GEOLoaK 'AL STTRVET OF (JANAD^
ALFEED H. C. SKLWYN, C.M.G. F.K.S., Etc., Dieectok.
CONTRIBUTIONS
TO
CANADIAN PALAEONTOLOGY.
V^OLUME 111. (Quarto).
Oi\ \ ERTEBRATA FROM THE TERTIARY AND CRETACEOUS ROCKS
OF THE NORTH WEST TERRITORY.
BY
E. D. COPE.
/. — The Species from the Oligocene or Lower Miocene beds of the (Cypress Hills.
PRINTED FOR THE GOVERNMENT OF CANADA
WILLIAM FOSTER BROWN & CO., Pubu8HB1R8.
MONTREAL.
1891.
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GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.
ALPEED E. C. SELWYN, O.M.G. F.E.S., Etc., Director.
CONTRIBUTIONS
TO
CANADIAN PALEONTOLOGY.
VOLUME IIL (Quarto).
ON VERTEBRATA FROM THE TERTIARY AND CRETACEOUS ROCKS
OF THE NORTH WEST TERRITORY.
E. D. COPE.
/. — Tlie Species from the Oligocene or Lmer Miocene beds of the Cypress Hills.
PRINTED FOE, THE G-OVERNMENT OF CANADA.
WILLIAM FOSTER BROWN & CO., Publishbks.
MONTREAL.
1891.
QE
C7S2
The present Report is the first of a series of descriptive and illustrated quarto
memoirs on the Vertebrata of the Tertiary and Cretaceous rocks of the Canadian North
"West Territory, kindly prepared for the Survey by Professor E, D. Cope of Philadelphia.
It is exclusively devoted to a consideration of the species from the Lower Miocene deposits
of the Cypress Hills in the district of Alberta, and consists of twenty-seven pages of letter
press, illustrated by fourteen full page lithographic plates.
Part 2, which will contain illustrated descriptions of the vertebrates of the Laramie
formation of the North "West Territory, by the same author, is now in course of preparation.
ALFRED R. 0. SELWYN.
G-EOLOGiCAL Survey Department,
Ottawa, 28th February, 1891.
f
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.
The Vertebrata of the Tertiary and Cretaceous Rocks op the North West
Territory.
By E, D. Cope.
1. The Species from the Oligocem or Loiver Miocene beds of the Cypress Hills,
The collectiou ou which the present report is based was made by Messrs. R. Gr.
McConuell and T. C. Weston, in 1883-84, in the Cypress Hills, North-West Territory,
about long. 109°, lat. 49° 40'. The Cypress Hills, in the District of Assiniboia, were
examined geologically by Mr. R. Gr. McConuell, of the Dominion G-eological Survey in
1885. He found them to constitute a plateau of considerable extent, consisting largely of
beds of conglomerate (see p. 31 C. Report Greol. Survey of Canada, 1885), chiefly quartzi-
tic, and evidently derived from the harder and older rocks of the Rocky Moimtains.
The conglomeritic character of the beds accounts for the generally broken condition of
the fossils.
Dr. A. R. C. Selwyn, Director of the Survey, having sent the fossils to me for identi-
fication, I gave a preliminary list of the species in the American Naturalist for February,
1885. It was then pointed out that the genera and species obtained by Messrs. McConuell
and Weston proved the beds in question to belong to the White River Oligocene series.
The presence of a genus of well-marked Creodonta (Hemipsalodon, Cope) was regarded
as an indication that the Cypress Hills, Swift Current Creek beds are probably somewhat
older than those of the typical locality on the White River of Dakota and Nebraska. But
the presence of this genus may be yet ascertained in the latter locality. Explorations set
on foot during the year 1888 resulted in the obtaining by Mr. T. C. Weston, of the Cana-
dian Survey of a number of additional species, some of which are of considerable inter-
est. These were described in the American Naturalist of 1889. Most of these specimens
were also in a fragmentary condition, owing to the conglomeritic nature of the deposit.
The total number of species is twenty-five.
PISCES.
HALECOMORPHI.
AMIA L.
The Amiidae appear in the Laramie formation, and are represented in the Puerco and in
the Wasatch Eocene. They occur abundantly in the Bridger Eocene, but were not known
from any later formation, until discovered by Mr. Weston in the Cypress Hills Oligocene
beds, as here recorded. As Amia is a well known genus of the present period, it is to be
looked for in all the beds between the Bridger Eocene and the Pleistocene, inclusive.
2
Amia WHITEAVESIANA, Sp. UOV.
Foiiuded on an anterior vertebra of large size, which differs in various respects
from that of the Eocene species. There are no diapophyses, and there are tuberosities
external to and adjoining the neurapophysial facets. The latter are so much worn that
it is impossible to make out their character. There is a minute, round notochordal
foramen above the middle of the centrum. In outline the centrum is a tranverse oval,
more transverse than in any other species of the genus at present known. External walls
smooth. Two fosste, separated by a narrow median rib, on the inferior surface.
Measurements.
Mm.
{ Anteroposterior 9
I
Diameters of centrum -{ Vertical 26
I
I, Transverse 40
This species is dedicated to Mr. J. F. Whiteaves, of Ottawa, the distinguished palseon-
tologist of the Greological Survey of Canada.
Amia macrospondyla. Sp. nov.
This species is also indicated by an anterior vertebra. It agrees with the last in lack-
ing diapophyses, and in having a minute foramen cordce-dorsoMs, which is, however, nearer
the middle of the centrum than in the A. ivhiteavesiana. The A. macrospondyla differs much
from the latter in its proportions. The vertebra, while absolutely smaller, has a larger
anteroposterior diameter, as shown by the measurements below. The neurapophysial
facets are too much worn for description. The wearing has left the appearance of a pair
of parallelogrammic fossae at opposite positions of the external wall of the centrum^
"Where unworn, the surface displays delicate wrinkles in the direction of the long axis of
the vertebral column.
Mcusivremenls.
Mm.
f Anteroposterior 12
I
Diameters of centrum ■{ Vertical 22
I
L Transverse 26
NEMATOGNATHI.
? EHINEASTES, Cope.
A species of Siluroid is referred with doubt to this genus, since the parts essential
for exact determination are wanting. The disposition of the tissue of the vertebral cen-
trum is in vertical laminae, parallel to those of the articular faces, as is the case with such
vertebrae of Rhineastes as are known. Diapophyses are present, and the neurapophyses
are coossified with the centrum. The lateral walls of the centrum below the diapophysis
are not excavated by fossae.
This genus has been known hitherto from the Eocene only.
3
Rhineastes rhjeas. Sp. nov.
Represented by a median abdominal vertebra, with which is associated a second, as
belonging to the same genus and perhaps species.
The centrum of the former is nearly entire. Its articular faces are a little deeper than
wide, and are marked with smooth concentric strice. No notochordal foramen. Centrum
not flattened below, and furnished with a single median fossa. Neural canal with a
longitudinal fossa on each side. Two large fossae on each side between the bases of the
neurapophysis and diapophysis. No fossae on the side of the centrum except a small one
below and at the base of the diapophysis. The exposed edges of the vertical laminae are
close together at the middle of the side of the centrum, and they turn forwards below,
converging to a point on each side of the inferior fossa. They are less numerous just
below the fossa below the diapophysis, and are connected by longitudinal bars. The
bases of the diapophyses (all that remains of them) are hollow.
Measurements.
Mm.
Anteroposterior 12
Diameters of centrum
Vertical 31
I
L Transverse 29
The second centrum is fragmentary and may represent another species. It differs in
the presence of a very large fossa immediately below the diapophysis, and in the presence
of one very large one above the diapophysis. The concentric lines of the articular faces
are more prominent. Size similar.
AMIURUS, Raf.
Two species have left vertebrae in the formation of the Cypress Hills, which resemble
those of this genus of Siluroids, which still inhabits North America. That they belong
to it cannot be positively asserted, since important diagnostic parts of the skeleton are
unknown. Neurapophyses coossified ; lamination longitudinal ; base of diapophyses
hollow.
Amiurus cancellatus. Sp. nov.
Two vertebral centra represent this species — one from the median dorsal region, and
the other probably from the caudal.
The first-mentioned and best-preserved centrum has sub-round articular faces, a little
flattened above and below, and is without foramen cordm-dorsalis . The floor of the neural
canal and of the space between the neurapophyses and the diapophyses are excavated, and
the floor of both spaces is composed of longitudinal laminae, which separate rather coarse
and deep fossae, the whole resembling cancellous tissue. Inferior median line with a
principal median fossa. Dense tissue of the articular faces, reverted on the sides of the
centrum. The space between them with minute longitudinal pores These become coarser
and more cancellous as we approach the base of the diapophysis, where a larger cavity,
more or less divided by cancellae, is placed. Concentric layers of articular faces with
distinct edges, producing a slight rugosity.
4
Measurements.
Mm.
f Anteroposterior 11
Diameters of centrum \ Vertical 24
[Transverse 25
The second centrum is perhaps caudal, as it resembles those of Amiurus in having a
lateral fossa below as well as above the median lateral portion. The latter is coarsely
reticulate cancellous, and a deep fossa separates the two ridges which represent the bases
of either the neural or the haemal spines. The anteroposterior diameter is relatively greater
than in the vertebra last described.
Measurements,
Mm.
f Anteroposterior 12
I
Diameters of centrum -{ Vertical (restored) 28
I
I. Transverse 23
Amiurus maconnellii. Sp. nov.
This species appear to have been larger than the last. It differs from it in the
much finer cancellation of the lateral surfaces, over which the articular dense layer is
much less reverted. Instead of a cancellated tract between the diapophysis and the
neural spine, there are two deep fossse, and there are two large shallow fossae on the
inferior face instead of one deep one. Near the articular borders a few cancellous lines
are vertical in direction. The species presents some of the characters of the Rhineasles
rhccas. Vertebrae, only, of this species were found. They indicate large size, the measure-
ments being :
Mm.
f Vertical 40
Diameters of centrum \ Transverse 38
1
[Anteroposterior 14.5
This centrum has a subquadrate outline, so far as can be determined in the absence
of the superior border. It has a minute transverse notochordal foramen. The diapophysis
is ru.dimental and superior in position ; it presents no articular facet. Both above and
below it, is a shallow fossa. Except a pair of shallow fossae on the inferior face, the lateral
walls are without fossae, but are finely impressed with minute longitudinal pits.
A second centrum, probably caudal, belongs to a still smaller individual. Its outline
is subpentagonal, the apex inferior and without a single median fossa. No diapophyses.
Three sufjerior fossae — one large median and a smaller one on each side. Minute pits of
external walls sub-round.
Mm.
f Vertical 21
I
Diameters -j Transverse 21
I
[Anteroposterior 7.5
This catfish equalled in dimensions the large A. nigricans of the Mississippi. It is
dedicated to the able geologist Mr. K. G-. McConnell, of the Dominion Survey.
5
EEPTILIA.
TESTUDINATA.
TEIONYX, Geoflr.
Trionyx leucopotamicus. Sp. nov.
This species is represented by a part of a single costal bone, with the sculpture well
preserved. This specimen would scarcely serve as a basis for a specific description, but
I have a number of well-preserved fragments of apparently the same turtle from the
"White Buttes of Dakota, which render important aid. The latter furnished me with the
first indication of the presence of this genus in beds of White River age, as they have not
been yet found in the best known regions of this formation in Southern Dakota and
Eastern Colorado.
The costal bones are flat and rather thin, but thickest medially, as usual. The sculp-
ture consists of large, sub-round and sub-oval fossae, which are separated by ridges much
narrower than themselves. In the Cypress Hills specimen the fossae tend to form long-
itudinal series towards the distal extremity of the bone. The sutural borders are not
preserved, but in the Dakota specimens the sculpture continues to show, and does not
give place to a band of nearly smooth and transversely-lined surface, as is the case in the
T. pundip^er, ^ Cope, also from the "White River bed of Central Dakota.
This species resembles in its sculpture the Trionyx uintaensis of Leidy from the
Bridger Eocene. The sole difference which the latter presents is the presence of bands of
grooves parallel to the long axis of the carapace, along the intercostal sutures. It is pro-
bable that the costals are thicker in the Bridger species, a character still more strongly
marked in those of the "Wasatch series.
STYLEMYS, Leidy.
(?) Stylemys nebrascensis, Leidy.
A few fragments, including a marginal bone, not distinguishable from this species,
were obtained by Mr. "Weston.
MAMMALIA.
aLIRES.
PAL^OLAGUS, Leidy.
Paljsolagus turgidus, Cope.
Report U. S. Geol. Survey Terrs., III., Bk. I., p. 882, pi. Ixvi., f. 28 ; Ixvii., 13-27.
Mandibular rami identical in character with those from the "White River beds of
Dakota and Colorado.
' Besides the character above described, the sculpture of the costal bones of the T. punciiger is much less dis-
tinct than in the T. leucopotamicus. It is both punctate and groove-like, and the ridges are thickened and irregu-
lar, and towards the distal ends of the bones obscure. While not wider than those of the latter species, the costals
are thicker and more curved, the thickness continuing to the free margin, where they are bevelled off, with a
prominent rib-end in the middle. Measurements of No. 1 : — Width of costal, 48 mm. ; thickness at lateral suture,
5 mm. ; at middle, 9 mm. No. 2 : — Width of costal, 52 mm. ; thickness at middle, 11 ram. This is Trionyx sp. 2,
Cope Proceeds. Am. Philos. Soc, 1883, p. 217.
6
BUNOTHEEIA.
CREODONTA.
HEMIPSALODON, Cope.
This genus belongs to the Oxyaenidaj, and is the only one of that family that has been
found in beds higher than the Bridger Eocene. The only known species is the largest of
the Creodonta, and the jaw from which it is known is more robust than that of any exist-
ing carnivore. Its dimensions are about those of the Aclicenodon insolens of the Bridger
beds. The genus Hemipsalodon differs from the others of the family in the presence in
the lower jaw of the full dental series of four premolars and three true molars without
diastema behind the canine. Incisors three. The only crown perfectly preserved is the
last true molar. It is of the type of Oxycena, but has probably no internal tubercle or
metaconule ; (specimen worn at that point). It has a heel more or less cutting.
This remarkable genus resembles, so far as the characters preserved permit us to
judge, the Stypolophus of the Eocenes, which embraces numerous species, none of which
exceeded a red fox in size. It is, however, most nearly related to Pterodon, with which
Schlosser believes it to be identical. That possesses but three inferior premolars, but
the value of this character in this case is not yet certainly known. If no other character
distinguish Hemipsalodon but the four inferior premolars, the Pterodon, queraji of Filhol,
from the French phosporites, must be placed in it. The blade of the last inferior molar is
more oblique to the long axis of the jaw than is represented to be the case in the Pterodon
dasyuroides, making an angle of 30° with it, while the edge of the heel is slightly oblique
to it in the opposite direction. This may indicate some peculiarity in the superior molar,
or it may be but a specific character.
Hemipsalodon grandis, Cope.
American Naturalist, 1885, p. 163 ; Annual Report of the Geol. and Nat. History Survey of Canada, 1885,
Appendix C, p. 2.
The species is characterized by the deep compressed form of the ramus, and the long
symphysis. The incisor teeth are crowded, the first and third being external and close
together, and the second internal in position. The canine tooth is of enormous size, and
is directed upwards. The section of the summit of the root is a wide oval without
angles. The premolars are all two-rooted, except the fourth. The first is longer than the
first true molar. The true molars increase in size posteriorly. The third is very robust,
and has elevated cusps, with a sub-triangular section, the median exceeding the anterior.
The sectorial edges are very steep, forming together a V. The heel is quite short, and has
a cu.tting keel, which is the summit of the external face, and is nearly median. Thecoro-
noid process rises at a very short distance posterior to it. The masseteric fossa does not
extend downwards to the inferior edge of the ramus. The latter is inflected on the inner
side as far posterior as below the middle of the coronoid process, where it is broken off.
Length of the dental series, M. .212 ; of true molars, .085 ; of premolars, .108 ; diameters
of last true molar : anteroposterior .034, transverse .021 ; do. of canine at base : anteropos-
terior .040, transverse .029. Depth of ramus at M. 8, .086 ; length of symphysis, .131.
This species was the largest flesh-eater of the epoch of the "White River beds, and the
size of its canine teeth proves it to have been a dangerous animal. Its molars are
interesting on account of their illustrating a primitive form of a sectorial tooth.
•7
Two femora iu the collection probably belong to this species, as they are creo-
dont in the presence of the third trochanter, and their dimensions are appropriate to the
lower jaw above described. One of them is larger than the other, and I give its dimen-
sions in comparison with those of two of the largest Cavuivora, the grizzly bear and the
lion, in millimeters : —
Hemipsalodon. Bear. Lion.
Length.. 413 445 379
Width at great trochanter 120 112 95
" " little " 74 57 45
" " third " or same position 63 40 35
" " condyles 90 90 81
Depth at rotular ridges 98 73 77
The third trochanter is low, much as in Protopsalis tigrinus, and has a thickened,
rough edge. It gives the shaft of the femora an external convexity, which is greater than
the gentle concavity of the internal border. The great trochanter projects to the horizon-
tal line of the head and not beyond. It is obliquely truncate externally, and narrowly at
the extremity. It encloses a deep trochanteric fossa posteriorly, through the strong recur-
vature of the posterior border. This border continues as a transverse convexity to the little
trochanter. The latter is a rounded prominent tuberosity, and has a superior position, as
in Carnivora generally, and is not placed low down on the shaft as in Protopsalis. The
shaft is flattened from before backwards, with the external edge angulated both above and
below the third trochanter. The rotular grove is remarkably elevated and rather narrowed,
giving the distal extremity of the femora the massive character of that of an ungulate
mammal. Borders of rotular groove subequally prominent, its surface continuous with
that of the condyles. Internal face of condyle with a pronounced fossa. Internal con-
dyle a little more prominent than the external. Intercondylar fossa broadly rounded
anteriorly.
The deeper trochanteric fossa and more elevated positi on of the little trochanter dis-
tinguish these femora from that of Protopsalis tigrinus. It also considerably exceeds that of
the latter animal in dimensions.
ANCYLOPODA.
CHALICOTHERIUM, Kaup.
Macrotherium, Lartet, teste Forsyth-Major and Filhol.
The remarkable character of this genus, as discovered by Filhol, has been mentioned
in the American Naturalist." It has little relation to the family of Perissodactyla to
which it has given the name, and which it so resembles in molar dentition. It must
form a family by itself, and the genera with which it has been associated must form a
family to which the name Lambdotheriidse has been applied. The anterior ungual pha-
langes of Chalicotherium are of prehensile character and not ungulate, but rather ungui-
culate. The phalanges resemble those of the Edentata, but the carpus and tarsus are
according to Filhol, diplarthrous in structure, while the Edentata are taxeopodous. We
have in the Chalicotheriidse the antithesis of the Condylarthra. While the latter is
* Cope, American Naturalist, 1889, p. 153 ; American Journal of Morphology, 1889, p. 142.
Osborn on Chalicotherium, American Naturalist, 1888, p. 728.
8
ungulate with an unguiculato carpus and tarsus, the former is unguiculate with an-
ungulate (diplarthrous) carpus and tarsus. Thus the Chalicotheriidse must be referred to
a distinct order of unguiculate Mammalia, whicn I have called the Ancylopoda, with the
above definition. Two genera belong to the single family, the Chalicotheriidae, viz.,
Chalicotherium Kaup, and Ancylotherium Graudry. Marsh has not yet shown how his
genus Moropus differs from Ancylotherium. The species described by Marsh under this
name are from the Loup Fork bed of Kansas.
Although the species of Chalicotherium from the Cypress Hills is the first one
described from North American beds, it is not the first discovery of the genus. Professor
Scott showed me a series of superior molars from the Loup Fork formation of Kansas, from
the Agassiz Museum, which he identified as belonging to this genus. The present species
is of larger size than the Kansas form, and is apparently equal to the C. goldfiissii of the
Upper Miocene of Europe. The occurrence of this form in the Oligocene or Lower
Miocene (White River), as well as the Upper Miocene (Loup Fork), of this country, is a
noteworthy fact, but is parallel to its history in Europe. Described from the Upper
Miocene by Kaup, it was afterwards found in the Middle Miocene (C grande) by Lartet,
and in the Upper Eocene (C rnodicum) by Graudry.
Chalicotherium bilobatum. Cope. ,
American Naturalist, 1889, p. 151.
Founded on a mandibular symphysis and part of the left ramus of an adult animal,
which contains the alveoli of the anterior four molars and part of that of the fifth. All
the premolars are two-rooted, showing that they are but three in number. Canines and
incisors wanting, the anterior alveolar margin thin and prominent and bilobed, with a
median emargination. Symphysis coossified, with an augulate inferior margin, pos-
teriorly with a fossa on each side of the median line, sloping regularly upwards to the
alveolar margin, and concave above behind the margin. Minute traces of alveoli of a
canine and two incisors on each side, which were probably present in the foetus. Length
of symphysis above, 120 mm. ; depth posteriorly, 48 mm. Length of symphysis in front
of p. m. iii. Length of premolar series, mm. Length of m. i., 40 mm.
DIPLARTHRA.
PEEISSODACTYLA.
MENODUS, Pomel.
This genus has received numerous accessions within the last few years through
the labors of Professors Scott, Osborn ^ and Marsh. To these may be added the species
obtained from the Cypress Hills area of the White River series. As remarked by
Professors Scott and Osborn, the species of Menodus present parallel relations to those of
Symborodon, which latter may be regarded as descendants of the former, of more special-
' Preliminary Account of the Fossil Mammals from the White Eiver Formation in the Mus. Comp. Zoology,
Bull, of the Mus., A''ol. xiii., No. 5, 1887 ; Amer. Jour. Sci. and Arts, 1887, p. 323 ; Cope, Amer. Naturalist, 1887,
p. 926.
9
ized character and probably later age. The nine species of Menodus may be compared
with five of those of Symborodoii, as follows : —
Nasals long ; horns short-
Nasals and horns
intermediate.
Nasals short ; horns long.
M. americanus.
M. syceras.
M. platyceras.
M. coloradoensis-
M. proulii.
M. dolichoceras.
M. angusligenis.
M. tichoceras.
M. selwynianus.
S- Iriffonoceras.
S. hueco.
S. aliirostris.
S. acer.
Menodus
(Nasals transversely an-
gulated
Nasals not angulated
....J
L
{Nasals angulated. . . . .
Nasals not angulated.
Apart from the generic characters, the Menodus americanus, Leidy, appears to be an
enlarged S. trigonoceras, Cope ; and the M. tichoceras, S. and 0., an enlarged S. altirostris,
Cope. Apart from these, the correspondences are not so close. A definite character
which divides Menodus into two groups is the presence of an internal cingulum of the
i)remolars in some of the species. The same character divides the genus Symborodon.
According to this character, the species may be grouped as follows, so far as they are
known in this respect : —
^lenodus. Symborodon.
M. proutii
tichoceras
Without cingulum .
^ M. americanus
With cingulum \ M. coloradoensis
I
L M. angusligenis
S. hucco
S. aliirostris
S- trigonoceras
S. heloccTus
The collections of the Greological Survey include fragments of skeletons of five species
of Menodontidae, which I shall refer, some of them provisionally, to the genus Menodus.
The M. americanus is the only one known to have possessed horns of triangular section.
The section is oval in the M. proutii and M. angustigenis. In M. selwynianus the horns
are unknown.
In the Annual Report of the United States G-eological Survey of the Territories for
1874, p. 480, I gave a general account of the osteology of the genus Symborodon, which
applies equally well to the nearly allied genus Menodus. I will now add a few points
not referred to in that report, derived from the specimens here described.
The condyles of the humerus have no trace of trochlear crest. The olecranon is
expanded laterally and vertically at the extremity. The head of the radius is only con-
vex below. Its carpal extremity is narrowed inwards, and it is bounded below its middle
by a fossa. The scaphoid and lunar parts of the surface are not distinguished.
The third trochanter of the femur is not a process but an angle, projecting but little
beyond the external face of the femur above it, but bounding a contraction of the dia-
meter below it. The little trochanter is insignificant. The rotular surface is grooved
medially, and the lateral ridges are prominent, especially above and proximally, where
they rise abruptly from the shaft, which has at this point, and between them, a fossa.
2
10
The epiphyses of the ischia are thick and are coossified with each other, forming a
Y-shaped mass, the narrow stem of which fills the symphysis ischiopubicus.
Menodus americanus, Leidy.
Rhinoceros americanus, Leidy, Proceeds. Acad. Philadel., 1852, p. 2 ; Anc. Fauna of Nebraska, 72, pi. xvii., figs.
3-4 ; Brontotherium ingens, Marsh, Amer. Jour. Sci. and Arts, 1874, p. 85 ; Menodus ingens, Cope, Amer- Naturalist,
1887, p. 1063.
This species is represented by a horn of the left side, which has the following dimen-
sions : —
31m.
Length from nasal meatus 210
f Anteroposterior 110
Diameters at base-!
i Transverse 100
A fragment of maxillary bone supports the last three premolars. They measure 113
mm. Transverse diameter of p. m. i. about 62 mm. (external wall lost).
Menodus proutii, 0. N. & E.
Scott and Osborn, Bull. Mas. Com. Zoology, xii., 5, p. 163 ; Palseotherium {f) proulii, Owen, Norwood and Evans ^
Proceeds. Acad. Philadel., 1858, p. 66 ; Leidy, c. c, 122 ; Titanothmum •proutii. Leidy, The Ancient Fauna of
Nebraska, 1853, p. 72.
Horns of two individuals of this species were obtained by Mr. Weston. The dimen-
sions of the largest of these are as follows : —
Mm.
Length from nasal meatus 245
S Anteroposterior , 135
Transverse 70
•The lateral borders of the nasal bones flare upwards, and do not present an inferior
longitudinal ridge as in M. angustigenis and M. selwynianus.
Numerous parts of the skeleton of Menodontes are included in the collection, and I
have endeavored to collate them with the horns and nasal bones. Tibiae and astragali
are most numerous, and furnish a starting-point, especially as they may be compared
with the corresponding parts of the Symborodons from Colorado in my private collection.
Four species are represented by these bones in the Cypress Hills collection.
Three species are represented by astragali, which differ chiefly in size. Three
species are also represented by calcanea, one of w^hich has no corresponding astragalus.
The same three calcanea have three corresponding tibiae. Two species are represented by
femora and two by humeri.
I observe a series in the tibiae. Two are more robust than the third, and are of sub-
equal dimensions. Both have an impressed, longitudinal, groove-like fossa on the inner
side of the anterior angle below the crest. They difier in three respects. In one there is
no popliteal callus ; the insertional face of the crest is convex, and the inner anterior dis-
tal angle is less produced. The calcaneum is smaller. In the second there is a popliteal
callus, the insertional face of the spine is concave, and the distal inner anterior angle is
more produced In the third type there is no incised fossa of the shaft, and the general
form is more slender. The corresponding astragalus and calcaneum are a good deal
11
smaller than those of the species before mentioned. There is a considerable popliteal cal-
lus, and, what is especially characteristic, the crest is divided by a vertical median groove,
as in the genera Aphelops and Rhinocerus. This type of tibia corresponds to that of some
of the species of Symborodon, e. g., S. bucco, and perhaps others. There is no tibia nor any
other bone, except perhaps part of a humerus, which corresponds with the smallest astra-
galus.
The bones of the two largest species are probably those of the M. americanus and M.
proutii, but which belongs to which I cannot certainly determine. As the M. americanus
is, in the characters of its muzzle and horns, the nearest to the M. angustigenis, it will be
probably safe to refer to it the tibia which approaches the corresponding bone of that
species. That will be the second of the above description, The third corresponds in size
to the M. angustigenis, and agrees with it in approaching the species of Symborodon in
some respects. I give corresponding measurements of the tibiae, astragalus and calcanea
of the two species : —
I. Tibia.
M. proutii. M. americanus.
Total length 387 355
( Anteroposterior 135 150
Diameters of head-J
(.Transverse 144 135
f Anteroposterior 60 55
Diameters of shaft -j
(. Transverse 60 60
( Anteroposterior 72 65
Distal diameters.. \
(Transverse 100 100 ^
II. Calcaneum.
Length 155 135
Length of tuber 90 80
Width distally 75 57
f Vertical 35 42
Diameters of cuboid facet •<
(. Transverse 55 30
III. Astragalus.
f Transverse 80
Diameters of trochlea ■{ f External roller 70
I Anteroposterior \
I. I Internal roller 57
f Vertical 54
Diameters of navicular facet \
(. Transverse - 49
Oblique length of cuboid facet 47
From the above it is evident that the hind foot of the M. americanus is relatively and
absolutely larger than in the M. proutii. In the former the external cotylus has a greater
transverse, and the internal a smaller anteroposterior diameter than in that of the M.
proutii.
^ Partly restored.
12
I describe here a humerus which I suppose to belong to one or the other of these
large species. The great tuberosity is of huge dimensions, exceeding in anteroposterior
diameter the head and lesser tl^berosity together. Its external face forms a triangular area
which terminates at its inferior apex in a large compressed process which is directed out-
wards. Below this the smooth surface of the shaft winds spirally from a posterior posi-
tion to the front, where it is bounded below by a narrow, deep, transverse coronoid fossa.
It is bounded externally below by a ridge which is produced upwards from the internal
epicondyle in a short tuberosity. The olecranar fossa is very deep and has abrupt sides.
The external epicondylar region is flat.
Measurement of Humerus.
Mm.
Length 460
Anteroposterior diameter
r of entire head 210
(of condyle only 110
f of head 158
Transverse diameter ■!
(of condyle 93
( Anteroposterior 80
( Transverse 72
f Transverse ... 130
Diameter at narrow part of shaft |
Diameter of distal condyles \ ( External 98
I Anteroposterior \
[ (internal 72
Distal width, with epicondyle 150
I compare the only entire femora in the Cypress Hills collection with one nearly entire
from Colorado in my collection. The latter was found near other bones which belong pro-
bably to the M. americanus, and the Cypress Hills specimen not improbably belongs to the
M. proutii. The head and condyles are smaller than those of the M. americanus. The
great trochanter extends as far proximad as the line of the head, while it falls consider-
ably short of it in the M. americanus. The third trochanter is not prominent, but forms
the inferior extremity of the wide proximal two-fifths of the bone, a slight concavity of the
external border existing between it and the great trochanter. Below it the shaft is abruptly
contracted on the external side. It then expands equally on each side to the condyles,
giving the posterior face a wide, slightly concave face proximad to the latter. Their
articular surfaces are continuous with each other, and with that of the rotular surface, at
the point of junction of which their external borders are notched. The rotular groove and
its lateral ridges are injured. Enough remains to show that there is a fossa at its prox-
imal border on the shaft. The inferior part of the femora of the M. americanus does not
differ except in its superior dimensions. The following are the measurements : —
Measurements of Femora.
if. proutii. M. americanus.
Mm. Mm.
Length 600
Anteroposterior diameter of head 90 119
Width at great trochanter 187 182
" third " 115
" (least) below third trochanter 76 96
" above condyles 150 180
" of condyles 125 150
Anteroposterior diameter (least) below third trochanter 55 60
13
Three scaphoid bones of graduated sizes are contained in the Cypress Hills collection,
and there are two magnvims which correspond in size to the middle-sized scaphoid and to
one between that size and the largest. These may be referred, comparing them with the
other bones already described, as follows : — Scaphoid No. 1, M. americanus ; magnum, No.
1, M. proutii ; scaphoid and magnum No. 2, M. angustigenis ; scaphoid No. 3, M. (?) s//-
ceras. Comparisons will be made under the head of M. angustigenis.
Teeth of the large species of Menodus are rare in the collection, a last inferior molar and
premolar representing them. Most of the teeth preserved belong to the size appropriate
to the M. angustigenis.
Menodus angustigenis, Cope.
Annual Report Geol. and Nat. Hist. Survey of Canada, 1885, C, p. 81 ; Haplacodon angmligenis, Cope, Amer-
ican Naturalist, 1889, p. 153.
This large Mammal is represented by numerous specimens. I select for present
description two maxillary bones from the same skull, each of which contains the first
premolar and the true molars ; and two lower jaws from second and third individuals.
One of these consists of little more than the symphysis. The other includes part of the
symphysis and part of the left ramus, which contains all the molar teeth except the first
and last,
I refer the species to Menodus, because both lower jaws have, like the Menodus
proutii, Leidy, two incisor teeth on each side. The specimen in which the ramus is
present has a small alveolus for the first premolar on each side ; the side of the other
specimen, where this part is preserved, has no such alveolus. These specimens show the
identity of the supposed genus Brontotherium with Menodus. In the contracted shape of
its mandibular symphysis this species resembles the species of Symborodon rather than
the Menodus proutii, and it resembles the smaller species of Symborodon in its inferior
dimensions. It resembles the species of Menodus in the wide internal cingulum of the
superior premolars. The species of Symborodon which present this character are the S.
trigonoceras and the S. heloceras, Cope. Its measurements are inferior to those of the S.
trigonoceras, and the superior molars are of different form. In the species just named their
outline is oblong, the anteroposterior diameter exceeding the transverse in all three of
them. In the M. angustigenis the molars are nearly square in outline.
The superior molars of the S. trigonoceras are characterized by the flatness of the
middle portion of the external face of the external Vs. This surface is neither excavated,
nor is it keeled, excepting a slight convexity on the middle of the anterior V of the first
molar. The middle lines of the external faces of the Vs of the fourth premolar are slightly
convex. There is a prominent vertical angle descending from the apex of each external V,
and no lateral ones, so that there are no lateral pits at the internal base of the Y on each
side of the apex, as is seen in the Symborodon trigonoceras. The internal cones of the
first superior premolar are not well distinguished. The only traces of cingula on the
true molars are just in front of the median external vertical rib.
14
Diameters of P. m. i. .
Diameters of M. i,
Measurements of Superior Molars.
M.
( Anteroposterior 042
i Transverse 054
( Anteroposterior 055
I Transverse ' 055
f Anteroposterior 071
Diameters of M. ii -j
(Transverse 066
f Anteroposterior. 071
Diameters of M. iii. . . . -j
(.Transverse - 071
As already observed, the symphysh mandibuli is narrowed forwards, and it displays a
groove on the middle line between the positions of the alveoli of the canine teeth. The
sides of the ramus at this point are vertical, and a little concave above and behind the
canine alveolus. In profile the symphysis slopes in an almost straight line from the bifur-
cation to the incisive border. There are two mental foramina close together. The anterior
is the larger, and is situated a little below the posterior, and is below the anterior root of
the third premolar.
The inferior canine is of moderate size, and the crown is recurved and somewhat acu-
minate. The molars are narrow as compared with their length. Their crown consists of
the usual two Vs, except the anterior part of the third premolar, where the crest is only
slightly concave outwards. The fourth premolar is represented by a single small alveolus
Anterior to it is a diastema a little longer than its diameter. Excepting on the second
premolar, the external cingulum is complete and well developed on all the molars (the
last not present). There is a very distinct, short cingulum at the base of the low anterior
one of the inner cusps, except on the second premolars.
Measurements of mandibles.
No. I.
M.
Width between canines at exit from alveoli 027
Length of premolar series 088
No. II.
( Anteroposterior 024
Diameters of base of canine ■}
(Transverse 023
Length of premolar series 698
Length of crown of P. m. iv • 029
( Anteroposterior 038
(Transverse 038
{ Anteroposterior 050
(Transverse 031
( Anteroposterior 064
( Transverse 041
Depth of ramus at front of M. ii 086
Diameters P. m. i. .
Diameter M. i.
Diameters M. ii.
15
Probably belonging to the same species, and perhaps to the same individual, are the
greater part of the frontal and nasal bones, with horns, and the right posterior base of the
skull, with part of the zygoma. The first-mentioned fragment shows that the species dif-
fers from the Symborodonles trigonoceras and acer, Cope, and the Menodus americanm Leidy, in
the absence of angulation above, between the free and other parts of the nasal bones. It
also clearly differs from the S. trigonoceras in the semi-erect horns, with little pronounced
triangular section. From the S. hucco the lack of expansion of the zygomatic bones dis-
tinguishes it. As compared with the S. altirostris, Cope, it has much longer and wider
nasal bones, and the horns are more widely separated. The compression makes their
apices anteroposterior, while they are transverse in the S. altirostris.
The ascription of long bones in the collection to this species is more or less uncertain,
although a considerable number of pieces which correspond in size with the parts
already described probably belong to it. A nearly complete tibia, and the proximal part of
a second, may be with great probability assigned here. As already remarked, it differs
from those previously described in having the crest divided vertically with a deep grove.
The external side is rather the most prominent. A considerable callus occupies the pop-
liteal region posterior to the spine and the external cotylus, from the latter of which it is
marked off by a groove. The anteroposterior diameter of the external cotylus is greater
than the transverse. Below the crest the section of the shaft is triangular, with obtuse
angles anterior and exterior. This tibia is much like one which I obtained in Colorado,
near to the skulls of several species of Symborodons. A femur which accompanies the
Cypress Hill tibia is of smaller size than that described under M. proutii, and is appro-
priate to the former. A similar femur accompanies the Colorado tibia. It resembles the
one described under the M. proutii in having the great trochanter considerably less pro-
minent than the head.
Measurements of Femur, in Mm.
Cypress Hills. Colorado.
Anteroposterior diameter of head x 95
'' " of great trochanter x 80
Width of liead aud great trochanter x 145
Distance from head to little trochanter, inclusive x 2x5
Width at condyles 110 x
( Anteroposterior. . . 43 x
Diameters of shaft, 175 mm. above condyles, inclusive-!
(. Transverse 65 x
Measurements of Tibia.
Total length (with spine) 325 415
f Anteroposterior (with crest) 125 115
Proximal diameters -j
{. Transverse, about 115 110
( Anteroposterior 47 60
Least diameters of shaft-^
( Transverse 55 55
f Anteroposterior (at middle) 53 67
Distal diameters -|
I. Transverse (at middle) 78 80
Four astragali and three calcanea are appropriate in size to the M. angustigenis. The
former have the ridge dividing the cuboid and navicular facets more prominent than in
either of the two large species first described, so that it forms a sharply-angulate pro-
tuberance. The cuboid facet forms a wide and less oblique triangle. The navicular facet
16
is quite concave. The sustentacular facet is continuous with it, and forms an oval in
the longitudinal axis of the astragalus. The cruscular facet is transverse and concave.
The tuber is not very robust and is moderately oblique.
Measurements.
I. Calcaneum.
Mm.
Total length 123
" of tuber 80
Width of tuber at base 43
" at sustentaculum 84
(Vertical 26
Diameters of cuboid facet <
{. Transverse 46
II. Astragalus.
f of trochlea 67
Width \
{. below trochlea 75
( inner side 60
Length i
I outer " 55
Width of distal facets 70
" " navicular facet 42
" " cuboid " 29
Vertical diameter of navicular facet, at middle 40
of cuboid " " 25
The scaphoid appropriate to this species has, like the others, the facet for the magnum
at the extremity of a step-like projection. The trapezium facet is but little smaller than
that for the trapezoides. Both are subtriangular, while that for the magnum is antero-
posteriorly oval, with straight internal and posterior borders, which unite at an angle
Area about equal to that of the trapezoid facet. The bone differs from the large scaphoid
before mentioned, in having the lower facet abbreviated posteriorly by a fossa, which is
small and upward-looking in the latter.
The magnum referred to the M. angustigenis has the anterior face wider than deep.
The corresponding bone of the large species differs from it in having the metacarpal facet
relatively a little wider, and in having at the lateral posterior edge of that facet a narrow
anteroposterior oblique facet, apparently for an internal facet of the proximal end of the
fourth metacarpal.
Measurements of Scaphoides and Magnum, in Mm.
I. Scaphoides.
M. {/) americanus. M. angustigenis.
f Anteroposterior 90 75
I ( at trapezoides 24 23
Diameters \ Vertical -I
y at magnum 50 45
Transverse at middle 61 50
Width of facet for magnnm (transverse) 39 27
" " " trapezoides (anteroposterior) 19 27
" " " trapezium ( " ) 22 27
It
II. Magnum.
3f. (?) proutii. M. angustigenis.
(Vertical 29 31
Diameters of face I
I Transverse 54 50
f Anteroposterior 75 60
Diameters scaphoid facet . . -I
( Transverse {\n front) 36 28
r Anteroposterior 50 45
Diameters metacarpal facet <
( Transverse (at front) 48 42
This species appears to be nearest the M. coloradoensix, Leidy, which is only known
from a nasal portion of the skull, with the attached horns. The form of the coossified
nasals is different in the two specimens, the M. angustigenis having at the extremity an
oblique truncation on each side of a median notch, approximately as in Symborodon iri-
gonoceras (Menops varians, Marsh), while those of the M. coloradoensis hare a gradually
acuminate outline. The value of this character is unceriain, but I incline to think it
important. What is more important is that the nasals in M. angustigeni-i have a deep
longitudinal concavity below, bounded on each side by a strong marginal rib, both which
appear to be wanting in the M. coloradoensis, as Leidy says ^ the nasals "are thinner" at
these borders " than elsewhere." In one point they differ from those of any of the species
of this genus or of Symborodon which I have seen. The lateral antrum is divided anteriorly
into two fossae by a vertical column, which materially strengthens the parts at the
anterior base of the horn-core.
Menodus selwynianus, Cope.
American Naturalist, 1889, p. 628.
This species is founded on the free parts of the coossified nasal bones of a single indi-
vidual of smaller size than any of those already described in this report. These parts
differ from those of any species known to me.
The nasals, which are completely coossified, are prominent, narrowed and vaulted.
The lateral borders are nearly parallel, and the extremity is rounded. Owing to their
great thickness, their profile descends abruptly at the extremity, and the surface is rough-
ened as though for the attachment of thickened integument, a small dermal horn, or
enlarged muscles. From this tuberosity the surface descends steeply to a thin border.
A short distance posterior to the extremity the lateral margins are decurved, forming
lateral walls to a deep, longitudinal, median, gutter-like concavity. This is deeper than
in any other species. The horns are broken off, and the upper surface of the nasal bones
is so little recurved that it is evident that they are not only small, but more posteriorly
placed than in the other species.
Measurements of Nasal Bones.
M.
Length of fragment above 130
" of nasal border 70
Width at nareal notch 80
" near extremity 65
Depth at apical tuberosity 25
^ Report TJ. S. Geol. Surv. Terrs., I., p. 240, plate i., figs 2, 3 ; ii., fig. 2,
3
18
A humerus, scaphoid and astragalvis may be referable to this species. They do not
diifer from those of M. angustigenis, except in their smaller dimensions.
It is dedicated to Dr. A. E. C. Selwyn, Director of the G-eological Survey of the
Dominion of Canada, and formerly of the G-eological Survey of Victoria, Australia.
Menodus syceras. Cope.
American Naturalist, 1889, p. 628.
This species is represented by three pairs of coossified nasal bones, one of which sup-
ports a horn, in the collection, which I cannot refer to any known species. One of them
is smaller and less robust than the other, and as a trace of the median suture still remains,
probably indicates a younger animal.
These nasal bones are fiat and not decurved anteroposteriorly, nor vaulted trans-
versely. Their free portion is shorter than wide. Accordingly the lateral margins soon
begin to thicken downwards. The inferior surface is divided into two grooves by a
median, longitudinal, obtuse ridge, which is not found in the M. selwynianus. The free
border is regularly rounded, with a median notch, and its edge is subacute. The nasal
bones are considerably decurved, making an angle with the frontal surface, from which
their plane is separated by an obtuse angle which connects the bases of the horns. The
bases of the horns are near together, while the horns themselves are erect and moderately
divergent. They are of moderate length, and are like those of M. coloradoensis and M.
angustigenis, with a longitudinally oval section, flattened at the base on the external side
The apex is sub-round in section.
This species differs from the M. angustigenis in the shorter decurved nasal bones,
separated by a transverse angle from the frontal plane. The horns, though similar, are
much closer together. It differs in the same characters from the M. coloradoensis.
Measurements.
No. 1.
M.
Width of nasals at base of horns 116
Length " from" " 70
f Anteroposterior 94
Diameters of bases of horns •!
( Transverse 67
Width between external bases of horns 160
Elevation of horn from nasal border 160
No. 2.
Length of fragment above 120
Width at 30 mm. from extremity 80
Thickness " " " 25
No. 3.
Width at 53 mm. from end 80
Probable depth of nasal notch 60
This species belongs to the intermediate group of Menodus, as defined by Messrs.
Scott and Osborn, in which both the nasal bones and the horns are of moderate length.
They place here M. proutii, Leidy. and M. tichoceras, S. & 0. From both of these M.
19
syceras differs in the angulation of the profile between the horns, and in the very close
position of the horns. The entire width of the muzule at the horns is not greater
than the deviation of the horns themselves.
I may add that the bones of the skeleton described under the head of the M. angusli-
genis may well belong to the present species, or, vice versa, the horns and muzzle here
described may belong to the species represented by the lower jaws, to which the name
M. angustigenis has been given. In that case the name M. sijceras becomes a synomyn,
and the front and nasal bones described under the M. angmligenis must be referred to a
different species ; perhaps the M. color adoensis.
C^NOPUS, Cope.
American Naturalist, 1887, pp. 925, 1000.
C^NOPUS occiDENTALis, Leidy.
Cope 1. c, Rhinoceros ocddentalis, Leidy, Proceeds. Acad. Pliiladel., 1850, p. 119 ; 1851, p. 276 ; Ancient Fauna
of Nebraska, 1853, p. 81, plates xii, xiii ; Aceratherium occidentale, Leidy, Proceeds. Acad. Pliiladel., 1854, p. 157;
Extinct Mammalia Dakota and Nebraska, p. 220, pi. xxi, fig. 34 ; xx, xxiii, 1-3.
The only specimen from the Cypress Hills which represents this species is a fragment
of a right mandibular ramus supporting a damaged last molar tooth. The dimensions
of the parts are as follows ; —
Mm.
( Anteroposterior 38
Diameters of M. iii. -j
( Transverse 26
Width of ramus at base of coronoid 33
C^NOPUS MITIS, Cope.
American Naturalist, 1887, p. 925 ; Aceratherium mi<e. Cope, Annual Report U. S. Geol. Survey Terrs., 1873
(1875;, p. 493.
Fragments of mandibular rami of two individuals represent this species. The mea-
surements are as follow : —
Measurements.
No. 1.
Mm.
( Anteroposterior 25
Diameters of base of M. iii. ■!
(.Transverse 16.5
Depth of ramus M. iii 42
Width of ramus at base of coronoid 20
No. 2.
( Anteroposterior - 24
Diameters of M. i. ■!
(.Transverse 19
Depth of ramus at M. i 43
C^NOPUS PUMILUS, Cope.
Aceratherium pumilum. Cope, American Naturalist, 1885, p. 103 (name only) ; Annual Report G. & N. H. Sur-
vey, Canada, 1885, App. C, p. S3.
Portions of mandibles of two individuals represent this, the smallest of the Khinocer-
ontidae. One of the rami possesses the alveoli of the large recumbent canine teeth, indicating
20
that the species is not a Hyracodou. The molar teeth are unfortunately broken away.
The other ramus supports the second premolar, the last deciduous molar, with the first
two permanent true molars.
The anterior (? fourth) premolar has a single large root, with a deep groove on the exter-
nal side. In the true molars the Y-shaped crests arc fully developed, and there is a low
cross-crest at the anterior border of the crown. There is no complete cingulum, but short
sections opposite the valleys on both the internal and external bases of the crown, on the
external side near the front, and at the posterior base. The measurements show how much
smaller this species is than the C. miiis, and that it does not exceed the Hyracodon nebras-
censis.
Measurements.
No. 1.
M.
Width between bases of P. m. i 033
Length of base of anterior three premolars 042
Depth of ramus at diastema 036
" " " third premolar 042
No. 2.
Length of molars i and ii 039
( Anteroposterior 020
Diameter M. ii. .!
(Transverse 012
Depth of ramus at front of M. ii 033
ANCHITHERIUM, Kaup.
Anchitherium westonii. Cope.
American Naturalist, 1889, p. 153.
This species is represented by a single superior molar and two inferior molars, the
latter in place in a part of the mandible. The teeth are smaller than those of the A.
bairdii, from which they also differ in their greater transverse as compared with their
anteroposterior diameters. The intermediate tubercle of the posterior cross-crest is more
distinct than that of the anterior, and the posterior intermediate cingular cusp, so promin-
ent in the A. bairdii, is here wanting. The posterior cingulum continues round the inter-
nal base of the posterior internal cusp. Diameters of superior molar : Transverse, 13.5
mm. ; anteroposterior, 10 mm. Diameters of inferior molar : Transverse, 8 mm. ; antero-
posterior, 10.5 mm. This species, interesting for its primitive character in the absence of
the posterior cingular cusp, is dedicated to Mr. T. C. Weston, the most successful col-
lector in the region from which these fossils were obtained.
ARTIODACTYLA.
ELOTHERIUM, Pomel.
Entelodon, Aymard.
Elotherium arctatum. Cope.
American Naturalist, 1889, p. 629. Elotherium mortonii, Leidy, Cope, Report G. & N. H. Surv., Canada, 1885, -
p. 154.
Established on a left mandibular ramus which supports all the molar teeth, but
21
lacks the canine and incisors, and its inferior border anterior to the first premolar. From
the last circumstance it results that the presence or character of the mandibular tuber-
osities cannot be ascertained. Some separate molar teeth of the same species I have
recorded as above as the E. morlonii, to which the E. arclalum is nearly allied.
The present species is a little inferior in dimensions to the E. mortonii and E. magnum,
and it differs from the former in the absence of diastemata between the premolar teeth,
except a very short one between the third and fourth. The latter is separated by a very
short space from the canine. The second premolar is larger than the first, and the third
and fourth are abruptly smaller than either. The latter has but one, a compressed, later-
ally-grooved root. The crowns of all the premolars are compressed, and have fore and
aft cutting edges. The true molars are peculiar in the elevation of the anterior part of
the crown of two tubercles, above the posterior part. The latter consists of three tubercles,
the third or. posterior median tubercle being better developed than in the E. mortonii,
especially on the last molar. As the jaw is adherent to a block of conglomerate rock,
only the internal sides of the teeth are visible. These are without cingula, and the
enamel of the molars is smooth, while that of the premolars is wrinkled.
A wide space separates the last molar from the base of the coronoid process, which is
low. The condyle is in line with the crowns of the molars. The ramus is compressed
and not very deep.
Meamremeuts.
Mm.
Length from condyle to edge of canine alveolus 295
" last molar 125
" of true molar series 67
f Longitudinal 23
Diameters of m. iii -|
{_ Transverse 13
( Longitudinal • 22
Diameters of M. i \
l Transverse 13
(Vertical [.^^\:^^
Diameters of P. m. i . . . -j
( Longitudinal at base 28
f Vertical , c Si-
Diameters of P. m. ii.. . -j '•'"/( /
(. Longitudinal at base 28
(Vertical 13
Diameters of P. m. iv. \
( Longitudinal at base 13
Elevation of coronoid above border 57
Depth of ramus at m. i 55
This species is interesting as presenting a more primitive character than the Amer-
ican species so far known, in the closely-placed premolar teeth. The form of the true
molars is also more primitive in the elevation of the anterior pair of cusps, almost resem-
bling some species of Mioclsenus in this respect. The large fifth tubercle has a similar
significance. The type specimen was found by Mr. T. C. Weston near the head of the
Swift Current Creek in August, 1889.
~ ? OREODON, Leidy.
The scarcity of Oreodontidae in the collections from the Cypress Hills is a matter of
surprise. An inferior fourth (first) premolar is the only indication of their presence.
The genus is not determinable.
22
HYPERTRAGULUS, Cope.
Bulletin U. S. Geol. Survey Terrs., I., 1874, p. 26; Annual Report do., 1873 (1874), p. 502; American
Naturalist, 1889, p. Ill, pi. vi.
Hypertragulus transversus, Cope.
American Naturalist, 1889, p. 154.
Indicated by two superior molar teeth of old individuals. They are of nearly twice
the linear dimensions of the only known species, H. calcaratus. Cope. The external cusps
are subconical, and the external rib which separates them in the Leptomeryx is wanting
here. Anterior cingular cusp small. The anterior horn of the posterior internal crescent
enters the notch between the external cusps, but does not fuse with either of them.
Slight cingula on the anterior and posterior sides of the internal lobes, which do not pass
round their internal sides. No external cingulum. Diameters : anteroposterior, 12 mm. ;
transverse (at base), 15 mm. Crown very brachyodont.
LEPTOMERYX, Leidy.
Proceeds. Academy Ptiilada, 1853, p. 394; 1857, p. 89; Extinct Mammalia Dakota and Nebraska, 1869, p.
165 ; Cope, Proceeds. Amer. Philos. Soc, 1884, p. 23; ibid, 1887, p. 389.
Leptomeryx esulcatus, Cope.
American Naturalist, 1889, p. 154.
A single superior molar indicates this species, which is of about the dimensions of
the L. evansii. It differs distinctly from this Tragulid in the greater convexity of the
external face of the external cusps, and the absence of the sulci w hich define an external
rib of that surface in the L. evansii. The rib which defines the external faces of the cusps
from each other is present. Anterior external cingular cusp small, continuous with
anterior cingulum. No internal nor external cingulum. Diameters of crown : Antero-
posterior, G.5 mm. ; transverse, 7.5 mm.
Leptomeryx mammifer. Cope.
Report G. & N. H. Survey, Canada, 1885, App. C. p. 84 ; American Naturalist, 1889, p. 154.
This species is represented by a fragment of the mandible which supports the last
two molars. Four superior molars add to the characters already derived from mandibular
teeth, but their reference to the same species is provisional, as they were found sepa-
rately. A tarsal cannon bone in the collection may belong to the same species. It is not
certain that it belongs to a Leptomeryx, but I leave it there until further information ena-
bles me to make a final determination.
The crowns of the inferior molars are not prismatic, nor are they brachyodont. The
crown is well distinguished, and expands but little. The sections of the internal columns
are lenticular, while the external are crescentic. There are no basal columns or cingula
between the latter. In the second true molar, the horns of the anterior internal crescent
join the anterior external crescent early on wearing, while the junction comes later in the
case of the two posterior columns. In the third true molar the anterior horn of the pos-
terior crescent does not reach the posterior external column, but only touches the anterior
internal column. In the same way, the posterior horn does not reach the external
23
column, but is separated from it by a distinct mammary tubercle or short column, which
has an anteroposteriorly short oval section. The heel of this tooth is broken off, but it
was small, judging by the fragments of its base.
The peculiar column intercalated between the heel and the posterior internal column
distinguishes this species from all the selendont Artiodactyla known to me.
The enamel is slightly wrinkled. The half-worn condition of the crowns show that
the animal was adult.
^feasurcmcnts.
Mm.
f Anteroposterior 0098
Diameters of M. ii. -j Transverse 0070
I
L Vertical (of enamel) 0045
In the superior molars the median and anterior external cingular cusps are large and
obtusely subcouical. The anterior external cusp has a very strong median external rib,
while the posterior has a very weak one. The anterior horns of the internal crescents are
much produced ; the posterior but little. The cingula are slight, and are not continued
round the internal base. Diameter of superior molar : anteroposterior, 11 mm. ; trans-
verse, 11.5 mm.
Leptomeryx semicinctus. Cope.
American Naturalist, 1889, p. 154.
A large species possessing twice the linear dimensions of the L. evansii in the superior
molar teeth, is represented by three of the teeth designated. In these the external cres-
cents are more compressed and less conical than the two species above described, resem-
bling more nearly those of the L. evansii. The posterior has a weak vertical rib ; the
anterior a strong one. The external cingular cusps are thoroughly fused with the exter-
nal crescents, forming their anterior horns. The anterior horns of the internal crescents
are a little more produced than the posterior. No external or posterior cingulum ; a much
interrupted anterior cingulum, which is continued round the internal base of the anterior
crescent, and which is further continued on the anterior side of the internal base of the
posterior crescent. Enamel finely wrinkled. Diameters : anteroposterior, 14 mm. ; trans-
verse, at base, 15 mm.
24
EXPLiVNATION OF PLATES.
PLATE I.
Bones of fishes and tortoises, natural size.
Fig. 1. Amia whiteavesiana, Cope, anterior vertebra, articular face ; a from above ; b from below.
Fig. 2. Amia viacrospondyla, Cope, anterior vertebrae, articular face ; a from above ; b from below.
Fig. 3. Rhineusles rhceas, Cope, dorsal vertebra, articular face ; a from above ; b the side.
Fig. 4. Amiurus cancellatus, Cope, dorsal vertebrse, articular face ; a from above ; b from below.
Fig. 5. Amiurus cancellatus f caudal vertebra, articular face ; a from above ; b from side.
Fig. 6. Amiurus maconncllii, Cope, dorsal vertebra, articular face ; a from below ; b from side.
Fig. 7. Amiurus maconneUii ? vertebra, articular face ; a from side.
Fig. 8. Trionyx leucopotamicus, Cope, costal bone from above ; from White Buttes, Dakota, U. S.
Fig. 9. Trionyx leucopotamicus, Cope, part of costal bone from above ; typical specimen-
PL ATE II.
Right mandibular ramus (lacking posterior part) of the Ilemipsalodon grandis, Cope, natural size ; a superior view.
PLATE IIL
Ilemipsalodon grandis, Cope, femora, two-thirds natural size.
Fig. 1. Anterior view ; trochanter restored from smaller specimen.
Fig. 2. Posterior view ; " " " " "
Fig. 3. Proximal extremity, end view ; taken from the second and smaller specimen.
Fig. 4. Distal end left side ; from specimen No. 1.
PLATE IV.
Fig. 1. Chalicolhcrium bilobatum, Cope, symphyseal part of mandible, the right alveolar ridge wanting, left side ;
two-thirds natural size ; a symphysis, posterior view ; b from above.
Fig. 2. Cxnopus milis, Cope, part of mandibular ramus, with crowns of third and fourth premolars, two-thirds
natural size, from above.
Fig. 3. Cxnopus mitis, Cope, symphysis and part of left ramus mandibuli, from above ; a from left side.
Fig. 4. Cxnopus pumilus, Cope, part of right mandibular ramus from above, natural size.
PLATE V.
Fig. 1 . Mcnodus angustigenis, Cope, posterior four superior molars, three-eighths natural size, from below.
Fig. 2. Menodus angustigenis. Cope, mandibular ramus of another individual (also figured on plate vii.), three-
eighths natural size.
Fig. 3. Menodus selwynianus, Cope, nasal bones from above, three-eighths natural size ; a the left side ; b from
below.
PLATE VI.
Fig. 1. i/enodw .^amm'canm, Leidy ? female ; nasal and part of frontal bone, from above; one-half natural Size.'
Fig. 2. Menodus angustigenis, Cope, left ramus mandibuli, external view ; three-eighths natural size ; a internal
side.
PLATE VII.
Fig. 1. Menodus angustigenis, Cope, sympyhseal part of right mandibular ramus, from the right side, two-thirds
natural size ; a from below ; b from front. Type of the species.
Fig. 2. Menodus angustigenis ? Cope, nasal bones and right horn, from the front ; one-half natural size. Type of
M. syceras, Cope.
PLATE VIII.
Fig. 1. Menodus f americanus, Leidy ? female, nasal bones, from the front ; one-half natural size.
Fig. 2. Menodus ? americanus, specimen represented in fig. 1, left side; one-half natural size.
Fig. 3. Same as fig. 2, outline of section of base of left horn.
Fig. 4. Menodus angustigenis, Cope, (M. syceras) nasal bones and horn, right side; one-half natural size; external
view.
Fig. 5. Outline of section of base of horn of specimen fig. 4.
25
PLATE IX.
Fig. 1. Menodus fproutii, 0. N. & E. horn of right side ; three-eighths natural siise ; external view ; a section of
horn at hase.
Fig. 2. Menodus americanus, Leidy, horn of left side; external view; three-eights natural size; a base of same
with adjacent extensions, from below.
Fig. 3. Menodus f americanus, head of tibia, proximal view, figured at No. 1, plate xii.
PLATE X.
Fig. 1. Menodus, sp. humerus ; two-fifths natural size ; posterior view.
Fig. 2. Menodus f americanus, heidy, scaphoid bone; two-fifths natural size, from front; a proximal face; 6 distal
face.
Fig. 3. Menodus f proutii, 0. N. & E. tibia; proximal view of head; two-fifths natural size. From tibia figured at
No. 2, plate xii.
PLATE XI.
Bones of Menodus, three-eighths natural size-
Fig. 1. Menodus ? angusligenis, CopQ, femur, from front ; rotular face injured; a posterior view; 6 proximal view
of head.
Fig. 2. Menodus, sp. humerus, figured on plate x. ; head, proximal view; a condyles, distal view.
PLATE XII.
Tibise of Menodus, three-eighths natural size.
Fig. 1. Menodus f americanus, Leidy, front view ; a posterior view ; c distal end.
Fig. 2. Menodus ? proutii, 0. N. & E. front view; a posterior view.
Fig. 3c. Menodus ? proutii, second individual ; distal extremity.
Fig. 4. Menodus ? angustigenis, Cope, tibia, from front ; b proximal view of the same ; c distal view of the same,
another specimen.
PLATE XIII.
Bones of the feet of Menodus, three-eighths natural size.
Fig. 1. Menodus f angustigenis, Cope, scaphoid, from front ; a proximal side ; b inferior side.
Fig. 2. Menodus, least species; scaphoid bone, from front; a proximal view ; b distal view.
Fig. 3. Menodus fproutii, os magnum from above ; a from front.
Fig. 4. Menodus f angustigenis, os magnum from above ; a from front.
Fig. 5. Menodus americanus, Leidy, calcaneum from above ; sustentaculum wanting ; a distal extremity.
Fig. 6. Menodus f angustigenis, calcaneum from above ; a distal view.
Fig. 7. Menodus ? americanus, astragalus from above ; a distal view.
Fig. 8. Menodus angustigenis, astragalus from above; a distal view.
Fig. 9. Menodus, least species ; astragalus from above ; a distal view.
PLATE XIV.
Chiefly teeth of Diplarthra, natural size, except figure 3, which is two-thirds natural size.
Fig. 1. Anchitfierium westonii. Cope, superior molar from below ; external wall restored.
Fig. 2. Anchitherium westonii, fragment of lower jaw, with two molar teeth, from above ; a do., external side.
Fig. 3- Elotherium arctatum. Cope, left ramus of mandible, lacking the anterior extremity, and part of inferior
border, internal view ; a dentition, viewed from above.
Fig. 4. Hypertragulus transversus, Cope, worn superior molar tooth, from below; a external view.
Fig. 5. Leptomeryx esMfcafos, Cope, superior molar, | natural size; a natural size ; external wall of anterior cres-
cent restored.
Fig. 6. Leptomeryx mammifer, Cope, superior molar ; a external view.
Fig. 7. Leptomeryx mammifer, Cope, portion of mandible, with second and parts of the first and third true molars,
from above; a from external side. Typical specimen.
Fig. 8. Leptomeryx semidnctus. Cope, superior molar, from above : a from external side.
Fig. 9. Patseologus turgidus. Cope, left mandibular ramus, external view ; a superior view.
4
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA
PLATE \.
PISCES and TESTUDINATA.
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA
PLATE iV.
ANCYLOPODA and PERISSODACTYLA.
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA
PLATE VI.
MENODUS.
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA
PLATE VII
1 MENODUS ANGUSTIGENIS, C.
2 M. SYCERAS, Cope.
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA
PLATE VIII
I"
1-3 MENODUS AMERICANUS, Leidy. 4-5 M. SYCERAS, Cope.
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA
PLATE IX
MENODUS.
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA
PLATE X.
MENODUS.
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA
PLATE XI
MENODUS.
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA
PLATE XML
MENODUS.
I
1
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