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Cay,
OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
RENDERED BY THE INTER-
NATIONAL COMMISSION ON
ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE
VOLUME 1. SECTION D
Edited by
FRANCIS HEMMING, c.M.G., C.B.E.
Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature
LONDON :
Printed by Order of the International Trust for
Zoological Nomenclature
and
Sold on behalf of the International Commission on Zoological
Nomenclature by the International Trust at its Publications Office
41, Queen’s Gate, London, S.W.7
1956—1957
(All rights reserved)
» INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON
ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE
COMPOSITION AT THE TIME OF THE ADOPTION OF THE
DIRECTIONS PUBLISHED IN THE PRESENT SECTION OF
VOLUME 1
A. The Officers of the Commission
Honorary Life President: Dr. Karl JorRDAN (British Museum (Natural History),
Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts., England)
President : Professor James Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.)
(12th August 1953)
Vice-President : Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (Sao Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953)
Secretary: Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (27th July 1948)
B. The Members of the Commission
(Arranged in order of precedence by reference to date of election or of most recent re-election,
as prescribed by the International Congress of Zoology)
Professor H. Boscuma (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands)
(ist January 1947)
Senor Dr. Angel CABRERA (La Plata, Argentina) (27th July 1948)
Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (27th July 1948) (Secretary)
Dr. is (Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark) (27th
y
Professor Teiso Esaki (Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan) (A7th April 1950)
Professor Pierre BONNET (Université de Toulouse, France) (9th June 1950)
Mr. Norman Denbigh RILEy (British Museum (Natural History), London) (9th June 1950)
Professor Tadeusz JACZEwsKI (Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw,
Poland) (15th June 1950)
Professor Robert MERTENS (Natur-Museum u. Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg, Frankfurt
a.M., Germany) (Sth July 1950)
Professor Erich Martin HERING (Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universitat zu
Berlin, Germany) (Sth July 1950)
Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (S. Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) (Vice-President)
Professor J. R. DyMoND (University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada) (12th August 1953)
Professor J. Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August
1953) (President)
Professor Harold E. Voxes (University of Tulane, Department of Geology, New Orleans,
Louisiana, U.S.A.) (12th August 1953
Professor Béla HANKO (Mezégazdasadgi Muzeum, Budapest, Hungary) (12th August 1953)
Dr. Norman R. STOLL (Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York, N.Y.,
U.S.A.) (12th August 1953)
Mr. P. C. SYLVESTER-BRADLEY (Sheffield University, Sheffield, England) (12th August 1953)
Dr. L. B. HoLtuuts (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands)
(12th August 1953)
Dr. K. H. L. Key (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation,
Canberra, A.C.T., Australia) (15th October 1954)
Dr. Alden H. MILLER (Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, U.S.A.)
(29th October 1954)
Doc. Dr. Ferdinand PRANTL (Ndrodni Museum v Praze, Prague, Czechoslovakia) (30th
October 1954)
Professor Dr. Wilhelm KUHNELT (Zoologisches Institut der Universitat, Vienna, Austria)
(6th November 1954)
Professor F. S. BODENHEIMER (The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel) (11th November
Professor Ernst MAyrR (Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, Cambridge,
Massachusetts, U.S.A.) (4th December 1954
Professor Enrico ToRTONESE (Museo di Storia Naturale ‘‘ G. Doria’’, Genova, Italy)
(16th December 1954)
IV
INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL
NOMENCLATURE
(continued)
C. The Staff of the Secretariat of the Commission
Honorary Secretary: Myr. Francis Hemming, C.M.G., C.B.E.
Honorary Personal Assistant to the Secretary: Mrs. M. F. W.
Hemming
Honorary Archivist : Mr. Francis J. Griffin, A.L.A.
Consulting Classical Adviser: Professor The Rev. L. W.
Grensted, M.A., D.D.
** Official Lists” Section : Miss D. N. Noakes, B.Sc.
** Régles’”’ Section: Mrs. A. F. Wilson, M.A.
Mrs. J. H. Newman
Miss C. W. Kirton
Mrs. I. Saltman
Mrs. J. A. White
Indexer : Miss Mary Cosh, M.A.
Secretariat :
INTERNATIONAL TRUST FOR ZOOLOGICAL
NOMENCLATURE
Chairman : The Right Hon. Walter Elliot, C.H., M.C., F.R.S.,
M.P.
Managing Director and Secretary: Mr. Francis Hemming,
CMG... CBE,
Publications Officer : Mrs. C. Rosner
Trust Duties Officer : Mrs. J. H. Newman
ADDRESSES OF THE COMMISSION AND THE TRUST
Secretariat of the Commission: 28 Park Village East, Regent’s
Park, London, N.W.1.
Offices of the Trust : 41 Queen’s Gate. London, S.W.7.
FOREWORD
The present Section contains a further instalment of Directions
rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomen-
clature embodying decisions taken in connection with the review
of the entries made on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology
in the period up to the end of 1936 undertaken in pursuance of
a General Directive issued to it by the Thirteenth International
Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948, as extended by a further such
Directive issued by the Fourteenth International Congress of
Zoology, Copenhagen, 1953. The immediately preceding
Section (Section C) of the present volume contained twenty-three
(23) instalments of the prescribed review—all in the form of
Directions. In addition, prior to the commencement of the
above Section, thirty-four (34) instalments had been published
in other volumes of the Opinions and Declarations Series. Of
these, thirty-two (32) had been rendered as Opinions! and two (2)
as Directions*. Accordingly, at the time of the commencement
of the present Section the total number of instalments already
published amounted to fifty-seven (57). Thus, when account is
taken of the eighteen (18) instalments contained in the present
Section, the total number of instalments of the prescribed review
so far published is seen to amount to seventy-five (75).
2. The present volume (Section D of Volume 1) was published
in 19 Parts. It contains 484 pages (T.P.—XIV, 1—470). It is
—
The thirty-two Opinions here referred to are Opinions 136, 149, 158, 180, 192,
Poe 196. 201: 200,225, 226, 238, 239, 240, 242, 244.259" 260, 261, 262,°271,
212s 21427821279, 283, 299, 312, 320; 333, 334, 356:
The two Directions concerned are Directions | and 4,
nw
VI
thus of substantially the same size as the preceding section
(Section C) of the present volume.
3. Eighteen Directions are included in the present instalment.
Of these, three (Directions 40, 42, 52) are concerned exclusively
with the determination of the gender to be attributed to generic
names placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology
up to the end of 1936 ; three (Directions 37, 44, 56) contain Rulings
on various miscellaneous matters relating to the names of genera
of particular Classes (Crustacea (Order Decapoda); Aves ;
Pisces ; Amphibia ; Reptilia) on which decisions were needed
as a preliminary to the publication of the foregoing Official List
in book-form ; three Directions (Directions 36, 43, 57) contain
Rulings placing on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology
the specific names of the type species of genera in the Classes
referred to above, the names of which were placed on the Official
List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period in question.
The remaining nine Directions are concerned with individual
cases, seven with particular names and two (Directions 38, 48)
with the status of particular books. Jn two of these nine cases
(Directions 49, 50) the International Commission found it necessary
to make use of its Plenary Powers. The seven Directions dealing
with individual names (Directions 39, 45, 47, 49, 50, 51, 55)
contain Rulings which validate, correct or complete entries made
on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up
to the end of 1936.
4. The cases dealing with individual names in the present
Section, including those relating to the determination of the
gender of generic names placed on the Official List of Generic
Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936 amount to
sixteen ; of these, six contain Rulings relating to the names of
taxa belonging to more than one Class of the Animal Kingdom,
including one (Direction 42) which relates to the names of taxa
belonging to no less than twenty-two Classes. The total number
of cases involved in Rulings given in the Directions comprised in
the present Section is thus fifty. The distribution by Classes
of these cases is shown in the following table :—
Vil
TABLE 1
Distribution of cases by Classes in the Animal Kingdom
Number of
Name of Class applications
Rhizopoda
Ciliata
Mastigophora
Sporozoa
Neosporidia
Hydrozoa
Anthozoa
Cestoda
Trematoda
Nematoda
Nematomorpha
Hirudinea
Chaetopoda
Crustacea
Diplopoda
Trilobita
Insecta
Merostomata
Arachnida
Gastropoda
Scaphopoda
Pelecypoda
Cephalopoda
Brachiopoda |
Asteroidea |
Holothuroidea
Crinoidea
Urochorda
Cyclostomata
Pisces
Amphibia
Reptilia
Aves
Total
OO WW GO RD me ee ND OO ee RRR RR RE RE Ee
On
i=)
Vill
5. The three Directions relating exclusively to the gender
attributable to generic names placed on the Official List in the
period up to the end of 1936 to which reference has been made in
paragraph 3 above contain determinations of gender in respect
of 145 generic names. These Directions conclude the review
undertaken by the Commission from this point of view of the
entries made on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology
in the period referred to above, save for a small number of cases
where special problems are involved. The total number of generic
names placed on the Official List in the period up to the end of
1936 amounted to 563. Gender determinations for 394 of these
generic names were made in Section C of the present volume, and
accordingly the determinations made in the present volume
brings the total number of determinations made up to a total of
539. As regards the remaining 24 names, gender determinations
have also been made for six names, the number of determinations
still to be made being thus reduced to 18. The distribution by
Classes of the genera for the names of which gender determinations
are made in the Directions included in the present Section is shown
in the following table :—
IX
TABLE 2
Distribution by Classes in the Animal Kingdom of the genera
for the names of which gender determinations have
been made in the present Section of Volume 1
Number of generic
Name of Class names for which genders
have been determined
Rhizopoda 2
Ciliata
Mastigophora
Sporozoa
Neosporidia
Hydrozoa
Anthozoa
Cestoda
Trematoda
Nematoda
Nematomorpha
Hirudinea
Chaetopoda
—
—
ONWNHORK AOR NK KN
Crustacea
Diplopoda
Trilobita
Insecta
Merostomata
Arachnida
Gastropoda
Scaphopoda
Pelecypoda
Cephalopoda
Brachiopoda
Asteroidea
Holothuroidea
Crinoidea
Urochorda
Amphibia
Reptilia
Aves
Total 145
No
rm KO
= ee CNR KNOW OK ORR NRE
xX
6. The Directions comprised in the present Section contain
529 additions to the Official Lists and Official Indexes. Of the
entries so made 522 are in respect of the names of taxa of various
categories and two are of the titles of zoological works. Particulars
of the additions so made are given in the following table :—
TABLE 3
Additions to the ‘‘ Official Lists ’’ and ‘‘ Official Indexes ”’
respectively
Category Official Lists Official Indexes
Specific Names 322 22
Generic Names 8 171
Family-Group Names ] 3
Titles of Works 1 1
Totals 332 197
7. The subject index to the present Section of Volume 1 is of
the same scope as, and follows the style of the corresponding
index for the preceding Section (Section C) of this volume. For
this index the Commission is indebted to Mrs. J. H. Newman.
FRANCIS HEMMING
Secretary to the International Commission
on Zoological Nomenclature
28 Park Village East,
Regent’s Park,
LONDON, N.W.1.
31st May 1957.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
DIRECTION 36 Addition to the Official List of Specific
Names in Zoology (a) of the specific names of the type
species of one hundred and seventy genera of the
Order Decapoda (Class Crustacea), the names of which
were placed on the Official List of Generic Names in
Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936 and (b) of
the specific names currently treated as senior sub-
jective synonyms of the names of the type species of
nine other such genera ..
DIRECTION 37 Completion of the entries relating to
the names of certain genera of the Order Decapoda
(Class Crustacea) placed on the Official List of Generic
Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936. .
DIRECTION 38 Rejection for nomenclatorial purposes
of the anonymously published work entitled Orni-
thologia britannica issued in 1771 and believed to have
been written by Marmaduke Tunstall and matters
incidental thereto (cancellation of Opinion 38)
DIRECTION 39 Substitution of Gallinago Brisson, 1760,
for Gallinago Koch, 1816 (Class Aves) on the Official
List of Generic Names in Zoology (correction of an
error in the Ruling given in Opinion 67)
DIRECTION 40 Determination of the gender to be
attributed to the names of fifty-five genera of the
Phylum Arthropoda, exclusive of genera of Decapod
Crustacea, placed on the Official List of Generic
Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936
DIRECTION 42 Determination of the gender to be
attributed to the names of seventy-eight genera of
various Classes of Invertebrates and of six genera of
the Class Urochorda placed on the Official List of
Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of
1936
XI
Page
47
83
oF
139
155
XII
DIRECTION 43 Addition to the Official List of Specific
Names in Zoology (a) of the specific names of the type
species of seventy-three genera in the Class Aves,
the names of which were placed on the Official List
of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the
end of 1936 and (b) of twelve specific names which
are currently regarded as senior subjective synonyms
of such names
DIRECTION 44 Correction of certain entries relating to
the names of genera in the Class Aves made on the
Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period
up to the close of 1936 and addition to the Official
Indexes of Rejected and Invalid Names in Zoology of
certain names given to genera and species of the same
Class he a
DIRECTION 45 Substitution of Pinnotheres_ Bosc,
[1801—1802] for Pinnotheres Latreille, [1802—1803]
(Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda) on the Official
List of Generic Names in Zoology (correction of an
error in the Ruling given in Opinion 85)
DIRECTION 47 Substitution on the Official List of
Generic Names in Zoology of a revised entry relating
to the generic name Pandalus Leach, 1815 (Class
Crustacea, Order Decapoda) (Revision of a Ruling
given in Opinion 104) mf
DIRECTION 48 Determination of the authorship to. be
attributed to the work published anonymously in the
year 1798 under the title Museum Boltenianum
(Direction supplementary to Opinion 96)
DIRECTION 49 Validation under the Plenary Powers
of the generic name [phis Leach, 1817 (Class Crustacea,
Order Decapoda) (correction of an error in the Ruling
given in Opinion 73)
Page
171
211
pe
243
255
265
DIRECTION 50 Validation under the Plenary Powers of
the generic name Homalaspis Milne Edwards (A.),
1863 (Class Crustacea, Order REN sean
of an error in Opinion 85) Be tas
DIRECTION 51 Revision of the entry on the Official
List of Generic Names in Zoology relating to the name
Homarus Weber, 1795 (Class Crustacea, Order Deca-
poda) (revision of a Ruling given in Opinion 104)
DIRECTION 52 Determination of the gender to be
attributed to the generic names Cryptobranchus
Leuckart, 1821 (Class Amphibia) and Eremias
Wiegmann, 1834 (Class Reptilia) placed on the
Official List of Generic Names in ae a the
Ruling given in Opinion 92 ;
DIRECTION 55 Insertion in the Official List of Generic
Names in Zoology of an entry relating to the generic
name Grus Brisson, 1760 (Class Aves) (correction of
an error in the Ruling given in Opinion 103) ..
DIRECTION 56 Completion and in certain cases correc-
tion of entries relating to the names of genera belonging
to the Classes Pisces, Amphibia and Reptilia made
in the Official List of Generic Names in 2 i in
the period up to the end of 1936 a
DIRECTION 57 Addition to the Official List of Specific
Names in Zoology (a) of the specific names of forty-
seven species belonging to the Classes Cyclostomata,
Pisces, Amphibia and Reptilia, each of which is the
type species of a genus, the name of which was placed
on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in
the period up to the end of 1936 and (b) of the specific
name of one species of the Class Amphibia which is
currently treated as senior subjective synonym of the
name of such a species ..
XIU
Page
281
295
309
319
Sif)
365
XIV
Page
MINUTE, dated 3lst December 1956, by the Secretary
containing directions regarding the generic names
Teuthys Linck, 1790 (Class Pisces) and Teuthis
Schneider, 1784 (Class Cephalopoda) .. ae +1) 391
Corrigendan yt 5 Ne a a: aE: ‘aly ans
Subject Index .. 7! a as a Ps so 395
Particulars of dates of publication of the several Parts in
which the present volume was published ne .. 469
Instructions to Binders ri ry ae = cr 470
OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
RENDERED BY THE INTER-
NATIONAL COMMISSION ON
ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE
Edited by
FRANCIS HEMMING, c.M.G., C.B.E.
_ Secretary to the Commission
VOLUME 1. SECTION D. Part D.1. Pp. 1—46
DIRECTION 36
Addition to the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology
(a) of the specific names of the type species of one hundred
and seventy genera of the Order Decapoda (Class
Crustacea), the names of which were placed on the
Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period
up to the end of 1936 and (b) of the specific names
currently treated as senior subjective synonyms of the
names of the type-species_of nine other such genera.
LONDON :
Printed by Order-of the International Trust for
Zoological Nomenclature
and
Sold on behalf of the International Commission on Zoological
Nomenclature by the International Trust at its Publications Office
41, Queen’s Gate, London, S.W.7
1956
Price Thirty Shillings
(All rights reserved)
Issued \st September, 1956
INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON
ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE
COMPOSITION AT THE TIME OF THE ADOPTION OF THE
RULING GIVEN IN DIRECTION 36
A. The Officers of the Commission
Honorary Life President: Dr. Karl JorDAN (British Museum (Natural History),
Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts., England)
President: Professor James Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y.,
U.S.A.) (12th August 1953)
Vice-President : Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (Sao Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953)
Secretary : Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (27th July 1948)
B. The Members of the Commission
(Arranged in order of precedence by reference to date of election_or of most recent
re-election, as prescribed by the International Congress of Zoology)
Professor H. Boscuma (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands)
(ist January 1947)
Senor Dr. Angel CABRERA (La Plata, Argentina) (27th July 1948)
Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (27th July 1948) (Secretary)
Dr. Henning Lemcue (Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark)
(27th July 1948)
Professor Teiso Esaki (Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan) (17th April 1950)
Professor Pierre BONNET (Université de Toulouse, France) (9th June 1950)
Mr. Norman Denbigh RiLey (British Museum (Natural History), London) (9th June 1950)
Professor Tadeusz JACZEWSKI (Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw,
Poland) (15th June 1950)
Professor Robert MERTENS (Natur-Museum u. Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg, Frankfurt
a. M., Germany) (5th July 1950)
Professor Erich Martin HERING (Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universitat zu
Berlin, Germany) (Sth July 1950)
Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (S. Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) (Vice-President)
Professor J. R. DyMoND (University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada) (12th August 1953)
eee a: oe BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953)
President
Professor Harold E. Voxes (Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A.)
(12th August 1953)
Professor Béla HANKO (Mezégazdasdgi Muzeum, Budapest, Hungary) (12th August 1953)
Dr. Norman R. STOLL (Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York, N. Y.,.0 38:22)
(12th August 1953)
Mr. P. C. SYLVESTER-BRADLEY (Sheffield University, Sheffield, England) (12th August 1953)
Dr. L. B. Hottuuts (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands)
(12th August 1953)
Dr. K. H. L. Key (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation,
Canberra, A.C.T., Australia) (15th October 1954)
Dr. Alden H. MILLER (Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley,
California, U.S.A.) (29th October 1954)
Doc. Dr. Ferdinand PRANTL (Ndrodni Museum v Praze, Prague, Czechoslovakia) (30th
October 1954) :
Professor Dr. Wilhelm KUHNELT (Zoologisches Institut der Universitat, Vienna, Austria)
(6th November 1954)
Professor F. S. BODENHEIMER (The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel) (11th November
Professor Ernst MAYR (Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, Cambridge,
Massachusetts, U.S.A.) (4th December 1954)
Professor Enrico TORTONESE (Museo di Storia Naturale, “ G. Doria,’ Genova, Italy)
(16th December 1954)
DIRECTION 36
ADDITION TO THE “OFFICIAL LIST OF SPECIFIC
NAMES IN ZOOLOGY ” (a) OF THE SPECIFIC NAMES
OF THE TYPE SPECIES OF ONE HUNDRED AND
SEVENTY GENERA OF THE ORDER DECAPODA
(CLASS CRUSTACEA), THE NAMES OF WHICH
WERE PLACED ON THE “OFFICIAL LIST
OF GENERIC NAMES IN ZOOLOGY” IN
THE PERIOD UP TO THE END OF 1936
AND (b) OF THE SPECIFIC NAMES
CURRENTLY TREATED AS SENIOR
SUBJECTIVE SYNONYMS OF THE
NAMES OF THE TYPE SPECIES OF
NINE OTHER SUCH GENERA
RULING :—(1) The under-mentioned specific names of
species of the Order Decapoda (Class Crustacea), each
of which is the type species of a genus, the name of which
was placed on the Official List of Generic Names in
Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936 by the Rulings
given in the Opinions cited below, are hereby placed on the
Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with the Names
Numbers severally specified against the names in
question :—
(1) gayi Milne Edwards (H.) & Lucas, [1844], as
published in the combination Acanthocyclus
gayi (specific name of type species of Acantho-
cyclus Milne Edwards (H.) & Lucas, [1844])
(Opinion 73) (Name No. 765) ;
(2) erosa Miers, [1877], as published in the combina-
tion Actaeomorpha erosa (specific name of type
species of Actaeomorpha Miers, [1877]) (Opinion
73) (Name No. 766) ;
(3) tomentosus Dana, 1852, as published in the com-
bination Actumnus tomentosus (specific name of
type species of Actumnus Dana, 1851) (Opinion
73) (Name No. 767) ;
SEP 9 ° 1956
OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
(4) erinaceus Fabricius, 1787, as published in the com-
bination Cancer erinaceus (specific name of type
species of Arcania Leach, 1817) (Opinion 73)
(Name No. 768) ;
(5) sexdentatus Paulson, 1875, as published in the
combination Archias sexdentatus (specific name
of type species of Archias Paulson, 1875) (Opinion
73) (Name No. 769) ;
(6) cribrarius Lamarck, 1818, as published in the
combination Portunus cribrarius (specific name of
type species of Arenaeus Dana, 1851) (Opinion
73) (Name No. 770) ;
(7) integerrimus Lamarck, 1818, as published in the
combination Cancer integerrimus (specific name
of type species of Atergatis de Haan, [1833])
(Opinion 73) (Name No. 771); |
(8) signatus Adams & White, [1849], as published in
the combination Carpilius signatus (specific name
of type species of Atergatopsis Milne Edwards
(A.), 1862) (Opinion 73) (Name No. 772) ;
(9) armata Milne Edwards (A.), 1869, as published
in the combination Banareia armata (specific
name of type species of Banareia Milne Edwards
(A.), 1869) (Opinion 73) (Name No. 773) ;
(10) picta Milne Edwards (H.), 1848, as published in the
combination Bellia picta (specific name of type
species of Bellia Milne Edwards (H.), 1848)
(Opinion 73) (Name No. 774) ;
(11) hemingi Alcock & Anderson, 1899, as published in
the combination Benthochascon hemingi (specific
name of type species of Benthochascon Alcock
& Anderson, 1899) (Opinion 73) (Name No.
TID) 3
(12) rouxii Guérin-Ménéville, 1832, as published in the
combination Caphyra rouxii (specific name of
type species of Caphyra Guérin-Ménéville, 1832)
(Opinion 73) (Name No. 776) ;
DIRECTION 36 5
(13) maculatus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the
combination Cancer maculatus (specific name of
type species of Carpilius Desmarest, 1823)
(Opinion 73) (Name No. 777) ;
(14) tristis Dana, 1852, as published in the combination
Carpilodes tristis (specific name of type species
of Carpilodes Dana, 1851) (Opinion 73) (Name
No. 778) ;
(15) papulosus Stimpson, [1871], as published in the
combination Carpoporus papulosus (specific name
of type species of Carpoporus Stimpson, [1871])
(Opinion 73) (Name No. 779) ;
(16) tenuipes Dana, 1852, as published in the combina-
tion Carupa tenuipes (specific name of type
species of Carupa Dana, 1851) (Opinion 73)
(Name No. 780) ;
(17) melanochirus Milne Edwards (A.), 1873, as pub-
lished in the combination Chlorodopsis melano-
chirus (specific name of type species of Chloro-
dopsis Milne Edwards (A.), 1873) (Opinion 73)
(Name No. 781) ;
(18) tridentatus Milne Edwards (A.), 1879, as published
in the combination Coenophthalmus tridentatus
(specific name of type species of Coenophthalmus
Milne Edwards (A.), 1879) (Opinion 73) (Name
No. 782) ;
(19) chilensis Milne Edwards (H.) & Lucas, [1844], as
published in the combination Corystoides chilen-
sis (specific name of type species of Corystoides
Milne Edwards (H.), & Lucas [1844]) (Opinion
73) (Name No. 783) ;
(20) pentagonus Stimpson, 1858, as published in the
combination Cryptocnemus pentagonus (specific
name of type species of Cryptocnemus Stimpson,
1858) (Opinion 73) (Name No. 784) ;
OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
(21) ornatus Dana, 1852, as published in the combina-
tion Cyclodius ornatus (specific name of type
species of Cyclodius Dana, 1851) (Opinion 73)
(Name No. 785) ;
(22) andreossyi Audouin, [1826], as published in the
combination Pilumnus andreossyi (specific name
of type species of Cymo de Hann, [1833])
(Opinion 73) (Name No. 786) ;
(23) eremita Nobili, 1906, as published in the com-
bination Dacryopilumnus eremita (specific name
of type species of Dacryopilumnus Nobili, 1906)
(Opinion 73) (Name No. 787) ;
(24) imitatrix Hilgendorf, [1869], as published in the
combination Deckenia imitatrix (specific name
of type species of Deckenia Hilgendorf, [1869])
(Opinion 73) (Name No. 788) ;
(25) hispida Eydoux & Souleyet, 1842, as published in
the combination Domecia hispida (specific name
of type species of Domecia Eydoux & Souleyet,
1842) (Opinion 73) (Name No. 789) ;
(26) tuberosus Pennant, 1777, as published in the
combination Cancer tuberosus (specific name of
type species of Ebalia Leach, [1817]) (Opinion 73)
(Name No. 790) ;
(27) cubensis Stimpson, 1860, as published in the
combination Epilobocera cubensis (specific name
of type species of Epilobocera Stimpson, 1860)
(Opinion 73) (Name No. 791) ;
(28) cessacii Milne Edwards (A.), 1878, as published in
the combination Epimelus cessacii (specific name
of type species of Epimelus Milne Edwards (A.),
1878) (Opinion 73) (Name No. 792) ;
(29) isenbeckii Brandt, 1848, as published in the com-
bination Platycorystes (Podacanthus) isenbeckii
(specific name of type species of Erimacrus
Benedict, 1892) (Opinion 73) (Name No. 793) ;
DIRECTION 36 7
(30) spinosus Rathbun, 1894, as published in the com-
bination Erimetopus spinosus (specific name of
type species of Erimetopus Rathbun, 1894)
(Opinion 73) (Name No. 794) ;
(31) dovii Stimpson, 1860, as published in the com-
bination Euphylax dovii (specific name of type
species of Euphylax Stimpson, 1860) (Opinion
wt tName No, 795):
(32) jacquemontii Milne Edwards (H.), 1844, as published
in the combination Gecarcinucus jacquemontii
(specific name of type species of Gecarcinucus
Milne Edwards (H.), 1844) (Opinion 73) (Name
No. 796) ;
(33) amica Smith (S.I.), 1869, as published in the com-
bination Hepatella amica (specific name of type
species of Hepatella Smith (S.I.), 1869) (Opinion
73) (Name No. 797) ;
(34) fallax Henderson, 1893, as published in the com-
bination Ebalia fallax (specific name of type
species of Heterolithadia Alcock, 1896) (Opinion
73) (Name No. 798) ;
(35) vesiculosa Alcock, 1896, as published in the com-
bination Heteronucia vesiculosus (specific name
of type species of Heteronucia Alcock, 1896)
(Opinion 73) (Name No. 799) ;
(36) rotundifrons Milne Edwards (A.), 1867, as pub-
lished in the combination Heterozius rotundifrons
(specific name of type species of Heterozius
Milne Edwards (A.), 1867) (Opinion 73) (Name
No. 800) ;
(37) agilis Milne Edwards (A.), 1872, as published in the
combination Hydrothelphusa agilis (specific name
of type species of Hydrothelphusa Milne Edwards
(A.), 1872) (Opinion 73) (Name No. 801) ;
(38) subglobosa Stimpson, [1871], as published in the
combination /liacantha subglobosa (specific name
of type species of Jliacantha Stimpson, [1871)])
(Opinion 73) (Name No. 802) ;
OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
(39) spongiosus Adams & White, [1849], as published
in the combination Iphiculus spongiosus (specific
name of type species of Iphiculus Adams & White
[1849]) (Opinion 73) (Name No. 803) ;
(40) cylindricus Fabricius, 1777, as published in the
combination Cancer cylindricus (specific name of
type species of Jxa Leach, 1815) (Opinion 73)
(Name No. 804) ;
(41) jurinei Saussure, 1853, as published in the com-
bination Guaia (Ilia) jurinei (specific name of
type species of Leucosilia Bell, 1855) (Opinion 73)
(Name No. 805) ;
(42) polybioides Adams & White, [1849], as published
in the combination Lissocarcinus polybioides
(specific name of type species of Lissocarcinus
Adams & White, [1849]) (Opinion 73) (Name
No. 806) ;
(43) cumingii Bell, 1855, as published in the combina-
tion Lithadia cumingii (specific name of type
species of Lithadia Bell, 1855) (Opinion 73)
(Name No. 807) ;
(44) rotundatus Adams & White, [1849], as published
in the combination Lupocyclus rotundatus (speci-
fic name of type species of Lupocyclus Adams &
White, [1849]) (Opinion 73) (Name No. 808) ;
(45) lambriformis Milne Edwards (A.), 1873, as published
in the combination Merocryptus lambriformis
(specific name of type species of Merocryptus
Milne Edwards (A.), 1873) (Opinion 73) (Name
No. 809) ;
(46) eudactylus Bell, 1855, as published in the combina-
tion Myrodes eudactylus (specific name of type
species of Myrodes Bell, 1855) (Opinion 73)(Name
No. 810) ;
(47) speciosa Dana, 1852, as published in the combina-
tion Nucia speciosa (specific name of type species
of Nucia Dana, 1852) (Opinion 73) (Name No.
811);
DIRECTION 36 9
(48) hardwickii Leach, 1817, as published in the com-
bination Nursia hardwickii (specific name of
type species of Nursia Leach, 1817) (Opinion 73)
(Name 812) ;
(49) dentata Bell, 1855, as published in the combination
Nursilia dentata (specific name of type species of
Nursilia Bell, 1855) (Opinion 73) (Name No.
813);
(50) lamelligera Stimpson, 1858, as published in the
combination Onychomorpha lamelligera (specific
name of type species of Onychomorpha Stimpson,
1858) (Opinion 73) (Name No. 814) ;
(51) horridus Riippell, 1830, as published in the com-
bination Oreophorus horridus (specific name of
type species of Oreophorus Riippell, 1830)
(Opinion 73) (Name No. 815) ;
(52) tuberosa Stimpson, [1871], as published in the
combination Osachila tuberosa (specific name of
type species of Osachila Stimpson, [1871])
(Opinion 73) (Name No. 816) ;
(53) milneedwardsii Miers, 1886, as published in the
combination Paracyclois milne-edwardsii (speci-
fic name of type species of Paracyclois Miers,
1886) (Opinion 73) (Name No. 817) ;
(54) tridentata Milne Edwards (H.), 1853, as published
in the combination Parathelphusa tridentata
(specific name of type species of Parathelphusa
Milne Edwards (H.), 1853) (Opinion 73) (Name
No. 818) ;
(55) orientalis Miers, 1886, as published in the com-
| bination Lupocyclus (Parathranites) orientalis
(specific name of type species of Parathranites
Miers, 1886) (Opinion 73) (Name No. 819) ;
(56) alcocki Wood-Mason, 1891, as published in the
combination Parilia alcocki (specific name of
type species of Parilia Wood-Mason, 1891)
(Opinion 73) (Name No. 820) ;
10 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
(57) coronata Alcock & Anderson, 1894, as published in
the combination Randallia coronata (specific
name of type species of Pariphiculus Alcock,
1896) (Opinion 73) (Name No. 821) ;
(58) crassipes Bell, 1855, as published in the combina-
tion Phlyxia crassipes (specific name of type
species of Phlyxia Bell, 1855) (Opinion 73) (Name
No. 822) ;
(59) denticulatus Montagu, 1808, as published in the
combination Cancer denticulatus (specific name
of type species of Pirimela Leach, [1816])
(Opinion 73) (Name No. 823) ;
(60) gaudichaudii Milne Edwards (H.), 1837, as pub-
lished in the combination Platymera gaudi-
chaudii (specific name of.type species of Platy-
mera Milne Edwards (H.), 1837) (Opinion 73)
(Name No. 824) ;
(61) henslowii Leach, [1820], as published in the com-
bination Polybius henslowii (specific name of
type species of Polybius Leach, [1820]) (Opinion
73) (Name No. 825) ;
(62) armatus Milne Edwards (H.), 1853, as published
in the combination Potamocarcinus armatus
(specific name of type species of Potamocarcinus
Milne Edwards (H.), 1853) (Opinion 73) (Name
No. 826) ;
(63) perlata Milne Edwards (H.), 1837, as published in
the combination Thelpheusa [sic] perlata (specific
name of type species of Potamonautes Macleay,
1838) (Opinion 73) (Name No. 827) ;
(64) tridentata Miers, 1879, as published in the com-
bination Pseudophilyra tridentata (specific name
of type species of Pseudophilyra Miers, 1879)
(Opinion 73) (Name No. 828) ;
(65) americana Saussure, 1857, as published in the
combination Pseudothelphusa americana (specific
name of type species of Pseudothelphusa Saus-
sure, 1857) (Opinion 73) (Name No. 829) ;
DIRECTION 36 11
(66) ornata Randall, 1840, as published in the com-
bination J/ia ornata (specific name of type species
of Randallia Stimpson, 1857) (Opinion 73) (Name
No. 830) ;
(67) nodosus Bell, 1855, as published in the combination
Oreophorus nodosus (specific name of type species
of Speloeophorus Milne Edwards (A.), 1865)
(Opinion 73) (Name No. 831);
(68) bedoti Zehnter, 1894, as published in the combina-
tion Sphaerocarcinus bedoti (specific name of
type species of Sphaerocarcinus Zehnter, 1894)
(Opinion 73) (Name No. 832) ;
(69) serratus Forskal, 1775, as published in the com-
bination Cancer serratus (specific name of type
species of Scy/la de Haan, [1833]) (Opinion 73)
(Name No. 833) ;
(70) admete Herbst, [1803], as published in the combina-
tion Cancer admete (specific name of type species
of Thalamita Latreille, 1829) (Opinion 73) (Name
No. 834) ;
(71) quadridens Milne Edwards (A.), 1869, as published
in the combination Thalamitoides quadridens
(specific name of type species of Thalamitoides
Milne Edwards (A.), 1869) (Opinion 73) (Name
ING. S35) ;
(72) danae Milne Edwards (A.), 1869, as published in
the combination Goniosoma danae (specific name
of type species of Thalamonyx Milne Edwards
(A.), 1873) (Opinion 73) (Name No. 836) ;
(73) muriger Adams & White, [1849], as published in
the combination Jlos muriger (specific name of
type species of J/os Adams & White, [1849])
(Opinion 73) (Name No. 837) ;
(74) corallinus Faxon, 1893, as published in the com-
bination Trachycarcinus corallinus (specific name
of type species of Trachycarcinus Faxon, 1893)
(Opinion 73) (Name No. 838) ;
12 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
(75) fluviatilis Latreille, [1828], as published in the
combination Trichodactylus fluviatilis (specific
name of type species of Trichodactylus Latreille,
[1828]) (Opinion 73) (Name No. 8339) ;
(76) nobile Milne Edwards (A.), 1880, as published in
the combination Trichopeltarion nobile (specific
name of type species of Trichopeltarion Milne
Edwards (A.), 1880) (Opinion 73) (Name No.
840) ;
(77) serrata White, 1847, as published in the combina-
tion Valdivia serrata (specific name of type species
of Valdivia White, 1847) (Opinion 73) (Name No.
841) ;
(78) parvula Stimpson, 1858, as published in the com-
bination Acmaeopleura parvula (specific name
of type species of Acmaeopleura Stimpson, 1858)
(Opinion 85) (Name No. 842) ;
(79) inaequipes Stimpson, 1858, as published in the
combination Asthenognathus inaequipes (specific
name of type species of Asthenognathus Stimp-
son, 1858) (Opinion 85) (Name No. 843) ;
(80) typhlus Milne Edwards (A.), 1880, as published in
the combination Bathyplax typhlus (specific
name of type species of Bathyplax Milne
Edwards (A.), 1880) (Opinion 85) (Name No.
); |
(81) sexdentatum Stimpson, 1858, as published in the
combination Camptandrium sexdentatum (specific
name of type species of Camptandrium Stimpson,
1858) (Opinion 85) (Name No. 845) ;
(82) coppingeri Miers, 1884, as published in the com-
bination Camptoplax coppingeri (specific name
of type species of Camptoplax Miers, 1884)
(Opinion 85) (Name No. 846) ;
(83) nitidus Milne Edwards (A.), 1870, as published in
the combination Catoptrus nitidus (specific name
of type species of Catoptrus Milne Edwards (A.),
1870) (Opinion 85) (Name No. 847) ;
DIRECTION 36 13
(84) ciliatus Stimpson, 1858, as published in the com-
bination Ceratoplax ciliatus (specific name of
type species of Ceratoplax Stimpson, 1858)
(Opinion 85) (Name No. 848) ;
(85) typicus Rathbun, 1898, as published in the com-
bination Chasmocarcinus typicus (specific name
of type species of Chasmocarcinus Rathbun,
1898) (Opinion 85) (Name No. 849) ;
(86) balansae Milne Edwards (A.), 1873, as published
in the combination Clistocoeloma balansae (speci-
fic name of type species of Clistocoeloma Milne
Edwards (A.), 1873) (Opinion 85) (Name No.
850) ;
(87) angulatus Dana, 1851, as published in the combina-
tion Cyrtograpsus angulatus (specific name of
type species of Cyrtograpsus Dana, 1851) ( Opin-
ion 85) (Name No. 851) ;
(88) nitidus Smith (S.I.), 1870, as published in the
combination Dissodactylus nitidus (specific name
of type species of Dissodactylus Smith (S.I.),
1870) (Opinion 85) (Name No. 852) ;
(89) carinipes de Man, 1889, as published in the com-
bination Durckheimia carinipes (specific name
of type species of Durckheimia de Man, 1889)
(Opinion 85) (Name No. 853) ;
(90) liguricus Milne Edwards (H.), 1853, as es ieee
in the combination Euchirograpsus liguricus
(specific name of type species of Euchirograpsus
Milne Edwards (H.), 1853) (Opinion 85) (Name
No. 854) ;
(91) crenatus de Haan, [1835], as published in the com-
bination Cancer (Eucrate) crenatus (specific name
of type species of Eucrate de Haan, [1835))
(Opinion 85) (Name No. 855) ;
14 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
(92) agassizii Milne Edwards (A.), 1880, as published
in the combination Eucratodes agassizii (specific
name of type species of Eucratodes Milne
Edwards (A.), 1880) (Opinion 85) (Name No.
856) ;
(93) crassimanus Dana, 1851, as published in the
combination Eucrate crassimanus (specific name
of type species of Eucratopsis Smith (S.I.), 1869)
(Opinion 85) (Name No. 857) ;
(94) deplanatus Cano, 1889, as published in the com-
bination Euryetisus deplanatus (specific name of
type species of Euryetisus Cano, 1889) (Opinion
85) (Name No. 858) ;
(95) nitidus Stimpson, 1859, as published in the com-
bination Euryplax nitidus (specific name of type
species of Euryplax Stimpson, 1859) (Name No.
859) ;
(96) limosa Say, 1818, as published in the combination
Cancer limosa (specific name of type species of
Eurytium Stimpson, 1859) (Opinion 85) (Name
No. 860) ;
(97) subquadrata Dana, 1851, as published in the com-
bination Fabia subquadrata (specific name of
type species of Fabia Dana, 1851) (Opinion 85)
(Name No. 861) ;
(98) bispinosus Herbst, [1783], as published in the
combination Cancer bispinosus (specific name of
type species of Galene de Haan, [1833]) (Opinion
85) (Name No. 862) ;
(99) tridens Kreyer, 1837, as published in the combina-
tion Geryon tridens (specific name of type species
of Geryon Kroyer, 1837) (Opinion 85) (Name
No. 863) ;
(100) impressus Smith (S.I.), 1870, as published in the
combination Glyptograpsus impressus (specific
name of type species of Glyptograpsus Smith
(S.I.), 1870) (Opinion 85) (Name No. 864) ;
DIRECTION 36 15
(101) pugnax Smith (S.I.), 1870, as published in the
combination Glyptoplax pugnax (specific name
of type species of Glyptoplax Smith (S.I.), 1870)
(Opinion 85) (Name No. 865) ;
(102) bicornis Gray (J.E.), 1831, as published in the
combination Gomeza bicornis (specific name of
type species of Gomeza Gray (J.E.), 1831)
(Opinion 85) (Name No. 866) ;
(103) fragifer de Haan, [1835], as published in the com-
bination Cancer (Halimede) fragifer (specific
name of type species of Halimede de Haan,
[1835]) (Opinion 85) (Name No. 867) ;
(104) tridens de Haan, [1835], as published in the com-
bination Ocypode (Helice) tridens (specific name
of type species of Helice de Haan, [1835))
(Opinion 85) (Name 868) ;
(105) lugubris Alcock, 1899, as published in the com-
bination Hephthopelta lugubris (specific name of
type species of Hephthopelta Alcock, 1899)
(Opinion 85) (Name No. 869) ;
(106) sexpes Fabricius, 1798, as published in the com-
bination Cancer sexpes (specific name of type
species of Hexapus de Haan, [1833]) (Opinion
85) (Name No. 870) ;
(107) haematocheir de Haan, [1835], as published in the
combination Grapsus (Pachysoma) haematocheir
(specific name of type species of Holometopus
Milne Edwards (H.), 1853) (Opinion 85) (Name
No. 871) ;
(108) trapeziformis Nauck, 1880, as published in the
combination Holothuriophilus trapeziformis
(specific name of type species of Holothurio-
Bi). Nauck, 1880) (Opinion 85) (Name No.
Si2y%
16 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
(109) rodgersii Stimpson, 1858, as published in the com-
bination Lachnopodus rodgersii (specific name
of type species of Lachnopodus Stimpson, 1858)
(Opinion 85) (Name No. 873) ;
(110) exaratus Milne Edwards (H.), 1834, as published
in the combination Chlorodius exaratus (specific
name of type species of Leptodius Milne Edwards
(A.), 1863) (Opinion 85) (Name No. 874) ;
(111) rubromaculatus de Haan, [1833], as published in
the combination Cancer (Liagore) rubromacu-
latus (specific name of type species of Liagore
de Haan, [1833]) (Opinion 85) (Name No. 875) ;
(112) nitidus Milne Edwards (A.), 1867, as published in
the combination Libystes nitidus (specific name
of type species of Libystes Milne Edwards (A.),
1867) (Opinion 85) (Name No. 876) ;
(113) cinctimanus White, [1849], as published in the com-
bination Carpilius cinctimanus (specific name of
type species of Liomera Dana, 1851) (Opinion 85)
(Name No. 877) ;
(114) leeanus Rathbun, 1898, as published in the com-
bination Lipaesthesius leeanus (specific name of
type species of Lipaesthesius Rathbun, 1898)
(Opinion 85) (Name No. 878) ;
(115) bispinosa Kinahan, 1856, as published in the com-
bination Litocheira bispinosa (specific name of
type species of Litocheira Kinahan, 1856) (Opin-
ion 85) (Name No. 879) ;
(116) bella Stimpson, 1860, as published in the combina-
tion Xantho bella (specific name of type species
of Lophopanopeus Rathbun, 1898) (Opinion 85)
(Name No. 880) ;
(117) dilatipes Adams & White, [1849], as published in
the combination Pilumnus dilatipes (specific
name of type species of Lophopilumnus Miers,
1886) (Opinion 85) (Name No. 881) ;
DIRECTION 36 i?
(118) tesselatus Latreille, 1812, as published in the
combination Grapsus tesselatus (specific name
of type species of Lybia Milne Edwards (H.),
1834) (Opinion 85) (Name No. 882) ;
(119) thalamita Stimpson, [1871], as published in the
combination Melybia thalamita (specific name
of type species of Melybia Stimpson, [1871)])
(Opinion 85) (Name No. 883) ;
(120) rousseauxi Milne Edwards (H.), 1853, as published
in the combination Metasesarma rousseauxi
(specific name of type species of Metasesarma
Milne Edwards (H.), 1853) (Opinion 85) (Name
No. 884) ;
(121) truncatus Stimpson, [1860], as published in the
combination Metopocarcinus truncatus (specific
name of type species of Metopocarcinus Stimp-
son, [1860]) (Opinion 85) (Name No. 885) ;
(122) sculptipes Stimpson, [1871], as published in the
combination Micropanope sculptipes (specific
name of type species of Micropanope Stimpson,
[1871] (Opinion 85) (Name No. 886) ;
(123) nitidus Milne Edwards (A.), 1873, as published in
the combination Notonyx nitidus (specific name
of type species of Notonyx Milne Edwards (A.),
1873) (Opinion 85) (Name No. 887) ;
(124) granulatus Rathbun, 1893, as published in the
combination Oediplax granulatus (specific name
of type species of Oediplax Rathbun, 1893)
(Opinion 85) (Name No. 888) ;
(125) macgillivrayi White, 1852, as published in the com-
bination Ommatocarcinus macgillivrayi (specific
name of type species of Ommatocarcinus White,
1852) (Opinion 85) (Name No. 889) ;
(126) transversus Rathbun, 1893, as published in the
combination Opisthopus transversus (specific
name of type species of Opisthopus Rathbun,
1893) (Opinion 85) (Name No. 890) ;
18 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
(127) microps Alcock & Anderson, 1894, as published
in the combination Xanthodes microps (specific
name of type species of Orphnoxanthus Alcock,
1898) (Opinion 85) (Name No. 891) ;
(128) depressa Stimpson, [1871], as published in the
combination Panoplax depressa (specific name
of type species of Panoplax Stimpson, [1871])
(Opinion 85) (Name No. 892) ;
(129) neapolitana Kossmann, 1878, as published in the
combination Paragalene neapolitana (specific
name of type species of Paragalene Kossmann,
1878) (Opinion 85) (Name No. 893) ;
(130) ewagora de Man, 1895, as published in the com-
bination Parapanope euagora (specific name of
type species of Parapanope de Man, 1895)
(Opinion 85) (Name No. 894) ;
(131) roseus Nobili, 1906, as published in the combination
Parapleurophrycoides roseus (specific name of
type species of Parapleurophrycoides Nobili,
1906) (Opinion 85) (Name No. 895) ;
(132) planissimus Herbst, [1804], as published in the
combination Cancer planissimus (specific name
of type species of Percnon Gistl, 1848) (Opinion
85) (Name No. 896) ;
(133) excelsus Heller, 1862, as published in the com-
bination Perigrapsus excelsus (specific name of
type species of Perigrapsus Heller, 1862) (Opinion
85) (Name No. 897) ;
(134) perlatus Poeppig, 1836, as published in the com-
bination Hepatus perlatus (specific name of type
species of Pilumnoides Milne Edwards (H.) &
Lucas, [1844]) (Opinion 85) (Name No. 898) ;
(135) hirtellus Linnaeus, 1761, as published in the com-
bination Cancer hirtellus (specific name of type
species of Pilumnus Leach, 1815) (Opinion 85)
(Name No. 899) ;
DIRECTION 36 19
(136) hirtipes Heller, [1865], as published in the combina-
tion Pinnaxodes hirtipes (specific name of type
species of Pinnaxodes Heller, [1865]) (Opinion 85)
(Name No. 900) ;
(137) cylindricum Say, 1818, as published in the com-
bination Pinnotheres cylindricum (specific name
of type species of Pinnixa White, 1846) (Opinion
85) (Name No. 901) ;
(138) /aevigata Milne Edwards (H.) & Lucas, [1844], as
published in the combination Pinnotherelia
laevigata (specific name of type species of
Pinnotherelia Milne Edwards (H.), & Lucas,
[1844]) (Opinion 85) (Name No. 902) ;
(139) spectabilis de Man, 1896, as published in the
combination Platychirograpsus spectabilis (speci-
fic name of type species of Platychirograpsus
de Man, 1896) (Opinion 85) (Name No. 903) ;
(140) gracilipes Alcock, 1894, as published in the com-
bination Platypilumnus gracilipes (specific name
of type species of Platypilumnus Alcock, 1894)
(Opinion 85) (Name No. 904) ;
(141) orbignyi Milne Edwards (H.) & Lucas, [1844], as
published in the combination Xantho orbignyi
(specific name of type species of Platyxanthus
Milne Edwards (A.), 1863) (Opinion 85) (Name
No. 905) ;
(142) cupulifer Latreille, 1825, as published in the com-
bination Pilumnus cupulifer (specific name of
type species of Polydectus Milne Edwards (H.),
1837) (Opinion 85) (Name No. 906);
(143) spinicarpus Milne Edwards (H.), 1852, as published
in the combination Prionoplax spinicarpus (speci-
fic name of type species of Prionoplax
Milne Edwards (H.), 1852) (Opinion 85) (Name
No. 907) ;
20 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
(144) gigas Lamarck, 1818, as published in the combina-
tion Cancer gigas (specific name of type species
of Pseudocarcinus Milne Edwards (H.), 1834)
(Opinion 85) (Name No. 908) ;
(145) carinata Ortmann, 1894, as published in the com-
bination Pseudopinnixa carinata (specific name of
type species of Pseudopinnixa Ortmann, 1894)
(Opinion 85) (Name No. 909) ;
(146) gquadridentata Latreille, 1825, as published in the
combination Melia quadridentata (specific name
of type species of Pseudorhombila Milne Ed-
wards (H.), 1837) (Opinion 85) (Name No. 910) ;
(147) stridulans Wood-Mason, 1892, as published in the
combination Psopheticus stridulans (specific name
of type species of Psopheticus Wood-Mason,
1892) (Opinion 85) (Name No. 911) ;
(148) glaber Stimpson, 1858, as published in the com-
bination Ptychognathus glaber (specific name of
type species of Ptychognathus Stimpson, 1858)
(Opinion 85) (Name No. 912) ;
(149) granulosus Milne Edwards (A.), 1879, as published
in the combination Pyxidognathus granulosus
(specific name of type Pyxidognathus Milne
Edwards (A.), 1879) (Opinion 85) (Name No.
913);
(150) harrisii Gould, 1841, as published in the combina-
tion Pilumnus harrisii (specific name of type
species of Rhithropanopeus Rathbun, 1898)
(Opinion 85) (Name No. 914) ;
(151) gracilipes Stimpson, 1858, as published in the
combination Rhizopa gracilipes (specific name of
type species of Rhizopa Stimpson, 1858) (Opinion
85) (Name No. 915) ;
(152) convexus Milne Edwards (A.), 1867, as published
in the combination Ruppellioides convexus (speci-
fic name of type species of Ruppellioides Milne
es ((A.), 1867) (Opinion 85) (Name No.
916);
DIRECTION 36 21
(153) crassum Dana, 1851, as published in the combina-
tion Samartium crassum (specific name of type
species of Samartium Dana, 1851) (Opinion 85)
(Name No. 917) ;
(154) spinosipes Stimpson, 1858, as published in the
combination Scalopidia spinosipes (specific name
of type species of Scalopidia Stimpson, 1858)
(Opinion 85) (Name No. 918) ;
(155) granulatus Rathbun, 1893, as published in the
combination Scleroplax granulatus (specific name
of type species of Scleroplax Rathbun, 1893)
(Opinion 85) (Name No. 919) ;
(156) carolinensis Stimpson, 1859, as published in the
combination Speocarcinus carolinensis (specific
name of type species of Speocarcinus Stimpson,
1859) (Opinion 85) (Name No. 920) ;
(157) nitidus Stimpson, 1858, as published in the com-
bination Sphaerozius nitidus (specific name of
type species of Sphaerozius Stimpson, 1858)
(Opinion 85) (Name No. 921) ;
ao bidentatus Milne Edwards (A.), 1880, as published
in the combination Yanthodes bidentatus (specific
name of type species of Tetraxanthus Rathbun,
1898) (Opinion 85) (Name No. 922) ;
(159) scabripes Rathbun, 1898, as published in the
combination Tetrias scabripes (specific name of
type species of Tetrias Rathbun, 1898) (Opinion
85) (Name No. 923) ;
(160) anomalipes Miers, 1881, as published in the com-
bination Thaumastoplax anomalipes (specific
name of type species of Thaumastoplax Miers,
1881) (Opinion 85) (Name No. 924) ;
(161) gracilipes White, 1847, as published in the com-
bination Utica gracilipes (specific name of type
species of Utica White, 1847) (Opinion 85)
(Name No. 925) ;
22 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
(162) litteratus Fabricius, 1798, as published in the
combination Cancer litteratus (specific name of
type species of Varuna Milne Edwards (H.), 1830)
(Opinion 85) (Name No. 926) ;
(163) murigera White, 1846, as published in the com-
bination Xanthasia murigera (specific name of
type species of Xanthasia White, 1846) (Opinion
85) (Name No. 927) ;
(164) sternberghii Stimpson, 1859, as published in the
combination Xanthodius sternberghii (specific
name of type species of Xanthodius Stimpson,
1859) (Opinion 85) (Name No. 928) ;
(165) moebii Richters, 1880, as published in the com-
bination X enophthalmodes moebii (specific name
of type species of Xenophthalmodes Richters,
~ 1880) (Opinion 85) (Name No. 929) ;
(166) pinnotheroides White, 1846, as published in the com-
bination Xenophthalmus pinnotheroides (specific
name of type species of Xenophthalmus White,
1846) (Opinion 85) (Name No. 930) ;
(167) aeneus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the com-
bination Cancer aeneus (specific name of type
species of Zosimus Leach, 1823) oe 85)
(Name No. 931) ;
(168) carinipes Heller, 1861, as published in the com-
bination Zozymodes carinipes (specific name of
type species of Zozymodes Heller, 1861) (Opinion
85) (Name No. 932) ;
(169) pagurus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the com-
bination Cancer pagurus (specific name of type
species of Cancer Linnaeus, 1758) (Opinion 104)
(Name No. 933) ;
(170) norvegicus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the
combination Cancer norvegicus (specific name of
type species of Nephrops [Leach], [1814]) (Opinion
104) (Name No. 934).
DIRECTION 36 23
(2) The under-mentioned specific names, each of which
is currently regarded as a senior subjective synonym of
the specific name of the type species of a genus, the name
of which was placed on the Official List of Generic Names
in Zoology in the Opinion cited against the name in
question, are hereby placed on the Official List of Specific
Names in Zoology with the Name Numbers severally
specified below :—
(1) savignyi (correction of savignii) Milne Edwards (H.),
1834, as published in the combination of Cancer
savignii (Opinion 73) (Name No. 935) ;
(2) superba Costa, 1838, as published in the combination
Portunus superba (Opinion 73) (Name No. 936) ;
(3) punctatus Linnaeus, 1767, as published in the com-
bination Cancer punctatus (Opinion 73) (Name
No:2937);
(4) vigil Weber, 1795, as published in the combination
Portunus vigil (Opinion 73) (Name No. 938) ;
(5) cheiragonus Tilesius, 1815, as published in the com-
bination Cancer cheiragonus (Opinion 73) (Name
No. 939) :
(6) frontalis Milne Edwards (H.), 1834, as published in
the combination Ozius frontalis (Opinion 85)
(Name No. 940) ;
(7) rhomboides Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the
combination Cancer rhomboides (Opinion 85)
(Name No. 941) ;
(8) barbiger Poeppig, 1836, as published in the com-
bination Gecarcinus barbiger (Opinion 85) (Name
No. 942) ;
(9) minutus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the com-
bination Cancer minutus (Opinion 85) (Name No.
943).
(3) The under-mentioned specific name is hereby
placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid
24 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
Specific Names in Zoology with the Name No. 335 :—
savignii Milne Edwards (H.), 1834, as published in the
combination Cancer savignii (an Invalid Original Spelling
for savignyi).
(4) The dates attributed to the under-mentioned specific
names in the Opinions specified below are hereby corrected
as follows :—
(1) rouxii Guérin-Ménéville, as published in the com-
bination Caphyra rouxii (Opinion 73) : date to be
corrected from 1830 to 1832;
(2) amica Smith (S.L.), as published in the combination
Hepatella amica (Opinion 73) : date to be corrected
from 1870 to 1869 ;
(3) signatus Adams & White, as published in the
combination Carpilius signatus (Opinion 73) :
date to be corrected from 1848 to [1849] ;
(4) spongiosus Adams & White, as published in the
combination Jphiculus spongiosus (Opinion 73) :
date to be corrected from 1848 to [1849] ;
(5) polybioides Adams & White, as published in the
combination Lissocarcinus polybioides (Opinion
73) : date to be corrected from 1848 to [1849] ;
(6) rotundatus Adams & White, as published in the
combination Lupocyclus rotundatus (Opinion 73) :
date to be corrected from 1848 to [1849] ;
(7) muriger Adams & White, as published in the com-
bination Tlos muriger (Opinion 73): date to be
corrected from 1848 to [1849] ;
(8) fluviatilis Latreille, as published in the combination
Trichodactylus fluviatilis (Opinion 73) : date to be
corrected from 1825 to [1828] ;
(9) cinctimanus Adams & White, as published in the
combination Carpilius cinctimanus (Opinion 85) :
date to be corrected from 1848 to [1849] ;
DIRECTION 36 25
(10) Jaevigata Milne Edwards (H.) & Lucas, as pub-
lished in the combination Pinnotherelia laevigata
(Opinion 85) : date to be corrected from 1843 to
[1844] ;
(11) orbignyi Milne Edwards (H.) & Lucas, as published
in the combination Xantho orbignyi (Opinion 85) :
date to be corrected from 1843 to [1844] ;
(12) tesselatus Latreille, as published in the combina-
tion Graspus tesselatus (Opinion 85): date to be
corrected from 1818 to 1812.
I—THE SUBJECT MATTER OF THE PRESENT
** DIRECTION ”
The present Direction has been prepared under a General
Directive issued to the International Commission on Zoological
Nomenclature by the Thirteenth International Congress of
Zoology, Paris, 1948, that the specific names of the species
which are the type species of genera, the names of which had
been placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology
prior to the opening of that Congress should, if the oldest
available names for the species concerned, be placed on the
Official List of Specific Names in Zoology and that in other cases
there should be placed on that List whatever is currently
considered to be the oldest available names for the species
concerned. The present, which is the second of this series of
Directions, is concerned with the names of the type species of
genera of the Order Decapoda (Class Crustacea), the names of
which were placed on the Official List of Generic Names in
Zoology in the pre-Lisbon (1935) period. The total number of
‘such generic names is one hundred and ninety. At the time of the
submission of the proposals relating to the names with which
the present Direction is concerned, decisions on three names had
been taken on separate Directions, proposals on three others
had been published in the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature
and were awaiting decision by the Commission, while in two
other cases the material so far collected was not considered
26 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
sufficient for framing proposals for the consideration of the
Commission. The number of names on which proposals were
submitted to the Commission amounted therefore to one hundred
and eighty-two. In the case of three of these names additional
information received during the Prescribed Voting Period led
to the withdrawal of the proposals submitted in order to permit
of the further examination of the issues so raised (paragraph 4
below). Accordingly, the present Direction contains decisions on
one hundred and seventy-nine of the names involved. The
proposals which formed the basis of the decisions taken by the
Commission in the present case were submitted by the Secretary
in the following paper on 19th September 1955 :—
Proposed addition to the ‘‘ Official List of Specific Names in Zoology ”’
of the specific names of the type species of one hundred and seventy-
three genera of the Order Decapoda (Class Crustacea), the
names of which were placed on the ‘* Official List of Generic
Names in Zoology ”’ in the period up to the end of 1936
and of nine specific names which are currently
treated as senior subjective synonyms of the
names of type species of such genera
By FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E.,
(Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature)
The purpose of the present paper is to lay recommendations before
the International Commission to enable it to comply, so far as concerns
names of species of the Order Decapoda (Class Crustacea), with a
General Directive issued to it by the Thirteenth International Congress
of Zoology, Paris, 1948. This Directive stated that the specific names
of the type species of genera, the names of which had been placed on
the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the
end of 1936, should be placed on the Official List of Specific Names in
Zoology, save where any given such name is not the oldest available
name for the taxon concerned, in which case the oldest available name,
whatever it may be, is to be placed on that Official List.
2. It will be recalled that, in a paper (Z.N.(S.) 906) which I sub-
mitted to the Commission on 11th February last, with Voting Paper
V.P.(O.M.)(55)6, I dealt, so far as the Crustacea Decapoda are con-
cerned, with the first of the two principle stages (namely the determina-
tion of the gender of each name) involved in completing the entries
on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology made in the pre-
Lisbon (1935) period, as a preliminary to the publication of the volume
containing the first instalment of the Official Lists. In that paper
I reported that in the period under review the names of one hundred
and ninety genera of Decapoda had been placed on the Official List.
DIRECTION 36 oP
3. In compiling the present proposals, I have, as on previous
similar occasions, consulted such catalogues, checklists and mono-
graphs as are available. I have also consulted Dr. Isobel Gordon
(British Museum (Natural History), London), who has rendered the most
valuable assistance in this matter. In both of the two principal
Opinions concerned (Opinions 73 and 85) a note was added in every
case where the applicant (the late Miss Mary Rathbun) was of the
opinion that the name of the type species of any given genus was a
junior subjective synonym of some other name. Dr. Gordon points
out that Miss Rathbun was the leading authority of her day in this
group and that it is likely that her synonymisations, which were most
carefully made, have been generally followed by later workers. It is
accordingly believed that the 173 specific names of type species shown
in Annexe | to the present paper are the oldest available names for the
species concerned. Similarly, it is believed that in the case of the nine
genera specified in Column (2) of Annexe 2, the name of the type
species is a junior subjective synonym of the name specified in Column
(1) in that Annexe.
4. The eight generic names as regards the names of the type species
of which no proposals are now submitted are the following :—(1) All
outstanding questions have been settled in regard to the following
three generic names, which have formed the subject of individual
Directions by the Commission :—Astacus (Direction 12); Penaeus
(Direction 15) ; Favus (Direction 25). (2) In the following three cases
action under the Plenary Powers is required and proposals have been
published in the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature!:—Iphis (Bull.
11 : 79—81); Homalaspis (Bull. 11 : 83—85) ; Homarus (Bull. 11 :
114—116). (3) The two remaining names are Daira and Chasmagna-
thus. As regards each of these proposals for action under the Plenary
Powers will, it is proposed, be submitted at an early date, in the first
case for the purpose of validating the generic name Daira, in the second
case, for the purpose of validating the specific name of the type species
of Chasmagnathus.
5. In twelve cases investigations undertaken in this Office have
shown that the date given for a particular name at the time when it
was placed on the Official List was incorrect. In some cases (e.g.
Adams & White, The Voyage of H.M.S. Samarang) Miss Rathbun
accepted the date printed on the Title Page as the date of publication,
but later investigations have shown that publication did not take place
untila later year. In some of the cases of this kind the date of a generic
name already placed on the Official List is affected as well as the
name of the type species of such a genus. Proposals for the necessary
corrections, so far as specific names are concerned, are submitted in
Annexe 3 to the present paper.
1 Decisions have since been taken by the International Commission on each of
these cases and the decisions have been embodied in Directions which will be
published in the present Section of Volume 1. The Directions concerned are :
(i) Direction 49 Uphis); (i) Direction 50 (Homalaspis) ; (iil) Direction 51
(Homarus).
28 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
6. In all cases where a specific name consists of a noun in the
genitive singular based upon the modern patronymic of a man, to which
was added a double “i” in place of a single ““i’’, the form with a
double “i” has been retained in accordance with the decision on that
subject taken by the Copenhagen (1953) Congress.? In one case, a
name based upon a modern patronymic, (Savigny), was incorrectly
formed by the substitution of the letter ‘“‘i’’ for the letter “‘ y’’, the
name being published in the form “‘ savignii”’. In this case, in accord-
ance with another of the decisions taken by the Copenhagen Congress?
the form of the name has been corrected to savignyi.
7. In two cases (Ebalia ; Portumnus) the author of a generic name
introduced a new name for the type species, at the same time specifying
the previously published name for which his new specific name was
a substitute. In each of the cases concerned, the new (substitute)
name was unnecessary and is invalid as being a junior objective
synonym of the name which it was intended to replace. In both these
cases the older (valid) specific name and not the objectively identical
junior synonym is treated as the name of the type species of the genus
concerned.* |
8. In the case of the name Podophthalmus Lamarck, 1801, the name of
the type species (Podophtalmus [sic] spinosus Lamarck, 1801) is
currently treated as a junior subjective synonym of Portunus vigil
Fabricius, 1798 (Suppl. Ent. syst. : 363). However, the latter name is
a junior homonym of Portunus vigil Weber, 1795 (Nomencl. Ent. syst.
Fabric. : 93). So many of the names in Weber’s ill-starred little book
are nomina nuda that as a first step I consulted it to see what Weber
had actually said. For the benefit of anyone who has never had
occasion to look at this book, I should explain that Weber did not
give individual diagnoses either for the genera or for the species
included by him in it. What he did commonly do, however, was to
divide up into groups the species placed by him in any given genus
and to provide a few words (in Latin) to differentiate from one another
the groups so established. It is only on the rare occasions when
Weber placed a single species in a group that the words given as a
definition for that group become also a definition for the species placed
in it. The present is an example of this unusual situation, for in the
first of the groups which he established within the genus Portunus,
Weber placed only one species, Portunus vigil. In consequence this
name is not a nomen nudum, but the indication given is so extremely
brief, being simply “‘ thor. utr. bid.’’, that it might not be sufficient
to permit of the identification of Weber’s species. In that case the
name Portunus vigil Weber, though an available name, would be a
nomen dubium. Weber’s book was, as its title indicates, a preview of
2 See 1953, Copenhagen Decisions zool. Nomencl. : 54, Decision 91.
3 See 1953, Copenhagen Decisions zool. Nomencl. : 51—52, Decision 86(1)(b).
4 This procedure has since been formalised by the Ruling given in Declaration
21 (1956, Ops. Decls. int. Comm. zool. Nomencl. 12 : i—viii).
DIRECTION 36 29
what Fabricius at that time intended to write in his Supplementum
Entomologiae systematicae. Where, as happened in the present case,
Weber cited a specific name which he knew was a manuscript name
destined by Fabricius first to see the light of day in his Supplementum, he
added the letter “‘ S ’ after the specific name concerned. The presence
of this notation after the name vigil in Weber’s book opened the
possiblity that in addition to being a senior primary homonym of
Portunus vigil Fabricius, 1798 (the year in which that author’s Supple-
mentum was published), the name Portunus vigil Weber might be also
a senior objective synonym of P. vigil Fabricius. At this point I sought
the views of two leading specialists, namely, Dr. Fenner A. Chace, Jr.
(U.S. National Museum, Washington, D.C., U.S.A.) and Dr. L. B.
Holthuis (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Nether-
lands). Each of these specialists agreed that the name Portunus vigil
Weber and Portunus vigil Fabricius were applicable to the same species,
Dr. Chace pointing out that there are very few Portunid crabs with two
lateral teeth on each side of the carapace and Dr. Holthuis drawing
attention to the significance to be attached to the addition by Weber
of the letter ““S’’ after the name vigi/. Both explained that the name
Portunus vigil Weber appeared to have been overlooked in the literature
and that this binomen was in consequence currently attributed to
Fabricius, 1798. Both were agreed that no confusion or difficulty
need be apprehended if in future this name were to be attributed to
Weber instead of to Fabricius. Since the change involved is one of
authorship and date only and does not involve a change of name,
I do not anticipate that anyone would consider it necessary for the
Commission to use its Plenary Powers in order to suppress Weber’s
name for the purpose of validating the same name as used by Fabricius
for the same species three years later. I accordingly share the view
expressed by the foregoing specialists that this is a case where the
normal priority rule can properly be allowed to operate. In the
proposals submitted in the present paper I accordingly recommend
(Annexe 2) that the name vigil Weber, 1795, as published in the
combination Portunus vigil, should, as the oldest name subjectively
available for the type species of the genus Podophthalmus Lamarck,
1801, be placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology.
9. The recommendations which are now submitted for the considera-
tion of the Commission are as follows :—
(a) that the one-hundred and seventy-three specific names specified
in Annexe 1, each of which is the specific name of the type
species of a genus of Crustacea Decapoda, the name of which
was placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology
in the period up to the end of 1936, should now be placed on
the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology (paragraph 3);
_(b) that the nine specific names specified in Annexe 2, each of which
is a senior subjective synonym of the specific name of the type
species of a genus of Crustacea Decapoda, the name of which
30 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
was placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology
in the period up to the end of 1936, should now be placed on
the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology (paragraph 3) ;
(c) that in the case of the twelve names specified in Annexe 3, for
each of which an incorrect date of publication was cited in the
Opinion concerned, the correct date, as shown in Column
(3) of the said Annexe, be entered on the Official List of Specific
Names in Zoology (paragraph 5) ;
ANNEXE 1
Specific names of type species of genera of Decapod Crustacea now
proposed for addition to the ‘* Official List of Specific
Names in Zoology ”’
Specific name Combination in which Name of genus of
proposed to be placed name specified in which species
on the “‘Official List — Col. 1 was originally specified in Col. 1
of Specific Names in published is the type species
Zoology ”’
(1) (2) (3)
Opinion 73
gayi Milne Edwards & Acanthocyclus gayi Acanthocyclus Milne
Lucas, [1844] Edwards & Lucas,
[1844]
erosa Miers, [1877] Actaeomorpha erosa Actaeomorpha Miers,
[1877]
tomentosus Dana, 1852 Actumnus tomentosus Actumnus Dana, 1851
erinaceus Fabricius, Cancer erinaceus Arcania Leach, 1817
1787
sexdentatus Paulson, Archias sexdentatus Archias Paulson, 1875
1875
cribrarius Lamarck, Portunus cribrarius Arenaeus Dana, 1851
1818
integerrimus Lamarck, Cancer integerrimus Atergatis de Haan,
1818 [1833]
signatus Adams & Carpilius signatus Atergatopsis Milne
White, [1849] Edwards, 1862
armata Milne Banareia armata Banareia Milne
Edwards, 1869 Edwards, 1869
Specific name
proposed to be placed
on the “Official List
of Specific Names in
Zoology ”
(1)
picta Milne Edwards,
1848
hemingi Alcock &
Anderson, 1899
rouxii Guérin-
Ménéville, 1832
maculatus Linnaeus,
1758
tristis Dana, 1852
papulosus Stimpson,
[1871]
tenuipes Dana, 1852
melanochirus Milne
Edwards, 1873
tridentatus Milne
Edwards, 1879
chilensis Milne
Edwards & Lucas,
[1844]
pentagonus Stimpson,
1
ornatus Dana, 1852
andreossyi Audouin,
[1826]
ermita Nobili, 1906
imitatrix Hilgendorf,
[1869]
hispida Eydoux &
Souleyet, 1842
tuberosus Pennant
1777
cubensis Stimpson
9
>
cessacii Milne
Edwards, 1878
DIRECTION 36
Combination in which
name specified in
Col. 1 was originally
published
(2)
Bellia picta
Benthochascon
hemingi
Caphyra rouxii
Cancer maculatus
Carpilodes tristis
Car poporus
papulosus
Carupa tenuipes
Chlorodopsis
melanochirus
Coenophthalmus
tridentatus
Corystoides chilensis
Cryptocnemus
pentagonus
Cyclodius ornatus
Pilumnus andreossyi
Dacryopilumnus
eremita
Deckenia imitatrix
Domecia hispida
Cancer tuberosus
Epilobocera
cubensis
Epimelus cessacii
31
Name of genus of
which species
specified in Col. 1
is the type species
(3)
Bellia Milne Edwards,
1848
Benthochascon Alcock
& Anderson, 1899
Caphyra Guérin-
Meénéville, 1832
Carpilius Desmarest,
1823
Carpilodes Dana, 1851
Carpoporus Stimpson,
[1871]
Carupa Dana, 1851
Chlorodopsis Milne
Edwards, 1873
Coenophthalmus
Milne Edwards, 1879
Corystoides Milne
Edwards & Lucas
[1844]
Cryptocnemus
Stimpson, 1858
Cyclodius Dana, 1851
Cymo de Haan, [1833]
Dacryopilumnus
Nobili, 1906
Deckenia Hilgendorf,
[1869]
Domecia Eydoux &
Souleyet, 1842
Ebalia Leach, [1817]
Epilobocera Stimpson,
1860
Epimelus Milne
Edwards, 1878
3D OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
Specific name
proposed to be placed
on the ‘Official List
of Specific Names in
Zoology ”’
(1)
isenbeckii Brandt,
1848
spinosus Rathbun,
1894
dovii Stimpson, 1860
jaquemontii Milne
Edwards, 1844
amica Smith, 1869
fallax Henderson,
1893
vesiculosa Alcock,
1896
rotundifrons Milne
Edwards, 1867
agilis Milne Edwards,
1872
sublobosa Stimpson,
[1871]
spongiosus Adams &
White, [1849]
cylindricus Fabricius,
1777
jurinei Saussure, 1853
polybioides Adams &
White, [1849]
cumingii Bell, 1855
rotundatus Adams &
White, [1849]
lambriformis Milne
Edwards, 1873
eudactylus Bell, 1855
speciosa Dana, 1852
hardwickii Leach, 1817
dentata Bell, 1855
Combination in which
name specified in
Col. 1 was originally
published
(2)
Platycorystes
(Podacanthus)
isenbeckii
Erimetopus
Spinosus
Euphylax dovii
Gecarcinucus
Jaquemontii
Hepatella amica
Ebalia fallax
Heteronucia
vesiculosa
Heterozius
rotundifrons
Hydrothelphusa
agilis
Tliacantha
subglobosa
Iphiculus
Spongtosus
Cancer cylindricus
Guaia (Ilia) jurinei
Lissocarcinus
polybioides
Lithadia cumingii
Lupocyclus
rotundatus
Merocryptus
lambriformis
Myrodes_ eudactylus
Nucia speciosa
Nursia_ hardwickii
Nursilia dentata
Name of genus of
which species
specified in Col. 1
is the type species
(3)
Erimacrus Benedict,
1892
Erimetopus Rathbun,
1894
Euphylax Stimpson,
1860
Gecarcinucus Milne
Edwards, 1844
Hepatella Smith, 1869
Heterolithadia Alcock,
1896
Heteronucia Alcock,
1896
Heterozius Milne
Edwards, 1867
Hydrothelphusa Milne
Edwards, 1872
Tliacantha Stimpson,
[1871]
Iphiculus Adams &
White, [1849]
Ixa Leach, 1815
Leucosilia Bell, 1855
Lissocarcinus Adams
& White [1849]
Lithadia Bell, 1855
Lupocyclus Adams &
White [1849]
Merocryptus Milne
Edwards, 1873
Myrodes Bell, 1855
Nucia Dana, 1852
Nursia Leach, 1817
Nursilia Bell, 1855
Specific name
proposed to be placed
on the “Official List
of Specific Names in
Zoology”
(1)
lamelligera Stimpson,
horridus Riippell, 1830
tuberosa Stimpson,
[1871]
milne-edwardsii
Miers, 1886
tridentata Milne
Edwards, 1853
orientalis Miers, 1886
alcocki Wood-Mason,
1891 —
coronata Alcock & —
Anderson, 1894
crassipes Bell, 1855
denticulatus Montagu,
1808
gaudichaudii Milne
Edwards, 1837
henslowii Leach, [1820]
latipes Pennant, 1777
armatus Milne
Edwards, 1853
perlata Milne
Edwards, 1837
tridentata Miers, 1879
americana Saussure,
1857
ornata Randall, 1840
nodosus Bell, 1855
DIRECTION 36
Combination in which
name specified in
Col. 1 was originally
published
(2)
Onychomorpha
lamelligera
Oreophorus
horridus
Osachila tuberosa
Paracyclois
milne-edwardsii
Parathelphusa
tridentata
Lupocyclus
(Parathranites)
orientalis
Parilia alcocki
Randallia coronata
Phlyxia crassipes
Cancer denticulatus
Platymera
gaudichaudii
Polybius henslowii
Cancer latipes
Potamocarcinus
armatus
Thelpheusa [sic]
perlata
Pseudophilyra
tridentata
Pseudothelphusa
americana
Ilia ornata
Oreophorus nodosus
33
Name of genus of
which species
specified in Col. |
is the type species
(3)
Onychomorpha
Stimpson, 1858
Oreophorus Riippell,
1830
Osachila Stimpson,
[1871]
Paracyclois Miers,
1886
Parathelphusa Milne
Edwards, 1853
Parathranites Miers,
1886
Parilia Wood-Mason,
1891
Pariphiculus Alcock,
1896
Phlyxia Bell, 1855
Pirimela Leach, [1816]
Platymera Milne
Edwards, 1837
Polybius Leach, [1820]
Portumnus [Leach],
[1814]
Potamocarcinus Milne
Edwards, 1853
Potamonautes
Macleay, 1838
Pseudophilyra Miers,
1879
Pseudothelphusa
Saussure, 1857
Randallia Stimpson,
Speloeophorus Milne
Edwards, 1865
34
Specific name
proposed to be placed
on the “Official List
of Specific Names in
Zoology”
(1)
bedoti Zehnter, 1894
serratus Forskal, 1775
admete Herbst, [1803]
quadridens Milne
Edwards, 1869
danae Milne Edwards,
1869
muriger Adams &
White, [1849]
corallinus Faxon, 1893
fluviatilis Latreille,
[1828]
nobile Milne Edwards,
1880
serrata White, 1847
parvula Stimpson, 1858
inaequipes Stimpson,
typhlus Milne
Edwards, 1880
sexdentatum Stimpson,
1858
coppingeri Miers, 1884
nitidus Milne
Edwards, 1870
ciliatus Stimpson, 1858
typicus Rathbun, 1898
Combination in which
name specified in
Col. 1 was originally
published
(2)
Sphaerocarcinus
bedoti
Cancer serratus
Cancer admete
Thalamitoides
quadridens
Goniosoma danae
Tlos muriger
Trachycarcinus
corallinus
Trichodactylus
fluviatilis
Trichopeltarion
nobile
Valdivia serrata
Opinion 85
Acmaeopleura
parvula
Asthenognathus
inaequipes
Bathyplax typhlus
Camptandrium
sexdentatum
Camptoplax
coppingeri
Catoptrus nitidus
Ceratoplax ciliatus
Chasmocarcinus
typicus
OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
Name of genus of
which species
specified in Col. |
is the type species
(3)
Sphaerocarcinus
Zehnter, 1894
Scylla de Haan, [1833]
Thalamita Latreille,
1829
Thalamitoides Milne
Edwards, 1869
Thalamonyx Milne
Edwards, 1873
Tlos Adams & White,
[1849]
Trachycarcinus Faxon,
Trichodactylus
Latreille, [1828]
Trichopeltarion Milne
Edwards, 1880
Valdivia White, 1847
Acmaeopleura
Stimpson, 1858
Asthenognathus
Stimpson, 1858
Bathyplax Milne
Edwards, 1880
Camptandrium
Stimpson, 1858
Camptoplax Miers,
1884
Catroptrus Milne
Edwards, 1870
Ceratoplax Stimpson,
1858
Chasmocarcinus
Rathbun, 1898
Specific name
proposed to be placed
on the “Official List
of Specific Names in
Zoology”
(1)
balansae Milne
Edwards, 1873
angulatus Dana, 1851
nitidus Smith, 1870
carinipes de Man, 1889
liguricus Milne
Edwards, 1853
crenatus de Haan,
[1835]
agassizii Milne
Edwards, 1880
crassimanus Dana,
1851
deplanatus Cano, 1889
nitidus Stimpson, 1859
limosa Say, 1818
subquadrata Dana,
1851
bispinosus Herbst,
[1783]
tridens Kreyer, 1837
impressus Smith, 1870
pugnax Smith, 1870
bicornis Gray, 1831
fragifer de Haan,
[1835]
tridens de Haan,
[1835]
DIRECTION 36
Combination in which
name specified in
Col. 1 was originally
published
(2)
Clistocoeloma
balansae
Cyrtograpsus
angulatus
Dissodactylus nitidus
Durckheimia carinipes
Euchirograpsus
liguricus
Cancer (Eucrate)
crenatus
Eucratodes
agassiZil
Eucrate crassimanus
Euryetisus deplanatus
Euryplax nitidus
Cancer limosa
Fabia subquadrata
Cancer bispinosus
Geryon tridens
Glyptograpsus
impressus
Glyptoplax pugnax
Gomeza_ bicornis
Cancer (Halimede)
fragifer
Ocypode (Helice)
tridens
35
Name of genus of
which species
specified in Col. 1
is the type species
(3)
Clistocoeloma Milne
Edwards, 1873
Cryrtograpsus Dana,
1851
Dissodactylus Smith,
Durckheimia de Man,
1889
Euchirograpsus Milne
Edwards, 1853
Eucrate de Haan,
[1835]
Eucratodes Milne
Edwards, 1880
Eucratopsis Smith,
1869
Euryetisus Cano, 1889
Euryplax Stimpson,
1859
Eurytium Stimpson,
1859
Fabia Dana, 1851
Galene de Haan,
[1833]
Geryon Kregyer, 1837
Glyptograpsus Smith,
1870
Glyptoplax Smith,
1870
Gomeza Gray, 1831
Halimede de Haan,
[1835]
Helice de Haan, [1833]
36 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
Specific name
proposed to be placed
on the “Official List
of Specific Names in
Zoology ”
(1)
lugubris Alcock, 1899
Combination in which
name specified in
Col. 1 was originally
published
(2)
Hephthopelta
lugubris
sexpes Fabricius, 1798 Cancer sexpes
haematocheir de Haan, Grapsus (Pachysoma)
[1835]
trapeziformis Nauck,
rodgersii Stimpson,
1858
exaratus Milne
Edwards, 1834
rubromaculatus de
Haan, [1833]
nitidus Milne
Edwards, 1867
cinctimanus White,
[1849]
leeanus Rathbun, 1898
bispinosa Kinahan,
1856
bella Stimpson, 1860
dilatipes Adams &
White, [1849]
tesselatus Latreille,
1812
thalamita Stimpson,
[1871]
rousseauxi Milne
Edwards, 1853
truncatus Stimpson,
1860
sculptipes Stimpson,
[1871]
haematocheir
Holothuriophilus
trapeziformis
Lachnopodus
rodgersii
Chlorodius exaratus
Cancer (Liagore)
rubromaculatus
Libystes nitidus
Car pilius
cinctimanus
Lipaesthesius
leeanus
Litocheira bispinosa
Xantho bella
Pilumnus dilatipes
Grapsus tesselatus
Melybia thalamita
Metasesarma
rousseauxi
Metopocarcinus
truncatus
Micropanope
sculptipes
Name of genus of
which species
specified in Col. 1
is the type species
(3)
Hephthopelta Alcock,
1899
Hexapus de Haan,
[1833]
Holometopus Milne
Edwards, 1853
Holothuriophilus
Nauck, 1880
Lachnopodus
Stimpson, 1858
Leptodius Milne
Edwards, 1863
Liagore de Haan,
[1833]
Libystes Milne
Edwards, 1867
Liomera Dana, 1851
Lipaesthesius Rathbun,
1898
Litocheira Kinahan,
1856
Lophopanopeus
Rathbun, 1898
Lophopilumnus Miers,
Lybia Milne Edwards,
1834
Melybia Stimpson,
[1871]
Metasesarma Milne
Edwards, 1853
Metopocarcinus
Stimpson, [1860]
Micropanope
Stimpson, [1871]
Specific name
proposed to be placed
on the “Official List
of Specific Names in
Zoology”
(1)
nitidus Milne Edwards,
1873
granulatus Rathbun,
macgillivrayi White,
1852
transversus Rathbun,
1893
microps Alcock &
Anderson, 1894
depressa Stimpson,
[1871]
neapolitana Kossmann,
1878
euagora de Man, 1895
roseus Nobili, 1906
planissimus Herbst,
[1804]
excelsus Heller, 1862
perlatus Poeppig, 1836
hirtellus Linnaeus,
1761
hirtipes Heller, [1865]
cylindricum Say, 1818
laevigata Milne
Edwards & Lucas
[1844]
pisum Linnaeus, 1767
DIRECTION 36
Combination in which
name specified in
Col. 1 was originally
published
(2)
Notonyx nitidus
Oediplax granulatus
Ommatocarcinus
macgillivrayi
Opisthopus
transversus
Xanthodes microps
Panoplax depressa
Paragalene
neapolitana
Parapanope euagora
Parapleurophrycoides
roseus
Cancer planissimus
Perigrapsus excelsus
Hepatus perlatus
Cancer hirtellus
Pinnaxodes hirtipes
Pinnotheres
cylindricum
Pinnotherelia
laevigata
Cancer pisum
37
Name of genus of
which species
specified in Col. |
is the type species
(3)
Notonyx Milne
Edwards, 1873
Oediplax Rathbun,
1893
Ommatocarcinus
White, 1852
Opisthopus Rathbun,
1893
Orphnoxanthus
Alcock, 1898
Panoplax Stimpson,
[1871]
Paragalene Kossman,
1878
Parapanope de Man,
1895
Parapleurophrycoides
Nobili, 1906
Percnon Gistl, 1848
Perigrapsus Heller,
1862
Pilumnoides Milne
Edwards & Lucas,
[1844]
Pilumnus Leach, 1815
Pinnaxodes Heller,
[1865]
Pinnixa White, 1846
Pinnotherelia Milne
Edwards & Lucas
[1844]
Pinnotheres Latreille,
[1802—1803]
38
Specific name
proposed to be placed
on the “Official List
of Specific Names in
Zoology”
(1)
spectabilis de Man,
gracilipes Alcock, 1894
orbignyi Milne
Edwards & Lucas
[1844]
cupulifer Latreille,
1825
spinicarpus Milne
Edwards, 1852
gigas Lamarck, 1818
carinata Ortmann,
1894
quadridentata
Latreille, 1825
stridulans Wood-
Mason, 1892
glaber Stimpson, 1858
granulosus Milne
Edwards, 1879
harrisii Gould, 1841
gracilipes Stimpson,
1858
convexus Milne
Edwards, 1867
crassum Dana, 1851
spinosipes Stimpson,
granulatus Rathbun,
1893
carolinensis Stimpson,
1859
Combination in which
name specified in
Col. 1 was originally
published
(2)
Platychirograpsus
spectabilis
Platypilumnus
gracilipes
Xantho orbignyi
Pilumnus cupulifer
Prionoplax
Spinicarpus
Cancer gigas
Pseudopinnixa
carinata
Melia
quadridentata
Psopheticus
stridulans
Ptychognathus glaber
Pyxidognathus
granulosus
Pilumnus harrisii
Rhizopa gracilipes
Ruppellioides
convexus
Samartium crassum
Scalopidia
Spinosipes
Scleroplax
granulatus
Speocarcinus
carolinensis
OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
Name of genus of
which species
specified in Col. 1
is the type species
(3)
Platychirograpsus de
Man, 1896
Platypilumnus Alcock,
1894
Platyxanthus Milne
Edwards, 1863
Polydectus Milne
Edwards, 1837
Prionoplax Milne
Edwards, 1852
Pseudocarcinus Milne
Edwards, 1834
Pseudopinnixa
Ortmann, 1894
Pseudorhombila
Milne Edwards,
1837
Psopheticus Wood-
Mason, 1892
Ptychognathus
Stimpson, 1858
Pyxidognathus Milne
Edwards, 1879
Rhithropanopeus
Rathbun, 1898
Rhizopa Stimpson,
1858
Ruppellioides Milne
Edwards, 1867
Samartium Dana, 1851
Scalopidia Stimpson,
1858
Scleroplax Rathbun,
1893
Speocarcinus
Stimpson, 1859
Specific name
proposed to be placed
on the ‘Official List
of Specific Names in
Zoology”
(1)
nitidus Stimpson, 1858
bidentatus Milne
Edwards, 1880
scabripes Rathbun,
1898
anomalipes Miers, 1881
gracilipes White, 1847
litteratus Fabricius,
1798
murigera White, 1846
sternberghii Stimpson,
moebii Richters, 1880
pinnotheroides White,
1846
aeneus Linnaeus, 1758
carinipes Heller, 1861
pagurus Linnaeus,
1758
norvegicus Linnaeus,
1758
annulicornis Leach,
1815
DIRECTION 36
Combination in which
name specified in
Col. 1 was originally
published
(2)
Sphaerozius nitidus
Xanthodes bidentatus
Tetrias scabripes
Thaumastoplax
anomalipes
Utica gracilipes
Cancer litteratus
Xanthasia murigera
Xanthodius
sternberghii
Xenophthalmodes
moebii
Xenophthalmus
pinnotheroides
Cancer aeneus
Zozymodes carinipes
Opinion 104
Cancer pagurus
Cancer norvegicus
Pandalus
annulicornis
39
Name of genus of
which species
specified in Col. |
is the type species
(3)
Sphaerozius
Stimpson, 1858
Tetraxanthus Rathbun,
1898
Tetrias Rathbun, 1898
Thaumastoplax Miers,
Utica White, 1847
Varuna Milne
Edwards, 1830
Xanthasia White, 1846
Xanthodius Stimpson,
1859
Xenophthalmodes
Richters, 1880
Xenophthalmus White,
1846
Zosimus Leach, 1823
Zozymodes Heller,
1861
Cancer Linnaeus, 1758
Nephrops {Leach},
[1814]
Pandalus Leach, 1815
40 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
ANNEXE 2
Specific names of nine nominal species which are subjectively identified
with nominal species of later date which are the type species of
genera, the names of which were placed on the ‘‘ Official
List of Generic Names in Zoology ”’ in the period up to
the end of 1936
Specific name proposed to be
placed on the <“ Official List
of Specific Names in Zoology””.
(1)
savignyi (correction of savignii)
Milne Edwards, 1834, as pub-
lished in the combination
Cancer savignii.
punctatus Linnaeus, 1767, as
published in the combination
Cancer punctatus.
vigil Weber, 1795, as published
in the combination Portunus
vigil.
cheiragonus Tilesius, 1815, as
published in the combination
Cancer cheiragonus.
Remarks
(not for inclusion in the entry to
be made in the Official List)
(2)
The name savignyi Milne Edwards,
1834, is a senior subjective syno-
nym of granulatus de Haan,
[1835], as published in the
combination Cancer (Actaea)
granulatus, the specific name
of the type species of Actaea
de Haan, [1833].
The name punctatus Linnaeus,
1767, is a senior subjective
synonym of /atrei/li Leach, 1817,
as published in the combination
Persephona lIatreilli, the specific
name of the type species of
Persephona Leach, 1817.
The name vigil Weber, 1795, is a
senior subjective synonym of
spinosus Lamarck, 1801, as pub-
lished in the combination
Podophthalmus [sic] spinosus, the
specific name of the type species
of Podophthalmus Lamarck,
1801.
The name cheiragonus Tilesius,
1815, is a senior subjective
synonym of serratus White,
1846, as published in the com-
bination Telmessus serratus, the
specific name of the type species
of Telmessus White, 1846.
DIRECTION 36 4|
Specific name proposed to be
placed on the “ Official List
of Specific Names in Zoology’’.
(1)
frontalis Milne Edwards, 1834,
as published in the combina-
tion Ozius frontalis.
rhomboides Linnaeus, 1758, as
published in the combination
Cancer rhomboides.
barbiger Poeppig, 1836, as pub-
lished in the combination
Gecarcinus barbiger.
minutus Linnaeus, 1758, as pub-
lished in the combination
Cancer minutus.
superba Costa, 1838, as pub-
lished in the combination
Portunus superba.
Remarks
(not for inclusion in the entry to
be made in the Official List)
(2)
The name frontalis Milne Edwards,
1834, is a senior subjective
synonym of kotschii Heller, 1861,
as published in the combination
Epixanthus kotschii, the specific
name of the type species of
Epixanthus Heller, 1861.
The name rhomboides Linnaeus,
1758, is a senior subjective
synonym of bispinosa Lamarck,
1801, as published in the com-
bination Ocypoda [sic] bispinosa,
the specific name of the type
species of Goneplax [Leach],
(1814).
The name barbiger Poeppig, 1836,
is a senior subjective synonym of
hirtipes Milne Edwards & Lucas,
[1844], as published in the com-
bination Paraxanthus hirtipes,
the specific name of the type
species of Paraxanthus Milne
Edwards & Lucas, [1844].
The name minutus Linnaeus, 1758,
is a senior subjective synonym
of clypeatus Bowditch, 1825, as
published in the combination
Planes clypeatus, the specific
name of the type species of
Planes Bowditch, 1825.
The name superba Costa, 1838, is
a senior subjective synonym of
longispina Stimpson, [1871], as
published in the combination
Bathynectes longispina, the
specific name of the type species
of Bathynectes Stimpson, [1871].
42 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
ANNEXE 3
Correction of the date given for certain specific names in
‘** Opinions ’’ 73 and 85
Specific Name Date cited in Corrected
concerned the *‘ Opinion”? date
(1) (2) (3)
Opinion 73
rouxii Guérin-Ménéville, as pub-
lished in the combination Caphyra
rouxii 1830 1832
amica Smith, ‘as published in the
combination Hepatella amica .. 1870 1869
signatus Adams & White, as pub-
lished in the combination C Has
signatus.. 1848 [1849]
spongiosus Adams & White, as pub-
lished in the combination [phiculus .
spongiosus . . ap a oS 1848 [1849]
polybioides Adams & White, as
published in the combination
Lissocarcinus polybioides 1848 [1849]
rotundatus Adams & White, as
published in_ the combination
Lupocyclus rotundatus.. 1848 [1849]
muriger Adams & White, as pub-
lished in the combination T/os
muriger 1848 [1849]
fluviatilus Latreille, as s published i in
the combination Trichodactylus
fluviatilis .. efi ne Be 1825 [1828]
Opinion 85
cinctimanus Adams & White, as
published in the combination
Carpilius cinctimanus _.. 1848 [1849]
laevigata Milne Edwards & Lucas,
as published in the combination
Pinnotherelia laevigata .. 1843 [1844]
orbignyi Milne Edwards & Lucas,
as published in the combination
Xantho orbignyi .. 1843 [1844]
tesselatus Latreille, as pubtghea in
the combination Gr apsus tesselatus 1818 1812
2. Registration of the present application : Upon the receipt
of Mr. Hemming’s paper, the question of placing on the Official
DIRECTION 36 43
List of Specific Names in Zoology the specific names of species
of the Order Decapoda specified therein was allotted the
Registered Number Z.N.(S.) 985.
IlL—THE DECISION TAKEN BY THE INTERNATIONAL
COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE
3. Issue of Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)27 : On 19th September
1955 a Voting Paper (V.P.(O.M.)(55)27) was issued in which
each Member of the Commission was asked (1) to state whether
he agreed “that, in conformity with the General Directives
issued to the International Commission on Zoological Nomen-
clature by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology,
Paris, 1948, regarding the placing on the appropriate Official
Lists and Official Indexes of names dealt with in, or otherwise
involved in, Opinions rendered prior to 1948, the names referred
to in Sections (a) and (b) of paragraph 9 of the paper bearing
the Registered Number Z.N.(S.) 985 submitted by the Secretary
simultaneously with the present Voting Paper [i.e. in the
paragraph numbered as above in the paper reproduced in the
first paragraph of the present Direction] should be placed on the
Official List of Specific Names in Zoology as there recommended
and that the other action recommended in the said paragraph be
similarly approved ” and (2), if he did not so agree as regards any
given item, to indicate that item.
4. Withdrawal of the proposals in regard to three of the specific
names submitted with Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)27 in order to
permit of a further study of the issues involved in regard thereto :
On 7th October 1955 Mr. Hemming, as Secretary, placed on the
Commission’s File Z.N.(S.) 985 a Minute withdrawing from
the scope of Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)27 the proposals
submitted in regard to three of the specific names dealt with therein,
in order to permit of a re-examination of the issues involved in
the light of additional information which had just been received.
In the same Minute Mr. Hemming drew attention also to the
inadvertent omission from the proposals submitted with the
foregoing Voting Paper of a recommendation for the addition to
44 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in
Zoology of an Invalid Original Spelling of one of the specific
names recommended therein for addition to the Official List
of Specific Names in Zoology. Mr. Hemming’s Minute was in the
following terms :—
Withdrawal of proposals relating to three specific names from the
scope of Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)27
MINUTE by FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E.,
(Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature)
In the case of three specific names on which proposals were submitted
with Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)27 additional information now
furnished by Dr. L. B. Holthuis calls for further study of the action
required in these cases before decisions are taken thereon by the Com-
mission. The names concerned are the specific names of the type
species of the following genera: (1) Portumnus [Leach], [1814];
(2) Pinnotheres Latreille, [1802—1803] ; (3) Pandalus Leach, 1815.
2. Accordingly, as Secretary to the Commission, I hereby withdraw
from the scope of the foregoing Voting Paper the proposals submitted
therein in regard to the specific names referred to above. I further
direct that the issues which have now come to light in regard to these
names be studied on the under-mentioned Registered Files and that
proposals regarding these names be submitted to the Commission as
soon as possible :—(a) Z.N.(S.) 1028 (Pandalus)?; (b) Z.N.(S.) 1029
(Pinnotheres)® ; (c) Z.N.(S.) 1031 (Portumnus).’
3. I take this opportunity to draw attention to the fact that through
some inadvertence the proposal submitted on the foregoing Voting
Paper for the addition to the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology
of the specific name savignyi Milne Edwards (H.), as published in the
combination Cancer savignii, was not accompanied by a corresponding
recommendation for the addition of the Invalid Original Spelling
savignii to the Official List of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in
Zoology. Having regard to the fact that in a case such as this the
addition of the above name to the Official Index is obligatory under the
General Directives issued to the Commission by the International
Congresses of Zoology, I, as Secretary, hereby direct that a proposal
in the foregoing sense be ‘deemed to have been included in the Voting
Paper referred to above.
5 A decision has since been taken on this case and has been embodied in Direction
47, which will be published in the present Section (Section D) of Volume 1.
6 A decision has since been taken on this case and has been embodied in Direction
45, which will be published in the present Section of Volume 1.
* An application for the settlement of this case by the use of the Commission’s
Plenary Powers has since been published (Holthuis, 1956, Bull. zool. Nomencl.
12 : 99—105 ; Hemming, 1956, ibid, 12 : 105—106).
DIRECTION 36 45
5. The Prescribed Voting Period: As the foregoing Voting
Paper was issued under the One-Month Rule, the Prescribed
Voting Period closed on 19th October 1955.
6. Particulars of the Voting on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)27 :
At the close of the Prescribed Voting Period, the state of the
voting on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)27 was as follows :—
(a) Affirmative Votes had been given by the following twenty-four
(24) Commissioners (arranged in the order in which Votes
were received) :
Boschma ; Holthuis; Stoll; Mayr; Riley ; Sylvester-
Bradley ; Vokes ; Hering ; Jaczewski ; Prantl ; Lemche ;
Mertens ; Bonnet ; do Amaral ; Hanko ; Esaki; Key ;
Dymond; Cabrera; Hemming; Miller®; Bradley ;
(J.C.) ; Kiihnelt ; Tortonese ;
(b) Negative Votes :
None ;
(c) On Leave of Absence, one (1) :
Bodenheimer ;
(d) Voting Papers not returned :
None.
7. Declaration of Result of Vote: On Ist November 1955,
Mr. Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission, acting
as Returning Officer for the Vote taken on Voting Paper
V.P.(O.M.)(55)27, signed a Certificate that the Votes cast were
as set out in paragraph 6 above and declaring that the proposal
submitted in the foregoing Voting Paper had been duly adopted
and that the decision so taken was the decision of the International
Commission in the matter aforesaid.
8. Preparation of the Ruling given in the present ‘‘ Direction ”’ :
On 22nd December 1955, Mr. Hemming prepared the Ruling
given in the present Direction and at the same time signed a
8 Commissioner Miller exercised in this case the right conferred by the Thirteenth
International Congress of Zoology in Paris, 1948, under which a Commissioner
may, if he so desires, signify his willingness to support the view or the majority
view, of other members of the Commission (1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 50—S51).
46 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS ©
Certificate that the terms of that Ruling were in complete accord
with those of the proposal approved by the International
Commission in its Vote on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)27, subject
(a) to the withdrawal therefrom of the proposals relating to the
three specific names specified in the Minute executed by the
Secretary on 7th October 1955, and (b) to the inclusion in the
Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology
of a specific name specified in the same Minute which had been
rejected by the Commission as being objectively invalid in its
Vote on the above Voting Paper. The text of the Minute
executed by the Secretary on 7th October 1955 has been repro-
duced in paragraph 4 of the present Direction.
9. Original references : The original references for the specific
names placed on the Official List and Official Index by the Ruling
given in the present Direction have already been noted in con-
nection with the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology, the
nominal species bearing the names concerned being either
(i) the type species of genera, the names of which have been
inscribed on that List or (ii) or nominal species which are
currently subjectively identified as representing the same taxa
as those represented by nominal species which are the type
species of such genera.
10. The prescribed procedures were duly complied with by the
International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in
dealing with the present case, and the present Direction is
accordingly hereby rendered in the name of the said International
Commission by the under-signed Francis Hemming, Secretary to
the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, in
virtue of all and every the powers conferred upon him in that
behalf.
11. The present Direction shall be known as Direction Thirty-
Six (36) of the International Commission on Zoological
Nomenclature.
Done in London, this Twenty-Second day of December,
Nineteen Hundred and Fifty-Five.
Secretary to the International Commission
on Zoological Nomenclature
FRANCIS HEMMING
eS ee ee
Printed in England by MretcaLtFe & Cooper LimiTeED, 10-24 Scrutton St., London EC 2
OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
RENDERED BY THE INTER-
NATIONAL COMMISSION ON
ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE
Edited by
FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E.
Secretary to the Commission
VOLUME 1. SECTION D. Part D.2. Pp. 47—82
DIRECTION 37
Completion of the entries relating to the names of certain
genera of the Order Decapoda (Class Crustacea) placed
on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the
period up to the end of 1936
he,
—
LONDON :
Printed by Order of the International Trust for
Zoological Nomenclature
and
Sold on behalf of the International Commission on Zoological
Nomenclature by the International Trust at its Publications Office
41, Queen’s Gate, London, S.W.7
1956
Price Twenty-four Shillings
(All rights reserved)
Issued \st September, 1956
INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON
ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE
COMPOSITION AT THE TIME OF THE ADOPTION OF THE
RULING GIVEN IN DIRECTION 37
A. The Officers of the Commission
Honorary Life President: Dr. Karl JORDAN (British Museum (Natural History),
Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts., England)
President: Professor James Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y.,
U.S.A.) (12th August 1953)
Vice-President : Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (Sao Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953)
Secretary ;: Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (27th July 1948)
_B. The Members of the Commission
(Arranged in order of precedence by reference to date of election or of most recent
re-election, as prescribed by the International Congress of Zoology)
Professor H. BoscHMA (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands)
(ist January 1947)
Senor Dr. Angel CABRERA (La Plata, Argentina) (27th July 1948)
Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (27th July 1948) (Secretary)
Dr. Henning LeMcHE (Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark)
(27th July 1948)
Professor Teiso Esaki (Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan) (17th April 1950)
Professor Pierre BONNET (Université de Toulouse, France) (9th June 1950)
Mr. Norman Denbigh RILEy (British Museum (Natural History), London) (9th June 1950)
Professor Tadeusz JACZESWKI (Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw,
Poland) (15th June 1950)
Professor Robert MERTENS (Natur-Museum u. Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg, Frankfurt
a.M., Germany) (5th July 1950)
Professor Erich Martin HERING (Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universitat zu
Berlin, Germany) (Sth July 1950)
Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (S. Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) (Vice-President)
Professor J. R. DyYMOND (University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada) (12th August 1953)
Professor J. Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953)
(President)
Professor Harold E. Voxes (Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A.)
(12th August 1953)
Professor Béla HANKO (Mezégazdasdgi Muzeum, Budapest, Hungary) (12th August 1953)
Dr. Norman R. STOLL (Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York, N.Y., U.S.A.)
(12th August 1953)
Mr. P. C. SYLVESTER-BRADLEY (Sheffield University, Sheffield, England) (12th August 1953)
Dr. L. B. Hottuurs (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands)
(12th August 1953)
Dr. K. H. L. Key (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation,
Canberra, A.C.T., Australia) (15th October 1954)
Dr. Alden H. MiILLer (Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, California,
U.S.A.) (29th October 1954)
Doc. Dr. Ferdinand PRANTL (Ndrodni Museum v Praze, Prague, Czechoslovakia) (30th
October 1954)
Professor Dr. Wilhelm KiiNHELT (Zoologisches Institut der Universitat, Vienna, Austria)
(6th November 1954)
Professor F. S. BODENHEIMER (The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel) (11th November
Professor Ernst MAyR (Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, Cambridge,
Massachusetts, U.S.A.) (4th December 1954)
Professor Enrico TORTENESE (Museo di Storia Naturale “‘G. Doria’’, Genova, Italy)
(16th December 1954)
DIRECTION 37
COMPLETION OF THE ENTRIES RELATING TO THE
NAMES OF CERTAIN GENERA OF THE ORDER
DECAPODA (CLASS CRUSTACEA) PLACED ON THE
“OFFICIAL LIST OF GENERIC NAMES IN
ZOOLOGY”? IN THE PERIOD UP TO THE
END OF 1936
RULING :—(1) The following particulars relating to the
_ determination under Article 30 of the Régles of the type
species of the under-mentioned genera of the Order
Decapoda (Class Crustacea) the names of which were
placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology
by the Ruling given in Opinion 85, are hereby inserted
in the said Official List :—
(a) Type species by original designation (Rule (a)) :
(1) Chasmocarcinus Rathbun, 1898 ;
(2) Eurytium Stimpson, 1859 ;
(3) Geryon Kroyer, 1837;
(4) Glyptograpsus Smith (S.I.), 1870 ;
(5) Goneplax [Leach], [1814] ;
(6) Lophopanopeus Rathbun, 1898 ;
(7) Lophopilumnus Miers, 1886 ;
(8) Pseudorhombila Milne Edwards (H.), 1837 ;
(b) Type species by original aoe (Rule (a))
through the formula “n.g., n.sp.’
(1) Durckheimia de Man, 1889 ;
(2) Euryetisus Cano, 1889 ;
(3) Holothuriophilus Nauck, 1880 ;
ISEP © © 1956
OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
(4) Pinnaxodes Heller, [1865] ;
(5) Platychirograpsus de Man, 1896 ;
(6) Platypilumnus Alcock, 1894 ;
(7) Thaumastoplax Miers, 1881 ;
(8) Xenophthalmodes Richters, 1880 ;
(c) Type species by monotypy (Rule (c)) :
(1) Acmaeopleura Stimpson, 1858 ;
(2) Asthenognathus Stimpson, 1858 ;
(3) Bathyplax Milne Edwards (A.), 1880 ;
(4) Camptandrium Stimpson, 1858 ;
(5) Camptoplax Miers, 1884 ;
(6) Catoptrus Milne Edwards (A.),-. 1870 ;
(7) Ceratoplax Stimpson, 1858 ;
(8) Chasmagnathus de Haan, [1833] ;
(9) Clistocoeloma Milne Edwards (A.), 1873 ;
(10) Cyrtograpsus Dana, 1851 ;
(11) Dissodactylus Smith (S.I.), 1870 ;
(12) Epixanthus Heller, 1861 ;
(13) Euchirograpsus Milne Edwards (H.), 1853 ;
(14) Eucrate de Haan, [1835] ;
(15) Eucratodes Milne Edwards (A.), 1880 ;
(16) Eucratopsis Smith (S.1.), 1869 ;
(17) Euryplax Stimpson, 1859 ;
(18) Fabia Dana, 1851 ;
(19) Galene de Haan, [1833] ;
(20) Glyptoplax Smith (S.I.), 1870 ;
(21) Gomeza Gray (J.E.), 1831 ;
DIRECTION 37 51
(22) Halimede de Haan, [1835] ;
(23) Helice de Haan, [1833] ;
(24) Hephthopelta Alcock, 1899 ;
(25) Hexapus de Haan, [1833] ;
(26) Holometopus Milne Edwards (H.), 1853 ;
(27) Lachnopodus Stimpson, 1858 ;
(28) Leptodius Milne Edwards (A.), 1863 ;
(29) Liagore de Haan, [1833] ;
(30) Libystes Milne Edwards (A.), 1867 ;
(31) Liomera Dana, 1851 ;
(32) Lipaesthesius Rathbun, 1898 ;
(33) Litocheira Kinahan, 1856 ;
(34) Lybia Milne Edwards (H.), 1834 ;
(35) Melybia Stimpson, [1871] ;
(36) Metasesarma Milne Edwards (H.), 1853 ;
(37) Metopocarcinus Stimpson, [1860] ;
(38) Micropanope Stimpson, [1871] ;
(39) Notonyx Milne Edwards (A.), 1873 ;
(40) Oediplax Rathbun, 1893 ;
(41) Ommatocarcinus White, 1852 ;
(42) Opisthopus Rathbun, 1893 ;
(43) Orphnoxanthus Alcock, 1898 ;
(44) Panoplax Stimpson, [1871] ;
(45) Paragalene Kossmann, 1878 ;
(46) Parapanope de Man, 1895 ;
(47) Parapleurophrycoides Nobili, 1906 ;
(48) saan Ne Milne Edwards (H.) & Lucas,
3
OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
(49) Perigrapsus Heller, 1862 ;
(50) Pilumnoides Milne Edwards (H.) & Lucas,
[1844] ;
(51) Pilumnus Leach, 1815 ;
(52) Pinnixa White, 1846 ;
(53) Pinnotherelia Milne Edwards (H.) & Lucas,
[1844] ;
(54) Planes Bowditch, 1825 ;
(55) Platyxanthus Milne Edwards (A.), 1863 ;
(56) Polydectus Milne Edwards (H.), 1837 ;
(57) Prionoplax Milne Edwards (H.), 1852 ;
(58) Pseudopinnixa Ortmann, 1894 ;
(59) Psopheticus Wood-Mason, 1892 ;
(60) Ptychognathus Stimpson, 1858 ;
(61) Pyxidognathus Milne Edwards (A.), 1879 ;
(62) Rhithropanopeus Rathbun, 1898 ;
(63) Rhizopa Stimpson, 1858 ;
(64) Ruppellioides Milne Edwards (A.), 1867 ;
(65) Samartium Dana, 1851 ;
(66) Scalopidia Stimpson, 1858 ;
(67) Scleroplax Rathbun, 1893 ;
(68) Speocarcinus Stimpson, 1859 ;
(69) Sphaerozius Stimpson, 1858 ;
(70) Tetraxanthus Rathbun, 1898 ;
(71) Tetrias Rathbun, 1898 ;
(72) Utica White, 1847 ;
(73) Varuna Milne Edwards (H.), 1830 ;
(74) Xanthasia White, 1846 ;
DIRECTION 37 53
(75) Xanthodius Stimpson, 1859 ;
(76) Xenophthalmus White, 1846 ;
(77) Zosimus Leach, 1823 ;
(78) Zozymodes Heller, 1861 ;
(d) Type species by subsequent selection (Rule (g)) :
(1) aS Gistl, 1848 : by selection by Rathbun
l °
oe b
(2) Pseudocarcinus Milne Edwards (H.), 1834 :
by selection by Miers (1886).
(2) The type species of the under-mentioned genera were
selected under Rule (g)in Article 30 by Miss Mary Rathbun
in the application which formed the basis of, and which
was reproduced in, Opinion 73 published in 1922 (Smith-
son. misc. Coll. 73 (No. 1)) and it is hereby directed that
a note to the above effect be entered in the Official List
of Generic Names in Zoology, the page references for the
type selections so made being as specified below :—
(a) Actaea de Haan, [1833] (: 26) ;
(b) Actumnus Dana, 1851 (: 26) ;
(c) Atergatis de Haan, [1833] (: 26) ;
(d) Chlorodopsis Milne Edwards (A.), 1873 (: 26) ;
(e) Cyclodius Dana, 1851 (: 26) ;
(f) Ebalia Leach, [1817] (: 26) ;
(g) Lliacantha Stimpson, [1871] (: 27) ;
(h) Pariphiculus Alcock, 1896 (: 27) ;
(1) Persephona Leach, 1817 (: 28) ;
(j) Phlyxia Bell, 1855 (: 28) ;
(k) Pseudophilyra Miers, 1879 (: 28) ;
(1) Speloeophorus Milne Edwards (A.), 1865 (: 28) ;
54 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
(m) Thalamitoides Milne Edwards (A.), 1869 (: 28) ;
(n) Thalamonyx Milne Edwards (A.), 1873 (: 28).
(3) It is hereby directed that the corrections specified
below be made in the entries on the Official List of Generic
Names in Zoology relating to the under-mentioned generic
names made by the Rulings given in the Opinions severally
cited below :—
(a) Bathynectes Stimpson (Opinion 73): The date for
this name is to be cited as [1871] and not as 1871.
(b) Bathynectes Stimpson, [1871] (Opinion 73): The
incorrect statement that Bathynectes longispina
Stimpson, [1871], became the type species of the
above genus by original designation is to be deleted
and to be replaced by the entry that this species
became the type species by monotypy.
(c) Caphyra Guérin-Ménéville (Opinion 73): The in-
correct entries relating to the date and place of
publication of the above generic name and its
type species are to be deleted and the following
revised entries are to be substituted therefor :-—
(a) Caphyra Guérin-Ménéville, 1832, Ann. Sci.
nat., Paris 25(99) : 285 ;
(b) Caphyra rouxii Guérin-Meénéville, 1832, Ann.
Sci. nat., Paris 25(99) : 287.
(d) Hepatella Smith and Hepatella amica Smith (Opin-
ion 73): The incorrect entry “1870” relating
to the date of publication of the above names is
to be deleted and the date “ July 1869 ” (printed
on the Part (Part 5) of volume 3 of the American
Naturalist in which these names were published)
is to be substituted therefor.
(e) Five generic names by Bell (T.) published in 1855
(Opinion 73) : The under-mentioned generic names
DIRECTION 37 55
by Bell (T.) were first published in 1855 not in
volume 21 of the Transactions of the Linnean
Society of London (the reference cited in Opinion
73) but in volume 2 of the Proceedings of the
above Society, and the entries relating to these
names are to be amended accordingly, the pages
on which these names appeared being as specified
below :—
(a) Leucosilia Bell, 1855 (: 431) ;
(b) Lithadia Bell, 1855 (: 434) ;
(c) Myrodes Bell, 1855 (: 432) ;
(d) Nursilia Bell, 1855 (: 434) ;
(e) Phlyxia Bell, 1855 (: 433).
(f) Speloeophorus Milne Edwards (A.), 1865 (Opinion
73): For reasons similar to those specified in
relation to the generic names enumerated in (e)
above the incorrect entry (Trans. linn. Soc. Lond.
21) given for the name Oreophorus nodosus
Bell (T.), 1855 (name of type species of Speloeo-
phorus Milne Edwards (A.), 1865) is to be deleted
and the following revised entry to be inserted
in its place :—Oreophorus nodosus Bell (T.), 1855,
Proc. linn. Soc. Lond. 2 : 434.
(g) Correction of date attributed to certain names
published in Part 2 of the Crustacea Section of
Arthur White's “‘ The Voyage of H.M.S. Sama-
rang’? (Opinion 73): The date “1848” in-
correctly attributed to the under-mentioned names
published in Part 2 of the Crustacea Section of
White (A.), The Voyage of H.M.S. Samarang
(which commenced at page 33) is to be deleted
and the date “1849” is to be inserted in its
place :—
(a) Carpilius signatus Adams & White, [1849]
(: 37) (type species of Atergatopsis Milne
Edwards (A.), 1862) ;
OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
(6) Iphiculus Adams & White, [1849] (: 57) ;
(c) Iphiculus spongiosus Adams & White, [1849]
(: 57) (type species of Iphiculus Adams &
White, [1849]) ;
(d) Lissocarcinus Adams & White, [1849] (: 45) ;
(e) Lissocarcinus polybioides Adams & White,
[1849] (: 46) (type species of Lissocarcinus
Adams & White, [1849]) ;
(f) Lupocyclus Adams & White, [1849) (: 46) ;
(g) Lupocyclus rotundatus Adams & White, [1849]
(: 47) (type species of Lupocyclus Adams &
White, [1849]) ;
(h) Tlos Adams & White, [1849] (: 57) ;
(i) Tlos muriger Adams & White, [1849] (: 58)
(type species of ZJ/os Adams & White,
[1849]).
(h) Trichodactylus Latreille (Opinion 73) : The incorrect
entry of the date of publication of the above
name as “ 1825” is to be deleted and the date
** 1828 ” (the date of publication of Part 2 of the
Crustacea Section of the Ency. méth., in which
this name first appeared) is to be inserted in its
place.
(i) Cymo de Haan, [1833] (Opinion 73) : The incorrect
entry of the date of publication of the name
Pilumnus andreossyi Audouin (the type species
of Cymo,de, Haan,. (1833), as - le2>, 5 18 10.4be
deleted and the date ‘‘ [1826] ”’ is to be inserted
in its place.
(j) Scylla de Haan, [1833] (Opinion 73) : The incorrect
entry that Cancer serratus Forskal, 1775, is the
type species of Scylla de Haan, [1833], by mono-
typy is to be deleted and is to be replaced by an
entry that the above species is the type species
DIRECTION 37 a7
of the foregoing genus by selection by Rathbun
(1922, Smithson. misc. Coll. 73 (No. 1) : 28).
(k) Correction of date attributed to certain names
published in the Crustacea Section of d’ Orbigny’s
‘“* Voyage dans Il’ Amerique Méridionale ”’ (Opinion
85): The date “‘ 1843’ incorrectly attributed to
the under-mentioned names published in the
Crustacea Section of d’Orbigny’s Voyage dans
l’ Amerique Méridionale is to be deleted and the
date ‘‘ [1844] ” inserted in its place :-—
(a) Paraxanthus Lucas, [1844] ;
(b) Pilumnoides Lucas, [1844] ;
(c) Pinnotherelia Lucas, [1844] ;
(1) Nephrops [Leach] (Opinion 104): The incorrect
entry of the date of publication of the above name
as “1815” is to be deleted and the date “1814”
(in which year the foregoing name was published
in an anonymous paper of Leach’s in Part 2
of volume 7 of Brewster’s Edinburgh Encyclo-
paedia) is to be inserted in its place, the revised
entry to be made being as follows :—Nephrops
[Leach], [1814], in Brewster’s Edinburgh Ency.
7(2) : 398—400.
(4) The under-mentioned generic names are hereby
placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic
Names in Zoology with the Name Numbers severally
specified below :—
(i) Acanthocyclus Dybowski, 1873 (a junior homo-
nym of Acanthocyclus Milne Edwards (H.) &
Lucas, [1844]) (Name No. 461) ;
(11) Acanthopus Oken, 1816 (a junior homonym of
Acanthopus Klug, 1807) (Name No. 462) ;
(iii) Acanthopus Dahl, 1823 (a junior homonym of
Acanthopus Klug, 1807) (Name No. 463) ;
58 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
(iv) Acanthopus Latreille, 1829 (a junior homonym
of Acanthopus Klug, 1807) (Name No. 464) ;
(v) Acanthopus de Haan, [1835] (a junior homonym
of Acanthopus Klug, 1807) (Name No. 465) ;
(vi) Acanthopus Muenster, 1839 (a junior homonym
of Acanthopus Klug, 1807) (Name No. 466) ;
(vii) Acanthopus Giebel, 1872 (a junior homonym of
Acanthopus Klug, 1807) (Name No. 467) ;
(viii) Acanthopus Vernet, 1877 (a junior homonym of
Acanthopus Klug, 1807) (Name No. 468) ;
(ix) Asthenognathus Bocourt, 1884 (a junior homo-
nym of Asthenognathus Stimpson, 1858 (Name
No. 469) ;
(x) Asthenognathus Broom, 1915 (a junior homonym
of Asthenognathus Stimpson, 1858) (Name No.
470) ;
(xi) Bathynectes Guenther, 1878 (a junior homonym
of Bathynectes Stimpson, [1871] (Name No.
471) ;
(xil) Bathynectes Brinkman, 1913 (a junior homonym
of Bathynectes Stimpson, [1871] (Name No.
472) ;
(xiii) Bellia Bate, 1851 (a junior homonym of Bellia
Milne Edwards (H.), 1848) (Name No. 473) ;
(xiv) Bellia Gray (J.E.), 1869 (a junior homonym of
Bellia Milne Edwards (H.), 1848) (Name No.
474) ;
(xv) Bellia Tutt, 1902 (a junior homonym of Bellia
Milne Edwards (H.), 1848) (Name No. 475) ;
(xvi) Caphyra Barrande, 1846 (a junior homonym of
Caphyra Guérin-Ménéville, 1832 (Name No.
476) ;
(xvii) Chlorodopsis Milne Edwards (A.), 1863 (a nomen
nudum) (Name No. 477) ;
DIRECTION 37 59
(xviii) Cyrtograpsus Carruthers, 1867 (a junior homo-
nym of Cyrtograpsus Dana, 1851) (Name No.
8 .
9
(xix) Eucrate Rafinesque, 1815 (a nomen nudum)
(Name No. 479) ;
(xx) Euryplax Klapalek, 1909 (a junior homonym of
Euryplax Stimpson, 1859) (Name No. 480) ;
(xxl) Gecarcinicus Dana, 1852 (an Erroneous Subse-
quent Spelling for Gecarcinucus Milne
Edwards (H.), 1844) (Name No. 481) ;
(xxil) Goneplat [Leach], [1814] (an Invalid Original
Spelling for Goneplax [Leach], [1814]) (Name
No. 482) ;
(xxiil) Gonoplax Leach, 1815 (an Invalid Emendation
of Goneplax [Leach], [1814]) (Name No. 483) ;
(xxiv) Halimede Rathke, 1843 (a junior homonym of
Halimede de Haan, [1835]) (Name No. 484) ;
(xxv) Halimede Oberthuer & Houlbert, 1922 (a junior
homonym of Halimede de Haan, [1835)])
(Name No. 485) ;
(xxvil) Helice Chambers, 1873 (a junior homonym of
Helice de Haan, [1833]) (Name No. 486) ;
(xxvil) Holometopus Angelin, 1854 (a junior homonym
of Holometopus Milne Edwards (H.), 1853)
(Name No. 487) ;
(xxviii) Homalaspis Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1895 (a
junior homonym of MHomalaspis Milne
Edwards (A.), 1863) (Name No. 488) ;
(xxix) Homalaspis Kaier, 1932 (a junior homonym of
Homalaspis Milne Edwards (A.), 1863) (Name
No. 489) ;
(xxx) Homarus Broun, 1881 (a junior homonym of
Homarus Weber, 1795) (Name No. 490) ;
60 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
(xxx) Iphiculus White, 1847 (a nomen nudum) (Name
No. 491);
(xxxil) Iphis Koch (C.L.), 1835 (a junior homonym of
Iphis Leach, 1817) (Name No. 492) ;
(xxxill) Jphis Laporte, 1836 (a junior homonym of Iphis
Leach, 1817) (Name No. 493) ;
(xxxiv) Liagora Gistl, 1848 (an Erroneous Subsequent
Spelling of Liagore de Haan, [1833]) (Name
No. 494) ;
(xxxv) Lissocarcinus Adams & White, 1847 (a nomen
nudum) (Name No. 495) ;
(xxxvi) Lupocyclus White, 1847 (a nomen nudum) (Name
No. 496) ;
(xxxvil) Persephona Leach, 1852 (a junior homonym of
Persephona Leach, 1817) (Name No. 497) ;
(xxxvill) Pilumnus Rafinesque, 1815 (a junior homonym
of Pilumnus Leach, 1815) (Name No. 498) ;
(xxxix) Pilumnus Dejean, 1821 (a junior homonym of
Pilumnus Leach, 1815) (Name No. 499) ;
(xl) Pilumnus Koch (C.L.), 1837 (a junior homonym
of Pilumnus Leach, 1815) (Name No. 500) ;
(xli) Pilumnus Gistl, 1848 (a junior homonym of
Pilumnus Leach, 1815) (Name No. 501) ;
(xlii) Pilumnus Bonaparte, 1854 (a junior homonym
of Pilumnus Leach, 1815) (Name No. 502) ;
(xliii) Planes Saussure, 1862 (a junior homonym of
Planes Bowditch, 1825) (Name No. 503) ;
(xliv) Planes Rondani, 1864 (a junior homonym of
Planes Bowditch, 1825) (Name No. 504) ;
(xlv) Podacanthus Brandt, 1848 (a junior homonym of
Podacanthus Gray (J.E.), 1833) (Name No.
505
b)
DIRECTION 37 61
(xlvi) Podophtalmus Lamarck, 1801 (an Invalid Original
Spelling for Podophthalmus Lamarck, 1801)
(Name No. 506) ;
(xlvii) Polydectus Rafinesque, 1815 (a nomen nudum)
(Name No. 507) ;
(xlviii) Pseudopinnixa Holmes, 1895 (a junior homonym
of Pseudopinnixa Ortmann, 1894) (Name No.
508) ;
(xlix) Ptychognathus Owen, 1860 (a junior homonym
of Ptychognathus Stimpson, 1858) (Name No.
509) ;
(1) Telmessus Stal, 1866 (a junior homonym of
Telmessus White, 1846) (Name No. 510) ;
(li) Tlos White, 1847 (a nomen nudum) (Name No.
SEB ee
(lit) Trichodactylus Dufour, 1839 (a junior homonym
of Trichodactylus Latreille, 1828) (Name No.
512),
(li1) Utica Hewitson, [1865] (a junior homonym of
Utica White, 1847) (Name No. 513) ;
(liv) Valdivia Ragonot, 1888 (a junior homonym of
Valdivia White, 1847) (Name No. 514) ;
(lv) Valdivia Shannon, 1927 (a junior homonym of
Valdivia White, 1847) (Name No. 515) ;
(Ilvi) Zosimus Schaufuss, 1886 (a junior homonym of
Zosimus Leach, 1825) (Name No. 516) ;
(lvii) Zozymus Milne Edwards (H.), 1834 (an Erro-
neous Subsequent Spelling for Zosimus Leach,
1825) (Name No. 517).
(5) The under-mentioned specific names are hereby
placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific
Names in Zoology with the Name Numbers severally
specified below :—
(i) granulatus de Haan, [1835], as published in the
combination Cancer (Actaea) granulatus (a junior
62 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
homonym of granulatus Linnaeus, 1758, as
published in the combination Cancer granulatus)
(Name No. 336) ;
(ii) pennanti Leach, [1817], as published in the com-
bination Ebalia pennanti (a junior objective
synonym of tuberosus Pennant, 1777, as pub-
lished in the combination Cancer tuberosus)
(Name No. 337) ;
(111) tresselata Milne Edwards (H.), 1834, as published
in the combination Lybia tresselata (an Errone-
ous Subsequent Spelling for tesselatus Latreille,
1812, as published in the combination Grapsus
tesselatus) (Name No. 338) ;
(iv) jurinii Bell, 1855, as published in the combination
Leucosilia jurinii (an Erroneous Subsequent
Spelling for jurinei Saussure, 1853, as published
in the combination Guaia (Ilia) jurinei) (Name
No. 339) ;
(v) vigil Fabricius, 1798, as published in the com-
bination Portunus vigil (a junior objective syno-
nym of vigil Weber, 1795, as published in the
combination Portunus vigil) (Name No. 340).
I. THE SUBJECT MATTER OF THE PRESENT
“DIRECTION.
The present Direction is the third of a series containing decisions
by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature
in regard to names of genera of the Order Decapoda (Class
Crustacea) placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology
in the period up to the end of 1936 taken by the International
Commission under General Directives issued to it by the Thirteenth
International Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948, with the object of
completing the entries made on the Official List in the foregoing
period. The first of the Directions already rendered (Direction 11)
contained decisions by the Commission as to the gender to be
attributed to the generic names in question, while the second
DIRECTION 37 —663
of these Directions (Direction 36) was concerned with the placing
on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology of the specific
names of the type species of the foregoing genera in all cases where
those names were the oldest available for the species concerned
and, in other cases, of the specific names subjectively considered
to be the oldest available for the species in question. The present
_ Direction is concerned with various miscellaneous matters on which
decisions by the Commission are needed in order to enable it to
comply fully with the General Directives referred to above.
Apart from a few names which have been reserved for separate
consideration, the present Direction, coupled with its two pre-
decessors, completes the action required in the case of the names of
genera of the Order Decapoda placed on the Official List in the
period under review. The proposals which formed the basis
of the decisions embodied in the present Direction were submitted
by the Secretary in the following paper on 19th September
1955 :—
Names of genera of the Order Decapoda in the Class Crustacea placed
on the ‘‘ Official List of Generic Names in Zoology ”’ in the period
up to the end of 1936 : proposed determination of certain out-
standing matters additional to those dealt with in the
proposals submitted with in Voting Papers
V.P.(O.M.)(55)6 and V.P.(O.M.)(55)27
By FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E.,
(Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature)
The present paper contains a final instalment of proposals relating
to the names of genera of the Order Decapoda in the Class Crustacea
placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by Rulings
given in Opinions rendered in the period up to the end of 1936. The
two earlier instalments were concerned respectively with the determin-
ation of the gender to be attributed to the generic names concerned
(proposals submitted with Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)6) and with the
addition to the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology of the specific
names of the type species of the genera in question (proposals sub-
mitted with Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)27). The present paper is
concerned with various other matters on which decisions by the
Commission are required before this large block of entries on the
Official List of Generic Names in Zoology can be regarded as having
64 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
been brought up to the standard required for inclusion in the forth-
coming volume containing particulars of all names so far placed on
the Official List.
2. The first point which calls for note is that, whereas in Opinions
73 and 104 some information (though often of a meagre character) was
given on the question of how the species there cited as the type species
of the genera concerned acquired that status under Article 30 of the
Régles, no information of any sort bearing on this subject was provided
in respect of the ninety-eight genera, the names of which were placed
on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by the Ruling given
in Opinion 85. In the case of these names it has been necessary to
examine the book or serial in which each was published in order to
ascertain whether the species cited in Opinion 85 was one of the included
species and whether that species was there either designated or indicated
as the type species. In those cases where none of the included species
was so designated or indicated, it was necessary, in conjunction with
interested specialists, to examine the later literature for the purpose of
ascertaining by whom, when and where one of the originally included
species was first selected to be the type species of the genus concerned.
The results of these laborious investigations are set out in Annexe 1
to the present paper.
3. It is necessary next to note that in the case of fourteen names
placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by the Ruling
given in Opinion 73, the only note given as to the manner in which the
type species of the genera concerned had been determined under
Article 30 was the insertion of the formula “‘ tpd ”’, i.e. type by present
designation. Since these type selections have sometimes been attri-
buted to the Commission, it should be noted that the portion of the
Opinion in which this formula is used consists of the application sub-
mitted to the Commission by Miss Mary Rathbun, the applicant,
to whom therefore these type selections are attributable. The names
concerned are the following :—Actaea ; Actumnus ; Atergatis ; Chloro-
dopsis ; Cyclodius ; Ebalia; Iliacantha ; Pariphiculus ; Persephona ;
Phlyxia ; Pseudophilyra ; Speloeophorus ; Thalamitoides ; Thalamonyx.
4. In a number of cases wrong dates or erroneous attributions for
generic names were given in the Opinions in which the names concerned
were placed upon the Official List. The necessary corrections are set
out in Annexe 2 to the present paper. In the same Annexe particulars
are given also regarding the dates of publication of certain books
which were issued in Parts and which therefore present certain diffi-
culties in dating.
5. Annexe 3 gives particulars of certain objectively invalid names
which are involved in one way or another with the names of genera
DIRECTION 37 65
placed on the Official List in the period up to the end of 1936 and
which under the General Directives issued to the Commission by the
International Congress of Zoology should now be placed on the
appropriate Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Names. This
Annexe is divided into two Sections : Section A which contains a list
of invalid generic names, Section B, which contains a list of invalid
specific names.
6. Although the number of generic names of the Order Decapoda
placed on the Official List in the period up to the end of 1936 is large,
the genera concerned are in many cases closely allied to one another.
In consequence, the number of family-group names involved is
relatively small. These names are now being investigated and pro-
posals in regard to them will be submitted in due course.
7. The proposals now submitted are that, in accordance with the
Directives issued by the International Congress of Zoology, the
Commission should complete the Rulings in relation to the names of
genera in the Order Decapoda (Class Crustacea) given in Opinions
rendered in the period up to the end of 1936 by :—
(a) entering on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology the
particulars specified in Annexe 1 regarding the manner in
which type species for the genera there enumerated were
determined under Article 30 of the Régles ;
(b) taking note that the type species for the genera specified in
paragraph 3 above were selected under Rule (g) in Article
30 by Miss Mary Rathbun in her application to the Commission
published in Opinion 73 ;
(c) entering on the foregoing Official List the corrections, specified
in Annexe 2, of wrong dates and erroneous attributions given
in the Opinions in which generic names of Decapoda were
placed on that List ;
(d) placing on the Official Index of Rejected-and Invalid Generic
Names in Zoology the generic names specified in Section A
of Annexe 3 and on the corresponding Official Index of specific
names the specific names specified in Section B of that Annexe.
8. The proposals now submitted complete the action required for
the completion and, where necessary, the correction, of entries relating
to the names of genera of Decapoda placed on the Official List of
Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936, except
as regards two names which are being further investigated and on which
proposals will be submitted to the Commission as soon as possible.
66 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
ANNEXE 1
Particulars as to the determination, under Article 30 of the ‘‘ Régles ”’,
of the type species of certain genera in the Order Decapoda (Class
Crustacea), the names of which were placed on the ‘‘ Ofiicial
List of Generic Names in Zoology ”’ in the period up to
the end of 1936
Name of Genus
(1)
Acmaeopleura Stimpson, 1858
Asthenognathus Stimpson, 1858
Bathyplax Milne Edwards, 1880
Camptandrium Stimpson, 1858
Camptoplax Miers, 1884
Catoptrus Milne Edwards, 1870
Ceratoplax Stimpson, 1858
Chasmagnathus de Haan, [1833]
Chasmocarcinus Rathbun, 1898
Clistocoeloma Milne Edwards, -
1873
Cyrtograpsus Dana, 1851
Dissodactylus Smith, 1870
Durckheimia de Man, 1889
Epixanthus Heller, 1861
Euchirograpsus Milne Edwards,
1853
Eucrate de Haan, [1835]
Eucratodes Milne Edwards, 1880
Eucratopsis Smith, 1869
Euryetisus Cano, 1889
Euryplax Stimpson, 1859
Eurytium Stimpson, 1859
Fabia Dana, 1851
Galene de Haan, [1833]
Geryon Kr@yer, 1837
Glyptograpsus Smith, 1870
Glyptoplax Smith, 1870
Gomeza Gray, 1831
Goneplax [Leach], [1814]
Entry relating to the determination
of the type species of the genus
specified in Col. | now proposed
to be inserted in the “Official List
of Generic Names in Zoology ”’
(2)
by monotypy
by monotypy
by monotypy
by monotypy
by monotypy
by monotypy
by monotypy
by monotypy
by original designation
by monotypy
by monotypy
by monotypy
by original designation through
the formula “‘n.g., n.sp.”’
by monotypy
by monotypy
by monotypy
by monotypy
by monotypy
by original designation through
the formula “‘n.g., n.sp.”’
by monotypy
by original designation
by monotypy
by monotypy
by original designation
by original designation
by monotypy
by monotypy
by original designation
DIRECTION 37 67
Entry relating to the determination
of the type species of the genus
specified in Col. 1 now proposed
Name of Genus to be inserted in the ‘‘ Official List
of Generic Names in Zoology ”’
(1) (2)
Halimede de Haan, [1835] by monotypy
Helice de Haan, [1833] by monotypy
Hephthopelta Alcock, 1899 by monotypy
Hexapus de Haan, [1833] by monotypy
Holometopus Milne Edwards, 1853 by monotypy
Holothuriophilus Nauck, 1880 by original designation through
the formula “n.g., n.sp.”
Lachnopodus Stimpson, 1858 by monotypy
Leptodius Milne Edwards, 1863 by monotypy
Liagore de Haan, [1833] by monotypy
Libystes Milne Edwards, 1867 by monotypy
Liomera Dana, 1851 by monotypy
Lipaesthesius Rathbun, 1898 by monotypy
Litocheira Kinahan, 1856 by monotypy
Lophopanopeus Rathbun, 1898 by original designation
Lophopilumnus Miers, 1886 by original designation
Lybia Milne Edwards, 1834 by monotypy
Melybia Stimpson, [1871] by monotypy
Metasesarma Milne Edwards, 1853 by monotypy
Metopocarcinus Stimpson, [1860] by monotypy
Micropanope Stimpson, [1871] by monotypy
Notonyx Milne Edwards, 1873 by monotypy
Oediplax Rathbun, 1893 by monotypy
Ommatocarcinus White, 1852 by monotypy
Opisthopus Rathbun, 1893 by monotypy
Orphnoxanthus Alcock, 1898 by monotypy
Panoplax Stimpson, [1871] by monotypy
Paragalene Kossmann, 1878 by monotypy
Parapanope de Man, 1895 by monotypy
Parapleurophrycoides Nobili, 1906 by monotypy
Paraxanthus Milne Edwards & by monotypy
Lucas, [1844]
Percnon Gistl, 1848 by subsequent selection by Rath-
bun, 1925, Smiths. misc. Publ.
TIT 6
Perigrapsus Heller, 1862 by monotypy
Pilumnoides Milne Edwards & by monotypy
Lucas, [1844]
Pilumnus Leach, 1815 by monotypy
Pinnaxodes Heller, [1865] by original designation through
the formula “‘n.g., n.sp.”’
68
Name of Genus
(1)
Pinnixa White, 1846
Pinnotherelia Milne Edwards &
Lucas, [1844]
Pinnotheres Latreille, [1802—1803]
Planes Bowditch, 1825
Platychirograpsus de Man, 1896
Platypilumnus Alcock, 1894
Platyxanthus Milne Edwards, 1863
Polydectus Milne Edwards, 1837
Prionoplax Milne Edwards, 1852
Pseudocarcinus Milne Edwards,
1834
Pseudopinnixa Ortmann, 1894
Pseudorhombila Milne Edwards,
1837
Psopheticus Wood-Mason, 1892
Ptychognathus Stimpson, 1858
Pyxidognathus Milne Edwards,
1879
Rhithropanopeus Rathbun, 1898
Rhizopa Stimpson, 1858
Ruppellioides Milne Edwards,
1867
Samartium Dana, 1851
Scalopidia Stimpson, 1858
Scleroplax Rathbun, 1893
Speocarcinus Stimpson, 1859
Sphaerozius Stimpson, 1858
Tetraxanthus Rathbun, 1898
Tetrias Rathbun, 1898
Thaumastoplax Miers, 1881
Utica White, 1847
Varuna Milne Edwards, 1830
Xanthasia White, 1846
Xanthodius Stimpson, 1859
Xenophthalmodes Richters, 1880
OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
Entry relating to the determination
of the type species of the genus
specified in Col. 1 now proposed
to be inserted in the “‘ Official List
of Generic Names in Zoology ”
(2)
by monotypy
by monotypy
by monotypy
by monotypy
by original designation through
the formula “‘ n.g., n.sp.”’
by original designation through
the formula “‘n.g., n.sp.”’
by monotypy
by monotypy
by monotypy
by subsequent selection by Miers,
1886, Rep. Voy. Challenger
(Zool.) 17(no. 2) : 141, nota 1.
by monotypy
by original designation
by monotypy
by monotypy
by monotypy
by monotypy
by monotypy
by monotypy
by monotypy
by monotypy
by monotypy
by monotypy
by monotypy
by monotypy
by monotypy
by original designation through
the formula “‘n.g., n.sp.”’
by monotypy
by monotypy
by monotypy
by monotypy
by original designation through
the formula “‘ n.g., n.sp.”’
DIRECTION 37 69
Entry relating to the determination
of the type species of the genus
specified in Col. 1 now proposed
Name of Genus to be inserted in the “‘ Official List
of Generic Names in Zoology ”’
(1) (2)
Xenophthalmus White, 1846 by monotypy
Zosimus Leach, 1823 by monotypy
Zozymodes Heller, 1861 by monotypy
ANNEXE 2
Proposals for the correction of certain erroneous dates and attributions
cited for the names of genera of the Order Decapoda (Class
Crustacea) when placed on the ‘‘ Official List of Generic
Names in Zoology ”’ by Rulings given in ‘‘ Opinions ”’ 73,
85 and 104 or for the names of the type species of such
genera
(a) Corrections of entries in ‘‘ Opinion ’’ 73
(1) ‘* Bathynectes ’’ Stimpson
Two questions arise in connection with this generic name: first,
the date on which it was published ; second, the manner in which the
type species was determined. These matters are discussed separately
below.
The name Bathynectes Stimpson was published in Part 2 of vol. 2 of
the Bull. Mus. comp. Zool. of Harvard. This name (and other new
names occurring in the same paper) are treated as having been published
in 1870 in some catalogues and in others as having been published in
1871. In order to clear up this matter, I appealed to my colleague the
late Dr. James L. Peters, who, as a member of the staff of the Museum
of Comparative Zoology, was in a specially good position for investi-
gating the dates of publication of parts of the Bulletin of that Museum.
On Ist June 1944, Dr. Peters replied as follows :—
The early numbers of the M.C.Z. Bulletin were issued without
covers and no printed date of publication. The number in question
bears the date and inscription at the end of the article, ‘“‘ Chicago
Academy of Science, December 1, 1870”. This apparently is
when the manuscript was completed and should not be accepted
as the publication date. The accession catalogue in the Museum
Library shows that a bound copy of No. 2, Vol. 2, was entered
on April 12, 1871. Inquiring of the librarian of the Boston
Society of Natural History reveals that a copy in paper covers,
70 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
as issued, was received there on February 17, 1871. On the other
hand, the price list of Museum publications claims December
1870 as the date. This evidence seems to show that the actual
date of publication was probably about the middle of Feb. 1871
and the fact that our Museum catalogue doesn’t show an entry
until April 12th is accounted for by the fact that the issue was
not entered until it had been returned from the bindery.
Further check-up with the Museum price-list and the date of
receipt of the unbound parts at the Boston Society of Natural
History shows that, in each case, the numbers of Vol. 2 were
received by that institution a month to six weeks after the date
claimed in the Museum price-list.
In view of the information supplied by Dr. Peters and having
regard to the fact that, as he shows, Stimpson’s paper was still in
manuscript at the Chicago Academy as late as Ist December 1870, it
must certainly be concluded that publication did not take place until
some date in 1871.
In the application published in Opinion 73 Miss Rathbun stated
that the type species of Bathynectes Stimpson was “‘ tod. B. superba =
Portunus superba Costa, 1838? = B. longispina Stimpson,, 1871’.
This statement is incorrect in two respects. First Stimpson made no
mention of Portunus superba Costa, which was therefore not an
originally-included species and is accordingly ineligible for selection
as the type species of Bathynectes. Second, contrary to the statement
given by the abbreviated entry “‘ tod.’ (= type by original designation)
Stimpson did not designate a type species for the genus Bathynectes.
All that he did was to include in it two new nominal species, namely
Bathynectes longispina (: 146) and Bathynectes brevispina (: 147) and to
add as regards the latter, that he was doubtful whether it was
specifically distinct from Jongispina. This latter statement, however,
made the nominal species Bathynectes brevispina a species inquirenda
from Stimpson’s standpoint. Accordingly, under the second subsection
of Rule (e) in Article 30, the nominal species Bathynectes brevispina
becomes ineligible for selection as the type species of Bathynectes.
As a result, that genus is left with only one eligible included species,
namely, Bathynectes longispina Stimpson, which thus becomes the
type species of this genus, not by original designation as stated in-
Opinion 73, but by monotypy.
(2) ‘* Caphyra’’ Guérin-Ménéville
Both the place and date of publication given for this generic name
in Opinion 73, as also for the name of its type species, are incorrect.
The entry given in this Opinion reads as follows :—‘‘ Caphyra Guérin,
1830, 26, mt. C. rouxii Guérin, 1830.’’ Reference to the list of papers
given earlier (: 24) in Opinion 73 shows that the expression ‘* Guérin,
DIRECTION 37 A
1830’ was intended to be interpreted as meaning ‘‘ Guérin, 1830,
Voy. Coquille, Zool., v.2, Crust.” Reference to the Voy. Coquille
shows that these names were published in vol. 2 (No. 2) (Part 1) of
the Zoology Section (Caphyra on page 26 and C. rouxii on page 28).
The point to be noted here is that a detailed analysis of the evidence
relating to the dates of publication of the Voy. Coquille made by
Sherborn in 1905 (Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (7) 17 : 335) shows that the
Crustacea portion was issued as Livraison 28 (which contained 60
sheets, i.e. the whole of Vol. 2, No. 2) and that this Livraison was not
published until 1838. Thus if Caphyra had first been published in the
Voy. Coquille, it would be necessary to attribute it to the year “‘ 1838 ”
and not to the year “* 1830” (the year cited in Opinion 73). But in
fact that generic name and the name of the type species of the genus
so named were first published in a paper in the Ann. Sci. nat. of Paris
which appeared in 1832. The correct references for the two names in
question are thus :—Caphyra Guérin-Ménéville, 1832, Ann. Sci. nat.,
Paris 25(99) : 285; Caphyra rouxii Guérin-Ménéville, 1832, ibid.
25(99) : 287.
(3) ‘* Hepatella ’’ Smith
The name Hepatella Smith and the name (Hepatella amica Smith) of
the type species of the genus so named were published in volume 3 of
the American Naturalist. These names were assigned the date “‘ 1870”
in Opinion 73. Inspection of this volume shows that Part 5 (the
part in which the foregoing names appeared) bears the date “‘ July
1869’. It also bears the following legend :—
** Entered according to Act of Congress in the year 1869, by
the Peabody Academy of Science, in the clerk’s office of the District
Court of the District of Massachusetts.”
On the other hand, the title page of the volume as a whole bears the
date “* 1870’ and it was no doubt from this source that this date was
cited in Opinion 73. There are no grounds for rejecting the evidence
cited above and it is reasonable therefore to conclude that this volume
appeared partly in 1869 and partly in 1870 and that the Part containing
the names here under consideration was published in the earlier of these
two years.
(4) Relative dates of publication in 1855 of two papers by Bell (T.),
each containing identical names as new names.
A number of names dealt with in Opinion 73 were first published in
1855 in a paper by Bell (T.), the place of publication being cited in
that Opinion as volume 21 of the Transactions of the Linnean Society
of London. It appears from the Minutes of the Society that the paper
was read at a meeting held under Bell’s Presidency on 5th June 1855.
It was published later in the same year in the Transactions, but previous
to this an abstract of it containing new names with the requisite
indications appeared in the issue of the Proceedings of the Society,
Fp OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
published on the 19th October 1855. The names concerned should
therefore be attributed to the Proceedings and not to the Transactions.
The names to which the foregoing correction applies and the number
of the page in vol. 2 of the Proceedings in which those names first
appeared are as follows :—Leucosilia (: 431) ; Lithadia (: 434) ; Myrodes
(: 432) ; Nursilia (: 434) ; Phlyxia (: 433) ; the name Oreophorus nodosus
(: 434) (specific name of type species of Speloeophorus).
(5) Date of publication of the ‘* Crustacea ’’ Section of Arthur
White’s ‘‘ The Voyage of H.M.S. Samarang ’’.
A number of names first published in the Crustacea Section of Adams
(A.), The Voyage of H.M.S. Samarang were dealt with in Opinion 73
where they were all treated as having been published in 1848. Sherborn,
however, has shown (1922, Index Anim., Sectio secund. (1) : cxi) that
the Crustacea Section of this book was published in two parts, the first,
containing pp. 1—32, in July 1848 ; the second, containing pp. 33—66,
in April 1849. Re-examination of the dates assigned in Opinion 73
to names published in this work shows that the following names must be
dated ‘“‘ 1849” instead of ‘* 1848’ :—(i) Carpilius signatus (: 37)
(type species of Atergatopsis) ; (11) Iphiculus (: 57) and its type species
Iphiculus spongiosus (: 57) ; (iii) Lissocarcinus (: 45) and its type species
Lissocarcinus polybioides (: 46); (iv) Lupocyclus (: 46) and its type
species Lupocyclus rotundatus (: 47); Tlos (: 57) and its type species
Tlos muriger (: 58).
(6) ‘*‘ Trichodactylus ’’ Latreille
This name was published in Part 2 of volume 10 (Crustacea) of
the Ency. méth., and in Opinion 73 the date “‘ 1825’ was attributed
to it. This is, however, incorrect, being the date of publication of the
first part of the volume. Part 2 was published in 1828.
(7) ‘*Cymo”’ de Haan, [1833]
In Opinion 73 the date “ 1825”’ was attributed to Pilumnus andreossyi
Audouin, the name of the type species of the genus Cymo. This
matter, however, was investigated by Sherborn (1923, Index Anim.,
Sectio secund. : 305) who ascertained that the above name should
be treated as having been published in 1826.
(8) ‘*Scylla’’? de Haan, [1833]
This genus was stated by Miss Rathbun in Opinion 73 to be mono-
typical with Cancer serratus Forskal, 1775, as type species. Miss
Rathbun was aware that de Haan had placed a second nominal species
in this genus, namely, Portunus tranquebaricus Fabricius, 1798, for she
noted this fact in the application published in the Opinion, and added
that these species ‘‘are synonymous’. Although she was of the opinion
that only one valid taxon had been placed by de Haan in this genus,
DIRECTION 37 73
it was erroneous from the nomenclatorial point of view to state that
the genus was monotypical. She herself in the application referred
to above definitely selected C. serratus Forskal to be the type species
of Scylla de Haan, and this appears to be the first, and therefore the
valid, type selection for this genus.
b) Corrections of entries in ‘* Opinion ”’ 85
p
(9) Date of publication of the Crustacea Section of d’Orbigny’s
** Voyage dans l’Amerique Meridionale ”’’
Both in Opinion 73 and in Opinion 85 there are names which were
first published in the Crustacea Section of d’Orbigny’s Voyage dans
l’ Amerique Meridionale. There is no consistency as to the dates assigned
to those names in those Opinions. The dates given in Opinion 73 are
correct but those given in Opinion 85 for the following names were
incorrectly given as “1843” instead of “‘ 1844” :—Paraxanthus ;
Pilumnoides ; Pinnotherelia.
(10) ‘‘ Pinnotheres ’’ Latreille
The name Pinnotheres Latreille was published in volume 3 of the
Hist. nat. gen. partic. Crust. Ins. in Sonnini’s Buffon. In Opinion 85
the date given for this name was “‘ 1801—2 ”’ and it was stated that the
volume concerned was published in An X of the French Revolutionary
Calendar. This ran from September 1801 to September 1802. While
*“An X”’ is the date given on the title page of the volume, it has now
been established that it cannot have been published before some date
in “An XI”’, i.e. in the period September 1802 to September 1803
(see Hemming, 1946, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 1 : 205, footnote 7).
(c) Corrections of entries in ‘*‘ Opinion ’’ 104
Pp
(11) ‘‘Nephrops ”’ [Leach]
Two points call for notice in connection with the name Nephrops.
First, it must be noted that it is sometimes cited in the literature as
having been first published in 1816 in the Supplementary Volume to
the 4th—6th Editions of the Encyclopedia Britannica. In fact, however,
it was first published in an anonymous article by Leach in Brewster’s
Edinburgh Encyclopedia (7(2) : 398—400). Second, it should be noted
that Part 2 of vol. 7 of Brewster’s Edinb. Ency. was published in 1814
and not in 1815, the year attributed to it in Opinion 104. (For a note
on the date of publication of this portion of the Edinb. Ency. see
Rathbun, 1897, Proc. biol. Soc. Wash. 11 : 154, nota.).
(12) ‘*Pandalus’’ Leach, 1815
The name Pandalus was published by Leach twice in the year 1815.
The first occasion was in the text to Plate 40(2) of his Malac. podophth.
Brit. The second occasion was in the Trans. linn. Soc. Lond. (11(2) :
346). By some oversight it was the latter instead of the former of
these references which was cited in Opinion 104 as the original reference
for this name.
74
10.
OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
ANNEXE 3
Proposed addition of certain objectively invalid names to
the ‘* Official Indexes of Rejected and Invalid Names ”’
Section A:—Proposed addition of fifty-one generic
names to the “ Official Index of Rejected and
Invalid Generic Names in Zoology ”’
. Acanthocyclus Dybowski, 1873, Arch. Naturk. Liv-, Ehst-u. Kuhl.
Dorpat (1)5 : 333 (a junior homonym of Acanthocyclus Milne
Edwards (H.) & Lucas, [1844], placed on the Official List in
Opinion 73)
. Acanthopus de Haan, [1835], in Siebold, Fauna japon. (Crust.) : 29
(a junior homonym of Acanthopus Klug, 1807, Mag. f. Insektenk.
(Illiger) 6 : 199, 226) (replaced by Percnon Gistl, 1848, placed on
the Official List in Opinion 85)
. The under-mentioned junior homonyms of Asthenognathus
Stimpson, 1858, placed on the Official List in Opinion 85 :—
(a) Asthenognathus Bocourt, 1884, Bull. Sci. Soc. Philomat.
Paris (7)8 : 149
(b) Asthenognathus Broom, 1915, Bull. Amer. Mus. nat. Hist
25 ‘125
The under-mentioned junior homonyms of Bathynectes Stimpson,
[1871], placed on the Official List in Opinion 73 :—
(a) Bathynectes Guenther, 1878, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (5)2 : 20
(b) Bathynectes Brinkman, 1913, Bergens Mus. Aarb. 1912 (9) : 1
The under-mentioned junior homonyms of Bellia Milne Edwards
(H.), 1848 placed on the Official List in Opinion 73 :—
(a) Bellia Bate, 1851, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (2)7 : 318
(b) Bellia Gray (J.E.), 1869, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1869 : 197
(c) Bellia Tutt, 1902, Nat. Hist. Brit. Lep. 3 : 386
. Caphyra Barrande, 1846, Not. prélim. Syst. Silur. Trilob. Bohéme :
32 (a junior homonym of Caphyra Guérin-Ménéville, 1832,
placed on the Official List in Opinion 73
Chlorodopsis Milne Edwards, 1863, Ann. Sci. nat., Paris, Zool.
(4)20 : 292 (a nomen nudum)
Cyrtograpsus Carruthers, 1867, Intell. Observ. 11 : 369 (a junior
homonym of Cyrtograpsus Dana, 1851, placed on the Official
List in Opinion 85)
Eucrate Rafinesque, 1915, Analyse Nature : 136 (a nomen nudum)
Euryplax Klapalek, 1909, Wien. ent. Ztg. 28 :255 (a junior
homonym of Euryplax Stimpson, 1859, placed on the Official
List in Opinion 85)
11.
12.
,
14.
3.
16.
¥2
18.
19.
20.
DIRECTION 37 To
Gecarcinicus Dana, 1852, U.S. Explor. Exped. 13 (Crust.) : 375,
pl. 1 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Gecarcinucus
Milne Edwards (H.), 1844, placed on the Official List in
Opinion 73)
Goneplat [Leach], [1814], Brewster’s Edinb. Ency. 7 : 393 (an
Invalid Original Spelling for Goneplax [Leach], [1814], placed
on the Official List in Opinion 85)
Gonoplax Leach, 1815, Trans. linn. Soc. Lond, 11(2) : 323 (an
Invalid Emendation of Goneplax [Leach], [1814], placed on the
Official List in Opinion 85)
The under-mentioned junior homonyms of Halimede de Haan,
[1835], placed on the Official List in Opinion 85 :—
(a) Halimede Rathke, 1843, Nova Acta Acad. Caes. Leop. Carol.
20(1) : 166
(b) Halimede Oberthuer & Houlbert, 1922, C.R. Acad. Sci.
Paris 174 : 190
Helice Chambers, 1873, Canad. Ent. 5 : 187 (a junior homonym
of Helice de Haan, [1833], placed on the Official List in Opinion
85) |
Holometopus Angelin, 1854, Pal. Scand. (ed. 1) fasc. 2 : 58 (a
junior homonym of Holometopus Milne Edwards (H.), 1853,
placed on the Official List in Opinion 85)
The under-mentioned junior homonyms of Homalaspis Milne
Edwards (A.), 1863, placed on the Official List in Opinion 85 :—
(a) Homalaspis Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1895, Monogr. Pseudo-
phylliden 9 : 217
(b) Homalaspis Kaier, 1932, Skr. Svalbard Ishavet, Oslo, 52 : 14
Homarus Broun, 1881, Man. N.Z. Coleopt. (fasc. 2) : 740 (a junior
homonym of Homarus Weber, 1795, placed on the Official
List in Opinion 104)
Iphiculus White, 1847, List. Crust. Coll. B.M. : 51 (a nomen nudum)
The under-mentioned junior homonyms of Jphis Leach, 1817,
placed on the Official List in Opinion 73 :—
(a) Iphis Koch (C.L.), 1835, Deutschl. Crust. Myriap. Arach.
(Heft 2) : tab. 6
(b) Iphis Laporte, 1836, Revue Entom. 4(1) : 7
76
a
2.
De
24.
2D)
26.
27.
28.
2.
30.
an:
OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
Liagora Gistl, 1848, Nat. Thierr. : ix (an Erroneous Subsequent
Spelling for Liagore de Haan, [1833], placed on the Official
List in Opinion 85)
Lissocarcinus Adams & White, 1847, in White’s List. Crust. coll.
B.M. : 126 (a nomen nudum)
Lupocyclus White, 1847, List Crust. Coll. B.M. : 127 (a nomen
nudum)
Persephona Leach, 1852, Syn. Moll. Gt. Brit. : 146, 189 (a junior
homonym of Persephona Leach, 1817, placed on the Official List
in Opinion 73)
The under-mentioned junior homonyms of Pilumnus Leach, 1815,
placed on the Official List in Opinion 85 :—
(a) Pilumnus Rafinesque, 1815, Analyse Nature : 122
(b) Pilumnus Dejean, 1821, Cat. Coll. Coléopt. Dejean [1821 ed.]
3365 1d-18237 Cola Lepiad-2156
(c) Pilumnus Koch (C.L.), 1837, Uebers Arachnidensyst. 1 : 38
(d) Pilumnus Gistl, 1848, Nat. Thierr. : xi (nom. nov. pro Alphus
Dejean, 1833)
(e) Pilumnus Bonaparte, 1854, Ateneo Ital. 2 : 123
The under-mentioned junior homonyms of Planes Bowditch, 1825,
placed on the Official List in Opinion 85 :—
(a) Planes Saussure, 1862, Rev. Mag. Zool. (2)14 : 228
(b) Planes Rondani, 1864, Arch. Zool. anat. Fisiol. 3 (fasc. 1) : 9
Podacanthus Brandt, 1848, Bull. Acad. Sci. St. Petersb. 7(12/13) :
180 (a junior homonym of Podacanthus Gray, 1833) (replaced
by Erimacrus Benedict, 1892, placed on the Official List in
Opinion 73)
Podophtalmus Lamarck, 1801, Syst. Anim. : 152 (an Invalid Ori-
ginal Spelling for Podophthalmus Lamarck, 1801, placed on the
Official List in Opinion 73)
Polydectus Rafinesque, 1815, Analyse Nature : 142 (a nomen
nudum)
Pseudopinnixa Holmes, 1895, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. (2)4 : 565 (a
junior homonym of Pseudopinnixa Ortmann, 1894, placed on the
Official List in Opinion 85)
Ptychognathus Owen, 1860, Quart. J. geol. Soc. Lond. 16 : 49 (a
junior homonym of Ptychognathus Stimpson, 1858, placed on the
Official List in Opinion 85)
a2.
33.
34.
32.
36.
aT,
38.
DIRECTION 37 Th
Telmessus Stal, 1866, Hemipt. Afric. 4 : 211 (a junior homonym of
Telmessus White, 1846, placed on the Official List in Opinion 73)
Tlos White, 1847, List Crust. Coll. B.M. : 129 (a nomen nudum)
Trichodactylus Dufour, 1839, Ann. Sci. nat., Paris (Zool.) 11 : 276
(a junior homonym of Trichodactylus Latreille, 1828, placed on
the Official List in Opinion 73)
Utica Hewitson, [1865], J//. diurn. Lep. Lycaenidae 1 : 56 (a
junior homonym of Utica White, 1847, placed on the Official
List in Opinion 85)
The under-mentioned junior homonyms of Valdivia White, 1847,
placed on the Official List in Opinion 73 :—
(a) Valdivia Ragonot, 1888, Nouv. gen. esp. Phycit. Gall. : 27
(b) Valdivia Shannon, 1927, Proc. U.S. nat. Mus. 70(art. 9) : 31
Zosimus Schaufuss, 1886, Tijdschr. Ent.29 : 293 (ajunior homonym
of Zosimus Leach, 1825, placed on the Official List in Opinion 85)
Zozymus Milne Edwards (H.), 1834, Roret’s Suite a Buffon
(Crust.) 1 : 383 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Zosimus
Leach, 1825, placed on the Official List in Opinion 85)
Section B :—Proposed addition of six specific names to the
** Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names
in Zoology ””
. granulatus de Haan, [1835], as published in the combination
Cancer (Actaea) granulatus (in Siebold, Fauna japon. (Crust.)
> 4, 18) (a junior homonym of granulatus Linnaeus, 1758, as
published in the combination Cancer granulatus)
. ponnanti Leach, [1817], as published in the combination Ebalia
pennanti (Malac. podophth. Brit. (14) : text to pl. 25) (a junior
objective synonym of tuberosus Pennant, 1777, as published
in the combination Cancer tuberosus).
. tresselata Milne Edwards, 1834, as published in the combination
Lybia tresselata (Roret’s Suite 4 Buffon, Hist. nat. Crust. 1 : 431)
(an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for tesselatus Latreille, 1812,
as published in the combination Grapsus tesselatus)
. variegatus [Leach], [1814], as published in the combination
Portumnus variegatus (Brewster’s Edinb. Ency. 7(2) : 391) (a
junior objective synonym of /atipes Pennant, 1777, as published
in the combination Cancer latipes)
78 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
5. jurinii Bell, 1855 (as published in the combination Leucosilia
jurinii Proc. linn. Soc. Lond. 2 : 431; id., 1855, Trans. linn. Soc.
Lond. 21 : 295) (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for jurinei
Saussure, 1853, as published in the combination Guaia (llia)
jurinei)
6. vigil Fabricius, 1798, as published in the combination Portunus
vigil (Suppl. Ent. syst. : 363) (a junior objective synonym of vigil
Weber, 1795, as published in the combination Portunus vigil)
2. Registration of the present application : Upon the receipt
of Mr. Hemming’s paper the question of making the additions to
the Official Lists and Official Indexes recommended therein was
allotted the Registered Number Z.N.(S.) 987.
Il. THE DECISION TAKEN BY THE INTERNATIONAL
COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE
3. Issue of Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)28 : On 19th September
1955 a Voting Paper (V.P.(O.M.)(55)28) was issued in which each
Member of the Commission was asked (1) to state whether he
agreed “‘ that, in accordance with the General Directives issued to
the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by
the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948,
regarding the placing on the appropriate Official Lists and Official
Indexes of names dealt with in, or otherwise involved in, Opinions
rendered prior to 1948, and other matters on which action is
required in order to complete, to clarify, or to correct Rulings
given in Opinions rendered in the foregoing period, the action
recommended in paragraph 7 of the paper numbered Z.N.(S.) 987,
regarding names in the Order Decapoda (Class Crustacea),
submitted by the Secretary simultaneously with the present
Voting Paper [i.e. in the paragraph numbered as above in the
paper reproduced in the first paragraph of the present Direction]
be now taken as there recommended ”’, and (2), if he did not so
agree as regards any given item, to indicate that item.
)
DIRECTION 37 79
4. Withdrawal of the proposals in regard to three specific names
submitted with Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)28 : Consequential
upon a decision to withdraw from the scope of V.P.(O.M.)(55)27
the proposals submitted therewith in relation to the names
Pandalus Leach 1815, Pinnotheres Latreille [1802—1803] and
Portumnus Leach, 1814, in order to permit of the consideration
of certain new information received in regard to those names,
the Secretary on 7th October 1955 executed the following Minute
withdrawing from the scope of Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)28
certain supplementary proposals relating to the foregoing names
for the purpose of enabling the Commission to deal simultaneously
with all outstanding problems in regard to these names when it
should have before it revised proposals prepared in the light of
the additional information referred to above :—
Withdrawal of proposals relating to three specific names from the
scope of Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)28
MINUTE by FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E.,
(Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature)
In the light of additional information now furnished by Dr. L. B.
Holthuis I have this day by a Minute numbered Z.N.(S.) 985 withdrawn
from the scope of Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)27 certain proposals
submitted therewith in relation to the names Pandalus Leach, 1815,
Pinnotheres Latreille, [1802—1803] and Portumnus Leach, 1814, in
order to permit of the further study of the issues involved before
decisions were taken by the Commission thereon. In completion of
the action taken in the foregoing Minute I now, as Secretary, withdraw
from the scope of Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)28 certain other pro-
posals regarding the foregoing names for the purpose of enabling all
aspects of the questions outstanding in regard to the above names to be
taken into consideration by the Commission simultaneously.
5. The Prescribed Voting Period : As Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)
(55)28 was issued under the One-Month Rule, the Prescribed
Voting Period therefor closed on 19th October 1955.
6. Addition to the ‘‘ Official Index of Rejected and Invalid
Generic Names in Zoology ’”’ of six additional junior homonyms
80 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS _
of the name ‘‘Acanthopus ”’ Klug, 1807 : On Ist November 1955,
Mr. Hemming, as Secretary, placed the following Minute on the
Commission’s File Z.N.(S.) 987 :—
Addition to the ‘* Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names
in Zoology ’’ of certain junior homonyms of ‘‘Acanthopus ”’ Klug,
1807, additional to that specified in Annexe 3 to the paper
submitted with Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)28
MINUTE by FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E.,
(Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature)
In returning his copy of Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)28,
Mr. Sylvester-Bradley drew attention to the fact that in Annexe 3 to
the paper numbered Z.N.(S.) 987 submitted with the foregoing Voting
Paper! one only of a number of junior homonyms of Acanthopus
Klug, 1807, had been put forward for addition to the Official Index of
Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology and expressed the view
that all of these ought now to be placed on the above Official Index.
2. Having regard to the Directive issued to the Commission by the
Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948, that all
objectively invalid names dealt with in, or otherwise involved in con-
nection with, cases submitted to the Commission for decision be placed
on the appropriate Official Index, 1 now, as Secretary, hereby direct
that the following names each of which is a junior homonym of
Acanthopus Klug, 1807, be placed on the Official Index of Rejected and
Invalid Generic Names in Zoology and that the said additions to the
Official Index be included in the Ruling in the Direction embodying
the decisions of the Commission in its vote on Voting Paper
V.P.(O.M.)(55)28 :—
(a) Acanthopus Oken, 1816, Lehrbuch Naturgesch. 3(2) : ui, 122
(b) Acanthopus Dahl, 1823, Col. u. Lepid. : 45
(c) Acanthopus Latreille, 1829, in Cuvier (G.L.C.F.D.), Régn. anim.
(ed: 2) 5 2138
(d) Acanthopus Muenster, 1839, Beitr. Petref. (A) : 94
(e) Acanthopus Giebel, 1872, Thesaur. Orn. 1 : 260
(f) Acanthopus Vernet, 1877, Arch. Sci. phys. nat. Genéve (n.s.)
60 : 334
ou ee eee
1 Kor the text of the paper here referred to see the first paragraph of the present
Direction.
DIRECTION 37 8!
7. Particulars of the Voting on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)28 :
At the close of the Prescribed Voting Period, the state of the
voting on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)28 was as follows :—
(a) Affirmative Votes had been given by the following twenty-
four (24) Commissioners (arranged in the order in which
Votes were received) :
Boschma; Holthuis; Stoll; Mayr; Riley; Vokes ;
Hering ; Jaczewski ; Prantl ; Lemche ; Mertens ; Bonnet ;
do Amaral ; Hank6o ; Esaki ; Key ; Dymond ; Cabrera ;
Hemming ; Miller? : Bradley (J.C.) ; Kiihnelt ; Sylvester-
Bradley ; Tortonese ;
(b) Negative Votes :
None ;
(c) On Leave of Absence, one (1) :
Bodenheimer ;
(d) Voting Papers not returned :
None.
8. Declaration of Result of Vote: On Ist November 1955,
Mr. Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission, acting
as Returning Officer for the Vote taken on Voting Paper
V.P.(O.M.)(55)28, signed a Certificate that the Votes cast were as
set out in paragraph 7 above and declaring that the proposal
submitted in the foregoing Voting Paper had been duly adopted
and that the decision so taken was the decision of the International
Commission in the matter aforesaid.
9. Preparation of the Ruling given in the present ‘‘ Direction ”’ :
On 29th December 1955, Mr. Hemming prepared the Ruling
given in the present Direction and at the same time signed a
Certificate that the terms of that Ruling were in complete accord
* Commissioner Miller exercised in this case the right conferred by the Thirteenth
International Congress of Zoology in Paris, 1948, under which a Commissioner
may, if he so desires, signify his willingness to support the view or the majority
view. of other members of the Commission (1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4: 50—S1).
82 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
with those of the proposal approved by the International Com-
mission in its Vote on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)28, subject
(a) to the withdrawal therefrom of the proposals relating to the
two generic names specified in the Minute executed by the Secretary
on 7th October 1955, and (b) to the addition to the Official Index
of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology of the junior
homonyms specified in the Secretary’s Minute of Ist November
1955. The Minutes referred to above have been reproduced in
paragraph 4 and paragraph 6 respectively of the present Direction.
10. Original References : The original references for the generic
names specified in Rulings (1) and (2) of the present Direction
have already been noted in connection with the Official List of
Generic Names in Zoology. The references for the names specified
in Ruling (3) have been similarly noted except in so far as they
have been supplemented by additional information given in
Annexe 2 to the application reproduced in the first paragraph
of the present Direction. The original references for the names
specified in Rulings (4) and (5) are given in Annexe 3 to the paper
referred to above, with the exception of those for six junior
homonyms of Acanthopus Klug, 1807, the references for which are
given in the Minute executed by the Secretary on Ist November 1955,
the text of which is given in paragraph 6 of the present Direction.
11. The prescribed procedures were duly complied with by the
International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in dealing
with the present case, and the present Direction is accordingly
hereby rendered in the name of the said International Commission
by the under-signed Francis Hemming, Secretary to the Inter-
national Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, in virtue of
all and every the powers conferred upon him in that behalf.
12. The present Direction shall be known as Direction Thirty-
Seven (37) of the International Commission on Zoological
Nomenclature.
Done in London, this Twenty-Ninth day of December, Nineteen
Hundred and Fifty-Five.
Secretary to the International Commission
on Zoological Nomenclature
FRANCIS HEMMING
Printed in England by Mretcatre & Cooper LiMiTED, 10-24 Scrutton St., London EC 2
OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
RENDERED BY THE INTER-
NATIONAL COMMISSION ON
ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE
Edited by
FRANCIS HEMMING, c.M.G., C.B.E.
Secretary to the Commission
VOLUME 1. SECTION D. Part D.3. Pp. 83—94
DIRECTION 38
Rejection for nomenclatorial purposes of the anonymously
published work entitled Ornithologia britannica issued
in 1771 and believed to have been written by Marmaduke
Tunstall and matters incidental thereto (cancellation of
Opinion 38)
LONDON :
Printed by Order of the International Trust for
Zoological Nomenclature
and
Sold on behalf of the International Commission on Zoological
Nomenclature by the International Trust at its Publications Office
41, Queen’s Gate, London, S.W.7
1956
Price Eight Shillings
(All rights reserved)
Issued 1st September, 1956
INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON
ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE
COMPOSITION AT THE TIME OF THE ADOPTION OF THE
RULING GIVEN IN DIRECTION 38
A. The Officers of the Commission
Honorary Life President: Dr. Karl JorDAN (British Museum (Natural History),
Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts., England)
President: Professor James Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y.,
U.S.A.) (12th August 1953)
Vice-President : Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (Sao Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953)
Secretary : Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (27th July 1948)
B. The Members of the Commission
Arranged in order of precedence by reference to date of election or of most recent
re-election, as prescribed by the International Congress of Zoology
Professor H. BoscHMA (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands)
(ist January 1947)
Senor Dr. Angel CaBRERA (La Plata, Argentina) (27th July 1948)
Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (27th July 1948) (Secretary)
Dr. Henning Lemcue (Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark)
(27th July 1948)
Professor Teiso Esaki (Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan) (17th April 1950)
Professor Pierre BONNET (Université de Toulouse, France) (9th June 1950)
Mr. Norman Denbigh RILEY (British Museum (Natural History), London) (9th June 1950)
Professor Tadeusz JACZEWSKI (Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw,
Poland) (15th June 1950)
Professor Robert MERTENS (Natur-Museum u. Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg, Frankfurt
a. M., Germany) (5th July 1950
Professor Erich Martin HERING) (Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universitat zu
Berlin, Germany) (Sth July 1950)
Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (S. Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) (Vice-President)
Professor J. R. DyMOND (University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada) (12th August 1953)
ee 4; ics BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953)
resident
Professor Harold E. Voxes (Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A.)
(12th August 1953) E
Professor Béla HANKO (Mezdgazdasdgi Muzeum, Budapest, Hungary) (12th August 1953)
Dr. Norman R. SToxt (Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York, N.Y., U.S.A.)
(12th August 1953)
Mr. P. C. SYLVESTER-BRADLEY (Sheffield University, Sheffield, England) (12th August 1953)
Dr. L. B. Hottuuts (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands)
(12th August 1953)
Dr. K. H. L. Key (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation,
Canberra, A.C.T., Australia) (15th October 1954) ;
Dr. Alden H. MILLER (Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley,
California, U.S.A.) (29th October 1954)
Doc. Dr. Ferdinand PRANTL (Ndrodni Museum v Praze, Prague, Czechoslovakia) (30th
October 1954)
Professor Dr. Wilhelm KiiHNFLT (Zoologisches Institut der Universitat, Vienna, Austria)
(6th November 1954)
ak Hy F. S. BODENHEIMER (The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel) (11th November
1954
Professor Ernst MAYR (Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, Cambridge,
Massachusetts, U.S.A.) (4th December 1954
Professor Enrico TORTONESE (Museo di Storia Naturale “‘ G. Doria’, Genova, Italy)
(16th December 1954)
DIRECTION 38
REJECTION FOR NOMENCLATORIAL PURPOSES OF
THE ANONYMOUSLY PUBLISHED WORK ENTITLED
**ORNITHOLOGIA BRITANNICA”? [ISSUED IN 1771
AND BELIEVED TO HAVE BEEN WRITTEN BY
MARMADUKE TUNSTALL AND MATTERS
INCIDENTAL THERETO (CANCELLATION OF
** OPINION ”’ 38)
RULING :—(i) It is hereby ruled that in the anonymous
work published in 1771 under the title Ornithologia
britannica the author, who is reputed to have been
Marmaduke Tunstall, did not apply the principles of
binominal nomenclature, that in consequence no new
name published in the foregoing work acquired the
status of availability in virtue of being so published and
therefore that the acceptance of that work for nomen-
clatorial purposes signified in Opinion 38 was incorrect.
(2) In view of (1) the Ruling given in Opinion 38 1s
hereby cancelled for all except historical purposes.
(3) The title of the work specified in (1) above is hereby
placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Works
in Zoological Nomenclature with the Title No. 48.
(4) Attention is drawn to the action taken by the
Commission by the Ruling given in Opinion 404 under
which the generic name Pyrrhocorax [Tunstall], 1771,
the only new generic name published in the Ornitho-
logia britannica, was validated under the Plenary Powers
and placed on the Official List of Generic Names in
Zoology.
SEP 9 9 1958
86 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
(5) The under-mentioned generic names are hereby
placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid
Generic Names in Zoology with the Name Numbers—
severally specified below :—
(a) Ampelis Nozeman & Vosmaer, 1758 (a name
published in a work rejected for nomenclatorial
purposes!) (Name No. 518) ;
(b) Columbus [Tunstall], 1771 (an Erroneous Subse-
quent Spelling for Columba Linnaeus, 1758)
(Name No. 519) ;
(c) Columbus Linnaeus, 1758 (an Invalid Original
Spelling for Colymbus Linnaeus, 1758) (Name
No. 520).
(6) The under-mentioned generic name is _ hereby
placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology
with the Name No. 1015 :—Columba Linnaeus, 1758
(gender : feminine) (type species, by selection by Vigors
(1825) : Columba oenas Linnaeus, 1758).
(7) The under-mentioned specific name is hereby placed
on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with the
Name No. 944 :—oenas Linnaeus, 1758, as published in
the combination Columba oenas (specific name of type
species of Columba Linnaeus, 1758).
I. THE SUBJECT MATTER OF THE PRESENT
DIRECTION *
The present Direction contains a revised Ruling regarding the
status for nomenclatorial purposes of the anonymously published
work entitled Ornithologia britannica commonly attributed to
Marmaduke Tunstall which was published in 1771. It will be
' For the rejection for nomenclatorial purposes of Nozeman & Vosmaer, 1758,
Geslachten der Vogelen, see Opinion 241 (1954, Ops. Decls. int. Comm. zool.
Nomencl. 4 : 13—21).
DIRECTION 38 87
recalled that, when on Ist September 1955 the Commission was
invited on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)22 to codify the Rulings
in regard to the status of individual books and papers given by
it in Opinions rendered up to the end of 1936, it was explained
that further investigations were in progress in regard to the fore-
going work and that in consequence it was not proposed on that
occasion to submit any proposal for the codification of the Ruling
given in Opinion 38, the Opinion in which in 1912 the Com-
mission had previously dealt with the present subject?. For
various reasons the issue of the Voting Paper referred to above
did not take place at as early date as had originally been expected
with the result that the above Voting Paper was issued concurrently
with the Voting Paper covering the Secretary’s promised Supple-
mentary Report on the Ornithologia britannica of 1771. That
Report, which was also submitted on Ist September 1955, was as
follows :—
Proposed cancellation of ‘‘ Opinion ”’ 38 and matters
incidental thereto
By FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E.,
(Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature)
Under decisions taken by the Fourteenth International Congress
of Zoology, Copenhagen, 1953 (Copenhagen Decisions zool. Nomencl.
24, Decision 24 ; ibid. : 23, Decision 23), an Official List of Works
Approved as Available for Zoological Nomenclature and an Official
Index of Rejected and Invalid Works in Zoological Nomenclature were
. established and the Commission was instructed to place on this new
Official List and Official Index the titles of works which it had, in
the one case, accepted and, in the other case, rejected for nomen-
clatorial purposes. The Commission has already complied with the
above Directive as regards all Opinions rendered since 1936. Proposals
are now being submitted?, in connection with Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)
(55)22, to enable it to do so in respect of all Opinions rendered before the
above date, except in the present case which it was considered could
be more conveniently dealt with separately, and four others, which for
various reasons are also dealt with separately.
2 For the decision taken by the International Commission on Voting Paper
V.P.(O.M.)(55)22 see Direction 32 (1956, Ops. Decls. int. Comm. zool. Nomencl.
1(C) : 307—328.
88 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
2. Opinion 38, with which the present paper is concerned, was
published in 1912 (Smithson. Publ. 2060 : 89—90) under the title
‘On the Status of the Latin Names in Tunstall, 1771’. The work
dealt with is a very slim large folio consisting of six unnumbered
pages (T.P. and Verso blank, [1]—[4]). Its full title is as follows :—
‘** Ornithologia Britannica: seu Avium omnium Britannicarum tam
Terrestrium quam Aguaticarum Catalogus, Sermone Latino, Anglico,
& Gallico redditus : cui subjicitur Appendix, Aves alienigenas, in Angliam
rara advenientes, complectens. The Title Page states that this work
was “* Printed for the Author by J. Dixwell in St. Martin’s Lane”
and bears the date “‘ 1771”. The work is anonymous but is attributed
to Marmaduke Tunstall (1743—1790).
3. This book consists entirely of a tabular presentation of the names
for the British birds known to the author. The entry in these tables
for each species contains four columns devoted to (i) the Latin name of
the genus, (ii) a Latin name for the species, (iii) an English vernacular
name, (iv) a French vernacular name. The work has no pretention to
originality, being, as 1s clearly shown by the following footnote, no
more than a compilation from earlier works :—‘‘ Nomina Latina vel
ex Linnaeo vel ex ultima editione Zoologiae Britannicae, Gallica vero
.ornithologia Brissonii plerumque decerpta sunt ’’. No bibliographical
references are given for any of the 53 generic names cited and very few
such references are supplied for the names used for species, there being
references for only 14 of the Latin specific names and for one of
the English names cited. Thus for 226 out of the 241 “species ”
recognised no bibliographical references are supplied. For fourteen
of the species cited, polyverbal Latin specific names are employed.
4. It was recognised by the Commission that in this book Tunstall
did not apply the principles of binominal nomenclature, it being stated
in the Section of Opinion 38 headed “ Discussion ”’ that “‘ the nomen-
clature is binary”. That the Commission felt able to accept names
in Tunstall’s Ornithologia as possessing the status of availability was
due to the fact that at that time it was guiding itself by the interpretation .
of Proviso (b) to Article 25 which it had given in 1910 in Opinion 20.
In that Opinion it had ruled that the generic names but not the specific
names, in the Zoophylacium Gronovianum of Gronovius were available,
because, although that author had not applied the principles of
binominal nomenclature, he had used a “ binary’ system of nomen-
clature, that is, he had realised that the scientific name for an animal
must be so constructed as to recognise the twofold concept of genus
and species. In Paris in 1948 the International Congress of Zoology
rejected as defective the Ruling given in Opinion 20 and underlined its
decision in this matter by substituting the expression “‘ nomenclature
binominale’’ for the expression “‘ nomenclature binaire’’ wherever
it occurred in the Régles. Following this decision the Commission
during its Paris Session dealt with a number of its older Opinions in
which the so-called “‘ binary’’ system of nomenclature had been
DIRECTION 38 89
recognised as conferring availability upon names published in the works
concerned. Tunstall’s Ornithologia had not then been re-examined
from the foregoing point of view, and accordingly the disposal of
generic names published in that work was left over for later considera-
tion.
5. It is necessary therefore to examine the generic names used by
Tunstall, to see which of them require to be validated, now that, the
Ornithologia, contrary to the statement in Opinion 38, is found to be
unavailable for nomenclatorial purposes. It is here that a paradoxical
situation is disclosed, for of the 46 generic names cited by Tunstall,
41 were first published by Linnaeus in 1758, 3 by Brisson in 1760,
and one by Linnaeus in 1766. Thus one new generic name only was
published in this work. The names concerned are :—
¢1) Names published by Linnaeus, 1758, forty-one (41) :
Palco : Strix ; Lanius.; Corvus ; Picus ;.Jynx ; Cuculus ; Sitta ;
Alcedo ; Certhia; Tetrao; Otis; Columbus ; (ex err. pro
Columba) ; Turdus ; Sturnus ; Alauda ; Hirundo ; Motacilla ;
Loxia; Fringilla; Emberiza; Parus; Ardea; Scolopax ;
Tringa ; Haematopus ; Charadrius ; Rallus ; Fulica ; Colymbus ;
Recurvirostra ; Alca; Mergus ; Larus ; Sterna; Procellaria ;
Anas ; Pelecanus ; Coracias ; Upupa ; Platalea ;
(2) Names published by Brisson, 1760, three (3) :
Gallinula ; Phaleropus ; Merganser ;
(3) Name published by Linnaeus, 1766, one ( a
Ampelis ;
(4) Name first published in Tunstall’s *‘ Ornithologia’’, one (1) :
Pyrrhocorax.
6. We see therefore that the only purpose to be served by validating
Tunstall’s Ornithologia would be to provide a valid basis for the
name Pyrrhocorax as the generic name for the Chough. That action
is not now needed even for this purpose since in 1954 the Commission
by its vote on Voting Paper V.P.(54)69 used its Plenary Powers to
validate the name Pyrrhocorax [Tunstall] when dealing with Application
Z.N.(S.) 492 (1952, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 9 : 53—61)?.
7. Both the name Pyrrhocorax and the name Ampelis were published
in 1758 in Nozeman & Vosmaer’s Ges/l. Vogel. : 1, 15 (Pyrrhocorax)
2, 25 (Ampelis) and, as Tunstall’s Ornithologia makes no pretension to
being an original work, it is likely that Tunstall obtained these two
names, if not direct from Nozeman & Vosmaer, at least from some book
3 The decision taken by the Commission on Application Z.N.(S.)492 (Pyrrho-
corax) has since been embodied in Opinion 404 (1956, Ops. Decls. int. Comm,
zool. Nomencl. 13 : 87—106).
90 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
containing a reference to these names. Nozeman & Vosmaer were not
binominal authors and the work referred to above has for this reason
been rejected by the Commission in Opinion 241 (1954, Ops. Decls. int.
Comm. zool. Nomencl. 5 : 13—22). Since the two names referred to
above found their way into Neave’s Nomenclator, they are liable to
mislead the unwary and it is desirable therefore that they should both
now be placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic
Names in Zoology.
8. It will be observed that in paragraph 5(1) above the name Columbus,
as used by Tunstall,is treated as being a variant, accidental or intentional,
of Columba Linnaeus, 1758. That this interpretation is correct is
shown by the fact that the three species cited by Tunstall under
Columbus (Stock-Dove ; Ring-Dove ; Turtle-Dove) were all included
by Linnaeus in his genus Columba. It is desirable that the name
Columbus |Tunstall] be now disposed of by being placed on the Official
Index as an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling. At the same time the
generic name Columba Linnaeus, 1758 (Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 162)
(gender : feminine) (type species, by selection by Vigors, 1825 (Trans.
linn. Soc. Lond. 14 : 481) : Columba oenas Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat.
(ed. 10) 1 : 162) should be placed on the Official List of Generic Names
in Zoology, and the name oenas Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the
foregoing combination, should be placed on the Official List of Specific
Names in Zoology. Finally, it would be well to take note that there is
an even earlier invalid usage of the name Columbus, namely, that by
Linnaeus himself in 1758 in his preliminary section entitled “‘ Classis
II. Aves. Caracteres Avium ”’ (: 84) where he used this spelling for the
genus numbered “ 68”? which on page 134 he dealt with fully under
the name Colymbus. This Invalid Original Spelling should now be
placed on the Official Index. (No action is required in connection
with the Valid Original Spelling Colymbus Linnaeus, 1758, for that name
has already formed the subject of a decision by the Commission in its
vote on Voting Paper V.P.(54)62)?.
9. The specific names cited by Tunstall have not been examined in
detail, for even under the erroneous Ruling given in Opinion 20
(relating to the Zoophylacium of Gronovius), on which the Ruling
given in Opinion 38 was based, the generic names only, of “* binary but
not binominal ”’ authors, were acceptable. An inspection of Tunstall
shows, it may be noted, that the great majority, if not all, the specific
names which he cited in binominal combinations, as contrasted with
his polyverbal specific names, were derived from Linnaeus. If any
specific name were to be found to be currently accepted as from
4 The decision in regard to the generic name Co/ymbus Linnaeus, 1758, taken by
the International Commission in its vote on Voting Paper V.P.(54)62 has since
been embodied in Opinion 401 (1956, Ops. Decls. int. Comm. zool. Nomencl.
13 : 1—64).
DIRECTION 38 ee | |
Tunstall’s Ornithologia, it would be necessary to treat that name as
constituting a separate case, for that usage would not have been
justified under the Ruling given in Opinion 38, even if that Ruling
had been correct which, as shown in paragraph 4 above, it is now seen
not to have been.
10. In the light of the particulars furnished above, I recommend
the International Commission :—
(1) to take note :—
(a) that in the anonymous work published in 1771 under the
title Ornithologia britannica, the author, who is believed
to have been Marmaduke Tunstall, did not apply the
principles of binominal nomenclature and therefore that
the names published in the above work do not satisfy the
requirements of Proviso (b) to Article 25 and accordingly
that the acceptance of the above work for nomenclatorial
purposes by the Ruling given in Opinion 38 was incorrect ;
(b) that in the above work the only new generic name
introduced was the name Pyrrhocorax which has already
been validated under the Plenary Powers by the vote
taken by the Commission on Voting Paper V.P.(54)69,
when dealing with Application Z.N.(S.) 492 which was
expressly concerned with that name’®;
(2) for the reasons specified in (1) above, to cancel Opinion 38 for
all except historical purposes ;
(3) to place the under-mentioned title on the Official Index of
Rejected and Invalid Works in Zoological Nomenclature :—
[Tunstall (M.)], 1771, Ornithologia britannica ;
(4) to place the under-mentioned generic names on the Official
Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology :—
(a) Pyrrhocorax Nozeman & Vosmaer, 1758 (a name published
in a work rejected for nomenclatorial purposes) ;
(b) Ampelis Nozeman & Vosmaer, 1758 (a name published in
a work rejected for nomenclatorial purposes) ;
(c) Columbus [Tunstall], 1771 (an Erroneous Subsequent
Spelling for Columba Linnaeus, 1758) ;
(d) Columbus Linnaeus, 1758 (an Invalid Original Spelling
for Colymbus Linnaeus, 1758) ;
(5) to place the under-mentioned generic name on the Official List
of Generic Names in Zoology :—Columba Linnaeus, 1758
> See footnote 3.
92 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
(gender: feminine) (type species, by selection by Vigors
(1825) : Columba oenas Linnaeus, 1758) ;
(6) to place the under-mentioned specific name on the Official
List of Specific Names in Zoology :—oenas Linnaeus, 1758,
as published in the combination Columba oenas (specific name
of type species of Columba Linnaeus, 1758).
2. Registration of the present application : Upon the receipt of
Mr. Hemming’s Report, the question whether the International
Commission should give a revised Ruling on the status of
Tunstall’s Ornithologia britannica of 1771 was allotted the
Registered Number Z.N.(S.) 944.
II. THE DECISION TAKEN BY THE INTERNATIONAL
COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE
3. Issue of Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)23 : On Ist September
1955, a Voting Paper (V.P.(O.M.)(55)23) was issued in which
each Member of the Commission was asked (1) to state whether
he agreed that, ‘“‘ in conformity with the General Directive relating
to the recording on the various Official Lists and Official Indexes
of decisions in regard to particular names and particular books
issued to the International Commission by the Thirteenth Inter-
national Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948, and with the General
Directive supplementary thereto issued to the Commission by
the Fourteenth International Congress of Zoology, Copenhagen,
1953, the entries on Official Lists and Official Indexes specified
in paragraph 10 of the paper in regard to Tunstall’s Ornithologia
britannica of 1771 numbered Z.N.(S.) 944 submitted by the
Secretary simultaneously with the present Voting Paper [i.e. in
the paragraph numbered as above in the application reproduced
in the first paragraph of the present Direction], together with the
other recommendations specified in that paragraph, be approved ”’,
and (2), if he did not so agree as regards any given item, to indicate
the item concerned.
4. The Prescribed Voting Period : As the foregoing Voting
Paper was issued under the One-Month Rule, the Prescribed
Voting Period closed on Ist October 1955.
DIRECTION 38 93
5. Particulars of the Voting on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)23 :
At the close of the Prescribed Voting Period, the state of the
voting on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)23 was as follows :—
(a) Affirmative Votes had been given by the following twenty-
five (25) Commissioners (arranged in the order in which
Votes were received) :
Bodenheimer ; Holthuis; Lemche; Hering; Riley ;
Mayr ; Vokes; Miller ; Prantl; Key ; Esaki; Bradley
(J.C.) ; Cabrera ; Stoll ; do Amaral ; Boschma ; Kiihnelt ;
Hemming; Dymond; Sylvester-Bradley ; Jaczewski ;
Tortonese ; Mertens ; Bonnet ; Hanko ;
(b) Negative Votes :
None ;
(c) Voting Papers not returned :
None.
6. Declaration of Result of Vote: On 4th October 1955,
Mr. Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission,
acting as Returning Officer for the Vote taken on Voting Paper
V.P.(O.M.)(55)23, signed a Certificate that the Votes cast were
as set out in paragraph 5 above and declaring that the proposal
submitted in the foregoing Voting Paper had been duly adopted
and that the decision so taken was the decision of the International
Commission in the matter aforesaid.
7. Preparation of the Ruling given in the present ‘‘ Direction ”’ :
On 9th January 1956, Mr. Hemming prepared the Ruling given
in the present Direction and at the same time signed a Certificate
that the terms of that Ruling were in complete accord with those
of the proposal approved by the International Commission in
its Vote on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)23, subject to the exclusion
from the said Ruling of the addition of the name Pyrrhocorax
Nozeman & Vosmaer, 1758, to the Official Index of Rejected and
Invalid Generic Names in Zoology in view of the fact that in the
meantime the said action had been taken by the Ruling given
in Opinion 4048.
® See Footnote 3 of the present Direction.
94 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
8. Original References : The following are the original refer-
ences for the names placed on. Official Lists and Official Indexes
by the Ruling given in the present Direction :—
Ampelis Nozeman & Vosmaer, 1758, Geslacht. Vogel. (Dutch
translation of Moehring, 1752, Avium Genera) : 1, 2, 25
Columba Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 162
Columbus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 84
Columbus [Tunstall], 1771, Ornith. brit. : [2]
oenas, Columba, Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 162
9. The following is the reference for the selection of a type
species for Columba Linnaeus, 1758, specified in the Ruling given
in the present Direction :—Vigors, 1825, Trans. linn. Soc. Lond.
14 : 481. ,
10. Family-group-name position : The generic name Columba
Linnaeus, 1758, placed on the Official List of Generic Names in
Zoology by the Ruling given in the present Direction is the type
genus of the well-known family COLUMBIDAE. It has not so far
been possible to determine where this family-group name was first
published. This matter is at present being investigated on a File
numbered Z.N.(G.) 133, which has been specially opened for this
purpose.
11. The prescribed procedures were duly complied with by the
International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in dealing
with the present case, and the present Direction 1s accordingly
hereby rendered in the name of the said International Com-
mission by the under-signed Francis Hemming, Secretary to the
International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, in virtue
of all and every the powers conferred upon him in that behalf. -
12. The present Direction shall be known as Direction Thirty-
Eight (38) of the International Commission on Zoological
Nomenclature.
Done in London, this Ninth day of January, Nineteen Hundred
and Fifty-Six.
Secretary to the International Commission
on Zoological Nomenclature
FRANCIS HEMMING
——S
Printed in England by MercaLFe & Cooper Limitep, 10-24 Scrutton St. London EC 2
OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
RENDERED BY THE INTER-
NATIONAL COMMISSION ON
ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE
Edited by
FRANCIS HEMMING, c.M.G., C.B.E.
Secretary to the Commission
VOLUME 1. SECTION D. Part D.4. Pp. 95—138, I pl.
DIRECTION 39
Substitution of Gallinago Brisson, 1760, for Gallinago
Koch, 1816 (Class Aves) on the Official List of Generic
Names in Zoology (correction of an error in the Ruling
given in Opinion 67)
EMNTHSON
OCT 16 1955
LONDON:
Printed by Order of the International Trust for
Zoological Nomenclature
and
Sold on behalf of the International Commission on Zoological
Nomenclature by the International Trust at its Publications Office
41, Queen’s Gate, London, S.W.7
1956
Price Twenty-Nine Shillings
(All rights reserved)
Issued 17th September, 1956
INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON
ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE
COMPOSITION AT THE TIME OF THE ADOPTION OF THE
RULING GIVEN IN DIRECTION 39
A. The Officers of the Commission
Honorary Life President: Dr. Karl JoRDAN (British Museum (Natural History),
Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts., England)
President : Professor James Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.)
(12th August 1953)
Vice-President : Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (Sao Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953).
Secretary : Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (27th July 1948)
B. The Members of the Commission
(arranged in order of precedence by reference to date of election or of most recent re-election
as prescribed by the International Congress of Zoology)
Professor H. BoscHMA (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands)
(ist January 1947)
Senor Dr. Angel CABRERA (La Plata, Argentina) (27th July 1948)
Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (27th July 1948) (Secretary)
Dr. care pct (Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark) (27th
uly
Professor Teiso Esaki (Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan) (17th April 1950)
Professor Pierre BONNET (Université de Toulouse, France) (9th June 1950)
Mr. Norman Denbigh RILEy (British Museum (Natural History), London) (9th June 1950)
Professor Tadeusz JACZEWSKI (Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw,
Poland) (15th June 1950)
Professor Robert MERTENS (Natur-Museum u. Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg, Frankfurt
a.M., Germany) (5th July 1950)
Professor Erich Martin HERING (Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universitat zu
Berlin, Germany) (Sth July 1950)
Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (S. Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) (Vice-President)
Professor J. R. DyMoNnD (University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada) (12th August 1953)
Professor J. Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August
1953) (President) ;
Professor Harold E. Voxes (Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A.) (2th
August 1953)
Professor Béla HANK6 (Mezégazdasdgi Muzeum, Budapest, Hungary) (i2th August 1953)
Dr. Norman R. StToLt (Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York, N.Y.,
U.S.A.) (12th August 1953)
Mr. P. C. SYLVESTER-BRADLEY (Sheffield University, Sheffield, England) (12th August 1953)
Dr. L. B. Hoituuts (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands)
(12th August 1953)
Dr. K. H. L. Key (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation,
Canberra, A.C.T., Australia) (15th October 1954
Dr. Alden H. MILLER (Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, U.S.A.)
(29th October 1954)
Doc. Dr. Ferdinand PRANTL (Ndrodni Museum V Praze, Prague, Czechoslovakia) (30th
October 1954)
Professor Dr. Wilhelm KUHNELT (Zoologisches Institut der Universitat, Vienna, Austria)
(6th November 1954)
. ea S. BODENHEIMER (The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel) (11th November
1954
Professor Ernest MAYR (Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, Cambridge,
Massachusetts, U.S.A.) (4th December 1954)
Professor Enrico TorTcwEsE (Museo do Storia Naturale “‘ G. Doria’’, Genova, Italy)
(16th December 1954)
eS
DIRECTION 39
SUBSTITUTION OF ‘*‘GALLINAGO ” BRISSON, 1760,
FOR ‘*“ GALLINAGO ”? KOCH, 1816 (CLASS AVES) ON
THE ‘* OFFICIAL LIST OF GENERIC NAMES IN
ZOOLOGY ” (CORRECTION OF AN ERROR IN
THE RULING GIVEN IN ‘“* OPINION ” 67)
RULING :—(1) The following entry is to be inserted
in the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in place
of the name Gallinago Koch, 1816, made by the Ruling
given in Opinion 67 :—
Gallinago Brisson, 1760 (gender : feminine) (type
species, by absolute tautonymy : Scolopax gallinago
Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 58).
(2) The under-mentioned specific name is hereby
placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology
with the Name No. 945: gallinago Linnaeus, 1758, as
published in the combination Scolopax gallinago (specific
name of type species of Gallinago Brisson, 1760).
(3) The under-mentioned generic names are hereby
placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid
Generic Names in Zoology with the Names Numbers
521 to 523 respectively :—
(a) Gallinago Koch, 1816 (a junior homonym of, and
a junior objective synonym of, Gallinago Brisson,
1760) ;
(b) Capella Frenzel, 1801 (a name published in
synonymy without an independent description
and rejected by its author) ;
(c) Capella Keyserling & Blasius, 1840 (a junior
objective synonym of Rupicapra Blainville, 1816).
art 171 1956
98 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
(4) The under-mentioned specific name is hereby
placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid
Specific Names in Zoology with the Name Number 341 :
media Koch, 1816, as published in the combination
Gallinago media (a junior objective synonym of gallinago
Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Scolopax
gallinago).
I—THE SUBJECT MATTER OF THE PRESENT
“DIRECTION |:
On 23rd August 1952 Mr. Francis Hemming, as Secretary,
submitted the following paper to the Commission in which he
drew attention to an erroneous entry regarding the generic
name Gallinago Koch, 1816 (Class Aves) made in the Official
List of Generic Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in Opinion
67 published in 1916 :—
Proposed use of the Plenary Powers to suppress the name ‘* Gallinago ”’
Brisson, 1760 (Class Aves), and proposed substitution of ‘‘ Capella ”’
Frenzel, 1801, for ‘‘ Gallinago ’’ Koch, 1816, on the ‘‘ Official
List of Generic Names in Zoology ”’ (proposed correction
of an Erroneous Entry in ‘‘ Opinion ”’ 67)
By FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E.
(Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature)
The subject matter of the present application came to notice in the
course of the checking of the entries on the Official List of Generic
Names in Zoology in connection with the projected publication of the
Official List in book form and is concerned with the generic name »
Gallinago Koch, 1816 (Syst. baier. Zool. 1 : 312) which was placed
on the Official List in Opinion 67 published in 1916 (Smithson. Publ.
2409 : 180).
DIRECTION 39 99
2. The generic name Gallinago Koch, 1816, was stated in Opinion 67
to have as its type species, Scolopax gallinago Linnaeus, 1758 (Syst.
Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 147) by absolute tautonymy, through the ‘* media of
Koch ” (i.e. Gallinago media Koch, 1816, loc. cit. 1 : 314). This name
was therefore a generic name applied to the Common Snipe.
3. When checking this part of Opinion 67, I observed that Hartert,
after using the generic name Gallinago Koch for the Snipe in the main
portion of his work relating to the genus concerned (Hartert, 1916,
Vogel paldarkt. Fauna (2) : 1655), had later in the same work (1921,
ibid. (3) : 2213) published a correction pointing out that Gallinago,
Koch was a junior synonym of Capella Frenzel, 1801 (Beschr. Végel
Wittenberg : 58), the type species of which was the nominal species
Capella coelestis Frenzel, 1801 (ibid. : 58), a nominal species which
represented the same taxonomic species as did the nominal species
Scolopax gallinago Linnaeus. I noted also that my colleague Com-
missioner James L. Peters (1934, Check List Birds World 2 : 274)
accepted the name Capella Frenzel, sinking Gallinago Koch as a
synonym.
4. As it was clearly not possible in these circumstances to leave the
name Gallinago Koch on the Official List without prior re-submission
to the International Commission, I wrote a letter (on 14th October
1945) to Dr. Peters asking for his views as to the action which it was
desirable should be taken. Dr. Peters in his reply (of 6th December
1945) wrote: ‘‘ After Capella Frenzel was shown to be an earlier
name than Gallinago Koch and of equal applicability, it was immediately
adopted and is now in current use for the different species of Snipe.
For this reason I believe the Gallinago should be expunged from the
Official List and Capella substituted in its place. No useful purpose
would be served by reinstating Gallinago Koch under suspension of the
rules and suppressing Capella’”’
5. Quite recently I was led, for the reasons which I have explained
in Application Z.N.(S.) 701 (relating to the generic names Bubo,
Coturnix, Egretta, and Oriolus)! to examine carefully M. J. Brisson’s
Ornithologie published in 1760, for I had already discovered that one
name (Egretta Forster, 1817) that was already on the Official List
of Generic Names in Zoology was an invalid junior homonym of a
totally overlooked name published in Brisson’s Ornithologie. This
search brought to light the existence of the name Gallinago Brisson,
1760 (Ornithologie 5 : 298—310), which thus greatly antedates,
the name Capella Frenzel, 1801. The name Gallinago was used by
Brisson as the name for a subdivision of the genus Scolopax ; he
placed in it all except the first of the five species which he referred to
Scolopax. All the species described in the Ornithologie are described
1 The decision regarding these names has since been taken by the Commission
and incorporated in Direction 21 (Ops. Decls. int. Comm. Zool. Nomencl. 1,
Section C : 161—178).
100 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
initially under a French name, followed by a Latin diagnosis, at the
end of which is given, in different type, the Latin name accepted by
Brisson for the species in question, this in turn being followed, in
the case of previously described species, by a detailed synonymy. The
first of the species placed by Brisson in his Gallinago was cited under the
French name “‘ La Beccassine ’’, the scientific name at the end of the
Latin diagnosis being given simply as “‘ Gallinago’’ (not because
Brisson was a mononominalist, but because he customarily cited in
this way the names of species when the “‘ species ”’ portion of the name
consisted of the same word (i.e. was a single word) tautonymous with
the generic name). In the synonymy of this species Brisson quoted
the diagnosis given by Linnaeus in 1758 for his Scolopax gallinago,
finishing this quotation as follows: ‘“* Gallinago. Linn. Syst.Nat. ed.
10 Gen. 77 sp. 11” (Scolopax being the 77th genus of birds in the 10th
edition of the Syst. Nat. and Scolopax gallinago being the eleventh of
the species referred by Linnaeus to this genus). Thus, we see clearly
that this species is Scolopax gallinago Linnaeus, 1758 (: 147) and that,
as its trivial name is tautonymous with the generic name selected by
Brisson, it is the type species of Gallinago Brisson by absolute
tautonymy. Accordingly, the name Gallinago Brisson, 1760, is not
only a senior homonym of Gallinago Koch, 1816, but in addition is a
senior synonym of Koch’s generic name, Brisson’s and Koch’s nominal
genera each having the same nominal species as its type species. The
position so established created a new situation and one under which the
entry on the Official List relating to Gallinago Koch was not only
(as previously) subjectively defective (because of the subjective identi-
fication of the nominal species which are respectively the type species
of Capella Frenzel, 1801, and of Gallinago Koch, 1816), but also
objectively incorrect (through Gallinago Koch, being both an objective
junior homonym, and an objective junior synonym, of Gallinago
Brisson, 1760). Faced with this situation, it seemed to me that, since
(as Dr. Peters had explained) the name Capella Frenzel had by now
completely replaced the name Gallinago Koch, it would be confusing
if now that transition had to be reversed, the name Capella Frenzel
being displaced by Gallinago Brisson.
6. At this stage I consulted Colonel Richard Meinertzhagen,
Chairman of the Standing Committee on Ornithological Nomenclature
who in his reply (dated 12th September 1952) wrote as follows: “* If,
as at first appeared, the question to be considered in the case of the
name Gallinago had been whether the name Gallinago Koch, 1816,
should be replaced on the Official List by its senior subjective synonym
Capella Frenzel, 1801, I should have been strongly in favour of that
course, for now that Gallinago Koch has been completely replaced by
the name Capella Frenzel, I should have thought it most unfortunate
if, through Gallinago Koch being already on the Official List, it had
been necessary to abandon current practice by reverting to the use of
the name Gallinago Koch. Now that it appears that the oldest generic
name for the Common Snipe is Gallinago Brisson, 1760, I hold the
DIRECTION 39 101
same view for the same reason. I accordingly consider that the best
course will be for the International Commission to suppress Brisson’s
Gallinago, to remove Koch’s Gallinago from the Official List and to
insert in its place the name Capella Frenzel. The trivial name gallinago
Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Scolopax gallinago,
should, I agree, now be placed on the Official List of Specific Trivial
Names. Naturally, however, the trivial name coelestis Frenzel, 1801
(the trivial name of the type species of Capella Frenzel) ought not to
be placed on that Official List, for, although nomenclatorially it is an
available name, it is only a junior synonym of gallinago Linnaeus
and therefore can never be needed ”’.
\
7. A settlement of this case is urgently required, for at present the
problem presented by the name Gallinago Koch represents one of the
obstacles which is holding up the publication of the Official List of
Generic Names in Zoology in book form. In view of the advice received
in this case—as set out in paragraphs 4 and 6 above—I recommend
that the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature
should :— |
(1) use its Plenary Powers to suppress the generic name Gallinago
Brisson, 1760, for the purposes of the Law of Priority but not
for those of the Law of Homonymy ;
(2) delete the name Gallinago Koch, 1816, from the Official List of
Generic Names in Zoology, at the same time correcting Opinion
67 to the extent necessary ;
(3) substitute on the foregoing Official List the name Capella Frenzel,
1801 (type species, by monotypy: Capella coelestis Frenzel,
1801) for the name proposed, under (2) above, to be removed
therefrom ;
(4) place the trivial name gallinago Linnaeus, 1758, as published in
the combination Scolopax gallinago, on the Official List of
Specific Trivial Names in Zoology ;
(5S) place the under-mentioned names on the Official Index of
Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology :—
(a) Gallinago Brisson, 1760, as proposed, under (1) above, to
be suppressed under the Plenary Powers ;
(b) Gallinago Koch, 1816 (junior homonym of Gallinago
Brisson, 1760) ;
(c) Capella Keyserling & Blasius, 1840, Wirbelth. Europas
1:9 (junior homonym of Capella Frenzel, 1801).
102 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
Il—THE SUBSEQUENT HISTORY OF THE PRESENT
CASE
2. Registration of the present application: When in 1951
Mr. Hemming deposited with the Office of the Commission
certain preliminary notes regarding the generic name Gallinago
Koch, the question of the rectification of the entry on the Official
List of Generic Names in Zoology in regard to the foregoing name
was allotted the Registered Number Z.N.(S.) 575.
3. Publication of the present application : The present applica-
tion was sent to the printer on 24th August 1952 and was
published in Triple-Part 1/3 of volume 9 of the Bulletin of
Zoological Nomenclature on 15th October of the same year
(Hemming, 1952, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 9 : 93—95).
4. Issue of Public Notices: Under the’ revised procedure
prescribed by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology,
Paris, 1948 (1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 51—56) Public Notice
of the possible use by the International Commission on Zoological
Nomenclature of its Plenary Powers in the present case was given
on 15th October 1952 (a) in Triple-Part 1/3 of volume 9 of the
Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature (the Part in which the
application by the Standing Committee on Ornithological
Nomenclature was published), (b) to the other prescribed serial
publications and (c) to certain general zoological serials. In
addition, such Notice was given also to fourteen serial publications
or institutions specially concerned with ornithology. The names
of the serials and institutions in question have been given in the
Opinion (Opinion 401)? relating to the generic name Colymbus
Linnaeus, the Opinion in which the Commission dealt with the
first of the series of applications submitted by the Standing
Committee on Ornithological Nomenclature.
5. Comments of a general character : The issue of the Public
Notices specified above elicited thirty-seven comments of a
general character relating to the cases of ornithological nomen-
2 Opinion 401 has been published as Part 1 of volume 13 of the Opinions and
Declarations Series.
DIRECTION 39 103
clature published in Triple-Part 1/3 of volume 9 of the Bulletin
of Zoological Nomenclature. These comments came from
ornithological institutions, groups of ornithologists and individual
specialists. Of these comments, the authors of thirty-six gave
general support to the applications published in the foregoing
Triple-Part. The single remaining comment was from a specialist
who was opposed to any use of the Commission’s Plenary Powers.
The communications so received have been reproduced in the
Appendix annexed to Opinion 401 (Colymbus),*® those supporting
the applications referred to above being given in Part 1, the single
comment in opposition to the above applications being given in
Part 2.
6. Comments directly related to the present application: Six
communications directly concerned with the present application
were received in the Office of the Commission. Of these com-
munications one was signed by six specialists. Seven of the
specialists who commented on this case supported the action
recommended, while four were opposed to that action. The
communications so received are reproduced in the following
paragraphs.
7. Support received from Colonel Richard Meinertzhagen
(London) : On 5th December 1952 Colonel Richard Meinertz-
hagen (London) addressed a letter to the Commission commenting
upon a number of applications relating to the names of birds
then recently published in Triple-Part 1/3 of volume 9 of the
Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature. The portion of Colonel
Meinertzhagen’s letter relating to the present case was as follows :
“I wish to register my whole-hearted agreement with Recom-
mendations Nos... . 174 [Gallinago]”’.
8. Support received from Dr. Josselyn Van Tyne and five other
United States ornithologists : On 18th March 1953 Dr. Josselyn
Van Tyne (Ann Arbor, Michigan, U.S.A.) and the five under-
3 See Footnote 2 above.
4 The number here cited is that which was allotted to the present case in the
list of papers published in Triple-Part 1/3 of volume 9 of the Bulletin of Zoo-
logical Nomenclature which was printed on the back wrapper of that Part (cover).
104 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
mentioned specialists addressed a letter to the Commission in
support of the present application:—(a) Robert W. Storer
(Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, U.S.A.) ;
(b) Andrew J. Berger (Ann Arbor, Michigan, U.S.A.) ; (c) Olin
Sewall Pettingill, Jr. (Northfield, Minnesota, U.S.A.) ; (d) Frank A.
Pitelka (Berkeley, California, U.S.A.); (e) John Davis (Los
Angeles, California, U.S.A.). The letter so received was as
follows :—
We, the under-signed, wish to express our strong approval of
proposal No. 12° (concerning Capella Frenzel) published on page 3
of vol. 9 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature. We hope that
your Commission will take favorable action on it.
9. Objection received from Dr. Ernst Mayr (then of the American
Museum of Natural History, New York) : On 8th January 1953
Dr. Ernst Mayr (then of the American Museum of Natural History,
New York, and now of the Museum of Comparative Zoology,
Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A.) addressed a letter to the
Office of the Commission commenting upon certain of the
applications relating to the names of birds published in Triple-
Part 1/3 of volume 9 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature
and as regards the present application raising objection to the
action proposed. The following is the portion of Dr. Mayr’s
letter relating to the present case :—
The present point concerns the generic name Gallinago (Z.N.(S.) 575).
It seems to me that in the statement contained on page 93 [of volume 9
of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature] there are several
inaccuracies. To begin with, as pointed out by you, the name Gallinago,
with Brisson as author, has priority over Capella, and Peters’ reasons
for supporting Capella are therefore invalid. Equally erroneous
is the assertion that Capella is now the name in universal use. It is
true that Dr. Peters had overlooked that the name Gallinago was on the
Official List when he published volume 2 of his checklist. I am guilty
of the same negligence when publishing my list of New Guinea birds
(1941 : 32). However, several correspondents brought this error to
my attention and in the Birds of the Southwest Pacific and Birds of
> The number here cited is that which was allotted to the present case in the
Public Notice of cases involving the possible use of the Commission’s Plenary
Powers given at the beginning of Triple-Part 1/3 of volume 9 of the Bulletin
of Zoological Nomenclature.
DIRECTION 39 105
the Philippines, 1 have used the name Gallinago, as have other authors
working in the Australian, Papuan, Malayan and India region. For
instance it is the name used in Delacour’s Birds of Malaysia and his
recent publications on Indo-Chinese birds.
10. Objection received from Dr. John T. Zimmer (The American
Museum of Natural History, New York) : On 9th January 1953
Dr. John T. Zimmer (American Museum of Natural History,
New York) addressed a letter to the Office of the Commission
commenting upon certain of the applications relating to the
names of birds which had been published in Triple-Part 1/3
of volume 9 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature and in
the present case raising objection to the action proposed. After
stressing the importance of maintaining the principle of
permanency for entries made in the Official List of Generic Names
in Zoology, Dr. Zimmer proceeded as follows :—
The principle of permanency is completely upset, however, by the
proposal to remove Gallinago from the List and replace it by Capella.
It would be less objectionable to alter the authority for, and reference
to, Gallinago and credit Brisson with the name, although I am not
convinced that this is not also an infraction of the authority of the
List, but to supplant it by Capella destroys all faith in the Official List
as a permanent standard.
11. Objection received from M. Noél Mayaud (Faculté des
Sciences de Paris) : Under cover of a letter dated 17th March
1953 M. Noél Mayaud (Faculté des Sciences de Paris) furnished
the following comment amounting to an objection to the action
proposed in the present case: ‘“‘ Gallinago Brisson, 1760, est un
nom d’espéce, qui n’invalide pas Capella Frenzel® ”’.
12. Objection received from Dr. D. L. Serventy (Common-
wealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Wildlite
Survey Section, Perth, Western Australia) : On 22nd April 1953
Dr. D. L. Serventy (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial
6 For a full account of the usage of the generic name Gallinago by Brisson in
1760 see paragraph 5 of the application reproduced in the first paragraph of the
present Direction.
106 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
Research Organisation, Wildlife Survey Section, Perth, Western
Australia) addressed the following letter to the Office of the
Commission objecting to the action proposed in the present
case :—
I was interested in your article in The Emu, 53(1), 1953 : 71,7 con-
cerning certain applications relating to the names of birds submitted
to the International Commission.
I would like to offer some comments on the case cited above. It
would be a very retrograde step in my opinion to remove any name
from the Official List of Generic Names merely because, after the
acceptance of such a List, a prior name is subsequently discovered.
Such a List is surely prepared and authorised to preserve names
in perpetuity and, to quote the late Joseph Grinnell (Condor, xli,
1939 : 118) to place them “‘ permanently beyond the reach of name-
shifters; 7’,
It must be confessed that in the Gallinago case, the majority of
ornithologists followed Gregory Mathews in defying the Commission
in this matter and used Capella. The Royal Australasian Ornitholo-
gists Union was an exception and Australian publications have almost
invariably continued to use Gallinago. It is pleasing to find that some
overseas ornithologists, after having used Capella, are now reverting to
Gallinago. 1 may quote Ernst Mayr (Birds of the Southwest Pacific,
1945, p. 44), Jean Delacour and Ernst Mayr (Birds of the Philippines,
1946, p. 72) and Jean Delacour (Birds of Malaysia, 1947, p. 87).
If the Commission gives way on this point an unfortunate precedent
will have been established and one which will undermine one’s faith
in the security of any other name on the Official List.
13. Supplementary Report submitted by the Secretary in October
1955: In May 1954 there was issued to the Members of the
Commission a Voting Paper (V.P.(54)78) in which particulars
were given of the comments received in the present case and a
decision invited on the action recommended in the application
submitted in 1952. From comments received from certain of the
Members of the Commission during the Prescribed Voting
_
?. The article here referred to is the Public Notice regarding the possible use
by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature of its Plenary
Powers in the present case referred to in paragraph 4 of the present Direction
which was issued to, and published in, The Emu and other ornithological
serial publications.
DIRECTION 39 107
Period on the foregoing Voting Paper it was evident that, having
regard to the fact that this was not a case where the only action
possible was a straight choice between two opposing alternatives,
the Commissioners concerned found it difficult to decide how to
record their vote. Accordingly, at the close of the Prescribed
Voting Period the Secretary took the view that the best course
would be to resubmit this case to the Commission for a fresh
vote, the Revised Voting Paper so to be issued to be prepared in
such a way that instead of being asked to vote affirmatively or
negatively on a single proposal Commissioners would have before
them alternative proposals of an affirmative character from which
they could choose whichever seemed to them best calculated to
serve the general interest. In pursuance of this decision Mr.
Hemming on 4th August 1954 executed a Minute of Direction
withdrawing the proposals submitted on the Voting Paper
referred to above. In the ensuing period, Mr. Hemming carried
out, as opportunity offered, a survey of the extent to which
during the years 1916 to 1954 the names Gallinago and Capella
respectively had been used as the generic name for the Common
Snipe. On 27th October 1955 Mr. Hemming submitted to the
Commission the following Supplementary Report in which he
summarised the history of the present case, gave particulars of
the information which he had collected regarding the relative
usage of the foregoing generic names during the last forty years
and submitted alternative proposals for arriving at a decision
on the action to be taken in this matter :—
Request for a Ruling on the question whether the generic name
‘** Gallinago ’’ or the name ‘‘ Capella ”’ shall be the generic name
correctly applicable to the Common Snipe (Class Aves)
(proposed review of an erroneous Ruling given in
** Opinion ”’ 67)
By FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.£.
(Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature)
In the present note I re-submit with additional considerations the
problem whether the name Gallinago or the name Capella should be
accepted as the generic name for the Common Snipe, a question
which I submitted to the Commission in 1952 but on which no decision
has as yet been promulgated.
108 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
2. The main features of this case were set out in a paper of mine
which was published in Triple Part 1/3 of volume 9 of the Bulletin of
Zoological Nomenclature (Hemming, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 9 : 93—95),
and it is necessary here to recapitulate only the following points :—
(a) In 1916 by the Ruling given in Opinion 67 the generic name
Gallinago Koch, 1816 (type species: Scolopax gallinago
Linnaeus, 1758) was placed on the Official List of Generic
Names in Zoology.
(b) In the process of checking against recent monographs, catalogues,
etc., the entries made in the Official List in the pre-Lisbon
(1935) period, I observed that, whereas in 1916 Hartert in the
main portion of his Végel pal. Faun. had used the generic name
Gallinago Koch for the Common Snipe, he had replaced that
name by the name Capella Frenzel, 1801 in the supplementary
volume published in 1921.
(c) The nominal genus Capella Frenzel, 1801, has as its type species
by monotypy the nominal species Capella coelestis Frenzel,
1801, which species is subjectively identified by ornithologists
with Scolopax gallinago Linnaeus, 1758, the type species of
Gallinago Koch, 1816. The latter generic name is therefore
a junior subjective synonym of Capella Frenzel, 1801.
(d) On becoming aware of the substitution by Hartert of the name
Capella Frenzel, 1801, for the name Gallinago Koch, 1816, I
made further enquiries as to current usage. This showed that
Peters (in vol. 2 of his Checklist) has used the name Capella
Frenzel and that he had been widely followed by later authors.
Since my paper of 1952 I have ascertained, however, that
several important authors have continued to use the name
Gallinago Koch, despite the priority of Capella Frenzel. I
attach as Appendix | to this note particulars of recent and
comparatively recent usage of the names Capella and Gallinago
respectively which have been gleaned from a search of standard
works and from a study of the annual volumes of the Zoological
Record undertaken by this Office. Though doubtless not
complete, the list so given is, I believe, representative in the
picture which it gives.
(e) In 1951/52 I undertook for quite a different purpose a survey.
of the names used in Brisson’s Ornithologia of 1760, a work
which, considering its early date, its intrinsic importance and
the large numbers of well-known names which it contains,
has been surprisingly neglected by ornithologists in many
respects. This survey disclosed amongst many other things
the existence of a generic name Gallinago Brisson (type species
by absolute tautonymy : Scolopax gallinago Linnaeus, 1758).
The name Gallinago Brisson, 1760, is therefore a senior
subjective synonym of Capella Frenzel, 1801, and a senior
DIRECTION 39 109
objective synonym of Gallinago Koch, 1816. Moreover, the
name Gallinago Koch is not merely (as previously thought) a
junior subjective synonym of Capella Frenzel but is also an
objectively invalid name, being a junior homonym of
Gallinago Brisson.
3. In my paper of 1952 I suggested, after consultation with Colonel
Richard Meinertzhagen, at that time Chairman of the Standing
Committee of Ornithological Nomenclature established by the Tenth
International Ornithological Congress, Uppsala, 1950, that the
situation discussed in the preceding paragraph should be resolved
by the use by the Commission of its Plenary Powers for the purpose
of suppressing the name Gallinago Brisson, 1760, thereby validating
the name Capella Frenzel. I submitted this recommendation because
on the evidence then available it seemed to be the one best calculated to
promote stability in the nomenclature of the group concerned.
4. In the period following the publication in October 1952 of Triple-
Part 1/3 of volume 9 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, the
Part which contained a large number of applications relating to
ornithological nomenclature, including the application relating to the
present case, communications intimating general support for the
action proposed in all these applications were received from thirty-six
institutions, groups of ornithologists and individual specialists. In
addition, communications specifically concerned with the present
problem were received from nine ornithologists, of whom eight were
Americans and one was an Australian. Of these specialists six favoured
the suppression of Gallinago Brisson and the consequent validation of
Capella Frenzel, while three favoured the retention of the name
Gallinago.
5. The following are the names of the six American ornithologists
who supported the proposal to validate the name Capella Frenzel, for
which they expressed their “‘ strong approval’’ and intimated their
hope that the Commission would “‘take favorable action on it” :—
Josselyn Van Tyne (Ann Arbor, Michigan); Robert W. Storer (Ann
Arbor); Andrew J. Berger (Ann Arbor); Olin Sewall Pettingill, Jr.
(Northfield, Minnesota); Frank A. Pitelka (Berkeley, California) ;
John Davis (Los Angeles, California).
6. The three ornithologists who objected to the substitution of
Capella for Gallinago on the Official List were: Ernst Mayr (then of
New York); John T. Zimmer (New York); D. L. Serventy (Perth,
Western Australia). All three of these specialists made the point
that the name Gallinago had been placed on the Official List and that
it would be wrong in principle to remove it therefrom (in favour of
Capella), for the utility of the Official List would be seriously impaired
if names were to be removed from it if later they were found to be
110 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
technically defective in some nomenclatorial respect. Mayr pointed
out that the change-over from Gallinago to Capella had not been so
complete as had been suggested in my 1952 paper, and in this con-
nection he wrote: “In the Birds of the Southwest Pacific and Birds
of the Philippines { have used the name Gallinago, as have other authors
working on the Australian, Papuan, Malayan and India region. For
instance, it is the name used in Delacour’s Birds of Malaysia and in his
recent publications on Indo-Chinese birds”’. Serventy wrote: “It
must be confessed that in the Gallinago case, the majority of orni-
thologists followed Gregory Mathews in defying the Commission in this
matter and used Capella. The Royal Australasian Ornithologists’
Union was an exception and Australian publications have almost
invariably continued to use Gallinago”’’. As regards the name Capella
Mayr pointed out that it “‘ was published in an ornithologically
worthless publication which has been wisely ignored for 150 years
and of which, to my knowledge, only a single copy is extant—that in
the Library of Cambridge University ’’.
7. It is very unfortunate that, when the name Capella Frenzel, 1801,
was unearthed as a senior subjective synonym of the name Gallinago
Koch, 1816, the matter was not at once brought to the attention of the
Commission, for there would have been the strongest grounds for the
use by the Commission of its Plenary Powers for the purpose of
promoting stability in the nomenclature of the group of birds con-
cerned, having regard to the fact (1) that the generic name Gallinago
Koch was extremely well-known and had been in use for well over
one hundred years, (2) that this generic name had already been placed
on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology, (3) that the name
Capella Frenzel, 1801, had been totally ignored for upwards of one
hundred and twenty years, and (4) that it was published in a work of
(as Mayr explains) no ornithological value of which only one copy
survives and which therefore has not been seen and will never be seen
by any but a very few ornithologists. The failure by ornithologists
to bring this matter before the Commission at the time when the name
Capella Frenzel first came to light has, however, created a difficult
situation, for a return to the name Gallinago would mean a reversal
of much modern practice. On the other hand, the use of Capella in
place of Gallinago in recent decades has not been so unanimous as I
had supposed in 1952, and from this point of view the substitution of
Capella for Gallinago would be a hardship for those workers who have
throughout continued to use the name Gallinago in the belief that this
was the correct course, having regard to the fact that the name
Gallinago had been placed on the Official List before the rival claims
of Capella were advanced. If such a case were to arise today, the
rejection of Gallinago Koch in favour of the older name Capella
Frenzel by individual workers without resort to the Commission,
would in fact be contrary to the Régles, for in 1948 (1950, Bull. zool.
Nomencl. 4 : 268, Point (c)) the Thirteenth International Congress
of Zoology adopted a provision protecting generic names which had
DIRECTION 39 Let
been placed on the Official List from attacks of this kind until the
matter had been brought before, and decided by, the International
Commission.
8. It is essential that the Commission should now take a decision in
this matter, for the entry on the Official List of the name Gallinago
Koch must be regularised in one way or another before the Official
List can be published in book-form. For the reasons explained above
it seems certain that some inconvenience will be inevitable, for
whatever the decision now taken by the Commission some ornithologists
will need to change the generic name which they are currently using
for the Common Snipe. When in 1954 the stage was reached for
asking the Commission to vote on the present case, I prepared for its
consideration a Voting Paper (V.P.(54)78) in which the Members of the
Commission were invited to vote on the proposal submitted in 1952,
namely that Gallinago Brisson, 1760, should be suppressed under the
Plenary Powers and that its junior subjective synonym Capella Frenzel,
1801, thus validated, should be placed on the Official List in place of
the objectively invalid name Gallinago Koch. From communications
received from certain of the Members of the Commission it was evident
that, having regard to the fact that this was not a case where the only
action possible was a straight choice between two opposing alternatives,
some Commissioners had found it difficult to decide how to record
their vote. Accordingly, at the close of the Prescribed Voting Period
I took the view, as Secretary, that the best course would be to re-submit
this case to the Commission for a fresh vote, the Revised Voting
Paper so to be issued to be prepared in such a way that instead of being
asked to vote affirmatively or negatively on a single proposal
Commissioners would have before them alternative proposals of an
affirmative character from which they could choose whichever seemed
to them best calculated to serve the general interest.
Alternative Proposals on which it is proposed
that the Commission now be asked to vote
9. There are two issues of substance on which it is now proposed
that Members of the Commission should be asked to vote. The first
issue Of substance is whether the generic name properly applicable
to the Common Snipe shall be Gallinago or Capella. On this question
two alternatives are now submitted for decision, namely Alternative
*“ A” (acceptance of Gallinago) and Alternative “‘ B’’ (acceptance of
Capella). The second issue of substance is whether, if Gallinago is to
be accepted, that name shall rank from Brisson, 1760 (as it does at
present) or whether it shall be credited to Koch, 1816, the author and
date to which it has always been attributed in the literature. This
question is submitted because it is clear that some specialists (e.g.
Zimmer) are of the opinion not only that the name Gallinago should be
accepted but also that it should be attributed to the author and date
by which it has always been known and not to Brisson, 1760, whose
riZ OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
prior responsibility for this name has only come to light in the course
of the last year or so. On this question also two alternatives are now
submitted, namely Alternative “‘ X”’ (acceptance of Koch, 1816, as
the author and date of the name Gallinago) and Alternative *“‘ Y ”’
(acceptance of Brisson, 1760, as the author and date of the name
Gallinago). Itis particularly hoped that all members of the Commission
will vote on the foregoing question and not merely those who favour
the acceptance of the name Gallinago, for, if the proposal in favour
of that name (A/ternative “‘A ’’ above) is adopted by a majority of the
Commission, it is desired to have on record the views of all
Commissioners on the question of the authorship and date to be
attributed to it.
10. While the simplified titles given above for the various
alternatives now submitted will, it is hoped, be of convenience to the
Members of the Commission in deciding how to cast their votes in the
present case, I feel that it is desirable also to set out in full the Ruling
which would be given by the Commission according to whichever of the
alternative Rulings it decides to adopt. These particulars are given in
Appendix 2 to the present paper and it is only necessary to note here
that the broad effect of the adoption of each of the alternative decisions
now submitted for consideration would be as follows :—
(1) An affirmative vote on Alternative “‘A’’ (acceptance of the name
Gallinago as against Capella Frenzel), on Part 1 of the annexed
Voting Paper, if coupled with an affirmative vote on A/ternative
**X ” (acceptance of Gallinago as from Koch, 1816) in Part 2
of the annexed Voting Paper, would lead to the adoption of
the Ruling given as Draft Ruling No. 1 in Appendix 2 to the
present paper.
(2) An affirmative vote on Alternative “‘A’’ (acceptance of the name
Gallinago as against Capella Frenzel, 1801) on Part 1 of the
annexed Voting Paper, if coupled with an affirmative vote on
Alternative “‘ Y’’ (acceptance of Gallinago as from Brisson,
1760) in Part 2 of the annexed Voting Paper would lead to the
adoption of the Ruling given as Draft Ruling No. 2 in Appendix
2 to the present paper.
(3) An affirmative vote on Alternative ‘“‘ B”’ (acceptance of Capella
Frenzel, 1801, as against the name Gallinago) on Part 1 of the
annexed Voting Paper would lead to the adoption of the
Ruling given as Draft Ruling No. 3 in Appendix 2 to the
present paper.
A Proposal on Procedure which Members of the
Commission are invited to approve
11. The method of voting by way of a series of alternative affirmative
proposals, which has been adopted in the present case, is well adapted
DIRECTION 39 113
for securing decisions from the Commission when the issue involved is
one where a direct vote on a single proposition would not necessarily
exhaust the possible courses of action which might be taken. This
procedure, however, does not fit in very readily with the procedure
prescribed for dealing with cases where the proposal submitted involves
the use of the Commission’s Plenary Powers. The required Public
Notices have been duly given in the present case and no difficulty
arises under that head. However, in order to secure a decision under
the Plenary Powers procedure, it is now necessary not only that there
should be a majority of votes in the Commission in favour of the
action proposed, but also that that majority shall consist of not less
than two out of every three votes cast (1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl.
4:51, Point (b)). This creates a procedural problem in the present
case which must be faced, for under the foregoing rule a vote by the
majority of the Commission could be negatived by a vote of a minority
of only just over one-third of the total number of votes cast. Moreover,
the fact that some of the alternatives do not involve the use of the
Plenary Powers (and therefore can be approved by a simple majority),
while others do involve the use of those Powers (and therefore require
for their adoption a two-thirds majority) might result in the adoption,
on the separate Parts of the Voting Paper now submitted, of decisions
which were irreconcilable with one another. Leaving aside the question
whether the two-thirds rule for Plenary Powers cases represents the
most suitable procedure for new applications, it will, I think, be
agreed that it is not necessarily appropriate in a case such as the
present which is concerned with the regularisation in one manner or
another of an erroneous decision already taken. Although it is desirable
that cases of all types should be handled as expeditiously as possible,
there is an element of urgency attaching to the correction of former
errors which does not normally arise in the case of new applications.
For it is particularly important that errors of the past should be
corrected as quickly as possible, so that specialists in the groups
concerned may be relieved without delay of the uncertainties created
by those errors. In cases such as the present which are concerned
with correcting former errors in entries made in the Official List there
is at the present time a further element of special urgency, for all such
errors must be regularised by the Commission in one way or another
before arrangements can be made for the publication in book-form
of the instalments so far placed on the Official Lists. The preparations
for the publication of this volume are now well advanced and it is of
the highest importance that the completion of this task should not
be impeded by any failure to provide decisions on outstanding
questions. Accordingly I recommend that, in order to ensure the
adoption of a definitive decision in the present case, a twofold
procedure should be adopted, namely (i) that the Commission should
vote first on the nomenclatorial issues involved in the present case,
and (ii) that, having done so, it should vote on a procedure designed
to ensure that the decisions so taken shall be effectively binding as
decisions of the Commission as a body, irrespective of whether, if in
114 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
the case of any of the proposals which involve the use of the Plenary
Powers there is a majority in favour of the use of those Powers, the
majority of votes cast is a two-thirds majority. The Voting Paper
now submitted consists therefore of three separate Parts. As already
explained (paragraph 10 above), Parts 1 and 2 each deal with alternative
decisions on the nomenclatorial issues involved in the present case
as between which the Commission is invited to make a choice. Part 3
is concerned with a proposal designed to secure that decisions taken
on Parts 1 and 2 shall not be upset by the operation of the technical
conditions attaching to the use of the Plenary Powers procedure. In
this Part a proposal is submitted that, if a majority of the Members of
the Commission vote in favour of a course involving the use of the
Plenary Powers either on Part 1 or on Part 2 of the annexed Voting
Paper but the majority of votes so cast does not amount to a majority
of two out of every three votes cast, this fact shall nevertheless not
render ineffective the majority vote taken on the earlier Part or Parts
of the Voting Paper. The procedure recommended above is in full
conformity with the provisions prescribed by the International Congress
of Zoology regarding the procedure to be observed in voting upon
applications involving the use of the Plenary Powers, for the two-
thirds majority rule prescribed by the Congress will apply to the vote
on Part 3 of the Voting Paper. All that in effect the proposal submitted
in Part 3 does is to transfer the application of the two-thirds majority
rule from the votes on Parts 1 and 2 to the vote on Part 3, thus leaving
the questions specified in Parts 1 and 2 to be dealt with by a simple
majority if the proposal submitted in Part 3 is approved = at least
two votes out of every three cast.
APPENDIX 1
An indication of the extent to which during the years 1916 to 1954
authors used the generic names ‘‘ Capella ’’ and ‘‘ Gallinago ”’
respectively as the generic name for the Common Snipe
Neither the supporters of the generic name Capella nor those of
the generic name Gallinago as the name for the Common Snipe have
furnished detailed analyses of the relative usage of these names in
recent times such as were furnished in the case of the Decapod names
Crangon Fabricius, 1798, Crangon Weber, 1795, and Crago Lamarck,
1801, by Dr. L. B. Holthuis (Leiden) and Dr. Fenner A. Chace, Jr.
(Washington, D.C.) (Opinion 334). It appeared to me, however, that
it would be useful in the present case to lay before the Commission
some particulars as to current usage, even though the list so compiled
could not claim to do more than give a general indication of the
practice of ornithologists in this matter. The following particulars
have therefore been compiled in the Office of the Commission, mainly
by consulting well-known recent works but partly also by reference
to the annual volumes of the Zoological Record and from information
supplied by ornithologists who have offered comments as to the action
DIRECTION 39 115
which it is desirable should be taken by the International Commission.
The list which has been compiled has not been prepared in the form
of a detailed bibliography, for it has been considered that for the
present purposes it would be sufficient to record the name of each
author, and the date of the work concerned and to give some indication
of the nature of that work.
2. Subject to the foregoing reservations the following particulars are
submitted of usage during the period since the publication in 1916 of
Opinion 67 (in which the name Gallinago Koch, 1816, was placed on
the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology) up to the present time :—
(a) Works in which the generic name *‘ Capella” Frenzel, 1801,
has been used in place of “* Gallinago’’ Koch, 1816
American Ornithologists’ Union Checklist, 1931
Peters, Checklist of Birds of the World, 1934
Handbook of British Birds, 1940, vol. 4
Gregory Mathews, 1920, Australian Avian Record 4 : 131
Jackson, 1926 (Kenya and Uganda)
Belcher, 1930 (Nyasaland)
Bates, 1930 (West Africa)
Friedemann, 1930 (Ethiopia and Kenya)
Wait, 1931 (Ceylon)
Wetmore & Swales, 1931 (Haiti)
Priest, 1934 (Rhodesia)
Taverner, 1934 (Canada)
Roberts, 1940 (South Africa)
Woods, 1943 (Michigan birds)
Moltoni, 1944 (Italian East Africa)
Bond, 1945 (West Indies)
Bailey, 1948 (Alaska)
Bannerman, 1951 (Tropical West Africa)
Glenister, 1951 (Malaya, Singapore and Penang)
Bannerman, 1953 (West and Tropical Africa)
Cave and McDonald, 1955 (Sudan)
Phillips, 1953 (Ceylon) 7
Salim Ali, 1953 (Travancore and Cochin)
Macleod, 1954 (Key to names of British Birds)
Meinertzhagen, 1954 (Arabia)
116 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
(b) Works in which the generic name “‘ Gallinago’’ Koch
1816, has been retained
Royal Australasian Ornithologists’ Union
Almost all Australian publications (letter from D. L. Serventy)
Authors working in the Australian, Papuan, Malayan and India
Regions (letter from E. Mayr)
Priest, 1929 (Southern Rhodesia)
Mayr, 1945 (Southwest Pacific)
Delacour and Mayr, 1946 (Philippines)
Delacour, 1947 (Malaysia; also publications by this author on
Indo-Chinese birds)
3. It must be emphasised again that the foregoing particulars could
no doubt be greatly extended if the literature of the last thirty years
were to be carefully examined by ornithologists for this purpose. It is,
however, clear that, as stated in litt. by Serventy, one of the advocates
of the name Gallinago, the weight of usage since the time of Gregory
Mathews has been on the side of Capella rather than on that of
Gallinago. Against this due regard must, however, be given to the
fact that prior to the re-awakening of the name Capella some thirty
years ago, the name Gallinago Koch possessed an undisputed
supremacy in the literature, having been used by leading authors
for over one hundred years.
4. In judging the particulars of usage given in paragraph 2 above,
it must be noted also that those authors who changed over from
Gallinago Koch, 1816, to Capella Frenzel, 1801, did so in the belief
that Capella was the oldest available generic name subjectively
applicable to the Common Snipe and therefore that this was the
correct name to be used for the genus containing this species. The
authors concerned were not aware that the oldest available name
objectively applicable to the Common Snipe was Gallinago Brisson,
1760, a name having more than forty years’ priority over Capella
Frenzel. Most of the authors cited in section (a) of paragraph 2 above
are well known for their orthodoxy in matters of nomenclature and
it cannot be doubted that, if they had been aware of the existence of the
name Gallinago Brisson, 1760, they would not have taken up the
name Capella Frenzel but would have continued to use the name
Gallinago, attributing it, however, to Brisson, 1760, instead of to
Koch, 1816. But it was not only those authors who substituted the
name Capella for that of Gallinago who thought that in so doing
they were following the strict letter of the law, for some of those who
continued to use the name Gallinago Koch believed that thereby they
also were acting in strict conformity with the Régles, having regard
to the fact that the name Gallinago Koch had been placed on the
DIRECTION 39 117
Official List of Generic Names in Zoology. For the period since the
Paris Congress of 1948 this belief was well-founded, for that Congress
laid it down that a name which has been placed on the Official List,
even if later found to be technically defective, is not to be discarded in
favour of some other name without the prior consent of the Commission.
APPENDIX 2
Drafts of Alternative Rulings submitted in relation to the generic names
** Gallinago ”’ and ‘‘ Capella ”’
Draft Ruling No. 1
(validation of the generic name “ Gallinago’’ as from Koch, 1816
(author and date customarily attributed to this name) and
confirmation of the entry of this name on the “ Official
List’ made in 1916)
(1) Under the Plenary Powers (a) Gallinago Brisson, 1760, to be
suppressed for the purposes both of the Law of Priority and of the
Law of Homonymy and (b) Capella Frenzel, 1801, to be suppressed
for the purposes of the Law of Priority but not for those of the Law of
Homonymy.
(2) The entry on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology of the
name Gallinago Koch, 1816 (gender: feminine) (type species, by
absolute tautonymy: Scolopax gallinago Linnaeus, 1758) made by
the Ruling given in Opinion 67 to be confirmed.
(3) The specific name gallinago Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the
combination Scolopax gallinago (specific name of type species of
Gallinago Koch, 1816) to be placed on the Official List of Specific
Names in Zoology.
(4) The generic names specified in (1) above as there suppressed
under the Plenary Powers, together with Capella Keyserling & Blasius,
1840 (a junior homonym of Capella Frenzel, 1801), to be placed on the
Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology.
(5) The specific name media Koch, 1816, as published in the
combination Gallinago media (a junior objective synonym of gallinago
Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Scolopax gallinago, to
be placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names
in Zoology.
Draft Ruling No. 2
(acceptance of the name “* Gallinago ’’ Brisson, 1760, and substitution
on the “* Official List”? of that name in place of the name
** Gallinago’’ Koch, 1816)
(1) The following entry to be inserted in the Official List of Generic
Names in Zoology in place of the entry thereon of the name Gallinago
Koch, 1816, made by the Ruling given in Opinion 67: Gallinago
118 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
Brisson, 1760 (gender : feminine) (type species, by absolute tautonomy :
Scolopax gallinago Linnaeus, 1758).
(2) The specific name gallinago Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the
combination Scolopax gallinago (specific name of type species of
Gallinago Brisson, 1760) to be placed on the Official List of Specific
Names in Zoology.
(3) The names Gallinago Koch, 1816 (a junior homonym, and a
junior objective synonym, of Gallinago Brisson, 1760) and Capella
Keyserling Blasius, 1840 (a junior homonym of Capella Frenzel, 1801)
to be placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names
in Zoology.
(4) The name media Koch, 1816, as published in the combination
Gallinago media (a junior objective synonym of gallinago Linnaeus,
1758, as published in the combination Scolopax gallinago) to be
placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in
Zoology.
Draft Ruling No. 3
(validation of the generic name ‘‘ Capella’? Frenzel, 1801, and
substitution of that name for “ Gallinago”’ Koch, 1816,
on the ‘ Official List of Generic Names in Zoology ’’)
(1) Under the Plenary Powers, the generic name Gallinago Brisson,
1760, to be suppressed for the purposes of the Law of Priority but not
for those of the Law of Homonymy.
(2) The entry on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology of the
name Gallinago Koch, 1816, to be replaced by the following entry :
Capella Frenzel, 1801 (gender : feminine) (type species by monotypy :
Capella coelestis Frenzel, 1801 (see Note below)).
(3) The specific name gallinago Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the
combination Scolopax gallinago to be placed on the Official List of
Specific Names in Zoology.
(4) The generic name (a) Gallinago Brisson, 1760, as suppressed
under the Plenary Powers under (1) above, and (b) Gallinago Koch,
1816 (a junior homonym of Gallinago Brisson, 1760), and (c) Capella
Keyserling & Blasius, 1840 (a junior homonym of Capella Frenzel
1801) to be placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic
Names in Zoology.
(5) The name media Koch, 1816, as published in the combination
Gallinago media (a junior objective synonym of gallinago Linnaeus,
DIRECTION 39 119
1758, as published in the combination Scolopax gallinago), to be placed
on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology.
NOTE (to all three Draft Rulings): I have not yet been able to obtain
a photostat copy of the portion of Frenzel’s book containing his
generic name Capella, but I hope to do so at an early date®. It
seems likely that, just as Koch later gave the substitute name
Gallinago media to Scolopax gallinago Linnaeus, so also earlier
Frenzel gave the substitute name Capella coelestis to that species.
If this proves to be the case, the name coelestis Frenzel, 1801 (like
media Koch, 1816) is a junior objective synonym of gallinago
Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Scolopax gallinago,
and the invalid name coelestis Frenzel, 1801, should now be placed
on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in
Zoology, as well as media Koch, 1816.
IJI.—THE DECISION TAKEN BY THE INTERNATIONAL
COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE
14. Issue of Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)36 : On 27th October
1955 a Revised Voting Paper numbered Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)
(55)36 was issued to the Members of the Commission in regard
to the present case. This Voting Paper was divided into three
Parts on which the Members of the Commission were invited
to vote separately. Parts 1 and 2 were each concerned directly
with the subject matter of the present case. On each of these
Parts the Members of the Commission were asked to vote affirm-
atively on one or other of alternative affirmative courses. Part 3
was concerned with a question of procedure on which the Members
of the Commission were invited to vote either affirmatively or
negatively on the proposition submitted. Details of the proposals
so submitted in the several Parts of the foregoing Voting Paper
are given in paragraphs 16, 17 and 18 below, in which paragraphs
are given also particulars of the votes cast thereon by the Members
8 For later developments see paragraph 21 of, and the Appendix to, the present
Direction.
120 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
of the Commission. The following explanatory note referring
to all three Parts appeared at the end of the Voting Paper :—
IMPORTANT NOTE :—tThis Voting Paper is divided into Three
Parts, on each of which each Member of the Commission is invited
to record his vote. For an explanation of the reason for the adoption
of this procedure see paragraphs 9, 10 and 11 of the memorandum
bearing the same Registered Number as the present Voting Paper
submitted by the Secretary simultaneously therewith.°®
15. The Prescribed Voting Period: As the foregoing Voting
Paper was issued under the One-Month Rule, the Prescribed
Voting Period closed on 27th November 1955.
16. Particulars of the question voted upon in Part 1 of Voting
Paper V.P.(O.M)(55)36 and of the votes cast thereon: In Part I
of Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.(55)36 the Members of the Commission
were invited to vote either “‘ for Alternative ‘A’ (acceptance of
name Gallinago) or for Alternative ‘ B’ (acceptance of the name
Capella)’. At the close of the Prescribed Voting Period the state
of the voting on Part 1 of Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)36 was as
follows :—
(a) In favour of Alternative “‘ A” (acceptance of “‘ Gallinago ”’),
twenty-two (22) votes :
Riley ; Holthuis; Bonnet; Hering; Mertens; Stoll;
Vokes; Boschma; Bodenheimer; Mayr; Esaki;
Dymond ; Key; Bradley (J.C.) ; do Amaral ; Hank ;
Cabrera ; Kuhnelt ; Hemming; Tortonese ; Sylvester-
Bradley ; Lemche ;
(b) In favour of Alternative “‘ B”’ (acceptance of ‘‘ Capella’’),
three (3) votes :
Jaczewski ; Prantl ; Miller ;
(c) Voting Papers not returned :
None.
® The memorandum here referred to has been reproduced in paragraph 13 of
the present Direction.
DIRECTION 39 121
17. Particulars of the question voted upon in Part 2 of Voting
Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)36 and of the votes cast thereon : In Part 2
of Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)36 the Members of the Commission
were invited to vote either ‘‘ for Alternative ‘ X’ (acceptance of
Gallinago as from Koch, 1816) or for Alternative ‘ Y ’ (acceptance
of Gallinago as from Brisson, 1760)”. At the close of the
Prescribed Voting Period the state of the Voting on Part 2 of
Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)36 was as follows :—
(a) In favour of Alternative “‘ X”’ (acceptance of ** Gallinago ”’ as
from Koch, 1816), four (4) votes :
Hering ; Esaki; Key; Miller;
(b) In favour of Alternative ““ Y”’ (acceptance of ** Gallinago ” as
from Brisson, 1760), twenty-one (21) votes :
Riley ; Holthuis; Bonnet; Mertens; Stoll; Vokes ;
Boschma ; Bodenheimer; Mayr; Dymond; Bradley
(J.C.); do Amaral; Hank6d; Cabrera; Jaczewski ;
Kiihnelt ; Hemming; Tortonese; Prantl; Sylvester-
Bradley ; Lemche ;
(c) Voting Papers not returned :
None.
18. Particulars of the question voted upon in Part 3 of Voting
Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)36 and of the votes cast thereon : In Part 3
of Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)36 the Members of the Commission
were invited to vote either for, or against, “‘ the proposal set out
in paragraph 11 of the paper submitted by the Secretary simul-
taneously with the present Voting Paper [i.e. in the paragraph
numbered as above in the paper reproduced in paragraph 13 of
the present Direction], that for the reasons there explained, if
in the vote either on Part 1 or on Part 2 of the present Voting
Paper a majority of votes is cast in favour of the use of the Plenary
Powers but that majority is not a two-thirds majority, this fact
122 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
shall nevertheless not render ineffective the majority vote or
votes so taken on the earlier Parts of the present Voting Paper ”’.
At the close of the Prescribed Voting Period the state of the voting
on Part 3 of Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)36 was as follows :—
(a) Affirmative Votes had been given by the following twenty-one
(21) Commissioners (arranged in the order in which Votes
were received) :
Riley; Bonnet; Hering; Mertens; Stoll; Vokes;
Bodenheimer ; Mayr; Esaki; Dymond; do Amaral ;
Hanko ; Cabrera; Jaczewski; Kuhnelt ; Hemming ;
Tortonese; Prantl; §Sylvester-Bradley; Miéiller;
Lemche ;
(b) Negative Votes, four (4) :
Holthuis ; Boschma ; Key ; Bradley (J.C.) ;
(c) Voting Papers not returned :
None.
19. Deferment by the Secretary in November 1955 of the
Declaration of the Result of the Vote on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)
(55)36 : On 28th November 1955, the day following the close of
the Prescribed Voting Period, Mr. Hemming, as Secretary, placed
a Minute on the Commission’s File Z.N.(S.) 575, directing that
the Declaration of the Result of the Vote on Voting Paper V.P.
(O.M.)(55)36 be deferred until such time as a photostat copy of the
relevant portion of Frenzel’s Beschreibung of 1801 had been
obtained and until in consequence it was possible to determine
whether the name for the Snipe published in that work was an
available name or whether it was invalid and in consequence
required under the terms of the vote taken by the Commission
on the foregoing Voting Paper to be placed on the appropriate
Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Names.
DIRECTION 39 123
20. Addition of the generic name ‘‘ Capella ’’ Frenzel, 1801, to
the ‘* Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in
Zoology ’? : On 8th February 1956 Mr. Hemming, as Secretary,
placed on the Commission’s File Z.N.(S.) 575 the following
Minute recording the receipt of a photostat copy of the relevant
portion of Frenzel’s Beschreibung, directing that in accordance
with the vote taken on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)36 the
objectively invalid name Capella Frenzel, 1801, be placed on the
Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology,
and confirming the decision that the generic name Capella
Keyserling & Blasius, 1840, be entered on the foregoing Official
Index, subject to an amendment of the explanatory note to be
attached to the said entry :—
Addition of the name ‘‘ Capella’’ Frenzel, 1801, to the ‘° Official
Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology ”’
By FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E.
(Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature)
At the time of the submission of the proposals in regard to the
Capella/Gallinago problem, laid before the International Commission
with Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)36, I reported that I was attempting
to obtain a photostat copy of the portion of Frenzel’s Beschreibung
der Végel und ihrer Eier in der Gegend von Wittenberg of 1801 in which
the generic name Capella was published in order to make sure that
Capella coelestis was in fact an available name and recommended that,
if this proved not to be the case, an addition should be made to the
appropriate Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Names. This
proposal, together with the other proposals then submitted, was
=i by the Commission in its vote on the foregoing Voting
aper.
_ 2, At the time of the submission of the above proposal I had been
informed by Dr. Ernst Mayr that, so far as he knew, there was only
one copy extant of Frenzel’s book and that this copy was at Cambridge.
After some enquiry I ascertained that the copy in question was in the
Balfour Library in the Department of Zoology at Cambridge
University. Through the kindness of the Librarian of that Institution
in depositing the copy of Frenzel’s book at the University Library in
order that it might be photographed, I have now obtained photostats
of the relevant pages (pp. 58—S9). The grateful thanks of the
Commission are due to the Librarians of both these Institutions for the
prompt and willing help rendered by them in this matter.
124 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
3. The information required is found to be on page 58 of Frenzel’s
book where his account of the Snipe starts, page 59 containing only a
continuation of the description of that bird. Now that at last a copy
of the relevant portion of Frenzel’s Beschreibung is available for study
the situation is found to be quite different from that hitherto supposed.
The chief points to be noted are :—
(a) Contrary to the statements in modern works Frenzel did not
introduce for the Snipe a new generic name consisting of the
word Capella and he did not call that bird by the name Capella
coelestis.
(b) Frenzel placed the Snipe in the same genus—Scolopax—as that
in which it had been placed by Linnaeus in 1758 when it was
given the name Scolopax gallinago.
(c) Frenzel did use for the Snipe the new specific name coelestis. In
doing so, he gave no explanation of why he considered that a
new name was needed for this species or why he considered the
Linnean name gallinago unsuitable. Indeed, he made no
reference whatever to Linnaeus.
(d) In the early part of the discussion of this species Frenzel observed
that the Snipe was the bird which sportsmen called the
** Becasse ’’ and that by some writers it was known as Capella
coelestis. His actual words were: ‘“‘Es ist die Schnepfe,
welche die Jager eigentlich ‘ Becasse’ und einige Schriftsteiler
Capella coelestis nennen’’. This is the only mention by
Frenzel of the word ‘‘ Capella’’.
4. Frenzel’s statement that the name or expression ‘‘ Capella
coelestis’’ had been applied to the Snipe by some writers prompted
me to undertake a further investigation of the literature with the
object of determining, if possible, who were the authors referred to.
So far as concerns the use of this expression as a scientific zoological
name in the period from the starting point of zoology (1st January
1758) to the appearance in 1801 of Frenzel’s Beschreibung, these
investigations were completely negative in their results. These
investigations did, however, throw some very interesting light on the
origin and history of the expression ‘* Capella coelestis’’’ as a vernacular
(Latin) denomination applied to the Snipe in the XVIIIth century
and either to that bird or to some other marsh bird both in the Middle
Ages and, in a Greek equivalent, as far back as classical times. Though
only of indirect concern to the question of the scientific name to be
used for the Snipe, the information so collected is of such antiquarian
and historical interest that it should, in my opinion, be placed on
permanent record. I have accordingly summarised this information
in a separate note which I hereby direct be annexed as an Appendix
to the Commission’s Direction on this case. I am happy to take this
opportunity of expressing the grateful thanks of the International
DIRECTION 39 125
Commission to the two eminent scholars who have taken part in this
interesting and unusual investigation, namely: Professor the Rev.
L. W. Grensted, M.A., D.D., the Commission’s Consulting Classical
Adviser, and Professor Charles Singer, M.A., D.Litt., M.D., D.Sc.,
F.R.C.P. (London), Professor Emeritus of the History of Science
in the University of London.
5. As regards the so-called generic name Capella Frenzel, 1801, the
information provided by the photostat supplied by the Cambridge
authorities which has been summarised in paragraph 3 above shows
that Frenzel did not publish the above name as a new name nor did he
adopt this name from some manuscript source. All that he did was to
cite a binomen containing it—the binomen Capella coelestis—as a
name or term which had been used by some writers to denote the
Snipe. He did not suggest even that the writers to whom he was
referring were binominal writers of works published subsequent to
the appearance in 1758 of the Tenth Edition of the Systema Naturae
and the investigations since undertaken (paragraph 4 above) confirm
the view expressed in modern ornithological works that Frenzel was the
first author subsequent to the starting point of zoological nomenclature
to include the term “‘ Capella” in a work on ornithology. Thus, on
the most favourable view of the status of the term Capella, that name,
if it can be recognised as ranking as a name, could not be rated higher
than a manuscript name published by Frenzel in synonymy without
an independent description or indication of its own. On the less
favourable of the two possible views as to its status—and the view
which is almost certainly the correct view—the term ‘“‘ Capella”
was not used by any binominal author even as a manuscript scientific
name and that it owes its origin entirely to usages as an expression to
denote the Snipe by authors prior to the starting point of zoological
nomenclature, i.e. prior to the year 1758. In this connection we have
to take particular note that the Fourteenth International Congress of
Zoology, Copenhagen, 1953, decided that a name published in a
synonymy and without an independent description, shall, as from a
date to be specified, possess no status of availability under the Régles
(1953, Copenhagen Decisions zool. Nomencl. : 63, Decision 115).
The Congress decided also that none of the decisions on nomenclature
taken by it should come into force until the first day of January of the
year following that in which the revised text of the Régles was
promulgated (ibid. : 103, Decision 196) but that in its day-to-day
work the International Commission should guide itself by the decisions
taken by that Congress (ibid. : 103, Decision 199). In these circum-
stances the Commission is already bound to apply Decision 115 where
cases of the type covered thereby come up for decision. Thus, even
on the most favourable of the possible views which can be taken as to
the status of the term Capella as published by Frenzel in 1801 (namely,
that it is a manuscript generic name rejected by Frenzel and published
by him in a synonymy without an independent description) the generic
126 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
name Capella Frenzel, 1801, would be invalid under Decision 115 of the
Copenhagen Congress. Accordingly, as Secretary to the International
Commission, I hereby direct that, in accordance with the General
Directive relating to the recording of objectively invalid names on
the appropriate Official Indexes of Rejected and Invalid Names in
Zoology issued to the Commission by the Thirteenth International
Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948, and in compliance also with the
decision taken by the Commission provisionally in its vote on Voting
Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)36 in anticipation of the possibility of its later
being found that the name Capella Frenzel, 1801, was invalid, the
foregoing name, being a name published in synonymy and without
an independent description, be placed on the Official Index of Rejected
and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology in the Ruling to be given in the
Direction embodying the decision taken by the Commission in its
vote on the Voting Paper referred to above.
6. The rejection of Capella Frenzel, 1801, as a name possessing no
status of availability makes it necessary to re-examine the position
of the generic name Capella Keyserling & Blasius, 1840, a name which
by its vote on the Voting Paper specified above the Commission
directed should be placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid
Generic Names in Zoology as being a junior homonym of Capella
Frenzel, 1801. Now that Frenzel’s Capella is seen to possess no
status of availability the name Capella Keyserling & Blasius, 1840, is
no longer invalid as being a junior homonym of Frenzel’s name and,
other things being equal, would become an available name nomen-
clatorially even though it might not be required for taxonomic purposes.
In fact, however, the name Capella Keyserling & Blasius is invalid
for quite a different reason, for it is a junior objective synonym of
Rupicapra Blainville, 1816 (Bull. Soc. Sci. philomat., Paris 1816 : 75),
both genera having Capra rupicapra Linnaeus, 1758 (Syst. Nat. (ed. 10)
1 : 68) as type species. Accordingly, the name Capella Keyserling &
Blasius, 1840, being an objectively invalid name, remains eligible
for admission to the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic
Names in Zoology and there is therefore no call to modify the decision
taken on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)36 that it be inscribed on the
foregoing Index. It will be necessary, however, to revise the note of
explanation to be added to this entry, so that instead of stating that
this name is a junior homonym of Capella Frenzel, 1801, it shall state
that it is a junior objective synonym of Rupicapra Blainville, 1816.
As Secretary, I hereby direct that this change be made.
21. Declaration of the Result of Vote : On 8th February 1956,
Mr. Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission,
acting as Returning Officer for the Votes taken on Voting Paper
V.P.(O.M.)(55)36, signed a Certificate that the Votes cast were
as set out in paragraphs 16, 17 and 18 above and declaring
DIRECTION 39 127
(i) that as regards Part I of the foregoing Voting Paper, the
proposal there styled “* Alternative “A’ (acceptance of the
name Gallinago)”’ had been duly adopted, that (ii) as regards
Part 2 of the said Voting Paper, the proposal there styled
“‘ Alternative ‘Y’ (acceptance of Gallinago as from Brisson,
1760)’ had been similarly adopted, (iii) that the proposal
submitted in Part 3 of the said Voting Paper had been likewise
adopted, (iv) that the name Capella Frenzel, 1801, had been
duly placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic
Names in Zoology, (v) that the decisions so taken were the decisions
of the Committee in the matters aforesaid but (vi), having
regard to the fact that neither the decision taken on Part 1,
nor the decision taken on Part 2 of the foregoing Voting Paper
nor that relating to the name Capella Frenzel involved the use of
the Commission’s Plenary Powers, no occasion arose for giving
effect to the decision taken in Part 3 of the said Voting Paper,
subject to the clarifications specified in the Minute executed by
the Secretary on 8th February 1956 (reproduced in paragraph 20
of the present Direction).
22. Preparation of the Ruling given in the present ‘‘ Direction ”’ :
On 8th February 1956 Mr. Hemming prepared the Ruling given
in the present Direction and at the same time signed a Certificate
that the terms of that Ruling were in full accord with the decision
taken by the International Commission in its Votes on the
several portions of Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)36.
23. Original References: The following are the original
references for the names placed on Official Lists and Official
Indexes by the Ruling given in the present Direction :—
Capella Frenzel, 1801, Beschr. Vogel und Eier Wittenberg : 56
Capella Keyserling & Blasius, 1840, Wirbelth. Europas 1:9
Gallinago Koch, 1816, Syst. baier. Zool. 1 : 312
gallinago, Scolopax, Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 147
media, Gallinago Koch, 1816, Syst. baier. Zool. 1 : 314
24. Family-Group Names: No family-group-name problem
arises in connection with the generic names dealt with in the
present Direction.
128 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
25. At the time of the submission of the present application
the name applicable to the second portion of a binomen was
‘trivial name’”’. This was altered to “specific name” by the
Fourteenth International Congress of Zoology, Copenhagen,
1953, which at the same time made corresponding changes in the
titles of the Official List and Official Index of names of this
category. These changes in terminology have been incorporated
in the Ruling given in the present Direction.
26. The prescribed procedures were duly complied with by the
International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in
dealing with the present case, and the present Direction is
accordingly hereby rendered in the name of the said International
Commission by the under-signed Francis Hemming, Secretary
to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature,
in virtue of all and every the powers conferred upon him in that
behalf.
27. The present Direction shall be known as Direction Thirty-
Nine (39) of the International Commission on Zoological
Nomenclature.
Done in London, this Eighth day of February, Nineteen
Hundred and Fifty-Six.
Secretary to the International Commission
on Zoological Nomenclature
FRANCIS HEMMING
DIRECTION 39 129
APPENDIX
ON THE USE OF THE EXPRESSION ‘* CAPELLA
COELESTIS ” TO DENOTE THE SNIPE
by
FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E.
Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological
Nomenclature
‘- ai ¥ cael
‘ia
Ys ? 4. i =i ' ba
‘ee
is, . ; iy : : “Hh
el eri,
F ‘ , ; Se el ee vind
7 oda noe Wi Ge ANAS ae
FD ae wel
DIRECTION 39 131
On the use of the expression ‘‘ Capella coelestis ’’? to denote
the Snipe
By FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E.
(Secretary to the International Commission on
Zoological Nomenclature)
(1 plate)
The object of the present note is to place on record certain
information which has been collected regarding the origin of
the use of the Latin expression “‘ Capella coelestis”’ to denote the
Snipe.
2. By way of introduction it is necessary to recall that for a
number of years past an attempt has been made to replace as the
generic name for the Snipe the name Gallinago Koch, 1816 by the
name Capella Frenzel, 1801, on the ground that the latter had
priority over the former. In an application (Z.N.(S.) 575) which
I recently submitted to the Commission in connection with the
preparations for the publication of the Official List of Generic
Names in Zoology in book-form, I recommended that the entry
thereon of the name Gallinago Koch, 1816, should be removed
and that the name Gallinago Brisson, 1760, which was undoubtedly
the oldest available generic name for the Snipe should be entered
on the Official List in place of the name Gallinago Koch, 1816,
which, whatever might be its subjective relationship to the name
Capella Frenzel, 1801, was invalid as a junior homonym of
Gallinago Brisson, 1760. This application involved, incidentally,
consideration being given to the name Capella Frenzel, 1801, and
to the binomen Capella coelestis which Frenzel was reputed
to have published for the Snipe. The book by Frenzel in which
these names were reputed to have been published is entitled
Beschreibung der Vogel und ihrer Eier in der Gegend von
Wittenberg. This little work, of which the original (and only)
edition was no doubt very small is excessively scarce but
ultimately with the assistance of Professor Ernst Mayr I ascer-
tained that there was a copy in the Balfour Library of the
Department of Zoology at Cambridge University. The Librarian
132 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
of that Institution very kindly made available his Library’s copy
of Frenzel’s book to the Librarian of the University Library who
most obligingly had indicated his willingness to arrange for
photographs to be made of the relevant pages. Very shortly
after this the much desired photographs were received in the
Office of the Commission. The warmest thanks of the Com-
mission are due to the great assistance rendered by the Librarians
of these Institutions. Examination of the photographs received
at once showed that of the pages concerned the page which
contained the information of which I was in search was page 58.
A facsimile reproduction of this page is given in the plate annexed
to the present paper.
3. The receipt of the photograph of page 58 of Frenzel’s book
made it possible at last to determine what in fact was the action
in this matter taken by Frenzel in 1801. This proved to be
totally different from that which had been attributed to him in all
ornithological works in which his Beschreibung had found a
notice. Frenzel, we now see, did apply the specific name coelestis
to the Snipe but he did not introduce a new generic name con-
sisting of the “‘ Capella’’, still less did he use a generic name
consisting of this word as the generic name for this bird. On the
contrary he placed the Snipe in the genus Scolopax as Scolopax
coelestis, thus assigning it to the same genus as did Linnaeus
when forty-three years earlier he gave it the name Scolopax
gallinago in the Tenth Edition of the Systema Naturae of 1758.
The word “* Capella’? occurs only once in Frenzel’s book, being
used as a vernacular (Latin) name for the Snipe and cited as a
name comparable with the vernacular (German) name “ Becasse ”’,
which, as Frenzel explained, was the name applied to it by
sportsmen (“die Jager’). The sentence in question reads as
follows: “‘Es ist der Schnepfe, welche die Jager eigentlich
* Becasse’’ und einige Schriftsteiler Capella coelestis nennen”’.
4. The particulars given above dispose completely of the
claims which have been advanced by which Frenzel has been
credited with having introduced the generic name Capella in his
little book of 1801 and with having used this name for the Snipe.
This discovery, interesting as it is, has, however, been robbed of
the practical significance which it would otherwise have possessed
by the other discovery made in this case, namely that Brisson
DIRECTION 39 158
in 1760 established the nominal genus Gallinago for the Snipe
and therefore that, even if there had been such a generic name as
Capella Frenzel, 1801, that name would not have been required,
as it would have been a junior subjective synonym of Gallinago
Brisson, 1760. Nevertheless, it is very satisfactory that the
reputed generic name Capella Frenzel, 1801, should have been
shown up in its true colours as a mere phantom engendered of
careless copying.
5. While Frenzel’s book is now seen to have contained no new
generic name consisting of the word ‘‘ Capella”’, a subject which
proves to be of great antiquarian and historical interest is opened
up by Frenzel’s statement that the Latin expression “*‘ Capella
coelestis’’ had been used for the Snipe by several writers. This
tantalising observation prompted me to undertake an investigation
which, before it had run its course, was to give rise to the most
surprising discoveries and was to show that the expression
** Capella coelestis’”’ applied to the Snipe by Frenzel—or an
equivalent Greek expression—was one of the greatest antiquity.
6. As a start of the proposed investigation, I made a search
in all likely places in the literature of ornithology in the period
from 1758 to 1801 for the purpose of making sure that the
binomen Capella coelestis or at least the generic name Capella
had not been used by some obscure author as scientific names
for the Snipe. In view of the extent to which the literature of this
period had already been combed through by ornithologists, it
was no matter for surprise that I was unable to find a trace
of any such usage in the period subsequent to the publication in
1758 of the Tenth Edition of the Systema Naturae of Linnaeus
and prior to the publication of Frenzel’s Beschreibung in 1801.
Concurrently with the above investigation I attempted also to
ascertain whether during the same period either of the foregoing
expressions had been applied to the Snipe not as scientific
zoological names but as vernacular (Latin) designations. This
search also proved entirely fruitless. It was just when I was on the
point of abandoning the search that light was thrown on this
subject from a most unexpected source. For, although no one
subsequent to Linnaeus could be found to have used the elusive
expression “* Capella coelestis’’, it suddenly came to light that in
134 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
1758 this expression had been applied to the Snipe by no less a
writer than Linnaeus himself (Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 147).
Linnaeus then gave the name Scolopax gallinago to the Snipe
and, after describing this species, citing some bibliographical
references and indicating its distribution, added a brief comment
in which he applied the expression “‘ Capella coelestis” to this
species. Linnaeus’s comment was as follows :—
Haec Capella coelestis cujus mas tam alte celerrimeque
volitat, ut audiri, non vero oculis attingi possit.
7. Other works of Linnaeus were examined after the astonishing
discovery described above but these threw no new light. on this
subject. In the Twelfth Edition of the Systema Naturae published
in 1766 (Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1(1) : 244) the comment quoted
above was taken over from the Tenth Edition, though in a
slightly amended form. It read as follows: “‘haec Capella
coelestis, cujus mas tam alte celerrimeque volitat cadendo, ut
audiri, vix vero oculis attingi possit, dum femina sedit humi’’.
8. On making the surprising discovery described in paragraph 6
above, I at once consulted Professor L. W. Grensted, Consulting
Classical Adviser to the International Commission, who on 29th
March 1956 replied as follows :—
An intriguing problem—even after the primary question is settled. I
think that the expression ‘‘ Capella coelestis ’’ was used by some author
before Linnaeus and without a definitely binominal intention. The
sentence you quote from Linnaeus i.e. the sentence quoted in paragraph
4 above] can only mean :—
** This [is] Capella coelestis, whose male flies so high and so
swiftly that it can be heard but not reached by the eyes ”’.
In other words Linnaeus is saying (presumably as against somebody
else) that what some earlier writers have called Capella coelestis—the
Heavenly Goat—is the Snipe and not some other bird, probably the
Woodcock.
The point would be that the Cock Snipe, when “ roding ’’, does go
up to a great height (up to 400 ft. according to the books), while the
Woodcock flies quite low—at tree-top height.
_—"" 7" oe
ee Te eT ae eT lee
DIRECTION 39 135
Is there a connection with the star called “‘ Capella ’’—also the
Heavenly Goat? Some fanciful writer may easily have compared the
roding of the Woodcock or the Snipe with bleating and linked up the
bird with the star?
9. In a further letter (dated 9th April 1956) Professor Grensted
supplemented his earlier report as follows :—
I did a little search round in our Oriel Library yesterday and found
very little to help. The big Ducange Glossarium has nothing relevant.
And the only thing I found in the early English books is that in
Willughby’s Ornithology, page 228, the “‘ Lapwing ’’ or Green Plover
is called Capella sive Vanellus. This book was edited or revised by
John Ray, and is dated 1676.
In mediaeval Latin “ capella’? seems to be entirely used for a
chapel. It is derived from a very late Latin “‘ cappella ”’ (from “‘ cappa ’’,
a cloak—originally the cloak cut in half by St. Martin of Tours). The
classical meaning, a goat (more often “‘capra’’), survived in the
star “‘ capella”’. How Willughby came to use it for a plover (probably
from the star in some way) is quite obscure.
10. At this point I consulted Professor Charles Singer, Professor
Emeritus of the History of Science in the University of London,
who, if anyone, I knew would be able to throw some light upon the
mediaeval usage of the word “capella’’. The following is the
interesting letter (dated 11th April 1956) received from Professor
Singer in reply to this enquiry :—
I cannot answer your question or explain “‘ capella”? but I can
connect, from classical sources, the word “‘ capella” with a goat, a
bird, and the constellation ‘‘ Capeila”’. This association may, at least,
explain the term coelestis.
Aristotle’s Historia Animalium, 593623 mentions. a marsh bird
au€ (genitive aiyds) which D’Arcy Thompson conjecturally translates
“horned grebe’’. The term “‘ goat like’’, ay-, is applied to other
birds, e.g. aitye8os in 609a31 and 616b10.
The early Greco-Latin and Latino-Greek glossaries before the 12th
century have been collected and indexed. They yield an equation aié
=“ capra”’ = “capella” and also the equation “‘ Capricornus”” =
alyoképws = “signumincoelo’’. The star in Auriga that we name
** Capella ’”’ is already so named by Pliny in Historia naturalis.
_ Thus the classical association seems there, right enough, though
its meaning is beyond me. Could the note of a snipe be compared to
any noise made by a goat?
136 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
11. The following is a copy of a letter (dated 14th April 1956)
from Professor Grensted, to whom I had forwarded a copy of
Professor Singer’s letter :—
Queerer and queerer—and also nearer. Charles Singer’s letter is
useful and revealing. I ought to have thought of looking at the Greek.
Not only is there «’€é = “‘ capella’ (both as goat and as some sort of
bird) but at& odpavios (= “capella coelestis’’) occurs more than
once in a proverbial form in the Greek comic poets. ‘‘ The heavenly
goat brings wealth’. What is wanted next is Maass on the Scholiasts
on Aratus (the Greek astronomer-poet, who uses até of the star
known, after him, as “‘ Capella’: see line 170 of his poem) and any
evidence of the current astronomers or astrologers Linnaeus may have
read. It will probably turn out, when we get at it, that some late
mediaeval or sixteenth century writer makes the link—quite possibly
with a knowledge of this Greek proverbial phrase—between the bird
and the star, and gives the Latin form of the Greek. It might well have
been in Pliny, but apparently isn’t.
12. Further light was thrown on this matter by Professor
Grensted in the following letter dated 19th June 1956 :—
Capella coelestis: Y made one more effort when I was recently
in Oxford and I got out ali the major works of Aldrovandus—which
Linnaeus certainly knew. There is nothing directly relevant, and
the one reference to Capella is a queer one under the heading
** Stymphalides Aves’’. It reads: ‘‘ Hine author [sic] obscurus, qui
de natura rerum scripsit, Vanellum avem vulgo dictam, seu Capellam
Aristotelis, Stymphalidem Plinii esse arbitratus est’’. .(“‘ Hence an
obscure author who wrote ‘On the Nature of Things’ thought that
the bird commonly called Vanellus, or the Capella of Aristotle, is the
Stymphalis of Pliny’”’.) This of course merely links Vanellus, Capella
and a€ with some marsh bird, but it is interesting as showing that
** Capella”’ and not the usual ‘* Capra’’ was used in some mediaeval
version of Aristotle. But I got no further there. The reference to
Aldrovandus is 1590, Ornithologia, Lib. X : 622. (The most curious
thing about the passage quoted above is that Aldrovandus should
have written “‘author’”’ for the ordinary “‘ auctor ’’.)
13. It occurred to me on receiving the foregoing letter that it
might be possible to obtain some further light on this subject
by ascertaining whether Linnaeus had any astronomical or
astrological works in his library. There is no separate catalogue
of that library which for catalogue—though not for other—
purposes has been incorporated in the general library of the
Linnean Society of London. It is easy, however, to ascertain
Opinions and Declarations, Vol. 1, Sect. D Plate |
Betdclerdye, Atauda arborea. Dte Farbe tft der
ibrigen siemlid) gleich), auch bat fle die Art,
wo Gefabr su befitrdren, fb ntedersudritcten 5
mur der Kopf it mehr weiblih. Cie Rlegt um
‘Shige Haufenveife, und tabt tid auf Daumen
nieder. Dad Cy gleichet den udvigen, jedod
it ce clas weiser, und weniger vunteire.
Beerfcuepfe SGimmrelssiege, Scolopax coelettis,
eine befannte Art Sobnepfe, die von ihren Tb-
nen, cic wie das Mecern dev Sregeit Eltn jen,
den Namen ervalten har. Wenn Mefer Vogel
das Meckern Hervorbringen will, fo erhcbt er
fic) jederscit febr bed) in die Luft, und made
algdann cinen Bogen unrerwarts nad dev red:
ten Ceite, um mit feinem rechten Slugel ore
nadabinender: Tine berverzubringen. Dtefes
wiederholt cv fo fange, als er Wefabr gu be:
firdten facy dann Pchiepe ex ta ctnem Sfuge
febr febnell gu feinem Mete. Cott felattd
fein Gefang des Vogels, oder Tone der Nehle,
wie bey andern Vogein. Der Ktebiy bringe
aud) ciacne Téne mic feinen Fiigqeta Hervor,
fobaid man fich defjen Xeuce und erde nager.
Es it die Sdhuepfe, weiche die Naaee ets
gemtlicd) Becaive und erntae Zebriftfieder Ca-
pella coelettis nennen. Cite leds ai den Cum:
pfen ctufam init tore Weibder, und auper(t
felten wird mai auch an grofen Seen iweb:
rere yindct.
Der Vogel hat bic Grove eines halowid:
figen Nebhuhus; muv ue ex tanger ae ftrecte, ayer
GHhnabel hat fat dre Lange des haiben Rorpers,
tt vorne suaqecundet, oder vielncor bretr sul ments
nen, der cbere cimwenig fanger, an dev Cptbe
fchwars und mie decglcichen Warjden befebe,
als of er mit Chagrin ubdcrjogen ware; dann
wird der Dahuabes brauniich, unten geiblih, an
ter Wurgel aber gruntlich; dte Mafenloder find
Facsimile reproduction of page 58 of Frenzel, 1801, Beschreibung der Végel und
ihrer Eier in der Gegend von Wittenberg : page containing the only use by
Frenzel of the vernacular (Latin) expression ‘* Capella coelestis ’’.
~ n p P LS 7 7
P a? : a |
am 6 z
eu
DIRECTION 39 137
what were the books which Linnaeus actually possessed for
every such book is indicated by a Gothic capital “L” in
brackets (parentheses) in the Catalogue of the Printed Books
and Pamphlets in the Society’s Library published in 1925. In
hope of the clue suggested by Professor Grensted in his letter
of 14th April the Society’s Catalogue was examined both by
Professor Grensted and myself. Unfortunately, the results were
negative. The library of Linnaeus is mainly medical and
botanical. It contains no astronomical works—not even Tycho
Brahe, or the much earlier Copernicus. There is an Aristotle—
Aristoteles Stagarita de Historia Animalium—but this is only a
translation published in 1504 (1514) and not likely to be of help
in the present connection. There are two works on astrology in
the library, namely Albinus Petrus Constantius, Magia astrologica,
Hamburgi, 1716; Lemnius, De Astrologia, Antwerpiae, 1553.
Neither of these seems very likely. Unfortunately, it was not
practicable to examine either of these works, for Professor
Grensted found on enquiry that neither is in the Bodleian
Library. It looks therefore as though Linnaeus must have
derived his information about the use of the expression “ Capella
coelestis’’ from some book which was not in his own library.
14. In communicating to me the results of his examination
of the Linnean Society’s Catalogue (in litt., 4th July 1956)
Professor Grensted added the following additional interesting
ROE -—
While in the Bodleian I looked up Aratus (the Greek astronomer,
c. 270 B.c.) and found that he actually calls Capella Avé iepy “‘ the
Sacred Goat’’, which is coming near. But the mediaeval commentaries
which have been edited by E. Maass don’t help any further. There is
no sign of the above expression having been used in connection with
a bird. Still the phrase is interesting, coming on the way to the
proverbial «i& odpavios and to Capella coelestis.
15. While it has not been possible definitely to establish from
whom was derived the expression “‘ Capella coelestis ’’, as used
by Linnaeus, in 1758 as a vernacular (Latin) expression to denote
the Snipe, the information supplied by Professor Grensted and
by Professor Singer is of the greatest interest as showing that
from the times of Classical antiquity down the centuries words
meaning “ goat’ and “ goat-like”’ have been applied to some
138 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
kind of marsh bird. There can be little doubt that this asso-
ciation is based, as has been suggested by both the above authorities
and as Colonel Richard Meinertzhagen (with whom I have dis-
cussed this matter), agrees upon a real or fancied resemblance
between the note of the birds concerned and the bleating of a goat.
16. The grateful thanks of the Commission are due to Professor
Grensted and to Professor Singer for the invaluable assistance
which they have rendered in this interesting and unusual
investigation.
Printed in England by Metcatre & Cooper LiMiTED, 10-24 Scrutton St., London EC 2
oe
OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
RENDERED BY THE INTER-
NATIONAL COMMISSION ON
ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE
Edited by
FRANCIS HEMMING, cM.G., C.B.E.
Secretary to the Commission
VOLUME 1. SECTION D. Part D.5. Pp. 139—152
DIRECTION 40
Determination of the gender to be attributed to the
names of fifty-five genera of the Phylum Arthropoda,
exclusive of genera of Decapod Crustacea, placed on the
Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period
up to the end of 1936
ww
16 ess )
LONDON:
Printed by Order of the International Trust for
Zoological Nomenclature
and
Sold on behalf of the International Commission on Zoological
Nomenclature by the International Trust at its Publications Office
‘41, Queen’s Gate, London, S.W.7
1956
Price Nine Shillings
(All rights reserved)
Issued 17th September, 1956
INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON
ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE
COMPOSITION AT THE TIME OF THE ADOPTION OF THE
RULING GIVEN IN DIRECTION 40
Ve | The Officers of the Commission
Honorary Life President: Dr. Karl JORDAN (British Museum (Natural History),
Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts., England)
President : Professor James Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.)
(12th August 1953)
Vice-President : Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (Sao Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953)
Secretary: Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (27th July 1948)
B. The Members of the Commission
(Arranged in order of precedence by reference to date of election or of most recent re-election,
as prescribed by the International Congress of Zoology)
Professor H. BoscHMA (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands)
(ist January 1947)
Senor Dr. Angel CABRERA (La Plata, Argentina) (27th July 1948)
Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (27th July 1948) (Secretary)
Dr. pete LEMCHE (Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark) (27th
July 1948)
Professor Teiso EsAKI (Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan) (17th April 1950)
Professor Pierre BONNET (Université de Toulouse, France) (9th June 1950)
Mr. Norman Denbigh RILEy (British Museum (Natural History), London) (9th June 1950)
Professor Tadeusz JACZEWSKI (Unstitute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw,
Poland) (15th June 1950)
Professor Robert MERTENS (Natur-Museum u. Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg, Frankfurt
a.M., Germany) (Sth July 1950)
Professor Erich Martin HerInc (Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universitdt zu
Berlin, Germany) (Sth July 1950)
Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (S. Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) (Vice-President)
Professor J. R. DyMOND (University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada) (12th August 1953)
Professor J. Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August
1953) (President)
Professor Harold E. Voxes (Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A.) (12th
August 1953)
Professor Béla HANKO (Mezdégazdasdgi Muzeum, Budapest, Hungary) (i2th August 1953)
Dr. Norman R. STOLL (Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York, N.Y.,
U.S.A.) (12th August 1953)
Mr. P. C. SYLVESTER-BRADLEY (Sheffield University, Sheffield, England) (12th August 1953)
Dr. L. B. Hottuuis (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands)
(12th August 1953)
Dr. K. H. L. Key (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation,
Canberra, A.C.T., Australia) (AS5th October 1954)
Dr. Alden H. MILLER (Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, U.S.A.)
(29th October 1954)
Doc. Dr. Ferdinand PRANTL (Ndrodni Museum V Praze, Prague, Czechoslovakia) (30th
October 1954)
Professor Dr. Wilhelm KiiHNELT (Zoologisches Institut der Universitat, Vienna, Austria)
(6th November 1954)
Professor F. S. BODENHEIMER (The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel) (11th November
1954)
Professor Ernest MAYR (Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, Cambridge,
Massachusetts, U.S.A.) (4th December 1954)
Professor Enrico ToRTONESE (Museo di Storia Naturale ‘‘ G. Doria’’, Genova, Italy)
(16th December 1954)
DIRECTION 40
DETERMINATION OF THE GENDER TO BE ATTRIBUTED
TO THE NAMES OF FIFTY-FIVE GENERA OF THE
PHYLUM ARTHROPODA, EXCLUSIVE OF
GENERA OF DECAPOD CRUSTACEA, PLACED
ON THE ‘“ OFFICIAL LIST OF GENERIC
NAMES IN ZOOLOGY” IN THE
PERIOD UP TO THE END OF 1936
RULING :—(1) The gender to be attributed to each of
the under-mentioned names of genera in the Phylum
Arthropoda which were placed on the Official List of
Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end
of 1936 by the Rulings given in the Opinions severally
specified below, is hereby determined as being the mascu-
line gender :—
(a) Class Insecta (12 names) :
(i) Name included in Opinion 81 :
Cimex Linnaeus, 1758 ;
(it) Names included in Opinion 104:
Anthocoris Fallén, 1814; Nabis Latreille,
[1802—1803] ; Reduvius Fabricius, 1775;
Ectobius Stephens, 1835 ; Gryllus Linnaeus,
1758; Pediculus Linnaeus, 1758 ; Phthirus
Leach, 1815 ; Pulex Linnaeus, 1758 ;
(i11) Names included in Opinion 106 :
Gasterophilus Leach, 1817; Oedemagena
Latreille, 1818 ; Oestrus Linnaeus, 1758 ;
(b) Class Diplopoda (one name) (Opinion 104) :
Polydesmus Latreille, [1802—1803] ;
ATT 717 1056
142 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS:
(c) Class Crustacea (4 names) (Opinion 104) :
Diaptomus Westwood, 1836; Oniscus Lin-
naeus, 17535" Porcelio“Latrcile., qie03—
1804] : Gammarus Fabricius, 1775 ;
(d) Class Merostomata (one name) (Opinion 104) :
Limulus Miiller (O.F.), 1785 ; |
(e) Class Arachnida (16 names) :
(1) Names included in Opinion 73 :
Argas Latreille, 1795 ; Dermacentor Koch,
1844 ; Ixodes Latreille, 1795; Rhipicentor
Nuttall & Warburton, 1908 ; Rhipicephalus
Koch, 1844 ;
(ii) Names included in Opinion 104 .
Dendryphantes Koch, 1837; Latrodectus
Walckenaer, 1805 ; Scorpio Linnaeus, 1758 ;
Cheyletus Latreille, 1796 ; Chorioptes Ger-
vais & van Beneden, 1859 ; Demodex Owen,
1843 ; Dermanyssus Dugeés, 1834; Glycy-
phagus Hering, 1838; Psoroptes Gervais,
1841 ; Rhizoglyphus Claparéede, [1869] ;
(ii1) Name included in Opinion 113:
Sarcoptes Latreille, [1802—1803].
(2) The gender to be attributed to each of the under-
mentioned names of genera in the Phylum Arthropoda
which were placed on the Official List of Generic Names
in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936 by the
Rulings given in the Opinions severally specified below, 1s
hereby determined as the feminine gender :—
(a) Class Insecta (9 names) :
(i) Name included in Opinion 82 :
Musca Linnaeus, 1758 ;
DIRECTION 40 143
(11) Names included in Opinion 104 :
Podura Linnaeus, 1758 ; Notonecta Linnaeus,
1758 ; Triatoma Laporte, [1832]; Forficula
Linnaeus, 1758; Blatta Linnaeus, 1758 ;
Periplaneta Burmeister, 1838 ;
(iii) Name included in Opinion 106:
Cephenemyia Latreille, 1818 ;
(iv) Name included in Opinion 128 :
Nycteribia Latreille, 1796 ;
(b) Class Crustacea (one name) (Opinion 77) :
Lepas Linnaeus, 1758 ;
(c) Class Arachnida (5 names) :
(1) Name included in Opinion 73 :
Haemaphysalis Koch, 1844 ;
(11) Names included in Opinion 104:
Avicularia Lamarck, 1818 ; Dysdera Latreille,
[1804]; Segestria Latreille, [1804] ;
(iii) Name included in Opinion 128:
Spinturnix Heyden, 1826.
(3) The gender to be attributed to each of the under-
mentioned names of genera in the Phylum Artropoda
which were placed on the Official List of Generic Names in
Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936 by the Rulings
given in the Opinions severally specified below, is hereby
determined as the neuter gender :—
(a) Class Insecta (one name) (Opinion 106) :
Hypoderma Latreille, 1818 ;
(b) Class Crustacea (one name) (Opinion 104) :
Armadillidium Brandt & Ratzeburg, [1831] ;
144 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
(c) Class Trilobita (one name) (Opinion 88) :
Otarion Zenker, 1833 ;
(d) Class Arachnida (3 names) :
(1) Names included in Opinion 73:
Amblyomma Koch, 1844; Hyalomma Koch,
1844 ;
(11) Name included in Opinion 104 :
Trombidium Fabricius, 1775.
Il. THE SUBJECT MATTER OF THE PRESENT
“DIRECTION
The present Direction contains the fifth instalment of deter-
minations of the gender attributable to the names of genera
placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the
period up to the end of 1936. The following is the paper which
formed the basis of the decisions taken by the Commission in
the present case, which was submitted to the Commission on
29th September 1955 :—
Determination of the gender of names placed on the ‘* Official List
of Generic Names in Zoology ’’ in the period up to the end of
1936: Fifth Instalment (names of genera of Arthropods,
excluding Decapod Crustacea)
By FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E.
(Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature)
The present paper contains the fifth instalment of proposals for the
determination of the gender to be attributed to generic names placed
on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology during the period up
to the end of 1936 ; it is concerned with the names of genera of the
Phylum Arthropoda other than those of Decapod Crustacea, which
were dealt with in Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)6!.
* The decision taken by the International Commission by its vote on the above
Voting Paper has since been embodied in Direction 11 (1955, Ops. Decls. int.
Comm. zool. Nomencl. 1(e) : 15—34).
DIRECTION 40 145
2. The pre-Lisbon Opinions contain Rulings placing the names of
fifty-six genera of the above group of Arthropods on the Official List.
The distribution of names by Opinions is as follows :—Opinion 73 :
8 names ; Opinions 77, 81, 82, 88 and 113 : one name each ; Opinion
104: 36 names; Opinion 106: 5 names; Opinion 128: 2 names.
3. As in the case of the previous instalments of proposals relating
to genders, the present recommendations are based upon the Report
furnished by Mr. F. J. Lelievre (at that time of the Classical Languages
Department of Bedford College, London University), on the gender
to be assigned to each name placed on the Official List in the period
prior to the Paris (1948) Congress. Also, current checklists, catalogues
and monographs have been consulted to ascertain whether the genders
now proposed to be assigned to the names in question are those
currently used by specialists in the various groups. Finally, drafts
of the relevant portions of the list forming Annexe 2 to this paper
were sent to various specialists for comment. The Commission is
much indebted to the following specialists for their co-operation in
this matter :—
Insecta : Dr. Theresa Clay, Mr. H. Oldroyd, and Dr. W. E.
China (British Museum (Natural History), London).
Crustacea : Dr. J. P. Harding (British Museum (Natural History),
London).
Prof. A. Vandel (Université de Toulouse, Toulouse,
France).
Myriapoda & Dr. G. O. Evans and Dr. A. C. Townsend (British
Arachnida : Museum (Natural History), London).
Trilobita : Dr. C. J. Stubblefield (Geological Survey and Museum,
e*“POndon).
In only three cases were comments made by specialists on the genders
proposed in the list submitted by Mr. Lelievre. These cases are
discussed in the immediately following paragraphs.
4. Lepisma Linnaeus, 1758: This is a Greek neuter word, but it
was treated as feminine by the original author and, Miss Clay informs
me, has been consistently used as such ever since. One species
(L. saccharina) is widely used in the non-specialist literature and the
change to the correct gender would inevitably lead to confusion.
A separate application (File Z.N.(S.) 988) is therefore being made
for the use of the Plenary Powers to vary the gender correctly
attributable to this name?.
* For the separate application subsequently submitted in regard to the gender
to be attributed to the generic name Lepisma Linnacus see Hemming, 1955,
Bull. zool. Nomencl. 11 : 299—300.
146 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
5. Oedemagena Latreille, 1818 : Mr. Lelievre reports that this word
is “common, on the analogy of Trojugena ”’, and should therefore be
treated as masculine. This view is in agreement with the Rules adopted
by the Copenhagen Congress (1953, Copenhagen Decisions Zool.
Nomencl., Decision 84(4)). Mr. Oldroyd informs me that it is a
relatively obscure genus with a single known species (O. tarandi,
the Warble Fly of Reindeer) and therefore une attribution of the
correct gender will cause no difficulty.
6. Nabis Latreille, [1802—1803]: Mr. Lelievre reports that this
name is feminine. Dr. China, in a letter dated 6th January, 1955,
reproduced in Annexe 1 to this paper, states that it has always been
treated by hemipterists as masculine. Lewis & Short give a feminine
usage of the word “nabis”’, meaning a cameleopard, and as a
masculine word it was the name of a king of Sparta. Since it is un-
certain which meaning was intended for the generic name Nabis by the
author, Latreille, it ts proposed, on the basis of Dr. China’s letter,
to treat it as masculine.
7. No difficulties have been found as regards the remaining fifty-
three names ; in each case there appears to be no doubt as to the
gender correctly attributable, and this is also the gender commonly
used.
8. The genders attributable to the fifty-five names dealt with in this
paper are given in Annexe 2, and for the reasons set out above, I
recommend that the International Commission should render a
Direction that the gender specified in that Annexe for each of the names
concerned be now entered against that name in the Official List of
Generic Names in Zoology.
ANNEXE oi
Gender proposed to be assigned to the generic name ‘‘ Nabis ”’
Latreille
Extract from a letter, dated 6th January, 1955, from Dr. W. E.
China Secs Museum (Natural History), London)
Nabis Latreille, 1802, which you list as feminine, is always regarded
by Hemipterists as masculine.
Amyot, 1848, Rhynchotes, Méthode Mononymique (a work which
is invalid) gives the meaning of Nabis as “‘ Brebis sauvage’’, a wild
DIRECTION 40 147
ewe, presumably with the-idea that the predatory Nabis is ‘“‘a wolf
in sheep’s clothing’. If Nabis really was a classical word meaning
ewe, it would, of course, be feminine, but I can trace no Latin or
Greek word Nabis meaning a female sheep. Nabis was a King of
Sparta about 200 B.c. which would make the genus masculine. Nabis
is also an African word for Giraffe.
BONN BOE: 2
Gender proposed to be inscribed in the ‘‘ Official List of Generic Names
in Zoology ’’ in respect of the names of genera of Arthropoda
other than those of Decapod Crustacea, placed on that ‘‘ List ”’
in the period up to the end of 1936
Gender ** Opinion” in
proposed which name
to be assigned specified in Col. |
to name speci- was placed on
Generic Name fredin Cols“ Official List”
(1) (2) (3)
Class Insecta
Podura Linnaeus, 1758 Feminine 104
Musca Linnaeus, 1758 Feminine 82
Cephenemyia Latreille, 1818 Feminine 106
Gasterophilus Leach, 1817 Masculine “
Hypoderma Latreille, 1818 Neuter i
Oedemagena Latreille, 1818 Masculine ie
Oestrus Linnaeus, 1758 Masculine -
Nycteribia Latreille, 1796 Feminine 128
Cimex Linnaeus, 1758 Masculine 81
Anthocoris Fallén, 1814 Masculine 104
Nabis Latreille, [1802—1803] Masculine “5
Notonecta Linnaeus, 1758 Feminine ey
Reduvius Fabricius, 1775 Masculine o
Triatoma Laporte, [1832] Feminine ‘
Forficula Linnaeus, 1758 Feminine _
Blatta Linnaeus, 1758 Feminine s:
Ectobius Stephens, 1835 Masculine a
Gryllus Linnaeus, 1758 Masculine £
Periplaneta Burmeister, 1838 Feminine re
Pediculus Linnaeus, 1758 Masculine ‘-
Phthirus Leach, 1815 Masculine e
Pulex Linnaeus, 1758 Masculine Ly
148 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
Gender ** Opinion’? in
proposed which name
to be assigned specified in Col. |
to name speci- was placed on
Generic Name fied in Col. 1 “* Official List ”’
(1) (2) (3)
Class Diplopoda
Polydesmus Latreille, [1802—1803] Masculine 104
Class Crustacea
Diaptomus Westwood, 1836 Masculine 104
Lepas Linnaeus, 1758 Feminine vi
Armadillidium Brandt & Neuter 104
Ratzeburg, [1831]
Oniscus Linnaeus, 1758 Masculine -
Porcellio Latreille, [1803—1804] Masculine *
Gammarus Fabricius, 1775 Masculine
Class Merostomata
Limulus Miiller (O.F.), 1785 Masculine 104
Class Trilobita
Otarion Zenker, 1833 Neuter 88
Class Arachnida
Avicularia Lamarck, 1818 Feminine 104
Dendryphantes Koch, 1837 ~ Masculine a
Dysdera Latreille, [1804] Feminine "
Latrodectus Walckenaer, 1805 Masculine 2
Segestria Latreille, [1804] Feminine Ms
Scorpio Linnaeus, 1758 Masculine es
Amblyomma Koch, 1844 Neuter 73
Argas Latreille, 1795 Masculine Es
Dermacentor Koch, 1844 Masculine ¥
Haemaphysalis Koch, 1844 Feminine
DIRECTION 40
Gender
proposed
149
** Opinion’ in
which name
to be assigned specified in Col. 1
to name speci-
Generic Name
(1)
Hyalomma Koch, 1844
Ixodes Latreille, 1795
Rhipicentor Nuttall & Warburton, 1908
Rhipicephalus Koch, 1844
Cheyletus Latreille, 1796
Chorioptes Gervais & van Beneden,
1859
Demodex Owen, 1843
Dermanyssus Dugés, 1834
Glycyphagus Hering, 1838
Psoroptes Gervais, 1841
Rhizoglyphus Claparéde, [1869]
Trombidium Fabrictus,® 1775
Sarcoptes Latreille, [1802—1803]
Spinturnix Heyden, 1826
(2)
Neuter
Masculine
Masculine
Masculine
Masculine
Masculine
Masculine
Masculine
Masculine
Masculine
Masculine
Neuter
Masculine
Feminine
was placed on
jean: Cole +* Official List”
(3)
as
2. Registration of the present application : Upon the receipt
of Mr. Hemming’s paper, the question of the gender to be assigned
to the names of genera of the Phylum Arthropoda dealt with
therein was allotted the Registered Number Z.N.(S.) 989.
II. THE DECISION TAKEN BY THE INTERNATIONAL
COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE
3. Issue of Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)29 : On 29th September
1955, a Voting Paper (V.P.(O.M.)(55)29) was issued in which
150 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
each Member of the Commission was asked (1) to state whether
he agreed “ that, in conformity with the General Directive relating
to the recording in the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology
of the gender of each name placed thereon prior to 1948, issued
to the International Commission by the Thirteenth International
Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948, the gender of the fifty-five
generic names in the Phylum Arthropoda specified in Column (2)
of Annexe 2 to the paper by the Secretary bearing the Registered
Number Z.N.(S.) 989, submitted simultaneously with the present
Voting Paper [i.e. in the corresponding column in the Annexe
numbered as above attached to the paper reproduced in the first
paragraph of the present Direction] be entered in the Official
List of Generic Names in Zoology in respect of the names enumer-
ated in the first column of the said Annexe ”’, and (2), if he did not
agree as regards any given item, to indicate that item.
4. The Prescribed Voting Period: As the foregoing Voting
Paper was issued under the One-Month Rule, the Prescribed
Voting Period closed on 29th October 1955.
5. Particulars of the Voting on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)29 :
At the close of the Prescribed Voting Period, the state of the voting
on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)29 was as follows :—
(a) Affirmative Votes had been given by the following twenty-
four (24) Commissioners (arranged in the order in which
Votes were received) :
Riley ; Boschma ; Holthuis; Vokes; Hering; Stoll ;
Prantl; Lemche; Mayr; Key; do Amaral; Esaki ;
Mertens ; Miller ; Bradley (J.C.) ; Kiihnelt ; Dymond ;
Jaczewski; Hemming; Sylvester-Bradley ; Tortonese ;
Bonnet ; Cabrera ; Hanko ;
(b) Negative Votes:
None ;
DIRECTION 40 151
(c) On Leave of Absence, one (1) :
Bodenheimer ;
(d) Voting Papers not returned :
None.
6. Declaration of Result of Vote: On 29th October 1955,
Mr. Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission, acting
as Returning Officer for the Vote taken on Voting Paper V.P.
(O.M.)(55)29, signed a Certificate that the Votes cast were as set
out in paragraph 5 above and declaring that the proposal sub-
mitted in the foregoing Voting Paper had been duly adopted and
that the decision so taken was the decision of the International
Commission in the matter aforesaid.
7. Preparation of the Ruling given in the present ‘‘ Direction ”’ :
On 22nd February 1956, Mr. Hemming prepared the Ruling
given in the present Direction and at the same time signed a
Certificate that the terms of that Ruling were in complete accord
with those of the proposal approved by the International Com-
mission in its Vote on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)29.
8. The prescribed procedures were duly complied with by the
International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in dealing
with the present case, and the present Direction is accordingly
hereby rendered in the name of the said International Com-
mission by the under-signed Francis Hemming, Secretary to the
International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, in virtue
of all and every the powers conferred upon him in that behalf.
£52 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
9. The present Direction shall be known as Direction Forty (40)
of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature.
Done in London, this Twenty-second day of February, Nine-
teen Hundred and Fifty-Six.
Secretary to the International Commission
on Zoological Nomenclature
FRANCIS HEMMING
ee
Printed in England by Metcatre & Cooper LimiTeED, 10-24 Scrutton St., London EC 2
OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
RENDERED BY THE INTER-
NATIONAL COMMISSION ON
ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE
Edited by
FRANCIS HEMMING, c.M.G., C.B.E.
Secretary to the Commission
VOLUME 1. SECTION D. Part D.6. Pp. 153—170
DIRECTION 42
Determination of the gender to be attributed to the names
of seventy-eight genera of various Classes of Invertebrates
and of six genera of the Class Urochorda placed on the
Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period
up to the end of 1936
LONDON :
Printed by Order of the International Trust for
Zoological Nomenclature
and
Sold on behalf of the International Commission on Zoological
Nomenclature by the International Trust at its Publications Office
41, Queen’s Gate, London, S.W.7
1956
Price Twelve Shillings
(All rights reserved)
_—— oe oe eS
AJ
OCT 16 1955
Nii.
\
4
1
1
1
,
)
|
S
Issued 17th September, 1956
INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON
ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE
COMPOSITION AT THE TIME OF THE ADOPTION OF THE
RULING GIVEN IN DIRECTION 42
A. The Officers of the Commission
Honorary Life President: Dr. Karl JoRDAN (British Museum (Natural History),
Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts., England)
President : Professor James Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.)
(12th August 1953)
Vice-President : Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (Sao Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953)
Secretary : Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (27th July 1948)
B. The Members of the Commission
(Arranged in order of precedence by reference to date of election or of most recent re-election
as prescribed by the International Congress of Zoology)
Professor H. BoSCHMA (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands)
(ist January 1947)
Senor Dr. Angel CABRERA (La Plata, Argentina) (27th July 1948)
Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (27th July 1948) (Secretary)
Dr; Ty ee (Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark) (27th
July 194
Professor Teiso Esaki (Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan) (17th April 1950)
Professor Pierre BONNET (Université de Toulouse, France) (9th June 1950)
Mr. Norman Denbigh RILEY (British Museum (Natural History), London) (9th June 1950)
Professor Tadeusz JACZEWSKI (Unstitute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw,
Poland) (15th June 1950)
Professor Robert MERTENS (Natur-Museum u. Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg, Frankfurt
a.M., Germany) (Sth July 1950)
Professor Erich Martin HERING (Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universitat zu
Berlin, Germany) (Sth July 1950)
Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (S. Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) (Vice-President)
Professor J. R. DyMoND (University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada) (12th August 1953)
Professor J. Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August
1953) (President)
Professor Harold E. Vokes (Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A.) (12th
August 1953)
Professor Béla HANKO (MezGgazdasdgi Muzeum, Budapest, Hungary) (12th August 1953)
Dr. Norman R. STOLL (Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York, N.Y.,
U.S.A.) (12th August 1953)
Mr. P. C. SYLVESTER-BRADLEY (Sheffield University, Sheffield, England) (12th August 1953)
Dr. L. B. HoLtuuis (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands)
(12th August 1953)
Dr. K. H. L. Key (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation,
Canberra, A.C.T., Australia) (15th October 1954)
Dr. Alden H. MILLER (Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, U.S.A.)
(29th October 1954)
Doc. Dr. Ferdinand PRANTL (Ndrodni Museum vy Praze, Prague, Czechoslovakia) (30th
October 1954)
Professor Dr. Wilhelm KiHNELT (Zoologisches Institut der Universitat, Vienna, Austria)
(6th November 1954)
Seen S. BODENHEIMER (The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel) (11th November
Professor Ernest MAYR (Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, Cambridge,
Massachusetts, U.S.A.) (4th December 1954)
Professor Enrico TORTONESE (Museo di Storia Naturale ‘‘ G. Doria’’, Genova, Italy)
(16th December 1954)
le ee SS ee
ee EE
——_— ee
DIRECTION 42
DETERMINATION OF THE GENDER TO BE ATTRIBUTED
TO THE NAMES OF SEVENTY-EIGHT GENERA OF
VARIOUS CLASSES OF INVERTEBRATES AND OF
SIX GENERA OF THE CLASS UROCHORDA PLACED
ON THE ‘** OFFICIAL LIST OF GENERIC NAMES
IN ZOOLOGY ” IN THE PERIOD UP TO THE
END OF 1936
RULING :—(1) The gender to be attributed to each
of the under-mentioned names of genera of the Classes
of Invertebrates severally specified below and of the
Class Urochorda which were placed on the Official List
of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end
of 1936 by the Rulings given in the Opinions specified
in each case against the generic name concerned is hereby
determined as being the masculine gender :—
(a) Class Trematoda (3 names) :
(i) Hemiurus Rudolphi, 1809 (Opinion 77) ;
(11) Gastrodiscus Cobbold, 1877 ; Heterophyes Cob-
bold, 1866 (both in Opinion 84) ;
(b) Class Cestoda (1 name) :
Echinococcus Rudolphi, 1801 (Opinion 84) ;
(c) Class Nematoda (5 names) :
(i) Dracunculus Reichard, 1759; Strongyloides
Grassi, 1879 ; Trichostrongylus Looss, 1905
(all in Opinion 66) ;
(ii) Strongylus Miiller, 1780; Syngamus Siebold,
1836 (both in Opinion 104) ;
(d) Class Nematomorpha (2 names) :
Gordius Linnaeus, 1758 ; Paragordius Camerano,
1897 (both in Opinion 66) ;
(e) Class Chaetopoda (2 names) :
(i) Lumbricus Linnaeus, 1758 (Opinion 75) ;
(ii) Enchytraeus Henle, 1837 (Opinion 104) ;
156 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
(f) Class Gastropoda (1 name) :
Limax Linnaeus, 1758 (Opinion 94) ;
(g) Class Pelecypoda (1 name) :
Mytilus Linnaeus, 1758 (Opinion 94) ;
(h) Class Cephalopoda (1 name) :
Argonauta Linnaeus, 1758 (Opinion 94) ;
(1) Class Brachiopoda (1 name) :
Spirifer Sowerby, 1816 (Opinion 100) ;
(j) Class Crinoidea (4 names) :
Bathycrinus Thomson, 1872 ; Holopus d’Orbigny,
1837 3 Metacrinus Carpenter, (1 secu
Rhizocrinus Sars, [1865] (all in Opinion 73) ;
(k) Class Urochorda (1 name):
Botryllus Gaertner, 1774 (Opinion 94).
(2) The gender to be attributed to each of the under-
mentioned names of genera of the Classes of Invertebrates
severally specified below and of the Class Urochorda
which were placed on the Official List of Generic Names
in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936 by the
Rulings given in the Opinions specified in each case
against the generic name concerned is hereby determined
as being the feminine gender :—
(a) Class Rhizopoda (2 names) :
(i) Arcella Ehrenberg, [1830] (Opinion 77) ;
(11) Lepidocyclina Giimbel, [1870] (Opinion 127) ;
(b) Class Mastigophora (1 name) :
Volvox Linnaeus, 1758 (Opinion 75) ;
(c) Class Ciliata (1 name):
Bursaria Miller, 1773 (Opinion 104) ;
(d) Class Sporozoa (1 name) :
Eimeria Schneider, 1875 (Opinion 104) ;
DIRECTION 42 LS7
(e) Class Neosporidia (1 name) :
Sarcocystis Lankester, 1882 (Opinion 104) ;
(f) Class Hydrozoa (2 names) :
(i) Hydra Linnaeus, 1758 (Opinion 77) ;
(ii) Physalia Lamarck, 1801 (Opinion 80) :
(g) Class Trematoda (1 name) :
Fasciola Linnaeus, 1758 (Opinion 84) ;
(h) Class Cestoda (7 names) :
(i) Anoplocephala Blanchard, 1848 ; Hymenolepis
Weinland, 1858 ; Moniezia Blanchard, 1891 ;
Stilesia Stiles & Hassall, 1893 (all in Opinion
Woe
(11) Davainea Blanchard & Railliet, 1891 ; Taenia
Linnaeus, 1758 (both in Opinion 84) ;
(ii) Ligula Bloch, 1782 (Opinion 104) ;
(i) Class Nematoda (4 names) :
(i) Ascaris Linnaeus, 1758 (Opinion 66) ;
(ii) Filaria Miller, 1787; Heterodera Schmidt,
1871; Rhabditis Dujardin, 1845 (all in
Opinion 104) ;
(j) Class Hirudinea (3 names) :
(i) Hirudo Linnaeus, 1758 (Opinion 75) ;
(11) Haemadipsa Tennent, 1859 ; Limnatis Moquin-
Tandon, 1827 (both in Opinion 104) ;
(k) Class Gastropoda (11 names) :
(i) Calyptraea Lamarck, 1799 ; Columbella
Lamarck, 1799; MHelix Linnaeus, 1758 ;
Physa Draparnaud, [1801]; Succinea Drapar-
naud, [1801] (all in Opinion 94) ;
(ui) Leucochila von Martens, 1860 (Opinion 115) ;
ArT 111956
158 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
(iii) Oleacina Réding, 1798; Neritina Lamarck,
1816 ; Clausilia Draparnaud, [1805] ; Vitrina
Draparnaud, [1801]; Tornatellina Pfeiffer,
1842 (all in Opinion 119) ;
(1) Class Pelecypoda (4 names) :
Anodonta Lamarck, 1799 ; Mya Linnaeus, 1758,
Teredo Linnaeus, 1758; Mactra Linnaeus,
1767 (all in Opinion 94) ;
(m) Class Cephalopoda (1 name) :
Sepia Linnaeus, 1758 (Opinion 94) ;
(n) Class Brachiopoda (1 name) :
Syringothyris Winchell, 1863 (Opinion 100) ;
(o) Class Asteroidea (1 name) :
Luidia Forbes, 1839 (Opinion 129) ;
(p) Class Holothuroidea (1 name) :
Holothuria Linnaeus, 1767 (Opinion 80) ;
(q) Class Crinoidea (1 name) :
Antedon Fréminville, 1811 (Opinion 73) ;
(r) Class Urochorda (4 names) :
Clavelina Savigny, 1816 ; Diazona Savigny, 1816 ;
Distaplia Della Valle, 1881 ; Molgula Forbes,
1848 (all in Opinion 94).
(3) The gender to be attributed to each of the under-
mentioned names of genera of the Classes of Inverte-
brates severally specified below and of the Class Uro-
chorda which were placed on the Official List of Generic
Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936
by the Rulings given in the Opinions specified in each
case against the generic name concerned is hereby
determined as being the neuter gender :—
(a) Class Mastigophora (1 name) :
Trypanosoma Gruby, 1843 (Opinion 95) ;
DIRECTION 42 159
(b) Class Anthozoa (1 name) :
Lithostrotion Fleming, 1828 (Opinion 117) ;
(c) Class Trematoda (2 names) :
(1) Schistosoma Weinland, 1858 (Opinion 77) ;
(11) Dicrocoelium Dujardin, [1844] (Opinion 84) ;
(d) Class Cestoda (2 names) :
(i) Thysanosoma Diesing, 1835 (Opinion 77) ;
(11) Dipylidium Leuckart, 1863 (Opinion 84) ;
(e) Class Nematoda (2 names) :
Ancylostoma Dubini, 1843 ; Gnathostoma Owen,
1837 (both in Opinion 66) ;
(f) Class Gastropoda (3 names) :
(1) Buccinum Linnaeus, 1758 (Opinion 94) ;
(11) Cerion Réding, 1798 (Opinion 119) ;
(i1) Agasoma Gabb, [1869] (Opinion 12) ;
(g) Class Scaphopoda (1 name) :
Dentalium Linnaeus, 1758 (Opinion 94) ;
(h) Class Pelecypoda (1 name) :
Sphaerium Scopoli, 1777 (Opinion 94) ;
(i) Class Cephalopoda (1 name) : |
Lytoceras Suess, 1865 (Opinion 130) ;
(j) Class Urochorda (1 name) :
Pyrosoma Peron, 1804 (Opinion 77).
I. THE SUBJECT MATTER OF THE PRESENT
DIRECTION?
The present Direction contains the sixth instalment of deter-
minations of the gender attributable to the names of genera
placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the
period up to the end of 1936. In all, eighty-four generic names
are dealt with in the present Direction; of these, seventy-eight
are the names of genera of Classes of invertebrates belonging to
160 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
various Phyla, other than the Phylum Arthropoda, and six are
the names of genera belonging to the Class Urochorda. The
adoption of the present Direction marks the close of the survey
of the gender to be attributed to each of the five hundred and
sixty-three names placed on the Official List up to the end of
1936 undertaken by the International Commission in compliance
with a Directive issued to it by the Thirteenth International
Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948. Of the total number of names
involved the gender attributable to five hundred and forty-six
names has now been determined by the Commission, and proposals
are now before it in the case of the remaining seventeen names.
The paper on which the present Direction is based was submitted
by the Secretary on 29th September 1955 and was as follows :—
Determination of the gender of names placed on the ‘‘ Official List of
Generic Names in Zoology ”’ in the period up to the end of 1936 :
Sixth Instalment (names of genera of Invertebrates, other
than Arthropods, and of genera of the Class Urochorda)
By FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E.
(Secretaty to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature)
This paper contains the sixth and last instalment of proposals for
the determination of the gender to be attributed to names placed on
the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology during the period up to
the end of 1936; it is concerned with genera belonging (a) to
various Invertebrate Phyla, excluding the Arthropods (which have
been dealt with in two previous Voting Papers, namely V.P.(O.M.)(55)6
and V.P.(O.M.)(55)29! and (b) to the Class Urochorda.
2. The pre-Lisbon Opinions contain Rulings placing the names of
ninety genera of the foregoing groups on the Official List. The
distribution of names by Opinions is as follows: Opinion 66: 9
names ; Opinions 73: 5 names; Opinion 75: 3 names ; Opinion 77:
10 names ; Opinion 84: 9 names ; Opinion 94: 22 names ; Opinion
104: 14 names; Opinion 119: 7 names; Opinions 80, 95 and 100:
2 names each ; Opinions 115, 117, 127, 129 and 130: one name each.
3. As in the case of the previous instalments of proposals relating
to the gender to be attributed to generic names on the Official List,
1 The decisions taken by the International Commission by its votes on the fore-
going Voting Papers have since been embodied in Direction 11 (1955, Ops.
Decls. int. Comm. zool. Nomencl. 1(C) : 15—-34) and Direction 40 (pp. 139—152
of the present Section (Section D) of Volume 1 of the present Series)
respectively.
DIRECTION 42 161
the present recommendations are based upon the Report furnished by
Mr. F. J. Lelievre (at that time of the Classical Language Department
of Bedford College, London University). Also, current checklists,
catalogues and monographs have been consulted to ascertain whether
the genders now proposed to be assigned to the names in question are
those currently used by specialists in the various groups. Finally,
drafts of the relevant portions of the list now submitted as Annexe 2
to this paper were sent to various specialists for comment. The
Commission is much indebted to the following specialists for their
co-operation in this matter :—
Dr. Ellsworth C. Dougherty (University of California) (Protozoa,
Trematoda, Cestoda and Nematoda)
Dr. W. J. Rees, D.Sc. (British Museum (Natural History))
(Coelenterata)
Mr. N. Tebble, B.Sc. (British Museum (Natural History)) (Hirudinea)
Mr. R. V. Melville, M.Sc. (Geological Survey & Museum, London)
(Cephalopoda)
Dr. L. Bairstow, M.A., Ph.D. (British Museum (Natural History))
(Cephalopoda)
4. Of the ninety names concerned, the gender attributable to five
has already been dealt with. These are Necator Stiles, 1903 (Opinion
201) ; Endamoeba Leidy, 1879 (Opinion 312); Plasmodium Marchiafava
& Celli, 1885 and Laverania Feletti & Grassi, 1889 (Opinion 283) ;
Ostrea Linnaeus, 1758 (Opinion 356).
5. In the case of one further name, Gigantorhynchus Hamann, 1892,
an application has been submitted for the use of the Plenary Powers
to vary the gender correctly attributable to it. (File Z.N.(S.) 942 ;
see Bull. Zool. Nomencl. 11 : 260—262.)
6. Proposals regarding the remaining 84 names are now placed before
the Commission. Only two of them call for special comment, namely
Argonauta Linnaeus, 1758, and Antedon Fréminville, 1811. These are
discussed in the immediately following paragraphs.
7. Argonauta: This, according to the Latin dictionaries, is a
masculine word, although it has an apparently feminine termination.
Both Mr. Melville and Dr. Bairstow have been consulted in this case
and it seems that, in spite of the fact that many authors have treated
this name as being feminine, no serious inconvenience would result
from attributing to it the correct (masculine) gender. The letters
from these specialists are reproduced in Annexe 1.
8. Antedon: This name is commonly treated as being of the
feminine gender, but doubts have been expressed as to whether this is
correct. Dr. L. W. Grensted, the Commission’s Consulting Classical
162 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
Adviser, has reported (Annexe 2) that Antedon is probably an error for
Anthedon, which is a feminine word. The likelihood that this is the
correct explanation is strengthened by the fact that Agassiz (1846,
Nomencl. Zool. Index Uniy. : 25) emended it to Anthedon. Fréminville
himself did not give any information regarding the derivation of his
new generic name, and the name of the single originally included
species (gorgonia) is a feminine noun in apposition. In these circum-
stances, and having regard to Dr. Grensted’s Report, I recommend
that the Commission should assign the feminine gender to this name.
9. As regards the remaining 82 names, in each case there appears
to be no doubt as to the gender correctly attributable, and that gender
is also the one commonly used.
10. I accordingly recommend that, in compliance with the General
Directive issued by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology,
Paris, 1948, the Commission should now render a Direction that in
respect of the seventy-eight generic names of Invertebrates and six
generic names of Urochordates specified in Annexe 3 of the present
paper, the gender to be inserted in the entry on the Official List of
Generic Names in Zoology be that shown against each name in column
(2) of the said Annexe.
11. It will, I am confident, be a source of satisfaction to the
Commission—as it is to myself as Secretary—that when it has taken
decisions on the proposals now submitted, it will have completed the
determination of the gender to be attributed to all the generic names
placed on the Official List prior to the Paris Congress of 1948, with
the exception of a small group of names as regards which special
problems arise and on which separate proposals have been, or shortly
will be, submitted for decision. The taking of these decisions marks
an important stage in the preparations needed before the urgently
awaited volume containing particulars of all names so far placed on the
Official Lists and Official Indexes can be sent to the printer for
publication.
ANNEXE 1
The gender attributable to the generic name ‘‘ Argonauta ’’ Linnaeus,
(a) Extract from a letter from R. V. Melville, M.Sc. (Geological Survey
and Museum, London), dated 10th January 1955
Argonauta is obviously more difficult, since it is a masculine noun
with an apparently feminine ending. I have looked it up in Sherborn’s
Index Animalium and find (apart from nouns in apposition, e.g. argo,
patronymics in the genitive, e.g. sismondai, and adjectives with
indifferent endings, e.g. hians) five feminine and one masculine specific
names in the 1758—1800 section, where ten names are listed ; and in the
DIRECTION 42 163
1801—1850 section, eleven feminine and five masculine out of 26
specific names. On this basis usage is clearly in favour of a feminine
gender. On balance, I consider that the correct (masculine) gender
should be accepted for the name Argonauta.
(b) Letter from L. Bairstow, M.A., Ph.D. (British Museum (Natural
History), London), dated 14th January 1955
I see from a Latin dictionary that nauta -ae and Argonautae -arum
are masculine ; thus these entries confirm the claim that the correct
gender of Argonauta is indeed masculine.
Nevertheless, Argonauta has customarily been treated as feminine.
Of specific names that have been used in combination with Argonauta,
those that are adjectives have been employed with feminine terminations
in the great majority of instances. Most of the comparatively few
instances of their employment with masculine terminations occurred
between the years 1790 and 1830.
However, though the species of Argonauta have been known by many
different names, the number of well-established species at present
recognised is not great—perhaps half a dozen Recent species and a few
fossil ones. Moreover, of the currently accepted names for these
species, most would not be affected by correction of the gender of
Argonauta : argo is a noun in apposition ; béttgeri, nowryi, sismondae
and yoshiwarae are nouns in the genitive; johanneus is already
masculine in termination; and hians would presumably remain
unchanged. The only currently important names needing change of
termination would be cornuta and nodosa, though certain other names
might need alteration if certain species of uncertain status, or that
are now considered synonyms, were valued more highly by some future
reviser.
I do not see that it need cause much confusion or inconvenience if
the correct (masculine) gender were to be attributed to Argonauta
on the Official List. My own view is that the correction should receive
official endorsement.
ANNEXE 2
The gender attributable to the generic name ‘‘ Antedon ’’ Fréminville,
1811
Extract from a letter from L. W. Grensted dated 12th July 1955
Antedon : As this name stands, in Latin, the gender is quite obscure.
The word as it stands has no direct derivation, but being a name, with
a Greek look about it, would probably be masculine and might be
164 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
feminine. But I suspect that Fréminville wrote Antedon for Anthedon,
which is found both in Greek and Latin in two meanings, as the name
of a plant and as a town in Boeotia with mythological associations. In
both senses Anthedon is feminine, and I suspect that this is the reason
why Antedon has normally been regarded as feminine. I think this
usage might stand, in view of this probable derivation—but probably
it should be confirmed, and the reason given. I do not know whether
Fréminville did anything to determine either the gender or the
derivation.
ANNEXE 3
Gender proposed to be inscribed in the ‘* Official List of Generic Names
in Zoology ’’ in respect of the names of seventy-seven genera
belonging to various Invertebrate Phyla and of the names of
six genera belonging to the Class Urochorda
Gender ** Opinion”? in
- proposed which name
to be assigned specified in Col. |
to name speci- was placed on
Generic Name fied in Col. 1 * Official List
(1) (2) (3)
Class Rhizopoda
Arcella Ehrenberg, [1830] Feminine ae
Lepidocyclina Giimbel, [1870] Feminine 127
Class Mastigophora
Volvox Linnaeus, 1758 Feminine 75
Trypanosoma Gruby, 1843 Neuter 95
Class Ciliata
Bursaria Miller, 1773 Feminine 104
Class Sporozoa
Eimeria Schneider, 1875 Feminine 104
Class Neosporidia
Sarcocystis Lankester, 1882 Feminine 104
Class Anthozoa
Lithostrotion Fleming, 1828 Neuter Ly
Class Hydrozoa
Hydra Linnaeus, 1758 Feminine yh
Phyvsalia Lamarck, 1801 Feminine 80
DIRECTION 42 165
Gender
proposed
to be assigned
to name speci-
** Opinion” in
which name
specified in Col. 1
was placed on
Generic Name fied in Col. 1 - Ofrcial. List:
(2) (3)
Class Trematoda
Hemiurus Rudolphi, 1809 Masculine eh
Schistosoma Weinland, 1858 Neuter »
Dicrocoelium Dujardin, [1844] Neuter 84
Fasciola Linnaeus, 1758 Feminine fs
Gastrodiscus Cobbold, 1877 Masculine i.
Hezterophyes Cobbold, 1866 Masculine 35
Class Cestoda
Anoplocephala Blanchard, 1848 Feminine TY
Hymenolepis Weinland, 1858 Feminine hs
Moniezia Blanchard, 1891 Feminine 5
Stilesia Stiles & Hassall, 1893 Feminine ¥
Thysanosoma Diesing, 1835 Neuter a
Davainea Blanchard & Railliet, 1891 Feminine 84
Dipylidium Leuckart, 1863 Neuter f
Echinococcus Rudolphi, 1801 Masculine *.
Taenia Linnaeus, 1758 Feminine at
Ligula Bloch, 1782 Feminine 104
Class Nematoda
Ancylostoma Dubini, 1843 Neuter 66
Ascaris Linnaeus, 1758 Feminine os
Dracunculus Reichard, 1759 Masculine -
Gnathostoma Owen, 1837 Neuter of
Strongyloides Grassi, 1879 Masculine ef
Trichostrongylus Looss, 1905 Masculine ,
Filaria Miller, 1787 Feminine 104
Heterodera Schmidt, 1871 Feminine be
Rhabditis Dujardin, 1845 Feminine e
Strongylus Miiller, 1780 Masculine A
Syngamus Siebold, 1836 Masculine ,
Class Hirudinea
Hirudo Linnaeus, 1758 Feminine 75
Haemadipsa Tennent, 1859 Feminine 104
Limnatis Moquin-Tandon, 1827 Feminine “a
Class Nematomorpha
Gordius Linnaeus, 1758 Masculine 66
Paragordius Camerano, 1897 Masculine he
166 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
Gender
proposed
to be assigned
to name speci-
** Opinion” in
which name
specified in Col. 1
was placed on
Generic Name fied in Col. 1 ** Official List”
(1) (2) (3)
Class Chaetopoda
Lumbricus Linnaeus, 1758 Masculine 2D
Enchytraeus Henle, 1837 Masculine 104
Class Gastropoda
Buccinum Linnaeus, 1758 Neuter 94
Calyptraea Lamarck, 1799 Feminine 2
Columbella Lamarck, 1799 Feminine x
Helix Linnaeus, 1758 Feminine
Limax Linnaeus, 1758 Masculine oe
Physa Draparnaud, [1801] Feminine ts
Succinea Draparnaud, [1801] Feminine ms
Leucochila von Martens, 1860 Feminine tr
Cerion Réding, 1798 Neuter 119
Oleacina Réding, 1798 Feminine pa
Neritina Lamarck, 1816 Feminine +
Clausilia Draparnaud, [1805] Feminine xs
Vitrina Draparnaud, [1801] Feminine %
Tornatellina Pfeiffer, 1842 Feminine Fs
Agasoma Gabb, [1869] Neuter 121
Class Scaphopoda
Dentalium Linnaeus, 1758 Neuter 94
Class Pelecypoda
Anodonta Lamarck, 1799 Feminine 94
Mya Linnaeus, 1758 Feminine Ne
Mytilus Linnaeus, 1758 Masculine ms
Sphaerium Scopoli, 1777 Neuter "
Teredo Linnaeus, 1758 Feminine M:
Mactra Linnaeus, 1767 Feminine *
Class Cephalopoda
Argonauta Linnaeus, 1758 Masculine 94
Sepia Linnaeus, 1758 Feminine Hs
Lytoceras Suess, 1865 Neuter 130
Class Brachiopoda
Spirifer Sowerby, 1816 Masculine 100
Syringothyris Winchell, 1863 Feminine oz
DIRECTION 42 167
Gender ** Opinion ”’ in
proposed which name
to be assigned specified in Col. 1
to name speci- was placed on
Generic Name fied in Col.1 “ Official List ”’
I (2) (3)
Class Asteroidea
Luidia Forbes, 1839 Feminine 129
Class Holothuroidea
Holothuria Linnaeus, 1767 Feminine 80
Class Crinoidea
Antedon Fréminville, 1811 Feminine 73
Bathycrinus Thomson, 1872 Masculine e
Holopus d@’Orbigny, 1837 Masculine a
Metacrinus Carpenter, 1882 Masculine ~
Rhizocrinus Sars, [1865] Masculine ¥:
Class Urochorda
Pyrosoma Peron, 1804 Neuter vt
Botryllus Gaertner, 1774 Masculine 94
Clavelina Savigny, 1816 Feminine es
Diazona Savigny, 1816 Feminine ef
Distaplia Della Valle, 1881 Feminine i
Molgula Forbes, 1848 Feminine es
2. Registration of the present application : Upon the receipt of
Mr. Hemming’s paper, the question of the gender to be assigned
to the names of genera of invertebrates and Urochorda previously
placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology was
allotted the Registered Number Z.N.(S.) 991.
Il. THE DECISION TAKEN BY THE INTERNATIONAL
COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE
3. Issue of Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)30 : On 29th September
1955, a Voting Paper (V.P.(O.M.)(55)30) was issued in which
168 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
each Member of the Commission was asked (1) to state whether
he agreed that, “‘in conformity with the General Directive
relating to the recording in the Official List of Generic Names in
Zoology of the gender of each name placed thereon prior to
1948, issued to the International Commission on Zoological
Nomenclature by the Thirteenth International Congress of
Zoology, Paris, 1948, the gender of the seventy-eight generic names
of invertebrates and of the six generic names in the Class
Urochorda specified in Column (2) of Annexe 3 of the paper
bearing the Registered Number Z.N.(S.) 991 by the Secretary
submitted simultaneously with the present Voting Paper [i.e.
in column (2) of Annexe 3 of the paper reproduced in the first
paragraph of the present Direction] be entered in the foregoing
Official List in respect of the names enumerated in the first
column of the said Annexe ”’ and, if he did not so agree as regards
any given item, to indicate that item.
4. The Prescribed Voting Period: As the foregoing Voting
Paper was issued under the One-Month Rule, the Prescribed
Voting Period closed on 29th October 1955.
5. Particulars of the Voting on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)30 :
At the close of the Prescribed Voting Period, the state of the
voting on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)30 was as follows :—
(a) Affirmative Votes had been given by the following twenty-four
(24) Commissioners (arranged in the order in which Votes
were received) :
Riley ; Boschma; Holthuis; Vokes; Hering; Stoll ;
Prantl; Lemche; Mayr; Key; do Amaral; Esaki ;
Mertens ; Miller ; Bradley (J.C.) ; Kiihnelt ; Dymond ;
Jaczewski ; Hemming; Sylvester-Bradley ; Tortonese ;
Bonnet ; Cabrera ; Hanko ;
DIRECTION 42 169
(b) Negative Votes :
None ;
(c) On Leave of Absence, one (1) :
Bodenheimer ;
(d) Voting Papers not returned :
None.
6. Declaration of Result of Vote: On 2lst November 1955,
Mr. Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission, acting
as Returning Officer for the Vote taken on Voting Paper
V.P.(O.M.)(55)30, signed a Certificate that the Votes cast were as
set out in paragraph 5 above and declaring that the proposal
submitted in the foregoing Voting Paper had been duly adopted
and that the decision so taken was the decision of the International
Commission in the matter aforesaid.
7. Preparation of the Ruling given in the present ‘‘ Direction ”’ :
On 24th February 1956 Mr. Hemming prepared the Ruling given
in the present Direction and at the same time signed a Certificate
that the terms of that Ruling were in complete accord with those
of the proposal approved by the International Commission in its
Vote on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)30.
8. The prescribed procedures were duly complied with by the
International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in
dealing with the present case, and the present Direction is
accordingly hereby rendered in the name of the said International
Commission by the under-signed Francis Hemming, Secretary
to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature,
in virtue of all and every the powers conferred upon him in that
behalf.
170 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
9. The present Direction shall be known as Direction Forty-Two
(42) of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature.
Done in London, this Twenty-Fourth day of February, Nineteen
Hundred and Fifty-Six.
Secretary to the International Commission
on Zoological Nomenclature
FRANCIS HEMM ING
Note to Subscribers
The reason why the present Part, containing Direction 42, follows
immediately after a Part containing Direction 40, is that the inter-
vening Direction (Direction 41) is concerned with the addition to the
Official List of Family-Group Names in Zoology of names of that
category based upon generic names dealt with in Opinions comprised
in Volume 11 of the present Series. Direction 41 was published in the
above volume on 17th May 1956 (Ops. Decls. int. Comm. Zool. Nomencl.
11 : 431—452).
Printed in England by MrercaLFe & CooprEer LimiTeED. 10-24 Scrutton St.. London E C 2
OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
RENDERED BY THE INTER-
NATIONAL COMMISSION ON
ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE
Edited by
FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E.
Secretary to the Commission
VOLUME 1. SECTION D. Part D.7. Pp. 171—210
DIRECTION 43
Addition to the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology
(a) of the specific names of the type species of seventy-
three genera in the Class Aves, the names of which were
placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology
in the period up to the end of 1936 and (b) of twelve
specific names which are currently regarded as senior
subjective synonyms of such names
LONDON :
Printed by Order of the International Trust for
Zoological Nomenclature
and
Sold on behalf of the International Commission on Zoological
Nomenclature by the International Trust at its Publications Office
41, Queen’s Gate, London, S.W.7
1956
Price Twenty-Six Shillings
(All rights reserved)
Issued 19th October, 1956
f
INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON
ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE
COMPOSITION AT THE TIME OF THE ADOPTION OF THE
RULING GIVEN IN DIRECTION 43
A. The Officers of the Commission
Honorary Life President: Dr. Karl JoRDAN (British Museum (Natural History),
Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts., England)
President : Professor James Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.)
(12th August 1953)
Vice-President : Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (Sao Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953)
Secretary : Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (27th July 1948)
B. The Members of the Commission
(arranged in order of precedence by reference to date of election or of most recent re-election
as prescribed by the International Congress of Zoology)
Professor H. BoscHMA (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands)
(1st January 1947) ;
Senor Dr. Angel CABRERA (La Plata, Argentina) (27th July 1948)
Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (27th July 1948) (Secretary)
Dr Sar pe waa (Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark) (27th
July 194
Professor Teiso Esaki (Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan) (17th April 1950)
Professor Pierre BONNET (Université de Toulouse, France) (9th June 1950)
Mr. Norman Denbigh RuiLey (British Museum (Natural History), London) (9th June 1950)
Professor Tadeusz JACZEWSKI (Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw,
Poland) (15th June 1950)
Professor Robert MERTENS (Natur-Museum u. Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg, Frankfurt
a.M., Germany) (Sth July 1950)
Professor Erich Martin HERING (Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universitdt zu
Berlin, Germany) (5th July 1950)
Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (S. Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) (Vice-President)
Professor J. R. DyMonD (University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada) (12th August 1953)
Professor J. Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August
1953) (President)
Professor Harold E. VoKEs (Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A.) (12th
August 1953)
Professor Béla HANK6 (Mezégazdasdgi Muzeum, Budapest, Hungary) (12th August 1953)
Dr. Norman R. SToL. (Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York, N.Y.,
U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) a
Mr. P. C. SYLVESTER-BRADLEY (Sheffield University, Sheffield, England) (12th August 1953)
Dr. L. B. HoxttHuis (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands)
(12th August 1953)
Dr. K. H. L. Key (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation,
Canberra, A.C.T., Australia) (15th October 1954)
Dr. Alden H. MILLER (Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, U.S.A.)
(29th October 1954)
Doc. Dr. Ferninand PRANTL (Ndrodni Museum V Praze, Prague, Czechoslovakia) (30th
October 1954)
Professor Dr. Wilhelm KiiHNELT (Zoologisches Institut der Universitat, Vienna, Austria)
(6th November 1954)
Professor F. §. BODENHEIMER (The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel) (11th November
4
)
Professor Ernst MAYR (Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, Cambridge,
Massachusetts, U.S.A.) (4th December 1954)
Professor Enrico TORTONESE (Museo di Storia Naturale ‘“‘ G. Doria”’’, Genova, Italy)
(16th December 1954)
DIRECTION 43
ADDITION TO THE ‘* OFFICIAL LIST OF SPECIFIC
NAMES IN ZOOLOGY ”’ (a) OF THE SPECIFIC NAMES
OF THE TYPE SPECIES OF SEVENTY-THREE
GENERA IN THE CLASS AVES, THE NAMES OF
WHICH WERE PLACED ON THE “ OFFICIAL
LIST OF GENERIC NAMES IN ZOOLOGY ”’
IN THE PERIOD UP TO THE END OF 1936
AND (b) OF TWELVE SPECIFIC NAMES
WHICH ARE CURRENTLY REGARDED
AS SENIOR SUBJECTIVE SYNONYMS
OF SUCH NAMES
RULING:—(1) The under-mentioned specific names
of species in the Class Aves, each of which is the type
species of a genus, the name of which was placed
on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the
period up to the end of 1936 by the Ruling given in
Opinion 67, are hereby placed on the Official List of
Specific Names in Zoology with the Name Numbers
severally specified against the names in question:—
7) vulturina Hardwicke, 1834, as published in the com-
bination Numida vulturina (specific name of type
species of Acryllium Gray (G.R.), 1840) (Name
No. 950);
(2) occidentalis Lawrence, 1858, as published in the
combination Podiceps occidentalis (specific name
of type species of Aechmophorus Coues, 1862)
(Name No. 951);
(3) maximus Geoffroy, 1850, as published in the com-
bination Aepyornis maximus (specific name of
type species of Aepyornis Geoffroy, 1850) (Name
No. 952);
WNY |
A iQtes&
174 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
(4) sponsa Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combina-
tion Anas sponsa (specific name of type species
of Aix Boie, 1828) (Name No. 953);
(5) arvensis Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the com-
bination Alauda arvensis (specific name of type
species of Alauda Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No.
954);
(6) narina Stephens, 1815, as published in the com-
bination Trogon narina (specific name of type
species of Apaloderma Swainson, 1833) (Name
No, 955);
(7) patagonica Miller, 1778, as published in the com-
bination Aptenodytes patagonica (specific name
of type species of Aptenodytes Miller, 1778)
(Name No. 956);
(8) australis Shaw, 1813, as published in the com-
bination Apteryx australis (specific name of type
species of Apteryx Shaw, 1813) (Name No. 957);
(9) scolopacea Gmelin, 1788, as published in the com-
bination Ardea scolopacea (specific name of type
species of Aramus Vieillot, 1816) (Name No.
958);
(10) cinerea Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the com-
bination Ardea cinerea (specific name of type
species of Ardea Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No.
959);
(11) nigra Gmelin, 1788, as published in the combina-
tion Paradisea [sic] nigra (specific name of type
species of Astrapia Vieillot, 1816) (Name No.
960);
(12) sulcatus Swainson, 1820, as published in the com-
bination Pteroglossus sulcatus (specific name of
type species of Aulacorhynchus Gould, 1834)
(Name No. 961);
DIRECTION 43 175
(13) auritus Gray (J.E.), 1829, as published in the com-
bination Podargus auritus (specific name of type
species of Batrachostomus Gould, 1838) (Name
No. 962);
(14) pyrrhopterus Latham, 1801, as published in the
combination Psittacus pyrrhopterus (specific name
of type species of Brotogeris Vigors, 1825) (Name
No. 963);
(15) moschata Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the
combination Anas moschata (specific name of
type species of Cairina Fleming, 1822) (Name
No. 964);
(16) niger Miller (P.L.S.), [1776], as published in the
combination Bucco niger (specific name of type
species of Capito Vieillot, 1816) (Name No. 965);
(17) aura Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combina-
tion Vultur aura (specific name of type species of
Cathartes Illiger, 1811) (Name No. 966);
(18) urophasianus Bonaparte, 1827, as published in the
combination Tetrao urophasianus (specific name
of type species of Centrocercus Swainson, 1832)
(Name No. 967);
(19) ornatus Geoffroy, 1809, as published in the com-
bination Cephalopterus ornatus (specific name of
type species of Cephalopterus Geoffroy, 1809)
(Name No. 968);
(20) novae-hollandiae Latham, 1801, as published in the
combination Cereopsis novae-hollandiae (specific
name of type species of Cereopsis Latham, 1801)
(Name No. 969);
(21) chavaria Linnaeus, 1766, as published in the com-
bination Parra chavaria (specific name of type
species of Chauna Illiger, 1811) (Name No. 970);
176 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
(22) pictus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the com-
bination Phasianus pictus (specific name of type
species of Chrysolophus Gray (J.E.), [1833—34])
(Name No. 971);
(23) regia Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combina-
tion Paradisaea regia (specific name of type
species of Cicinnurus Vieillot, 1816) (Name No.
972);
(24) glandarius Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the com-
bination Cuculus glandarius (specific name of
type species of Clamator Kaup, 1829) (Name No.
973);
b)
(25) americanus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the
combination Cuculus americanus (specific name
of type species of Coccyzus Vieillot, 1816) (Name
No. 974);
(26) flaveola Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the com-
bination Certhia flaveola (specific name of type
species of Coereba Vieillot, 1807) (Name No.
OID);
(27) auratus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the com-
bination Cuculus auratus (specific name of type
species of Colaptes Swainson, 1825 (Name No.
976);
(28) ani Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combina-
tion Crotophaga ani (specific name of type species’
of Crotophaga Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 977);
(29) exulans Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the com-
bination Diomedea exulans (specific name of type
species of Diomedea Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No.
978);
(30) ardeola Paykull, 1805, as published in the combina-
tion Dromas ardeola (specific name of type species
of Dromas Paykull, 1805) (Name No. 979);
DIRECTION 43 Pay
(31) garzetta Linnaeus, 1766, as published in the com-
bination Ardea garzetta (specific name of type
species of Egretta Forster, 1817) (Name No. 980);
(32) javanicus Horsfield, 1821, as published in the com-
bination Eurylaimus javanicus (specific name of
type species of Eurylaimus Horsfield, 1821)
(Name No. 981);
(33) helias Pallas, 1781, as published in the combina-
tion Ardea helias (specific name of type species of
Eurypyga Illiger, 1811) (Name No. 982);
(34) glacialis Linnaeus, 1761, as published in the com-
bination Procellaria glacialis (specific name of
type species of Fulmarus Stephens, 1826) (Name
No. 983);
(35) swainsonii Vigors, 1825, as published in the com-
bination Gampsonyx swainsonii (specific name of
type species of Gampsonyx Vigors, 1825) (Name
No. 984);
(36) ostralegus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the com-
bination Haematopus ostralegus (specific name
of type species of Haematopus Linnaeus, 1758)
(Name No. 985);
(37) struthersii Vigors, [1832], as published in the com-
bination /bidorhyncha struthersii (specific name
of type species of Ibidorhyncha Vigors, [1832])
(Name No. 986);
(38) torquilla Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the com-
bination Jynx torquilla (specific name of type
species of Jynx Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 987);
(39) excubitor Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the com-
bination Lanius excubitor (specific name of type
Be). of Lanius Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No.
178 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
(40) violacea Isert, 1789, as published in the combination
Musophaga violacea (specific name of type species
of Musophaga Isert, 1789) (Name No. 989);
(41) mantellii Owen, 1848, as published in the combina-
tion Notornis mantellii (specific name of type
species of Notornis Owen, 1848) (Name No. 990);
(42) meleagris Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the com-
bination Phasianus meleagris (specific name of
type species of Numida Linnaeus, 1764) (Name
No. 991);
(43) pectoralis Latham, 1801, as published in the com-
bination Muscicapa pectoralis (specific name
of type species of Pachycephala Vigors, 1825)
(Name No. 992);
(44) sefilata Forster, 1781, as published in the com-
bination Paradisea [sic] sefilata (specific name of
type species of Parotia Vieillot, 1816) (Name No.
093);
?
(45) major Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the com-
bination Parus major (specific name of type
species of Parus Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 994);
(46) aethereus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the com-
bination Phaethon aethereus (specific name of type
species of Phaethon Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No.
Doak
(47) mocinno de la Llave, 1832, as published in the com-
bination Pharomachrus mocinno (specific name
of type species of Pharomachrus de la Llave, 1832)
(Name No. 996);
(48) ruber Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combina-
tion Phoenicopterus ruber (specific name of type
species of Phoenicopterus Linnaeus, 1758) (Name
No. 997);
DIRECTION 43 179
(49) leucorodia Linnaéus, 1758, as published in the com-
bination Platalea leucorodia (specific name of type
species of Platalea Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No.
998);
(50) porzana Linnaeus, 1766, as published in the com-
bination Rallus porzana (specific name of type
species of Porzana Vieillot, 1816) (Name No.
999);
(51) erithacus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the com-
bination Psittacus erithacus (specific name of
type species of Psittacus Linnaeus, 1758) (Name
No. 1000);
(52) crepitans Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the com-
bination Psophia crepitans (specific name of type
species of Psophia Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No.
1001);
(53) aracari Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the com-
bination Ramphastos aracari (specific name of
type species of Pteroglossus Illiger, 1811) (Name
No. 1002);
(54) paradiseus Swainson, 1825, as published in the
combination Ptiloris paradiseus (specific name of
type species of Ptiloris Swainson, 1825) (Name
No. 1003);
(55) aquaticus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the com-
bination Rallus aquaticus (specific name of type
species of Rallus Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No.
1004);
(56) avosetta Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the com-
bination Recurvirostra avosetta (specific name of
type species of Recurvirostra Linnaeus, 1758)
(Name No. 1005);
180 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
(57) chrysocephala Lewin, 1808, as published in the
combination Meliphaga chrysocephala (specific
name of type species of Sericulus Swainson, 1825)
(Name No. 1006);
(58) europaea Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the com-
bination Sitta europeaea (specific name of type
species of Sitta Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No.
1007);
(59) abdimii Lichtenstein, 1823, as published in the
combination Ciconia abdimii (specific name of
type species of Sphenorynchus Lichtenstein, 1823)
(Name No. 1008);
(60) habroptilus Gray (G.R.), 1845, as published in the
combination Strigops habroptilus (specific name
of type species of Strigops Gray (G.R.), 1845)
(Name No. 1009);
(61) magna Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the com-
bination Alauda magna (specific name of type
species of Sturnella Vieillot, 1816) (Name No.
1010);
(62) vulgaris Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the com-
bination Sturnus vulgaris (specific name of type
species of Sturnus Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No.
1011);
(63) paradoxa Pallas, 1773, as published in the com-.
bination Tetrao paradoxa (specific name of type
species of Syrrhaptes Uliger, 1811) (Name No. —
1012); |
(64) rufa Boddaert, 1783, as published in the combina-
tion Tanagra rufa (specific name of type species
of Tachyphonus Vieillot, 1816) (Name No. 1013);
(65) doliatus Linnaeus, 1764,.as published in the com-
bination Lanius doliatus (specific name of type
species of T; bai Vieillot, 1816) (Name No.
1014);
DIRECTION 43 181
(66) chimaera Rothschild, 1895, as published in the
combination Uratelornis chimaera (specific name
of type species of Uratelornis Rothschild, 1895)
(Name No. 1015).
(2) It is hereby ruled that under the provisions of
Declaration 21 the type species of each of the under-
mentioned nominal genera is the nominal species specified
below, that nominal species being objectively identical
with the later-established nominal species cited by the
author of the generic name concerned :—
(1) The type species of Coturnix Bonnaterre, 1790, is
Tetrao coturnix Linnaeus, 1758, and not the
later-established nominal species Coturnix com-
munis Bonnaterre, 1791.
(2) The type of Eurynorhynchus Nilsson, 1821, is
Platalea pygmaea Linnaeus, 1758, and not the
later-established nominal species Eurynorhynchus
griseus Nilsson, 1821.
(3) The type species of Heliornis Bonnaterre, 1790, is
Colymbus fulica Boddaert, 1783, and not the
later-established nominal species Heliornis fuli-
carius Bonnaterre, 1790.
(4) The type species of Manucodia Boddaert, 1783, is
: Paradisea [sic] chalybata Forster, 1781, and not
the later-established nominal species Manucodia
chalybea Boddert, 1783.
(5) The type species of Oriolus Linnaeus, 1766, is
Coracias oriolus Linnaeus, 1758, and not the
later-established nominal species Oriolus galbula
Linnaeus, 1766.
(6) The type species of Pandion Savigny, 1809, is Falco
haliaetus Linnaeus, 1758, and not the later-
established nominal species Pandion fluvialis
Savigny, 1809.
182 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
(7) The type species of Polyplectron Temminck, 1807,
is Pavo bicalcaratus Linnaeus, 1758, and not
the later-established nominal species Polyplectron
argus Temminck, 1807.
(3) The under-mentioned specific names, each of which
is the name of a nominal species which, as specified in (2)
above, is, under Declaration 21, the type species of a
genus in the Class Aves, the name of which was placed
on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the
period up to the end of 1936 by the Ruling given in
Opinion 67, are hereby placed on the Official List of
Specific Names in Zoology with the Name Numbers
severally specified against the names in question:—
(1) coturnix Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the com-
bination Tetrao coturnix (specific name of type
species of Coturnix Bonnaterre, 1790) (Name No.
1016);
(2) pygmaea Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the com-
bination Platalea pygmaea (specific name of type
species of Eurynorhynchus Nilsson, 1821) (Name
No. 1017);
(3) fulica Boddaert, 1783, as published in the com-
bination Colymbus fulica (specific name of
type species of Heliornis Bonnaterre, 1790) (Name
No. 1018);
(4) chalybata Forster, 1781, as published in the com-
bination Paradisea [sic] chalybata (specific name
of type species of Manucodia Boddaert, 1783)
(Name No. 1019);
(5) oriolus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the com-
bination Coracias oriolus (specific name of type
species of Oriolus Linnaeus, 1766) (Name No.
1020);
(6) haliaetus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the com-
bination Falco haliaetus (specific name of type
species of Pandion Savigny, 1809) (Name No.
1021);
DIRECTION 43 183
(7) bicalcaratus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the
combination Pavo bicalcaratus (specific name of
type species of Polyplectron Temminck, 1807)
(Name No. 1022).
(4) The under-mentioned specific names are hereby
placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology
with the Name Numbers severally specified below:—
(1) tiphia Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combina-
tion Motacilla tiphia (Name No. 1023);
(2) cristatus Shaw in White, [August] 1790, as published
in the combination Caprimulgus cristatus (Name
No. 1024);
(3) nitidus Latham, 1790, as published in the combina-
tion Falco nitidus (Name No. 1025);
(4) caeruleus Desfontaines, [1789], as published in the
combination Falco caeruleus (Name No. 1026);
(5) cristata Pallas, 1764, as published in the combina-
tion Columba cristata (Name No. 1027);
(6) albicilla Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the com-
bination Falco albicilla (Name No. 1028);
(7) indus Boddaert, 1783, as published in the com-
bination Falco indus (Name No. 1029);
(8) militaris Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the com-
bination Emberiza militaris (Name No. 1030);
(9) hoazin Miiller (P.L.S.), [1776], as published in the
combination Phasianus hoazin (Name No. 1031);
(10) wallicus Kerr, 1792, as published in the combina-
tion Psittacus wallicus (Name No. 1032);
184 OPINIONS AND: DECLARATIONS
(11) elegans Gmelin (J.F.), 1788, as published in the
combination Psittacus elegans (Name No. 1033);
(12) nigricephala Jameson, 1835, as published in the com-
bination Tanagra nigricephala (Name No. 1034).
I THE SUBJECT MATTER OF THE PRESENT
‘DIRECTION ”
The present Direction has been prepared under a General
Directive issued to the International Commission on Zoological
Nomenclature by the Thirteenth International Congress of
Zoology, Paris, 1948, that the specific name of the type species
of each genus, the name of which was placed on the Official
List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the close of
1936, be inscribed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology
except where that name is not the oldest available name for the
species concerned, in which case the oldest available name,
whatever it may be, shall be so inscribed. The present Direction,
which is the third dealing with this group of cases, is concerned
with the specific names of the type genera of birds. The total
number of such names placed on the Official List during the
foregoing period amounted to one hundred and three. Of these
the specific names of the type species of four genera (Campephaga ;
Colluricincla ; Neophron; Struthio)' have been placed on the
Official List in Opinions in which these names arose incidentally,
the opportunity so presented being taken to comply with the
General Directive referred to above. In five cases (Balaeniceps ;
Burhinus ; Ectopistes ; Gallinago ; Oedicnemus)' it was found
necessary to submit separate proposals to the Commission and
in the Directions rendered by the Commission in these cases the
specific names of the type species of the genera concerned were
placed on the Official List. In addition there are cases pending
regarding the following nine generic names placed on the Official
List in the period up to the end of 1936: Anas ; Bubo ; Circaetus ;
Grus! ; Gypaetus ; Nyctea; Surnia ; Trichoglossus ; Vireo)’. In
these cases also it has been considered that the question of the
i | ee) ee
‘1 Particulars of the action already taken or now in hand in regard to these
generic names are given in the Appendix attached to the present Direction.
DIRECTION 43 185
action to be taken to comply with the General Directive here under
discussion can most conveniently be deferred until decisions
are taken by the Commission in regard to the other problems.
arising in connection with these names. When account is taken of
the foregoing exceptions there remain eighty-five names which
require to be considered in connection with the General Directive
issued by the Paris Congress. An examination of these cases
shows that in sixty-six cases the name cited for the type species
of the genus concerned by the original author of the generic
name is the oldest available name for that species. In seven other
cases the name cited by the author of the generic name is a junior
objective synonym of another name and in these cases it is the
senior objective synonym which under Declaration 21 becomes
the name of the type species and the name which, as the oldest
available name, requires to be placed on the Official List of
Specific Names in Zoology. In the remaining twelve cases the
specific name of the type species of the genus concerned is a
junior subjective synonym of some older name. In these cases
it is the specific name which is the senior subjective synonym
and not the specific name of the type species itself which requires
to be placed on the Official List. The decisions taken by the
Commission in regard to each of the foregoing classes of case
are dealt with in the present Direction.
2. The proposals which formed the basis of the decisions
embodied in the present Direction were submitted to the
Commission by the pecretanys in | the folllowing paper on 12th
October 1955 :—
Proposed addition to the ‘‘ Official List of Specific Names in Zoology ’*
of the specific names of the type species of seventy-five genera in the
Class Aves, the names of which were placed on the ‘‘ Official
List of Generic Names in Zoology ’’ in the period up to
the end of 1936 and of twelve specific names of which
are currently treated as senior subjective synonyms
of the names of type species of such genera
By FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E.
(Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature)
The purpose of the present paper is to lay recommendations before
the International Commission to enable it to comply, so far as concerns
names of species in the Class Aves, with the General Directive issued
186 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
to it by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, Paris,
1948. By this Directive the Commission is required to place on the
Official List of Specific Names in Zoology the specific name of the
type species of every genus, the name of which had been placed on the
Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end
of 1936, except where that name is not the oldest available name for
the taxon concerned, in which case the oldest available name, whatever
it may be, is to be placed on that Official List. The present is the third
instalment of proposals submitted in compliance with the foregoing
Directive, the previous instalments being concerned with the names
of mammals and Decapod Crustacea respectively.?
2. In compiling the present proposals, I have, as on the previous
occasions referred to above, consulted modern catalogues, checklists
and monographs for the purpose of ascertaining the present practice of
specialists in regard to the names which have now to be considered.
Fortunately, this task was less difficult that in some of the other
groups which it has been necessary to consider, for, owing to the
popularity of ornithology, the number of modern and reliable works of
the kind required is relatively large. The bulk of the work involved
in the preparation of the proposals now submitted was carried out a
number of years ago and | was fortunate in being able to draw for
advice on the wide knowledge and sound judgement of my friend and
colleague the late Dr. James L. Peters. In a number of cases which we
had discussed together in this way I later received most valuable
confirmatory advice from Colonel Richard Meinertzhagen, at that
time the Chairman of the Standing Committee on Ornithological
Nomenclature established in 1950 by the International Congress of
Ornithology.
3. The total number of names of genera of birds placed on the
Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end
of 1936 was one hundred and three. As regards five of these names it
has been found necessary for one reason or another to seek further
directions from the Commission, and in each case the opportunity was
taken to place the name of the type species of the genus concerned on
the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology. The names were:
(i) Ectopistes (Bull. zool. Nomencl. 9 : 80—84) ; (ii) Gallinago (Bull. —
9 : 93); (ii) Balaeniceps (Bull. 9 : 85—86) ; (iv) and (v) Oedicnemus
and Burhinus (Bull. 9 : 86—88). In the case of Ectopistes and
Balaeniceps, the decisions by the Commission have already been
2 The proposals here referred to were submitted to the Commission with Voting
Papers V.P.(O.M.)(55)9 and V.P.(O.M.)(55)27 respectively. Decisions regarding
these proposals have since been taken by the Commission and embodied in
Direction 22 in the case of V.P.(O.M.)(55)9 and in Direction 36 in the case of
V.P.(O.M.)(55)27.
DIRECTION 43 187
announced (in Directions 18 and 19 respectively), and decisions on the
remaining names will be announced at an early date.? In three
additional cases, applications submitted to the Commission included
proposals for the addition to the Official List of Specific Names in
Zoology of the specific names of the type species of genera, the names
of which were placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology
in the period under review. The names concerned were: (a)
Campephaga (Bull. 9 : 32—33); (b) Colluricincla (Bull. 9 : 50—S1) ;
(c) Struthio (Bull. 9 : 96—97).3 Altogether, therefore, the question
of the addition to the Official List of the specific names of the type
species of the genera with which we are here concerned is being dealt
with separately in eight cases. Thus, the number of names to be
considered on the present occasion is reduced to ninety-five.
4. We have first to note that as regards the names of the type species
of eight of these genera it is not possible at the moment to submit
recommendations to the Commission. The difficulties involved arise
from a diversity of causes: (1) and (2) In the case of the nominal
genera Bubo and Surnia it is not clear what was the first occasion
on which nominal species were cited in connection with them; (3)
Gypaetus is commonly stated to be monotypical but it is doubtful
whether or not this is correct; (4) In the case of Trichoglossus the
nominal species currently accepted as the type species was not included
in the genus at the time when this name was first published ; (5) The
name Grus is commonly attributed to the wrong author and date.®
Moreover, as from the date from which this name is currently accepted
the species treated as the type species was not an included species ;
(6) In the case of Anas there is an unresolved doubt as to what is the
correct name for its type species ; (7) The next name is Nyctea where
it has been impossible so far to trace where in the literature a first
reviser selected the name currently used for the type species in preference
to another name published in the same book; (8) In the case of
Vireo it has not yet been found possible to trace a valid selection for
its type species, the currently accepted selection being invalid, as it was
the selection of a nominal species which, though currently identified
subjectively with one of the included species, was not itself an included
species. In all these cases investigations are proceeding in conjunction
with interested specialists and proposals will be submitted to the
Commission as soon as the factual position in regard to these names
has been established. The postponement of these cases reduces the
number of names with which it is possible to deal on the present
occasion to eighty-seven.*
5. In sixty-eight cases the specific name of the type species of the
genus concerned is not only an objectively available name but is also
3 Particulars of the action since taken in regard to these names are given in the
Appendix attached to the present Direction.
4 The proposals submitted in regard to two names were later withdrawn by the
Minute reproduced in paragraph 5 of the present Direction. It is for this
reason that the number of names dealt with in the present Direction amounts
only to eighty-five.
188 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
the name which is accepted by all authorities as the oldest available
name for the species concerned. These names are enumerated in
Annexe 1. It is recommended that, in compliance with the General
Directive relating to the maintenance of the Official Lists issued to
the Commission by the International Congress of Zoology, these names
be now placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology.
6. In the application submitted to the Commission which later
became the basis of the Ruling given in its Opinion 67, the applicants
added indications in a number of cases making it clear that, in their
opinion, the specific name of the type species was a junior subjective
synonym of some other species. In most of the cases concerned the
synonymies so established have stood the test of time and are currently
accepted by ornithologists. In two cases, however, the synonymies
established by the applicants are no longer considered to be correct.
The names concerned are: (1) Elanus Savigny, 1809: The type
species of this genus is the nominal species Elanus caesius Savigny,
1809. In Opinion 67 the name caesius was treated as a junior subjective
synonym of melanopterus Daudin (Falco melanopterus Daudin, 1800).
Currently, however, it is sunk as a junior subjective synonym of the
older name caeruleus Desfontaines (Falco caeruleus Desfontaines,
1789). (ai) Pezoporus Illiger, 1811: The type species of this genus is
Psittacus formosus Latham, 1790, which is invalid, as being a junior
homonym of Psittacus formosus Scopoli, 1769. In Opinion 67 the
oldest name subjectively available for this species was stated to be
Psittacus terrestris Shaw, 1793. It is now considered that the oldest
available name is Psittacus wallicus Kerr, 1792.
7. In twelve cases the specific name of the type species concerned is
an objectively available name but is regarded by all authorities as being
a junior subjective synonym of some other name. Particulars of these
cases are given in Annexe 2. It is recommended that, in compliance
with the General Directive relating to the maintenance of the Official
Lists issued to the Commission by the International Congress of
Zoology, the twelve senior subjective synonyms concerned be placed
on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology.
8. A different problem is involved with the last seven of the names
to be considered. In each of these cases the specific name used for
the type species by the original author of the generic name is a junior
objective (and therefore invalid) synonym of the name of a previously
established nominal species. In consequence the nominal species to be
accepted as the type species of each of these genera will depend upon
the decision to be taken by the Commission on the proposal
Z.N.(S.) 908, now before it, for the adoption of a Declaration pres-
cribing the nominal species to be accepted as the type species of a
genus in such a case (Hemming, 1955, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 11 : 112—
113).5 Under the proposals so submitted, the nominal species to be
5 The application here referred to has since been approved by the International
Commission and has been embodied in Declaration 21 (1956, Ops. Decls. int.
Comm. zool. Nomencl. 12 : i—viii).
DIRECTION 43 189
treated as the type species of the genus concerned would be not the
species cited by the author of the generic name but the older nominal
species which is objectively identical with it. The situation discussed
above arises only where the nominal species, which, under the present
rules, is the type species of a genus, was established as a direct sub-
stitute for a previously established nominal species and where, in
consequence, the two nominal species are objectively identical with
one another, each having the same specimen as its type specimen.
This situation was illustrated in the application referred to above by
the case of Homarus Weber, 1795, the type species of which is, under the
existing rules, Astacus marinus Fabricius, 1775. When publishing
this name, Fabricius did not, however, describe a new species, but
deliberately gave a new name for (nom. nov. pro) the nominal species
Cancer gammarus Linnaeus, 1758. Thus, the nominal species bearing
the names A. marinus Fabricius and C. gammarus Linnaeus are
objectively identical with one another, the specific name gammarus
Linnaeus being the valid name for the taxon concerned and marinus
Fabricius being no more than an invalid (because junior) objective
synonym of gammarus Linnaeus. The object of the suggested
Declaration® referred to above is to weed out these junior objective
synonyms in favour of the corresponding senior objective synonyms,
thus making it possible to cite as the type species of the genus con-
cerned the nominal species bearing the name which is the valid (senior)
synonym (in the case cited above, the well-known name gammarus
Linnaeus) instead of the invalid (junior) objective synonym (in the case
cited above, the invalid name marinus Fabricius, which is totally
unknown, except to specialists familiar with the old literature).
9. The seven names here involved are the following: Coturnix
Bonnaterre, 1790; Eurynorhynchus Nilsson, 1821 ; Heliornis Bonna-
terre, 1790; Manucodia Boddaert, 1783; Oriolus Linnaeus, 1766 ;
Pandion Savigny, 1809; Polyplectron Temminck, 1807. Full par-
ticulars of these cases are given in Section A of Annexe 3. In dealing
with these names for the purpose of preparing the present application,
it has been necessary in each case to make a working assumption on the
question as to which of the two objectively identical nominal species
should be treated as the type species of the genus concerned. The
assumption which has been adopted is that the Commission will
approve the adoption of the Declaration discussed above’ and therefore
that, for these seven genera, the type species will be the nominal
species bearing the older of the two objectively synonymous names.
In each case the senior objective synonym is an available name and is
regarded by specialists as the oldest such name for the species con-
cerned. The names concerned are shown in Column (2) of Section B
of Annexe 3. In the same Section of that Annexe there are given in
Column (3) the names which are junior objective synonyms of the
names shown in Column (2). Ifthe Declaration discussed in paragraph
8 above is adopted by the Commission, the names shown in Column
6 See footnote 5.
190 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
(2) will be the names of the type species of the genera concerned, while
if the Commission decides against that course, the names shown in
Column (3) will be the names of the type species of the genera con-
cerned. Irrespective of the action to be taken by the Commission in
the matter of the above Declaration,’ the senior synonyms referred to
above will, under the General Directive mentioned in paragraphs
5 and 7, need to be placed on the Official List of Specific Names in
Zoology. If the above Declaration is adopted,’ these names will need
to be associated with the names enumerated in Annexe 1 (specific
names of type species), while, if that Declaration is not adopted, these
names will need to be associated with the names enumerated in Annexe
2 (specific names of nominal species either subjectively or objectively
identified with later established nominal species which are type species).
10. In the light of the considerations advanced in the preceding
paragraphs, I recommend that, in compliance with the General
Directive relating to the maintenance of the Official Lists issued by
the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, the Commission
should :—
(a) place on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology :—
(i) the sixty-eight specific names enumerated in Col. (1) of
Annexe 1, each of which is the type species of the genus
shown in the corresponding entry in Col. (3) of the said
Annexe (paragraph 5) ;
(ii) the twelve specific names enumerated in Col. (1) of Annexe
2, each of which is the specific name of a nominal species
which is currently subjectively identified with the later
established nominal species which is the type species of
the genus specified in the corresponding entry in Col. (2)
of the said Annexe (paragraph 7) ;
(b) place on the foregoing Official List the seven specific names
enumerated in Section C of Annexe 3, these names to be so
placed :—
(i) as the names of the type species of the nominal genera
specified in the said Section, in the event of the prior
adoption by the Commission of the Declaration recom-
mended in Application Z.N.(S.) 908’ ;
(ii) as the names of nominal species which are objectively
identical with the later established nominal species which
are severally the type species of the genera referred to
in (i) above, in the event of the non-adoption by the
Commission of the Declaration referred to above.
en ee ee
7 For particulars of the action subsequently taken by the International Com-
mission in this matter see Footnote 5.
DIRECTION 43
ANNEXE 1
191
Proposed addition to the ‘‘ Official List of Specific Names in Zoology ”’
of the specific names of the type species of sixty-eight nominal
genera, the names of which were placed on the ‘* Official
List of Generic Names in Zoology ”’ in the period up to
Specific name
proposed to be placed
on the “* Official List
of Specific Names in
Zoology”
(1)
vulturina Hardwicke,
1834
occidentalis
Lawrence, 1858
maximus Geoffroy,
1850
sponsa Linnaeus,
1758
arvensis Linnaeus,
1758
narina Stephens, 1815
patagonica Miller,
1778
australis Shaw, 1813
scolopacea Gmelin,
1788
cinerea Linnaeus,
1758
nigra Gmelin, 1788
sulcatus Swainson,
1820
auritus Gray, 1829
pyrrhopterus Latham,
1801
moschata Linnaeus,
1758
the end of 1936
Combination in which
name specified in
Col. (1) was originally
published
(2)
Opinion 67
Numida vulturina
Podiceps
occidentalis
Aepyornis maximus
Anas sponsa
Alauda arvensis
Trogon narina
Aptenodytes
patagonica
Apteryx australis
Ardea scolopacea
Ardea cinerea
Paradisea [sic] nigra
Pteroglossus
sulcatus
Podargus auritus
Psittacus
pyrrhopterus
Anas moschaia
Name of genus of
which species
specified in Col. (1)
is the type species
(3)
Acryllium Gray, 1840
Aechmophorus Coues,
1862
Aepyornis Geoffroy,
1850
Aix Boie, 1828
Alauda Linnaeus,
1758
Apaloderma Swainson,
1833
Aptenodytes Miller,
1778
Apteryx Shaw, 1813
Aramus Vieillot, 1816
Ardea Linnaeus,
1758
Astrapia Vieillot,
1816
Aulacorhynchus
Gould, 1834
Batrachostomus
Gould, 1838
Brotogeris Vigors,
1825
Cairina Fleming,
1822
192
Specific name
proposed to be placed
on the “* Official List
of Specific Names in
Zoology”
(1)
niger Miiller (P.L.S.),
[1776]
aura Linnaeus, 1758
urophasianus
Bonaparte, 1827
ornatus Geoffroy,
1809
novaehollandiae
Latham, 1801
chavaria Linnaeus,
1766
pictus Linnaeus, 1758
regia Linnaeus, 1758
gallicus Gmelin, 1788
glandarius Linnaeus,
1758
americanus Linnaeus,
1758
flaveola Linnaeus,
1758
auratus Linnaeus,
1758
ani Linnaeus, 1758
exulans Linnaeus,
1758
ardeola Paykull, 1805
garzetta Linnaeus,
1766
Combination in which
name specified in
Col. (1) was originally
published
(2)
Bucco niger
Vultur aura
Tetrao
urophasianus
Cephalopterus
ornatus
Cereopsis
novae-hollandiae
Parra chavaria
Phasianus pictus
Paradisaea regia
Falco gallicus
Cuculus glandarius
Cuculus americanus
Certhia flaveola
Cuculus auratus
Crotophaga ani
Diomedea exulans
Dromas ardeola
Ardea garzetta
OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
Name of genus of
which species
specified in Col. (1)
is the type species
(3)
Capito Vieillot, 1816
Cathartes Illiger,
811
Centrocercus
Swainson, 1832
Cephalopterus
Geoffroy, 1809
Cereopsis Latham,
1801
Chauna Illiger, 1811
Chrysolophus Gray
(J.E.), [1833-34]
Cicinnurus Vieillot,
1816
Circaetus Vieillot,
1816
Clamator Kaup, 1829
Coccyzus Vieillot,
1816
Coereba Vieillot,
1807
Colaptes Swainson,
1825
Crotophaga
Linnaeus, 1758
Diomedea Linnaeus,
1758
Dromas Paykull,
1805
Egretta Forster, 1817
Specific name
proposed to be placed
on the “‘ Official List
of Specific Names in
Zoology”
(1)
javanicus Horsfield,
1821
helias Pallas, 1781
glacialis Linnaeus,
1761
swainsonii Vigors,
1825
ostralegus Linnaeus,
1758
struthersii Vigors,
[1832]
torquilla Linnaeus,
1758
excubitor Linnaeus,
1758
violacea Isert, 1789
percnopterus
Linnaeus, 1758
mantellii Owen, 1848
meleagris Linnaeus,
1758
pectoralis Latham,
1801
sefilata Forster, 1781
major Linnaeus, 1758
aethereus Linnaeus,
1758
mocinno de la Llave,
1832
ruber Linnaeus, 1758
DIRECTION 43
Combination in which
name specified in
Col. (1) was originally
published
(2)
Eurylaimus
jJavanicus
Ardea helias
Procellaria glacialis
Gampsonyx
SWainsonil
Haematopus
ostralegus
Ibidorhyncha
struthersii
Jynx torquilla
Lanius excubitor
Musophaga violacea
Vultur perenopterus
Notornis mantellii
Phasianus meleagris
Muscicapa
pectoralis
Paradisea [sic]
sefilata
Parus major
Phaethon aethereus
Pharomachrus
mocinno.
Phoenicopterus
ruber
193
Name of genus of
which species
specified in Col. (1)
is the type species
(3)
Eurylaimus
Horsfield, 1821
Eurypyga Illiger,
1811
Fulmarus Stephens,
Gampsonyx Vigors,
Haematopus
Linnaeus, 1758
Ibidorhyncha Vigors,
[1832]
Jynx Linnaeus, 1758
Lanius Linnaeus,
1758
Musophaga Isert,
1789
Neophron Savigny,
1809
Notornis Owen, 1848
Numida Linnaeus,
1764
Pachycephala
Vigors, 1825
Parotia Vieillot, 1816
Parus Linnaeus, 1758
Phaethon Linnaeus,
1758
Pharomachrus ;
de la Llave, 1832
Phoenicopterus
Linnaeus, 1758
194
Specific name
proposed to be placed
on the ‘‘ Official List Col. (1) was originally
of Specific Names in
Zoology”
(1)
leucorodia Linnaeus,
1758
porzana Linnaeus,
1766
erithacus Linnaeus,
1758
crepitans Linnaeus,
1758
aracari Linnaeus,
1758
paradiseus Swainson,
1825
aquaticus Linnaeus,
1758
avosetta Linnaeus,
1758
chrysocephala Lewin,
1808
europaea Linnaeus,
1758
abdimii Lichtenstein,
1823
habroptilus Gray,
1845
magna Linnaeus,
1758
vulgaris Linnaeus,
1758
paradoxa Pallas,
77S
rufa Boddaert, 1783
doliatus Linnaeus,
1764
chimaera
Rothschild, 1895
Combination in which
name specified in
published
(2)
Platalea leucorodia
Rallus porzana
Psittacus erithacus
Psophia crepitans
Ramphastos aracari
Ptiloris
paradiseus
Rallus aquaticus
Recurvirostra
avosetta
Meliphaga
chrysocephala
Sitta europaea
Ciconia abdimii
Strigops
habroptilus
Alauda magna
Sturnus vulgaris
Tetrao paradoxa
Tanagra rufa
Lanius doliatus
Uratelornis
chimaera
OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
Name of genus of
which species
specified in Col. (1)
is the type species
(3)
Platalea Linnaeus,
1758
Porzana Vieillot,
1816
Psittacus Linnaeus,
1758
Psophia Linnaeus,
1758
Pteroglossus Illiger,
1811
Ptiloris Swainson,
1825
Rallus Linnaeus,
1758
Recurvirostra
Linnaeus, 1758
Sericulus Swainson,
1825
Sitta Linnaeus, 1758
Sphenorynchus
Lichtenstein, 1823
Strigops Gray, 1845
Sturnella Vieillot,
1816
Sturnus Linnaeus,
1758
Syrrhaptes Uliger,
1811
Tachyphonus Vieillot,
1816
Thamnophilus Vieillot,
1816
Uratelornis
Rothschild, 1895
DIRECTION 43 195
ANNEXE 2
Proposed addition to the ‘* Official List of Specific Names in Zoology ”’
of the specific names of twelve nominal species, subjectively
identified with nominal species of later date which are the type
species of genera of which the names were placed on the
** Official List of Generic Names in Zoology ”’ in the
period up to the end of 1936
Specific name proposed to be
Placed on the *‘ Official List of
Specific Names in Zoology”
(1)
tiphia Linnaeus, 1758, as pub-
lished in the combination
Motacilla tiphia
cristatus Shaw in White, 1790, as
published in the combination
Caprimulgus cristatus®
nitidus Latham, 1790, as pub-
lished in the combination Falco
nitidus
caeruleus Desfontaines, [1789], as
published in the combination
Falco caeruleus
cristata Pallas, 1764, as published
in the combination Columba
cristata
Remarks
(not for inclusion in the entry
to be made in the “* Official List’’)
(2)
A senior subjective synonym of
leucoptera Vieillot, 1807, as
published in the combination
Sylvia leucoptera, the specific
name of the type species of
Aegithina Vieillot, 1816
a senior subjective synonym of
novaehollandiae Latham, 1790,
as published in the com-
bination Caprimulgus
novae-hollandiae, the specific
name of the type species of
Aegotheles Vigors & Horsfield,
1826
a senior subjective synonym of
cinerea Vieillot, 1816, as pub-
lished in the combination
Asturia [sic] cinerea, the
specific name of the type
species of Asturina Vieillot,
1816
a senior subjective synonym of
caesius Savigny, 1809, as pub-
lished in the combination
Elanus caesius, the specific
name of the type species of
Elanus Savigny, 1809
a senior subjective synonym of
coronata Linnaeus, 1766, as
published in the combination
Columba coronata, the specific
name of the type species of
Goura Stephens, 1819
8 For a discussion of the relative priority of the name Caprimulgus cristatus
Shaw in White, 1790, and of its subjective synonym Caprimulgus novaehollandiae
Latham, 1790, see the Report by the Secretary reproduced in paragraph 9 of the
present Direction.
196
Specific name proposed to be
placed on the “‘ Official List of
Specific Names in Zoology ”’
(1)
albicilla Linnaeus, 1758, as pub-
lished in the combination Falco
albicilla
indus Boddaert, 1783, as published
in the combination Falco indus
militaris Linnaeus, 1758, as pub-
lished in the combination
Emberiza militaris
hoazin Miiller, [1776], as pub-
lished in the combination
Phasianus hoazin
wallicus Kerr, 1792, as published
in the combination Psittacus
wallicus
elegans Gmelin, 1788, as pub-
lished in the combination
Psittacus elegans
OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
Remarks
(not for inclusion in the entry
to be made in the “‘ Official List’’)
a
ro)
ran)
rat)
99
(2)
senior subjective synonym of
nisus Savigny, 1809, as pub-
lished in the combination
Haliaeetus nisus, the specific
name of the type species of
Haliaeetus Savigny, 1809
senior subjective synonym of
pondicerianus Gmelin, 1788,
as published in the combina-
tion Falco pondicerianus, the
specific name of the type
species of Haliastur Selby,
1840
senior subjective synonym of
americanus Gmelin, 1788, as
published in the combination
Oriolus americanus, the
specific name of the type
species of Leistes Vigors, 1825
senior subjective synonym of
cristatus Gmelin, 1788, as
published in the combination
Phasianus cristatus the specific
name of the type species of
Opisthocomus Illiger, 1811
junior subjective synonym of
formosus Latham, 1790, as
published in the combination
Psittacus formosus, the specific
name of the type species of
Pezoporus Illiger, 1811, which
is invalid because a junior
primary homonym of
Psittacus formosus Scopoli,
1769
senior subjective synonym of
pennantii Latham, 1790, as
published in the combination
Psittacus pennantii the specific
name of the type species of
Platycercus Vigors, 1825
DIRECTION 43 197
Specific name proposed to be Remarks
placed on the ‘* Official List of (not for inclusion in the entry
Specific Names in Zoology ”’ to be made in the “ Official List’)
(1) (2)
nigricephala Jameson, 1835, as a senior subjective synonym of
published in the combination bilineatus Jardine & Selby,
Tanagra nigricephala 1836, as published in the com-
bination Spindalis bilineatus,
the specific name of the type
species of Spindalis Jardine &
Selby, 1836
ANNEXE 3
Seven nominal genera of birds, the names of which were placed on the
** Official List of Generic Names in Zoology ”’ in the period up to
the end of 1936, where the author of the generic name cited the
type species under a name which is a junior objective
synonym of a previously published name
Section A :—Particulars of the circumstances in which in seven
cases an author when establishing a new nominal genus of
birds either cited the type species under a previously published
name which was a junior objective synonym of some older
name or himself gratuitiously renamed the species in question
(1) ‘* Coturnix ’’ Bonnaterre, 1790
Bonnaterre placed in his genus Coturnix a nominal species to which
he gave the new name Coturnix communis. This name was expressly
stated to be a substitute for (nom. nov. pro) the name Tetrao coturnix
Linnaeus, 1758. The above is therefore the type species by absolute
tautonymy under Rule (d) in Article 30. Under the proposal now
submitted Tetrao coturnix Linnaeus and not Coturnix communis
Bonnaterre will be the type species of Coturnix Bonnaterre.
(2) ‘* Eurynorhynchus ’’ Nilsson, 1821
Nilsson treated this genus as being monotypical, placing in it only
the nominal species to which he then gave the new name Eurynorhynchus
griseus. Nilsson stated that this was only a substitute name for (nom.
nov. pro) the name Platalea pygmaea Linnaeus, 1758. Under the
present proposal Platalea pygmaea Linnaeus and not Eurynorhynchus
griseus Nilsson will be the type species of the genus Eurynorhynchus
Nilsson.
198 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
(3) ‘* Heliornis ’’ Bonnaterre, 1790
Bonnaterre treated this genus as monotypical, placing in it only
the nominal species Heliornis fulicarius. In introducing this new
nominal species, Bonnaterre cited two bibliographical references, of
which the first was ** Buff. tom. 15.385’. When we turn to the passage
in Boddaert’s Tabl. Pl. enlum. Hist. nat. Daubenton where the name
Colymbus fulica first appears, we find that Boddaert based the nominal
species so named on the same reference to Buffon (XV.385). Thus
Boddaert’s Colymbus fulica and Bonnaterre’s later Heliornis fulicarius
have the same passage in Buffon as their “‘ indication ’’ and are there-
fore objective synonyms of one another. It may be noted that Buffon
dealt with this species under the French (vernacular) name ‘‘ Grébe
foulque ”’ and it may certainly be concluded that this name, which was
quoted from Buffon by Boddaert, led the latter to select the Latin
word “‘ fulica ’’ as the specific name for this species. Under the present
proposals Colymbus fulica Boddaert and not Heliornis fulicarius
Bonnaterre will be the type species of the genus Heliornis Bonnaterre.
(4) ‘‘ Manucodia *’ Boddaert, 1783
Boddaert treated this as a monotypical genus, placing in it only
the nominal species to which he gave the new name Manucodia
chalybea. In bringing forward this name, he cited a few bibliographical
references but he did not cite by name the nominal species Paradisea
[sic] chalybata Forster, 1781, with which his species is currently
identified. Boddaert introduced the name Manucodia when dealing
with plate 634 in Daubenton’s Histoire naturelle des Oiseaux. The
same plate formed the basis of Forster’s P. chalybata. The name
Manucodia chalybea Bonnaterre is therefore a substitute name for
(nom. noy. pro) the name Paradisea [sic] chalybata Forster. Accordingly,’
the type species of Manucodia Bonnaterre will, under the present
proposals, be Paradisea [sic] chalybata Forster and not Manucodia
chalybea Bonnaterre.
(5) °* Oriolus ’’ Linnaeus, 1766
Linnaeus placed in this genus a nominal species to which he gave
the new name Oriolus galbula. This name was expressly stated to be a
substitute for (nom. nov. pro) the name Coracias oriolus Linnaeus, 1758.
The above is therefore the type species by absolute tautonymy under
Rule (d) in Article 30. Under the proposal now submitted,Coracias
oriolus Linnaeus and not Oriolus galbula Linnaeus will be the type
species of Oriolus Linnaeus, 1766.
(6) ‘* Pandion ”’ Savigny, 1809
Savigny treated this genus as being monotypical, placing in it only .
the nominal species to which he gave the new name Pandion fluvialis.
Savigny stated that this was a substitute name for (nom. nov. pro)
DIRECTION 43 199
the name Falco haliaetus Linnaeus, 1758. Under the present proposal,
Falco haliaetus Linnaeus and not Pandion fluvialis Savigny will be the
type species of the genus Pandion Savigny.
(7) ‘* Polyplectron ’’ Temminck, 1807
Temminck treated this genus as being monotypical, placing in it
only the nominal species to which he then gave the new name
Polyplectron argus. Temminck stated that this was a substitute name
for (nom. nov. pro) the name Pavo bicalcaratus Linnaeus, 1758. Under
the present proposal Pavo bicalcaratus Linnaeus and not Polyplectron
argus will be the type species of the genus Polyplectron Temminck.
Section B :—Seven pairs of objectively synonymous names
of which in each case the later-published name is the one
used by the original author of a generic name when citing
the type species of the genus
The older of a pair
of objectively
synonymous names
for the type species of
the genus specified
in Col. (3)
(1)
Tetrao coturnix
Linnaeus, 1758
Syst. Nat. (ed. 10)
i's 161
Platalea pygmaea
Linnaeus, 1758,
Syst. Nat. (ed. 10)
1 : 140
Colymbus fulica
Boddaert, 1783,
Tabl. Pl. enlum.
Hist. nat. : 54
Paradisea {sic}
chalybata Forster,
1781 Indische
Zool. : 40
Coracias oriolus
Linnaeus, 1758,
Syst. Nat. (ed. 10)
i: 107
The later-published
objective synonym of
the name cited in
Coll)
(2)
Coturnix communis
Bonnaterre, 1791,
Ency. méth., Orn.
NEG
Eurynorhynchus
griseus Nilsson,
1821, Ornith. svec.
ZC ys /29
Heliornis fulicarius
Bonnaterre, 1790,
Ency. méth., Orn.
£265
Manucodia chalybea
Boddaert, 1783,
Tabl. Pl. enlum.
Hist. nat, #39
Oriolus galbula
Linnaeus, 1766,
Syst. Nat. (ed. 12)
1(1) : 160
Name of genus, the
type species of
which was cited under
the name specified in
Col. (2) by the author
of the generic name
(3)
Coturnix Bonnaterre
1790, Ency. méth.,
Orn. 1s Ixxxvi, 216
Eurynorhynchus
Nilsson, 1821
Ornith. svec. 2(1) :
29
Heliornis
Bonnaterre, 1790
Ency méth., Orn.
1 : lxxxiv, 64
Manucodia Boddaert
(783; Dabl.PI.
enlum. Hist. nat. :
39
Oriolus Linnaeus
1766, Syst. Nat.
(ed: 12) 11): 160
200 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
The older of a pair The later-published Name of genus, the
of objectively objective synonym of type species of
synonymous names the name cited in which was cited under
for the type species of Col. (1) the name specified in
the genus specified Col. (2) by the author
in Col. (3) of the generic name
(1) (2) (3)
Falco haliaetus Pandion fluvialis Pandion Savigny, 1809,
Linnaeus, 1758, Savigny, 1809, Descr. Egypte 1(1) |
Syst Nat. (ed. 10) Descr. Egypte 1(1) (Ois) : 69, 95
i 9! (Ois) : 96
Pavo bicalcaratus Polyplectron argus Polyplectron
Linnaeus, 1758, Temminck, 1807, Temminck, 1807,
Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) Cat. Syst. Cab. Cat. syst. Cab.
11356 Ornith. : 149 Ornith. : 149
Section C :—Entries recommended to be made on the
Official List of Specific Names in Zoology®
coturnix Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Tetrao
coturnix (specific name of type species of Coturnix Bonnaterre, 1790)
pygmaea Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Platalea
pygmaea (specific name of type species of Eurynorhynchus Nilsson,
21)
fulica Boddaert, 1783, as published in the combination Colymbus
fulica (specific name of type species of Heliornis Bonnaterre, 1790)
chalybata Forster, 1781, as published in the combination Paradisea
[sic] chalybata (specific name of type species of Manucodia Boddaert,
1783)
oriolus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Coracias
oriolus (specific name of type species of Oriolus Linnaeus, 1766)
haliaetus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Falco
haliaetus (specific name of type species of Pandion Savigny, 1809)
bicalcaratus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Pavo
bicalcaratus (specific name of type species of Polyplectron Temminck,
1807).
® The names which, as shown in Column (2) of Section B of the present Annexe,
are junior objective synonyms of the names enumerated in the present Annexe
have been placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in
ese by the Ruling given in Direction 44 (pp. 219—220 of the present
volume).
DIRECTION 43 201
3. Registration of the present application : Upon the receipt
of Mr. Hemming’s paper, the question of placing on the Official
List of Specific Names in Zoology the specific names discussed
therein was allotted the Registered Number Z.N.(S.) 993.
Il. THE DECISION TAKEN BY THE INTERNATIONAL
COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE
4. Issue of Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)31 : On 12th October
1955 a Voting Paper (V.P.(O.M.)(55)31) was issued in which each
Member of the Commission was asked (1) to state whether he
agreed that, “in conformity with the General Directives issued
to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature
by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948,
regarding the placing of names on the appropriate Official Lists
and Official Indexes of names dealt with in, or otherwise involved
in, Opinions rendered prior to 1948, the names referred to in
Sections (a) and (b) of paragraph 10 of the paper bearing the
Registered Number Z.N.(S.) 993 submitted by the Secretary
simultaneously with the present Voting Paper [i.e. in the para-
graph numbered as above in the paper reproduced in paragraph 2
of the present Direction] be placed on the Official List of Specific
Names in Zoology as there recommended and that the other
action recommended in the said paragraph be similarly
approved ”’ and (2), if he did not so agree as regards any given
item, to indicate that item.
5. Withdrawal from the scope of Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)
31 of proposals submitted in regard to two specific names: On
30th October 1955 Mr. Hemming, as Secretary, placed the
202 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
following Minute on the Commission’s File Z.N.(S.) 993 :—
Withdrawal from the scope of Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)31 of
proposals submitted in regard to two specific names
MINUTE by FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E.
(Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature)
I have this day received from Professor Ernst Mayr a letter dated
26th October 1955 in which he has drawn my attention to the fact that
within the last twenty years efforts have been made to show that the
name gallicus Gmelin (J.F.), 1788, as published in the combination
Falco gallicus, applies to the same taxon as that to which is applicable
the specific name ferox Gmelin (S.G.), 1771, as published in the com-
bination Accipiter ferox and that by the authors who had taken this
view the name gallicus had been treated as a junior subjective synonym
of the name ferox. It appears, however, from Professor Mayr’s letter
that for some years past the attempt to synonymise the above names
has been abandoned. Nevertheless, this is a matter which ought, in
my opinion, to be examined separately before a decision is taken by
the Commission on the question of the admission of the name gallicus
Gmelin to the Official List. This will involve the postponement of a
decision in relation to the name for the type species of Circaetus
Vieillot, 1816.
2. I have further to place on record that one of the specific names
which in paper Z.N.(S.) 993 was proposed for admission to the Official
List has, I now find, already been placed on that List. This is the name
of the type species of Neophron Savigny, 1809. This name was
originally published in the misspelled form perenopterus (Vultur
perenopterus Linnaeus, 1758) but was emended by later authors to the
correct spelling percnopterus. On the proposal of the Standing
Committee on Ornithological Nomenclature established by the Tenth
International Ornithological Congress (1952, Bull. zool. Nomencl.
9 : 52) this emendation has been accepted by the Commission in its
Opinion 411 (now in the press)!° and in the same Opinion this name in its
emended form percnopterus was placed on the Official List.
3. For the reasons set forth above, I now, as Secretary to the
International Commission, hereby direct as follows :—
(a) that the proposals relating to the under-mentioned specific
names which in the paper numbered Z.N.(S.) 993 were sub-
mitted to the Commission concurrently with Voting Paper
V.P.(O.M.)(55)31 be withdrawn from the scope of the foregoing
Voting Paper :—
(i) gallicus Gmelin (J.F.), 1788, as published in the combina-
tion Falco gallicus ;
(ii) percnopterus (emend. of perenopterus) Linnaeus, 1758, as
published in the combination Vultur perenopterus ;
10 The Opinion here referred to was published on 31st July 1956 (Ops. Decls. int.
Comm. zool. Nomencl. 13 : 191—202).
DIRECTION 43 203
(b) that the question whether the specific name gallicus Gmelin,
1788, should be placed on the Official List of Specific Names
in Zoology be examined on Commission File Z.N.(S.) 1052,
which has this day been opened for this purpose, with a view
to the submission after consultation with interested specialists
of proposals as to the action to be taken in this matter.
6. The Prescribed Voting Period : As Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)
(55)31 was issued under the One-Month Rule, the Prescribed
Voting Period closed on 12th November 1955.
7. Particulars of the Voting on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M)(55)31 :
At the close of the Prescribed Voting Period, the state of the
voting on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)31 was as follows :—
(a) Affirmative Votes had been given by the following twenty-four
(24) Commissioners (arranged in the order in which Votes
were received) :
Riley ; Hering; Holthuis; Lemche; Vokes; Stoll;
Esaki; Boschma; Miller; Bradley (J.C.) ; Sylvester-
Bradley; Prantl; Mayr; Jaczewski; Tortonese ;
do Amaral ; Dymond ; Hemming; Bonnet; Mertens ;
Cabrera ; Key ; Kithnelt ; Hanko ;
(b) Negative Votes :
None ;
(c) On Leave of Absence, one (1) :
Bodenheimer ;
204 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
(d) Voting Papers not returned :
None.
8. Declaration of Result of Vote : On 2lst November 1955,
Mr. Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission, acting
as Returning Officer for the Vote taken on Voting Paper V.P.
(O.M.)(55)31, signed a Certificate that the Votes cast were as set
out in paragraph 7 above and declaring that the proposal sub-
mitted in the foregoing Voting Paper had been duly adopted and
that the decision so taken was the decision of the International
Commission in the matter aforesaid.
9. Report by the Secretary on the relative dates of publication of
the names ‘* Caprimulgus novaehollandiae ’? Latham and ‘‘ Capri-
mulgus cristatus ’’ Shaw in White, both currently treated as having
been published in 1790: On 3lst January 1956 Mr. Hemming as
Secretary placed on the Commission’s File Z.N.(S.)993 the follow-
ing Report on the relative priority of the names Caprimulgus
novaehollandiae Latham, and Caprimulgus cristatus Shaw in
White, which are currently treated as having been published in
the year 1790 and are synonymised with one another, Shaw’s
name cristatus being treated as having priority over Latham’s
name novaehollandiae.
Relative priority of the binomina ‘* Caprimulgus cristatus ’’ Shaw in
White, 1790, and ‘‘ Caprimulgus novaehollandiae ’’ Latham, 1790
REPORT by FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E.
(Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature)
In returning Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55) 31 Professor Ernst Mayr
drew attention to the fact that, as stated in the second entry in Annexe 2
to the paper submitted concurrently with the foregoing Voting Paper,”
the name of the type species of the genus Aegotheles Vigors & Horsfield,
1826, was Caprimulgus novaehollandiae Latham, 1790, but that that
name was currently treated as a junior subjective synonym of the name
Caprimulgus cristatus Shaw in White published in the same year.
While not suggesting that this treatment was incorrect, Professor
11 See page 195 of the present Direction.
DIRECTION 43 ; 205
Mayr thought it desirable that, if possible, the relative priority of
these two names should be placed on a firm footing.
2. On Professor Mayr’s suggestion I have investigated the above
matter on which I now submit the following Report :—
(a) The relative priority of the names Caprimulgus novaehollandiae
Latham and Caprimulgus cristatus Shaw was discussed by
Gregory Mathews ({1918—1919], Birds Australia 7 : 51) who
brought forward the following evidence :—
(i) Latham’s Index Ornith. is dated ‘‘ 1790’ but its exact
date of publication cannot be ascertained. Gregory
Mathews pointed out, however, that this work had
sometimes been treated by later authors as having
appeared in 1791 and not in 1790. His conclusion
was that it was probably published late in 1790.
(ii) As regards the name Caprimulgus cristatus Shaw in White,
Gregory Mathews pointed out that the plate in Shaw’s
Journal containing a figure of this species is dated
“Dec. 29th 1789’. He pointed out further that this
work was reviewed in the Gentleman’s Magazine (55(2) :
742) in its issue of August 1790. Mathews added that
the above serial was known not to have published reviews
of books immediately upon their publication. He con-
cluded that this work was probably published early in
1790.
(b) An examination of the two books concerned carried out by
Miss D. N. Noakes, B.Sc.,!* has brought to light one piece of
information not elicited by Gregory Mathews. This is that,
while, as stated by him, the title page bears the date “‘ 1790 ”’
(i) the dedication by the author is written from ‘* Sydney
Cove, Port Jackson, N.S. Wales’? and is dated ‘*‘ November
18th 1788” and (ii) all the plates bear (in very small print)
the legend “‘ Published as the act directs, Dec. 29th, 1789 by
J. Debrett ’’. The use in this legend of the word “‘ Published ”’,
which was not mentioned by Gregory Mathews, gives much
greater precision to the date which he quoted.
(c) Under a decision taken by the Thirteenth International Congress
of Zoology, Paris, 1948, which was then incorporated into
the Régles (1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 223—225), a book
or paper, the exact date of publication of which in a given year
is not known, is to be treated for the purposes of the applica-
12 Research Assistant, Office of the International Commission on Zoological
Nomenclature.
206 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
tion of the Law of Priority to new names included in it, as
having been published not earlier than the earliest date in that
year in which it is known to have been published and, where
no such evidence is available, as having been published on the
last day of the year in question.
(d) When the foregoing decision by the Paris Congress is applied in
the present case, it is seen :—
(i) that the earliest date in 1790 on which White’s Journal,
and therefore the name Caprimulgus cristatus Shaw, is
definitely known to have been published is the date
in the month of August in which the issue of ihe
Gentleman’s Magazine containing a review of White’s
Journal was published ;
(ii) that, as nothing apart from the date “‘ 1790” on the title
page is known regarding the date of publication of
Latham’s Index ornithologicus, the earliest date which
can be definitely assigned to the above work and there-
fore to the name Caprimulgus novaehollandiae Latham
is 3lst December 1790.
(e) For the reasons set forth above, the name Caprimulgus cristatus
Shaw in White has between four and five months priority
under the Régles over the name Caprimulgus novaehollandiae
Latham.
3. In view of the evidence brought forward in the foregoing paragraph
the proposals submitted to the Commission in regard to the relative
priority of the names discussed above is seen to have been correct
and therefore, under the General Directive issued to the Commission
by the International Congress of Zoology regarding the placing of
names on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology, the specific
name cristatus Shaw, 1790, and not the name novaehollandiae Latham,
1790, should now be placed on the foregoing List, as proposed in the
paper referred to in paragraph 1 of the present Report and as subse-
quently approved by the Commission in its vote on Voting Paper
V.P.(O.M.)(55)31. In order to obviate the risk of any future misunder-
standing arising in regard to this matter it is desirable that, when in
accordance with the decision of the Commission the name cristatus
Shaw in White is placed on the Official List, the date ‘‘ August ” should
be cited in square brackets, together with the date “‘ 1790” and, as
Secretary to the Commission, I hereby direct that this citation be made.
DIRECTION 43 207
10. Determination of the status under Article 30 of seven nominal
species objectively identical with later-established nominal species
cited for the type species of genera by the original authors of the
generic names concerned: On 25th February 1956 Mr. Hemming as
Secretary placed on the Commission’s File Z.N.(S.)993 the follow-
ing Minute clarifying the status under Article 30 or seven nominal
species, each of which is objectively identical with a later-estab-
lished nominal species which was cited for the type species of a
genus in the Class Aves by the original author of the
generic name in question:—
Status under Article 30 of a nominal species which is objectively
identical with the nominal species cited as the type species
of a genus by the original author of the generic name concerned
MINUTE by FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E.
(Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature)
At the time of the submission to the Commission of the paper
bearing the Registered Number Z.N.(S.) 993 it was not clear what
nominal species should be treated as being the type species of a genus
when two or more objectively identical nominal species were involved.
This problem arose in connection with the names to be used for the
type species of seven genera in the Class Aves, the names of which were
placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period
up to the close of 1936, and therefore called for decision in the vote
to be taken by the Commission on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)31.
2. A proposal for the adoption of a Declaration clarifying the inter-
pretation of Article 30 in the above regard was under consideration
at the time when the foregoing paper was submitted to the Commission
and it was anticipated that a decision thereon would have been taken by
the Commission before the time came for the preparation of a
Direction embodying the Commission’s decision on the Voting Paper
referred to above. Accordingly, in the paper submitted with the
foregoing Voting Paper alternative proposals were placed before the
Commission in paragraph 10(b),!° under the first of which, in the event
of the adoption of the suggested Declaration, the seven senior objective
synonyms listed in Section C of Annexe 3 would be treated as the
specific names of the type species of the genera concerned and in the
event of the non-adoption of that Declaration as the specific names
of nominal species objectively identical with the nominal species
which would in that event be the type species of the genera in question.
3. The foregoing alternative proposals, together with the other
proposals submitted with Paper Z.N.(S.) 993 were approved by the
Commission by its Vote on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)31.
18 See page 190 of the present Direction.
208 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
4. By its Vote taken on Voting Paper V.P.(55)30 the Commission
on 22nd February 1956 adopted the suggested Declaration referred
to in paragraph 2 above, under which it ruled that under Article 30
of the Régles where there are two or more objectively identical nominal
species, the designation, indication or selection of any one of those
nominal species to be the type species of a genus is to be treated as
the designation, indication or selection of whichever of the nominal
species concerned has the oldest available name, irrespective of whether
or not that nominal species was cited by the author of the generic
name in question. The decision so taken has since been embodied in
Declaration 21 (now in the press)"*.
5. As Secretary to the Commission, I accordingly hereby direct as
follows :—
(1) that in the Ruling to be given in the Direction embodying the
decision taken by the Commission on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)
(55)31 a Section be included prescribing that in accordance
with the provisions of Declaration 21 the seven nominal species
specified in Column (1) of Section B of Annexe 3 to the Paper
Z.N.(S.) 993 submitted with the foregoing Voting Paper, each
of which is objectively identical with the later-established
nominal species enumerated in Column (2) of the said Annexe
which was cited by the author of the generic name concerned,
be treated as the type species of the genera severally specified
in Column (3) of the Annexe in question ; .
(2) that consequential upon the foregoing decision, the seven specific
names enumerated in Section C of the above Annexe be
entered on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology
as the specific names of the type species of the genera referred
to above.
11. Preparation of the Ruling given in the present ‘‘ Direction ”’ :
On 29th February 1956 Mr. Hemming prepared the Ruling given
in the present Direction and at the same time signed a Certificate
that the terms of that Ruling were in complete accord with those
of the proposal approved by the International Commission in its
Vote on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)31, subject (i) to the with-
drawal from the scope of the foregoing Voting Paper of the
proposals in regard to the two specific names specified in the
Secretary’s Minute of 30th October 1955 (reproduced in paragraph
5 of the present Direction), (ii) to the insertion of particulars of
the month as well as the year of publication of the specific name.
14 See Footnote 5.
DIRECTION 43 209
cristatus Shaw, [August] 1790, as published in the combination
Caprimulgus cristatus, when that name is entered on the Official
List of Specific Names in Zoology, as directed in the Minute
executed by the Secretary on 3lst January 1956 (paragraph 9 of
the present Direction) and (iii) to the determination of the nature
of the entry to be made on the Official List of Specific Names in
Zoology in relation to seven other specific names as prescribed
in the Secretary’s Minute of 25th February 1956 (reproduced in
paragraph 10 of the present Direction).
12. Original References: The original references for the names
placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology by the
Ruling given in the present Direction have already been noted in
connection with the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology, the
nominal species bearing the names concerned being either the
type species of genera, the names of which have been inscribed
on that List or are older-established nominal species subjectively
identified therewith.
13. Family-Group Names: No question relating to family-
group names arises in connection with the Ruling given in the
present Direction.
14. The prescribed procedures were duly complied with by the
International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in
dealing with the present case, and the present Direction is accord-
ingly hereby rendered in the name of the said International Com-
mission by the under-signed Francis Hemming, Secretary to the
International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, in virtue
of all and every the powers conferred upon him in that behalf.
15. The present Direction shall be known as Direction Forty-
Three (43) of the International Commission on Zoological
Nomenclature.
Done in London, this Twenty-Ninth day of February, Nineteen
Hundred and Fifty-Six.
Secretary to the International Commission
on Zoological Nomenclature
FRANCIS HEMMING
210 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
APPENDIX
Particulars of the action taken or now in progress in the case of the
eighteen names of genera belonging to the Class Aves which were
placed on the ‘‘ Official List of Generic Names in Zoology ”’ in the
period up to the end of 1936, as regards which no action has been
taken in the present ‘‘ Direction ’’ under the General Directive
issued to the International Commission by the International
Congress of Zoology relative to the placing on the
** Official List of Specific Names in Zoology ”’ of the
specific names of the type species of genera, the names
of which were placed on the ‘* Official List of
Generic Names in Zoology’’ in the foregoing
period
(A) Names of ten genera, the names of the type species of which, or
senior subjective synonyms of such names, have now been placed
on the “* Official List of Specific Names in Zoology”
| Balaeniceps Direction 19 1955, Ops. Decls. int. Comm. Zool.
Nomencl. 1(C) : 133—144
2 Burhinus Direction 20 1955, ibid. 1(C) : 145—160
3 Campephaga Opinion 407 1956, ibid. 13 : 131—146
4 Colluricincla Opinion 410 1956, ibid. 13 : 173—190
5 Ectopistes Direction 18 1955, ibid. 1(C) : 113—132
6 Gallinago Direction 39 1956, ibid. 17D) : 95—138
7 Grus Direction 55 (ibid. 1(D), Part D.16, now in the
press)
8 Neophron Opinion 411 1956, ibid. 13 : 191—202
9 Oedicnemus (See Burhinus above.)
10 Struthio Opinion 413 1956, ibid. 13 : 233—242
(B) Name of one genus, for the addition to the *“‘ Official List of Specific
Names in Zoology’ of the name of the type species of which a
proposal has now been published in the “‘ Bulletin of Zoological
Nomenclature ”’
11 Circaetus (Z.N.(S.) 1052) 1956, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 12 : 120—
122
(C) Names of seven genera, in respect of which investigations are
proceeding on the Files noted below on questions relating to
the type species of the genera concerned
12 Anas
13. Gypaetus oe
14 Nyctea joke ZINAS:) 1050
15 Vireo i
16 Bubo bee
i) Sea File Z.N.(S.) 1051
18 Trichoglossus File Z.N.(S.) 1055
Printed in England by MretcaLFe & Cooper LimiTED, 10-24 Scrutton St., London EC 2
OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
RENDERED BY THE INTER-
NATIONAL COMMISSION ON
ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE
Edited by
FRANCIS HEMMING, c.M.G., C.B.E.
Secretary to the Commission
DIRECTION 44
Correction of certain entries relating to the names of
genera in the Class Aves made on the Official List of
Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the close
of 1936 and addition to the Official Indexes of Rejected
and Invalid Names in Zoology of certain names given to
VOLUME 1. SECTION D. Part D.8. Pp. 211—232
genera and species of the same Class.
LONDON :
Printed by Order of the International Trust for
Zoological Nomenclature
and
Sold on behalf of the International Commission on Zoological
Nomenclature by the International Trust at its Publications Office
41, Queen’s Gate, London, S.W.7
1956
Price Fifteen Shillings So ee
VACUO PN
(All rights reserved) f 2 “VN
TOV NY 49-rk
= \\ NO\ 20 195 F
Issued 19th October, 1956 8 Lipearey 7
INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON
ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE
COMPOSITION AT THE TIME OF THE ADOPTION OF THE
RULING GIVEN IN DIRECTION 44
A. The Officers of the Commission
Honorary Life President: Dr. Karl JoRDAN (British Museum (Natural History),
Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts., England)
President : Professor James Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.
(12th August 1953)
Vice-President : Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (Sao Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) ©
Secretary: Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (27th July 1948)
B. The Members of the Commission
(Arranged in order of precedence by reference to date of election or of most recent re-election
as prescribed by the International Congress of Zoology)
Professor H. BOSCHMA (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands)
(ist January 1947)
Senor Dr. Angel CABRERA (La Plata, Argentina) (27th July 1948)
Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (27th July 1948) (Secretary)
Dr. ee eee (Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark) (27th ~
uly 1 )
Professor Teiso EsAkI (Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan) (17th April 1950)
Professor Pierre BONNET (Université de Toulouse, France) (9th June 1950)
Mr. Norman Denbigh RILEy (British Museum (Natural History), London) (9th June 1950)
Professor Tadeusz JACZEWSKI (Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw,
Poland) (15th June 1950)
Professor Robert MERTENS (Natur-Museum u. Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg, Frankfurt
a.M., Germany) (5th July 1950)
Professor Erich Martin HERING (Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universitat zu
Berlin, Germany) (Sth July 1950)
Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (S. Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) (Vice-President)
Professor J. R. DyMoND (University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada) (12th August 1953)
Professor J. Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August
1953) (President)
Professor Harold E. Voxes (Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A.) (12th
August 1953)
Professor Béla HANKO (Mezdgazdasdgi Muzeum, Budapest, Hungary) (12th August 1953)
Dr. Norman R. STOLL (Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York, N.Y.,
U.S.A.) (12th August 1953)
Mr. P. C. SYLVESTER-BRADLEY (Sheffield University, Sheffield, England) (12th August 1953)
Dr. L. B. Hottuuts (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands)
(12th August 1953)
Dr. K. H. L. Key (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation,
Canberra, A.C.T., Australia) (ASth October 1954):
Dr. Alden H. MILLER (Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, U.S.A.)
(29th October 1954)
Doc. Dr. Ferdinand PRANTL (Ndrodni Museum V Praze, Prague, Czechoslovakia) (30th
October 1954)
Professor Dr. Wilhelm KtHNELT (Zoologisches Institut der Universitat, Vienna, Austria)
(6th November 1954)
neve. F. S. BODENHEIMER (The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel) (11th November
1954
Professor Ernst MAYR (Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, Cambridge,
Massachusetts, U.S.A.) (4th December 1954)
Professor Enrico TORTONESE (Museo di Storia Naturale ‘‘ G. Doria”’, Genova, Italy)
(16th December 1954)
DIRECTION 44
CORRECTION OF CERTAIN ENTRIES RELATING TO THE
NAMES OF GENERA IN THE CLASS AVES MADE ON
THE ‘ OFFICIAL LIST OF GENERIC NAMES IN
ZOOLOGY ” IN THE PERIOD UP TO THE CLOSE
OF 1936 AND ADDITION TO THE ‘° OFFICIAL
INDEXES OF REJECTED AND INVALID NAMES
IN ZOOLOGY ”’ OF CERTAIN NAMES GIVEN
TO GENERA AND SPECIES OF THE SAME
CLASS
RULING :—(1) The entries on the Official List of
Generic Names in Zoology in regard to the names of
three genera in the Class Aves made by the Ruling
given in Opinion 67 are hereby corrected in the manner
specified below :—
(1) Alauda Linnaeus, 1758: The nominal species
Alauda arvensis Linnaeus, 1758, was first selected
to be the type species of the genus Alauda
Linnaeus, 1758, by Selby in 1825 (///. Brit.
Ornith. 1 (Landbirds) : xxix, xxxiil) and this
reference is accordingly hereby substituted for the
fcorrect teference ~-Tsd.):Swamson,:: '82:7)7?.
(2) Fulmarus Stephens, 1826: The nominal species
Procellaria glacialis Linnaeus, 1761, was first
selected to be the type species of the genus
Fulmarus Stephens, 1826, by Gray (G.R.) in
1855 (Cat. Gen. Sub-Gen. Birds Brit. Mus. : 129)
and this reference is accordingly hereby sub-
stituted for the incorrect reference ‘‘ Palmer,
FS36y"’:
(3) Heliornis Bonnaterre, 1790: The generic name
Heliornis Bonnaterre, was published in Part 1
of the ** Ornithologie ”’ Section of the Encyclopédie
Bav 4A 1Q4h
214 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
méthodique in 1790 and not in 1791 as incorrectly
stated in Opinion 67 and appeared on page 64
as well as on page Ixxxiv. The entry on the
Official List is accordingly hereby corrected by
the substitution of the date “1790” for the
date “* 1791 ”? and completed by the addition of a
reference to page 64.
(2) The nominal species Manucodia chalybea Boddaert,
1783, a junior objective synonym of Paradisea [sic]
chalybata Forster, 1781, would have been the type
species of Manucodia Boddaert, 1783, if it had not been
for the provisions of Declaration 21+, under which the
type species of this genus is Paradisea [sic] chalybata
Forster, 1781, as the senior of the two objective synonyms
concerned. The specific name chalybata Forster was
misspelled as chalybeata in the Ruling given in Opinion 67.
This spelling, as an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling, is
placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid
Specific Names in Zoology by Ruling (4) in the present
Direction.
(3) The under-mentioned generic names are hereby
placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid
Generic Names in Zoology with the Name Numbers
severally specified below :—
(1) Aegithia Blyth, 1860 (an Erroneous Subsequent
Spelling for Aegithina Vieillot, 1816) (Name
ING. 152 75
(2) Aix Agassiz (J.L.R.), 1846 (An Invalid Emendation
of Aia Eyton, 1838 and a junior homonym of
Aix Boie, 1838) (Name No. 528) ;
(3) Alauda Daudin, 1816 (a junior homonym of Alauda
Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 529) ;
1 Published in 1956 (Ops. Decls. int. Comm. zool. Nomencl. 12 : i—viii).
DIRECTION 44 215
(4) Aptenodita Bonnaterre, 1791 (an Erroneous Sub-
sequent Spelling for Aptenodytes Miller, 1778)
(Name No. 530) ;
(5) Aptenodites Lesson, 1837 (an Erroneous Subse-
quent Spelling for Aptenodytes Miller, 1778)
(Name No. 531) ;
(6) Aptenodyta Gmelin (J.F.), 1788 (an Erroneous
Subsequent Spelling for Aptenodytes Miller, 1778)
(Name No. 532) ;
(7) Aptenodytes Forster (J.R.), 1777 (a nomen nudum)
(Name No. 533) ;
(8) Aulacorhynchus Dittmar, 1872 (a junior homonym
of Aulacorhynchus Gould, 1834) (Name No. 534) ;
(9) Brotogerys Agassiz (J.L.R.), 1846 (an Invalid |
Emendation of Brotogeris Vigors, 1825) (Name
IWO.°935) ;
(10) Capito Gistl, 1848 (a junior homonym of Capito
Vieillot, 1816) (Name No. 536) ;
(11) Catharthes d’Orbigny, [1835] (an Erroneous Sub-
sequent Spelling for Cathartes Illiger, 1811)
(Name No. 537) ;
(12) Centrocercus Fitzinger, 1843 (a junior homonym
of ne ay Swainson, 1832) (Name No.
538) ;
(13) Cephalopterus Risso, 1810 (a junior homonym
of Cephalopterus Geoffroy, 1809 (Name No. 539) ;
(14) Cephalopterus Powrie, 1870 (a junior homonym of
Cephalopterus Geoffroy, 1809) (Name No. 540) ;
(15) Chauna Loew, 1847 (a junior homonym of Chauna
Illiger, 1811) (Name No. 541) ;
216 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
(16) Chrysolophus Swainson, 1837 (a junior homonym
of Chrysolophus Gray (J.E.), [1833—1834]) (Name
No. 542) ;
(17) Clamator Blyth, 1852 (a junior homonym of
Clamator Kaup, 1829) (Name No. 543) ;
(18) Coerebra Boie, 1826 (an Erroneous Subsequent
Spelling for Coereba Vieillot, 1816) (Name No.
544) ;
(19) Coturnix Cuvier, 1800 (a nomen nudum) (Name
No. 545) ;
(20) Eurynorhinchus Lafresnaye, 1842 (an Erroneous
Subsequent Spelling for Eurynorhynchus Nilsson,
1821) (Name No. 546) ;
(21) Eurynorynchus Reichenbach, [1852] (an Erroneous
Subsequent Spelling for Eurynorhynchus Nilsson,
1821) (Name No. 547) ;
(22) Eurylaemus Gloger, [1841] (an Erroneous Subse-
quent Spelling for Eurylaimus Horsfield, 1821)
(Name No. 548) ;
(23) Eurypygia Swainson, 1837 (an Erroneous Subse-
quent Spelling for Eurypyga Lliger, 1811) (Name
No. 549) ;
(24) Gampsonyx Jordan, 1847 (a junior homonym of
Gampsonyx Vigors, 1825) (Name No. 550) ;
(25) Haliaethus Lesson, 1831 (an Erroneous Subse-
quent Spelling for Haliaeetus Savigny, 1809)
(Name No. 551) ;
(26) Haliaétos Bonaparte, 1826 (an Erroneous Subse-
quent Spelling for Haliaeetus Savigny, 1809)
(Name No. 552) ;
DIRECTION 44 21¥
(27) Haliaetus Cuvier, 1816 (an Erroneous Subsequent
Spelling for Haliaeetus Savigny, 1809) (Name
Nor593)8
(28) Heliornis Billberg, 1820 (a junior homonym of
Heliornis Bonnaterre, 1790) (Name No. 554) ;
(29) Ibidorhinchus David, 1875 (an Erroneous Sub-
sequent Spelling for [bidorhyncha Vigors, 1832)
(Name No. 555) ;
(30) Ibidorhynchus Gray (G.R.), 1844 (an Erroneous
Subsequent Spelling for Jbidorhyncha Vigors,
1832) (Name No. 556) ;
(31) Musophagus Bonnaterre, 1790 (an Invalid Emenda-
tion of Musophaga Isert, 1789) (Name No. 557) ;
(32) Numidia Forster, 1817 (an Erroneous Subsequent
Spelling for Numida Linnaeus, 1764) (Name
No. 558) ;
(33) Pachycephala Klug, 1834 (a junior homonym of
Pachycephala Vigors, 1825) (Name No. 559) ;
(34) Pachycephala Doleschall, 1858 (a junior homonym
of Pachycephala Vigors, 1825) (Name No. 560) ;
(35) Pachycephala Lioy, 1864 (a junior homonym of
Pachycephala Vigors, 1825) (Name No. 561);
(36) Pachycephala Broun, 1881 (a junior homonym of
Pachycephala Vigors, 1825) (Name No. 562) ;
(37) Pachycephala Fairmaire, 1883 (a junior homonym
of Pachycephala Vigors, 1825) (Name No. 563) ;
(38) Pachycephalus Stephens, 1826 (an Invalid Emenda-
tion of Pachycephala Vigors, 1825) (Name No.
564) ;
218 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
(39) Parotica Wagler, 1827 (an Erroneous Subsequent
Spelling for Parotia Vieillot, 1816) (Name No.
565) ;
(40) Pezoporus Klug, [1842] (a junior homonym of
Pezoporus Illiger, 1811) (Name No. 566) ;
(41) Pezoporus Foerster, 1868 (a junior homonym of
Pezoporus Illiger, 1811) (Name No. 567) ;
(42) Psittacus Catesby, 1777 (a junior homonym of
Psittacus Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 568) ;
(43) Pteroglossus Chaudoir, 1843 (a junior homonym
of Pteroglossus Illiger, 1811) (Name No. 569) ;
(44) Ptilorhys Bonaparte, 1854 (an Erroneous Subse-
quent Spelling for Priloris Swainson, 1825) (Name
No. 570);
(45) Ptilornis Gray (G.R.), 1869 (an Erroneous Sub-
sequent Spelling for Ptiloris Swainson, 1825)
(Name No. 571) ;
(46) Strigopsis Bonaparte, 1849 (an Invalid Emendation
of Strigops Gray (G.R.), 1845) (Name No. 572).
(47) Stringops Finsch, 1867 (an Erroneous Subsequent
Spelling for Strigops Gray (G.R.), 1845) (Name
Noe. 3573);
(48) Stringopsis van der Hoeven, 1855 (an Erroneous
Subsequent Spelling for Strigops Gray (G.R.),
1845) (Name No. 574) ;
(49) Strygops Des Murs, [1853] (an Erroneous Sub-
sequent Spelling for Strigops Gray (G.R.), 1845)
(Name No. 575) ;
(50) Ptilorhis Agassiz (J.L.R.), 1846 (an Invalid Emenda-
tion of Priloris Swainson, 1825) (Name No. 576).
DIRECTION 44 219
(4) The under-mentioned specific names are hereby
placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific
Names in Zoology with the Name Numbers severally
specified below :—
(1) argus Temminck, 1807, as published in the com-
bination Polyplectron argus (a junior objective
synonym of bicalcaratus Linnaeus, 1758, as
published in the combination Pavo bicalcaratus)
(Name No. 343) ;
(2) chalybea Boddaert, 1783, as published in the com-
bination Manucodia chalybea (a junior objective
synonym of chalybata Forster, 1781, as published
in the combination Paradisea [sic] chalybata)
(Name No. 344) ;
(3) chalybeata Stiles, 1916, as published in the com-
bination Paradisea chalybeata (an Erroneous
Subsequent Spelling for chalybata Forster, 1781,
as published in the combination Paradisea [sic]
chalybata) (Name No. 345) ;
(4) communis Bonnaterre, 1791, as published in the
combination Coturnix communis (a junior objec-
tive synonym of coturnix Linnaeus, 1758, as
published in the combination Tetrao coturnix)
(Name No. 346) ;
(5) fluvialis Savigny, 1809, as published in the combina-
tion Pandion fluvialis (a junior objective synonym
of haliaetus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the
combination Falco haliaetus) (Name No. 347) ;
(6) formosus Latham, 1790, as published in the com-
bination Psittacus formosus (a junior primary
homonym of formosus Scopoli, 1769, as published
in the combination Psittacus formosus) (Name
No. 348) ;
220 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
(7) fulicarius Bonnaterre, 1790, as published in the
combination Heliornis fulicarius (a junior objective
synonym of fulica Boddaert, 1783, as published
a He combination Colymbus fulica) (Name No.
(8) galbula Linnaeus, 1766, as published in the com-
bination Oriolus galbula (a junior objective
synonym of oriolus Linnaeus, 1758, as published
- me combination Coracias oriolus) (Name No.
50):
(9) griseus Nilsson, 1821, as published in the com-
bination Eurynorhynchus griseus (a junior objective
synonym of pygmaea Linnaeus, 1758, as published
i _ combination Platalea pygmaea) (Name No.
OP):
J. THE SUBJECT MATTER OF THE PRESENT
"DIRECTION,
The present Direction is the third? of a series containing decisions
supplementary to the Rulings in regard to the names of genera
in the Class Aves placed on the Official List of Generic Names
in Zoology in the period up to the close of 1936. These decisions
have been taken by the International Commission on Zoological
Nomenclature in conformity with General Directives issued
by the International Congress of Zoology that the entries made
on the Official List in that period be completed by the entry
thereon in respect of each generic name of certain additional
particulars currently required for new entries on that List and
that the specific name of the type species of every genus, the
name of which was entered on the Official List in the foregoing
period, be entered upon the Official List of Specific Names in
2 The earlier Directions here referred to are Direction 26 (1955, Ops. Decls. int.
Comm. zool. Nomencl. 1(C) : 259—272) and Direction 43 published in 1956
as the immediately preceding Part of the present Section (Section D) of volume 1.
DIRECTION 44 221
Zoology, if the oldest available name for the species concerned,
and that in other cases the oldest available specific name for the
species in question be so entered. The present Direction which
is taken under another General Directive issued to the Com-
mission by the Congress contains Rulings prescribing certain
minor corrections to be made in the entries made on the Official
List of Generic Names in Zoology in the above period and placing
certain names connected with the cases referred to above on the
Official Indexes of Rejected and Invalid Generic and Specific
Names in Zoology. The proposals which formed the basis of the
decisions by the Commission in the present case were submitted
by the Secretary in the following paper on 12th October 1955 :—
Proposals relating to various matters outstanding in connection with
the names of genera in the Class Aves placed on the ‘‘ Official List
of Generic Names in Zoology ”’ in the period up to the end of
1936
By FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E.
(Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature)
The present paper contains the third instalment of proposals for
giving effect, so far as the names of genera of birds are concerned, to
the General Directive, issued to the International Commission by the
Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948, that the
entries made on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the
period up to the end of 1936 should be completed by the addition
thereto of all the particulars required by other Directives issued to the
Commission by that Congress. The first instalment, which related to
the assignment of appropriate genders to the names of genera of birds
placed on the Official List in the foregoing period, formed the subject
of the vote taken by the Commission on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)16.
The Commission’s decision on this matter has since been embodied in
Direction 26 (now in the press).2 The second instalment, which was
concerned with the placing on the Official List of Specific Names in
Zoology of the specific names of the type species of the same genera,
formed the subject of proposals submitted to the Commission with the
Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)31 issued simultaneously with the present
proposals. The instalment now submitted is concerned with various
miscellaneous matters, such as the correction of minor errors in the
entries made on the Official List by Rulings given in Opinion 67 and
the addition to the Official Indexes of invalid generic and specific
names involved in one way or another with the generic names placed
on the Official List in the above Opinion.
8 Direction 26 has since been published. See Footnote 2.
222 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
2. First, it is necessary to take note of four errors of dating or
citation which require now to be corrected. Particulars are given in
Annexe 1.
3. Second, particulars are given in Section A of Annexe 2 of certain
invalid generic names which under Directives issued to the Commission
by the International Congress of Zoology require now to be placed on
the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology.
4. Finally, particulars are given in Section B of Annexe 2 of certain
invalid specific names which under the Directive referred to above
require now to be placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid
Specific Names in Zoology. Of these names seven are names which
were cited by the original authors as the names for type species of
genera but which are invalid by reasons of being junior objective
synonyms of older names. For the reasons explained in the paper
submitted with Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)31 (paragraphs 8—9)* it
is proposed to treat the senior objective synonym as the name of the
type species in these cases.® The point involved is procedural only
and is designed solely to promote clarity of presentation in the entries
to be made on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology. It does not
affect in any way the names now proposed to be placed on the Official
Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names, for the seven specific
names here concerned, being objectively invalid names, would in any
case require to be placed on that Index. The names concerned are
marked with an asterisk in Annexe 2 (Section B).
5. In the light of the particulars outlined above and given in full
in the Annexes attached to the present paper, I recommend that, in
compliance with the Directives issued to it by the International
Congress of Zoology, the Commission should now render a Direction
(a) correcting, in the manner recommended in Annexe 1, certain
errors in entries made on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology
by the Ruling given in Opinion 67, and (b) placing on the Official
Indexes of Rejected and Invalid Names the generic and specific names
specified in Annexe 2.
ANNEXE 1
Cases where, when a generic names in the Class Aves was placed on the
‘* Official List of Generic Names in Zoology’, (a) an incorrect
date was cited for the generic name, (b) incorrect particulars
were given as to the selection of the type species of the genus
concerned, or (c) the name of the type species was
incorrectly spelled
(1) ‘* Alauda ’’ Linnaeus, 1758 :
The entry in Opinion 67 regarding the type species of this genus
4 The paper here referred to is reproduced in full in paragraph 2 of Direction 43
(pp. 185—200 of the present volume).
5 The proposal here referred was approved by the International Commission
and has been embodied in Declaration 21 (1956, Ops. Decls. int. Comm. zool,
Nomencl, 12 : i—viiti).
DIRECTION 44 223
was “* Alauda arvensis Linn. (Tsd. Swainson, 1827)”. This may be
interpreted as meaning that the type species of this genus is Alauda
arvensis Linnaeus, 1758 by selection under Rule (g) in Article 30 by
Swainson in some book or paper published in 1827. The attribution
of the type selection for this genus to ‘‘ Swainson, 1827 ’’ was a mistake,
for it was anticipated by the selection of the same species to be the
type species of this genus made by Selby two years earlier, i.e. in 1825
Ul. Brit. Ornith. 1 (Landbirds) : xxix, xxxiii). This is the reference
adopted for this type selection both in the A.O.U Checklist and in
vol. 1 of the Handbook of British Birds (1938).
(2) ‘* Fulmarus ”*’ Stephens, 1826
The type species of this genus is Procellaria glacialis Linnaeus,
1761, by selection by Gray (G.R.) in 1855 (Cat. Gen. Sub-Gen. Birds
Brit. Mus. : 129). This is the reference accepted by all modern authors.
For some reason which can only be attributed to inadvertence the
selection of the above species as the type species of this genus was
attributed to “‘ Palmer, 1836” in Opinion 67. This was clearly a
mistake. (When this matter was being investigated by the late Dr.
James L. Peters, at my request, he reported that he was not aware of any
worker named Palmer in this field prior to 1840 and that the entry in
Opinion 67 must be rejected as being incorrect.)
(3) ‘* Heliornis ’’ Bonnaterre, 1790
This generic name was published on pp. lxxxiv and 64 of the first
part of the “‘ Ornithologie ’’ Section of the Encyclopédie methodique
and the name applied by Bonnaterre to its type species—Heliornis
fulicarius—was published on page 65 of the same part of the above
work. The part concerned was published in 1790 and not in 1791, the
date incorrectly cited in Opinion 67.
(4) ‘* Manucodia ’’ Boddaert, 1783
The type species of this genus was cited by Boddaert under the
new name Manucodia chalybea. The oldest available name for the
taxon so named is Paradisea [sic] chalybata Forster, 1781. An attempt
was made in Opinion 67 to indicate this synonymy but unfortunately
this specific name was there misspelled as “* chalybeata”’.
In order to prevent anyone, following Sherborn, from falling into
the error of concluding that the name Paradisea [sic] chalybata Forster,
1781, is invalid by reason of being a nomen nudum, it should be noted
that, in citing this name Forster provided it with an “‘ indication ”’ for
the purposes of Article 25, by adding the entry ‘“‘ Pl. enlum. 634”’.
This is a reference to the plate so numbered in the Histoire naturelle
des Oiseaux of Daubenton (E.I.), the plates (Planches enluminées) in
which are stated in the title to have been prepared by Martinet under
the direction of Daubenton,
224 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
ANNEXE 2
Proposed addition of certain objectively invalid names to the ‘‘ Official
Indexes of Rejected and Invalid Names ”’
Section A :—Proposed addition of forty-six generic names
to the “‘ Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic
Names in Zoology”
1. Aegithia Blyth, 1860, J. asiat. Soc. Bengal 29 : 254 (an Erroneous
Subsequent Spelling for Aegithina Vieillot, 1816, placed on the
Official List in Opinion 67)
2. Aix Agassiz, 1846, Nomencl. Zool. Index Univ. : 12 (emend. pro
Aia Eyton, 1838) (a junior homonym of Aix Boie, 1828, placed
on the Official List in Opinion 67)
3. Alauda Daudin, 1816, Dict. Sci. nat. (Levrault) 1 : 513 (a junior
homonym of Alauda Linnaeus, 1758, placed on the Official
List in Opinion 67)
4. The under-mentioned Erroneous Subsequent Spellings of
Aptenodytes Miller, 1778, placed on the Official List in Opinion
67 :—
(a) Aptenodita Bonnaterre, 1791, Tabl. ency. méth. Orn. 1
(1823) : xxxiv
(b) Aptenodites Lesson, 1837, Compl. Buffon 9 : 542
(c) Aptenodyta Gmelin, 1788, in Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed.
13) 1(1) : 242, 559
5. Aptenodytes Forster (J.R.), 1777, in Forster (G.), Voy. World
1 : 98 (a nomen nudum)
6. Aulacorhynchus Dittmar, 1872, Verh. Russ. min. Ges. (2) 7:2 (a
junior homonym of Aulacorhynchus Gould, 1834, placed on the
Official List in Opinion 67)
7. Brotogerys Agassiz, 1846, Nomencl. Zool. Index Univ. : 54 (an
Invalid Emendation of Brotogeris Vigors, 1825, placed on the
Official List in Opinion 67)
8. Capito Gistl, 1848, Nat. Thierr. : xi (nom. nov. pro Ophistomis
Dejean, 1835) (a junior homonym of Capito Vieillot, 1816,
placed on the Official List on Opinion 67)
9. Catharthes d’Orbigny, [1835], Voy. Amer. mérid.9:tab. 1 (an
Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Cathartes IUlliger, 1811,
placed on the Official List in Opinion 67)
10. Centrocercus Fitzinger, 1843, Syst. Rept. : 18, 86 (a junior homonym
of Centrocercus Swainson, 1832, placed on the Official List in
Opinion 67)
BY.
12.
13.
14.
1d.
16.
ie
18.
19.
20.
et:
DIRECTION 44 a5
The under-mentioned junior homonyms of Cephalopterus Geoflroy
1809, placed on the Official List in Opinion 67 :—
(a) Cephalopterus Risso, 1810, Ichth. Nice : 14
(b) Cephalopterus Powrie, 1870, Trans. Edinb. geol. Soc. 1 : 298
Chauna Loew, 1847, Ent. Ztg., Stettin 8 : 370 (a junior homonym
of Chauna Illiger, 1811, placed on the Official List in Opinion 67)
Chrysolophus Swainson, 1837, Nat. Hist. Classif. Birds 2 : 225 (a
junior homonym of Chrysolophus Gray, [1833—34], placed on
the Official List in Opinion 67)
Clamator Blyth, 1852, Cat. Birds Mus. Asiat. Soc. 1849 : 250
(a junior homonym of Clamator Kaup, 1829, placed on the
Official List in Opinion 67)
Coerebra Boie, 1826, Isis (Oken) 19 : 971 (an Erroneous Subse-
quent Spelling for Coereba Vieillot, 1816, placed on the Official
List in Opinion 67)
Coturnix Cuvier, 1800, Legons comp. Anat. 1:2 (a nomen nudum)
The under-mentioned Erroneous Subsequent Spellings for
Eurynorhynchus Nilsson, 1821, placed on the Official List in
Opinion 67 :—
(a) Eurynorhinchus Lafresnaye, 1842, Rev. Zool. 5 : 402
(b) Eurynorynchus Reichenbach, [1852], Av. Syst. 24 : xiii
Eurylaemus Gloger, [1841], Handb. Naturg. 1 (1842) : 333 (an
Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Eurylaimus Horsfield, 1821,
placed on the Official List in Opinion 67)
Eurypygia Swainson, 1837, Nat. Hist. Classif. Birds 2 : 359 (an
Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Eurypyga Illiger, 1811)
Gampsonyx Jordan, 1847, Verh. nat. ver. pr. Rheinl. 4:91 (a
junior homonym of Gampsonyx Vigors, 1825, placed on the
Official List in Opinion 67)
The under-mentioned Erroneous Subsequent Spellings for
Haliaeetus Savigny, 1809, placed on the Official List in Opinion
67 :—
(a) Haliaethus Lesson, 1831, Traité Orn. (8) : 654
226
22.
23.
24.
25%
26.
ZT
28.
29.
30.
OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
(b) Haliaetos Bonaparte, 1826, Ann. Lyceum nat. Hist. N. York
2 (1828) : 24, 25
(c) Haliaetus Cuvier, 1816, Régn. Anim. 1 (1817) : 351; id.,
Vieillot, 1819, Nouy. Dict. Hist. nat. (ed. 2) 28 : 277
Heliornis (Dalman MS) Billberg, 1820, Enum. Ins. Mus. Billberg : 79
(a junior homonym of Heliornis Bonnaterre, 1790, placed on the
Official List in Opinion 67)
The under-mentioned Erroneous Subsequent Spellings for
Ibidorhyncha Vigors, 1832, placed on the Official List in
Opinion 67 :—
(a) Ibidorhinchus David, 1875, J. trois. Voy. Chin. 1 : 307
(b) Ibidorhynchus Gray, 1844, List Birds B.M.3 : 95, 201
Musophagus Bonnaterre, 1790, Ency. méth., Orn. 1 : xcv (an
Invalid Emendation of Musophaga Isert, 1789, placed on the
Official List in Opinion 67)
Numidia Forster, 1817, Syn. Cat. Brit. Birds : 64) (an Erroneous
Subsequent Spelling for Numida Linnaeus, 1764, placed on the
Official List in Opinion 67)
The under-mentioned junior homonyms of Pachycephala Vigors,
1825, placed on the Official List in Opinion 67 :—
(a) Pachycephala Klug, 1834, Jahrb. Insektenk. 1 : 4
(b) Pachycephala Doleschall, 1858, Natuurk. Tijdskr. Nederl.
Ind. 17 : 115
(c) Pachycephala Lioy, 1864, Atti Ist. Veneto (3) 9 : 1343
(d) Pachycephala Broun, 1881, Man. N.Z. Col. 2 : 672
(e) Pachycephala Fairmaire, 1883, Ann. Soc. ent. Belgique
27(2) : 4
Pachycephalus Stephens, 1826, in Shaw, Gen. Zool, (Aves) 13(2) :
267 (an Invalid Emendation of Pachycephala Vigors, 1825,
placed on the Official List in Opinion 67)
Parotica Wagler, 1827, Syst. Av. 1 : 99 (an Erroneous Subsequent
Spelling for Parotia Vieillot, 1816, placed on the Official List
in Opinion 67)
The under-mentioned junior homonyms of Pezoporus Illiger, 1811,
placed on the Official List in Opinion 67 :—
(a) Pezoporus Klug, [1842], Abh. preuss. Akad. Wiss. 1840 : 311
(b) Pezoporus Foerster, 1868, Verh. naturh. Ver. Rheinlande
= |
Psittacus Catesby, 1777, Pisc.... Imagines : 29 (ajunior homonym of
Psittacus Linnaeus, 1758, placed on the Official List in Opinion 67)
af.
a2.
am.
ON
DIRECTION 44 22h
Pteroglossus Chaudior, 1843, Bull. Soc. imp. Nat. Moscou 16(3) : 405
(a junior homonym of Ptreroglossus Wlliger, 1811, placed on the
Official List in Opinion 67)
The under-mentioned Erroneous Subsequent Spellings of Priloris
Swainson, 1825, placed on the Official List in Opinion 67 :—
(a) Ptilorhys Bonaparte, 1854, C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris 38 : 260
(b) Prilornis Gray (G.R.), 1869, Handlist Birds 1 : 104, 105
Strigopsis Bonaparte, 1849, Consp. Gen. Avium:8 (an Invalid
Emendation of Strigops Gray (G.R.), 1845, placed on the
Official List in Opinion 67)
Section B: Proposed addition of nine specific names to the
** Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names
in Zoology”
. *argus Temminck, 1807 (Cat. Syst. Cab. Ornith. : 149) as published
in the combination Polyplectron argus (a junior objective
synonym of bicalcaratus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the
combination Pavo bicalcaratus)
. *chalybea Boddaert, 1783 (Tabl. Pl. enl. Hist. nat. Daubenton : 39),
as published in the combination Manucodia chalybea (a junior
objective synonym of chalybata Forster, 1781, as published in
the combination Paradisea [sic] chalybata)
. chalybeata Stiles, 1916 (Smithson. misc. Publ. 2409 : 181), as
published in the combination Paradisea chalybeata (an Erroneous
Subsequent Spelling for chalybata Forster, 1781, as published
in the combination Paradisea [sic] chalybata)
. *communis Bonnaterre, 1791 (Ency. méth., Orn. 1: 217), as
published in the combination Coturnix communis (a junior
objective synonym of coturnix Linnaeus, 1758, as published
in the combination Tetrao coturnix)
. *fluvialis Savigny, 1809 (Descr. Egypte 1(1) (Ois.) : 96), as pub-
lished in the combination Pandion fluvialis (a junior objective
synonym of haliaetus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the
combination Falco haliaetus)
. formosus Latham, 1790 (Index ornith. : 103), as published in the
combination Psittacus formosus (a junior primary homonym of
formosus Scopoli, 1769, as published in the combination
Psittacus formosus)
*See paragraph 4 of the present paper.
228 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
7. *fulicarius Bonnaterre, 1790 (Ency. méth., Orn. 1 : 65), as pub-
lished in the combination Heliornis fulicarius (a junior objective
synonym of fulica Boddaert, 1783, as published in the com-
bination Colymbus fulica)
8. *galbula Linnaeus, 1766 (Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1(1) : 160), as pub-
lished in the combination Oriolus galbula (a junior objective
synonym of oriolus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the com-
bination Coracias oriolus)
9. *griseus Nilsson, 1821 (Ornith. svec. 2(1) : 29), as published in the
combination Eurynorhynchus griseus (a junior objective synonym
of pygmaea Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination
Platalea pygmaea).
2. Registration of the present application : Upon the receipt of
Mr. Hemming’s paper the question of the action required to
settle the questions raised therein was allotted the Registered
Number Z.N.(S.) 994.
Il. THE DECISION TAKEN BY THE INTERNATIONAL
COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE
3. Issue of Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)32 : On 12th October
1955 a Voting Paper (V.P.(O.M.)(55)32) was issued in which
each Member of the Commission was asked (1) to state whether
he agreed that, “‘ in conformity with the General Directives issued
to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature
by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948,
regarding the placing on the appropriate Official Lists and
Official Indexes of names dealt with in, or otherwise involved
in, Opinions rendered prior to 1948, and other matters on which
action is required in order to complete, to clarify, or to correct
Rulings given in Opinions rendered in the foregoing period, the
action recommended in paragraph 5 of the paper numbered
Z.N.(S.) 994, regarding names in the Class Aves submitted by the
Secretary simultaneously with the present Voting Paper [l.e.
* See paragraph 4 of the present paper.
DIRECTION 44 229
in the paragraph numbered as above in the application repro-
duced in the first paragraph of the present Direction] be now
taken as there recommended ”’ and (2), if he did not so agree as
regards any given item, to indicate that item.
4. The Prescribed Voting Period: As the foregoing Voting
Paper was issued under the One-Month Rule, the Prescribed
Voting Period closed on 12th November 1955.
5. Particulars of the Voting on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)32 :
At the close of the Prescribed Voting Period, the state of the
voting on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)32 was as follows :—
(a) Affirmative Votes had been given by the following twenty-four
(24) Commissioners (arranged in the order in which Votes
were received) :
Hering ; Holthuis ; Lemche ; Vokes ; Esaki ; Boschma ;
Riley; Miller; Bradley (J.C.); Sylvester-Bradley ;
Prantl; Mayr; Jaczewski; Tortonese; do Amaral ;
Dymond; Hemming; Bonnet; Mertens; Stoll;
Cabrera; Key; Kihnelt ; Hanko ;
(b) Negative Votes :
None ;
(c) On Leave of Absence, one (1) :
Bodenheimer ;
(d) Voting Papers not returned :
None.
230 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
6. Declaration of Result of Vote : On 21st November 1955,
Mr. Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission, acting
as Returning Officer for the Vote taken on Voting Paper V.P.
(O.M.)(55)32, signed a Certificate that the Votes cast were as
set out in paragraph 5 above and declaring that the proposal
submitted in the foregoing Voting Paper had been duly adopted
and that the decision so taken was the decision of the International
Commission in the matter aforesaid.
-7, Addition of four further names to the ‘‘ Official Index of
Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology ”’ : On 2\st
November 1955 Mr. Hemming, as Secretary, executed the
following Minute directing the addition to the Official Index of
Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology of three further
Erroneous Subsequent Spellings and one further Invalid Emend-
ation of generic names placed on the Official List of Generic
Names in Zoology in the period up to the close of 1936 :-—
Addition of four further invalid generic names to the ‘‘ Official Index
of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology fs
MINUTE by FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E.
(Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature)
I have received from Professor Ernst Mayr a letter dated 26th
October 1955 in which he draws attention to the fact that the three
Erroneous Subsequent Spellings and the one Invalid Emendation
specified below of the names of genera in the Class Aves placed on the
Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of
1936 were inadvertently omitted from the list of invalid generic names
which in paper Z.N.(S.) 994 submitted to the Commission with Voting
Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)32 were recommended for addition to the
Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology :—
(1) Stringops Finsch, 1867, Papageien 1 : 233, 241 (an Erroneous
Subsequent Spelling for Strigops Gray (G.R.), 1845, placed
on the Official List by the Ruling given in Opinion 67) ;
(2) Stringopsis van der Hoeven, 1855, Handb. Dierk. (ed. 2) 2 : 692
(an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Strigops Gray (G.R.),
1845) ;
DIRECTION 44 231
(3) Strygops Des Murs, [1853], in Chenu, Ency. Hist. nat., Ois.
1: 202 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Strigops
Gray (G.R.), 1845) ;
(4) Ptilorhis Agassiz (J.L.R.), 1846, Nomencl. zool. Index univ. (an
Invalid Emendation of Priloris Swainson, 1825, placed on the
Official List by the Ruling given in Opinion 67).
2. In the light of the additional information received in this matter
I, as Secretary to the International Commission, hereby direct that
the names specified above be placed on the Official Index of Rejected
and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology at the same time that the names
specified in the paper referred to in paragraph 1 above are so placed.
8. Preparation of the Ruling given in the present °° Direction ”’ :
On 7th February 1956, Mr. Hemming prepared the Ruling
given in the present Direction and at the same time signed a
Certificate that the terms of that Ruling were in complete accord
with those of the proposal approved by the International Com-
mission in its Vote on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)32, subject to
the adjustment specified in the Minute executed by the Secretary
on 21st November 1955, the text of which has been reproduced in
paragraph 7 of the present Direction.
9. Original References : The original references for the names
specified in Annexe 2 to the present application which have been
placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names
in Zoology or, as the case may be, on the Official Index of Rejected
and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in the
present Direction are as set out in the Annexe referred to above.
The original references for the four generic names placed on the
Official Index by the direction given in the Secretary’s Minute
of 21st November 1955 are as set out in that Minute.
10. Family-Group Names: No family-group-name problem
arises in connection with any of the names dealt with in the Ruling
given in the present Direction.
11. The prescribed procedures were duly complied with by the
International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in dealing
PE OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
with the present case, and the present Direction is accordingly
hereby rendered in the name of the said International Commission
by the under-signed Francis Hemming, Secretary to the Inter-
national Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, in virtue
of all and every the powers conferred upon him in that behalf.
12. The present Direction shall be known as Direction Forty-
Four (44) of the International Commission on Zoological
Nomenclature.
DoNE in London, this Twenty-Seventh day of February,
Nineteen Hundred and Fifty-Six.
Secretary to the International Commission
on Zoological Nomenclature
FRANCIS HEMMING
——
Printed in England by MercaLFe & Cooper LimiTeED, 10-24 Scrutton St., London EC 2
OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
RENDERED BY THE INTER-
NATIONAL COMMISSION ON
LOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE
Edited by
FRANCIS HEMMING, cM.G., c.B.E.
Secretary to the Commission
VOLUME 1. SECTION D. Part D.9. Pp. 233—242
DIRECTION 45
Substitution of Pinnotheres Bosc, [1801—1802] for
Pinnotheres Latreille, [1802—1803] (Class Crustacea,
Order Decapoda) on the Official List of Generic Names
in Zoology (correction of an error in the Ruling given
in Opinion 85)
LONDON :
Printed by Order of the International Trust for
Zoological Nomenclature
and
Sold on behalf of the International Commission on Zoological
Nomenclature by the International Trust at its Publications Office
41, Queen’s Gate, London, S.W.7
1956 ae
Ps 7 i-4 & / [ ——
Price Seven Shillings ZO a eed! y
fa |
(All rights reserved) \ NOV 20 1955 |
Issued 19th October, 1956
INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON
ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE
COMPOSITION AT THE TIME OF THE ADOPTION OF THE
RULING GIVEN IN DIRECTION 45
A. The Officers of the Commission
Honorary Life President: Dr. Karl JoRDAN (British Museum (Natural History),
Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts., England)
President : Professor James Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.)
(12th August 1953)
Vice-President : Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (Sao Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953)
Secretary : Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (27th July 1948)
B. The Members of the Commission
(arranged in order of precedence by reference to date of election or of most recent re-election
as prescribed by the International Congress of Zoology)
Professor H. BOSCHMA (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands)
(ist January 1947)
Senor Dr. Angel CABRERA (La Plata, Argentina) (27th July 1948)
Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (27th July 1948) (Secretary)
Dr. ies LEMCHE (Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark) (27th
July 1948
Professor Teiso Esaki (Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan) (17th April 1950)
Professor Pierre BONNET (Université de Toulouse, France) (9th June 1950)
Mr. Norman Denbigh RILEy (British Museum (Natural History), London) (9th June 1950)
Professor Tadeusz JACZEWSKI (Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw,
Poland) (15th June 1950)
Professor Robert MERTENS (Natur-Museum u. Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg, Frankfurt
a.M., Germany) (Sth July 1950)
Professor Erich Martin HERING (Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universitadt zu
Berlin, Germany) (Sth July 1950)
Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (S. Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) (Vice-President)
Professor J. R. DyMOND (University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada) (12th August 1953)
Professor J. Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August
1953) (President)
Professor Harold E. Vokes (Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A.) (12th
August 1953)
Professor Béla HANKO (Mezdgazdasdgi Muzeum, Budapest, Hungary) (12th August 1953)
Dr. Norman R. STOLL (Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York, N.-Y.,
U.S.A.) (12th August 1953)
Mr. P. C. SYLVESTER-BRADLEY (Sheffield University, Sheffield, England) (12th August 1953)
Dr. L. B. Hottuuis (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands)
oes August 1953)
Dr. K. H. L. Key (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation,
Canberra, A.C.T., Australia) (15th October 1954)
Dr. Alden H. MILLER (Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, U.S.A.)
(29th October 1954)
Doc. Dr. Ferdinand PRANTL (Ndrodni Museum V Praze, Prague, Czechoslovakia) (30th
October 1954)
Professor Dr. Wilhelm KUHNELT (Zoologisches Institut der Universitat, Vienna, Austria)
(6th November 1954)
Professor F. S. BODENHEIMER (The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel) (11th November
)
Professor Ernest MAYR (Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, Cambridge,
Massachusetts, U.S.A.) (4th December 1954)
Professor Enrico TORTONESE (Museo di Storia Naturale ‘‘ G. Doria’’, Genova, Italy)
(16th December 1954)
DIRECTION 45
SUBSTITUTION OF “‘ PINNOTHERES ”’ BOSC, [1801—1802]
FOR ‘“PINNOTHERES ” LATREILLE, [1802—1803]
(CLASS CRUSTACEA, ORDER DECAPODA) ON
THE “ OFFICIAL LIST OF GENERIC NAMES
IN ZOOLOGY ” (CORRECTION OF AN
ERROR IN THE RULING GIVEN IN
‘‘ OPINION ”° 85)
RULING :—(1) The incorrect entry relating to the
generic name VPinnotheres Latreille made on _ the
Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by the Ruling
given in Opinion 85, in which also the date [1801—1802]
was erroneously attributed to the foregoing name, is
hereby deleted and the following revised entry is hereby
mserted in its place under the same Name Number
(Name No. 352) :—
Pinnotheres Bosc, [1801—1802], Hist. nat. Crust. 1 : 59,
239 (gender : masculine) (type species, by selection
by Latreille (1810, Consid. gén. Anim. Crust. Arachn.
Ins. : 422) : Cancer pisum Linnaeus, 1767, Syst. Nat.
fed ta) (2): = 1039).
(2) The under-mentioned specific name is hereby placed
on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with the
NOV 7 4 1956
236 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
Name No. 1035: pisum Linnaeus, 1767, as published in
the combination Cancer pisum (specific name of type
species of Pinnotheres Bosc, [1801—1802}).
(3) The under-mentioned generic name is hereby placed
on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names
in Zoology with the Name No. 577 : Pinnotheres Latreille,
[1802—1803] (a junior homonym of Pinnotheres Bosc,
[1801—1802]).
I. THE SUBJECT MATTER OF THE; PRESENT
* DIRECTION
On 19th September 1955, Mr. Hemming as Secretary, submitted
to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature
two papers, each dealing with a number of matters relating to
entries of names of genera of the Order Decapoda (Class
Crustacea) made on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology
in the period up to the end of 1936 as regards which it appeared
that action was needed in order to enable the Commission to
comply with the General Directive relating to the completion
of entries made on the above List in the foregoing period issued
by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, Paris,
1948. The first of these papers, with which was associated
Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)27!, bore the Registered Number —
Z.N.(S.) 985 ; the second, with which was associated Voting Paper
V.P.(O.M.)(55)28!, bore the Registered Number Z.N.(S.) 987.
During the Prescribed Voting Period for the foregoing Voting
Papers information received from Commissioner L. B. Holthuis
(Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands)
disclosed the existence of a previously undetected problem in
relation to the generic name Pinnotheres which, attributed to
Latreille and dated ‘“‘ 1801—1802”, had been placed on the
Official List by the Ruling given in Opinion 85. In the light of
the information so received, Mr. Hemming, on 7th October 1955, -
1 The decisions taken by the International Commission on these two Voting
Papers have since been embodied in Direction 36 (1956, Ops. Decls. int. Comm.
zool. Nomencl. 1(D) : 1—46) and Direction 37 (1956, ibid. 1(D) : 47—82)
respectively.
DIRECTION 45 237
executed Minutes on the Commission’s Files Z.N.(S.) 985 and
Z.N.(S.) 987 respectively withdrawing from the scope of the
foregoing Voting Papers the proposals in relation to the generic
name Pinnotheres Latreille submitted therewith and directing
that the situation be reviewed in the light of the additional
information received with a view to the submission of revised
proposals to the Commission as soon as possible?. On 27th
October 1955 the following paper containing revised proposals
was submitted to the Commission by the Secretary :—
Proposed correction of the entry on the ‘‘ Official List of Generic
Names in Zoology ”’’ relating to the generic name ‘‘ Pinnotheres ”’
Latreille, [1802—1803] (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda)
(correction of an error in ‘‘ Opinion ”’ 85)
By FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E.
(Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature)
The object of the present paper is to call attention to an incorrect
entry in relation to the generic name Pinnotheres Latreille, [1802—1803],
made on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by the Ruling
given in the Commission’s Opinion 85 published in 1925 (Smithson.
misc. Coll. 73 (No. 3) : 13—18) and to submit proposals for correcting
the entry so made.
2. The problem now to be considered was brought to light about a
month ago by Dr. L. B. Holthuis (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke
Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) by whom it was encountered
incidentally when considering proposals which I had then submitted
with Voting Papers V.P.(O.M.)(55)27 and 28 for completing the entries
on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology made in the pre-Lisbon
(1935) period. These proposals had been prepared for the purpose
of placing before the Commission the material necessary to enable it
to comply with the General Directives issued by the International
Congress of Zoology that such additions be made to entries made on the
Official List in the foregoing period as might be necessary to bring
those entries into line with those made in regard to names similarly
placed on the above Official List in more recent periods. On receiving
Dr. Holthuis’s communication of 20th September 1955, I at once
executed a Minute withdrawing the name Pinnotheres Latreille from
the scope of the above Voting Papers.
2 The Minute placed by the Secretary on Commission File Z.N.(S.) 985 on
7th October 1955 has been reproduced in paragraph 4 of Direction 36 (published
as Part | of the present Section (SECTION D) of the present volume (Volume
1), pp. 1—46). The corresponding Minute placed by the Secretary on Com-
mission File Z.N.(S.) 987 on the same day has been reproduced in paragraph 4
of Direction 37 (published as Part 2 of the present Section, pp. 47—82).
238 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
3. In Opinion 85 the name Pinnotheres Latreille was stated to have
been published in “‘ 1801-2 (An X)”’ in volume 3 of the Hist. nat. gén.
partic. Crust. Ins. in Sonnini’s Buffon. It was further stated that
Cancer pisum Linnaeus, 1767 (Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1(2) : 1039) was the
type species of this genus.
4. In the first of the Voting Papers cited above (V.P.(O.M.)(55)27)
a recommendation was submitted that the specific name pisum
Linnaeus, 1767, as published in the combination Cancer pisum, should,
as the specific name of the type species of a genus (Pinnotheres Latreille),
which had been placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology,
now be placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology.
5. Nothing was said in the Ruling given in Opinion 85 as to the
manner in which Cancer pisum Linnaeus, 1767, had become the type
species of the genus Pinnotheres Latreille. In order to repair this
omission, it was recommended in Annexe | to the paper? submitted
with the second of the Voting Papers referred to above (Voting Paper
V.P.(O.M.)(55)28), that the entry “‘ type species, by monotypy’’ be
inserted in the entry in the Official List relating to this generic name,
reference to the work cited in Opinion 85 having shown that the above
was the only nominal species cited by Latreille when in that work he
established the genus Pinnotheres. Further, in Appendix 2 (para-
graph 10) of the same paper® attention was drawn to the fact that,
although, as stated in Opinion 85, the third volume of the Hist. nat.
gén. partic. Crust. Ins. bore the date “‘An X ”’ calculated in accordance
with the French Revolutionary Calendar of a hundred and fifty years
ago, there is evidence to show that this volume cannot have been
published until some time in “‘An X1”’, ie. in the period from
September 1802 to September 1803 (Hemming, 1946, Bull. zool.
Nomencl. 1 : 205, nota 7).
6. In a letter dated 20th September 1955, Dr. Holthuis informed
me that he had ascertained that the name Pinnotheres was first published
not by Latreille but by Bosc in the latter author’s Hist. nat. Crust.1 : 59,
239, published in “‘An X”’, 1.e. in the period September 1801 to Sep-
tember 1802. Bosc included in his genus Pinnotheres the nominal
species Cancer pisum Linnaeus, 1758, and that species was selected as
the type species by Latreille himself in 1810 (Consid. gén. Anim. Crust.
Arach. Ins. : 422). Dr. Holthuis added that Bosc attributed (: 239)
the generic name Pinnotheres to Latreille who was undoubtedly the
author of this name in manuscript and suggested that Bosc became
aware of it through the action of Latreille who, as Bosc explained in
his preface (loc. cit. 1 : 49) had given him permission to make use
(‘‘... ila permis de faire usage ici ’’) of the text of the then unpublished
volume 3 of Latreille’s Hist. nat. gén. partic. Crust. Ins., referred to
by Bosc as the forthcoming ‘‘ nouvelle edition” of the Précis des
8’ The document here referred to has been reproduced in full in paragraph 1 of
Direction 37 (pp. 63—78 of the present volume).
DIRECTION 45 239
caracteres des géneriques [sic] des Insectes of the “‘ savant auteur...
Vestimable Latreille ”’.
7. In the light of the evidence now furnished by Dr. Holthuis it is
evident that the entry relating to the name Pinnotheres Latreille,
[1802—1803], must be removed from the Official List and replaced
by an entry relating to the name Pinnotheres Bosc, [1801—1802].
Fortunately, no change of type species is involved, for Cancer pisum
Linnaeus, 1767, is the type species alike of Pinnotheres Bosc and of the
later name Pinnotheres Latreille, though in the first of these cases that
species is type species by selection by Latreille, 1810, while in the
second case it is type species by monotypy.
8. In order to remedy the defect in Opinion 85 discovered by
Dr. Holthuis, I recommend the International Commission :—
(1) to delete from the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology
the incorrect entry of the name Pinnotheres Latreille, [1802—
1803], made therein, with the incorrect date ‘* 1801—1802’’,
by the Ruling given in Opinion 85 and to substitute therefor
the following revised entry under the same Name Number
(Name No. 352) :—
Pinnotheres Bosc, [1801—1802] (gender : masculine) (type
species by selection by Latreille (1810): Cancer pisum
Linnaeus, 1767)
(2) to place the under-mentioned specific name on the Official List
of Specific Names in Zoology :—pisum Linnaeus, 1767, as
published in the combination Cancer pisum (specific name of
type species of Pinnotheres Bosc, [1801—1802]) ;
(3) to place the under-mentioned generic name on the Official Index
of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology :—Pinnotheres
Latreille, [1802—1803] (a junior homonym of Pinnotheres
Bosc, [1801—1802]).
2. Registration of the present application :—In accordance
with the directions given in the Minute placed by the Secretary
on Commission File Z.N.(S.)985 on 7th October 1955, the
question dealt with in the present Direction was investigated on
Commission File Z.N.(S.) 1029, which was then opened for this
purpose.
Il. THE DECISION TAKEN BY THE INTERNATIONAL
COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE
3. Issue of Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)37 : On 27th October
1955, a Voting Paper (V.P.(O.M.)(55)37) was issued in which
240 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
the Members of the Commission were invited to vote either for,
or against, “‘ the proposed correction of the entry on the Official
List of Generic Names in Zoology regardingthe name Pinnotheres
Latreille made by the Ruling given in Opinion 85, as recommended
in paragraph 8 of the paper bearing the Number Z.N.(S.) 1029
submitted by the Secretary simultaneously with the present
Voting Paper ”’ [i.e. in the paragraph numbered as above in the
paper reproduced in the first paragraph of the present Direction].
4. The Prescribed Voting Period: As the foregoing Voting
Paper was issued under the One-Month Rule, the Prescribed
Voting Period closed on 27th November 1955.
5. Particulars of the Voting on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55) 37 :
At the close of the Prescribed Voting Period, the state of the
voting on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)37 was as follows :—
(a) Affirmative Votes had been given by the following twenty-
four (24) Commissioners (arranged in the order in which
Votes were received) :
Riley ; Holthuis; Bonnet; Hering; Mertens; Stoll ;
Vokes; Boschma; Bodenheimer; Mayr; Esaki;
Dymond ; Bradley (J.C.) ; do Amaral ; Hank6 ; Cabrera ;
Jaczewski; Kiuhnelt ; Hemming; Tortonese ; Prantl ;
Sylvester-Bradley ; Miller* ; Lemche ;
(b) Negative Votes, one (1):
Key ;
(c) Voting Papers not returned :
None.
* Commissioner Miller exercised in this case the right conferred by the Thirteenth
International Congress of Zoology in Paris, 1948, under which a Commissioner
may, if he so desires, signify his willingness to support the view or the majority
or of other members of the Commission (1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 50—
52);
DIRECTION 45 241
6. Declaration of Result of Vote : On 17th December 1955,
Mr. Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission, acting
as Returning Officer for the Vote taken on Voting Paper
V.P.(O.M.)(55)37, signed a Certificate that the Votes cast were
as set out in paragraph 5 above and declaring that the proposal
submitted in the foregoing Voting Paper had been duly adopted
and that the decision so taken was the decision of the International
Commission in the matter aforesaid.
7. Preparation of the Ruling given in the present ‘‘ Direction ”’ :
On 17th March 1956, Mr. Hemming prepared the Ruling given
in the present Direction and at the same time signed a Certificate
that the terms of that Ruling were in complete accord with those
of the proposal approved by the International Commission in
its Vote on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)37.
8. Original References : The following are the original refer-
ences for the names placed on Official Lists and Official Indexes
by the Ruling given in the present Direction :—
Pinnotheres Bosc, [1801—1802], Hist. nat. Crust. 1 : 59, 239
Pinnotheres Latreille, [1802—1803], Hist. nat. gén. partic. Crust.
dase 3 25
pisum, Cancer, Linnaeus, 1767, Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1(2) : 1039
9. The reference for the selection of a type species for the
genus Pinnotheres Bosc, [1801—1802] is as specified in Part (1)
of the Ruling given in the present Direction.
10. The prescribed procedures were duly complied with by the
International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in dealing
with the present case, and the present Direction is accordingly
hereby rendered in the name of the said International Commission
by the under-signed Francis Hemming, Secretary to the Inter-
national Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, in virtue of
all and every the powers conferred upon him in that behalf.
242 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
11. The present Direction shall be known as Direction Forty-
Five (45) of the International Commission on Zoological
Nomenclature.
Done in London, this Seventeenth day of March, Nineteen
Hundred and Fifty-Six.
Secretary to the International Commission
on Zoological Nomenclature
FRANCIS HEMMING
Printed in England by Metcatre & Cooper LimitTeD, 10-24 Scrutton St., London EC 2
=
Issued 26th October, 1956.
OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
RENDERED BY THE INTER-
NATIONAL COMMISSION ON
ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE
Edited by
FRANCIS HEMMING, c.M.G., C.B.E.
Secretary to the Commission
VOLUME 1. SECTION D. Part D.10. Pp. 243—254
DIRECTION 47
Substitution on the Official List of Generic Names in
Zoology of a revised entry relating to the generic name
Pandalus Leach, 1815 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda)
(revision of a Ruling given in Opinion 104)
LONDON :
Printed by Order of the International Trust for
Zoological Nomenclature
and
Sold on behalf of the International Commission on Zoological
Nomenclature by the International Trust at its Publications Office
41, Queen’s Gate, London, S.W.7
1956 :
Price Eight Shillings “ e a \ \iqoOsy
(All rights reserved) ( i Dp Pane
INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON
ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE
COMPOSITION AT THE TIME OF THE ADOPTION OF THE
RULING GIVEN IN DIRECTION 47
A. The Officers of the Commission
Honorary Life President: Dr. Karl JoRDAN (British Museum (Natural History),
Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts., England)
President: Professor James ‘Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y.,
U.S.A.) (12th August 1953)
Vice-President : Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (Sao Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953)
Secretary : Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (27th July 1948)
B. The Members of the Commission
(Arranged in order of precedence by reference to date of election or of most recent
re-election, as prescribed by the International Congress of Zoology)
Professor H. BoscHMA (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands)
(1st January 1947)
Senor Dr. Angel CABRERA (La Plata, Argentina) (27th July 1948)
Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (27th July 1948) (Secretary)
Dr. Henning LEMcHE (Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark)
(27th July 1948)
Professor Teiso Esaki (Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan) (17th April 1950)
Professor Pierre BONNET (Université de Toulouse, France) (9th June 1950)
Mr. Norman Denbigh RILEy (British Museum (Natural History), London) (9th June 1950)
Professor Tadeusz JACZESWKI (Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw,
Poland) (15th June 1950)
Professor Robert MERTENS (Natur-Museum u. Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg, Frankfurt
a.M., Germany) (Sth July 1950)
Professor Erich Martin HERING (Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universitdt zu
Berlin, Germany) (Sth July 1950)
Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (S. Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) (Vice-President)
Professor J. R. DyMOND (University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada) (12th August 1953)
Professor J. Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953)
(President)
Professor Harold E. Voxes (Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A.)
(12th August 1953)
Professor Béla HANKO (Mezdgazdasdgi Muzeum, Budapest, Hungary) (12th August 1953)
Dr. Norman R. STOLL (Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York, N.Y., U.S.A.)
(12th August 1953)
Mr. P. C. SYLVESTER-BRADLEY (Sheffield University, Sheffield, England) (12th August 1953)
Dr. L. B. Hottnurs (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands)
(12th August 1953)
Dr. K. H. L. Key (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation,
Canberra, A.C.T., Australia) (15th October 1954)
Dr. Alden H. MILLER (Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, California,
U.S.A.) (29th October 1954)
Doc. Dr. Ferdinand PRANTL (Ndrodni Museum v Praze, Prague, Czechoslovakia) (30th
October 1954)
Professor Dr. Wilhelm KUHNELT (Zoologisches Institut der Universitat, Vienna, Austria)
(6th November 1954)
Professor F. S. BODENHEIMER (The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel) (11th November
Professor Ernst MAYR (Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, Cambridge,
Massachusetts, U.S.A.) (4th December 1954)
Professor Enrico TORTENESE (Museo di Storia Naturale “‘ G. Doria’’, Genova, Italy)
(16th December 1954)
DIRECTION 47
SUBSTITUTION ON THE ‘“ OFFICIAL LIST OF GENERIC
NAMES IN ZOOLOGY ” OF A REVISED ENTRY
RELATING TO THE GENERIC NAME ‘‘ PANDALUS ”’
LEACH, 1815 (CLASS CRUSTACEA, ORDER
DECAPODA) (REVISION OF A RULING GIVEN
IN ** OPINION ” 104)
RULING :—(1) The entry on the Official List of
Generic Names in Zoology relating to the generic name
Pandalus Leach, 1815 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda),
made by the Ruling given in Opinion 104 is hereby deleted
and the following revised entry inserted in its place :—
497 Pandalus [Leach], [1814] (gender: masculine)
(type species by monotypy : Pandalus montagui
[Leach], [1814]).
(2) The under-mentioned specific name is hereby
placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology
with the Name Number 1039 : montagui [Leach], [1814],
as published in the combination Pandalus montagui
(specific name of type species of Pandalus |Leach],
[1814]).
(3) The under-mentioned generic names, each of which
is either a junior homonym of Pandalus [Leach], [1814], or
a later usage of that name, are hereby placed on the
Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in
246 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
Zoology with the Name Numbers 730 and 731 re-
spectively :—
(a) Pandalus Leach, [1815], Malac. Podophth. Brit.
(b) Pandalus Leach, [1815], Trans. linn. Soc. Lond.
(4) The under-mentioned specific name is hereby
placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid
Specific Names in Zoology with the Name Number 356 :
annulicornis Leach, [1815], as published in the combination
Pandalus annulicornis (a junior objective synonym of
montagui [Leach], [1814], as published in the combination
Pandalus montagui, through the lectotype selection by
Holthuis (L.B.) made in the note attached as an Annexe
to the paper reproduced in paragraph | of the present
Direction).
L.. THE SUBJECT MATTER OF THE PRESENT
“DIRECTION
The present Direction is concerned with the correction of an
erroneous entry on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology
relating to the generic name Pandalus Leach there attributed to
the year “1815” (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda) made by
the Ruling given in Opinion 104 (1928, Smithson. misc. Coll. 73
DIRECTION 47 247
(No. 5) : 25—28). The problem involved came to light in the
course of the preparations for the publication of the foregoing’
Official List in book form. It was laid before the International
Commission by the Secretary in the following Report on 13th
December 1955 :—
Revised proposals relating to the entry on the ‘* Official List of Generic
Names in Zoology ’’ regarding the name ‘‘ Pandalus ’’ Leach,
[1815] (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda) (proposed correction
of an erroneous Ruling given in ‘‘ Opinion ”’ 104)
By FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E.
(Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature)
The object of the present note is to report to the Commission
certain additional information regarding the generic name Pandalus
Leach, [1815], in the Order Decapoda (Class Crustacea) which was
placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the pre-
Lisbon (1935) period. In Voting Papers V.P.(O.M.)27 and 281 issued
on 19th September 1955, I submitted recommendations for the
completion of the entry made on the Official List in regard to this
name and the problem now to be considered came to light when
Commissioner L. B. Holthuis (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie)
returned his completed copies of the above Voting Papers. Upon
receipt of his communication I executed a Minute withdrawing from
the scope of those Voting Papers the recommendations submitted in
connection with the foregoing name, in order to allow further study
of the problems involved, with a view to the submission of revised
proposals to the Commission as soon as possible.
2. The name Pandalus Leach, [1815], was placed on the Official List
of Generic Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in Opinion 104
1 The decisions taken by the International Commission on Voting Papers
V.P.(O.M.)(55)27 and 28 have since been embodied in Directions 36 and 37
respectively.
B§imir «a fn 4IAkeSe
248 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
(published in 1928). The type species of this genus was there stated
to be “ annulicornis ”’, i.e. Pandalus annulicornis Leach, [1815] (Malac.
Podophth. Brit. (2) : expl. pl. 40) by monotypy. The investigations
carried out in this Office had shown that the name annulicornis Leach,
[1815], was apparently an available name and that it was the oldest
such name for the species concerned. Accordingly in the paper
submitted with Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)27 it was recommended
that in accordance with the General Directives issued to the
Commission by the International Congress of Zoology the foregoing
name, as the name of the type species of a genus, the name of which
had already been placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology,
should in its turn be placed on the Official List of Specific Names in
Zoology. In the paper submitted in connection with Voting Paper
V.P.(O.M.)(55)28 attention was drawn to the fact that the name
Pandalus was published twice by Leach in the year 1815, that the
first of these occasions was (as noted above) in the Malac. Podophth.
Brit., but that in Opinion 104 it was the second of these references
(Trans. linn. Soc. Lond. 11(2) : 346) which was cited as the place
where this name was first published. It was proposed in that paper
that the reference in the Official List for the name Pandalus should be
altered accordingly.
3. Ina letter dated 20th September 1955 Dr. Holthuis, after referring
to the citation in the paper submitted with V.P.(O.M.)(55)28 of the
reference to Leach’s publication of the name Pandalus in 1815 in his
Malac. Podophth. Brit., went on as follows :—
I find that Leach, 1814 (Edinburgh. Ency.'7(2) : 432) had already
published the name Pandalus. The type species of Pandalus
Leach, 1814, by monotypy is Pandalus montagui Leach, 1814
(ibid. 7(2) : 432). Pandalus montagui Leach, 1814, and Pandalus
annulicornis Leach, 1815, are synonymous, the former being the
name currently in use.
4. It was on the receipt of the foregoing letter that I withdrew
the proposals relating to the name Pandalus Leach which I had
submitted with the Voting Papers referred to above. At the same
time I asked Dr. Holthuis to inform me whether the names montagui
[Leach], [1814], and annulicornis Leach, [1815], were objective or sub-
jective synonyms of one another. In his reply dated 15th October 1955
Dr. Holthuis provided the following interesting information :—
(a) When in 1814 Leach published (in the Edinburgh Ency.) his
description of Pandalus montagui, he stated that this species
was “‘named in honour of the first discoverer, Montagu, by
whom it was called [presumably in MS.] Astacus maculatus.
The Rev. J. Fleming took this species in Zetland ”’.
DIRECTION 47 249
(b) In his description of Pandalus annulicornis in the Malac. Podophth.
Brit. published a year later (in 1815) Leach wrote as follows :
“This highly interesting species was discovered in Zetland,
and in St. Andrew’s Bay, Scotland, by the Rev. Dr. Fleming,
who most kindly gave me the specimens I originally described
in the Edinburgh Encyclopaedia’.
Dr. Holthuis went on to say that, so far as he was aware, no lectotype
had ever been selected either for the nominal species Pandalus montagui
[Leach], [1814], or for the nominal species Pandalus annulicornis Leach,
[1815], and that, if a specimen collected by Fleming in Zetland were to
be selected as the lectotype of both species, the foregoing names
would become objective (instead of only subjective) synonyms of one
another. Dr.Holthuis then noted that in White’s (1850) List of the
Specimens of British Animals in the Collection of the British Museum,
Part IV Crustacea, the last line on page 41 contained the following
entry under the name “ Pandalus Montagui. Ringed-horned Shrimp ”’:
“d. Scotland, Zetland. Presented by Dr. Fleming’’. Dr. Holthuis
added that this was evidently the specimen mentioned by Leach.
5. On the receipt of Dr. Holthuis’s letter I at once asked Dr. Isobel
Gordon whether the specimen recorded in White’s List was still in the
British Museum Collection ; at the same time I asked her views on the
question whether the Zetland specimen, if still extant, could suitably
be selected as the lectotype. In her reply dated Ist November 1955,
after explaining that in the Museum’s dry collection there were now
only three of the specimens listed by White in 1850 (: 41), of which
the first two (Nos. 267a and 267c) came from Norfolk and Devon
respectively and the third numbered “‘ 267d ”’ was labelled ‘* Zetland,
Scotland, Dr. Fleming ’’, Dr. Gordon proceeded as follows :—
Specimen 267d is a large almost complete specimen, very like
Leach’s 1815 figure, Pl. XI, No. 1. In fact, it might be the figured
specimen mentioned by Leach in 1814 (referring to his plate as
“Pandalus A’’, since it was not yet numbered). No other
Fleming specimens are extant. This 267d specimen I should
certainly select as the lectotype since Leach’s figures are natural
size and this specimen agrees so well with his figure ; another
specimen was evidently dissected in order to provide the separate
appendages illustrated as Plate XI, figs. 2—14, but of course it
cannot be traced.
6. On receipt of Dr. Gordon’s letter quoted above, I communicated
a copy to Dr. Holthuis who on 15th November 1955 addressed to me a
letter, of which a copy is given in the Annexe to the present paper, in
which he formally selected the Fleming specimen numbered “‘ 267d ”
250 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
now in the dry collection of the British Museum (Natural History) to
be the lectotype (a) of Pandalus montagui [Leach], [1814], and (b) of
Pandalus annulicornis Leach, [1815].
7. The foregoing action by Dr. Holthuis has been communicated
by this Office to Dr. Gordon with a request that the specimen referred
to above may be labelled as the lectotype of the two foregoing nominal
species by selection by Dr. Holthuis, 15th November 1955, it being
agreed that as soon as Dr. Holthuis’s letter containing the above
lectotype selection is published by the International Trust, the relevant
bibliographical reference will be communicated to Dr. Gordon, so
that this also may be inscribed on the label belonging to the above
specimen.
8. The action taken by Dr. Holthuis on the basis of the information
kindly furnished by Dr. Gordon now makes possible the submission to
the International Commission of the following revised proposal
relating to the generic name Pandalus Leach, namely :—
(1) that the entry on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology
relating to the generic name Pandalus Leach, 1815, made by
the Ruling given in Opinion 104, be deleted therefrom and the
following revised entry inserted in its place :—
497. Pandalus [Leach], [1814] (gender : masculine) (type species,
by monotypy : Pandalus montagui [Leach], [1814])
(2) that the under-mentioned name be placed on the Official List of
Specific Names in Zoology : montagui [Leach], [1814], as pub-
lished in the combination Pandalus montagui (specific name
of type species of Pandalus [Leach], [1814]) ;
(3) that the under-mentioned names, each of which is a junior
homonym of Pandalus [Leach], [1814], be placed on the Official
Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology :
(a) Pandalus Leach, [1815] (Malac. Podohpth. Brit. pl. 40(2)) ;
(b) Pandalus Leach, 1815 (Trans. linn. Soc. Lond. 11(2) : 346) ;
(4) that the under-mentioned specific name be placed on the Official
Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology :
annulicornis Leach, [1815] (Malac. Podophth. Brit. : p\. 40(2)),
as published in the combination Pandalus annulicornis (a
junior objective synonym of montagui [Leach], [1814], as pub-
lished in the combination Pandalus montagui).
DIRECTION 47 251
ANNEXE
Selection of a specimen preserved in the British Museum (Natural
History), London, to be the lectotype of the nominal species
‘*Pandalus montagui’’ [Leach], [1814], and ‘‘ Pandalus
annulicornis ’’ Leach, [1815] (Class Crustacea, Order
Decapoda)
By -. Bo HOLTHUIS
(Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands)
(letter, dated 15th November 1955, to Francis Hemming, Secretary
to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature)
Thank you for your letter of 11th November and the information
concerning the genus Pandalus Leach and its type material. On the
basis of the data so kindly provided by Dr. Gordon, I now select as the
lectotype of both the species Pandalus montagui [Leach], [1814] (Edinb.
Encycl. 7(2) : 432) and Pandalus annulicornis Leach, [1815] (Malac.
Podophth. Brit. (2) : expl. pl. 40), the dry specimen labelled ‘‘ Zetland,
Scotland, Dr. Fleming’’, and registered in the Crustacea collection
of the British Museum (Natural History) under the number “ 267d ”’.
2. Registration of the present application : Upon the receipt
of Mr. Hemming’s Report (paragraph 1 above) the question of
the correction of the entry in the Official List of Generic Names in
Zoology relating to the name Pandalus Leach was allotted the
Registered Number Z.N.(S.) 1028.
Il. THE DECISION TAKEN BY THE INTERNATIONAL
COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE
3. Issue of Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)38 : On 13th December
1955 a Voting Paper (V.P.(O.M.)(55)38) was issued in which the
Members of the Commission were invited to vote either for, or
252 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
against “‘the revised proposal in relation to the generic name
Pandalus Leach, [1815] (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda)
specified in paragraph 8 of the paper by the Secretary numbered
Z.N.(S.) 1028 submitted simultaneously with the present Voting
Paper ” [i.e. in the paragraph numbered as above in the Report
reproduced in the first paragraph of the present Direction].
4. The Prescribed Voting Period: As the foregoing Voting
Paper was issued under the One-Month Rule, the Prescribed
Voting Period would normally have closed on 13th January
1956. In view, however, of the possibility of delays in overseas
mails consequent upon the abnormally heavy traffic at Christmas
time, the Secretary on 13th December 1955 executed a Minute
extending the Prescribed Voting Period on the above Voting
Period from one calendar month to six weeks. Under this
direction the Prescribed Voting Period on Voting Paper
V.P.(O.M.)(55)38 closed on 24th January 1956.
5. Particulars of the Voting on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)38 :
At the close of the Prescribed Voting Period, the state of the
voting on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)38 was as follows :—
(a) Affirmative Votes had been given by the following twenty-five
(25) Commissioners (arranged in the order in which Votes
were received) ;
Mertens; Lemche; Hering; Prantl; Bodenheimer ;
Holthuis ; Vokes ; do Amaral ; Mayr; Hanko; Key ;
Esaki; Riley; Jaczewski; Boschma; Dymond ;
Bradley (J.C.) ; Sylvester-Bradley ; Stoll; Cabrera ;
Kihnelt ; Bonnet; Miller; Tortonese; Hemming ;
(b) Negative Votes :
None ;
DIRECTION 47 ae
(c) Voting Papers not returned :
None.
6. Declaration of Result of Vote: On 25th January 1956,
Mr. Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission,
acting as Returning Officer for the Vote taken on Voting Paper
V.P.(O.M.)(55)38, signed a Certificate that the Votes cast were
as set out in paragraph 5 above and declaring that the proposal
submitted in the foregoing Voting Paper had been duly adopted
and that the decision so taken was the decision of the International
Commission in the matter aforesaid.
7. Preparation of the Ruling given in the present ‘‘ Direction ”’ :
On 2nd May 1956, Mr. Hemming prepared the Ruling given
in the present Direction and at the same time signed a Certificate
that the terms of that Ruling were in complete accord with those
of the proposal approved. by the International Commission in its
Vote on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)38.
8. Original References: The following are the original
references for the names placed on Official Lists and Official
Indexes by the Ruling given in the present Direction :—
annulicornis, Pandalus, Leach, [1815], Malac. Podophth. Brit. (2) :
expl. 40
montagui, Pandalus, [Leach], [1814], Brewster’s Edinburgh Ency.
7(2) : 432
Pandalus Leach, [1815], Malac. Podophth. Brit. (2) : expl. pl. 40(2)
Pandalus Leach, 1815 Trans. linn. Soc. Lond. 11(2) : 346
9. The prescribed procedures were duly complied with by the
International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in
dealing with the present case, and the present Direction is
254 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
accordingly hereby rendered in the name of the said International
Commission by the under-signed Francis Hemming, Secretary
to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature,
in virtue of all and every the powers conferred upon him in that
behalf.
10. The present Direction shall be known as Direction Forty-
Seven (47) of the International Commission on Zoological
Nomenclature.
Done in London, this Second day of May, Nineteen Hundred
and Fifty-Six.
Secretary to the International Commission
on Zoological Nomenclature
FRANCIS HEMMING
Printed in England by MEeTcALFE & CoopeER LIMITED, 10-24 Scrutton St., London EC 2
OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
RENDERED BY THE INTER-
NATIONAL COMMISSION ON
ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE
Edited by
FRANCIS HEMMING, c.M.G., C.B.E.
Secretary to the Commission
VOLUME 1. SECTION D. Part D.11. Pp. 255—264
DIRECTION 48
Determination of the authorship to be attributed to the
work published anonymously in the year 1798 under the
title Museum Boltenianum (Direction supplementary to
Opinion 96)
LONDON :
Printed by Order of the International Trust for
Zoological Nomenclature
and
Sold on behalf of the International Commission on Zoological
Nomenclature by the International Trust at its Publications Office
41, Queen’s Gate, London, S.W.7
1956
Price Six Shillings and Sixpence
(All rights reserved)
Issued 21st November, 1956
INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON
ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE
COMPOSITION AT THE TIME OF THE ADOPTION OF THE
RULING GIVEN IN DIRECTION 48
A. The Officers of the Commission
Honorary Life President: Dr. Karl JoRDAN (British Museum (Natural History),
Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts., England)
President: Professor James Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y.,
U.S.A.) (12th August 1953)
Vice-President : Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (Sao Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953)
Secretary : Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (27th July 1948)
B. The Members of the Commission
Arranged in order of precedence by reference to date of election or of most recent
re-election, as prescribed by the International Congress of Zoology)
Professor H. BOSCHMA (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands)
(1st January 1947)
Senor Dr. Angel CABRERA (La Plata, Argentina) (27th July 1948)
Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (27th July 1948) (Secretary)
Dr. Henning LEMCHE (Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark)
(27th July 1948)
Professor Teiso EsAkI (Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan) (17th April 1950)
Professor Pierre BONNET (Université de Toulouse, France) (9th June 1950)
Mr. Norman Denbigh RILEy (British Museum (Natural History), London) (9th June 1950)
Professor Tadeusz JACZEWSKI (Unstitute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw,
Poland) (15th June 1950)
Professor Robert MERTENS (Natur-Museum u. Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg, Frankfurt
a. M., Germany) (Sth July 1950)
Professor Erich Martin HERING) (Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universitadt zu
Berlin, Germany) (Sth July 1950)
Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (S. Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) (Vice-President)
Professor J. R. DyMOND (University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada) (12th August 1953)
eee if ae BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953)
resident
Professor Harold E. Voxes (Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A.)
(12th August 1953)
Professor Béla HANKO (Mezdgazdasagi Muzeum, Budapest, Hungary) (12th August 1953)
Dr. Norman R. STOLL (Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York, N.Y., U.S.A.)
(12th August 1953)
Mr. P. C. SYLVESTER-BRADLEY (Sheffield University, Sheffield, England) (12th August 1953)
Dr. L. B. HoLtuuts (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands)
(12th August 1953)
Dr. K. H. L. Key (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation,
Canberra, A.C.T., Australia) (15th October 1954)
Dr. Alden H. MILLER (Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley,
California, U.S.A.) (29th October 1954)
Doc. Dr. Ferdinand PRANTL (Ndrodni Museum v Praze, Prague, Czechoslovakia) (30th
_ October 1954)
Professor Dr. Wilhelm KiiHNELT (Zoologisches Institut der Universitdt, Vienna, Austria)
(6th November 1954)
ores F. S. BODENHEIMER (The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel) (11th November
1954
Professor Ernst MAYR (Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, Cambridge,
Massachusetts, U.S.A.) (4th December 1954)
Professor Enrico TORTONESE (Museo di Storia Naturale ‘‘ G. Doria’’, Genova, Italy)
(16th December 1954)
DIRECTION 48
DETERMINATION OF THE AUTHORSHIP TO BE ATTRI-
BUTED TO THE WORK PUBLISHED ANONYMOUSLY
IN THE YEAR 1798 UNDER THE TITLE ** MUSEUM
BOLTENIANUM ” (‘‘ DIRECTION ’”? SUPPLE-
MENTARY TO ‘* OPINION ”’ 96)
RULING :—(1) It is hereby ruled that the authorship
of the work published anonymously in 1798 under the
title Museum Boltenianum is to be attributed to Peter
Friedrich Réding.
(2) The title of the work specified in (1) above is hereby
placed on the Official List of Works Approved as Available
for Zoological Nomenclature with the Title Number 26,
the entry so to be made to be endorsed as regards author-
ship as prescribed in (1) above.
I. THE STATEMENT OF THE CASE
On 29th October 1954, Mr. Hemming, after consultation with
Dr. L. R. Cox (British Museum (Natural History), London)
(paragraph 2 below), submitted to the International Commission
DEC : + 10Re
258 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
on Zoological Nomenclature the following application in which,
in order to obtain guidance as to the action to be taken when
entering on the Official Lists or Official Indexes names first
published in 1798 in the anonymous work Museum Boltenianum,
he asked for a Ruling on the question of the authorship to be
attributed to the foregoing work, this being a matter which had
not been dealt with by the Commission when in Opinion 96
(1926, Smithson. misc. Coll. 73 (No. 4) : 16—18) it had ruled
in favour of the acceptability of names published in the foregoing
work :—
Proposed determination of the authorship to be attributed
to the catalogue published anonymously in 1798 under
the title ‘‘ Museum Boltenianum’”’ (problem
supplementary to ‘‘ Opinion ’’ 96)
By FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E.
(Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature)
The active steps now being taken to prepare the Official List of
Generic Names in Zoology (and also the other Official Lists and the
Official Indexes) for publication in book form have brought to light
inconsistencies in the treatment accorded to various books in some of
the older entries on the List. Most of these present no real difficulty,
but some are of a nature which, in my view, calls for a further decision
by the International Commission. The present note, which is con-
cerned with the authorship of the anonymously published catalogue
entitled the Museum Boltenianum which appeared in 1798, is one of
these cases.
2. As the title suggests, the Museum Boltenianum is a catalogue of the
collection formed by J. F. Bolten. It was prepared for publication by
P. F. Réding. This work contains many new names, and the question
which calls for decision is whether those names should be attributed
to Bolten or to Réding.
3. The question whether the Museum Boltenianum should be
accepted as having been duly published for the purposes of Article 25
of the Régles was submitted to the Commission some thirty years ago
by Dr. Tate Regan (British Museum (Natural History), London), and
in Opinion 96 (published in 1926, Smithson. misc. Coll. 73 (No. 4) : 16—
DIRECTION 48 259
18) the Commission ruled in favour of the availability of this work.
In that Opinion the Commission gave no indication, however, of its
view as to the authorship to be attributed to this work.
4. I discussed this question with Mr. R. Winckworth (London) some
years before his death, knowing that he possessed an exceptionally
wide and detailed knowledge of the older literature of his subject.
The view which he took was that the new names in the Museum
Boltenianum were Bolten’s names, that the “‘indications”’ given for
those names were provided by Réding and therefore that Réding
and not Bolten should, under the Régles, be regarded as the author
of the new names in this book. Not long after this discussion,
Mr. Winckworth published a short note setting out the above views
(Winckworth, 1945, Proc. malac. Soc. Lond. 26 : 136).
5. In anticipation of making the present application, I recently
applied for advice to Dr. L. R. Cox (British Museum (Natural History),
London), whose work also, as I knew, brought him into contact with
the Museum Boltenianum. Dr. Cox at once agreed that a decision
on the authorship to be attributed to this work was overdue, and
kindly undertook to write to me as soon as he had examined the
literature relating to this subject. In an interesting letter dated
26th October 1954 (which is being published simultaneously with the
present application)! Dr. Cox gives what I consider to be very con-
vincing reasons for accepting Réding as the author, for the purposes
of zoological nomenclature, of the new names in the Museum
Boltenianum.
6. Bolten was undoubtedly the author of the names in question,
but it appears to me to be clear from the information furnished by
Mr. Winckworth and Dr. Cox that it was Réding alone who supplied
the ‘‘indications’’ for these names. On this view, these names
should be regarded as manuscript names of Bolten’s validated by
being published with indications by Réding. As such, these names
are attributable to Rdding, whose action alone gave them the status
of availability under the Régles (1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 259—260).
7. I accordingly recommend that Réding should be accepted as the
author of the Museum Boltenianum. recommend also that the present
opportunity should be taken to place the title of the above work on the
Official List of Works Approved as Available for Zoological Nomen-
clature (1953, Copenhagen Decisions zool. Nomencl. : 24, Decision 24),
a step which will in any case need to be taken at some time in pursuance
1 The letter from Dr. Cox here referred to is reproduced in Baraerape 2 of the
present Direction.
260 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
of the General Directive issued by the Thirteenth International Congress
of Zoology, Paris, 1948, that decisions taken in Opinions previously
rendered be transferred to the appropriate Schedules to the Régles
(1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 340).
8. The proposals now submitted are therefore that the International
Commission should :—
(1) give a Ruling that the authorship of the work published anony-
mously in 1798 under the title Museum Boltenianum be attributed
to Peter Friedrich Réding ;
(2) place the title of the foregoing work, with the authorship attri-
buted as directed in (1) above, on the Official List of Works
Approved as Available for Zoological Nomenclature (codification
of Ruling given in Opinion 96).
2. Support by Dr. L. R. Cox (British Museum (Natural History),
London) for the acceptance of P. F. Rodding as the author of the
‘*Museum Boltenianum’’: Following oral discussions with
Mr. Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission,
Dr. L. R. Cox (British Museum (Natural History), London) on
26th October 1954 addressed a letter to the Office of the Com-
mission setting out the evidence available regarding the authorship
of the work Museum Boltenianum. Dr. Cox’s letter, which is
referred to by Mr. Hemming in paragraph 5 of his application,
was as follows :—
The position seems to be that J. F. Bolten built up a large collection
which he arranged systematically in accordance with a new scheme of
classification of his own, assigning to each species a binominal Latin
name and a vernacular German name. There is no evidence that he
contemplated any sort of publication, but we are told (p. iti. of the
Museum Boltenianum) that there was a “‘ systematic catalogue of the
collection which had been prepared with the greatest accuracy and
care by its late possessor ”’ [translation from the Latin]. On his death
it was desired to sell the collection, and P. F. Réding took the catalogue
and added to each species any references to figures in earlier literature
which he could trace and a reference to the name assigned to the species
in the 13th (Gmelin’s) edition of Linnaeus, if it was there listed.
All this is explained by RéGding in his “‘ Vorrede”’ to the Museum
Boltenianum (pp. vii—viii), an English translation of which has been
published by W. H. Dall (1915, Smithson. Publ. 2360 : 9).
DIRECTION 48 261
R. Winckworth (1945, Proc. malac. Soc. Lond. 26 : 136) has discussed
the question of the authorship of the work as follows :
‘** The names are often attributed to Bolten, as the originator.
But his manuscript catalogue contained only Latin names with
German vernacular equivalents. It was not until the catalogue
was published ‘ revised and enlarged by the addition of synonymy
by Peter Friedrich Roeding, a man devoted to natural history
and especially to conchology ’, as the Abbé Lichtenstein records
in the preface, that the names became available. Roeding in the
introduction says: ‘On account of my love for natural history
I accepted the labour and have added the Latin names according
to the 13th Edition of Gmelin’s Linnean System, as well as many
references to figures of the specimens. In many cases this had
to be left undone because no figures were found to be satisfactory.’
It seems to me clear that the author should be cited as Réding
ex Bolten MS., or more concisely as Réding. Iredale, however,
takes the view that ‘ Bolten was the author of the genera and
IeFo:
nominator of the species ’.
The practice by the earlier authors (such as Dall) who accepted the
Museum Boltenianum was to attribute the generic and specific names
to Bolten. Nowadays, however, almost every author known to me
attributes them either to R6ding or to “‘ Réding ex Bolten MS.’’.
I]. THE SUBSEQUENT HISTORY OF THE CASE
3. Registration of the present application: Upon receipt of
Mr. Hemming’s paper, the question of the authorship to be
attributed to the work entitled Museum Boltenianum was allotted
the Registered Number Z.N.(S.) 866.
4. Publication of the present application : The present applica-
tion, together with Dr. Cox’s letter reproduced in paragraph 2
above, was sent to the printer on 22nd November 1954 and was
published on 31st January in the following year in Part 2 of
Volume 11 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature (Hemming,
1955, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 11 : 56—S7 ; Cox, ibid. 11 : 58).
262 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
5. No objection received: The publication of the present
application elicited no objection to the action proposed from
any source.
Ill. THE DECISION TAKEN BY THE INTERNATIONAL
COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE
6. Issue of Voting Paper V.P.(55)17 : On 9th November 1955,
a Voting Paper (V.P.(55)17) was issued in which the Members
of the Commission were invited to vote either for, or against,
*“ the proposal relating to the authorship of the catalogue entitled
Museum Boltenianum and other matters set out in Points (1) and
(2) in paragraph 8 on page 57 of Volume 11 of the Bulletin of
Zoological Nomenclature ’’ [i.e. in the Points numbered as above
in paragraph 8 of the application reproduced in the first para-
graph of the present Direction].
7. The Prescribed Voting Period: As the foregoing Voting
Paper was issued under the Three-Month Rule, the Prescribed
Voting Period closed on 9th February 1956.
8. Particulars of the Voting on Voting Paper V.P.(55)17 : At
the close of the Prescribed Voting Period, the state of the voting
on Voting Paper V.P.(55)17 was as follows :—
(a) Affirmative Votes had been given by the following twenty-
four (24) Commissioners (arranged in the order in which
Votes were received) :
Holthuis; Hering; Vokes; Bradley (J.C.); Mayr;
Jaczewski ; Riley ; Dymond ; Prantl ; Sylvester-Bradley ;
DIRECTION 48 263
Lemche ; Esaki; Mertens ; do Amaral ; Hanko; Key ;
Boschma ; Cabrera ; Stoll ; Bonnet ; Miller ; Tortonese ;
Kihnelt ; Hemming ;
(b) Negative Votes :
None ;
(c) Voting Papers not returned, one (1) :
Bodenheimer.
9. Declaration of Result of Vote : On 10th February, 1956,
Mr. Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission, acting
as Returning Officer for the Vote taken on Voting Paper V.P.(55)17,
signed a Certificate that the Votes cast were as set out in para-
graph 8 above and declaring that the proposal submitted in the
foregoing Voting Paper had been duly adopted and that the
decision so taken was the decision of the International Commission
in the matter aforesaid.
10. Preparation of the Ruling given in the present ‘‘ Direction ”’ :
On 20th May 1956, Mr. Hemming prepared the Ruling given
in the present Direction and at the same time signed a Certificate
that the terms of that Ruling were in complete accord with those
of the proposal approved by the International Commission in
its Vote on Voting Paper V.P.(55)17.
11. The prescribed procedures were duly complied with by the
International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in dealing
with the present case, and the present Direction is accordingly
hereby rendered in the name of the said International Com-
mission by the under-signed Francis Hemming, Secretary to the
International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, in virtue
of all and every the powers conferred upon him in that behalf.
264 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
12. The present Direction shall be known as Direction Forty-
Fight (48) of the International Commission on Zoological
Nomenclature.
Done in London, this Twentieth day of May, Nineteen Hundred
and Fifty-Six.
Secretary to the International Commission
on Zoological Nomenclature
FRANCIS HEMMING
a oe!
Printed in England by Mercatre & Cooper LimiteDp, 10-24 Scrutton St., London BC2
OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
RENDERED BY THE INTER-
NATIONAL COMMISSION ON
ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE
Edited by
FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E.
Secretary to the Commission
VOLUME 1. SECTION D. Part D.12. Pp. 265—280
DIRECTION 49
Validation under the Plenary Powers of the generic name
Iphis Leach, 1817 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda)
(correction of an error in the Ruling given in Opinion 73)
LONDON :
Printed by Order of the International Trust for
Zoological Nomenclature
and
Sold on behalf of the International Commission on Zoological
Nomenclature by the International Trust at its Publications Office
41, Queen’s Gate, London, S.W.7
1956
Price Ten Shillings and Sixpence
(All rights reserved) Ail
Issued 21st November, 1956 \ iri go fv
INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON
ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE
COMPOSITION AT THE TIME OF THE ADOPTION OF THE
RULING GIVEN IN DIRECTION 49
A. The Officers of the Commission
Honorary Life President: Dr. Karl JorRDAN (British Museum (Natural History),
Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts., England)
President : Professor James Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.)
(12th August 1953)
Vice-President : Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (Sao Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953)
Secretary : Mr. Francis HemMMING (London, England) (27th July 1948)
B. The Members of the Commission
(Arranged in order of precedence by reference to date of election or of most recent re-election,
as prescribed by the International Congress of Zoology)
Professor H. BoscHMA (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands)
(Ist January 1947)
Senor Dr. Angel CaBRERA (La Plata, Argentina) (27th July 1948)
Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (27th July 1948) (Secretary)
DE: ne was (Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark) (27th
uly 194
Professor Teiso Esaki (Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan) (17th April 1950)
Professor Pierre BONNET (Université de Toulouse, France) (9th June 1950)
Mr. Norman Denbigh Riey (British Museum (Natural History), London) (9th June 1950)
Professor Tadeusz JACZEWSKI (Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw,
Poland) (15th June 1950)
Professor Robert MERTENS (Natur-Museum u. Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg, Frankfurt
a.M., Germany) (5th July 1950)
Professor Erich Martin HERING (Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universitat zu
Berlin, Germany) (5th July 1950)
Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (S. Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) (Vice-President)
Professor J. R. Dymonp (University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada) (12th August 1953)
Professor J. Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.¥., U.S.A.) (12th August
1953) (President)
Professor Harold E. Vokes (Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A.) (12th
August 1953)
Professor Béla HANK6 (Mez6gazdasdgi Muzeum, Budapest, Hungary) (12th August 1953)
Dr. Norman R. STOLL (Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York, N.Y¥%
U.S.A.) (12th August 1953)
Mr. P. C. SYLVESTER-BRADLEY (Sheffield University, Sheffield, England) (12th August 1953)
Dr. L. B. Hottuuis (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands)
(12th August 1953)
Dr. K. H. L. Key (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation,
Canberra, A.C.T., Australia) (15th October 1954)
Dr. Alden H. MILLER (Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, U.S.A.)
(29th October 1954)
Doc. Dr. Ferninand PRANTL (Ndrodni Museum V Praze, Prague, Czechoslovakia) (30th
October 1954)
Professor Dr. Wilhelm KUHNELT (Zoologisches Institut der Universitat, Vienna, Austria)
(6th November 1954)
ee eo F. S. BODENHEIMER (The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel) (11th November
19
)
Professor Ernst MAYR (Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, Cambridge,
Massachusetts, U.S.A.) (4th December 1954)
Professor Enrico ToRTONESE (Museo di Storia Naturale ‘* G. Doria ”’ Genova, Italy)
(16th December 1954)
DIRECTION 49
VALIDATION UNDER THE PLENARY POWERS OF THE
GENERIC NAME “IPHIS ” LEACH, 1817 (CLASS
CRUSTACEA, ORDER DECAPODA) (CORRECTION
OF AN ERROR IN THE RULING GIVEN IN
‘* OPINION ”’ 73)
RULING :—(1) Under the Plenary Powers the generic
name Iphis Meigen, 1800 (Class Insecta, Order Diptera)
is hereby suppressed for the purposes both of the Law of
Priority and of the Law of Homonymy.
(2) The following revised entry on the Official List of
Generic Names in Zoology for Name No. 160 is hereby
substituted for the entry in respect of that Name Number
made by the Ruling given in Opinion 73 :—
Iphis Leach, 1817, as validated under the Plenary
Powers under (1) above (gender: masculine) (type
species, by monotypy: Cancer septemspinosus
Fabricius (J.C.), 1787).
(3) The under-mentioned generic name is hereby
placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology
with the Name Number 1035 :—Dolichopus Latreille,
1796 (gender : masculine) (type species, by selection by
Latreille (1810) : Musca ungulata Linnaeus, 1758).
268 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
(4) The under-mentioned specific names are hereby
placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology
with the Name Numbers 1055 and 1056 respectively :—
(a) septemspinosus Fabricius (J.C.), 1787, as published
in the combination Cancer septemspinosus (specific
name of type species of Jphis Leach, 1817) ;
(b) ungulata Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the com-
bination Musca ungulata (specific name of type
species of Dolichopus Latreille, 1796).
(5) The under-mentioned generic names are hereby
placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic
Names in Zoology with the Name Numbers 752 to 754
respectively :—
(a) Dolichopus Van der Hoeven, [1856] (a junior
homonym of Dolichopus Latreille, 1796) ;
(b) Dolychopus Samouelle, 1819 (an Erroneous Subse-
quent Spelling for Dolichopus Latreille, 1796) ;
(c) Iphis Meigen, 1800 (as suppressed under the Plenary
Powers under (1) above).
(6) The under-mentioned family-group name is hereby
placed on the Official List of Family-Group Names in
Zoology with the Name Number 98 :—DOLICHOPODIDAE
(correction of DOLICHOPODES) Latreille, 1809 (type genus :
Dolichopus Latreille, 1796) (first published in. correct
form aS DOLICHOPODIDAE by Loew, 1862).
(7) The under-mentioned family-group names are
hereby placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid
Family-Group Names in Zoology with the Name Numbers
85 to 87 respectively :—
(a) DOLICHOPODES Latreille, 1809 (type genus: Doli-
chopus Latreille, 1796) (an Invalid Original
Spelling for DOLICHOPODIDAE) ;
DIRECTION 49 269
(b) DOLYCHOPODAE Samouelle, 1819 (type genus : Doli-
chopus Latreille, 1796) (an Erroneous Subsequent
Spelling for DOLICHOPODIDAE) ;
(c) DOLICHOPIDAE Stephens (J.F.), 1829 (type genus :
Dolichopus Latreille, 1796) (an Erroneous Subse-
quent Spelling for DOLICHOPODIDAE).
i) PAE STATEMENT OF THE: CASE
On 4th December 1954, Mr. Francis Hemming, Secretary,
submitted to the International Commission on Zoological
Nomenclature the following application in which he drew attention
to the fact that the generic name J/phis Leach, 1817 (Class Crustacea
Order Decapoda), which had been placed on the Official List of
Generic Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in Opinion 73,
was invalid as a junior homonym of Jphis Meigen, 1800, a name
not currently in use in the group concerned (Class Insecta, Order
Diptera), and in which he recommended that the position of the
name Iphis Leach on the Official List should be validated by the
suppression of the unwanted name /phis Meigen :—
Proposed suppression under the Plenary Powers of the generic name
‘* Tphis ’? Meigen, 1800, for the purpose of validating the generic
name ‘‘ Iphis ’’ Leach, 1817 (Class Crustacea, Order Deca-
poda) (proposed correction of an error in ‘‘ Opinion ’’ 73)
By FRANCIS HEMING, C.M.G., C.B.E.
(Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature)
The purpose of the present application is to seek the assistance of the
International Commission in rectifying an error in the Official List of
Generic Names in Zoology in connection with the entry thereon of the
generic name Iphis Leach, 1817 (Zool. Miscell. 3 : 25) made by the
Ruling given in Opinion 73 (1922, Smithson. misc. Coll. 73 (No. 1) :
~23—31). The above genus is monotypical with Cancer septemspinosus
Fabricius, 1787 (Mantissa Ins. 1 : 325) as type species.
270 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
2. The error in Opinion 73 with which the present application is
concerned came to light in 1944 in the course of a preliminary survey
which I then made of the entries on the Official List made in the pre-1936
Opinions. I then discovered that the name Jphis Leach, 1817, is invalid
by reason of being a junior homonym of the name Jphis Meigen, 1800
(Nouy. Class. Mouches deux Ailes : 27) (Class Insecta, Order Diptera).
The fact that this has passed unnoticed by workers in the Crustacea
is due no doubt to the fact that the pamphlet in which the name Iphis
Meigen was published was completely ignored for more than a hundred
years after its publication.
3. In a case of this kind clearly the first step to be taken is to
ascertain whether the older name is in use in the group concerned and
therefore whether any disturbance or other inconvenience would be
suffered by workers in that group if the name in question were to be
suppressed by the Commission under its Plenary Powers. In the
present instance I applied for advice to Dr. Alan Stone (U.S. Depart-
ment of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Administration, Bureau of
Entomology and Plant Quarantine, Washington, D.C., U.S.A.), who
in a letter dated 16th February 1944 informed me :—
(1) that the type species of Iphis Meigen, 1800, is Musca ungulata
Linnaeus, 1758 (Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 598) by selection by
Coquillet (1910, Proc. U.S. nat. Mus. 37 : 555) ;
(2) that the nominal species Musca ungulata Linnaeus, 1758, is also
the type species of the genus Dolichopus Latreille, 1796 (Précis
Caract. gén. Ins. : 159) by selection by Latreille, 1810 (Consid.
gén. Anim. Crust. Arach. Ins. : 443, 387) ;
(3) that in view of (1) and (2) above, the generic name Jphis Meigen,
1800, is a junior objective synonym of Dolichopus Latreille,
1796.
4. In my view the information supplied by Dr. Stone clears the
ground for the validation of the generic name /phis Leach, 1817, by
the suppression under the Plenary Powers of the unwanted—because
objectively invalid—name Jphis Meigen, 1800, in the Order Diptera.
I accordingly recommend that this action should be taken.
5. Under the General Directive given by the International Congress
of Zoology that in rendering Opinions the Commission is to cover the
whole field involved, it will be necessary in any decision on the present
case also to place on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology
the generic name Dolichopus Latreille, 1796, and on the Official List
of Specific Names in Zoology the name ungulata Linnaeus, 1758, as
published in the combination Musca ungulata (specific name of type
species of Dolichopus Latreille, 1796). At the same time it will be
necessary to place on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic
DIRECTION 49 271
Names in Zoology certain names which are junior homonyms of the
generic names dealt with in the present application.
6. The nominal genus [phis Leach, 1817 (Class Crustacea) is, I am
informed by Dr. Isobel Gordon (British Museum (Natural History),
London), currently referred to the family LEUCOSIIDAE, and in conse-
quence no family-group-name question arises in this case.
7. I am indebted to Dr. John Smart (University of Cambridge,
Department of Zoology, Cambridge) for information regarding the
family-group names based on the generic name Dolichopus Latreille,
1796. Samouelle (1819, Entomologist’s useful Compendium : 294) was
the first author who has been traced as having used a “‘ -DAE”’ termina-
tion, but he made two spelling mistakes, the name appearing in his
book as DOLYCHOPODAE. Moreover, Samouelle attributed this name
to Leach, without giving a bibliographical reference. Possibly, it was
only used by Leach in manuscript.
8. The recommendations which I now submit are that the Inter-
national Commission should :—
(1) use its Plenary Powers for the purpose of suppressing the generic
name Iphis Meigen, 1800 (Class Insecta, Order Diptera), for
the purposes both of the Law of Priority and of the Law of
Homonymy ;
(2) substitute the following revised entry on the Official List of
Generic Names in Zoology for Name No. 160 :—
Iphis Leach, 1817, Zool. Miscell. 3 : 25 (gender : masculine)
(type species, by monotypy : Cancer septemspinosus Fabricius,
1787 (Mantissa Ins. 1 : 325)) ;
(3) place the under-mentioned generic name on the Official List of
Generic Names in Zoology :—
Dolichopus Latreille, 1796 (gender : masculine) (type species,
by selection by Latreille (1810) : Musca ungulata Linnaeus,
1758) ;
(4) place the under-mentioned specific names on the Official List of
Specific Names in Zoology :—
(a) septemspinosus Fabricius, 1787, as published in the com-
bination Cancer septemspinosus (specific name of type
species Iphis Leach, 1817) ;
(b) ungulata Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination
Musca ungulata (specific name of type species of Doli-
chopus Latreille, 1796) ;
2/2 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
(5) place the under-mentioned generic names on the Official Index
of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology :—
(a) Dolichopus Van der Hoeven, [1856], Handb. Zool. 2 : 422,
431 (a junior homonym of Dolichopus Latreille, 1796) ;
(b) Iphis Meigen, 1800, as suppressed under the Plenary Powers
under (1) above ;
(c) the under-mentioned names which are junior homonyms of
Iphis Leach, 1817 :—
(i) Iphis Koch, 1835, Deutschl. Crust. (Heft 2) : Tab. 6
(ii) Iphis Laporte, 1836, Rev. Entom. 4(1) :7
(6) place the under-mentioned family-group name on the Official
List of Family-Group Names in Zoology :—DOLICHOPIDAE
(correction of DOLICHOPIDES) Latreille, 1807, Gen. Crust.
Ins. 3 : 290! (type genus : Dolichopus Latreille, 1796).
(7) place the under-mentioned family-group names on the Official
Index of Rejected and Invalid Family-Group Names in Zoology :—
(a) DoLIcHoPIDES Latreille, 1807 (type genus: Dolichopus
Latreille, 1897) (an Invalid Original Spelling for DOLI-
CHOPIDAE) ;
(b) DOLYCHOPODAE Samouelle, 1819 (type genus Dolichopus
(misspelt Dolychopus by Samouelle) Latreille, 1796) (an
Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for DOLICHOPIDAE).
Il. THE SUBSEQUENT HISTORY OF THE CASE
2. Registration of the present application : Upon the receipt of
Mr. Hemming’s application the question of the status of the
generic name Iphis Leach, 1817, was allotted the Registered
Number Z.N.(S.) 562.
3. Publication of the present application : The present application
was sent to the printer on 31st December 1954 and was published
on 28th February in the following year in Part 3 of Volume 11
of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature (Hemming, 1955, Bull.
zool. Nomencl. 11 : 79—81).
~
On the final re-check of the references cited in the present case it was found that
the reference here given for DOLICHOPIDES Latreille is incorrect, that name not
having appeared until Volume 4 of the work cited, which was published in 1809.
See paragraph 18 of the present Direction. ;
DIRECTION 49 273
4. Issue of Public Notices : Under the revised procedure pre-
scribed by the Thirteenth Internationa] Congress of Zoology,
Paris, 1948 (1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 51—56) Public Notice
of the possible use by the International Commission on Zoological
Nomenclature of its Plenary Powers in the present case was given
on 28th February 1955 (a) in Part 3 of Volume 9 of the Bulletin
of Zoological Nomenclature (the part in which Mr. Hemming’s
application was published) and (b) to the other prescribed serial
publications. In addition, such Notice was given also to certain
general zoological serial publications and to certain entomological
serials in Europe and America.
5. Comments received : No objection to the application sub-
mitted in the present case was received from any specialist in the
Order Decapoda. On the subsidiary entomological issue involved
communications were however received from three specialists.
The first two of these were from :—(1) Dr. Alan Stone (United
States National Museum, Washington, D.C., U.S.A.), who, while
agreeing that the name Jphis Meigen was not required for taxo-
nomic purposes, expressed opposition on general grounds to the
use by the Commission of its Plenary Powers for the purpose of
suppressing that name as proposed in the present application ;
(2) Professor J. Chester Bradley (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y.,
U.S.A.), who rejected the arguments advanced by Dr. Stone
against the present application. The communications so received
are reproduced in the immediately following paragraphs. The
third specialist who communicated with the Office of the Com-
mission in regard to the present case was Dr. Curtis W. Sabrosky
(U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service,
Entomology Research Branch, Washington, D.C., U.S.A.).
Dr. Sabrosky’s communication was concerned to secure a
correction in the portion of the application relating to the
form to be adopted for the family-group name based on
the generic name Dolichopus Latreille, 1796 (paragraph 8
below), a subject which had also been raised by Professor
Chester Bradley. Dr. Sabrosky did not comment on the subject
matter of the present application, having already in a separate
application (Z.N.(S.) 191) recommended that the work (Nouvelle
Classification des Mouches a deux Ailes) in which the name Iphis
Meigen was published should be rejected by the International
2T4 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
Commission under its Plenary Powers (Sabrosky, 1952, Bull.
zool. Nomencl. 6 : 131—141).
6. Comment received from Dr. Alan Stone (United States
National Museum, Washington, D.C., U.S.A.) : In the early part
of 1944 Mr. Hemming consulted Dr. Alan Stone (United States
National Museum, Washington, D.C., U.S.A.) in regard to the
present case and on 16th February of that year Dr. Stone furnished
a statement of his views. The statement so submitted, which was
endorsed by a further letter dated 10th December 1954, was as
follows (Stone, 1955, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 11 : 82) :—
I am writing in reply to your letter concerning the generic name
Iphis Meigen, 1800. This name is an isogenotypic synonym of
Dolichopus Latreille, 1796. The bibliographical data are as follows :
Dolichopus Latreille, 1796, Précis Caract. Ins. : 159. Genotype,
Musca ungulata L., by designation of Latreille, 1810, Consid. gén.
Anim. Crust. Arach, Ins. : 443
Iphis Meigen, 1800, Nouvelle classification : 27. Genotype, Musca
ungulata L., by designation of Coquillett, 1910, Proc. US. nae:
Mus. 37 335)
To the best of my knowledge, Jphis Meigen has always been treated,
when its zoological position was mentioned, as a synonym of Dolichopus.
There seems to be no possibility that it will ever come into use in the
Diptera, since this would require either the discovery that Dolichopus
was a homonym or that the genotype of Jphis is incorrect and that the
true genotype is not congeneric with Dolichopus. Neither of these
contingencies seems at all probable.
In spite of the fact that Jphis Meigen is invalid, although available,
I should not like to see the name suppressed by the Commission.
The basic principles of the International Rules are weakened every time
an exception is made by official action, and I think that the Plenary
Powers should be invoked only in the very few cases where the name
to be saved is of extreme importance. The easiest and surest way of
maintaining the prestige of the International Rules is by strict im-
partiality of application, and such prestige should not be endangered
because of a relatively unimportant name in Crustacea. A number
of names have been accepted as unavailable because they proved to be
homonyms of earlier names that are not in use. If the Commission
makes an exception here it opens the gate for more and more changes
of this sort, until nomenclature will not be a matter of following rules,
but of attempting to weigh rather unpredictable opinion.
DIRECTION 49 ZPD
I might add that the Commission is going to be subject to consider-
able pressure to suspend various of the Meigen 1800 names in spite
_ of Opinion 28 and the recent reaffirmation of this Opinion. If the
Commission intends to adhere to these Opinions, an exception made
with one name, even though seemingly fostering stability, will weaken
its stand. It will be far easier to adhere strictly to the Rules than to
justify partial adherence.
The situation then is this. As far as [phis is concerned, it affects the
dipterists not at all, but does affect workers with Crustacea. In saving
the name for the Crustacea, all zoology will lose, since the principles
of zoological nomenclature will be weakened, and every name that has
been changed in similar circumstances will be subject to uncertainty.
7. Comment received from Professor J. Chester Bradley (Cornell
University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) : On 2nd June 1955, Professor J.
Chester Bradley (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.)
addressed a letter to the Office of the Commission in which he
commented on a number of cases. The following is an extract
which bears on the present case :—
2. Iphis. 1 fully approve of this case. I totally disagree with
Stone’s concluding paragraph on page 82%. Zoology (and the prestige
of the Commission) would lose a lot by removing without good cause
a name from the Official List that has been there for 33 years.
8. The question of the form to be adopted for the family-group
name based on the generic name ‘* Dolichopus ”’ Latreille, 1796 :
Communications were received from two specialists drawing
attention to the fact that the correct form for the family name
based on the generic name Dolichopus Latreille, 1796, was
DOLICHOPODIDAE and not DOLICHOPIDAE (as stated in the
present application. The communications so received were the
following :—
(a) From Professor J. Chester Bradley (Cornell University,
Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (statement enclosed with a letter
dated 2nd June 1955) :
** Dolichopus ’’ comes from the Greek doAryés, long, plus zoids, foot.
As the genitive of ods is 7050S, the family name should be spelled
DOLICHOPODIDAE and this is the form with which I am most familiar,
though I have not examined literature to see how its use compares
2 The page number cited by Professor Chester Bradley is to the Part of the Bulletin
of Zoological Nomenclature containing the comment by Dr. Alan Stone repro-
duced in paragraph 6 of the present Direction.
276 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
with the incorrect DOLICHOPIDAE. See Essig, 1942, College Entomology :
Tb:
(b) From Dr. Curtis W. Sabrosky (U.S. Department of Agri- .
culture, Agriculture Research Service, Entomology Re-
search Branch, Washington, D.C., U.S.A.) (extract from
a letter dated 24th August 1955) :
I note that this application proposes to place on the Official List
the family name DOLICHOPIDAE (correction of DOLICHOPIDES) Latreille,
and to place on the Official List of Rejected and Invalid Family-Group
Names in Zoology the spellings DOLICHOPIDES Latreille (1809) and
DOLYCHOPODAE Samouelle (1819). I should like to make the following
comments on the proposal :—
(1) The correct family name should be DOLICHOPODIDAE rather than
DOLICHOPIDAE (last component of the generic name Dolichopus from
the Greek zrous, zod0s), There is much usage both ways, incidentally.
(2) I believe it is an unwise precedent for the Commission to place
variant subsequent spellings of family names on the Official Index of
Rejected Names.
9. Modification of proposal submitted in Point (7) in paragraph 8
of the present application regarding the form to be adopted for
the family name based on the generic name ‘‘ Dolichopus ”’
Latreille, 1796 : When on 3rd November 1955, Mr. Hemming,
as Secretary, prepared the Voting Paper to be submitted to the
Members of the Commission in the present case (as to which
see paragraph 10 of the present Direction) he added a note
(Note 3) drawing attention to the communications received from
Professor J. Chester Bradley and Dr. Curtis W. Sabrosky (para-
graph 8 above) on the subject of the form of the family name
based on the generic name Dolichopus Latreille, 1796, and
recommending that the proposal on this matter be amended as
follows :—‘* DOLICHOPODIDAE (correction of DOLICHOPODES)
Latreille, 1809, to be placed on the Official List, Latreille’s
Invalid Original Spelling to be placed on the Official Index.”
Il. THE DECISION TAKEN BY THE INTERNATIONAL
COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE
10. Issue of Voting Paper V.P.(55)21 : On 9th November 1955,
a Voting Paper (V.P.(55)21) was issued in which the Members
DIRECTION 49 Zier
of the Commission were invited to vote either for, or against,
“the proposal relating to Iphis Meigen, 1800, and Jphis Leach,
1817, as set out in Points (1) to (7) in paragraph 8 on pages 80
and 81 of Volume 11 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature
[in the paragraph numbered as above in the application repro-
duced in the first paragraph of the present Direction], subject
to the amendment of Point (7) as proposed in Note 3 overleaf ”’
[i.e. amended as proposed in the Note quoted in paragraph 9
_of the present Direction].
11. The Prescribed Voting Period: As the foregoing Voting
Paper was issued under the Three-Month Rule, the Prescribed
Voting Period closed on 9th February 1956.
12. Particulars of the Voting on Voting Paper V.P.(55)21 : At
the close of the Prescribed Voting Period the state of the voting
on Voting Paper V.P.(55)21 was as follows :—
(a) Affirmative Votes had been given by the following twenty-
four (24) Commissioners (arranged in the order in which
Votes were received) :
Holthuis ; Hering ; Vokes ; Bodenheimer ; Bradley (J.C.) ;
Mayr ; Jaczewski ; Riley ; Dymond ; Prantl ; Lemche ;
Esaki ; do Amaral ; Hank6o ; Key ; Boschma ; Sylvester-
Bradley ; Mertens ; Cabrera ; Stoll ; Bonnet ; Tortonese ;
Kuhnelt ; Hemming ;
(b) Negative Votes, one (1):
Miller ;
(c) Voting Papers not returned :
None.
278 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
13. Declaration of Result of Vote : On 10th February 1956,
Mr. Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission, acting
as Returning Officer for the Vote taken on Voting Paper
V.P.(55)21, signed a Certificate that the Votes cast were as set out
in paragraph 12 above and declaring that the proposal submitted
in the foregoing Voting Paper had been duly adopted and that
the decision so taken was the decision of the International
Commission in the matter aforesaid.
14. Withdrawal of two proposals on which, subsequent to the
publication of the present application, action was taken by the
International Commission by the Ruling given in ‘* Direction ”’ 37 :
On 29th December 1955, Mr. Hemming, as Secretary, after
signing Direction 37, in which, inter alia, the Commission placed
the generic names Jphis Koch, 1835, and Jphis Laporte, 1836,
on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in
Zoology, executed the following Minute withdrawing from the
scope of Application Z.N.(S.) 562 the proposals there submitted
in regard to the foregoing names :—
Withdrawai of proposals relating to two junior
homonyms of ‘‘ Iphis ’? Leach, 1817
By FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E.
(Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature)
The routine proposals submitted in the present case included a
recommendation (in Point (5) of paragraph 8) that the names Iphis
Koch, 1835, and Jphis Laporte, 1836, as junior homonyms of Iphis
Leach, 1817, should be placed on the Official Index of Rejected and
Invalid Generic Names in Zoology. The same proposal was later
included in a paper numbered Z.N.(S.) 987, which was concerned
with clearing up outstanding questions relating to the names of genera
belonging to the Order Decapoda of the Class Crustacea placed on the
Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of
1936. This latter paper was submitted to the Commission under the
One-Month Rule on 19th September 1955 with Voting Paper
V.P.(O.M.)(55)28 and was approved by the Commission on Ist
November 1955.
2. In the light of the above decision the proposals relating to the
disposal of the foregoing invalid generic names submitted with Paper
Z.N.(S.) 987, together with the other proposals there submitted,
DIRECTION 49 279
incorporated on 29th December 1955 in the Ruling given in a Direction
numbered Direction 37 (now in the press)?.
3. In these circumstances no further action requires to be taken in
connection with the foregoing generic names and the proposals in
regard thereto in Application Z.N.(S.) 562 are accordingly hereby
withdrawn.
15. Preparation of the Ruling given in the present ‘‘ Direction ”’ :
On 26th May 1956, Mr. Hemming prepared the Ruling given
in the present Direction and at the same time signed a Certificate
that the terms of that Ruling were in complete accord with those
of the proposal approved by the International Commission in its
Vote on Voting Paper V.P.(55)21, subject to the omission there-
from of the two names specified in the Minute executed by the
Secretary on 29th December 1955, the text of which has been
reproduced in paragraph 14 of the present Direction.
16. Original References : The following are the original refer-
ences for the generic and specific names placed on Official Lists
and Official Indexes by the Ruling given in the present
Direction :—
Dolichopus Latreille, 1796, Précis Caract. gén. Ins. : 159
Dolichopus Van der Hoeven, [1856], Handb. Zool. 2 : 422, 431
Dolychopus Samouelle, 1819, Entomologist’s useful Compendium :
294
Iphis Meigen, 1800, Nouv. Classif. Mouches deux Ailes : 27
septemspinosus, Cancer, Fabricius (J.C.), 1787, Mantissa Ins.
if 2325
ungulata, Musca, Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 598
17. The following is the reference for the selection of the type
species for the genus Dolichopus Latreille, 1796, specified in the
Ruling given in the present Direction :—Latreille, 1810, Consid.
gén. Ordre nat. Anim. Class. Crust. Arachn. Ins. : 443, 387
3 Direction 37 has since been published on Ist September 1956 as Part D.2 of
Volume 1, Section D, in the Opinions and Declarations Series.
280 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
18. The following are the references for the family-group names
placed on the Official List and Official Index established for
recording names for taxa belonging to that category :—
DOLICHOPODES Latreille, 1809, Gen. Crust. Ins. 4 : 239, 290
(type genus : Dolichopus Latreille, 1796)
DOLYCHOPODAE Samouelle, 1819, Entomologist’s useful Com-
pendium : 294 (type genus Dolichopus (misspelled Dolychopus by
Samouelle) Latreille, 1796)
DOLICHOPIDAE Stephens (J.F.), 1829, Syst. Cat. Brit. Ins. : 266
DOLICHOPODIDAE Loew, 1862, Smithson. misc. Coll. 6 (No. 1/2) : 32
19. The prescribed procedures were duly complied with by the
International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in dealing
with the present case, and the present Direction is accordingly
hereby rendered in the name of the said International Commission
by the under-signed Francis Hemming, Secretary to the Inter-
national Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, in virtue of
all and every the powers conferred upon him in that behalf.
20. The present Direction shall be known as Direction Forty-
Nine (49) of the International Commission on Zoological
Nomenclature.
Done in London, this Twenty-Sixth day of May Nineteen
Hundred and Fifty-Six.
Secretary to the International Commission
on Zoological Nomenclature
FRANCIS HEMMING
oy os oe ee ee
Printed in England by MetcaLtFE & Cooper LimITED, 10-24 Scrutton St., London EC 2
OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
RENDERED BY THE INTER-
NATIONAL COMMISSION ON
ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE
Edited by
FRANCIS HEMMING, cM.G., C.B.E.
Secretary to the Commission
VOLUME 1. SECTION D. Part D.13. Pp. 281—292
DIRECTION 50
Validation under the Plenary Powers of the generic name
Homalaspis Milne Edwards (A.), 1863 (Class Crustacea,
Order Decapoda) (correction of an error in Opinion 85)
LONDON :
Printed by Order of the International Trust for
Zoological Nomenclature
and
Sold on behalf of the International Commission on Zoological
Nomenclature by the International Trust at its Publications Office
41, Queen’s Gate, London, S.W.7
1956
Price Eight Shillings a cm
(All rights reserved) uae
(_APR 25 1957 I)
Issued 21st November, 1956 qe i
INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON
ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE
COMPOSITION AT THE TIME OF THE ADOPTION OF THE
RULING GIVEN IN DIRECTION 50
A. The Officers of the Commission
Honorary Life President : Dr. Karl JORDAN (British Museum (Natural History), Zoological
Museum, Tring, Herts, England)
President : Professor James Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.)
(12th August 1953)
Vice-President : Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (Sao Paulo,Brazil) (A2th August 1953)
Secretary : Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (27th July 1948)
B. The Members of the Commission
(Arranged in order of precedence by reference to date of election or of most recent re-election,
as prescribed by the International Congress of Zoology)
Professor H. BOSCHMA (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands)
(ist January 1947)
Senor Dr. Angel CABRERA (La Plata, Argentina) (27th July 1948)
Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (27th July 1948) (Secretary)
Dr: ee or LEMCHE (Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark) (27th
July 1948)
Professor Teiso Esaki (Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan) (17th April 1950)
Professor Pierre BONNET (Université de Toulouse, France) (9th June 1950
Mr. Norman Denbigh RILEy (British Museum (Natural History), London) (9th June 1950)
Professor Tadeusz JACZEWSKI (Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw,
Poland) (15th June 1950)
Professor Robert MERTENS (Natur-Museum u. Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg, Frankfurt
a.M., Germany) (Sth July 1950)
Professor Erich Martin HERING (Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin,
Germany) (Sth July 1950)
Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (S. Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) (Vice President)
Professor J. R. DyMOND (University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada) (12th August 1953)
Professor J. Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August
1953) (President)
Professor Harold E. Voxes (Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A.)
(12th August 1953)
Professor Béla HANKO (Mezdgazdasagi Muzeum, Budapest, Hungary) (12th August 1953)
Dr. Norman R. STOLL (Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York, N.Y.,
U.S.A.) (12th August 1953)
Mr. P. C. SYLVESTER-BRADLEY (Sheffield University, Sheffield, England) (12th August 1953)
Dr. L. B. HoLttuuts (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands)
ae August 1953)
K. H. L. Key (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation,
Tees A.C.T., Australia) (AS5th October 1954)
Dr. Alden H. MILLER (Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, U.S.A.)
(29th October 1954)
Doc. Dr. Ferdinand PRANTL (Ndrodni Museum v Praze, Prague, Czechoslovakia) (30th
October 1954)
Professor Dr. Wilhelm KUHNELT (Zoologisches Institut der Universitat, Vienna, Austria)
(6th November 1954)
Professor F. S. BODENHEIMER (The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel) (11th November
Professor Ernst MAYR (Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, Cambridge,
Massachusetts, U.S.A.) (4th December 1954)
Professor Enrico TORTONESE (Museo di Storia Naturale “‘ G. Doria,’ Genova, Italy)
(16th December 1954)
DIRECTION 50
VALIDATION UNDER THE PLENARY POWERS OF THE
GENERIC NAME “HOMALASPIS” MILNE
EDWARDS (A.), 1863, (CLASS CRUSTACEA,
ORDER DECAPODA) (CORRECTION
OF AN ERROR IN
** OPINION ”’ 85)
RULING :—(1) Under the Plenary Powers the generic
name Homalaspis Reinhard, 1860 (Class Insecta, Order
Hymenoptera) is hereby suppressed for the purposes both
of the Law of Priority and of the Law of Homonymy.
(2) The following revised entry on the Official List of
Generic Names in Zoology for the Name No. 320 is hereby
substituted for the entry in respect of that Name Number
made by the Ruling given in Opinion 85 :—
Homalaspis Miine Edwards (A.), 1863, as validated
under the Plenary Powers under (1) above (gender :
feminine) (type species, by original designation :
Xantho planus Milne Edwards (H.), 1834).
APA . « wee
284 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
. (3) The under-mentioned generic name is hereby placed
on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology with the
Name No. 1036 :—Omalaspis Giraud, 1860 (gender :
feminine) (type species, by monotypy : Omalaspis noricus
Giraud, 1860) (Class Insecta, Order Hymenoptera).
(4) The under-mentioned specific names are hereby
placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology
with the Name Nos. 1057 and 1058 respectively :—
(a) planus Milne Edwards (H.), 1834, as published in
the combination Xantho planus (specific name of
type species of Homalaspis Milne Edwards (A.),
1863) (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda) ;
(b) niger Hartig, 1840, as published in the combination
Figites niger (Class Insecta, Order Hymenoptera).
(5) The under-mentioned generic name is _ hereby
placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid
Generic Names in Zoology with the Name No. 755 :—
Homalaspis Reinhard, 1860, as suppressed under the
Plenary Powers under (1) above.
I. THE STATEMENT OF THE CASE
On 3rd December 1954, Mr. Francis Hemming, as Secretary,
submitted to the International Commission on Zoological
Nomenclature the following paper drawing attention to the
fact that the generic name Homalaspis Milne Edwards (A.), 1863
(Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda) which in 1925 (Smithson.
misc. Coll. 73 (No. 3) : 13) was placed on the Official List of
DIRECTION 50 285
Generic Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in Opinion 85,
was invalid by reason of being a junior homonym of Homalaspis
Reinhard, 1860 (Class Insecta, Order Hymenoptera) and recom-
mending that, as the name Homalaspis Reinhard was not in use
in the Class Insecta, the entry on the Official List in relation to the
name Homalaspis Milne Edwards in Crustacea shou!d be validated
under the Plenary Powers :—
Proposed validation, under the Plenary Powers, of the generic name
** Homalaspis ’? Milne Edwards (A.), 1863 (Class Crustacea,
Order Decapoda) (proposed validation of an error in
** Opinion ’’ 85)
By FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E.
(Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature)
__ The purpose of the present application is to seek the assistance of the
International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in validating
the generic name Homalaspis Milne Edwards (A.), 1863 (Ann. Sci. nat.,
Paris (Zool.) (4) 20 : 279) (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), which
was placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by the
Ruling given in Opinion 85 (1925, Smithson. misc. Coll. 73 (No. 3) : 13)
in the erroneous belief that it was a nomenclatorially available name.
2. The present case came to light in 1944 during a preliminary survey
of the pre-1936 entries on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology
which I carried out at that time. That survey showed that the name
Homalaspis Milne Edwards, 1863, was invalid by reason of being a
junior homonym of the name Homalaspis Reinhard, 1860 (Berlin. ent.
Z. 4: 239), an emendation of the name Omalaspis Giraud, 1860
(Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 10 (Abh.) : 155), the name of a genus
in the Order Hymenoptera (Class Insecta).
3. As a first step in the examination of the question of the action
needed in the present case, I consulted Dr. R. B. Benson (British
Museum (Natural History), London) for the purpose of ascertaining
whether the suppression under the Plenary Powers of the name
Homalaspis Reinhard for the purpose of validating the name Homalaspis
Milne Edwards in the Class Crustacea would cause any disturbance or
inconvenience in the nomenclature of the Hymenoptera. Dr. Benson
replied on 21st April 1944 as follows :—
I cannot see that any possible harm could come by suppressing
Homalaspis Reinhard.
286 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
Omalaspis Giraud is in use for a genus of the Cynipoid family
ASPICERIDAE. ‘The three described species, all European, are rare
or, at least, little known, and they rarely appear in the literature.
Since Dalla-Torre & Kieffer’s (1910) Cynipidae in Das Tierreich,
where “‘Omalaspis’’ was used, I am not aware that the form of
the name “‘ Homalaspis”’ has ever been used. I only know of
three references to “‘Omalaspis”’ (Hedicke, 1928, Bull. Soc. ent.
France 1928 : 280, Weld, 1931, Proc. ent. Soc. Wash. 33 : 221
and Rohwer & Fagan, 1917, “‘ The type species of the Genera
of the Cynipidac.... .,.;. 75, Proce U.S. nat. Mus. 53 3357-807
and in this type list the form of the name “‘ Homalaspis”’ is not
even mentioned !). I cannot see any reason therefore against
suppressing Homalaspis Reinhard as no confusion is likely to
arise. Even if Omalaspis Giraud is later found to be invalid
for any reason, there is a second string in Lambertiona Kieffer,
with a conspecific type species.
4. Dr. Benson’s letter made it quite clear that there could be no
objection from the entomological side to the validation of the generic
name Homalaspis Milne Edwards, 1863, in the Class Crustacea, and
I recommend that this action should now be taken by the International
Commission, in order that the defective entry of this name on the
Official List of Generic Names in Zoology made by Opinion 85 may
thereby be regularised.
5. I further recommend that in pursuance of the General Directive
issued to the Commission by the International Congress of Zoology
that Rulings given in Opinions are in future to cover the whole field
embraced in any given instance, the Commission should at the same
time place the generic name Omalaspis Giraud, 1860, on the Official
List of Generic Names in Zoology. As regards the type species of that
genus, I am informed (in Jitt., 6th December 1954) by Dr. Benson
that L. H. Weld (1952, Cynipoidea (Hym.) 1905—1950, Ann Arbor,
Michigan : 16) has expressed the view that the name Omalaspis noricus
Giraud, 1860, is a junior synonym of Omalaspis nigra (Hartig, 1840)
(=Figites niger Hartig, 1840, Z. Ent. (Germar) 2 : 202). In these
circumstances, the correct course under the standard procedure will
be to place the name niger Hartig, 1840, but not its junior subjective
synonym noricus Giraud, 1860, on the Official List of Specific Names
in Zoology. At. the same time the Invalid Emendation Homalaspis
Reinhard, 1860, will need to be placed on the Official Index of Rejected
and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology.
6. No question of family-group names arises in connection with
either of the generic names involved in the present application, for the
Decapod genus Homalaspis Milne Edwards is, I am informed by
Dr. Isobel Gordon (British Museum (Natural History), London),
DIRECTION 50 287
currently referred to the family XANTHIDAE, while the Hymenoptera
genus Omalaspis Giraud is currently referred to the family ASPICERIDAE.
7. The recommendation which I now submit is that the International
Commission should :—
(1) use its Plenary Powers for the purpose of suppressing the generic
name Homalaspis Reinhard, 1860 (Class Insecta, Order
Hymenoptera) for the purposes both of the Law of Priority
and of the Law of Homonymy :
(2) substitute the following revised entry on the Official List of
Generic Names in Zoology for Name No. 320 to
Homalaspis Milne Edwards (A.), 1863, Ann. Sci. nat., Paris
(Zool.) (4) 20 : 279 (gender : feminine) (type species, by
original designation : Yantho planus Milne Edwards (H.),
1834, Roret’s Suite a Buffon, Hist. nat. Crust. 1: 397):
(3) place the under-mentioned generic name on the Official List of
Generic Names in Zoology :—
Omalaspis Giraud, 1860, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 10(Abh.) :
IS5 (gender: feminine) (type species, by monotypy :
Omalaspis noricus Giraud, 1860, Ver. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien
10(Abh.) : 155) (Class Insecta, Order Hymenoptera) ;
(4) place the under-mentioned specific names on the Official List of
Specific Names in Zoology :—
(a) planus Milne Edwards (H.), 1834, as published in the
combination Xantho planus (specific name of type species
of Homalaspis Milne Edwards (A.), 1863) ;
(b) niger Hartig, 1840, as published in the combination Figites
niger ;
(5) place the under-mentioned generic names on the Official Index of
Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology :—
(a) Homalaspis Reinhard, 1860, as suppressed under the
Plenary Powers under (1) above ;
(b) Homalaspis Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1895, Monogr. Pseudo-
Phylliden : 18, 217 (junior homonym of Homalaspis
Milne Edwards (A.), 1863) ; é
(c) Homalaspis Kiaer, 1932, Skr. Svalbard Ishavet Oslo 52: 14
(junior homonym of Homalaspis Milne Edwards (A.),
1863).
288 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
Il. THE SUBSEQUENT HISTORY OF THE CASE
2. Registration of the present application : Upon the receipt of
Mr. Hemming’s application the question of the proposed valida-
tion under the Plenary Powers of the generic name Homalaspis
Milne Edwards, 1863, was allotted the Registered Number
Z.N.(S.) 560.
3. Publication of the present application : The present application
was sent to the printer on 31st December 1954 and published on
28th February in the following year in Part 3 of Volume 11 of the
Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature (Hemming, 1955, Bull. zool.
Nomencl. 11 : 83—85).
4. Issue of Public Notices : Under the revised procedure pre-
scribed by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology,
Paris, 1948 (1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 51—56), Public Notice
of the possible use by the International Commission on Zoological
Nomenclature of its Plenary Powers in the present case was given
on 28th February 1955 (a) in Part 3 of Volume 11 of the Bulletin
of Zoological Nomenclature (the Part in which Mr. Hemming’s
application was published) and (b) to the other prescribed serial
publications. In addition, such Notice was given also to certain
general zoological serial publications and to a number of ento-
mological serials in Europe and America.
5. No objection received : Neither the publication of the present
application in the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature nor the
issue of Public Notices in regard thereto elicited any objection
to the action proposed from any source.
Ill. THE DECISION TAKEN BY THE INTERNATIONAL
COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE
6. Issue of Voting Paper V.P.(55)22 : On 9th November, 1955
a Voting Paper (V.P.(55)22) was issued in which the Members
DIRECTION 50 289
of the Commission were invited to vote either for, or against,
“the proposal relating to the generic name Homalaspis Milne
Edwards, 1863, as set out in Points (1) to (5) in paragraph 7 on
page 84 and the top of page 85 of Volume 11 of the Bulletin of
Zoological Nomenclature’ {i.e. in the Points numbered as above
in paragraph 7 of the application reproduced in the first para-
graph of the present Direction].
7. The Prescribed Voting Period: As the foregoing Voting
Paper was issued under the Three-Month Rule, the Prescribed
Voting Period closed on 9th February 1956.
8. Particulars of the Voting on Voting Paper V.P.(55)22 : At
the close of the Prescribed Voting Period, the state of the voting
on Voting Paper V.P.(55)22 was as follows :—
(a) Affirmative Votes had been given by the following twenty-five
(25) Commissioners (arranged in the order in which Votes
were received) :
Holthuis ; Hering ; Vokes ; Bodenheimer ; Bradley (J.C.) ;
Mayr ; Jaczewski; Riley ; Dymond ; Prantl ; Lemche ;
Esaki ; Mertens ; do Amaral ; Hanko ; Key ; Boschma ;
Sylvester-Bradley ; Cabrera; Stoll; Bonnet; Miller ;
Tortonese ; Kiihnelt ; Hemming ;
(b) Negative Votes :
None ;
(c) Voting Papers not returned :
None.
9. Declaration of Result of Vote: On 10th February 1956,
Mr. Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission,
acting as Returning Officer for the Vote taken on Voting Paper
V.P.(55)22, signed a Certificate that the Votes cast were as set
out in paragraph 8 above and declaring that the proposal sub-
290 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
mitted in the foregoing Voting Paper had been duly adopted and
that the decision so taken was the decision of the International
Commission in the matter aforesaid.
10. Withdrawal of two proposals on which, subsequent to the
publication of the present application, action was taken by the
International Commission by the Ruling given in ‘* Direction ’’ 37 :
On 29th December 1955, Mr. Hemming, as Secretary, after signing
Direction 371, in which, inter alia, the Commission placed the
generic names Homalaspis Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1895, and
Homalaspis Kiaer, 1932, on the Official Index of Rejected and
Invalid Generic Names in Zoology, executed the following Minute
withdrawing from the scope of Application Z.N.(S.) 560 the
proposals there submitted in regard to the foregoing names :—
Withdrawal of proposals relating to two junior homonyms of
‘* Homalaspis ’’ Milne Edwards (A.), 1863
By FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E.
(Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature)
The routine proposals submitted in the present case included a
recommendation (in Point (5) of paragraph 7) that the names
Homalaspis Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1895, and Homalaspis Kiaer, 1932,
as junior homonyms of Homalaspis Milne Edwards (A.), 1863, should
be placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names
in Zoology. The same proposal was later included in a Paper Num-
bered Z.N.(S.) 987, which was concerned with clearing up outstanding
questions relating to the names of genera belonging to the Order
Decapoda of the Class Crustacea placed on the Official List of Generic
Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936. This latter
paper was submitted to the Commission under the One-Month Rule
on 19th September 1955 with Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)28 and was
approved by the Commission on Ist November 1955.
2. In the light of the above decision the proposals relating to the
disposal of the foregoing invalid generic names submitted with Paper
Z.N.(S.) 987, together with the other proposals there submitted, have
today been incorporated in the Ruling given in a Direction numbered
Direction 37.
1 Direction 37 was published on 1st September 1956 (Ops. Decls, int, Comm.
zool..Nomencl. 1(D.) : 47—82).
DIRECTION 50 291
3. In these circumstances no further action requires to be taken in
connection with the foregoing generic names, and the proposals in
regard thereto in Application Z.N.(S.) 560 are accordingly withdrawn.
11. Preparation of the Ruling given in the present ‘‘ Direction ”’ :
On 27th May 1956, Mr. Hemming prepared the Ruling given
in the present Direction and at the same time signed a Certificate
that the terms of that Ruling were in complete accord with those
of the proposal approved by the International Commission in its
Vote on Voting Paper V.P.(55)22, subject to the omission
therefrom of the two names specified in the Minute executed
by the Secretary on 29th December 1955, the text of which
has been reproduced in paragraph 10 of the present Direction.
12. Original References : The following are the original refer-
ences for the names placed on Official Lists and Official Indexes
by the Ruling given in the present Direction :—
Homalaspis Reinhard, 1860, Berlin. ent. Z. 4 : 239
niger, Figites, Hartig, 1840, Z. Ent. (Germar) 2 : 202
Omalaspis Giraud, 1860, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 10(Abh.) : 155
planus, Xantho, Milne Edwards (H.), 1834, (Roret’s Suite a Buffon),
at nat. Crust. 1 : 397
13. Family-Group-Name Aspects : No family-group-name pro-
blems arise in the present case, the genus Homalaspis Milne
Edwards, 1863 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda) being currently
placed in the family XANTHIDAE and the genus Omalaspis Giraud,
1860 (Class Insecta, Order Hymenoptera) in the family ASPICERIDAE.
14. The prescribed procedures were duly complied with by the
International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in dealing
with the present case, and the present Direction is accordingly
hereby rendered in the name of the said International Com-
292 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
mission by the under-signed Francis Hemming, Secretary to the
International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, in virtue
of all and every the powers conferred upon him in that behalf.
15. The present Direction shall be known as Direction Fifty (SO)
of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature.
DONE in London, this Twenty-Seventh day of May, Nineteen
Hundred and Fifty-Six.
Secretary to the International Commission
on Zoological Nomenclature
FRANCIS HEMMING
Printed in England by Mretcatrx & Cooper LimiTep, 10-24 Scrutton St., London EC 2
OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
RENDERED BY THE INTER-
NATIONAL COMMISSION ON
ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE
Edited by
FRANCIS HEMMING, c.M.c., CBE.
Secretary to the Commission
VOLUME 1. SECTION D. Part D.14. Pp. 293—308
DIRECTION 51
Revision of the entry on the Official List of Generic
Names in Zoology relating to the name Homarus Weber,
1795 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda) (revision of a
Ruling given in Opinion 104)
LONDON :
Printed by Order of the International Trust for
Zoological Nomenclature
and
Sold on behalf of the International Commission on Zoological
Nomenclature by the International Trust at its Publications Office
41, Queen’s Gate, London, S.W.7
1956
Price Ten Shillings and Sixpence
Issued 21st November, 1956
(All rights reserved) f ADD 9—Ve cor
a) oe bw
INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON
ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE
COMPOSITION AT THE TIME OF THE ADOPTION OF THE
RULING GIVEN IN DIRECTION 51
A. The Officers of the Commission
Honorary Life President: Dr. Karl JorDAN (British Museum (Natural History),
Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts, England).
President : Professor James Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.)
(12th August 1953)
Vice-President : Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (Sao Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953)
Secretary : Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (27th July 1948)
B. The Members of the Commission
(Arranged in order of precedence by reference to date of election or of most recent re-election
as prescribed by the International Congress of Zoology)
Professor H. BoscHMA (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Histoire,-Leiden, The Netherlands)
(Ist January 1947)
Senor Dr. Angel CABRERA (La Plata, Argentina) (27th July 1948)
Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (27th July 1948) (Secretary)
Dr. Sar mace (Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark) (27th
uly 194
Professor Teiso Esaki (Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan) (17th April 1950)
Professor Pierre BONNET (Université de Toulouse, France) (9th June 1950)
Mr. Norman Denbigh RILEy (British Museum (Natural History), oe (9th June 1950)
Professor Tadeusz JACZEWSKI (/nstitute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw,
Poland) (15th June 1950)
Professor Robert MERTENS (Natur-Museum u. Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg,
Frankfurt a.M., Germany) (Sth July 1950)
Professor Erich Martin HERING (Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universitadt zu
Berlin, Germany) (Sth July 1950)
Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (S. Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) (Vice-President)
Professor J. R. DyMOND (University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada) (12th August 1953)
Professor J. Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August
1953) (President)
Professor Harold E. Voxes (Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A.)
(12th August 1953)
Professor Béla HANKO (Mezégazdasagi Muzeum, Budapest, Hungary) (12th August 1953)
Dr. Norman R. STOLL (Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York, N.Y.,
U.S.A.) (12th August 1953)
Mr. P. C. SYLVESTER-BRADLEY (Sheffield University, Sheffield, England) (12th August 1953)
Dr. L. B. Hottnuis (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands)
(12th August 1953)
Dr. K. H. L. Key (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation,
Canberra, A.C.T., Australia) (1Sth October 1954)
Dr. Alden H. MILLER (Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, U.S.A.)
(29th October 1954)
Doc. Dr. Ferdinand PRANTL (Ndrodni Museum v Praze, Prague, Czechoslovakia) (30th
October 1954)
Professor Dr. Wilhelm KiHNELT (Zoologisches Institut der Universitat, Vienna, Austria)
(6th November 1954)
ee S. BODENHEIMER (The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel) (11th November
1954
Professor Ernest MAYR (Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, Cambridge
Massachusetts, U.S.A.) (4th December 1954).
Professor Enrico TORTONESE (Museo do Storia Naturale ‘“‘ G. Doria”, Genova, Italy,
(16th December 1954)
DIRECTION 51
REVISION OF THE ENTRY ON THE “ OFFICIAL LIST OF
GENERIC NAMES IN ZOOLOGY” RELATING TO
THE NAME “HOMARUS” WEBER, 1795 (CLASS
~ CRUSTACEA, ORDER DECAPODA) (REVISION OF
A RULING GIVEN IN “ OPINION ”° 104)
RULING :—(1) The following revised entry in regard
to the generic name Homarus Weber, 1795, is hereby
inserted in the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology
in. lieu of the incomplete entry made by the Ruling given
in Opinion 104 :—
Homarus Weber, 1795 (gender: masculine) (type
species, (1) by selection by Rathbun (1904) of Cancer
gammarus Linnaeus, 1758, a nominal species object-
ively identical with Astacus marinus Fabricius, 1775,
one of the nominal species originally included in
this genus by Weber, and (2) through Declarations
21 and 26: Cancer gammarus Linnaeus, 1758).
- (2) The under-mentioned specific name is hereby placed
on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with the
Name No. 1059 :—gammarus Linnaeus, 1758, as pub-
lished in the combination Cancer gammarus (specific
name of type species of Homarus Weber, 1795) (Class
Crustacea, Order Decapoda).
(3) The under-mentioned generic name is hereby placed
on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic
Names in Zoology with the Name No. 756 :—Homarus
Milne Edwards (H.), 1837 (a junior homonym of Homarus
Weber, 1795).
TART. «2
4ncee
296 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
(4) The under-mentioned specific names are hereby
placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific
Names in Zoology with the Name Nos. 361 and 362
respectively :—
(a) marinus Fabricius, 1775, as published in the com-
bination Astacus marinus (a junior objective
synonym of gammarus Linnaeus, 1758, as
published in the combination Cancer gammarus) ;
(b) vulgaris Milne Edwards (H.), 1837, as published in
the combination Homarus yulgaris (a junior
objective synonym of gammarus Linnaeus, 1758,
as published in the combination Cancer gam-
marus).
I. THE STATEMENT (OF THE CASE
On 6th December 1954, Mr. Francis Hemming, Secretary,
submitted to the International Commission on Zoological
Nomenclature two papers on different aspects of the same
question, the first being concerned with the elucidation of a
question of principle, the second with an individual case in which
the problem had arisen in the course of the preparation of the
Official List of Generic Names in Zoology for publication in book-
form. In the first of these papers, to which was allotted the
Registered Number Z.N.(S.) 8781, Mr. Hemming invited the
Commission to consider the adoption of a Declaration clarifying
RuJe (g) in Article 30 of the Rég/es in relation to the selection
of the type species for a genus in a case where the nominal species
so selected, though not itself cited at the time of the establishment
of the genus in question, was objectively identical with another
1 For particulars of the action taken by the International Commission on this
application, see paragraph 3 of the Minute by the Secretary dated 23rd Febru-
ary 1956, reproduced in paragraph 12 of the present Direction.
- DIRECTION 51 297
nominal species which was so cited. The second of the two
papers submitted by Mr. Hemming was concerned with the
question of the determination under Article 30 of the type species
of the genus Homarus Weber, 1795, a case where the situation
raised in the first of the two papers submitted had arisen in
practice. Mr. Hemming’s paper regarding the type species of
the genus Homarus Weber was as follows :—
Proposed revision of the entry on the ‘‘ Official List of Generic Names
in Zoology ’’ regarding the generic name ‘‘ Homarus ’’ Weber,
1795 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda) (proposed revision
of an entry made by the Ruling given in ‘‘ Opinion ”’ 104)
By FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E.
(Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature)
The object of the present application is to ask the approval of the
International Commission for a revision of the defective entry relating
to the name Homarus Weber, 1795 (Nomencl. ent. Fabr. : 94) made on
the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in
Opinion 104 (1928, Smithson. misc. Coll. 73 (No. 5) : 25—28).
2. The entry in respect of the foregoing name made on the Official
List by Opinion 104 was as follows :—
Homarus Fabr. in Weber, 1795a, 94, tsd. gammarus = marinus, s.
vulgaris. Same as Milne Edw., 1837, HnC, 329, 333
3. The first question which calls for consideration is the method by
which a type species was fixed for the nominal genus Homarus Weber,
1795. As will be seen from the foregoing extract from Opinion 104,
it was there stated that this was by subsequent selection (t[ype by]
s[ubsequent] d[esignation]). Weber’s little book, as is well known,
was completely overlooked or ignored until Miss Mary Rathbun
disinterred it and brought the names in it into use in her paper
published in 1904 (Proc. biol. Soc. Wash. 17 : 170) when she stated
that ‘“‘ Homarus gammarus (Linnaeus)’’, [i.e Cancer gammarus
Linnaeus, 1758] was the type species of this genus. The foregoing
nominal species was not included by Weber in his genus Homarus.
The first nominal species cited by him as belonging to Homarus was,
however, Astacus marinus Fabricius, 1775 (Syst. Ent. : 413), which is
objectively indentical with the nominal species Cancer gammarus
Linnaeus, 1758, the name published by Fabricius being no more than
a substitute name (nom. noy.) for the earlier name published by
298 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
Linnaeus. In 1912, Fowler (Ann. Rep. New Jersey State Mus. 1911 :
333) selected the nominal species Astacus marinus Fabricius, 1775,
one of the original included nominal species, to be the type species of
Homarus Weber, 1795.
4. Inanapplication numbered Z.N.(S.) 878? submitted simultaneously
with the present case, I have recommended the International Com-
mission to adopt a Declaration under which in a case such as the present
where two objectively identical nominal species are involved, the
selection of either as the type species of a genus established prior to
Ist January 1931 is to be accepted as a valid type selection under
Rule (g) in Article 30, it being immaterial whether the nominal species
so selected is that actually cited by the author of the genus or whether
it is only the nominal species which is objectively identical with that
species. Accordingly, I now ask that consequentially upon the grant,
as I hope, of the application referred to above, the Commission should
accept as a valid type selection for the genus Homarus Weber, 1795,
the selection by Miss Rathbun of the nominal species Cancer gammarus
Linnaeus, 1758, notwithstanding the fact that it was not this species
but the objectively identical nominal species Astacus marinus Fabricius,
1775, which was cited by Weber as belonging to his genus Homarus.
5. At this point it is necessary to refer to the Application Z.N.(S.) 9088
(Bull. zool. Nomencl. 11 : 112—113) that the Commission should render
a Declaration that, where there are two or more identical nominal
species (i.e. nominal species, the names of which are objective synonyms
of one another), the designation, indication or selection of any one
of these nominal species to be the type species of a genus is to be
treated as the designation, indication or selection of whichever of the
nominal species concerned has the oldest available name, irrespective
of whether or not that nominal species was cited by the author of the
name of the genus in question. Further, it was suggested that the
decision so recommended should be illustrated as follows by the case
of the generic name Homarus Weber, 1795 :—‘‘ Example: The
nominal species Cancer gammarus Linnaeus, 1758, and Astacus
marinus Fabricius, 1775, are objectively identical with one another.
The second, but not the first, of these nominal species was placed by
Weber in his genus Homarus in 1795. Astacus marinus Fabricius was
the first of the originally included nominal species to be selected to be
the type species of Homarus Weber. Since the name Cancer gammarus
Linnaeus is (a) an available name and (b) a senior objective synonym
of the name Astacus marinus Fabricius, the nominal species Cancer
2 See Footnote 1.
8 For particulars of the action taken by the International Commission on this
application, see paragraph 3 of the Minute by the Secretary dated 23rd Febru-
ary 1956 reproduced in paragraph 12 of the present Direction.
DIRECTION 51 299
gammarus Linnaeus is to be treated as the type species of the genus
Homarus Weber.”’ If, as I hope, the foregoing proposals are adopted
by the Commission, the genus Homarus Weber, 1795, will take, as its
type species, Cancer gammarus Linnaeus, 1758, and not, as otherwise
would be the case, Astacus marinus Fabricius, 1775 (which, as explained
above, is an identical nominal species but one possessing a later and
therefore invalid name).
6. The last point to which attention must be drawn is the cryptic
reference to Milne Edwards (1837) in the entry regarding the generic
name Homarus Weber made in Opinion 104. In the passage in question
Milne Edwards adopted a nominal genus Homarus to which he referred
a nominal species Homarus vulgaris Milne Edwards, 1837 (: 334),
which, like Astacus marinus Fabricius, 1775, is objectively identical
with Cancer gammarus Linnaeus, 1758. Milne Edwards made no
reference whatever to Weber and clearly regarded himself as the
author of the generic name Homarus as then used in his book.
Homarus Milne Edwards (H.), 1837 (in Roret’s Suite a Buffon, Hist.
nat. Crust. 2 : 333) must therefore be regarded as an independently
established nominal genus. As such, its name (Homarus Milne
Edwards) is invalid by reason of being a junior homonym of Homarus
Weber, 1795.
7. In order to bring the entry on the Official List of Generic Names in
Zoology relating to the generic name Homarus Weber, 1795, into a
form suitable for inclusion in that List when published in book form
and in order also to dispose of certain other minor matters outstanding
in the present case, I ask the International Commission to take the
following action, namely :—
(1) to substitute the following revised entry for Name No. 494 on
the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology for the incomplete
entry made under the Ruling given in Opinion 104 :—
Homarus Weber, 1795, Nomencl. ent. Fabr.:94 (gender :
masculine) (type species by selection by Rathbun (1904,
Proc. biol. Soc. Wash. 17:170) of Cancer gammarus
Einnaeps, 1758 (Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 631), a nominal
species objectively identical with Astacus marinus Fabricius,
1775, one of the nominal species originally included in this
genus by Weber : Cancer gammarus Linnaeus, 1758 (under
the decision taken on Application Z.N.(S.) 908).
Note :—The above proposal has been drafted on the
assumption that approval will be given by the Com-
mission to the proposal for the adoption of the Declarations
recommended in Applications Z.N.(S.) 878 and Z.N.(S.)
908. Ifthe first of these proposals were not to be approved,
- the reference to the selection of the type species by Rathbun
300 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
(1904) would need to be replaced by the words ‘‘ by
selection by Fowler, 1912, Ann. Rep. New Jersey State
Mus. 1911 : 333”. If the second of these proposals
were not to be adopted, it would be necessary to cite the
type species as Astacus marinus Fabricius, 1775, instead
of as Cancer gammarus Linnaeus, 1758.
(2) to place the under-mentioned specific name on the Official List
of Specific Names in Zoology :—gammarus Linnaeus, 1758, as
published in the combination Cancer gammarus (the specific
name of the type species of Homarus Weber, 1795) ;
Note :—See Note to Proposal (1) above. If the
Application Numbered Z.N.(S.) 908 were to be rejected
by the Commission, the words in brackets at the end of
Proposal (2) would cease to be applicable.
(3) to place on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic
Names in Zoology the under-mentioned generic names, each
of which is a junior homonym of Homarus Weber, 1795 :—
(a) Homarus Milne Edwards (H.), 1837 ; .
(b) Homarus Broun, 1881, Manual N. Zealand Coleopt. (1)(2) :
740.
(4) to place on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific
Names in Zoology the under-mentioned specific names, each
of which is a junior objective synonym of the name gammarus
Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Cancer
gammarus :—
(a) marinus Fabricius, 1775, as published in the combination
Astacus marinus ;
(b) vulgaris Milne Edwards (H.), 1837, as published in the
combination Homarus vulgaris.
Il. - THE SUBSEQUENT. HISTORY “OF THE CASE
2. Registration of the present application : Upon the receipt of
Mr. Hemming’s application, the question of the method by which
DIRECTION 51 301
the type species of the genus Homavus Weber, 1795, had been
determined under Article 30 of the Régles was allotted the
Registered Number Z.N.(S.) 879.
3. Receipt of an application for a ‘* Declaration ’’ as to the
nominal species to be accepted as the type species of a genus in
the case where that nominal species is one of two or more identical
species : Prior to the publication of the present application
Mr. Hemming submitted to the Commission a proposal for the
adoption of a further Declaration on a question allied to that
raised in Application Z.N.(S.) 878 referred to in paragraph 1
of the present Direction. In this second application, to which
was allotted the Registered Number Z.N.(S.) 908, Mr. Hemming
asked that, where one of two or more objectively identical
nominal species is designated, indicated or selected as the type
species of a genus, that genus should be cited as having as its
type species the oldest established of the nominal species con-
cerned.
4. Publication of the present application : The present applica-
tion was sent to the printer on 3lst December 1954 and was
published in Part 4 of Volume 11 of the Bulletin of Zoological
Nomenclature on 28th February 1955 (Hemming, 1955, Bull. zool.
Nomencl. 11 : 114—116).
5. No objection received: The publication of the present
application and of the associated requests for the adoption of
Declarations on the questions of principle involved elicited no
objection of the action proposed from any source.
6. Note on procedure prepared in anticipation of the submission
of the present application to the Commission for decision : On
4th November 1955, Mr. Hemming prepared for the consideration
of the Commission the following note drawing attention to the
fact that the form of the decision asked for would depend upon
whether the Commission decided in favour of the adoption of the
302 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
Declarations asked for respectively in Application Z.N.(S.) 878
(paragraph | above) and Z.N.(S.) 908 (paragraph 3 above). The
note so in question, which was as foJlows, was annexed as Note 4
to the Voting Paper then prepared for submission to the Com-
mission (paragraph 7 below) :—
4. Procedural proposals : The proposal now submitted is that which
has been prepared on the assumption that the Declarations recommended
in Z.N.(S.) 878 (Voting Paper V.P.(55)23) and in Z.N.(S.) 908 (Voting
Paper V.P.(55)30) are adopted by the Commission. The notes given
in the last paragraph of the present application show the modifications
in the present proposal which would follow automatically if the
Commission were to decide against either or both of the suggested
Declarations referred to above.
III. THE-DECISION TAKEN BY THE INTERNATIONAL
COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE ©
7. Issue of Voting Paper V.P.(55)31 : On 22nd November 1955,
a Voting Paper (V.P.(55)31) was issued in which the Members
of the Commission were invited to vote either for, or against
“the proposal relating to the generic name Homarus Weber, 1795,
as set out in Points (1) to (4) in paragraph 7 on page 116 of
Volume 11 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, subject to
the alternatives on certain points of detail specified in the Notes
to Points (1) and (2) referred to above, the adoption of these
alternatives to depend on the decision reached by the Commission
on Voting Papers V.P.(55)23 and V.P.(55)30 respectively, as
explained in Note 4 overleaf”’ [i.e. in the Note numbered as
above quoted in paragraph 6 of the present Direction].
8. The Prescribed Voting Period: As the foregoing Voting
Paper was issued under the Three-Month Rule, the Prescribed
Voting Period closed on 22nd February 1956.
DIRECTION 5l 303
9. Particulars of the Voting on Voting Paper V.P.(55)31 : At
the close of the Prescribed Voting Period, the state of the voting
on Voting Paper V.P.(55)31 was as follows :—
(a) Affirmative Votes had been given by the following twenty-
five (25) Commissioners (arranged in the order in which
Votes were received) :
Holthuis ; Hering; Riley; Vokes; Mayr; Jaczewski ;
Lemche ; Prantl; Dymond; Esaki; Bodenheimer ;
Mertens; do Amaral; Key; Boschma; Sylvester-
Bradicy; Cabrera ;. Bonnet; Miller; Tortonese;
Kiuhnelt ; Bradley (J.C.) ; Stoll ; Hanko ; Hemming ;
(b) Negative Votes :
None ;
(c) Voting Papers not returned :
None.
10. Declaration of Result of Vote : On 23rd February 1956,
Mr. Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission,
acting as Returning Officer for the Vote taken on Voting Paper
V.P.(55)31, signed a Certificate that the Votes cast were as set
out in paragraph 9 above and declaring that the proposal sub-
mitted in the foregoing Voting Paper had been duly adopted
and that the decision so taken was the decision of the International
Commission in the matter aforesaid.
11. Withdrawal of the proposal submitted in relation to the
generic name ‘‘ Homarus ”’ Broun, 1881, on which, subsequent to
the publication of the present application, action was taken by the
International Commission by the Ruling given in ‘‘ Direction *’ 37 :
On 29th December 1955, Mr. Hemming, as Secretary, after signing
304 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
Direction 37, in which, inter alia, the Commission placed the
generic name Homarus Broun, 1881, on the Official Index of
Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology, executed the
following Minute withdrawing from the scope of Application
Z.N.(S.) 879 the proposal there submitted in regard to the fore-
going name :—
Withdrawal of the proposal relating to the generic name
‘* Homarus ’’ Broun, 1881, a junior homonym of
‘* Homarus ’> Weber, 1795
By FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E.
(Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature)
The routine proposals submitted in the present case included a
recommendation (in Point (3) of paragraph 7) that the name Homarus
Broun, 1881, a junior homonym of Homarus Weber, 1795, should
be placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names
in Zoology. The same proposal was later included in a Paper Num-
bered Z.N.(S.) 987, which was concerned with clearing up outstanding
questions relating to the names of genera belonging to the Order
Decapoda of the Class Crustacea placed on the Official List of Generic
Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936. This latter
paper was submitted to the Commission under the One-Month Rule
on 19th September 1955 with Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)28 and was
approved by the Commission on Ist November 1955.
2. In the light of the above decision the proposal relating to the
disposal of the invalid name Homarus Broun, 1881, submitted with
Paper Z.N.(S.) 987, together with the other proposals there submitted,
has today been incorporated in the Ruling given in a Direction
numbered Direction 37.
3. In these circumstances no further action requires to be taken
in connection with the name Homarus Broun, and the proposal in
regard thereto in Application Z.N.(S.) 879 is accordingly withdrawn.
12. Minute relative to the form of the Ruling to be given in the
present case executed by the Secretary on 23rd February 1956 :
On 23rd February 1956, Mr. Hemming, as Secretary, executed
the following Minute containing directions as to the form of the
DIRECTION 5] 305
Ruling to be given in the Direction embodying the decision of the
Commission in the present case :—
Form of the Ruling to be given in the ‘‘ Direction’? embodying the
decision by the International Commission in relation to the
generic name ‘‘ Homarus ’’ Weber, 1795 (Class
Crustacea, Order Decapoda)
MINUTE by FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E.
(Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature)
Now that by its Vote on Voting Paper V.P.(55)31 the International
Commission has approved the proposals in relation to the generic
name Homarus Weber, 1795, submitted in Application Z.N.(S.) 879
(1955, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 11 : 114—116), it is necessary to give
consideration to the question of the alternative forms of decision
indicated in the Notes attached to Points (1) and (2) in paragraph 7
of the foregoing application to which attention was drawn in Note 4
submitted with the Voting Paper referred to above.
2. It will be recalled that, as pointed out in the foregoing Notes,
the form of the decision to be recorded in the present case depends
on the action taken by the Commission on two proposals then before
it for the adoption of Declarations on questions of principle involved
in this case. The proposals in question were the following :—
(a) Application Z.N.(S.) 878 (Bull. zool. Nomencl. 11 : 86—89)
In this application the Commission was asked to render a
Declaration that, where there are two or more objectively identical
nominal species, the designation, indication or selection of any of
those species is to be accepted as conforming with the requirements
of Article 30 of the Régles, irrespective of whether the nominal
species concerned was cited by the original author when publishing
the generic name in question. The decision to be taken on this
application affects the decision to be taken in the case of Homarus
Weber, for the first type selection for this genus (made by Rathbun
in 1904) was that of Cancer gammarus Linnaeus, 1758, a nominal
species which was not cited by Weber but which is objectively
identical with Astacus marinus Fabricius, 1775, a nominal species
which was cited by Weber. Under the rules hitherto obtaining
Miss Rathbun’s type selection for this genus would be invalid but
under the proposed Declaration it would be valid.
306 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
(b) Application Z.N.(S.) 908 (Bull. zool. Nomencl. 11 : 112—113)
In this application the Commission was asked to render a
Declaration that, where one of two or more objectively identical
nominal species is designated, indicated or selected as the type
species of a genus, that genus shall be cited as having as its type
species the oldest established of the nominal species concerned.
This Declaration would affect the present case for under it the genus
Homarus Weber, 1795, would have as its type species the nominal
species Cancer gammarus Linnaeus, 1758, whereas under the rules
hitherto obtaining it would be necessary to cite as the type species
of this genus the nominal species Astacus marinus Fabricius, 1775,
which is objectively identical with, but possesses a later name than,
the nominal species Cancer gammarus Linnaeus, 1758.
3. Both the foregoing applications have now been the subject of a
vote by the Commission ; Application Z.N.(S.) 878 on Voting Paper
V.P.(55)23 ; Application Z.N.(S.) 908 on Voting Paper V.P.(55)30.
In each case the proposal submitted was approved by the Commission.
The decision on Z.N.(S.) 878 has now been embodied in Declaration
25! ; that on Z.N.(S.) 908 in Declaration 21°.
4. By the decisions so taken the alternatives conditionally submitted
in the Notes to Points (1) and (2) in paragraph 7 of Application
Z.N.(S.) 879 cease to be applicable and accordingly the decision
taken by the Commission on the foregoing application by its vote on
Voting Paper V.P.(55)31 is to be interpreted as though those alternatives
had not been put forward.
13. Preparation of the Ruling given in the present ‘‘ Direction ”’ :
On 29th May 1956, Mr. Hemming prepared the Ruling given in
the present Direction and at the same time signed a Certificate
that the terms of that Ruling were in complete accord with those
of the proposa] approved by the International Commission in
its Vote on Voting Paper V.P.(55)31, subject (1) to the withdrawal
from the scope of the foregoing vote of the proposal relating to
the name Homarus Broun, 1881, as directed in the Minute
executed by the Secretary on 29th December 1955 and (ii) to the
clarification in the Minute executed by that Officer on 23rd
February 1956 of the situation regarding certain alternative
* Declaration 25 was published on 14th August 1956 (Ops. Decls. int. Comm.
zool. Nomencl. 13 : xxvii-xxxvi).
5 Declaration 21 was published on 19th June 1956 (Ops. Decls. int. Comm.
zool. Nomencl. 12 : i-viii).
DIRECTION 51 307
proposals submitted with the above Voting Paper on matters
depending upon the decision to be taken by the Commission
when voting on Voting Paper V.P.(55)23 and Voting Paper
V.P.(55)30 respectively. The Minutes referred to above have
been reproduced in paragraphs 11 and 12 respectively of the
present Direction.
14. Original References : The following are the original refer-
ences for the names placed on Official Lists and Official Indexes
by the Ruling given in the present Direction :—
gammarus, Cancer, Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 631
Homarus Milne Edwards (H.), 1837 (Roret’s Suite a Buffon) Hist.
mar crust. 2 : 333
marinus, Astacus, Fabricius (J.C.), 1775, Syst. Ent. : 415
vulgaris, Homarus, Milne Edwards (H.), 1837 (Roret’s Suite a
Buffon), Hist. nat. Crust. 2 : 334
15. The following is the reference for the selection of a type
species for the genus Homarus Weber, 1795, specified in the
Ruling given in the present Direction :—Rathbun (M.), 1904,
Proc biol. Soc. Wash. 17 : 170.
16. Family-group-name problems : As in the case of previous
Directions containing amplifications or corrections of entries
made in the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by Rulings
given in Opinions rendered in the period up to the end of 1936,
it has been decided that the question of the family-group names
involved in the present case be deferred until it is possible to deal
comprehensively with all the family-group-name problems
involved in connection with the names of genera of the group
concerned placed on the Official List in the foregoing period.
17. The prescribed procedures were duly complied with by the
International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in dealing
308 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
with the present case, and the present Direction is accordingly
hereby rendered in the name of the said International Commission
by the under-signed Francis Hemming, Secretary to the Inter-
national Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, in virtue of
all and every the powers conferred upon him in that behalf.
18. The present Direction shall be known as Direction Fifty-
One (51) of the International Commission on Zoological
Nomenclature.
Done in London, this Twenty-Ninth day of May, Nineteen
Hundred and Fifty-Six.
Secretary to the International Commission
on Zoological Nomenclature
FRANCIS HEMMING
Printed in England by MetcatFe & Cooper LIMITED, 10-24 Scrutton St., London EC 2
——<——
OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
RENDERED BY THE INTER-
NATIONAL COMMISSION ON
ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE
Edited by
FRANCIS HEMMING, cM.G., C.B.E.
Secretary to the Commission
VOLUME 1. SECTION D. Part D.15. Pp. 309—318
DIRECTION 52
Determination of the gender to be attributed to the generic
names Cryptobranchus Leuckart, 1821 (Class Amphibia)
and Eremias Wiegmann, 1834 (Class Reptilia) placed on
the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by the
Ruling given in Opinion 92
LONDON :
Printed by Order of the International Trust for
Zoological Nomenclature
and
Sold on behalf of the International Commission on Zoological
Nomenclature by the International Trust at its Publications Office
41, Queen’s Gate, London, S.W.7
1956
Price Six Shillings and Sixpence
(All rights reserved) { AP i? 2G
Issued 5th December, 1956
INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON
ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE
COMPOSITION AT THE TIME OF THE ADOPTION OF THE
RULING GIVEN IN DIRECTION 52
A. The Officers of the Commission
Honorary Life President: Dr. Karl JORDAN (British Museum (Natural History),
Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts., England).
President : Professor James Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.)
(12th August 1953)
Vice-President : Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (Sao Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953)
Secretary : Mr. Francis Hemming (London, England) (27th July 1948)
B. The Members of the Commission
(arranged in order of precedence by reference to date of election or of most recent re-election
as prescribed by the International Congress of Zoology)
Professor H. BOSCHMA (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands)
(ist January 1947)
Senor Dr. Angel CABRERA (La Plata, Argentina) (27th July 1948)
Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (27th July 1948) (Secretary)
Dr. tare Tails (Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark) (27th
uly
Professor Teiso Esaki (Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan) (17th April 1950)
Professor Pierre BONNET (Université de Toulouse, France) (9th June 1950)
Mr. Norman Denbigh RILEy (British Museum (Natural History), London) (9th June 1950)
Professor Tadeusz JACZEwSKI (Jnstitute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw,
Poland) (15th June 1950)
Professor Robert MERTENS (Natur-Museum u. Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg, Frankfurt
a.M., Germany) (Sth July 1950)
Professor Erich Martin HERING (Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universitdt zu
Berlin, Germany) (Sth July 1950)
Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (S. Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) (Vice-President)
Professor J. R. DYMOND (University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada) (12th August 1953)
Professor J. Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August
1953) (President)
Professor Harold E. Vokes (Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A.) (12th
August 1953)
Professor Béla HANKO (Mezdgazdasdgi Muzeum, Budapest, Hungary) (12th August 1953)
Dr. Norman R. STOLL (Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York, N.Y.,
U.S.A.) (12th August 1953)
Mr. P. C. SYLVESTER-BRADLEY (Sheffield University, Sheffield, England) (12th August 1953)
Dr. L. B. HoLtuuts (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands)
(12th August 1953)
Dr. K. H. L. Key (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation,
Canberra, A.C.T., Australia) (ASth October 1954)
Dr. Alden H. MILLER (Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, U.S.A.)
(29th October 1954)
Doc. Dr. Ferdinand PRANTL (Ndrodni Museum vy Praze, Prague, Czechoslovakia) (30th
October 1954)
Professor Dr. Wilhelm KUHNELT (Zoologisches Institut der Universitat, Vienna, Austria)
(6th November 1954)
tas Ne . S. BODENHEIMER (The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel) (11th November
195
Professor Ernest MAyR (Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, Cambridge,
Massachusetts, U.S.A.) (4th December 1954)
Professor Enrico TORTONESE (Museo di Storia Naturale ‘“‘ G. Doria”’’, Genova, Italy)
(16th December 1954)
DIRECTION 532
DETERMINATION OF THE GENDER TO BE ATTRIBUTED
TO THE GENERIC NAMES ‘°* CRYPTOBRANCHUS ”’
LEUCKART, 1821 (CLASS AMPHIBIA) AND
** EFREMIAS ”? WIEGMANN, 1834 (CLASS REPTILIA)
PLACED ON THE “* OFFICIAL LIST OF GENERIC
NAMES IN ZOOLOGY” BY THE RULING
GIVEN IN ‘** OPINION ” 92
RULING :—(1) The gender to be attributed to the
generic name Cryptobranchus Leuckart, 1821 (Class
Amphibia), placed on the Official List of Generic Names
in Zoology by the Ruling given in Opinion 92 is hereby
determined as being the masculine gender.
(2) The gender to be attributed to the generic name
Eremias Wiegmann, 1834 (Class Reptilia) placed on the
foregoing Official List by the Ruling given in the Opinion
specified in (1) above is hereby determined as being the
feminine gender.
Pave, oUbIECE MATTER OF THE.PRESENT
DIRECTION’ *
On 23rd January 1956, Mr. Francis Hemming, as Secretary,
submitted to the International Commission on Zoological
Nomenclature the following paper containing proposals for the
determination of the gender to be attributed to the generic names
Cryptobranchus Leuckart, 1821 (Class Amphibia) and Eremias
JAN - 8 1957
Sy OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
Wiegmann, 1834 (Class Reptilia), both of which had been placed
on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology :—
Proposed determination of the gender to be attributed to
the generic names ‘‘ Cryptobranchus ’’ Leuckart, 1821
(Class Amphibia) and ‘‘ Eremias ’? Wiegmann,
1834 (Class Reptilia)
By FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E.
(Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature)
The Commission will recall that on 4th May 1955, in a paper
numbered Z.N.(S.) 939, I submitted proposals for the determination
of the gender to be assigned to the names of certain genera of fishes,
cyclostomes, reptiles and amphibia which had been placed on the
Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by Rulings given in Opinions
adopted in the pre-Lisbon (1935) period. In that paper I explained
that the gender properly attributable to the name Cryptobranchus
Leuckart, 1821 (Class Amphibia) and Eremias Wiegmann, 1834 (Class
Reptilia) were still under investigation and that proposals on this
subject would be submitted as soon as the investigations then in hand
had been completed (see Direction 30, published on 16th November
1955, Ops. Decls. int. Comm. zool. Nomencl. 1(C) : 287—298). In
the present paper the result of the foregoing investigations is sub-
mitted to the Commission for consideration.
(a) ‘* Cryptobranchus ”’ Leuckart, 1821
2. In the Report on the gender attributable to each of the names
placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period
up to the end of 1936, initially obtained by the International Trust from
Mr. F. J. Lelievre (at that time on the Classical Languages staff of
Bedford College, London University) the masculine gender was
assigned to the generic name Cryptobranchus Leuckart, 1821. The
Copenhagen Rules contain no special provision as to the gender of
nouns having a “*-branchus ”’ ending and for this reason and because
of the “‘ -us ’® termination the masculine gender was suggested when this
case was referred to Dr. W. I. Follett (Chairman of the Committee on
Nomenclature of the American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpeto-
logists) for advice. Dr. Follett replied on 15th February 1955 giving
his reasons for regarding this name as being of the neuter gender,
but adding that usage had been predominantly masculine (see Docu-
ment (1) in Annexe A to the present paper). It was thereupon decided
to seek the views (i) of Professor the Rev. L. W. Grensted, Consulting
Classical Adviser to the Commission and (ii) of Commissioner Robert
DIRECTION 52 313
Mertens (Frankfurt a.M.). Each of these authorities replied that the
acceptance of the masculine gender for this name was to be preferred
on grounds both of grammar and usage. The letters received from
Professor Grensted and Commissioner Mertens are reproduced as
Documents (2) and (3) respectively in Annexe A to the present paper.
Since the receipt of the foregoing correspondence a letter dated 9th
December 1955 has been received from Dr. Follett reporting, as
Chairman, that the Committee on Nomenclature of the American
Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists as at present constituted
‘has voted unanimously in favour of treating as masculine every
generic name having the final term -branchus obviously derived from
the corresponding Greek word’. In the same letter Dr. Follett
furnished extracts from letters received from the three members of the
Committee, whose views had not previously been reported to the
Commission, namely :—(a) Dr. Robert Rush Miller (University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor), who considers that the action proposed is the
‘* wisest course’ ; (b) Dr. Jay M. Savage (Pomona College, Claremont,
California), who states that he is in ‘‘ whole-hearted agreement ”’ ;
(c) Mr. Norman J. Wilimovsky (Stanford University, California), who
states that he ‘‘ will vote in favor ”’ of the action recommended.
3. In the light of the advice received the Commission is recom-
mended to give a Ruling that the masculine gender be attributed to
the generic name Cryptobranchus Leuckart, 1821, in the entry relating
thereto made on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by the
Ruling given in Opinion 92.
(b) ‘‘ Eremias ’’ Wiegmann, 1834
4. The gender attributed to the generic name Eremias Wiegmann,
1834, in Mr. Lelievre’s Report was the masculine gender. When,
however, I consulted Mr. Follett, he replied that there had been an
extensive usage of the feminine gender for this name. Professor
Grensted and Commissioner Mertens were thereupon consulted in
this case also. Both took the view this was a word of common gender
which could be treated equally correctly either as masculine or feminine.
Both recommended that usage should be followed in this case and
therefore that the feminine gender should be adopted for this name.
The letters so received are reproduced as Documents (1) and (2)
respectively in Annexe B to the present paper.
5. It is accordingly recommended that the Commission give a Ruling
that the feminine gender be attributed to the generic name Eremias
Wiegmann, 1834, in the entry relating thereto made on the Official
List of Generic Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in Opinion 92.
6. Summary : The recommendation now submitted is therefore that
the gender to be attributed to the under-mentioned generic names
314 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by the Ruling
given in Opinion 92 be the following :—(a) Masculine gender : Crypto-
branchus Leuckart, 1821 (paragraph 3) ; (b) Feminine gender : Eremias
Wiegmann, 1834 (paragraph 5).
ANNEXE A
The gender of the generic name ‘‘ Cryptobranchus ”’ Leuckart,
1821 (Class Amphibia)
Document (1)
Extract from a letter dated \5th February 1955, from
W. I. Follett (California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco,
California, U.S.A.)
I am disposed to regard the generic name Cryptobranchus Leuckart,
1821, as of neuter gender for the following reasons :
1. The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia, Vol. 2, 1906, page 1380,
states the derivation of Cryptobranchus as *“‘ NL., Gr. kpumros, hidden,
+ Bpayyxos, in pl. equiv. to Bpayxia« gills ”’.
2. Liddell and Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, Vol. 1, 1940 (1948
reprint), page 327, gives [line 14] Bpayy - .. . [line 19] -vov, ra,
fin... . IL. inypl., gills of fishes . . . [line 29] IL. Bpayyos; ro, in ply
Bpayx.a, Opp. H. 1. 160 ; but Bpayyxos, 6, in Ptol. Alm. 8. 1.
3. While the last half-dozen words in the preceding line apparently
represent an exceptional masculine usage, an older edition of this
work (Liddell and Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, Based on the
German Work of Francis Passow, 1852, page 276), definitely stated
that Bpayxos is neuter, thus: Ppdyxos, -e0s, tO=Bpdyxix, Opp.
(akin to 6 Bpayyos).
4. Roland Wilbur Brown, ‘“‘ Composition of Scientific Words ”
1954, page 329 (under “ fin ’’) stated, ‘* Gr. branchos, n. fin, gill... ,”
and on page 367 (under gill”), “Gr branchos neti eee
On page 6, ““n”’ is stated to be the abbreviation for “‘ neuter ”’.
I must add that in the event the foregoing views should be found
to be correct, this fact must assuredly cause no sense of embarrassment
on the part of the exceedingly capable teacher of classical languages
who services you have employed on this project, since another word
Bpayxos (meaning ‘“‘ hoarseness ’’) is in fact masculine, as indicated
by Liddell and Scott, 1940, page 327, and it would obviously be a
DIRECTION 52 315
matter of mere conjecture for a non-zoologist to determine which of
these two Greek words, of identical spelling, was intended by the
author of the generic name.
Document (2)
Extract from a letter dated 12th July 1955, from L. W. Grensted
(Consulting Classical Adviser to the Commission)
Cryptobranchus : Here Dr. Follett has given all the evidence. The
situation is curious. As the new Liddell and Scott Lexicon shows,
the word Bpayxos only occurs twice, in two late writers, Oppianus and
Ptolemaeus—in not over-reliable texts—and one, Oppianus, makes it
neuter and one, Ptolemaeus, makes it masculine. I can see no reason
for preferring Oppianus, except that parts of the body ending in -os
are, in Greek, sometimes neuter and sometimes feminine. The evidence
of Ptolemaeus undercuts the opinion of R. W. Brown, cited by
Dr. Follett. So far as Classical evidence goes, as attested by the latest
and best Greek Lexicon, -branchus may be either masculine or neuter.
I think the Commission should give a decision based on current
usage, citing the above evidence, which leaves the matter completely
open.
Oppianus and Ptolemaeus are approximately contemporaries—
late second century (or very early third) A.D. Neither has any
precedence.
Document (3)
Extract from a letter dated 13th July 1955, from Robert Mertens
(Forschungs-Institut und Natur-Museum, Frankfurt a.M., Germany)
Cryptobranchus is derived from the Greek word Bpdyxos. Since
Bpayxos is masculine and Cryptobranchus is a latinised masculine form
of it, I would regard Cryptobranchus as masculine, as it has hitherto
universally been regarded.
ANNEXE B
The gender of the generic name ‘‘ Eremias ’? Wiegmann, 1834
(Class Reptilia)
Document (1)
Extract from a letter dated 12th July 1955, from L. W. Grensted
(Consulting Classical Adviser to the Commission)
Eremias : This is coined on the model of Latin adjectival nouns,
based on the Greek. It could be masculine or feminine according to
its reference. Thus Pelias (a daughter of Pelias, masc.) is feminine.
316 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
Pelias (a spear with a shaft from Pelion) is feminine, because hasta,
a spear, is feminine. Eremias means a desert-dweller (not classical)
coined from eremia (é€pynui«), desert. It would take its gender from the
type of animal involved, serpens is m. of f., draco m., scorpio m., etc.
etc. Again I think it is open to the Commission to decide by usage.
There is, of course, a masculine presumption unless there is some
feminine flavour in the animal intended.
Document (2)
Extract from a letter dated 13th July 1955, from Robert Mertens
(Forschungs-Institut und Natur-Museum, Frankfurt a.M., Germany)
Eremias means “living in solitude’? and is of Greek origin.
According to our philologist colleagues Eremias can be used as
masculine or feminine, but since it has hitherto been regarded as
feminine I am in favour of this view being retained in future.
2. Registration of the present application : Upon the receipt of
Mr. Hemming’s Report the question of the determination of
the gender to be attributed to the generic names Cryptobranchus
Leuckart, 1821, and Eremias Wiegmann, 1834, was allotted the
Registered Number Z.N.(S.) 1021.
Il. THE DECISION TAKEN BY THE INTERNATIONAL
COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE
3. Issue of Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(56)1 : On 23rd January
1956 a Voting Paper (V.P.(O.M.)(56)1) was issued in which
each Member of the Commission was asked to state (1) whether
he agreed that, “in conformity with the General Directive
relating to the recording in the Official List of Generic Names in
Zoology of the gender of each name placed thereon prior to 1948,
issued to the International Commission by the Thirteenth Jnter-
national Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948, the genders severally
specified in paragraph 6 of the paper bearing the Registered
Number Z.N.(S.) 1021 submitted by the Secretary simultaneously
DIRECTION 52 317
with the present Voting Paper [i.e. in the paragraph numbered
as above in the Report reproduced in the first paragraph of the
present Direction] be entered in the foregoing Official List as
the gender attributable to the generic names Cryptobranchus
Leuckart, 1821, and Eremias Wiegmann, 1834, respectively ”’,
and (2), if he did not agree as regards either of the items included
in the recommendations specified above, to indicate that item.
4. The Prescribed Voting Period: As the foregoing Voting
Paper was issued under the One-Month Rule, the Prescribed
Voting Period closed on 23rd February 1956.
5. Particulars of the Voting on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(56)1 :
At the close of the Prescribed Voting Period, the state of the
voting on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(56)1 was as follows :—
(a) Affirmative Votes had been given by the following twenty-
four (24) Commissioners (arranged in the order in which
Votes were received) :
Riley ; Boschma; Holthuis; Hering; Bodenheimer
(Cryptobranchus only) ; Mayr ; Vokes ; Sylvester-Bradley ;
Mertens ; Jaczewski; Kihnelt ; Key; Bradley (J.C.) ;
Stoll; do Amaral; Dymond; Lemche; Hanko;
Tortonese ; Hemming; Prantl; Bonnet; Cabrera;
Miller ;
(b) Negative Votes, one (1) (in part) :
Bodenheimer (Eremias only) ;
(c) Voting Papers not returned, one (1) :
Esaki.
6. Declaration of Result of Vote: On 28th February 1956,
Mr. Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission,
318 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
acting as Returning Officer for the Vote taken on Voting Paper
V.P.(O.M.)(56)1, signed a Certificate that the Votes cast were as
set out in paragraph 5 above and declaring that the proposal
submitted in the foregoing Voting Paper had been duly adopted
and that the decision so taken was the decision of the International
Commission in the matter aforesaid.
7. Preparation of the Ruling given in the present ‘* Direction ”’ :
On 12th June 1956, Mr. Hemming prepared the Ruling given
in the present Direction and at the same time signed a Certificate
that the terms of that Ruling were in complete accord with those
of the proposal approved by the International Commission in its
Vote on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(56)1.
8. The prescribed procedures were duly complied with by the
International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in dealing
with the present case, and the present Direction is accordingly
hereby rendered in the name of the said International Commission
by the under-signed Francis Hemming, Secretary to the Inter-
national Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, in virtue of
all and every the powers conferred upon him in that behalf.
9. The present Direction shail be known as Direction Fifty-
Two (52) of the International Commission on Zoological
Nomenclature.
Done in London, this Twelfth day of June Nineteen Hundred
and Fifty-Six.
Secretary to the International Commission
on Zoological Nomenclature
FRANCIS HEMMING
Printed in England by MercatFe & CooPEeR LimITED, 10-24 Scrutton St., London EC 2
OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
RENDERED BY THE INTER-
NATIONAL COMMISSION ON
ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE
Edited by
FRANCIS HEMMING, c.M.G., C.B.E.
Secretary to the Commission
VOLUME 1. SECTION D. Part D.16. Pp. 319—336
DIRECTION 55
Insertion in the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology
of an entry relating to the generic name Grus Brisson,
1760 (Class Aves) (correction of an error in the Ruling
given in Opinion 103) |
LONDON:
Printed by Order of the International Trust for
Zoological Nomenclature
and
Sold on behalf of the International Commission on Zoological
Nomenclature by the International Trust at its Publications Office
41, Queen’s Gate, London, S.W.7
1956
Price Twelve Shillings
(All rights reserved)
Reed 20h December,1956. 42 2«@€ + «#8 | SEAM =al
INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON >
ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE
COMPOSITION AT THE TIME OF THE ADOPTION OF THE
RULING GIVEN IN DIRECTION 55
A. The Officers of the Commission
Honorary Life President: Dr. Karl JORDAN (British Museum (Natural History),
Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts., England)
President: Professor James Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y.,
U.S.A.) (12th August 1953)
Vice-President : Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (Sao Paulo, Brazil) (12th August i953)
Secretary : Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (27th July 1948)
B. The Members of the Commission
(Arranged in order of precedence by reference to date of election or of most recent
re-election, as prescribed by the International Congress of Zoology)
Professor H. BOSCHMA (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands)
(ist January 1947)
Senor Dr. Angel CABRERA (La Plata, Argentina) (27th July 1948)
Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (27th July 1948) (Secretary)
Dr. Henning LEMcHE (Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark)
(27th July 1948)
Professor Teiso Esaki (Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan) (17th April 1950)
Professor Pierre BONNET (Université de Toulouse, France) (9th June 1950)
Mr. Norman Denbigh RILEy (British Museum (Natural History), London) (9th June 1950)
Professor Tadeusz JACZEWSKI (Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw,
Poland) (15th June 1950)
Professor Robert MERTENS (Natur-Museum u. Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg, Frankfurt
a.M., Germany) (Sth July 1950)
Professor Erich Martin HERING (Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universitat zu
Berlin, Germany) (5th July 1950)
Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (S. Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) (Vice-President)
Professor J. R. DyMOND (University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada) (12th August 1953)
aes Js oa BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953)
resident
Professor Harold E. Vokes (Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A.)
(12th August 1953)
Professor Béla HANK6 (Mezdégazdasagi Muzeum, Budapest, Hungary) (12th August 1953)
Dr. Norman R. STOLL (Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York, N.Y., U.S.A.)
(12th August 1953)
Mr. P. C. SYLVESTER-BRADLEY (Sheffield University, Sheffield, England) (12th August 1953)
Dr. L. B. Hoituuis (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands)
(12th August 1953)
Dr. K. H. L. Key (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation,
Canberra, A.C.T., Australia) (15th October 1954)
Dr. Alden H. MILLER (Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley,
California, U.S.A.) (29th October 1954)
Doc. Dr. Ferdinand PRANTL (Ndrodni Museum v Praze, Prague, Czechoslovakia) (30th
October 1954)
Professor Dr. Wilhelm KUHNELT (Zoologisches Institut der Universitat, Vienna, Austria)
(6th November 1954)
aa F. S. BODENHEIMER (The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel) (11th November
Professor Ernst MAYR (Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, Cambridge,
Massachusetts, U.S.A.) (4th December 1954)
Professor Enrico TORTONESE (Museo di Storia Naturale, ‘*‘ G. Doria,’’ Genova, Italy)
(16th December 1954)
DIRECTION 55
INSERTION IN THE “OFFICIAL LIST OF GENERIC
NAMES IN ZOOLOGY” OF AN ENTRY RELATING
TO THE GENERIC NAME “ GRUS ” BRISSON, 1760
(CLASS AVES) (CORRECTION OF AN ERROR IN
THE RULING GIVEN IN “ OPINION” 103)
RULING :—(1) The entry relating to the generic name
Grus Pallas, 1767 [sic], made on the Official List of Generic
Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in Opinion 103
is hereby deleted as being incorrect and the following
revised entry bearing the same Name Number (Name No.
474) is hereby made in its place :—
Grus Brisson, 1760 (gender: feminine) (type species,
by absolute tautonymy : Ardea grus Linnaeus, 1758)
(2) The under-mentioned specific name is hereby placed
on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with the
Name No. 1062 :—grus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in
the combination Ardea grus (specific name of type species
of Grus Brisson, 1760).
(3) The under-mentioned generic name is hereby placed
on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names
in Zoology with the Name No. 764 :—Grus Pallas, 1766
(a junior homonym of Grus Brisson, 1760).
(4) The under-mentioned specific name is hereby
placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid
Specific Names in Zoology with the Name No. 364 :—
psophia Pallas, 1767, as published in the combination
Grus psophia (a junior objective synonym of crepitans
Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Psophia
crepitans).
JAN - 8 1957
B22 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
I. THE SUBJECT MATTER: OF THE PRESENT
“DIRECTION ”
On 19th December 1955, Mr. Francis Hemming, as Secretary
to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature,
communicated to twenty ornithologists in various countries a
note regarding certain errors which had been detected in the
Ruling in regard to the generic name Grus Pallas, 1767 [sic]
(Class Aves) given in Opinion 103. In the letter covering this
communication Mr. Hemming invited the specialists concerned
to advise the Commission as to which of two alternative courses
of action they would advise it to take for the purpose of regularis-
ing the position as regards the foregoing generic name. The
alternatives so submitted, which were set out in paragraph 8
of the paper distributed by Mr. Hemming, were as follows :—
8. From the particulars given above there are, it will be seen, two
ways by which to secure that the nominal species Ardea grus Linnaeus,
1758, shall be the type species of the genus Grus, though under neither
of these could that name be attributed to Pallas, 1767, the attribution
given in Opinion 103. The possible alternatives are :—
(a) to apply the ordinary provisions of the Régles and in consequence
to accept the name Grus Brisson, 1760, with Ardea grus
Linnaeus, 1758, as type species by absolute tautonymy ;
(b) to use the Plenary Powers (i) to suppress the name Grus Brisson,
1760, and (ii) to designate Ardea grus Linnaeus, 1758, to be
type species of Grus Pallas, 1766, thus retaining the attribution
of this name to Pallas, the author cited in Opinion 103, though
with a different date and with a reference to a different work.
2. Registration of the present application : At the time of the
discovery by Mr. Hemming of the defects in the ruling relating
to the generic name Grus Pallas, 1767 [sic] given in Opinion 103
the question of the action to be taken to remedy the errors so
uncovered was allotted the Registered Number Z.N.(S.) 558.
3. Summary of the replies received from specialists to the
questionnaire issued in December 1955: Replies were received
from fourteen (14) of the twenty-four (24) specialists to whom the
questionnaire referred to in paragraph 1 above was issued in
December 1955. Of the specialists who furnished statements of
DIRECTION 55 323
their views eleven (11) expressed themselves as being in favour
of Alternative ‘““A’’ (adoption of the generic name Grus as from
Brisson, 1760, the author by whom it had been first published)
and three (3) as being in favour of Alternative “* B” (use of the
Plenary Powers to retain as from 1766 the authorship of the
name Grus for Pallas, the author to whom it had been credited
in Opinion 103). Ten (10) of the specialists consulted did not
reply to the questionnaire issued.
4. Replies from the eleven specialists who favoured the acceptance
of the generic name ‘* Grus ”’ as from Brisson, 1760 (Alternative
**A’’): The replies received from the eleven specialists who
favouted the acceptance of the generic name Grus as from
Brisson, 1760 (Alternative “‘A’’) were as follows :—
(1) Richard Meinertzhagen (London) (21st December 1955)
I prefer your course “‘A’”’ accepting the name Grus Brisson, 1760,
with Ardea grus Linneaus, 1758, as type species.
(2) W. B. Alexander (Swanage, England: formerly of the
Edward Grey Institute of Field Ornithology, Oxford,
England) (2\st December 1955)
My opinion is that the best procedure would be to accept the name
Grus Brisson, 1760, with Ardea grus Linnaeus as type.
(3) Noél Mayaud (Faculté des Sciences de Paris) (22nd
December 1955) |
Les noms de genre de Brisson étant valides, Grus Brisson, 1760,
préoccupe Grus Pallas, 1766.
En conséquence le nom générique des grues doit étre Grus Brisson,
1760. Type pas tautonymie absolue Ardea grus Linné, 1758, d’apres
*“La Grue” Brisson et la premiére référence donnée par Brisson :
Grus linné Syst. Nat. ed. 10. gen. 76. sp. 4 et la planche coloriée n° 199
de Martinet (Atlas des planches coloriées de Brisson).
C’est donc Valternative “‘A”’ qui doit étre adoptée. Elle a l’avantage
(a) de respecter strictement la loi de priorité et (b) de respecter le
logique car Grus Brisson désigne sans conteste possible les Grues
(Cranes) sensu stricto, tandis que Grus Pallas s’applique 4 un oiseau
qui ne fait pas partie de ce genre. If faudrait donc outrepasser l’idée
de Pallas pour appliquer Grus aux Grues (Cranes) sensu stricto chose
$24 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
bien inutile quand on a le genre Grus Brisson, antérieur, qui s’applique
parfaitement bien.
(4) Jean Delacour (Los Angeles County Museum, Los Angeles,
California) (27th December 1955)
The main point is to preserve the generic name Grus and it seems
to me that the first proposition (accepting the name Grus Brisson,
1760) is the simplest. However, I would agree to suppress Grus
Brisson and to support Grus Pallas, 1766, if it was the opinion of the
majority.
(5) Helmuth Wagner (Ubersee-Museum, Bremen, Germany)
(31st December 1955)
Having considered the question with other members of our staff
we conclude that the point would be whether the regulation adopted
in Opinion 103 is to be regarded as a definite settling of the status of
the generic name Grus or not. Since we realize from your letter that
Opinions are liable to corrections if evidence is given of their being
apparently based on incomplete information we would tend to prefer
a way similar to that you mention under “‘A”’ in your note. If the names
of Brisson are to be regarded as available there seems to be no reason
to discuss further the status of Grus Pallas as relevant to the establishing
of that genus. The exact date of Grus Pallas and its type species has,
however, to be determined too. The two alternatives seem to be :—
(a) to adopt Grus Pallas, 1766, in correction of Grus Pallas, 1767,
and to suppress Grus Brisson, 1760, which name has the unquestionable
rank of priority, or
(b) to consider Grus as being established by Brisson in 1760 in
accordance with both the Law of Priority and the decision of 1950
as to the status of Brisson’s names, and to place Grus Pallas into
synonymy, while correcting the date of that name as necessary.
As (a) would involve the suppression of a name otherwise valid
but (b) would account for the Law of Priority and do no harm but
placing Grus Pallas into synonymy, we would, other things being
equal, suggest following the course as outlined by you under “A”’
provided that the date of Grus Pallas is corrected which would be
necessary for either way to be adopted, i.e. a course as outlined above
under (b).
(6) G. C. A. Junge (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie,
Leiden) (2nd January 1956)
I am of the opinion that alternative “‘A” is the most logical and
correct one. Thus I vote: to apply the ordinary provisions of the
DIRECTION 55 325
Régles and in consequence to accept the name Grus Brisson, 1760, with
Ardea grus Linnaeus, 1758, as type species by absolute tautonymy.
(7) Finn Salomonsen (Universitetets Zoologiske Museum,
Kobenhayn) (6th January 1956)
I am in agreement with the first alternative, i.e. to accept Grus
Brisson, 1760, with Ardea grus Linnaeus, 1758, as type species by
absolute tautonymy. This solution has the following advantages :—
(a) the ordinary provisions of the Régles can be applied ;
(b) Brisson’s Grus has priority over Pallas’s Grus ;
(c) Brisson’s Grus is undoubtedly a designation for the Cranes,
while Pallas’s Grus contained other, non-related birds, and the accept-
ance of his name might give rise to unnecessary discussions and
conflicts.
(8) K. H. Voous (Zodlogisch Museum, Amsterdam) (6th
January 1956)
I am much in favour of the solution mentioned by you under “‘A”’’,
that is, to apply the ordinary provisions of the Rég/es and in conse-
quence to accept the name Grus Brisson, 1760, with Ardea grus
Linnaeus, 1758, as type species by absolute tautonymy.
Whatever may happen I should have to protest severely if the generic
name Grus, which has been in constant use for so long a period, should
be proposed to be rejected and replaced by another genus name.
(9) J. Steinbacher (Senckenbergische Naturforschende Gesell-
schaft, Frankfurt a.M., Germany) (9th January 1956)
I wish to inform you that I would like to give my consent to the
first alternative, i.e. to apply the ordinary provisions of the Régles
and in consequence to accept the name Grus Brisson, 1760, with
Ardea grus Linnaeus, 1758, as type species by absolute tautonymy.
(10) B. Rensch (Zoologisches Institut der Westfalischen
Wilhelms-Universitat, Miinster, Germany) (10th Janu-
ary 1956)
Meines Erachtens ist eine eindeutige Entscheidung in diesem Falle
ohnehin nicht méglich, da man fiir beide Entscheidungen gute Griinde
angeben kann. Im Ganzen halte ich es aber doch fiir zutreffend die
326 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
unter 8 (a) getroffene Entscheidung zu bevorzugen, d.h. die Namen
Grus Brisson, 1760, anzunehmen mit Ardea grus Linnaeus, 1758, als
typische Art.
(11) Ernst Mayr (Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard
College, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A.) (26th
January 1956)
For several reasons I would prefer to accept the name Grus of
Brisson, 1760, which is not only what had been done by ornithologists
for many years (until someone thought one had to ignore the Brisson
names), but it also eliminates a number of difficulties associated with
the name Grus Pallas, 1766. Such an acceptance of the Brisson name
would be distinctly in line with the recent trend to revert to the tradi-
tional acceptance of Brissonian generic names. It seems to me,
therefore, that there are four independent reasons for entering Brisson
in the Official List as the author of Grus :—(1) priority, (2) the traditional
acceptance of Brisson as the author during most of the eighteenth and
nineteenth centuries, (3) the avoidance of the difficulties associated
with Grus Pallas, and (4) the recent trend to restore Brissonian names
to their formerly held rank.
5. Replies from the three specialists who favoured the use by
the International Commission of its Plenary Powers to secure that
the generic name ‘* Grus ’’ should rank from Pallas, 1766 (Alter-
native ‘*‘ B ’’) : The replies received from the three specialists who
favoured the use by the International Commission of its Plenary
Powers for the purpose of securing that the generic name Grus
should rank from Pallas, 1766, instead of from Brisson, 1760
(Alternative “‘B’’ were as follows :—
(1) G. Niethammer (Zoologisches Forschungsinstitut und
Museum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, Germany) (22nd
December 1955)
I agree with your second alternative “* B’’, i.e. Grus Pallas, 1766.
(2) Alden H. Miller (Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University
of California, Berkeley, California) (28th December
1955)
I would favor your alternative “‘B”’. It seems to me this pro-
cedure would cause the least change in current usage and not re-open
old questions concerning Brisson. The use of Grus of Pallas is in
line with very thoroughly established handbooks like the British
handbook, AOU and Peters.
DIRECTION 55 327
~ . (3) G. Diesselhorst (Zoologische Sammlung des Bayerischen
. Staates, Miinchen, Germany) (Sth February 1956)
Having studied the problem in question I should think it least
troublesome for the stability of nomenclature to use the Plenary
Powers for suppressing the name Grus Brisson, 1760, and to designate
Ardea grus Linnaeus, 1758, to be the type species of Grus Pallas, 1766,
as in Alternative ‘“‘ B”’ of your sheet.
6. Submission to the International Commission on Zoological
Nomenclature in April 1956 of proposals for rectifying the defects
in the Ruling relating to the generic name ‘‘ Grus ’’ Pallas, 1767
[sic] given in ‘* Opinion ”’ 103 : On 25th April 1956, Mr. Hemming
submitted to the International Commission a paper 1n which,
after drawing attention to the defects in the Ruling relating to the
generic name Grus Pallas, 1767 [sic] given in Opinion 103 and
giving particulars of the views expressed by the specialists who
had been consulted in this matter (paragraph 3 above), he set
out two alternative courses of action which the Commission,
if it so desired, might take for the purpose of regularising the
entry regarding the foregoing name made on the Official List of
Generic Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in the Opinion
referred to above. The alternatives so set out corresponded with
those which Mr. Hemming had previously placed before the
specialists whom he had consulted in this case, i.e. those quoted
in the first paragraph of the present Direction. The paper sub-
mitted to the Commission by Mr. Hemming was as follows :—
Proposed correction of an erroneous entry on the ‘‘ Official List of
Generic Names in Zoology’’ in regard to the generic name
** Grus ’’ (Class Aves) made by the Ruling given in
** Opinion ’’ 103
By FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E.
(Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature)
Among the Opinions rendered by the International Commission in
the pre-Lisbon (1935) period in which errors have been detected in
course of the preparation of the Official List of Generic Names in
Zoology for publication in book form is Opinion 103 in which the
generic name Grus Pallas, 1767, was placed on the above List with
Ardea grus Linnaeus, 1758 (a non-included species) as type species.
328 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
The purpose of the present paper is to lay the relevant facts before
the Commission and to seek a decision on the action to be taken to
provide a valid entry on the Official List in regard to the foregoing name.
2. The following are the relevant facts in the present case :—
(1) The generic name Grus was first published by Brisson in 1860
(Ornithologia 5 : 374—391). Brisson, whose Ornithologia has
been validated by the Commission under its Plenary Powers
by the Ruling given in Direction 16 (1955, Ops. Decls. int.
Comm. zool. Nomencl. 1(C) : 81—88), used the name Grus
for a subgenus of the genus Ciconia. He placed a number
of species in Grus, one of these being Ardea grus Linnaeus,
1758 (Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 141). Brisson did not designate
or indicate a type species for Grus under Rules (a), (b) or (c)
in Article 30 and in consequence under Rule (d) in that Article
Ardea grus Linnaeus, 1758, is the type species of Grus Brisson,
1760, by absolute tautonymy.
(2) In 1766 the name Grus was published as an apparently new name
by Pallas (Miscell. Zool. : 65) . The main purpose of Pallas’s
paper, which was headed ‘‘ GRUS CREPITANS seu PSOPHIA
LINNEI”’, was to describe a specimen of the species to which
in 1758 (: 154) Linnaeus had given the name Psophia crepitans.
This was the only nominal species which he included in his
genus Grus and is therefore the type species by monotypy.
(3) In 1767 (Spicil. Zool. 4:1) Pallas again used the name Grus.
This paper was substantially the same as that which he had
published a year earlier in the Miscell. Zool., being also con-
cerned with the description of a specimen of the species which
in 1758 Linnaeus had named Psophia crepitans. In this paper
Pallas renamed this species Grus psophia (: 1), presumably
because, although he was rejecting the word “‘ Psophia”’
as a generic name, he wished to perpetuate in some way the
word used by Linnaeus for this species in 1758 and thought
that this might conveniently be done by employing it as a
specific name in place of the name crepitans.
(4) On some date not now known the Commission adopted Opinion
103 (published in 1928 (Smithson. misc. Coll. 73 No. 5) : 21—
24), in which it placed the generic name Grus Pallas, 1767
(Spicil. Zool.) on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology
with Ardea grus Linnaeus, 1758, as type species by absolute
tautonymy. In the paper on which this Opinion was based
no reference was made either to the earlier name Grus Brisson,
1760, or to the earlier usage by Pallas himself of the name
Grus in the Miscell. Zool. of 1766. These matters therefore
were not considered by the Commission. It was however
DIRECTION 55 329
aware that the nominal species Ardea grus Linnaeus, 1758,
was not mentioned by Pallas in his 1767 paper and therefore
that it was not an originally included species of the genus
Grus. An attempt was made to get over this difficulty by
arguing that in establishing the genus Grus, Pallas must have
been aware that in 1758 Linnaeus had used the term “*‘ Grues ”’
to denote four species (of which one was Ardea grus) placed
by him in the genus Ardea and therefore that it would be
reasonable to infer that Pallas looked upon Ardea grus Linnaeus
as belonging to his (Pallas’s) genus Grus of 1767. This argu-
ment is invalid since the only species which are eligible for
selection as the type species of a genus established before
1931 without a designated or indicated type species are the
nominal species cited (including nominal species cited in
synonymy) by the author of the generic name at the time when
that name was first published.
3. The question now to be considered is what action the Commission
should take to regularise the situation created by the Ruling given
in Opinion 103. Broadly speaking, there are two courses open to the
Commission, the adoption of either of which would ensure the con-
tinued use of the generic name Grus in its accustomed sense. First,
the Commission could accept the name Grus as from Brisson, 1760,
the first occasion on which it was validly published, the type species
in this case being Ardea grus Linnaeus, 1758, the species currently
accepted as the type species of the genus Grus. Second, the Com-
mission could use its Plenary Powers to validate Grus as from Pallas,
1766, with the above species as type species by (a) suppressing Grus
Brisson, 1760, and (b) designating Ardea grus Linnaeus as the type
species of Grus Pallas, so validated. This second course would
substantially validate the incorrect Ruling in Opinion 103, the only
difference being that Grus would rank from Pallas’s Miscell. Zool.
of 1766 instead of from that author’s Spicil. Zool. of 1767. If it
were desired to validate this further mistake in Opinion 103, it would
be necessary for the Commission to suppress Grus Pallas, 1766, as
well as Grus Brisson, 1760, a course which it can hardly be supposed
would find any support.
4. In order to test the views of specialists, a note summarising the
unfortunate history of this case and setting out the two main alterna-
tives outlined above, was addressed in December 1955 to twenty
ornithologists (who on previous occasions had shown themselves
interested in nomenclature by furnishing comments), under cover of
a letter asking them to state for the information of the Commission
which of the foregoing alternatives it was, in their opinion, desirable
that the Commission should adopt. Replies have now been received
330 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
from fourteen of the specialists consulted. These replies may be
classified as follows :—
(1) In favour of applying the normal provisions of the “ Régles”’
that is, in favour of accepting “* Grus”’ from Brisson, 1760,
with ‘‘Ardea grus’”’ Linnaeus, 1758, as type species (eleven (11)
specialists) : ;
W. B. Alexander (Edward Grey Institute of Field Ornithology, Oxford,
England)
Jean Delacour (Los Angeles County Museum, Los Angeles, California,
U.S.A.)
G. C. A. Junge (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The
Netherlands)
Noél Mayaud (Faculté des Sciences de Paris)
Ernst Mayr (Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College,
Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A.)
Richard Meinertzhagen (London)
B. Rensch (Zoologisches Institut der Westfalischen Wilhelms- Universitat,
Miinster, Westf., Germany)
Finn Salomonsen (Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen)
Joachim Steinbacher (Senckenbergische Naturforschende Gesellschaft,
Frankfurt a.M., Germany)
Helmuth Wagner (Ubersee-Museum, Bremen, Germany)
K. H. Voous (Zoologisch Museum, Amsterdam, The Netherlands)
(2) In favour of using the Plenary Powers (a) to validate the name
‘*“Grus”’ as from Pallas, 1766, and (b) to designate ‘Ardea
grus”’ Linnaeus, 1758, to be the type species of the foregoing
genus (three (3) specialists)?
G. Diesselhorst (Ornith. Abteilung, Sammlung des Baverischen Staates,
Miinchen, Germany)
Alden H. Miller (Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California,
Berkeley, U.S.A.)
G. Niethammer (Zoologisches Forschungsinstitut und Museum Alexander
Koenig, Bonn, Germany)
5. It will be seen from the above particulars that by a large majority
(11 to 3) the ornithologists who have advised on this case support
the acceptance of the generic name Grus as from Brisson, 1760, the
first author by whom it was published, and are opposed to the use of
the Plenary Powers for the purpose of validating this name as from
its later usage by Pallas in 1766. |
' For the communications received from the eleven specialists here enumerated
see paragraph 4 of the present Direction.
2. For the communications received from the three specialists Het enumerated
see paragraph 5 of the present Direction.
DIRECTION 55. 33]
6. The present is one of the cases concerning defective entries made
in the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by Rulings given in
Opinions rendered in the pre-1935 (Lisbon) period on which a decision
is needed before the volume containing particulars of the entries so
far made in the Official List can be published. It is accordingly
submitted to the Commission for consideration in the light of the views
which have been collected from specialists as set out in paragraph 4
above.
7. The Commission is accordingly invited to choose between the
following two alternatives :—
(1) ALTERNATIVE “A”: Under this Alternative the normal
provisions of the Régles would be applied in this case, the
oldest available name (Grus Brisson, 1760) being adopted for
the genus concerned. The Ruling which would result from the
adoption by the Commission of this Alternative is shown in
Section (1) of the Annexe attached to the present note.
(2) ALTERNATIVE “ B” : Under this Alternative the Commission
would use its Plenary Powers (a) to suppress the oldest available
name (Grus Brisson, 1760) for the genus concerned and
(b) to designate Ardea grus Linnaeus, 1758, to be the type species
of Grus Pallas, 1766, which would then become the oldest
available name for the genus in question. The Ruling which
would result from the adoption by the Commission of this
Alternative is shown in Section (2) of the Annexe attached
to the present note.
8. Supplementary action required: Under the General Directive
issued to the International Commission by the Thirteenth International
Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948, that in its Opinions it is to deal
with all names involved in cases submitted to it, the names Psophia
Linnaeus, 1758, and crepitans Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the com-
bination Psophia crepitans, should be placed on the appropriate
Official Lists and the name psophia Pallas, 1767, as published in the
combination Grus psophia (an invalid nom. nov. for crepitans Linnaeus,
1758) should be placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid
Specific Names in Zoology. The required action has already been taken
or is in process of being taken as regards the first two of the above
names, for the name Psophia Linnaeus, 1758, was placed on the Official
List of Generic Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in Opinion 67,
while by a vote recently taken on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)31 the
Commission has decided to place the name crepitans Linnaeus, 1758,
as published in the combination Psophia crepitans, on the Official List
of Specific Names in Zoology. The decision so taken has been embodied
in Direction 43, which it is expected will be published at an early date.®
The only action now called for is therefore the addition of the invalid
specific name psophia Pallas, 1767, to the Official Index.
8 Direction 43 was published on 19th October 1956 (Ops. Decls. int. Comm.
zool. Nomencl. 1(D) : 171—210).
332 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
ANNEXE '
Rulings regarding the generic name ‘‘ Grus ’’ which would result from
the adoption by the International Commission of Alternative ‘‘A’’
and of Alternative “ B’’ respectively
Section (1) of Annexe
ALTERNATIVE, “Ay
Draft Ruling applying the normal provisions of the
** Régles ”’
DRAFT RULING :—(1) The entry relating to the generic name
Grus Pallas, 1767 [sic], made on the Official List of Generic Names
in Zoology by the Ruling given in Opinion 103 is hereby deleted as
being incorrect and the following revised entry is hereby made in its
place :—Grus Brisson, 1760 (gender: feminine) (type species, by
absolute tautonymy : Ardea grus Linnaeus, 1758).
(2) The under-mentioned name is hereby placed on the Official
List of Specific Names in Zoology :—grus Linnaeus, 1758, as published
in the combination Ardea grus (specific name of type species of Grus
Brisson, 1760).
(3) The under-mentioned name is hereby placed on the Official
Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology :—Grus
Pallas, 1766 (a junior homonym of Grus Brisson, 1760).
(4) The under-mentioned specific name is hereby placed on the
Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology :—
psophia Pallas, 1767, as published in the combination Grus psophia
(a junior objective synonym of crepitans Linnaeus, 1758, as published
in the conbination Psophia crepitans).
Section (2) of Annexe
ALTERNATIVE “BB”
Draft Ruling involving the use of the Plenary Powers to suppress ‘* Grus ”’
Brisson, 1760, to validate ‘‘ Grus ’’ Pallas, 1766, and to vary the
type species of the genus so named
DRAFT RULING :—(1) The following action is hereby taken
under the Plenary Powers :—
(a) The generic name Grus Brisson, 1760, is hereby suppressed for
the purposes both of the Law of Priority and of the Law of
Homonymy.
DIRECTION 55 $33
(b) All designations and selections of a type species for the genus
Grus Pallas, 1766, are hereby set aside and the nominal species
Ardea grus Linnaeus, 1758, is hereby designated to be the
type species of the foregoing genus.
(2) The entry relating to the generic name Grus Pallas, 1767, [sic],
made on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by the Ruling
given in Opinion 103 is hereby deleted and the following revised entry
is hereby made in its place :—Grus Pallas, 1766 (gender : feminine)
(type species, by designation under the Plenary Powers under (1)(b)
above : Ardea grus Linnaeus, 1758).
(3) The under-mentioned specific name is hereby placed on the
Official List of Specific Names in Zoology :—grus Linnaeus, 1758, as
published in the combination Ardea grus (specific name of type species
of Grus Brisson, 1760).
(4) The generic name Grus Brisson, 1760, as suppressed under the
Plenary Powers under (1)(a) above is hereby placed on the Official
Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology.
(5) The under-mentioned specific name is hereby placed on the
Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology :—
psophia Pallas, 1767, as published in the combination Grus psophia
(a junior objective synonym of crepitans Linnaeus, 1758, as published
in the combination Psophia crepitans).
II. THE DECISION TAKEN BY THE INTERNATIONAL
COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE
7. Issue of Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(56)3 : On 25th April 1956
a Voting Paper (V.P.(O.M.)(56)3) was issued in which the Members
of the Commission were invited to vote either (1) * for “Alternative
‘A*” as set out in the first part of the Annexe to the paper
numbered Z.N.(S.) 558 relating to the generic name Grus sub-
mitted by the Secretary simultaneously with the present Voting
Paper [i.e. in the first part of the Annexe to the paper reproduced
in paragraph 6 of the present Direction] (proposal that the
normal provisions in the Régles be applied in this case); or
(2) for “ Alternative ‘ B’”’ as set out in the second part of the
334 OPINIONS AND. DECLARATIONS
Annexe to the paper numbered Z.N.(S.) 558 relating to the
generic name Grus referred to above (proposal that the Plenary
Powers be used to suppress Grus Brisson, 1760, to validate Grus
Pallas, 1766, and to vary the type species of the latter genus)”’.
8. The Prescribed Voting Period : As the foregoing Voting
Paper was issued under the One-Month Rule, the Prescribed
Voting Period closed on 25th May, 1956.
9. Particulars of the Voting on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(56)3 :
At the close of the Prescribed Voting Period, the state of the
voting on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(56)3 was as follows :—
(a) Affirmative Votes in favour of the proposal styled *Altern-
ative ‘A’ had been received from the following twenty-
four (24) Commissioners (arranged in the order in which
Votes were received):
Holthuis ; Boschma; Stoll; Vokes; Hering; Miller ;
Prantl ; Bodenheimer ; Cabrera; Esaki; Mayr; do
Amaral ; Lemche ; Hanko ; Dymond ; Mertens; Key ;
Jaczewski; Bonnet; Hemming; Sylvester-Bradley ;
Riley ; Kuhnelt ; Tortonese ;
(b) Affirmative Votes in favour of the proposal styled
‘Alternative *‘ B’”’:
None ;
(c) On Leave of Absence, one (1) :
Bradley (J.C.) ;
(d) Voting Papers not returned :
None.
DIRECTION 55 309
10. Declaration of Result of Vote: On 7th June 1956,
Mr. Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission,
acting as Returning Officer for the Vote taken on Voting Paper
V.P.(O.M.)(56)3, signed a Certificate that the Votes cast were as
set out in paragraph 9 above and declaring that the proposal
styled “‘Alternative ‘A’’’ submitted with the foregoing Voting
Paper had been duly adopted and that the decision so taken was
the decision of the International Commission in the matter
aforesaid.
11. Preparation of the Ruling given in the present ‘‘ Direction ”’ :
On 25th September 1956, Mr. Hemming prepared the Ruling
given in the present Direction and at the same time signed a Certi-
ficate that the terms of that Ruling were in complete accord with
those of the proposal approved by the International Commission
in its Vote on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(56)3.
12. Original References: The following are the Original
References for the names placed on Official Lists and Official
Indexes by the Ruling given in the present Direction :—
Grus Brisson, 1760, Ornithologia 5 : 374—391
Grus Pallas, 1766, Miscell. Zool. : 65
grus (Ardea), Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 141
psophia (Grus), Pallas, 1767, Spicil. Zool. 4 : 1
13. Family-Group-Name Problems: The family-group-name
problem involved in the present case will be dealt with on a later
occasion when comprehensive proposals will be submitted to the
International Commission in regard to the problems arising in
connection with this category of name involved in the Rulings
given prior to the end of 1936 in Opinions in which the names
of genera in the Class Aves were placed on the Official List of
Generic Names in Zoology.
14. The prescribed procedures were duly complied with by the
International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in dealing
with the present case, and the present Direction is accordingly
336 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
hereby rendered in the name of the said International Com-
mission by the under-signed Francis Hemming, Secretary to the
International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, in
virtue of all and every the powers conferred upon him in that
behalf.
15. The present Direction shall be known as Direction Fifty-
Five (55) of the Jnternational Commission on Zoological
Nomenclature.
Done in London, this Twenty-Fifth day of September, Nineteen
Hundred and Fifty-Six.
Secretary to the International Commission
on Zoological Nomenclature
FRANCIS HEMMING
oe sae tea rae ee ote ee earner a ieee eo
Printed in England by MretcaLFe & COOPER LimitED, 10-24 Scrutton St., London BiG 2
OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
RENDERED BY THE INTER-
“NATIONAL COMMISSION ON
ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE
Edited by
FRANCIS HEMMING, c.M.G., C.B.E.
Secretary to the Commission
VOLUME 1. SECTION D. Part D.17. Pp. 337—364
DIRECTION 56
Completion and in certain cases correction of entries
relating to the names of genera belonging to the Classes
Pisces, Amphibia and Reptilia made in the Official List
of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end
of 1936
LONDON:
Printed by Order of the International Trust for
Zoological Nomenclature
and
Sold on behalf of the International Commission on Zoological
Nomenclature by the International Trust at its Publications Office
41, Queen’s Gate, London, S.W.7
1956
Price Eighteen Shillings and Sixpence
(All rights reserved) y age hs:
Issued 20th December, 1956 APR AO To y,
INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON
ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE
COMPOSITION AT THE TIME OF THE ADOPTION OF THE
RULING GIVEN IN DIRECTION 56
A. The Officers of the Commission
Honorary Life President: Dr. Karl JorDAN (British Museum (Natural History),
Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts., England)
President : Professor James Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.
(12th August 1953)
Vice-President : Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (Sao Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953)
Secretary : Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (27th July 1948)
B. The Members of the Commission
(arranged in order of precedence by reference to date of election or of most recent re-election
as prescribed by the International Congress of Zoology)
Professor H. BoscHMA (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands)
(ist January 1947)
Senor Dr. Angel CABRERA (La Plata, Argentina) (27th July 1948)
Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (27th July 1948) (Secretary)
Dr. aragen pai (Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark) (27th
uly 194
Professor Teiso Esaki (Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan) (17th April 1950)
Professor Pierre BONNET (Université de Toulouse, France) (9th June 1950)
Mr. Norman Denbigh RILEy (British Museum (Natural History), London) (9th June 1950)
Professor Tadeusz JACZEWSKI (Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw,
Poland) (15th June 1950)
Professor Robert MERTENS (Natur-Museum u. Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg, Frankfurt
a.M., Germany) (5th July 1950)
Professor Erich Martin HERING (Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universitat zu
Berlin, Germany) (Sth July 1950)
Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (S. Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) (Vice-President)
Professor J. R. DyMoND (University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada) (12th August 1953)
Professor J. Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August
1953) (President)
Professor Harold E. Voxes (Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A.) (12th
August 1953)
Professor Béla HANKO (Mezégazdasdgi Muzeum, Budapest, Hungary) (12th August ae
Dr. Norman R. STOLL (Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York, N.Y.,
U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) /
Mr. P. C. SYLVESTER-BRADLEY (Sheffield University, Sheffield, England) (12th August 1953)
Dr. L. B. HottHuts (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands)
ae August 1953)
Dr. H. L. Key (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation,
ee A.C.T., Australia) (1Sth October 1954)
Dr. Alden H. MILLER (Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, U.S.A.)
(29th October 1954)
Doc. Dr. Ferdinand PRANTL (Ndrodni Museum v Praze, Prague, Czechoslovakia) (30th
October 1954)
Professor Dr. Wilhelm KtiHNELT (Zoologisches Institut der Universitdt, Vienna, Austria)
(6th November 1954)
Professor F. S. BODENHEIMER (The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel) (11th November
1954)
Professor Ernst Mayr (Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, Cambridge,
Massachusetts, U.S.A.) (4th December 1954)
Professor Enrico ToRTONESE (Museo di Storia Naturale ** G. Doria’’, Genova, Italy)
(16th December 1954)
DIRECTION 56
COMPLETION AND IN CERTAIN CASES CORRECTION
OF ENTRIES RELATING TO THE NAMES OF GENERA
BELONGING TO THE CLASSES PISCES, AMPHIBIA
AND REPTILIA MADE IN THE ‘* OFFICIAL LIST
OF GENERIC NAMES IN ZOOLOGY ” IN THE
PERIOD UP TO THE END OF 1936
RULING :—(1) In the case of each of the under-
mentioned names of genera belonging to the Class
Pisces the incorrect statement that the type species was
determined by subsequent selection under Rule (g) in
Article 30 entered in the Official List of Generic Names in
Zoology by the Ruling given in Opinion 77 is hereby
deleted and the entry “type species by Linnean tau-
tonymy ” is hereby inserted 1n its place :—
(i) Acipenser Linnaeus, 1758 (Name No. 249) ;
(ii) Chimaera Linnaeus, 1758 (Name No. 251) ;
(ii1) Cyclopterus Linnaeus, 1758 (Name No. 255) ;
(iv) Silurus Linnaeus, 1758 (Name No. 270).
(2) In the case of each of the under-mentioned names of
genera belonging to the Class Pisces the entry made in the
Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by the Rulings
given in the Opinions severally specified below 1s hereby
completed by the insertion of a statement that the type
species of the genus so named was determined by selection
under Rule (g) in Article 30 by the author and on the date
specified in each case below :—
(a) Names placed on the “ Official List of Generic
Names in Zoology” by the Ruling given in
Opinion 1):
(i) Callionymus Linnaeus, 1758: by selection
by Bleeker, (1879):
1 The expression ‘* Linnean tautonomy ”’ was introduced by the International
Commission in Declaration 29 (1956, Ops. Decls. int. Comm. zool. Nomencl.
14 : xxv—xxxii).
JAN - 8 1957
340
OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
(11) Clupea Linnaeus, 1758: by selection by
Gill (1862) ;
(111) Coryphaena Linnaeus, 1758: by selection
by Jordan & Gilbert (1882) ;
(iv) Cyprinus Linnaeus, 1758: by selection by
Jordan & Gilbert (1882) ;
(v) Gadus Linnaeus, 1758: by selection by
Jordan & Gilbert (1882) ;
(vi) Gasterosteus Linnaeus, 1758: by selection
by Jordan & Gilbert (1882) ;
(vil) Gobius Linnaeus, 1758: by selection by
Gill (1863) ;
(vii) Lophius Linnaeus, 1758: by selection by
Jordan & Gilbert (1882) ;
(ix) Mormyrus Linnaeus, 1758 : by selection by
Jordan & Evermann (1917) ;
(x) Mullus Linnaeus, 1758: by selection by
Bleeker (1876) ;
(xi) Perca Linnaeus, 1758: by selection by
Gill (1862) ;
(xl) Salmo Linnaeus, 1758: by selection by
Jordan & Gilbert (1882) ;
(xiii) Scomber Linnaeus, 1758: by selection by
Gill (1863) ;
(xiv) Scorpaena Linnaeus, 1758: by selection by
Bleeker (1876) ;
(xv) Syngnathus Linnaeus, 1758 : by selection by
Jordan (1912) ;
(xvi) Zeus Linnaeus, 1758: by selection by Gill
(1863) ;
DIRECTION 56 341
(b) Names placed on the “ Official List of Generic
Names in Zoology” by the Ruling given in
* Opinion” 92::
(i) Blennius Linnaeus, 1758: by selection by
Jordan & Gilbert (1882) ;
(ii) Esox Linnaeus, 1758: by -selection by
Jordan & Gilbert (1882) ;
(ii1) Ophidion Linnaeus, 1758: by selection by
Gill (1864).
(3) In the case of each of the under-mentioned names of
genera belonging to the Class Reptilia the entry made on
the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by the Ruling
given in Opinion 92 is hereby completed by the insertion
of a statement that the type species of the genus so named
was determined by selection under Rule (g) in Article 30
by the author and on the date severally specified below :—
(a) Crotalus Linnaeus, 1758: by selection by Fitzinger
(1843) ;
(b) Lacerta Linnaeus, 1758: by selection by Fitzinger
(1843).
(4) The date “ 1849” attributed to the generic name
Desmognathus Baird (Class Amphibia) when that name
was placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology
by the Ruling given in Opinion 92 is hereby deleted and
the date “(1850)” is hereby inserted in its place.
(5) The entry on the Official List of Generic Names in
Zoology regarding the generic name Desmognathus Baird
referred to in (4) is hereby completed by the insertion of a
statement that the type species of the genus so named was
determined by selection under Rule (g) in Article 30 by
Steyneger & Barbour in 1917.
(6) The entry on the Official List of Generic Names in
Zoology of a generic name spelled Coryhaena and
342 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
attributed to Linnaeus, 1758, inadvertently made by
the Ruling given in Opinion 77 is hereby corrected to
Coryphaena Linnaeus, 1758.
(7) The incorrect entry of Eleotris gyrinus Cuvier &
Valenciennes, 1837, as the name of the type species of
the genus Eleotris Schneider, 1801, made on the Official
List of Generic Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in
Opinion 93 is hereby deleted and the name Gobius pisonis
Gmelin (J.F.), [1789], is hereby inserted in its place.
(8) The under-mentioned correction is hereby made in
the entry relating to the generic name Calamaria Boie
(Class Reptilia) made on the Official List of Generic
Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in Opinion 92:
The entry “ 1827” as the date of publication of the fore-
going generic name is hereby deleted and the entry
‘* 1826 ”’ is hereby inserted in its place.
(9) The entry on the Official List of Generic Names in
Zoology relating to the generic name Dermochelys
Blainville, 1816 (Class Reptilia), made by the Ruling
given in Opinion 92 is hereby completed by the insertion
of the words “* by monotypy, through Cuvier (1829) ” as
indicating the manner by which the type species of this
genus was determined under Article 30 of the Régles.
(10) The under-mentioned generic names are hereby
placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid
Generic Names in Zoology with the Name Numbers
severally specified below :—
| (i) Acipenses Linck, 1790 (an Erroneous Subse-
quent Spelling for Acipenser Linnaeus, 1758)
(Name No. 765) ;
(ii) Ammodytes Bonaparte, 1831 (ajunior homonym
of Ammodytes Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No.
766) ; |
DIRECTION 56 343
(iii) Anarhicas Latreille, 1804 (an Erroneous Subse-
quent Spelling for Anarhichas Linnaeus, 1758
(Name No. 767) ;
(iv) Calliongmus Linck, 1790 (an Erroneous Subse-
quent Spelling for Callionymus Linnaeus,
1758) (Name No. 768) ;
(v) Callionimus Gouan, 1770 (an Erroneous Sub-
sequent Spelling for Ca/lionymus Linnaeus,
1758) (Name No. 769) ;
(vi) Chimaera Poli, 1791 (a junior homonym of
Chimaera Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 770) ;
(vii) Chimaera Ochsenheimer, 1808 (a junior homo-
~ nym of Chimaera Linnaeus, 1758) (Name
Noz771);
(vill) Chimaera Hitchcock, 1858 (a junior homonym
of Chimaera Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No.
Rid):
(ix) Chimaira Duméril, 1856 (an Erroneous Sub-
sequent Spelling for Chimaera Linnaeus,
1758) (Name No. 773) ;
(x) Coregonus Lacépéde, 1803 (a junior homonym
of Coregonus Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No.
7TA) ;
(xi) Coregonus Jarocki, 1822 (a junior homonym
of Coregonus Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No.
ee ie
(xi) Coriudo Fleming, 1822 (a junior objective
synonym of Dermochelys Blainville, 1816)
(Name No. 776) ;
(xi1) Coryhaena Stiles, 1922 (an Erroneous Sub-
sequent Spelling for Coryphaena Linnaeus,
1758) (Name No. 777) ;
(xiv) Coryphaena Coues, 1889 (a nomen nudum)
(Name No. 778) ;
OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
(xv) Cyclopterus Marseul, 1872 (a junior homonym
of riaeaues Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No.
ALO)
(xvi) Dermatochelys Wagler, 1830 (a junior objective
synonym of Dermochelys Blainville, 1816)
(Name No. 780) ;
(xvi) Dermochelis Lesueur, 1829 (an Erroneous Sub-
sequent Spelling for Dermochelys Blainville,
1816) (Name No. 781) ;
(xvill) Diodon O’Reilly, 1818 (a junior homonym of
Diodon Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 782) ;
(xix) Diodon Lesson, 1828 (a junior homonym of
Diodon Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 783) ;
(xx) Diodon Lesson, 1830 (a junior homonym of
Diodon Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 784) ;
(xx1) Draco Gouan, 1770 (a junior homonym of
Draco Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 785) ;
(xxii) Draco Oken, 1816 (a junior homonym of Draco
Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 786) ;
(xxi) Eleotris Gronovius, 1763 (a name published
in a work rejected for nomenclatorial pur-
poses by the Ruling given in Opinion 261)
(Name No. 787) ;
(xxiv) Fistularia Forskal, 1775 (a junior homonym of
Fistularia Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 788) ;
(xxv) Fistularia Miller (O.F.), 1776 (a junior homo-
nym of Fistularia Linnaeus, 1758) (Name
No: 789):
(xxvi) Fistularia Lamarck, 1816 (a junior homonym
of Fistularia Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No.
790) ;
(xxvil) Fistularia Blainville, 1830 (a junior homonym
of Fistularia Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No.
Aol):
DIRECTION 56 345
(xxvill) Fistularia Bowerbank, 1841 (a junior homonym
of Fistularia Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No.
792):3
(xxix) Gadus Dejean, 1821 (a junior homonym of
Gadus Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 793) ;
(xxx) Gadus Rang, 1829 (a junior homonym of
Gadus Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 794) ;
(xxxi) Gadus Deshayes, 1861 (a junior homonym of
Gadus Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 795) ;
(xxxil) Gymnothorax Cuvier, [1800] (a nomen nudum)
(Name No. 796) ;
(xxxiii) Gymnothorax Duda, 1923 (a junior homonym
of Gymnothorax Bloch, 1795) (Name No.
by)
(xxx1v) Mabouia Cuvier, 1829 (an Erroneous Subse-
quent Spelling for Mabuya (Rafinesque)
Fitzinger, 1826) (Name No. 798) ;
(xxxv) Mabouya Duméril & Bibron, 1839 (an
Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Mabuya
(Rafinesque) Fitzinger, 1826) (Name No.
799) ;
(xxxv1) Mabuia Cuvier, 1829 (an Erroneous Subse-
quent Spelling for Mabuya (Rafinesque)
Fitzinger, 1826) (Name No. 809) ;
(xxxvil) Mabuya Rafinesque, 1815 (a nomen nudum)
(Name No. 801) ;
(xxxvill) Malapterus Jarocki, 1822 (an Erroneous Sub-
sequent Spelling for Malapterurus Lacépéde,
1803) (Name No. 802) ;
(xxxix) Malapturus Swainson, 1838 (an Erroneous
Subsequent Spelling for Malapterurus
Lacépede, 1803) (Name No. 803) ;
(xl) Mugie Macklot, 1830 (an Erroneous Subse-
quent Spelling for Mugil Linnaeus, 1758)
(Name No. 804) ;
346 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
(xli) Mustellus Fischer de Waldheim, 1813 (an
Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Mustelus
Linck, 1790) (Name No. 805) ;
(xlii) Ophidion Pomel, 1853 (a junior homonym of
Ophidion Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 806) ;
(xliil) Ophidium Linnaeus, 1766 (an Invalid Emenda-
tion of Ophidion Linnaeus, 1758) (Name
No. 807) ;
(xliv) Siren Hermann, 1783 (a junior homonym of
Siren Linnaeus, 1766) (Name No. 808) ;
(xlv) Sirena Fischer de Waldheim, 1808 (an Invalid
Emendation of Siren Linnaeus, 1766) (Name
No. 809) ;
(xlvi) Sirene Oken, 1816 (an Invalid Emendation of
Siren Linnaeus, 1766; published in a work
rejected for nomenclatorial purposes by the
Ruling given in Opinion 417 (Name No. 810) ;
(xlvii) Sphargis Merrem, 1820 (a junior objective
synonym of Dermochelys Blainville, 1816)
(Name No. 811) ;
(xlvili) Syngnathus Rafinesque, 1810 (a junior
homonym of Syngnathus Linnaeus, 1758)
(Name No. 812) ;
(xlix) Teuthis Schneider, 1784 (a junior homonym
of Teuthis Linnaeus, 1766) (Name No 813) ;
(11) The under-mentioned specific names are hereby
placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid
Specific Names in Zoology with the Name Numbers
severally specified below :—
(i) mercurialis Merrem, 1820, as published in the
combination Sphargis mercurialis (a junior
objective synonym of coriacea Linnaeus,
1766, as published in the combination
Testudo coriacea) (Name No. 365) ;
DIRECTION 56 347
(11) alleghaniensis Harlan, 1825, as published in
the combination Abranchus alleghaniensis
(an Invalid Emendation of alleganiensis
Daudin, [1803], as published in the
combination Salamandra alleganiensis)
(Name No. 366) ;
I. THE SUBJECT MATTER OF THE PRESENT
DIRECTION”
The present Direction embodies decisions taken by the Inter-
national Commission on Zoological Nomenclature for the
purpose of completing, and, where necessary, of correcting, the
entries in regard to the names of genera belonging to the Classes
Pisces, Amphibia and Reptilia placed on the Official List of
Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936,
this action being a necessary preliminary to the publication of the
Official List in book-form. The proposals upon which the
decisions taken in the present case were based were submitted
to the International Commission by the Secretary on 25th April
1956 in the following paper :—
Proposed completion and correction of entries relating to the names of
genera belonging to the Classes Pisces, Amphibia and Reptilia
made in the ‘* Official List of Generic Names in Zoology ”’
in the period up to the end of 1936
By FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E.
(Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature)
The present paper contains particulars of various minor errors
and omissions in the entries relating to the names of genera of the
Classes Pisces, Amphibia and Reptilia which were made on the Official
List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936,
348° OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
Proposals are submitted for rectifying these defects. The action called
for, which falls into various groups, is described in the following
paragraphs.
(1) Correction of erroneous entries on the ‘* Official List ”’
as to the Rule in Article 30 of the ‘‘ Régles ’’ under which
the type species of four genera belonging to the Class
Pisces were determined
2. In Opinion 77 the names of four genera (Acipenser ; Chimaera ;
Cyclopterus ; Silurus) published by Linnaeus in 1758 and belonging
to the Class Pisces, were placed on the Official List of Generic Names
in Zoology with the intimation, through the use of the symbol “‘ tsd ”’
[= type by subsequent designation], that in each case the type species
had been determined under Rule (g) (type species by subsequent
selection) in Article 30. When making the foregoing entries, the
Commission must have inadvertently failed to recall that the Rules in
Article 30 operate successively and that for any given name Rule (g)
becomes applicable only after it has been established that none of the
earlier Rules in that Article apply. In the case of the generic names
cited above no type species was designated by the original author
under Rule (a) ; nor was a type species indicated under either Rule (b)
(indication of type species through the use for an included species of
the specific name “‘ typus’’ or “‘ typicus’’? as a new name) or under
Rule (c) (indication of type species by monotypy). The position is,
however, quite different when we come to Rule (d) (indication of type
species by absolute tautonymy). In none of the cases under considera-
tion was there included a species having a specific name consisting
of the same word as that of which the generic name concerned was
composed. But in each case a tautonymous pre-1757 universal species-
name was cited in the synonymy of one, and only one, of the included
species. Under the Ruling given in Opinion 16, later incorporated into
the Régles by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology,
Paris, 1948 (1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 155) the inclusion in a new
genus established prior to Ist January 1931 of a nominal species in
the synonymy of which such a pre-1757 species-name is cited, con-
stitutes the indication of that species under Rule (d) in Article 30
as the type species of the genus concerned. It may be noted as some-
what curious that in Opinion 16 the Commission had actually cited
each of the names with which we are concerned in a list of the names of
genera, the type species of which were determinable under the inter-
pretation of Rule (d) in Article 30 then propounded.
3. In order to rectify the position disclosed above it is proposed
that the incorrect notation “‘type by subsequent designation ’”’ be
expunged from the entry on the Official List relating to each of the
four generic names discussed above and that in its place there be
DIRECTION 56 349
inserted a note that the type species of the genus concerned was deter-
mined under Rule (d) in Article 30 as interpreted by Opinion 16,
i.e. under what has come to be known as Linnean tautonymy.?
(2) Proposed insertion in the ‘* Official List ’’ of particulars as
to how the type species of certain genera were determined
under Article 30 of the ‘‘ Régles ”’
4. In Opinion 77 the names of the following sixteen genera belonging
to the Class Pisces were placed on the Official List of Generic Names
in Zoology with no information as to how the species there specified
had become the type species of the genera concerned, apart from the
entirely inadequate symbol ‘“‘tsd’’ [= type by subsequent
designation] :—
Callionymus; Clupea; Coryphaena; Cyprinus; Gadus ;
Gasterosteus ; Gobius; Lophius; Mormyrus; Mullus ; Perca ;
Salmo ; Scomber ; Scorpaena ; Syngnathus ; Zeus.
5. In Opinion 92 the names of six genera of the groups with which
we are here concerned were placed on the Official List with no
indication whatever as to how the type species of the genera concerned
had been determined under Article 30. The names in question were
the following :—
Class Pisces : Blennius ; Esox ; Ophidion ;
Class Reptilia: Crotalus ; Lacerta ;
Class Amphibia : Desmognathus.
6. For each of the sixteen names specified in paragraph 4 above
and of the six names specified in paragraph 5 above, it has been
necessary to undertake a search of the literature (i) to ascertain by
whom, when and where one of the originally included species was
selected to be the type species of the nominal genus concerned, (ii)
to check whether that species is the species adopted as such in the
Official List, (111) to determine whether the species concerned is
currently accepted by specialists as the type species, and (iv) to establish
whether the specific name of the nominal species which is the type
species is an available name and is moreover accepted by specialists
as the oldest such name for the species in question. The first of these
tasks proved unusually laborious, so far as the names of fishes were
concerned, owing to the paucity of reliable catalogues dealing with this
group. However, the search of the literature of all three groups
concerned ultimately established (a) that the species adopted in the
“ See Footnote 1.
350 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
Official List as the type species of the various genera are currently
accepted as such (b) that each of these species has been selected as the
type species in accordance with the requirements of Rule (g) in Article
30 and (c) that there is no evidence to suggest as regards any of the
nominal genera concerned that any other included species was selected
as the type species prior to the selection of the species currently
accepted as such. In some cases the earliest selection which it has been
possible to trace is relatively recent but it is believed that nevertheless
the reference now brought forward is the earliest in which a type
selection was made under Rule (g) of Article 30, rigorously construed as
required by the Régles, for the genera concerned. The references for
the selection of type species for the twenty-two genera concerned which
it is recommended should be inserted in the Official List to make good
the omissions in Opinions 77 and 92 are set out in Annexe | to the
present paper.
(3) Proposed correction or amplification of entries in regard
to six generic names made in the ‘* Official List ’’ by Rulings
given in ‘* Opinions ’’ 77, 92 and 93
7. ** Coryphaena ’’ Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Pisces) : When the generic
name Coryphaena Linnaeus, 1758, was placed on the Official List by
the Ruling given in Opinion 77, it was misspelled as ‘‘ Coryhaena’’. This
error which was presumably due to faulty proof-reading must now be
corrected, the Erroneous Subsequent Spelling Coryhaena being at the
same time placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic
Names in Zoology.
8. ‘* Eleotris ’? Schneider, 1801 (Class Pisces) : In Opinion 93 the
International Commission used its Plenary Powers to designate
Gobius pisonis Gmelin (J.F.), [1789], to be the type species of Eleotris
Schneider, 1801. However, it was stated in the so-called ‘“* Summary ”’
of this Opinion that the species so designated as type species was
‘* gyrinus Cuv. & Val.”, i.e. Eleotris gyrinus Cuvier & Valenciennes,
1837 (Hist. nat. Poiss. 12 : 220), a nominal species which had been
mentioned by the applicant in this case as a junior subjective synonym of
Gobius pisonis Gmelin. The foregoing entry can only have been made
through an inexplicable oversight and must be corrected by the
substitution of a revised entry prescribing that, in accordance with the
decision taken by the Commission in this Opinion the type species of
this genus is Gobius pisonis Gmelin, [1789].
9, ** Calamaria ’’ Boie, 1826 (Class Reptilia) : In Opinion 92 the
generic name Calamaria Boie was placed on the Official List ; it was
there attributed to the year “‘ 1827 ”, and no reference was given beyond
the page number “‘ 236’. The type species was said to be “‘ Coluber |
calamaria Linnaeus, 1758”, by absolute tautonymy. The name
DIRECTION 56 351
Calamaria was published by Boie both in 1826 and 1827. In the
earlier year, it was published in a paper by Férussac (Bull. Sci. nat.
Géol. 9 : 236) and it is clear from the page number cited in Opinion 92
that this is the paper there referred to and not the later paper of 1827
(Isis (Oken) 10 : 519). The name Calamaria Boie, as published in
Férussac’s paper of 1826 was treated by Neave (Nomencl. zool.) as a
nomen nudum, but this is incorrect, for, although Boie included six
nomina nuda in the genus, he included also one new nominal species
which was provided with an indication as required by Article 25 of
the Régles. This nominal species was introduced as follows:
*“Calamaria Boie . . . Linnaei B. (Col. calamaria Linn.)”’. This
species is therefore the type species by monotypy. Under Declaration
21 (embodying the decision taken by the Commission in its vote on
Voting Paper V.P.(55)30*) the type species of this genus is to be cited
under the earlier of the two objective synonyms applied to it by the
author of the generic name. That is, the type species is to be cited as
Coluber calamarius Linnaeus, 1758, and not as Calamaria linnaei Bote,
1826. In order to regularise the position, it is necessary now that the
date attributed to Calamaria Boie should be corrected from ‘“‘ 1827”
to “* 1826’, and that the erroneous entry “‘tat’’ [type by absolute
tautonymy] should be corrected to “‘type by monotypy”’. At the
same time the objectively invalid specific name linnaei Boie, 1826,
should be placed on the Official Index.’ |
10. ‘*‘ Dermochelys ’’ Blainville, 1816 (Class Reptilia) : The generic
name Dermochelys Blainville, 1816, was placed on the Official List
with Testudo coriacea Linnaeus, 1766, as type species. So far as it
goes, the entry so made was correct. It contained no particulars,
however, as to how that species became the type species and a word
of explanation is needed on this subject. This nominal genus, as
established by Blainville in 1816 (J. Phys. Chim. Hist. nat., Paris
83 : 259), contained no nominal species. In order to determine
what species should be regarded as being originally included species
in this genus, it is necessary to ascertain by whom nominal species
were first assigned to it and what that species or those species were
(1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 159—160, 346). Before doing this, we
should, however, take note of two events which occurred before any
author dealt again with the nominal genus Dermochelys. ‘The first
of these events was the establishment by Merrem in 1820 (Tent. Syst.
Amph. : 19) of the genus Sphargis. Merrem only recognised one species
as belonging to this genus and to this he gave the name Sphargis
mercurialis (: 19), the name mercurialis being a name taken over by
3 Declaration 21 was published on 19th June 1956 (Ops. Decls. int. Comm. zool.
Nomencl. 12 : i—viii.)
4 As explained in paragraph 4 of the present Direction, unexpected developments
in regard to the generic name Ca/amaria Boie led to the temporary withdrawal
of certain of the proposals submitted in regard to it, in order to permit of the
study of the new problems disclosed.
352 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
him from the XVIth century author Rondeletius. In a footnote
Merrem stated that his Sphargis mercurialis was the same species as the
Testudo coriacea of Linnaeus. The latter species is therefore under
Declaration 21 the type species of Sphargis Merrem by monotypy.
The next event was the establishment by Fleming in 1822 (Phil. Zool.
2 : 271) of the nominal genus Coriudo. This was introduced in a key
to the genera of ‘‘ CHELONEA ”’ and the sole species cited, and therefore
the type species by monotypy, was Testudo coriacea Linnaeus. The
name Coriudo Fleming is thus a junior objective synonym of Sphargis
Merrem. In 1829 (Régne Anim. (ed. 2) 2 : 14) Cuvier used the name
Dermochelys which, however he spelled Dermochelis and attributed,
to Lesueur (by whom it had presumably been proposed in manuscript
and from whom Blainville may also be assumed to have obtained the
name). Cuvier, after sinking the names Sphargis Merrem and Coriudo
Fleming as synonyms of Dermochelis, cited Testudo coriacea Linnaeus
as belonging to this genus. In a footnote he cited a second species
as belonging to this genus, namely Dermochelis atlantica Lesueur. No
such name had ever been published by that author and the name as
cited by Cuvier was a nomen nudum. Accordingly the only species
placed by Cuvier in the genus Dermochelys was Testudo coriacea
Linnaeus which therefore becomes the type species of Blainville’s
genus by monotypy. In order to avoid the risk of misunderstanding,
it is desirable that, when the words * by monotypy ”’ are entered in the
Official List to indicate how Testudo coriacea Linnaeus, 1766, became
the type species of Dermochelys Blainville, 1816, they should be
qualified by the words “‘ through Cuvier, 1829’. At the same time the
various objectively invalid names discussed in the present paragraph
should be placed on the appropriate Official Index. |
11. ‘‘ Desmognathus ’’ Baird, (1850) (Class Amphibia) : When the
name Desmognathus Baird was placed on the Official List, by the
Ruling given in Opinion 92, the date “‘ 1849 ”’ was attributed to it. The
date which appears on the title page of Volume 1 of the Second Series
of the J. Acad. nat. Sci. Philad., in which Baird’s paper was published,
is “‘ 1847—1850”’ but particulars of the dates of publication of the
various parts are given in the table of contents and this shows that that
paper, which appeared in Part 4, was published in January 1850. This
date—cited in round brackets (parentheses)—should therefore be
attributed to the name Desmognathus Baird.
12. ‘* Cryptobranchus ’’ Leuckart, 1821 (Class Amphibia): As
explained in Paper Z.N.(S.) 1014 now being submitted with Voting
Paper V.P.(O.M)(56)5° ; the name of the type species of the genus
5 The decision taken by the International Commission on the Voting Paper
here referred to has since been embodied in Direction 57 (which is being
published in the immediately following Part of the present Section of Volume 1
of the present Series).
DIRECTION 56 353
Cryptobranchus Leuckart, 1821, is currently regarded as a junior
subjective synonym of the name Sa/lamandra alleganiensis Daudin,
[1803]. It must be noted here that the alleganiensis Daudin,
[1803] was emended to alleghaniensis by Harlan in 1825 (Ann.
Lyceum nat. Hist. New York 1(8) : 271), who cited this species as
Abranchus alleghaniensis. In this action Harlan was followed by some
later authors but the original spelling employed by Daudin is that
currently in use and is the correct name for this nominal species. The
Invalid Emendation alleghaniensis Harlan, 1825, should now be placed
on the Official Index.
(4) Proposed addition of certain names to the ‘* Official Indexes
of Rejected and Invalid Names in Zoology ”’
13. The examination of the literature undertaken in preparation for
the submission of the proposals set forth in the present paper has
brought to light the existence of a number of names which are
objectively invalid as junior homonyms, as Invalid Emendations or
Erroneous Subsequent Spellings, or as junior objective synonyms.
These names, which should now be placed on the appropriate Official
Indexes, are set out in Annexe 2 to the present paper, the generic
names being listed in Section A and the specific names in Section B.
(5) Recommendations
14. In the light of the considerations set out in the present paper
it is recommended that, in discharge of the duty of completing and,
where necessary, correcting the entries made on the Official List
of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936
imposed upon it by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology,
Paris, 1948, the International Commission on Zoological Nomen-
clature should take the following action, so far as concerns the entries
relating to the names of genera of the Classes Pisces, Amphibia and
Reptilia made on the Official List during the period referred to above,
namely that it should :—
_ (1) in the case of each of the four generic names specified in para-
graph 2 above, substitute in the Official List of Generic Names
in Zoology the words “‘ type species by Linnean tautonymy ”’ for
the words “‘ t[ype by] s[ubsequent] d[esignation] ”’ as indicating
the manner in which the type species of the genera concerned
were determined under Article 30 of the Régles ;
354 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
(2) in the case of each of the generic names specified in Annexe 1,
insert in the foregoing Official List the particulars specified
in that Annexe regarding the selection of the type species of
the genera concerned under Rule (g) in Article 30 of the
Régles (paragraphs 4—6 above) ;
(3) correct from Coryhaena to Coryphaena the entry on the Official
List in regard to the generic name Coryphaena Linnaeus, 1758,
inadvertently made by the Ruling given in Opinion 77
(paragraph 7 above) ;
(4) insert on the Official List the name of the nominal species Gobius
pisonis Gmelin (J.F.), [1789], as the name of the type species
of Eleotris Schneider, 1801, in place of the name Eleotris
gyrinus Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1837, inadvertently entered as
such by the Ruling given in Opinion 93 (paragraph 8 above) ;
(5) substitute on the Official List the date “‘ 1826”’ for the date
** 1827” as the date of publication of the generic name
Calamaria Boie (paragraph 9 above) ;
(6) substitute on the Official List the words ‘type species, by
monotypy ”’ for the words “‘ t[ype by] a[bsolute] tjautonymy] ”’
as indicating the manner in which the type species of
Calamaria Boie, 1826, was determined under Article 30 of the
Régles (paragraph 9)§ ;
(7) take note that under Declaration 21 the type species of Calamaria
Boie, 1826, is the nominal species Coluber calamarius Linnaeus,
1758, and not the later-established objectively identical nominal
species Calamaria linnaei Boie, 1826, cited at the time of the
establishment of the above nominal genus (paragraph 9)°;
(8) insert the words “ by monotypy, through Cuvier, 1829” in the
Official List as recording the means by which the type species
of the genus Dermochelys Blainville, 1816, was determined
under Article 30 (paragraph 10) ;
(9) substitute on the Official List the date ‘‘ (1850) ”’ for the date
“1849”? as the date of publication of the generic name
Desmognathus Baird (paragraph 11) ;
(10) place on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic
Names in Zoology the objectively invalid names enumerated
in Section A of Annexe 2 to the present paper (paragraph 13
above).
(11) place on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names
in Zoology the objectively invalid names enumerated in Section
B of Annexe 2 to the present paper (paragraph 13 above).
6 This proposal was later withdrawn. See paragraph 4 of the preseut Direction,
DIRECTION 56 355
ANNEXE |
Proposals for completing the entries on the ‘‘ Official List of Generic
Names in Zoology ’’ regarding the manner in which the type
species of certain genera were determined under Article 30
of the ‘‘ Regles ”’
Name of Genus
(1)
Callionymus Linnaeus, 1758
Clupea Linnaeus, 1758
Coryphaena Linnaeus, 1758
Cyprinus Linnaeus, 1758
Gadus Linnaeus, 1758
Gasterosteus Linnaeus, 1758
Gobius Linnaeus, 1758
Lophius Linnaeus, 1758
Mormyrus Linnaeus, 1758
Mullus Linnaeus, 1758
Perca Linnaeus, 1758
Salmo Linnaeus, 1758
Scomber Linnaeus, 1758
Scorpaena Linnaeus, 1758
Syngnathus Linnaeus, 1758
Entry relating to the determination
of the type species proposed to be
inserted in the “‘ Official List of
Generic Names in Zoology ”
(2)
by selection by Bleeker, 1879, Vers.
Acad. Amsterdam 1879 : 80
by selection by Gill, 1862, Proc.
Acad. nat. Sci. Philad. 1861 : 35
by selection by Jordan & Gilbert,
1882, Bull. U.S. nat. Mus. 16 : 454
by selection by Jordan & Gilbert,
1882, Bull. U.S. nat. Mus. 16 : 254
by selection by Jordan & Gilbert,
1882, Bull. U.S. nat. Mus. 16 : 802
by selection by Jordan & Gilbert,
1882, Bull. U.S. nat. Mus. 16 : 393
by selection by Gill, 1864, Proc.
Acad. nat. Sci. Philad. 1863 : 268
by selection by Jordan & Gilbert,
1882, Bull. U.S. nat. Mus. 16 : 844
by selection by Jordan & Evermann,
1917, Gen. Fish. : 15
by selection by Bleeker, 1876, Arch.
Neerl. Sci. nat. Haarlem 11 : 334
by selection by Gill, 1862, Proc.
Acad. nat. Sci. Philad. 1861 : 48
by selection by Jordan & Gilbert,
1882, Bull. U.S. nat. Mus. 16 : 309
by selection by Gill, 1863, Proc.
Acad. nat. Sci. Philad. 1862 : 125
by selection by Bleeker, 1876, Versi.
Acad. Amsterdam 1875 : 295
by selection by Jordan, 1912, Smiths.
misc. Publ. 2060 : 103
356 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
Name of Genus
(1)
Zeus Linnaeus, 1758
Blennius Linnaeus, 1758
Esox Linnaeus, 1758
Ophidion Linnaeus, 1758
Crotalus Linnaeus, 1758
Lacerta Linnaeus, 1758
Desmognathus Baird, (1850)
Entry relating to the determination
of the type species proposed to be
inserted in the *‘ Official List of
Generic Names in Zoology”
(2)
by selection by Gill, 1863, Proc.
Acad. nat. Sci. Philad. 1862 : 126
by selection by Jordan & Gilbert,
1882, Bull. U.S. nat. Mus. 16 : 759
by selection by Jordan & Gilbert,
1882, Bull. U.S. nat. Mus. 16 : 352
by selection by Gill, 1864, Proc.
Acad. nat. Sci. Philad. 1863 : 210
by selection by Fitzinger, 1843,
Syst. Rept. : 29
by selection by Fitzinger, 1843, Syst.
Rept. : 20
by selection by Stejneger & Barbour
1917, Checklist N. Amer. Amph &
Rept. : 22
ANNEXE 2
Proposed addition of certain invalid names to the ‘* Official Indexes
of Rejected and Invalid Names in Zoology ”’
Section A: Proposed addition of forty-nine generic names
to the ‘‘ Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic
Names in Zoology ”’
1. Acipenses Linck, 1790, Mag. N. Phys. Naturg. 6(3) : 37 (an Erro-
neous Subsequent Spelling for Acipenser Linnaeus, 1758,
placed on the Official List in Opinion 77)
2. Ammodytes Bonaparte, 1831, Giorn. Arcad. 52 : 149 (a junior
homonym of Ammodytes Linnaeus, 1758, placed on the Official
List in Opinion 75)
3. Anarhicas Latreille, 1804, Nouv. Dict. Hist. nat. Tabl. méth. : 103
(an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Anarhichas Linnaeus,
1758, placed on the Official List in Opinion 75)
4. Calliongmus Linck, 1790, Mag. N. Phys. Naturg. 6(3) : 34 (an
Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Callionymus Linnaeus, 1758,
placed on the Official List in Opinion 77)
10.
LF.
12.
13.
14.
15.
DIRECTION 56 357
. Callionimus Gouan, 1770, Hist. Pisc. : 121 (an Erroneous Subse-
quent Spelling for Callionymus Linnaeus, 1758, placed on the
Official List in Opinion 77)
. The under-mentioned junior homonyms of Chimaera Linnaeus,
1758, placed on the Official List in Opinion 77 :—
(a) Chimaera Poli, 1791, Test. Sicil. 1, Introd. : 31
(b) Chimaera Ochsenheimer, 1808, Schmett. Europa 2 : 2
(c) Chimaera Hitchcock, 1858, Ichnol. N. England : 118
. Chimaira Duméril, 1856, Mém. Acad. Sci. Inst. France 27 : 155 (an
Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Chimaera Linnaeus, 1758,
placed on the Official List in Opinion 77)
. The under-mentioned junior homonyms of Coregonus Linnaeus,
1758, placed on the Official List in Opinion 93 :—
') Coregonus Lacépede,. 1803, Hist.. nat. Poiss. 3: 239; Le
Sueur, 1818, J. Acad. nat. Sci. Philad. 1(9) : 231
(b) Coregonus Jarocki, 1822, Zoologiia 4 : 35
. Coriudo Fleming, 1822, Phil. zool. 2: 271 (a junior objective
synonym of Dermochelys Blainville, 1816, placed on the Official
List in Opinion 92)
Coryhaena Stiles, 1922, Smiths. misc. Coll. 73 (no. 1) : 73 (an
Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Coryphaena Linnaeus, 1758,
placed on the Official List in Opinion 77)
Coryphaena Coues, 1889, Cent. Dict. 2(5) : 1286 (a nomen nudum)
Cyclopterus (Seidlitz MS) Marseul, 1872, Abeille 10 : 30 (a junior
homonym of Cyclopterus Linnaeus, 1758, placed on the Official
List in Opinion 77)
Dermatochelys Wagler, 1830, Syst. Amph. : 133 (a junior objective
synonym of Dermochelys Blainville, 1816, placed on the Official
List in Opinion 92)
Dermochelis Lesueur, 1829, in Cuvier, Régn. Anim. (ed. 2) 2: 14
(an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Dermochelys Blainville,
1816, placed on the Official List in Opinion 92)
The under-mentioned junior homonyms of Diodon Linnaeus, 1758,
placed on the Official List in Opinion 77 :—
(a) Diodon O’Reilly, 1818, Greenland:105; Storr, 1780,
Prodr. meth. Mamm. : 42, tab. C
(b) Diodon Lesson, 1828, Compl. de Buffon, Hist. nat. Mamm.
Ois. 1 : 124, 440
(c) Diodon Lesson, 1830, Traité. Ornith. (2) : 95
358
16.
20.
zt
22.
5 Me
24.
OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
The under-mentioned junior homonyms of Draco Linnaeus, 1758,
placed on the Official List in Opinion 75 :—
(a) Draco Gouan, 1770, Hist. Pisc. : 117 (a nomen nudum)
(b) Draco Oken, 1816, Lehrb. Naturgesch. 3(2) : 273
. Eleotris Gronovius, 1763, Zooph. gronoy.1 : 83 (a name published
in a book rejected for nomenclatorial purposes)
. The under-mentioned junior homonyms of Fistularia Linnaeus,
1758, placed on the Official List in Opinion 75 :—
(a) Fistularia Forskal, 1775, Descr. Anim. : 121
(b) Fistularia Miller, 1776, Zool. dan. Prodr. : 254
(c) Fistularia Lamarck, 1816, Hist. nat. Anim. sans Vertebr.
3:74; de Blainville, 1830, Dict. Sci. nat. 60 : 173
(d) Fistularia Bowerbank, 1841, Proc. geol. Soc. Lond. 3 (no.
TS) 2433
. The under-mentioned junior homonyms of Gadus Linnaeus, 1758,
placed on the Official List in Opinion 77 :—
(a) Gadus Dejean, 1821, Cat. Coléopt. : 96 (a nomen nudum)
(b) Gadus Rang, 1829, Ann. Sci. nat. 16 : 498
(c) Gadus Deshayes, 1861, Descr. Anim. s. Vertébr. Bassin Paris
Ze 2)7
Gymnothorax Cuvier, [1800], Legons. comp. Anat. 1: tab. 4 (a
nomen nudum)
Gymnothorax Duda, 1923, Arch. Naturgesch. 89 : A4, 39 (a junior
homonym of Gymnothorax Bloch, 1795, placed on the Official
List in Opinion 93)
The under-mentioned Erroneous Subsequent Spellings for Mabuya
Rafinesque, 1815 :—
(a) Mabouia Cuvier, 1829, Régn. Anim. (ed. 2) 2 : 62
(b) Mabouya Duméril & Bibron, 1839, Erpét, 5 : 663, 671
(c) Mabuia Cuvier, 1829, Régn. Anim. (ed. 2) 2 : 64
Mabuya Rafinesque, 1815, Analyse Nat. : 76 (a nomen nudum)
The under-mentioned Erroneous Subsequent Spellings for
Malapterurus Lacépéde, 1803, placed on the Official List in
Opinion 93) :—
(a) Malapterus Jarocki, 1822, Zoologiia 4 : 87
(b) Malapturus Swainson, 1838, Hist. Classif. Fish 1 : 348, 353
25:
26.
ah.
28.
22.
30.
SI.
a2:
35.
34.
DIRECTION 56 359
Mugie Macklot, 1830, Bijd. Natuurk. Wetensch. 5:177 (an
Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Mugil Linnaeus, 1758,
placed on the Official List in Opinion 75)
Mustellus Fischer de Waldheim, 1813, Zoognosia (ed. 3) 1: 78
(an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Mustelus Linck, 1790,
placed on the Official List in Opinion 77)
Ophidion Pomel, 1853, Cat. Vert. foss. Loire : 128 (a junior
homonym of Ophidion Linnaeus, 1758, placed on the Official
List in Opinion 92)
Ophidium Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1 : 431 (an Invalid
Emendation of Ophidion Linnaeus, 1758, placed on the Official
List in Opinion 92)
Siren Hermann, 1783, Tab. Affin. Anim. : 120 (a junior homonym
of Siren Linnaeus, 1766, placed on the Official List in Opinion 92)
Sirena Fischer de Waldheim, 1808, Zoognosia (ed. 2): tab. ili
(an Invalid Emendation of Siren Linnaeus, 1766)
Sirene Oken, 1816, Lehrb. Naturgesch 3(2) : 187 (an Invalid
Emendation of Siren Linnaeus, 1766)
Sphargis Merrem, 1820, Tent. Syst. Amph. : 19 (a junior objective
synonym of Dermochelys Blainville, 1816, placed on the Official
List in Opinion 92)
Syngnathus Rafinesque, 1810, Ind. Itt. Sic. : 57 (a junior homonym
of Syngnathus Linnaeus, 1758, placed on the Official List in
Opinion 77)
Teuthis Schneider, 1784, Sammi. verm. Abh.: 113 (a junior
homonym of Teuthis Linnaeus, 1766, placed on the Official
List in Opinion 93)
Section B: Proposed addition of two specific names to the
** Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names
in Zoology ”’
. linnaei Boie, 1826, Bull. Sci. nat. Geol. 9 : 236, as published in the
combination Calamaria linnaei (nom. nov. pro calamarius
Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Coluber
calamarius)*
. mercurialis Merrem, 1820, Tent. Syst. Amph. : 19, as published
in the combination Sphargis mercurialis (nom. noy. pro coriacea
Linnaeus, 1766, as published in the combination Testudo
coriacea)
* This proposal was later withdrawn. See paragraph 4 of the present Direction.
360 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
3. alleghaniensis Harlan, 1825, Ann. Lyceum nat. Hist. New York
1(8) : 271, as published in the combination Abranchus
alleghaniensis (an Invalid Emendation of alleganiensis Daudin,
[1803] as published in the combination Salamandra
alleganiensis.
2. Registration of the present application : Upon the receipt
of Mr. Hemming’s paper the question of completing and
correcting in the manner proposed the entries relating to the names
of genera belonging to the Classes Pisces, Amphibia and Reptilia
made on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the
period up to the end of 1936 was allotted the Registered Number
Z.N.(S.) 1015.
I]. THE DECISION TAKEN BY THE INTERNATIONAL
COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE
3. Issue of Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(56)4 : On 25th April 1956
a Voting Paper (V.P.(O.M.)(56)4) was issued in which each
Member of the Commission was asked (1) to state whether he
agreed “that, in accordance with the General Directives issued
to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature
by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948,
regarding the placing on the appropriate Official Lists and
Official Indexes of names dealt with in, or otherwise involved
in, Opinions rendered prior to 1948, and other matters on which
action is required in order to complete, to clarify, or to correct
Rulings given in Opinions rendered in the foregoing period, the
action recommended in paragraph 14 of the paper numbered
Z.N.(S.) 1015, regarding names in the Classes Pisces, Amphibia
and Reptilia submitted by the Secretary simultaneously with the
present Voting Paper [i.e. in the paragraph numbered as above
in the paper reproduced in the first paragraph of the present
Direction] be now taken as there recommended ’”’, and (2), if
he did not so agree as regards any given item, to indicate that
item.
DIRECTION 56 361
4. Withdrawal from the scope of Voting Paper V.P.(O.M)(56)4
of certain proposals relating to the generic name ‘* Calamaria ”’
Boie (Class Reptilia): On 2nd May 1956 Mr. Hemming, as
Secretary, executed the following Minute in which he withdrew
from the scope of Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(56)4 certain of the
proposals in regard to the generic name Calamaria Boie submitted
therewith :—
Remoyal from the scope of Voting Paper V.P.(O.M)(56)4 of certain of
the proposals relating to the generic name ‘* Calamaria’’ Boie
(Class Reptilia) submitted therewith
By FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E.
(Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature)
In returning their completed copies of Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(56)4,
Dr. H. Boschma, Director, Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie,
Leiden, The Netherlands, and Dr. L. B. Holthuis of the same Museum
have this day notified the Office of the Commission that Dr. L. D.
Brongersma of the above Museum is planning to re-examine the
status under the Régles of the generic name Calamaria Boie (Class
Reptilia) a name which had been placed on the Official List of Generic
Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in Opinion 92 and on which
certain supplementary proposals had been submitted in the paper
bearing the Number Z.N.(S.) 1015 issued to the Members of the
Commission concurrently with the Voting Paper referred to above. It
appeared from the communication so received that the current
interpretation of the nominal species Coluber calamarius Linnaeus,
1758, the type species of the genus Calamaria Boie, and/or of the
objectively identical nominal species Calamaria linnaei Boie, 1826,
was open to question and that there was at least a possibility that the
species to which Linnaeus had given the former name was a species
at present placed by specialists in a genus far removed from Calamaria
Boie.
2. In these circumstances, as Secretary to the International Com-
mission, I hereby withdraw from the scope of the Voting Paper cited
above (a) the proposals in regard to the generic name Calamaria
Boie submitted in Points (6) and (7) of paragraph 14 of the paper
Z.N.(S.) 1015 submitted therewith, and (b) the proposal which appears
as Item I in Section B of Annexe 2 referred to in Point (11) in the
paragraph numbered as above in the same paper in order to permit
of the further study of the issues alluded to in the communications
referred to in paragraph | above. I further direct that the Registered
File Z.N.(S.) 1114 be opened for the study of the questions now
reserved and that the said studies be prosecuted as vigorously as
362 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
possible in order to ensure that the publication of the Official List of
Generic Names in Zoology in book-form be not delayed by the
existence of an outstanding problem in regard to the above generic
name.
5. The Prescribed Voting Period for V.P.(O.M)(56)4: As
Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(56)4 was issued under the One-Month
Rule, the Prescribed Voting Period closed on 25th May 1956.
6. Particulars of the Voting on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M)(56)4 :
At the close of the Prescribed Voting Period for Voting Paper
V.P.(O.M.)(56)4, the state of the voting on the proposals sub-
mitted therewith, other than on that part of those proposals
which had been withdrawn from the scope of that Voting Paper
by the Minute executed by the Secretary on 2nd May 1956 (the
text of which has been reproduced in paragraph 4 of the present
Direction) was as follows :—
(a) Affirmative Votes had been given by the following twenty-four
(24) Commissioners (arranged in the order in which Votes
were received) :
Holthuis ; Boschma ; Stoll; Vokes; Hering; Miller ;
Prantl ; Bodenheimer; Cabrera; Esaki; Mayr; do
Amaral ; Lemche ; Hanké ; Dymond ; Mertens; Key ;
Jaczewski; Bonnet; Hemming; Sylvester-Bradley ;
Riley ; Kuhnelt ; Tortonese ;
(b) Negative Votes :
None ;
(c) On Leave of Absence, one (1):
Bradley (J.C.) ;
DIRECTION 56 363
(d) Voting Papers not returned :
None.
7. Declaration of Result of Vote: On 7th June 1956, Mr.
Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission, acting
as Returning Officer for the Vote taken on Voting Paper V.P.
(O.M.)(56)4, signed a Certificate that the Votes cast on that
Voting Paper, other than on the proposals in regard to the name
Calamaria Boie submitted therewith, which had been withdrawn
from its scope by the Minute executed by the Secretary on
2nd May 1956 (the text of which has been reproduced in para-
graph 4 of the present Direction) were as set out in paragraph 6
above and that the proposals submitted with that Voting Paper,
other than the proposals so withdrawn, had been duly adopted and
that the decision so taken was the decision of the International
Commission in the matter aforesaid.
8. Preparation of the Ruling given in the present ‘* Direction ”’ :
On 30th September 1956, Mr. Hemming prepared the Ruling
given in the present Direction and at the same time signed a
Certificate that the terms of that Ruling were in complete accord
with those of the proposal approved by the International Com-
mission in its vote on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(56)4, subject to
the exclusion therefrom of the proposals in regard to the generic
name Calamaria Boie specified in the Minute executed by the
Secretary on 2nd May 1956 referred to in paragraph 7 above.
9. Original References : The original references for the generic
names specified in the under-mentioned Rulings in the present
Direction have already been noted in connection with the Official
List of Generic Names in Zoology: (1); (2); (3); (5), subject
to the correction of the date of publication attributed to the
name concerned as specified in Ruling (4) ; (6) ; (7); (8), subject
to the correction of the date of publication of the name concerned
as there specified. The references for the selection of typespecies for
the genera specified in Rulings (2), (3) and (5) are given in Annexe |
to the paper reproduced in paragraph 1 of the present Direction.
364 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
The reference for the nominal species specified in Ruling (7) as
the type species of Eleotris Schneider, 1801, is given in paragraph 8
of the paper referred to above, while in paragraph 10 of that paper
will be found the reference specified in Ruling (9). The references
for the names specified in Rulings (10) and (11) are given in
Section A and Section B respectively of Annexe 2 to the foregoing
paper.
10. The prescribed procedures were duly complied with by
the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in
dealing with the present case, and the present Direction is
accordingly hereby rendered in the name of the said International
Commission by the under-signed Francis Hemming, Secretary
to the Jnternational Commission on Zoological Nomenclature,
in virtue of all and every the powers conferred upon him in that
behalf.
11. The present Direction shall be known as Direction Fifty-Six —
(56) of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature.
Done in London, this Thirtieth day of September, Nineteen
Hundred and Fifty-Six.
Secretary to the International Commission
on Zoological Nomenclature
FRANCIS HEMMING
Printed in England by MretcaLtFe & COOPER LimITED, 10-24 Scrutton St., London EC 2
OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
RENDERED BY THE INTER-
NATIONAL COMMISSION ON
ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE
Edited by
FRANCIS HEMMING, c.M.G., C.B.E.
Secretary to the Commission
VOLUME 1. SECTION D. Part D.18. Pp. 365—388
DIRECTION 57
Addition to the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology
(a) of the specific names of forty-seven species belonging
to the Classes Cyclostomata, Pisces, Amphibia and
Reptilia, each of which is the type species of a genus, the
name of which was placed on the Official List of Generic
Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936 and
(b) of the specific name of one species of the Class
Amphibia which is currently treated as a senior subjective
synonym of the name of such a species
LONDON :
Printed by Order of the International Trust for
Zoological Nomenclature
and
Sold on behalf of the International Commission on Zoological
Nomenclature by the International Trust at its Publications Office
41, Queen’s Gate, London, S.W.7
1956
Price Sixteen Shillings bs ae
(All rights reserved) i
Issued 20th December, 1956
INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON |
ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE
COMPOSITION AT THE TIME OF THE ADOPTION OF THE
RULING GIVEN IN DIRECTION 57
A. The Officers of the Commission
Honorary Life President : Dr. Karl JorpAN (British Museum (Natural History), Zoological
Museum, Tring, Herts, England)
President : Professor James Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.)
(12th August 1953)
Vice-President : Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (Sao Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953)
Secretary : Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (27th July 1948)
B. The Members of the Commission
(Arranged in order of precedence by reference to-date of election or of most recent re-election,
as prescribed by the International Congress of Zoology)
Professor H. BOSCHMA (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands)
(1st January 1947)
Senor Dr. Angel CABRERA (La Plata, Argentina) (27th July 1948)
Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (27th July 1948) (Secretary)
~ tia LEMCHE (Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark) (27th
uly 1948)
Professor Teiso EsAKi (Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan) (17th April 1950)
Professor Pierre BONNET (Université de Toulouse, France) (9th June 1950)
Mr. Norman Denbigh RILEY (British Museum (Natural History), London) (9th June 1950)
Professor Tadeusz JACZEWSKI (Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw,
Poland) (15th June 1950)
Professor Robert MERTENS (Natur-Museum u. Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg, Frankfurt
a. M., Germany) (Sth July 1950)
Professor Erich Martin HERING (Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt- Universitat zu Berlin,
Germany) (Sth July 1950)
Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (S. Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) (Vice President)
Professor J. R. DyMOND (University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada) (12th August 1953)
Professor J. Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August
1953) (President)
Professor Harold E. Voxes (Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A.)
(12th August 1953)
Professor Béla HANKO (Mezdgazdasdgi Muzeum, Budapest, Hungary) (12th August 1953)
Dr. Norman R. StToLt (Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York, N.Y.,
U.S.A.) (12th August 1953)
Mr. P. C. SYLVESTER-BRADLEY (Sheffield University, Sheffield, England) (12th August 1953)
Dr. L. B. Hottuuts (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands)
(12th August 1953)
Dr. K. H. L. Key (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation,
Canberra, A.C.T., Australia) (15th October 1954)
Dr. Alden H. MILLER (Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, U.S.A.)
(29th October 1954)
Doc. Dr. Ferdinand PRANTL (Ndrodni Museum vy Praze, Prague, Czechosiovakia) (30th
October 1954)
Professor Dr. Wilhelm KUHNELT (Zoologisches Institut der Universitat, Vienna, Austria)
(6th November 1954)
Professor F. S. BODENHEIMER (The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel) (11th November
Professor Ernst MAYR (Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, Cambridge,
Massachusetts, U.S.A.) (4th December 1954)
Professor Enrico TORTONESE (Museo di Storia Naturale ‘“‘G. Doria,’’ Genova, Italy)
(16th December 1954)
DIRECTION 57
ADDITION TO THE ‘“ OFFICIAL LIST OF SPECIFIC
NAMES IN ZOOLOGY ” (a) OF THE SPECIFIC NAMES
OF FORTY-SEVEN SPECIES BELONGING TO THE
CLASSES CYCLOSTOMATA, PISCES, AMPHIBIA
AND REPTILIA, EACH OF WHICH IS THE TYPE
SPECIES OF A GENUS, THE NAME OF WHICH
WAS PLACED ON THE “ OFFICIAL LIST
OF GENERIC NAMES IN ZOOLOGY ” IN
THE PERIOD UP TO THE END OF 1936
AND (b) OF THE SPECIFIC NAME OF
ONE SPECIES OF THE CLASS
AMPHIBIA WHICH IS CURRENTLY
TREATED AS A SENIOR SUBJEC-
TIVE SYNONYM OF THE NAME
OF SUCH A SPECIES
RULING :—(1) The under-mentioned specific name
of a species belonging to the Class Cyclostomata, which
is the type species of a genus, the name of which was
placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology
in the period up to the end of 1936 by the Ruling given in
Opinion 75, is hereby placed on the Official List of Specific
Names in Zoology with the Name Number 1063:
glutinosa Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination
Myxine glutinosa (specific name of type species of Myxine
Linnaeus, 1758).
(2) The under-mentioned specific names of species
belonging to the Class Pisces, each of which is the type
species of a genus, the name of which was placed on the
Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period
up to the end of 1936 by the Rulings given in the Opinions
severally cited below, are hereby placed on the Official
368 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
Lisi of Specific Names in Zoology with the Name Numbers
specified in each case against the names in question :—
(a) Specific Names of type species of genera, the names
of which were placed on the ** Official List” by
the Ruling given in“ Opinion” 713 :—_ ~
(i) tobianus Linnaeus, 1758, as published
in the combination Ammodytes tobianus
(specific name of type species of
Ammodytes Linnaeus, 1758) (Name
No. 1064) ;
(it) /upus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in
the combination Anarhichas lupus
(specific name of type species of
Anarhichas Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No.
1065) ;
(iii) Hepsetus Linnaeus, 1758, as published
in the combination Atherina hepsetus
(specific name of type species of
Atherina Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No.
1066) ;
(iv) tabacaria Linnaeus, 1758, as published in
the combination Fistularia tabacaria
(specific, name lof type specressenr
Fistularia Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No.
1067) ;
(v) cephalus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in
the combination Mugil cephalus (specific
name of type species of Mugil Linnaeus,
1758) (Name No. 1068) ;
(v1) draco Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the
combination Jrachinus draco (specific
name of type species of Trachinus
Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 1069) ;
(vil) scaber Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the
combination Uranoscopus scaber (speci-
fic name of type species of Uranoscopus
Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 1070) ;
DIRECTION 57 369
(viii) gladius Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the
combination Xiphias gladius Linnaeus,
1758 (specific name of type species of
Xiphias Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No.
POTAY
(ix) sturio Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the
combination Acipenser sturio (specific
name of type species of Acipenser
Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 1072) ;
(x) /yra Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the
combination Callionymus lyra (specific
name of type species of Callionymus
Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 1073) ;
(xi) monstrosa Linnaeus, 1758, as published
in the combination Chimaera
monstrosa (specific name of type species
of Chimaera Linnaeus, 1758) (Name
No. 1074) ;
(xii) harengus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in
the combination Clupea harengus
(specific name of type species of Clupea
Linnaeus, 1758) (Name. No. 1073). :
(xil) hippurus Linnaeus, 1758, as published
in the combination Coryphaena
hippurus (specific name of type species
of Coryphaena Linnaeus, 1758) (Name
No. 1076) ;
(xiv) /umpus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the
combination Cyclopterus lumpus (speci-
fic name of type species of Cyclopterus
Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 1077) ;
(xv) carpio Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the
combination Cyprinus carpio (specific
name of type species of Cyprinus
Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 1078) ;
(xvi) morhua Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the
combination Gadus morhua (specific
370 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
name of type species of Gadus Linnaeus,
1758) (Name No. 1079) ;
(xvil) aculeatus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in
the combination Gasterosteus aculeatus
(specific name-of type species on
Gasterosteus Linnaeus, 1758) (Name
No. 1080) ;
(xviii) niger Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the
combination Gobius niger (specific name
of type species of Gobius Linnaeus,
1758) (Name No. 1081) ;
(xix) piscatorius Linnaeus, 1758, as published
in the combination Lophius piscatorius
(specific name of type species of
Lophius Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No.
1082) ;
(xx) cyprinoides Linnaeus, 1758, as published
in the combination Mormyrus
cyprinoides (specific name of type
species of Mormyrus Linnaeus, 1758)
(Name No. 1083) ;
(xx1) barbatus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in
the combination Mullus barbatus (speci-
fic name of type species of Mullus
Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 1084) ;
(xxl) fluviatilis Linnaeus, 1758, as published in
the combination Perca fluviatilis (speci-
fic name of type species’ of Pere
Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 1085) ;
(xxl) salar Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the
combination Salmo salar (specific name
of type species of Salmo Linnaeus,
1758) (Name No. 1086) ;
(xxiv) scombrus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in
the combination Scomber scombrus
(specific name of type species of
DIRECTION 57 371
Scomber Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No.
1087) ;
(xxv) porcus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in
the combination Scorpaena porcus (spe-
cific name of type species of Scorpaena
Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 1088) ;
(xxv1) glanis Linnaeus, 1758, as published in
the combination Si/urus glanis (specific
name of type species of Silurus
Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 1089) ;
(xxvil) acus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the
combination Syngnathus acus (specific
name of type species of Syngnathus
Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 1090) ;
(xxvil) faber Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the
combination Zeus faber (specific name
of type species of Zeus Linnaeus, 1758)
(Name No. 1091) ;
(b) Specific Names of type species of genera, the names
of which were placed on the “ Official List” by
the Ruling given in ** Opinion” 92 :—-
(i) ocellaris Linnaeus, 1758, as published in
the combination Blennius ocellaris (spe-
cific name of type species of Blennius
Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 1092) ;
(11) /ucius Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the
combination Esox lucius (specific name
of type species of Esox Linnaeus, 1758)
(Name No. 1093) ;
(ii) barbatus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in
the combination Ophidion barbatus
(specific name of type species of
Ophidion Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No.
1094) ;
at2 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
(c) Specific Names of type species of genera, the names of
which were placed on the “ Official List”? by the
Ruling given in “‘ Opinion”? 93 :—
(1) /avaretus Linnaeus, 1758, as published
in the combination Salmo lavaretus
(specific name of type species of
Coregonus Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No.
1095) ;
(11) pisonis Gmelin (J.F.), [1789], as published
in the combination Gobius pisonis
(specific name of type species of
Eleotris Schneider, 1801) (Name No.
1096) ;
(i1) marginalis Bloch, 1793, as published in the
combination Epinephelus marginalis,
(specific name of type species of
Epinephelus Bloch, 1793) (Name No.
1097) ;
(iv) reticularis Bloch, 1795, as published in
the combination Gymnothorax
reticularis (specific name of type species
of Gymnothorax Bloch, 1795) (Name
No. 1098) ;
(v) electricus Gmelin (J.F.), [1789], as pub-
lished in the combination Silurus
electricus (specific name of type species
of Malapterurus Lacépéde, 1803) (Name
No. 1099) ;
(vi) mustelus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in
the combination Squalus mustelus (spe-
cific name of type species of Mustelus
Linck, 1790) (Name No.1100) ;
(vii) paradiseus Linnaeus, 1758, as published
in the combination Polynemus
paradiseus (specific name of type species
of Polynemus Linnaeus, 1758) (Name
No. 1101) ;
DIRECTION 57 6
(viii) cabrilla Linnaeus, 1758, as published in
the combination Perca cabrilla (specific
name of type species of Serranus
Cuvier, 1817) (Name No. 1102).
(3) The under-mentioned specific names of species
belonging to the Class Amphibia, each of which is the
type species of a genus, the name of which was placed on
the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period
up to the end of 1936 by the Ruling given in Opinion 92,
are hereby placed on the Official List of Specific Names in
Zoology with the Name Numbers severally specified
below :—
(a) fuscus Rafinesque, 1820, as published in the com-
bination Triturus fuscus (specific name of type
species of Desmognathus Baird, (1850)) (Name
Ne, 1103):;
(b) Jacertina Linnaeus, 1766, as published in the com-
bination Siren lacertina (specific name of type
species of Siren Linnaeus, 1766) (Name No.
1104).
(4) The under-mentioned specific names of species
belonging to the Class Reptilia, each of which is the type
species of a genus, the name of which was placed on the
Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period
up to the end of 1936 by the Rulings given in the Opinions
severally cited below, are hereby placed on the Official
List of Specific Names in Zoology with the Name Numbers
specified in each case against the names in question :—
(a) Specific Name of the type species of a genus, the
name of which was placed on the * Official List”
by the Ruling given in “ Opinion” 75:
volans Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the
combination Draco volans (specific name
374 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
of type species of Draco Linnaeus, 1758)
(Name No. 1105) ;
(b) Specific Names of type species of genera, the names
of which were placed on the “ Official List’? by
the Ruling given in “* Opinion”? 92 :—
(1) serpentina Linnaeus, 1758, as published in
the combination Testudo serpentina
(specific name of type species of
Chelydra Schweigger, 1812) (Name No.
1106) ;
(ii) horridus Linnaeus, 1858, as published i in
the combination Crotalus horridus (spe-
cific name of type species of Crotalus
Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 1107) ;
(iii) coriacea Linnaeus, 1766, as published in
the combination Testudo coriacea (spe-
cific name of type Species
Dermochelys Blainville, 1816) (Name
No: 1 108) 5
(iv) agilis Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the
combination Lacerta agilis (specific
name of type species of Lacerta
Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 1109).
(5) The under-mentioned specific name which is cur-
rently regarded as a senior subjective synonym of the
specific name of the type species of a genus belonging to
the Class Amphibia, the name of which was placed on the
Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the Opinion
cited against the name in question is hereby placed on the
Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with the Name
Number specified below :—
alleganiensis Daudin, [1803], as published in the
combination Salamandra alleganiensis (Opinion 92)
(Name No. 1110).
DIRECTION 57 a7
iY THE SUBIECT MATTER OFTHE PRESENT
* DERECTION ”
The present Direction has been prepared under a General
Directive issued to the International Commission on Zoological
Nomenclature by the Thirteenth International Congress of
Zoology, Paris, 1948, that the specific name of the species which
are the type species of genera, the names of which had been
placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology prior to the
opening of that Congress, should, if the oldest available names
for the species concerned, be placed on the Official List of Specific
Names in Zoology and that in other cases there should be placed
on that List whatever is currently considered to be the oldest
available names for the species concerned. The present which
is the fourth in this series of Directions, is concerned with the names
of the type species of genera belonging to the Classes Cyclostomata,
Pisces, Amphibia and Reptilia, the names of which were placed
on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period
up to the end of 1936. The total number of such generic names is
forty-eight. Of these all are dealt with in the present Direction
with the exception of the generic name Calamaria Boie, 1826, the
consideration of which has, for the reasons explained in paragraph
4 of the present Direction, been postponed for further study.
The proposals which formed the basis of the decisions taken by
the Commission in the present case were submitted by the
Secretary in the following paper on 25th April 1956 :—
Proposed addition to the ‘*‘ Official List of Specific Names in Zoology ”’
(a) of the specific names of forty-eight species belonging to the Classes
Cyclostomata, Pisces, Amphibia and Reptilia, each of which is the
type species of a genus, the name of which was placed on the
** Official List of Generic Names in Zoology ”’ in the period
up to the end of 1936 and (b) of the specific name of one
species of the Class Amphibia which is currently treated
as a senior subjective synonym of the name of such a
species
By FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E.
(Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature)
The present paper contains the fourth instalment of proposals for
giving effect to the General Directive issued to the International
376 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by the Thirteenth Inter-
national Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948, that in every case where the
specific name of the type species of a genus, the name of which was
placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period
up to the end of 1936 is the oldest available name for the species
concerned, that name shall be placed on the Official List of Specific
Names in Zoology and that in other cases the specific name currently
regarded as the oldest available subjective synonym of that name shall
be similarly placed on that List.
2. The proposals now submitted relate to the names of the type
species of genera belonging to the Classes Cyclostomata, Pisces,
Amphibia and Reptilia, which were placed on the Official List of
Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936. In all,
sixty-two generic names are involved. The genera so named are dis-
tributed among the foregoing Classes as follows : Class Cyclostomata,
one genus ; Class Pisces, 48 genera ; Class Amphibia, 3 genera ; Class
Reptilia, 10 genera. Details regarding the position of the names
belonging to each of these groups are given in the following
paragraphs.
3. Class Cyclostomata: No difficulty arises in connection with
the specific name of the type species of the only genus belonging to
this Class, the name of which has been placed on the Official List
(Myxine Linnaeus, 1758) and the specific name of that species should
therefore now be placed on the Official List.
4. Class Pisces : In the case of one of the genera of the Class Pisces
involved, the specific name of the type species has already been placed
on the Official List. The generic name concerned is Echeneis Linnaeus,
1758, which was dealt with by the Commission in Opinion 242. In
another case—relating to the reputed generic name Osmerus Linnaeus,
1758—proposals covering inter alia the proposed addition of the specific
name of its type species to the Official List are already before the
Commission in Application Z.N.(S.) 564 (Hemming, 1955, Bull. zool.
Nomencl, 11 : 281—282). In two cases applications have been
received from ichthyologists which will, it is hoped, be published in the
Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature at an early date. Three names are
involved in these applications, namely (a) Sciaena Linnaeus, 1758
(Application Z.N.(S.) 850); (b) Stolephorus Lacépéde, 1803, and
Teuthis Linnaeus, 1766 (Application Z.N.(S.) 569). In these cases it is
proposed that action regarding the addition to the Official List of the
specific names of the type species of the genera concerned be deferred
until decisions are taken on other outstanding matters concerned with
these generic names. Finally, there are four generic names against
which no objection has been raised by specialists but which, on the
basis of the information so far collected by this Office, appear to call
for action by the Commission before the entries in regard to them
DIRECTION 57 371
made on the Official List in the period up to the end of 1936 can be
regarded as correct. The problems involved in these cases are of two
kinds. In one case the name in question, Conger Cuvier, 1817, appears
to be a phantom ; in the three other cases (Cottus Linnaeus, 1758 ;
Diodon Linnaeus, 1758 ; Muraena Linnaeus, 1758) it appears that the
species currently accepted as the type species and adopted as such
in the Official List is not the first of the originally included species to
have been selected as the type species of the genus in question. Con-
sultations are proceeding with representative ichthyologists in regard
to these four names (on Commission File Z.N.(S.) 556) and it is
proposed in these cases to defer for the present the submission of
proposals for the addition to the Official List of the specific names of
the species currently accepted as the type species of the genera
concerned.
5. It will be seen from the particulars given above that the action
required has already been taken in regard to the name of the type species
of one of the genera involved, while in eight other cases it is con-
sidered that at the present moment it would be premature or otherwise
undesirable to place on the Official List the specific name of the type
species in question. In the case of the remaining thirty-nine generic
names in the Class Pisces investigations carried out by this Office
show (a) that the species accepted in the Opinions concerned as the
type species of the genera involved are currently accepted as such
by specialists, (b) that the species concerned have been validly desig-
nated or indicated as the type species of the genera in question and that
where the determination of the type species has to be made under
Rule (g) in Article 30 (type species by subsequent selection), the
species have been validly selected to be the type species of the genera
concerned, and (c) that the specific names of the nominal species
which are the type species of the genera concerned are the oldest
available names for the said species. In these circumstances it is now
recommended that the thirty-nine specific names involved should be
placed on the Official List.
6. Class Amphibia: The names of the three genera of the Class
Amphibia which have been placed on the Official List are all available
names and are currently accepted by specialists as the oldest such
names for the genera concerned. In each case also the type species
has been correctly determined under Article 30 of the Réegles. In the
case of two of the genera concerned (Desmognathus Baird, (1850) ;
Siren Linnaeus, 1766) the specific name of the type species is the oldest
available name for the species concerned and is currently accepted as
such. These two specific names should therefore now be placed on the
Official List. In the case of the third of the genera involved
(Cryptobranchus Leuckart, 1821) the specific name of the type species
(gigantea) is currently regarded as a junior subjective synonym of
another name (alleganiensis). In this case it is the specific name which
is the senior subjective synonym and not the specific name of the type
378 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
species which under the General Directive issued to the Commission
by the International Congress of Zoology should now be placed on the
Official List.
7. Class Reptilia : The specific name of the type species of one of the
ten genera of the Class Reptilia which have to be considered has already
been placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology. The genus
concerned is Mabuya Fitzinger, 1826, which was dealt with by the
Commission in its Opinion 240. In the case of the name Phrynosoma
Wiegmann, 1828, attention has been drawn by a specialist to the
existence of certain names which appear to be senior synonyms
(Application Z.N.(S.) 399) and it is not desirable that the specific
name of the type species of this genus should be dealt with by the
Commission until the more general issues raised can also be settled.
In the case of a third name, Eremias Wiegmann, 1834, the selection
as type species of the species accepted as such in the Official List and
currently so accepted by specialists appears to have been anticipated
by the selection of a different species. This question is now being
investigated in conjunction with interested specialists (Z.N.(S.) 556)
and it is not considered that any action is desirable until the present
consultations have been concluded. In the case also of the name
Alligator Cuvier, 1807, certain difficulties have been noted (Z.N.(S.) 551)
and consultations are proceeding with specialists!. In this case also
the question of placing the specific name of the type species on the
Official List must be left over until comprehensive proposals can be
laid before the Commission.
8. No difficulty arises in connection with the remaining six generic
names in the Class Reptilia. The names themselves are available
names and are currently accepted by specialists as the oldest such names
for the genera concerned ; the species currently accepted as the type
species of these genera have been correctly determined as such under
Article 30 of the Régles, and the specific names for those species are
available names and are the oldest such names for the species in
question. The specific names of the type species of these six genera
should therefore now be placed on the Official List.
9. Summarising the conclusions set forth in the present paper, I
recommend that the International Commission on Zoological
Nomenclature should :—
(1) place on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology the specific
names specified below, each of which is the specific name of
the type species of a genus, the name of which was placed
on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period
up to the close of 1936 :—
(a) the specific name of a species of the Class Cyclostomata
cited in Section A of Annexe 1 attached hereto ;
1 Proposals for dealing with this question have now been submitted to the
International Commission (Hemming, 1956, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 12 : 163-175).
DIRECTION 57 379
(b) the thirty-nine specific names of species of the Class Pisces
cited in Section B of Annexe | attached hereto ;
(c) the two specific names of species of the Class Amphibia
cited in Section C of Annexe | attached hereto ;
(d) the six specific names of species of the Class Reptilia cited
in Section D of Annexe | attached hereto ;
(2) place on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology the specific
name of a species of the Class Amphibia (being a name
currently regarded as a senior subjective synonym of the name
of a species which is the type species of a genus the name of
which was placed on the Official List cf Generic Names in
Zoology in the period up to the close of 1936) cited in Annexe 2
attached hereto.
ANNEXE |
Proposed addition to the ‘‘ Official List of Specific Names in Zoology ”’
of forty-eight specific names of species belonging to the Classes
Cyclostomata, Pisces, Amphibia and Reptilia, each of which is the
specific name of the type species of a genus, the name of which
was placed on the °° Official List of Generic Names in Zoology ”’
) in the period up to the end of 1936
Specific Name Combination in which Name of genus of
proposed to be placed name specified in which species
on the *‘ Official List — Col. 1 was originally specified in Col. |
of Specific Names in published is the type species
Zoology”
(1) (2) (3)
Section A : Class Cyclostomata (one name)
** Opinion ”’ 75
glutinosa Linnaeus, Myxine glutinosa Myxine Linnaeus,
1758 1758
Section B : Class Pisces (thirty-nine names)
** Opinion *’ 75
tobianus Linnaeus, Ammodytes tobianus | Ammodytes Linnaeus,
1758 | 1758
lupus Linnaeus, 1758 = Anarhichas lupus Anarhichas Linnaeus,
| | 1758
hepsetus Linnaeus, Atherina hepsetus Atherina Linnaeus,
1758 | 1758
380
Specific name
proposed to be placed
on the “* Official List
of Specific Names in
Zoology”
(1)
tabacaria Linnaeus,
1758
cephalus Linnaeus,
1758
draco Linnaeus, 1758.
scaber Linnaeus, 1758
gladius Linnaeus,
1758
sturio Linnaeus, 1758
lyra Linnaeus, 1758
monstrosa Linnaeus,
1758
harengus Linnaeus,
1758
hippurus Linnaeus,
1758
lumpus Linnaeus, 1758
carpio Linnaeus, 1758
morhua Linnaeus,
1758
aculeatus Linnaeus,
1758
niger Linnaeus, 1758
piscatorius Linnaeus,
1758
cyprinoides Linnaeus,
1758
barbatus Linnaeus,
1758
fluviatilis Linnaeus,
1758
salar Linnaeus, 1758
scombrus Linnaeus,
1758
Combination in which
name specified in
Col. 1 was originally
published
(2)
Fistularia tabacaria
Musgil cephalus
Trachinus draco
Uranoscopus scaber
Xiphias gladius
** Opinion *’ 77
Acipenser sturio
Callionymus lyra
Chimaera monstrosa
Clupea harengus
Coryphaena hippurus
Cyclopterus lumpus
Cyprinus carpio
Gadus morhua
Gasterosteus
aculeatus
Gobius niger
Lophius piscatorius
Mormyrus cyprinoides
Mullus barbatus
Perca fluviatilis
Salmo salar
Scomber scombrus
OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
Name of genus of
which species
specified in Col. |
is the type species
(3)
Fistularia Linnaeus,
1758
Mugil Linnaeus, 1758
Trachinus Linnaeus,
1758
Uranoscopus Linnaeus,
1758
Xiphias Linnaeus, 1758
Acipenser Linnaeus,
1758
Callionymus Linnaeus,
1758
Chimaera Linnaeus,
1758
Clupea Linnaeus,
1758
Coryphaena Linnaeus,
1758
Cyclopterus Linnaeus,
1758
Cyprinus Linnaeus,
i
Gadus Linnaeus, 1758
Gasterosteus Linnaeus,
1758
Gobius Linnaeus, 1758
Lophius Linnaeus,
1758
Mormyrus Linnaeus,
1758
Mullus Linnaeus,
1758
Perca Linnaeus, 1758
Salmo Linnaeus, 1758
Scomber Linnaeus,
1758
DIRECTION 57
Combination in which
name specified in
Col. 1 was originally
Specific name
proposed to be placed
on the *‘ Official List
of Specific Names in published
Zoology”
(1) (2)
porcus Linnaeus, 1758 Scorpaena porcus
glanis Linnaeus, 1758 Silurus glanis
acus Linnaeus, 1758 Syngnathus acus
faber Linnaeus, 1758 Zeus faber
‘© Opinion *? 92
ocellaris Linnaeus, Blennius ocellaris
1758
lucius Linnaeus, 1758 Esox lucius
barbatum Linnaeus, Ophidion barbatum
1758
** Opinion ”’ 93
lavaretus Linnaeus, Salmo lavaretus
1758
pisonis Gmelin, [1789] Gobius pisonis
marginalis Bloch, Epinephelus
marginalis
reticularis Bloch, Gymnothorax
1795 reticularis
electricus Gmelin, Silurus electricus
[1789]
mustelus Linnaeus, Squalus mustelus
1758
eto Linnaeus, Polynemus paradiseus
17
cabrilla Linnaeus, Perca cabrilla
1758
381
Name of genus of
which species
specified in Col. |
is the type species
(3)
Scorpaena Linnaeus,
1758
Silurus Linnaeus,
1758
Syngnathus Linnaeus,
1758
Zeus Linnaeus, 1758
Blennius Linnaeus,
1758
Esox Linnaeus, 1758
Ophidion Linnaeus,
1758
Coregonus Linnaeus,
1758
Eleotris Schneider,
1801
Epinephelus Bloch,
1793
Gymnothorax Bloch,
Malapterurus
Lacépéde, 1803
Mustelus Linck, 1790
Polynemus Linnaeus,
1758
Serranus Cuvier, 1817
Section C : Class Amphibia (two names)
** Opinion ’’ 92
fuscus Rafinesque, Triturus fuscus
lacertina Linnaeus, Siren lacertina
1766
Desmognathus Baird,
(1850)
Siren Linnaeus, 1766
382 OPINIONS AND. DECLARATIONS
Specific name Combination in which Name of genus of
proposed to be placed name specified in which species
on the “* Official List — Col. 1 was originally specified in Col. 1
of Specific Names in published is the type species
Zoology ”’
(1) (2) (3)
Section D : Class Reptilia (six names)
** Opinion ’’ 75
volans Linnaeus, 1758 Draco volans Draco Linnaeus, 1758
** Opinion ”’ 92
calamarius Linnaeus, Coluber calamarius Calamaria Boie, 1826
1758
serpentina Linnaeus, Testudo serpentina Chelydra Schweigger
1758 1812
horridus Linnaeus, Crotalus horridus Crotalus Linnaeus,
1758 1758
coriacea Linnaeus, Testudo coriacea Dermochelys
1766 Blainville, 1816
agilis Linnaeus, 1758 Lacerta agilis Lacerta Linnaeus,
1758
ANNEXE 2
Proposed addition to the ‘‘ Official List of Specific Names in Zoology ”’
of the specific name of a species of the Class Amphibia which is
currently treated as a senior subjective synonym of the name of a
species which is the type species of a genus the name of which
was placed on the ‘‘ Official List of Generic Names in
Zoology ’’ in the period up to the close of 1936
Specific name proposed to be Remarks
placed on the “‘ Official List (not for inclusion in the entry to
of Specific Names in Zoology ”’. be made in the Official List)
(1) (2)
alleganiensis Daudin, [1803], as a senior subjective synonym of
published in the combination gigantea Barton, 1808, as pub-
Salamandra alleganiensis. lished in the combination
Salamandra gigantea, the specific
name of the type species of
Cryptobranchus Leuckart, 1821
(which was placed on the Official
List of Generic Names in Zoology
by the Ruling given in Opinion
92).
DIRECTION 57 383
2. Registration of the present application : Upon the receipt
of Mr. Hemming’s paper the question of the addition to the
Official List of Specific Names in Zoology of the specific names of
the type species of genera belonging to the Classes Cyclostomata,
Pisces, Amphibia and Reptilia, the names of which had been
placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the
period up to the end of 1936 was allotted the Registered Number
Z.NA(S.) 1014.
Il. THE DECISION TAKEN BY THE INTERNATIONAL
COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE
3. Issue of Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(56)5 : On 25th April
1956 a Voting Paper (V.P.(O.M.(56)5) was issued in which each
Member of the Commission was asked (1) to state whether he
agreed “that, in conformity with the General Directives issued
to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature
by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948,
regarding the placing on the appropriate Official Lists and
Official Indexes of names dealt with in, or otherwise involved in,
Opinions rendered prior to 1948, the names of species in the
Classes Cyclostomata, Pisces, Amphibia and Reptilia referred to
in Sections (1) and (2) of paragraph 9 of the paper bearing the
Registered Number Z.N.(S.) 1014 by the Secretary submitted
simultaneously with the present Voting Paper [i.e. in the paragraph
numbered as above in the paper reproduced in the first paragraph
of the present Direction] be placed on the Official List of Specific
Names in Zoology as there recommended and that the other action
recommended in the said paragraph be similarly approved ”’,
and (2), if he did not so agree as regards any given item, to
indicate that item.
384 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
4. Withdrawal from the scope of Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(56)5
of the proposal that the specific name ‘‘ calamarius ’’ Linnaeus,
1758, as published in the combination ‘‘ Coluber calamarius ’’, be
placed on the ‘* Official List of Generic Names in Zoology ”’ to
permit of the further study of the interpretation of the nominal
species so named : On 2nd May 1956 Mr. Hemming, as Secretary,
executed the following Minute withdrawing from the scope of.
Voting Paper V.P.(O.M)(56)5 the proposal submitted therewith
for the addition to the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology
of the specific name calamarius Linnaeus, 1758, as published in
the combination Coluber calamarius, the specific name of the
type species of the genus Ca/amaria Boie, 1826 :—
Withdrawal from the scope of Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(56)5 of the
proposal that the specific name ‘‘ calamarius *’ Linnaeus, 1758,
as published in the combination ‘ Coluber calamarius ”’
(Class Reptilia) be placed on the ‘* Official List of
Specific Names in Zoology ”’
By FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E.
(Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature)
With their completed copies of Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(56)4
received in the Office of the Commission today Dr. H. Boschma
(Director, Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Nether-
lands) and Dr. L. B. Holthuis of the same Museum reported that they
had been informed by Dr. L. D. Brongersma of the above Museum
that there were certain hitherto unsuspected difficulties in the matter
of the interpretation of the nominal genus Calamaria Boie, 1826, a
genus, the name of which had been placed on the Official List of
Generic Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in Opinion 92 and on
which certain supplementary proposals had been submitted in the
paper bearing the Number Z.N.(S.) 1015 issued to the Members of the
Commission concurrently with the Voting Paper referred to above.
It appeared from the communications so received that the current
interpretation of the nominal species Coluber calamarius Linnaeus,
1758, the type species of the foregoing genus and/or of the objectively
identical nominal species Calamaria linnaei Boie, 1826, was open to
question and that there was at least a possibility that the species to
which Linnaeus had given that name was a species at present placed by
specialists in a genus far removed from Calamaria Boie.
DIRECTION 57 385
2. On the receipt of the communications referred to above I at once
executed a Minute? numbered Z.N.(S.) 1015 in which, as Secretary, I
withdrew certain proposals relating to the generic name Calamaria
Boie from the scope of Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(56)4, in order to
permit of the further study of the issues alluded to in the foregoing
communications and directed that a new File bearing the Registered
Number Z.N.(S.) 1114 be opened for the prosecution of the study
of the issues so reserved for further examination. The same problem
arises in connection with the proposals submitted to the Commission
with Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(56)5, which are closely linked with those
submitted with Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(56)4, being concerned with the
addition to the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology of the specific
names of the type species of genera belonging to the Classes
Cyclostomata, Pisces, Amphibia and Reptilia, the names of which
were placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology during
the period up to the end of 1936, the group of names in respect of
which certain preliminary proposals of a miscellaneous character had
been submitted with Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(56)4. In these cir-
cumstances, as Secretary, I hereby withdraw from the scope of Voting
Paper V.P.(O.M.)(56)5 the proposals in regard to the specific name
calamarius Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Coluber
calamarius, submitted therewith and direct that whatever may be found
to be the appropriate recommendation on this matter be submitted
at the close of the investigations on File Z.N.(S.) 1114 opened for the
corresponding investigations arising out of the withdrawal from the
scope of Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(56)4 of the proposals submitted
therewith in connection with the generic name Ca/amaria Boie.
5. The Prescribed Voting Period for V.P.(O.M.)(56)5 : As
Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(56)5 was issued under the One-Month
Rule, the Prescribed Voting Period therefore closed on 25th
May 1956.
6. Particulars of the Voting on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.(56)5 :
At the close of the Prescribed Voting Period for Voting Paper
V.P.(O.M.)(56)5, the state of the voting on the proposals sub-
mitted therewith, other than on that part of those proposals
which had been withdrawn from the scope of that Voting Paper
by the Minute executed by the Secretary on 2nd May 1956 (the
* The text of the Minute here referred to has been reproduced in paragraph 5
of Direction 56 (published in the immediately preceding Part of the present
Section of Volume | of the *‘ Opinions and Declarations ”’ Series).
386 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
text of which has been reproduced in paragraph 4 of the present
Direction) was as follows :—
(a) Affirmative Votes had been given by the following twenty-four
(24) Commissioners (arranged in the order in which Votes
were received :
Holthuis ; Boschma; Stoll; Vokes; Hering; Miller ;
Prantl ; Bodenheimer; Cabrera; Esaki; Mayr; do
Amaral; Lemche; Hanko; Dymond; Mertens;
Key; Jaczewski; Bonnet; Hemming; Sylvester-
Bradley ; Riley ; Kuhnelt ; Tortonese ; :
(b) Negative Votes :
None ;
(c) On Leave of Absence, one (1) :
Bradley (J.C.) ;
(d) Voting Papers net returned :
None.
7. Declaration of Result of Vote: On 7th June 1956, Mr.
Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission, acting as
Returning Officer for the Vote taken on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)
(56)5, signed a Certificate that the Votes cast on that Voting Paper,
other than on the proposals in regard to the name calamarius
Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Coluber
calamarius, submitted therewith, which had been withdrawn
from its scope by the Minute executed by the Secretary on 2nd
DIRECTION 57 387
May 1956 (the text of which has been reproduced in paragraph
4 of the present Direction) were as set out in paragraph 6 above
and that the proposals submitted with that Voting Paper, other
than the proposals so withdrawn, had been duly adopted and
that the decision so taken was the decision of the International
Commission in the matter aforesaid.
8. Preparation of the Ruling given in the present ‘‘ Direction ”’ :
On Ist October 1956, Mr. Hemming prepared the Ruling given
in the present Direction and at the same time signed a Certificate
that the terms of that Ruling were in complete accord with those
of the proposal approved by the International Commission in its
vote on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(56)5, subject to the exclusion
therefrom of the proposals in regard to the specific name
calamarius Linnaeus specified in the Minute executed by the
Secretary on 2nd May 1956 referred to in paragraph 7 above.
9. Original References : The original references for the specific
names placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology
by the Ruling given in the present Direction have already been
noted in connection with the Official List of Generic Names in
Zoology, the nominal species bearing the names concerned being
either (1) the type species of genera, the names of which have been
inscribed on that List or (ii), in one case, a nominal species
which is currently subjectively identified as representing the
same taxon as that represented by a nominal species which is
the type species of such a genus.
10. The prescribed procedures were duly complied with by the
International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in
dealing with the present case, and the present Direction is
accordingly hereby rendered in the name of the said International
Commission by the under-signed Francis Hemming, Secretary
to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, in
virtue of all and every the powers conferred upon him in that
behalf.
388 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
11. The present Direction shall be known as Direction Fifty-
Seven (57) of the International Commission on Zoological
Nomenclature.
Done in London, this First day of October, Nineteen Hundred
and Fifty-Six.
Secretary to the International Commission
on Zoological Nomenclature
FRANCIS HEMMING
Note to Subscribers
The next following ‘‘ Direction ’”’ (‘* Direction ’’ 58), which is being
published simultaneously with the present ‘‘ Direction ’’, is being issued
as Part 21 of Volume 13 of the present Series.
Printed in England by MercaLtFe & Cooper LimITED, 10-24 Scrutton St., London EC 2.
OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
RENDERED BY THE INTER-
NATIONAL COMMISSION ON
ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE
Edited by
FRANCIS HEMMING, c..G., C.B.E.
Secretary to the Commission
VOLUME 1. SECTION D. Part D.19.
(Concluding Part)
te .
LONDON :
Printed by Order of the International Trust for
Zoological Nomenclature
and
Sold on behalf of the International Commission on Zoological
Nomenclature by the International Trust at its Publications Office
41, Queen’s Gate, London, S.W.7
1957
Price Three Guineas
(All rights reserved)
[Issued 10th October, 1957
-
?
“
—-
aa
‘as
rity.
OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS
RENDERED BY THE INTER-
NATIONAL COMMISSION ON
ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE
Edited by
FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E.
Secretary to the Commission
VOLUME 1. SECTION D. Part D.19. Pp. 389—470
(also published with this Part : T.P—XIV)
CONTENTS
Supplementary Directions in regard to two names;
Corrigenda ; Subject Index ; Particulars of the dates of
publication of the several Parts in which the present
volume was published; Instructions to Binders.
Also published with this Part: Title Page, Foreword ;
Table of Contents.
LONDON :
Printed by Order of the International Trust for
Zoological Nomenclature
and
Sold on behalf of the International Commission on Zoological
Nomenclature by the International Trust at its Publications Office
41, Queen’s Gate, London, S.W.7
1957
Price Three Guineas
(All rights reserved)
Issued 10th October, 1957
INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON
ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE
COMPOSITION AT THE TIME OF THE ADOPTION OF THE
DIRECTIONS PUBLISHED IN THE PRESENT SECTION OF
VOLUME 1
A. The Officers of the Commission
Honorary Life President: Dr. Karl JORDAN (British Museum (Natural History)
Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts., England)
President: Professor James Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y.,
U.S.A.) (12th August 1953)
Vice-President : Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (Sao Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953)
Secretary : Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (27th July 1948)
B. The Members of the Commission
(Arranged in order of precedence by reference to date of election or of most recent
re-election, as prescribed by the International Congress of Zoology)
Professor H. BoscHMA (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands)
(ist January 1947)
Senor Dr. Angel CapreraA (La Plata, Argentina) (27th July 1948)
Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (27th July 1948) (Secretary)
Dr. Henning LEMCHE (Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark)
(27th July 1948)
Professor Teiso EsAKkI (Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan) (17th April 1950)
Professor Pierre BONNET (Université de Toulouse, France) (9th June 1950)
Mr. Norman Denbigh RILEy (British Museum (Natural History), London) (9th June 1950)
Professor Tadeusz JACZEwSKI (Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw,
Poland) (15th June 1950)
Professor Robert MERTENS (Natur-Museum u. Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg, Frankfurt
a.M., Germany) (5th July 1950)
Professor Erich Martin HerING (Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universitdt zu
Berlin, Germany) (Sth July 1950)
Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (S. Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) (Vice-President)
Professor J. R. DyMonpD (University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada) (12th August 1953)
eer a: a BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953)
President
Professor Harold E. Voxes (University of Tulane, Department of Geology, New Orleans,
Louisiana, U.S.A.) (A2th August 1953)
Professor Béla HANKO (Mezdégazdasadgi Muzeum, Budapest, Hungary) (12th August 1953)
Dr. Norman R. STOLL (Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York, N.Y., U.S.A.)
(12th August 1953)
Mr. P. C. SYLVESTER-BRADLEY (Sheffield University, Sheffield, England) (12th August 1953)
Dr. L. B. Hottuuis (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands)
(12th August 1953)
Dr. K. H. L. Key (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation,
Canberra, A.C.T., Australia) (15th October 1954)
Dr. Alden H. MILLER (Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, U.S.A.)
(29th October 1954)
Doc. Dr. Ferdinand PRANTL (Ndrodni Museum V Praze, Prague, Czechoslovakia) (30th
October 1954)
Professor Dr. Wilhelm KUHNELT (Zoologisches Institut der Universitat, Vienna, Austria)
(6th November 1954)
Professor F. S. BODENHEIMER (The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel) (11th November
1954)
Professor Ernst MAyrR (Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, Cambridge,
Massachusetts, U.S.A.) (4th December 1954)
Professor Enrico TORTONESE (Museo di Storia Naturale ‘‘ G. Doria,’’ Genova, Italy)
(16th December 1954)
SUPPLEMENT TO DIRECTION 56
Instructions regarding the generic name ‘‘ Teuthys ”? Linck, 1790 (Class
Pisces) and Supplementary Instructions relating to the generic name
** Teuthis ’’ Schneider, 1784 (Class Cephalopoda)
MINUTE by FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E.
(Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature)
In the course of the routine checking of entries made on the Official
Lists and Official Indexes by Rulings given by the International Com-
mission on Zoological Nomenclature during the year now closing my
attention has been drawn to two minor matters affecting Direction 56,
published on 20th of the current month (Ops. Decls. int. Comm. zool.
Nomencl. 1(D) : 337—364), which call for supplementary action by the
International Commission.
2. First, I note that by an oversight the name TJeuthys Linck, 1790
(Class Pisces) (Mag. f. Neueste aus der Physik u. Naturgesch. 6(3) : 32)
(an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Teuthis Linnaeus, 1776, a name
placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by the Ruling
given in Opinion 93) was omitted from the list of invalid generic names
enumerated in Section A of Annexe 2 of the paper bearing the Registered
Number Z.N.(S.) 1015 there recommended for addition to the Official
Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology, which formed
the basis on which the International Commission took the decisions later
embodied in Direction 56.
3. Second, I regret to find that the reputed generic name Teuthis
Schneider, 1784 (Class Cephalopoda) which was placed on the foregoing
Official Index as Name No. 813 by the Ruling given in the above Direction
had already been entered on that Official Index as Name No. 58 by the
Ruling given in Opinion 233 (1954, Ops. Decls. int. Comm. zool. Nomencl.
4 : 275—296).
4. In order to make good the omission specified in paragraph 2 above
and to correct the error specified in paragraph 3 above, I now, as Secretary
to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, hereby
direct as follows, namely :—
(a) that the duplicate entry of Teuthis Schneider, 1784, as Name No. 813
on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in
: Zoology made by the Ruling given in Direction 56 be cancelled
\ and withdrawn ;
Le |
(b) that the name Teuthys Linck, 1790 (an Erroneous Subsequent
Spelling for Teuthis Linnaeus, 1766), a name inadvertently
omitted from the names placed on the Official Index of Rejected
and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in
Direction 56 be treated as having been entered on the said Official
Index by the Ruling given in the foregoing Direction, with the
Name No. 813 (a Name Number rendered vacant by the
instruction specified in (a) above).
(signed) FRANCIS HEMMING
Secretary to the International Commission
on Zoological Nomenclature
31st December 1956
page 6.
page 8.
page 11.
page 17.
page 20.
page 23.
page 24.
page 31.
page 32.
page 34.
page 36.
page 38.
page 40.
page 57.
page 77.
page 159.
page 175.
page 214.
page 246.
page 249.
page 340.
page 371.
page 374.
Corrigenda
Ruling (1)(24), lines 1 and 3 : delete square brackets from around “ 1869 ”’.
Ruling (1)(40), lines 1 and 2 : substitute “ cylindrus”’ for ‘* cylindricus ”
Ruling (1)(68), lines 1 and 3 : substitute ‘“‘ Zehntner ”’ for “‘ Zehnter ”’.
Ruling (1)(121), lines 1 and 4: delete square brackets from around “ 1860 ”’.
Ruling (1)(146), first line : substitute ‘“* [1828] ’’ for “‘ 1825 ”’.
Ruling (2)(3), first line : substitute ‘‘ 1758” for “ 1767”
Ruling (4)(9), first line : delete ““Adams &”’.
Line 9 from end, columns 1 and 3 : delete square brackets from around “‘ 1869 ”’.
Line 14 from end, columns | and 2: substitute “‘ cylindrus ”’ for “‘ cylindricus ”’.
Line 6, column | and line 7, column 3 : substitute ‘‘ Zehntner ”’ for ‘‘ Zehnter ”’.
Third line from end, column 3 : delete square brackets from around ‘“ 1860’.
Line 19, column 1 : substitute “‘ [1828] ”’ for ‘“‘ 1825 ”’.
Second entry, column |, first line and column 2, second line : substitute ** 1758 ”
for “1767 ”’.
Ruling (3)(k), entries (a) (b) and (c): insert ‘“‘ Milne Edwards &”’’ before
= Emeas **.
Section B, 2, first line : substitute “‘ pennanti”’ for ‘“* ponnanti”’.
Ruling (3)(f)(@ii) : substitute “121” for “12”.
Ruling (1)(20), first line : substitute “‘ novaehollandiae ” for ** novae-hollandiae ”’
Line 3 from end : substitute ‘‘ 1828” for “‘ 1838 ”’.
Ruling (3)(b) : delete square brackets from around “‘ 1815’.
Paragraph 5, lines 12 and 19: substitute “‘ XL” for “‘ XI”’.
Ruling (2)(vii), second line : substitute “ 1864” for “‘ 1863’.
Ruling (2)(b)(iii), lines 1 and 2 : substitute “‘ barbatum”’ for “* barbatus ”
Ruling (4)(b)(i1), line 1 : substitute “‘ 1758” for ‘** 1858”.
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Volume 1, Section D
SUBJECT INDEX
abdimii Lichtenstein, 1823, as published in the combination Ciconia abdimii (Class
Aves), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 1008
Acanthocyclus Dybowski, 1873 (a junior homonym of Acanthocyclus Milne Edwards
(H.) & Lucas, [1844]), placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic
Names in Zoology with Name No. 461 t; Ge a es ib rb
Acanthopus Oken, 1816 (a junior homonym of Acanthopus Klug, 1807), placed on
the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name
No. 462 2 Bh eS * ee *, * a on A
Acanthopus Dahl, 1823 (a junior homonym of Acanthopus Klug, 1807), placed on
the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name
No... 463" «> He at * ts ie Be Bs ae an or
Acanthopus Latreille, 1829 (a junior homonym of Acanthopus Klug, 1807) placed
on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name
No. 464 , wa i y a the BY bs a. +
Acanthopus de Haan, [1835] (a junior homonym of Acanthopus Klug, 1807, placed
on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name
No. 465 s4 fe Me =. a: ce a Be Es 3
Acanthopus Muenster, 1839 (a junior homonym of Acanthopus Klug, 1807), placed
on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name
No. 466 .. Be ae ee ee wi oa a5 ie Age es
Acanthopus Giebel, 1872 (a junior homonym of Acanthopus Klug, 1807), placed on
the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name
No. 467 .. =e ok ee 5. a - oy a ae a,
Acanthopus Vernet, 1877 (a junior homonym of Acanthopus Klug, 1807), placed on
the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name
No. 468 .. we 2 me ae ek a ap Re ~ ae
x
Acipenser Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Pisces), correction of entry relating to type species
of (correction of Opinion 77) a me fy: ite Lg Me oe
Acipenses Linck, 1790 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Acipenser Linnaeus,
1758), placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology
with Name No. 765 A ie ie i aM oe iM a ie
395
Page
180
a7
57
Si
58
58
58
58
58
339
342
396 Opinions and Declarations
Acmaeopleura Stimpson, 1858 (Class Crustacea, Order sears 0 awsety of
Ruling given in Opinion 85 : ae Lf i : ; a
Actaea de Haan, [1833] eer Crustacea, Order kc bi: sie cian pou of one
given in Opinion a3 ‘
Actumnus Dana, 1851 (Class Crustacea, Order Pecenoda): completion of Se
given in Opinion 73 , ne oe js : i ee é :
aculeatus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Gasterosteus aculeatus
(Class Pisces), placed on the ee List ss ee Names in ea. with Name
No. 1080
acus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Syngnathus acus (Class Pisces),
placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 1090 :
admete Herbst, [1803], as published in the combination Cancer admete (Class
Crustacea, Order Decapoda), sain on the Bis ion List na sil: Names in
Zoology with Name No. 834 ..
Aegithia Blyth, 1860 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Aegithina Vieillot, 1816),
placed on the Official Index of cae and Invalid Generic Names in n Zoology with
Name No. 3527 =.
aeneus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Cancer aeneus (Class
Crustacea, Order Decapoda), Bires on the , ee List a Spe Names in
Zoology with Name No. 931 ..
aethereus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Phaethon aethereus (Class
Aves), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 995
Agasoma Gabb, [1869] (Class Gastropoda), placed on the Official List ue Generic
Names in Zoology i in Opinion 121, determination of gender of ;
agassizii Milne Edwards (A.), 1880, as published in the combination Eucratodes
agassizii (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), Saar on the ae List “ be
Names in Zoology with Name No. 856
agilis Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Lacerta agilis (Class Reptilia),
placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 1109 _ ..
agilis Milne Edwards (A.), 1872, as published in the combination Hydrothelphusa
agilis (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), rae on the mee List S ore
Names in Zoology with Name No. 801
Aix Agassiz (J.L.R.), 1846 (an Invalid Emendation of Aia Eyton, 1838, and a junior
homonym of Aix Boie, 1828), placed on the eee Index Ke Rejected and Invalid
Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 528 :
Alauda Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Aves), correction of reference for yo a pee’ of
(correction of Opinion 67) 46 Ai he, he : :
Page
50
53
a
370
371
11
214
22
178
159
14
374
214
213
Volume 1, Section D
Alauda Daudin, 1816 (a junior homonym of Alauda Linnaeus, 1758), placed on the
Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 529
albicilla Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Falco albicilla (Class Aves),
placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 1028
alcocki Wood-Mason, 1891, as published in the combination Parilia alcocki (Class
Crustacea, Order Decapoda), epee on the eae List ee i a Names in
Zoology with Name No. 820 .. ‘ :
alleganiensis Daudin, [1803], as published in the combination Salamandra
alleganiensis (Class Amphibia), placed on the ies cia iCist een each Names in
Zoology with Name No. 1110 .. a
alleghaniensis Harlan, 1825, as published in the combination Abranchus alleghaniensis
(an Invalid Emendation of alleganiensis Daudin, [1803], as published in the
combination Salamandra alleganiensis), placed on the Official Index of Rejected
and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 366 a ;
Amblyomma Koch, 1844 (Class Arachnida), placed on the Sleaaes List ee Generic
Names in Zoology i in Opinion 73, determination of gender of. .
americana Saussure, 1857, as published in the combination Pseudothelphusa
americana (Class ‘Crustacea, Order Decapoda), peers on the Official List of
Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 829
americanus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Cuculus americanus
(Class Aves), placed on the ce List aoy SPER Names in n Paie? with Name
No. 974 ..
amica Smith (S.I.), as published in the combination Hepatella amica (Class Crustacea,
_ Decapoda), correction of date of, from 1870 to 1869 oneeren of cid
placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 797
Ampelis Nozeman & Vosmaer, 1758 (a name published in a work rejected for nomen-
clatorial purposes), placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic
Names in Zoology with Name No. 518 :
Ammodytes Bonaparte, 1831 (a junior homonym of Ammodytes Linnaeus, 1758),
placed on the Official Index me ae and Invalid Generic Names in n Zoology with
Name No. 766 ..
Anarhicas Latreille, 1804 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Anarhichas Linnaeus,
1758), placed on the Official Index ack mee a and Invalid Generic Names in Z Zoology
with Name No. 767 oe
Ancylostoma Dubini, 1843 (Class Nematoda), placed on the eta List ae Generic
Names in Zoology in Opinion 66, determination of gender of
andreossyi Audouin, [1826], as published in the combination Pilumnus andreossyi
(Class Crustacea, ‘Order Decapoda), Blaceta: on the ances List Z Specie Names
in Zoology with Name No. 786..
374
347
176
86
342
343
398 Opinions and Declarations
angulatus Dana, 1851, as published in the combination Cyrtograpsus angulatus (Class
Crustacea, Order Decapoda), ea on the is ei List ~ aes Names in
Zoology with Name No. 851 ..
ani Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Crotophaga ani (Class Aves),
placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 977 i
annulicornis Leach, [1815], as published in the combination Pandalus annulicornis
(a junior objective synonym of montagui [Leach], [1814], as published in the
combination Pandalus montagui), placed on the Official Index a Rejected and
Invalid Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 356 : - -
Anodonta Lamarck, 1799 (Class Pelecypoda), placed on the sey List ae Generic
Names in Zoology in Opinion 94, determination of gender of ,
anomalipes Miers, 1881, as published in the combination Thaumastoplax anomalipes
(Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), pees on the ote’ List ag Pies ie Names
in Zoology with Name No. 924..
Anoplocephala Blanchard, 1848 (Class Cestoda), placed on the Off cial List eo Generic
Names in Zoology in Opinion 77, determination of gender of :
Antedon Fréminville, 1811 (Class Crinoidea), placed on the Cis List a Generic
Names in Zoology in Opinion 73, determination of gender of :
Anthocoris Fallén, 1814 (Class Insecta), placed on the Official List se Generic Names
in Zoology in Opinion 104, determination of gender of
Aptenodita Bonnaterre, 1791 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Aptenodytes
Miller, 1778), placed on the Official Index “~ inert and Invalid Generic Names
in Zoology with Name No. 530..
Aptenodites Lesson, 1837 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Aptenodytes Miller,
1778), placed on the Official Index an ee and Invalid Generic Names in
Zoology with Name No. 531 :
Aptenodyta Gmelin (J.F.), 1788 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Aptenodytes
Miller, 1778), placed on the Ts Index ge Race and Invalid Generic Names
in Zoology with Name No. 532.
Aptenodytes Forster (J.R.), 1777 (a nomen nudum), placed on the Official Index a
Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 533 so
aquaticus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Rallus aquaticus (Class
Aves), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 1004
aracari Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Ramphastos aracari (Class
Aves), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 1002
Arcella Ehrenberg, [1830] (Class Rhizopoda), placed on the sear: List et Generic
Names in Zoology in Opinion 77, determination of gender of
Page
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Volume 1, Section D
ardeola Paykull, 1805, as published in the combination Dromas ardeola (Class Aves),
placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 979 :
Argas Latreille, 1795 (Class Arachnida), placed on the Official List of Generic Names
in Zoology in Opinion 73, determination of gender of fg aye ar iS
Argonauta Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Cephalopoda), placed on the Official List of Generic
Names in Zoology in Opinion 94, determination of gender of * se bet
argus Temminck, 1807, as published in the combination Polyplectron argus (a junior
objective synonym of bicalcaratus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination
Pavo bicalcaratus), placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific
Names in Zoology with Name No. 343 cee e 6 a ae ae
Armadillidium Brandt & Ratzeburg, [1831] (Class Crustacea), placed on the Official
List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 104, determination of gender of
armata Milne Edwards (A.), 1869, as published in the combination Banareia armata
(Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Specific Names
in Zoology with Name No. 773.. ts as ore fs an a r:
armatus Milne Edwards (H.), 1853, as published in the combination Potamocarcinus
armatus (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Specific
Names in Zoology with Name No. 826 ee ae a oe me Ee
arvensis Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Alauda arvensis (Class Aves),
placed on the Official List oy Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 954
Ascaris Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Nematoda), placed on the Official List of Generic
Names in Zoology in Opinion 66, determination of gender of Se ni a
Asthenognathus Stimpson, 1858 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), completion of
Ruling given in Opinion 85 ; oe a - Be ad ze Abe
Asthenognathus Bocourt, 1884 (a junior homonym of Asthenognathus Stimpson,
1858), placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in
Zoology with Name No. 469... ee 1 fe va ish Ae -
Asthenognathus Broom, 1915 (a junior homonym of Asthenognathus Stimpson,
1858), placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in
Zoology with Name No. 470... ah aa a zr in 7 ay
Atergatis de Haan, [1833] (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), completion of Ruling
given in Opinion 73 ne te ie 40 th ah ra Me é4
Atergatopsis Milne Edwards (A.), 1862 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), correc-
tion of date of type species of (correction of Opinion 73) .. ae e ae
Aulacorhynchus Dittmar, 1872 (a junior homonym of Aulacorhynchus Gould, 1834),
placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Z oology with
Name No. 534 .. ue s, sa st ae a ey, ay “
399
Page
176
142
156
219
50
58
58
53
35
Ales,
400 Opinions and Declarations
aura Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Vultur aura (Class Aves),
placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 966
auratus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Cuculus auratus (Class
Aves), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 976
auritus Gray (J.E.), 1829, as published in the combination Podargus auritus (Class
Aves), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 962
australis Shaw, 1813, as published in the combination Apteryx australis (Class Aves),
placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 957
Avicularia Lamarck, 1818 (Class Arachnida), placed on the Official List of Generic
Names in Zoology in Opinion 104, determination of gender of As
avosetta Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Recurvirostra avosetta
(Class Aves), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name
No. 1005 ; . * ee: as + nF an < Se,
balansae Milne Edwards (A.), 1873, as published in the combination Clistocoeloma
balansae (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Specific
Names in Zoology with Name No. 850 ae 4. - eh i *:
barbatum Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Ophidion barbatum (Class
Pisces), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 1094
harbatus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Mullus barbatus (Class
Pisces), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No.
1084 ch oe oy + ae ae oe! bes sa Ae
barbiger Poeppig, 1836, as published in the combination Gecarcinus barbiger (Class
Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in
Zoology with Name No. 942 _ .. a: Hs oe oF =e sh a
Bathycrinus Thomson, 1872 (Class Crinoidea), placed on the Official List of Generic
Names in Zoology in Opinion 73, determination of gender of SF a
Bathynectes Stimpson (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), correction of date of,
from 1871 to [1871], and of entry relating to type species of (correction of Opinion
Bathynectes Guenther, 1878 (a junior homonym of Bathynectes Stimpson, [1871)]),
placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with
Name No. 471 26 ai: e ud va ia Ye oe za
Bathynectes Brinkman, 1913 (a junior homonym of Bathynectes Stimpson, [1871)]),
placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with
Name No. 472 oe = ae i ee he a a ae
Bathyplax Milne Edwards (A.), 1880 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), com-
pletion of Ruling given in Opinion 85 * is yi 2
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179
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Volume 1, Section D
bedoti Zehntner, 1894, as published in the combination Sphaerocarcinus bedoti
(Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), aii on the soma’ List = pace hg Names
in Zoology with Name No. 832..
bella Stimpson, 1860, as published in the combination Xantho bellas(Class Crustacea,
Order Sigg is ean on the aging List — sd Names in sit with
Name No. 880
Bellia Bate, 1851 (a junior homonym of Bellia Milne Edwards (H.), 1848), placed on
the Official Index eh aka and Invalid Generic Names in Cee Se with Name
No. 473
Bellia Gray (J.E.), 1869 (a junior homonym of Bellia Milne Edwards (H.), 1848),
placed on the Official Index nae sik ik and Invalid Generic Names in eo with
Name No. 474 ..
Bellia Tutt, 1902 (a junior homonym of Bellia Milne Edwards (H.), 1848), placed on
the Official Index ee eas and Invalid Generic Names in Oey with Name
No. 475 ...
bicalcaratus Linnaeus, 1758 (Pavo) (Class Aves) (a nominal species objectively
identical with Polyplectron argus Temminck, lad: Pe peel of rilesiir
Temminck, 1807, under Declaration 21
placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 1022
bicornis Gray (J.E.), 1831, as published in the combination Gomeza bicornis (Class
Crustacea, Order Decapoda), cae on the Peek List ee ee Names in
Zoology with Name No. 866...
bidentatus Milne Edwards (A.), 1880, as published in the combination Xanthodes
bidentatus (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), Be on the eee List ca epee
Names in Zoology with Name No. 922
bispinosa Kinahan, 1856, as published in the combination Litocheira bispinosa (Class
Crustacea, Order Decapoda), pisea on the ee List ee) au Names in
Zoology with Name No. 879... ;
bispinosus Herbst, [1783], as published in the combination Cancer bispinosus (Class
Crustacea, Order Decapoda), bipses io on the sue List iid pee Names in
Zoology with Name No. 862... ;
Blatta Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Insecta), placed on the Official List ae Generic Names in
Zoology in Opinion 104, determination of gender of
Blennius Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Pisces), completion of Ruling given in Opinion 92 ..
Bolten (J.F.), ruled not to be accepted as the author of the Museum Boltenianum,
1798. See Roding (P.F.).
Botryilus Gaertner, 1774 (Class Urochorda), placed on the cneent List co Generic
Names in Zoology i in Opinion 94, determination of gender of :
16
58
58
58
182
jl |
16
14
143
341
156
402 Opinions and Declarations
Brotogerys Agassiz (J.L.R.), 1846 (an Invalid Emendation of Brotogeris Vigors,
1825), placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in
Zoology with Name No. 535... A ae =. ¥ a aa if
Buccinum Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Gastropoda), placed on the Official List of Generic
Names in Zoology in Opinion 94, determination of gender of 4 a ee
Bursaria Miiller, 1773 (Class Ciliata), placed on the Official List of Generic Names
in Zoology in Opinion 104, determination of gender of ‘ ue a. bh
cabrilla Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Perca cabrilla (Class Pisces),
placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 1102...
caeruleus Desfontaines, [1789], as published in the combination Falco caeruleus
(Class Aves), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name
No. 1026 fe Be is 9 a ce a ae oF is
Calamaria Boie (Class Reptilia), correction of date of, from 1827 to 1826 (correctio
of Opinion 92) .. = ae ~ te ae ie ch at i,
Calliongmus Linck, 1790 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Callionymus
Linnaeus, 1758, placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names
in Zoology with Name No. 768.. ¢ s a, si hie ‘S Et
Callionimus Gouan, 1770 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Callionymus
Linnaeus, 1758), placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names
in Zoology with Name No. 769.. ae *: ~ sn ay ae oS
Callionymus Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Pisces), completion of Ruling given in Opinion 77
Calyptraea Lamarck, 1799 (Class Gastropoda), placed on the Official List of Generic
Names in Zoology in Opinion 94, determination of gender of . aH i
Camptandrium Stimpson, 1858 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), completion of
Ruling given in Opinion 85 re 5 oe Re! ¥ be ae Ma
Camptoplax Miers, 1884 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), completion of Ruling
given in Opinion 85 ae = Le ne as x ee Ee ar
Capella Frenzel, 1801 (a name published in synonymy without an independent
description), placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names
in Zoology with Name No. 522.. 236 Re “s ae ap is te
Capella Keyserling & Blasius, 1840 (a junior objective synonym of Rupicapra
Blainville, 1816), placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic
Names in Zoology with Name No. 523 tr: i bee ay ae De:
Caphyra Guérin-Méneville (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), correction of date
of, from 1830 to 1832, and of entry relating to type species of (correction of
Opinion 73) 4 Eo a 5 is = “i a
Page
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BRbY
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Volume 1, Section D
Caphyra Barrande, 1846 (a junior homonym of Caphyra Guérin-Méneville, 1832),
placed on the Official Index esi sea and Invalid Generic Names in n Zoology with
Name No. 476 .
Capito Gistl, 1848 (a junior homonym of Capito Vieillot, 1816), placed on the
Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 536
carinata Ortmann, 1894, as published in the combination Pseudopinnixa carinata
(Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), eee on the cc cee List oe ae Names
in Zoology with Name No. 909...
carinipes Heller, 1861, as published in the combination Zozymodes carinipes (Class
Crustacea, Order Decapoda), ee on the hase List sie ae Names in
Zoology with Name No. 932... ;
carinipes de Man, 1889, as published in the combination Durckheimia carinipes
(Class Crustacea, Order eee oe on the aaa List 8 plate Names
in Zoology with Name No. 853.
carolinensis Stimpson, 1859, as published in the combination Speocarcinus carolinensis
(Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), Bees on the Ree List xe spree Names
in Zoology with Name No. 920..
carpio Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Cyprinus carpio (Class
Pisces), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No.
1078 - i A e, oF a Me s 5 os AP
Catharthes d’Orbigny, [1835] (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Cathartes
Illiger, 1811), placed on the ee Index a leiden and Invalid Generic Names
in Zoology with Name No. 537.
Catoptrus Milne Edwards (A.), 1870 ran Crustacea, Order rr abe saa
of Ruling given in Opinion 85 .
Centrocerus Fitzinger, 1843 (a junior homonym of Centrocercus Swainson, 1832),
placed on the Official Index eee pera and Invalid Generic Names in n Zoology with
Name No. 538 he :
Cephalopterus Risso, 1810 (a junior homonym of Cephalopterus Geoffroy, 1809),
placed on the Official Index age estat and Invalid Generic Names in erica with
Name No. 539 :
Cephalopterus Powrie, 1870 (a junior homonym of Cephalopterus Geoffroy, 1809),
placed on the Official Index ies eer and Invalid Generic Names in eee with
Name No. 540 ..
cephalus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Mugil cephalus (Class
Pisces), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No.
1068 ae ae = af ed a a: «8 a we ore
Cephenemyia Latreille, 1818 (Class Insecta), placed on the Official List oe Generic
Names in Zoology in Opinion 106, determination of gender of
403
Page
58
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20
22
13
21
369
215
50
215
215
215
368
143
404 Opinions and Declarations
Ceratoplax Stimpson, 1858 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), completion of
Ruling given in Opinion 85 ; $ cae ts a 7 oe ke
Cerion Roding, 1798 (Class Gastropoda), placed on the Official List of Generic
Names in Zoology in Opinion 119, determination of gender of 2. ot a
cessacii Milne Edwards (A.), 1878, as published in the combination Epimelus cessacit
(Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Specific Names
in Zoology with Name No. 792.. 4 a aa re. - ee ie
chalybata Forster, 1781 (Paradisea |sic]) (Class Aves) (a nominal species objectively
identical with Manucodia chalybea Boddaert, 1783), type species of Manucodia
Boddaert, 1783, under Declaration 21 Ae ae Me is es A
placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 1019
chalybea Boddaert, 1783, as published in the combination Manucodia chalybea
(a junior objective synonym of chalybata Forster, 1781, as published in the com-
bination Paradisea [sic] chalybata), placed on the Official Index of Rejected and
Invalid Specific Names im Zoology with Name No. 344 ay :@
chalybeata Stiles, 1916, as published in the combination Paradisea chalybeata (an
Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for chalybata Forster, 1781, as published in the
combination Paradisea [sic] chalybata), placed on the Official Index of Rejected
and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 345 58 Ad 2
Chasmagnathus de Haan, [1833] (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), completion of
Ruling given in Opinion 85 255 an a im rr 2 As i
Chasmocarcinus Rathbun, 1898 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), completion of
Ruling given in Opinion 85 be at + = + a ak a
Chauna Loew, 1847 (a junior homonym of Chauna Illiger, 1811), placed on the
Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 541
chavaria Linnaeus, 1766, as published in the combination Parra chavaria (Class
Aves), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 970
cheiragonus Tilesius, 1815, as published in the combination Cancer cheiragonus (Class
Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in
Zoology with Name No. 939. *: sis a oe se ae ahs
Cheyletus Latreille, 1796 (Class Arachnida), placed on the Official List of Generic
Names in Zoology in Opinion 104, determination of gender of De a ee
chilensis Milne Edwards (H.) & Lucas, [1844], as published in the combination
Corystoides chilensis (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official
List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 783 o Ne ae on
Chimaera Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Pisces), correction of entry relating to type species
of (correction of Opinion 77) .. ay Ry of 3 ae ay a
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Volume 1, Section D
Chimaera Poli, 1791 (a junior homonym of Chimaera Linnaeus, 1758), placed on
the Official Index af PapoKe and Invalid Generic Names in in Zoology with Name
No. 770 ;
Chimaera Ochsenheimer, 1808 (a junior homonym of Chimaera Linnaeus, 1758),
placed on the Official Index of ccm: and Invalid Generic Names in n Zoology with
Name No. 771
Chimaera Hitchcock, 1858 (a junior homonym of Chimaera Linnaeus, 1758), placed
on the Official Index Zt Release and Invalid Generic Names in mae with
Name No. 772
chimaera Rothschild, 1895, as published in the combination Uratelornis chimaera
(Class Aves), placed on the Be cite List acd aes Names in nae see with Name
No. 1015
Chimaira Duméril, 1856 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Chimaera Linnaeus,
1758), placed on the Official Index ee eee and Invalid Generic Names in
Zoology with Name No. 773...
Chlorodopsis Milne Edwards (A.), 1863 (a nomen nudum), placed on the Official
Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 477...
Chlorodopsis Milne Edwards (A.), 1873 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda),
completion of Ruling given in Opinion 73... ae = Pe
Chorioptes Gervais & van Beneden, 1859 (Class Arachnida), placed on the Official
List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 104, determination of gender of
chrysocephala Lewin, 1808, as published in the combination Meliphaga chrysocephala
(Class Aves), placed on the oe List sid gees, Names in a with Name
No. 1006
Chrysolophus Swainson, 1837 (a junior homonym of Chrysolophus Gray (J.E.),
[1833—1834)), placed on the Official Index of Beles and Invalid Generic Names
in Zoology with Name No. 542.. As
ciliatus Stimpson, 1858, as published in the combination Ceratoplax ciliatus (Class
Crustacea, Order Decapoda), Se a on the een List ve Pigg igi Names in
Zoology with Name No. 848... ,
Cimex Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Insecta), placed on the unde List oh Generic Names
in Zoology in Opinion 81, determination of gender of ;
cinctimanus White, as published in the combination Carpilius cinctimanus (Class
Crustacea, Order Decapoda), correction of date of, from 1848 to [1849] (correction
of Opinion 85) a : a Ae re ¥ we ne eo
placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 877
cinerea Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Ardea cinerea (Class Aves),
placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 959 ;
405
Page
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343
181
343
58
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142
180
216
13
141
24
16
174
406 Opinions and Declarations
Clamator Blyth, 1852 (a junior homonym of Clamator Kaup, 1829), placed on the
Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 543
Clausilia Draparnaud, [1805] (Class Gastropoda), placed on the Official List of
Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 119, determination of gender of sh
Clavelina Savigny, 1816 (Class Urochorda), placed on the Official List of Generic
Names in Zoology in Opinion 94, determination of gender of a ® ts
Clistocoeloma Milne Edwards (A.), 1873 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), com-
pletion of Ruling given in Opinion 85 Ne 30: = ae we vs
Clupea Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Pisces), completion of Ruling given in Opinion 77
Coerebra Boie, 1826 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Coereba Vieillot, 1816),
placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with
Name No. 544 =e ape ae te au ihe a is “2
Columba Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Aves), placed on the Official List of Generic Names
in Zoology with Name No. 1015, with Columba oenas Linnaeus, 1758, as type
species Ee a a “3 a we wy oe ive aa ar
gender of name
Columbella Lamarck, 1799 (Class Gastropoda), placed on the Official List of Generic
Names in Zoology in Opinion 94, determination of gender of By ee -
Columbus Linnaeus, 1758 (an Invalid Original Spelling for Colymbus Linnaeus,
1758), placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in
Zoology with Name No. 520 .. ae of 4 Lv a = a3
Columbus ({ Tunstall], 1771, (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Columba Linnaeus,
1758), placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in
Zoology with Name No. 519... Se nt. ste ak ie Je fe
communis Bonnaterre, 1791, as published in the combination Coturnix communis (a
junior objective synonym of coturnix Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the com-
bination on Jetrao coturnix), placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid
Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 346 Se ae 3 ae
convexus Milne Edwards (A.), 1867, as published in the combination Ruppeliioides
convexus (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Specific
Names in Zoology with Name No. 916 fi if =n: - eC) a
coppingeri Miers, 1884, as published in the combination Camptoplax coppingeri
(Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Specific Names
in Zoology with Name No. 846.. Ay sek As as aS a oy
corallinus Faxon, 1893, as published in the combination Trachycarcinus corailinus
(Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Specific Names
in Zoology with Name No. 837.. RG a ee ae Ss a Hy
Page
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216
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86
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Volume 1, Section D
Coregonus Lacépéde, 1803 (a junior homonym of Coregonus Linnaeus, 1758), placed
on the Official Index es asia and Invalid Generic Names in n Zoology with Name
No. 774
Coregonus Jarocki, 1822 (a junior homonym of Coregonus Linnaeus, 1758), placed
on the Official Index oe oe and Invalid Generic Names in n Zoology with Name
No. 775
coriacea Linnaeus, 1766, as published in the combination Testudo coriacea (Class
Reptilia), placed ¢ on the gee List a Se eaeoles Names in Seen with Name No.
1108
Coriudo Fleming, 1822 (a junior objective synonym of Dermochelys Blainville, 1816),
placed on the Official Index gal Bee ae and Invalid Generic Names in n Zoology with
Name No. 776
coronata Alcock & Anderson, 1894, as published in the combination Randallia
coronata (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), pads on the ene List oo ee
Names in Zoology with Name No. 821
Coryhaena, attributed to Linnaeus, 1758, and placed on the Official List of Generic
407
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343
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374
343
10
Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in Opinion 77, correction of, to Coryphaena 341-342
attribution of, to Stiles, 1922, and addition of, to the Official Index of Rejected and
Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 777 as an Erroneous Sub-
sequent Spelling oe oe ee a 7. uC : a
Coryphaena Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Pisces), completion of Ruling given in Opinion 77
Coryphaena Coues, 1889 (a nomen nudum), placed on the ees Index oy ae
and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 778.
Coturnix Bonnaterre, 1790 (Class ae: Tetrao coturnix Linnaeus, 1758, BPE species
of, under Declaration 21 ? de ane a : : Ay:
Coturnix Cuvier, 1800 (a nomen nudum), placed on the Oigah Index ney cies and
Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 545
coturnix Linnaeus, 1758 (Tetrao) (Class Aves) (a nominal species objectively
identical with Coturnix communis Bonnaterre, ee type seers of Coturnix
Bonnaterre, 1790, under Declaration 21 . = m5
placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 1016
crassimanus Dana, 1851, as published in the combination Eucrate crassimanus (Class
Crustacea, Order Decapoda), pee on the anaes List Sia picasiin Names in
Zoology with Name No. 857...
crassipes Bell, 1855, as published in the combination Phiyxia crassipes (Class
Crustacea, Order Decapoda), eee on the oma Dist yee pEeCe S Names in
Zoology with Name No. 822 .. :
343
340
343
181
216
181
182
14
10
408 Opinions and Declarations
crassum Dana, 1851, as published in the combination Samartium crassum (Class
Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in
Zoology with Name No. 917... me ae ie fs i ae 4
crenatus de Haan, [1835], as published in the combination Cancer (Eucrate) crenatus
(Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Specific Names
in Zoology with Name No. 855.. on Me A - x2 es ye
crepitans Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Psophia crepitans (Class
Aves), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 1001
cribrarius Lamarck, 1818, as published in the combination Portunus cribrarius (Class
Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in
Zoology with Name No. 770 .. ne Mee =i age - is ba
cristata Pallas, 1764, as published in the combination Columba cristata (Class Aves),
placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 1027
cristatus Shaw in White, [August] 1790, as published in the combination Caprimulgus
cristatus (Class Aves), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with
Name No. 1024 .. SH ay a a me Re he ys bp?
Crotalus Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Reptilia), completion of Ruling given in Opinion 92
Cryptobranchus Leuckart, 1821 (Class Amphibia), placed on the Official List of
Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 92, determination of gender of ; a
cubensis Stimpson, 1860, as published in the combination Epilobocera cubensis
(Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Specific Names
in Zoology with Name No. 791.. 4. pe si 2 a He Sy
cumingii Bell, 1855, as published in the combination Lithadia cumingii (Class
Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in
Zoology with Name No. 807 : uf AY ei Pre am 14 ie
cupulifer Latreille, 1825, as published in the combination Pilumnus cupulifer (Class
Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in
Zoology with Name No. 906 ‘ iA By o. se Pe and
Cyclodius Dana, 1851 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), completion of Ruling
given in Opinion 73 E a Ee se ™ - a we xe
v
Cyclopterus Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Pisces), correction of entry relating to type species
of (correction of Opinion 77) .. uf ha ete or oe te ae
Cyclopterus Marseul, 1872 (a junior homonym of Cyclopterus Linnaeus, 1758),
placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with
Name No. 779 : Ne 8 A = a2 - a a
cylindricum Say, 1818, as published in the combination Pinnotheres cylindricum
(Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Specific Names
in Zoology with Name No. 901.. Ee a a ae % a. Le
Page
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179
183
341
By
19
53
339
344
19
Volume 1, Section D
cylindrus Fabricius, 1777, as published in the combination Cancer cylindrus (Class
Crustacea, Order Decapoda), eecaet on the occlu List ae sl Names in
Zoology with Name No. 804 _ ..
Cymo de Haan, [1833] (Class Crustacea, Order in taba ee correction of date of
type species of (correction of Opinion 73) on
cyprinoides Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Mormyrus cyprinoides
ag Pisces), placed on the Pie List pis ee Names in bo with Name
o. 1083
Cyprinus Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Pisces), completion of Ruling given in Opinion 77..
Cyrtograpsus Dana, 1851 eon Crustacea, Order Sane aber eee of Rue
given in Opinion 85
Cyrtograpsus Carruthers, 1867 (a junior homonym of Cyrtograpsus Dana, 1851),
placed on the Official Index a gta and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology
with Name No. 478 pie
danae Milne Edwards (A.), 1869, as published in the combination Goniosoma danae
(Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), Deen on the pears List os ae Names
in Zoology with Name No. 836..
Davainea Blanchard & Railliet, 1891 (Class Cestoda), placed on the ies List e
Generic Names in Zoology i in Opinion 84, determination of gender of
deplanatus Cano, 1889, as published in the combination Euryetisus deplanatus (Class
Crustacea, Order Decapoda), Lapa on the ie Ses List - 5 nie Names in
Zoology with Name No. 858... F :
depressa Stimpson, [1871], as published in the combination Panoplax depressa
(Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), ees on the Bi satus List os ee Names
in Zoology with Name No. 892..
Demodex Owen, 1843 (Class Arachnida), placed on the Official List at Generic
Names in Zoology i in Opinion 104, determination of gender of ;
Dendryphantes Koch, 1837 (Class Arachnida), placed on the Official List - Generic
Names in Zoology in Opinion 104, determination of gender of :
Dentalium Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Scaphopoda), placed on the aed ate List oe Generic
Names in Zoology i in Opinion 94, determination of gender of
dentata Bell, 1855, as published in the combination Nursilia dentata (Class Crustacea,
Order Decapoda), pees on the ee East ie ee Names in Trees with
Name No. 813...
denticulatus Montagu, 1808, as published in the combination Cancer denticulatus
(Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), Sad on the el ee List n pes Names
in Zoology with Name No. 823.
Page
370
340
50
59
De
Py,
14
18
142
142
10
410 Opinions and Declarations
Dermacentor Koch, 1844 (Class Arachnida), placed on the Official list ay Generic
Names in Zoology i in Opinion 73, determination of gender of :
Dermanyssus Dugés, 1834 (Class Arachnida), placed on the Official List of Generic
Names in Zoology in Opinion 104, determination of gender of
Dermatochelys Wagler, 1830 (a junior objective synonym of Dermochelys Blainville,
1816), placed on the Official Index vA Beecie and Invalid Generic Names in
Zoology with Name No. 780 t :
Dermochelis Lesueur, 1829 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Dermochelys,
Blainville, 1816), placed on the Official Index of adc and Invalid Generic
Names in "Zoology with Name No. 781 a
Dermochelys Blainville, 1816 poigeae a dah pomEleee of Rue eet in CRE
92) :
Desmognathus Baird (Class Amphibia), correction of date of, from 1849 to (1850)
(correction of Opinion 92) and completion of Ruhue a in that Opinion for
type species of oe oe o i : ' ve ae a
Diaptomus Westwood, 1836 (Class Crustacea), placed on the Official List ot Generic
Names in Zoology in Opinion 104, determination of gender of
Diazona Savigny, 1816 (Class Urochorda), placed on the Official List a Generic
Names in Zoology in Opinion 94, determination of gender of :
Dicrocoelium Dujardin, [1844] (Class Trematoda), placed on the Official List a
Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 84, determination of gender of ;
dilatipes Adams & White, [1849], as published in the combination Pilumnus dilatipes
(Class Crustacea, Order ae abel on the ihe List pains Names
in Zoology with Name No. 881.
Diodon O’ Reilly, 1818 (a junior homonym of Diodon Linnaeus, 1758), placed on the
Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 782
Diodon Lesson, 1828 (a junior homonym of Diodon Linnaeus, 1758), placed on the
Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 783
Diodon Lesson, 1830 (a junior homonym of Diodon Linnaeus, 1758), placed on the
Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 784
Dipylidium Leuckart, 1863 (Class Cestoda), placed on the Lila List ee Generic
Names in Zoology in Opinion 84, determination of gender of. .
Dissodactylus Smith (S.1.), 1870 (Class Crustacea, Order 1 Deen comple of
Ruling given in Opinion 85 as :
Distaplia Della Valle, 1881 (Class Urochorda), placed on the SS List o Generic
Names in Zoology in Opinion 94, determination of gender of..
Page
142
142
344
344
342
341
142
158
159
16
344
344
344
159
50
158
Volume 1, Section D
doliatus Linnaeus, 1764, as published in the combination Lanius doliatus (Class
Aves), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 1014
DOLICHOPIDAE Stephens (J.F.), 1829 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for
DOLICHOPODIDAE, placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Pans
Group Names in Zoology with Name No. 87. ie se ie: o ,
DOLICHOPODES Latreille, 1809 (an Invalid Original Spelling for DOLICHOPODIDAE),
placed on the Official Index of he pp and ia a ae Names in
Zoology with Name No. 85
DOLICHOPODIDAE (correction of DOLICHOPODES) Latreille, 1809 (Class Insecta,
Order Diptera), placed on the Official List of Family- Group Names in FD with
Name No. 98, with Dolichopus Latreille, 1796, as type genus
Dolichopus Latreille, 1796 (Class Insecta, Order Diptera), placed on the Official List
of Generic Names in sia t with Name No. 1035, with Musca pemsaae as OE
species é
gender of name
Dolichopus Van der Hoeven, [1856] (a junior homonym of Dolichopus Latreille,
1796), placed on the Official Index ES las and Invalid Generic Names in
Zoology with Name No. 752...
DOLYCHOPODAE Samouelle, 1819 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for DOLICHOPO-
DIDAE), placed on the Official Index of Baeiee and Invalid ey: ee Names in
Zoology with Name No. 86 a
Dolychopus Samouelle, 1819 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Dolichopus
Latreille, 1796), placed on the Gian Index eh Heseied and Invalid Generic Names
in Zoology with Name No. 753.
dovii Stimpson, 1860, as published in the combination Euphylax dovii (Class Crus-
tacea, Order Decapoda), es on the ne dais List o Spe Names in ie
with Name No. 795 Hee
Draco Gouan, 1770 (a junior homonym of Draco Linnaeus, 1758), placed on the
Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 785
Draco Oken, 1816 (a junior homonym of Draco Linnaeus, 1758), placed on the
Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 786
draco Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Trachinus draco (Class
Pisces), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No.
1069 a: ae of hs ee 4. a ate 33 ae en
Dracunculus Reichard, 1759 (Class Nematoda), placed on the ae List ee Generic
Names in Zoology in Opinion 66, determination of gender of F
Durckheimia de Man, 1889 (Class Crustacea, Order corn eat a a a of
Ruling given in Opinion 85
411
Page
180
269
268
268
267
267
268
269
268
344
344
368
155
49
412 Opinions and Declarations
Dysdera Latreille, [1804] (Class Arachnida), placed on the Official List cag Generic
Names in Zoology i in Opinion 104, determination of gender of
Ebalia Leach, [1817] Socios Crustacea, Order Drape, ne of ae
given in Opinion 5) Cf
Echinococcus Rudolphi, 1801 (Class Cestoda), placed on the aiciasd List of Generic
Names in Zoology in Opinion 84, determination of gender of ;
Ectobius Stephens, 1835 (Class Insecta), placed on the ee List se Generic Names
in Zoology in Opinion 104, determination of gender of
Eimeria Schneider, 1875 (Class Sporozoa), placed on the Official List ae Generic
Names in Zoology i in Opinion 104, determination of gender of
electricus Gmelin (J.F.), [1789], as published in the combination Silurus electricus
(Class Pisces), 2 ate on the phe List eon phic Names in aes with Name
No. 1099
elegans Gmelin (J.F.), 1788, as published in the combination Psittacus elegans (Class
Aves), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 1033
Eleotris Gronovius, 1763 (a name published in a work rejected for nomenclatorial
purposes), placed on the Official Index gies a tak and Invalid Generic Names in
Zoology with Name No. 787 3
Eleotris Schneider, 1801 (Class Pisces), correction of entry on Official List of Generic
Names in Zoology relating to type species of (correction of Opinion 93) .. me
Enchytraeus Henle, 1837 (Class Chaetopoda), placed on the Official List oe Generic
Names in Zoology i in Opinion 104, determination of gender of
Epixanthus Heller, 1861 aa Crustacea, Order eatecapeda COmR eee of Peon
given in Opinion 85 : :
Eremias Wiegmann, 1834 (Class Reptilia), placed on the FS desist East le Generic
Names in Zoology in Opinion 92, determination of gender of
eremita Nobili, 1906, as published in the combination Dacryopilumnus eremita
(Class Crustacea, Order eer ate? | ede on the Se List bf oe Names
in Zoology with Name No. 787.
erinaceus Fabricius, 1787, as published in the combination Cancer erinaceus (Class
Crustacea, Order Decapoda), bigced.£ on the Pi List oh Species Names in
Zoology with Name No: 768"... : hes
erithacus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Psittacus erithacus (Class
Aves), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 1000
Page
143
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155
141
156
372
184
344
342
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S12
179
Volume 1, Section D
erosa Miers, [1877], as published in the combination Actaeomorpha erosa (Class
Crustacea, Order Decapoda), pein on the kia List sie eveniens Names in
Zoology with Name No. 766... 2
Esox Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Pisces), completion of Ruling given in Opinion 92
euagora de Man, 1895, as published in the combination Parapanope euagora (Class
Crustacea Order Decapoda), ples on the gree List oct eee) Names in
Zoology with Name No. 894.
Euchirograpsus Milne Edwards (H.), 1853 Soa ck Crustacea, Order pa ge com-
pletion of Ruling given in Opinion 85
Eucrate Rafinesque, 1815 (a nomen nudum), placed on the Official Index ie Re re
and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 479
Eucrate de Haan, [1835] eee ge nen Order ae mooie of Pula
given in Opinion 85 :
Eucratodes Milne Edwards (A.), 1880 Ce aioe Crustacea, Order ep. com-
pletion of Ruling given in Opinion 85.
Eucratopsis Smith (S.1.), 1869 (Class po chai Order Ee hetara he of
Ruling given in Opinion 85 fe
eudactylus Bell, 1855, as published in the combination Myrodes eudactylus (Class
Crustacea, Order Decapoda), eae on the mee List nee species! Names in
Zoology with Name No. 810... ;
europaea Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Sitta europaea (Class
Aves), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 1007
Euryetisus Cano, 1889 ees Crustacea, Order toes age of Weare
given in Opinion 85 ae ret ‘ ‘ ;
Eurylaemus Gloger, 1841 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Eurylaimus Hors-
field, 1821), placed on the Official Index Hs aes and Invalid Generic Names in
Zoology with Name No. 548...
Eurynorhinchus Lafresnaye, 1842 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for
Eurynorhynchus Nilsson, 1821), placed on the Official Index es ta igh and
Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 546 ee ;
Eurynorhynchus Nilsson, 1821 (Class ao Platalea Pee Linnaeus, 1758, HES
species of, under Declaration 21
Eurynorynchus Reichenbach, 1852 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for
Eurynorhynchus Nilsson, 1821), placed on the Official Index ee er and
Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 547 es
Euryplax Stimpson, 1859 Seis Cee Order De aa conmpiruong of ee
given in Opinion 85
50
59
50
50
50
180
49
216
216
181
216
50
414 Opinions and Declarations
Euryplax Klapalek, 1909 (a junior homonym of Euryplax Stimpson, 1859), placed
on the Official Index ain bad and Invalid Generic Names in aes with Name
No. 480 ‘ :
Eurypygia Swainson, 1837 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Eurypyga Illiger,
1811), placed on ‘the Official Index a = claus and Invalid Generic Names in
Zoology with Name No. 549...
Eurytium Stimpson, 1859 es Crustacea, Order saownimies: pommlenente of ee
given in Opinion 85 3
exaratus Milne Edwards (H.), 1834, as published in the combination Chlorodius
exaratus (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), Daa on the Sail List - Spee
Names in Zoology with Name No. 874
excelsus Heller, 1862, as published in the combination Perigrapsus exceisus (Class
Crustacea, Order Decapoda), peeery on the ae List As ake Names in
Zoology with Name No. 897...
excubitor Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Lanius excubitor (Class
Aves), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 988
exulans Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Diomedea exulans (Class
Aves), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 978
faber Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Zeus faber (Class Pisces),
placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 1091
Fabia Dana, 1851 (Class Crustacea, Order prom a eames of vena given
in Opinion 85 : 3
fallax Henderson, 1893, as published in the combination Ebalia fallax (Class
Crustacea, Order Decapoda), Oe on the peer List oo cme Names in
Zoology with Name No. 798... , Be
Fasciola Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Trematoda), placed on the Hane List ah Generic
Names in Zoology i in Opinion 84, determination of gender of :
Filaria Miller, 1787 (Class Nematoda), placed on the Official List Zh Generic Names
in Zoology in Opinion 104, determination of gender of
Fistularia Forskal, 1775 (a junior homonym of Fistu/aria Linnaeus, 1758), placed
on the Official Index pak es and Invalid Generic Names in n Zoology with Name
No. 788 ..
Fistularia Miller (O.F.), 1776 (a junior homonym of Fistularia Linnaeus, 1758),
placed on the Official Index ia Reteatnd and Invalid Generic Names in ZOE,
with Name No. 789 q:
Fistularia Lamarck, 1816 (a junior homonym of Fistularia Linnaeus, 1758), placed
on the Official Index we Releoted and Invalid Generic Names in Pekan: with
Name No. 790 ..
Page
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18
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176
Sv
157
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344
Volume 1, Section D
Fistularia Blainville, 1830 (a junior homonym of Fistularia Linnaeus, 1758), placed
oe the adaere Index a Rice and ae Generic Names in ne Gomes with
ame No os P
Fistularia Bowerbank, 1841 (a junior homonym of Fistularia Linnaeus, 1758),
placed on the Official Index s acike and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology
with Name No. 792...
flaveola Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Certhia flaveola (Class
Aves), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 975
fluvialis Savigny, 1809, as published in the combination Pandion fluvialis (a junior
objective synonym of haliaetus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination
Falco haliaetus), placed on the Official Index of Reece and Invalid Rees
Names in Zoology with Name No. 347 ‘
fluviatilis Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Perca fluviatilis (Class
Pisces), placed on the Official 1 List of Bae Names in Bee ase with Name No.
1085 fe
fluviatilis Latreille, as published in the combination Trichodactylus fluviatilis (Class
Crustacea, Order Pecenoee): correction of date of, from 1825 to ee en ection
of Opinion 73) F as i. sy f oe
placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 839
Forficula Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Insecta), placed on the Official List ee Generic
Names in Zoology i in Opinion 104, determination of gender of ,
formosus Latham, 1790, as published in the combination Psittacus formosus (a
junior primary homonym of formosus Scopoli, 1769, as published in the combina-
tion Psittacus formosus), placed on the as Index oe eee and Invalid
Names in Zoology with Name No. 348 é ~
fragifer de Haan, [1835], as published in the combination Cancer (Halimede) fragifer
(Class Crustacea, Order age od Bee on the yale at EISt "3 ee Names
in Zoology with Name No. 867.
frontalis Milne Edwards (H.), 1834, as published in the combination Ozius frontalis
(Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), Bae on the Onett List of pregnG Names
in Zoology with Name No. 940..
fulica Boddaert, 1783 (Colymbus) (Class Aves) (a nominal species objectively
identical with Heliornis fulicarius Bonnaterre, NOR type species of Heliornis
Bonnaterre, 1790, under Declaration 21 ; : F » , Ab
placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 1018
fulicarius Bonnaterre, 1790, as published in the combination Heliornis fulicarius (a
junior objective synonym of fulica Boddaert, 1783, as published in the combination
Colymbus fulica), placed on the Official Index of patie and Invalid EAP ecane
Names in Zoology with Name No. 349
Fulmarus Stephens, 1826 (Class Aves), correction of reference for nee ae of
(correction of Opinion 67) es ee a3 - ; :
415
Page
344
345
176
Pale
370
24
12
143
219
15
23.
181
182
220
213
416 Opinions and Declarations
fuscus Rafinesque, 1820, as published in the combination Triturus fuscus (Class
Amphibia), ana on the eas oe List Ses sai baa Names in ee with Name
No. 1103 :
Gadus Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Pisces), completion of Ruling given in Opinion 77
Gadus Dejean, 1821 (a junior homonym of Gadus Linnaeus, 1758), placed on the
Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 793
Gadus Rang, 1829 (a junior homonym of Gadus Linnaeus, 1758), placed on the
Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 794
Gadus Deshayes, 1861 (a junior homonym of Gadus Linnaeus, 1758), placed on the
Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 795
galbula Linnaeus, 1766, as published in the combination Oriolus galbula (a junior
objective synonym of oriolus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination
Coracias oriolus), placed on the Offi cial Index of Re ae and Invalid es
Names in Zoology with Name No. 350 :
Galene de Haan, [1833] Goa: Crustacea, Order Desaheda), comple of eae
given in Opinion 85 ; ,
Gallinago Brisson, 1760 (Class Aves), substitution of, on the eile: ist s Generic
Names in Zoology i in place of Gallinago Koch, 1816 ae
Gallinago Koch, 1816, removal of, from the Official List of Generic Names in
Zoology, on which placed by Opinion 67, and insertion of, on the Official Index
of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology as a junior homonym of, and a
junior objective synonym of, Gallinago Brisson, 1760, with Name No. 521
gallinago Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Scolopax gallinago (Class
Aves), placed on the Official List ef Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 945
Gammarus Fabricius, 1775 (Class Crustacea), placed on the Official List a Generic
Names in Zoology in Opinion 104, determination of gender of :
gammarus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Cancer gammarus (Class
Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placeec on the gene List Bl Speen Names in
Zoology with Name No. 1059 ..
Gampsonyx Jordan, 1847 (a junior homonym of Gampsonyx Vigors, 1825), placed
on the Official Index a vis pleas and Invalid Generic Names in pee with Name
No. 550 ; ;
garzetta Linnaeus, 1766, as published in the combination Ardea garzetta (Class
Aves), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 980
Gasterophilus Leach, 1817 (Class Insecta), placed on the Official List ae Generic
Names in Zoology in Opinion 106, determination of gender of
Gasterosteus Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Pisces), completion of Ruling given in Opinion 77
Page
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Volume 1, Section D
Gastrodiscus Cobbold, 1877 (Class Trematoda), placed on the ioe List ih Generic
Names in Zoology in Opinion 84, determination of gender of :
gaudichaudii Milne Edwards (H.), 1837, as published in the combination Platymera
gaudichaudii (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), Bere on the ssi List He
Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 824 :
gayi Milne Edwards (H.) & Lucas, [1844], as published in the combination
Acanthocyclus gayi (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), re on the pa
List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 765 F :
Gecarcinicus Dana, 1852 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Gecarcinucus Milne
Edwards (H.), 1844), placed on the A ae Index a ee and Invalid Generic
Names in Zoology with Name No. 481
Geryon Kreyer, 1837 es Crustacea, Order peer Oe) has wena of f Rue
given in Opinion 85 , 4
gigas Lamarck, 1818, as published in the combination Cancer gigas (Class Crustacea,
Order Decapoda), See on the Pe isi List me aa Names in siege with
Name No. 908 _ .. :
glaber Stimpson, 1858, as published in the combination Ptychognathus glaber (Class
Crustacea, Order Decapoda), Sears on the Ags List a Se Names in
Zoology with Name No. 912... a
glacialis Linnaeus, 1761, as published in the combination Procellaria glacialis (Class
Aves), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 983
gladius Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Xiphias gladius (Class
Pisces), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No.
1071 Me ey: a ee = nfs ms As a ce ae
glandarius Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Cuculus glandarius
(Class Aves), placed on the Open List en See? Names in aoe with Name
No. 973...
glanis Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Silurus glanis (Class Pisces),
placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 1089 _ .
glutinosa Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Myxine glutinosa (Class
Cyclostomata), placed on the peat List of ea a Names in ie with Name
No. 1063
Glycyphagus Hering, 1838 (Class Arachnida), placed on the Official List oy Generic
Names in Zoology in Opinion 104, determination of gender of ‘
Glyptograpsus Smith (S.1.), 1870 oat Crustacea, Order ie pee aii
of Ruling given in Opinion 85 ..
Glyptoplax Smith (S.1.), 1870 (Class Crustacea, Order arias a of
Ruling given in Opinion 85 ie : ;
a9
49
20
20
Wie
369
176
i
367
142
49
50
418 Opinions and Declarations
Gnathostoma Owen, 1837 (Class Nematoda), placed on the Official List ee Generic
Names in Zoology in Opinion 66, determination of gender of
Gobius Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Pisces), completion of Ruling given in Opinion 77
Gomeza Gray (J.E.), 1831 eects Crustacea, Order aii Sau aetna sa of Beat:
given in Opinion 85 :
Goneplat [Leach], [1814 ](an Invalid Original Spelling for Goneplax [Leach], [1814}),
placed on the Official Index o, bay ere and Invalid Generic Names in a
with Name No. 482 wv.
Goneplax [Leach], [1814] as Crustacea, Order ais tae, bites as of ca,
given in Opinion 85 :
Gonoplax Leach, 1815 (an Invalid Emendation of Goneplax [Leach], [1814]), placed
on the Official Index ay sac and Invalid Generic Names in Sfesihs ce: with Name
No. 483...
Gordius Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Nematomorpha), placed on the tor List ue Generic
Names in Zoology i in Opinion 66, determination of gender of
gracilipes White, 1847, as published in the combination Utica gracilipes (Class
Crustacea, Order Decapoda), pees on the , List 4 anes Names in
Zoology with Name No. 925... : . e
gracilipes Stimpson, 1858, as published in the combination Rhizopa gracilipes (Class
Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed & on the pce List Ee Sree Names in
Zoology with Name No. 915...
gracilipes Alcock, 1894, as published in the combination Platypilumnus gracilipes
(Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), are on the peat List el etc Names
in Zoology with Name No. 904..
granulatus de Haan, [1835], as published in the combination Cancer (Actaea)
granulatus (a junior homonym of granulatus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the
combination Cancer granulatus), placed on the Official Index eb Rejected and
Invalid Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 336 E 23
granulatus Rathbun, 1893, as published in the combination Oediplax granulatus
(Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), Des on the ikea I Last ot, SRC Names
in Zoology with Name No. 888
granulatus Rathbun, 1893, as published in the combination Scleroplax granulatus
(Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), ulin on the eicial List ud sais Names
in Zoology with Name No. 919.
granulosus Milne Edwards (A.), 1879, as published in the combination Pyxidognathus
granulosus (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), bleeet on the OS List of
Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 913
Page
159
340
59
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59
[55
24
20
Lie
. 61-62
Li.
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20
Volume 1, Section D
griseus Nilsson, 1821, as published in the combination Eurynorhynchus griseus (a
junior objective synonym of pygmaea Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the com-
bination Platalea pygmaea), placed on the Official Index ep iee and Invalid
Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 351 :
Grus Brisson, 1760 (Class Aves), substitution of, on the eee List aE Generic
Names in Zoology i in place of Grus Pallas, 1767 [recte 1766]
determination of gender of
Grus Pallas, 1767 [recte 1766], removal of, from the Official List of Generic Names
in Zoology, on which placed by Opinion 103, and insertion of, on the Official
Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in seats as a junior homonym of
Grus Brisson, 1760, with Name No. 764 : : :
grus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Ardea grus (Class Aves),
placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 1062
Gryllus Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Insecta), placed on the Official List a Generic Names
in Zoology in Opinion 104, determination of gender of
Gymnothorax Cuvier, [1800] (a nomen nudum), placed on the eae e Index | saci ase
and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 796
Gymnothorax Duda, 1923 (a junior homonym of Gymnothorax Bloch, 1795),
placed on the Official Index sa eet and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology
with Name No. 797 Re é shy ae ae F
gyrinus Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1837, deletion of, as specific name of type species
of Eleotris Schneider, 1801 (Class Pisces), from entry on Official List of Generic
Names in Zoology and substitution therefor of pisonis Gmelin ns Fs ed
Gobius (correction of Opinion 93) oe
habroptilus Gray (G.R.), 1845, as published in the combination Strigops habroptilus
(Class Aves), biaces on the ace List neh Brera Names in pa eey with Name
No. 1009
Haemadipsa Tennent, 1859 (Class Hirudinea), placed on the Official List as Generic
Names in Zoology in Opinion 104, determination of gender of
Haemaphysalis Koch, 1844 (Class Arachnida), placed on the ee List ay Generic
Names in Zoology in Opinion 73, determination of gender of ;
haematocheir de Haan, [1835], as published in the combination Grapsus (Pachysoma)
haematocheir (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), eas on the Bec List o.
Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 871
Haliaethus Lesson, 1831 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Haliaeetus Savigny,
1809), placed on the Official Index of mee and Invalid Generic Names in
Zoology with Name No. 551 ts
419
Page
220
321
321
321
321
141
345
345
342
180
{ey
143
15
216
420 Opinions and Declarations
Haliaétos Bonaparte, 1826 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Haliaeetus
Savigny, 1809), placed on the ose Index a peaics and Invalid Generic Names
in Zoology with Name No. 552..
Haliaetus Cuvier, 1816 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Haliaeetus Savigny,
1809), placed on the Official Index of Baected and Invalid Generic Names in
Zoology with Name No. 553 é
haliaetus Linnaeus, 1758 (Falco) (Class Aves) (a nominal species objectively identical
with Pandion fluvialis PO: pete type asa of Pandion oes 1809, under
Declaration 21... ;
placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 1021
Halimede de Haan, [1835] abs Crustacea, Order sb rcge rte comp Nene of te
given in Opinion 85 c
Halimede Rathke, 1843 (a junior homonym of Halimede de Haan, [1835]), placed
on the Official Index oe ae and Invalid Generic Names in nee with
Name No. 484 ; : ‘
Halimede Oberthuer & Houlbert, 1922 (a junior homonym of Halimede de Haan,
[1835]), placed on the Official Index is Roce and Invalid Generic Names in
Zoology with Name No. 485
harengus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Clupea harengus (Class
Pisces), Sa at on the Official 1 List of pace Names in ze with Name No.
1075 :
hardwickii Leach, 1817, as published in the combination Nursia hardwickii (Class
Crustacea, Order Decapoda), pace on the pains List ‘a BREE Names in
Zoology with Name No. 812...
harrisii Gould, 1841, as published in the combination Pilumnus harrisii (Class Crus-
tacea, Order Decapoda), ee on the ae List e ae Names in eee
with Name No. 914 ie
helias Pallas, 1781, as published in the combination Ardea helias (Class pes), nae
on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 982
Helice de Haan, [1833] es Crustacea, Order is Spaees Rae of er a
given in Opinion 85 ;
Helice Chambers, 1873 (a junior homonym of Helice de Haan [1833]), placed on the
Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 486
Heliornis Bonnaterre (Class we Cres sgt Boddaert, 1783, nee species of,
under Declaration 21 ;
correction of date of, from 1791 to 1790 pan ohare of Opinion 67)
Heliornis Billberg, 1820 (a junior homonym of Heliornis Bonnaterre, 1790), placed
on the Official Index past sei pic and Invalid Generic Names in n Zoology with Name
No:..554° x 3
Page
216
217
181
182
ai!
a9
59
369
KIT
51
59
181
213
217
Volume 1, Section D
Helix Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Gastropoda), placed on the Oaieial,t List of Generic
Names in Zoology i in Opinion 94, determination of gender of ‘
hemingi Alcock & Anderson, 1899, as published in the combination Benthochason
hemingi (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), mest on the Ngai List _ ee
Names in Zoology with Name No. 775 ‘
Hemiurus Rudolphi, 1809 (Class Trematoda), placed on the og List ae Generic
Names in Zoology in Opinion 77, determination of gender of
henslowii Leach, [1820], as published in the combination Polybius henslowii (Class
Crustacea, Order Decapoda), plaee se on the anita List non areas Names in
Zoology with Name No. 825...
Hepatella Smith (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), correction of date of, from
1870 to 1869, and of entry relating to type species of (correction of Opinion 73) ..
Hephthopelta Alcock, 1899 oS Crustacea, Order eee rebea)s abies tases of as
given in Opinion 85 \
hepsetus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Atherina hepsetus (Class
Pisces), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No.
1066 ie — - et: Be i te et ae re is
Heteroda Schmidt, 1871 (Class Nematoda), placed on the Official List aire Generic
Names in Zoology i in Opinion 104, determination of gender of
Heterophyes Cobbold, 1866 (Class Trematoda), placed on the ee List an Generic
Names in Zoology in Opinion 84, determination of gender of..
Hexapus de Haan, [1833] aes Crustacea, Order ‘asia ite ura re of bee:
given in Opinion 85 ;
hippurus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Coryphaena hippurus
(Class Pisces), placed on the eed List es ees Names in ane, with Name
No. 1076
hirtellus Linnaeus, 1761, as published in the combination Cancer hirtellus (Class
Crustacea, Order Decapoda), Bee ° on the OCI List ia Mins Names in
Zoology with Name No. 899...
hirtipes Heller, [1865], as published in the combination Pinnaxodes hirtipes (Class
Crustacea, Order Decapoda), ae on the One List des eee Names in
Zoology with Name No. 900...
Hirudo Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Hirudinea), placed on the Ocal F List of: Generic
Names in Zoology i in Opinion 75, determination of gender of
hispida Eydoux & Souleyet, 1842, as published in the combination Domecia hispida
(Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), peed on the Ofiiclaks List of Specific Names
in Zoology with Name No. 789..
155
54
51
368
7
195
51
eM
18
19
157
422 Opinions and Declarations
hoazin Miiller (P.L.S.), [1776], as published in the combination Phasianus hoazin
es paces on the al List ni heat Names in sa ies with Name
fe) 1
Holometopus Milne Edwards (H.), 1853 eats Crustacea, Order ata ee com-
pletion of Ruling given in Opinion 85
Holometopus Angelin, 1854 (a junior homonym of Holometopus Milne Edwards
(H.), 1853), placed on the Cue Index of ROG and Invalid Generic Names
in Zoology with Name No. 487.
Holopus d’Orbigny, 1837 (Class Crinoidea), placed on the as List cg Generic
Names in Zoology in Opinion 73, determination of gender of. .
Holothuria Linnaeus, 1767 (Class Holothuroidea), placed on the fee List gh
Generic Names in Zoology i in Opinion 80, determination of gender of ‘
Holothuriophilus Nauck, 1880 (Class Crustacea, Order wheerrct Mora of
Ruling given in Opinion 85 ais @
Homalaspis Reinhard, 1860 (Class Insecta, Order Hymenoptera), suppression of,
under the Plenary Powers, for the purposes both of the Law of Priority and of the
Law of Homonymy nae “2 an : : ee Be
placed on the Official Index rg ae and Invalid Generic Names in oe
with Name No. 755 .. a 2 :
Homalaspis Milne Edwards (A.), 1863 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed
on the Official List of Generic Names in sy ne es Opinion 85, substitution of
revised entry for 3
determination of gender of
Homalaspis Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1895 (a junior homonym of Homalaspis Milne
Edwards (A.), 1863), placed on the osc Index an Ree and Invalid Generic
Names in Zoology with Name No. 488
Homalaspis Kaier, 1932 (a junior homonym of Homalaspis Milne Edwards (A.),
1863), placed on the Official Index “A nee and Invalid Generic Names in
Zoology with Name No. 489...
Homarus Weber, 1795 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official
List of Generic Names in Zoology by Opinion 104, substitution of revised entry for
determination of gender of
Homarus Milne Edwards (H.), 1837 (a junior homonym of Homarus Weber, 1795),
placed on the Official Index 2 pines and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology
with Name No. 756 de :
Homarus Broun, 1881 (a junior homonym of Homarus Weber, 1795), placed on the
Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 490
Page
183
51
59
156
158
49
283
284
283
283
59
a2
295
295
295
59
Volume 1, Section D
horridus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Crotalus horridus (Class
Reptilia), placed on the ba aie List i epee Names in shai Na with Name
No. 1107 :
horridus Riippell, 1830, as published in the combination Oreophorus horridus (Class
Crustacea, Order Decapoda), Blaredue on the peal List eh Specie Names in
Zoology with Name No. 815...
Hyalomma Koch, 1844 (Class Arachnida), placed on the oe List ly Generic
Names in Zoology i in Opinion 73, determination of gender of :
Hydra Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Hydrozoa), placed on the Official List ats Generic
Names in Zoology i in Opinion 77, determination of gender of. . :
Hymenolepis Weinland, 1858 (Class Cestoda), placed on the nieiah: List a Generic
Names in Zoology in Opinion 77, determination of gender of F
Hypoderma Latreille, 1818 (Class Insecta), placed on the Official List of Generic
Names in Zoology in Opinion 106, determination of gender of :
Ibidorhinchus David, 1875 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Ibidorhyncha
Vigors, 1832), placed on the Official Index a poe and Invalid Generic Names
in Zoology with Name No. 555 uy
Ibidorhynchus Gray (G.R.), 1844 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for [bidorhyncha
Vigors, 1832), placed on the Official Index = HEMET and Inyalid Generic Names
in Zoology with Name No. 556.. oi
Iliacantha Stimpson, [1871] (Class Crustacea, Order og aud a ec of
Ruling given in Opinion 73 5 M Be : :
imitatrix Hilgendorf, 1869, as published in the combinaion Deckenia imitatrix
(Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), act on the ee List of le Names
in Zoology with Name No. 788.
impressus Smith (S.I.), 1870, as published in the combination Glyptograpsus
impressus (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), ps on the Paes List sd
Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 864
inaequipes Stimpson, 1858, as published in the combination Asthenognathus
inaequipes (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), en on the Coe List of
Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 843 j
indus Boddaert, 1783, as published in the combination Falco indus (Class Aves),
placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 1029 ..
integerrimus Lamarck, 1818, as published in the combination Cancer integerrimus
(Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), aaa te on the isles List on epee Names
in Zoology with Name No. 771.
Iphiculus White, 1847 (a nomen nudum), placed on the alas Index ae ere and
Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 491 4
IS?
LST
143
Za
217
14
12
183
60
424 Opinions and Declarations
Page
Iphiculus Adams & White (Class Crustacea, Order Gopatasens correction of date of,
from 1848 to [1849] (correction of Opinion 73) ; 56
Iphis Meigen, 1800 (Class Insecta, Order Diptera), suppression of, under the Plenary
Powers, for the purposes both of the Law of Priority and of the Lawof Homonymy 268
insertion of, on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in
Zoology with Name No. 754 “ aye e a ue as 267-268
Iphis Leach, 1817 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List Re
Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 73, substitution of revised entry for.. “ 267
determination of gender of si wii se = =" NG sfie os meee
Iphis Koch (C.L.), 1835 (a junior homonym of Jphis Leach, 1817), placed on the
Official Index of se tence and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No.
492 60
Iphis Laporte, 1836 (a junior homonym of Jphis Leach, 1817), placed on the Official
Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 493 .. 60
isenbeckii Brandt, 1848, as published in the combination Platycorystes (Podacanthus)
isenbeckii (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), tae on the ee List s
Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 793 ‘ 6
Ixodes Latreille, 1795 (Class Arachnida), sine on the Cia List o Generic Names
in Zoology in Opinion 73, determination of gender of. . 142
jacquemontii Milne Edwards (H.), 1844, as published in the combination
Gecarcinucus jacquemontii (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the
Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 796... Rs ae es
javanicus Horsfield, 1821, as published in the combination Eurylaimus javanicus
(Class Aves), placed on the Cae List bg sa ale Names in gs with Name
No. 981 .. 177
jurinei Saussure, 1853, as published in the combination Guaia (lia) jurinei (Class
Crustacea, Order Decapoda), aka on the ee List an SPEER Names in
Zoology with Name No. 805... 8
jurinii Bell, 1855, as published in the combination Leucosilia jurinii (an Erroneous
Subsequent Spelling for jurinei Saussure, 1853, as published in the combination
Guaia (Ilia) jurinei), placed on the Official Index ts Schad and Invalid og
Names in Zoology with Name No. 339 62
Lacerta Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Reptilia), completion of Ruling given in Opinion 92 341
lacertina Linnaeus, 1766, as published in the combination Siren lacertina (Class
Amphibia), placed on the RS List ed pectic, Names in nuZanlony with Name
No. 1104 373
Volume 1, Section D
Lachnopodus Stimpson, 1858 (Class Crustacea, Order Res rainy ee of
Ruling given in Opinion 85 : :
laevigata Milne Edwards (H.) & Lucas, as published in the combination
Pinnotherelia laevigata (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), correction of date of,
from 1843 to [1844] (correction of Opinion 85) a - , aq
placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 902
lambriformis Milne Edwards (A.), 1873, as published in the combination Merocryptus
lambriformis (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed 5 on the fee List of
Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 809 :
lamelligera Stimpson, 1858, as published in the combination Onychomorpha
lamelligera (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the ow List o
Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 814 : :
Latrodectus Walckenaer, 1805 (Class Arachnida), placed on the Official List o
Generic Names in Zoology i in Opinion 104, determination of gender of
lavaretus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Salmo lavaretus (Class
Pisces), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No.
1095 oa ne Ar urs ee oe oe ae oe Se sy
leeanus Rathbun, 1898, as published in the combination Lipaesthesius leeanus (Class
Crustacea, Order Decapoda), peccar’ on the iar wast List of es Names in
Zoology with Name No. 878 é ; : :
Lepas Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Crustacea), placed on the eds List os Generic Names
in Zoology in Opinion 77, determination of gender of 3
Lepidocyclina Giimbel, [1870] (Class Rhizopoda), placed on the Official List oh
Generic Names in Zoology i in Opinion 127, determination of gender of
Leptodius Milne Edwards (A.), 1863 ab asian Order pecenora) coinpienge
of waite given in Opinion 85 ..
Leucochila von Martens, 1860 (Class Gastropoda), placed on the Official List mi
Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 115, determination of gender of
leucorodia Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Platalea leucorodia
(Class Aves), pers on the eee List Ae Seige Names in ET oooey with Name
No. 998 ..
Leucosilia Bell, 1855 (Class Crustacea, Order ee correction of reference
for (correction of Opinion 73) . ; aes cf ioe a
Liagora Gistl, 1848 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling of Liagore de Haan, [1833],)
placed on the Official Index of aa and Invalid Generic Names in aban
with Name No. 494 : ne be ;
Liagore de Haan, [1833] Sree Crustacea, Order Se wiaiten) Hy eae of one
given in Opinion 85 :
425
Page
51
25
372
156
py!
ew!
by9
J
60
51
426 Opinions and Declarations
Libystes Milne Edwards (A.), 1867 Soi Crustacea, Order si case ei ere
of Ruling given in Opinion 85 ..
Ligula Bloch, 1782 (Class Cestoda), placed on the Official List ies Generic Names in
Zoology in Opinion 104, determination of gender of..
liguricus Milne Edwards (H.), 1853, as published in the combination Euchirograpsus
liguricus (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), Pre on the eae List a
Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 854 :
Limax Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Gastropoda), placed on the os List os Generic
Names in Zoology in Opinion 94, determination of gender of
Limnatis Moquin-Tandon, 1827 (Class Hirudinea), placed on the Official List of
Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 104, determination of gender of
limosa Say, 1818, as published in the combination Cancer limosa (Class Crustacea,
Order Decapoda), aa on the neal List cal Specie Names in A EOES with
Name No. 860...
Limulus Miller (O. F.), 1785 (Class Merostomata), placed on the Official List a
Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 104, determination of gender of
Liomera Dana, 1851 (Class Crustacea, Order De completoE of t Rute
given in Opinion 85 ‘ - i ae a , ;
Lipaesthesius Rathbun, 1898 (Class Crustacea, Order Baie paren es of
Ruling given in Opinion 85 ,
Lissocarcinus Adams & White, 1847 (a nomen nudum), placed on the Official Index
of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 495 ..
Lissocarcinus Adams & White (Class Crustacea, Order Vege eer correction of
date of, from 1848 to [1849] (correction of Opinion 73) : of a
Lithadia Bell, 1855 (Class Crustacea, Order peo correction of reference for
(correction of Opinion 73) eA : ay ae xs rz Ay
Lithostrotion Fleming, 1828 (Class Anthozoa), placed on the Official List is Generic
Names in Zoology in Opinion 117, determination of gender of :
Litocheira Kinahan, 1856 (Class Crustacea, Order tena basi Sea of RUNRE
given in Opinion 85 d a2
litteratus Fabricius, 1798, as published in the combination Cancer litteratus (Class
Crustacea, Order Decapoda), ee on the parnnan List . SP ean Names in
Zoology with Name No. 926...
Lophius Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Pisces), completion of Ruling given in Opinion 77 .
Lophopanopeus Rathbun, 1898 (Class Crustacea, Order rDecapen): eqriplesonis of
Ruling given in Opinion 85 ;
Page
51
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13
156
157
14
142
51
51
60
56
55
139
51
22
340
49
Volume 1, Section D
Lophopilumnus Miers, 1886 (Class Crustacea, Order ae riparia henge He of
Ruling given in Opinion 85 A ‘
lucius Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Esox lucius (Class Pisces),
placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 1093...
lugubris Alcock, 1899, as published in the combination Hephthopelta lugubris (Class
Crustacea, Order Decapoda), pen ae on the pica List ag Specific Names in
Zoology with Name No. 869...
Luidia Forbes, 1839 (Class Asteroidea), placed on the pe i List a Generic Names
in Zoology in Opinion 129, determination of gender of
Lumbricus Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Chaetopoda), placed on the a List ef Generic
Names in Zoology i in Opinion 75, determination of gender of :
lumpus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Cyclopterus lumpus (Class
Pisces), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No.
1077 a as: = ae 3 = ne ie a ae Ae
Lupocyclus White, 1847 (a nomen nudum), placed on the Official Index us Passi
and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 496
Lupocyclus Adams & White (Class Crustacea, Order Meigen correction of date
of, from 1848 to [1849] (correction of Opinion 73) ‘
lupus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Anarhichas lupus (Class
Pisces), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with*Name No.
1065 ee oe a we » on ae X fi ne i
Lybia Milne Edwards (H.), 1834 sare Crustacea, Order frag ee poh ar of
Ruling given in Opinion 85 A
lyra Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Callionymus lyra (Class Pisces),
placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 1073...
Lytoceras Suess, 1865 (Class Cephalopoda), placed on the Official List phi Generic
Names in Zoology i in Opinion 130, determination of gender of :
Mabouia Cuvier, 1829 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Mabuya (Rafinesque)
Fitzinger, 1826), placed on the Official Index of ea and Invalid Generic
Names in Zoology with Name No. 798 ;
Mabouya Duméril & Bibron, 1839 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Mabuya
(Rafinesque) Fitzinger, 1826), placed on the Official Index a Bre and Invalid
Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 799 s
Mabuia Cuvier, 1829 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Mabuya (Rafinesque)
Fitzinger, 1826), placed on the Official Index of pa and Invalid Generic
Names in Zoology with Name No. 800 ,
427
Page
49
371
15
158
iD
“56
368
51
369
159
345
345
345
428 Opinions and Declarations
Mabuya Rafinesque, 1815 (a nomen nudum), placed on the Official Index i area etit
and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 801
macgillivrayi White, 1852, as published in the combination Ommatocarcinus
macgillivrayi (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), cae on the has ese List 2
Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 889
Mactra Linnaeus, 1767 (Class Pelecypoda), placed on the ewan s List ot Generic
Names in Zoology i in Opinion 94, determination of gender of :
maculatus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Cancer maculatus (Class
Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Dasciaerd List S ine paas Names in
Zoology with Name No. 777... Bc
magna Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination A/lauda magna (Class Aves),
placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 1010 3.
major Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Parus major (Class Aves),
placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 994...
Malapterus Jarocki, 1822 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Malapterurus
Laceépéde, 1803), placed on the Official Index of pny and Invalid Generic
Names in Zoology with Name No. 802 .
Malapturus Swainson, 1838 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Malapterurus
Lacépéde, 1803), placed on the Official Index of kane and Invalid Generic
Names in Zoology with Name No. 803 ‘ :
mantellii Owen, 1848, as published in the combination Notornis mantellii (Class
Aves), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 990
Manucodia Boddaert, 1783 (Class Aves), Paradisea sel ere ih Forster, 1781,
type species of, under Declaration 21 .
marginalis Bloch, 1793, as published in the combination Epinephelus marginalis
(Class Pisces), placed on the Oita Vist ia epscigci) Names in neevlesy with Name
No. 1097
marinus Fabricius, 1775, as published in the combination Astacus marinus (a junior
objective synonym of gammarus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination
Cancer gammarus), placed on the Official Index ay Reecieg and Invalid RPE
Names in Zoology with Name No. 361
maximus Geoffroy, 1850, as published in the combination Aepyornis maximus (Class
Aves), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 952
media Koch, 1816, as published in the combination Gallinago media (a junior
objective synonym of gallinago Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination
Scolopax gallinago), placed on the Official Index “4 age and Invalid praeie”
Names in Zoology with Name No. 341
Page
345
17
158
180
178
345
345
178
181
Biz
296
175
98
Volume 1, Section D
melanochirus Milne Edwards (A.), 1873, as published in the combination Chlorodopsis
melanochirus (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), eajieeh on the eae Lisi a
Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 781 ; : :
meleagris Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Phasianus meleagris
(Class Aves), oly on the ee List nee ae Names in pees) with Name
Wo. 991 ..
Melybia Stimpson, [1871] mete Crustacea, Order gman a at of Fag
given in Opinion 85 g
mercurialis Merrem, 1820, as published in the combination Sphargis mercurialis (a
junior objective synonym of coriacea Linnaeus, 1766, as published in the com-
bination Testudo coriacea), placed on the Official Index off Rejected and Invalid
Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 365 8 ; a, a3 ie
Metacrinus Carpenter, 1882 (Class Crinoidea), placed on the oad List - Generic
Names in Zoology in Opinion 73, determination of gender of ‘
Metasesarma Milne Edwards (H.), 1853 ena Crustacea, Order Deo) com-
pletion of Ruling given in Opinion 85
Metopocarcinus Stimpson, [1871], (Class Laubach Order Decapoda), PCPs
of Ruling given in Opinion 85 .. ay : rf ne be
Micropanope Stimpson, [1871] ae Crustacea, Order ae buen of
Ruling given in Opinion 85 3
microps Alcock & Anderson, 1894, as published in the combination Xanthodes
microps (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), aed on the aaa List on en
Names in Zoology with Name No. 891
militaris Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Emberiza militaris (Class
Aves), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 1030
milneedwardsii Miers, 1886, as published in the combination Paracyclois milne-
edwardsii (Class Crustacea, Order caine Bina on the eg List a BREE
Names in Zoology with Name No. 817
minutus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Cancer minutus (Class
Crustacea, Order Decapoda), sabiets on the OO List ney Seow Names in
Zoology with Name No. 943... ‘
mocinno de la Llave, 1832, as published in the combination Pharomachrus mocinno
(Class Fakes pers on ‘the cla List rey a Names in ELON with Name
No. 996 ..
moebii Richters, 1880, as published in the combination Xenophthalmodes moebii
(Class Crustacea, Order oe air on the es List _ eee Names
in Zoology with Name No. 929.
Molgula Forbes, 1848 (Class Urochorda), placed on the Official List ie Generic
Names in Zoology in Opinion 94, determination of gender of :
429
Page
178
od
346
156
51
ai
51
18
183
23
178
an
158
430 Opinions and Declarations
Page
Moniezia Blanchard, 1891 (Class Cestoda), placed on the Omelet List ai Generic
Names in Zoology in Opinion 77, determination of gender of : LS
monstrosa Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Chimaera monstrosa
(Class Pisces), placed on the oiierar List Lee aia Names in neo es with Name
No. 1074 : 369
montagui [Leach], [1814], as published in the combination Pandalus montagui (Class
Crustacea, Order Decapoda), amen on the re Oees List al Speniiraie Names in
Zoology with Name No. 1039 .. 4 245
morhua Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Gadus morhua (Class
Pisces), kG on the cae List of ee Names in site ee with Name No.
1079 ; 369-370
Mormyrus Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Pisces), completion of Ruling given in Opinion 77 340
moschata Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Anas moschata (Class
Aves), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 964 ~—-175
Mugie Macklot, 1830 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Mugil Linnaeus, 1758),
placed on the Official Index a ae and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology
with Name No. 804 a : ia x. - ; 345
Mullus Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Pisces), completion of Ruling given in Opinion 77 340
muriger Adams & White, as published in the combination Tlos muriger (Class
Crustacea, Order Decapoda), correction of date of, from 1848 to [1849] (correction
of Opinion 73) ; aA : Be : : Bhs aie ei 24
placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 837 11
murigera White, 1846, as published in the combination Xanthasia murigera (Class
Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed 2 on the Ve List oe Specie Names in
Zoology with Name No. 927... : vas
Musca Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Insecta), placed on the A pad List a Generic Names
in Zoology in Opinion 82, determination of gender of : 142
Museum Boltenianum, 1798, authorship of, to be attributed to R6ding (P.F.) ; 2x0
addition of title of, to the ‘Official List a Works S quetaved as Available gies Zoological
Nomenclature with Title No. 26 257
Musophagus Bonnaterre, 1790 (an Invalid Emendation of Musophaga Isert, 1789),
placed on the Official Index af Haaged and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology
with Name No. 557 ee 210
Mustellus Fischer de Waldheim, 1813 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for
Mustelus Linck, 1790), placed on the Sola & Index “ Reraes and Invalid Generic
Names in Zoology with Name No. 805 346
Volume 1, Section D
mustelus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Squalus mustelus (Class
ls paces on the a eases List of Brena: Names in OMG with Name No.
1
Mya Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Pelecypoda), placed on the annie List a Generic Names
in Zoology in Opinion 94, determination of gender of
Myrodes Bell, 1855 (Class Crustacea, Order ere Nea correction of reference for
(correction. of Opinion 73) ta a vs
Mytilus Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Pelecypoda), placed on the Bisel List ef Generic
Names in Zoology i in Opinion 94, determination of gender of ‘
Nabis Latreille, [1802—1803] (Class Insecta), placed on the Official List “ Generic
Names in Zoology in Opinion 104, determination of gender of ;
narina Stephens, 1815, as published in the combination Trogon narina (Class Aves),
placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 955
neapolitana Kossmann, 1878, as published in the combination Paragalene
neapolitana (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), peeeaye on the Ratan List 2
Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 893 :
Nephrops [Leach] (Class Crustacea, Order Peco) correction of date of, from
1815 to [1814] (correction of Opinion 104) .. f af of et +e
Neritina Lamarck, 1816 (Class Gastropoda), placed on the Official List be: Generic
Names in Zoology i in Opinion 119, determination of gender of
niger Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Gobius niger (Class Pisces),
placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 1081
niger Miller (P.L.S.), [1776], as published in the combination Bucco niger (Class
Aves), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 965
niger Hartig, 1840, as published in the combination Figites niger (Class Insecta,
Order Hymenoptera), uaa on the ao List a Be Names in eee
with Name No. 1058
nigra Gmelin, 1788, as published in the combination Paradisea [sic] nigra (Class
Aves), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 960
nigricephala Jameson, 1835, as published in the combination Tanagra nigricephala
(Class Aves), placed on the alee List ate ae Names in fae ee with Name
No. 1034
nitidus Latham, 1790, as published in the combination Falco nitidus (Class Aves),
placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 1025
nitidus Stimpson, 1858, as published in the combination Sphaerozius nitidus (Class
Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the * Oaiecial List es eicaite Names in
Zoology with Name No. 921...
431
Page
372
158
55
156
14]
174
18
x7
158
370
175
284
174
184
183
21
432 Opinions and Declarations
nitidus Stimpson, 1859, as published in the combination Euryplax nitidus (Class
Crustacea, Order Decapoda), ty on the ee List bo ee Names in
Zoology with Name No. 8359 ;. f
nitidus Milne Edwards (A.), 1867, as published in the combination Libystes nitidus
(Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), shai on the a List a SPEER Names
in Zoology with Name No. 876..
nitidus Milne Edwards (A.), 1870, as published in the combination Catoptrus nitidus
(Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), Reece on the eee List 4) Spa Names
in Zoology with Name No. 847..
nitidus Smith (S.I.), 1870, as published in the combination Dissodactylus nitidus
(Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), ert ae on the pe List “a cree Names
in Zoology with Name No. 852..
nitidus Milne Edwards (A.), 1873, as published in the combination Notonyx nitidus
(Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), pee on the Bue List of Specie: Names
in Zoology with Name No. 887..
nobile Milne Edwards (A.), 1880, as published in the combination Trichopeltarion
nobile (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), pie de on the Sian: List of SERGI
Names in Zoology with ‘Name No. 840
nodosus Bell, 1855, as published in the combination Oreophorus nodosus (Class
Crustacea, Order Decapoda), isa on the Pi dias List re ee Names in
Zoology with Name No. 831...
norvegicus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Cancer norvegicus
(Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), ape on the eee go List e Retin Names
in Zoology with Name No. 934..
Notonecta Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Insecta), placed on the Official List 4 Generic
Names in Zoology i in Opinion 104, determination of gender of :
Notonyx Milne Edwards (A.), 1873 a Crustacea, Order Pecnpoa comes
of Ruling given in Opinion 85 ..
novaehollandiae Latham, 1801, as published in the combination Cereopsis novae-
hollandiae (Class Aves), placed ¢ on the Sane List ef pres Names in Ba
with Name No. 969 :
Numidia Forster, 1817 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Numida Linnaeus,
1764), placed on the Official Index ot i cheed and Invalid Generic Names in
Zoology with Name No. 558 3
Nursilia Bell, 1855 (Class Crustacea, Order Pe correction of reference for
(correction of Opinion 73) ce ? ae : a or x
Nycteribia Latreille, 1796 (Class Insecta), placed on the Official List cy Generic
Names in Zoology i in Opinion 128, determination of gender of ;
Page
14
16
12
13
17
12
14
22
143
51
175
at7
55
143
Volume 1, Section D
occidentalis Lawrence, 1858, as published in the combination Podiceps occidentalis
(Class ‘eke placed on the Cine: List my, elie Names in seas with Name
Mo, 951...
ocellaris Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Blennius ocellaris (Class
Pisces), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No.
1092 ee oe Li a6 ~ sR a ae Ae ha th:
Oedemagena Latreille, 1818 (Class Insecta), placed on the Giga! List oh Generic
Names in Zoology in Opinion 106 determination of gender of
Oediplax Rathbun, 1893 isa Crustacea, Order Poesia eee of etn >>
given in Opinion 85 :
oenas Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Columba oenas (Class Aves),
placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 944 :
Oestrus Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Insecta), placed on the Official List me Generic Names
in Zoology in Opinion 106, determination of gender of é ; ;
Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Family-Group Names in Zoology, names
placed on:
DOLICHOPIDAE Stephens (J.F.), 1809
DOLICHOPODES Latreille, 1809 ..
DOLYCHOPODAE Samouelle, 1819
Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology, names placed
on:
Acanthocyclus Dybowski, 1873
Acanthopus Oken, 1816
Acanthopus Dahl, 1823 ..
Acanthopus Latreille, 1829
Acanthopus de Haan, [1835]
Acanthopus Muenster, 1839
Acanthopus Giebel, 1872
Acanthopus Vernet, 1877
Acipenses Linck, 1790
Aegithia Blyth, 1860 ‘
Aix Agassiz (J.L.R.), 1846
Alauda Daudin, 1816...
Ampelis Nozeman & Vosmaer, 1758
Ammodytes Bonaparte, 1831 ¢
Anarhicas Latreille, 1804
Aptenodita Bonnaterre, 1791
Aptenodites Lesson, 1837 Bas
Aptenodyta Gmelin (J.F.), 1788
Aptenodytes Forster (J.R.), 1777
Asthenognathus Bocourt, 1884 ..
Asthenognathus Broom, 1915
Aulacorhynchus Dittmar, 1872
Bathynectes Guenther, 1878
Bathynectes Brinkman, 1913
433
Page
173
371
141
51
86
141
269
269
434 Opinions and Declarations
Page
Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology, names placed
on (contd.) :
Bellia Bate, 1851 Pe ant - ae ie ae < 2s 58
Bellia Gray (J.E.), 1869 . we ate aa ad ae a ae iv 58
Bellia Tutt, 1902 . Ye >. ve Ea a¥ ae te 58
Brotogerys Agassiz (J.L. R. we 1846 oe ee as ae a a5 UEDTS
Calliongmus Linck, 1790 : a a ee ae 5 qs os 343
Callionimus Gouan, 1770 Ne oie Me as mA me om «3° ~343
Capella Frenzel, 1801 er os Lo ae y ‘ a as 97
Capella Keyserling & Here 1840 =e a Kas As oa ays =F 97
Caphyra Barrande, 1846 ie x ae a ae Bg a 58
Capito Gistl, 1848 ; oe. A if Ke Me oe - on ots
Cathartes d’Orbigny, [1835] avs = fl th ae a. 38 reid
Centrocerus Fitzinger, 1843 a ae ot se oh oe a sy eelS
Cephalopterus Risso, 1810 47. i * oa hee a S&S SLES
Cephalopterus Powrie, 1870 a: i Le 5 # st ae ot pe
Chauna Loew, 1847 ne - Ae os Ae bs a sh LenS
Chimaera Poli, 1791 ae : we oe Ae es oe ve ae 343
Chimaera Ochsenheimer, 1808 ue he se Oe ve = .3| 385
Chimaera Hitchcock, 1858 8 ie ie ae e i: ee .. ‘343
Chimaira Duméril, 1856 by at Bs HA Ho vee MBAS
Chlorodopsis Milne Edwards (A. ), 1863 ie e a ee as ae 58
Chrysolophus Swainson, 1837 .. & Le i se on ia) ele
Clamator Blyth, 1852... fie see =e Wy, Re a he aa | BAIG
Coerebra Boie, 1826 Et by fe s oe bs Ne bre .. V2L6
Columbus Linnaeus, 1758 We he oe, =e we os Pe a3! 86
Columbus [Tunstall], 1771 a Re mA oz a “ es e 86
Coregonus Lacépéde, 1803 a Ss es Ae be A oe ig TAS
Coregonus Jarocki, 1822.. a oe i mal > se oot 343
Coriudo Fleming, 1822 .. ee of + gt cn on 2. "343
Coryhaena Stiles, 1922 .. bm a a fe’ ah wi se wan 349
Coryphaena Coues, 1889 < we ae ba Se ue as vs | ga
Coturnix Cuvier, 1800 .. As af es ue ie ce J ry SG
Cyclopterus Marseul, 1872 ve ki i 8 se ate i 8 344
Cyrtograpsus Carruthers, 1867 .. - 7 ae a hs Bre Se 59
Dermatochelys Wagler, 1830... a ee bye a = aE .. 344
Dermochelis Lesueur, 1829 2 a a a Bis ee bic ies 344
Diodon OReilly, 1818 .. of ey a ae oe - fe che 344
Diodon Lesson, 1828 Ke Ad Es aD =h ae ae amt nS 344
Diodon Lesson, 1830 : Be ier ae Fe es ae .. 344
Dolichopus Van der Hoeven, [1856] * :3 fs a oe - 32 268
Dolychopus Samouelle, 1819 ae Ae oh a we Mae 4A Set 26S
Draco Gouan, 1770 ae a ae Pa ah ae as 2 le 344
Draco Oken, 1816 ae i a os om a ay =; .. 344
Eleotris Gronovius, 1763 58 at of, et 3 Ah oe 94d.
Eucrate Rafinesque, 1815 7 a ran i sk me mi me 34)
Eurylaemus Gloger, 1841 As “s % a 3 Aes fe aa 216
Eurynorhinchus Lafresnaye, 1842 aif ae ae a3 oh me AG
Eurynorynchus Reichenbach, 1852 ae Be 2 me ip on app phew AS
Euryplax Klapalek, 1909 oe +h ie ap 4 ir) n, hee 59
Eurypygia Swainson, 1837 Bas re se =a ie eu By a NG
Fistularia Forskal, 1775 .. ee sp ue a BS a Ne .. 344
Fistularia Miller (O.F.), 1776 .. a, gi ay ne abd Ri af AA
Fistularia Lamarck, 1816 a sh 58 a Ms “a ch .. 344
Fistularia Blainville, 1830 Y, - os mM ae M me .. 344
Fistularia Bowerbank, 1841 ‘. s Hs zt be Me AP nadke | 2,
Gadus Dejean, 1821 re ne ae 4 ze a ~ an es 345
Gadus Rang, 1829 hy ik 5% a a ah =p =r PPS AS
Gadus Deshayes, 1861 .. i a ae aN 4c Ab £2 Sie (2
Gallinago Koch, 1816 .. Bax oe ze af m nis a Ae 97
Volume 1, Section D 435
Page
Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology, names placed
on (contd.) :
Gampsonyx Jordan, 1847 de 3% ae af — oe 7 PDS
Gecarcinicus Dana, 1852 3 in s -— ot yi ar ie 59
Goneplat | Leach], [1814] - au aa cd a “a 4 a 59
Gonoplax Leach, 1815 .. ca ay Bi ats a o. - 7 59
Grus Pallas, 1767 [recte 1766] .. be = 7 A Le re 9 321
Gymnothorax Cuvier, [1800] .. * se a fe th e id 345
Gymnothorax Duda, 1923 a an cd ae >. ae, y ohh 345
Haliaethus Lesson, 1831 a aa Se aa ne eA i; a 216
Haliaétos Bonaparte, 1826 ee ne - Se a a ie = 216
Haliaetus Cuvier, 1816 .. in aie ic Jk i Ae . came | ie
Halimede Rathke, 1843 7 eg os Se bs fe 59
Halimede Oberthuer & Houlbert, 1922 a - ai 3% ee fri 59
Helice Chambers, 1873 .. f se Bi, _ 40 st ae 59
Heliornis Billberg, £820» . a of ie ie a Ae Be + See?
Holometopus Angelin, 1854 - fe ue Bs Ht be an oe 59
Homalaspis Reinhard, 1860 is oe te ad a me 2 ©6283
Homalaspis Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1895. ri ae e am 3 59
Homalaspis Kaier, 1932 oe aud a fe on og of 59
Homarus Milne Edwards (H. ay ($37). ar . a A Ze 21 295
Homarus Broun, 1881 .. ore aie ae ee he es a 59
Ibidorhinchus David, 1875 2 ats 8 att # ae Le Oe
Ibidorhynchus Gray es R:); 1844 a iP 8 s4 by Pe Pee ae 2),
Iphiculus White, 1847... ws oa in ae by ? oF 60
Iphis Meigen, 1800 ay ae F ws se 5A it 267-268
Iphis Koch (C.L.), 1835 . we Ke ad ey <a ae oe Ay 60
Iphis Laporte, 1836 te ie ie af ae Ay Q A +. 60
Liagora Gistl, 1848 ’ oe wh a oe 2 ue * 60
Lissocarcinus Adams & White, 1847... as at 3 AS 7 A 60
Lupocyclus White, 1847 . ye es of a = of ie 4 60
Mabouia Cuvier, 1829. A, 33 3 ee ay # x 345
Mabouya Duméril & Bibron, 1839 fa ns sé Sa * Fas 345
Mabuia Cuvier, 1829... se - we ie id me ee 345
Mabuya Rafinesque, 1815 fe ea 4 Be ae As bes .. 345
Malapterus Jarocki, 1822 Af: m we ae ae ae fe a 345
Malapturus Swainson, 1838 is ayn sits - Se fe i me 345
Mugie Macklot, 1830 wi f ie = oy Me oe oe. ne 345
Musophagus Bonnaterre, 1790 . : ee ae fe 4 BE if 217
Mustellus Fischer de Waldheim, 1813 ays MM Es AY ns 20'/ 0S46
Numidia Forster, 1817 .. : ay a tes oF oy. a Wee a)
Ophidion Pomel, 1853... as ye ne ie rh ie ae Py 346
Ophidium Linnaeus, 1766 si ae ua “ ry LS: Bai ar 346
Pachycephala Klug, 1834 ; Ei Me a = a ay Arie 3
Pachycephala Doleschall, 1858 . ar oy Re *. oF ae Remi?)
Pachycephala Lioy, 1864 be a7 oe sa ae Yr At eases:
Pachycephala Broun, 1881 fe Be ae a Pa ¥: M: Ph AZ
Pachycephala Fairmaire, 1883 .. cf ae os * ‘? re a!
Pachycephalus Stephens, 1826 .. ne 4. ae a AM ALS
Pandalus Leach, [1815] (Malac. Podophth. Brit.) J et ie oe 245-246
Pandalus Leach, 1815 (Trans. linn. Soc. Lond. ) oe ce a e 245-246
Parotica Wagler, 1827" ae fe fe of a Pre 55 UT
Persephona Leach, 1852 aie a ies a3 22 ae * 8 60
Pezoporus Klug, [1842] a Ws Bs “a es ee eh ze a 218
Pezoporus Foerster, 1868 - ar wg a ae } a” Ag 218
Pilumnus Rafinesque, 1815 tg it oy Ae aa ia es a 60
Pilumnus Dejean, 1821 .. ps 33 v2 up 2 ee xe a 60
Pilumnus Koch (C.L.), 1837... - ae iM: Efe 4h aM! ue 60
Pilumnus Gistl, 1848 de wd 53 3 a ie a ar er 60
Pilumnus Bonaparte, 1854 is. Be re as is. #. BH ss 60
436 Opinions and Declarations
Page
Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology, names placed
on (contd.) :
Pinnotheres Latreille, Samia a4 i ax At ae a. 235-236
Planes Saussure, 1862 ry a ae oe as * * eae 60
Planes Rondani, 1864 .. ee * ae ae ne rs a = 60
Podacanthus Brandt, 1848 te a Mf ys te - ee Gs 60
Podophtalmus Lamarck, 1801 .. oy as ae 3% sy ae se 61
Polydectus Rafinesque, 1815... A fe! Me By: srs os a 61
Pseudopinnixa Holmes, 1895... a: Ne e oa + “ti i 61
Psittacus Catesby, 1777 ate ae se ae Pe cA bys sn ele
Pteroglossus Chaudoir, 1843 .. ais vi ia a" on i tha ee
Ptilorhis Agassiz (J.L.R.), 1846 xe a a te ce ee ci: Melee
Ptilorhys Bonaparte, 1854 and BE ne me a es ~ andy Ag een
Ptilornis Gray (G.R.), 1869 nh ae aa ny ~ he oe ate, speed
Ptychognathus Owen, 1860 ae Ml me Ae ye Ae dis a 61
Siren Hermann, 1783 sd a! Be 3 ngs a! ngs mt 346
Sirena Fischer de Waldheim, 1808 oy. at m3 Se t: ae ei 346
Sirene Oken, 1816 ; Vis By. ate is, ae Bx rv 346
Sphargis Merrem, 1820 Ae aps mA a rs oe es a 346
Strigopsis Bonaparte, 1849 ne mes oe ee By ae se Stein ees
Stringops Finsch, 1867 ef = ie a3 ah oe <tieep ene
Stringopsis van der Hoeven, 1855 45 ai oe = ro a cacent deli
Strygops Des Murs, [1853] te bl u ‘4 Res st cc Shit sakes
Syngnathus Rafinesque, TS1D Vit, oe Pe is ne Ne on be 346
Telmessus Stal, 1866 ah & ay a uN a a8 33 io 61
Teuthys Lamarck, 1790 sf ny ve te a ae aye Pome
Tlos White, 1847 it ne oe yi! wa x4 “ic *e 61
Trichodactylus Dufour, 1838 whe ae fis ate ue we cS 61
Utica Hewitson, [1865] . ie wy a Sis i ae a? ) 61
Valdivia Ragonot, 1888 .. ie me; Py a. se oe x ae 61
Valdivia Shannon, 1927 . yy ave ae a he + 1% Na 61
Zosimus Schaufuss, 1886 te be ne BG at an be 61
Zozymus Milne Edwards (H.), is34° Aes abe he 2. ss id 61
Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology, names placed on :
alleghaniensis Harlan, 1825, Abranchus * ae as te . 5 yang SLE
annulicornis Leach, [1815], Pandalus .. oe ¥ ce tat as 2 a pe ee
argus Temminck, 1807, Polyplectron .. Bf ie ie ar: es oa phat
chalybea Boddaert, 1783, Manucodia .. 2 Ed, ~~ I ms Jina Lge
chalybeata Stiles, 1916, Paradisea u a ai ~ = eo Skink ele
communis Bonnaterre, 1791, Coturnix os aa spe oe oe pe 219
fluvialis Savigny, 1809, Pandion. . ate sr ne gl ae a are ees
formosus Latham, 1790, Psittacus oe he & ais a a Sot hehe
fulicarius Bonnaterre, 1790, Heliornis PA “2 ie we i. eae et
galbula Linnaeus, 1766, Oriolus : 3 a oh me 7 on: Meee
granulatus de Haan, [1835], Cancer (Actaea) AS i 7 so ae .. 61-62
griseus Nilsson, 1821, atau als Ab at zi * 5c eee
Jurinii Bell, 1855, Leucosilia sia : + My che i - 3 62
marinus Fabricius, 1775, Astacus ae ax af Ne Ae we pene 22)
media Koch, 1816, Gallinago ro] Me Me: a Re ‘te ies. ee 98
mercurialis Merrem, 1820, Sphargis .. owe Eis aa LE pat ae 346
pennanti Leach, [1817], Ebalia es nie ie a Mh ee be 62
psophia Pallas, 1767, Grus : Sp oe At ow Ps Semen 6 |
Savignii Milne Edwards (H.), 1834, Cancer .. as ae a aes ae 24
tresselata Milne Edwards, (H.), 1834, Lybia .. ste ae ae ie mn 62
vigil Fabricius, 1798, Portunus : Es =f Zz wes a 62
vulgaris Milne Edwards (H.), 1837, Homarus’ ne hs ba oe os) eo
Volume 1, Section D 437
Page
Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Works in Zoological Nomenclature, titles of
works placed on :
[Tunstall (M.)], 1771, Ornithologia britannica 85
Official List of Family-Group Names in Zoology, names placed on:
DOLICHOPODIDAE (correction of DOLICHOPODES) Latreille, 1809 268
Official List of Generic Names in Zoology, names already placed on, corrections and
additions to entries concerning, exclusive of determination of gender of names
placed on:
Acipenser Linnaeus, 1758 oe 339
Acmaeopleura Stimpson, 1858 .. 50
Actaea de Haan, [1833] .. =,
Actumnus Dana, 1851 55
Alauda Linnaeus, 1758 .. 213
Asthenognathus Stimpson, 1858 50
Atergatis de Haan, [1833] ao
Atergatopsis Milne Edwards (A. ), 1862. 55
Bathynectes Stimpson, [1871] .. re 54
Bathyplax Milne Edwards oe L880 <. 50
Blennius Linnaeus, 1758 P ve 341
Calamaria Boie, 1826 342
Callionymus Linnaeus, TPIS: | ss 339
Camptandrium Stimpson, 1858 . 50
Camptoplax Miers, 1884 50
Caphyra Guérin-Meéneville, 1832 54
Catoptrus Milne Edwards (A. ), 1870 50
Ceratoplax Stimpson, 1858 ey 50
Chasmagnathus de Haan, [1833] 50
Chasmocarcinus Rathbun, 1898 49
Chimaera Linnaeus, 1758 339
Chlorodopsis Milne Edwards (A. y 1873. 53
Clistocoeloma Milne Edwards (A.), 1873 50
Clupea Linnaeus, 1758 a A Ls ses 340
Coryhaena Linnaeus, 1758; correction of, to Coryphaena ht Bs a 341-342
Coryphaena Linnaeus, 1758 : oe ae 340
Coturnix Bonnaterre, 1790 181
Crotalus Linnaeus, 1758 341
Cyclodius Dana, 1851 .. 53
Cyclopterus Linnaeus, 1758 339°
Cymo de Haan, [1833] 56
Cyprinus Linnaeus, 1758 340
Cyrtograpsus Dana, 1851 50
Dermochelys Blainville, 1816 342
Desmognathus Baird, (1850)... 341
Dissodactylus Smith (S.1.), 1870 50
Durckheimia de Man, 1889 49
Ebalia Leach, [1817] 53
Eleotris Schneider, 1801 342
Epixanthus Heller, 1861 50
Esox Linnaeus, 1758; 341
Euchirograpsus Milne Edwards (H. ); 1853 50
Eucrate de Haan, [1835] ; 50
Eucratodes Milne Edwards (A. ), 1880 50
Eucratopsis Smith (S.1.), 1869. 50
438 Opinions and Declarations
Page
Official List of Generic Names in Zoology, names already placed on, corrections and
additions to entries concerning, exclusive of determination of gender of names
placed on (contd.) :
Euryetisus Cano, 1889 .. re as ch. ye at <% z rae 49
Eurynorhynchus Nilsson, 1821 .. sie wh Eee ve Pi iy - 181
Euryplax Stimpson, 1859 Ae x = hes ies a. do. LA 50
Eurytium Stimpson, 1859 7; se ba ae ae os 4 a: 49
Fabia Dana, 1851 Ae 2 = ee ef a =e ck a 50
Fulmarus Stephens, 1826 on ae see oa oe nS OF ine ope
Gadus Linnaeus, 1758 .. Ap Se ‘i + sf ae ee ee 340
Galene de Haan, [1833] .. ae ee an ae 's x a ae 50
Gasterosteus Linnaeus, 1758... aes ~~ ak + sf Ls “ 340
Geryon Kr@yer, 1837... a avs ae 2 o ae Pe 49
Glyptograpsus Smith (S.I.), 1870 £. Ris ies ve aA es si 49
Glyptoplax Smith (S.I.), 1870 .. ‘a ie oh ve ” a a 50
Gobius Linnaeus, 1758 ay ig “8 a ste a bt - 340
Gomeza Gray (J.E.), 1831 es ae Bat Sd a a aa y 50
Goneplax [Leach], [1814] ae fe a zt a es xe a 49
Halimede de Haan, [1835] =e Ae “ a “a ‘y she ee 5k
Helice de Haan, [1833] .. we et Pe Re - ay m eg 51
Heliornis Bonnaterre, 1790 De me ats at ae - re 181, 213
Hepatella Smith, 1869 .. as on ~ af a te ae oe 54
Hephthopelta Alcock, 1899 #: she oe 4 ahd = ws av
Hexapus de Haan, [1833] : a € fe - oe ae |
Holometopus Milne Edwards (H. a 1853 iat aH EH wah Ad te 51
Holothuriophilus Nauck, 1880 .. : at am je * a Ne 49
Homalaspis Milne Edwards (A. )s 1863. Ae A na ae a% ery 8
Homarus Weber, 1795 .. : mA me as bh oh Aare See
Tliacantha Stimpson, [1871] ; ak op ax ne sg ¢ if 33
Iphiculus Adams & pt [1849 He i She vs des ss zi 56
Iphis Leach, 1817 ¥: te ae a at 3% uke em
Lacerta Linnaeus, 17158... me Si os i2 as ne a2 ses St
Lachnopodus Stimpson, 1858 ne ae a e 3 os oY. 51
Leptodius Milne Edwards (A. ds 1863... oe a a sik y, ke af
Leucosilia Bell, 1855 13 ee Af ee Le . me $y 55
Liagore de Haan, [1833].. mi ae be x - oo 5 51
Libystes Milne Edwards (A.), {S67 ae are a ue tb ae 51
Liomera Dana, 1851 Be zp me Le ae ee we wh 51
Lipaesthesius Rathbun, F898 2 y [2 y - J a ve Si
Lissocarcinus Adams & White, (1849) oe ahs ie 9: sie bo 56
Lithadia Bell, 1855 ; : ne Send a; ne Ee he 55
Litocheira Kinahan, 1856 bt Be ae ae sa) as Le va 51
Lophius Linnaeus, 1758 ss ce a wi Re 8 a oon 340
Lophopanopeus Rathbun, 1898 .. an ee = an oa a a 49
Lophopilumnus Miers, 1886 ae es s ea a. de si 49
Lupocyclus Adams & White, [1849] .. eG or Ae — a a 56
Lybia Milne Edwards (H.), 1834 i Ae ee ‘8 He As ci 51
Manucodia Boddaert, 1783 xe, f. ce a s iy it ve 181
Melybia Stimpson, [1871] : ee te a Ms % $3 2) |
Metasesarma Milne Edwards (H. Y 1853 be ne * a3 ie ee 51
Metopocarcinus Stimpson, [1871] nhs oe Lt ae es A td a1
Micropanope Stimpson, [1871] .. Ze se a a "a ft a 51
Mormyrus Linnaeus, 1758 av of a + by im ne Re ate
Mullus Linnaeus, 1758 ie 5 ees ay a ae. Ins 340
Myrodes Bell, 1855 Pi : et 7 ae Se Me nd wis 55
Nephrops [1 each, [1814] st ays as fe bh $. we 57
Notonyx Milne Edwards (A.), ce7gc Si an as e a S1
Nursilia Bell, 1855 4 on i at me tk ft id 55
Oediplax Rathbun, 1893 oe on = on $6 Le ne is 51
Ommatocarcinus White, S52 ee at Ds a bs ae ce = 51
Ophidion Linnaeus, 1758 a, at bs ee zs - ey bg 341
Volume 1, Section D 439
Page
Official List of Generic Names in Zoology, names already placed on, corrections and
additions to entries concerning, exclusive of determination of gender of names
placed on (contd.) :
Opisthopus Rathbun, 1893 ey ss y ; m Ss pe at 51
Oriolus Linnaeus, 1766 .: Si a if “« e, %, ff Li 181
Orphnoxanthus Alcock, 1898 .. ate ae a ny ne ve ar 51
Pandion Savigny, 1809 .. uP aN a3 he a’ #9 ce mS 181
Panoplax Stimpson, [1871] my Hes Ae a 3 a be ats 51
Paragalene Kossmann, 1878 .. Fa iat af nu! ar by, a, 51
Parapanope de Man, 1895 oh a2 Bsr Lge a fe a: +, 51
Parapleurophrycoides Nobili, 1906 ; ne Me i st mit 51
Paraxanthus Milne Edwards (H.) & Lucas, [1844] - ae “ig an .ic) SES
Pariphiculus Alcock, 1896 ne rt Et ee He a4 53
Perca Linnaeus, 1758 er oe ee site a oe ae. cs ae 340
Percnon Gistl, 1848 Be af = te chs ch 7 me rl 52
Perigrapsus Heller, 1862 AS as Oe on Fal a8 Rs at 52
Persephona Leach, 1817. i 3 ae ae a Py a ty 53
Phlyxia Bell, 1855 ng ats ad £Y, 2 Dao
Pilumnoides Milne Edwards (H. ) & Lucas, [1844] ce a vp: ” oi SRST
Pilumnus Leach, 1815... eee a ve st i 2
Pinnaxodes Heller, [1865] he " oes Eis ae a 1 ve 50
Pinnixia White, 1846 . oe Y sz Ea ae 50
Pinnotherelia Milne Edwards (H. ) & Lucas, [1844] oe aa ms ee ac hoe eT
Planes Bowditch, 1825 .. , DF = a; ‘ig Ae 52
Platychirograpsus de Man, 1896 ay: ct “es ie 4, 4% Ay: 50
Platypilumnus Alcock, 1894 ; be ae ae ot He a 50
Platyxanthus Milne Edwards (A. ), 1863 as 2 rat ee on i 52
Polydectus Milne Edwards (H.), 1837 . a) 7 ae Pcl se 32
Polyplectron Temminck, 1807 .. at Bre! * re ar a 182
Prionoplax Milne Edwards cE.) 1852 . oh a 4 eh - - 24
Pseudocarcinus Milne Edwards os y ic) ee Ae - ae Bi: ah 3
Pseudophilyra Miers, 1879 : oe an a = ats ee 53
Pseudopinnixa Ortmann, 1894 .. i ae oe Be a ar 52
Pseudorhombila Milne Edwards (TA.), 137 e We i it, $% 49
Psopheticus Wood-Mason, 1892 a ae sc x x te 52
Ptychognathus Stimpson, 1858 Ay pe of ye at = 52
Pyxidognathus Milne Edwards (A.), 1879 ae oh. sf i Pe ae SZ
Rhithropanopeus Rathbun, 1898 ae 2g ie - mn a4 a. 52
Rhizopa Stimpson, 1858 a : a Rr. “e fe: 52
Ruppellioides Milne Edwards (A. ), 1867 : 7 <i 22 + = 52
Salmo Linnaeus, 1758 .. fe v re Bs 23140
Samaritium Dana, tsb : i we a Se vi 33 a a 52
Scalopidia Stimpson, 1858 at an ee ae: ie ae bag 52
Scleroplax Rathbun, 1893 ce +. ve ay ‘a a 4. vs 52
Scomber Linnaeus, 1758.. a es si av 7 we ie ea 340
Scorpaena Linnaeus, 1758 eg te & ms ry se i, 7 340
Scylla de Haan, [1833] .. < ye ae Ce Kt if 2 di 56
Silurus Linnaeus, MISS) G: Re ae = be ee LS ig oo
Speloeophorus Milne Edwards (A. Je 1865 20 is ol se . Mave DS
Speocarcinus Stimpson, 1858 .. te a i <a 3 Lied 52
Sphaerozius Stimpson, 1858 __.... ee a ts a se a aes 2
Syngnathus Linnaeus, 1758 ae 3 if at is be ae a 340
Tetraxanthus Rathbun, 1898 .. es ahs nt ote ae ae oe: a2
Tetrias Rathbun, 1898 .. ba te a ~~ ae 7 52
Thalamitoides Milne Edwards (A. Vs 1869 +f i a. oF se A 54
Thalamonyx Milne Edwards (A.), 1873 we ah 1% HE ae Y: 54
Thaumastoplax Miers, 1881 Se ; ed “ae Be ag 7 ae 50
Tlos Adams & White, 1849 a) a ne oe be J Ar als 56
Trichodactylus Latreille, ae i ee Ae j2 te a a8 56
Utica White, 1847 a ; ~ iY i ae a ” t 52
440 Opinions and Declarations
Page
Official List of Generic Names in Zoology, names already placed on, corrections and
additions to entries concerning, exclusive of determination of gender of names
placed on (contd.) :
Varuna Milne Edwards (H.), 1830 a ov; ne af a a a 2
Xanthasia White, 1846 .. ia ef x ae a ae we 52
Xanthodius Stimpson, 1859 Ais tie es ee oe on A 53
Xenophthalmodes Richters, 1880. ae ~ ue - Se - taf 50
Xenophthalmus White, 1846 ie ae te ve ae a as of 53
Zeus Linnaeus, 1758 ws af oe a sn ae ag a i 340
Zosimus Leach, 1823 ae oe af a Be rs & ee in 53
Zozymodes Heller, 1861 .. Se me Mie Ps om oe he ae 52
Official List of Generic Names in Zoology, names already placed on, determination
of gender of :
Agasoma Gabb, [1869] .. Ma ny a sh se As i ah 159
Amblyomma Koch, 1844 x a5 * re rhe a 2 at 144
Ancylostoma Dubini, 1843 ae a A ae # ae = oe SS
Anodonta Lamarck, 1799 we an xe We a a = uh 158
Anoplocephala Blanchard, 1848.. os ze oF ra A ass as 157
Antedon Fréminville, 1811 oe A i Ay 9: . a fe 158
Anthocoris Fallén, 1814 .. a < ie a ue ie a an 141
Arcella Ehrenberg, [1830] se ft ity ea wy ae a ros 156
Argas Latreille, 1795 Pe ak = a a ns re bi ae 142
Argonauta Linnaeus, 1758 4 A; 5% Aa # Ie 156
Armadillidium Brandt & Ratzeburg, 1831] an A, fe i. a af 143
Ascaris Linnaeus, 1758 .. .& A me a ad 1 1S7
Avicularia Lamarck, 1818 * oa ah ee # aed as seg 143
Bathycrinus Thomson, O72 He & * rt se te ut A; 156
Blatta Linnaeus, 1758 .. a Sh £% Ms a my a ZY 143
Botryllus Gaertner, 1774 ae fe iy re re Hi as oy 156
Buccinum Linnaeus, 1758 e ¥ he 2: ad, if) eho ae 159
Bursaria Miller, 1773... fos = a oe 4 Es # f, 156
Calyptraea Lamarck, 1799 oe sy ss Le Lt it ii ae 157
Cephenemyia Latreille, 808° ee: #4 " me As ay ef ae 143
Cerion Réding, 1798 me me ot a fe a * th - 159
Cheyletus Latreille, 1796 - in Hi ie. fe a 142
Chorioptes Gervais & van Beneden, 1859 ie be id = ats a8 142
Cimex Linnaeus, 1758 .. : ak a ae ig * a te 141
Clausilia Draparnaud, [1805]. 4 at 3 - = Xs #e sf 158
Clavelina Savigny, 1816 .. =f ch a5. aA a: ine 4 x 158
Columbella Lamarck, 1799 % a os ae 4 H ae es: isi)
Cryptobranchus Leuckart, 1821 = = ‘% te bt ae of 2s
Davainea Milne Edwards ahh 1869 =. of = sid a as 4 LF
Demodex Owen, 1843... sie fs ote i a 142
Dendryphantes Koch, 1837 ss ay oe: af by kg As A 142
Dentalium Linnaeus, 1758 oy “e is ns = ae on ea 159
Dermacentor Koch, 1844 Cy we ite Ae ve as Ee 142
Dermanyssus Dugeés, 1834 8 an 7 sa ie zd fe in 142
Diaptomus Westwood, 1836 _.... Mi be ss :, ats Fi ae 142
Diazona Savigny, 1816 .. e He at os nf ee ve an 158
Dicrocoelium Dujardin, 1844 .. £4, .e - ¢ A ae jy 159
Dipylidium Leuckart, 1863 = si a ae ‘- Ae om wi 159
Distaplia Della Valle, 1881 Re: 5 ae ok of > <4 a 158
Dracunculus Reichard, 1759... vs ie = A + yh: Py ps)
Dysdera Latreille, [1804] - Y ee =e = at 2 i 143
Echinococcus Rudolphi, 1801 .. “f ee, * fs aA aN A E55
Ectobius Stephens, 1835 aN = oti ft “Me ie x a 141
Volume 1, Section D 441
Page
Official List of Generic Names in Zoology, names already placed on, determination
of gender of (contd.) :
Eimeria Schneider, 1875 48 a. e ga wig oe we fee 156
Enchytraeus Henle, 1837 xe i ie “¢ gf ue ae " 155
Eremias Wiegmann, 1834 43 a3 ar <2 sk a kate sl:
Fasciola Linnaeus, 1758 vd 3 oe 24 af a * oF 157
Filaria Miller, 1787 oe ns ey £3 ae oF 3 ae e: $57
Forficula Linnaeus, 1758 a #2 = ue’ os ie 7" - 143
Gammarus Fabricius, 1775 oe Bs: oe se he ch. Ay uM 142
Gasterophilus Leach, 1817 x ct Be a 5% 7, & e 141
Gastrodiscus Cobbold, 1877 4. nf 2" 45 Ao a a ae {55
Glycyphagus Hering, 1838 sod : of a ie fe Rs ¥ 142
Gnathostoma Owen, 1837 i." ae a én ~ a3 be iv 159
Gordius Linnaeus, 1758 .. Pe ne Bet me bi haf a a4 [55
Grus Brisson, 1760 a ma 3 Be: i Ba et oe oe 521
Gryllus Linnaeus, 1758 .. nS a a xa Be La a ae 141
Haemadipsa Tennent, 1859 a Ps a a ee o a? uy 57
Haemaphysalis Koch, 1844 ae fe ig a4 Fi Ae - 143
Helix Linnaeus, 1758 __—... is i a a he Se & i iy
Hemiurus Rudolphi, 1809 es - 2 ats A: oF me De 155
Heteroda Schmidt, 1871 Ae ee “in a a, ar af . | Is i
Heterophyes Cobbold, 1866... Ee He fi ie “ Ad e: £55
Hirudo Linnaeus, 1758 .. oe Pa “A bs ve: ie re ilayy
Holopus @Orbigny, 1837 ys oe at 38 ea hae Hi Be 156
Holothuria Linnaeus, 1767 2 Bi ae - 24 be ae 158
Homalaspis Milne Edwards (A), 1863. oe Z% ve ‘ae "0 285
Homarus Weber, 1795 .. oa oe Be ~ es ne 295
Hyalomma Koch, 1844 .. ef ae = a hgh * it fe 144
Hydra Linnaeus, 1758 .. Ay Re ing 2s a be Sa % 157
Aymenolepis Weinland, 1858 .. es a ay ie ., aA a 157
Hypoderma Latreille, 1818 e ae ds 2 ie ~ 4 ik 143
Iphis Leach, 1817 ee, 2.4 Pe: ae a af Pe ay 267
ixoaes watreille, 1795 .. = a he oi ue Le ix ie 142
Latrodectus Walckenaer, 1805 .. oe A a we a Me ge 142
Lepas Linnaeus, 1758... e: i. me 98 am z. ae ~- 143
Lepidocyclina Gimbel, [1870] .. a Pee si a as a % 156
Leucochila von Martens, 1860 .. he a wie fe aS #4 » 157
Ligula Bloch, 1782 a - a she oe 2 2 = BA 157
Limax Linnaeus, M58). 3.3 a 2 a & a =e 156
Limnatia Moquin-Tandon, 1827 ee i = ae an A ye 157
Limulus Miller (O.F.), 1785... Par it ea a i i 142
Lithostrotion Fleming, 1828 ee ae ye on : ae ct Stes 2)
Luidia Forbes, 1839 wis Me aa ae oe a ae i: 158
Lumbricus Linnaeus, 1758 ie Ae ee if Le * at m ip)
Lytoceras Suess, 1865... a rs ae ee oe ws hs ve 159
Mactra Linnaeus, 1767 .. a ae ot ae af Le es ae 158
Metacrinus Carpenter, 1882... oe Be ui ak ae ms ae 156
Molgula Forbes, 1848 .. oo oe “ae a oa oe ae ae 158
Moniezia Blanchard, 1891 ae ay oe x ae a on ae 157
Musca Linnaeus, 1758 .. ae ee ae a an af “tr ne 142
Mya Linnaeus, 1758 a he He “ie Ps I a a ea 158
Mytilus Linnaeus, 1758 a ee ae oe ne: ay =a We 156
Nabis Latreille, [1802—1803] .. cig a by i! iz ae 141
Neritina Lamarck, 1816 Ad ee ny oe nA ee ee Re 158
Notonecta Linnaeus, 1758 - € ee obs oe ie ty: 343
Nycteribia Latreille, 1796 ae os at ot ye e dt; es 143
Oedemagena Latreille, 1818 ae a: aa ae ae ee ie vt 141
Oestrus Linnaeus, 1758 eh a re Dt i ib Ag 141
Oleacina RGding, 1798 .. = a ae i ve ey: ey: x 158
Oniscus Linnaeus, 1758 .. <i of a ye at ES att a 142
442 Opinions and Declarations
Page
Official List of Generic Names in Zoology, names already placed on, determination
of gender of (contd.) :
Otarion Zenker, 1833 .. an Ba ee ee bs, af = 144
Paragordius Camerano, 1897 .. =a me ae ie 3 4: ‘e 155
Pediculus Linnaeus, 1758 se rf a x = sg ~ a 141
Periplaneta Burmeister, 1838 .. “e Be et be . ne i 143
Phthirus Leach, 1815 ms a ms os ait at iss ie ome 141
Physa Draparnaud, [1801] ae a ye c ss £: es a 157
Physalia Lamarck, 1801 ae se 4 ie 3 A ae ae 157
Podura Linnaeus, 1758 os a aa aA ext on st9 ote 143
Polydesmus Latreille, [1802—1803] at ue ae og a me a 141
Porcellio Latreille, (1802—1803] ait ne ay. ake ve - a 141
Psoroptes Gervais, 1841 : or ay: ae Ze Ae 5 a 142
Pulex Linnaeus, 1758 _... one 8 2% ae ae a es = 141
Pyrosoma Peron, 1804 .. i Sa , oe a3, Be ay a 159
Reduvius Fabricius, 1775 ak e% - xe ‘* = Aa 5% 141
Rhabditis Dujardin, 1845 ae Ee -e ve on a3 157
Rhipicentor Nuttall & Warburton, 1908 a sh .% she ae EA 142
Rhipicephalus Koch, 1844 oe = ae by me sh oa 142
Rhizocrinus Sars, [1865] a we 2 Be ste ve at 156
Rhizoglyphus Claparéde, [1869] me He Aye J an a ae 142
Sarcocystis Lankester, 1882 - ae es oe 24 ns oe 157
Sarcoptes Latreille, [1802—1803] fe it ne >» re ahd oe 142
Schistosoma Weinland, 1858"... sts ee se a i a Les 159
Scorpio Linnaeus, 1758 ie a a Be oa ae “ a 142
Segestria Latreille, [1804] . - a # i re Kf a 143
Sepia Linnaeus, 1758... oe ae oh Be af ay i 2 158
Sphaerium Scopoli, 1777 we oe re pa ae ia - nb 159
Spinturnix Heyden, 1826 _ ze 7 fe it s _ as 143
Spirifer Sowerby, 1816 .. ee - of Ae mA a Es as 156
Stilesia Stiles & Hassall, 1893 .. 7s a =f ia uy 3 ae LF
Strongyloides Grassi, 1879 ve Fi an Ue afte if 48 x 1595
Strongylus Miller, 1780 ou i - oe Se igs 3 i 155
Succinea Draparnaud, [1801] .. ae Ap “i Ae Ed ep iV: 157
Syngamus Siebold, 1836 un i ee ae ate Se ae is £535
Syringothyris Winchell, 1863... ee sa Ba, as me nee we 158
Taenia Linnaeus, 1758 .. As ee xe ae 2 5903 ji ay 137
Teredo Linnaeus, 1758 .. oe ae oe fe o go re shy 158
Thysanosoma Diesing, 1835 we a oe e e- a oi Sie 159
Tornatellina Pfeiffer, 1842 ae = af, ris es oe a oa 158
Triatoma Laporte, [1832] a a oe 8 ye 25 me Re 143
Trichostrongylus Looss, 1905... We st ls . Sis e a 155
Trombidium Fabricius, 1775 _.... oF ae $2 te =e ian ae 144
Trypanosoma Gruby, 1843 a Aa ne - e ae at sis 158
Vitrina Draparnaud, [1801] xe ait Se es a 7 ts oh 158
Volvox Linnaeus, 1758 .. = om as A u - se fo 156
Official List of Generic Names in Zoology, names placed on:
Columba Linnaeus, 1758 ae ae ae he 2 as ar #3 86
Dolichopus Latreille, 1796 a a of * ae A om oo (ee
Gallinago Brisson, 1760 .. x <2 ge She he Ae x ats 97
Grus Brisson, 1760 Aes Ld a a ae AA en e a 321
Omalaspis Giraud, 1860 ae a ke - ee oe a “0
Pandalus Leach, [1814] ¥e oS - ae = ae sie ai 245
Pinnotheres Bosc, [1801—1802].. ah ae we na NE os eK 235
Volume 1, Section D 443
Page
Official List of Generic Names in Zoology, names removed from :
Gallinago Koch, 1816 ; ate =k es i J, i zy 97
Grus Pallas, 1767 [recte 1766] . zs ee a oF xs 321
Pandalus Leach, 1815 (Trans. linn. Soc. Lond. ) ge e3 ahs ts 245-246
Pinnotheres Latreille, [1802—1803] ae he Pm di he 235-236
Official List of Specific Names in Zoology, names placed on:
abdimii Lichtenstein, 1823, Ciconia .. ae io ne ie a ~ 180
aculeatus Linnaeus, 1758, Gasterosteus ae He oe Ne ail 370
acus Linnaeus, 1758, Syngnathus i mel wh Y an a sist ones
admete Herbst, [1803], Cancer e sie) ae Ht Ly, ie ro 11
aeneus Linnaeus, 1758, Cancer . a ne at ae dae se st 22
aethereus Linnaeus, 1758, Phaethon . , ve ae x. ge re 178
agassizii Milne Edwards (A. ), 1880, Eucratodes = 1s uy i 98 14
agilis Linnaeus, 1758, Lacerta .. ais ot of uf oe pee
agilis Milne Edwards (A.), 1872, Hydrothelphusa a ey S3 a 3 7
albicilla Linnaeus, 1758, Falco : - a Me sa - 183
alcocki Wood-Mason, 1891, Paria <3 ie 20 ft iz + de 9
alleganiensis Daudin, [1803], Salamandra Nye ed a. ne et “eis 374
americana Saussure, 1857, Pseudothelphusa .. Ke ie of a ve 10
americanus Linnaeus, 1758, Cuculus .. Ne a te ee a ce 176
amica Smith (S.1.), 1869, Hepatella .. ae at a3 “ ste - 7
andreossyi Audouin, [1826], Pilumnus .. sa Re a ti aus ss 6
angulatus Dana, 1851, Cyrtograpsus .. 5. he se As ae ae 13
ani Linnaeus, 1758, Crotophaga ee a a 7 ees 7 176
anomalipes Miers, 1881, Thaumastoplax * ne tt : eat ae 21
aquaticus Linnaeus, 1758, Rallus or: i bl ia oh - ee i.
aracari Linnaeus, 1758, Ramphastos PA su a" e ug = oe 179
ardeola Paykull, 1805, Dromas .. ore ae * aT - bos 176
armata Milne Edwards (A.), 1869, Banareia .. a, - ie: a a 4
armatus Milne Edwards (H.), 1853, Potamocarcinus a af e 10
arvensis Linnaeus, 1758, Alauda a fe we o a + ne 174
aura Linnaeus, 1758, Vultur.. 5 Se 4 ee ~ ay ae LIS
auratus Linnaeus, 1758, Cuculus oe my tid ms ge ie $e 176
auritus Gray (J.E.), 1829, Podargus .. ifs at - te * ss 7s
australis Shaw, 1813, Apteryx me : a nes Ne a - =A 174
avosetta Linnaeus, 1758, Recurvirostra a Me sd si — 179
balansae Milne Edwards (A.), 1873, Clistocoeloma ee v7 2 se 13
barbatum Linnaeus, 1758, Ophidion ad fa of v ys cc een
barbatus Linnaeus, 1758, °"Mullus oe _ ae as ¥ a an 370
barbiger Poeppig, 1836, Gecarcinus 4s be, tye ae ee He me 23
bedoti Zehntner, 1894, Sphaerocarcinus a ae mt Af Me? ie Na
bella Stimpson, 1860, Xantho .. PN: ce a a ie sé e 16
bicalcaratus Linnaeus, 1758, Pavo a me ais ae at te i 183
bicornis Gray (J.E.), 1831, Gomeza te i a a: ais - 15
bidentatus Milne Edwards (A.), 1880, Xanthodes x: uf if - ee 21
bispinosa Kinahan, 1856, Litocheira .. re a fe fs af 16
bispinosus Herbst, [1783], Cancer a aA ie m os a Ay 14
cabrilla Linnaeus, 1/585 Perea. ..; ite ae he a5 s. ee Pe 373
caeruleus Desfontaines, [1789], Falco .. “3 2 Pe “ ¥e cx 183
carinata Ortmann, 1894, Pseudopinnixa a 4 bas a Be 5 20
carinipes Heller, 1861, Zozymodes a en x Be ib si at 22
carinipes de Man, 1889, Durckheimia es oe i cf -_ ty 13
carolinensis Stimpson, 1859, Speocarcinus Ae =. . ae se ty: 21
carpio Linnaeus, 1758, Cyprinus hte gi re * rs a4 ne 369
cephalus Linnaeus, 1758, Mugil ne =) a af 4; Ee 368
cessacii Milne Edwards (A.), “878, Epimelus as we oe ey se ds. 6
chalybata Forster, 1781, Paradisea [sic] 7% " of hs .. 182
444 Opinions and Declarations
Official List of Specific Names in Zoology, names placed on (contd.) :
chavaria Linnaeus, 1766, Parra
cheiragonus Tilesius, 1815, Cancer ;
chilensis Milne Edwards (H.) & Lucas, [1844], Conystoides:
chimaera Rothschild, 1895, Uratelornis fe ;
chrysocephala Lewin, 1808, Meliphaga
ciliatus Stimpson, 1858, Ceratoplax
cinctimanus White, 1849, Carpilius
cinerea Linnaeus, 1758, Ardea ..
convexus Milne Edwards (A.), 1867, Ruppellioides
coppingeri Miers, 1884, Camptoplax
corallinus Faxon, 1893, Trachycarcinus
coriacea Linnaeus, 1766, Testudo
coronata Alcock & Anderson, 1894, Randallia
coturnix Linnaeus, 1758, Tetrao
crassimanus Dana, 1851, Eucrate
crassipes Bell, 1855, Phiyxia
crassum Dana, 1851, Samartium
crenatus de Haan, [1835], Cancer (Eucrate)
crepitans Linnaeus, 1758, Psophia
cribrarius Lamarck, 1818, Portunus
cristata Pallas, 1764, Columba sty
cristatus Shaw in White, [August] 1790, Caprimulgus.
cubensis Stimpson, 1860, Epilobocera .. ‘
cumingii Bell, 1855, Lithadia ;
cupulifer Latreille, 1825, Pilumnus
cylindricum Say, 1818, Pinnotheres
cylindrus Fabricius, 1777, Cancer
cyprinoides Linnaeus, 1758, Mormyrus re
danae Milne Edwards (A.), 1869, Goniosoma
deplanatus Cano, 1889, Euryetisus — 9
depressa Stimpson, [1871], Panoplax
dentata Bell, 1855, Nursilia
denticulatus Montagu, 1806, Cancer ..
dilatipes Adams & White, [1849], Pilumnus
doliatus Linnaeus, 1764, Lanius. . ‘
dovii Stimpson, 1860, Euphylax
draco Linnaeus, 1758, Trachinus
electricus Gmelin (UE F. L789 |: Silurus
elegans Gmelin (J.F.), 1788, Psittacus .
eremita Nobili, 1906, Dacryopilumnus
erinaceus Fabricius, 1787, Cancer
erithacus Linnaeus, 1758, Psittacus
erosa Miers, [1877], Actaeomorpha
euagora de Man, 1895, Parapanope
eudactylus Bell, 1855, Myrodes
europaea Linnaeus, 1758, Sitta
exaratus Milne Edwards (H.), 1834, Chlorodius
excelsus Heller, 1862, Perigrapsus
excubitor Linnaeus, 1758, Lanius
exulans Linnaeus, 1758, Diomedea
faber Linnaeus, 1758, Zeus se
fallax Henderson, 1893, Ebalia
flaveola Linnaeus, 1758, Certhia
fluviatilis Linnaeus, 1758, Perca
fluviatilis Latreille, [1828], Trichodactylus
fragifer de Haan, [1835], Cancer (Halimede)
frontalis Milne Edwards (H.), 1834, Ozius
fulica Boddaert, 1783, Colymbus
fuscus Rafinesque, 1820, Triturus
Volume 1, Section D
Official List of Specific Names in Zoology, names placed on (contd.) :
gallinago Linnaeus, 1758, Scolopax
gammarus Linnaeus, 1758, Cancer
garzetta Linnaeus, 1766, Ardea at
gaudichaudii Milne Edwards (H.), 1837, Platymera x re
gayi Milne Edwards (H.) & Lucas, (1844), pi actin aan ae
gigas Lamarck, 1818, Cancer nt
glaber Stimpson, 1858, Ptychognathus ..
glacialis Linnaeus, 1761, Procellaria
gladius Linnaeus, 1758, Xiphias
glandarius Linnaeus, 1758, Cuculus
glanis Linnaeus, 1758, Silurus ..
glutinosa Linnaeus, 1758, Myxine
gracilipes White, 1847, Utica
gracilipes Stimpson, 1858, Rhizopa
gracilipes Alcock, 1894, Platypilumnus. .
granulatus Rathbun, 1893, Oediplax
granulatus Rathbun, 1893, Scleroplax .. ;
granulosus Milne Edwards (A.), 1879, Pyxidognathus
grus Linnaeus, 1758, Ardea Bi :
habroptilus Gray iG: R.), 1845, Strigops :
haematocheir de Haan, [ 1835], rhe is (Pachysoma)
haliaetus Linnaeus, 1758, Falco :
harengus Linnaeus, 1758, Clupea
hardwickii Leach, 1817, Nursia
harrisii Gould, 1841, Pilumnus
helias Pallas, 1781, Ardea
hemingi Alcock & "Anderson, 1899, Benthochason
henslowii Leach, [1820], Polybius
hepsetus Linnaeus, 1758, Atherina
hippurus Linnaeus, 1758, Coryphaena
hirtellus Linnaeus, 1761, Cancer
hirtipes Heller, [1865], Pinnaxodes as
hispida Eydoux & Souleyet, 1842, Domecia
hoazin Miiller (P.L.S.), [1776], Phasianus
horridus Linnaeus, 1758, Crotalus
horridus Rippell, 1830, Oreophorus
imitatrix Hilgendorf, 1869, Deckenia ..
impressus Smith (S.1.), 1870, Glyptograpsus
inaequipes Stimpson, 1858, Asthenognathus
indus Boddaert, 1783, Falco “X
integerrimus Lamarck, 1818, Cancer ..
isenbeckii Brandt, 1848, Platycorystes (Podacanthus)..
Jacquemontii Milne Edwards (H.), 1844, Gecarcinucus
Javanicus Horsfield, 1821, Eurylaimus a
jurinei Saussure, 1853, Guaia (llia)
lacertina Linnaeus, 1766, Siren
laevigata Milne Edwards (H.) & Lucas, [1844], Pinnotherelia
lambriformis Milne Edwards (A.), 1873, Ree reeeyetes
lamelligera Stimpson, 1858, Onychomorpha
lavaretus Linnaeus, 1758, Salmo ae
leeanus Rathbun, 1898, Lipaesthesius ..
leucorodia Linnaeus, 1758, Platalea .. ne
liguricus Milne Edwards (H. yr i853, Euchirigrapsus Ee
limosa Say, 1818, Cancer i
litteratus Fabricius, 1798, Cancer
lucius Linnaeus, 1758, Esox ue
lugubris Alcock, 1899, Hephthopelta
lumpus Linnaeus, 1758, Cyclopterus
lupus Linnaeus, 1768, Anarhichas
446 Opinions and Declarations
Page
Official List of Specific Names in Zoology, names placed on (contd.) :
lyra Linnaeus, 1758, Callionymus ae ay ie ea = igs ig 369
macgillivrayi White, 1852, Ommatocarcinus .. B: b a A a 17
maculatus Linnaeus, 1758, Cancer Bis ese hd me mt ois AS 5
magna Linnaeus, 1758, Alauda .. ee Ly ~ - tay fas he 180
major Linnaeus, 1758, Parus .. a He a a of a “ 178
mantellii Owen, 1848, Notornis bed se et xe Pe at A 178
marginalis Bloch, 1793, Epinephelus .. ae ve M4 e a ; eee
maximus Geoffroy, 1850, Aepyornis . ike Je ie Le 173
melanochirus Milne Edwards (A.), 1873, Chlorodopsis ie i La aa 5
meleagris Linnaeus, 1758, Phasianus .. as ae ae i 178
microps Alcock & Anderson, 1894, Xanthodes’ ie os ae ces L: 18
militaris Linnaeus, 1758, Emberiza ses ; as iy Le uh oF, 183
milneedwardsii Miers, 1886, Paracyclois es wt BY re = ae 9
minutus Linnaeus, 1758, Cancer ' ad K diy sie Ae a 23
mocinno de la Llave, 1832, Pharomachrus te ot i a so a 178
moebii Richters, 1880, Xenophthalmodes Py se ae oe % a 22
monstrosa Linnaeus, 1758, Chimaera .. a oh sf Ee! ts ae 369
montagui [Leach], [1814], Pandalus .. a8 a x. ay, - 245
morhua Linnaeus, 1758, Gadus ee ae aN ov bie st 369-370
moschata Linnaeus, 1758, Anas.. ; a ay hs a ae zs 175
muriger Adams & White, [1849], Tlos” ag ie 2 ahs a ua i
murigera White, 1846, Xanthasia Ne an as a a si a3 22
mustelus Linnaeus, 1758, Squalus a ae be bc ‘f =e sp eye
narina Stephens, 1815, Trogon ae Ss ie Ne rat = i 174
neapolitana Kossmann, 1878, Paragalene Re oe az * aA i 18
niger Linnaeus, 1758, Gobius ee - oe A Fe Hs, - we 370
niger Miller (P.L.S.), [V7 7OleBuceo: a re "2 re a {9 175
niger Hartig, 1840, Figites we oe a af i Ks 8 at 284
nigra Gmelin, 1788, Paradisea [sic] .. ms Pe tes LA 2 be 174
nigricephala Jameson, 1835, Tanagra .. a ca an ee ua = 184
nitidus Latham, 1790, Falco ah Ye Hs oe a Se tae a3 183
nitidus Stimpson, 1858, Sphaerozius .. bs a ya Ye ae iS 21
nitidus Stimpson, 1859, Euryplax Se hd - oe use i a 14
nitidus Milne Edwards (A.), 1867, Libystes .. ae a: Le os - 16
nitidus Milne Edwards (A.), 1870, Catoptrus .. * es a su e 12
nitidus Smith (S.I.), 1870, Dissodactylus oe a ue) x mh = 13
nitidus Milne Edwards (A.), 1873, Notonyx .. us << as fy a 17
nobile Milne Edwards (A.), 1880, Dene Me + ae ie ys 12
nodosus Bell, 1855, Oreophorus ‘ 3 - aa a otf 1
norvegicus Linnaeus, 1758, Cancer ae oa an Ae Be he ee 22
novaehollandiae Latham, 1801, Cereopsis ve we ns + te me Wis
occidentalis Lawrence, 1858, Podiceps .. fe a ie Hh x A 173
ocellaris Linnaeus, 1758, Blennius ne te ca Me i Hs < 371
oenas Linnaeus, 1758, Columba ae a a re 86
orbignyi Milne Edwards (H.) & Lucas, [1844], “Xantho a Ae LE * 19
orientalis Miers, 1886, Lupocyclus (Parathranites) set oe ah oF AE 9
oriolus Linnaeus, 1758, Coracias a Re <t 24 aS ae ah 182
ornata Randall, 1840, Ilia ays tye a ye on a: a 11
ornatus Geoffroy, 1809, Cephalopterus. . a an sus Bh: eh re 175
ornatus Dana, 1852, Cyclodius ae a ne Ae de oA 6
ostralegus Linnaeus, 1758, Haematopus ae Ne Ae ee es i 7a,
pagurus Linnaeus, 1758, Cancer : bs ae ws a be x Dips
papulosus Stimpson, [1871], Carpoporus ne ae Ba ae Be Lt 5
paradiseus Linnaeus, 1758, Polynemus ats ne ee a bd a 372
paradiseus Swainson, 1825, Prloriss —... “me £. we ae 10 sa) 179
paradoxa Pallas, i778 Tetrao i , a ue he, ae "e 180
parvula Stimpson, 1858, Acmaeopleura ae sa es ce of os AZ
patagonica Miller, 1778, Aptenodytes .. i Ba oe ot a5 hy 174
pectoralis Latham, 1801, Muscicapa .. . if fys oe As ms 178
Volume 1, Section D
Official List of Specific Names in Zoology, names placed on banal :
pentagonus Stimpson, 1858, Cryptocnemus ..
perlata Milne Edwards (H. ), 183% Ti (ieee (sie) .
perlatus Poeppig, 1836, Hepatus : os
picta Milne Edwards (H. ), 1848, Bellia
pictus Linnaeus, 1758, Phasianus
pinnotheroides White, 1846, Xenophthalmus
piscatorius Linnaeus, 1758, Lophius
pisonis Gmelin (J.F.), [1789], Gobius
pisum Linnaeus, 1758, Cancer ..
planissimus Herbst, [1804], Cancer -
planus Milne Edwards (H.), 1834, Xantho
polybioides Adams & White, [1849], Lissocarcinus
porcus Linnaeus, 1758, Scorpaena
porzana Linnaeus, 1766, Rallus ae
pugnax Smith (S.1.), 1870, Glyptoplax
punctatus Linnaeus, 1758, Cancer
pygmaea Linnaeus, 1758, Platalea
pPyrrhopterus Latham, 1801, Psittacus .. :
quadridens Milne Edwards (Ry 1869, Thalamitoides
quadridentata Latreille, [1828], Melia . : ;
regia Linnaeus, 1758, Paradisaea
reticularis Bloch, 1795, Gymnothorax
rhomboides Linnaeus, 1758, Cancer
rodgersii Stimpson, 1858, Lachnopodus
roseus Nobili, 1906, Parapleurophrycoides on
rotundatus Adams & White, [1849], Lupocyclus .
rotundifrons Milne Edwards (A.), 1867, Heterozius ..
rousseauxi Milne Edwards (H.), 1853, Metasesarma
rouxii Guérin-Meéneville, 1832, Caphyra
ruber Linnaeus, 1758, Phoenicopterus ae
rubromaculatus de Haan, [1833], Cancer ’ (Liagore)
rufa Boddaert, 1783, Tanagra
salar Linnaeus, 1758, Salmo
Savignyi (correction of savignii) Milne | Edwards a ds 1834, Cancer
scaber Linnaeus, 1758, Uranoscopus
scabripes Rathbun, 1898, Tetrias
scolopacea Gmelin, 1788, Ardea
scombrus Linnaeus, 1758, Scomber
sculptipes Stimpson, [1871], Micropanope
sefilata Forster, 1781, Paradisea [sic] ;
septemspinosus Fabricius CC), 178i Cancer
serpentina Linnaeus, 1758, Testudo
serrata White, 1847, Valdivia
serratus Forskal, lake Cancer .. ae
sexdentatum Stimpson, 1858, Camptandrium
sexdentatus Paulson, 1875, Archias
sexpes Fabricius, 1798, Cancer
signatus Adams & White, [1849], Carpilus
speciosa Dana, 1852, Nucia é
spectabilis de Man, 1896, Platychirograpsus va
spinicarpus Milne Edwards (CH), 1852, EaCheri ar
spinosipes Stimpson, 1858, Scalopidia
spinosus Rathbun, 1894, Erimetopus d j
spongiosus Adams & White, [1849], Iphiculus
sponsa Linnaeus, 1758, Anas see :
sternberghii Stimps on, 1859, Xanthodius
stridulans Wood-Mason, 1892, Psopheticus
struthersii Vigors, (18321, Ibidorhyncha
sturio Linnaeus, 1758, Acipenser
448 Opinions and Declarations
Page
Official List of Specific Names in Zoology, names placed on (contd.) :
subglobosa Stimpson, [1871], Zliacantha be) ay ad i At = Jf
subquadrata Dana, 1851, Fabia .. ey ave a g% ae we we 14
sulcatus Swainson, 1820, Preroglossus .. Mn Ae is a aG Ay 174
superba Costa, 1838, Portunus .. 3 hee fs Oi £4 Oe ae 25
swainsonii Vigors, 1825, Gampsonyx .. a a bis se Ae Ws | i a
tabacaria Linnaeus, 1758, Fistularia .. ik - on vA Lys Lk 368
tenuipes Dana, 1852, Carupa .. aa SE ab & He Be ae 5
tesselatus Latreille, 1812, Graspus ae he et 1 A Ay = 17
thalamita Stimpson, [1871], Melybia .. se fee me oh " ee Ly
tiphia Linnaeus, 1758, Motacilla e B a: ‘3 oe ak o 183
tobianus Linnaeus, 1758, Ammodytes .. ee - a a Ba cid 368
tomentosus Dana, 1852, Actumnus Ae x Ay a me a ans 3
torquilla Linnaeus, 1758, Jynx .. Me me vs as he oF 2h ae
transversus Rathbun, 1893. Opisthopus an nA as at, = ce Ly
trapeziformis Nauck, 1880, Holothuriophilus .. nt “A ie Be oe 15
tridens de Haan, [1835], Ocypode (Helice) .. ae sit A ns ah 15
tridens Kr@yer, 1837, Geryon .. E ue as i, a 14
tridentata Milne Edwards (Hi) 1853. Parathelphusa tds fe . ie 9
tridentata Miers, 1879, Pseudophilyra 4 af a in na 10
tridentatus Milne Edwards (A.), 1879, Coenophthalmus se A ie oe 5
tristis Dana, 1852, Carpilodes - ai in bye 2
truncatus Stimpson, 1860, Metopocarcinus eis 5 bi $s zt ee iF
tuberosa Stimpson, [1871], Osachila. ~.. ve A mt ie oe ue 9
tuberosus Pennant, 1777, Cancer : ut sad - at es 6
typhlus Milne Edwards (A. ), 1880, Bathyplax ae it ws “st i 12
typicus Rathbun, 1898, Chasmocarcinus my He Se ay a4 # 13
ungulata Linnaeus, 1758, Musca ve ble Me AL he un 3) 26s
urophasianus Bonaparte, 1827, Tetrao .. ae ih ss AS 4 at We:
vesiculosa Alcock, 1896, Heteronucia .. Me cc Res v aS Ae 7
vigil Weber, 1795, Portunus oe (3 me ot ne ni oe sf 23
violacea Isert, 1789, Musophaga a a: Ese ae ae x ne 178
volans Linnaeus, 1758, Draco .. - a o at je we 373-374
vulgaris Linnaeus, 1758, Sturnus fe a ie Re a) ey bw 180
vulturina Hardwicke, 1834, Numida .. ret a Ne ry “2 “is 173
wallicus Kerr, 1792, Psittacus .. ae — Ms a es a a. 183
Official List of Works Approved as Available for Zoological Nomenclature, titles of
works placed on:
Roding (P.F.), 1798, Museum Boltenianum .. As ts ane ob en
Oleacina Réding, 1798 (Class Gastropoda), placed on the Official List 2s Generic
Names in Zoology in Opinion 119, determination of gender of A 158
Omalaspis Giraud, 1860 (Class Insecta, Order Hymenoptera), placed on the Official
List of Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 1036, with Omalaspis noricus
Giraud, 1860, as type species .. ae a ee oe nid ae «piv REE
gender of name .. ee a = Ae aie “ ne 2 3; 284
Ommatocarcinus White, 1852 (Class Crustacea, Order pera completion of
Ruling given in Opinion 85 Ne -% ey a ‘ ve a of a
Volume 1, Section D 449
Page
Oniscus Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Crustacea), placed on the Official List of Generic
Names in Zoology in Opinion 104, determination of gender of a cn - 142
Ophidion Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Pisces), completion of Ruling given in Opinion 92.. 341
Ophidion Pomel, 1853 (a junior homonym of Ophidion Linnaeus, 1758), placed on
the Official Index ei pees & and Invalid Generic Names in 1 Zoology with Name
No. 806 .. 346
Ophidium Linnaeus, 1766 (an Invalid Emendation of Ophidion Linnaeus, 1758),
placed on the Official Index of puree and Invalid Generic Names in Oe
with Name No. 807 S3 ; 346
Opinion 38 (status of the anonymous work published in 1771 entitled Ornithologia
britannica), cancellation of, for all except historical purposes Be ze a 85
Opisthopus Rathbun, 1893 ais Crustacea, Order pened: eompicuenis of by
given in Opinion 85 : 51
orbignyi Milne Edwards (H.) & Lucas, as published in the combination Xantho
orbignyi (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), correction of date of, from 1843 to
[1844] (correction of Opinion 85) ay: oa a ah ns be ee 25
placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 905 _ 19
orientalis Miers, 1886, as published in the combination Lupocyclus (Parathranites)
orientalis (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), Sa on the on List i
Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 819 ‘ 9
Oriolus Linnaeus, 1766 (Class Aves), Coracias oriolus Linnaeus, 1758, type species
of, under Declaration 21 ay Bs eo, re e “ de a 181
oriolus Linnaeus, 1758 (Coracias) (Class Aves) (a nominal species objectively
identical with Oriolus galbula Linnaeus, ee type species of Oriolus Linnaeus,
1766, under Declaration 21 ne : ; A - ae she 181
placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 1020 .. 182
ornata Randall, 1840, as published in the combination J/ia ornata (Class Crustacea,
Order Decapoda), eee on the te ae List aos. ae Names in ee, with
Name No. 830 Il
ornatus Geoffroy, 1809, as published in the combination Cephalopterus ornatus
(Class he DE on the OES List ee BaECte Names in RORY with Name
No. 968 175
ornatus Dana, 1852, as published in the combination Cyclodius ornatus (Class
Crustacea, Order Decapoda), Blescine on the Sissel List "eh Seeaiie a Names in
Zoology with Name No. 785 .. 6
Orphnoxanthus Alcock, 1898 ee Crustacea, Order Hoc drt bien tac of
Ruling given in Opinion 85 : A aL
450 Opinions and Declarations
Page
ostralegus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Haematopus ostralegus
ae placed on the Cae List i esha: Names in aca, with Name
fe) ae mW,
Otarion Zenker, 1833 (Class Trilobita), placed on the oes List ia Generic Names
in Zoology in Opinion 88, determination of gender of 144
Pachycephala Klug, 1834 (a junior homonym of Pachycephala Vigors, 1825), placed
on the Official Index ee ieunce and Invalid Generic Names in aus with Name
ING. F509 Le 217
Pachycephala Doleschall, 1858 (a junior homonym of Pachycephala Vigors, 1825),
placed on the Official Index oy, bara and Invalid Generic Names in FOR
with Name No. 560 We PAR
Pachycephala Lioy, 1864 (a junior homonym of Pachycephala Vigors, 1825), placed
on the Official Index ees pe and Invalid Generic Names in iil with Name
No. Soler: 217
Pachycephala Broun, 1881 (a junior homonym of Pachycephala Vigors, 1825), placed
on the Official Index a paces and Invalid Generic Names in Morante with Name
No. 562° =. 247
Pachycephala Fairmaire, 1883 (a junior homonym of Pachycephala Vigors, 1825),
placed on the Official Index of eeiai and Invalid Generic Names in ey
with Name No. 563... i : : : 217
Pachycephalus Stephens, 1826 (an Invalid Emendation of Pachycephala Vigors,
1825), placed on the Official Index oy sails ¢ and Invalid Generic Names in
Zoology with Name No. 564... i : 207
pagurus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Cancer pagurus (Class
Crustacea, Order Decapoda), Saag: on the ea List vi per Names in
Zoology with Name No. 933... Z wR
Pandalus {Leach], [1814] (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), substitution of, on the
Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in place of Pandalus Leach, 1815 ss AS
Pandalus Leach, [1815] (Malac. Podophth. Brit.) (a junior homonym of Pandalus
[Leach], [1814]), placed on the Official Index of ig and Invalid Generic
Names in Zoology with Name No. 730 : nee 245-246
Pandalus Leach, 1815 (Trans. linn. Soc. Lond.), removal of, from the Official List of
Generic Names in Zoology, on which placed by Opinion 104, and insertion of, on
the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Le as a junior
homonym of Pandalus {Leach], [1814], with Name No. 731 : 245-246
Pandion Savigny, 1809 (Class ie Falco haliaetus Linnaeus, 1758, ‘ype species of,
under Declaration 21 .. 181
Panoplax Stimpson, [1871] (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), completion of
Ruling given in Opinion 85 re an i fe ne wt Se =|
Volume 1, Section D
papulosus Stimpson, [1871], as published in the combination Carpoporus papulosus
(Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Specific Names
in Zoology with Name No. 779.. < ¥. a = a: — ey
paradiseus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Polynemus paradiseus
(Class Pisces), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name
No. 1101 ¥ ee os a at ‘% i: re a. a
paradiseus Swainson, 1825, as published in the combination Priloris paradiseus
(Class Aves), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name
No. 1003 be ay = a ae Sh — are i ae
paradoxa Pallas, 1773, as published in the combination Tefrao paradoxa (Class
Aves), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 1012
Paragalene Kossmann, 1878 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), completion of
Ruling given in Opinion 85 i we y a a i :
Paragordius Camerano, 1897 (Class Nematomorpha), placed on the Official List
of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 66, determination of gender of a:
Parapanope de Man, 1895 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), completion of Ruling
given in Opinion 85 ne “ 23 ae Poe ae as in ce
Parapleurophrycoides Nobili, 1906 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), completion
of Ruling given in Opinion 85 .. Ae she ma ae xt &3 a
Paraxanthus Milne Edwards (H.) & Lucas, [1844] (Class Crustacea, Order Deca-
poda), completion of Ruling given in Opinion 85 .. Be a ah ibe
correction of date of, from 1843 to [1844]
Pariphiculus Alcock, 1896 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), completion of Ruling
given in Opinion 73 ite a $5 Si ae Ae: of Ass a
Parotica Wagler, 1827 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Parotia Vieillot, 1816),
placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology
with Name No. 565 Fx at ny Ne be ts ae oR im
parvula Stimpson, 1858, as published in the combination Acmaeopleura parvula
(Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Specific Names
in Zoology with Name No. 842.. & Pgs ee & ae ze a
patagonica Miller, 1778, as published in the combination Aptenodytes patagonica
(Class Aves), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name
ING: 956 .. Ae ae “3 ‘i i; e. - as ae a
pectoralis Latham, 1801, as published in the combination Muscicapa pectoralis
(Class Aves), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name
No. 992 .. ie a La a. J he be 4 ~ ie
Pediculus Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Insecta), placed on the Official List of Generic
Names in Zoology in Opinion 104, determination of gender of ors 2:
S72
179
180
a
Is5
51
51
51
aT
53
PF
||P
174
178
141
452 Opinions and Declarations
pennanti Leach, [1817], as published in the combination Ebalia pennanti (a junior
objective synonym of tuberosus Pennant, 1777, as published in the combination
Cancer tuberosus), placed on the Official Index of beeen and Invalid patie:
Names in Zoology with Name No. 337
pentagonus Stimpson, 1858, as published in the combination Cryptocnemus
pentagonus (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), PE rnaO on the racial List of
Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 784 : :
Perca Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Pisces), completion of Ruling given in Opinion 77
Percnon Gistl, 1848 (Class Crustacea, Order eames aA ea of pas sie
in Opinion 85 wt aes :
Perigrapsus Heller, 1862 oe Crustacea, Order eva tas eau te of euer:
given in Opinion 85 :
Periplaneta Burmeister, 1838 (Class Insecta), placed on the Official List a Generic
Names in Zoology in Opinion 104, determination of gender of :
perlata Milne Edwards (H.), 1837, as published in the combination Thelpheusa [sic]
perlata (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), cia on the aaa: List = Specie
Names in Zoology with Name No. 827
perlatus Poeppig, 1836, as published in the combination Hepatus perlatus (Class
Crustacea, Order Decapoda), Place on the eee List hl eee Names in
Zoology with Name No. 898 ..
Persephona Leach, 1817 (Class Crustacea, Order a as souehuee of gees
given in Opinion 73 ‘ vs ve os : es é
Persephona Leach, 1852 (a junior homonym of Persephona Leach, 1817), placed on
the Official Index es 7 ae and Invalid Generic Names in 1 Zoology with Name
No. 497 2 ~
Pezoporus Klug, [1842] (a junior homonym of Pezoporus Illiger, 1811), placed on
the Official Index a Eee and Invalid Generic Names in et with Name
No. 566
Pezoporus Foerster, 1868 (a junior homonym of Pezoporus Illiger, 1811), placed on
the Official Index a a sbaa and Invalid Generic Names in Oa with Name
No. 567 :
Phlyxia Bell, 1855 (Class Crustacea, Order chaieieasiene eam ee of peo aie
in Opinion 73 : :
correction of reference for
Phthirus Leach, 1815 (Class Insecta), placed on the Official List oe Generic Names
in Zoology in Opinion 104, determination of gender of ‘
Physa Draparnaud, [1801] (Class Gastropoda), placed on the ae List ue Generic
Names in Zoology in Opinion 94, determination of gender of ‘
Page
62
340
143
10
18
53
60
218
218
53
aS
141
157
Volume 1, Section D 453
Page
Physalia Lamarck, 1801 (Class Hydrozoa), placed on the oor List ~ Generic
Names in Zoology i in Opinion 80, determination of gender of ; (oi
picta Milne Edwards (H.), 1848, as published in the combination Bellia picta (Class
Crustacea, Order Decapoda), Seager Mt on the ee List ae Names in
Zoology with Name No. 774 ae ; 4
pictus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Phasianus pictus (Class Aves),
placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 971 ee 176
Pilumnoides Milne Edwards (H.) & Lucas, [1844] (Class Crustacea, Order Deca-
poda), completion of Ruling given in Opinion So e: §2
correction of date of, from 1843 to [1844] .. = 2 M: a nf a7
Pilumnus Leach, 1815 ees: Crustacea, Order pees); bea of art)
given in Opinion 85 d e 32
Pilumnus Rafinesque, 1815 (a junior homonym of Pilumnus Leach, 1815), placed on
the Official Index pe ee and Invalid Generic Names in : Zoology with Name
No. 498 .. 60
Pilumnus Dejean, 1821 (a junior homonym of Pilumnus Leach, 1815), placed on the
Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 499 60
Pilumnus Koch (C.L.), 1837 (a junior homonym of Pilumnus Leach, 1815), placed
on the Official Index see Sak and Invalid Generic Names in n Zoology with Name a
mae, 500 > ..
Pilumnus Gistl, 1848 (a junior homonym of Pilumnus Leach, 1815), placed on the
Official Index up cha and Invalid Generic Names in ee”: with Name -
No. 20... :
Pilumnus Bonaparte, 1854 (a junior homonym of Pilumnus Leach, 1815), placed on
the Official Index ao noes 2 and Invalid Generic Names in 1 Zoology with Name a
ING: 502... .
Pinnaxodes Heller, [1865] Selatan Crustacea, Order sean ea Soe ens of ee
given in Opinion 85 5 50
Pinnixa White, 1846 Gee Crustacea, Order ee ee. competion of Reoen:
given in Opinion 85 : , 50
Pinnotherelia Milne Edwards (H.) & Lucas, [1844] oe Crustacea, Order
Decapoda), completion of Ruling given in Opinion 85 : at ae bs 52
correction of date of, from 1843 to [1844] .. or 48 — iis Ls 57
Pinnotheres Bosc, [1801—1802] (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), substitution of,
on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology i in place of Pinnotheres Latreille,
[1802—1803 ] 7 cae 2: As ; ie ee ¥ a = 29235
454 Opinions and Declarations
Page
Pinnotheres Latreille, [1802—1803], removal of, from the Official List of Generic
Names in Zoology, on which placed by Opinion 85, and insertion of, on the Official
Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology as a sot homonym
of Pinnotheres Bosc, [1801—1802], with Name No. 577 sc - 235-236
pinnotheroides White, 1846, as published in the combination Xenophthalmus
pinnotheroides (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), aaa on the Sisto: List -
Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 930 ee 22
piscatorius Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Lophius piscatorius
(Class Pisces), placed on the ee List sd pelle Names in Sper) with Name
No. 1082 : 370
pisonis Gmelin (J.F.), [1789], Gobius (Class Pisces), insertion of, on the Official
List of Generic Names in Zoology as name of type gana of Eleotris Schneider,
1801 (correction of Opinion 93) ¥4 : ' sre at at 342
placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 1096 .. 372
pisum Linnaeus, 1767, as published in the combination Cancer pisum (Class
Crustacea, Order Decapoda), Seach on the ee List 1 liek Names in
Zoology with Name No. 1035 .. 235-236
Planes Bowditch, 1825 apes Se ee Order Hereage eek: between of goon?
given in Opinion 85 : : : 52
Planes Saussure, 1862 (a junior homonym of Planes Bowditch, 1825), placed on the
Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 503 60
Planes Rondani, 1864 (a junior homonym of Planes Bowditch, 1825), placed on the
Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 504 60
planissimus Herbst, [1804], as published in the combination Cancer planissimus
(Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), se a on the esieak List es pcos Names
in Zoology with Name No. 896.. 18
planus Milne Edwards (H.), 1834, as published in the combination Xantho planus
(Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), otis on the une c List a ADEEDIE Names
in Zoology with Name No. 1057 ce 284
Platychirograpsus de Man, 1896 (Class Crustacea, Order eee bee a of
Ruling given in Opinion 85 gy : 50
Platypilumnus Alcock, 1894 (Class au Order Sati cigs! SOP at of
Ruling given in Opinion 85 sys , 50
Platyxanthus Milne Edwards (A.), 1863 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda),
completion of Ruling given in Opinion 85... ag ae ae 52
Podacanthus Brandt, 1848 (a junior homonym of Podacanthus Gray (J. E.), 1833),
placed on the Official Index y oe and Invalid Generic Names in feet
with Name No. 505 _ : x? 60
Volume 1, Section D
Podophtalmus Lamarck, 1801 (an Invalid Original Spelling for Podophthalmus
Lamarck, 1801), placed on the Official Index of tae and Invalid Generic
Names in Zoology with Name No. 506
Podura Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Insecta), placed on the oleae List sa Generic Names
in Zoology in Opinion 104, determination of gender of
polybioides Adams & White, as published in the combination Lissocarcinus
polybioides (Class Crustacea, Order ede: correction of date of, from 1848
to [1849] (correction of Opinion ye) abs ty au a va m2
placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 806
Polydectus Rafinesque, 1815 (a nomen nudum), placed on the Se a Index ab.
Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 507.
Polydectus Milne Edwards (H.), 1837 ane Crustacea, Order Pera com-
pletion of Ruling given in Opinion 85
Polydesmus Latreille, [1802—1803] (Class Diplopoda), placed on the Official List
of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 104, determination of gender of
Polyplectron Temminck, 1807 (Class sna Pavo bicalcaratus Linnaeus, 1758, Bas
species of, under Declaration 21 : at Be ‘
Porcellio Latreille, [1803—1804] (Class Crustacea), placed on the Official List of
Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 104, determination of gender of
porcus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Scorpaena porcus (Class
Pisces), placed on the as List e sia ie Names in ee with Name
No. 1088
porzana Linnaeus, 1766, as published in the combination Rallus porzana (Class
Aves), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 999
Prionoplax Milne Edwards (H.), 1852 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda),
completion of Ruling given in Opinion 85... ms sa ia
Pseudocarcinus Milne Edwards (H.), 1834 (Class Crustacea, Order eee
completion of Ruling given in Opinion 85 :
Pseudophilyra Miers, 1879 (Class Crustacea, Order pega ee of
Ruling given in Opinion 73 : :
Pseudopinnixa Ortmann, 1894 (Class Crustacea, Order Pe pou) ene of
Ruling given in Opinion 85 a iy we ‘ : a
Pseudopinnixa Holmes, 1895 (a junior homonym of Pseudopinnixa Ortmann, 1894),
placed on the Official Index Hat Rpegee and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology
with Name No. 508 - .
Pseudorhombila Milne Edwards (H.), 1837 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda),
completion of Ruling given in Opinion 85 : ae Be fs
455
Page
61
143
24
28
6]
ope
14]
182
142
371
179
52
39)
26,
52
61
49
456 Opinions and Declarations
Psittacus Catesby, 1777 (a junior homonym of Psittacus Linnaeus, 1758), placed
on the Official Index — Roce and Invalid Generic Names in n Zoology with Name
No. 568 : :
Psopheticus Wood-Mason, 1892 (Class Crustacea, Order riacanes ea deere of
Ruling given in Opinion 85 ;
psophia Pallas, 1767, as published in the combination Grus psophia (a junior objective
synonym of crepitans Linnaeus, as published in the combination Psophia crepitans),
placed on the Official Index of baa and Invalid ees Names in meme
with Name No. 364 be ;
Psoroptes Gervais, 1841 (Class Arachnida), placed on the Official List ue Generic
Names in Zoology i in Opinion 104, determination of gender of
Pteroglossus Chaudoir, 1843 (a junior homonym of Preroglossus Illiger, 1811), placed
on the Official Index ge pe ge and Invalid Generic Names in eee with Name
ING: "569" =
Ptilorhis Agassiz (J.L.R.), 1846 (an Invalid Emendation of Pri/oris Swainson, 1825),
placed on the Official Index of Hee and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology
with Name No. 576 :
Ptilorhys Bonaparte, 1854 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Ptiloris Swainson,
1825), placed on the Official Index a lai and Invalid Generic Names in
Zoology with Name No. 570
Ptilornis Gray (G.R.), 1869 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Ptiloris Swainson,
1825), placed on the Official Index of Reeaied and Invalid Generic Names in
Zoology with Name No. 571 ;
Prychognathus Stimpson, 1858 (Class Crustacea, Order eee hagas” of
Ruling given in Opinion 85 : : - me f
Ptychognathus Owen, 1860 (a junior homonym of Prychognathus Stimpson, 1858),
placed on the Official Index a acuiiti and Invalid Generic Names in Coct
with Name No. 509 : ;
pugnax Smith (S.I.), 1870, as published in the combination Glyptoplax pugnax
(Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), Be on the Oba & List si Speer Names
in Zoology with Name No. 865.
Pulex Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Insecta), placed on the Official List ola Generic Names
in Zoology in Opinion 104, determination of gender of ;
punctatus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Cancer punctatus (Class
Crustacea, Order Decapoda), Sonal on the ree List a pte Names in
Zoology with Name No. 937 .: a
pygmaea Linnaeus, 1758 (Platalea) (Class Aves) (a nominal species objectively
identical with Eurynorhynchus griseus Nilsson, oe type ae of Eg aa
Nilsson, 1821, under Declaration 21 oA af
placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 1017 ..
Page
218
a2
324
142
218
218
218
218
52
61
15
141
25
181
182
Volume 1, Section D
Pyrosoma Peron, 1804 (Class Urochorda), placed on the Official List _ Generic
Names in Zoology i in Opinion 77, determination of gender of
pyrrhopterus Latham, 1801, as published in the combination Psittacus pyrrhopterus
Sor placed on the eas List a nage Names in paris with Name
No. 963...
Pyxidognathus Milne Edwards (A.), 1879 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda),
completion of Ruling given in Opinion 85... C4 B 2 &
quadridens Milne Edwards (A.), 1869, as published in the combination Thalamitoides
quadridens (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), ies on the isan List =
Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 835 ;
quadridentata Latreille, [1828], as published in the combination Melia quadridentata
(Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), aang on the ete List fe eta Names in
Zoology with Name ING 2910! 1 ee
Reduvius Fabricius, 1775 (Class Insecta), placed on the Official List oe, Generic
Names in Zoology i in Opinion 104, determination of gender of
regia Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Paradisaea regia (Class Aves),
placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 972
reticularis Bloch, 1795, as published in the combination Gymnothorax reticularis
(Class Pisces), Placed on the ee List ss bagi Names in ae with Name
No. 1098
Rhabditis Dujardin, 1845 (Class Nematoda), placed on the ae List we Generic
Names in Zoology in Opinion 104, determination of gender of
Rhipicentor Nuttall & Warburton, 1908 (Class Arachnida), placed on the Official
List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 73, determination of gender of
Rhipicephalus Koch, 1844 (Class Arachnida), placed on the ae List Be Generic
Names in Zoology i in Opinion 73, determination of gender of
Rhithropanopeus Rathbun, 1898 aes Crustacea, Order Decapoda), completion
of Ruling given in Opinion Noe mp or £2 ms oe
Rhizocrinus Sars, [1865] (Class Crinoidea), placed on the Official List ue Generic
Names in Zoology i in Opinion 73, determination of gender of :
Rhizoglyphus Claparede, [1869] (Class Arachnida), placed on the Official List of
Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 104, determination of gender of
Rhizopa Stimpson, 1858 (Class Crustacea, Order vere ae a completene of eee
given in Opinion 85 ;
457
Page
159
175
20
14]
176
2
157
142
142
a2
156
142
52
458 Opinions and Declarations
rhomboides Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Cancer rhomboides
(Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), icin on the se: Bane List = one Names
in Zoology with Name No. 941.
rodgersii Stimpson, 1858, as published in the combination Lachnopodus rodgersii
(Class Crustacea, Order ee tage cat on the Sd es List A pe ie Names
in Zoology with Name No. 873.
Roding (P.F.), ruled to be treated as the author of the Museum Boltenianum, 1798
roseus Nobili, 1906, as published in the combination Parapleurophrycoides roseus
(Class Crustacea, Order pecaros), ea on the il List of Sree Names
in Zoology with Name No. 895.
rotundatus Adams & White, as published in the combination Lupocyclus rotundatus
(Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), correction of date of, from 1848 to Rise
(correction of Opinion 73) ; :
placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 808
rotundifrons Milne Edwards (A.), 1867, as published in the combination Heferozius
rotundifrons (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), Bpecais on the pOmoee List a
Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 800 ‘
rousseauxi Milne Edwards (H.), 1853, as published in the combination Metfasesarma
rousseauxi (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), Waa on the ee List “3
Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 884 ,
rouxii Guérin-Méneville, as published in the combination Caphyra rouxii (Class
Crustacea, Order Decapoda), correction of date of, from 1830 to 1832 (correction
of Opinion 73) + re a4 id ae ari oe *
placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 776
ruber Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Phoenicopterus ruber (Class
Aves), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 997
rubromaculatus de Haan, [1833], as published in the combination Cancer (Liagore)
rubromaculatus (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List
of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 875 .. cf: a3 bts aa
rufa Boddaert, 1783, as published in the combination Tanagra rufa (Class Aves),
placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 1013...
Ruppellioides Milne Edwards (A.), 1867 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda),
completion of Ruling given in Opinion 85 } oe oe Ar
salar Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Salmo salar (Class Pisces),
placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 1086 ..
Salmo Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Pisces), completion of Ruling given in Opinion 77
Page
23
16
257
18
24
|
178
16
180
52
370
340
Volume 1, Section D 459
Page
Samartium Dana, 1851 (Class Crustacea, Order ee sioteS completion of Ruling
given in Opinion 85 As i ~ .? d ie Se + ae 52
Sarcocystis Lankester, 1882 (Class Neosporidia), placed on the Official List
Generic Names in Zoology i in Opinion 104, determination of gender of .. Py,
Sarcoptes Latreille, [1802—1803] (Class Arachnida), placed on the Official List uh
Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 113, determination of gender of .. 142
savignii Milne Edwards (H.), 1834, as published in the combination Cancer savignii
(an Invalid Original Spelling for savignyi), placed on the Official Index of. ASIECs
and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 335 24
savignyi (correction of savignii) Milne Edwards (H.), 1834, as published in the com-
bination Cancer savignii (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the
Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 935 ee * Ka 23
scaber Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Uranoscopus scaber (Class
Pisces), placed on the ope. List oF tad Names in peeey with Name No.
1070 ae 368
scabripes Rathbun, 1898, as published in the combination Tetrias scabripes (Class
Crustacea, Order Decapoda), De on the lip List gt Bs Names in
Zoology with Name No. 923... 21
Scalopidia Stimpson, 1858 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), completion of
Ruling given in Opinion 85 yf tS ae ay a ao eye 32
Schistosoma Weinland, 1858 (Class Trematoda), placed on the Official List of
Generic Names in Zoology i in Opinion 77, determination of gender of _... 139
Scleroplax Rathbun, 1893 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), completion of
Ruling given in Opinion 85 a : th ee a, ae Bt Re 34
scolopacea Gmelin, 1788, as published in the combination Ardea scolopacea (Class
Aves), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 958 174
Scomber Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Pisces), completion of Ruling given in Opinion 77 .. 340
scombrus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Scomber scombrus (Class
Pisces), See on the egress List of Sag Names in ies ae with Name No.
1087 , 370-371
Scorpaena Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Pisces), completion of Ruling given in Opinion77.. 340
Scorpio Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Arachnida), placed on the Official List os Generic
Names in Zoology i in Opinion 104, determination of gender of = 142
sculptipes Stimpson, [1871], as published in the combination Micropanope sculptipes
(Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), Be oe on the eT Sst oe pees Names
in Zoology with Name No. 886.. 17
460 Opinions and Declarations
Scylla de Haan, [1833] (Class Crustacea, Order Beeanedal: correction of oaks
relating to type species of (correction of Opinion 73)
sefilata Forster, 1781, as published in the combination Paradisea [sic] sefilata (Class
Aves), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 993
Segestria Latreille, [1804] (Class Arachnida), placed on the Official List of Generic
Names in Zoology i in Opinion 104, determination of gender of :
Sepia Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Cephalopoda), placed on the ie List ae Generic
Names in Zoology i in Opinion 94, determination of gender of
septemspinosus Fabricius (J.C.), 1787, as published in the combination Cancer
septemspinosus (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), pa on the a List 4
Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 1055 oe ; x
serpentina Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Testudo serpentina
(Class Reptilia), placed 0 on the per List be See Names in Gey with
Name No. 1106.
serrata White, 1847, as published in the combination Valdivia serrata (Class
Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the 9 OU List oh perc Names in
Zoology with Name No. 841 : : :
serratus Forskal, 1775, as published in the combination Cancer serratus (Class
Crustacea, Order Decapoda), a i on the Se pe List sa Speci Names in
Zoology with Name No. 833 ..
sexdentatum Stimpson, 1858, as published in the combination Camptandrium
sexdentatum (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), Brett on the es List ce
Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 845 3
sexdentatus Paulson, 1875, as published in the combination Archias sexdentatus
(Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), Placed 2 on the ee List of Spee Names
in Zoology with Name No. 769.
sexpes Fabricius, 1798, as published in the combination Cancer sexpes (Class
Crustacea, Order Decapoda), at on the nee List a ARES Names in
Zoology with Name No. 870"
signatus Adams & White, as published in the combination Carpilus signatus (Class
Crustacea, Order Decapoda), correction of date of, from 1848 to [1849] (correction
of Opinion 73) te ‘ i Ss ae
placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 772
Silurus Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Pisces), correction of entry relating to Be species of
(correction of Opinion 77) - :
Siren Hermann, 1783 (a junior homonym of Siren Linnaeus, 1766), placed on the
Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 808
Page
56
178
143
158
268
374
12
11
12
Volume 1, Section D
Sirena Fischer de Waldheim, 1808 (an Invalid Emendation of Siren Linnaeus, 1766),
placed on the Official Index an cau and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology
with Name No. 809 of :
Sirene Oken, 1816 (an Invalid Emendation of Siren Linnaeus, 1766), placed on the
Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 810
speciosa Dana, 1852, as published in the combination Nucia speciosa (Class
Crustacea, Order Decapoda), Barats on the Ge List Ph PPPS Names in
Zoology with Name No. 811
spectabilis de Man, 1896, as published in the combination Platychirograpsus
spectabilis (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), sare on the gills So List =
Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 903
Speloeophorus Milne Edwards (A.), 1865 (Class Crustacea, Order iia
completion of Ruling given in Opinion 73 :
correction of reference for type species of
Speocarcinus Stimpson, 1858 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), completion of
Ruling given in Opinion 85 : an i He a ot
Sphaerium Scopoli, 1777 (Class Pelecypoda), placed on the childs List ie Generic
Names in Zoology in Opinion 94, determination of gender of
Sphaerozius Stimpson, 1858 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), completion of
Ruling given in Opinion 85 Sn we aS se _ id a4
Sphargis Merrem, 1820 (a junior objective synonym of Dermochelys Blainville,
1816), placed on the Official Index y peeeled and Invalid Generic Names in
Zoology with Name No. 811 F : 5
spinicarpus Milne Edwards (H.), 1852, as published in the combination Prionoplax
Spinicarpus (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), i eaearet on the pei ci List be
Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 907
spinosipes Stimpson, 1858, as published in the combination Scalopidia spinosipes
(Class Crustacea, Order aCe einibd ee on the Cas List a pens Names
in Zoology with Name No. 918.
spinosus Rathbun, 1894, as published in the combination Erimetopus spinosus
(Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), seca on the Fea List Z are Names
in Zoology with Name No. 794..
Spinturnix Heyden, 1826 (Class Arachnida), placed on the Official List a Generic
Names in Zoology in Opinion 104, determination of gender of :
Spirifer Sowerby, 1816 (Class Brachiopoda), placed on the Official List hs Generic
Names in Zoology in Opinion 100, determination of gender of :
19
53
55
a2
£59
52
346
ai
143
156
462 Opinions and Declarations
spongiosus Adams & White, as published in the combination Iphiculus spongiosus
(Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), ¢ correction of date of, from 1848 to eal See
(correction of Opinion 73) , A
placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 803
sponsa Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Anas sponsa (Class Aves),
placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 953
sternberghii Stimpson, 1859, as published in the combination Xanthodius sternberghii
(Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), Sa on the pa ltage List 2 oe Names
in Zoology with Name No. 928.
Stilesia Stiles & Hassall, 1893 (Class Cestoda), placed on the a List S Generic
Names in Zoology in Opinion 77, determination of gender of ;
stridulans Wood-Mason, 1892, as published in the combination Psopheticus
stridulans (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the vasclit List ol
Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 911 ’
Strigopsis Bonaparte, 1849 (an Invalid Emendation of Strigops Gray (G. R.), 1845),
placed on the Official Index as Aas and Invalid Generic Names in iss
with Name No. 572 aye
Stringops Finsch, 1867 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Strigops Gray (G.R. ),
1845), placed on the Official Index 2 sacar and Invalid Generic Names in
Zoology with Name No. 573 :
Stringopsis van der Hoeven, 1855 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Strigops
Gray (G. R.), 1845), placed on the Official Index of a aon and Invalid Generic
Names in Zoology with Name No. 574
Strongyloides Grassi, 1879 (Class Nematoda), placed on the mer List eh Generic
Names in Zoology in Opinion 66, determination of gender of ,
Strongylus Miller, 1780 (Class Nematoda), placed on the Official List et Generic
Names in Zoology i in Opinion 104, determination of gender of
struthersii Vigors, [1832], as published in the combination Ibidorhyncha struthersii
(Class Aves), Bee on the Omen List eh Bneeiiee! Names in pceeey with Name
INo-986 43.
Strygops Des Murs, [1853] (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Strigops Gray
(G. R.), 1845), placed on the Once Index a Reise and Invalid Generic Names
in Zoology with Name No. 575.
sturio Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Acipenser sturio (Class
Pisces), placed on the CaaS List of Bases Names in fo with Name No.
1072
subglobosa Stimpson, [1871], as published in the combination Jliacantha subglobosa
(Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), pie: on the aes ree List or Sie Names
in Zoology with Name No. 802..
Page
22
157
20
218
218
218
155
155
Wie
218
369
Volume 1, Section D
subquadrata Dana, 1851, as published in the combination Fabia subquadrata (Class
Crustacea, Order Decapoda), a on the eaiaiaiad List Sia sissies Names in
Zoology with Name No. 861... .
Succinea Draparnaud, [1801] (Class Gastropoda), placed on the Official List of
Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 94, determination of gender of ;
sulcatus Swainson, 1820, as published in the combination Pteroglossus sulcatus
(Class Aves), placed on the an a List ie 5 a Names in sates with Name
Mo: .961 ..
superba Costa, 1838, as published in the combination Portunus superba (Class
Crustacea, Order Decapoda), Sapa on the ose Bist ee nthe Names in
Zoology with Name No. 936... ;
swainsonii Vigors, 1825, as published in the combination Gampsonyx swainsonii
(Class Aves), ores on the rsiias List pe Hide a Names in naaieey with Name
No. S34) ©...
Syngamus Siebold, 1836 (Class Nematoda), placed on the Official List a Generic
Names in Zoology i in Opinion 104, determination of gender of :
Syngnathus Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Pisces), completion of Ruling given in Opinion 77
Syngathus Rafinesque, 1810 (a junior homonym of Syngnathus Linnaeus, 1758),
placed on the Official Index of re ig and Invalid Generic Names in Zoey
with Name No. 812 ; :
Syringothyris Winchell, 1863 (Class Brachiopoda), placed on the Official List Ed
Generic Names in Zoology i in Opinion 100, determination of gender of
tabacaria Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Fistularia tabacaria (Class
Pisces), placed on the pas List of SPS Names in ZR ES with Name No.
1067 an
Taenia Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Cestoda), placed on the Ofiiciabd List oe Generic Names
in Zoology in Opinion 84, determination of gender of
Telmessus Stal, 1866 (a junior homonym of Te/messus White, 1846), placed on the
Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 510
tenuipes Dana, 1852, as published in the combination Carupa tenuipes (Class
Crustacea, Order Decapoda), ah on the Ones List | iptae Names in
Zoology with Name No. 780 _..
Teredo Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Pelecypoda), placed on the Official List oh Generic
Names in Zoology i in Opinion 94, determination of gender of f
tesselatus Latreille, as published in the combination Graspus tesselatus (Class
Crustacea, Order Decapoda), correction of date of, from 1818 to 1812 ea eeta
of Opinion 85) ; ae yt a ie my bed : “¢
placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 882
463
Page
14
157
174
23
177
[55
340
346
158
368
BS
464 Opinions and Declarations
Page
Tetraxanthus Rathbun, 1898 (Class Crustacea, Order igs eae 48 See of
Ruling given in Opinion 85 a > is sé ee 38 52
Tetrias Rathbun, 1898 Se Crustacea, Order eee fperrgiges of sabia
given in Opinion 85 , :
Teuthis Schneider, 1784, a name placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid
Generic Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in Opinion 233, deletion of
inadvertent entry relating to, made by the Ruling given in Direction 56 .. 346, 391
Teuthys Lamarck, 1790 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Teuthis Linnaeus,
1766), insertion of, on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in
Zoology in the entry rendered vacant therefor by the removal of the duplicate
entry relating to Teuthis Schneider, 1784, eee made Ha the nee cos
in Direction 56 .. : : : 391
thalamita Stimpson, [1871], as published in the combination Melybia thalamita
(Class Crustacea, Order Deen pa on the Poa List of saat Names
in Zoology with Name No. 883. i
Thalamitoides Milne Edwards (A.), 1869 (Class Crustacea, Order Decarrey
completion of Ruling given in Opinion 73... 54
Thalamonyx Milne Edwards (A.), 1873 (Class Crustacea, Order Dectenes)
completion of Ruling given in Opinion 73... 54
Thaumastoplax Miers, 1881 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), completion of
Ruling given in Opinion 85 a ; ts ie ae aK vy. ti 50
Thysanosoma Diesing, 1835 (Class Cestoda), placed on the eiaes List sci Generic
Names in Zoology in Opinion 77, determination of gender of . 159
tiphia Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Motacilla tiphia (Class Aves),
placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 1023... 183
Tlos White, 1847 (a nomen nudum), placed on the ae Index xh Helly and
Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. $11 é 61
Tlos Adams & White (Class Crustacea, Order PeCADETEn correction of date of,
from 1848 to [1849] (correction of Opinion 73) ; am s x te 56
tobianus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Ammodytes tobianus (Class
Pisces), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No.
1064 sat me 4s ap Le t. Dye x ae au) ®
tomentosus Dana, 1852, as published in the combination Actumnus tomentosus
(Class Crustacea, Order ee np ee) aie on the aiciah List af ge Names
in Zoology with Name No. 767. 3
Tornatellina Pfeiffer, 1842 (Class Gastropoda), placed on the Official List cf Generic
Names in Zoology i in Opinion 119, determination of gender of a 158
Volume 1, Section D
torquilla Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Jynx torquilla (Class Aves),
placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 987 i
transversus Rathbun, 1893, as published in the combination Opisthopus transversus
(Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), as on the Oe ial List be ie apn Names in
Zoology with Name No. 890...
trapeziformis Nauck, 1880, as published in the combination Holothuriophilus
trapeziformis (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), pee on the Sila List uF
Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 872 ;
tresselata Milne Edwards (H.), 1834, as published in the combination Lybia
tresselata (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for tesse/atus Latreille, 1812, as
published in the combination Grapsus tesselatus), placed on the Official Index Zz
Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 338 ~ ;
Triatoma Laporte, [1832] (Class Insecta), placed on the Official List sa Generic
Names in Zoology in Opinion 104, determination of gender of
Trichodactylus Latreille (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), correction of date of,
from 1825 to [1828] (correction of Opinion 73) _ os ox ae a:
Trichodactylus Dufour, 1839 (a junior homonym of Trichodactylus Latreille, 1828),
placed on the Official Index sd paae: and Invalid Generic Names in n Zoology with
Name No. 512 ..
Trichostrongylus Looss, 1905 (Class Nematoda), placed on the eoeut List a Generic
Names in Zoology in Opinion 66, determination of gender of :
tridens de Haan, [1835], as published in the combination Ocypode (Helice) tridens
(Class Crustacea, Order rea ates on the ee List a eee Names
in Zoology with Name No. 868.
tridens Kr@yer, 1837, as published in the combination Geryon tridens (Class
Crustacea, Order Decapoda), pee on the os List us PE Names in
Zoology with Name No. 863°.
tridentata Milne Edwards (H.), 1853, as published in the combination Parathelphusa
tridentata (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), i on the my List us
Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 818 ; : ee
tridentata Miers, 1879, as published in the combination Pseudophilyra tridentata
(Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), uae on the ann List of eres Names
in Zoology with Name No. 828..
tridentatus Milne Edwards (A.), 1879, as published in the combination Coenophthalmus
tridentatus (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the ar List e
Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 782 ; : 4
tristis Dana, 1852, as published in the combination Carpilodes tristis (Class
Crustacea, Order Decapoda), places\e on the ae seiat List of maa Names in
Zoology with Name INO sch Oe..." &
62
143
56
61
155
15
10
466 Opinions and Declarations
Trombidium Fabricius, 1775 (Class Arachnida), placed on the Official List i Generic
Names in Zoology in Opinion 104, determination of gender of 4
truncatus Stimpson, 1860, as published in the combination Metopocarcinus truncatus
(Class Crustacea, Order gata geass: on the esas List - arpa Names
in Zoology with Name No. 885.
Trypanosoma Gruby, 1843 (Class Mastigophora), placed on the Official List a
Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 95, determination of gender of
tuberosa Stimpson, [1871], as published in the combination Osachila tuberosa (Class
Crustacea, Order Decapoda), nv gs on the pap List he ae a Names in
Zoology with Name No. 816... :
tuberosus Pennant, 1777, as published in the combination Cancer tuberosus (Class
Crustacea, Order Decapoda), Se on the Oe List ie Dia Names in
Zoology with Name No. 790. : : G
[Tunstall (M.)], 1771, Ornithologia britannica, all new names in, ruled as possessing
no availability for nomenclatorial purposes, except Pyrrhocorax [Tunstall], 1771,
validated by the Ruling given in Opinion 404 a We :
addition of title of, to the Official Index ease: and Invalid Works in ee
Nomenclature with Title No. 48 st 2
typhlus Milne Edwards (A.), 1880, as published in the combination Bathyplax
typhlus (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), Oe on the ein i List Zs Sue
Names in Zoology with Name No. 844
typicus Rathbun, 1898, as published in the combination Chasmocarcinus typicus
(Class Crustacea, Order Dera ble on the Seg List a preeee Names
in Zoology with Name No. 849.
ungulata Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Musca ungulata (Class
Insecta, Order Diptera), pe on the 5 Gee List Hh pts Names in LOMeey
with Name No. 1056...
urophasianus Bonaparte, 1827, as published in the combination Tetrao urophasianus
(Class Aves), es on the lias List i. Bids Names in basins bi with Name
No. 9674s:
Utica White, 1847 Cpa Crustacea, Order ae ore meee of Sige given
in Opinion 85 4
Utica Hewitson, [1865] (a junior homonym of Utica White, 1847), placed on the
Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 513
Valdivia Ragonot, 1888 (a junior homonym of Valdivia White, 1847), placed on the
Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 514
Valdivia Shannon, 1927 (a junior homonym of Valdivia White, 1847), placed on the
Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 515
Page
144
17
158
85
85
12
13
268
W7a
52
61
61
61
Volume 1, Section D 467
Page
Varuna Milne Edwards (H.), 1830 eae? Crustacea, Order 5 banat coe
of Ruling given in Opinion 85 .. 52
vesiculosa Alcock, 1896, as published in the combination Heteronucia vesiculosa
(Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), pees on the at List of os see Names
in Zoology with Name No. 799. . |
vigil Weber, 1795, as published in the combination Portunus vigil (Class Crustacea,
Order Decapoda), Seat on the aoe! List nen Snegific Names in AC? with
Name No. 938 .. 23
vigil Fabricius, 1798, as published in the combination Portunus vigil (a junior
synonym of vigil Weber, 1795, as published in the combination Portunus vigil),
placed on the Official Index of in and Invalid peciee Names in Pei
with Name No. 340 Fe 62
violacea Isert, 1789, as published in the combination Musophaga violacea (Class
Aves), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 989 178
Vitrina Draparnaud, [1801] (Class Gastropoda), placed on the Official List a Generic
Names in Zoology in Opinion 119, determination of gender of ‘ 158
volans Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Draco volans (Class
Reptilia), placed on the ag List fe oe Names in RS with Name
No. 1105 es é 373-374
Volvox Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Mastigophora), placed on the ce List oe Generic
Names in Zoology i in Opinion 75, determination of gender of : 156
vulgaris Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Sturnus vulgaris (Class
Aves), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 1011 180
vulgaris Milne Edwards (H.), 1837, as published in the combination Homarus
vulgaris (a junior objective synonym of gammarus Linnaeus, 1758, as published
in the combination Cancer gammarus), placed on the Offical Index of ge
and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 362. f idk 2D
vulturina Hardwicke, 1834, as published in the combination Numida vulturina (Class
Aves), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 950 173
wallicus Kerr, 1792, as published in the combination Psittacus wallicus (Class
Aves), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 1032 —-183
Xanthasia White, 1846 oe Crustacea, Order Wedge res cemukegen of a eulpe
given in Opinion 85 a2
Xanthodius Stimpson, 1859 (Class Crustacea, Order hr ea coments of
Ruling given in Opinion 85 ; 3 : : 53
Xenophthalmodes Richters, 1880 Shee Crustacea, Order pee eae
of Ruling given in Opinion 85 .. 50
468 Opinions and Declarations
Xenophthalmus White, 1846 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), completion of
Ruling given in Opinion 85 a ig 45 = ae - me £3
Zeus Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Pisces), completion of Ruling given in Opinion 77
Zosimus Leach, 1823 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), completion of Ruling
given in Opinion 85 re aye ie eR ae 2 - 4 a
Zosimus Schaufuss, 1886 (a junior homonym of Zosimus Leach, 1825), placed on the
Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 516
Zozymodes Heller, 1861 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), completion of Ruling
given in Opinion 85 i ae Us an ae: e. hp a he
Zozymus Milne Edwards (H.), 1834 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Zosimus
Leach, 1825), placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names
in Zoology with Name No. 517.. fh 4 iA a e: ue a
Page
53
340
53
61
52
61
Volume 1, Section D
469
PARTICULARS OF DATES OF PUBLICATION OF THE SEVERAL
PARTS IN WHICH THE PRESENT VOLUME WAS PUBLISHED
Part No.
Dl
D.2
D.3
D.4
|B Bas
D.6
Dy,
D.8
ES
D.10
DAE!
12
13
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BAS
D.16
Det]
D.18
| ed he
Page Nos.
1—46
47—82
83—94
95—138
139—152
153—170
171—210
211—232
233—242
243—254
255—264
265—280
28 1—292
293—308
309—318
319—336
337—364
365—388
389-470
T.P.—XIV
Contents of Part
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( Corrigenda
J and Index,
Foreword, Table
ie Contents
Date of Publication
Ist September 1956
Ist September 1956
Ist September 1956
17th September 1956
17th September 1956
17th September 1956
19th October 1956
19th October 1956
19th October 1956
26th October 1956
21st November 1956
21st November 1956
21st November 1956
21st November 1956
Sth December 1956
20th December 1956
20th December 1956
20th December 1956
:
L
(
J
10th October 1957
470 Opinions and Declarations
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