain. The States of Coahuila and
Chihuahua possess large tracks of lands where
pomology could be engaged in extensively to
good profit, if proper plants were erected for the
drying and evaporating of the surplus fruit.
Grapes are also produced in abundance and
excellent wine is manufactured in the State of
Coahuila, but not yet sufficient to meet the
demand, as large quantities are imported.
To the east and west of the table lands, on
the slopes of the Gulf and the Pacific, is the
region for the production of tropical fruits —
bananas, pineapples, mangoes, mameyes, oranges,
limes, and citrus family in general ; chirimoyas
and anona species grown luxuriantly. With the
exception of oranges at certain seasons of the
year no other fruits are cultivated for export.
37
In vegetables, recently, the truck farmer has
established in the State of Tamaulipas experi-
mental farms for the cultivation of tomatoes —
farms that have become practical and profitable,
as already carloads are sent early to market for
export. Later, probably, the truck farmer of
Mexico will export also cucumbers, green corn,
and melons in winter, as it is at this season
that these vegetables are cultivated to greater
advantage.
It will be some time, however, before other
fruits and vegetables will be exported; the
excessive express rates are almost prohibitive for
their profitable cultivation. Another great draw-
back to the industry is the costly packing of
fruits and vegetables.
Outside of the City of Mexico commercial
floriculture, with few exceptions, can be said not
to exist, as the climate being so mild, anyone can
be his or her own florist.
Geraniums and pelargoniums, carnations,
and begonias, and all annuals thrive well in any
part of the country, as do also the lilies, amarylis,
and other bulbous plants. Roses are quite
abundant everywhere and the fancy varieties are
mostly propagated by grafts. The camellia and
azalea are favorite pot plants and are yet
imported in quantities, but suitable climate and
soil has been discovered for their propagation
and importations will probably soon diminish.
Mexico exports the largest variety of cactus
of any country in the world, but these plants,
which are found almost exclusively on the dry
38
and arid parts of mountains, find no place with
the florist except for rock work and alpine
gardens. Many new species have been recently
discovered and collectors continue to add novel-
ties to the already long list of cactaceae.
Orchids are found at altitudes varying from
3,000 to 5,000 feet above sea level, and these
lovely plants are also exported in large quantities
to Europe, chiefly the laelias and odontoglossums.
Among the former may be mentioned L.
Autummalis and L. Mayalis, also the great
variety of L. Anceps Alba, There is yet a vast
territory to the Pacific to be explored botanically
and many new additions may be expected to
floriculture. In the same region that orchids
grow may be found a great variety of ornamental
foliage plants, like dracenas, mazaultras, and
palms, also climbers and ferns.
Large quantities of bulbs, collected in a wild
state, are annually exported, chiefly amarylis,
milla biflora, bessera elegans, and tigridias.
There are many regions in southern Mexico
where the lilies like L. Harrisi and L. Aurabum
could be profitably grown for export, also many
rare flower seeds that cannot mature in northern
latitudes, but this branch of the industry has not
yet been developed.
Vine culture in Mexico is obtaining a
gradual and steady development, and the local
consumption of wines and liquors is also attain-
ing a great importance.
The country already produces red and white
vines of extra fine quality, but still imports from
39
foreign countries more than ;j52,2cx>,ooo worth of
these same wines each year.
It is worthy of mention that the Mexican
vine has not been attacked so far by the phyloxera,
nor by any other insect so destructive as this one.
The production of "pulque," the popular
and national drink (made of liquids extracted
from the agave tree), reached the enormous
figure of 3,000,000 hectoliters yearly.
In this Republic is also produced wines of
agreeable odor and delicious flavor made from
quince, orange, and pineapple fruits.
Many modern establishments in Mexico are
entirely given up to the manufacture of all kinds
of liquors and alcohols. " Tequila," already well
known in the United States, is one of the
principal alcoholic drinks manufactured and con-
sumed in Mexico.
40
Division V
Horticulture
Pomology y Floriculture^ Viticulture
Pomology
(Chief, Jesiis M. Nuncio)
GROUP XXIII
Models
1. Gobiemo del Estado de Durango, Durango. Class 8i
Imitation of fruits in wax.
2. Gobiemo del Estado de Oaxaca, Oaxaca.
Imitation of fruits in wax.
3. Gobiemo del Estado de Sonora, Hermosillo.
Imitation of fruits in wax,
4. Gobiemo del Estado de Tabasco, San Juan Bautista.
Imitation of fruits in wax.
5. Junta local del Estado de Puebla, Puebla.
Imitation of fruits in wax.
6. Pefiafiel Esther, Mexico, D. F.
Imitation of fruits in wax.
GROUP XXIV.
Methods and Appliances
7, Sociedad Agrfcola Mexicana, Mexico, D. F. Class 83
Canned fruits.
For explanation of classification see index.
41
Class 84
GROUP XXV.
Liiterature
8. Secretarla de Fomento, Colonizaci6n € Industria,
Mexico, D. F.
Album of Mexican fruits.
Class 90
Floriculture
(Chief, Alberto McDowell)
GROUP XXVII
Pelargoniums
9. McDowell, Alberto, Tacubaya, D. F.
Collection of fancy pelargoniums
GROUP XXVIII
Class zoo 10.
Class zoz II.
Flowering Bulbous Plants
McDowell, Alberto, Tacubaya, D. F.
Collection of 500 single tuberous begonias.
Collection of 500 double tuberous begonias.
McDowell, Alberto, Tacubaya, D. F.
Flowering bulbs.
Amarylis Formossisima,
Bessera Elegans,
Cyclobothra Flava,
Milla Biflora,
Zephyrantes Alba and Rosea,
Tigridias Pavonia,
Conchiflora and Rosea,
Pancratuim sps.
For explanation of classification see index.
42
GROUP XXXII
Greenhouse Flowering Plants
12. McDowell, Alberto, Tacubaya, D. F. Class 112
Collection of camelias.
GROUP XXXIII
Decorative Plants
13. McDowell, Alberto, Tacubaya, D. F. Class 113
Latania Borbonica, Kentia Belmoriana,
Kentia Forsteriana, Corypha Australis,
Phienix Canariensis, Chamedoria Elegans,
Chamedoria Gracilis.
GROUP XXXIV
Orchids
14. McDowell, Alberto, Tacubaya, D. F. Class 123
Brassavola Glauca, Lycaste Aromatica,
Brassia Verrucosa, Lycaste Cruenta,
Catleya Citrina, Mormodes sps.,
Chysis Aurea, Odontoglossum Bictoniense,
Chysis Bractescens, O. Cervantessi,
Epidendrum Falcatum, O. Citrosnum,
E. Nemorale, O. Cordatum,
E. Vitellinum Majus, O. Insleayi,
Laelia Albida, O. Maculatum,
Laelia Anceps, O. Nebulosum,
L. Anceps Alba in var., O. Rechenheimi,
L. Autumnalis, Oncidium Bicalosum,
L. Atronibens, On. Cavendishanum,
L. Majalis, On, CeboUeta,
L. Majalis Alba, On. Tigrinum,
L. Majalis Rosea, On, Ornythomychum,
For explanation of classification see index.
43
Orcbidsy continued
On. Stelligerum, Sobralia Macrantha,
On. Tigrinum, Stanhopea Tigrinia,
On. Unguiculatum, S. Oculata,
Schomburgkia Tibicinis, S. Martiana.
GROUP XXXV
Cactace(B
Class 124 ^S' McDowell, Alberto, Tacubaya, D. F.
Anhalonium Fissuratum, Cereus Serpentinus,
A. Lewini,
C. Euphorbioides,
A. Prismaticum,
C. Flagelliformis,
A. Sulcatum,
C. Gemantus,
A. Williamsi,
C. Passacanus,
C.Puginiferous Geometrizans
C. Speciossisimus,
Other unclassified cereus.
Ecbinocactus
£. Beguini,
E. Multicostatus,
E. Bicolor,
E. Omatus,
E. Capricornis,
E. Pfeifferi,
KComigereus Flavispinus, E. Recurvus,
E. Crispatus,
E. Robustus,
E. Electracanthus,
E. Sheeri,
E. Grusoni,
E. Pilosus,
£. Helophorus,
E. Pilosus Steinssi,
E, Horizonthalonious,
E. Texensis,
E. Ingens,
E. Turbiniformis,
E. Lancifer,
E, Uncinatus,
E. McDowelli,
E. Cereus Berlandieri,
E. Lophothele,
E. C. Ehrenbergi,
E. Caespitosus,
E. C. Pectinatus.
E. C. Merkeri,
For explanation of classification see index.
44
>
B
n
§■
s
2 o
O
a
o P
o "^
;w
o cr
Mamillaria
M. Aplanata, M. Carreti,
M. Cirhifera Longispina, M. Comifera,
M. Cornuta, M. Damonoceras,
M. Donati, M. Echinata,
M. Elegans, M. Elephantidens,
M. Erecta, M. Eriacantha,
M. Heeseana Longispina, M. Lassomeri,
M. Micromeris, M. Micromeris Greggi,
M. Mutabilis, M. Nivea,
M. Nicholsoni, M. Parkinsoni,
M. Pfeifferi, M. Plumosa,
M. Potosina, M. Recurvata,
M. Recurvens, M. Sanguinea,
M. Scolymoides, M. Spinossisima,
M. Stella Aurata, M. Waltoni,
Pilocereus Fosulatus, Pc. Hoppenstedti,
P. C. Senelis, Pelecyphora Asceliformis,
Opuntia Microdasy, M. Micromeris Cristata,
Mamillaria Nivia Cristata, Cereus Columbrinus Cristata,
M. Lassomeri Cristata, Cereus Pasacanus Cristata.
GROUP XXXVII
Climbing Plants
1 6. McDowell, Alberto, Tacubaya, D. F. Class 130
Tender climbing plants.
Cobea, Scandens, Mina, Lobata.
GROUP XXXVIII
IFild Plants
17. McDowell, Alberto, Tacubaya, D. F. Class 132
Native wild plants.
Tillandasias, Sellanigella Lepidophyla,
Agave Americana, Americana Variegata,
Tehuacanensis, A. Victoria Regina,
10 other unclassified agaves.
For explanation of classification see index.
45
Class 146 iS.
GROUP XLIV.
Literature
Secretaria de Fomento, Colonizacidn € Industria,
Mexico, D. F.
Album of flowers which grow in Mexico.
Viticulture
(Chief, Jesds M. Nuncio)
GROUP XLVI
Wines and Brandies
Class 153 19. Chalon Hermanos, Apam, Hidalgo.
White wine.
2 o . Gobiemo del Estado de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes.
White wine.
21. Gonzdlez Trevifio, Lorenzo, Parras, Coahuila.
White wine.
22. Rancho Grande, Fresnillo, Zacatecas.
White wine.
23. Torres Hermanos, Nazas, Durango.
White wine.
Class 154 24. Barrios y Murga, Mexico, D. F.
Red wine.
25. Gonzdlez Trevino, Lorenzo, Parras, Coahuila.
Red wine.
26. Vargas, M., Colima.
Red wine.
Class 155 27. Divila, Ignacio, Guadalajara, Jalisco.
Muscatel.
28. Garcfa, Joaqufn, Texcoco, Mexico.
Vermouth.
For explanation of classification see index.
46
"Mexico at the Pan-American Exposition
Wines and Horticulture Exhibit
Horticulture Building
29. Gonzdlez Treviiio, Lorenzo, Parras, Coahuila.
Cherry, port wine, and wine " jerezado."
30. Chalon Hermanos, Apam, Hidalgo. Class 156
Champagne (made from " pulque ").
31. Audinot, Francisco, Aguascalientes. Class 157
Brandy.
32. Arellanes, Longinos, Ocotlan, Oaxaca.
Mezcal.
33. Becerra Fabre, Carlos, Macuspana, Tabasco.
Brandy.
34. Casa Colorada, S. A., Mexico, D. F.
Cognacs, rum, and brandy.
35. Casillas, Pilar, Ensenada, Baja California.
Brandy.
36. Castillo Hermanos, Santa Elena, Durango.
Mezcal.
37. Companfa Destiladora " La Kentucky " Monterrey,
Nuevo Le6n.
Whiskey and mezcal.
38. Companfa Destiladora, Mexico, D. F.
Brandy.
39. Cuevas, Andres, Miahuatldn, Oaxaca.
Mezcal.
40. Cruz, Sabis, Guadalajara, Jalisco.
Tequila.
41. Cruz, Eulogio, Santo Tomds, Oaxaca.
Mezcal.
42. Delius y Compania, Tepic.
Banana brandy.
43. Destilerfa del Torredn, Torredn, Coahuila.
Whiskey.
44. Encinas, Alfredo, Sahuaripa, Sonora.
Mezcal.
45. Fdbrica " La Escondida," Tepic.
Brandy.
46. Filizola Hermanos, Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas.
Mezcal.
For explanation of classification see index.
47
47 • Garda Hermanos, Otumba, Mexico.
Brandy (made from pulque).
48. Garcfa, Jesiis, San Luis Potosf.
Mezcal.
49. Garcfa, Joaqufn, Texcoco, Mexico.
Brandy and cognac.
50. Gobiemo del Estado de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes.
Brandy.
51. Gobiemo del Estado de Morelos, Cuemavaca.
Mezcal.
52. Gobiemo del Estado de Zacatecas, Zacatecas.
Mezcal.
53. Gonzdlez Trevifto, Lorenzo, Parras, Coahuila.
Brandy.
54. Guzman, Bernab^, Ocotldn, Oaxaca.
Mezcal.
55. Jarquin, Mariano, Zoquitldn, Oaxaca.
Mezcal.
56. Jesiis, Juan Pedro, Miahuatlin, Oaxaca.
Mezcal.
57. Ledesma, Genoveva, Zimapin, Hidalgo.
Mezcal.
58. Ledesma, Federico, Zimapin Hidalgo.
Mezcal.
59. L<5pez, Melesio, Sinaloa.
Mezcal.
60. Maldonado, Ramdn, Monterrey, Nuevo Ledn.
Brandy.
61. Mantilla, Josd M., San Juan Bautista, Tabasco.
Mezcal.
62. Martfnez, Jos^, Tlacolula, Oaxaca.
Mezcal.
63. Martfnez, Juan, San Pedro Quiatoni, Oaxaca.
Mezcal.
64. Martfnez, L., Hostotipaquillo, Jalisco.
Mezcal.
65. Martfnez, Viuda de, Guadalajara, Jalisco.
Tequila.
For explanation of classification see index.
48
66. Mendoza, E., La Paz Baja California.
Mezcal.
67. Mendoza, Simdn, La Paz Baja California.
Mezcal.
68. Mora, Ramdn de la, Guadalajara, Jalisco.
Tequila.
69. Mundz, Manuel, Tlaltizapin, Hidalgo.
Mezcal.
70. Nunez, Juan, Sinaloa.
Mezcal.
71. Ochoa y Avilds, Fuerte, Sinaloa.
Brandy.
72. Ortega, Cdrmen, Hermosillo, Sonora.
Mezcal.
73. Parada, Miguel, Ocotlin, Oaxaca.
Mezcal.
74. Peiro Hermanos, Hacienda de Pericos, Sinaloa.
Mezcal.
75. Ramirez 6 Hijos, San Luis Potosf.
Mezcal.
76. Retes Hermanos, Hacienda de Pericos, Sinaloa.
Mezcal.
77. Remus, Hijas de, Guadalajara, Jalisco.
Brandy.
78. Riquelme, S., Mexico, D. F.
Brandy.
79. Romero, Francisco, Tequila, Jalisco.
Mezcal.
80. Samperio, Ignacio, Pachuca, Hidalgo.
Mezcal.
81. Sociedad Agrfcola Mexicana, Mexico, D. F.
Mezcal.
82. Soldrzano y Sanz, Mexico, D. F.
Brandy (made from pulque).
83. Tardds, Julio, Mexico, D. F.
Whiskey, cognac, rum, and brandy.
84. Terdn, Juan, Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas.
Mezcal.
For explanation of classification see index.
49
85. Valdds, Abundio, Aguacaliente, Sinaloa.
Brandy.
86. ViUareal, J. M., Mexico, D. F.
Cognac.
87. Zamora, Ciriaco, Miacatldn, Morelos.
Mezcal.
88. Zertuche, A., Ciudad Romero Rubio, Coahuila.
Mezcal.
For explanation of classification see index.
SO
DIVISION VI
Forestry
3
o a
tr (-h
s. W
OP 5^
FORESTRY
HE exhibit presented by the Republic
UM^t^A ^^ Mexico in the Forestry Building
nj^^K is composed of the following articles :
^^ wood specimens, chewing gum, rub-
ber, broom-root, indigo, gums, tanning barks,
axe, achiote, and medicinal plants.
Among the wood specimens are found :
mahogany, ebony, primavera, rose, cedar, oak,
walnut, mezquitey Brazil, and other dyeing woods,
httcYi, granadillo, chewing-gum tree, {chico sapote\
pine, ocote, sabine, tepehuajey ash, balsam, capulin^
Chechen, peach tree, guayaci.n, blackberry, lign-
aloes, mulberry tree, llorasangre, laurel, juniper,
and many others, making a total of three hundred
and fifty-six different kinds of woods.
We regret not having been able to exhibit a
complete collection of all the woods that are
produced in Mexico, for it is a fact well known
that one-fourth part of Mexico's territorial land,
or say 496,8cx) square kilometres, is covered with
numberless groves of trees, both on the plains
and in dense forests.
Every year one cut, at least, is made in the
few places where timber is worked, the annual
production amounting to 1,428,047 tons with an
approximate value of ^{^9,906,321.
The following are the principal countries to
which these woods are exported : Germany,
Spain, United States, France, Holland, England,
Italy, and Russia; 55,121 tons having been ex-
ported in one year, amounting to $3,469,cxx).
53
Chewing gum is one of the rich productions
of Mexico. The production of chewing gum and
cautchouc, samples of which are exhibited in
this department, has caused great admiration
among the visitors, because it demonstrates the
wonderful fertility of the Mexican soil.
The States which produce these important
articles, more than others, are: Campeche,
Chiapas, Jalisco, Oaxaca, Puebla, Tabasco, Tepic,
Veracruz, and Yucatan.
Owing to the small number of enterprises
dealing in these valuable products, only i,ocx>
tons of chewing gum and 600 tons of cautchouc
have been exported per annum.
Some 692 tons of chewing gum and 126
tons of cautchouc are exported to foreign coun-
tries every year.
Dyeing wood, indigo, axe, and achiote that
are on exhibition in this department are also very
valuable and grow abundantly ; large quantities
of them are also exported.
Broom-root (Zacaton). This plant is very use-
ful for several purposes and grows in large
quantities in Mexico.
Medicinal plants, as well as those for indus-
trial purposes, take an interesting part in this
exhibition, and are also much exported and
valued by the public.
54
Division VI
Forestry
(Chief, Enrique H. Garibay)
GROUP XLVIII.
Commercial Exhibits
{Forestry Products)
1. Ayuntamiento de Miacatldn, Morelos. Class i6o
Collection of woods.
2. Ayuntamiento de Tlaltizapdn, Morelos.
Collection of woods.
3. Barreto, Gregorio, Colima.
Collection of woods.
4. Barron, Forbes y Cia, Tepic.
Collection of woods.
5. Carpena, Gila A. de, Tepic.
Collection of woods.
6. Compafifa Colonizadora, Progreso, Yucatan.
Collection of woods.
7. Companfa del Ferrocarril Sud Oriental, Mdrida,
Yucatdn.
Collection of woods.
8. Cortds, Remigio, Tlacotalpam, Veracruz.
CoUection of woods.
9. Fuentes, Primitivo, Tetecala, Morelos.
Collection of woods.
10. Gonzdlez Gil, Jos^, Cunduacdn, Tabasco.
Sample of wood.
11. Gonzdlez, Pedro, Cunduacdn, Tabasco.
Sample of wood.
For explanation of classification see index.
55
1 2. Gobiemo del Estado de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes.
Collection of woods.
13. Gobiemo del Estado de Colima, Colima.
Collection of woods.
14. Gobiemo del Estado de Puebla, Puebla.
Collection of woods.
15. Gobiemo del Estado de San Luis Potosf, San Luis
Potosf.
Collection of woods.
16. Gobiemo del Estado de Tabasco, San Juan Bautista.
Collection of woods.
17. Gobiemo del Territorio de Tepic, Tepic.
Collection of woods.
18. Gobiemo del Estado de Veracmz, Xalapa.
Collection of woods.
19. Hemdndez, Gregorio, Cunduacan, Tabasco.
Sample of wood.
20. Merodio, Manuel, Cunduacan, Tabasco.
Collection of woods.
21. Romano y Cia, Macuspana, Tabasco.
Collection of woods.
22. Rosas, Perfecto, Amacuzac, Morelos.
Collection of woods.
23. Salazar, Mauro, Montemorelos, Nuevo Le<5n.
Collection of woods.
24. Santa Cruz, Francisco, Colima.
Collection of woods.
25. Secretaria de Fomento, Mexico, D. F.
Collection of woods.
26. Solorzano, Salvador, Mexico, D. F.
Collection of woods.
27. Solorzano y Sanz, Josd, Mexico, D. F.
Collection of woods.
Class 162 28. Gobiemo del Estado de Colima, Colima.
Collection of tanning barks.
29. Gobiemo del Estado de Guerrero, Chilpancingo.
Collection of tanning barks.
For explanation of classification see index.
S6
30. Gobiemo del Estado de Tabasco, San Juan Bautista.
Collection of tanning barks.
31. Martfnez, J. M., Zimatldn, Oaxaca.
Collection of tanning barks.
32. Municipio de Jonacatepec, Morelos.
Collection of tanning barks.
33. Torres, K, Los Elotes, Morelos.
Collection of tanning barks.
34. Anciola, M., Inchamin, Michoacdn. Class 163
Specimens of indigo.
35. Alvarez, M., Chiapa, Guerrero.
Specimens of indigo.
36. Barron, Forbes y Cia, Tepic.
Specimens of rubber.
37. Becerra Fabre, Belisario, Macuspana, Tabasco.
Specimens of achiote.
38. Camacho, I,, Las Conchas, Chiapas.
Specimens of rubber.
39. Cesena, E., Mexico, D. F.
Specimens of damiana.
40. Compaiifa Colonizadora, Progreso, Yucatdn.
Specimens of chewing gimi.
41. Espinosa, J. M,, La Libertad, Chiapas.
Specimens of indigo.
42. Fragoso, Nestor, Motozintla, Chiapas.
Specimens of gums.
43. Fuentes, P., Tetecala, Morelos.
Specimens of gimis.
44. Gobierno del Estado de Colima, Colima.
Specimens of cascalote.
45. Gobiemo del Estado de Chiapas, Tuxtla Gutierrez.
Specimens of rubber, resin, indigo, achiote, amolillo,
and jaboncillo.
46. Gobiemo del Estado de Guerrero, Chilpancingo.
Specimens of gums.
47. Gobiemo del Estado de Michoacdn, Morelia.
Specimens of axe.
For explanation of classification see index.
57
48. Gobiemo del Estado de Tabasco, San Juan Bautista.
Specimens of achiote, chewing gum, resin, and
rubber.
49. Municipio de Jonacatepec, Morelos.
Specimens of gums.
50. Munoz Cano, F., Metztitldn, Hidalgo.
Achicuiliche skin.
51. Palacios, S., Motozintla, Chiapas.
Specimens of gums.
52. Pallas y Cia, Isla del Cdrmen, Campeche.
Specimens of chewing gum.
53. Parres de la Fuente, Juan, La Providencia, Mexico.
Specimens of broom root.
54. Ramos Hermanos, Mexico, D. F.
Specimens of chewing gum and rubber.
55. Robles, L., Sinacomitlin, Colima.
Specimens of chewing gum and rubber.
56. Rosado, Desiderio G., Comalcalco, Tabasco.
Specimens of Jaboncillo.
57. Secretarfa de Fomento, Mexico, D. F.
Specimens of gums, medicinal plants, and chewing
gum.
58. Vargas, F. S., Chila, Tepic.
Specimens of chewing gimi.
59. Vdzquez, Pablo, Tlaltenango, Morelos.
Mezquite gum.
For explanation of classification see index.
58
DIVISION VIII
Mines and Metallurgy
Mines and Metallurgy
S far as mining is concerned, Mexico
may be considered the richest coun-
try in the world, because it is acknowl-
" edged that almost all its mountains
are of metalliferous character, and it is estimated
that not more than one-tenth of its mineral
wealth has yet been developed. The richest
region in mineral deposits is found in the western
range of mountains which extends from the State
of Oaxaca to that of Sonora for a distance of
2,560 kilometres, bound from N. W. to S. E.
The principal mining districts of the Re-
public, and the states to which they belong re-
spectively, are the following :
Pachuca, State of Hidalgo.
Guanajuato, State of Guanajuato.
Zacatecas, State of Zacatecas.
Catorce, State of San Luis Potosi.
Zaculpan, State of Mexico.
Chihuahua and Batopilas, State of Chihua-
hua.
Topia and Mapimi, State of Durango.
Sierra Mojada, State of Coahuila.
El Triunfo y Santa Rosalia, Territory of Baja
California (Lower California).
Peras, State of Oaxaca.
There are many others of importance, im-
possible to mention here, and situated in the
States of Oaxaca, Sonora, Nuevo Leon, Aguas-
calientes, etc.
61
The mining districts of Guanajuato, Zacate-
cas, and Catorce, situated in tie center of the
Republic comprise an extension of 33,000 square
kilometres. These figure are enough to give an
idea of the total area comprised in the districts
before mentioned.
The mining production of tie country in
1884 amounted to $43,200,000, it increased to
$65,129,840 in 1889, and in the fiscal year 1899
to 1900 reached the sum of $93,069,027, but
adding the sum of $10,142,285, which is the dif-
ference between the price of gold at $6751^ per
kilo and its commercial price, tie sum of $103,-
211,312 is the value in Mexican dollars of the
mineral production of tie country.
Regarding non-metallic minerals, the approx-
imate production is estimated to be $25,000,000,
so that the total production amounts to $128,21 1,-
312.
In calculating this amount, the proportion of
lead and copper, as well as tie precious metals,
is as follows :
KILOS GRAMS
Gold, 13,776 475
Silver, 1,714448 470
Copper, 28,300 tons.
Lead, 63,950 "
Silver is the principal factor of the mining
production of the country. Gold is found mixed
with the white metal or free, in the States of
Oaxaca, Chihuahua, Batopilas, Sonora, Guerrero,
and Durango. The richest veins are found in
the coast of the Pacific and in Lower California.
62
The auriferous region covers the western
side of Sierra Madre and Sonora, and at the south
it is as rich as portions of California, Alaska,
and South Africa. Mexico will gradually become
very important in the production of the yellow
metal. Explorations are made daily with success,
and many new deposits are being discovered.
Copper is being developed with great rapid-
ity. Last year, this production amounted to
$10,000,000, and we might say that this sum will
be doubled as soon as the abundant deposits dis-
covered in Sonora begin to be developed.
The Compaiiia Minera del Boleo, situated
in Santa Rosalia, Baja California, has begun to
exploit antimony, quicksilver, sulphur, etc., and
considerable and important progress is being
made in that line.
Iron is very abundant in Mexico. It is
enough to mention the important deposit, called
Cerro del Mercado, in the State of Durango. It is
4,800 feet long, 1,100 broad, and 640 high. The
mineral contains 70 per cent of iron, and more than
$300,000,000 can be extracted from that region.
Large reduction works have been estab-
lished in Monterrey, San Luis Potosi, Aguas-
calientes, etc., and many others are also to be
erected for the treatment of the above men-
tioned minerals.
Several kinds of stone for building purposes
are being quarried. The Mexican onyx, so beau-
tiful for ornamental purposes, is also being ex-
ploited in Mexico and every day its production
reaches greater proportions.
63
The Mexican exhibit in mines at the Pan-
American Exposition is intended to show the
various mining products of the Republic which
are attracting the attention of the world's great
mining enterprises.
64
Division VIII
Mines and Metallurgy
(Chief, Engineer Juan D. Fleury)
GROUP LIV
Mineral Collections
1. Aguilar, Francisco, Ures, Sonora. Class 187
Gold and silver ores.
2. Ahumada, Miguel, Chihuahua, Chihuahua.
Silver ores.
3. Anaya, Andres, Monterrey, Nuevo Ledn.
Lead and silver ores.
4. Ayuntamiento de C. Guerrero, Tamaulipas.
Silver ores.
5. Bikerton, J. E., Moctezuma, Sonora.
Silver ores.
6. Blanco, Angel, Sultepec, Mexico.
Silver ores.
7. Comisidn de Exposicidn de San Luis Potosf, San Luis
Potosl.
Mineral collection.
8. Companfa del Real del Monte y Pachuca, Pachuca,
Hidalgo.
Mineral collection.
9. Companfa Francesa Minera de San Pedro, Altar,
Sonora.
Silver ores.
10. Companfa Minera "Cruz y Anexas," Mexico, D. F.
Native sulphur and quick silver ores.
[I. Companfa Minera de Bajdn, Monterrey, Nuevo Ledn.
Silver ores.
For explanation of classification see index.
65
1 2. Gompafda. Mfnera, de Riienn Vlsau Mfi i ucriey, Hfwen
Leozu
Coppn: and siiver ores.
fomia»
Copper ores.
i4» CiTtirpairfx Mmera. de Pdzmco, Mazadaiu Smdcm.
CoilectTOTi of silvor orea.
1 5. Campania. Mmera de Penoies. A^aptmt, Dmango.
Lead and silver ores.
16. Companfa. MInera de "^tt Elafaei v Anesos^ Zai ^ ^iwaH .
3iiv» ores.
ij-. Conxpama. Minera FundidoTa v Adnadora. de Moor
teiWj Monterrev, Nuevo Leon.
Lead and silver ores.
r8. Campania Min^na *^La CasteUana 7 San Ramdn.**
Silvoraiea.
ij9« Campania Minera. ^ Ll FratemaL'^ S. A. Lampozos^
Nuevo Leon.
T.t*nri and zinc ores.
2C3. Compania MinKfa. Lampazos* Nuevo Leon.
Silver ores.
zr. Campania MinGn " La Pnlma/^ Som bierete , T^Mr-rttr^ rrt^f.
Gold -iTiH aiver ores.
22, CreeL Enrique. Chihuahua.
Silvo: ores.
2 J. Creston Colorado Mining Co., The. HjQmofillo^ Sooora.
Lead, gold, 2nd ^ver are&
24. Cniz, RafsieL Chihuahua.
Silv^ ores.
25. Chiapas Mining Co.^ The, Fichocalco, Chi^a&
Copper and alver ocesw
26. Detroit Mexican Company, Soltepec. Mexico.
Silver orcs^
27. Dos Cabezas Mining Co.^ The. Moctezuma, Sonera.
Gold and silya^ ores.
Wcf fapisBnaoDO. of
66
28. Dura Mill and Mining Co., La, Alamos, Sonora.
Silver ores.
29. Durazo, Venancio, Lampazos, Nuevo Le6n.
Silver ores.
30. Flores, Francisco, Arizpe, Sonora.
Lead and silver ores.
31. Flores, Gabriel, Sierra Mojada, Coahuila.
Lead and silver ores.
32. Galvdn, Serapio, Guadalupe, Zacatecas.
Lead and silver ores.
33. Garcfa, Francisco H., Tacubaya, D. F.
Silver ores.
34. Garcfa, Lucas R., Lampazos, Nuevo Le6n.
Silver ores.
35. Garcfa, Trinidad, Mexico, D. F.
Silver ore collection.
36. Gobiemo del Estado de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes.
Copper and silver ores.
37. Gobierno del Estado de Chihuahua, Chihuahua.
Copper, lead, and silver ores.
38. Gobierno del Estado de Durango, Durango.
Mineral ore collection.
39. Gobiemo del Estado de Guanajuato, Guanajuato.
Mineral collection.
40. Gobiemo del Estado de Mexico, Toluca.
Silver ores.
41. Gobiemo del Estado de Sinaloa, Culiacin.
Silver ore collection.
42. Gobiemo del Estado de Zacatecas, Zacatecas.
Lead and silver ores.
43. Gdmez, Francisco, Hidalgo del Parral, Chihuahua.
Silver ores.
44. Gran Fundicidn Central Mexicana de Aguascalientes,
Aguascalientes.
Copper and silver ores.
45. Gregg, W., Moctezuma, Sonora.
Copper ores.
For explanation of daasification see index.
67
46. Heniart, Aurelio, Charcas, San Luis Potosf.
Antiinoiiial ores.
47. Honey, Ricardo, Mexico, D. F.
Iron ores.
48. Hoyos, Antonio, Moctezuma, Sononu
Silver ores.
49. Ibarra, Jesus I., Pinos, Zacatecas.
Silver ores.
50. King, J. K. M., Moctezuma, Sonora.
Silver ores.
51. Lejeune, Fernando, Minillas, Zacatecas.
Lead and silver ores.
52. Mafz, Joaquin, Monterrey, Nuevo Le6n.
Lead and silver ores.
53. Martinez Baca, Eduardo, Mexico, D. F.
Mineral collection.
54. Mazapil Copper Company, Concepcidn del Oro,
Zacatecas.
Silver ores.
55. Mendoza, Presbitero, Guanajuato.
Mineral collection.
56. Mexican Gold and Silver Recovery Co., The, Her-
mosillo, Sonora.
Gold and silver ores.
57. Mezquital Mining Co., Mezquital del Oro, Zacatecas.
Gold and silver ores.
58. Moctezuma Copper Co., The, Lampazos, Nuevo Le6n.
Silver ores.
59. Moctezuma Copper Mine, Moctezuma, Sonora.
Gold, silver, and copper ores.
60. Moreneau, Francisco, Altar, Sonora.
Silver ores.
61. Mufidz de la Cdmara, Enrique, Mexico, D. F.
Mineral collection.
62. Negociacidn de Candelaria y Anexas, Pinos, Zacatecas.
Gold and silver ores.
63. Negociacidn de Sauceda, 2^catecas.
Collection of silver ores.
For explanation of classification see index.
68
64. Negociacidn Minera del Progreso. Triunfo, Baja Cali-
fornia.
Gold and silver ores.
65. Negociacidn Minera de Santa Marfa de Guadalupe,
Guadalupe, Zacatecas.
Lead and silver ores.
66. Negociacidn Minera Restauradora Purisima y Anexas,
Pinos, Zacatecas.
Quicksilver ores.
67. Orinzky, Leonardo, Baja California.
Silver ores.
68. Ortega, Diego L., Arizpe, Sonora.
Silver ores.
69. Ortega, Diego M., Altar, Sonora.
Silver ores.
70. Pedazini, Juan, Arizpe, Sonora.
Silver ores.
71. Pereira, Manuel, Moctezuma, Sonora.
Silver ores.
72. Pereira, P., Lampazos, Nuevo Le6n.
Silver ores.
73. Robinson, W. H. y Socios, Oaxaca.
Lead ores.
74. Rule, Francisco, Pachuca, Hidalgo.
Silver ore collection.
75. San Carlos Copper Co., San Jos^ de Tamaulipas,
Tamaulipas.
Copper ore collection.
76. Sdnchez, Domingo, Cuemavaca, Morelos.
Silver ores.
77. Santa Rosalfa Mining Co., The, Arizpe, Sonora.
Silver ores.
78. Sellerier, Carlos, Mexico, D. F.
Metallic ore collection.
79. Smith, J. E., Moctezuma, Sonora.
Silver ores.
80. Sombrerete Mining Co., Sombrerete, Zacatecas.
Metallic ore coUection.
For explanation of classification see index.
69
8 1. Torres, F., San Luis Potosf.
Silver ores.
82. Vallejo, Loreto M., Ahuacatlin, Tepic.
Silver ores and photographs of Cebomco volcano.
GROUP LV
Mining Machinery ^ Tools and Appliances
Class 195 83. Gran Fundicidn Central de Aguascalientes, Aguas-
calientes.
Map and products of the foundry.
GROUP LVIII
Machinery y Tools and Appliances Used
in Moving^ Delivering and Stor-
ing Ores and Coal
Class 20Z 84. Compaftfa de Fundicidn de Fierro y Manufacturera de
Monterrey, Nuevo Le<5n.
Mining cart.
GROUP LIX
Ores and Metallic Products
Class 203 85. Fundicidn de Sinaloa, Mazatldn, Sinaloa.
Photographs of the foundry.
For explanation of classification see index.
70
GROUP LX
Non-metallic Mineral Products
86. Companfa Mexicana de Cal Hidrdulica, Cemento y Class aio
Materiales de Construccidn, S. A., Mexico, D. F.
Building materials.
87. Gobiemo del Estado de Morelos, Cuemavaca.
Limestone.
ZZ. Mimicipalidad de Tepeji del Rio, Atotonilco, Hidalgo.
Limestone.
89. Gobiemo del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca. Class 212
Clays.
90. Rosas, Vicente, Yautepec, Morelos.
Clays and kaolin.
91. Companfa del Real del Monte y Pachuca, Pachuca, Class 213
Hidalgo.
Salts.
92. Gobiemo del Estado de Durango, Durango.
Native sulphur.
GROUP LXI
Mineral Combustibles
93. Companfa Carbonffera de Fuente, Fuente, Coahuila. Class 214
Coal specimens.
94. Companfa de Carbdn de Coahuila "El Hondo"
Sabinas, Coahuila.
Coal specimens.
95. Dura Mill and Mining Co., La, Hermosillo, Sonora.
Anthracite and natural coke.
GROUP LXII
Quarry Products
96. Anaya, Andres, Monterrey, Nuevo Ledn. Class 218
Marbles.
For explanation of classification see index.
71
97- Municipalidad de Tepeji del Rio, Atotonilco, Hidalgo.
Marbles.
98. Santa Cruz Francisco, Colima.
Marbles.
Class 219 99. Cdrdenas Amador, Jimulco, Coahuila.
Mexican onyx.
100. Gobiemo del Estado de Durango, Durango.
Mexican onyx.
1 01. Gobiemo del Estado de Morelos, Cuemavaca.
Granite limestone.
102. Olimdn, Manuel, Puebla.
Mexican onyx.
Class 220 io3« Ayimtamiento de C. Guerrero, Tamaulipas.
Building stone.
104. Companfa del Real del Monte y Pachuca, Pachauca,
Hiddgo.
Building stone.
105. Gobiemo del Estado de Durango, Durango.
Building stone.
106. Gobiemo del Estado de Guanajuato, Guanajuato.
Building stone.
107. Gobiemo del Estado de Mexico, Toluca.
Building stone.
108. Gobierno del Estado de Morelos, Cuemavaca.
Building stone.
109. Hacienda de Ibarrola, Guanajuato.
Building stone.
no. Hacienda de Lqs Otates, Guanajuato.
Building stone.
111. Hacienda de San Jos^ de la Palma, Guanajuato.
Building stone.
112. Rancho de San Sebastian, Coahuila.
Building stone.
113. Santa Cmz Francisco, Colima.
Building stone.
For explanation of classification see index.
72
GROUP LXIII
Ljiterature and Statistics
114. Compaiifa del Real del Monte y Pachuca, Pachuca, Class 221
Hidalgo.
Photographic mining views and maps.
115. Compaiifa Mineradel Boleo, Santa Rosalia, Baja Cali-
fornia.
Photographic mining and foundry views, and statis-
tical mining maps.
116. International Mining Co., Nieves, Zacatecas.
Photographic mining views.
118. Rule Francisco, Pachuca, Hidalgo.
Mining maps.
119. Sellerier, Carlos, Mexico, D. F.
Data referring to Mexican mining.
For explanation of classification see index.
DIVISION X
Electricity and Electric Appliances
Division X
Electricity and Electric
Appliances
(Chief, Engineer Juan D. Fleury)
GROUP LXXV
Electric Lighting
Comparifa Mexicana de Electricidad S. A., Mexico, D. F. Classes
Photographs of different installations of public 284-287
lighting in the City of Mexico.
Direccidn General de TeMgrafos Federales, Mexico, Classes
D.F. 288-290
Telegraph accessories, insolators, tools, regulations,
and various publications.
Jaspeado, Ruperto, Texcoco, Mexico, D. F.
Insolators.
GROUP LXXVI
Telegraphy and Telephony
Noriega y Ruiz, Eloy, Mexico, D. F. Class 291
T^ephones and microtelephones.
Reyes, L., San Luis Potosf,
Telephone.
For explanadoQ of classification see index.
77
Sftacjrzmr^ £na J±!pcanztu: ^tjot Gem-
i. JL -
MsxaxX 3^
tEsnuQiissas :a nxa :t» ^iigEr Tgnnw Ji: :tig: jning of
*1^ 2fnr:iyaiT" ir Jeai. vti. 3kam&, "ETmagL. sue
u: -tie illllfr Tiilfrr **2ziieao&* istnakpfysst in liic
niilin^ ir TnniyrTii n :tic * "^^ i trm i fr . ice: Ttemmcio
ir vsiaccauuK:. '
;«
DIVISION XI
^transportation
TRANSPORTATION
JREAT progress has been attained
in Mexico within the last few years
in the various branches of trans-
portation.
In order to obtain a comprehensive idea of
the improvements and great development in the
Mexican Postal Service, it suffices to examine
the exhibit which the Mexican Post-Office De-
partment presents at the Pan-American Expo-
sition, as well as the following statement with the
official information relating to the subject :
General Mail Traffic from i8gg to igoo.
CLASS
Interior
Sbrvicb
FOREIGN SERVICE
Total
Forward'd
Received
Amount
Letters and business cards
Postal cards with and with-
out reply
28/189,133
583,572
^9»473,35»
551.308
199,120
810,841
4,>34,7'6
104,328
3,424,7»a
162,764
21,214
M»,8i7
3*9S7,a97
"4,640
28,110,418
380,414
«34,243
247,110
8^)72,013
228,968
a5,5J5,«4o
543,178
'55,457
388,927
36,161,146
812,540
9S/)o8,49a
1,094,486
354,577
1,199,768
Printed matter in general
Samples without value
Registered matter^'.
Number 0/ Post-Offices up to June 30th, igoi.
General post offices 539
Branches 22
Permanent agencies ^^S^S
Traveling agencies 96
Length of postal routes 91 ,048 kilometers.
Distance covered in the year 1900 3i»377>487 "
81
Division XI
Transportation
RailwaySy Vehicles^ Vessels
(Chief, Engineer Carlos Sellerier)
Vehicles
GROUP LXXXII
Wheeled Vehicles for Horse Power
[. Gobiemo del Estado de Mexico, Toluca. Class 328
Silvered and embroidered saddle.
\, Leyarish, Jos^, Ledn, Guanajuato.
Saddles.
;. Limdn, Raimundo, Tulancingo, Hidalgo.
Embroidered saddle.
|.. Vent, Andres, Mexico, D. F.
Mail coach model.
GROUP LXXXVII
History and L,iterature
Administracidn General de Correos, Mexico, D. F. Class 35a
Laws, statistics, scales, books, postal conventions,
models, etc.
For explaaadon of classification see index.
83
X
DIVISION XII
Ordnance and Munitions of JVar
Division XII
Ordnance and Munitions
of War
(Chief, Lieutenant-Colonel Enrique Mondragdn)
GROUP LXXXVIII
Ordnance
Fdbrica Nacional de Pdlvora, Mexico, D. F. Class 355
Samples of modern explosives.
Mondragdn, Teniente Coronel Enrique, Mexico, D. F.
Double effect fuses.
GROUP XCIV
History and L»iterature
Mondragdn, Teniente Coronel Enrique, Mexico, D. F. Class 379
Synthetic and analytic report of modern explosives.
For explanation of classification see index.
87
DIVISION XIII
Manufactures
Front View of Manufactures Exhibit
Manufactures and Liberal Arts Building
Mexico at the Pan-American Exposition
MANUFACTURES
|«j^^HROUGH her participation in pre-
■/^1w v^^^s International Expositions, the
S^iSB ^ Republic of Mexico has already won
the reputation, which in justice be-
longs to her, of having inexhaustable natural
resources, and of being capable of offering, as a
producer of the most varied raw materials, ex-
tensive fields for the investment of European or
North American capital.
Ten years ago the Republic entered upon
an era of industrial prosperity, owing principally
to the permanent peace that the country has en-
joyed ; to the numerous railroad lines that traverse
the entire territory ; to the tremendous crisis of the
depreciation of silver ; to franchises and exemption
from taxes for capital invested in new industries ;
and, finally, to liberal concessions granted by the
Government for the utilization of public waters as
a motive power. The economical phenomenon of
the depreciation of silver has been the principal
and demonstrative factor of her industrial develop-
ment.
Mexico has to-day large factories for the
manufacture of cotton fabrics, in which are util-
ized the excellent raw materials that are grown in
the country, though the production is yet very
far from being sufficient for the consumption.
The national production of wool manufac-
tures is still very small, notwithstanding that
there are several modern factories in the country
91
for the manufacture of woolen goods of a superior
quality, as will be seen by the samples in the
Mexican exhibit.
The silk industry is being placed on a very
solid basis, and manufactured articles from Mex-
ican silks can be seen on exhibition.
The jute industry in manufactured products
is gaining more importance every day. Nearly
2,000,000 Mexican dollars worth of jute goods
were exported last year, such as cordage, ropes,
sacks, etc. Exports of leaf jute, as raw material,
reached the sum of $53,000,000.
Leaf " ixtle " exports amounted to $3,000,000.
The first large steel plant in the country is
being constructed for the manufacture of knives,
needles, scissors, etc., with a capital subscribed
principally by Mexicans.
Ceramic goods that are on exhibition in the
Division of Manufactures are demonstrative of the
artistic progress attained by Mexico in that line.
Really interesting, curious, original, and
worthy of attention is the exhibition of fine and
delicate works performed by Mexican ladies,
who compete among themselves to exhibit works
of refined and artistic taste in each new expo-
sition that is held.
pa
I'm
Division XIII
Manufactures
(Chief, Engineer Carlos Sellerier)
GROUP XCV
Chemicals and Drugs
1. Alemdn, Fernando, Morelia, Michoacan. Class 380
" Fosfolina Alemdn."
2. Basallo, Vicente, Mexico, D. F.
" La Samaritana " plaster.
3. Bustillos, Jos^ E., Mexico, D. F.
Chemical and pharmaceutical products.
4. Carrasco, Vicente, Otimiba, Mexico, D. F.
Balsamic S)rrup.
5. Cdzares, N., Otumba, Mexico.
Balsamic agave syrup.
6. Comisidn de Parasitologfa, Mexico, D. F.
Chemical preparation.
7. Corvera y Corona, Guadalajara, Jalisco.
" Clermont injection."
8. Elle, Paul, Mexico, D. F.
" Elle's " Indian rheimiatism cure.
9. Espinosa, Fdix M., Mexico, D. F.
Medicinal products.
10. Lasso de la Vega, J. M., Mexico, D. F.
Febrifuge.
11. Rosado, Desiderio, G.. Comalcalco, Tabasco.
Medicinal products.
12. SoUs, Darfo J., Otumba, Mexico.
Typhus fever specific.
For explanatioo of classification see index.
93
GROUP XCVII
SoapSj Essences and Perfumery^
Toilet Articles
Class 387 13. Moebius, Guido, Monterrey, Nuevo Le6n.
Soaps.
Class 388 14. Moebius, Guido, Monterrey, Nuevo Le6n.
Perfumes.
Class 389 15. Aizpuru, Alberto, Mexico, D. F.
" Championnere elixir." "Dr. U. Pazot's" tooth
powder.
16. Avila, Anselmo, € Hijo, Mexico, D. F.
" Aliva" paste and tooth powder.
17. Penitenciarfa del Estado de Nuevo Ledn, Monterrey.
Comb.
GROUP XCVIII
Travelings Campings and Sporting
Apparatus
Class 391 18. Leyarish, Jos^, Ledn, Guanajuato.
Leather goods.
GROUP XCIX
Furniture and Interior Decorations
Class 394 19. Ayuntamiento de Tequixquiapan, Quer^taro.
Birch furniture.
20. Mestas, Anastasio, Mexico, D. F.
Brass beds.
21. Navarro, Juan, Mexico, D. F.
Brass bed.
For explanation of classification see index.
94
I- ^
X
2 2. Salas Herrero, Ismad, San Lufs Potosf.
Wooden furniture.
23. Von Gehren, Edmundo, Zacatecas.
Birch furniture.
24. Zavala, Francisco, Puebla.
Children's chairs.
25. Tolsa, Manuel C, Guadalupe Hidalgo, D. F. Class 395
Mexican onyx goods.
GROUP C
Carvings and Art Metal Work
26. Carandente, Tartaglio T., Tacubaya, D. F. Class 400
Bronze statue.
27. Junta Local de Puebla, Puebla.
Bust in bronze.
GROUP CI
Ceramics and Allied Products
28. Guiard, Enrique, Zirisfcuaro, Michoacan. Class 402
Ceramic goods.
29. Ibarra, Felipe, M^rida, Yucatan. Class 404
Tiles.
GROUP CII
Glass and Glass Ware
30. Coeto, Manuel, Puebla. Class 405
Colored glass.
For explanation of classification see index.
95
GROUP CIV
Heatings Cookings and Washing Ap-
paratus and Kitchen Appliances
Class 412 31. Hoick, C, y Compania, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon.
Matches.
32. Moebius, Guido, Monterrey, Nuevo Ledn.
Matches, stearine candles.
GROUP CVIII
Jute^ Ramiey and other Vegetable and
Mineral Fabrics. Fabrics of Glass
Class 427 33. Gobiemo del Estado de Yucatin, M^rida.
Sisal hemp hammock.
34. Industrial, La Sociedad Andnima, M^rida, Yucatan.
Jarcia manufactures, hemp balls, hemp ropes, ham-
mock and hemp thread.
35. Ramfrez, Jos^ G., Villa Alta, Oaxaca.
Pita hammock.
Class 429 36. Nieto, Josd de Jesus, € Hijo, Puebla.
Samples of gold and silver trimmings.
37. " Santa Gertrudis," Companfa Limitada Manufacturera
de Yute, Orizaba, Veracruz.
Samples of jute goods.
GROUP exi
Woolens^ CottonSy Linens^ Silksy FurSy
and Millinery. Toys and Barbers^
Supplies
Class 441 z^. Barragan, Sebastidn, Santa Ana Chiautempan, Tlax-
cala.
Woolen zarapes made in old style hand looms.
For explanation of classification see index.
96
39. Concordia, La, Fdbrica, Chihuahua.
Blankets, cassimeres.
40. Comii, Pedro, Aguascalientes.
Cassimeres.
41. Garcfa, Martfn, Tulancingo, Hidalgo.
Woolen and cotton goods.
42. Gobiemo del Estado de Durango, Durango.
Cassimeres.
43. Gobiemo del Estado de Zacatecas, Zacatecas.
Woolen zarapes,
44. Gonzalez, Eusebio, Guanajuato.
Cassimeres.
45. Juambelz Sucesores, Mapimf, Durango.
Woolen zarapesy cassimeres.
46. Le<5n, Judn, Texcoco, Mexico.
Cassimere.
47. Maiz Hermanos, Monterrey, Nuevo Ledn.
Hats.
48. Reyes Durdn, Manuel, Aguascalientes.
Cassimeres, blankets, and woolen goods.
49. " San Idelfonso," Fdbrica de Tejidos de Lana, Sociedad
Andnima, Tlanepantla, Mexico.
Woolen goods.
50. Sudrez, Eduardo, Texcoco, Mexico.
Woolen zarapes.
51. Zolly Hermanos, Sucesores, Mexico, D. F.
Hats.
52. Bueno Barroso Arias, L., Tajimaroa, Michoacan. Class 442
Unbleached cotton.
53. Companfa Industrial de Orizaba, Veracruz.
Thread, cotton goods.
54. Garcfa, Martfn, Tulancingo, Hidalgo.
Printed cotton goods.
55. Gobiemo del Estado de Zacatecas, Zacatecas.
Mexican shawls (rehozos).
56. Guerrero, & Hijos, Ignacio, San Lufs, San Lufs Potosf.
Mexican shawls {rebozos).
For explanation of classification see index.
97
Class 444
Class 445
Class 447
57. ODivicr, D^ j Compania, Fabricas de Rio Hondo,
Tlanepantla, Bf^zico.
Percale handkercfaiefe, stamped percale.
58. Pli^o Hermanos, Tc^uca, Mdzico.
Cotton fabrics.
59. Rivero SucesOTCS, Valentin, Montorej, Nuevo Ledn.
Cotton goods.
60. "Saint Manuel River Falir Fabrica, San Manud,
Tlaxcala.
Cotton goods.
61. Santos, Rafael, Zacatlan, Puebla.
Mexican shards (^rtdozas).
62. Zorrilla, J., y Compama, Oaxaca.
Cotton ^bric.
63. Chambon, Hipdlito, Mexico, D. F.
Samples of Mexican silks, Mexican silk shawls
(^rebozos).
64. Jaspeado, Ruperto, Texcoco, Mexico.
Silk fabric.
65. Ollivier, D., y Companfa, Tlanepantla, Mexico.
Silk handkerchief.
66. Vizquez, Mdnica, Valle de Bravo, Mexico.
Skein of silk.
67. Gobiemo del Estado de Dnrango, Durango.
Carpets.
68. "San Ildelfonso," Fdbrica de Tejidos de Lana,
Sociedad Andnima, Tlanepantla, Mexico.
Carpets and mats.
Stiker y Hermanos, Valentin, Aguascalientes.
Carpets.
69
70,
71
72
73
Aboitis, Manuel, Salamanca, Guanajuato.
Gloves.
Avilds, Manuel, Salamanca, Guanajuato.
Gloves.
Castanos, Guadalupe, Mazatlan, Sinaloa.
Embroidered child's dress.
Jacques, S. & J., Celaya, Guanajuato.
TJndershirts.
For explanation of classification see index.
74. Paz, La, Gran Fibrica de Ropa, Sociedad Andmina,
Chihuahua.
Charro dress, riding trousers, canvas trousers.
75. Rivero, Sucesores, Valentfn, Monterrery, Nuevo Leon. Class 448
Knit goods.
76. Mamat, Paul, Mexico, D. F. Class 449
Cuffs, collars, and shirts for men.
77. Paz, La, Gran Fibrica de Ropa, Sociedad Andnima,
Chihuahua.
Men's shirts.
78. Penitenciarfa del Estado de Nuevo Le6n, Monterrey.
Collars.
79. Aguilar, Angela, Pachuca, Hidalgo. Class 450
Embroidered screen.
80. Ariza, A., Teoloyucdn, Mexico.
Cushion.
81. Barragin, Marfa, Zacatecas.
Embroidered handkerchief.
82. Burgos, Senoritas, Quer^taro.
Embroidered handkerchiefs.
83. Carrillo, Francisca, Guanajuato.
Embroidered handkerchiefs, cushion cover.
84. Colegio de Santa Teresa, Toluca, Mexico.
Embroidered work.
85. Charles, Herminia, Saltillo, Coahuila.
Drawn linen work.
86. Domfnguez, Sinforiano, Comitin, Chiapas.
Cotton bed cover.
87. Fernindez, Juana, Zacatecas.
Silk foot cover.
88. Fleury, Enriqueta E. de, Mexico, D. F.
Silk embroideries.
89. Galvin de Lostres, Josefa, Mexico, D. F.
Corsets.
90. Garcfa, Marfa, Mexico, D. F.
Embroidered screen.
For explanation of classification see index.
99
» .^w j'f 1^1 ] J m 1 h^^^
Enbrsodscd sEIk ci£i:.
93. Gdamez. Krra Cnrrna
Napkin.
94. HmayosA, JoscczaL If^xkc Ii. F.
Emfaroiiiezcd suf < ji
95. Hog, Rodotfo, Leoic GcoziA^asoL
96. HoitadD. liana. Zacaiecas.
EmbrGtcleTcd fool oovcr.
97. Isla, Amelia, Zafatrras,
EmbroMkred handtncfaicL
98. JottTDeU Karfx, Zacatecas.
Bureau cxnrer.
99. Junta de Sefioias, Coemavaca. Marelos.
Pillow-case, embroideTed qmh.
100. Junta Local de Puebla, Puebla.
Small embroidered hat.
1 01. "La Paz,'' Gran Fibrica de Ropa, Sodedad An6nima,
Chihuahua.
Padded counterpane.
102. Li<5n, Et^enia, Aguascalientes.
Drawn linen work.
103. Ldpez, Felipa, Mocorito, Sinaloa.
Cushion cover.
104. Lucarra, Emilia, Hermosillo, Sonora.
Drawn linen work.
105. Llerena, Tecla, Colima.
Napkin.
106. Morentfn, Paula, Colima.
Napkin.
107. Morgado, Marfa, Zacatecas.
108. Nuncio, Gertrudis, Mexico, D. F.
Embroidered screen, drawn linen work.
For explanation of classification see index.
lOO
109. Nuncio, Otilia, Mexico, D. F.
Drawn linen work.
no. Ontiveros, Piedad, Guanajuato.
Lace table cloth.
111. Penitenciarfa del Estado de Nuevo Ledn, Monterrey,
Baskets, purses.
112. Ramos, Concepcidn, Oaxaca.
Embroidered cushion.
113. Reyes, Cirmen, Puebla.
Silk embroidery.
114. Robledo, Eulalia, Mocorito, Sinaloa,
Embroidered cushion, hook-weaved napkin.
115. Sinchez, Cdrmen, Tuxtla Gutierrez, Chiapas.
Weaving hook.
116. Silva de Guiti^rrez, Otilia, Aguascalientes.
Drawn linen work.
117. Villada de la Peiia, Guadalupe, Toluca, Mexico.
Embroidery.
118. Ramos, Evaristo, Morelia, Michoacdn.
Shoes.
119. Zenizo, Cristobal, Puebla.
Shoes.
GROUP CXIV
Scales^ Weights^ and Measures
120. Acosta, Simdn, Tulancingo, Hidalgo. Class 462
Scale.
121. Guevara, Petronilo, Guanajuato.
Scale.
For explanation of classification see index.
• lOI
GROUP cxvn
Miscellaneous Articles
Class 474 122. EQe, P&ul, VLhacfx, D. F.
TaBor^s diriskm sqiiaie.
125* Rrveia, Kauricio, M^zkx>, D. F.
Shoe lasts.
GROUP CXVII— A
Cigars and Cigarettes
Cifmrs Mid cigsfettes were omitted from tbe oficiol dea
Ktoupinti mod cUooification (Groop CZVU— A mmd Qmmm 474— A] are 1
wOf cosvesi^sce 01 relefesce*
Class 124, Alarctfn, Filiberto, Huazalingo, Hidalgo.
474 — ^A Cigars.
125. Arriaga, Joaquin, Morelia, lifichoadin.
Cigarettes.
126. Balsa Hermanos, Veracruz.
Cigars.
127. Casas, D., San Juan Bautista, Tabasco.
Cigars.
128. Compaftla Cigarrera Mexicana, Mexico, D. F.
Cigars and cigarettes.
129. Delius y Companla, Ixtapa Concepcidn, Tepic.
Cigars.
130. Evfa, Jos^ Marfa, Campeche.
Cigarettes.
131. Fletes, Amado, Tepic.
Cigars.
132. Garcfa, Est^ban, Colima.
Cigars.
133' Gonzdlez Hermanos, San Juan Bautista, Tabasco.
Cigars.
For explanation of classification see index.
102 •
>
o
N
134- Ganzakz TUlasnor T Cnfnrcnii?.. T^h..
135, OrgjalffR. Gr^nQfriij. Mmdi. YuraraT,.
137. ISadzzzD T Corrai-s T^iacniL.
13S. ISxneiiD. KnnnnL. A.ali± ut aamia^c CvuaxiajunL.
I39. JSxnfbl. AimnilL. •A^r»a»f*a'i*mn9mi
142. l^nhiTTi. ?iaiirHSDL Lnrmir.
143. TszcpEH. rTpnanc JRitisciir Kmaitt
^m^
134- Gonzdlez Villasenor y Companfa, Tepic.
Cigars.
135. Grajales, Gregorio, Mdrida, Yucatin.
Cigars and cigarettes.
136. Lanzagorta, Hermanos, San Bias, Tepic.
Cigars.
137. Madrazo y Corrales, Veracruz.
Cigars.
138. Moreno, Rdmulo, Valle de Santiago, Guanajuato.
Cigarettes.
139. Morffn, Antonio, Aguascalientes.
Cigars and cigarettes.
140. P^rez Reguera, Luis, Oaxaca.
Cigarettes.
141. Robles, Francisco, Colima.
Cigars.
142. Rodrfguez Simano, Francisco, Morelia, Michoacan,
Cigarettes.
143. Vazquez, Cipriano, Mazatlan, Sinaloa.
Cigars.
144. Villa Hermanos, Sucesores, Orizaba, Veracruz.
Cigarettes.
For explanation of classification see index.
DIVISION XIV
Graphic Arts
Division XIV
Graphic Arts
(Chief, Maximiliano M. Chabert)
GROUP CXVIII
Materials for Printings Engravings and
Bookbinding
I. Municipalidad de Tep^ji del Rio, Atotonilco, Hidalgo. Class 481
Lithographic stone.
GROUP CXX
Results in Printings Engravings and
Bookbinding
2. Aguirre, Eduardo, Guanajuato. Class 496
Specimens of typographic work.
3. Comisidn Geogrifico Exploradora, Xalapa, Veracruz. Class 497
Lithographic maps.
4. Iguinis, Jos^ M., Guadalajara, Jalisco.
Samples of lithographs.
5. Sandoval, Rosendo, Mexico, D. F.
Lithography in colors.
6. Aguirre, Eduardo, Guanajuato. Class 498
Specimens of photo-engraving.
7. Ancira y Hermano, Guadalajara, Jalisco. Class 500
Samples of typography.
For explanation of classification see index.
107
8. Tipograffa de la Secretarfa de Fomento, Mexico, D. F.
Samples of printed works.
Class 50Z 9. Kaiser, Juan, San Luis Potosf.
Binding samples.
10. P^rez y Navarro, M&ico, D. F.
Binding samples.
For explanation of classification see index.
108
DIVISION XV
Liberal Arts
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LIBERAL ARTS
MONG the exhibits in the Division of
Liberal Arts, the most important
ones are the official exhibits of the
Mexican Government, because they
are illustrative of all the branches of public in-
struction in Mexico, from primary schools up to
the most scientific institutions devoted to special
courses of studies, comprising also several exhibits
from some of the executive departments of the
Mexican Government.
The development that has been attained in
Mexico, due to the efforts of that progressive and
patriotic statesman. General Porfirio Diaz, is not
confined to her material progress alone, but it
takes in the intellectual development as well.
Although much of the Government's atten-
tion has been directed towards obviating the diffi-
culties encountered in extending the railroad
system throughout Mexico, granting full franchises
for the development of her industries, and doing
everything possible for the promotion of com-
merce, nevertheless, the important obligation of
educating the people has not been forgotten, by
the establishment of schools even in the most
remote places of the countr}\
By the initiative of the president of the
Republic, the National Congress approved a
law June 3d, 1896, making primary instruction
compulsory, gratuitous, and non-sectarian for
children of both sexes between the ages of six
and twelve. Higher, as well as professional,
instruction is voluntary, all of them being sup-
ported by the government
The latest official statistics for 1S99, show
that there were at that time 1 1,925 public schools
in the Republic, not including those of any of
the states which unfortunately could not send in
their reports on time.
Eight scientific institutions of those that are
supported by the federal government, are repre-
sented in this division, and, in addition, three of a
private character.
As the catalogue for this division contains
detailed information concerning the organization,
work, and results obtained by the former, we do
not deem it necessary to enter here into further
explanation regarding them. However, it is
essential to note, that the Commission on Parasi-
tology, which is also represented in this division,
is of very recent organization and its contingent
is, therefore, not so varied and extensive as those
of other institutions.
This commission was organized in 1900,
with a view to studying the plagues that are so
injurious to agriculture, and has not had sufficient
time to prepare its extensive exhibit for this first
exposition in which it takes part.
An interesting collection of photographs is
exhibited by the management of the mint at the
City of Mexico of its different workshops, where
the most modem and perfected machinery is
employed in coining money.
Scientific and literary societies have con-
tributed much towards the intellectual develop-
ment of the country. Although there are forty
different societies of this kind in the Republic,
each one of them with a well selected library on
matters pertaining to that particular branch of
study to which they are devoted, only three of
them, however, are represented at this exposition.
The Bureau of Statistics is charged with the
duty of collecting and publishing in various
volumes each year the statistics of the Republic,
so that the public may be kept well informed.
As very important information is found in the
publications of this Bureau it would be well to
quote here some of the statistics collected :
According to the census of 1900, the Re-
public has 13,545,462 inhabitants, against 12,632,-
427 in 1895; that is to say, that there has been
an increase of 913,035 inhabitants.
In 1898 there were in Mexico 489,933 births,
61,674 marriages, and 452,292 deaths.
There are eighteen banks in the country,
one hundred and eighteen factories for the man-
ufacture of cotton fabrics, whose sales amounted
to ^529,753,414.1 1, employing some 21,960 work-
men, 2,211 distilleries, seven hundred and twenty-
one tobacco factories and seventy-two breweries.
Mexico City alone consumed 99,756 head of
cattle, 130,736 sheep, and 73,427 hogs. The
states consumed 764,935 head of cattle, 790,148
sheep, 617,124 goats, and 659,334 hogs.
The amount of imports was ^56,189,634,
against $134,900,1 13 of exports, with a difference
of JS5 78, 7 1 0,5 39 in favor of the exports.
"3
There are 14,859 kilometers of railroad lines,
telegraphs cover a distance of 68,548 kilometers,
and there are 30,328 kilometers of telephone
lines.
Real estate property is valued at ^350,523,-
739.42 and other property at ^423,947,748.62,
making a total of j5 7 74,4 7 1,488.04.
There are thirty-three museums in the Re-
public, one hundred and thirty-nine public li-
braries, and seven hundred and two newspapers.
The mint of Mexico employed ^19,617,-
582.58 worth of metals.
The exportation of metals reached the sum
of ^20,910,693.
Regarding the army and navy, we would say,
that up to December, 1899, there were eight
major generals, fifty-three brigadier generals,
nine hundred and forty-four majors, 2,481 subor-
dinate officers, and 27,247 troopers.
The Mexican government pays a great deal
of attention to public hygiene. Through the
Board of Public Health, methods of sanitation
are rigidly enforced throughout the whole coun-
try, and any new methods suggested by either
natives or foreigners are carefully studied, and,
when found advantageous, are carried into prac-
tice.
In order to be kept well informed of the
scientific advancement that may be made in this
line, the above named institutions are always in
close touch with those of similar character in
foreign countries, and the government sends
abroad to the International Congresses the most
114
competent men that can be procured in the
country on matters pertaining to the particular
subject which is to be discussed, whether it be
scientific, artistic, or commercial.
The sewerage system in Mexico was formerly
very antique, bad, and dangerous, but the Board
of Health of Mexico, having in mind the local
necessities, changed that system for a better one
which is practical and complete, according to the
latest improvements in the sewerage systems of
European and American cities.
The City Council is also paving the streets,
some of which are with asphalt, in the same style
as the streets of Buffalo, and is making the
sidewalks of Roman cement.
More detailed information relative to the
leading official exhibits that are classified in this
division is published in the appendix.
"5
cr
X
Division XV
Liberal Arts
(Chief, Maximiliano M. Chabert)
GROUP CXXII
Education
1. Escuela Normal para Profesoras, Mexico, D. F. Class 507
Pupils' work, embroidery.
2. Escuela Normal para Profesoras, Oaxaca.
Pupils' work, embroidery.
3. Gobiemo del Estado de Jalisco, Guadalajara.
Map of the Public Instruction of the State of Jalisco.
4. Secretarfa de Justicia 6 Instruccidn Pdblica, Mexico,
D. F.
Legislation and organization of the public education
dependent upon the Federal Government.
Pupils' work.
Text books.^
5. Asociacidn de Ingenieros y Arquitectos, Mexico, D. F. Class 508
Scientific publications of the Association.
6. Comisidn Geogrdfico Exploradora de la Repdblica
Mexicana, Xalapa, Veracruz.
Collection of scientific, astronomical, topographical,
and natural history works of the United States of
Mexico.*
7. Comisidn de Parasitologfa, Mexico, D. F.
Collection of dangerous insects to fruits and to tree
fruits. Photographs of some of its works.
8. Departamento de Pesas y Medidas de la RepUblica
Mexicana.
Publications.^
1 See Note I in appendix.
2 See Note II in appendix.
3 See Note III in appendix.
For explanation of classification see index.
"7
9- Esctada Xonnzl de Vcracnzz. Xalapa, Teracmz.
CoiLectko of cbecs dassrrard br the students^
10. Instftnto Geoidgico de Mexico^ Mexico, D. F.
Geological cut from Acapdko to Veiacmz.
Albmn of maps of bed opals, ocyx seam, volcanoes,
tUL, of the United States of Mexkot
SdcadBc publications,
Cc^kctfion of rocks, minerals, and maibles <^ the
United States of Mexico.^
11. Instituto Medico Xadonalr Mexico, D. F.
Herbarium of medicinal (rfants.
Medicinal plants presented in commercial form.
Active substances extracted from the plants.
Medicines prepared in the Institute.
Scientific pi^lications relative to the Institute's work,
and reproductions of rare woris cm medicine.'
12. Observatorio Astiomkuco de Tacubaja, Tacubaya,
D. F.
Scientific publications relative to its work.*
13. Observatorio Meteorol<5gico Central, Mexico, D. F.
Scientific publications relative to its work.'
14. Secretaiia de Fomento, Mexico, D. F.
CoUective exhibition of the works of scientific insti-
tutes under the control of said department.
15. Secretarfa de Fomento, Mexico, D. F.
Collection of publications by Mexican authors
printed free by said Department of Public Promotion
(Secretaria de Fomento) in order to promote the
intellectual development of the country.*
16. Sociedad Farmac^utica Mexicana, Mexico, D. F.
"La Farmacia," a scientific review.
17. Sociedad Mexicana de Historia Natural, Mexico, D. F.
A scientific review.
Class 509 18. Escuela Nacional de Bellas Artes, Mexico, D. F.
Crayon drawings and oil painting made by the
pupils, photographs of the different departments of
the school.
4 See Note IV in appendix.
5 See Note V in appendix,
fi See Note VI in appendix.
7 See Note VII in appendix.
8 See Note VIII in appendix.
For explanation of classification see index.
118
19. Secretarfa de Justicia 6 Instruccidn Piiblica, Mexico,
D. F.
Works and photographs of the Fine Arts School.
20. Escuela Nacional de Ciegos, Mexico, D. F. Class 51a
Different weaving work, lace trimming samples,
binding typography, made by pupils.
Picture of the classes and factories.
GROUP CXXIII
Booh
21. Alvarado, Ignacio, San Luis Potosf. Class 513
'*Estudios clfnicos de la fiebre amarilla en Vera-
cruz," a scientific book on medicine.
22. Anguiano, Angel, Mexico, D. F.
Text books.
23. Aguilar, ]os6, Mexico, D. F.
Book.
24. Biblioteca de la Secretarfa de Fomento, Mexico, D. F.
Small library showing the decimal classification
adopted in the library of said department.^
25. Ceballos Dosamantes, Jesiis, Mexico, D. F.
Scientific books.
26. Chambon, Hipdlito, Mexico, D. F.
"El Progreso de Mexico," an agricultural review.
27. Chavero, Alfredo, Mexico, D. F.
Book, " Codice Borgiano."
28. Chism, Richard K, Mexico, D. F.
" El Minero Mexicano," a mining review.
29. CoUado, Salvador, Guadalajara, Jalisco.
"El Puente de Arcediano," a scientific work on
bridge construction.
30. Contreras, Manuel Maria, Mexico, D. F.
Text books.
31. Correa, Alberto, San Juan Bautista, Tabasco.
" El Estado de Tabasco," statistical and descriptive
work.
» See Note IX in appendix.
For explanation of classification see index.
119
32. Correa Zapata, Dolores, Mexico, D. F.
Literary works,
33. Crespo y Martinez, Gilberto, Mexican Consul, Habana,
Cuba.
Literary and scientific essays.
34. Direccidn General de Estadfstica de la Repiiblica
Mexicana, Mexico, D. F.
Statistical publications.
Statistical and synoptical chart of the United States
of Mexico.^ °
35. Elle, Paul, Mexico, D. F.
" El Cortador," book on tailoring.
Squares and models for tailors.
36. Escobar, R6mulo, Ciudad Judrez, Chihuahua.
"El Agricultor Mexicano," "El Hogar," journals.
37. Esquivel y Compaiifa, San Luis Potosf.
" El Contemporaneo," journal.
38. Godoy, ]os6 F., First Secretary of the Mexican
Embassy, Washington, D. C, U. S. A.
Historical, literary, and legislative books.
39. Gobiemo del Estado de San Luis Potosl, San Luis
Potosf.
" Historia de la Instruccidn Piiblica en San Luis
Potosf," historical book.
40. Gobierno del Estado de Guanajuato, Guanajuato.
Book on ethnography and statistics of the State of
Guanajuato.
41. Herrera, Alfonso, Mexico, D. F.
" La Vie sur les hautes plateaux," scientific book.
42. Manterola, Ramdn, Tacubaya, D. F.
Text books.
43. Martfnez, Miguel F., Mexico, D. F.
"Memorias de Instruccidn Piiblica," a book on
public instruction.
44. Medina y Ormachea, Carlos, Mexico, D. F.
"Legislacidn de los pueblos latinos," a book on
legislation.
1 See Note X in appendix.
For explanation of classification see index.
120
45- Matute, Juan B., Guadalajara, Jalisco.
"Sistema mdtrico decimal," the metrical system.
46. Nijera Herrera, Jos^ M., Guadalajara, Jalisco.
"Geografia de Jalisco," geographical book.
47. Penafiel, Antonio, Mexico, D. F.
Scientific books.
48. Pena, Rafael Angel de la, Mexico, D. F.
Text books.
49. Portillo, A., Mexico, D. F.
"La Revista Agrlcola," an agricultural review.
50. Ramirez, Genaro B., Guadalajara, Jalisco.
"Legislacidn sobre aguas," a book on water supply.
51. Ramirez Ramos, Juan, Mexico, D. F.
Copy book for pupils.
52. Rivera, Diego, Mexico, D. F.
Book.
53. Schulz, Miguel E., Mexico, D. F.
" Apimtes para el curso de Geograffa en la Escuela
Nacional Preparatoria de Mexico," a geographical
book.
54. Secretarfa de Guerra y Marina, Mexico, D. F.
Ofl&cial publications.
55. Secretarfa de Hacienda y Crddito Piiblico, Mexico,
D. F.
Official publications.
Fiscal statistics of the United States of Mexico.
56. Secretarfa de Justicia 6 Instruccidn Piiblica, Mexico,
D. F.
Official publications.
57. Secretarfa de Relaciones Exteriores, Mexico, D. F.
Official publications.
58. Sellerier, Carlos, Mexico, D. F.
" Notes on Mining in Mexico," statistical book.
59. Sifuentes, Salvador C, Mexico, D. F.
"La Evolucidn Escolar," a scholars' review.
60. Sociedad Andnima de Concursos en Coyoacan,
Coyoacdn, D. F.
Reviews of the expositions held in Coyoacan,
Mexico, for development of the agricultural industry.
For explanation of classification see index.
121
6i. Tablada, L. y Medina Lopez F., Texcoco, Mexico.
Two dramas.
62. Valay, Fernando, Mexico, D. F.
" Ensayos taquigrdficos," a short hand text book and
maps.
Class 514 63.
GROUP CXXIV
Scientific Apparatus
Alva, Ramdn, Mexico, D. F.
Mexican seismographer which marks the effective
movements of the earth.
64. Casa de Moneda de la Repiiblica Mexicana, Mexico,
D. F.
Photographs of different departments of the Mint,
showing its institutions and works.
Class 515 65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
GROUP CXXV
Photography
Aguirre, Eduardo, Guanajuato.
Photographs.
Armendaris, K, Mexico, D. F.
Photographs on glass plates.
Barriere, Carlos, Guadalajara, Jalisco.
Photographs.
Curet, J. B., Mexico, D. F.
Photographic plates made of gelatine bromide.
Varnish for retouching the same.
Ferrari P^rez, Fernando, Mexico, D. F.
Photographs on glass plates.
Fregoso, Tomis, Hermosillo, Sonora.
Photographs.
Garcfa, D., San Luis Potosf.
Photographs.
For explanation of classification see index.
122
72. Garcia, Romualdo, Guanajuato.
Photographs.
73. G<5mez Gallardo, Ignacio, Guadalajara, Jalisco.
Photographs.
74. Gonzdlez, Arturo, Guadalajara, Jalisco.
Photographs.
75. Gonzdlez, A. Y., Guadalajara, Jalisco.
Photographs.
76. Herrera y Paz, Leonardo, Mexico, D. F.
Photograph background.
77. Lange, Emilio, Mexico, D. F.
Photographs.
78. Lupercio, Jos^, Guadalajara, Jalisco.
Photographs.
79. Mdndez Hermanos, San Luis Potosf.
Photographs.
80. Mora, O. de la, Mexico, D. F.
Photographs.
81. Schlattman Hermanos, Mexico, D. F.
Photographs.
82. Torres, Manuel, Mexico, D. F.
Photographs.
83. Waite, C. B., Mexico, D. F.
Photographs.
84. White, Eduardo, Mexico, D. F.
Photographs.
GROUP CXXVI
Medical J Surgical j and Dental
Instruments
85. Barroeta, Gregorio, San Luis Potosf. Class 516
Uterus mirror.
86. Chacdn, Joaqufn, Mexico, D. F.
Dental works.
For explanation of classification see index.
123
87. Hinojosa, Pedro, Mexico, D. F.
Dental works.
88. Soriano, J. M., Mexico, D. F.
Dental works.
GROUP CXXVII
Engineering and Public Works
Class 517 89. Comisidn Geogrdfico Exploradora de la Repdblica
Mexicana, Xalapa, Veracruz.
Divisional geographical maps of the United States of
Mexico.
90. Matute, Josd Ignacio, Guadalajara, Jalisco.
Geographical maps of the States of Jalisco and
Colima and the Territory of Tepic.
Class 518 91. Gobiemo del Estado de Jalisco, Guadalajara.
Maps and diagrams of landed property.
Density of population diagrams.
Census of the State of Jalisco, geographical map of
the State of Jalisco, hydrographical, geographical,
and geological maps and diagrams of the State of
Jalisco.
92. Instituto Geoldgico de Mexico, Mexico, D. F.
Geological survey maps.
93. Secretarfa de Fomento, Mexico, D. F.
Photographic map of the Federal District.
Photographic map of the boundaries between Mexico
and Guatemala.
Class 524 94. Ayuntamiento de la Ciudad de Tacubaya, Tacubaya,
D. F.
Photographs of the city and some of its buildings.
For explanation of classification see index.
124
GROUP CXXVIII
Hygiene and Sanitation
.95. Consejo Superior de Salubridad, Mexico, D. F. Class 526
Human and anti-hydrophobical vaccination.
Statistics of the mortality in City of Mexico.
Photographs and plans of the sanitary installations
in the City of Mexico, ports, and frontiers. ^^
96. Secretarfa de Gobemaci<5n, Mexico, D. F.
Photographs and sketches of the General Hospital
of Mexico.^*
97. Junta de Saneamiento de la Ciudad de Mexico,
Mexico, D. F.
Photographs of the sewerage sytem of the City of
of Mexico.^®
GROUP CXXIX
Constructive Architecture
98. Dfaz, Jr., Porfirio, Mexico, D. F. Class 531
Plans and designs of public buildings and monu-
ments erected and to be built at the City of Mexico.
99. Garza, Daniel, Mexico, D. F.
Plans and designs for public and private buildings.
GROUP CXXX
Social Economy
100. Gobiemo del Estado de Jalisco, Guadalajara. Class 541
Diagram of Public Security of the State of Jalisco.
1 1 See Note XI in appendix.
1 a See Note XII in appendix.
1 8 See Note XIII in appendix.
For explanation of classification see index.
125
54^ IPX. fiecRtam. de GroiieinaciDn, lAexico, J). F.
D Meigul TnedinJTHy jnr j aifiri in the phannary of
lie Pid>iic Beneficence.'^
PhatQ^zajdK of tiie Penitentiary of "rii^^ Citr of
ULeadcD.
J^mtQgiig^ of liie Pidilic Beneficence establish-
'Fhaio^capk& ui tfap seweiage »^idem of the City of
MesicQ.
GBOrP CXXXI
Music J Musical Instruments^ and
the Drama
CblM 543 io2. Alc^TCca, Fdix IL, Mexico, D, F,
Jfosscal comnposdJcmu
105. Bakazar, Francisco, Guadalajara, JaHsoo.
MusicaJ oomposilioiis, mnsacal grammar, n^eliiod of
104. Baxradas, Jos^, Tacobaja, D. F.
Musical oomposztioiL
105. Castro, Ricardo, Tacobaja, D. F.
Musical compositioa.
io6« Cordero, Vicente, Guadalajara, Jalisco.
Musical composition.
107. Feimbert, J., Tacubaya, D. F.
Musical composition.
loS. Saucedo, TTburcio, Guadalajara, Jalisco.
Singing theories.
109. Somellera, Edmundo, Fuebla.
Musical compositions.
1 \ See Note XIV in appendix.
For explanation of classification see index.
126
DIVISION XVI
Ethnology
o
CD
3
a
W
crq
W
ETHNOLOGY
S it is known, Ethnology is the science
relating to the distribution of any
human race with regard to its origin
and costumes, which serve to char-
acterize it among other races, by inscriptions on
stone, metals, or parchment, and by the language
spoken, and also by excavations that have been
made demonstrative of the state of civilization
reached in the construction of temples, palaces,
homes, etc. To give an idea of the part which
pertains to Mexico we will quote here the words
of Hon. Matias Romero, Mexican Minister to
Washington, in his magnificent work published
by him in New York City in the year 1898,
because we are of the belief that the information
contained therein is of the greatest importance.
The work is entitled " Geographical and Statis-
tical Notes on Mexico."
" Ethnology. Mexico is inhabited by native
Indians found there during the Spanish Conquest,
by descendants of the conquerors of Mexico and
other European races, and by a mixture of the
two. There are so few inhabitants of African
descent that it is hardly worth while speaking of
them. The proportion of this population is
about as follows: Of European descent, 19 per
cent ; native Indians, 43 per cent ; mixed races,
38 per cent.
" Mexican Indians. The native Indians
found by the Spaniards belong to several nations
129
and tribes, having different features and entirely
distinct languages. The principal of these tribes
are the following, some of which are now extinct :
Otomf,
Apache,
Tarahumara,
Chichimec,
Irritilas,
Tepehuan,
Huaxtec,
Tamaulioecs,
Sabaibos,
Totonac,
Zacotec,
Acaxee,
Mixtec,
Huastec,
Xixime,
Zapotec,
Zoqud,
Concho,
Mahuas,
Opata,
Manosprietas,
Toltec,
Guaicurf,
Comanche,
Olmecs,
Taquf,
Cuachichila,
Xicalancs,
Mayo,
Tarascos,
Tula,
Seri,
Mix^.
" These tribes have been classified in the fol-
lowing families :
Mexican family,
Sonorense Opata — Pima family,
Guaicura y Cochimi Laimon family,
Seri family,
Tarasco family,
Zoque — Mix6 family,
Totonaca family,
Mixteco — ^Zapoteca family,
Matlatzinga 6 Pirinda family,
Maya — Quiche family,
Chontal family,
Huave family,
Apache family,
Otomf family.
" There is a great deal of similarity between
the Mexican Indians and the Malay Asiatic races
— especially the Japanese branch — which gives
foundation to the idea that the aborigines of Mex-
ico originally came from Asia, or vice versa. Their
130
intensely black hair and eyes, their brown or yel-
low color, their small stature, and the slight ob-
liquity of their eyes, are features common to the
Mexican Indians and the Japanese.
" Some of the Indian languages seem to me
to resemble strongly the Oriental ones, though of
course I cannot speak with authority, as I do not
know any of those languages and have heard only
the Chinese, Japanese, and Korean spoken ; but I
am sure that if any educated and intelligent
Chinese would go to Mexico and spend some time
among the Indians he would find traces in the lan-
guage which would contribute greatly to clear up
this problem.
" The Indians of the diflferent tribes do not
generally mix with one another, but intermarry
among themselves, and this fact contributes
greatly to their physical decay, and makes very
difficult, at least for some time to come, the com-
plete assimilation of all the Mexican popula-
tion.
" The Mexican Indians are on the whole a
hard working, sober, moral, and enduring race,
and when educated they produce very distin-
guished men. Some of our most prominent men
in Mexico, like Juarez as a statesman, and More-
los as a soldier, were pure blooded Indians,
and fortunately there is no prejudice against their
race in Mexico, and so when they are educated
they are accepted in marriage among the highest
families of pure Spanish blood.
" Professor Starr's theory that we are all on
this continent assuming the type of the Indian,
131
is, in a measure, true. It is nothing new, for it
was already indicated by an English physician
travelling in the British Colonies before the
United States was thought of.
" Ruins. We have in Mexico some of the
most ancient and remarkable ruins, and although
there are different surmises about the time at
which they were built and the people who built
them, nothing is known positively about them.
The principal ones are in Uxmal and Chichen
Itza in the State of Yucatan, Comalcalco in the
State of Tabasco, Teotihuacdn in the State of
Mexico, Cholula in the State of Puebla, in the
State of Tlaxcala, and Mitla in the State of
Oaxaca.
" Languages. About one hundred and fifty
different Indian languages are known to have
been spoken by the Mexican Indians. The
Spanish monks accompanying the conquerors
and who went to the country afterwards compiled
grammers and even dictionaries of some of these
languages; but the Indians falling into a semi-
barbarous state after the conquest, having lost
their civilization and literature, their languages
have either disappeared completely or become
very primitive, and it is ascertained that some of
them have become entirely extinct.
" The Spanish is, of course, the language of
the country and most of the Indians speak it,
although very imperfectly and incorrectly, only *^
a small portion of them speaking no language
but their own.
\
"The chief languages spoken in Mexico
proper, excluding the states of Chiapas and
Yucatan, are as follows:
Nahuatl or Mexican (Aztec) with Acaxee, Sabboibo,
Xixime, Cochimi, Concho, and other members of the same
family.
Seri, Upanguaima, and Guaima.
Papago, Opata, Yaqui, Mayo, Tarahumara, Tepehuan,
Cora, etc.
Apache, or Yavipai, Navajo, Mescalero, Llanero,
Lipan, etc.
Otomi, or Hia-hiu, Fame, Mazahua, etc.
Juaxtec, Totonac.
Tarascan, Matlaltzincan.
Mixtec, Zapotec, Mix^, Zoqu^, Chinantee."
For a better comprehension of the different
languages spoken throughout the Mexican terri-
tory the public may consult a map of the Repub-
lic in which are marked the places in which the
diflFerent languages are spoken, having been
arranged with that end in view by Engineer
Antonio Garcia Cubas.
^33
3
us
i
9* Sedctada de Fomemo, Mexico, D. F.
Colfaction of dec o rative models of the roins of
Teorihnarin
Altec decoffated pJi tf^
Water colois of Tases found in City of Mexico.
Altec pKtmcs in water colois.
Water color of die Tmlihnacin fiescoes.
Teponaxdesw
Alter scats^
Futopfies and trophies.
Co£oe BofbdnicoL
Co£oe Fcraindez LeaL
Codke MiztecoL
iol Feikajid, lAninnW M^zko, D. F.
Geogr^ihical naaes of Mexico.
''Faboias de Esopo" in Mexkan language.
HistOKj of the Prorince of Santiago de Mexico.
Hsstoij of the Prorince of Santo Domingo.
Coi^^fcso of AmencamstaSk
ArduDofegkal catalogue.
A caipet widi Aichsofegkal photoQrpes.
» of the old Mexican art.
» of the C o l nmhbn Commission.
Class 567 II* SecRtufa de Fomeflfeo^ M^xicoi D. F.
" ' cottDD^ day, and woolen articles of
ilnfianazt.
DIVISION XVII
Fine Arts
I?.
5'
•>
r-t-
• X
Division XVII
Fine Arts
(Chief, Maximiliano M. Chabert)
GROUP CXXXVI
1. Almanza, Cleofas, Zacatecas. Class 577
Oil painting, landscape.
2. Bernardelli, F^ix, Guadalajara, Jalisco.
Oil painting, " The Zula River."
3. Dfaz de Luque, Ceferina, Mexico, D. F.
Oil painting, " Palermos Garden," two copies from
nature, " Marine View."
4. Lupercio, Jos^, Guadalajara, Jalisco.
Three oil paintings, landscape.
5. Luque Aicardy, Eduardo, Mexico, D. F.
Oil painting taken from nature.
6. Martfnez, Guadalupe K, Guadalajara, Jalisco.
Oil painting.
7. Mendoza, Francisco de P., Mexico, D. F.
" Portrait of Mr. "
8. Ramirez, Joaqufn, Mexico, D. F.
Water colors, " Mexican Costumes."
9. Tovilla, Jos^ In^s, Aguascalientes.
Oil painting.
10. Vizquez Schiaffino, A., Guadalajara, Jalisco.
Oil painting.
For explanation of classification see index.
APPENDIX
Notes Relative to the Liberal
Arts Division
Notes Relative to the Liberal
Arts Division
Note I
Public education in Mexico embraces primary, secondary, and
professional instruction. In order to attend properly to this service, the
Department of Public Instruction has created an especial bureau for
each of the three branches of instruction.
According to the political organization of the Mexican Republic,
the action of the Department of Public Instruction only extends to
the Federal District and territories.
Primary instruction is obligatory, free, non-sectarian, and for both
sexes. There are three kinds of schools : Elementary schools, high
primary schools, and night schools for adults.
In order to obtain uniformity in relation to the courses of studies,
as well as from an administrative point of view, the law of the third
of June, 1896, established a ** General Direction of Primary Instruction,"
having Delegations in the territories of Tepic and Lower California.
Although these latter institutions are now dependent from the " Gen-
eral Direction," they have similar powers to it.
The General Direction as well as the Delegations are made up of a
large inspector's staff that constantly visits the schools to encourage
them and attend to their wants.
Secondary and professional instruction in the Federal District are
divided into several studies which correspond to the following
departments :
1. The Normal School which has a primary school annexed for
the practical and pedagogical work of the students.
2. The Normal School for Women which has a primary and an
elementary school for the practical work of the students.
3. The National Preparatory School where the students acquire
the necessary fundamental knowledge to follow any professional study.
4. The National School of Law for those who wish to take up the
studies leading to the degree of Attorney and Counsellor at Law and
Notary.
143
5. The National School of Medicine offers a thorough conrse in
medicine, pharmacy, and mid-wifery. To this school belongs the
Pathological Institute, whose principal object is to offer the pupils a
complete course in pathological anatomy, pathology, and national
medicine. The Academy of Medicine, supported by the Department of
Instruction, depends from this school
6. The National School of Engineering with a complete course in
topography, metallurgy, and geography. It also gives especial courses
in civil, electrical, mining, and industrial engineering. In order to com-
plete the studies in mining engineering, the Department of Public
Promotion has established a Practical School of Mining and MetaDurgy
in the City of Pachuca.
7. The National School of Agriculture and Veterinary which
gives the diplomas of Bachelor in Veterinary and Bachelor in Agronomy,
preparing those who are going to practice such professions.
8. The National School of Fine Arts devoted to the especial
studies of architecture, painting, sculpture, and engraving.
9. The National Conservatory of Music and Elocution which
prepares the students to become professors of music, singers, actors
and dramatists.
10. The Superior School of Commerce and Administration.
11. The Industrial National School for Men where the students
receive a thorough instruction for handling the most complicated electri-
cal and mechanical machinery, preparing them for the principal and
most necessary arts in their daily avocations, such as carpentry,
mechanics, printing, and to become chiefs of mechanical shops.
12. The Industrial National School for Women.
13. The Department of Instruction supports a charitable establish-
ment known under the name of " La Paz College," and devoted to the
instruction of orphans. This has a primary and an elementary school.
An industrial school is under its control.
There is, besides, dependent of the same department :
The National Library with its 200,000 volumes ; the Night Library
and Annex with 10,000 volumes, and the special libraries of each of the
schools already mentioned.
The Bibliographic Mexican Institute, the purpose of which is to
register the titles of works published in Mexico and those that the
Mexicans may publish abroad, has various bureaus which have their
dependencies in all the states of the Republic
The National Museum which is sub-divided into two principal
bureaus, viz. : That of history and archaeology, and that of natural
history.
144
And lastly, the Inspection of Archaeologic Monnments. This
institution has in every city and in all places where remarkable rains
exist, the necessary employees for their preservation.
Referring to public schools again, we will gather here some statisti-
cal data up to the year 1899. About that time there were the following
schools supported by the Federal Government in the Federal District,
and in the territories of Tepic and Lower California :
ll
7^
ll
1^
1'
^™"
General
ExpetiKS
Schools
sunined
A|^
clud«d
Studies
SeODndaiy ,
PpofessioGal, ,
479
4
to
61.393
3-449
31 ^MS
»JS9
la ,8 1 5
i,3g6
3P9>
aao
a4MSJ'qS
67S*209-7S
491
67,700
36,188
3».4Si
H,54l
Sfil^
ii .915^18.11
The above information refers only to official schools ; but in order
to have a general idea of the number of schools which exist in the
Federal District and in the territories, we will say that there are
besides 176 schools managed by private individuals, 22 managed by
associations, and 37 managed by the clergy.
Regarding the total number of schools in the Republic, we give the
following data in order to complete this general information, but, as has
been said, all do not depend on the Department of Justice and Public
Instraction, but are administered by the states of the Federation and
the municipalities.
In 1899 there was in the whole Republic :
f Primary schools.
/n«^«u J Secondary schools,
(Offiaal) ^ pyofessioial schools,
(^ Private schools,
Total,
9»27i
37
2,560
11,925
MS
Note II
The Geographical and Exploring Commission was established
twenty-three years ago (General Vicente Riva Palados being Secretary of
Promotion at that time), having for its object the formation of the
Geographical Chart of the Republic.
The Commission is under the orders of the Department of Promotion
and the Department of War, and both contribute to support it The former
encourages the formation of said chart and the latter takes advantage of
the work for military purposes. The War Department appoints some
officers of the special staff who have acquired their military education at
the military academy, and these are added to the Commission.
The organizations of the Commission are as follows : Field Force,
Calculating Section, Cartographical Section, Natural History Section,
and the Reproduction Shops.
The methods followed in the formation of the general chart will be
very shortly explained, it being impossible in such a brief review as this
to enter into minute details. These methods are explained in the order
corresponding to the organization of the Commission.
Field Work: It is obvious to say that it was necessary to
discard any system of extensive geodesic triangulations, for it would be
too expensive and limited to apply it to a country like Mexico, lacking
means of communication, where the soil is so broken, and where the
extensive and virgin forests, as well as the large deserts, are so numer-
ous. The system which was adopted was that of establishing in each of
the zones which was to be surveyed, a plot showing the points
geographically established by mea^s of astronomical observations, these
points being connected among themselves and in all possible directions
by the lines of detailed work so as to fill up the polygons enclosing them,
as well as to fix the sides of the squares and prove the relative position
of the work done, also allowing the distribution of the errors which
are inherent to the methods employed in the surveys.
For the determination of time the Commission only uses the equal
height of two stars. The latitudes have been almost exclusively
determined by circum-meridian zenith distances, which have been
observed both to the north and south of the zenith.
To determine the longitude, it follows in general the method of
instantaneous signals. The altitudes have been determined by hypso-
metric observations which are simultaneous with the barometrical
observations in the Central Meteorological Observatory of Mexico or with
those taken in the temporary observatories which have been established
by the Commisson.
146
The general details have been surveyed with the help of a field
compass and perambulator, and the differences in level are obtained with
the help of the aneroid barometer.
In the principal centers of operations, it has established small
astronomical and meteorological observatories which are necessary for
the execution of the work. These observatories obtain, besides the data
relative to the determination of geographical co-ordinates, sufficient
details to reduce the declination of the compass.
The summary of the work executed can be divided as follows:
Area completely surveyed, 400,000 square kilometers, 408 points having
been geographically placed; roads and rivers have been surveyed to
the extent of 111,706 kilometers.
Calculating Section : In this department, after properly arrang-
ing the data supplied by the field force, the numerical results obtained
from that operation, and the calculations which have been determined,
are properly arranged and bound, as well as the diagrams on which they
are drawn.
Cartographical Section : This section takes charge of all the
labors relating to the construction and drawing of charts; it also
attends to the reduction of these charts to different scales, and it
classifies, registers, and records them, as well as distributes those which
have to be used from each one of the leaves ; and lastly, it forms the
catalogues. The advantage of subdividing the extensive charts is very well
known and hence the Geographical and Exploring Commission ought to
follow this system. The first Director of the Commission, the engineer,
Mr. Agustin Diaz, had the idea of subdividing the General Chart of the
Republic and that of the States, and he divided them into sheets of
a common size, arranged in such a way that by means of the number
and letters placed on each sheet and the designation of the class to
which it belongs, it can be distinguished from the others, and once the
system is understood, an idea is immediately formed of the relative
situation of each operation in the general map, the area that it covers, and
the place in the archives where the desired information is to be found.
The dimensions adopted for these sheets are 0.53 centimeters of
base by 0.40 of height between margins. These have been adopted in
order that the City of Mexico, which is the capital of the Federal
Government, should occupy the center of the sheet on which it is to be
shown in the different subdivisions, such as the topographical on a scale
of I to 20,000; the geographical on a scale of i to 100,000, and the
administrative on a scale of i to 500,000 ; thus by subordinating in each
case the number of sheets to the regular sub-multiples of those scales,
the complete map of the country can be included in that number as well
as that part of the adjoining country which the administration is most
interested to know. And finally, it is so organized that the designations
by letters carried by the subdivision sheets of i to 20,000 and i to
147
100,000 are so organized that the letter corresponding to the central
sheets should be m or M (according to the scale), the initial letter of
Mexico.
A simple inspection of the accompanying diagram will explain the
system under which the sheets are distributed in the different scales of
regular subdivisions. That of the geographical scale is at i to
2,000,000, containing the map of the country and certain portions of
the adjoining countries, being shown on nine sheets marked in Arabian
numbers in this style 1 to 9. That on a scale of i to 1,000,000 which
reproduces the same map, reducing the portions of the adjoining
countries on the frontiers of the Republic; this includes twenty-
four sheets which are numbered from i to 24, also in Arabian
numbers, but of the upright capital Roman type. That of i to
500,000 covering the same parts, by means of ninety-six sheets, and in
which each sheet of the previous map is extended over four, which are
distinguished amongst themselves by the Roman numbers of I to IV.
Those on the scale of i to 250,000 are contained in three hundred and
eighty-four sheets, being four for each one of the previous scale, and are
distinguished by the block letters A, B, d D. While the last geograph-
cal subdivision on a scale of i to 100,000, and on which only the number
of leaves necessary to cover the whole Republic will be prepared, will be in
the proportion of twenty-five sheets on a scale of i to 100,000 for every
sheet of i to 500,000, and will be distinguished by the letters of the Spanish
alphabet (excepting the 1 1 and fi), using the upright Roman capitals. For
the subdivision on the topographical scale of i to 20,000, the twenty-five
sheets, which will be engraved for each one on the scale of i to 100,000,
will be distinguished by the same letters of the alphabet, and of the same
character, but small letters.
From the above explanations, it will be seen that a wall map of
convenient dimensions can be arranged by using the leaves on a scale of
1 to 2,000,000, while those pertaining to other scales can be compiled in
the form of an atlas in the order which is above described.
The section has finished the drawing of one hundred and five sheets
of the General Chart and many special charts of some of the States of
the Republic. At present it is about to finish fifty sheets of said General
Chart besides that already made.
The Reproduction Shops : The Commission has two shops at
its disposal, one for lithography, and the other for photography, where
it executes all the work finished by the former sections.
Natural History Section: The labors of this section are
almost exclusively confined to the collection and preparation of the
specimens belonging to the zones that are explored. These specimens
have been carefully classified, and they constitute at present a rich
museum to which the public has free access. For the zoological classifica-
tion, the contents of the catalogues published by the British Museum
148
o
o
CfQ
P
o
SL
D
W
X
c o
t -•
in
^ o
P 3
;i 2.
w
5'
X
o
o
haTe been taken as a basis. The same order was not observed with
respect to the biological specimens, as it was considered more adYisable
to fbOow that laid down in the ^ Central American Biok^," a work that
is more espedallj sqipKcable to Mexico, although excepting from it
the case of the coleoptera which are almost always arranged in
aiDcordance with the Genera of Lacordaire. In the botanical coDection
ererrthing has been arranged in accordance with the Genera Flantaran of
Betham and Hooker. In the mineralogical, geological, and palenteological
coQection it has been considered preferaUe, on account of our being on
the same continent, to accept the guidance of the North American
naturalists, and e^>ecia]ly the works of Professor J. D. Dana. The
section has a very fine library, the number of whose volumes is increasing
every day.
The Commission has been given awards at the foUowing expositions :
New Oiieans (1885), an Extraordinary Award; Paris Exposition
( 1S89), two Grand Premiums; Chicago Exposition ( 1893), six Premi-
ums in several departments, that is, three in geographical work and
three in the natural history collection; International Geographical
Congress in London ( 1895 )» "wliere the exhibits of the Commis^on were
considered in such high estimation that several public institutions were
interested in getting them, and the Commission ceded them to several
institutions ; Atlanta Exposition, five Awards, three for the geological
department and two for the natural history collection; Exposition of
Texas ( 1900), one First Premium for geographical work and three for
collection of natural history ; and lastly, Paris Exposition ( 1900 ), a
Grand Premium.
Note III
Since 1857, the Mexican Govenmient officially adopted the decimal
metric system of weights and measures ; but it could not be made oblig-
atory until the year of 1896, and ever since it has been rigorously applied
aQ over the country.
Although the old system has not entirely disappeared, owing to its
conaderable influence in the customs of the people, it is evident that the
decimal system has rapidly extended, owing specially to its being taught
in the primary schools.
As a natural consequence of the adoption of the French system of
weights and measures, Mexico forms part of the International Meter
Convention, contributing to the sustenance of the International Office
of Weights and Measures, located at Bern, Switzerland.
In the Department of Weights and Measures of Mexico, standards
are kept for the purpose of comparing periodically (according to the
law), the measures of second and third classes, used all over the Republic
149
InTestigaiincs ars made in the sasat depanxKesu of the ttyhnirai and
practiral qneatioas re^ttm^ to the mteasmnag andw rrghmg apparatus
and shape of we^tSv also promodog what is (iecmed neccssaij for the
kfrptng and app&catxoa ai the narioBaT sjstest ci wc^iits and measures.
Note IV
The GeoiogiBcal lostztKte ol Mexico was founded with the f ol-
kiwing objects: To make a geoiogksl studj ci the country; to form
and pab&sh a geoiogkal map of the RepufaGc ; to make cspedal and
new geological m^s and stages of interesting regjions» such as mineral
(fistrictSr cEficuIt coQStructioaSy important mountains^ et<u; to form and
preserre the Gec^o^cal National Moseum which will senre: ist, to
contain the ciassi&ed coQectioQS that maj fonn a basis for the construc-
tion and arrangements of maps ; zd, the curs» profile xiews, models, etc,
that ghre a complete idea of the formation of the land, the properties of
the soQ, of the mineral wealthy and of the industries to which these refer.
It has besides the object of gathering and pubGshing data relative
to the historj and statistics of min eral p i ogi e ss in Mezko. The work
has been from the commencement devoted exdnsiTc^ to the formation
of a general geological map and a mineral map of the country. The
first was dedgned to give an idea of the dose coimection to one another,
in the controlling geological formations, and thus the most interesting
of the country, and at the same time in order to serve as a basis for the
work more in detail, whidi is to be com{nled later on. The mineral m^
will serve to present to the country, from the mineral point of view, the
real importance that should be attached to it. It will show the vast
number of veins in the s<m1 and the diversity of mineral sub-
stances contained in its territory. The work is conscientiously designed
to make known the true value of our mineral wealth in its present state
of investigation as well as to show the treasure hoarded in the soil of
Mexico, which claims the investment of new enterprises and new
energies, that the country may properiy utilize these national products.
Sanctioned by a d^;ree of Congress at the end of 188S, the Geo-
logical Institute was founded to take the place of the Gecdogical Com-
mission which had taken charge of the geological sketdi and mineral
map of the Republic Thus, at the beginning of the year 1891, the
Geological Commission was converted into the Geological Institute,
having very few changes in the staff. Since that time the Geological
Institute, endeavoring to carry on a vast and interesting line of investi-
gation, has compiled works, some relating to pure gfidogy, and others to
the different departments of practical geology.
150
The explorations, inquiries, and investigations made by the staff of
the Geological Institute cover altogether a surface of 1,402,900 sq. kilome-
ters, equivalent to 70 per cent of the total surface of the Republic.
The explorations relative to the surveying of the stratigraphical
methods and to the separation of eruptive rocks are in two large
groups; the " precretdcicas " and " poscret ideas" cover a surface
equivalent to 50 per cent of the total surface of the country.
The studies of the mineral districts and the explorations were made
for the formation of the geological map of the Peninsula of Yucatan
and that of the State of Chiapas and for the geological map which is
so minute as to reach one hundred thousand part on the scale.
The construction of the geological cut from Acapulco to Veracruz
to the scale of i to 500,000, embraces a surface of 190,063 sq. kilo-
meters or 9.7 per cent of the entire surface of the Mexican Republic.
Of these, 175,500 sq. kilometers relate to the work upon the geological
map of the Peninsula of Yucatan and the one of the State of Chiapas
by the geologist, C. Sapper. All these numbers have a certain degree
of exactness. There remains 15,063 sq. kilometers, out of which 12,120
sq. kilometers reduced to the one hundred thousand scale, have been
carefully studied. Beside these, there are 2,500 sq. kilometers corre-
ponding to the geological cut from Acapulco to Veracruz, and the final
43 sq. kilometers relative to the study of the mining fields of Pachuca,
Real del Monte, and the coal fields of Zacualtipan.
The Institute has issued several special publications which report
its constant work, and it publishes, also, a bulletin whose articles have
never before been issued.
Note V
The National Medical Institute has for its object the study of
the Flora, Fauna, climatology, and national medical geography, and its
useful applications, mainly, those that refer to medicine, industry, and
the development of national products.
In order to fulfill this object the Institute is made up of a govern-
ment staff consisting of a director, a secretary, a prefect, and a scientific
corporation divided into five sections. Each section has a chief and
one or two subalterns with the rank of assistants or clerks. The work
of these sections is distributed in the following manner :
Section I. (Natural History). For the collection of products,
classification, description, and preservation of them in herbariums or
museums.
151
Section II. (Chemistry). For the qualitative as well as for the
quantitative analysis of these products, and for the especial study of any
principles or substances susceptible of some application.
Section III. (Physiology). For experimental studies in order to
investigate whether the substances are active or poisonous or of some
influence in animal economy, by fixing the doses, phenomena, and other
data required by science.
Section IV. (Clinical Therapeutics). For the study of these same
substances applied to the sick with a curative aim.
Section V. (Geographical and Climatological Medicine). In order
to study in the United States of Mexico the distribution of diseases, the
hygienic and ethyological conditions, and to form statistical drawings,
maps, and indexes which go to assist in the general knowledge of the
country under such conditions.
The manner of conducting the work is as follows: With due
anticipation, programs are prepared and issued annually, outlining the
entire course of work to be followed during the ensuing year. These
programs together constitute a general program that gives a report of the
work done by all the five sections. There are issued also particular
programs which determine especial points for each section.
The chiefs of section meet every month, under the director as pre-
siding officer, and in this meeting every chief reads the report of his
work during the month in his own section, including the work of his
own assistants. A paper is read besides, written by one of the chiefs or
subalterns, that relates to some subject in connection with the institu-
tion. There are read also, in these meetings, suggestions or especial
essays ordered by the director in charge or by the Department of Public
Promotion.
The secretary of these meetings gathers all the documents and
publishes them in a review called "Anales del Instituto Medico"
(Annals of the Medical Institute).
Stated meetings also take place at the end of the year, and ex-
traordinary ones when some especial subject is to be discussed.
The greater part of these meetings are held in order to examine
the articles which form the work called ** Datos para la Materia Medica
Mexicana." This work has continued to be issued during the past
seven years, and three of its volumes have already been published.
The result of the careful work of the Institute is too broad to be
given in this brief review. But in order to give a general idea of the
results of that work we will enumerate farther on some of its principal
points : In Section I, in order to arrange the herbariums, there has
had to be collected more than 17,000 botanical specimens, being classi-
fied in general over 6,000 species, and provisionally in families more
than 11,000. The drawings made for the "Album Iconografico," for
the " Anales," and for the " Datos para la Materia Medica," embrace
152
over 400 photographs, and more than 700 draydngs of trees, landscapes,
etc There has also been collected copies .and counter-drawings of
plants from the works of Hnmboldt, Cabanilles, and Mociiio, all num-
bering about one thousand.
In Section II, the analyzed plants are over one hundred, and the
active substances extracted from them, such as resin, essences, adds,
alcaloids, glucoses, and coloring matter, sum up seven hundred.
A good collection of these substances, conveniently prepared, is
exhibited at this exposition. To these, analytical work must be
added, other analyses of nourishing substances, mineral and natural
water, cement, and land ; being over two hundred of these studies,
without counting the analyses of urine, which are over one thousand.
In Section III, about one hundred plants have been experimentally
studied. The exhibition comprises also the studies of pathological
anatomy and histology, the analyses of biological chemistry, and
even the necessary pharmaceutical preparations for the experiments.
There has been also added to this section bacteriological specimens,
as well as those of micro-photography, which amount to three hundred.
This fine collection has been already exhibited at several expositions.
In Section IV, there has been one hundred and more plants care-
fully experimented in order either to rectify or ratify their curative proper-
ties. The Institute has, for these studies, three ample rooms in charge
of the San Andres Hospital. This section receives also the liberal help
of sevend doctors of said hospital, and that of the other hospitals of
the city. The clinical experiments do not consist merely in the admin-
istration of the substances made of our medicinal plants, but it is based
on careful clinical observation in which the physical, chemical, and
bacteriological methods are followed. The number of clinical speci-
mens gathered go up to thousands, and there are a great many plants as
the ** Zapote bianco," aboriginal purgatives, etc., which undergo a very
close examination in order to find their therapeutical properties. Many
especial studies have been made in this section, as the Koch*s lymph,
the treatment of tuberculosis and asthma by compressed air, the study
of mineral water of the country, and a work of this kind has been
copied in an American text book, entitled " Hand Book of the American
Sciences."
Section V has in charge the formation of the Index of the
Medical Geography of the Mexican Republic. This section sent
thousands of circulars containing 3,000 questions to all the municipali-
ties of the country to be answered by them. Up to the present time
half of the municipalities have replied and as a result of such in-
formation there exists to-day in the Index about 80,000 answers.
Several especial essays have been written for this section, and we will
name some of them to give a general idea of the work : " Acclimating
of the Foreign Colonies in the Country," " Mortality in the City of
Mexico During Twenty-five Years in Comparison with the Quantity of
^53
Rain,** ** Inflaence of the Desiccation of the Lake of Texcoco with the
Mortality in the CapitaV* ** Origin, Distribution, and Consnmption of
Public Water in the VaDey of Mezioo,'' etc
The secretary of the Institute has in his charge aD its documents,
having at the same time the duty to keep all the printed works that the
Institute has published or encouraged as well as the reprinting of its
most important publications. The " Medical Geography of the Republic
of Mexico,** by Dr. Domingo Orrananos ; the " Desecaci6n del Lago
Texcoco,** and ^ La Anoxihemia Barometrica," by Messrs. Vergara Lopez
and Herrera; "The Botanical Ufcrary,- by Dr. Leon; "The Medical
Zootogy," by Dr. J. Sanchez ; ••The Catalogue of Medicinal Plants,** of
Dr. Altamarino; ••The List of Vulgar Botanical Names of Trees and
Shrubs Proper to Rebuild the Forests of the Republic ;** « The V^e-
tation of the Valley of Mexico," by Dr. Ramirez, and some other
pamphlets are grouped in those of the former class.
To the second kind belongs •• The Mexican Flora," by Messrs. Sesse ;
the work called •• Planta Nova Hispania," by the same author ; •* Essay
of the V^etable Materia Medica of Mexico," by Dr. Vicente Cervantes;
•'Essay for the Mexican Materia Medica," written by a commission
of Puebla; seventy-nine pamphlets of "Materia Medica," and theses
by a number of pharmacists and Mexican doctors during the last third
of the last century, who have gotten together a beautiful collection called
•• Monografias Mexicanas de Materia Medica."
Finally, the Institute has among its members a number of distin-
guished writers in this country as well as abroad. There can be found
among these last a number of persons of universal reputation in science,
such as Messrs. Bouquillon, Limoussin, and Houdas, of Paris, De Can-
delle, of Geneva, Janssens and Crismer, of Brussels, Britton, of New
York, and Remington, of Philadelphia.
Note VI
The Astronomical Observatory is situated in the highest place of the
City of Tacubaya, near the City of Mexico. It is espedaUy devoted to
the formation of the photographical map and catalogues of the sky in
the zone of lo to i6 degrees of southern declination, to making observa-
tions of asteroids and comets, meridians of the stars, and magnetic,
meteorological, and occasional spots of the sun.
This observatory maintains relations with the principal astronomical
and meteorological observatories in the world and publishes a bulletin
where its original work appears. It also issues an annual review with
useful data for engineers, and very instructive articles, which contribute
to the spreading of astronomical knowledge,
154
Note VII
Priest Jos^ Antonio Alzate stands in the first place among those
who cultivated meteorological science in the country. He devoted
himself to its study and made regular observations during more
than eight years, as he himself says in his " Descripcion topogrifica de
Mexico, 1738-1799. Of these observations, he, unfortunately, only
published those belonging to the last nine months of the year 1 769, in
his famous " Gaceta de Literatura de Mexico," 1 788-1 795. He also
published many articles describing some phenomena and instruments,
climates of towns, valuable and useful observations, in other of his
publications, "Diario Literario de Mexico," 1768, **Asuntos varios
sobre Ciencias y Artes," 1 772-1 773, and " Observaciones sobre la Fisica,
Historia Natural y Artes utiles," 1787. He was the first to determine
the altitude of the City of Mexico.
After these labors of Priest Alzate, we find in the Journal "El
Sol" a regular series of observations published, daily, from June 14,
1824, to January 14, 1828 ; Dr. John Burkart, in 1826; Sr. Francis Gerolt,
from 1833 to 1834, at the School of Mines; Sr. Jos^ G6mez de la
Cortina, Count de la Cortina, from 1841 to 1845 I the members of the
Geographical Section of the Army Staff, from 1842 to 1843; the
astronomer, Sr. Francisco Jimenez, in 1858 ; the School of Mines, in the
years 1850, 1856, 1857, and 1858 ; Sr. Ignacio Comejo, M. E., at the same
school, from 1865 to i866; and Sr. Juan de Mier y Teran at the
"Escuela Preparatoria," from 1868 to 1875, respectively, made some
meteorological observations.
A series of observations, from 1855 to 1875, "^"^^ made at the
Hacienda de San Nicolas Buenavista, and another one at the City of
C6rdoba, from 1859 to 1863, by Dr. Jos^ Apolinario Nieto; Sr. Cdrlos
Sartorius, at Hacienda del Mirador, State of Veracruz; Sr. Miguel
Velizquez de Leon, and his sons Joaquin and Luis, engineers, from 1869
up to the present, at the Hacienda del Pabellon ; Sr. Gregorio Barreto,
from 1869 to 1880, at the City of Colima; General Mariano Reyes, Sr.
Jos^ Maria Romero, engineer, and Sr. Pascual Alcocer,from 1870 to the
present date, at the City of Quer^taro; Sr. Lizaro P^rez, from 1874 to
1885, at the City of Guadalajara; Sr. Isidoro Epstein, at the City of
Monterrey, 1855; Sr. Vicente Reyes, a civil engineer and architect at the
City of Cuemavaca, 1873, 1874, and 1876 ; Sr. Joaqufn de Mendizabal
Tamborrel, an engineer, at the City of Puebla, 1872-1873; Sr. Agostin
Galindo at the same city, 1875 ; Prof. Manuel M. Chazaro, at San Juan
Michapa, State of Veracruz, 1872-1873 ; Priest Pedro Spina, S. J., at the
City of Puebla, 1876, and perhaps many others of whom we have no
record, have devoted themselves to making meteorological observations.
The "Sociedad de Geografia y Estadistica," the most ancient
scientific society in Mexico, distributed, in 1862, some instruments and
instructions to observers.
155
Finally, on March 6, 1877, General Porfirio Diaz being President of
the Republic, and by the suggestion of General Vicente Riva Palacio,
then Secretary of Public Works, the Central Meteorological Observatory
was established for the study of atmospherical and other terrestrial
phenomena. It has directed its attention mainly to weather forecasting,
counting on the active co-operation of forty-one observatories distributed
over the Republic
During the twenty-four years of its existence personal investigations
have been made with the principal meteorological instruments, thus secur-
ing very complete series of observations for the study of the climate in
the City of Mexico.
Every morning telegrams are received from the forty-one meteoro-
logical stations established throughout the country, which states the
results of a complete observation made twenty-three minutes after six
o'clock A. M. ( eight A. M. of the meridian seventy-five degrees west of
Greenwich ). Daily forecasts of the weather are issued by means of these
telegrams and from those received from the meteorological stations of
the United States near our frontier, which are transmitted by the
General Direction of Telegraphs of the Government Besides these, it
also receives about two hundred messages from two hundred other
telegraphic stations stating the condition of the weather in their respec-
tive localities, all of which contribute to form a sufficient and exact con-
clusion in regard to the weather of the Republic
The results of daily observation made at the Central Observatory, as
well as those of the foreign observatories, are published in a monthly
bulletin.
The simultaneous observations made throughout the Republic at
6.23 A. M., Mexican time, are used in forming the weather charts.
Note VIII
On account of the amount of official work that the Department of
Public Promotion had to have printed for its circulation, it was con-
sidered necessary to establish a Printing Department. This was
organized, and many of its works have been exhibited and been awarded
prizes at several foreign expositions.
The Printing Department is not for the service of the public in
general, but the Department of Public Promotion, wishing to encourage
the development of science and literature, has printed and prints, free
of charge (under certain conditions), many important books, pamphlets,
and periodicals, usually giving the preference to those authors who
are in need of necessary funds to have their works printed. Thus,
the impulse given to science and literature has been a considerable one.
The Printing Department has also a photo-engraving department and
one for lithographing.
156
Note IX
The library of the Department of Public Promotion adopted for the
arrangement of its new catalogue the system of decimal classification
invented by Mr. Melvil Dewey.
This library was the first one in the United States of Mexico in
adopting the above mentioned system, Manuel Femdndez Leal being
Secretary of State during that time.
Note X
The General Direction of Statistics of the United States of Mexico
was founded by decree of the Congress of the Union, on May 26th, 1882,
initiated by the Secretary of Public Promotion, General Carlos Pacheco,
General Manuel Gonzalez being the President of the Republic. It was
open to the public service on July first of the same year, under the
direction of D. Francisco Ramirez Rojas. After his death. Doctor
Antonio Penafiel, who is still fulfilling that post, took charge of the
Direction.
This bureau is a section of the Department of Public Promotion and is
located on San Andres Street, No. 15. It has charge of all matters
relative to the general and economical statistic branch. During the
first two years it was occupied in organizing its labor, papers, etc, in
order to develop its legal and scientific program.
In the sixty-three volumes that have been published up to this date,
the municipal and territorial division of the Republic, the census, the
criminal statistics, the demography, the importation and exportation and
agricultural statistics, etc., are comprised. It has effected two censuses
of the inhabitants of the Republic, one in 1895, and another in 1900.
After the first, there was in Mexico 12,632,427 inhabitants, and in the
second that number had increased to 13,545,462.
The expenses incurred by this bureau, according to the budget in
force, amounts to 123,191.81 per annum, in personal wages, paper,
printing, lining, bookbinding, etc.
The Direction of Statistics is in relation with all the offices of its
kind existing in the old and new continents.
Note XI
In accordance with the provisions of the Sanitary Code of the
United States of Mexico, which came into force in the month of Au-
gust, 1 89 1, and in accordance with the subsequent provisions of the
decree, issued by the Executive of the Union on the 15th of November,
1894, the staff of the Publie Health Service is at present organized as
follows :
For the sanitary service of the Federal District, there is a Supreme
Board of Health, which is formed of eleven members, of whom five are
dvil physicians, the director of the AGlitary Hospital of Instruction, the
professor of hygiene in the National School of Medicine, a veterinary
surgeon, a pharmacist, a lawyer, and an engineer.
Under the immediate orders of the board there are dght medical
ward inspectors, four outside medical inspectors for the districts of
Tacubaya, Guadalupe Hidalgo, Tlalpam, and Xochimilco, all of which
form the Federal District, four analytical chemists attached to the
Inspection of Food and Drinks, an assistant for the bacteriological
laboratory, a curator of vaccine, two auxiliary physicians for that
department, four vaccine agents for the eight police stations of the dty,
and a chief of the disinfection service.
The sanitary service of the territories consists of a medical inspec-
tor in Tepic, and another in Lower California, who is at the same time
sanitary delegate in the Port of La Paz.
As besides being charged with the sanitary administration of the
Federal District and territories, the Supreme Board of Health also has
charge of sanitary questions within the federal jurisdiction, it fulfills
those important functions through the following delegations :
In the Gulf of Mexico : in Matamoros, Tampico, Tuxpam, Vera-
cruz, Coatzacoalcos, Frontera, Laguna del Carmen, Campeche and
Progreso.
On the Pacific Coast : in San Benito, Salina Cruz, Acapulco, Man-
zanillo, San Bias, Mazatldn, Guaymas, Santa Rosalia, Todos Santos,
Tonald, and Puerto Angel.
The sanitary service on the frontier is looked after by three vet-
erinary inspectors, who are distributed in Ciudad Judrez, Ciudad Porfirio
Diaz, and Laredo.
The many labors that have to be undertaken by the Supreme
Board of Health in accordance with the sanitary code are fulfilled by
the aid of twenty-three committees, which are formed out of the mem-
bers composing that body. These committees are :
1. Administration and regulation of the sanitary staff.
2. Matters of federal jurisdiction.
3. Dwelling houses and schools, subdivided into two, first and
second of dwelling houses.
4. Food and drinks.
5. Churches, theatres, and other places of meeting.
6. Factories and industries.
7. Wholesale and retail drug stores.
8. Practice of medicine.
9. Inhumations and exhumations.
158
10. Epidemology.
11. Epizootics.
12. Dairies, slaughter houses, meats imported from outside the city,
and other police matters connected with animals.
13. Prisons, hospitals, and asylums.
14. Markets.
15. Garbage heaps.
16. Military hygiene.
17. Vaccination.
18. Sanitary inspection.
19. Statistics.
20. Bacteriology.
21. Public works.
22. Judicial questions.
23. Publications.
A short statement will be enough to give a knowledge of the forms
under which the princip>al committees of those above mentioned work,
and from this sketch it will be easy to infer the practice of the others,
according to the branches which are under their control.
The Committee on Federal Questions, which looks after everything
connected with maritime health, examines the numerous documents
which have to be forwarded from the delegates of the board in the
diiSerent ports of the republic, and which documents minutely detail all
the information referring to the visits which they have to pay to in-com-
ing vessels ; everything relating to their bills of health ; the decisions
which are given when this document is not satisfactory, the form of
disinfection to which the vessels, passengers, and merchandise are sub-
jected whenever the sanitary laws require it, and everything concerning
the quarantine, whether it be rigorous or simply for observation.
With these documents and with those that are issued by the dele-
gates after visiting the out-going vessels, and which refer to their sanitary
condition, as well as that of the passengers, crews, and an examination
of the merchandise carried on board, the committee forms a general
report, which is presented for the information of the Department of the
Interior.
This committee studies and decides all matters connected with
maritime health, and its resolutions are always of the greatest import-
ance, because they show the watchfulness with which the public is pro-
tected against the introduction of epidemic or infectious diseases into
the Republic, and therefore this is the committee which has charge of
international sanitation.
The two committees on dwelling houses study the information
found in the reports which are rendered by the sanitary ward inspectors
as to the causes of ill health which they have discovered in their
domiciliary visits, in accordance with the sanitary laws they decide on
the works and improvements which are to be undertaken by the propri-
159
etors in order to place their buildings in good hygienic condition,
ordering after the termination of the period which is granted in every
case that a fresh inspection be made of the houses so as to determine
the fines that are to be imposed should the proprietor fail in the exact
compliance of the orders that have been given.
In the latter case, and after the lapse of the fresh term which is
granted to the proprietor for the execution of the work that has been
ordered, a fresh inspection is made, and in view of the report presented
by the sanitary inspector, decision is given, either that the works so
ordered have been executed wholly or in part, or that they have not as
yet been commenced. If through the absolute non-compliance of the
orders given by the committee a fresh fine is imposed, which in this case
would be for a larger amount, and if after the lapse of the fresh term
granted, and in view of the fact that the penalties imposed do not in any
way relieve the proprietor of his obligations to improve the hygienic
condition of his buildings, he still is a delinquent, the inspections are
repeated with their respective reports, until the committee obtains the
exact fulfillment of the orders given, and by this method of procedure a
great improvement has been obtained in a considerable number of
houses in the City of Mexico, whose sanitary conditions are much better
than they used to be.
An exactly similar procedure is followed with the complaints that
are sent in with respect to the bad hygienic conditions of certain dwell-
ings, complaints which are sent to the Supreme Board of Health by the
tenants of the houses that are in bad condition, and which are entered
into a book that is kept by the secretary for that special purpose. The
Committees on Dwellings at once give the proper orders with respect to
every complaint that is brought before them, and their decisions are
communicated to the sanitary inspector every day.
The Committees on Factories and Industries take turns in visiting
the establishments that are about to be opened, on receipt of the
petitions which the proprietors address to the district government, and
of which the latter notifies the board.
Once the visit is made, and bearing in mind the detailed report
which is rendered in every case, specifying if the legal requisites have
been fulfilled and giving an opinion as to the importance of those which
have been omitted, the board then determines whether it will grant or
refuse the petitions presented by the owners.
The same inspection is carried out whenever any complaint is re-
ceived as to the existing establishments, whenever the committees con-
siders it necessary, or the board should so order it, because it is con-
sidered desirable for the public health.
The Committee on Drugstores makes regular and frequent visits of
inspection to all the wholesale and retail drugstores that are found in
the city and in the principal towns of the district, exercising the greatest
vigilance and utmost severity in order to correct and punish, as may be
i6o
necessary, the infringements that may be discovered against the special
regulations in force.
Thanks to the activity and perseverance with which these inspec-
tions have been carried out, it is now an established rule that every such
establishment shall always have a responsible pharmacist employed,
that the preparation of prescriptions is carefully attended to, that they
are all provided with the substances, apparatus and utensils which are
required by the regulations, and that the watchfulness and inspection on
the part of the professor is constant and efficacious.
The Committee on Inhumations, Exhumations and Removal of
Bodies takes care that in the actual cemeteries all the demands of
hygiene are properly complied with ; it visits and reports on all cases
which are referred to it by the board respecting the opening of new
cemeteries, as well as on an3rthing relating to premature or judicial ex-
humations.
The Committee on Epidemology receives the notice which all
physicians are obliged to give whenever they attend any persons who are
attacked by iAf ecto-contagious diseases. It at once advises the sanitary
inspecting physician who has charge of that part of the city, so that he
can visit the patient, and above all things ascertain that he is properly
isolated or otherwise advise his removal to the hospital, which removal
is at once ordered by the committee. The sanitary inspector ascertains
during his visit that all the necessary precautions are taken to avoid
contagion and the propagation of the disease. He gives instructions as
to the proper methods of disinfecting the clothing and the dejecta of
the patients. He takes notes of the sex, age, time that the patient has
been sick, and the probable cause of the disease. At the same time, he
makes a careful inspection of all the rooms in the house, looks at the
condition of the drains, the closets, and all conduits which are used to
drain the building. He ascertains that there are no rubbish heaps, mud,
or any other substance that could be injurious to the health of the
residents, that the water pipes are clean, free from any danger of filtra-
tion and do not communicate with the drains, and lastly, he takes notes
of all the causes of insalubrity which exist in that street, specially re-
porting whether the water supply pipes pass through it, and whether
there is a proper sewerage. On all these points, he presents a detailed
report at once, which is referred to one of the two Committees on Dwell-
ing Houses, so that in view of this document it may decide on the
works which are to be executed in order to improve the hygienic con-
ditions of the houses that have been inspected.
To the Committee on Veterinary Matters pertains the inspection
of the slaughter houses, dairies, and hog yards, watchfulness over
butcher shops, and everything else that has reference to epizootics with
the object of avoiding their appearance and development.
The Committee on Judicial Matters looks after all questions which
on account of their special character are immediately connected with
i6i
jarisprndence, and it also acts as an advisor to the other committees
whenever any doubt arises as to the strict application of the law.
One of the most important dependencies of the board is the in-
^>ection of food and drink, which is onder the immediate care of the
member of the board who has charge of the first Committee on Food.
The inspection of these substances is dther made directly by the analyt-
ical chemists who visit the establishments with all the requisites de-
manded by the laws in force, and who in every case prepare a minute
in which they set down all the incidents of the visit and the results
obtained through the analysis of the inspected articles, or else by col-
lections of samples which are taken by the agents of the inspecting
department on a special order issued by the analytical chemists. These
orders specify the class of the sample which is to be taken as well as
the establishment that is to be visited. Of the substances that are col-
lected, one part is well wrapped up and sealed and is left in the pos-
session of the owner or manager of the establishment, while the other
is taken to the chemical laboratory and there properly analyzed. On
the minute which is made out in due form at the time of collecting the
samples, the chemist who has made the analysis notes the result, and
on that same document the committee fixes the penalty which is to be
imposed whenever the article is found to be altered or adulterated.
The analyses which are made in the chemical laboratory are of such
substances as milk, coffee, tea, bread, wine, beer, oil, sweets, and gener-
ally everything that is susceptible of adulteration or decomposition, as
at times happens with cold meats, canned food, fish, etc The chemical
laboratory of the board is set up in the same building which it occupies,
and is properly provided with all the utensils, re-agents, and apparatus
necessary for the important and delicate labors to which it is dedicated.
The application of preventative vaccine is one of those branches to
which the board has given great attention, and great zeal has been
shown in the distribution of this preservative every day in the central
office, which is situated in one of the departments of the building
occupied by the board. The assistants to the curator vaccinate in the
parish churches of the city, the sanitary inspectors in the police stations
of their respective wards, and in the outside towns or the Federal Dis-
trict the vaccination is attended to by the inspectors of those towns.
The very important disinfection service is under the direct charge
of a member of the Committee on Epidemology, and the staff consi^t^
of a chief, a machinist, a caretaker of the disinfected clothing, a
coachman with his assistant, and four employees for the disinfection of
the houses. This disinfection is practiced in the dwellings where any
case has appeared of typhus, typhoid, small-pox, scarlatina or diphtheria.
After collecting the clothing of the patients in order to carry them
off at once to the stove, the disinfection of the dweUing rooms is effected
by means of the irrigation apparatus for which purpose a solution of
bichloride of mercury is employed at i to looo. The disinfection of
162
the furniture is also carried out with this solution, or better still
with a solution of carbolic acid at 5 per cent. In some cases bread
crumb is employed for disinfecting pictures and fine paintings. On
some occasions a solution of lime is employed for the closets, and
creoline for destroying bad odors. The disinfection department is
situated in the Plazuela de San Pablo, in the immediate vicinity of the
Juarez Hospital.
The anti-hydrophobia inoculations are made every day by a member
of the board, who has special charge of this service. The preservation
of the medulae and the preparation of the liquid for injection is carried
out in the bacteriological laboratory, which is also established in the
same building with the board. Among the many labors which are
executed in this laboratory, we may specially mention the analysis of
water, the examination of diphtheric products, the preparation of every-
thing required by the Pasteur anti-rabic treatment, and the preparation
and application of the anti-leprous serum of Dr. Carasquillo.
The board publishes a monthly bulletin which is the organ of the
corporation, and care is taken to publish all the official data relating to
the labors of the laboratories, the committee of the board, the sanitary
medical inspectors, the reports of vaccine administered, of the mortality,
tables showing the disinfections that have been made and the anti-
rabic inoculations that have been practiced, together with reading
matter on the most essential precepts of hygiene with the object of
spreading a knowledge on the subject. '
With this object, these articles are short, clear, concise, and avoid
all scientific technidsms, so as to bring them within the reach of every
intelligence. They are edited in turn by the scientific staff of the
board, and the publication of the bulletin is under the charge of a
special committee and is managed by the chief clerk of the secretary.
The staff of the secretary's office, according to the present appro-
priations, consists of a general secretary, a chief clerk, three subordinate
chiefs, one of whom attends to one of the three sections into which the
office is divided for the better attendance to the business; one cor-
responding clerk also in charge of the archives, a treasurer, six writing
clerks, three messengers, two others for the chemical laboratory, one for
the bacteriological laboratory, and one janitor.
Each section looks after a well defined branch of the business, and
gives timely attention to all questions brought before it. The third
section has exclusive charge of everything that is connected with the
statistics, and this important branch of the business is being continually
improved. In order to take full advantage of the work of this section,
it is under the charge of a medical man. The secretary-general is also
a medical man, with the object of facilitating his attendance to technical
matters by a through understanding of his business.
The offices of the board can be considered as divided into three
principal departments: in the first is a room dedicated to the work of
«63
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as well as to follow out the fundamental idea of the institution. After
having examined twenty-two different places in the outskirts of the
city, the one located at the southwestern part was selected, measuring
170,776 square meters, of which Mr. Pedro Serrano donated 115,542
square meters. Although this place is located out of the city, it can be
easily reached by means of a carriage, on horseback, or on foot. The
street railways from the city pass by the east and west sides, and several
of the branches of street car lines have been lately built leading to the
main entrance as well as to the secondary ones of the hospital. It is
bounded on the west side by the Avenue of la Piedad with its four rows
of trees, and on the other side by the Sanitary Zone. Two rows of
trees separate the hospital from the surrounding buildings and serve, at
the same time, to purify the air in the hospital.
The subjects in which treatment will be given at this institution will
be as follows :
1. Medicine.
2. Surgery with its different branches.
3. Venereo-syphilitic diseases.
4. Children's diseases.
5. Obstetrics.
6. Tuberculosis.
7. Leprosy.
8. Typhoid fever.
9. Infectious children's diseases.
10. Infectious puerperal diseases.
11. Non-infected patients, paying certain fee.
12. Infected adult patients.
13. A laying-in-ward room.
The non-infected patients will be divided into two large depart-
ments, entirely separated, one for men, and the other for women.
There will be also a department of gynecology, and an obstetrics oper-
ation room, and ventilated laying-in-ward room besides.
A large ward for those patients who suffer from all kinds of puer-
peral diseases will also be built. Those who suffer from tuberculosis,
leprosy, typhoid fever, and other contagious diseases, will be placed in
their respective departments absolutely independent one from another.
So, the General Hospital will be made up of a certain number of
especial hospitals all located on the same grounds, and under a sole
common administration. In order to make clear the distribution of
patients it has been necessary to group them into two large divisions :
non-infected and infected patients. Those of the first class shall be
divided into four sections, viz :
Department of women.
Department of men.
Department of children.
Department of maternity.
16s
The rooms for the infected patients will be dasafied as follows :
1. Department of gjmecology. The room occnpied by diis de-
partment is separate from the rest of them by means of a small wall
with a door which gives access to the interior of the bofldfng; having
another door for the exit.
2. Department of infections puerperal cfisi*asps In the depart-
ment of maternity, although entirely isolated, is atnated the sab-
department of infected women. This ward will be careful^ dayided
into two sections : One room will be occupied by those patients whose
symptoms are not well defined and the other is intended for the already
patients of puerperal diseases.
3. Department of infectious children's (fiseases.
4. Department of tuberculosis.
5. Department of typhoid fever.
6. Department of contagious adults' diseases (smaQ-pox, scarlet
fever, etc).
7. Department of leprosy.
At the entrance of the hospital, and near the eastern portion of
the wards, there is another department exclusively made for those
patients whose sickness do not present the characteristics of a well de-
fined disease. This department is divided up into two rooms, one
occupied by men and the other for women. In each of these isolated
rooms the patients will remain until the disease from which they suffer
is completely determined, and then they are taken to thdr corresponding
department. The wards are situated in the southern portion <^ the
hospital, receiving constantly the pure air and the sunfi^t. The
windows overlooking the north side will be widely opened in order to
ventilate the rooms, as in the City of Mexico the prevai£ng air comes
'from the north. Each department of non-infected patients will be sep-
arated from the next one by a space measuring fifteen meters, and
this space is enlarged for aJl other departments that are to be separated
by a walL The engineer in charge of the work had to cope with many
obstacles to increase the distance between the buildings on account of
the necessary increasing extension of the grounds, the enormous amount
of money for cultivation and preservation of the gardens, and the great
difficulty in the service by the increasing of the paths which lead to the
different departments. These difficulties and those which arise horn
the methods of disinfection made the engineer change his plans and so
reduce the distances between the buildings. For if these were increased,
the area of the grounds would have to be enlarged and this increase in
space would have to be at the rate of 400 square meters for every lineal
meter.
Besides the departments for the patients there will be some build-
ings for the regular service of the hospital, which are to be located
between the men's and women's departments. These buildings will be
named as follows :
166
1. The administration buildings, with their surrounding depend-
encies, will be built for amphitheaters, for storing clothes and surgical
instruments, washstands, etc. The lower floor is to be occupied by the
library, and a reception room will be made in which the sessions of the
board are to be held.
2. The operating room, which is to be built upon the same
plan as that of the amphitheater of Roosevelt Hospital of New
York.
3. Apartments for the employees of the institution.
4. General service building.
5. Baker's shop.
6. Department of pharmacy.
7. Department of hydrotherapy, with regular baths, immersion
baths, shower baths, Turkish baths, etc.
8. Department of mecanotherapy and gymnasium.
9. Department of electro-therapeutics and radiography which
will embrace also a small department of radioscopy.
I a Laundry shop.
11. Disinfection department.
12. Boiler house.
13. Deposit of cadavers.
14. Dissecting room.
15. Institute of pathological and bacteriological anatomy, biolog-
ical chemistry, and experimental pathology. This building contains
also some annexed ones for libraries, autopsy rooms, and an anatomical
museum, this having at present over 3,000 specimens.
All these buildings are located on an area of 1 70,000 square meters
of which amount 55,000 square meters will be set apart to gardens and
avenues. This vast area will be enclosed by a wall, which will con-
tribute to make all the buildings appear as if they constitute but one
unit Surrounding the wall there is a large row of trees (twenty meters
wide) called the Sanitary Zone that has been planted for the purpose of
separating the hospital from all the houses which might be built in its
neighborhood. The row of trees will also serve to isolate the buildings
of the hospital as well as to purify the air.
A special and thorough method of draining will be carried through-
out the hospital grounds. The most perfect system of irrigation will
be put into practice so as to make the hospital the cleanest place in the
city. Water (166 litres per person daily) will come from the artesian
wells and from the Public Water Works of the city. That which is to
be used for the sprinkling of gardens and general washing of the
hospital will come through the canal that goes to Xochimilio Lake.
There are also water reservoirs in several parts of the grounds to supply
all the departments of the hospital. A water reservoir situated at con-
venient height is to be exclusively reserved for the bathing rooms of the
departments.
167
In order to make easier the service of carrying food, medicines, etc.,
a motor wagon (Decauville) will run through all the wards.
The engineer had also the good idea of placing movable platforms
so as to make the service work easier. The transportation of medicines
and clothes will take place on wagons and by means of a special
mechanism. Electric light will be installed in aU the departments.
A telephone service will put all the buildings into communication
with the superintendent's and technic-director's offices.
There will be in all the departments wall clocks connected by
means of electricity with the clocks of the superintendent's office, so that
all of them will keep the same time.
The transportation of the patients to the hospital will be made in
four ways, as follows :
1. The infected patients will be taken from their homes by
means of special closed carriages to the hospital, where they will be
disinfected as soon as they arrive.
2. The non-infected patients will be transported in special litters
made for the purpose.
3. Syphilitic women sent to the hospital by order of the Board of
Sanity are to be taken in closed omnibuses.
4. Patients sent by their doctor to the dispensary of the hospital
are to be taken in ambulances.
In the central part of the City of Mexico there will be established
registered offices for those patients who are not able to go to the hos-
pital.
Note XIII
In 1888 the capital of the Republic, having determined to devise a
scheme for the reconstruction of the city sewers, appointed a special
commission of engineers to study the necessary documents relative to
this work.
After three years of scrupulous study the commission presented a
project in a detailed report which was submitted for the examination of
the engineer, Mr. Luis Espinosa, and in order to formulate a definite
decision the City Council selected a commission made up of the engineers,
Messrs. Manuel M. Contreras, Leandro Fernandez, at present Secretary
of the Department of Public Promotion, and Luis Espinosa, who, in
conjunction with the engineer, Roberto Gayol, author of the project,
presented the final report. The project is already in course of con-
struction in the City of Mexico. The injection of water is to be em-
ployed for the cleaning of the sewers.
In order to perfect the details of the work, a comparative study was
made of the water systems of the great European and American cities.
168
They observed how each of the difficulties which were found in Mexico
had been solved, but also the inconveniences and defects were noted
in every case.
The most important part of the work in its execution is that it sat-
isfies the principal point of all sanitary work, namely, that it is simple in
its form and details. And in order to attain that result in the surest
possible way the principle of not doing more than is absolutely necessary
was followed, so that during the construction, as well as in the comple-
tion, it might insure the final sanitary result.
For that reason the details were carefully studied with reference to
simplicity in the construction. Confidence in the right execution of the
work was also assured, and the whole system can be easily handled with
great facility.
To appreciate this latter, it is enough to notice the way the sewers
are placed ; the disposition of them, being the leading point in the pro-
ject, is well worthy describing in brief. This description will be better
understood if * Design No. i is carefully examined as it indicates the
kind, distribution, and connections under the limitations fixed by the
City Council in ordering the carrying out of this project to improve the
sanitary conditions of the dty. The quality of the sewers may be
distinguished by the" thickness and color of the lines. The thick red
lines show the course followed by the main sewers ; these are shown in
the design beginning in the water distributing pipes and ending in the
main sewers. Sometimes when the topographical irregularities of the
city require that some of the lateral sewers divide themselves, the
arrangement given to them will allow the water destined to clean them to
reach every one of the sewers, as special care has been taken to avoid
isolated ends which never could be cleaned, and which are not ad-
mitted in a good system of sewerage, as each one of them constitutes
a source of infection. The dangers emanating from its existence have
been completely avoided and the fact that the sewers can be so easily
washed serves to assure that they will be kept clean and in right work-
ing condition.
As formerly indicated, the water from La Viga Canal will be used
for the cleaning of sewers, said water is to be conveyed to the southern
end of 1 2th Street through a branch canal already built, and the reser-
voir from which the water is taken will be established above the " Gate
of La Viga," and for this purpose the necessary flood-gate will be built.
With a portion of water now running through the Viga Canal it will
be possible every day to clean all the city sewerage, transmitting intermit-
tently large bodies of water. These will pass through conduits estab-
lished in the more gentle slopes with a swiftness of one meter per
second, although in some instances this will reach two meters and even
more. In case a volume of water of about six cubic meters is obtained,
it will be possible to establish in all the city sewers a constant current
* On exhibition in the Liberal Arts Exhibit in the Mexican Building.
169
of water whose rapidity will never be less than sixty centimeters
per second. It is out of question diat it is not possible to transmit
large bodies of water daily through all the sewers, but even considoing
the most unfavorable case (let us suppose this event should occur), it
would then be sufficient to send^mr men every day to each one of the
zones. And, as there are five zones, tmeniy men ivill be enough to clean
€Ul the sewers every day. Having only taken advantage of the favorable
circumstances, and not because the project reveals any special ability,
there is no harm in calling the attention to the fact that up to date no
dty in the world can clean its seworage every day as can be done, if
necessary for so doing, in the City of Mexico.
The main sewers are of a circular section, built of compressed
brick and. a mixture of cement and hydraulic lime, but the bottom is
covered with cement in order to obtain a surface as smooth and compact
as possible. The diameter of these sewers does not exceed 1.75 metos,
except in the connecting place of two of them, there being there 2.50
meters. The distributing water pipes are made of steel sevoity-^ve
centimeters in diameter and four milometers in thickness, laid longitudi-
nally and covered inside and outside with an asphalt preparation which
will preserve them forever as shown by experience. The lateral sewers
are constructed with clay pipes of a circular section, vitrified and var-
nished with salt. The diameter of these sewers does not exceed in most
cases forty centimeters, and only as an exception sometimes reaches to
sixty centimeters.
The size of the sewers was a question carefully studied during
many years of constant work to gather what was necessary. By the
study of these papers the information relative to the undertaking fol-
lowed, as well as all considerations upon which the principals that wore
taken as a basis to fix the capacity of the conduit's outlet, were
founded. Through the same places, pipes for the distribution of wash-
ing water will be built. These are to be special sewers which will
receive the slop and rain water from the houses located in those places.
These conduits will empty their contents periodically into the main
sewers, and, on this account, they have been made of a smaller size.
The unions, connections, and bifurcations of the sewers are made
with the greatest care in order to avoid possible obstacles to the free
running of the liquids, and to avcid the clashing of currents^ Great
care is also taken to lessen the effects of the change of the water
course by making conduits steeper in the curves. The pipes for the
rain water were carefully studied and it seems that a satisfactory result
was obtained which will prevent the passing of rubbish and clay from
the streets to the sewers. In spite of this, all sorts of precautions have
been taken to guard against the obstruction of sewers, and although it
is expected that with the current of water all danger will disappear, the
possibility of an accidental obstruction has been foreseen and man-
holes and lamp-holes are in construction. This allows the sewers to be
170
inspected and all obstructions can be removed with ease without
destroying the pavement and sewers. No matter what precautions are
taken to avoid obstructions in the sewers, the infectious and pestilent
germs would remain, but it being a principle generally admitted that the
sewers must be conveniently ventilated^ the details relative to the venti-
lation of same were carefully studied with due consideration of the ex-
perience already acquired in European and American cities by study
and observation of many years. From these studies the method now
being followed was obtained.
It is not necessary to enter in details interesting only to people who
would like to study the undertaking deeply. These persons can refer
to the information departments, where, step by step, all the details are
analyzed and the reason for every conclusion explained.
Desiring to finish this article, we will refer again to the designs,
where general details can be had which will show in the best manner
the system of the sewer's work. For instance, * Design 2 represents
a part of the Valley of Mexco, comprising a distance of twenty kilo-
meters around the City of Mexico. In that design the course to be
followed by the water from the Springs of Chalco and Xochimilco is
marshy, being marked with blue lines. This water from the springs will
pass directly to the canals mentioned in * Design 2, and will go to the
south end of 1 2th Street through the Viga and Derivation Canals. At
the end of 1 2th Street and near to the ex-gate of " La Piedad " a very
powerful pump has been stationed, which will elevate 1,000 litres of
water per second and discharge it into a steel pipe of 1.08 meters in
diameter with a pressure of twelve hectograms per square centimeter.
The pump engine is of triple expansion and condensation, it being one
of the most perfect ever constructed. The water elevated by the pump
will reach the city through conduits, branched and crossing one another
between the sewers as shown in ♦ Designs i and 2. In the sewers
marked with red ink the water loses its purity and after reaching the
grand canal is thrown out of the valley as a residue.
Note XIV
The Central Deposit and the Laboratory of Pharmacy and Chem-
istry for the Public Assistance of the Federal District were founded in
1880, having for its object the obtaining in a more efficacious and oppor-
tune manner the treatment of the patients at the different charitable
institutions belonging to the Board of Public Assistance. Said Deposit
and Laboratory were re-organized in 1882 in order to perfect the service of
the former, and at the same time to extend the pharmaceutical products
of the latter, thus improving the home service as well as the supplying
* On exhibition in the Liberal Arts Exhibit in the Mexican Building.
171
: nnairiiiiibi^
.jDid iaefare liiSLi iibe
zsz Li :ana ^vas
=r^- In ith;Q ike boiifi-
: pf ^fniiffe. ami
^LiK.*^ > -jinBa Carvaial.idK)
. itorliiat of Sam
at J^aed tSI
loll TJ7^. ^.
-=£-: AjariinBBs. Ttwtntiie
tt 'Yixserofy isr the
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— "ZT ^tilBirl CQDQIISC
.Z301CT. Tnat XTQBl
eraries doctors, twenty-six subaltern narses, three pharmacists. The
annual expenses to care for the patients reach the amount of ^(56,500.
The expenses for the scientific and administrative staff are ^(14,500
making an annual total of ^(7 1,000.
Juarez Hospital. Father Pedro de Gante founded a church
(San Pablo) which was administered by Franciscan monks as a branch
of a parish until 1 569, on which date it was ceded to the Archbishop of
Mexico in order that he would install a curate. Later on the Agustine
Brothers solicited the church to form a corporation of their order, and
in 1575 they succeeded in becoming the owners of the building. A few
years later, in 1581, when a great part of the monastery had been built,
they demolished the church which then was substituted by the one which
actually exists. During the greatest grandeur of the monastic orders,
the building of the community of the Agustine Brothers acquired a great
name and fame, but it soon went down in such manner that it became
necessary to use the most deteriorated part of the building as a head-
quarters.
The Municipality of San Andres having a contract for the attend-
ance of the patients, was in debt for the sum of ;^,ooo (Mexican currency)
and on account of this fact it refused to the hospital the right of receiv-
ing patients, but it once happened that the municipalty obliged the
hospital to admit a seriously wounded patient This act determined an
arrangement by which the municipality was obliged to pay its debt in a
more rapid manner than it should otherwise. The deed referred to be-
came sufficient to suggest the idea of building a Municipal Hospital
that could be kept by public funds. An opportunity was awaited to
realizei that project when the war between the United States and Mexico
was declared, and the building of San Pablo was chosen as a provisional
hospital for the wounded. Mr. Jos^ Urbano Fonseca, author of the
enterprise, solicited diligently that the part alloted for headquarters
would be conveniently changed and the new Asilo de Beneficuncia
should be opened for the wounded of the Battle of Padiema (August
23, 1847)-
After the city became occupied by the United States troops the
hospital continued to serve for the purpose for which it was built, and
Mr. Fonseca, conquering all the obstacles he had to meet with, suc-
ceeded in putting up forty beds for men and twenty for women and for
any kind of patients excepting the criminals, who were taken care of
at the San Hipolito building until Mr. Miguel Azcarate, Governor of
the Federal District, ordered them to be moved to San Pablo in
i8so.
At present this hospital has fifteen wards that can hold six hundred
patients, and it also has two large departments for the contagious
patients. The scienlific body is made up of the following staff : Fifteen
head doctors, sixteen undergraduate doctors, sixteen assistants, ten head
' nurses, fifteen nurses, two pharmacists.
^73
There have been treiiied anzmally 212^72 padents, and the annual
expenses to care for them reached the sum ol ^5i/xx> ; ammal eaq>enses
for the management, ;$2i,ooo.
MoRELOS Hospital. Several hospitals had been established m
the City of Mexico as the HospiUU tU Jesus founded by Bfr. Fernando
Cortes ; £1 Real erected by the King of Spain and only for the use of
the Indians ; the Amor de Dios^ for the syphilitic patients, which was
built by the Archbishop Zomarraga, and many other hosfntals that
owed their existence to the philanthropist and venerable fiir. Albino
Alvarez, who also founded a charitable order in San Hip6fito.
As the population of the City of Mexico grew larger and the epi-
demics increased, the mortality went up to a high degree, and Dr. Pedro
Lopez, one of the first professors in New Spain, saw the necessity of
building a new hospital This he accomplished with his own fortune,
which was large and having only for a motto his love for the unfor-
tunate. So, all the expenses that the hosfntal incurred were met by
Mr. Lopez.
The Sisters of Charity took charge of this hospital from 1S45 to
December 20, 1864, in which time they left the country of their own free
will. The 1 2th of July (1868) all the syphilitic patients of the ^^
Andres Hospital were removed to the San Juan de Dios Hospital At
present there are treated in this hospital two hundred and thirty-^ght
patients, located in seven wards. The scientific staff comprises seven
doctors, seven post-graduate doctors, one individual to take care of the
surgical instruments, two pharmacists, six chief nurses, and three nurses.
1 1 3,087 patients have been treated in this hospital and their expenses
amount to 130,000. The annual expenses of the administration are
^2,000, resulting in the total amount of <t 112,000.
The Orphan Home La Cuna. In the year 1776, there arrived
in the City of Mexico as Archbishop of the diocese, the Rev. Francisco
Antonio Lorenzana y £utr6n, and this worthy prelate bought with his
own money the building in which the asylum was to be established He
endowed the institution with a service equal to the Inclusa of Madrid,
and carried all the expenses, exercising all his active influence in order
that the asylum might become a good institution. This went on up to
1 77 1 , on which date the Archbishop returned to Spain. But, although
Archbishop Lorenzana ceased to give his moral and material protection
to House of la Cuna, his benefactory work was f oUowed by his worthy suc-
cessor. Rev. Alonso Nuiiez de Haro y Peralta, who not only gave %2^oq
annually of his own money, but attended to its necessities in an earnest
way regardless of the obstacles that he had to meet with. He founded
also an order called Orden de Caridad that took charge of the adminis-
tration of the institution. Being the Rev. Nunez de Haro (perpetual
administrator of the Orphan Home) in Spain, his experience and talent
were sufficient to exercise a great influence in the government. As a
174
result of this the rules which he formed for th« order were approved by
royal decree July 19, 1774, obtaining at the same time spontaneous
congratulations of Charles III and his Council.
From January 21st, 1772, La Cuna was located at the house
No. 3, Puente de la Merced Street La Cuna was re-built in 1898 with
an endowment of $15,000 made by Mrs. Lamadrid. The building con-
tains some rooms for teaching purposes and different departments. It
gives room to one hundred and eighty-seven children and the necessary
nurses. Its attendant's staff is made up of eighteen servants and
twenty-two employees belonging to the administrative and jeducational
staff.
A Department of Inspection of nurses has lately been added. This
has for its principal object the inspection of women who are to nurse the
children, the assurance of their perfect health, and the quality of their
milk. So, the asylum has today a perfect service of trained nurses.
The annual expenses of the asylum are |t 18,000 and the administrative
and educational staff spend ;$ 15,000 per year. So, the total expenses
reach the amount of ^^33,000 yearly.
Maternity Home for Women and Children. The Rev. Ortiz
Cortes, Canon of the Cathedral of the City of Mexico, as well as many
others who had the glory to be founders of this institution, established a
Department of Concealed Parturition, as it was called, being situated in
the place occupied today by the Maternity Home. This hospital was
exclusively made for those persons that through necessity had to conceal
themselves, and for those women who lacked necessary funds after de-
livery.
The widow of the so-called Emperor Maximilian conceived the idea
of rebuilding the Home, whose useful aim was of great importance to
her. Thus, firm in her idea, she succeeded in carrying out her plan, and,
as president of XhQ Junta de Beneficencia, she ordered, April 7th, 1865,
that the Maternity Hom^ should be built, and she trusted the manage-
ment of the work to the architect, Bustillos. The building was finished
in 1866, after having cost ^(11,194.
The furniture, clothes, and other articles cost ^^2,820, and the Minis-
ter of the Interior inaugurated the Home June 7th, 1866.
In 1848, Dr. Luis Femdndez Gallardo opened a department for chil-
dren at the San Andres Hospital which cost ^^300,000. For this he
counted on the backing of the municipality. Mr. Pio Bermejillo, and
other parties, gave the beds and other useful articles.
In 1869, Mrs. Anazola de Baz, who was in charge of the Maternity
Home, conceived the idea of moving the children from the department
of San Andres to the place which they occupy at present, and at the
same time she obtained from Mr. Sebastidn Lerdo de Tejada, Minister of
Foreign Relations at that time, one section of the building and ^(3,000
for its arrangement. January 1 2th of the same year the City Council ap-
proved the removing of the children, and ordered that the hospital
175
instead of being called San Carlos should be caUed thereafter " The
Maternity Home for Women and Children."
At present the Maternity Home contains seventy-five female pa-
tients, first and second departments for children, a consultation room for
medical purposes, and one for odontoloy. The scientific staff is made
up of six doctors, three post-graduate doctors, three trained nurses, ten
nurses, and one instrument keeper. The expenses incurred by the
42,123 patients treated in the last year (1899) were $1 1,000. Cost of the
administrative staff per year, #6, 50a Total expenses, ^171500 per year.
The Escuela Industrial. Mr. Manuel Eduardo Goroztiza, the
celebrated dramatic writer, foresaw the necessity of placing the young
men offenders in a place where they learned to return to the right path
by means of an artistic and scientific education, as well as the constant
teaching of good moral and practical principles. He at last succeeded
in founding (in 1841) a Correction School which was opened later on in
one of the departments of the Poor House. In accordance with the
Department of the Interior this school constituted an independent
asylum for young men offenders. But, although the establishment was
considered as a branch of the city prison, it became necessary to admit
those young men who either could not be received in any other special
school on account of lack of room or were sent there for their correction
and instruction. As before stated, there existed in the Orphan Home a
small location destined to receive the young men offenders, but this
location was in such bad condition that the director of the school con-
ceived the idea of establishing a school of correctional education in some
agricultural colony. With ;^,ooo appropriated by the government and
;$io,ooo taken from the school fund, an edifice was built located near the
village of Coyoacdn at the surroundings of the City of Mexico. At the
end of March, 1881, the Junta de Beneficencia took possession of the
building which is the best one in the city, and on the first of April of the
next year the young men who were stationed at the Tecpan were moved
to it Lately there has been spent about $20^000 in building improve-
ments. The schools and shops are under the supervision of twelve pro-
fessors, six overseers, two chiefs, and seven instructors. There is a
(Urector, a prefect, a sub-prefect, a clerk, a phjrsician, and thirty servants.
There are actually four hundred and twenty pupils attending the schools
and shops every day. Expenses of the pupils reach the amoimt of
1^40,000 per year, and the administration expenses are j^ 15,000, the total
annual amount being ^^55,000.
176
^he Index
THE INDEX
DIVISION I
Agricultural and Dairy Products
Page
Introduction.
GROUP I
Farm Crops
9-
Class 2.
Cereals.
12.
Class 3.
Tubers and root crops.
12.
Class 5.
Agricultural products
not otherwise
classi-
fied.
GROUP II
Fibers and Fertilizers
14. Class 6. Fibers of vegetable origin. Processes.
15. Class 7. Fibers of animal origin. Processes.
16. Class 8. Non-edible products of animal orijgin.
GROUP IV
Literature and Statistics
17. Class 12. Agricultural systems, management, and pro-
cesses.
17. Class 13. Agricultural statistics.
DIVISION III
Live Stock
GROUP X
Domestic Animals
21. Class 33. Cattle.
GROUP XIII
Literature and Statistics
2 2 . Class 42 . Literature, statistics, history, and regulations
pertaining to live stock.
179
DIVISION IV
Foods and their Accessories
GROUP XIV
Page Coffees^ Teas^ Spices^ and Essences
25. Class 43. Coffees, teas, cocoas, chocolates, kola, and
their substitutes.
28. Class 44. Spices, aromatics, sauces, chutneys, curries,
mustards, pickles, olives and other rel-
ishes, table salts, vinegars and other
condiments, herbs, hops.
29. Class 45. Essential oils, essences, culinary flavoring
extracts.
GROUP XV.
Sugars
29. Class 46. Confectionery and sweets ; cane, beet, sor-
ghum, and maple sugars.
30. Class 47. Glucose ; grape, palm, milk, fruit sugars ;
syrups and molasses.
30. Class 48. Honey.
GROUP XVI
Preserved Fruits
30. Class 49. Preserves, jams, jellies, marmalades.
GROUP XVII
Nuts, Mushrooms, Dried Fruits,
and Vegetables
30. Class 52. Nuts.
GROUP XVIII
Foods Prepared from Cereals
31. Class 56. Prepared cereals, breads, biscuits, pastries,
cakes, crackers.
31. Class 57. Indian corn in all forms as table food.
31. Class 59. Starch preparations from cereals, tubers, or
pitch.
180
GROUP XIX
Beverages for Household and Other Uses
Page
31. Class 63. Beverages, non-alcoholic.
31. Class 64. Beverages, alcoholic, blended, mixed; cor-
dials, liqueurs, bitters.
33. Class 65. Spirits for use in the arts
33. Class 66. Malt beverages ; beers, ales, porters, and
special preparations containing hops and
malt.
DIVISION V
Horticulture
Pomology, Floriculture, Viticulture
Pomology
37. Introduction
GROUP XXIII
Models
41. Class 81. Casts and models of fruits; imitations in
wax.
GROUP XXIV
Methods and Appliances
41. Class 83. Methods of preserving fruits by cold stor-
age or chemical appliances ; their keep-
ing, packing, and shipping.
GROUP XXV.
Literature
42. Class 84. Literature, history, and statistics.
Floriculture
GROUP XXVII
Pelargoniums
42. Class 90. Fancy varieties.
181
GROUP XXVIII
pj^^g Flowering Bulbous Plants
42. Class 100. Begonias.
42. Class 1 01. Other bulbous flowering plants.
GROUP XXXII
Greenhouse Flowering Plants
43. Class 112. Greenhouse flowering plants.
GROUP XXXIII
Decorative Plants
43. Class 113. Palms.
GROUP XXXIV
Orchids
43. Class 123. Orchids.
GROUP XXXV
Cactacece
44. Class 124. Cactaceae.
GROUP XXXVII
Climbing Plants
45. Class 130. Tender climbing plants.
GROUP XXXVIII
Wild Plants
45. Class 132. Native wild plants and flowers.
GROUP XLIV
Literature
46. Class 146. Literature, history, and statistics of flori-
culture.
182
Viticulture
GROUP XLVI
Page Wines and Brandies
46. Class 153. White wines.
46. Class 154. Red wines, clarets, zinfandels, burgun-
dies.
46. Class 155. Sherry, Madeira, port.
47. Class 156. Sparkling Wines.
47. Class 158. Brandy of all kinds; methods and appar-
atus for the production of brandy.
DIVISION VI
Forestry and Forest Products
53. Introduction
GROUP XLVIII
Commercial Exhibits {Forest Products)
55. Class 160. Wood, unmanufactured or in the rough.
Logs and sections of trees.
56. Class 162. Woody substances, used for special
purposes. Wood pulp, dye woods,
tanning woods and barks, corks and
substitutes.
57. Class 163. By-products. Gums, resins, vegetable
wax, lichens, mosses, pulu, etc., used
for bedding, upholstery, and mechanical
purposes.
DIVISION VIII
Mines and Metallurgy
61. Introduction
GROUP LIV
Mineral Collections
65. Class 187. Minerals, ores, native metals, gems, crys-
tals, and geological specimens.
183
GROUP LV
Mining Machinery^ Tools and Appliances
Page
70. Class 195. Originals and reproductions of early and
notable implements and apparatus used
in mining and metallurgy.
GROUP LVIII
Machinery, Tools, and Appliances used in
Moving, Delivering, and Storing
Ores and Coal
70. Class 201. Cars and dumping machinery.
GROUP LIX
Ores and Metallic Products
70. Class 203. Metallurgy of iron and steel, machinery,
methods and appliances.
GROUP LX
Non-Metallic Mineral Products
71. Class 210. Limestone, cements, and artificial stone.
Methods and processes.
71. Class 212. Clays and other fictile materials and their
direct products.
7 1 . Class 213. Salts, sulphur, pigments,and miscellaneous
useful minerals and compounds.
GROUP LXI
Mineral Combustibles
71. Class 214. Coal and coke.
GROUP LXII
Quarry Products
71. Class 218. Marbles.
72. Class 219. Ornamental stones.
72. Class 220. Building stones.
184
GROUP LXIII
p Literature and Statistics
73. Class 221. Literature, history, and statistics of min-
ing and metallurgy.
Maps, models, and pictures illustrating th®
geology and distribution of minerals
and mines and the methods of working
mines.
Charts, diagrams, and tabular representa
tions.
Mine engineering.
Statistics of mining and metallurgy.
DIVISION X
Electricity and Electrical
Appliances
GROUP LXXV
Electric Lighting
77-
Class 284.
Arc lighting.
77.
Class 285.
Incandescent lighting.
77.
Class 286.
Regulating and controlling devices.
77.
Class 287.
Apparatus used in the photometry of the
electric light.
77-
Class 288.
Telegraphic instruments, transmitters, re-
ceivers and recording apparatus.
77.
Class 289.
Multiplex apparatus.
77-
Class 290.
Synchronous telegraph apparatus.
GROUP LXXVI
Telegraphy and Telephony
77. Class 291. Telephone instruments, transmitters, re-
ceivers.
185
GROUP LXXVII
Machinery and Apparatus for Generating
p and Using Electricity
78. Class 296. Apparatus for the transmission of electric
energy.
78. Class 299. Motors as applied to various mechanical
purposes.
DIVISION XI
Transportation
Railways^ Vehicles^ Vessels
81. Introduction
Vehicles
GROUP LXXXII
Wheeled Vehicles for Horse Power
83. Class 328. Harness, saddles, whips, robes, acces-
sories.
Vessels
GROUP LXXXVII
History and Literature
83. Class 352. The history and literature of the merchant
marine, yachts, yachting, polar and
other explorations.
DIVISION XII
Ordnance and Munitions of War
GROUP LXXXVIII
Ordnance
87. Class 355. Ammunition, fixed or separate.
186
GROUP XCIV
Page History and Literature
87.. Class 379. Naval hiscory, statistics, literature and
relics.
DIVISION XIII
Manufactures
91. Introduction
GROUP XCV
Chemicals and Drugs
93. Class 380. Chemicals, crude, pure and compounded.
GROUP XCVII
Soaps, Essences^ and Perfumery. Toilet
Articles
94. Class 387. Soaps, pomades, and cosmetics.
94. Class 388. Essential oils, essences, and perfumery ;
flavoring extracts.
94. Class 389. Toilet articles.
GROUP XCVIII
Travelings Campings and Sporting
Apparatus
94. Class 391. Trunks, valises, bags, straps, etc.
GROUP XCIX
Furniture and Interior Decorations
94. Class 394. Chairs, tables, and other furniture.
95. Class 395. Decorative furnishings, mirrors, etc.
GROUP C
Carvings and Art Metal Work
95. Class 400. Art metal works.
187
3^^ ^Zdrawmcs xnd Allied
15, ClaiB 102. .\xr3tat1xanrrar
md omanKBC
Glass jmd Giass TfTare
•="« iiffft. niann. zxaaxas^ jddes
Gsorr crsr
Heating-, Qioking^ ctauL WasktM^ AiwareuMs^
'jmd Kitchem AppHaoKes
<)6, Class xiz^ ^itrhrir i miwiw, j P UCMkji aiMLwnkwr^iai&>
Tiisrrrtjfieoii& iTnrte^ for 'joasaaaid.
purposes.
/»/!?, Reamid. md Other Vegetaoie
yfinercU Fcuyrics. Fcdrrics 0/ Giass
96. Cass X27. Cocfaa. nnart,
'^. Class xz^ vVire doths. screens, biactin^ dochs.
GROUP CXI
Woolens. Cottens. Unens. Silks. Fmrs.
and Millinery, Toys (Xmd
Bizrbers Supplies
^, Class 441. Woven 2nd feited ^po^s of wool and
yj, Cisa» 442. Cotton goods.
^. Class 444. Silk and ^dsrics of alk.
^. Class 445. Carpets and rugs.
^. r;lass 447. Clothing and costumes tar nusru women,
and children.
i>:3
Page
99. Class 448. Knit goods, underwear, and hosiery.
99. Class 449. Shirts, collars, cuffs, etc.
99. Class 450. Millinery, laces, embroidery, feathers,
fans, etc.
GROUP CXIV
ScaleSy WeightSy and Measures
1 01. Class 462. Scales, weights, and measures for com-
mercial purposes.
GROUP CXVII
Miscellaneous Articles
102. Class 474. New inventions shown by models, draw
ings, etc.
GROUP CXVII— A
Cigars and cigarettes were omitted from the official classification,
and grouping and classification (Group CXVII — A and Class 474 — A)
are merely for convenience of reference.
102. 474 — A. Cigars and cigarettes.
DIVISION XIV
Graphic Arts
GROUP CXVIII
Materials for Printings Engravings and
Bookbinding
107. Class 481. Stones and metals.
GROUP CXX
Results in Printings Engravings and
Bookbinding
107. Class 496. Specimens illustrating type and typo-
graphy.
189
Page
107. Class 497. Specimens of lithographing and kindred
processes.
107. Class 498. Specimens of photo-engraving and
methods, including original photo-
graphs or drawings.
107. Class 500. Books, magazines, and newspapers ex-
hibited for typographical or illustrative
excellence.
108. Class 501. Specimens of bookbinding.
DIVISION XV
Liberal Arts
Education^ Engineerings Public Works, Sanitation, Constructive
Architecture, Social Economy, Music and the Drama
III. Introduction
GROUP CXXII
Education
117. Class 507. Secondary instruction.
117. Class 508. Superior instruction.
118. Class 509. Instruction in art.
119. Class 512. Education of special and defective classes.
GROUP CXXIII
Books
119. Class 513. Books, periodicals, libraries.
GROUP CXXIV
Scientific Apparatus
122. Class 514. Scientific apparatus and instruments of
precision.
GROUP CXXV
Photography
122. Class 515. Photography, equipment, process, and
products.
190
GROUP CXXVI
Medicaid Surgical^ and Dental
Page Instruments
123. Class 516. Medical, surgical, and dental instruments
and appliances.
GROUP CXXVII
Engineering and Public Works
124. Class 517. Materials and processes of civil engineer-
ing.
124. Class 518. Surveys.
124. Class 524. Models, plans, and designs of public works.
GROUP CXXVIII
Hygiene a^id Sanitation
125. Class 526. Hospitals.
GROUP CXXIX
Constructive Architecture
125. Class 531. Materials, plans, and designs of public and
private buildings.
GROUP CXXX
Social Economy
126. Class 541. Public or private movements for the wel-
fare of the people.
126. Class 542. Public charities — correction.
GROUP CXXXI
Music, Musical Instruments, and
the Drama
126. Class 543. History and theory of music; musical
scores.
191
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