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Ohio Biological Survey Notes 7: 1-13, 2017. © Ohio Biological Survey, Inc.

Quantifying Bee Diversity and Resource Use in the Appalachian Foothills near Marietta, Ohio

MaLisa R. Spring*’^, Katy S. Lustofin^, Chia-Hua Lin^, Mary M. Gardiner^ and Dave McShaffrey^

’Department of Entomology, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691; -Department of Biology and Environmental Science, Marietta
College, Marietta, OH 45750; ^Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH

43210

Abstract: We surveyed bee ncliness, abundance, and diversity within Waslimgton County, Ohio Bees were collected
at three sites within Washington County every two weeks from April to October 2013 using pan traps, vane traps,
and hand collecting. A total of 2,753 bees were pinned and identified to genus, and when possible, species. A total
of 35 genera of bees were collected representing over 130 species in five families. Of the species collected, 74 had
fewer tlian 3 representatives. The most conmion genera were Andrena, Lasioglossiim, and Ceratina. Of the bees
collected, 81 individuals, the majority of which were Andrena erigeniae (n=49) or Andrena violae (n=I2), had
visible pollen loads. Andrena erigeniae was found to collect pollen mainly from Clay'tonia virginica. Andrena violae
collected pollen from a variety of spring ephemerals in addition to violets, Overall, this research provides a baseline
understanding of the current bee populations in southeastern Ohio. More work is needed m a larger variety of habitats
to better understand the bee diversity and richness across southeastern Ohio.

Introduction

Victorian-era collection and identification of organisms seems to have gone out of style. However, habitat surveys are imperative
for understanding changes in biodiversity over time. Local changes in richness and/or species diversity can only be determined
if there is a baseline for comparison Worldwide, bees have been documented as m declme (Browm and Paxton, 2009). This
includes decreases in both abundance and diversity and varies greatly depending on landscape changes (Burkle et al., 2013). As
anthropogenic change continues, especially climate change, it is imperative to establish biodiversity baselines against which
further surveys can be compared.

Washington county is 1,657 km- and includes the small town (population 15,000) of Marietta (39.4154° N, 81 .4548° W).
Marietta, Ohio, is rich in human history as the first capital of the Northwest Territory. However, the natural history of
southeastern Ohio is sparse, especially involving bee species records. Therefore, this study set out to 1) determine the bee
species richness and abundance in and around Marietta, Ohio, and 2) determine floral resource utilization of bees.

Materials and Methods

Sampling Sites. Three sites were chosen in Washington County: the Barbara A. Beiser Field Station, the Marietta College
campus, and the Washington County Career Center From east to west, the Barbara A. Beiser Field station is ~12 kilometers
from the Marietta College campus, which is ~8 kilometers from the Washington County Career Center. The Barbara A. Beiser
Field Station was formally established in 2008 and transferred to co-management by Marietta College and Friends of the Lower
Muskingum. It is 77 acres of forest, old field, and streamfront, most of which is on a slope. Each site had three transects of ~1 50
meters (Figure 1 ). The transects at the field station were in old field habitat bordered by forest edge. The transects at the Marietta
College campus were on turf grass next to a stream overrun with invasive and ornamental plants At the Washington County
Career Center, one transect was on turf grass and tire other two transects were old field habitat bordered by forest edge. The
final transect at the Washington County Career Center was a clearing for an oil well surrounded by many acres of dense forest.

Bee Collection. Sampling consisted of bee bowls, hand-netting, and blue vane trapping. Bee bowls consisted of 96 ml souffle
(Solo®) cups painted either fluorescent yellow, fluorescent blue, or left white (Guerra Paints) as per the standardized guidelines
of the Handy Bee Manual (Droege, 2012). Ninety bee bowls were set every five meters along each 150 meter transect. The
bowls were half-filled with soap solution (0.5% blue Dawn® dish soap and distilled water mixture) and left out for 24 hours.
Sampling for the bee bowls took place approximately every 2 weeks from April 201 3 to mid-October 201 3 on non-rainy days.

Hand-collection and netting occurred three times: April 29th, July 3rd, and August 2nd. Hand-collection or netting involved
timed walks of 5 minutes along the transects to catch any observed bee within 5 meters of the transect. Blue vane traps
(SpringStar™) were incorporated in an attempt to catch larger bees that escape from smaller traps (Stephan and Rao, 2005).
The vane traps were used starting at the end of August until the first frost in October. Only one vane trap was set per transect
and they were deployed for the same duration as the bee bowls. As with the bee bowls, these were half-filled with the soapy
water solution.

Figure 1. Sampling sites: A) the Marietta College campus; B) the Washington County Career Center; C) the Barbara A. Beiser
Field Station.

Sample Preparation. Samples were stored in 70% ethanol. Bees were sorted from bycatch, washed, blown dry, and pinned
as per recommendations from the Handy Bee Manual (Droege, 2012). Bees were identified to genus using Michener et al.
(1994). Species identification was based largely on Discoverlife.org (Droege et al, 2013). Sam Droege (USGS Bee Inventory
and Monitoring Lab) confirmed species-level identification of bees and identified all specimens in the genera Lasioglossum
and Nomada.

In addition to calculated species richness, the Simpson’s Diversity Index was used to calculate diversity (Simpson 1949). The
modified Simpson’s Diversity Equation is as follows:

D = 1 - ( X (m {ni - \)) I N{N-\))

Species accumulation curves for bee bowl samples were created in R (3.2.2) with package vegan (2.3-1). Samples were summed
over the entire year and species complexes were removed from the analysis to get an estimate of species present. Simpson’s
Diversity Index provides information about the diversity and evenness of the samples and range from 0 to 1, where 0 is a 100%
probability of getting two specimens of the same species from a sample and 1 is a 0% probability of randomly selecting two
specimens of the same species from a sample (Simpson 1949).

Since most bees were collected in a soapy water solution, only bees with large, visible pollen loads were chosen for pollen
analysis. Contamination from the collection method is possible; hence, only dominant pollen grains were identified to decrease
the likelihood of identifying contaminants in the pollen masses. The pollen loads were gently scraped from the scopa with an
insect pin and placed in labeled microcentrifuge tubes with 70% ethanol until they could be processed. Pollen slides were made
using basic fuschin jelly to stain the grains (Kearns and Inouye, 1993) and then compared to a reference collection of pollen.

Results

Bees Collected. We collected 2,753 bees from the three locations sampled during 2013. A total of 28 bees were collected from
vane traps, 147 were hand collected, and the remaining 2,578 were from bee bowls. Overall abundance was 995 at the Barbara
A. Beiser Field Station, 760 at the Marietta College Campus, and 972 at the Washington County Career Center, with 26 bees
collected elsewhere in Washington County. Five families of bees were collected: Apidae, Andrenidae, Colletidae, Halictidae,
and Megachilidae. These pollinators belonged to 35 genera, and 130 species (Appendix 1). Of these 130 species, 74 had fewer
than 3 representatives. The most common species were Andrena erigeniae, A. violae, Calliopsis andreniformis. Apis mellifera,
Ceratina calcarata, C. mikmaqi, C. strenua, and Lasioglossum versatum. Eight species were state records (not previously
reported) for Ohio: A. macro, Hylaeus leptocephalus, Nomada annulata, N. luteola, Melecta pacifica, Stelis nitida, L. gotham,
and L. subviridatum. Only a small number of bees not native to the United States were found: A. wilkella (n=l), Anthidium

manicatum (n=5), An. oblongatum (n=41), Apis mellifera (n=146), H. leptocephalus (n=2), Megachile rotundata (n=35), Osmia
cornifrons (n=3), and O. taurus (n=10). This study also found the first reported case of gynandromorphy (individual with both
male and female body parts) in the bumble bee Bombus bimaculatus at the Barbara A. Reiser Field Station (Spring et af, 2015).
This has only been reported in 113 bee species worldwide (Hinojosa-Diaz et af, 2012) with Michez et al. (2009) providing a
comprehensive review of the condition. Very few of the bees were stylopized, with the authors only finding six specimens of
Andrena with streps ipterans remaining in their abdomen (Spring et af, 2015).

Species diversity estimates. The calculated bee diversity (D) for all sites was as follows: the Washington County Career Center
(0.929), the Barbara A. Reiser Field Station (0.875), and the Marietta College Campus (0.957).

A total of 2,434 specimens were used to create the species accumulation curves once species complexes were removed from
the bee bowl data. Species accumulation curves were created for each site using chao, jackknife, and bootstrap (Table 1). The
estimated species richness that could be collected via bee bowls is 172 (Chao), 172 (Jackknife 1), 194 (Jackknife2), and 147
(Bootstrap) (Figure 2).

Table 1. Species Accumulation Curve for bee bowl collection.

Site

Sampled species
richness

Chao

Chao SE

Jacki

Jacki SE

Jack 2

Boot

Overall

126

172.22

17.11

172.22

18.91

194.97

147.24

BFS

82.25

14.75

16.93

83.0

62.22

105.00

11.83

105

19.80

115.5

90.22

WCCC

93.90

7.46

103

19.87

111.0

89.67

3 4 5 6 7 6 9

Size

Figure 2. Species Accumulation Curve for bee bowl samples.

Pollen analysis. A total of 81 bees collected had visible pollen loads. Of these 81 bees, 66 were from the genus Andrena.
Furthermore, a majority of these bees were from QithQX Andrena erigeniae (n=50) or Andrena violae (n=12). Andrena erigeniae
was found to collect mainly Claytonia virginica, a spring ephemeral common in Southeastern Ohio, but occasionally had other
pollen in their loads including Taraxacum officinale, Caryophyllaceae, and Brassicaceae (Table 2). Andrena violae was found
to have on average two dominant pollen types per load, but the types of pollen varied greatly by individual (Table 2).

Table 2. Pollen Loads

Bee Species

Average # of pollen types
dominant per individual

Pollen Type

Andrena erigeniae
(n=50)

1.24

Claytonia virginica. Taraxacum officinale, Caryophyllaceae, Brassicaceae

Andrena perplexa
(n=3)

Cornus spp., Viburnum spp., Carya spp.

Andrena violae
(n=12)

2.16

Rosaceae, Lamiaceae, Ranunculaceae, Lonicera spp., Oxalis stricta

Halictus Hgatus
(n=7)

1.71

Taraxacum officinale, Asteraceae

Discussion

There are only a few studies involving bees in Ohio, with most as part of ecological or agricultural studies and completed
within the last decade (Arduser, 2010; Bernliardt et ah, 2008; Cusser and Goodell, 2013; Her and Goodell, 2014; Goodell et af,
2010; Pardee and Philpott, 2014, Phillips and Gardiner 2015). Of the studies in the nearby states, there is a tendency to focus
on an agricultural crop, such as apple orchards (Gardner and Ascher, 2006, Russo et af, 2015), sunflowers (Todd et af, 2016),
or bluebeny^ (Tuell et af, 2009) among many otliers. Occasionally, nearby studies focus on specific habitat such as sand dunes
(Grundel et af, 2011), powerline right-of-ways (Russell et af, 2005), or shale barrens (Kalhorn et af, 2003). Other states are
working on bee diversity and richness estimates, but many states lack a defined species list (Tucker and Rehan, 2016).

There is a dearth of species diversity surveys in Ohio. It is a large state, rich in biodiversity (thanks to the varietv^ of habitats),
and is thus likely to host a wide diversity of bees. The most recently published bee diversity survey occurred in the northwestern
portion of Ohio in the Oak Openings (Arduser,. 2010). This study took place on a nature preserve known for its biodiversity
and unique habitat (Arduser, 2010). A direct comparison of diversity between these two studies is challenging because Arduser
(2010) used hand-netting as the mam sampling method, whereas this study largely utilized bee bowls, which are known to
attract a slightly different subset of pollinators. Moreover, this study took place tliroughout the entire flying season from end of
frost to first frost in the fall. The sampling efToit for Arduser (2010) was mainly when the author had a chance to be in northern
Ohio over a period of 3 years. Despite this discrepancy in sampling methods, Arduser (2010) found 116 species among 486
individuals hand-collected from flowers,

However, other than MitchelPs early work on bees across the United States, which only shows estimated distributions (Mitchell,
1960, Mitchell, 1962), and the study in Northwestern Ohio by Arduser, bee diversity remains largely understudied in Ohio.
This is the first published year-long survey of bee diversity in soutlieastern Ohio known to the authors. We found a total of 130
bee species, which is similar in number, but not composition, to other bee diversity studies (Arduser, 2010; Giles and Ascher,
2006; Grundel et af, 201 1 ). We found a total of eight state records of bee species not previously reported in Ohio (Sam Droege,
pers. comm). Of these records, one was a newly split species group (I. gotham) (Gibbs, 2011) or invasive (H. leptocephalus).
Two records are of species not reported in many collections (A. macro and L. siibviridatum); thus, they are rare in general. The
remainder are parasites of other bees {N. ammlata, N. luteoloa, Melecta pacifica, and S. nitida). This number of state records
could be partly due to the habitat; the Appalachian foothills are still understudied for their bee diversity, and most research
involving bees occurs in the central and northern region of the state.

Species diversity was calculated using the reciprocal Simpson’s Diversity Index. With tins equation, a larger value (between
0-1) on the Simpson’s Diversity Index indicates a greater likelihood of randomly selecting two different species when selecting
two specimens. A larger value can therefore be interpreted as a higher-diversity assemblage. All three sites had high index
values (>0.85), which would imply diverse assemblages and good biodiversity of the overall area Moreover, the species
estimates for just bowl collection of the area range from 147-194 species, whereas we only collected a total of 126 species
with bee bowls. This implies that subsequent years of sampling with bee bowls should still find more species. Importantly,
this calculation did not take into account alternative sampling methods, which are known to collect a different subset of the
biodiversity in bees. Thus, the authors recommend additional effort in Washington County focusing on vane traps and hand-
collection to get a better idea of bee richness.

Pollen loads. Of the 2,753 bees collected, few had visible pollen loads remaining once they got back to the lab. This could be
partly due to the pollen packing methods of different bee species. Some species mix pollen with nectar to get the mass to stay
attached to the scopa, whereas others just brush the pollen onto their scopa. Of the bees collected with visible pollen loads, most
were in the genus Andrena. Andrena erigeniae is often stated as a pollen specialist on Claytonia virginica (Reese and Barrows,
1980). All of our specimens were found to be collecting C. virginica pollen, though they did occasionally have large quantities
of other pollens present.

Many articles, without referencing sources, state that A. violae only pollinates violets (Motton, 1986; Giles and Ascher, 2006).
In our case, A. violae is found to collect pollen from a variety of sources, rarely having similar pollen loads. Older literature
shows that A. violae is documented on many spring ephemerals in addition to violets (Robertson 1929; Mitchell 1960), which
is more in line with our data.

Future Research

The authors recommend that the study be repeated in a few years with more hand-netting to collect more species. Increased
hand-collection has the potential to find more species that are unlikely to visit bee bowls. Furthermore, collection at additional
sites with a wider variety of habitats and fioral resources is recommended to get a better idea of the diversity present in and
around the historic area of Marietta, Ohio.

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank Sam Droege from the USGS Bee Inventory and Monitoring Lab for his help with confirmations of
IDs and species identification of the Lasioglossum and Nomada. We would also like to thank Karen Goodell for access to her
reference collection of Ohio bees in the spring of 2014. Thanks also go to the following undergraduates at Marietta College
who assisted with the 3:00 a.m. set-up time for bee bowls and vane traps or hand-collecting during the day: Rachel Shoop,
Anna Cooper, Tristine Toves, and Rachel Stahl. Furthermore, we would like to thank the Marietta College Investigative Studies
program and the Biology and Environmental Science Department for funding this project, and the Investigative Studies Travel
grant for funding travel to both the Association for Southeastern Biologists meeting and the International Conference for
Pollinator Biology, Health, and Policy. Thanks for diversity index calculation and interpretation goes to Katherine Todd and
Bryan Zake. A synoptic collection of this research is housed at the Museum of Biological Diversity at The Ohio State University.

Appendix 1. Species list and abundance of individuals.

Species

Total

BFS T1

C\l

BFS T3

BFS Total

MCT1

MCT2

MC Total

WCCC T1

WCCC T2

WCCC T3

WCCC

Total

Other

Sites

Agapostemon

virescens

Andrena

Barbara

Andrena

harhilabris

Andrena

bisalicis

Andrena

bradleyi

Andrena

brevipalpis

Andrena

carlini

Species

Total

BFS T1

C\l

BFS T3

BFS Total

MCT1

MCT2

MCT3

MC Total

WCCC T1

WCCC T2

WCCC T3

WCCC

Total

Other

Sites

Andrena

commoda

Andrena

cressonii

Andrena

cressonii

Andrena

distans

Andrena

erigeniae

323

232

Andrena

gardineri

Andrena

illini

Andrena

imitatrix

Andrena

macra

Andrena

miserabilis

Andrena

nasonii

Andrena

nubecula

Andrena

perplexa

Andrena

placata

Andrena

pruni

Andrena

robertsonii

Andrena

sayi

Andrena

simplex

Andrena

sp.

Andrena

vicina

Andrena

violae

266

180

Andrena

wheeleri

Species

Total

BFS T1

C\l

BFS T3

BFS Total

MCT1

MCT2

MCT3

MC Total

WCCC T1

WCCC T2

WCCC T3

WCCC

Total

Other

Sites

Andrena

wilkella

Anthidiellum

notatum

Anthidium

manicatum

Anthidium

oblongatum

Anthophora

terminalis

Apis

mellifera

147

Augochlora

pura

Augochlorella

aurata

Augochloropsis

metallica

Bombus

auricomus

Bombus

bimaculatus

Bombus

griseocollis

Bombus

impatiens

Bombus

perplexus

Bombus

vagans

Calliopsis

andreniformis

Ceratina

CClicClTCltCl

169

Ceratina

da^la

Ceratina

mikmaqi

Ceratina

sp.

Ceratina

strenua

396

115

149

134

181

Chelostoma

philadelphi

Species

Total

BFS T1

C\l

BFS T3

BFS Total

MCT1

MCT2

MCT3

MC Total

WCCC T1

WCCC T2

WCCC T3

WCCC

Total

Other

Sites

Coelioxys

sayi

Coelioxys sayi/
octodenata

Colletes

inaequalis

Colletes

simulans

Eucera

atriventris

Eucera

dubitata

Eucera

hamata

Eucera

sp.

Halictus

confusus

Halictus

ligatus

Halictus

rubicundus

Halictus

sp.

Heriades

leavitti/

variolosa

Holcopasites

calliopsidis

Hoplitis

pilosifrons

Hoplitis

producta

Hoplitis

spoliata

Hylaeus

affinis/

modestus

Hylaeus

hyalinatus

Hylaeus

leptocephalus

Hylaeus

mesillae

Hylaeus

sp.

Species

Total

BFS T1

C\l

BFS T3

BFS Total

MCT1

MCT2

MCT3

MC Total

WCCC T1

WCCC T2

WCCC T3

WCCC

Total

Other

Sites

Lasioglossum

admirandum

Lasioglossum

bruneri

Lasioglossum

cattallac

Lasioglossum

coriaceum

Lasioglossum

cressonii

Lasioglossum

ephialtum

Lasioglossum

foxii

Lasioglossum

fuscipenne

Lasioglossum

gotham

Lasioglossum

hitchensi

Lasioglossum

imitatum

Lasioglossum

katherineae

Lasioglossum

obscurum

Lasioglossum

para-

admirandum

Lasioglossum

quebecense

Lasioglossum

sp.

Lasioglossum

subviridatum

Lasioglossum

tegulare

Lasioglossum

truncatum

Lasioglossum

versans

Lasioglossum

versatum

202

134

Megachile

brevis

Species

Total

BPS T1

C\l

BPS T3

BFS Total

MCT1

MCT2

MCT3

MC Total

WCCC T1

WCCC T2

WCCC T3

WCCC

Total

Other

Sites

Megachile

campanulae

Megachile

centuncularis

Megachile
inimica sayi

Megachile

mendica

Megachile

montivaga

Megachile

petulans

Megachile

rotundata

Megachile

sp.

Melecta

pacifica

Melissodes

himaculatus

Melissodes

coloradensis

Melissodes

denticulata

Melissodes

desponsa

Melissodes

druriella

Melissodes

sp.

Melitoma

taurea

Nomada

(Bidentate)

Nomada

annulata

Nomada

articulata

Nomada

cressonii

Nomada

denticulata

Nomada

depressa

Nomada

fervida

Species

Total

BFS T1

C\l

BFS T3

BFS Total

MCT1

MCT2

MCT3

MC Total

WCCC T1

WCCC T2

WCCC T3

WCCC

Total

Other

Sites

Nomada

imbricata

Nomada

luteola

Nomada

luteoloides

Nomada

parva

Nomada

pygmaea

Nomada

sp.

Osmia

atriventris

Osmia

hucephala

Osmia

caerulescens/

cordata

Osmia

collinsiae

Osmia

cordata

Osmia

cornifrons

Osmia

distincta

Osmia

georgica

Osmia

inspergens

Osmia

pumila

Osmia

sp.

Osmia

subfasciata

Osmia

taurus

Panurginus

potentillae

Peponapis

pruinosa

Ptilothrix

bombiformis

Species

Total

BPS T1

C\l

BPS T3

BFS Total

MCT1

MCT2

MCT3

MC Total

WCCC T1

WCCC T2

WCCC T3

WCCC

Total

Other

Sites

Sphecodes

coronus

Stelis

lateralis

Stelis

nitida

Triepeolus

cressonii?

Xylocopa

virginica

SUM

2753

995

760

972

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Reese, C. S. L., and Barrows, E. M. 1980. Co-evolution of Clcp^tonia virginica (Portulacaceae) and its mam native pollinator,
Andrena erigeniae (Andrenidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 82: 685-694.

Robertson, C. 1929. Flowers and insects. Science Press. Lancaster, PA.

Russell, K. N., Ikerd, I., and Droege S. 2005. The potential conseiwation value of unmowed powerline strips for native bees.
Biological Conservation 124: 133-148.

Russo, L., Park, M., Gibbs, J., and Danforth, B. 2015. The challenge of accurately documenting bee species richness in
agroecosystems: bee diversity in eastern apple orchards. Ecology and Evolution 5: 3531-3540.

Simpson, E. H. 1949. Measurement of diversity. Nature 163; 688.

Spring, M. R., Liistofin, K. S., and Gardiner, M. M. 2015. Occurrence of a gynandromophic Bombus bimaculatus
(Hymenoptera; Apidae) in Southeastern Ohio. The Great Lal^es Entomologist 48: 155-163.

Stephen, W. P., and Rao, S. 2005. Unscented color traps for r\or\-Apis bees (Hymenoptera: Apiformes). Journal of the Kansas
Entomological Society 78: 373-380.

Todd, K. J., Gardiner, M. M., and Lindquist, E. D. 2016. Mass flowering crops as a conservation resource for wild pollinators
(Hymenoptera: Apoidea). Journal of Kansas Entomological Society 89(2): 158-167.

Tucker, E. M., and Rehan, S. 2016. Wild bee pollination networks in northern New England. Journal of Insect Conservation
20; 325-337.

Tuell, J. K., Ascher, J. S., and Isaacs, R. 2009. Wild bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea; Anthophila) of the Michigan highbush
blueberry agroecosystem. Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 102: 275-287.

Ohio Biological Survey Notes 7: 14-16, 2017. © Ohio Biological Survey, Inc.

A Bilateral Gynandromorph Northern Cardinal from South Bass Island

Andrew W. Jones’ and H. Thomas Bartlett

Department of Ornithology, Cleveland Museum of Natural History, 1 Wade Oval Drive - University Circle, Cleveland, OH 44106;
'corresponding author; ajones@cmnh.org

Abstract: We report on a Northern Cardinal from South Bass Island, in the western basin of Lake Erie, which showed
male plumage characteristics on the right side and female plumage characteristics on the left side. This condition,
termed bilateral gynandromorph ism, is rare among wild birds, and there are few (<1 00) preseiwed specimens available
for research. This bird had a slightly enlarged ovary on the left side and a small and probably non-functional testis on
the right side. The plumage was fairly well demarcated between the two sides, but the female side was interspersed
with red feathers and the male side was interspersed with brown. A recent study of gynandromorph domestic chickens
provides a likely pathway for the origin and appearance of these Northern Cardinals. We suggest that a recent spate
of records is probably due to increasing numbers of observant birdwatchers as well as the ubiquity of digital cameras.

Keywords: Cardinalis cardinalis, bilateral gynandromorph, plumage

Introduction

Gynandromorphy is a rarely encountered condition in which an organism displays a combination of male and female
characteristics This condition may be bilateral, with one half of tire organism phenotypically male and the other half
phenotypically female, often with a clear line separating the two sides. Individuals with this condition are known across
multiple classes of Metazoans, and individuals with this condition have been documented in both captive fowl as well as wild
birds (Kumerloeve 1954). Kumerloeve (1954) conducted a review of this condition and the mechanisms that may underlie it,
and documented several dozen instances m wild birds. Patten (1993) updated this review, and several additional records have
been published since then (e.g., DaCosta et al. 2007, Peer and Motz 2014). No formal systematic review of gynandromorphism
records has been conducted, but there are certainly more than fift\^ published examples as of this writing. Wild birds with
gynandromorphism have been documented in many taxonomic orders and families across Aves, though there are multiple
reports of gynandromorphy in Eurasian Bullfinch {Pyrrhula pytrhula) and Evenmg Grosbeak {Coccothraustes vesperthms),
two members of the Fringillidae family. Published records are an underrepresentation of tlie prevalence of this condition,
as any species without obvious size or plumage-related sex differences could only be documented through dissection by a
knowledgeable museum specimen preparator.

In this article, we document a bilateral gynandromorph Northern Cardinal {Cardinalis cardinalis) from South Bass Island,
Ottawa County, Ohio.

Specimen Data

Bartlett operates a banding station for several weeks every spring and fall on private property on the east end of South Bass
Island, in the western basin of Lake Erie (Ottawa County, Oliio, USA: 41.66239'^N, 82.79624‘^W). While banding on 01 May
2011, Bartlett and Jones encountered an unusual Northern Cardinal. The bird was initially identified as a female with an
unusual molt pattern; Bartlett has encountered other female Northern Cardinals with excessive red presumably due to age and/
or eccentric molt. Further examination demonstrated that the red coloration was primarily restricted to the right side of the bird,
and there was a fairly sharp color demarcation down the middle of the bird’s body. Jones made the decision to collect the bird,
and the specimen was transferred to the ornithology research collection at the Cleveland Museum of Natural History.

Jones prepared the bird specimen (collector number AWJ 596, and cataloged as CMNH 74623), The bird weighed 43. 1 g. There
was a little molt on this bird, wliich is unusual for a Northern Cardinal in May (like most songbirds, they ty'pically do not molt
during the early part of the breeding season); several feathers on the right breast were being replaced, the left innermost tail

feather (Rl) was being replaced and was about 80% grown, and the right innermost tail feather was missing. There was no
cloacal protuberance nor brood patch, suggesting that this bird was unpaired. The wing chord of both wings was 91mm, which
is within the size range of both male and female Northern Cardinals (Pyle 1997). During dissection, Jones found an ovary on
the bird’s left side that measured 8 x 5 mm, with the largest ovum 2 mm in diameter, and with a slightly enlarged oviduct. On
the right side, an apparent testis was found, but it was small (for this time of year; 2 x l mm) and black in color, indicating that
it may not have been functional.

The bird’s plumage differs between the left and right sides most sharply on the ventral side, with a sharp demarcation on
the breast, belly, and undertail coverts (Figure 1). The right side is red, though not nearly as bright red as a typical male, and
interspersed with several partly or completely brown feathers. The left side is the same color of brown as a typical female,
interspersed with a few red feathers. The head plumage is consistent with a female: dusl<y rather than solid black feathers
surrounding the bill, brownish- gray feathers with a red crest, but with scattered red feathers on the face on the right side. The
back is also consistent with a female, with brownish-gray feathers across the nape, mantle, scapulars, and uppertail coverts, but
interspersed with some red feathers on the right side. The left tail feathers have dusky tips on the underside and dusky outer
margins; the right tail feathers are almost entirely red.

Figure 1. Ventral view of a specimen (CMNH 74623) of a bilateral gynandromorph Northern Cardinal. The red plumage on
the bird’s right side is not as fully red as a typical male Northern Cardinal. The bird is not perfectly bilaterally symmetrical;
there are female-like feathers on the male side, and male-like feathers on the female side.

Discussion

This Northern Cardinal specimen is the third record of gynandromorphy in this species in the peer-reviewed literature. Laskey
(1954) banded one in central Tennessee. Like our report, it was male on the right side, but she noted that hers had brilliant red
feathers rather than the dull red we observed. Her record was otherwise similar to ours, with a sharp demarcation line on the
underside, and a female-like head. Peer and Motz (2014) observed a gynandromorph which was male on the left side. It had
brilliant red feathers on the left side. Despite being observed throughout the breeding season, the bird did not pair with another
bird. Playback experiments were conducted, and the bird changed its posture and awareness in response to the song of another
Northern Cardinal, but did not sing. Other Northern Cardinals did not show any noticeable behavior such as aggression towards
the gynandromorph.

We are also aware of several putative records of gynandromorph Northern Cardinals that have been circulated on various
internet websites, with photographs. Some of these individuals appear to be gray rather than brown over part of the body,
suggesting a pigment abnormality rather than gynandromorphism. However, we have also seen photographs of a bird from
Virginia that closely resembles our bird (https://www.flickr.com/photos/birdsofvirginia/3370349942/). A newsletter article
(Bohlen 2006) reported on two records from Illinois. One was accompanied by a series of photographs and indicated that the

bird was seen singing, was seen carrying nesting material, and was socially associating with a female. Overall, there have been
perhaps six records of Northern Cardinal gynandromorphs, and five of these have been in the last two decades. We attribute
this to an increase in the number of active birdwatchers, increasing access to digital cameras and cell phones to document these
birds, and an improved ability to communicate these sightings through the Internet.

Including the present study, four of the five verifiable bilateral gynandromorph Northern Cardinals were male-plumaged on
tire right side. This is the typical condition for bilateral g}mandromorphs in other birds as well; in birds, the females typically
only develop an ovary on the left side (Kumerloeve 1954). However, some gynandromorphs have an ovary on the left and
a testis on the right, yet the plumage sides are reversed from the gonads (e.g., DaCosta et al. 2007). Most of these Northern
Cardinal records include scattered red feathers on the female side, and brown feathers on the male side. Plumage differences
between the two sides are often imperfect in gynandromorphs, and this may be related to the mechanism causing the condition.
The genetic basis underlying gynandromorphism is not completely understood. Graves (1996) reviewed variations on the
symmetry of gynandromorphs and indicated that there may be multiple pathways to this condition. Zhao et al. (2010) examined
three gynandromorph ic domestic chickens { Gall us gal I us) from a genetic and cellular perspective and demonstrated that those
individuals were male-female chimaeras; some cells have ZW sex cliromosomes typical of females, and other cells have ZZ
sex chromosomes typical of males. Most of the cells on tlie male-plumaged side were ZZ, and most of the cells on the female-
plumaged side were ZW. As a result of the incomplete sorting of male and female cells between the two sides, the chickens
they studied had featliers on each side that corresponded to the opposite sex. This mechanism likely e.xplains why the Northern
Cardinals in this and other reports tend to have imperfect plumage symmetry'. The gynandromorphs studied by Zhao et al.
(2010) probably result from an error in oogenesis in the mother of the gynandromorph, resulting into two nuclei in the fertilized
ovary. It is unclear if this explanation is universal to all gynandromorphs, and we encourage further collection and study of
wild and domestic birds with this condition. We suggest that researchers should preseiwe extensive tissue samples, including
freezing or fomialin preserving of the entire body and sectioning the gonads to ascertain their functionality.

Acknowledgments

We thank Paula Bartlett, John Lortz, and Lisa Brohl for their help with banding activities, and Mark and Barb Barnhill for
permission to study birds on their property. Mist-netting and banding is carried out under permits to H. Thomas Bartlett (Federal
Permit 21624 and Ohio State Permits 17-177 and 17-82), and specimen collection is carried out under permits to Andrew W
Jones (Federal Fish and Wildlife Permit MB12477201 and Ohio Wild Animal Permit 14-205).

Literature Cited

Bohlen, H. D. 2006. Illinois sightings of bilateral gynandromorphism in birds. The Living Museum 68:15-16.

DaCosta, J. M., Spellman, G. M., and Klicka, J. 2007. Bilateral gynandromorphy in a White-ruffed Manakin (Corapipo
ahem). The Wilson Journal of Ornithology 1 19:289-291 .

Graves, G. R. 1996. Comments on a probable gynandromorphic Black-Throated Blue Warbler. Wilson Bulletin 108:178-180.
Kumerloeve, H. 1954. On gynandromorphism in birds. Emu 54:71-72.

Laskey, A. R. Bilateral gynandrism in a Cardinal and a Rufous-Sided Towhee. The Auk 86:760.

Patten, M. A. 1993. A probable bilateral gynandromorphic Black-Throated Blue Warbler. Wilson Bulletin 105:695-698.

Peer, B. D. and Motz, R. W. 2014. Observations of a bilateral gynandromorph Northern Cardinal {Cardinalis cardinalis). The
Wilson JoLimal of Ornithology 126.778-781.

Pyle, P. 1997. Identification guide to North American birds: Part I. Slate Creek Press, Bolinas, California.

Zhao, D., McBride, D., Nandi, S., McQueen, H. A., McGrew, M. J., Hocking, P. M., Lewis, P. D., Sang, H. M., and
Clinton. M. 2010. Somatic sex identity^ is cell autonomous in the chicken. Nature 464: 237-243.

Ohio Biological Survey Notes 7: 16-20, 2017. © Ohio Biological Survey, Inc.

A Survey of the Turtles of Mentor Marsh, Lake County, Ohio

Timothy O. Matson'*, Dana Smith-, and Samantha Skerlec^

’Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Cleveland Museum of Natural History, Cleveland , OH 44106; -Biology Department, Denison
University, Granville, OH 43023; ^Biology Department, John Canoll University, University Heights, OH 44118; * corresponding author:
tmatson@cmnh.org

Abstract: Turtle trapping records and observations from 1979-2016 were compiled to survey the turtles of Mentor
Marsh, Lake County, Ohio. Six species of turtles were previously known to occur in Mentor Marsh prior to 2016.
Two species of turtles known from the marsh since the 1930s, Emydoidea blcmdingii and Clenimys gutatta, were not
observed or trapped. Sternothenis odoratus (Eastern Musk Turtle) was recorded for the first time from Mentor Marsh
and is a new Grand River drainage system record.

Keywords: Mentor Marsh, salt intrusions, Emydoidea blandingii, Clemmys gutatta, Sternotherus odoratus

Introduction

Mentor Marsh is a large coastal wetland positioned at the mouth of the old Grand River at Lake Erie in Lake County, Ohio. It
became a national natural landmark in 1966 and was dedicated as Ohio’s first state nature preserve in 1971. Ownership of the
marshlands is shared by the state of Ohio, the City of Mentor, the Cleveland Museum of Natural History, and by private land
owners. The marsh occupies the old Grand River channel and its floodplain (Bolsenga and Herdendorf 1993) and includes
nearly 868 acres (361 hectares, Fineran 2003) on the Lake Erie Plains (Brockman 2002, White 1980). The marsh is about 6.9
km (4.3 miles) long and approaches 0.8 km (0.5 miles) in width at the widest points and has a perimeter of approximately 20 km
(12.5 miles). Two tributary streams flow into the marsh from the south' Marsh Creek enters into the western basin, and Black
Brook enters into the eastern basin (Figure 1).

The Grand River formerly meandered northward over the lake plain of low relief to within 0.5 km of Lake Erie before turning
westward paralleling the shoreline of the lake. It entered Lake Erie at what is now Mentor Harbor (also referred to as Mentor
Marina/Mentor Lagoons ) At some time following the formation of modem Lake Erie (approximately 4000 years BCE) and
before 1 796 when the marsh w^as first surveyed (Holley 1 796; Pease 1 796), an event occurred where the river breached through
its north bank and connected with the lake at Fairport Harbor. Water flow to the w'est of the cut-off was diminished, and over
time, a diverse mosaic of wetland communities became established in the relict Grand River channel while swamp forests
developed upon its flood plain (Bolsenga and Herdendorf 1993).

Available riverine and wetland habitats have been conducive to support several species of turtles. Records and distribution
maps of Conant (1951 ) and Zemko (1974) included four species of turtles for Mentor Marsh, The records included Chelydra
serpentina (Snapping Turtle), Chrysemys picta marginata (Midland Pamted Turtle), Emydoidea blandingii (Blanding’s Turtle),
and Clemmys guttata (Spotted Turtle). Two of these species are of particular interest; the Blanding’s Turtle and the Spotted
Turtle have been designated as threatened by the Ohio Department of Natural Resources Division of Wildlife (2016). The first
records for these tw'O species from Mentor Marsh include Clemmys guttata^ collected on 11 July 1931 by Roger Conant and
Cecil Murphy (American Museum of Natural History reptile number 120799, formerly Toledo Zoological Society number
541), and Emydoidea blandingii, collected on 1 1 July 1931 by Cecil Murphy (AMNH 120821, formerly TZS 542). Both of
these specimens were collected on the “West end of Mentor Marsh.” It remains unclear whether the “West end of Mentor
Marsh” refers to the eastern portion of the western basin (Figure 1 ) or to the western portion nearer the mouth of Mentor Harbor.
While at the edge of Mentor Marsh (presumably on this date), Conant in 1982 related his observations of seemg numerous
yellow spots at the water’s surface. Binoculars enabled them to identily the spots as yellow throats of Blanding’s Turtle. Conant
WTote, “We had never seen so many in one place.” A second Emydoidea blandingii was collected on 16 June 1932 by Lawrence
E. Hicks (Ohio State University Museum reptile number 877, formerly Hicks R420-1) at “Black Run Swamp.” Black Run
Swamp probably refers to the southeastern portion of the marsh, wJiere Black Brook enters the marsh and becomes broadly

distributary, having no central channel (Isard 1966; Bernstein 1981; Whipple 1999). During the 1930s, the eastern part of the
marsh was relatively open with cattails and nightshades, while buttonbush and alders formed dense stands of shrub growth.
By 1951, the succession of swamp forest plant community had mostly replaced the open cattail-nightshade marsh community
(Isard 1966; Whipple 1999).

In 1959, intrusion of salt (sodium chloride) from the salt dump of salt mining tailings very near Black Brook in the southeastern
comer of Mentor Marsh greatly elevated the salt concentration in the marsh and caused a die-off of native vegetation in the
marsh and swamp forests (Isard 1966, 1967; NOACA 1983). Salt has persisted in the system and continues to pollute the marsh
and has led to the establishment, proliferation, and vegetative dominance of Phragmites australis (common reed grass). This
perturbation of the marsh in concert with human development and resultant fires have altered the marsh landscape (Bernstein
1981; Fineran 2003; Isard 1967; Whipple 1999) to the point that it may no longer support Blanding’s and/or Spotted Turtles.
Purposes of the project were to survey the turtles of Mentor Marsh and, more specifically, to search for the continued presence
of Blanding’s and Spotted Turtles.

Mentor Marsh

Figure 1. Map of the Mentor Marsh area showing the basin outline and site locations.

Methods

Recent surveys and records of visual observations of the turtles of Mentor Marsh have been ongoing since 1979, when one
of us (TOM) began vertebrate surveys of fishes, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals of the marsh. Turtle captures were also
recorded marsh-wide during seining operations and during the deployment of turtle traps and fyke nets while conducting a
fish survey for the Northeast Ohio Areawide Coordinating Agency (NOACA) in 1981 and 1982 (Matson 1983). A survey
specifically for turtles was conducted during the summer of 2016 and was focused on the Mentor Harbor, Marsh Creek,
and Becker Pond areas (Figure 1; sites 7-14) on the western end of the marsh and on the Shipman Pond area (sites 1-2) at
the eastern end. Figure 1 diagrammatically represents where sites in the marsh were located; names of those sites and their
respective geographical coordinates are presented in Table 1 . These two areas of the marsh were selected because they are

the areas approximating where earlier records of Emydoidea blaiidwgii and Clemmys guttata occurred and where suitable
habitat may still occur. The section south of Shipman Pond (Figure 1, site 2) was trapped for small mammals during 1979; one
Clemmys guttata was captured in a pitfall trap on 25 July 1979 and was released at the site of capture (Matson, unpublished
data). All specimens collected, salvaged, or photo-vouchered were deposited in the herpetology and ichthyology collections of
the Cleveland Museum of Natural History.

Seines used in the surveys had lengths of 6 , 12, and 25 feet with 3/1 6-inch mesh, all had depths of 4 feet. Fyke nets had 3-foot
hoops and two 25-foot wings with one-inch mesh. Turtle traps had hoop diameters of 2.5, 3, and 4 feet, all with one-inch square
mesh.

Scientific and common names used in this publication are those in Crother (2012).

Table 1. Site locations in Mentor Marsh where turtle traps were positioned or observations of turtles were
recorded over the period 1979-2016. Site 15 is approximate for 1932 Black Brook site.

1 Site Number Site Name

Latitude (N)

Longitude (W) I

Shipman Pond

41°45’08”

81°17’31”

Shipman Pond SW

4104437,,

81017,47,,

Kervin North

41°44’08”

81°18’08”

Corduroy Road

41°43;58”

81°18’35”

SW Corduroy Road

41°43’55”

81°18’30”

Wake Robin Trail

41043 , 45 ,,

81°19’05”

Becker Pond

41°43’34”

81°19’48”

Marsh Creek Bridge

41°43’28”

81°20’18”

Canal zone

41°43’27”

81°20’16”

Dock E East

41°43’2T’

81°20’23”

Dock D/1

41°43’25”

81°20’40”

Dock D/2

41°43’27”

81°20’47”

Dock D/Tip

41043,31,,

81°20’50”

Dock A

41043 , 41 ,,

81°20’53”

Blackbrook Mouth^

41044 ,

81°17’

Spetz site

41043,37,,

81°20’16”

Near mouth of Mentor Harbor

41°43’37”

81°20’59.1”

^available data do not pemit greater coordinate accuracy.

Results

During the 2016 trap survey, 74 trap-nights were accumulated (all turtle traps). From 1980-1982, 18 trap-nights using turtle
hoop nets and lyke nets were deployed to capture both turtles and fish. Fyke nets were very effective in capturing turtles at
some sites. For example, on 1 May 1982 tv^^o fyke nets placed at site 1, Shipman Pond, captured 12 Chelydra serpentina and
71 Chrysemys picta marginata.

Four species of turtles were trapped during 2016 (Table 2). Trachemys scripta elegans (Red-eared Slider) was first recorded for
the marsh by James Spetz in May 2011 at a site in the western basin north of site 9 (CMNH 14202, James Spetz photo; Figure
1, site 1 6). We trapped five adult individuals and observed one juvenile in Mentor Harbor of the western basin (Table 2; 1 turtle
voLichered, CMNH 14543). This species was also sighted at site 6 on 12 October 2016 (CMNH 14544; Nanette Patrick photo)
and in the eastern basin at site 1 on 22 June 2016 (Owen Locldiart, pers. comm.).

Sternotherus odoratus (Eastern Musk Turtle; 1 individual) was recorded for the first time from Mentor Marsh on 15 July 2016
at site 10 (CMNH 14545); two additional musk turtles were trapped on 4 August, one each at sites 8 and 9.

Chelydra serpentina and Chrysemys picta marginata were widely distributed throughout the marsh (Figure 1 and Table 2).

The first documented record of Graptemys geographica (Eastern Map Turtle; 1 individual) in Mentor Marsh was captured in a
fyke net at site 8 and released in August 1981 (Matson, unpublished data). On 1 July 2014, a specimen was trapped in Mentor
Harbor (CMNH 14330; James Spetz photo). Map turtles were observed near the mouth of Mentor Harbor in 2015 near site 17
(CMNH 14530; Jake Kudna photo). No map turtles were trapped or observed during our 2016 survey.

There have been no additional records for Emydoidea blandingii since the 1930s or for Clemmys guttata since 1979.

Table 2. Species of turtles recorded from Mentor Marsh, Take County, Ohio, and the sites at which they were detected,
^indicates that the species is threatened within the state of Ohio (ODNR Division of Wildlife 2016).

Species Name Site Numbers

■

1 1

Family Chelydridae

Chelydra serpentina

Snapping Turtle

•

Family Kinosternidae

Sternotherus odoratus

Eastern Musk Turtle

•

Family Emydidae

Chrysemys picta marginata

Midland Painted Turtle

•

Clemmys guttata^

Spotted Turtle

•

Emydoidea blandingiE

Blanding’s Turtle

•

Graptemys geographica

Northern Map Turtle

•

Trachemys scripta elegans

Red-eared Slider

•

Discussion

Chrysemys picta marginata and Chelydra serpentina are widespread and common throughout the marsh. They have also
colonized several mitigation ponds that were constructed in 2000 and 2001 above the marsh basin on the north and south sides
of the marsh. Sternotherus odoratus was successfully trapped only in the western basin. Other areas within the marsh appear
to provide suitable habitat to support this species and more extensive trapping may reveal its presence. The occurrences of
Sternotherus within Mentor Marsh are the first records for this species in the Grand River drainage system.

The occurrence of Trachemys scripta elegans in the western basin, along Wake Robin Trail in the central basin, and at Shipman
Pond in the eastern basin was predictable. All three areas are frequented by people. The western basin marina is used extensively
for recreation (sites 10-14), and the Marsh Creek and canal (sites 8-9) are used by canoeists and kayakers for outdoor education
and recreation experiences. A boardwalk is available for public access at Wake Robin Trail (site 6), and Shipman Pond (site 1)
is commonly used by fishermen and birdwatchers. These areas are closely proximate to roads whereby unwanted captive turtles
could be released. Sliders have been released at numerous locales in northeastern Ohio; their populations and distribution are
expanding, and it is probable that their numbers will increase in Mentor Marsh. These capture records are the first documented
occurrences of Trachemys in the Grand River drainage system.

The addition of new turtle species to the herpetofauna of Mentor Marsh was anticipated. Since the marsh is the old Grand River
channel and floodplain, the species of turtles inhabiting the current Grand River are indicators of the species predictably present
in the marsh. The Eastern Spiny Softshell Turtle {ApaJom spinifera) is common and widespread in the Grand River but has not
yet been documented in Mentor Marsh.

Management practices now used in Mentor Marsh in attempts to reduce the standing crop and distribution of Phragmites and to
restore native plant biodiversity may lead to population increases in all turtle species. If still surviving in the marsh, the Spotted
Turtle may be the species that would benefit most from habitat restoration.

Acknowledgements

We thanlcthe Kirtlandia Society, an associate society of the Cleveland Museum of Natural History, for supporting undergraduate
student research assistants (Samantha Skerlec) and for many years in support of this and other projects. We also thank Lucy
Weller for her continued financial support of research assistants (Dana Smith) through the Summer on the Cuyahoga Program.

Literature Cited

Bernstein, N.P. 1981. Vegetational history of Mentor Marsh. Ohio Journal of Science. 81(3): 105-1 08.

Brockman, C.S. 2002. Physiographic regions of Ohio. Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey.

2p,

Conant, R. 1951. Reptiles of Ohio. The American Midland Naturalist. University of Notre Dame Press, Notre Dame, Indiana.
284 p.

Conant, R. 1982. Herpetology in Ohio: fifty years ago. Special Publication of the Toledo Herpetological Society. 64 p.
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Fineran, S.A. 2003. Assessing spatial and temporal vegetative dynamics at Mentor Marsh, 1976-2000 A.D. Dissertation, The
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Holley, J.M. 1796. J. Milton Holley’s Diaiy: Cleaveland to Connecticut. Oct 1796, Western Reserve Historical Society.
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Isard, L.G. 1966. The Vegetation of Mentor Marsh, A Preliminary Survey. The Cleveland Museum of Natural History,
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Isard L.G. 1967. Biotic SuiTey of Mentor Marsh. The Cleveland Museum of Natural Histoiy, Cleveland, Ohio.

Matson, T.O. 1983. An inventory of the species of fish occurring in Mentor Marsh. In Mentor Marsh, Lake County, Ohio
Historical data and current baseline conditions. Final report, Technical appendix A49. Northeast Ohio Areawide
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NOACA. 1983. Mentor Marsh, Lake County, Ohio Historical data and current baseline conditions. Final report. Technical
appendix A49. Northeast Oliio Areawide Coordinating Agency.

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Pease, S. 1796. Seth Pease Field Notes: 1796. Western Reserve Historical Society. Cleveland, Ohio.

Whipple, J.C. 1999. Geological and environmental assessment of Mentor Marsh. Master’s Thesis. University of Akron. Akron,
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White, G.W. 1980. Glacial geology of Lake County, Ohio. Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological
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Ohio Biological Survey Notes 7: 21-33, 2017. © Ohio Biological Survey, Inc.

A List of the Vascular Plants of Bender Mountain Preserve (Including Adjacent Parts of the

Delhi Township Property and Sisters’ Hill)

Denis Conover^*, Tim Sisson^, Dan Boone^, and Mary M. Riestenberg"^

'Dept. Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0006; ^Western Wildlife Corridor, P.O. Box 389077, Cincinnati,
OH 45238; ^3228 Hanna Ave., Cincinnati, OH 45211; "'Dept of Biology, Mount St Joseph University, 5701 Delhi Ave., Cincinnati, OH
45233. * Corresponding author; denis.conover@uc.edu

Abstract: Several species of non-native invasive plants, including Amur honeysuckle {Lonicera maackii), had become
quite numerous at Bender Mountain Preserve in Hamilton County, which made it very difficult for native plants to
compete. After the removal of Amur honeysuckle by Western Wildlife Corridor volunteers, there was a resurgence
of native plants in the preserve. So far, 431 species of vascular plants have been identified, 73% of which are native
to Hamilton County. This list is sure to grow over the next few years as the preserve continues to recover. It is hoped
that this study will encourage land managers and park districts not to give up on their nature preserves: non-native,
invasive plants can be controlled in natural areas and native plants can come back.

Key Words: Amur honeysuckle, native plants. Western Wildlife Corridor, Western Mesophytic Forest Region, Ohio
River Valley

Introduction

Bender Mountain Nature Preserve (N 39. 10°, W 084.67°) is a 22.3 ha preserve in southwest Hamilton County, Ohio, consisting
of property owned by Delhi Township Parks and Recreation as well as land owned by the Western Wildlife Corridor. The
preserve and some of the adjacent forested property owned by the Sisters of Charity are managed by the Western Wildlife
Corridor, a land trust dedicated to preserving the environmental heritage of the Ohio River Valley. Native plants reappeared
at Bender Mountain Preserve after non-native invasive plants were removed by volunteers. This paper outlines the geologic
history of Bender Mountain Preserve, its subsequent vegetational changes over time. Western Wildlife Corridor’s contribution
to restoring the hillslope to its native state, and a list of plants that currently reside on the preserve.

The Bender Mountain Preserve site lies at the southern edge of Delhi Township in Hamilton County, Ohio, on a steep ridge
overlooking the Ohio River to the south and Rapid Run Creek to the north. The valleys of the Ohio River and its tributaries in
this portion of Hamilton County are exceptionally narrow here and have oversteepened slopes due to the rerouting of the Ohio
River during the Illinoian Glaciation. Approximately 400,000 years BP, during the Pleistocene Epoch, glaciation dammed the
Pleistocene Deepstage Ohio River at Cincinnati (Durrell 1961, 1977). The large lake that formed as a result of the damming
found an outlet at a location known as Anderson Ferry, west of downtown Cincinnati and about two kilometers southeast of
present-day Bender Mountain. As glacial lake water overflowed the lake’s western terminus, it cut a new, narrow gorge in what
is now the Ohio River valley. Tributary streams in the region where the river was rerouted also cut gorges as they dropped down
to the level of the newly formed river. A small tributary of the Ohio River known as Rapid Run Creek flows in one of the newly
formed gorges, and runs somewhat parallel to the Ohio River near Anderson Ferry. The ridge that formed between Rapid Run
Creek and the Ohio River is Bender Mountain.

Bender Mountain Preserve lies within the Outer Bluegrass Ecoregion (Hedeen 2006). The clay-rich soils on the preserve are
categorized as members of the Eden Series by the Hamilton County Soil Survey (Eerch et al. 1980). The mountain’s ridge top
is underlain by thin, stony silty-clay colluvial soil derived from the Ordovician Fairview Formation, whereas the lower part of
the hillslope is underlain by thick clay colluvial soil derived from the underlying Kope Formation. Both formations consist of
interbedded limestone and shale: the Fairview Formation is about 3:1 shale to limestone, and the Kope Formation is about 4:1
shale to limestone. The dominance of shale in the Kope Formation allows it to weather into soil at a relatively fast rate, thus
producing a thick, heavy clay soil that is associated with landsliding wherever the Kope Formation crops out in Cincinnati. A
factor of safety analysis of saturated soils underlying the Bender hillslope indicates a residual friction angle of 16° to 20°. This
suggests that the hillslope cannot retain soil at angles steeper than 20°, but the ridge slopes at a higher angle than this, especially
near its western terminus. The soils on the hillside are most likely held in place by the rocky nature of the colluvial soil, along

with irregularities in the bedrock surface angles. Moreover, roots of woody plants contribute significant strength to the colluvial
soil and allow it to remain in place, unfortunately intermittently, since the hillslope is pocked with landslide troughs and scarps
(Riestenberg 1994). In fact, a road that cut tangentially across the hillslope had to be closed down permanently during the 1970s
after a particularly dramatic series of landlsides (Fleming and Johnson 1994).

The Bender Mountain area is a part of the Western Mesophytic Forest region, a region of diverse vegetation types (Braun 1950).
The steep slopes, north and south aspects, and narrow valleys have created many different types of habitat, including dry, rocky
ridge tops, warm, fertile, south-facing slopes, cool, fertile, north-facing slopes, alluvial benches, wetlands, and riparian zones.

Delhi Township records indicate that over the years, parts of the Bender Mountain area have been used for grazing cows,
foraging hogs, growing grapes and other fruit, and selective logging (Duba and Brunsman 1976). In the early part of the
twentieth century, plant ecologist E. Lucy Braun mapped the woody plants on a hillslope north of the Ohio River at Anderson
Ferry, close to present-day Bender Mountain (Braun 1916). Most of the same woody species can be found at Bender Mountain
Preserve today; however, woody species are now under siege from invasion by alien plants and other pests such as the Emerald
Ash Borer {Agrilus planipennis) (Jester 2009).

Invasive alien plants began to appear in significant numbers in southwestern Ohio in the mid-twentieth century. For example,
Braun noted in The Woody Plants of Ohio (Braun 1961) that Amur honeysuckle had by that time escaped from cultivation
in Hamilton County and that it was becoming abundant in pastures and woodlands. By the year 2000, Amur honeysuckle
covered most of Bender Mountain with a blanket of foliage that blocked the sun. Underneath this, other alien species such
as garlic mustard {Alliaria petiolata) and winter creeper {Euonymus fortiinei), which are more shade tolerant, were gaining a
foothold. The result was an observable reduction in the number of native plants, especially forest-floor, herbaceous flowering
plants. When Western Wildlife Corridor began managing Bender Mountain Preserve in 2004, volunteers began removing the
invasives, allowing the native plant species to repopulate the preserve (Conover et al. 2016; Conover and Sisson 2016).

Methods

Several books (listed in the Literature Cited section) were used to identify species. The Seventh Catalog of the Vascular Plants
of Ohio (Cooperrider et al. 2001) provided the initial basis for the nomenclature used in this list of plants. Plant taxonomy is in
a state of flux, and some of the names in this list have been updated to reflect recent changes in taxonomy. Author names are
provided with each species to avoid confusion as to which species is present. For the most current taxonomic information about
families, genera, and plant names, refer to The Integrated Taxonomic Information System (www.itis.gov).

Most plants were identified in the field between 2013 and 2017. A few specimens were collected and deposited in herbaria at
the University of Cincinnati and Miami University, Oxford, Ohio.

Results

Our vascular plant survey has so far identified 431 different species, of which 73% are native to Hamilton County. The list of
species is sure to increase, since additional species are discovered in the preserve every year. The current list of species includes
horsetails {Equisetum spp.), ferns, woody plants (shrubs, trees, and vines), rushes {Juncus spp.), sedges (Cyperus and Carex),
grasses, and forbs. Plants such as blue-eyed Mary {Collinsia verna) grow in profusion on the gentle slope above Rapid Run
creek; northern red oak (Quercus rubra), shagbark hickory {Carya ovata), great yellow wood sorrel {Oxalis grandis), early
saxifrage {Saxifraga virginiensis), mullein-foxglove {Dasistoma macrophylla), American pennyroyal {Hedeoma pulegioides)
and poverty oat grass (Danthonia spicata) prefer the upper slopes; and bulrushes (Scirpus spp.), jewel weeds {Impatiens spp.),
scouring rushes {Equisetum spp.), and great blue lobelia {Lobelia siphilitica) prefer the wetter areas. From this study, it is clear
that if Amur honeysuckle and other non-native invasive plants are removed from a natural area while propagules (seeds, roots,
bulbs, and corms) of native plants are still viable, native vegetation can reclaim the area.

The vascular plant species found in the Preserve are listed in Table 1 .

Acknowledgements

We wish to thank Rick Gardner, Don Geiger, John Homer, and Mike Vincent for help with the identification of certain plants.

Rick Gardner and Mike Vincent provided suggestions regarding the format of the species list. Riek Gardner also provided
information regarding the native status of species on the list. Thanks are also due to Mike Vincent, curator of Miami University’s
herbarium, and Eric Tepe, curator of the University of Cincinnati’s herbarium, for depositing specimens. Great appreciation is
due to Western Wildlife Corridor for preserving Bender Mountain and for managing it properly. The removal of invasive plant
speeies by Western Wildlife Corridor volunteers makes possible the continued survival of native plants and animals there.

Table 1. List of vascular plants currently found on Bender Mountain. (*) indieates probably not native to Hamilton County.

Acer saccharinum L.

Silver maple

Acer soccharum L.

Sugar maple

Family Amaranthaceae, the Amaranth Family

*Achyranthes japonica
(Miq.) Nakai

Japanese chaff flower

Family Anacardiaceae, the Cashew Family

Rhus glabra L.

Smooth sumac

Rhus typhina L.

Synonym: Rhus hirta (L.)
Sudw.

Staghorn sumac

Toxicodendron ra dicans (L.)
Kuntze

Synonym: Rhus radicans L.

Poison ivy

Family Annonaceae, the Custard-Apple Family

Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal.

Paw paw

Family Apiaceae, the Carrot Family (Umbelliferae)

Chaerophyllum procumbens
(L.) Crantz

Spreading chervil

*Conium macu latum L.

Poison hemlock

Cryptotoenia canadensis (L.)
DC.

Honewort

*Daucus car Ota L.

Wild carrot; Queen Anne's
lace

Erigenia bulbosa (Michx.)
Nutt.

Harbinger-of-spring

Osmorhiza claytonii (Michx.)
C. B. Blake

Hairy sweet cicely

Osmorhiza longistylis (Torn)
DC.

Smooth sweet cicely

*Pastinaca sativa L.

Wild parsnip

Sanicula canadensis L.

Canadian black snakeroot

Sanicula odorata (Raf.) K. M.
Pryer & L. R. Phillippe

Clustered black snakeroot

*Torilis sp. Ada ns.

Hedge parsley

Family Apocynaceae, The Dogbane Family

Apocynum cannabinum L.

Indian hemp

PTERIDOPHYTES

Family Aspleniaceae, the Spleenwort Family

Asplenium platy neuron (L.)
Britton, Sterns. & Poggenb.

Ebony spleenwort

Family Dryopteridaceae, the Wood Fern Family

Cystopteris protrusa
(Weath.) Blasdell

Lowland fragile fern

Diplazium pycnocarpon
(Sprengel) M. Broun

Synonym: Athyrium
pycnocarpon (Sprengel)
Tidestrom

Narrow-leaved glade fern

Polystichum acrostichoides
(Michx.) Schott

Christmas fern

Family Equisetaceae, the Horsetail Family

Eguisetum arvense L.

Field horsetail

Equisetum hyemale L.

Scouring-rush

GYMNOSPERMS

Family Cupressaceae, the Cypress Family

*Juniperus horizontalis
Moench

Creeping juniper

Juniperus virginiana L.

Eastern red cedar

ANGIOSPERMS - Dicotyledons

Family Acanthaceae, the Acanthus Family

Rue Ilia strepens L.

Smooth ruellia

Family Adoxaceae, the Moschatel Family

Sambucus canadensis L.

Elderberry

Viburnum prunifolium L.

Blackhaw

Family Aceraceae, the Maple Family
(now included in the Sapindaceae)

Acer negundo L.

Boxelder

Acer nigrum Michx.

Synonym: Acer saccharum

L. var. viride (Schmidt) E.
Murray; Acer saccharum

L. ssp. nigrum (f. Michx.)
Desmarais

Black maple

* Vinca minor L.

Periwinkle; myrtle

Family Aquifoliaceae, the Holly Family

Ilex opaca Aiton

American holly

Family Araliaceae, the Ginseng Family

*Hedera helix L.

English ivy

Family Aristolochiaceae, the Birthwort Family

Asarum canadense L.

Wild ginger

Family Asclepiadaceae, the Milkweed Family
(now included in the Apocynaceae)

Asclepias incarnata L.

Swamp milkweed

Asclepias syriaca L.

Common milkweed

Asclepias tuberosa L.

Butterfly weed

Cynanchum laeve (Michx.)
Pers.

Synonym: Ampelamus
albidus (Nutt.) Britt.;
Gonolobus laevis Michx.

Sand vine

Family Asteraceae, the Aster Family (Compositae)

Achillea millefolium L.

Yarrow

Ageratina oltissimo (L.) R.

M. King& H. Rob.

White snakeroot

Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.

Common ragweed

Ambrosia trifida L.

Giant ragweed

* Arctium minus Schk.

Common burdock

* Artemisia annua L.

Annual wormwood

* Artemisia vulgaris L.

Mugwort

Bide ns bipinnata L.

Spanish needles

Bide ns cernua L.

Nodding bur-marigold

Bidensfrondosa L.

Devil's beggar-ticks

*Carduus nutans L.

Nodding thistle

*Cichorum intybus L.

Chicory

*Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.

Canada thistle

Cirsium discolor (Mu hi. ex
Willd.) Sprengel

Field thistle

* Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten.

Bull thistle

Eclipta prostrata (L.) L.
Synonym: Eclipta alba (L.)
Hassk.

Yerba-de-tajo

Erechtites hierociifolio (L.)

Raf. ex DC.

Pilewort

Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers.

Daisy fleabane

Erigeron canadensis L.

Horseweed

Erigeron philadelphicus L.

Philadelphia fleabane

Erigeron strigosus Muhl. ex
Willd.

White-top

Eupatorium altissimum L.

Tall boneset

Eupatorium perfoliatum L.

Boneset

Eupatorium purpureum L.

Purple joe-pye weed

Eupatorium serotinum

Michx.

Late-flowering

thoroughwort

Euthamia graminifolia (L.)
Nutt.

Synonym: Solidago
graminifolia (L.) Salisb.

Bushy goldenrod

Helianthus tuberosus L.

Jerusalem artichoke

Heliopsis helianthoides (L.)
Sweet

Ox-eye sunflower

Lactuca canadensis L.

Wild lettuce

Lactuca floridana (L.)
Gaertner

Wild blue lettuce

* Lactuca saligna L.

Willow-leaf lettuce

* Lactuca serriola L. var.
serriola, var. integrota Gren.

& Godr.

Synonym: Lactuca scariola
L.

Prickly lettuce

*Leucanthemum vulgare

Lam.

Ox-eye daisy

*Pacl<era glabella (Poir.) C.
Jeffrey

Butterweed

Polymnia canadensis L.

Small-flowered leafcup

Prenanthes alba L.

White rattlesnake-root

Rudbeckia laciniata L.

Green-headed coneflower

Rudbeckia triloba L.

Brown-eyed Susan

*Senecio vulgaris L.

Common groundsel

Silphium perfoliatum L.

Indian cup

Solidago altissima L.

Tall goldenrod

Solidago canadensis L.

Canada goldenrod

Solidago flexicaulis L.

Zigzag goldenrod

Solidago gigantea Aiton

Smooth goldenrod

Solidago nemo rails Aiton

Gray goldenrod

*Sonchus asper (L.) Hill

Prickly sow-thistle

Symphyotrichum cordi folium
(L.) Nesom

Heart-leaved aster

Symphyotrichum ericoides
(L.) G.L. Nesom var. ericoides

White heath aster

Symphyotrichum
lanceolatum (Willd.) Nesom
ssp. lanceolatum var.
lanceolatum

Eastern lined aster

Symphyotrichum
lateriflorum (L.) A.& D. Love
var. lateriflorum

Calico aster

Symphyotrichum novae-
angliae (L.) Nesom

New England aster

Symphyotrichum shortii
(Lindl.) Nesom

Short's aster

^Taraxacum officinale

Weber ex F. H. Wigg.

Common dandelion

*Tussilagofarfara L.

Colt's-foot

Verbesina alternifolia (L.)

Britt.

Wingstem

Synonym: Actinomeris
alternifolia (L.) DC.

Vernon ia gigontea (Walter)
Trel.

Tall ironweed

Synonym: Vernonia
altissima Nutt.

Xanthium strumarium L.

Common cocklebur

Family Balsaminaceae, the Touch-me-not Family

Impatiens capensis Meerb.

Spotted jewelweed

Impatiens pallida Nutt.

Pale jewelweed

Family Berberidaceae, the Barberry Family

Caulophyllum thalictroides
(L.) Michx.

Blue cohosh

Jeffersonia diphylla (L.) Pers.

Twinleaf

Podophyllum peltatum L.

Mayapple

Family Betulaceae, the Birch Family

Carpinus carol iniana Walter
ssp. virg iniana (Marshall)
Furlow

Musclewood; ironwood

Ostrya virg iniana ( M i 1 1 e r) K .
Koch

Eastern hop-hornbeam

Family Bignoniaceae, the Trumpet-creeper Family

Campsis radicans (L.)
Seemann

Trumpet-creeper

Family Boraginaceae, the Borage Family

Hackelia virg iniana (L.) 1. M.
Johnston

Beggar's-lice

Mertensia virginica (L.) Pers.
ex Link

Virginia bluebells

Family Brassicaceae, the Mustard Family (Cruciferae)

*Alliaria petiolata (Bieb.)
Cavara & Grande

Synonym: Alliaria
officinalis Andrz.

Garlic mustard

*Barbarea verna (Mill.)

Asch.

Early yellowrocket

* Bar bare a vulgaris R. Br.

Winter cress

Boechera laevigata (Muhl.
ex Willd.) Al-Shehbaz

Smooth rockcress

* Brass! ca nigra L.

Black mustard

*Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.)
Medikus

Shepherd's purse

Cardamine concatenata
(Michx.) 0. Schwarz

Synonym: Dentaria
laciniata Muhl.

Cut-leaved toothwort

Cardamine diphylla (Michx.)
A. Wood

Synonym: Dentaria
diphylla Michx.

Twin-leaved toothwort

Cardamine douglasii Britton

Purple cress

*Cardamine hirsuta L.

Hoary bitter cress

*Erophila verna (L.) Chev.

Whitlow-grass

*Hesperis matronal is L.

Dame's rocket

lodanthus pinnatifidus
(Michx.) Steudel

Purple rocket

*Lepidium cam pest re (L.)

R. Br.

Field pepper-weed

Lepidium virginicum L.

Poor-man's pepper

Rorippa palustris (L.) Besser.

Common yellow-cress

*Thlaspi arvense L.

Field penny-cress

Family Caesalpiniaceae, the Caesalpinia Family
(now in Fabaceae)

Cercis canadensis L.

Redbud

Gleditsia triacanthos L.

Honey-locust

Gymnocladus dioica (L.) K.
Koch.

Kentucky coffee-tree

Family Campanulaceae, the Bellflower Family

Family Convolvulaceae, the Morning-Glory Family

Campanula americana L.
Synonym:

Campanulastrum
americanum (L.) Small

Tall bellflower

Lobelia inflata L.

Indian tobacco

Lobelia siphilitica L.

Great blue lobelia

Triodanis perfoliata (L.)
Nieuwl.

Venus' looking-glass

Family Cannabaceae, the Hemp Family

Celtis occidentolis L.

Hackberry

Family Caprifoliaceae, the Honeysuckle Family

*Lonicera japonica Thunb.

Japanese honeysuckle

*Lonicera maackii (Rupr.)
Maxim.

Amur honeysuckle

Symphoricarpos orbiculotus
Moench.

Coral berry

Family Caryophyllaceae, the Pink Family

Paronychia canadensis (L.)
Alph. Wood

Forked chickweed

*Saponaria officinalis L.

Soapwort; Bouncing Bet

Stellaria corei Shinners

Kentucky chickweed

*Stellorio medio (L.) Vill.

Common chickweed

* Stellaria pallida (Dumort)

Pi re

Lesser chickweed

Stellaria pubera Michx.

Star chickweed

Family Celastraceae, the Staff-Tree Family

*Celastrus orbiculotus

Thunb.

Oriental bittersweet

*Euonymus alatus (Thunb.)
Siebold

Winged Euonymus

Euonymus atropurpureus
Jacq.

Wahoo

* Euonymus fortune! (Turcz.)
Hand.-Mazz.

Wintercreeper

Family Chenopodiacaeae, the Goosefoot Family
(now included in the Amaranthaceae)

*Chenopodium album L.

Lamb's quarters

Dysphania ombrosioides (L.)
Mosyakin & Clemants

Mexican tea

Chenopodium stondleyonum
Aellen

Woodland goosefoot

Colystegio sepium (L.) R. Br.
Synonym: Convolvulus
sepium L.

Hedge bindweed

*lpomoea hederocea Jacq.

Ivy-leaved morning-glory

Ipomoea lacunosa L.

Small-flowered morning-
glory

Ipomoea pandurata (L.) G. F.
W. Mey

Man-of-the-earth

Family Cornaceae, the Dogwood Family

Cornus drummondii C. A.
Meyer

Rough-leaved dogwood

Cornus florida L.

Flowering dogwood

Cornus racemosa Lam.

Gray dogwood

Family Cuscutaceae, the Dodder Family

Cuscuta pentogona Engelm.

Five-angled dodder

Family Crassulaceae, the Stonecrop Family

Sedum ternatum Michx.

Wild stonecrop

Family Dipsacaceae, the Teasel Family
(now included in the Caprifoliaceae)

*Dipsacusfullonum L.
Synonym: Dipsacus
sylvestris Huds.

Common teasel

* Dipsacus loci n lotus L.

Cut-leaved teasel

* Dipsacus sativus (L.)

Honck.

Indian teasel

Family Ebenaceae, the Ebony Family

Diospyros virginiana L.

Persimmon

Family Euphorbiaceae, the Spurge Family

Acalypha deamii (Weath.)
H.E. Ahles

Deam's three-seeded

mercury

Acalypha rhomboidea Raf.
Synonym: Acalypha
virginica L. var.
rhomboidea (Raf.)

Cooperr.

Rhombic three-seeded

mercury

Acalypha virginica L.

Virginia three-seeded
mercury

Euphorbia commutata
Engelm. ex A. Gray

Woodland spurge

Family Fabaceae, the Pea
(Leguminosae)

or Bean Family

*Albizia julibrissin Durazz.

Silk tree

Family Hydrangeaceae, the Hydrangea Family

Amphicarpaea bracteata (L.)
Fernald

Hog-peanut

Desmonthus illinoensis
(Michx.) MacMillan

Prairie mimosa

* Lotus corniculata L.

Birdsfoot trefoil

*Medicago lupulina L.

Black medick

*Melilotus albus Medik.

White sweet-clover

*Melilotus officinalis (L.)

Pall.

Yellow sweet-clover

Robinio pseudoacacia L.

Black locust

* Securigera varia (L.)

Lassen

Crown-vetch

*Trifolium hybridum L.

Alsike clover

* Trifolium prate nse L.

Red clover

*Trifolium re pens L.

White clover

Family Fagaceae, the Beech Family

Fag us grandifolia Ehrh.

American beech

Quercus alba L.

White oak

Quercus macrocar pa Michx.

Bur oak

Quercus muhlenbergii

Engelm.

Chinquapin oak

Quercus rubra L.

Synonym: Quercus
borealis F. Michx.

Northern red oak

Quercus shumardii Buckley

Shumard oak

Quercus velutina Lam.

Black oak

Family Fumariaceae, the Fumitory Family
(now included in the Papaveraceae)

CorydalisfJavula (Raf.) DC.

Yellow corydalis

Dicentra canadensis (Goldie)
Walp.

Squirrel corn

Dicentra cucullaria (L.)

Bernh.

Dutchman's-breeches

Family Geraniaceae, the Geranium Family

Geranium carolinianum L.

Carolina crane's-bill

Geranium maculatum L.

Wild geranium

Family Hippocastanaceae, the Horse-Chestnut Family
(now included in the Sapindaceae)

Aesculus glabra Willd.

Ohio buckeye

Aesculus flava Alton

Synonym: Aesculus
octandra Marshall.

Yellow buckeye

Hydrangea arborescens L.

Wild hydrangea

*Philadelphus coronarius L.

Mock-orange

Family Hydrophyllaceae, the Waterleaf Family
(now included in the Boraginaceae)

Hydrophyllum
appendiculatum Michx.

Appendaged waterleaf

Hydrophyllum canadense L.

Maple-leaved waterleaf

Hydrophyllum
macrophyllum Nutt.

Large-leaved waterleaf

Phacelia bipinnatifida

Michx.

Fernleaf phacelia

Family Hypericaceae, the St. John’s-Wort Family

*Hypericum perforatum L.

Common St. John's-wort

Hypericum punctatum Lam.

Spotted St. John's-wort

Family Juglandaceae, the Walnut Family

Cary a cordiformis
(Wangenh.) K. Koch

Bitternut hickory

Cary a laciniosa (Michx. f.)
Loudon

Shellbark hickory

Carya ovata (Miller) K. Koch

Shagbark hickory

Juglans nigra L.

Black walnut

Family Lamiaceae, the Mint Family (Labiatae)

Agastache nepetoides (L.)
Ktze.

Yellow giant-hyssop

Blephilia hirsuta (Pursh)

Benth.

Hairy woodmint

*Glechoma hederacea L.

Ground ivy; gill-over-the-
ground; creeping Charlie

Hedeoma pulegioides (L.)

Pers.

American pennyroyal

*Lamium amplexicaule L.

Henbit

*Lamium purpureum L.

Purple dead-nettle

*Leonurus cardiaca L.

Motherwort

Lycopus virginicus L.

Virginia water-horehound

Prunella vulgaris L.

Self-heal; heal-all

Salvia lyrata L.

Lyre-leaved sage

Scutellaria ovata Hill

Heart-leaved skullcap

Stachys nuttallii Benth.
Synonym: Stachys riddellii
House.; Stachys cordata
Riddell.

Heart-leaved hedge-nettle

Stachys tenuifolia Willd.

Common hedge-nettle

Teucrium canadense L.

American germander;
wood sage

Family Lauraceae, the Laurel Family

Lindera benzoin (L.) Blume

Northern spicebush

Sassafras a Ibid urn (Nutt.)
Nees.

Sassafras

Family Limnanthaceae, the Meadow-Foam Family

Floerkea proserpinacoides
Willd.

False mermaid

Family Lythraceae, the Loosestrife Family

*Lythrum salicaria L.

Purple loosestrife

Family Magnoliaceae, the Magnolia Family

Liriodendron tulipifera L.

Tuliptree; yellow poplar

Family Malvaceae, the Mallow Family

*Abutilon theophrasti

Medic.

Velvet-leaf

Hibiscus moscheutos L.

Crimsoneyed rosemallow

*Hibiscus syriacus L.

Rose of Sharon

*Sida spinoso L.

Prickly mallow

Family Menispermaceae, the Moonseed Family

Menispermum canadense L.

Moonseed

Family Molluginaceae, the Carpet- Weed Family

* Mol logo verticil lata L.

Carpet-weed

Family Montiaceae, the Links Family

Claytonia virginico L.

Spring beauty

Family Moraceae, the Mulberry Family

*Morus alba L.

White mulberry

Morus rubra L.

Red mulberry

Family Oleaceae, the Olive

Family

Fraxinus americana L.

White ash

Fraxinus quadrangulata
Michx.

Blue ash

*Ligustrum vulgare L.

Common privet

Family Onagraceae, the Evening-Primrose Family

Circaea lutetiana L. var.
canadensis L.

Enchanter's nightshade

Epilobium coloratum Biehler

Purple-leaved willow-herb

Gaura biennis L.

Biennial gaura

Oenothera biennis L.

Common evening-primrose

Family Orobanchaceae, the Broomrape Family

Dasistoma nnacrophylla
(Nutt.) Raf.

Synonym: Sey maria
macrophylla Nutt.

Mullein-foxglove

Family Oxalidaceae, the Wood Sorrel Family

Oxalis dillenii Jacq.

Southern yellow wood-
sorrel

Oxalis grandis Small

Great yellow wood-sorrel

Oxalis purpurea L.

Purple wood-sorrel

Oxalis stricto L.

Synonym: Oxalis europaea
Jord.

Common yellow wood-
sorrel

Family Papaveraceae, the Poppy Family

Sanguinaria canadensis L.

Bloodroot

Stylophorum diphyllum
(Michx.) Nutt.

Synonym: Chelidonium
diphyllum Michx.

Wood poppy; celandine
poppy

Family Passifloraceae, the Passion-Vine Family

Passiflora luteo L.

Yellow passion-flower

Family Penthoraceae, the Ditch-Stonecrop Family

Penthorum sedoides L.

Ditch-Stonecrop

Family Phrymaceae, the Lopseed Family

Phryma leptostochyo L.

American lopseed

Family Phytolaccaceae, the Pokeweed Family

Phytolacca americana L.

Pokeweed

Family Plantaginaceae, the Plantain Family

Collinsia verna N utt.

Blue-eyed Mary

Leucosporo multifida
(Michx.) Nutt.

Synonym: Conobea
multifida (Michx.) Benth.

Narrowleaf paleseed

*Plantago lanceolata L.

English plantain

*Plantago major L.

Broad-leaved plantain

Plantago rugelii Decne.

Rugel's plantain

Veronica anagallis-aquatica

Water speedwell

Veronica peregrina L.

Purslane speedwell

Family Platanaceae, the Plane-Tree Family

Platanus occidentalis L.

American sycamore

Family Polemoniaceae, the Phlox Family

Phlox divaricata L.

Blue phlox

Polemonium reptans L.

Greek valerian

Family Polygonaceae, the Smartweed Family

*Fallopia japonica (Houtt.)
Ronse Deer.

Japanese knotweed

Persicaria hydropiper (L.)
Spach

Water-pepper

* Persicaria longiseta (Bruijn)
Kitag.

Long-bristled smartweed

* Persicaria maculosa Gray

Lady's thumb

Persicaria punctata (Elliott)
Small

Dotted smartweed

Persicaria virginiana (L.)
Gaertn.

Jumpseed; Virginia
knotweed

*Polygonum aviculare L.

Prostrate knotweed

*Rumex crisp us L.

Curly dock

*Rumex obtusifolius L.

Bitter dock

Family Portulacaceae, the Purslane Family

Claytonia virginica L.

Spring beauty

Portulaca oleracea L.

Common purslane

Note: There is
archeological evidence
indicating that this
species is native.

Family Primulaceae, the Primrose Family

*Anagallis arvensis L.

Scarlet pimpernel

*Lysimachia nummularia L.

Moneywort

Samolus parviflorus Raf.
Synonym: Samolus
floribundus Kunth

Water-pimpernel

Family Ranunculaceae, the Buttercup Family

Anemone acutiloba (DC.) G.
Lawson

Synonym; Hepotico
acutiloba DC.; Hepatica
nobilis Schreb. var. acuta
(Pursh) Steyerm.

Sharp-lobed hepatica

Anemone virginiana L.

Thimbleweed

Cimicifuga racemosa (L.)

Nutt.

Synonym: Actaea
racemosa L.

Black cohosh

Delphinium tricorne Michx.

Dwarf larkspur

Isopyrum biternatum (Raf.)
Torn & A. Gray

Synonym: Enemion
biternatum Raf.

False rue-anemone

Ranunculus abortivus L.

Kidney-leaved crowfoot

*Ficaria verna Huds.

Lesser celandine

Ranunculus hispidus

Michx. var. hispidus; var.
caricetorum (Greene) T.
Duncan

Synonym: Ranunculus
septentrionalis Poiret

Hispid buttercup

Ranunculus micranthus

Nutt.

Small-flowered crowfoot

Ranunculus recurvatus

Poiret

Hooked crowfoot

Thalictrum dioicum L.

Early meadow-rue

Thalictrum thalictroides (L.)
A. J. Fames & B. Bovin

Rue-anemone

Family Rosaceae, the Rose Family

Crataegus mollis Scheele

Downy hawthorn

*Duchesnea indica
(Andrews) Teschem.

Indian strawberry

Geum canadense Jacq.

White avens

Geum vernum (Raf.) Torn &

A. Gray

Spring avens

* Mai us pumila Mill.
Synonym: Pyrus malus L.

Cultivated apple

Prunus americana Marshall

Wild plum

*Prunus avium L.

Sweet cherry

Prunus serotina Ehrh.

Wild black cherry

*Pyrus calleryana Dene.

Callery pear

*Rosa canina L.

Dog rose

*Rosa multi flora Thunb. Ex
Murray

Multiflora rose

Rosa setigera Michx.

Prairie rose; climbing rose

Rubus allegheniensis T. C.
Porter

Common blackberry

Rubus ensleniiJratt.

Enslen's blackberry

Rubus flagellaris Willd.

Northern dewberry

Rubus occidentalis L.

Black raspberry

Family Rubiaceae, the Madder Family

Galium aparine L.

Cleavers

Galium circaezans Michx.

Wild licorice

Galium concinnum Torn &

A. Gray

Shining bedstraw

*Galium mollugo L.

False baby's breath

Family Rutaceae, the Rue Family

Ptelea trifoliata L.

Wafer-ash

Family Salicaceae, the Willow Family

Populus delta ides Marshall

Cottonwood

Salixexigua Nutt. ssp.
interior (Rowlee) Cronq.
Synonym: Salix interior
Rowlee.

Sandbar willow

Salix nigra Marshall

Black willow

Family Saxifragaceae, the Saxifrage Family

Heuchera americana L.

Alum-root

Saxifraga virginiensis Michx.

Early saxifrage

Family Scrophulariaceae, the Figwort Family

Scrophularia marilandica L.

Maryland figwort

* Verbascum blatteria L.

Moth mullein

* Verbascum thapsus L.

Common mullein

Family Simaroubaceae, the Quassia Family

*Ailanthus altissima (Miller)
Swingle

Tree-of-heaven

Family Solanaceae, the Nightshade Family

Physalis longifolia Nutt. var.
subglabrata (Mackenz. &
Bush) Cronq.

Smooth groundcherry

Solanum carolinense L.

Horse-nettle

Solanum dulcamara L.

Bittersweet nightshade

*Solanum lycopersicum L.

Garden tomato

Solanum ptychanthum DC.

Black nightshade

Family Staphyleaceae, the Bladder-Nut Family

Staphylea trifolia L.

Bladdernut

Family Tiliaceae, the Linden Family

7/7/0 heterophylla Vent.

White basswood

Tilia americana L.

American linden

Family Ulmaceae, the Elm Family

Ulmus americana L.

American elm

Ulmus rubra Mu hi.

Slippery elm; red elm

Family Urticaceae, the Nettle Family

Laportea canadensis (L.)
Wedd.

Wood nettle

Pi lea pumila (L.) A. Gray

Clearweed

Urtica dioica L. var. procera
(Muhl. ex Willd.) Wedd.
Synonym: Urtica dioica

L. subsp. gracilis (Alton)
Selander

American stinging nettle

Family Verbenaceae, the Vervain Family

Phyla lanceolata (Michx.)
Greene

Synonym: Lippia lanceolata
Michx.

Fog-fruit

Verbena utricifolia L.

White vervain

Family Violaceae, the Violet Family

Viola pubescens Ait.

Common yellow violet

Viola sororia Willd

Synonym: Viola
papilonacea Pursh

Common blue violet

Viola striata Alton.

Striped violet

Family Vitaceae, the Grape Family

Parthenocissus quinquefolia
(L.) Planchon

Virginia creeper

Vitis vulpina L.

Frost grape

ANGIOSPERMS - Monocotyledons

Family Asparagaceae, the Asparagus Family

*Yucca filamentosa L.

Adam's needle; yucca

Family Araceae, the Arum Family

Arisaema dracontium (L.)
Schott

Green dragon

Arisaema triphyllum (L.)
Schott

Synonym: Arisaema
atrorubens (Alton) Blume

Jack-in-the-pulpit

Family Commelinaceae, the Spiderwort Family

*Commelina communis L.

Asiatic day-flower

Trodescantia subaspera Ker
Gawl.

Zigzag spiderwort

Tradescantia virginiana L.

Virginia spiderwort

Family Cyperaceae, the Sedge Family

Carex aggregata Mackenzie
Synonym: Carex
sparganioides var.
aggregata (Mack.)

Gleason

Glomerate sedge

Juncus spp.

Rushes

J uncus tenuis Willd.

Path rush

Juncus torreyi Coville

Torrey's rush

Family Liliaceae, the Lily Family

Allium burdickii (Hanes) A.

G. Jones

Synonym: Allium
tricoccum Aiton var.
burdickii Hanes

Narrow-leaved ramp

Allium conadense L.

Wild garlic

Allium cernuum Roth

Nodding wild onion

Allium tricoccum Aiton

Red ramp

* Allium vineale L.

Field garlic

Camassia sell bides (Raf.)
Cory

Synonym: Cyanotris
scilloides Raf.

Wild hyacinth

Erythronium albidum Nutt.

White trout-lily

Erythronium americanum

Ker Gawler

Yellow trout-lily

*Hemerocallisfulva (L.) L.

Day-lily

Maianthemum racemosum
(L.) Link

Synonym: Smilacina
racemosa (L.) Desf.

Solomon's plume; false
Solomon's seal

*Ornithogalum umbellatum
L.

Star-of-Bethlehem

Polygonatum biflorum
(Walter) Elliott

Solomon's seal

Polygonatum commutatum
(Schult. & Schult. f.) A. Dietr
Synonym: Polygonatum
biflorum (Walter) Elliott
var. commutatum (Schult.
f.) Morong

Giant Solomon's seal

Trillium flexipes Raf

Synonym: Trillium
gleasonii Fern.

Drooping trillium

Trillium sessile L.

Sessile trillium

Uvularia grandiflora
(Michx.) Salisb.

Large-flowered bellwort

Family Poaceae, the Grass

Family (Graminae)

*Agrostis gigantea Roth
Synonym: Agrostis
stolonifera L. var. major
(Gaudin) Farw.; Agrostis
alba L, misapplied.

Redtop

Carex albicans Willd.
Synonym: Carex artitecta
Mackenzie

Oak sedge

Carex albursina Sheldon

White bear sedge

Carex blanda Dewey

Common wood sedge

Carex brevior {Dewey) Mack.

Shortbeak sedge

Carex careyana Torn ex
Dewey

Carey's sedge

Carex cephalophora Muhl.
ex Willd.

Oval-leaf sedge

Carex communis L.H. Bailey

Fibrousroot sedge

Carex frankii Kunth

Frank's sedge

Carex granu laris Muhl. ex
Willd.

Limestone meadow sedge

Carex g rise a Wahlenb.

Inflated narrow-leaf sedge

Carex jamesii Schwein.

James' sedge

Carex pensylvanica Lam. var.
pensylvanica

Pennsylvania sedge

Carex rosea Schkuhr ex

Willd.

Rosy sedge

Carex sparganioides Muhl.
ex Willd.

Bur-reed sedge

Carex spp.

Sedges

Carex tribuloides Wahlenb.

Blunt broom sedge

Carex vulpinoidea Michx.

Fox sedge

Cyperus esculentes L.

Yellow nut-grass

Cyperus strigosus L.

Straw-colored flatsedge

Scirpus atrovirens Willd.

Dark green bulrush

Scirpus pend ulus Muhl.
Synonym: Scirpus lineatus
Michx.

Drooping bulrush

Family Dioscoreaceae, the Yam Family

Dioscorea villosa L.

Wild yam

Family Iridaceae, the Iris Family

Sisyrinchium angustifolium
Miller

Common blue-eyed-grass

Family Juncaceae, the Rush Family

Juncus dudleyi Wiegand
Synonym: Juncus tenuis
Willd. var. dudleyi
(Wiegand) F. J. Hermann

Dudley's rush

Juncus effusus L. var. solutus
Fern. & Wieg.

Common rush

Alopecurus carolinianus
Walter

Meadow foxtail

Andropogon virginicus L.

Broomsedge

*Bromus inermis Leyss.

Smooth brome

*Bromus japonicus Thunb.
ex Murray

Japanese brome

*Dactylis glome rata L.

Orchard grass

Danthonia spicata (L.) P.
Beauv. ex Roem. & Schult.

Poverty oat grass

*Digitaria ischaemum
(Schreb.) Muhl.

Smooth crab-grass

*Digitaria sangui nails (L.)
Scop.

Large crab-grass

*Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) P.
Beauv. var. crusgalli

Barnyard grass

Echinochloa muricata (P.
Beauv.) Fern.

Barnyard grass

Elymus hystrix L.

Synonym: Hystrix patula
Moench

Bottlebrush-grass

Elymus macgregorii R.

Brooks & J.J.N. Campbell

Early wild rye

*Elymus repens (L.) Gould

Quackgrass

Elymus riparius Wieg.

Streambank wild rye

Elymus villosus Muhl. ex
Willd.

Downy wild rye

Elymus virginicus L. var.
virginicus

Virginia wild rye

*Festuca arundinacea

Schreb.

Tall fescue

*Festuca pratensis Hudson

Meadow fescue

Festuca subverticillata (Pers)
E. Alexeev

Synonym: Festuca obtusa
Biehler

Nodding fescue

Glyceria striata (Lam.) A.
Hitchc.

Fowl manna grass

Hordeum pusillum Nutt.

Little barley

Leersia virginica Willd.

White grass

*Microstegium vimineum
(Trin.) A. Camus.

Japanese sblt grass

Muhlenbergia schreberi ]. F.
Gmelin.

Nimblewill

Panicum dichotomiflorum
Michx.

Fall panic grass

Panicum spp.

Panic grasses

*P ha laris arundanacea L.

Reed canary grass

*Phleum pratense L.

Timothy

*Phragmites australis (Cav.)
Trin. ex Steud.

Common reed

*Poa annua L.

Annual blue grass

*Poa pratensis L.

Kentucky blue grass

Poa sylvestris Gray

Woodland blue grass

*Setaria faberi Herrm.

Giant foxtail grass

*Setaria glauca (L.) Beauv.

Yellow foxtail grass

*Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv.

Green foxtail grass

* Sorghum halepense (L.)

Pers.

Johnson grass

Sphenopholis nitida (Biehler)
Scribn.

Shiny wedgescale

Sporobolus spp.

Sporobolus

Sporobolus vaginifiorus
(Torn ex A. Gray) A. Wood

Poverty-grass

Tridens fiovus (L.) A. Hitchc.
Synonym: Triodia flava (L.)
Smyth

Grease grass

Family Smilaceae, the Catbrier Family

Smilax herbacea L.

Carrion-flower

Smilax tamnoides L.

Synonym: Smilax hispida
Muhl. ex Torn; Smilax
tamnoides L. van hispida
(Muhl. ex Torn) Fern.

Bristly greenbrier

Family Typhaceae, the Cattail Family

Typha angustifolia L.

Narrowleaf cattail

Literature Cited

Braun, E.L. 1916. The physiographic ecology of the Cincinnati region, Ohio. Biological Survey, Volume II, No. 3, Bulletin
No. 7. Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.

Braun, E L. 1950. Deciduous forests of eastern North America. Blackiston Co., Philadelphia, PA. 596 p.

Braun, E.L. 1961. The woody plants of Ohio. Ohio State University Press, Columbus, Ohio. 362 p.

Braun, E.L. 1967. The Monocotyledoneae [of Ohio]: cattails to orchids. The Ohio State University Press, Columbus, OH.
464 p.

Conover, D.G., D.R. Geiger, and T. Sisson. 2016. Dormant season foliar spraying slows the spread of winter creeper, Eng-
lish ivy, and lesser periwinkle in wooded natural areas (Ohio). Ecological Restoration 34(1): 19-21.

Conover, D.G., and T. Sisson. 2016. Resurgence of native plants after removal of Amur honeysuckle from Bender Mountain
Preserve (Ohio). Ecological Restoration 34(3): 187-190.

Cooperrider, T.S. 1995. The Dicotyledonae of Ohio, part 2: Einaceae through Campanulaceae. The Ohio State Universisty
Press, Columbus, Ohio. 656 p.

Cooperrider, T.S., A.W. Cusick, and J.T. Kartesz (eds.). 2001. Seventh catalog of the vascular plants of Ohio. Ohio State
University Press, Columbus, Ohio. 195 p.

Duba, L., and S.S. Brunsman. 1976. The history of Delhi Township. Delhi Township American Revolution Bicentennial
Commission, Cincinnati, OH.

Durrell, R.H. 1961. The Pleistocene geology of the Cincinnati area, field trip 3. Geological Society of America guidebook
for field trips, p. 47-57.

Durrell, R.H. 1977. A recycled landscape. Cincinnati Museum of Natural History Quarterly 14(2): 8-15.

Fisher, T.R. 1988. The Dicotyledoneae of Ohio, part 3: Asteraceae. Ohio State University Press, Columbus, OH. 280 p.

Fleming, R., and A. M. Johnson. 1994. Eandslides in colluvium: landslides of the Cincinnati area, Ohio. USGS Bulletin
2059-B.

Gleason, H.A., and A. Cronquist. 1991. Manual of vascular plants of northeastern United States and adjacent Canada, sec-
ond edition. New York Botanical Garden, New York, NY. 910 p.

Hedeen, S. 2006. Natural history of the Cincinnati Area. Cincinnati Museum Center, Cincinnati, OH.

Jester, J. 2009. In the footsteps of E. Eucy Braun: the vegetation on a forested ridge in Western Cincinnati. Senior thesis.
Mount St. Joseph University, Cincinnati, OH.

Lerch, N.K., D.D. LeMaster, and W.F. Hale. 1980. An inventory of Ohio soils, Hamilton County. Ohio Department of
Natural Resources Progress, Division of Eands and Soils. 67 p.

Riestenberg, M.M. 1994. Eandslides in colluvium: anchoring of thin colluvium by roots of sugar maple and white ash on
hillslopes in Cincinnati. USGS Bulletin, 2059-E.

Weishaupt, C. 1971. Vascular plants of Ohio, third edition. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company, Dubuque, lA. 293 p.

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