Skip to main content

Full text of "Orang-outang, sive homo sylvestris: or, The anatomy of a pygmie compared with that of a monkey, an ape, and a man. To which is added, A philological essay concerning the pygmies, the cynocephali, the satyrs, and sphinges of the ancients. Wherein it will appear that they are all either apes or monkeys, and not men, as formerly pretended"

See other formats 


BURNDY | 
‘ , LIBRARY 
ay i IL Chartered in 1941 


BERN DIBNER 


The Dibner Library 
of the History of 
Science and Technology 


SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES 


“bh 


on apes 


at 
aay 


tL) 
eae 


Aa 


y 


Ais 
Ay he 


S 


Pee 


Hard) 
Rite 


(este 


SRE aie 


ae 


Ee ae) 


Reimers 
Wi de tone e 
AW: 


i 
\ Hi ’ 


17° Die May, 1699. 


Imprimatur Liber cui Titulus, Orang—Outang, 
feve Homo Sylveftris, &c. Authore Edvardo 
Tyfon M.D, R. 5.8 


John Hoskins /. P. R. S. 


Orang-Outang,five Homo Sylvefiris: 
OR,THE 


ANATOMY | 


OF A 


YGMIE 


Compared with that of a 
Monkey, an Ape, anda Man. 


To which is added, A 


PHILOLOGICAL ESSAY 


Concerning the 
Pyomies, the Cynocephali, the Satyrs,and Sphinges 
of the ANCIENTS. 


Wherein it will appear that they are all either APES or 
MONKEYS, andnot MEN, as formerly pretended. 


bad 


By EDWARD TYSON M.D. 
| Fellow of the Colledge of Phyficians, and the Royal Society : 


Phyfician to the Hofpital of Betblem, and Reader of 
Anatomy at Chirurgeons-Hall. 


; LONDON: 
Printed for Thoeas Bennet at the Half-Moox in St. Paul's Church-yard ; 
and Daziel Browz at the Black Swan and Bible without Tezple-Bar 


and are to be had of Mr. Hunt at the Repofitory in Grefham-Colledge. 
M DC XCIX. 


ES fyearcones rr 


TO THE 
RIGHT HONOURABLE 


J] O H N Lord Sommers, 


Baron of EVES HAM, 


Lord rig! RNS 
ENG L A ND, 


One of the Lords of his MA JESTIES 
moft Honourable Parvy Councit, 


And Prefident of the Rorat Socrery. 


STR, 

\ HE great Variety of weighty and important 

Affairsn which your Lorafhip 1 engaged-one 
mm would think, did fo entirely engrofs your T ime, 

thal 3 ‘you could not have a Minute left to beftow on the 

Mujes. Your umwearied and fuccesful Application to 


the 


The Epiftle Dedicatory. 

the Bufinefs of the State, in the meeft Conjunttions , 

that perhaps England ever faw, 2s well as your in- 

exprelfible Labours in diftributing Fujftice, in your High 

Station; have been attended with Univerfal Applaufe: 

_and have convinced all the World , how much the Ho~ 

nour of bis Majefty's Government, and the Happinefs 

of his People, depend on the Capacity and Integrity of bus 
Mimfters, You have not fuffered, even neceffary Re~ 

frefbments to interrupt your Conftant Cares for the Pub= 
feck. To ferve your Country, you bave defranded your 
elf both of Meat, and Rest ; which, my Lord, is the 
only Att of Injuftice, that was ever charged upon you. 

Your immoderate Labours make daily Encroachments 
upon your Health: or at leaft ‘tw the fear of every 
good Man, that they fhould. And yet your Lordfhip, 
notwithftanding all Diffwaftons, perfeveres inflexible . as 
if, animated by the Noble Spirit of an Old Roman, 

you were refolved to Sacrifice your Life, for the Good of 
your Country. . 


And yet, my Lord, amidft fuch a multiplicity of the 
greatelt Affairs, to which you pay a conftant Atten= 
dance; you have not only found Time, to apply your 
Thoughts to all kinds of Literature , fo as to become 
a great Majfter in all ; But you bave likewife extended 
your Care to the Interefts of Learning, and to the En= 
couraging of thofe, who ftudy the Advancement of it. 
Among many other Inftances, your Lordfhip has lately 
condefcended, to ‘Prefide over the Royal Society; 


that 
Us 


The Epiftle Dedicatory. 


that was inftituted, for the Improvement of Natural 


Experimental Philofophy ; and you have taken care, to 
Expres your great Zeal and Readinefs, to contribute 
every thing in your Power, to Protei their Interefts, 
and Promote their Reputation. And under your Lord~ 
rip’s enlivening Influence, there is all the Reafon in the 
World to expett, that Learning will again flourifh there, 
as well as among other Orders of Men, , 


This, my Lord, bas fo embolden'd me, humbly to pre= 
Jeni this Performance to your Lordfhip. For fince fo 
Great a Patron of Letters 1 rifen in the midft of us ; 
we think we have a fort of Right to his Countenance 
and Protettion, 1 wifh the Prefent I prefume to make 
you, was more worthy of your Lord/hip : All that Ican 
fay to recommend it, ts, that the Subjett is Novel, and 
that Care has been taken to give it a suft Defcription : 
which, I may fay, without vanity, never yet appeared in 
Publick. 


‘Tis a true Remark, which we cannot make without 
Admiration;I bat from Minerals,to Plants; fromPlants, 
to Animals; and from Animals, to Men ; the Tranfition 
is fo gradual, that there appears a very great Simili= 
tude, as well between the meaneft Plant, and fome Mi- 
nerals ; as between the loweft Rank of Men, and the 
highe/t kind of Animals. Tbe Animal of which I have 
given the Anatomy, coming neareft t9 Mankind ; feems 
the Nexus of the Animal and Rational , as your Lerd- 
foip,and thofe of your High Rank and Order for Know= 

| ea ledge 


"Fhe Epiftle Dedicatory. 
ledge and Wifdom, approaching nearejt to that kind of 
Beings which is next above us ; Connetl the Vifible, and 

Invifible World, 3 


If this Performance fhall Promote tie Defign of the 
Society, of which I have the Honour to be a Member,and 
which your Lordfhip is pleafed to Prefide over ; by im~ 
proving the Natural Hiftory of Animals, and affording 
the Reader any Delightful and Useful Inftruétions ; I 
hall look on my Time and Pains, well rewarded, 


Lam 


My Lord, 
Your Lordthip’s moft humble 


and moft obedient Servant 


EDWARD TYSON. 


THE 


PREFACE 


E i ST this Difcourfe fhould be rejected meerly 
for the Title’s fake, as if *twere intended only to 
divert the Reader, with the Recital of the Fabu- 

wa lous and Romantick Stories, which have been re- 

lated on the Subje&s I have propofed to treat of: I think it 
neceflary to premife , that as my chief Defign in this Under- 
taking is the Improvement of the Natural Hiftory of Animals ; 
fo I have made it my Bufinefs more, to find out the Truth , 
than to enlarge in the Mythology ; to inform the Fudgment , 
than to pleafe the Phancy, And the Orang-Outang ( whofe 
Anatomy I here give) being a Creature fo very remarkable, 
and rare; and not only in its External Shape, but much more 
in the Conformation of a great many of the inward Vifcera, 
fo much refembling a Man ; I thought I could not be too 
particular, in my Defcription of it 3 though to fome, who 
have not a Taft of thefe Matters, I may feem prolix and te- 
dious. 


To render this. Difquifition more uleful, 1 have made a 
Comparative Survey of this Animal, with a Monkey, an Ape, 
and a Maz. By viewing the fame Parts of all thefe together, 
we may the better obferve Nature's Gradation in the Formati- 
on of Azimal Bodies, and the Tranfitions made from one to 
another ; than which, nothing can more conduce to the 

uy) Ate 


“Th PREFACE 


Attainment of the true Knowledge, both of the Fabrick, and 
Uses of the Parts. By following Nature's Clew in this won~ 
derful Labyrinth of the Creation, we may be more eafily ad- 
mitted into her Secret Receffes,which Thread if we mifs,we muft 
needs err and be bewilder'd. — 


In drawing up this Comparifoz, UI have made ufe of the 
Anatomy which is given of Apes and Monkeys by other Authors; 
and very frequently have quoted their own words, which has 
render'd my Difcourfe much longer: For not having thefe 4- 
nimals by me to diffe& and compare,! thought ic but juft to let 
the Reader {ee, upon what Authorities 1 went. And though a 
fhort Reference might be efteemed fufficient, without this te- 
dious and unfafhionable way of inferting the whole Text ; yet 
if any one will give himfelf the trouble of Examining the E- 
vidences I have preduced, I think I have dealt more kindly by 
him, in making him a Judge himfelf; than in leaving him bare- 
ly to truftto my Report. For there are none, who have been 
converfant with Books, but muft acknowledge, that they have 
been often impofed upon, for want of this fair dealing , as I 
have my felf Experienced in this prefent Enquiry. To avoid 
therefore this Error, my Caution it may be has lead me into 
another, which I hope the Reader will pardon, if he judges it 
fuch. — : 


Galen formerly diffected Apes and Monkeys, and recommend- 
ed to his Scholars the frequent Anatomizing them, as ufeful for 
. the attaining the Knowledge of the Stru@ure of the Parts in Hu- 
mane Bodies. Had he met with our Animal, ithad ferved his 
turn much better: Nor had he been liable to fome Miftakes, 
which Vefalivg charges him with, fince in fo many Parts, the 
Orang-Outang imitates a Man, more than Apes and Monkeys do. 
Not only Galen,but the greateft Anatomifts we have had in this 
‘lat Age, have exercifed their Pens about them ; as plain- 
ly appears in the enfuing Difcourfe, which fufficiently juftifies 
me for engaging in this Argument: I wifh I had fo good an 
Apology for my Performance. 


This 


| The PREFACE. 


This great Agreement, which I obferved between the Orang- 
Outang, and a Man, put me upon confidering, whether it might 
not afford the Occafion to the Ancients, of inventing the ma- 
ny Relations, which they have given us of feveral forts of Men, 
which are no where to be mec with but in their Writings. For 
EF could not but think; there might be fome Real Foundation 
for their Mythology ; which made me more ftri&tly enquire into 
their Records; and examining them, I always found fomething 
new, that infenfibly lead me on far beyond what at firft 1 in- 
tended: and if Ido not deceive my felf, I have at laft gained 
a clearer Light in thefe Matters, than any that has hitherto ap- 
peared. : 


For what created the greateft difficulty, was their cal- 
ling them Mer,but yet with an Epithet for diftinction fake; as the 
— “Avdpes “Aye sor, Minegt, Tulpectio, Méraves 3 fo the “AvSo@ma Kuvore gowras, 
&e. 2 e the Wild Mex, the Little Men , the Pygimean 
Men, the Black Men, the Men with Dogs Faces, &c. 
yet at the fame time I find that they made them Sele, Wild 
Beafts ; and if {o,no doubt but they were of the Quadru-manus 
kind; z.e. either Apes or Monkeys. And fuch were likewife the 
Satyrs, the Fauni, Pan,Agipan, Syluvanus,Silenus, and the Nyz- 
phe, as alfo the Sphinges of the Ancients. 


But fc many Romances have been made about them, that not 
only Strabo formerly, but the moft noted Men of Learning of 
late, have looked upon them as meer Fictions of the Poets, 
and have utterly denied them any real Being. Homer's Gera- 
nomachia therefore, or Fight of the Cranes and Pygmies,1 have 
rendered a probable Story. Aréffotle’s affertion of the being of 
Pygmies, 1 have vindicated from the falfe Gloffes of others, 
The Conjectures of other Learned Men about them, I have 
examined: And by what I have faid in the following Philo- 
logical Effay, 1 think I have fully proved, that there were fuch 
- Animals as the Ancients called Pygmies, Cynocepbali, Satyrs, and 
Sphinges ; and that they were only Apes and Monkeys. 


Had. 


ee 


The PREFACE. 

Had my Leifure been greater, I had contracted the whole, 
and taken more care both in the Method, and Expreffion. But 
moft of the vacant Hours from the neceffary Attendance on the 
Bufinefs of my Profeflion , being taken up in Colle&ting Ma- 
terials ; to gratifie the Importunity of my Friends, who con- 
ftantly urged the Publication, I fent my Papers Sheet by Sheet 
to the Prefs, as I had time to tranfcribe them; fo that I had 
not a view of them together, till they were printed. If I have 
difcovered the Truth, ‘twas what I aimed at, which always 
appears beft, when leaft difguifed ; and it has been my chief — 
Care in this Undertaking to pull off thofe Vails and Masks, 
wherewith the Poets and Poetical Hiftorians have hitherto ob- 
{cured it, 


Orang- 


ii | 1 


Orang-Outang five Homo Sylveftris: 


Ok, Tae 


ANATOMY 


OF A 


GI 


a he AT the Pygmies of the Antients were a fort of Apes, and 


not of Humane Race, 1 fhall endeavour to prove in the fol- 

lowing Effay. And if the Pygmies were only Apes, then in 

all probability our Ape may bea Pygmies a fort of Avimal fo 

much refembling Maz, that both the Antients and the Moderns have 
reputed it to be a Puxy Race of Mankind, call’d to this day, Homo Syl- 
veftris, The Wild Man ; Orang-Outang, or a Max of the Woods 5 by the 
Africans Quoias Morrow, by others Baris, or Barris, and by the Por 
tugefe, the Salvage. But obferving that under thefe Names, they defcribe 
different Avimals;, for Diftinction-fake, and to avoid Equivocation, I 
fhall call the Subject, of which I am about to give the Avatomy, a Pygmie, 
from its Stature; which I find to be juft the fame with the Stature of 
the Pygmies of the Antients. Tulpivs ‘tis true, and Boztivs, and Dapper 
do call it, Sztyrvs. And tho I am of Opinion, that the Sztyrs of the 
Antients were of the Ape, or rather Movkey-kind 5 yet for the Reafons 
alledged in the following Effzy, 1 cannot think our Avimal a Satyr. The 
Baris or Barris, which they defcribe to be much taller than our Avimal, 
probably may be what we call a Dri. But I muft confe(s, there is fo 
great Confufion in the Defcription of this fort of Creature, which I find 
isa very large Family (there being numerous Species of them) that in 
Tranicribing the Authors that have wrote about them, ‘tis almoft im- 
poffible but to make miftakes; from the want of their well diftinguith- 
ing them. TI fhall endeavour therefore in my Account of this, ? to 
B if{cri- 


2 Orang=Outang five Homo Sylueftr : Or, 


difcriminate it, that it may be eafily known again, where-ever tis met 

with. Not that I think in a fingle Obfervation I can be fo exact, but that 
ce be liable to make Errors my felf, how careful foever I have 
een. 

{ will not urge any thing more here, why I call it a Pygwie: °Tis 
neceflary to give ita Name; and if what I offer in the enfuing Ezy, 
does not fufficiently Account for the Denomination, 1 leave it to others 
to give it one more proper. What I fhall moft of all aim at im the 
following Difcourfe, will be to give as particular an Account as I can, 
of the formation and ftructure of -all the Parts of this wonderful Azi- 
mal; and to make a Comparative Survey of them, with the fame Parts in 
a Humane Body, as likewile in the Ape and Mozkey-kind. For tho’ I own 
it to be of the Ape kind, yet, as we fhall obferve, in the Organization of 
abundance of its Parts, it more approaches to the Struture of the fame 
in Mex: But where it differs from a Maz, there it refembles plainly 
the Common Ape, more than any other Avimal. 

And tho’ I may feem too tedious in difcourfing fo long upon a fingle 
fubject, yet I have this to offer, that if we had an accurate and parti- 
cular Hiffory of any ove Species of Avimal, it might in a great meafure 
ferve for the whole kind, Wherein they differ, might eafily be taken 

notice of, and there would be no need of repeating any thing, wherein 
they all agreed. So formerly diffecting a Young Lioz and a Cat at the 
{ame time, I wondred to find fo very great Refemblance of all the Parts, 
both in the one and the other ; that the Avatomy of the one might ferve 
for the other, allowing for the Magnitude of the Parts, with very little 
other alteration: And not only for this, but for feveral other Avzimals, 
that belong to the fame Family. Icould have wifhed I had had the 
like Opportunity, when I was diflecting our Pygwe, of comparing the 
fame Parts with thofe of an Ape anda Mozkey : For want of it, I have 
referred all along to the Accounts given us of the Azatomy of thele 
Creatures by other Authors; which, tho’ it renders my Difcourfe more 
prolix, yet I thought it would not be unacceptable to the Curious. 
But I fhall take care to draw up in a fhorter view, wherein our Pygmie 
-more refembled a Maz, than an Ape and Morkey,and wherein it differ'd. 

Now notwith{tanding ourPyevze doesfo much refemble a Mazin many 
of its Parts, more than any of the Ape-Aind, or any other Aviwal in the 
World that [know of: Yet by no means do I look upon it as the Pro- 
duct of a mixt Generation ;. ‘tis a Brute-Animal fui generis, and a par- 
ticular Species of Ape. For when I was diffecting it, fome Sea-Captains 
and Merchants who came to my Houfe to fee it, affured me, that they 
had feen a great many of them in Borzeo, Sumatra, and other Parts, tho 
this was brought from Avzgola in Africas, but was firft taken a great deal 
higher up in the Country, and in Company with it there was a Female 

of the fame kind. ; 
[ thall have hereafter occafion to make my Remarks on feveral Parti- 
culars, relating to it’s way of Living, it's Sagacity, Actions, aN the 
ike. 


The Anatomy of a 


PYG MITE. 3 


like. I fhall now therefore firft of all defcribe its ovtward thape and 


figures then look within, and obferve the Mechani/m there. 


But meet= 


ing with a Text in Ariftotle, wherein he gives a general Defcription of 
the Ape-kind, 1 think it not amifs to Tran{cribe it; and by Commenting 
upon it, to fhew wherein our prefent Subject agrees with or differs from 
it ; and what I have befides to Remark,I fhall afterwards take notice of, 
and then proceed to the Azatomy of the Izward Parts. 

Ariftotle’s (1) Text is this, which I fhall give with Ful. Cel. Scaliger’s 


Latiz Tranflation: 


And as you may obferve by the Letters of Refe- 


rence, I have rendred each Paragraph into Exglih, adding my Obferva- 


tions thereon. 


(2) F Nia 5 AW Cowv errapeporepiles 

chy gua, Tal ze avpware x, 
mols TeTea7roow, Ciov miAnwos wt, AOL , 
%, wuvonepara. (b)”Est o” 6 prev 260s, 
mmlnnos 2a gegy. (¢) Kal of nuvoné- 
Garo 2) ty arn yen propglo ois 
mibiinals, TANY puciCoves T Cot, wy fave 9- 
TEC G!, Hy Te Mplown eyovrs xuvocd¥- 
seen. En) ayesoreegt re 7 itn, 2, 
Tés oSw7es eyun xuvondstecus x, 
5 , c Nai? es 
UZ 0Te2 GUS. (4) 1 o midi ot, dacs 
PAY Cink TH TRG, ws CYTES TETE RODE 
72 UTTIC *) QTLUTOS, ws Gv7es avlow- 
mocks. Tero 6m a dvledrav 
evarrias fy ny 6m Th Tereqadwy , 
xglammep ercytn megtecgy. TIAL ii re 
Sele mayCla, 2, Waoris to” dupdrecce 
pices ciny of mbna. (e) FS4 med- 
own, eye moAAas Suoibrnres Ta 
7 avSeans. Kai x puxtiegs, x, 
are muegnanna @ya Kal odovres, 
aap 6 civizraT 9s, TEs MeOSIUS i, 
TEs youpius. (f) “En *) Brepae ides, 


WW array teregntdur x ta apsreca: 


éyivray, oir eyes may, Aemas *) op6- 
OCR, # pecer”rav TLS HOT, ty [KegES 
TAT AY Te aMra TeTeRToOo Te2Lv- 
mas én cya, (g) Eyes’) ev tal sites 
Ovo Ourd’s praasav puxpav. (h) “Eye 
O’ 2, Begyiovas, waren avlewnos zArlw) 


DeTAs a xo wales w TErwvs i, red one An. 


wanep avllewros, Tis MesPepcias mds 


x i) Ariftot. Hifte de Animal. lib. 2. Caps 13. ‘Ex Edit. Scaliger. ‘cum uo Com, D. 197, Kc. 
dad Bis ch Zit i 


(a) Y Neer hominem, quadrupedim- 

I que genus natura quedane me- 
dia, atque utrique communis eft: Qua- 
les, fimia, cebus, caniceps. (b) Eft 
autem cebus fimia caudata. (C) Ca= 
niceps communent cum fimia fornmane 


habet : nife quod CG» major & robu- 


ftior eft : faciéueque habet canine pro- 
piorent. Tum moribus exiftunt effe- 
ratioribys. Dentes quoque caninio- 
res, atque firmiores. (d) Simie partes 
que celun [pectant, ut pilofe funt > 
Propterea quod quadrupedum genert 
afcribuntur : Ita que ad terrane 
devergunt quoque : quia hominis 
fpeciewe veferunt. Naw in houtine, 
 quacdrupedibus hoc contrario fe ha- 
bere modo fupra dictum eft. Caters 
fimiis craffus pilus, ac predenfus utra- 
quein parte eft. (e) jus vera fa- 
cies multis modis humane femilis. 
Luippe tum nares, tun auricule : 
Tien dentes tan primores , quane 
maxillares funt propemodun: tales , 
quales S homini. (£) Quinetian 
quadrupedes catere cum in utraque 
gena neutiquam palpebras habeant 3- 
ipfa habet, fed tenues admodum : te- 
nuiores verd inferiores, atque perpi- 
fillos : quibus carent quadrupedes alia. 
(g) Et funt in pectore papille due 


parvarune mammarum. (hn) Ad hac, 


arnnrcs. 


4 


. \ 
arniras dppotteay 7 xarav. (2 Teds 
oy a ‘ XN 
‘) TS870Is,  yelees x, OunmuAus % 
2 c , ) {f 6 TN M 
Cryes ouunies zal aéWewm® lw 
o~ t 
mur Tole bat TO QUci@oesegoy. 
Ck) "Idvous D8 rag modes: cick 9D ofa 
~ / \ es t 
yeices pancry. Kas ot OUXTUAD 
wanep ob FW yerewv’ 6 puesos, prceneg- 
no \ 
TAT" 2, TO YgTH TE TSS, Yyuek 
4 ~ ~~ 
Onroion® mAlw OA? 7 jalinos TiS ~Ue9S 
67 mm tara revo, xalamep Seep. 
CL) Tazo O& é@ anes onarnegreco, 
ALUAS, ty CUNO pws [Ls prevon THepylw. 
Key prroy oF rei woo ‘a 2 /LD@, iy 0S 
XN 
XECO, ty @S Wool, x, oUyygKmlA wawEp 
xSiens. (2) Eyes dt rey ayuave yout 
zy punegy Beaycis, warep mens Toy 
Bearyiova yg tlw wvipelw. (2) Ogee 
Aw df Skéyovee wav dx Zyel, CHANG GY, 
\ a, a nite 
OF Hol xqleé zy temo Teloy TE bys- 
gurs. (0) Te \) ave Wl yore 
- > o BS 5 
TOAU prciCove, eye, wamep TZ TeTeg- 
\ R72 t \ 
won, Zyesov W, wawvep wTe Teds 
J a \ =N oy i a \ S, \ 
Teie 622, wole Te Tale, HRI Ole 
ZD TEs Woodws sel Seeoles Epo, HHL 
c r 2 - 
Warsparel oUYxelevoUs Cx YeIeGs Hot 
\ 3 \ \ Wag J, 
TODDS Cx ev BOBS, xale 1d ® wlep- 
mg ey arov" Cu OF Yele95, TAMa jAkpne 
Kat oi duxmAgd eysn 7d nargie- 
voy Swap. (p) Aiarercs OF  TActo 
Xegvoy reregmon dv mercy > oper. 
(q) Kel are iggle eyes ws reredrouw 
Ov, Sre nipnov ws Simon, zAtw pulp 
xeogy 70 GAY, dooy onnéis Yap 
(r) “Eyer O& nab rd edSviov fh ShAsia 
o Pei? Dish iscn 3 2c¢ is 0 
Cproroy yeewoyitos’ 6 dl apple, nuved'- 
sepov 1 arOewnrs. (5) OF X xASa, 
xatemep Cipntas medrepoy, 2yen Kéepnoy’ 
Row onan >» y vi >, 
Te aA erT0s Oioypeliyte, o eo exsoy 
3 t ~ 
anata BwTe 2 TOTS. 


Yes 


Orang-Outang five Homo Syluefirs : Or, 


hominis brachia, nifi birta effent. Que. 
etiam ficut 9 crura hominis modo in- 
fiedat. Naw & borum, & illorune 
curvaturas inter fe habet contrarias. 
Ci) Tune manus, digitos, umgues , 
quafe humanos. Verun hec omnia 
ferinam ad naturan potits vergunt. 
(k) Suus quidam modus pedibus, aé 
peculiaris. Eteniz« quaft manus que- 
dam magne funt. Quippe & digiti 
in iis, veluti manuum, medio lon- 
giffemo. Et planta manni fimilis , 
quanquam porvectior ad extremum 
wfque, ficuti-vola. (1) Cujus pojtre- 
menne callofins eft: inepta, atque in- 
explanata calcanei fimilitudine. Pe- | 
dun ufus, & pro manibus, & pro 
pedibus : flettit enim gos manuun 
modo. (im) Superior brachij pars, S 
coxa, breves: fe ad ulna, & tibie 


_nagnitudinens veferantur. (n) On- 


bilicus now prominet + fed durune 
quiddam ibi invenias. (0) Supere 
partes inferis majores: quafi fe qui- 
narinie cum ternario conferas. Hoc 
aiken, tit ex quadxupedun natura } 
tun propterea quod pedes G iuani- 
bus fiweiles habet, & quafe ex pedune, 
manunmaque conftitutione comepofitos. 
Naw calcanei poftrema pedewm, ca- 
tere partes manune veprefentant. Ha- 
bent ening digitt id, quod volaw ap- 
peLamus. (p) Quadrupedis habitu 
frequentiore eft. (q) Proque eo nates 
now habet > neque caudan, quonian: 
bipes. Sed perpufillane omnino illam, 
& note tantin gratia. (1) Fomine 
genitale wuliebri fpecie eft: waribus 
canina potins, quai humana. (s) Cebi, 
freuti diximus, caudati funt.  Oni- 
verfo generévifcera finilia humanis. 


(a) Aritt. 


The Anatomy off a PYG MI E, S 
(a) Arift. Some Aniveals are of an intermediate Nature, between a Man 


and Quadrupeds, as Apes, the Cebi, avd Cynocephali. 


"Exayporee ile thd gua. Theodorws Gaza thus renders this Paffage : 
Sunt que natura ancipite, partive hominem, partim Quadrupedem intitentur, 
ficut fimie, &c. Net that an Ape is part a Man, and part a Quadruped ; 
inter Hominem ¢ non Hominem noun datur medium, The Terms bein 
contradictory, one mutt be falfe. The Philofopher’s meaning mutt there- 
fore be, that in the formation of the Parts of the Body, the Ape, the 
Cebys, and Cyzocephalus, ate intermediate Species between a Maz and 
other Quadrupeds, having feveral Parts of the Body formed like Brutes ; 
others more refembling thofe of Mex. (2) Scaliger, a little after, hath 
this Remark; “Ad eum namque modum fummus Opifex Rerum feriem 
** concatenavit a Plantaad Hominem; ut quafi fine ullo cohereant in- — 
“* tervallo, fic Ceégu7e cum Plantis Bruta conjungunt ; fic cum homine 
“< fimia Quadrupedes. Itaque in hominis quoque f{pecie inveniamus 
“* Divinos, Humanos, feros. This Climax or Gradation can’t but be 
taken notice of, by any that are curious in obferving the Wonders of 
the Creation ; and’ the more he obferves it, the more venerable [dea’s 
‘twill give him of the great Creator; and it would be the Perfection of 
Natural Hiftory, could it be attained, to enumerate and remark all the 
different Spectes, and their Gradual Perfections from one to another, 
Thus in the Ape and Mozkey-kind, Arijfotle’s Cebws 1 look upon to bea 
degtee above his Cyzocephalus ; and his Pithecus or Ape above his Cebys, 
and our Pyemie a higher degree above any of them, we yet know, and 
more fefembling a Maz: But at the fame-time I take him to be wholly 
a Brute, tho’ in the formation of the Body, and in the Sexftive or — 
Brutal Soul,it may be, more refembling a Man, thanany other Avimal ; 
fo that in this Chaiz of the Creatiov, as an intermediate Link between 
an Ape and a Maz, I would place our Pygmie* 

Tinos, Sc. The Philofopher here does not enumerate all the fe- 
veral Species that are contained under the Ape and Mozkey-kind 5 they 
are a very numerous and a large Cloffis of Animals. Scaliger upon the 
Place mentions feveral he had obferved of both kinds; and all our 
Zoographers, and moft Journals of Travels give a Defcription of a great 
many forts of them. But for want of well diftinguifhing them, and 
ranging them into a Methodical Series, their Hifzory as yet is very con- 
fufed and perplext. Mr. Ray (3) places thefe Animals under this ge- 
neral Tile, Animalia Pede unguiculato multifido, mramawya & avipart- 
Mopez. “Tis call'd Pithecws, mueg zo ndleSey op pay, quia facilé ab ho- 
mine perfuadeatur ; and oftentimes this word is taken as a Genus which 
includes the whole; when ftritly taken, it fignifies an Ape without a 
Tail, and in Latin is call’d Simia; that which hath a Tail is call’d Cerco= 
pithecus, in Englifh a Monkey. Thus (4) Martial. — We 

(2) Scaliger ibid. in Com, pag. 201. (3) Raij Synopfis Animal. pag 148. (4) Martial. Epigram 
ib. 14. Epigr. 202, ie Rae Gh : 

i) Callidus 


6 Orang-Outang five Homo Sylueftris : Or, 


Callidus emiffas eludere Simius Haftas, 


Si mihi Cauda foret, Cercopithecus eran. 
| (b) Arift. The Cebus is av Ape having a Tail. 


(5) Conradus Gefner thinks, that this Cebys of Ariftotle, which he de- 
{cribes only as having a Tail, muft be the Cercopithecus or Common 
Mozkey, fince he mentions not the Cebws any where elfe, and the Cercopi- 
thecws no where. (6) Harduinus, in hisNotes on Plizy, advifes not to 
miftake the Cepys in Pliny, for the Cebws in Ariftotle. (6) Pliny’s words are 
thele ; Powpeij Magni primum Ludi oftenderunt Chama, quene Galli Ru- 
fiun vocabant, Effigie Lupi, Pardorun meaculis. Tides ex Hithiopia quas 
vocant unnss, quarum Pedes pofteriores, Pedibus humanis © cruribws, pri- 
ores wanibus fuere fimiles, hoc Animal poftea Roma nox vidit. And there- 
fore becaufe it was fo uncommon as to be feen at Rome but once, it 
could not be the common Moxkey. (7) Strabo, out of Artemidorus, 
defcribes the Cepws thus: yryvovray OF gna x, epirfes, x, wuvoneparni, wt, wi 
Pol, Akov7es rev Meyowmov eyovTes, 70 Ov Aoimy cwmce TAVONE GS, pepeHos oF 
dvexg5vs. That the Cepvs hath the Face of a Liow, the reft of the 
Body like a Pazther, and is of the bignefs of a Dorcas or Roe-Buck. 
(8) Diodorus Siculys hath much the fame Defcription, 6 8 Aeydueos - 
WATS, aromas pay SED THS TEC) CAoY TOY Uynav cagalas, z, MEQOWES Hrintes, 
Td XS regowrov eyev ooo Alozt, 70 Acimy omuce glen mines mHER- 
TAKoov, TAM TS wszAlss, 0 mnesasTay Soexadd. Which Laurentiys Ro- 
domanuys thus renders. ‘‘ Cepus, 7. e. Hortus (quem vocant) a totius 
“* Corporis decore & ftature venultate nomen accepit, facie Leonem imi- 
“* tatur, & reliquo Pantheram, preter magnitudinem, qua Dorcadi par 
eft. (9) Ailiax hath given a Defcription of the fame Animal from 
Pythagoras, from whom, *tis thought, it firft received this Name; and 
he is more particular. His Account, tho’ fomewhat long, I will give 
in P. Gilfius’s Tranflation, becaufe I am apt to think this Avimal is {till 
in being. ‘“‘ Terrenum quoddam Animal Pythagoras {cribit fecundum 
*« Mare Rubrum procreari & Cepum, hoc eft Hortum appofite idcirco 
** nominari, quod tanquam Hortus variis coloribus diftinguatur. Ctim 
“ exiftit confirmata etate, pari magnitudine eft cum Herythrienfibus 
“ Canibus. Jam porro ejus Colorum varietatem, ficut ille fcribit, ani- 
“ mus nobis eft explicare.Ejus caput & pofticas partes ad caudam ufque 
“ prorfus valde igneo colore funt, tum aurei quidam Pili diffeminati 
* {pectantur, tum album roftrum, inde ad Collum aurez vittx pertinent, 
“ Colliinferiores partes ad Pectus, & anteriores Pedes omnino albi, 
“ Mammz duz manum implentes czruleo colore vifuntur, venter candi- 
“ dus, Pedes pofteriores nigri funt, Roftri forme Cynocephalo recte 


(5) Hift. de Quadruped. 1.1. p. 857. (6) Plinij Hift. Nat. lib. 8. cap. 19. cum Interpret. dx Notis 
Jo. Harduini, p. 167. (7) Geograph. lib. 16. p. $33. (8) Diodor. Sicul. Biblioth. Hiff. |. 3. p.m. 168. 
(9) Align. de Animal. lib. 17. cap. 8. p. 474. 
‘° come 


The Anatomy of a PYG MIE. q 


ET 

« comparari poteft. The Cepws therefore of Plizy, Strabo, Diodorus 
Siculus, and Ailiaz, in all probability muft be different from the Cebys 
of Ariftotle. “Fob. Caius our Country-man {ent Gefzer a Defcription of 
a Manomet or Marmofet he had obferved, which Gefzer thinks might be 
a fort of Cepus; but the Colours were different, as likewife the Magni- 


tude. 

(c) Arift. The Cynocephali have the fame fhape with Monkeys, but they 
are bigger, and Stronger, and they have a Face liker a Dog's, and are of 
a fiercer Nature, and they have Teeth liker a Dog's, and ftronger. 


I fhall have occafion to Difcourfe of thefe CGyzocephali in the enfuing 
Effzy. For tho’ the Philofopher makes them only a fort of -Ape or Mon- 
key, yet there have been thofe, that would impofe them on the World 
for a Race of Mews; and by (10) /¥ilian they are call’d avQemma xuva- 
aesowmo s tho’ (11) Gale tells us, they are much lefs like a Mav, than 
an Ape is: For they can {carce ftand upright, much lefs walk or run fo. 
~ (12) Philoftorgivs mentions the Aegopithecus, the Aropithecus, the Leon- 
topithecus, as well as the Cywocephalus, and then adds, x2! aMais moMay 
Cody ANoys rig mOnnelas procots Chywyrvyéms. That there is the Goat- 
Ape, the Bear-Ape, the Lion-Ape, the Dog-Ape 3 and that the Ape-kind 
have a refemblance to a great many other Avimals , fo large and nume- 
rous is this Clafzs of Animals, that perhaps there is none that is more 5 
and that are fo different from one another. The /rercewefs of the Cyxo- 
cephali 1s taken notice of by all; our Pygw#ie was quite of another 
temper, the moft gentle and loving Creature that could be. Thofe that 
he knew a Ship-board he would come and embrace with the greateft ten- 
dernefs, opening their Bofoms, and clafping his Hands about them; and 
as I was informed, tho’ there were Monkeys aboard, yet ‘twas obferved he 
would never affociate with them, and as if nothing a-kin to them, would 
always avoid theirCompany. The Teeth of the Cyzocephali are like a 
Dog’s; thofe of our Pygwie exactly relembled a Maz’s, as'I fhall thew 
~ in the Offeology. 

(d) Arift. Apes are hairy on their Backs, as they are Quadrupeds, and 
on their Bellies, as they are like Men: For in a Manz and a Beaft this 
haivine{s is quite contrary, as was faid before. So that Apes are very hairy 
i both Places, their Hair being trong or courfe, and thick fet. 


The Place that Ariflotle refers to, is this. (13) “Ess ol wav 2aw 

’ Shere , SN ~ 2 \ =) YZ of Gy Ul at U 
Couy rh eybvrav relyas,7e mparn Ouovrega,7e OY Uriah Acin TaTrayn Oeoea 
irelov. 6 d\; avOpwos zowavriov. i. e. That in Brutes the Back or upper Parts 
are more hairy, the Belly or under Parts either fisooth or lefs hairy: Ia a 
Man is obferved the contrary. But in our Pygmie we obferved it diffe- 
rent ; for here all behind from the Head downwards, ‘twas very hairy, 
and the Hair fo thick, that i¢ covered the Skin almoft from being feen. 
nS 
(10) Alian. Hifi. de Anim. lib. 10. cap. 260 in Edit. P. Gilli. in-aliis cap. 25. (11) Galen. de Ad- 
ininiftr. Anat. 1.1. cap.2. (12) Philoftorgij Hit. Ecclefiaft. lib. 3. cape 116 p.4l- (13) Arith Hift. de 

Anjmal. lib. 2. €. 5. Pp. 160. Edit. Scalig, = ie ‘ 5 
He 


8 Orang-Outang jfrve Homo Sylveftris: Or, 


But in all the Parts before, the Hair was much thinner, and the Skin 
every where appeared, and in fome places ‘twas almoft bare. Nature 
therefore has cloathed it with Hair, asa Brute, to defend it from the 
Injuries of the Weather ; and when it goes on all four, as a Luadruped, 
it feems all hairy: When it goes erect, asa Biped, it appears before lefS 
hairy, and more like a Maz. After our Pygwie was taken, and a little 
ufed-to wear Cloaths, it was fond enough of thems and what it could 
not put on himfelf, it would bring in his Hands to fome of the Com- 
pany to help him to put on. It would lie in a Bed, place his Head on 
the Pillow, and pull the Cloaths over him, as a Man would do; but 
was fo carelefs, and fo very a Brute, as to do all Nature’s Occafions 
there. It was very full of Lice when it came under my Hands, which 
it may be it got om Ship-board, for they were exactly like thofe on Hu- 
mane Bodies, (14) Seigvior Redé obferves in moft Animals a particular 
fort of Loufe, and gives the Figures of a great many. 

The Hair of our Pygmie or Wild Maz was of a Coal-black colour, 
and {trait ; and much more refembling the Hair of Mex than the Furr 
of Brutes: For in the Furr of Brutes, befides the longer Hair, there is 
ufually a finer'and fhorter Pile intermixt: Here ‘twas all of a kind; 
only about the Pubs the hair was greyifh, feemed longer, and fomewhat 
different ; fo on the upper Lip and Chin, there were greyifh hairs like 
a Beard: And 1 was told by the Owners, that once it held the Bafon 
- it’s felf, to be trimmed. The Face, Hands, and Soles of the Feet were 
bare and without Hair, and fo was moft part of the Forehead: But 
down the fides of the Face ‘twas very hairy ; the hairs there being about 
an Inch and half long, and longer than in moft Parts of the Body be- 
fides. The tendency of the Hair of all the Body was downwards; but 
only from the Wrilts to the Elbow ‘twas upwards; fo that at the Elbow 
the Hair of the Shoulder and the Arm ran contrary to one another. Now 
in Quadrupeds the Hair in the fore-limbs have ufually the fame Inclina- 
tion downwards, and it being here different, it fuggefted an Argument 
tome, as if Nature did defign it as a Biped. But we will lay no more 
{trefs upon it than it will bear: The Hair on the back-fide of the Hands 
did run tranfverfe, inclining to the outfide of the Hands ; and thofe of 
the hinder fides of the Thighs were tranfverfe likewife. 

Man, tho’ not fo hairy as Brutes, and (as Ariffotle obferves}) more 
hairy before, than behind; yet if expofed to the hardthips of the Wea- 
ther, like them; no doubt, but he would become hairy on the Body 
likewife ; which might poflibly be the Cafe of Nebuchaduezzar. (15) 
And very Remarkable is that Story of Peter Serrano a Spaniard, who was. 
caftaway, and efcaped to a Defart Ifland, which from him afterwards 
received it’s Name, as ‘tis related by the Izca Gareilaffo de la Vega. (16) 
For having with the greateft difficulty fuftained a miferable Life for three 


(1a) Ftane. Redi Experimenta circa generat. Infettor. (15) Daniel, Cap. 4-33+ (26) Royal Commen- 
taries of Feris libs 1. caps 3s 


Years, 


The Anatomy of 4 PYG MIE. gon 


Years, ‘‘ The Hairs of his Body grew in that manner, that he was co- 
“ yered all over with Briftles; the hair of his Head and Beard reach- 
“‘ ing to his Wafte, that he appeared like fome Wild or Savage Crea- 
fc) ture. 

Ce) Arift. Their Face hath many Refemblances toa Man's, for they have 
Noftrils and Ears alike ; and Teeth like a Maz’s, both the Fore-teeth ‘and 
the Grizders. : 


Pliny (17) feems to have refpec to this Text of Ariffotle, and what 

follows, where he tells us, ‘‘ Nam fimiarum genera perfectam Hominis 
~ “ imitationem continent, facie, Naribus, Auribus, Palpebris, quas folz 
“© Quadrupedum in inferiore habent Gena. Jam Mammas in Pettore, 
*« Brachia & Crura in contrarium-fimilitér flexa. In manibus, ungues, 
** digitos, longioremque medium. Pedibus paulum differunt, {unt 
“ enim, ut manus, prxlongi, fed veftigium Palme fimile facitunt. Pol- 
c* lex quoque his & Articuli, ut homini; ac preter Genitale, & hoc in 
*“ maribus tantum. Vitcera etiam interiora omnia ad exemplar. We 
will compare both their Accounts, with our Pygmie 3 and obierve where- 
in they agree or differ from us. 

As for the Face of our Pygmie, it was liker a Ma's, than Ape’s and 
Monkeys Faces are : For it’s Forehead was larger, and more globous, and 
the upper and Jower Faw not fo long or prominent, and more {pread ; 
and it’s Head more than as big again as either of theirs: But why the 
Philofopher, after his general Affertion of the likenefs of the Face.of an 
Ape to that of a Man’s, fhould firft of all inftance in the Nofe, which 
is fo much different, may feem ftrange: Since in a Maz the No/e is pro. 
tuberant and rifing, jutting out much beyond the whole furface, and 
herein ’tis altogether unlike to that of Brutes, and the Ape-kind too, 

-*Tis not therefore on this account that the Comparifon is made. But 1 
rather think, his meaning muft be, that an Ape’s Nofe is like a Man’s , 
in that it is not extended to the length of the Roflruw, or upper Faw, 
as in Dogs and other Brutes, but reaches only to the upper Lip. a fimis 
Naribus, or this flatnefs of the Nofe, moft do derive the word Siwia; 
tho’ others, as Voffivs, would have it, quafi wimia A prud&ay, imitari, 
from mimicking. But Scaliger will not allow it. Dicitur autem Simia 
faith he) oz ab Iitatione, ut Gramumatici imperiti, fed 2 fimitate. 

The Nofe of our Pygie was flat like an Ape's, not protuberant as a 
Man's; and on the outfide of each Noffril there was a little flit turning 
upwards, as in Apes. “Tis obferved of the Indian Blacks, that their 
Nofe is much flatter than the Europeans which may be thought rather 
Natural to that Nation, than occafioned (as fome would make us be- 
lieve) by the Mother’s tying the Infant to her Back, and fo when at 
Work bruifing and flatting it againft her Shoulders; becaufe ‘tis fo uni- 
verfal in them all. 


(17) Natur. Hit. lib. 11. cap. 44. p. mM. 593. 
j Cc AS 


10 Orang-Outang five Homo § yluefirs » Or, 
Cae ei TS J aimee ere ir a 


As to the Ears, none could more refemble thofe of a Maz, than our 
Pygmie’s ; both as to. the largenefs, colour, fhape, and {truéture. Here 
E obferved the Helix, Azt-Helix, Concha, Alvearium, Tragus, Anti-tragus, 
and Lobys; only the Cartilage was very fine and thin, and the Ears did 
not lye fo flat to the Head, as they doina Maz. But that may be from 
the Cuftom of binding our Heads, when Infants. 

The Teeth of our Pygwie refembled a Man's, more than do thofe of 
Apes and Monkeys, as i fhall thew in the Offeology. —— 

(f) Arift. Axd whereas other Quadrupeds have not Hair on both Eye-lids, 
thefe have, Bus "tis very fine, efpectally that on the lomer Eye-lid, aud very 
fall. But-oiber Quadvupeds have none there. : 


In our Pygmie the Cilia or Hair of both Eye-lids appeared very fair 
and plain, but not fo large as in Mez. ‘The Supercilia or Hair of the - 
Eye-brows, feem’d to be rubb’d off ; which might be occafioned by the 
jutting out of the Crawium in that place, more than in Mez- Which is 
a Provident Provifion of Nature, for the better fafeguard of the Eyes, 
and their defence from the Injuries they might otherwife receive in the 
Woods. But the Philofopher’s Affertion, that no Quadruped hath Hair - 
on the wzder Eye-lid befides Maz but the Ape-kind, I cannot juftifie; or 
I do not take his meaning aright: Tho’ he has much the fame Opinion 
a little before. (18) Where he tells us, Kal Grspagidtes 6 prev avllpcorros 
err” aUpw eye, 2, cv ceqrarals Eyer Telyas, w, Gon cus bus. Tay \; emay 
SOky dre ro 7av Zdirecov, are thy yg Tabler Crcpagide,; ard xoraley TB CArcpaps 
evioig pravad reryes meguxeny. Which Scaliger thus renders: Ac Palpebras 
homo utraque in Gena habet tum Gr in Alis, G in Pube Pilos. Catere Ani- 
mantes neque inhis locis, neque in Gena inferiore: Sed fub Genam & pau- 
cos & pauce. Our Pygmie had Hair in the Arm-pits, and that in the 
Pubis feemed fomewhat different from what grew on the reft of the - 
Body ; being not fo ftrait, but fomewhat curled and greyith, not black. 
But I muft here Remark, that Plizy ufes the words Palpebre and Gena, 
in his Tranflating this Text of Aréfotle, different from what commonly 
they fignifie now. For by Palpebre he means, what Ariffotle and Héppo- 
crates Call Carspae sous, 7.e. the Hair on the Rim of the Eye-lids, 4 pal- 
pitatione ; and Feftws calls Cilia, quia oculos celent G tueantur: And by 
Gena, he underftands the Eye-lid ; as appears from that Paflage of Phxy 
Thave juft now quoted, , Palpebris quas fole Quadrupedum in inferiore 
habent Gena. And fo Scaliger ufes thefe words in this Tranflation of 
Ariftotle : And he makes Gilium to fignifie, Suamum Gene ambitum, and 
not the Hair there. : . 


(g) Arift. They have two Teats or Nipples of fizall Breafts on the Ster- 
num. 


pero ea ee 


(18) Biff. Anima]. lib. 2. p. Me 161, - 


The 


The Anatomy Se PYG MIE. Il 


The Philofopher here obferves, That the Ape-kizd, common with Hy- 
mane, have the Mamme on the Sterzuz or Breaft, which is differene 
from Brutes. And tho’ the Elephant herein feems fomewhat alike, yet 
he makes this diftinction, (19) 6 d¥ éAcgas eyes paev prceses U0, AAW’ Sx ox 
wes sitet, ara wpos mH sitter. Fuxta Pectws potivs, quan in Pefore, as 
Scaliger renders it; or as Theodorws Gaza, non in Peore, fed paulo citra. 
And a little after, (20) he more particularily expreffes himfelf, 2 95 6 
Zrzpos dyer mobs prases Ovo mel ms waydras. Sub Armis, as Gaza ren- 
ders its; ad Axillas, as Scaliger, where he further tells us, That the Male 
as well as Female Elephant have thefe Teats; but they are very {mall, in 
refpect of the Bulk of it's Body, and fo placed that fide-ways, you can’t 
fee them. The Bear (he adds) hath four Teats ; Sheep have but two, 
and thofe between the hinder Legs ; Cows have four Teats there. Other 
Animals Che faith) have thefe Leats in the middle of the Bey, and 
ufually more numerous; as the Dog and Swine-kind : But the Panther 
hath but four in the Belly : The Camel hath two Mamme there, and four 
Leats, asa Cow; and a Liowe/s but two there. 

But Apes and Monkeys have their Teats upen the Brea? , as Womer 
have; and (21) Albertws Magnus gives this Reafon for it, Mammillas 
autem habet in Peore fecut Mulier, ed quod manus dedit et Natura, quibus 
ad Pettus poteft elevare partum, ficut Mulier. Our Pygmie was a Male. 
yet here the two Papil/e or Teats appeared very plain, and were exactly 


fituated as they are in Men. The Mawme or Breafts wete {mall and 


thin, and not protuberant. The Fevale Orang-Outang of (22) Boxtius 
is pictured with pendulous large Breafés, and they are fo delcribed by 
(22) Tulpivs. And (24) Gaffendws, in the Life of Peiresky, {peaking 
of the Barr#s, faith, Huic Mame ad pedis lougitudinen. 

(A) Arift. They have Arms like a Man, but hairy, and they bend there 
and the Legs a a Maz does; the flection of the one being contrary to the 
other. 


~ The Shoulder and Arm of our Pygmie were very hairy outwards, not 
fo hairy inwards. The Contratendency of the Hair here, as that of the 
Shoulder pointing downwards, and that of the Are pointing upwards, 
like Lucan’s Pila minantia Pilis, 1 have already noted. This difference 
I fhall here remark of this fore-limb in our Pygmze, as well as in Apes 
and Mozkeys , that ‘tis longer in them proportionably, than in Maz. I 
fhall examine this Part more particularly in the Myology and Ofteology. 
But the Curvature or Flection of the Arws and Legs in our Pygmie, as 
alfo in Apes and Mozkeys, is juft the fame asin Maz; the Arms bending 
forwards, and the Legs backwards; whereas in other Brutes,the fection 


(19) Arift. ibid. p. x51. (20) Arift. ibid. p. 176. (21) Albert. de Animal. lib. 22. p. 224. 
(22) Jac. Bontij Hijt. Nat. ey. Med. lib... cap. 32. p.84. (2 3) Nic. Tulpij Obferv. Med. |. 3. Cap. $9. 
(24) Gatlend. de vita Peireskij, lib, 5. p.m, 170. ae coe 

: C2 of 


fa . <2 
Sea ie te CSr, 


oe Orang-Outang five Homo Sylveftrs : Or, | 


of the fore and hinder Legs is both the fame way. HominiGenua & 
Cubita contraria (faith (25) Pliny) item Orfis & fimiarum generi, ob id 
minime pernicibys. 1 {hall examine this Place of Pliny in the Ofteo- 
logy. 

(4) Arift. Befides they have Hands, Fingers, and Nails like a Man’s , 
but all thefe fowewhat ruder. 


“The Hard of our Pygwie was difterent from a Max's, in that the 
Palw was much longer ; fo the Thumb too, was lefs than the other Fiz- 
gers; whereas ina Man, the Thumb is ufually thicker than the reft of the 
Fingers : In both thefe refpects, it more refembled the Ape-kind. But 
the Fingers of our Pygmie being fo much bigger than thofe of Apes and 
Monkeys , and its Nails being broader, and flatter, on both thefe Ac- 
counts it was liker a Mav. Ovgues Clanfule Nervorum fumme exiftiman- 


tur Cfaith (26) Pliny) omnibus hi, quibus & digiti: fed Simie imbricati, 


Hlominibus lati. 

In the Palas of the Hands of our Pyguie were remarkable thofe Lives 
which are ufually taken notice of in Palweftry; and at the ends of the 
Fingers were thofe Spiral Lines, which are ufually in a Maz’s. 

(A) Arift. The Feet are particular, for they are like great Hands, and 
the Toes like Fingers 5 the middlemoft being the longeft: And the Sole of 
the Foot like the Pale of the Hand, but more extended, or longer. 


Pliny (as I have remark’d) renders this Paflage thus: Pedibus paulum 
aiferunt, funt enine, ut manus, prelongi, fed veftigium Palme fimile fa- 
cinnt. Now the Palms of the Hands, and the Soles of the Feet of our 
Pygmies were equally long, and longer, proportionably, than in Maz; 
and herein it refembled more the Ape-kind: As it did likewife in the 
length of the Toes, which were as long as the Fizgers, as alfo in having 
the middlemoft Toe longer than the reft. For in the Hand of a Maz, 
the middle Finger is the longeft, but in the Foor, the middle Toe is not. 
The Philofopher does very well liken it to a Hand, fince befides the length 
of the Toes, like Fizgers, it had the great Toe, like the Thumb fet off at 
Pes from the range of the other Toes, as we fhall fhew here- 
after. 

() Arift. The fole of the Foot in the hinder part was more callous, ill, 
and odly imitating a Heel: For they ufe their Feet in both Capacities, both 


@ a Hand and Foot, and bend then like Hands. 


In the Ape-kind there is a true Os Calcis, befides this CaUofity. »And in 
our Pyemie this Heel-bove was liker that ina Man, than theirs is. The 
Philofopher in the former Paragraph fhewed what refemblance this Part 
had to a Humane Hand, in this, by reafon of the Os Calcis, how ‘tis like 


(25) Plinij Nat. Hit. |. 1X6. cap. 45. peM. $94. (26) Plinij Nat. Hist. lib. 1x. cap. 45+ P- $94. 
Z 4 Foot 5 


Sg ASA DEST STI Gea ea aN OTe RN UN) 

Lhe Anatomy of a PYG M1 E, 13 
a Foot ; and then makes an Inference from the different {trudture of this 
Orgaz, that it performs the Ufes and Offices of both. | 

All which is very agreeable to our Pygwie. But this Part, in the For- 
mation and it’s Function too, being liker a Hawd, than a Foot; for the 
diftinguifhing this fort of Avimgls from others, I have thought, whe- 
ther it might not be reckoned and call'd rather Quadru-wanuys than Qua- 
drupes, i.e. a four-handed, than a four-footed Aniueal. 

And as it ufes it's hinder Feet upon any occafion, as Hands {0 like- 
wife I obferved in our Pygwie, that it would make ule of it’s Haxds, to 
fupply the place of Feet. But when it went as a Qvadruped onall four, 
‘twas awkwardly ; not placing the Palz of the Hand flat to the Ground, 
but it walk'd upon it’s Knuckles, as I obferved it to do, when weak, 
and had not {trength enough to fupport it’s Body. So that this Species 
of Azimals hath the Advantage of making ufe of their Feet as Hands, 
and their Hazds as Feet, as there is occafion. 

(wz) Arift. The Os Humeri, azd the Os Femoris are fhort, ix refpet of 
the Ulna and. Tibia. , 


In a Humane Skeleton, the Os Humeri, and the Os.Femoris are much 
longer than the Ulva and Tibia. For ina Skeleton of a Woman I have 
by me, the Os Humeri was Twelve Inches and a half, and the Os Fe- 
morés Seventeen Inches long ; whereas the U/za was but Nine Inches and 
three quarters, and the T7bz¢ Fourteen Inches long. In our Pygmie, the 
Os Humeri was Five Inches and a half, and the Os Femoris Five Inches 
long. The Ulva was Five Inches and a half, and the T7bi2 was Four 
Inches long. Thefe Boxes in the Skeleton of a Monkey, were much of 
the fame length with our Pygwie’s, fo that herein both differ from a Maz, 
and our Pygmie more refembles the Ape-hind. 

(z) Arift. They have no prominent Navel, but fomething hard in this 


place of the Navel. 


In our Pygmie the Uvbilicws or Navel appeared very fair, and in the 
exact Place, as ‘tis in a Man; not prominent nor harder, but in all re- 
{pect Natural and alike. 

Co) Arift. They have the upper Parts much larger than the lower, as being 

— Quadrupeds, aloft as five to three; and as upon this account, fo becaufe 
they have Feet like Hands, as if they were conpounded of a Hand and Foot : 


Of a Foot, ix hee of the Heel behind ; and of a Hand, gs to the other 


Parts 5 for they have Fingers, and what we call the Palm. 

In Quadrupeds ufually the Upper or fore-parts are much larger than 
the Lower or hinder ; and ‘tis fo inthe Ape and Mozkey-kind, as the PAi- 
lofopher Remarks. But in our Pygzie 1 think this Obfervation will not 


hold. For tho’ it was much emaciated, by reafon of it’s long illnefs, fo” 


that it feemed very thin and lank in the Bey; yet behind it look’d fquare 


enough, and proportionable asa Man. But the Orag-Outang of Tulpins 
had 


e 


14  Orang=Outang frve Homo Sylvefire : Or, 


had a large {quob Belly. We thall prefently give the Dimenfions of all 
the Parts, as foon as we have done with this Text of Ariftotle. 

We (hall hereafter farther confider the ftructure of the Foot in the 
Ofteology, where we fhall defcribe the Os Calcis, and thew how well it 
performs its Office, when this Avimal ftands erect. But fince Nature 
defign’d it not always to live on the Ground, but to get it’s Prey in 
the Trees likewife, it hath very wifely formed this Part like a Hand, by 
which means it can more eafily climb them ; and when there, fhift much 
better by this Contrivance; as I have fhewn in my Difcourfe (27) upon 
the Carigueya, fen Marfupiale Americanum, or the Avatomy of an Opoffum 5 
which Aviwal had its hinder Fect formed like Hazds 

Cp) Arift. They live moft of their time as Quadrupeds more thar as 
. Bipeds, or ered. 


Our Merchants tell me, when firft they take Apes or Morkeys, to learn 
them to go erect, they ufually tye their Hands behind them. And I 
am of the Philofopher’s Mind,. that Naturally they go more on all Four, 
than erect. But whether ‘tis fo in our Pygwie, Ido fulpe&t; fince walk- 
ing on it’s Knuckles, as our Pygwie did, feemsno Natural Pofture; and 
cis fufficiently provided in all refpects to walk erect. 7 

(q) Arift. As Quadrupeds they have xo Buttocks 3 as Bipeds, no Tails 
or but very little, like a fhew of one. 


Our Pygmie had Buttocks or Nates, as we fhall fee in the Myology, but 
not fo much as in Maz. The Os Ifchij or Coxendix was very different , 
as appears in the Skelefow, and as I fhall defcribe in the Ofteology. Our 
Pygmie had no Tail, but an Os Coxygis, as is in Man, which outwardly 
made a little appearance, as in my Second Figure, and may be what Ar7- 
fzotle Remarks. Scaliger has this Note upon it: Cande notam five vefti- 
ginm aninadvertit, quam vix Oculis deprehendas. Tattu tamen fubeffe in- 
telligas, quaue fe attratbare tentes, prompta miraque celeritate fefe fubtrabit, 
ridicula indignatione lafum pre fe fert. _ : 

(r) Arift. The Female hath the Privy-parts, like aWoman 5 but the Male, 
more like a Dogs, thaw a Man's. : 


y 
Our Subject was a Male, and this Part here was nothing like a Dog’s. 
For inthe Penis of a Dog there is a large Boxe, which is not in the Ape 
and Mowkey-kind. Scaliger's Note here does not make out the Affertion : 
- Caninum Genitale dixit Simij, non temeré 5 nodos enim quofdane deprehen= . 
dimus - differt autem figura Glandis. 1 did not obferve thefe Nodes 
here; but of this, more in the Avatomy of this Part. 
(s) Arift. The Cebi (as was faid before) have Tails: As to the Vifcera 
they have then all like a Man's. 


(27) Philofoph. Tranfact. Numb. 239 
Se 


The Anatomy of a PYG MIE, 45 


So Pliny, Vifcera, etiam interiora omnia ad Exemplar. But 1 find this a 
great Miftake. For, as we fhall thew, our Pygwie, who comes much 
nearer to a Maz in the Structure of the inward Parts, than either Apes 
ot Monkeys, yet in a great many things is very different; but where it 

_isfo, there it refembles an Ape. But on the other hand, Albertus Mag- 
zus is much more miftaken, who will not allow any likenels at all. 
For {peaking of an Ape, he tells us, (28) Ee frcut in ante habitis dixi- 
wus, homini in exterioribus fimile exiftens, in nullo fiuilitudinen habet 
cum interiovibus hominis, S minus fere omnibus aliis Beftiis. Galen (29) is 
much more inthe right, who acknowledges a very great fimilitude be- 
tween an Ape and a Maz, both in the outward and inward Parts, where 
he tells us, Ket 6 minsos avcwrav TW Cow Suadlares avieom@, it, omArazlyvois, 
2, Ud, % demnelais, © pra, x vdeo, enw th rW dsav Ne. Aid od 
cy tétav puow 621 ze duolv CadiCer oueroly, x, 70S ME goSIOIS HMAIS WaT Yeeot 
pire, 2 stpvov mAalUTeTDY azivTan Th! TeTeKmOOwY ym, wt HALIS wondTAS 
aVlewn®, 2, Tegowmw secyylAw, z, TekyiAor puxegr. i.e. Az Ape is the 
moe like a Man of any Quadruped : Iz the Vilcera and the Mufcles,and in the 

_ Arteries, and Veins and Nerves, becaufe ‘tis fo in the firucure of the Bones. 
For ’tis from their make, that it walks on two Legs, and ufes its fore-linzhs as 
Hands. It hath the largeft Breaft of any Quadruped, and Clavicles or Collar- 
boues like a Man, and around Face, and a {mall or fhort Neck. 

All which is very agreeable to our Pygwie, whom we fhall find 
more exactly to anfwer this Character, thanan Ape. And now having 
compared our Pygmwie with this general Defcription that Ariffotle gives of 
the Ape-kind ; we fhall compare him with himfelf, by taking the diffe- 
rent Dimenfiozs-of the feveral Parts, as wellas of the whole Body 5 and 
thall obferve what Proportions they had to one another. 

As. from the top of the Head, to the heel of the Foot in a ftrait Line, 
it meafured Twenty fix Inches. The Girth of the Body in the biggeft 
part about the Cartilago Enfiformis, was Sixteen Inches ; over the Loins 
‘twas Ten Inches about. The Compaf{s of the Head over the Eyes and 
Ears, Thirteen Inches anda half. The aperture of the Eye-lids, three 
quarters of an Inch. From one corner of the Mouth, to the other, Two 
Inches and a quarter. From the middle of the upper Lip to the Eye- : 
brow, “twas two Inches three quarters. From the Eye-brow to the Qc- 
ciput Seven Inches anda half. The Perpendicular Diameter of the Ear 
from the Top to the Lobe, was Two Inches anda half. The Horizontal 
Diameter of the Ear was an Inch and half. The Verge or Compafs of 
the Ear about, was near Five Inches and a half. Where the Ear was 

faftened to the Head, it meafured above an Inch and half. From the Clz- 
vicula or Collar-Bone, to the Peis, Ten Inches. From the Cartilago Ex- 
fformis to the Navel, Three Inches‘anda half. From the Navel to the 
Penis, Three Inches. The diftance between the two Teats, Three Inches 


(28) Albertus De Animal, lib, 22. p.224. (29) Galen. d2 Anaf. Admjnifir. lib, x. cap. 2. p. m. 26. 
and 


16. Orang=Outang five Homo Syluefiru: Or, 


and a quarter. The length of the Arm, from the Shoulder to the end 
of the Fingers, Seventeen Inches. The Girth of the Shoulder about 
the middle, Four Inches and a quarter 5 of the Armnear the Elbow, 
Five-Inches. ‘The Hand from the Wrift to the end of the Middle Fin- 
ger, meafured Five Inches and an half. The Thumb was an Inch anda . 
quarter long; the Fore-Finger Two Inches, the Middle-Finger Two 
Inches and an half; the Ring-Finger Two Inches and a quarter, and 
the Little Finger One Inch and an half long. The Girth of the Thumb 
and the Little Finger, wasOne Inch; the Girth of the other Fingers 
was an Inch anda quarter. The Palm of the Hand was Three Inches 
Jong, and an Inch and three quarters broad. 

From the head of the Thigh-Bone to the Heel, it meafured ‘Twelve 
Inches: From the Heel to the end of the Middle-Toe (which was the - 
longeft ) Five Inches three quarters. The Girth of the Thigh was Six 
Inches; of the Leg at the Calf, Four Inches and a quarter ; of the Foot 
at the fetting on of the Great Toe, near Five Inches. The Great Toe 
was an Inch and half long, the Fore-Toe One Inch, the Middle-Toe 
an Inch and half, the Third Toe an Inch and a quarter, the Little Toe 
- One Inch long. The SoJe of the Foot, about the fetting on of the 

Great Toe (where “twas broadeft)) was Two Inches over; but nearer 
the Heel, ‘twas an Inch and half broad. The Girth of the Great Toe, 
where biggeft, an Inch and half; the other Toes were an Inch about. 
Thefe Meaftires were taken before the Skin was ftrip’t off, in the Skeletoz, 
_ or the Skin ftuff’d, they may prove otherwife. 

And having now given thele Dimexjiozs of the whole, and of moft 
of the External Parts ; you will the better conceive the exact fhape of 
this wonderful Aviwal by the Figures I have caufed to be made of it. 
As the Firft Figure reprefents our Pygmie erect, where you have a view 
of all the Fore-Parts. Being weak, the better to {upport him, I have 
given him a Stick in his Right-Hand. But our Figure being made after 
he was dead, the Head feems too much fallen in between the Shoulders, 
asif it had a very fhort or little or no Neck, which takes off from the 
Beauty of the Figure ; but this is rectified and mended in the Figure of 
the Skeletor, where you will fee the Neck proportionate. The Head 
here is large and globous; the Ears ftanding off, not lying clofe. The 
' Fuce looks like an Old wither'd Man’s, which without doubt was ren- 
der'd much more fo, by an Uleer it had in one of it’s Cheeks, occafioned 
by a Fallit had on'Ship-board upona Cannon, which forced out one 
_ of its Teeth; and the Far-bove afterwards proving carious, it might 

fhaften it’s Death. The rifing of the G-avzinw juft under the Eye-lids, as 
Thave remark’d, is different from what is ina Man, and renders the Face 
harder ; as does likewile it’s flat Nofe, and the Opper Faw being more 
prominent, and leffer fpread, thanin a Maz 5 and it’s Chia or Onder Faw 
being fhorter. The Eyes were a little funk, the Mouth large, the Teeth 
perfecily Humane. The Face was without Hair, and the Colour a little 
. tawny; the Skiz on the reft of the Body was white. 


The 


“ The Anatomy of a PYG MIE. 17 


The Shoulders are {pread and large, the Thorax or Breaf? extended al- 
together like a Man’s, the Mawme and Teats the fame; the Belly was 
lank and pinch’d in, not prominent, by reafon of it’s illnefs; but here 
it held a more proportionable breadth to a Man's, than a Quadruped’s. 
The Arms were longer than ina Maz, and fo were the Palwsof the 
Hands ; but the T4mmb was much lefs, the Nails exactly likea Maz’s , 
and the Naze/ the fame. The Pezjs was different, as we fhall hereafter 
fhew. Here was no Scrotum, but the Teffes were contained in the Re- 

ion of the Pubis under the Skin, which made it here more protuberant. 
The Thighs and Legs were fomewhat divaricated or {tradling, for want 
of ftrength, either from it’s illnefs, or being but young. We obferved 
Calves in it’s Legs ; the Feet long, as likewife the Toes, which were liker 
pe and the Great Toe exactly like a Thumb, more than that on the 
aHa. 


The Second Figure reprefents the hinder Parts of this Creature, in an 
Erect Pofture likewife. Where may be obferved, the Globous Figure 
and largenefs of the Head, with the Ears ftanding off; the curious fhape 
and ftraitnefs of the Back, and how it fpreads. At the Os Coxygs there 
is a little Protuberance, but nothing like a Za#/. 


In this Figure 1 have reprefented him with the Fingers of one Hand 
bended, as if kneeling upon his Knuckles, to fhew the Action, when 
he goes onall four : For the Palms of his Hands never touch the Ground, 
but when he walks as a Quadruped, ’tis only upon his Kzuckles. The 
other Hand is holding a Rope, to fhew his Climbing ; for he will nimbly 
run up the Tackle of a Ship, or climb a Tree: And having this hold, 
he is the better fupported, to fhew the Sole of the left Foot, and the Heel 
there ; on account of which Heel it may be thought a Foot: But the 
Great Toe being fet off fo far from the range of the others, and they all 
being fo large and long, it more refembles a Hand, as has been obferved. 


If we compare our Figures with thofe given by Tulpivs, Bontins, and 
Gefaer, we fhall find a great difference: That of Tulpivs feems the moft 
Natural ; but being made fitting, it does not fo well reprefent the Pro- 
portions of the feveral Parts. The Chaps or Roftrum is longer, and ‘tis 
lefs hairy in the fore-parts than ours. The Mame are larger and pen- 
dulous, and the Bey more protuberant. Dapper, (30) in his Defcrip- 
tion of Africa, has borrowed this Figure from Tulpivs, without naming 
him, as likewife his Defcription, which is the fame. For avoiding the 
often quoting it, I will here Tranfcribe Tulpizs's Account: But why I 
think it not a Satyr, as be and Dapper make it, I will give my Reafons in 
the following Effay. Tulpivs his words are thefe: (31) 


_ (39) Dapper Defcript. del Afiiqu p.m. 363. (31) Obfervat. Med. lib, 3. cap. 5&> 
‘ D Quamve 


18 Orang-Outang five Homo Sylvefiris : Or, 


Ruamvis extra fornne Medicum, attexam tamen huic tele, Satyrum In- 
dicum , noftra memoria, ex Angola delatum: G Frederico Henrico, Arau- 
fionenfinm Princip?, douo datum. Erat autem hic Satyrus quadrupes : fed 
ab humana fpecie, quar pre fe fert, vocatur Indis Orarg-Outang : feve howo 
Sylueftris, uti Africanis Quoias morrou. Exprimens lougitudine puerune tri- 
mutta, ut craffitie fexeunem. ' : 

Corpore erat nec obefo, nec gracili, fed quadrato: habiliffimo tamen, ac 
pernicifjimo.. Artubus verd tam firidis, © mufeulis aded vaftis : ut quidvis 
© auderet, G» poffet. Anterits undique glaber : at poné hirfutus, ac nigris 
crinibus objitus. Facies mentiebatur hominem: fed uares fime, 9 adunce, 
rugofan, S edentulame anum. ; 

Aures vero-.nibil diferepare, ab humana forma. Uti neque pettus, or- 
ualuin utrinque mamma. pretumida (erat enin fexus feminini); venter 
habebat umbilicum profundiorem ; © artus, cune fuperiores, tum inferiores, 
tam exatau cum homine fimilitudinem: ut vix ovum ovo videris fimilius. 

Nec cubito defuit requifita commiffura: nec manibus digitorum ordo: ne- 
dum pollici figura humana: vel cruribus fare: vel pedi calcis fulcrum. Que 
concinna, ac decexs mewbrorum forma, in caufsa fuit, quod multoties ince- 
deret erectus: neque attolleret minis gravaté, quan transferret facile, quale- 
cunque, graviffimi oneris, pondus. 

Bibiturus prehendebat canthari anfawe, manu altera, alteram verbo vafis 
fundo fupponens, abftergebat deinde madoren: labiis relifum , non minis 
adpofit?, ac fi delicatiffimum vidiffes aulicum:. Quam eandew dexteritaten 
obfervabat utique cubitum iturus: Inclinans quippe caput in pulvinar, & 
corpus ftragulis converientér operiens, velabat fe haud alitér, ac fi vel mol~- 
liffewews Wie decubuiffet homo. 


a 


Luin ino uarravit aliquanda affini noftro, Sanueli Blomartio, Rex Same 
Lacenfés, Satyros hofce, prefertine mares, iz Infuld Borneo, tantam habere 
animi confidentiam, Stun validam wufculorun compagem: ut non femel 
impetums fecerint, in viros armatos > neduue in imbellens, feminarum, puella-- 
munve, fexum. | 

Quarun interdim tan ardenti flagrant defiderio : ut-raptas non fenel con- 
feuprarint. Summé quippe in venerets funt proclives ( quod ipfis, cur lix 
bidinofis veterun Satyris commune) ind interdim aded.protervi, ac falaces ¢ 
ut mulieres Indice, propterea vitent, cane pejus® angue, faltus, ac luftra, 
i quibus-delitefcunt impudica hec aniualia. 


Dapper, who hath tranfcribed this Account of Tilpivs, (as I faid ) 
but,without taking any notice of him, makes this Preface to it. “* The 

~ * Quoias Morrou (of which I have fpoken in the Kingdow of Quoia ) 
“are bred likewife in the Kingdom of Angola. This Animal, as it hath a 
** great deal of a Man, fo a great many have thought it to be the Iffue of a 
** Maz and-an Ape: But the Blacks themfelves rejett this Opinion. Now 
in the Place that Dapper refers to, he feems to give it as the Opinion of 


the Blacks, that they are the Iffue of Men; but that by their pe 
iving 


The Anatomy of a PYG MIE, 19 


living in the Woods, they are become half-Beaf's. 1 fhall tranfcribe his 
Words, and fo have done with him: (32) Ox tronve dans les bois une 
Efpece de Satyre que les Negroes appellent Quoias-Morron, & les Portugais, 
Salvage. Ils ont la téte groffe, le Corps gros et pefant, les bras nervenx, ils 
2 ont point de quevé, et Marchent tantot tout droit, et tantdt &@ quatre pieds. 
Les Animanx fe. nourriffent de fruits et de Miel Sanvage, & fe battent & 
tout moment les uns contre les autres. Ils font iff des Hommes, ace difent 
les Negrses, mais ils font devenus ainft deni-bétes en fe tenant tozjours 
das les Forcts. Ov dit quvils forcent les femmes & les filles, G quils ont 


Je courage d’ attaquer des Howemes armex. 


We will now examine Facobus Bontivs's Figure, and compare it with 
ours: And tho’ he tells us, that he had feen fome of both Sexes that 
went erect, efpecially that Fevzale one, whole Effigies he here gives us; 
yet I can’t but think, he indulged more his Fancy herein, than copied 
she true Life ; or at leaft it was much different from ours. For ours 
had no {uch long Hair on the Head, and all round the Face; the Face 
of our Pygwie was not fo flat and round, nor the Nofe and Uzder-Lip 
fo rifing: The large Breaffs in his, anfwers the Defcription which 1s 
given of it by others; ours being a Male, had but {mall ones. But the 
Armes in our Pygmie (as tis in the Ape-kind)) were much longer than 
they are reprefented in his Figure, and the feet are altogether different ; 
for he makes them exactly like Humane Feet, and nothing like Hands, 
which is fo Remarkable a thing in all thefe Avziwals, that this Miftake 
of it felf, is enough to difcountenance the Truth of his Piéfure, and 
- tender it fufpected. I fhall not take notice, how ill the Aaér is drawn, 
nor make any further Remarks upon the ftructure of the Limbs, fince I 
confels Ido miftruft the whole Reprefetation. But becaufe he hath ex- 
prefsd, thar this Creature had fo much Modelty, I have added to his 
Figure what becomes that Character. | 


That Figure in Cozradus Gefwer, (33) which he tells us he had out of 
a Gerwran Book, wrote aboutt the Holy Land, in fome Particulars I think 
more exact and juft: For here he makes the Feet like Hazds, the Legs 
more divaricated, the Face longer, and the Roffru#z more extended. 
But the Ars are too fhort, and § do not know for what reafon there 
isa Tai clapt on, which fits untowardly enough, which mutt be furely 
an Addition of the Painter; or if there is any fuch Creature ia Nature, 
it muft be of another Family, different from ours. 


However, I have caufed all thefe Figures to be copyed, that they may 
be the eafier compared: But fince they are fo difagrecing, as are likewile 


i, (32) Dapper ibid. p. me 2572 (33) Hi. de Quadruped. p.m. 839. , 
De the 


30 Orang-Outang jfrve Homo Sylvefirz : Or, 7 


the Defcriptions they give of them, it fufficiently juftifies my Complaint 
of the uncertainty we have of the true Avimal, that they are difcourfing 
about; fince the fame Name probably may be given to different Specées 
of the Ape-kind. Now Orang-Outang, or Homo Sjlveftris, or the Wild 
Maz, being 2 General Name, 1 have given it alfo to our Subje&: Tho’ I 
confefs I am not fully {atisfied whether it be exactly the fame with that 
of Tulpivs or Bontivss or even whether that of Bovtive be the fame 
with that of Tulpios. For Bovtivs his Account is fo very imperfect ,. 
that from thence one cannot make a fafe Conclufion ; and I rather 
fufpect the contrary : For Bovtivs defcribes it with foft, tender Paflions 5 
Tulpins and Dapper make it Warlike and Fighting. Bowtiws’s words are 
tele: (34) Aft quod majorene meretur admirationem, vidi ego aliquot utri- 
ufque fexiis ereké incedentes, imprimis eam (enjus Effigien hic exhibeo ) 
Satyram femellam, tanta verecundia ab ignotis fibi hominibus occulentene , 
tnia-quoque faciem. manibus (liceat ita dicere) tegenten ubertineque lachry- 
manten, gemitus cientem, & cateros humanos atlus exprimentem, ut nibil 
ei buvzani deeffe diceres, preter loquelane. Logui verb eos eafque poffe, Fa- 
vavi ainnt, fed.nonvelle, né ad labores cogerentur: ridicule mehercules. 
Nomen ci.indunt Ourang Outang, quod Hominem Sylva fignificat, eofque 
sujet -affrmant é¢ Libidine Mulierum Indarum, que fe Simiis G Cercopithe- 
cis:deteftanda libidine mifcent : 


Nee pueri credunt, nife qui nondum are lavantir.. : 


And then adds, that in Borweo there are thefe Wild Me, and with. 
Tails, but much fhorter than that pictured in Gefzer. Porro in Infula. 
Borneo,(faith Boztivs ) in Reguo Succodana ditto, 2 noftris Mercatoribus. 
propter Oryzam G» Adamantes frequentato, Honsines montani Caudati in in- 
terioribus Regni inveniuniur, quos multi é noftris in Auld Regis Succodane. 
viderent. Cauda autem illis ek prominentia quedam offis Coccygos; ad qua- 
tuor, aut paulo amplius, digitos excrefcens, code modo, quo truncata canda 
(quos nos Spligiones vocamus.) fed depilis. 


’Tis for this Reafon therefore, that I-might more particularly diftin-- 
guith our Avimal, that Ihave call'd it a Pygmies a Name that was for- 
merly given to a fort of Ape, as I fhall prove. But the Poets and Hi- 
_ florians too of former Ages have invented fo many improbable Stories 
about them, that they have rendred the whole ?Z/fory-concerning them ~ 
ridiculous, and not to be believed. We fhall therefore endeavour. to 
diftinguifh the Tiwth from the Fables in the following E/fay. 


The Baris or Barris likewife {eems to be an Ourang Outang, or a Wild. 
Maz ; but whether exactly the fame with ours, I will not determine, 
but leave to farther Enquiry. For all the Accounts concerning it that F © 


(34) Jac. Bontij, Hift. Nat. dy Med. lib. 5. cap. 320 _. 


Y hare 


The Anatomy of a PYG MIE. om 
have at prefent met with, relate rather ic’s Docility and Actions, and the 
Servile Offices ‘tis capable of performing in a Family, than any thing 
particular as to the Defcription of the Body; only in general that ‘tis 
an Ape like a Maz. Thus Peter Gaffendws (35) in the Lift of Peiresky 
tells us, that in Fave Major were obferved by the Steur de Saint-Amant, 
Animalia que forent Nature houines inter » fimias media; which being 
doubted of, Peiresky produced a Letter from Natalis or Noél, a Phyfician 
who lived in Africa, which gave him this Account. Efe iz Guinea 
Sinsias, barba procera, candque, & pexa propemodune venerabileis, incedere 
ipfos lente, ac videri fabi pre ceteris fapere: qui maximi funt, & Barris 
dicuntur, pollere maxiné judicio, femel duntaxat quidpiaw docendos 3 vefte 
izdutos illico bipedes incedere; {cite ludere fiftula, Cithard, aliz(que id genus 
( nam quod everrant donut, convertant veri, pinfant in mortario, aliaque: 
ratione famulatus preftant, hand reputari admodum) feminas denique in 
tis pati menftrua, G mares rulierum effe appetentilfimos. He likewife 
produced other Letters from Arcofive or d° Arcos, which related’ what 
happened to one of Ferraria when he was at Avgola, the Country from 
whence our Avimal, as \ikewile that of Tilpiws came. I will give it im 
Gaffendus's words: Incidit nempé quadam die ix Nigritam Canibus venan- 
tent Horsines ut vifun, Sylueftreis. Capto, cafoque thorun uno, inhumani- 
tatene Nigrite increpuit, qui in fuum genus itz feviret. Ie vero, falleris, 
taquit, nan hic now eft homo, fed bellua homini perfimilis. Quippe folz 
pafcitur herba, inteftinaque Ovina habet, quod ut credas melins, rem ecce 3 
femulque abdomen aperuit. Sequenti die rurfus venatum, captique mas 
femina: huic Mamme ad pedis longitudinem: cetera muliert fimillima 
fuit 5 -nife quod Inteftina quoque herbis oppleta, G cujufmodi Ovis, habuit.- 
Toture utique pilofune Corpus, fed pilo brevi, ac fatis leni.. 


Our Azimal was not fo bearded, as that of Natalis 3 and what Ar- 
cofiws relates of his Wild Maz, or Barris; as it’s feeding upon Grafs, 
and having it’s Ivteftimes like a Sheep's, all this is far different from ours 5 
tho’ as to it’s docility and capacity of performing thofe Actions men- 
tioned, I can’t but think our Subject might eafily have been taught to do 
them; and, it may be, others. too of the Ape-kind, tho’ different: As 
there are wonderful Inftances of this kind given of them by Nierember- - 
gins (36) and others. Dappers (37) Defcription. is much the fame.. 
There ws a fort of Ape (faith he) cal’d Baris, which they take when young; 
and breed then up, and make them fo tame, that they will do aluoSst all the 
Work of aSlave : For they go ordinarily upright as Men dos they will beat 
Rice iz a Mortar, carry Water iz a Pitcher, and few fuch pretty AGions of 
Addrefs, that they extreamily divert their Mafters. And in Nierezsber- 
gives (38) there is much the fame Account. ‘‘In Guinea feribit P. Jar- 
** ricus exiftere Simias, que inftar famuli in Pula tundant quecunque in > 


(35) Libs. p.m. 171. (36) Hifh. Naf. ib. 9. cap 42 €37) Dapper Delcript. de P Afrique.’ 
p 249. (38) Hyf. Naf. log. cap. 450. 
e eatris 1 


2 2 Orang=Outang frve Homo § yes : Or, 


“* eam imponuntur, que aquam a fluviisin Hydriis capite domum defe- 
< rant, ita tamen ut ubi primum domis fores attigerint, illicé Hydriis 
“ exonerande fint, alioqui eas excidere, cafuque ifto frangi, atque tum 
¢ clamoribus ac fletu compleri univerfa. Neque ifta modo, fed plurima 
* Stem alia obire de dometticis mint{teriis dicuntur hi Simij Baris. To- 
“ rofi funt & robutti. 


But all this does not fufficiently inform us of the particular fhape , 
{tructure, and make of the Body and the feveral Parts of this Avimal, 
fo as to be fully certain whether it be the fame, or a different Creature 
from the Ourang-Outang. And tho’ I have mentioned it, as a Con- 
jecture that probably the Bar‘s might be, what we call a Drill, yer I 
own it as an uncertainty, fince I have not met with what can juitifie, or 
fully fatisfie me herein. 


The Pongo likewife which is defcribed by Purchas, asa fort of Wild 
Man, is different from our Subject; as it may be alfo from the reft hi- 
therto mentioned. The Reafon, therefore, why I infert the Defcrip- 
tion of this, as likewife of the others, I own to be, that hereby I might 
excite fome Inquifitive Obfervers to give usa truer Account of this large 
and noble Species of Avimals. *Tisan Enquiry that would recompence 
their Curiofity with abundance of Satisfaction, by the many and ufeful 
Difcoveries that they would make, and extreamly enrich the Natural 
Hiftory of Animals, whofe enlargement, I think, in this Inquifitive Age, 
hath not advanced fo much as that of Botazie. For how great Diligence 
hath been ufed of late, to ranfack both the /zdies, to pry into all the 
Corners of the World, both inhabited, and uninhabited, to fd out a 
new Plat, not before defcribed > And with what great Expence, and 
how magnificently are their Figures Printed ? And how little hath been 
done in the Improvement of the Hiftory of -Avimals ¢ Not that I any 
ways diflike the former, but the latter being a Nobler Subject, I can’t but 
recommend it, as deferving the Labours of the Curious likewile 5 and if 
any, this kind, I think, which comes fo near toa Man, may befpeak 
the preference. 


But 1 beg the Reader’s Pardon for this Digreflion. Purchas’s (39) words 
are thefe: This Pongo é iz all Proportions like a Man, but that he is more 
like a Giant-Creature, thar a Man: For ke is very tall, and hath a Man's 
Face, hollow-eyed, with long Hair upon his brows. His Face and Ears are 
without Hair, and his Hands alfo. His Body is full of Hair, but not very 
thick, and it is of adunnifh colour. He differeth not frou a Man, but iz 
his Legs, for he hath no Calf: He goeth always on his Legs, and carries his 
Hands clafped on the Nape of his Neck, when he gocth upox the Ground. 


(29) Porchas Pilgrims, Part. 2.1. 7..cap. 3. §. 7 


| 
| 


| The Anatomy off a PYG M1 &, o> 
: ae EG UN eS NA ae ANY a RNR RONEN ) 

They fleep izthe Trees, and build fhelters for the Raix. They feed 
Eee they fiad iz the Woods, and ay Nuts 3 for they oe ee 
Flefh. They cannot {peak and have uo Underftanding, no more thang 
Beaft. The People of the Country, when they Travel in the Woods, make 
Fires, where they fleep in the Night; Aud iz the Morning when they are 
gone, the Pongoes will come and fet about the Fire, till it goeth out for 
they have no Underfianding to lay the Wood together. ~ They go many toge- 
ther, and kill many Negroes that Travel in the Woods. Many times they 
fall upon Elephants, which come to feed where they be, and fo beat them with 
their clubbed Fifts, and pieces of Wood, that they will ruz away roaring fron 
hen.  Thefe Pongoes are never taker alive, becaufe they are fo ftrong , 
that Ten Men cannot hold one of them: But yet they take many of their 
Young Ones with poifoned Arrows. The Young Pongo hangeth on his Mo- 
ther's Belly, with his Hands faft clafped about her 5 fo that whew any of the 
Country People kill any of the Females, they take the Young one which hangeth 
Saft upon his Mother. When they die among themfelves, they cover the - 
Dead with great heaps of Boughs and Wood, which is commonly found in 


the Forrefts. 


Our Pygmie had Calves in his Legs, tho’ not large, being emaciated ; 
and it being young, I am uncertain to what height in time it might have 
grown; tho I cannot think to the juft Stature (if there be any fuch) 
of a Man. For different Nations extreamly vary herein, and even thofe 
of the fame. Nor did our Pygmie feem fo dull a Creature as thefe 
Pougees, but on the contrary, very apprehenfive, tho’ nothing fo robuft 


and ftrong as they are reprefented to be. 


I fhall only further add what le Compte, a Modern Writer, tells us of 
the Savage Man, and fo I think I fhall have done: For this Argument 
is fo Fruitful, that one does not know when to conclude. (40) Lewis 
Je Compte therefore in his Memoirs and Obfervatiows upon Chiza, tells us, 
That what is to be feexin the Ifle of Borneo, ws yet more Remarkable, and 
Surpaffeth all that ever the Hiftory of Auinsals hath hitherto related to be the 
20% admirable, the People of the Country affure ws, as a thing notorioufly 
known to be true: That they fied in the Woods a fort of Beast, called the 
Savage Man; whofe Shape, Stature, Counterance, Arms, Legs, and other 
Members of the Body, are fo like ours, that excepting the Voice only, one 
— fhould have much ado not to reckon them equally Men with certain Barbarians 


dx Aftica, who do not much differ from Beafts. 


This Wild or Savage Man, of whon I peak, és endued with extraordi- 
wary firength, and notwithftanding he walks but upon two Legs 5 yet és he fo 
Swift of Foot, that they have much ado to out-run hing. People of Quality 


(40) Pag. m. $10. ‘ 
| ; Courfe 


Gy OL OW a pe Ls Shag SOL Ne 


Courfe him, as we do Stags here, and this fort of Hunting is the King’s 


ufual Divertifement. His Skin is all hairy, his Eyes furk in his Head, a 


err Countenance, tanned Face; but all his Lineaments are pretty propor- 
tionable, although harfh, and thickned by the Sun. TL leavn'd all thefe Par- 
ticulars from one of our French Merchants, who hath remained fome time 
upon the Ifland. Neverthelefs, I do not believe a Man ought to give much 
Credit to fuch fort of Relations, neither must we altogether reject thene as 
fabulous 5 but wait till the unanincous Teftimonies of feveral Travellers may 
more particularly acquaint us with the Truth of it. ¢ 


Palfing upon a time from China to the Coaft of Coramandel, I did my 
elf fee in the Straits of Molucca a kind of Ape, that might make pretty 
credible that which I just now related concerning the Savage Man. 


It wxarches naturally upon it’s two hind Feet, which it bends a little, like 
a Dog’s, that hath been taught to Dance, it makes ufe of it's two Arias as we 
do 5 it's Vifage is ix a wanner as well favoured,as theirs of tae Cape of Good 
Hope ; but the Body is all covered with a white, black, or grey Wool: As 
to the reft, it cries exactly like aChild , the whole outward Action is fo Hu- 
mane, and the Palfions fo lively and fignificant, that dumb Men can fearce 
exprefs better their Conceptiows and Appetites. They do efpectally appear to 
be of avery kind Nature, and to fhew their Affections to Perfons they kuow 
and love, they embrace them, and kifs them with tranfports that furprife a 
Man. They have alfo a certain motion, that we meet not with in any Beaft,, 
very proper to Children, that is, to make a-noife with their Feet, for joy or 
fpight, when one gives, or refufes them what they palfionately long for. 


Although they be very big, (for that I faw was at least four Foot high) 
their nimblene{s and flight is incredible 5 it is Pleafure beyond expreffion to 
fee them run up the Tackling of a Ship, where they fometimes play, as if they 
had a particular knack of Vaulting to themfelves, or as if they had been 
paid, like our Rope-Dancers, to divert the Company. 

Sometimes fufpended by one Arm, they poife themfelues for fome time neg- 
ligently to try therfelves, and thee turn, all on the fuddex, round about a 
Rope, with as much quicknefs as aWheel, or a Sling that is once put iz n0- 
tion, fometimes holding the Rope fucceffively with their long Fingers, and 
letting their whole Body fall into the Air, they run full {peed fiom one to the 
other, and come back again with the fame fwiftuefs. Ihere is no Pofture 


but they imitate, nor Motion but they performs bending themfelves like a: 


Bow, rowling like a Bowl, hanging by the Hands, Feet, and Teeth, accord- 
ing to the different Fancies which their whimfical Inagination fupplies thene 
with, which they Act in the most diverting manner imaginable, but their 
Agility to fling themafelues from one Rope to avother, at Thérty and Fefty Foot 
diftance, is yet more furprifing. 


qn © 


The Anatomy of a PYG MIE. 25 


In this Character there are feveral things I could take notice of, and 
I may hereafter have occafion to refer to fome of the Particulars; But 
what is mention’d of it’s Cry, like a Child’s ; and it’s expreffing the Pa/- 
frons of Joy and Grief, by making a Noife with it’s Feet, is agreeable 
enough to the Relation I had of our Pygmie: For I heard it Gry my felf 
like a Child and he hath been often feen to kick with hisFeet, as Chil- 
dren do, when either he was pleafed or angered. 


We fhall now proceed to the Azatomy, which ina Hiffery of Animals, 
is certainly the moft Neceflary, moft Significant, and Inftructive Part. 
Nor can I fee, how an Hiffory of Avimals can be well wrote without 
giving the Diffeition of the Inward Parts: “Tis as if one fhould under- 
take to defcribe a Watch, and at the fame time, take notice only of 
the Cafe or Cover, and tell what fine Garniture there is about it; but 
inform us nothing of the admirable Contrivances of the Wheels and 
Springs within, which gives it Life and Motion. Galez (41) thought 
the Diffection of Apes very uleful for the underftanding the Structure of 
the Parts in Humane Bodies ; and recommends it to his Scholars to Pra- 
tice themfelves herein. Wot that he only difiected Apes, (as Vefalins 
oftentimes charges him with) or preferred it. before the Diffection of 
Humane Body: But where that could not be had, he advifes them to get 
Apes, and difle& them ; efpecially thofe that come neareft to a Maz. 
Had he known our Pygmie, no doubt but he would have preferred it., 
for this purpofe, as much beyond the Ape, as he does the Ape beyond the 
Cynocephalus, and all other Avimals. For, as we fhall obferve, there is 
no Avimal, Ihave hitherto met with, or heard of, that fo exactly re- 
fembles a Maz, in the Structure of the Izward Parts, as our Pygmie: But 
where it differs, (as I have remark’d ) there it refembles an Ape 5 being 
different both froma Maz and an Ape: And in many things agreeing 
with both of them. | 


The Skiz of the whole Body of our Pygwie was whitifhs but that 
on the Head was tawny, and of a darker colour. “Iwas thin, but frong, 
and adhered pretty firmly, and more than ufually to the Fle(h; it’s 
greateft adhefion was at the Lizea alba, and in the Palws. of the Hands, 
and the Soles of the Feet, and in the Fingers and Toes 5 as it is in Mez. 
In the Skiz of the Arm-pits, I obferved thofe Glandule Cutanee Axillares, 
which fecrete that Orawge-coloured Liquor, which in fome Men ftains . 
the Shift here, with that colour. I call them Cxtawee, to diftinguith 
them from thofe larger Glands,that lic bedded under inthe Fat, and are 
call’d Glandule Axillares. For thefe I have obferved to be Lymphatic 
Glands, and have traced the Lywphaduéis thence to the head of the 
Dutéus Thoracicus, where they empty themfelves. 


(41) De Anat, Adminiftr. lib. 4. cap. 2. ps M. 27» amy 
E fy Together 


26. Orang-Oxtang five Homo Sylveftriy : Qr, 


Together with the Skiz, we took off the Mazme or Breafts, which 
ftuck clofe to it: And in our Subject, being a Male, they were but {mall 
and thin; yet I could plainly perceive they were made up of abundance 
of fmall Glands, Fhave already mentioned, how large the Breas are 
in the Pezale Oravg-Ontang, and the Baris, fo that no Wowan’s are larger. 
As to their Situation, and their being placed upon the Pecforal Mujcles, 
this I find is common to the Ape-hind : And they are fo defcribed by the 
Parifians (42) in the Mozkeys they diffected ; asalfo in the Apes diflected 
by Drelincourt : (43) And becaufe I fhall have frequent ‘occafion of re- 
ferring to thefe Authors, unle(s I fignifie otherwife, I fhall always mean 
the Places here quoted, without mentioning them any more. 


Ya Brutes, next under the Skiz, lies a Mufculous Membrane, which 
therefore is call’d Pazniculws Carnofws, which gives a motion to it, where- 
by they can fhove off what offends them. In Maz ’tis otherwife; for 
next to the Ski, lies the Membrana Adipofa;—or the Fat, and under that, 
the: Mezbrana Caruofa: And the fame I obferved in our Pygmies for 
the Fathere lay next to the Skiz. Drelincourt, in the Apes he diffected, 
obferved the Pazniculus Carnofus next to the Skiz,as *tisin Brutes. For in 


the Male Ape, he tells us, Adeps nullus inter Panniculum Carnofum G Cutin 5 


and in the Female, Panniculus Carnofus cuti coherens, nullo adipe inter- 
jeto, Adipofus nullus. So thatin this Particular, our Pygwie is like to. 
a Man, and different from the Ape-kind. 


Having feparated the Skiwz and Membrana Adipofa, which in our Sub- 
ject was not very thick, it being emaciated by it’s illnefs, we come now 
to the Mufeles. But I {hall referve my felf to treat of them in the My- 
slogy. Next under the Mufcles was the Peritonenm, a Common Mem- 
brane, that lines all the. infide of the Abdomen, and fends a common 
outward Membrane to all the Vifcera contained therein, and fo fecures 
their Situation. In this Membrane in Quadrupeds there is in the Groin 
of each fide, a Perforation, or rather a Proceffvs, by which the Semizal 
Veffels pals down to the Teftes in the Scrotum, as-is very plain in Dogs 
and other Aziwals. But in Maz, whofe Pofture is ered, ‘tis otherwile. 


For here thefe Vefels pals between the two Coats, that make up this Mem- - 


brane, the Peritoneum ; fo that.the ivmard Coat, that re{pects the Cavity 
of the Abdomen, is altogether entire, and continued, and ‘tis only the 
outward Coat that is protruded into this Proce/s; and this for a very 
good Reafon. For otherwife, a Maz, whofe Pofture is eret#, would 
be conftantly liable to an Herwia, or a Rupture; which happens when 
this #xward Coat is protruded down likewife ; and if there be a defcent 
of the Inteftines, *tisthen call’d Evtero-cele: If of the Omextum, Epiploo- 
cele. In our Pygiie 1 obferved the Peritoneum, in this refpect, to be 


Ete acco on ala cae oe p. 162, Cee Englifh Tranflation. (43) Apud Ger. 
s 79. > _ © e 33% e 3 > a . 


formed 


The Anatomy of a PYG MIE, 27 


formed exactly as ‘tis in Maz 5 and to be entire, and not protruded ; as 
if Nature did defign it to go ere. In Apes and Moxkeys ‘tis otherwife, 
So Blafius (44) obferved in the Ape he diflected, Proceffus Peritonei (faith 
he) eoden modo hic fe habet, ac ix Cane. Datur & hic facilis via fiylo 
ex ventre in Proceffum dittum inferendo. And the Parifians have rematked 
the fame in the Mowkeys they difleGted, which is a notable difference of 
our Pygmies from the Ape-kind, and an agreement with the Humane, 
Hereafter, whenever I mention Glafws, unle(s I {pecifie otherwile, be 
pleafed to take notice, that I refer to this Quotation. 


The Oentum or Caul in our Pygmie was very thin and large, falling 
over and covering moft parts of theGuts. “Iwas faftened a little to 
the Peritoneum in the Left Side. It had but litele Fat, and was tinged 
in many places with a deep Yellow Colour, by the Bladder of the GaJ, 
as was likewife part of the Duodenxum. It had numerous Blood-Veflels, 
and it’s adhefion to the Stomach, Coloz, and other Parts, as in Maz. 
The Remarks the Parifians make upon the Epiploon or Omentum of the 
Monkeys they diflected, were different from our Subject. For they tell 
us, That the Epiploon was different fron that of a Max, in feveral thizgs. 
Firlt, lt was not faftened to the Colon iz fo mary places, having no con- 
nexion with the left part of this Inteftine. Ours I found was faftened 
juft as *tisin Man. Secondly, It had another Ligature, which is not found 
in Man, viz. to the Mufcles of the Abdomen, by weans of the Peritonzum, 
which formed a Ligament, which we have obferved iz the Hind of Canada. 
Ours adhered to the Left fide: Drelizcourt oblerved it in an Ape, to be 
faftened to the Right Side. Both I believe to be accidental, asl have 
frequently feen it in Humane Bodies. And in one Patient I found it 
fixt to the Peritoneum in the Groiz, which gave him a great deal of Pain 
and Trouble, efpecially when his Bowels were any thing extended with 
Wind. Thirdly, The Parifians fay, The Veffels of the Epiploon, which 
in Man proceed only from the Vena Porta, did weverthelefs iz one of cur 
Subjects come from the Cava, having there one of the Branches of the Hy- 
pogaftrica, mbich was united to the Branches of the Porta. In our Axinzal 
thefe Veflels came all from the Porta, or rather emptied themfelves into 
it. But they obferving it cnly in one Subject, and it being different in 
all other Avémals, it muft be accidental. Fourthly, Iz fie, the whole 
Epiploon was without Comparifon greater tha it generally is ix Mans be- 
caufe that it did not only cover all the Iuteftines, which is rarely fee i Man, 
(whatever Galen fays) but it even enveloped thew underneath, ws it does ix 
Several other Brutes 3 where it is frequently feen, that the Epiploon gs Lar- 
ger than in Man, efpecially in Animals that do vun, and leap with a great 
deal of Agility: As if it were fo redoubled under the Inteftines todefend 
them, with the vest of the Bowels, against the rude jolts which thefe Parts do 


_ (44) Ger. Blafij Mifcellan, Anat, Hominis Brutorumque variorum, &c. in Oéfavo..p.m. 253. 
E 2 ‘yeceive 


38 OnmplOabine Home SRO Or 


receive in running. Ie is true, that the Menzbranes of the Epiploon were 
entire and continued, as iz Man, and not perforated like a Net, a they are 
- inthe generality of Brutes. “Vhe Epiploon or Cau! in our Pygmie was very 
large, yet Ihave feenthe fame frequently in Humane Bodies; but when 
they are difeafed, ‘tis often lefs, and wafted ; fo that Gulen’s Obfervation 
may be true. But methinks the Reafon they give, why it fhould be fo 
large in Brutes, may be doubted of; for it being fo tender a Part, ic 
would be in danger, upon thofe violent motions, of being broken, had 
not Nature made it loofe below, and free from any adhefion; and it 
being fo, it cannot perform the Office they aflign it. Drelézcourt’s Ac- 
count of the Epiploon, as he obferved it in the Fewale Ape, I like better. 
Epipioon macran (faith he) vafis targidis involvens Inteftina omnia, uf- 
que-ad pubem, adherens Extremo Hypochondrio dextro, qué parte Colon fub- 
fivainen jecoris limbis. Idem adheret ventriculi fundo & Colo, ut in ho- 
mine: And in the Male Ape he diflected ‘twas tinged yellow, as ours 
was. . 


We fhall proceed now to the Duifys Alimentalis, at \eaft thofe parts of 
i¢ that are contain’d in the Abdomen, viz. the Stomach and Inteftines ; 
whicitI make to be the true CharaGerisk of an Animal, and a Proprium 
quarto modo. For all Aviwals have thefe Parts ; and all that have them, 
are Anximals. The Senfes, or fome of themr, are wanting in a great 
many Azimals, and in {ome we perceive none but that Uziverfal one , 
Tatius, yet here we find a Veztricle and Inteftines. By thefe Parts ’tis, 
that the Avimal Kingdom is principally diftinguifh’d both from the Ve- 
getable and Axgelick. Vegetables, ‘tis true, receive conftantly Nourifh- 
ment, and without it, they perifh and decay ; but ‘tis ina far different 
manner 5 “tis not received into fuch an Organick Body, where the Food 
is prepared and digefted, and fo the Nutritive parts thereof difpenfed 
afterwards into all the Body, and the reft ejected, as Excrementitioys » 
this is only to be met with in Avimals, and in all of them. But yet I 
find there are intermediate Species of Beings between Vegetables and Aui- 
mals, as the Zoophyta: the Hiffory of which I could extreamly defire 
might be given us; and can’t but think that regularly in compiling a 
Hiftory of Aximals, one fhould commence from them and amongft 
thefe, no doubt, but that there are feveral degrees of Perfection, till 
we come to what might be properly called an Azimal. 1 have had no 
Opportunity of obferving-any of them, but only one 5 wherein I could 
perceive a fenfible Motioz and Contraction of fome of the Parts, but 
could not diftinguifh any thing like the Structure of any of the Parts 
in an-Azimal, or the Orgazs that belong to:them.. Ai Accident difap- 
pointed me of perfecting my Obfervations, otherwife I fhould have 
communicated what I had difcovered: But am fenfible that. there are 
great Curiofities here to be met with, if diligently enquired into; and 
that they might be, was the occafion of this Digreffzoz. 


This 


— 


The Anatomy of a PYG MTE. 29 


Saami ace RNIN OSA Te 8, 

This Cavalis Alimentalis therefore, or Izduclory Veffel (as ¥ call it, 
for the Reafons I have often mentioned in my Avatomical Lectures at 
Chirurgeon’s Hall) is commonly diftingifhed into three Parts; The Gulz, 
the Veztricle, and Inteftines : ‘The two latter do lie in the Cavity of the 
Abdomen, the former, in the Thorax and Neck; but being but one con- 
tinued Cazalis, 1 fhall treat of the whole here. 


The Gula or Gullet, by (45) Tully Cin that excellent Avatomical Le- 
ture he gives us, where he is proving a Providence ) is cail’'d Stomachys. 
As ‘tis alfo by Celfw, (46) fo likewife in 4. Gel/ivs, (47) and frequently 
by Hippocrates. (48) And Ariftotle (49) and Galez (50) exprefly tell us, 
that that Part between the Fauces and the Vextricle, which the Antients 
called Oefophagus, after Arifzotle’s time, was wont to be call’d Stomachus, 
tho’ now this word is more appropriated to the Vevtricle it felf, which 
Tully in the fame place calls Alovs. So true is that of Horace, 


(51) Us Sylue folits pronos mutantur in annos 
Prima cadunt 2 ita verborune vetus interit etas. 


However I fhall follow Horace’s Rule, fince Cuftom now hath appre- 
priated the word Stomach, to the Veutricle, efpecially our Exglifh Tongue, 


I fhall do fo too. 


Multa renafcentur, que jam cecidere: cadentque 
Que nunc funt in honore vocabula: fe volet ufus: 
Quen penes arbitrvinm est, & vis & norma loquendi. (52) - 


This Gula or Gulet is a Hollow Mufcle, and fitly enough compared to 
a Funnel, where the Mouth, which may be thought a Part belonging to 
it, being more capacious, firft receives the Food, and prepares it, by 
chewing, and then forces it down into this Stem or Pipe, to convey it 
to the Ventricle. 1 did not obferve, upon the Diffection, any difference 
of this Part in our Pygwie, from that of a Maz. For asina Mar. 
Cand fo conformable too in other Circumftances)) it paffed under the 
lower Mufcle of the Diaphragm, which by that flant running of it’s flefhy 
Fibres over it, may perform to it the Office of a Valve, and prevent the 
Regurgitation of the Food that way. Which may be the more neceflary 
in our Subject, becaufe being ufed to climb Trees, and in coming down, 
to be prono Capite, it might be the more liable to this Accident. But for 
the better preventing this, I find here, that the Paflage of the Gula, a 
little above where-it empties it felf into the Vewtricle, was ftraiter, and 


(45)-M. T. Cicero de Nat. Deorum, lib. 2. §. 54. p.m. 427- (46) Cornel. Celfus, de re Med. lib. 4. 
cap. t. (47) A. Gellij. Nogt. Attic. lib. 17. cap. it. (48) Vid. Anut. Fefti Oeconom. Hipp. in verbo. 
(49) Arift. yf. Anim. lib. r. cap. 10. §. 108. p.m. 89. & paffim alibi. (30) Galen de locis affedtis, - 
lib..5. cap. 5. pom. 490. (51) Horace de Arte Poetic. verf60. (52) Horace. Ibid. y. 70. 


the 


30 Orang-Outang frve Homo Sylvefiru: Or, 


the inward Membrane here more rugous than ina Man ; fo that it feemed 
fomewhat Analogous toa Valve. Drelincourt defcribes it, in the Feszale 
Ape he diffected, thus. Orificinme ejus fuperins, nulla Valoula claufum 5 
fed interceptum duplict portione Diaphragmatis carnosa, ab ejus tendinibus 
oriunda. : 


The Ventricle or Stonzach, as we {hall call this Part, in our Pygmie, as 
to it’s Situation and Figure, exactly reprefented a Humane Stomach, 
When inflated, from the entrance of the Gz/a along the upper part to 
the Pylorus, it meafured Two Inches and three quarters. Meafuring with 
a Thread from the Pylorws along under the Fuzdws, up again to the 
entrance of the Gzla, 1 found it to be Fifteen Inches; in all, near 
Eighteen Inches. The length of the Stomach ina ftrait Line, was Six 
Inches and an half; and it’s breadth in a ftrait Line, where broadeft , 
near Four Inches. The Girth of the Stomach in the middle, was near 
Twelve Inches. So that I chought the Stomach large, in Proportion 
to the bulk of the Body. It had numerous Blood-Veffels, {preading 
themfelves all over, as ina Maz's; and I could plainly perceive the 
Inofculations of large Trunks of the Corozary Branches, with thofe that 
defcended from the upper Parts. ; 


The Parifians obferved in their Mozkeys, That the Ventricle did like- 
wife differ from a Max's, it's inferiour Orifice being very large and low ; 
for it was not elevated fo high as the fuperiour, as it is ina Man. I did 
not obferve this in our Pygwie. So Drelizcourt tells us in the Female Ape, 
Ventriculus rugis intevins nullis gandet,; and {ome other Particulars he 
takes notice of. But there was nothing in ours, that I obferved, diffe- 
rent from a Maz’s. i 


As to their Food, 1 find it very different in the Ape-kiwd 5 as in part 
appears by what I have already mentioned of the Ourawg Outang, the 
Baris, the Pongo, &c. So that I can’t but think, (like a.Man) that they 
ate omnivorous. What chiefly our Pygwie affected, when Wild, I was not 
informed of} after it was taken, and made tame, it would readily eat 
any thing that was brought to the Table; and very orderly bring it’s 
Plate thither, to receive what they would give him. Once it was made 
Drunk with Puch, (and they are fond enough of ftrong Liquors) But 
it was obferved, that after that time, it would never drink above one 
Cup, and refufed the offer of more than what he found agreed with 
him. Thus we fee Infiixié of Nature teaches Brutes Temperance, and 
Intemperance is a Crime not only againft the Laws of Morality, but of 
Nature too. | 


Facobus 


i i 


Fe se Neg ary Re aoe 
The Anatomy of a PYG MIE. 31 


Facobus Bontius (53) tells vs, that the Bezoar-ftone is bred in the Sto- 
machs of Apes, as well as Goats, and he prefers it as the beft. Poyr> 
vidi (faith he) CG Lapides Pa-zahar zatos in ventriculis Simiorum, qui 
teretes funt 5 longitudinem digiti aliquando excedsnt,qui preftantilfrmi om- 
ziuu cenfentur. Pa-zahar, he tells us a little before, fignifies in the 
Perfian, contra venenum, whence may come the word Bezoar. Fob, 
Georg. Volchamerws (45) takes notice of one he had from Grizwius out 
of the Baboon-kind, as big as a Wallnut. And in the Scholivz on that 
Obfervation, Fob. Bapt. Tavernier’s (55) Travels are quoted, where he 
prefers two Grains of this, before fix of the Goat-Bezoar. Tho’ Philip, 
Baldeus, in his Defcription of Malabar and Cormandel, does efteem it 
much cheaper. Cafper Bauhizus hath wrote a diftin& Treatife of the 
Bezoar-fione, to whom I refer my Reader, and fhall only farther ob- 
ferve of it, that Ithink this Medicize qught not to be defpifed, becaufe 
in Health a Man may take a large Quantity of it, without any Injury ; 
for I have evidently feen in the greateft Weaknefles, moft Remarkable 
Effects from it, and have had Succefs beyond expectation; it fupporting 
the Spirits, and relieving them, where a more active Medicine might 
- over-power them, and yet not have done that Service. 


But this Stoze in Goats and Mozkeys isa Difeafe, and not Natural; as 
well as the Stone in the Bladder or Kidneys of a Man. Bovtiuvs (56) 
therefore obferving the good Effects of the Bezoar-ftoxes bred in thefe 
Animals, argues with himfelf, why thofe in Men, which he finds lami- 
nated in the fame manner, might not be of as great an Efficacy ; and 
upon Tryal, heaffures us, that they are fo. Hoe certé compertum habeo, 
Lapidens in veficd hominis repertum, urinam & fudores probe ciere, quod 
tempore ingentis illins peftis, que Anno 1624 & 1625. Leydam, Patriane 
meam & reliquas Hollavdie Civitates, miferandum in modune vaftabat, in pe- 
wauria Lapidis Bafaartici, nos exhibuiffe memini, G Sudorificnm (anfim di- 
cere) melius 3 excellentivs inveniffe, cune admixta Theriaca, ant Mithri- 
datio, cune Oleo Succizi aut Funiperi guttis aliquot. 


Wecome now tothe Third Stage of the Dutfvs Alimentalis, the Inte- 
fiives 3 which ferve for the feparating the Chyle from the Feces, and fo 
tran{mitting it into the Vafa Chylifera, or Vene Lattee, as they are cali’d, 
which conveys it into the Blood, for the recruiting the conftant wafte 
that is made there, and repairing it’s loffes ; as alfo for the Nourifhment 
and Augmentation of the Parts: And for the doing this, ‘tis requifite 
that the Ivieftizes fhould be long; and they being fo, that they fhould 
be coyled and winding ; that this Separation might be the better per- 
formed, and fo we find the Guts in our Pygmie. For from the Pylorus 


(33) Jac. Bontij, Hift. Nat. ty Afed. lib. g. in Animadv. in Garcia ab Orto, cap. 45. p. m. 484 
($4) Mifcell. Curiofa German. Decuria fecunde annus fecundys An. 1683. Obferv. 189. p. 420 (85) Joo 
Bant. Tavern. /ib, 2. Itt. Indic. cap.24. (56) Bontius ibid. in cap. 46. p. me 48. 


32  Orang=Outang five Homo Sylveflris : Or, 


to the Avws, they meafured Thirteen Feet and three Inches, o/z. from 
the Pylorus to the Cecuz or beginning of the Colez, was Nine Foot Ten 
Inches ; and the Colon and Reifum were Three Feet and Five Inches long. 
The Cecum here, or Appendicula vermiformis, was Four Inches and three 
quarters long. Sothat the length of the Gwts here, in proportion to 
the length of the Body, is much the fame as ‘tisin a Maz. But in two 
of the Sapajous diffleted by the Pariffans, the whole Inteftines were but 
Five Foot two Inches ; and in the other two Mozkeys, Eight Foot long. 
So that herein our Pygmie more refembles a Max, than their Mozkeys 
did. 


And as in the length, fo likewife in other Circumf{tances, the Jzte- 
tines of our Pygmie were liker to thofe of a Maz, than thofe of the 
Monkey and Ape-kind are. For the Parifrans tell us, that in their Mon- 
Reys, the Inteftines were almost all of the fame bignefs, and that the leon 
was in proportion a great deal bigger, than ina Man. in our Subject we 
found a fenfible difference. For the wall Guts, which were much of a 
bignefs, being a little extended, meafured in Compa{s about Two Inches 
and three quarters. The Coloz was Three Inches and three quarters 
about; and the Apperdicula Vermiformis (which was in our Pygwmie as 
‘tis ina Man, and is not to be met with in Apes and Mozkeys) was 
about the bignefs of a Goofe-quill. It’s length Ihave mentioned before. 


Into the Duedenum of our Pygmie, a little below the Pylorws, were 
inferted the Duckws Communis of. the Gall, and the Dutfws Pancreaticus ; 
they both emptying themfelves into the Gut at the fame Orifice as is 
ufual in Maz. And the fame is oblerved likewile by Drelivcourt in the 
Male Ape he diffected, where he tells us, @ Pyloro qui videtur fuggrunda 
effe circularis & carnofa principio Ecphyfeos prepofita, ad foramen ufque 
intra eanden Ecphyfin Commune Duttui Bilario & Wirzungiano, pracife 
pollex eft Mathematicus, ab illo autem foramine intra duplicem Ecphyfeos 
tunicam fiilus gracillieus intrufus est in predifam Veficule fellee vecurvi- 
tatem, rvurfufque ab coder Inteftinali foramine idem ftilus compulfus est ix 
Duum Wirsungianum, But the Pariffazs obferved in the Monkeys, that 
the Infertion of the Ductus Pancreaticus zvto the Inteftine, (which in Man 
is always néar the Porus Bilarius)) was Two Inches diftant there-from. So 
that in this Particular the Mozkey does not fo much refemblea Maz, as 
Apes and our Pygmie do. 


The Convolutions and Windings of the fizall Guts in our Pygmie , 
and their Situation, were much the fame, as ina Maz: And they were 
all plentifully irrigated with Blood-Veffels. In the inward Coat of the 
Inteftines 1 could obferve the Miliary Glands, defcribed by Dr. Wills; 
as alfo thofe larger clufters of Glands, mentioned by ‘fob. Conrad. Peyerus. 
The Coloz 1. thought proportionably longer, than ‘tisina Maz. It had 
the fame Ligaments and Cells, and leaves of Fat hanging to it, as a Man's 

hath ; 


The Anatomy of a PYG MITE. a3 


hath ; and the fituation, was the fame: but it being fo long, it had 
more windings than ufually. The Parifazs obferved in their Monkeys, 
that the Coloz was not redoubled like az S. as in Man, being quite firait. 
Drelincourt’s Ape was more like ours, for {peaking of the Colox, he faith, 
retorquetur varie antequant producat Rekum 3 cellulas habet ut ix Homine. 
For the length of the Colox in the Mowkeys diflected by the Parifrars was 
but thirteen Inches; and an Inch in Diameter 5 whereas, the Coloz of 
our Pygmie with the Reéum, was three Foot five Inches, as 1 have men- 
tioned ; and therefore liker to a Man's , and requiring thefe convoluti- 
ons the more. 


In a Maz the Inteftines are commonly diftinguifhed into Iwteftina Te- 
nuia and Craffa : The Tennia are fubdivided into the Duodexum, fejunum , 
and Ileon ; The Craffa, into the Cecum, Colon and Reélum : and the Ce- 
cum commonly is reputed that Appendicula Ver miformis , which 1s placed 
at the Beginning of the Colon, where the Jleow empties it {elf into it. © 
Now this Part ina Maz, being fo {mall; and being obferved never to 
contain any Excrement; Ican't think, that it deferves the Name of an 
Tnteftine, much lefs to be reputed one of the Crafa. “Tis true, in 
Brutes, this part is often found to be very large and capacious; and to 
be filled with feces; and in fuch, it may be jultly efteemed an Ivteftize. 
Asina Rabit, ‘tis very long and hath a Cochlear Valve; {o in an Oftridge, | 
there are twoCecums ; each a yard long, with a like Valve. But in 
Maz, ‘tis far different. Many therefore do not think this Proceffis Ver- 
miformis , tobe the Cecum 3 but rather take foris, that bunching out of 
the beginning of the Coloz ; which is proje&ted beyond the entrance of 
the J/eoz 3 which inthe Common Ape and Mozkey is more, than ina 
‘Man. However, {1 think it not enough,as to make it a diftin& Inteftines 
and the number of the Jvfeftives in a Maz, ought to be made fewer. 


Our Pygmie therefore having this Proceffzs Vermiforwis in all Circum- 
{tances, fo like to that in a Maz , and Monkeys and Apes having nothing 
like it: it is a remarkable difference of our Subject from them, and an 
- agreement to the Structure of a Humane Body. Sothe Parifrazs tell us 
in their Mozkeys, the Cecum had no Vermiform Appendix. So in the Ape 
- diffected by Blafrus, he taith , Proceffis Vermiformis ia totum hic defidera- 
tur. And fo Drelivcourt, Cecum caret Epiphyfi Verméformi, qualem homi- 
nes habent. We will feetherefore, what kind of Caecuz’tis, that they 
defcribe in the Mozkeys and Apes. 


The Parifrans tell us , in the Diffection of their Monkeys 5 That the 
Caecum wes very large, containing two Inches and half iw length , and ais 
Inch Diameter at the beginning : it went pointing, and was fortified by three 
Ligaments, like as the Colon és in Man; there to fors litile Cells 5 this 
Conformation is wholly different from that of a Man's Cecum. ‘Tis true, ‘tis 
more projected, than in a Man; So Blajfwsin his Ape , makes it jutting 

F out 


34.  Orang-Outang frve Homo Syheftrs : Or, 


out beyond the Infertion of the Jleon, Manis tranfuerfe, feu trinm digi- 
torun {batinm. And Drelincourt tells us, duarum unciarune esf. But fince 
it hath thofe Ligaments of the Colov, ’tis plain, that ‘tis only a part of it, 
and not a diftin& Inteftine ; or as Blafws more truly calls it, Priscipiune 
Coli. He hath givena figure of it, but not very exact; and in another 
Jigure he reprefents the Valve of the Ileoz at the Coloz, or rather Valves; 
for he makes morethan one. His-Defcriptiox, as ‘tis faultily printed ; fo 
Iam afraid, it is not very accurately drawn up, and therefore do o- 
mit it. 


But what is different from 2 Maz, asalfo from the Ape and Mozkey. 
too, or any other Avimal 1 yetknow ofs. is a fort. of Valve 1 obferved 
at the other Extream of the Coloz in our Pygwie, where it paffes into the: 
Reum. For the turn of the Coloz here, is very fhort ; and in the in- 
fide T-obferved a Membranous Extenfion like a Valve, an Inch in length, 
which divided the Cavity half way. The Retfum did not much differ 
from the Coloz in-the magnitude of it’s fiS#u/a, but was much the fame;. 
and in other refpects, as tis ina Maz. 


This great length of the Ivteftézes in our Pygmwie was orderly colliga— 
ted and iaftened to the Mefenterie, which kept them in a. due fituation 5 
and.{o, as to make in them, feveral windings or convolutions; that 
Hereby they might the better make a diftribution of the Chyle ; and the 
whole was, as’tisina Man. But I obferved here, the Membraves of the 
Meftzterie, to be more loofly joyned together, than ufually. For by 
moving them by my fingers, I found the blood veffels which were faften- 
ed to the upper Membrane, would eafily fhove over thofe, that were fixe 
in the wzder Membrane of the Mefenterie ; and run on either fide of one 
another, as I would draw them. 1 have fometimes {een the fame in Hy- 
wane Bodies. 


The Mefaraice Veffels- here , were very numerous; as they approach 
the Izteftines , they form feveral Arches, whereby they communicate 
with one another; and from thefe Arches, they fend out numerous 
Branches to the Inteftives of each fide, which runclafping them; after- 
wards they fubdivide, and inofculate with one another in infinite Raszu- 
Zi: fo that by injecting thefe Veffels with Mercury, they appeared fo nu- 
merous 5. as almoft wholly to cover the Trunk of the Ivfeffizes. And 
the fame is in Maz. ” 


T have likewife feen,by injecting the Mefeterick Veffels ; that the Mer- 
eury has pafled into the Lympheduéts ; and fo into the Vewe or Vafa La- 
dea. Which isa great contrivance of Nature. For the Motioz of all 
fiids being Pulffon, without this advantage, part of the Chyle, muft ne- 
ceflarily {tagnate in fome of the Veffels 5 till a freth diftribution of Chyle 


comes; to.protrude it on ;.and fo. it would be apt to coagulate and: 
| caufe 


The Anatomy of a PYG MIB 3 


caufe Obftructions. But by the Lywpha thus pafling into them ; the 
Chyle is {till forced forwards, and the Vefféls wafhed clean of it; and 
being thus often moiftened, they are prelerved from becoming over dry, 
or clofed or obftructed. So Provident therefore is Nature, that in the 
whole Via lactea, not only in the Mefexterie ; but into the Receptaculen 
Chyli, and Duttws Thoracicus \ikewife ; abundance of Lympheduds are 
emptied. Which gives us one good Reafon ; that Nature does not att 
in vain,in making fuch a feparation of a Liquor from the MafS of Blood ; 
which is fo foon to be return’d to it again; fince hereby fhe performs 
fo great an Office. 


In the Mefexterie of our Pygmie I obferved feveral fmall Glands f{cat- 
tered up and down, asina Maz but not fo regularly amaffed together 
in the middle ; asthe Pazcreas Afelij isin Brutes. And Drelincourt ob- 
ferved much the famein the Male Ape. Glandule ad radicem Mefenterij, 
& palfim ix ambitn, numerofe & plane, magnitudinem Lentule, fed Ova- 
Jes. Anaftomofes frequentilfime Venarum cum Venis & Arteriarum cune 
Arteriis in univerfo Mefenterij circulo. And as that part of the Mefe 


evberie 
which faitens the Coloz is call’d Mefocoloz, fo for the fame reafon, that 
flip of it reprefented in our figure, that runs down tothe Proceffxe vermi 


formis, may be call'd the Mefo-cecum. 


We fhall next proceed to the Liver, in which part our Pygmie very 
remarkably imitated a Maz, more than our common Monkeys or Apes do. 
For the Liver here was not divided into Lobes as itis in Bratessbut intire — 
as itisina Maz. It had the fame fhape 5 it’s fituation in the body was 
the fame; and it’s Colour, and Ligaments, the fame. It meafured in 
it’s greate{t length about five Inches and an half; where broadeft , ’twas 
about three Inches; and about an Inch and three quarters in thicknefs. 
Towards the Diaphragm ‘twas convex: its under part was Coxcave, where 
it receives and emits the Veflels, having a little Lobe heré, as ‘tis in a 
Maz. 


The Parifians remark in the Monkeys they diffected, that the-Liver mas 
very different fiom the Liver of a Man, having five Lobes as in a Dogs 
viz. two on the right fide; and two on the left, and a fifth laid upon the 
right part of the body of the Vertebre. This lait was divided, making as it 
were two leaves. SO Drelézcourt in the Male Ape obferves,Fecoris Lobi duo 
juxta umbilicalem venam, quorum fecundo incuneata erat veficula fellis, duo 
alij ventriculum amplectebantur, cunt lobulo quinto fe inferente in fhatiume 
ventriculi intra orificium utrumgue. So \ikewile in the Fewale Ape he tells 
us, JFecur opplet regionen Epigaltricam quintuplici lobo, uno fexto minimo op- 
plens cavitatem lunarem ventriculi. But Blafivs in the Ape he diffected 
faith , Epar cum humano minime, optime cum Canino convenit, manife/tif- 
fimé ialobos VII divifune, tante wagnitudinis ut etiam utrumgque pacha 

F 2 Ar inte 


36 Orang=Outang free Homo Sylver: Or, 


driune ocenpet.. Vefalivs (57 ) therefore is inthe right, where he faith, 
Que enim Diffectionum Profefores de-Fecoris formas ac penulis feu fibris (quos 
atses Grect vocant) commentaninr-, é:Canum potins, Cr fimiarum fecfio- 
nibus, quan hominur didicerunt.. Hunanum enim Jecur in fibras, Porcini, 
ac multo adhuc wings Canini Fecoris modo, non difcizditur. And that he 
hints here at: Galez, is plain, from what he expreffes in his Epiftle ad 
Foachina Roelants, (58) where he farther enlarges upon it. And Galez 
(59) himéelf tells us, chat Herophilws was of this Opinion. So Theophilus 
Profofhatarivs,(60) faith; thatthe Liveris divided into four Lobes; and: 
gives us there a diftinct Name for each. Aréffotle, (61) “tis certain, was 
much more in the right, where he faith, segyJtAw O° 6 ze 7B avledns 
Snag, 2, d.eoin Te Goce. Rotundum Fecur hominis eft, ac frmile bubulo. For 
the. Liver of a Bullock, like a Man's is entire; and not divided into: 

_- Lobes. However Francifcvs Putews (62) in his Apology, having named 
feveral Phyficians and Chirurgians, that were with him at the opening. 
of Charles the Ninth, Duke of Savoy, faith, hi omnes per Fovene mihi pof- 
Sunt effe Teftes, quod obfervatum est Epar habuiffe quatuor pinnulas.  ‘Faco- 
bus Sylviws (63) likewile juftifies Galez, againtt Vefalivs ; and tells us, 
Quin & Hippocrates Lobos Epatis humani quinque connumerat libro fuo de 
olfebus. Rufus autent quatuor vel quinque.. But Rexatus Henerus (64) hath 
an{fwered Sjlvivs as to this matter ; and thereneeds.no farther difpute a- 
bout it, if one will but believe his own Eyes, he may fully fatistie him- 
felf, that, inan Huzane Liver there are none of thofe Lobes, but that 
*tiS one entire Body 5 as it was alfo in our Pygwie. But.in Apes and 
Monkeys the Liver is divided into Lobes. . 


The great ufe of the Liver is for to make a feparation of the Gai” 
from the Mafs of Blood. We will therefore here examine the Biliary 
Veffels ; nor dol find them any thing different from thofe in a Maz ; 
only the Bladder of Gal/ here in our Pygwzie feemed longer, being four 
Inches in length. It’s adhezfion to the Liver was not fo much as it is in 
a‘Man ; for atthe fiwdws or end, it juts beyond the Liver about half an 
Inch. For about three quarters of an Inch, it is more clolely joyned to’ 
the Liver; afterwards it is faftened to it only by a Membrane, as 1s alfo 
the Dultus Gjtiews.. So that the Vefica felea when inflated with wind, 
feemed more to reprefent an Inteftine by it's anfratévs and length , than’ 
the-ufual fhape of the Bladder of Gall; which commonly is more belly- 
ing out. 


The Parifjans obferved in their Mozkeys,that the Bladder was faftened to the 
fieft of the two. Lobes which were on the right fide.That it was an Inch long,and 


(87) Vefalij de fabrica corporis humani, lib. 5. cap. 7.p.m.619. ($8) Andr.Ve(alij, Epiftola,&c.p.m.8 i. 
(59) Galen. de Anat. Adiminifirat. lib.6.cap.8.. (60) Theophilus de Corporis humani fabrica, lib, 2. cap. 2. 
(61) Avift. Hift. Animal, lib..t. cap. 17ep. m. 595. (62) Franc. -Futel Apologia pro Galeno in Anatomici: 
contra Andy. Vefalium, lib. 5. p.m. 153. (63) Vafanicujufdam Calumniarum.in Hipp..Galenique rem A- 
nat, depulfio. per Fac. Sylvium. vid. Depulf. 26. p.m. 150. (64) Renat. Henerus adverfus Facobi Syluy 
Depulfionum Anat. Calumnias pro Andvea Vefalio Apologig, p.ty 55«: half 


I be Anatomy of a PYG Mi ELS 27 


half an inch broad 5 it had a great Ductus, which was immediately inferted 
underneath the Pylorus. This Ductus received three others, which inflead 
of that, which in Mavis fingle, and which is called Hepaticus; thefe three 
Duttus's had their Branches difperfed like Roots into all ihe Lobes of the Li- 
ver, fo that the first had four roots, viz. one in each of the three right Lobes, 
and one in the first of the left ; the fecond and third Ductus had both their 
roots in the fecond of the left Lobes, thefe branches did not ru under the 
Tunicle of the Liver, fo that they were apparent, and not hid in the Paren- 
chyma, as they gezerally are. But in our Subje@ the diftribution of the 
Duttus Hepaticvs was altogether the fame as it is in Maz. In the Male 
Ape, Drelincourt defcribing the Bladder of Gall, faith, Veficula fellea longa 
22 pollicibys a fundo ad cervicen, ubi recurvitatens habet maximam, dini- 


3 


diaté heret merfa fubftantie Fecoris. 


The Dudéus Hepaticws in our Pygmie iffued cut of the Liver with two 
branches; one arifing fromthe right, the other from the left part of the 
Liver ; and after a fhort fpace, joined intoone Trunk ; and that, after 
a little way, joyning with the Dudtws G(ticws, do form the Dudus Com- 
munis, which empties it felf into the Duodexum a little below the Pyloras, 
at-the fame Orifice with the Dudlys Pancreaticus, exactly as ’tis in Maz, 


as. [ have mentioned. 


At the Simows part of the Liver I obferved: the Vea Porta to enter, as 
likewife the Epatic Arteries and Nerves. And herein the Membrane about’ 
thefe Veflels, 1 obferved a pretty larye whitifh Gland. The Vera 
Ombilicalis entered the Liver at the fifure. It feemed large, but I found: 
it’s fitula or pipe was clofed. The Veza Cava iffued out of the Liver at 
the'Cozvex part, where ‘twas joyned to the Diaphragm. 


En the Spleez of our Pygmie 1 did not obferve any thing extraordinary, 
or-different from a Huzzane Spleen. %t was of a lead Colour, and of the 
fhape reprefented in our figure; ‘twas faftened by Membranes to the Peri- 
- toneumsand by the Omextum and Vafz brevia to the Stowach,fo that upon 
inflating the Stomach, the Spleen would. be brought to lye clofe on’ 
the Stomach, asif it was faftened immediately there. “Fhe Spleex here 
was two Inches and an half long ; and one Inch and a quarter broad; and: 
feated as ufually in the left Aypochondre under the Baftard Ribs. The Ra- 
mus Splenicus was very remarkable, fending it’s Trunk along the Pazcreas, 
as in Maz, and having numerous branches near the Spleev. 


The Pariffans tell-us, that in their Monkeys the Spleen was featecd along : 
the-Ventricle asin Maw 5 but it's figure was different , in one of our Subjetts 
being made as the Heart is reprefented in Blazonry 3 it's Balis containing an‘ 
Inch. They give a figure of it, but nothing like that of ours, which. 
more reprefented the figure of an Humane Spleen ; tho’ in Max it’s figure is: 
often obferved very-different. Blafive imrthe- Ape he diffected, Coe 

toate 


38 Orang-Outang five Homo Sylvefira: Or, 


that the Spleen triangularis figure est, exiguus admodin refpeiu corporis, 
coloris nigricantis, leve equiden molleque valde corpus, aft exterins inequa- 
le, quafi ex globulis variis confetum, adeo ut etiam conglomeratis Glandulis 
Subftantiam Lienis annumerare velle, tali in fubjetto fundamentum ali- 
quod agnofcat. Ex Ramo Splenico numerofos eofque infigues Ventriculo 
fuppeditat ramos, magnitudinem & figuram externam Fig. 3*. Tab. XI. ex- 
hibet. But his figure of the Spleew was nothing like to that of ours. For 
I did not obferve thofe inequalities in the fuperfice which he reprefents 
in his, to exhibit the cozglomerate Glands. ‘Tis true , having injected 
the Spleen of our Pygmie, the Mercury filling the cellulated body of the 
Spleen, did make an appearance on the furface fomewhar like thofe ine- 
qualities in his figure. But Frederic. de Rufch (65) is very potitive, that 
neither thofe Glazds, nor Cells mentioned by Malpighiws, are to be met 
with in a Humane Spleez: tho’ he grants, that they are in the Spleen of 
Brutes. Drelincourt in the Female Ape faith, Liex Scalenum figura refert, 
cobaret Reni finiftro & liber eft 2 Diaphragmate. And in the Male Ape 
he obferves, Lien triangularis © craffior quam in femind, Pancreas ex- 
cipiens. 


We fhall therefore now proceed to the Pazcreas, which in our Pyg- 
mie was fituated, juft as it isin a Huszaze Body 5 lying under the Sto- 
mach,tranfverfe to the Spine,from the Spleew towards the Liver. It was 
about two Inches long, about half an Inch broad, of a white yellowith 
Colour ; it’s furface uneven, being made up of abundance of Glands ; 
it’s Secretory Duc emptied it felf into the Duodexum, juft where the Du- 
us Comuunis of the Gall doth, as 1 have mentioned before. 


The Parifrans in their Mowkeys obferved, that the Pancreas had only it’s 
figure, which made it to refenrble that of Man 5 it's conne#ion, and infer- 
tion being wholly particular. For it was ftrongly faftened to the Spleens and 
the infertion of its Duttus into the Inteftine (which in Man is always near 
the Porus Bilarius) was two Inches diftant therefrom. Blafiws in his Ape 
defcribes it thus; Parcreas ventriculo fubftratum, folide admodim fubftan~ 
tie, est, ec aded utolle, quane in Canibus aliifque Aninzalibus notatur. Lon- 
guia itidem infigniter, ast latitudinis ejus, que ne ninimi digiti latitudini 
refpondeat.He takes no notice here,how the Duttus Pancreaticus was infer- 
ted; which Drelizcourt tells us in the Female Ape was eight lines above 
the Porws Bilariws. Pancreas connatum Lienali Cande, G extremo Reni - 
feniftro. Ejus dudtus inferitur offo lineis fupra Porwms Bilarium, contra ac 
Canibus, fubfiernitur immediate Ventriculo, Ovfuperfternitur brevi Inteftino. 
Tho’ in the Male Ape lie tells us, ‘tis inferted into the Dwodexum at the 
fame Orifice with the Dad of the Gall; as I have already mentioned and 
quoted before. 


ana 


(65) Epiftola Anatomica Problematica quarta. 


The 


om 


re nL 


The Anatomy of a PYG M1 é. 39 


The Glandule Renales in our Pygwie were very large, and placed 4 
little above the Kédvies as they are in Maz. That on the right fide, 
was of a triangular ; that on the left of an oblong figure. They were 

‘about three quarters of an Inch long: and almoft half an Inch broad. 


They had the fame Veffels, as there are in a Man. 


The Pariffazs in their Movkeys, obferve that the Glazd called Capfula, : 
Atrabilaria, mes very vifible, by reafon that the Kidney was without fat. This 
Gland was white, and the Kidney of a bright red 5 it's figure was triangu- 
lar. Blafiws in his Ape tells us, Glavdula Renalis triangularis feré figura 
es, notabilis valde pro ratione Corporis, and gives usa figure of it, which 
was nothing like ours. What Drelizcourt remarks in the Male Ape, is, 
Capfule Atrabilarie triplicen: Scrobiculum habent, quarum liquor expreffus lin-~ 
kam non ita conftringit, uti in Capfulis femineis, And inthe Female Ape 
he tells us, Rew Succexturiatus finifter ab Enzulgente venam habet idem 
major Dextro. This Tobferved in our Pygmie ; but he faith nothing far- 
ther here of their Liquor, nor did I tafte it in ours. » 


We fhall now proceed to the Kidzeys. In our Pygmie 1 did obferve 
very little or no fat in the commoz or outward Membrane, ufually called 
Adipofa: Drelizcourt obferved the fame, ulus hic Adeps in Tunica com- 
muni vel propria, as he tells us of his Ape. The Kidzeys of our Pygwie 
were two Inches and a quarter long, an Inch and an half broad’, and 
about an Inchin depth. They had not altogether fo largea Siws at the 
Entrance of the Exeulgent Veflels, as there is in a Man’s; and the whole 
appeared fomewhat rounder ; but their fituation was the fame, as were 
likewife the Ewulgents. Having divided the right Kidwey length-ways, 
‘T obferved the Cortical or Glandulows Part to appear like a diftin& Sub- 
ftance, being a of tawny or yellowifh colour; and different from the [z-" 
ward or Tubulary Part; which was more entire and compacted together, 
than ina Man’s ; and wasof a red colour, by means of the blood veffels © 
which run between the Tubal Orinarij or Secretory Ducts, which make up 
this part of the Kidzeys. Which Veffels when inflamed and over- 
extended, by making a Compreffion on thefe Tubuli Orivarij, may caufe 
a Suppref/zow of Urine ; in which cafe Phlebotomy or Bleeding is very ne- 
ceflary. And without doubt was the Caufe of the Succels Riwerivs (66) 
met with ina Patient, who had a Suppreffzoz of Urine for three days 5 
for upon bleeding freely, he was prefently relieved, and ina fhort time 
rendered a large quantity of Urine. In this Zubzlary Part of a Humane 
Kiduey Valways obferve thefe Blood Veffels: but here ufually the Cortical 
or Glazduloys Part makes a deeper defcent between the heads of this 
Txbulary, and divides it into feveral Bodies ; and as many of themas ap- 
pear , fo many lefler Kédweys may be reckoned to make up the Body of 
each Kidzey. In Infants the Kidney externally appears more divided 


(66) Riverty Obferv.-Med. Cent. 1. Obf- r. f 
than- 


40 Orang=Outang frve Homo Sylveftris: Or, 


than in Advlt Perfons; but moft remarkably they are fo, in a Bear, the 
Porpois and an Offrich; where there are abundance of diftinét wall Kid- 
meys amafled together to make up each. 


The Parifans in the Kidzeys of their Monkeys obferve, that they were 
round and flat their fituation was more unequal, than in a Man 3 the right 
being much lower than the left, viz. half it’s bignefs. Drelizcourt in the 
Female Ape remarks, Rezes globoft, dexter intra Hypochondrium incumbit 
Coffe 11. & 12. Sinifter locum habet intra Coftam ultimam. Altitudo Reuis 
dimidie uncie. Renalium venarum dextra longe elatior finiftra. Rene 
aperto Carnis difcrimen ut in homine, exterior quidem nigricans lineis quatu- 
or craffa, interior albicans lineis duabus. : 


The Pelvis of the Kidzey in our Pygwie wasas’tis ufually ina Man; 
and the Ureters had nothing remarkably different in their Structure, from 
the common make. They were about the bignefs of a Wheat ftraw 
and were inferted into the neck of the Bladder, as reprefented in our 
figure ; rather fomewhat nearer the neck, thanin an Humane Bladder. 


The Parifrans and Blafiys have no remarks upon the Ureters. Dreliz- 
court.in the Male Ape faith, Ureteres fupra Pfoas Mufcnlo & ITiaco, atque 
fubizs vafis Spermaticis, quibus decuffattm fubftrati funt etéan quibys vafcula 
adusittunt, fefe refiectunt in Hypogafiricam, decuffantes ramos Iliacos © E- 
jaculatorios. Andinthe female, Ureteris expanfiones arcuatim reflexe ut 
in howine. Vafa habent fuperne a Keralibus, inferné 4 Mufculis. 


The Bladder of Crixe in our Pyemie was of an Oblong figure, not fo 
globous as commonly in Maz, for being moderately blown up it mea- 
fured four Inches in length ; and two Inches and halfin breadth. Ino- 
ther Circumftances ‘twas agreeable enough with an Humane Bladder. 


The Pariffans tell us, that in the Female Monkey, the Neck of the 
Bladder had it’s hole otherwife than in Women, being very far in the Neck of 
the Matrix, viz. towards the middle, at the place where it’s roughnefs began, 
which were feen only towards the Extremity of the Ductus, xear the interzal 
Orifice. Blafus faith nothing of it in his Ape; and all that Drelixcourt 
tellsus is, Vefica Periionao fifpenfa ut in aliis Brutis, 


Before we proceed to the Parts of Generation (which remain befides 
to be here defcribed)) we fhall a little take notice of thofe large Cazales of 
the Blood, the Arteria Aorta and the Vena Cava, and the Rivulets they e- 
mit or do receive; all which J find in our Pygmie to be juft the fame, as 
they are ina Maz. For from the Aorta arifes here, the Arteria Celiacas 
the Arteria Mefexterica fuperior 3 then the Ewulgent Arteries ; beiow them, 
the Spermatick Arteries 5 then the Arter#a Mefenterica inferior ,; then the 


Trunk. 


The Anatomyofa PYG MIE. 4X 


Trunk divides into the Iliac Branches. So the Vena Cavatoo in our Pyg 
wie exactly imitated that ina Maz. 


How the Structure of thefe Veffels are in Monkeys, the Parifians do not 
tell us, and their figure is very imperfect; as is likewife that in Blafys, 
which feems altogether fictitious. What he writes,is this.; Arteria magna 
circa Renem dextrum fuccumbit Vene Cave, G ubi Iliacos Ramos conftitui¢ 
eandem fupergreditur 5 contra ac in Homine, Cane, alii{que animalibus fieri. 
veperimus, ubi finiftra occupat, hinc a finiftra ad dextran progreditur fupra 
Arteriam. So Drelincourt tells us inthe Male Ape, Aorta defcendens mox 
atque bifurcatur equitat, © adfcendenti Cava incnmbit. 


We come now to the Parts of Gexeration ; and fhall begin with the 
Vafa Preparantias, The Arteries and Veins. The Spermatic Arterées in our 
Pygmie do both arife out of the Trunk-of the Aorta, a little below the 
Ewmulgent Arteries, asin our figure; andafter having ran a little way,they 
meet with the Spermatic Veiw 3 and are both included in a common Cap- 
fila, and fo do defcend tothe Teffes. Thefe Arteries do carry the blood 
to the Teffes, from whence the Semez is afterwards feparated; the refi- 

due of the Blood is return’d from the Teftes by the Spermatic Veins s 
whereof that on the right fide enters into the Trunk of the Vea Cava, a 
little below the right Eveulgent Veiw 3 and that of the left, is emptied 
into the left Hwulgent Veiw , juft all one as it isin a Huwane Body. Ha- 
ving injected the Spermatic Vein with Mercary, it difcovered abundance 
of Vellels, running waving; which otherwife did not appear? and a 
great many of them were extreamly fine and f{mall. 


The Parifiazs give no defcription of the Spermatic Veffels in their Mexz- 
keys 5-and in their figure the lett Spermatic Veie is omitted, or left out. 
Thomas Bartholine (67) 1 his Avatomy of a Mazonret (which he de- 
{cribes, as not having a Tail ; and therefore it muft be of the Ape-kind, 
and not a Cercopithecus, or a Mowkey, as he calls it) in his figure of thefe 
parts, reprefents the left Spermatic Veiw, emptying it {elf into the left 
Enmlgent, asit isin our Creature. Blafxs therefore in the account of 
the Ape he diflected, muft be miftaken ; both in his fiwre and dejcription 
too; for in the former, he reprefents the left Spermatic Vein ranning in-" 
tothe Trunk of the Cava; and juftifies it mm the latter; 1m telling us, 
Vafa Spermatica utroque latere ex Trunco Cave & Aorte oviuntur, © quidem 
altiovi Loco ea que funt lateris dextri, inferiore que feniftri. But Drelivcourt 
certainly ismore in the right, who informs us, that inthe Male Ape hhe 
difleted, Vena Spernatica dextra craffa, G» ab interieri trunco Cave adfcen- 
dentis pollice infiaExulgentenc foniftrave enafcitur , furculofque emsittit jini 
foros in Mensbranas vicinas. Arteria Speruatica dexira a irunco anterior’ 


(67) Thom, Bartholin. Ata Medica ty Philof..Blefnienf. an. £69.09 .167 2. 0b. 3 
Ges _ Aerie 


42 Orang-Outang frve Homo S ‘ple tris : Or, 


Aorte paulo infra Emulgenten finiftrvan enafcens fub Vena Emulgente inter- 
cruciat Cavame afcendentene, que fuperinequitat , © conjungitur Vene Confo- 
ciali 00 precisé loci ubi Vena inferitur fuum in truncum.  Siniftra Vena Sper- 
matica inferiturin Exulgentem juxta truncum Cave , & confocialem Arteri- 
ate admittit eo precise loci, in quo enafcitur dextra. So inthe Female Ape 
he faith, Spermatica Vena finiftra ab Enulgente finiftrz, dextra ¢ Trunci 
parte anteriore, pollice infra Emulgentem finiftram. 


We come now to defcribe the Teffes, which in our Pygwie were not 


contained in a pendulows Scrotum, as they are in Maz, but more contrac- 
ed and purfed up by the outward Skin, nearer to the Os Pubis, and were 
feated by the fides of the Penis, without the Os Pubs, and I obferved 
them bunching out there , before the Diflection; fo that it feemed to 
want a Scrotum ; or at leaft the Skin which inclofed them, was not fo di- 
lated, as to hang down likea Cod ; but contracted them up nearer to the 
Body of the Pens; which to me feems a wife Contrivance of Nature. 
For hereby thefe Parts are lefs expofed to the injuries, they might other- 
wife receive in climbing Trees, or other accidents in the Woods. How- 
ever, the outward Skin here that inclofes them, performs altogether the 
Office of a Scrotum. And if I miftake not, I obferved that Sepimentum, 
as in a Humane Scrotum; which is made bya defcent of a Membrane there, 
which divides each Tefticle from one another. 


But whether the Teffes being thus clofely purfed up to the Body, might 
contribute to that great falacioufuefs this Species of Azimals are noted for, 
I will not determine: Tho’ ’tis faid, that thefe Avzimals , that have their 
Tefticles contained within the Body, are more inclined to it, than others. 
That the whole Ape-kind is extreamly given to Vezery, appears by infi- 
Nite Stories related of them. And not only fo, but different from other 
Brutes, they covet not only their owz Species , but to an Excefs are in- 
clined and follicitous to thofe of a different, and are molt amorous of 
fair Women. Befides what I have already mentioned , Gabriel Clanderus 
(68) tells us of an Ape, which grew fo amorous of one of the Maids of 
Honour, who was a celebrated Beauty, that no Chains, nor Confinement, 
nor Beating, could keep him within Bounds ; fothat the Lady was for- 
‘ced to petition to have him banifhed the Court. But that Story of Caffa- 
nenda in his Azzals of Portugal (if true) 1s very remarkable; of a Wo- 
man who had two Children by an Ape. I fhall give it in Lativ, as ’tis 
ik by Licetys ; and ’tis quoted too by Azto#. Deufingius (69) and 
others. : 


Ia hanc Sententiam faciunt (faith Fort. Licetus (70) ) que Caftanenda 
retulit in Annalibus Lulitaniz de filits ex muliere, ac fimio natis, mulieren 


(68) Mifcell. Curiofa German. Decur, 2. Ann. §. OBf. 187 (69) Ant. Deufingij Fafficul.Differtat.felect.de 
Ratione (y Loquela Brutorum, p. m.196. (70) Fortun. Licetus de Monftrorum Canfis,lib.2.cap.6 8-p.m.2 1-7. 
nenipe 


The Anatomy of a PYG MIE, 43 


nempe ob quoddans crimen in infulam defertam navi deportatam , quune ibi 
expofita fuiffet, eane fintiorum, quibus fertilis locus erat, agmen circumftetiffé 
fremebundun 5 fuperveniffe unum grandiorem , cui reliqui loco cefferant « 
hunc mulieren blandé manu captam in antrum ingens abduxiffe, eique cunt 
ipfune tune ceteros copiam pomorum, nucum, radicumque variarune appofuiffes 
& nutu ut vefceretur invitalfe; tandem a fera coatam ad fiuprume  facinus 
hoc multis diebus continuatum adeo, ut duos ex ferd liberos pepererit : ita 
miferane (quanto mors optabilior !) vittitaffe per annos aliquot, donec De- 
ws mifertus navin eo Lulitanam detuliffet ; quunque wilites ix terram aqua- 
tum ex proximo ad antrune fonte exfcendiffent : abeffetque forte fortuna fimi- 
vs 3 feminan ad invifos diu mortales accurriffe, © occidentem ad pedes fup- 
plicaffe, uti fe facinore, S calamitofifima fervitute irent ereptum, adfenti- 
extibufqueS cafunm, miferantibus ills, cam cum ipfis navin adfcendiffe. Sed 
ecce tibi fimium fupervenienten inconditis geftibus , & fremitibus conjugent 
non conjugem revocanten : ut vidit vela ventis data, concito curfu de liberis 
unui matri oftentat, minatur, niredeat, in mare precipitaturums nec feg- 
niter fecit, quod miuatus: tum recurrit ad antrum, © eadem velocitate ad 
littus rediens oftentat alterum, minatur, 8 demergit : fubfequitur, donec 
unde uatanters vicere. Rem totam Lufitania tefte notiffimam, G a Rege 
wulieren Uly flipone additam ignibus, quorundam precibus vita impetrata, 
lethunz cum clauftro perpetuo commmutaffe. 


But co return to our Bufinefs. Our Pygmie in this Particular of the 
Scrotum, more refembles the Ape-kind, than a Maz. For the Parifians 
tell us, that the Parts of Generation in three of our Subjects, which were 
Males, were different from thofe of Man, there being no Scrotum ix two of 
thefe Subjects, and the Tefticles not appearing, by reafon that they were hid iz 
the fold of the Groyne. It is true that the third, which was one of the Sa- 
pajous, had a Scrotum, but it was fo forunk, that it did not appear. Or, as 
they afterwards exprefsit, The Tejticles were fout up iz a Scrotum, which 
joyned then clofe up to the Penis. So in the Ape Blafiws detcribes, Teftes 
infignes fatis, facculo fuo incluft, non dependent extra abdomen, ad modune 
eum quo in Homine, Canibus, fimilibufque Animalibus aliis, fed vicini adcd 
funt tendinibus mufculorum Abdominis, quos vafa Spermatica trarfeunt, ac 
f iis uniti effent, foc ut potins in Inguine utroque collocatos eos dicerem,quan 
ultra offa Pubis a Corpore pendulos. And fo Drelincourt to the {ame pur- 
pole; Scrotum pendulum nullum est, fest Tefticul utrinque juxta Offis Pu- 
bis funtraa latera, vel Spina fummam ejus decumbunt extra prorfus Abdo- 
minis cavum, C proind: extra Mufculorum Epigaftrij Aponeurofes. 


In the other Parts I am here to defcribe, I find our Pygmie more con- 
formable to the Structure of the fame in a Maz. For the Tees were 
included in a Tunica Vaginalis, and had a Cremafter Mufcle ; which be- 
ing {eparated, I obferved the Epididymés large, and the Body of the 
Lejtis to be about the bignefs of a Filbird and it's compounding 
Parts nothing at all different from thofe of a Man. Facobus Syl- 

2 Vins 


. 


44 Orang-Outang five Homo Syluera: Or, 


vins (71) im the Ape he diffected, obferved, the Teftes humans majores. 


The Pariffans tell us, that in fome of their Subjects: the Tefticles were 
long and ftrait, and but ove line in breadth, and eight in length. In one of 
their Sapajous they were found of a figure quite contrary, and almost as remote 
from the frenre of thofe of Man, being perfectly round. Drelincourt’s ac- 
count in his Ape is, Tuwica Elytroides fibris carneis a Cremaftere confperfa.ut 
in homine. Arteria Spermatica miro lufi, [piratine revolvitur fuper Lefticuli 
dorfum. Tefticulus autem Ventri Epididymidum adheret, nifi fibrillis pancis 
& laxis, capite fuo, quo Spermatica Deferentia admittit, feparatur ilefus, 
canda anten fua, qua ejaculatoria vafa emittit, tot puntula candicantia ex- 


hibet., divulfus ab Epididymide, quot a. Tefticulo canaliculi proten- 


duntuirs 


From the Epididymis in our Pygmie (as it is ina Maz) was continued’ 


the Vas Deferens 5 a {lender Dudfys; which conveys the Sewez from the 


Tefticle to the Veficule. Seminales. Thele Veficule were two cellulated: 
Bladders placed under the neck of the Bladder of Urine, which en the - 


outfide, did feem. (as it were) nothing elfe but the Vs Deferexs dilated, 
and placed ina waving figure there. And as the Body of the Teftes 


was made up of a curious convoluted Contexture of Seminal Veffels ,- 
which running into fewer, form at laft the Body of the Epididywis 5. 


and thefe Vefféls afterwards pafling all into one Dé, do make up the 


Vas Deferens : fo this Vas Deferens here, being dilated and enlarged,does- 


form. the Veficule Seminales, And the fame is in a Man. 


The Parifians here do take notice of that Paffage in Aréffotle T have- 


already quoted, where he likens the Parts of Geveratiew in the Male Ape 
to thofe of a Dog, more thana Maz. But the Philofopher herein, is un- 
der-a Miftake; for, as they inftance, in the Pezis of a Dog , there is 
a Bone, which is not in the Mozkey’s; fo likewife in Monkeys, there are 
Veficule Seminales, which are not to be met with in a Dog. They de- 
Scribe them in their Mokeys thus : The Glandulows Proftate were fmall ; 
the Paraftatee Cyrfoides were iz requital very large , they contained an Inch 
in length their breadth was unequal , being four lines towards the neck of 
the Bladder, and a line and an half at the other end, differing herein fronz 
thofe of Man, who has thens flenderest near the neck of the Bladder. They 
were compofed of feveral little Bages, which opened into one another. The 
Caruncle'of the Urethra was fizall, but very like to that of a Maz. Bla- 
fivs hath given us a /rgure of thefe Parts, which I do not like ; as nei- 
ther that of the Pariffazs. He defcribes them thus: Vefcule Seminales 
hic valdé ample, que immiffo flatu per duttum Seminalen Hjaculatorinm in- 
fegniter intumefcunt. Quod fi premantur, manifeftifime obfervamwus Mate- 


(71). Face. Syluij Variorum Corporur diffe. Operum, p. M. £30. - 


TIAHB-- 


The Mnatomy of 2 PYG MIE, 45 


iam iis contentam wmoveri in Meatum Urinarium, Vefic@ continnum, & 
quidem per foramen fingulare , quod in unoquogue latere unicum est , que res 
accafionere videtur dediffe Facobo Sylvio duos dutis Seminales in fimia con- 
ffétuendi.. All that Drelizcourt faith of them is, Vafa ejaculatoria retro Ven 
ficam tendunt in Corpufcula predura mire anfrakuofa, ut & ipfwn initinns 
Epididymidis. Which is very conformable te what I obferved in our 
Pygmie. ‘. 


Between the root of the Pexis, and neckof the Bladder, is feated the 
Corpus Glandulofum, or the Prostate, which in our Pygwie appeared the 
fame asin Maz. The Parifrans tell usin their Mozkeys that they were 
fall. Blafius in his figure, befides the Proftates, which he faith are 
Glandula veficis adftans, albidior folidiorque reprefents another, at the 
Letters (H. H.) viz. Glandula alia, major, rubicunda & plexu Nervoruur, 
aliorumque vaforum predita; which isno Gland, but the Bulb of the Pe- 
zis. Drelincourt in his Ape tells us, Corpora Glandulofa duos velut Nates 


circa vefice cervicer fupra Sphinikerenr exhsbent. 
” 


We come now to the Penis, which in our Pygmie was two Inches 
long ; the girth of it at the root was an Inch and a quarter; but ie 
grew taperer towards the end. It had no frezum, fo that the Prapuce 
could be retracted wholly down; and herein our Pygwie is different 
from a Man. The Slit of the Pezis here was perpendicular as ina Maz. 
In the figure the Parifians give us, it feems to be horizontal, as it is 
plainly reprefented by Bartholive in his third and fourth figure of his Mz- 
momet, altho’ by his fecond figure one would think otherwife. Whe-~ 
ther there was any Balanws or Glans in the Penis of our Pygmie,or what 
it was, I am uncertain: I do not remember I obferved any. In my 
- third figure the Penis is reprefented decurtated at the end, and without” 
the Preputiuv, which was left entire to the Skin. Dreclincouri’s account © 
of it inthe Ape is this ; Gexitale prors#s expers est fienuli ac proinde Pre- 
putium devolvitur ad radicem ufque Penis, &» denudatur Glans ipfa, atque 
Penis integer. Balanus confimilis vivili, excepto frenulo , atque preterea 
hiatune maximum exhibet, qua parte Ligamenta Cavernofa defirant, & Glans 
utringue promine?. At the root of the Pesis of our Pygwie, we obfer- 
ved the Mufeuli Eredfores to be thert, and thicker proportionably than in 
a Maz; and the Ligawentum Sufpenforium larger: The Mufculws accele- 
rator Urine was large, covering the Bulb of the Caversous body of the 
Grethra. The Corpera Nervofa, or the two Cavernows bodies of the Penis 
were divided length-ways by a Sepimentumin the middle , as in’ Maz.” 
In the Urethra likewife there was a Cavernous body: The Veffels’of the - 
Pexis anf{wered exactly to thofe of a Max. 


_Blafivsin his Ape faith, Pesis Nervofiex Corpus unicund tantun habere 
videtur, fepimento notabili deftitutum. But lamapt to think he might be — 
miftaken 5 for in our Subject ‘twas very- plainly divided, but’mora re- — 

' markably - 


46  Orang-Outang frve Homo Sylueftrs: Or, 


markably towards the root than forwards. What he adds afterwards , 
Circa radicem Penis Tuberculum exile occurrit, exterins carnof@ nature, in- 
terius reticulari vaforun: plexu refertum, interftitia ipfins weateria rubicunda 


occupante, by this I fuppofe he means the Bulb of the Pezis. Drelin- 


court exprefies it better, where he faith , Totvs Penis duobus Ligamentis 
Cavernofis a tuberibus Ifchij gaudet. nour Subject thele two bodies were 
very large and cavernows within. But what Drelixcourt adds, Orethra 


plane carnofa, This was different in our Pygmie; for as I have men- | 


tion’d, the fides of the Urethra here were Cavernovs too, tho not 
much. 


How the Organs of Generation are in the Fevale of this Species of A- 
#imals, \ have had no opportunity of informing my felf. But by Aza- 
logy 1 can’t but think, they mutt be very like to thofe of a Wowav, fince 
they are foevenin Mowkeys and Apes in feveral refpect ; tho’ in fome, 
they imitate the Structure of thefe Parts in Brates. Thus the Paréé- 
ans Obferve , The gexerative Parts of the Female had alfo a great many 
things which rendered them different fron thofe of Bitches, herein refembling 
thofe of Women ;, there were fome of then likewife which were as iz Bitches, 
avd after another manner thar in Woman 3 for the exteriour Orifice was 
round and ftrait, asin Bitches, and the generality of other Brutes, and had » 
neither Nymphe zor Caruncule. The Neck of the Bladder had it’s hole 
otherwife than in Woman, being very far in the Neck of the Matrix, viz. 
towards the middle, at the place where it’s ronghne{s began, which were feex 
only towards the extremity of the Ductus xear the Interval Orifice. The 
Trunks of the Matrix were alfo different fron thofe of Women, and refem- 
bling thofe of Brutes in that they were proportiozably longer, and mtoreredou- 
bled by various turnings. The Clitoris had fomething more conformable to 
ihat which is feen in other Brutes that have it, than in that of Women, be- 
ing proportionably greater, and more vifible than it is in Women. It was 
compofed of two Nervows and Spongiows Ligaments, which proceeding fron 
the lower part of the Os Pubis, and obliquely advancing to the fides of thefe 
Bones, did unite to form a third Body, which was ten lines iv length. It 
was forured by uniting of the two first, which a very ftrong Membrane joyn- 

ed together, going from one of the Ligaments to the other , befides a hard 
and nervous Membrane which inveloped them. They terminated at a Gland 
like to that of the Penis of the Male. The little Mufcles, which were faft- 
ned to thefe Ligaments, proceeded as ufual from the tuberofities of the Uchi- 
um. Thefe Ligaments were of Subftance fo thie and fpongiows , that the 
wind penetrated, and made then eafily to fell, when blown into the Net- 
work of the Veins and Arteries which is in this place. This Network was 
vifeble in this Subject, being compofed of larger Vefféls than they proportionably 
are in Women. It was fituated as ufually under the fecond pair of Mufcles of 
the Clitoris. Ji’s figure was Pyramidal, ending from a very large Bafis iz a 


point, which run along the third Ligament to it's extremity towards the 
Gland. 


The 


“ 


The Anatomy off a PYG M1 E. 47 


The rest of the Parts of Generation were like to thofe of Women, The 
Neck of the Bladder had it's Mufcles as iz Women: For there were a great 


number of flehy Fibres, which proceeding from the Sphincter of the Anus, 


were faftened to the fides of the Neck of the Uterus , and other fuch like Fi- 
bres which did come fron the Sphinéter of the Bladder to infert themfelves 
at the fame place. The Body of the Uterus, it's Membranes, ixternal Ori- 
fice, it’s Ligaments as well the round as broad, and all it's Vefféls had a 
conformation intirely like to that, which thefe fame Parts have in Women, 
The Tefticles, which were ten lines long, and two broad, were as in Women, 
compofed of a great number of fizall Bladders, and faftned near the Mem- 
branes which are at the extremity of the Tube, and which ws called their 
Fringe. 


Drelincourt hath very little on this Subject, all he faith is , Urethra 
rubicunda folida & brevis. Vagina admodum rugofa, monticulum habens in 
medio, Papillis extuberans ut in Palato, Pollicew longa,tranfverfime fciffa, 


. Pollicem lata. Orificium interins valde folidum. Cervix interior aduodum 


= 


dura, & pauld intra ofculume internum duritie cartilaginofa. 


We fhall proceed now to the Parts of the Middle Venter,the Thorax s 
and here, as the Parts are fewer, fo my Remarks will be alfo: and the 
rather, becaufe in our Pygwie we obferved fo very little difference from 
the Structure of the fame Partsin a Maz. I mutt confefs I can’t be fo 
particular in all Circumftances , as I would , becaufe for the preferving 
the Sceletoz more entire, I did not take off the Sterzum. However, I 
obferved enough to fatisfie my felf with what I thought moft ma- 
terial. r 


This Cavity was divided from the Abdomen by the Diaphragw, whofe 
Aponeurofis or Tendon feemed rather larger than in a Maz -: and the fecond 
Mufcle which encompaffed the Gulz, as it pafles through it, was very 
fair. 


I made no Remarks upon the Plewra,and Mediaftinum : The Thymus 


‘in our Pygmie was about an Inch long, and placed as ‘tis in Maz ; 


downwards ‘twas divided, but upwards ‘twas joyned together. So in 
a Maz V have often obferved it divided. Generally this part is larger: 
in Infants and Evbrios than in growz Perfons, for the Reafons. I have 
frequently mentioned in my Azatomical Letfures. The Parifians obfer- 
ved in their Mozkeys that the Thyzws was large. Blafivs and. Drelincourt 
have no Remarks about it. 


The Luzgs in our Pygmie had three Lobes on one fide, and buttwo on 
the other; five in all. Their Colour, Subftance, Situation, and: all 
Circumftances exactly refemble a Man’s. ‘The Pariféans tell. us, that in. 


their Monkeys the Lungs had fevex Lobes, three on the right fide, and as 


Wan y. 


48  Orang=Outang foe Homo Sylueftris: Or, 


uany on the left, the feventh was in the Cavity of the Mediaftine, as ix the 
generality of Brutes. This again makes a notable difference between the in- 
teraal parts of the Ape, and thofe of Man, whofe Lungs have generally at 


the soit but frve Lobes, oftener but four, and fometimes but two. Velfalius — 


affirms that he never faw in Man this fifth Lobe, which he reports to be in 
Apes, fuppofiag that they have but five. The Paflage that the Parifrans 
hing at in Vefalivs is this, Lobune autem qui in Canibus, fimiifque Vene Ca- 


we Candicem fuffulcit, nunquan in homine obfervavi, & hunc illo deftitué 


certo: eeriivs feio, quamevis interim Galen locus in feptimo de adminiftran- 
dis Diffectionibus mihi memoria non exciderit, quo inquit, quintune hune 
_Pulaonis Lobum cos non latére, qui rete feckionem adminiftrant 5 innuens 
Herophilo G Marino ejufmodi Lobum fuiffe incognitum, uti fané fuit, 
chu illi Hominum Cadavera, non autem cum ipfo, fimiarum ac Canum dun- 
taxat aggrederentur, in quibws prafenti Lobo nihil est manifefliws. (72) 
Tho’ Galez be herein miftaken, Vefalias certainly is too fevere in his 
Cenfure, in charging him, that he never diffected any thing but Apes 
and Dogs ; for the contrary evidently appears in abundance of Inftan- 
ces, that might be produced. And one would think he had not dif- 
fected Apes and Morkeys in making but five Lobes in their Lungs, 
whereas in either there are more. In what he argues, that this jifth 
Lobe in a Man could not lie upon the Veza Cava 5 becaufe in a Man the 
Pericardinm is fattened to the Diaphragmw, and the Vewa Cava enters 
there, and fo immediately paffes to the Heart; this is true, and the 
fame I obferved in our Pygwe. So that in the formation of this Part, 
our Pygmie exactly refembles a Maz 5 and is different from both the 
Monkey and Ape-kind. The former we have feen 5 as to the latter, 
Drelincourt tells usin the Male Ape; Pulmo dexter quadrifidus , Lobus 
infimus onium craffiffineus, fuperior minus cralfus , intermedius reapsé 
wiedivs ite 8 magzitudine, Quartus demum crenam infculptam habet , 
qua parte Cava fulcrum prebet. Pulao finifter bifidus, G» Lobus ejus 
Sisperior bifurcatws. Soin the Female Ape, Lobi Pulmonis dextri totaliter 
divifi IV, quorum fuperior , bifidus totus , adeo ut fint quinque in e@ 
parte = finifter Pulwo bifidys totus, & Lobus fuperior ultra dimidium fué 


divi US 


The Trachea or Wind-pipe in our Pygmie was altogether the fame as 
ina Man ; confilting of a regular order of Cartilagizous Anyuli, which 
were not perfectly continued round ; but towards'the Spive, were joyn- 
ed by a ftrong Membrane. Drelizcourt faith of it, Trachew annuli fe ha- 
bent uti Inteftinorum pire, nervofis Membranis colliguatur. The Compar 
rifon, i think, is not fo well made. 


(72) Andr.Vefalij de Corporis hamani fabrica, lib. 6. CAD. 7. Ps 7240 


‘ % 


For 


SO Se ee 


The Anatomy of a PYG MIE. 49 


For the prefent we will leave following the Duc of the Trachea up 
to the Laryzx, ( the Part according to the Method of Nature, we fhould 
have began with ) and make fome farther Obfervations, on thofe under 
our prefent view. In the Cavity of the Thorax therefore, (as f have re- 
mark’d) the Pericardium or that Bag that inclofes the Hert in our Pyg- 
mie, was faftened to the Diaphragm, juftas ‘tis in Maz. I mutt confefs, 

_ when I firft obferved it, I was furprifed, becaufeI had not {een it fo in 
Brutes before. And Vefalivs, and others make it asa peculiarity to a 
Man. 1 will quote Vefalivs’s words, and make an Inference from our 
Obfervation, and fo proceed. ; 


Vefalivs (73) therefore tells us, Ceterum Involucri mucro, © dextri ip- 
fews lateris egregia portio Septi pend nerveo circulo valisdiffime, amploque 
admodum {patio connafcitur, quod Honinibws est peculiare.  Simiis quoque 
& Canibus & Porcis involucrum a fepto multum diftat. Tantun abest ut ipft 
magné fui portione connecteretur, adea fané ut G» hine luce clarius conftet, 
Galenun hominis vifcera aut ofcitant’r , aut neutiquam fpetaffe, Simiafque 
Canes nobis. defcribentem, immerito veteres arguiffe. Hecan’t forbear at 
all turns to have a fling at Gale: But he is here in the right, and Galez 
miftaken. So Blazcardws (74) tells us, Homo pre ceteris Animalibis hoc 
peculiare habet, quod ejus Pericardium Septi tranfverfe medio fensper accrefcat, 
cun idem in Quadrupedum genere liberum, © aliquanto {patio ab ipfo reurotune 


ft 


Now our Pygmie having the Pericardi#m thus fattened to the Dia- 
phragm, it feems to me, asif Nature defigned it to be a Biped and to go 
erect. Fortherefore in a Man is the Pericardium thus faftened, that in 
Expiration it might aflit the Diaftole of the Diaphragu: : for otherwife 
the Liver and Stomach being fo weighty, they would draw it down too 
much towards the Abdomen ; fo that upon the relaxation of it’s Fibres in 
it's Diaftole, it would not afcend fufficiently into the Thorax, fo as to 
caufe a Subfidence of the Luzgs by lefiening the Cavity there. In Qya- 
drupeds there isno need of this adhefion of the Pericardinz to the Dia- 
phragw : For inthem, in Expiration, when the Fibres of the Diaphragms 
are relaxed, the weight of the Vifcera of the Abdomex will ealily prefs 
the Diaphragm up, into the Cavity of the Thorax , and fo perform that 
Service. Befides, was the Pericardium faltened to the Diaphragm in 
Luadrupeds, it would hinder it’s Sy/Zole in Infpiration ; or it’s defcent 
downwards upon the contraction of it’s Mufcular Fibres ; and the more, 
becaufe the Diaphragw being thus tied up, it could not then fo freely 
force down the weight of the Vifcera, which are always prefling upon it, 
and confequently not fufficiently dilate the Cavity of the Thorax , and 
therefore muft hinder their In/pération. Thus we fee how neceffary it is, 


—E 


(73) Andy. Vefalij de Corporis Humani fabyica,lib.6.cap.2.p.m.728.. 74.) Steph: Blancardi Anatom. 
reformat. Cap.2oP.8. ‘ 
| that 


50 Orang-Outang five Homo Sylueftris > Or, 


that ina Maz the Pericerdium fhould be fattened to. the Déephragm 5 
and in Quadrupeds how inconvenient it would be; that from hence I 
think we may fafely conclude, that Nature defign’d our Pygmie to go 
ereCt, fince in this particular ‘tis fo likea Maz 5 which the commen Apes 
and Mozkeys are not; and tho’ they are taught to go ereéf, yet ‘tis no more 
than what Dogs may be taught to-do. 


We proceed now to the Heart ;. where we obferved that in our Pye- 
wie, its Auricles, Ventricles, Values and.Veffels were much the fame as: 
they areina Man’s. It's Cone was not fo pointed, as in fome Axizzals, 
but rather more obtufe and blunt, even more than a Man's. What A- 
vicenna (75) remarks of the Heart of am Ape, having a double Cove, mult 
be accidental and extraordinary: for he tells us, Et jawz repertum eft Cor 
exjufdane Simij habens duo Capita. Anda little after, he denies the Heart 
to bea Mufcle ; Fam autem erravit (faith he) qui exiftimavit, quod fit 
Lacertus, quanvis fit fimilinm rerum in eo, verum motus eius non est volun- 
tariys. The Perfon he hints at,f {uppofe,is Hippocrates, who fo long ago 
aflerted this 5 “H xap3in (faith (76) Hippocrates) pls Sew xeiple iqvegs, 8 7a! 
vdpy, AMa mARucT oxpues. Cor uufculus est validus aduodim non Ner- 
vo, verin Carnis [piffanento. And Stezoand Dr. Lower fince have fhew- 
ed us the way of diflecting it,and have made it moft evident that ‘tis Muf- 
cular 5 and it’s wotion is{uch 5 but as Avicenxne obferves , ‘tis not a wo- 
Luntary motion, but izvoluntary. “Tis pity we had not a better Tranfla- 
tion of his Works 5 for unlefs it be fome particular Pieces, the reftis moft 
barbaroufly done, as appears from that little I have quoted of him. But 
fo return to our Pygmie; the magnitude and figure of the Hearthere, was 
exactly the fame as reprefented in our Scheme, where part of the Peri- 
cardium is\eft lying on it. Both in the right and left Auricle and Vextri- 
cle, Y obferved two Polypous Concretions, which plainly reprefented the 
Valves both in the Arteria Pulmonalis, and Aorta. 1 muft confels by what 
¥ have hitherto obferved of them, (and I have very frequently met with 
fuch Concretions in Hunzane Bodies.) 1 cannot think thele Polypws’s to be 
any thing elfe, than the Size of the Blood, or the Serum coagulated after 
Death.. The Obfervation I formerly gave(77) of a Polpus in the Tra- 
chea and Broxchie of a Patient troubled with an Hemoptoe, in it’s kind 
Ethink remarkable. 


The Pariffans obferve that the Heurt of their Monkey mas a great deal 
mere pointed, than it ufually is in Mans; which i likewife a Character of 
Brutes. Yet iz the interionr Superficies of it’s Ventricles,, 7# had that great 
nuuber of Fibres and flefhy Columns, which are feex iz Men. Drelincourt 
in his Ape obferves, Cor folidum in ventriculo finiftro, laxune in dextro s 
predurus Conus ejus : Serumin Pericardio falfum. Vafa Coronaria tumida, 
prefertim circaVentriculum.  Adeps circa éa nullys. 

(75) Avicenna lib.3. Fen.2. Tratt.1. p.m.670 (76) Hipp. de Corde, pm.270. (77) Vide Tho. Bartho- 
lim Atta Med. & Philof. Hafnienf. Vol. 5. Ob. 30. p.94> 
There. 


2 


T he Anatomy off a PYCGMIE, 51 


There was nothing farther, Ithink, that I obferved peculiar in the 
Thorax of our Pygwie. I fhall now therefore follow the Du& of the 
Trachea wp to the Throat. And here asin Maz, 1 obferved placed the 
Glandula Thyroidea, upon the Cartilago Scutiformis of the Larynx 5 “twas 
red and {pungy, full of Blood veffels, not much unlike the inward Part 
‘of the Spleez, but fomewhat firmer. Ina Man I have always obferved 
this part tobered. Drelizcourt’s Account of it in the Ape is, Glandule 
Thyroidee & Cricoidea craffe funt, © fubnigricantes 5 & illas permeant fur- 
culi Corotidis Arterie & Fugularis vene externa 5 cnn furculis Nervi Recur- 
rentis. There isno fenfible account yet given of the ufe of this part, as 
1 have met with : And I think that from a Comparative Survey-of it in 
other Animals, and a ftrict Obfervation of it’s Structure, and the Veffels 
that compound it , it were not difficult to aflign other ufes of it more 
fatisfactory. (ee 


As to the Laryzx in our Pygaie, unlefs 1 enumerate all the Cartilages 
that go to form it, and the Mujfcles that ferve to give them their Motion, 
and the Veffels that run to and from it, and the Membraues and Glands , 
there is nothing that Ican further add, but only fay, that I found the 
whole Structure of this Part exactly as ‘tisin Maz. And the fame tool 
mutt fay of the Os Hyoides. The Reffecfioz that the Pariffazs make up- 
on the obfervation of this, and it’s neighbouring Partsin the Diffection 
of their Morkey's, I think is very juft and valuable. And if there was 
any farther advantage forthe forming of Speech, I can’t but think our 
Pygmie had it. But upon the beft Enquiry, I was never informed, that 
it attempted any thing that way. Tho’ Birds have been taught to imi- 
tate Aumane Voice, andto pronounce Words and Sentences, yet Quadru- 
peds never ; neither has this Quadru-wanous Species Of Animals, that fo 
nearly appreaches the Structure of Mankind, abating the Romances of Az- 
tiquity concerning them. 


The Parifravs therefore tell us, Zhat the Mufcles of the Os Hyoides, 
‘Tongue, Larynx, avd Pharynx, which do most ferve to articulate amord, 
mere wholly like to thofe. of Man; and a great deal wore than thofe of the 
Hand 5 which neverthelefs the Ape, which fheaks not, ufes almost with as 
much perfection asaMan. Which dewonftrates, that Speech i an Adion 
more peculiar to Man, and which more diftinguifhes him frov Brutes than 
the Hand ; which Anaxagoras, Ariftotle, avd Galen have thought to be the 
Organ which Nature bas giver to Man, as to the wifest of all Animals 5 for 
want perhaps of this Reflection: For the Ape is found provided by Nature of 
all thofe marvellous Organs of Speech with fo much exatknefs, that the very 
three fixall Mufeles, which do take their rife frou the Apophyfes Styloides, 
are not wanting, aliho this Apophylis be extrealy fmall. This particula- 
rity does likewifefhew, that there is #0 reafon to think, that Agents do per- 
form fach and fuch ations, becaufe they are found with Organs proper there- 

H 2 


BRE O 


* 


52 Grang-Outang jrve Homo Syhuelra: Or, 


unto, for, according to thefe Philofophers, Apes fhoutd fheak, feeing that they 
have the Infiruments neceffary for Speech. 


I fhall not engage in this Argument here, becaufe it would be too 
great a digreflion ; hereafter, it may be, I may take an occafion to do it ; 
for this is not the only Inftance in our Subject, that will juftifie fuch an 
Inference: tho’ I think it fo {trong an one,as the Athei/?s can never an{wer. 


We -fhall take notice next of the Uvzla, a Part of fome ufe too in 
forming the Voice; for where ‘tis mifling or vitiated, it much alters the 
found ; and even this I found in our Pygmie to be altogether alike as in 
Man. it had thofe two Mufcles which are in a Maz,the Mufculus Sphe- 
20-Palatinus, and the Pterico-Palatinus feu Spheno-Pterigo-Palatinus ; the 
Tendon of which laft, paffed over the Pterigoidal Proce/s, which was to 
it like a Trochlea or Pully, and was afterwards inferted asin a Maz. 


The Parifiazs tell us that the Uvula, which is iz xo other Brutes, was 
found in our Apes (it fhould be Moxkeys) wholly refembling that of Man. 
And fo Blafius, Uvulain Animalibys aliis preter hominein & fimiam nun- 
quam & me obfervata. Allthat Drelincourt faith of it is, Ovula firma 
est & carnofa. . 


The Lovgue of our Pygmie in all refpects, as I know of, refembled a 
Humane Tongue; only becaufe ‘twas fomewhat narrower, it feemed lon- 
ger: And under the Zozgue in our Pygmie we obferved the Glandule Sub- 
linguales asin Max. 


Drelincourt obferves inthe Ape, Lingua bafis non tantim incumbit Hy- 
oidi fuperno.fed amplectitur ejus tuber inferins poftice : Papillas habet Bovinis 


feuiles, © tunicam proprian permeantes. 


At the Root of the Tozgue of each fide were placed the Tox in our 
Pygmie, as they arein a Man. They were protuberant and hard, and 
not fo foraminulous, as ufually in Man; very probably being vitiated 
by the Uleer in the Cheek. For Drelincourt tells us in the Ape, Amygdale 
eave, pertufe & Scrobiculos habentes. 


The Parotides under each Ear in our Pygmie were large, and of the 
fame Figure as in Maz. Parotis glandula contegit Mufculum Sterno-Majftoi- 

- deum, articulationem Maxille © Mufculi Peéoralis portionen, faith Drelin- 
court. ‘ 


The Maxillary Gland of the left fide (where the Ulcer in our Pygmie 
was) had two of it’s Lobes, globous and protuberant, above the Surface 
of the other Part, being infected and tumefied by the Ulcerous Matter. 
Thefe Glands were about an Inch long, and about half an Inch broad 3 

van 


po 
The Anatomy of a PYG MITE, BB 
and there were two other fmal] Glawzdsa little diftant from the head of 


the Maxillary. Glandule falivales ad angulune Maxille Inferioris oblonge, 
lax, wolles, albicantes, faith Drelizcourt. 


But before I leave thefe Parts, there are (ome others I muft here take 
notice of, in this Comparative Survey 3 which tho’ they are not to be 
met with, either in our Pygie or in Maz 5 yet are very remarkable,voth 
in the Mowkeyand Ape-kind, viz. thofe Pouches the Monkeys and Apes 
have in their Chaps, which ferve them as Repofétories for to hoard up, up- 
ontoccafion, fcod in ; when they are not difpofed for the prefent to de- 
vour it ; but when there Stowachs ferve them,they then take it out thence 
and fo eat it. That the Ape-kivd has thele Pouches, Drelizcourt does 
inform us; where he tells us, Mufculws latiffimus Mentum univerfum & 
buccas obtegit, qua parte fimie faccum formant, intra quem Efculenta recon- 
dunt. Pliny is very exprefs, That both Sztyrs and Sphinges (which I 
make to be of the Monkey kind.) have them likewile, (78 ) Condit ix 
Thefauros Maxillarum Cibum Sphingiorum  Satyrorum Genus. Mox inde: 
fenfinm ad mandendum manibus expromit,; G» quod formicis in annun folen- 
ne est, his in dies vel horas. The account the Parifrazs give us of this. 
Pouch in the Mouth of the Mozkeys they diffetted , is this; That # mas 
compofed of Mexbranes and Glands, and of a great many Mufculows and 
Carnous Fibres. Its fituation was on the outfide of each Faw, reaching ob- 
liquely from the middle of the ‘Faw to the under part of it's Angle, palfing un- 
der apart of the Mufcle called Longiflimus. It was an Inch and an half 
long, and almost as bread towards it’s bottom. It opened into the Mouth be- 
tween the Faw and the bottons of the Gum. "Tis into this Pouch that Apes 
ufe to put what they would keep; and it is probable that the Mufculous Fibres 
which it has, do ferve to fhut and open it, to receive and put ont what thefe 
Animals do there lay up in referve. Now our Pygmie having none of thefe 
Pouches in it’s Chaps, nor nothing like them; ‘tis a notable difference 

both from the Mozkey and Ape-kind, and an Agreement with the Hx-- 


MAE. 


We fhould now come to difcourfe of the five Senfes: But there-is lit» 
tle I have at prefent to remark of them. For in the Organs of thofe of 
Lattus, and Guftws, there was no difference I could obferve between our 
Pygmie and a Man. As to thofe of Hearing and Swelling, I fhall make- 
my Obfervations upon them, in the Offeology. Here therefore I fhall on- 
ly remark fome things of the Eyes, the Orgazs of Seeing 5. and {o-pro- 
ceed to the Bratz. 


The Bony Orbit of the Eye in our Pygwie was large, conical, and: 
deep. Here we obferved the Glandula Lachrymalis, and Innominata. 
The Bulb of the Eye in proportion to the Bulk of the Body, was rather 
larger than ina Maz. The Iris was of a light hazel Colour:. The Pu= 


(78). Pling Hift. Naf. lib. x. cap. 72, p.m, 466.© 


pile 


54. Orang-Outang frve Homo Sylver: Or, 


pil round and large: The Cryftalline Humour Spherical or Lentiformis,and 
almoft as large asin a Maz. The Optic Nerve was inferted exactly as in 
a Maz. The Tunica Choroides rather blacker than ina Maz. And where- 
as in Brutes, that are provo Capite , there is ufually a Majfculus Septimus, 
which from it’s ufe iscall’d Sufpenforivs 5 in our Pygmie there was none of 
this Mufcle. All the other Mujcles of the Eye, were exactly the fame as 
in Man. This feventh Mufele is alfo wanting in the Ape, as appears by 
the figures Cafferivs (79) has given us of the Eye of an Ape. Neither 
the Parifians, nor Blafws, nor Drelincourt do giveus any Remarks upon 
this Part. 


We proceed now to the upper Venter, the Head, where at prefent we 
fhall examine the Bratz; that Part, which if we had proceeded accord- 
ing to the Method of Nature in forming the Parts, we muft have began 
with. For Ican’cbut think, as ‘tis the firft Part we obferve formed, 
fo that the whole of the Body, 7. e. all the Coxtaizing Parts, have their 
rife fromit. But I thall notenlarge upon this Argument here 5 it would 
be too great a digreflion, to give my Reafons for fuch an Hypothe/s. 
From what is generally received, viz. That the Braiz is reputed the 
more immediate Seat of the Sow it {elf ; one would be apt to think, that 
fince there is fo great a difparity between the Sox! of a Maz, and a Brute, 
the Organ likewile in which’tis placed fhould be very different too. Yet by 
comparing the Braiz of our Pygwie with that of a Maz; and, with the 
ereateft exactnels, obferving each Part in both ; it was very furprifing to 
me to find fo great a refemblanceof the one to the other, that nothing 
could be more. So that when Iam defcribing the Braiz of our Pygmie, 
you may jullly fufpect I am defcribing that of a Man, or may think 
that I might. very well omit it wholly, by referring you to the accounts 
already given of the Azatomy of an Huane Braiv, for that will indiffe- 
rently ferve for our Pygmie, by allowing only for the magnitude of the 
Parts in Maz. Tho’ at the fame time I muft obferve , that proportiona- 
bly to the Bulk of the Body, the Braiz in our Pygmwie, was extreamly 
large, for it weighed (the greateft part of the Dura Mater being taken 
off ) twelve Ounces, wanting only a Dram. ‘The Parifians remark, that 
in their Monkeys ihe Brain was large in proportion to the Body, it weighing 
imo Ounces and a half: which neverthelefs was inconfiderable to ours 5 
fince our Pygmie exceeded notthe Stature and Bulk ofthe Common Moz- 
key or Ape; fo that herein, asin a great many other Circumftances, our 
Pyemie is different from the Common Mowkey and Ape , and more refem- 
bles a Maz. 


I can’t agree with Vefalivs, that the Structure of the Braiz of all Qua- 
drupeds, nay all Birds, and of fome Fijhes too, is the fame as in Man. 


(79) Jul. Cafferij Placentini Pentafthefeion, h. e. de quingue fenfibus. Vide de Organo vifis. Tab. 3, 
igs 125 D3. ‘ 


There 


The Anatomy of a PYG M1 E. es . 


There is a vaft difference to be.obferved in the formation of the Parts, 
that ferve to compofe the Braiz in thefe various Aviwals. And tho’ the 
Braiz of a Maz, in refpect of his Body, be much larger than what is to 
be met with inany other Azival (for Vefalivs makes.the Bratz of a Max 
to be as big as thofe of three Oxen) yet I think we can’t fafely conclude 
with him, that Aziwals, as they excell inthe largenefs of the Braiz, (o 
they do likewife inthe Principal Faculties of the Soul: For if this be 
-true, then our Pygwie muft equal a Mav, or come very near him, fince 
his Bratz in proportion to his Body, was as large asa Max's. Vefalius 
(80) his words are thefe ; Cerebri zimirum conftrudione Simia, Canis, E- 
quis, Felis, G Quadrupeda que hattenns vidi ound, co» Aves ethan uni- 
werfe, plurimaque Pifcium genera, omni propemodum ex parte Homini cor- 
refpondeant : neque ullun fecanti occurrat difcrimen, quod fecas de Hominis, | 
quane illorum Animalinm funtionibys ftatuendum effe praferibat. Nif forte 

quis merito dicat Cerebri molem Homini, Perfectifimo fané quod novimus 
Animali, obtigif[e maximan, ejufque Cerebrum etiam tribus Bouse Cerelris 
grandius reperiri: G» dein fecundune Corporis proportionen nox Simia, dein 
Cani magnum quoque non fecus obtingere Cerebrum, quam fi Animalia Cerebrs : 
tantum preftarent mole, quanto Principis Anime viribus apertius vicinitfve © 
donata videntur. 


Since therefore in all refpects the Braiz of our Pygmie does fo exactly © 
refemble a Mav's, I might heremake the fame Reflection the Pariffans - 
did upon the Organs of Speech, That there is xo reafon to think, that A-- 
gents do perform fuch and fuch Aitions, becaufe they are found with Organs 
proper thereunto : for then our Pygmie might be really a Maz. The Or-- 
gans in Animal Bodies are only a regular Compages of Pipes and Veflels, 
for the Fluids to pafs through, and are paffive. What actuates them,are © 
the Humours and Fluids : and Avineal Life confifts in their due and regu- ° 
lar motion in this Organical Body. But thofe Nobler Faculties in the 
Mind of Man, mult certainly havea higher Principle ; and Matter orga- 
ized could never produce them; for why elfe, where the Orgaz is the 
fame, fhould not the Aéiozs be the fame too? and if all depended on the 
Organz, not only our Pygmie, but other Brutes likewife, would be too - 
mear akin to us. This Difference I cannot but remark, that the Azcients 
were fond of making Brutes to be Mex: onthe contrary now, moft un- 
“philofophically, the Humour is, to make Mex but meer Brutes and Mat-~ 
¢er. Whereas in truth Maz is part a Brute, part an Avgel; and is that~ 
Link in the Creatioz, that joyns them both together. 


This Digreffio may be the more pardonable, becaufe I have fo little to 
fay here,befides juft naming the Parts; and to tell you (what I have alrea- 
dy) that they were all like to thofe ina Maz: For the Dura Mater, asa - 
Common Membrane, firmly fecured the fituation of the whole Bratz, ftri@ly - 


(80) And.-Vefalij de-Cor poris Humanis fabrica, lib.7. cap.1.P-7735774+ « : 
adhering = 


56 Orang =Ontang five Homo Syhefirs : Or, 


adhering to the Sutures of the Cranium above ; before to the Crifta Galli 5 
and at the ba/s fo {trongly, that it was not eafily to be feparated. By 
it’s anterior Procefs of the Falx, it divided the two Hemifpheres of the 
Cerebrum:, by it’s tranfverfe Procefs, which defcended deep, juft as in a 
Maz , it feparated the Cerebrum and Cerebellum : it enjoyed the fame Si- 
wuss, and in all Particulars’twas conformable to what is ina Maz. 


The Pia Mater in our Pygmie was a fine thin Membrane which more 
immediately covered the Subftance of the Braiv, and may be reckoned 
it’s proper Membrane 5 infinuating it’s felf all along between the Azfrattus 
of the Cerebrum and the Circilfi of the Cerebellum being, copioufly fur- 
nifhed with numerous Branches of Blood Veffels, but they appear'd more 
on the Covvex Part, thenat the Bas. 


The figure of the whole Braiz in our Pygmie was globous ; but by 
means of a greater jutting in of the Bones of the Orbit of the Eye, there 
was occafioned a deeper depreffion on the Avterior Lobes of the Braiz in 
this place, than ina Maz. As to other Circumftances here, I obferved 
all Partsthefame. The Axfrattys of the Cerebrum were alike ; as alfo the 
Subfiantia Corticalis and Medularis. On the bafis of the Brain, we may 
view all the Tez pair of Nerves exactly fituated and placed as in a Ha- 
mane Brains nor did I find their Originations different, or any Parti- 
cularity that was fo. I fhall therefore refer tothe figures I nave caufed to 
be made of the Braiz, and their Defcriptions; where we may obferve the 
Arterie Carotides, Vertebrales, and Communicans, and the whole of the 
Blood Veffels in our Pygmie to be the fame as ina Man. Here was the Iz- 
fundibulum, the Glandule due albe pone Infundibulum, the Medulla Ob- 
longata with it’s Aunular Protuberance, and the beginning of the Medul/a 
Spinalis, jatt as in Mav. Lam here only a Nomenclator, for want of 
Matter to make particular Remarks upon. And the Authorrs that have 
hitherto furnifhed me with Notes, how the fame Parts are in Apes and 
Monkeys, do fail me now ; it may be, finding here nothing new or dif- 
ferent, they are therefore filent. All the Pariffazs do tell us of the 
Brain in their Monkeys is this : ' ? 


The Brain was large in proportion to the Body: It weighed two Ounces 
and an half. The Dura Mater entered very far to form the Falx. The An- 
fratluofities of the Exterzal part of the Brain were very like thofe of Man 
in the Anteriour part , but in the inward parts before the Cerebellum, there 
was hardly any : they in requital were much deeper in proportion. ‘The Apo- 
phyfes, mhich are called Mamillares, which are great Nerves that do ferve 
to the felling, were not foft, asin Man, but hard and membranous. The 
Optick Nerves were alfo of a Subftance harder and firmer than ordinary. 
The Glandula Pinealis was of a Conical figure, and it’s point was turned to- 
wards the hinder part of the Head. There was no Rete Mirabile: for the 
Carotides being entered into the Bratz, ment by one fingle Trunk,on each fede 

of 


The Anatomy of a PYG MITE. S7 


of the edge of the feat of the Sphenoides to pierce the Dura Mater, and to be 
diftributed into the bajrs of the Brain. \n our Subje& I thought the An- 
fradus of the Brain much the fame, both in the anterionr and hinder 
part. Nor did I obferve any difference in the Mamillary Proceffes or Ope 
tick Nerves, or Rete Mirabile, but all, asin a Maz. 


The Cerebeluz in our Pygmie was divided by Circi¥i, asin Mav. Te 
had likewife the Proceffus Vermiformes. Dr. Willis (80) makes this Re- 
mark upon this Part : Cerebellum autem ipfum, in quabufois feré Animali- 
bus, eufdem figure © proportionis, nec non ex ejufmodi lamellis conflatune 
reperitur. Que Cerebrum diverfemode ab homine configuratum habent , uti 
Volucres & Pilces, itezz inter Quadrupedes Cuniculi & Mures, guorun Ce- 
rebra gyris fex convolutionibus carent 5 his Cerebelli fhecies eaden, similis pli- 
carum difpofitio © Partinm ceterarum compofture exiftunt. “Yis from 
hence he forms his noted Hypothefis, How that the Aziwal Spirits that are 
bred in the Cerebrum , do ferve for Voluntary Motions ; and thofe in the 
Cerebellum: for involuntary. 


If we furvey the inward Parts of the Bratz in our Pygmie, we fhall 
here likewife find all exactly as ina Humane Body; viz. The Medulary 
Subftance running up between the Cortical; The Concameration, the Cor- 
pws Callofurz, the Forni and it’s rura the fame. The Ventrieles large and 
fpatious. The Corpora Striata, the Thalami Nervorum Opticorum all alike. 
The Plexus Choroides the fame ; as were alfo the three Foramiza as in 
Man; The Glandula Pinealis proportionably large. The Protuberantie 
Orbiculares , 1.e. The Nates and Teffes in our Pygmie were the fame as in 
Man; whereas in Brutes (as Dr. Wills well obferves) the Nates are al- 
ways proportionably larger thanin Maz; but it was not fo in our Pyg- 
mie. The Valvula major here was very plain. The Cerebellum being di- 
vided, the Medul/ary Parts reprefented the Branches of Trees, as a Maw’s 
does. The Medulla Oblougata and Medulla Spinalis the fame as the Hz- 
mane; and all Parts being fo conformable here to a Humane Brain, 1 
thought it fufficient juft co name them, fince I have caufed to be made 
two figures of the Braiz inour Pygwie from the Life, and in, its Natural 
Bignefs, where all the Parts are plainly reprefented to the Eye. 


(80) Willis Cerebri Anat. cap.3. p.22, 


I THE 


58 | Orang-Outang frve Homo Sylveftris : Qr, 


THE 


OSTEOLOGY, 


DESCRIPTION 


OF FHE 


ON 


E come now to the Offeology, to give a Defcription of 
the Sceletox of our Pygmie, by comparing which, with 
that of a Maz, an Ape and a Moxkey, we may obferve 
(as we have already of the other Parts) that here too, 

our Pygwie more refembles a Mar than Apes and Mozkey's do; but where 
it differs, there tis like the Ape-hind. Gulez (as I have already quoted 
him, vid. p. 15.) tells us that az Ape of all Creatures is the mo like to a 
Max in the Vilcera, Mufcles, Arteries, Veins and Nerves, becanfe “tis fo- 
in the Strudlure of the Bones. But it may be queftioned , Whether even. 
the Structure of the Bowes themfelves, does not depend upon that of the 
Mufcles : fince in their firft Formation, they are foftand vafeular ; then 
Cartilaginous, and in time at laft are hardened into Bones. In Ricketty 
Children too, we find, that even the Bowes are rendered crooked, by the 
Contraction of the Mufcles, how much more, when they are tender and 
foft, might they be bended any way by them. But by underftanding 
exactly the Structure of the Bowes, we fhall the better apprehend the 
Rife and Infertions of the Mufcles. And for the better attaining this , 
Galen in the fame Chaper (81) recommends to his Students, when they 
cannot have an opportunity of Confulting an Humane Sceleton , then to 


e@ 


(81) Galen. de Anat. adminifiy. lib. 1. Caps 3+ P.M. 29, 300. 
make 


The Anatomy of a2 PYG MIE. | 59 


TO eae of thole of Apes c not that he thinks them both alike, but. the 


moft like : and tells them, that 1t was worth their while on this account 
to go to Alexandria, where the Phyficians taught their Scholars the Do- 
étrine of the Bones from the Infpection of Humane Sceletons themf{elves, 
which he much prefers before Books. But fince in histime Humane Sve- 
letons were not to be had but at Alexandria, for the fupplying this De- 
fect, they might obferve the Bowes of Apes; and after that, they might 
read his Book De Ojfiwne Natura, and to do as he did, vifit the Sepulchres 
and Graves, and to obferve there the Humane Bones themfelves: And 
he tells us_of two Sceletons he made ufe of; One that the River had 
wafhed out of a Tomb, where the Flefh was corrupted and wafhed a- 
way, yet the Bones held together. The other was of a Thief that was 
Executed, who was {fo much hated, that none would bury him; but the 
Birds pick’d off his Flefh, and Jeft his Bowes as a Sceletow. But faith he, 
od 7) ct wd roez0y perddy diriynows SedoaSay, munov Sy dversaay, do an 1E 
xglavénoo exgsov Tav ésav axe Cac, &c. i.e. If you can't happen to fee ary 
of thefe, diffcdt an Ape, carefully view each Bone ,&c. Then he advifes 
what fort of Apes to make choice of,as moft refembling a Man: And con= 
cludes,azzvlov,ws plu, tay sav yp lavornres yen tlw guav ar’ 627 dsOpwrre ov- 
pal, ar ev mSins ci Ounbens’ apency 0 677 epooi, AY e2ng 6m Tle Tay 
pusy aveloplo érSziv, 1. e. Oxe ought to kvow the Structure of all the Bones 
either in a Humane Body, or iu an Apes; tis best in both, and then to 
go to the Anatonty of the Mufcles. ; 


What Galex advifed, no doubt he practifed himfelf , and obferved 
both. But Axdreas Vefalivs will not allow him this: For in his great 
and excellent Book De Corporis Humani Fabrica,he all along tell’s us, that 
Galen gives us rather the Avatomy of Apes than of a Maz: And in his 
Epiftola ad Joachimum Roelants de Radice Chyn@, his chief Defign is to 
prove, that Galez never diflected a Humane Body: and that he is often 
miftaken in the Hiftory of the Parts, as alfo in their Ufes ; and that his 
Reafonings are frequently unconclufive. 


Upon the coming out of Vefalivs his firft Book, he was warmly op- 
pofed by Facobys Sylvivs a Phyficianat Parés, who had formerly been V’e- 
falivs his Mafter in Avatomy 5 ina Treatife {tiled Depulfo Vefani cujufdane 
Calunniarun in Hippocratis & Galeni Rem Anatomicam. This was an- 
{wered not long after by Resatws Henerws, who publifhed another Trea- 
tile, viz. Adverfus Facobi Sylvij Depulfionum Anatomicarum Calumnias pro 
Andrea Vefalio Apologia. Sylvivs afterwards procures a Difciple of his 
to write again{t Vefalivs, who puts out, but unfuccelsfully , Apologia pre 
Galeno contra Andrean Vefalium Bruxellenfem, Francifco Puteo. Medico Ver- 
cellenft Authore. A Scholar of Vefalivs, Gabriel Gunews, makes a Reply 
to Prtews in his Apologia Francifci Putei pro Galeno in Anatome examen. 
Upon Vefalivs his leaving Rome, a Difciple-of his, Realdus Colusbzs , 
grew very famous for Avatomy, but ungrateful'tohis Matter, as Vefalizs 

I2 com- 


60 Orang—Outang feve Homo Sylveftr : Or, 


complains in his Book De Radice Chyne, and his Examen Obfervationun 
Falloppij. But Gabriel Falloppius was always kinder to him,and mentions 
him with the greateft Honour, and calls him Divize; tho’ in feveral 
things he diffents from him, which occafioned Vefalivs his putting out 
his Obfervationum Falloppij Examen. 


Realdus Columbus was facceeded at Rome by Bartholomaus Enftachius, 
a Man very knowing and curious in Azatomy, but extreamly devoted to 
Galen, as one may {ee by this Paflage 5 Ut uo verbo me expediam, talene 
enim effe (fc.Galenum) affeverem, qualem opinor neninent in pofterum futu- 
rum, fuilfe aunquare plane confiruo. Quare dubiis in rebus diffentire ab eo 
honefté nor poffumus, fed magis expedire, decereque putandum est, illo Duce 
errare, quam his illifve Magiftris hodie erudivi, né dicane cum iis vera fen- 
tire (825, Too great a Partiality for fo ingeniousa Man. And it may 
be, this was one Reafon why Vefalivs fo much endeavoured to leffen 
Galen's Authority ; becaufe the Humour of the Age was fuch, that no- 
thing then was to be received, but what was to be met with in him. 
But certainly they are in the wrong, who, becaufe Galez is miftaken in 
fome things, do now wholly rejecthim, and lay him afide as good for 
nothing. The wifeft and moft experienced in the Art may read his. 
Works, and inreading him, if juft and not prejudiced, will acknow- 
ledge, a Satisfaction and an Advantage they have received from him. 


The Defign of Bartholomeus EuSstachins in writing that Difcourfe of his, 
Offiun Examen, isto juttifie Gale, that he did not only. diffect Apes, but 
Humane Bodies \ikewife ; and that his Defcriptions are conformable to the 
Partsin Maz, and not to Apes and Monkeys. He therefore draws a 
Comparifon between the Sceletox of an Ape and a Manz; and fhews 
wherein they differ ; and how far Galez’s Defcriptions of thofe Parts are 
different from thofein an Ape. Volchervs Coiter has likewife made the 
fame Comparative Survey, in his Avalogia Offium Humanorum, Simie © 
vere 8 caudate, que Cynocephali frmilis est, atque Vulpis. In moft things 
I find Coiter to follow Euftachivs, but Exftachiws 1 think is to be preferred, 
becaufe in his Azzotationes de Offibus , he quotes the Texts of Galen at 
large. Fohannes Riolanws the Sox hath wrote upon the fame Argument 
likewile 5 viz. Simia Ofteologia frve Olfium Simia G Hominis Comparatio s 
and he being later than either of the former, and having made ufe of all 
before him, he may be thought to be the moft exact. 


In giving therefore an Account of the Offeology of our Pygmie, and 
the better to compare it’s Sceletoz with that of a Maz, and an Ape, anda - 
Moxkey, 1 thought I could not do better, than to infert this Difcourfe of 
Riolanus 5 and by Commenting uponit, to thew wherein our Pygmie a- 


(82) Barthol. Enfachij Offiam Examen, p.m. 189. 
grees. 


The Anatomy of a PYG MIE, 61 


rees or differs. This I thought the moft compendious way, and what 
other Obfervations I have, that conveniently { can’t infert in my Cow- 
ment, I fhalladd at the clofe of thisDifcourfe. And tho’ I may be cen- 
{ured by fome for difcourfing fo largely upon an Ape, yet this Apology I 
have to make, That *tisan Argument that has exercifed the Pens of the 
greateft Azatemifts we havehad ; and ours being one of a higher degree 
than the Common fort, and in fo many Particulars nearer approaching 
the Structure of Maz, than any of the Apekind , and it being {o rare and 
uncommon, it may the more excufeme, if I endeavour to be as particu- 
lar as Ican. But in fome meafure to avoid this Fault , I fhall omit Rio- 
lan’s firft Chapter, which is but Prefatory, and begin with the fecond. 


Ca pe i. 
De Capitis @& Facies Offibus, 


Giniz Caput (a) rotundum eSt ,humano finile, cynocephali vero caput oblon- 
gins. Utrinfque (b) Suture adeo funt obfcure, ut earum nullun appa- 
reat veftigium.  Propterea potins harmonie dici merentur, quam future,quia 
rerum confutarum figuran non énulantur.  Attawen Vo\cherus Coiter futu- 
ras attribuit fimiis, parum ab humanis difcrepantes. In cercopitheco fquam- 
miformes defiderantur. (C) Frontis Os iz calvarie@ bafts fede, ad conjun- 
Eionen Olffis [phenoidis , tranfuerfa potius lined quam futura diftingnitur : 
ampla oblongaque fciffura homines divifum obtinent, in quam alind Os inftar 
cribri perforatum conjicitur, artiffimeque conftringitur. At (d) Simize Os 
Frontale ea iz parte ommnino continuum exiftit, » qua nafus principium fu- 
_ mit, non longe abea fede, qua fronten conftituit, alto & rotundo foramine 
parumper a lateribys compreffo, illo foramine quod nervum viforinm emittit, 
nonnibil ampliort, excavatum est. Ia ejus humiliori profundiorique fede, 
quatuor aut quingue alia foramina recta & lata cernuntur. Tne fimia caudate 
(e) Os Ethmoides admodun profundé in nares defcendit , paulo infra cane 
regionems ex qua nafs exoritur. Harmonia per medium dividitur {6 utrin- 
que ab Offe frontis, quod etiane profundeé defcendit effingi videtur. (f) Su- 
perficies {elle Sphenoidis ad warinu principiun: ix Offe frontis non est plana 

equalis ut in homine, fed est eninentiffina. In pofteriori fella eminentia 
glandulane excipiente, reperitur foramen exfculptum. In fella (g) hujus fub- 
feantia nulla latet cavitas ut homine. (h) Cavitates ille gue ia apophylibus 
pterygoideis exfculpte funt, maxima S profunde apparent. (1) Offa, Breg- 
matis, & Temporum, zec inivs, nec foris , ullam demonftrant divifionens, 
quafi ex unico continuatoque Offe conftarent. (k) Iz Offe temporune apophye 
fis Maftoidis dees#, Styloidis exigua est. (1) Cavitas auris videtur unica, 
orbiculatine in plures gyros ftriata, nec tria Officula Malleolus, Incus, G Sta~ 
pes veperinntur, quibus aliorum animantinm aures inftrudte funt, fo eredinus 


Caflerio, fed ego femper obfervavi. Os 


62  Orang=Outang frve Elomo 5, yy lveltres .. Or 


Os Zygama (m), qué parte ab Offe orbitario proceditseraffum © robuftun 
est, atque ejus in medium lined potins quam futura diftinguitur. In homine 
venetenue exiftit, & futura dirimitur. 


‘Simie Facies (n) rotunda est,cynocephali oblonga  antrorfune protuberaus. 
Offa verd Maxille {uperioris refpoxdent huxeanis.. (0) Suture funt harmo- 
nits, feverimis fimiles, potiffimum ea que medinw palatum interfecat. Sed 
peculiaris futura notatur, ab inferiore orbita incipiens , fecundum lougitudi- 
nent maxille ad caninum dentem cujufque lateris prorepit, ipfumaque palatuse 
divimit. 


Maxilla inferior (p) iztegra est, zulla linea in mento diffedta, breviffima 
es? corporis proportione, ita ut ex omni animantinm genere nullune breviorem 
habeat, excepio homine. Extremitas que. cavitati temporum articulatur, 
eft condylodis, ut in homine. uare nou est gynglymoides hac articulatio, 
ut fevipft Volcherus Coiter. 


(q) Simiain dentibus caninis S molaribus differt ab houzine. . Caninos 
quidem habet dentes humanis fimiles, in unaquaque maxilla binos, qui u- 
trimeque alfident © accuntbunt inciforibus. Siugulas radices wt incifores ha- 
bent, fed altins infixas robuftiore/que, minis etiane ex anteriore parte, quant 
pofteriore prefjas © angufias. Ac fimia cynocephalos dentes caninos longiores 
prominentiovefque, qui vera femia obtinet. Molarium dentium numerus. 
iz homine incertus eft, authore Galeno: fepivs enin in utraque maxilla funt 
fexdeciv, interdun: vigiuti, nonuunquam viginti quatuor. At fimix fem- 
per cercus ac definitus molarium numerus. Differuzt quoque Maxillares /r- 
mig ab hunanis, in figura externa, 3 radicum numero, quamvis enine prio- 
res duo molares fimie, ab humanis, aut nihil, aut certé paruue difcrepent,quia — 
in finia primus inferior unum tantine apicem obtinct: Attamen in pofterio- 
rum cdewtiuns menjis, fecundum longitudinem maxillarum, profunda admo- 
du linea exfculpta est. Quan lineam altera etiam tranfverfa, que in quin- 
to dente fimie nou caudat@ geminaest, intrinfecus CG extrinfecus ad gingi- 
wai ufque protradata interfecat. Quo fit, ut fiuguli ejufmodi deutes eni- 
nentias, ut plurimum quatuor in angulis (nan quinto fex. funt) tres verd 
fovens iz medio habentes, duarum ferrarum mutuo fibi occurrentium modo 
comimittantur : quod profedo accuratiffins Author Galenus explicare minimeé 


pretermififfet, fe molares fimiaruim defcrip/ifet. 


Os Hyoides (r) buwano firme frmillimum exiftit, preterquan. quod uie- 
dium ipfius officuluns amplius est, quan ix homine, & pofteriore fede infigni- 
orenn oftendit cavitatens, gibbis ipfiws laryngis partibus invehitur, fitque pro- 
pugnaculus cartilaginis {eutiformas. In illa enim lata oblongaque apophyfz, 
interiores partes Olfes hyoidis efformat, quae deorfuze adeo producitur, ut in- 
fav clypei. cartilagini thyroids obtendatur, 


(4) The 


The Anatomy of a PYG MIB. 63 


(2) The. Graninw of our Pygmie was round and globous, and it 
{eemed to be three times as big as the Head of a Common: Mozkey; for, 
that I might the better compare them, I procured the Sceletox of a Mon- . 
key,which I found was exactly the length of that of our Pyemie : though 
at the fame time we fhall fee, that in feveral of the Parts, ‘twas vaftly 
different. For meafuring the Head of our Pygmie by a Line drawn 
round from the Nofe, over the Orbit of the Eyes, to the Occéput or hin- 
der part of theHead, and fo to the Nofe again, I obferved ‘twas Thir- 
teen Inches. The Crazinm of the Mozkey meafured there only Nine In- 
ches and a quarter. The girth of the Head of the Pygwie, fromthe Ver- 
tix round by the Ears to the Vertix again, was Eleven Inches and an 
half : in the Mozkey twas only Seven Inches and an half. The longi- 
tudinal Diameter of the Cranium of the Pygmie was Four Inches; of the 
Monkey Two Inches and a quarter. The latitudinal Diameter of the 
Craninm of the Pygmie was Three Inches and above a quarter; of the 
Monkey a little above Two Inches. The profundity of the Cravinw of 
the Pygmie, from the Vertix to the Foramez where the Medul/a Spizalis 
paffes out, was about Three Inches and a quarter; in the Mozkey Two 
Inches. So that in the largenefs of the Grazium, the Pygmée much ex- 
ceeds the Monkey, asalfo Apes, and more refembles a Man. 


(b) The Sutures in our Pygmée perfectly refembled thofein an Humane - 
Cranium, The Sutura Coronalis, Sagittalis, and Lambdoides being all 
Serrated or indented very curioully,as in Maz. Inthe Lambdoidal Suture ¥ 
obferved Nine Offa triquetra Wormiana. Inthe Cranium of a Moxkey I 
found the Corozary Suture for the moft part to be Harmonia, and only 
for a little fpace to be ferrated towards the middle , where it meets the — 
Sagittal Suture. The Sagittal Suture here was indented throughout. The 
Lambdoidal Suture,as extended from theSagittal of each fide for about half 
an Inch,was ferrated ; then the Suture difappeared,and there was formed 
here a rifing ridge of the Crazium, which was continued to that Apophy/is 
which makes the hinder part of the Os Zygomaticum. There was no 
fuch bony ridge in the Crazinm of the Pygmze. In the Monkey too I faw 
the Sguanemous Sutures very plain, tho’ Riolan denies them ; which like- 
wife in our Pygwzie was very, apparent. Our Pygmie therefore in the 
Structure of the Sutures exactly refembled a Humane Cranium, and more 
than Apes and Mowkeys do: For in them the Coronary and Lambdoidal 
Sutures were only in part ferrated; and they had no Offa triquetra Wor- 
WlaAn a. 


Cc) In our Pygmie there was an Os Cribriforme, as in Maz s ‘twasa-— 
bout half an Inch long, and a quarter of an Inch broad ; in it T num- 


‘bred about Thirty Foramina; here was likewile that long ridge, (which © 


is call’d Griffa Gali) as in-a Man, to which the Dyra Mater was ° 
fattened. 


(Ay Ink 


64 Orang-Outang five Homo Sylueftrs: Or, 


_(d) In the Craninm of the Mozkey there was no Crifla Galli; and 
where the Os Cribriforme fhould have been, there was a hollow Paffage 
_ which led towards the beginning of the Noftrils, at the end of which 
there might be a {mall Os Cribriforme perforated with four or five holes. — 
But this Part appeared very different from the Structure of a Huszane Skul, 
as likewife from our Pygwie 3 which was occafioned chiefly by the great 
bunching in of the Bones of the Orbit of the Eye, tho’ our Pygmie too 
had thefe Bones more protruded in, than they are in a Humane Cranium. 


Ce.) This appeared more in the Crazium of a Mozkey than in our 
Pygmie 3 tho’ here too ‘twas fomewhat more than ina Man’s Skul. 


Cf) The Sea Equina in our Pygmie was exactly like a Man's. Ina 
Monkey I obferved it more rifing and higher. Inthe middle of the Sella 
Turcica few Equiza of our Pygmie, 1 obferved a Foramen 3 and the fame I 
found ina Hunzane Cranium (have by me. 


(zg) Inour Pygmie1 did not obferve thofe two Cavities under the 
Sella Turcica which are tobe met with ina Humane Skul/. But the Bone 
here was very {pungy and cavernous, and might anfwer the fame end, 
tho’ not formed perfectly alike. 

(4) Thefe Cavities in our Pygmwze, were nothing fo large as they are 
in a Mozkey, but conformable to the Structure of this Part in an Hy- 
mane Skull. And in our Pygmie too, 1 obferved the Pterigoidal Proceffés 
as they are in Maz, but I did not find them in the Monkey. 


(7) The Offa Braguwatis and Temporum in our Pygmie were very plain- 
ly diftinguifhed by an izdented Suture. Inthe Cranium of the Monkey 
thefe Bones were divided by a /éeal Suture call’d Harmonia. 


(2) The Maftoid and Styloforme Procefs in our Pygmie were very little, 
yet more than in the Morkey , but herein our Pygwie rather imitates the 
Ape-kind. 


CL) Becaufe I would not fpoil the Sceletox, I did not examin the Or- 
gan of the Izward Ear : Butam wholly inclined to Riolaz, who tells us 
he always found thofe Three little Bones, the MaWeolws, Incws, and 
Stapes there ; and no doubt but they are to be met with in our Pygwmie. 
Tho’ Caferivs therefore thinks Galex does not mention them, and never’ 
obferved them, becaufe they are not to be found in Apes: But Riolaz 
tells us the contrary. 


(w) The Os Zygomaticum in our Pyguie was not half fo big or large 
as in the Craninm of the Mowkey; herein therefore our Pygwie more re- 
femblesa Maz. 


(2) ERG: 


Lhe Anatomy off a PVG MIE. 65 


(2) Tho’ the Face of our Pygwie was rounder than an Ape’s,as that is 
than a Monkey, and a Monkey's more than the Cyxocephalus, yet’twas not 
altogether fo much as a Man's; the upper Jaw being proportionably 
longer and {omewhat more protuberant. The Bones of the Nofe too in 
our Pygwie more refembled the Ape-kind, than the Humane, being flat 
and fimous ; ‘hence fimia; and not protuberant and rifing as in Man. 


Co.) The Suture of the Palate in our Pygmie was juft the fame as in a 
Man. na Monkey I obferved that peculiar Suture Riolaw mentions, but 
did not find it inthe Pygwie : Only in the Palate of the Pygmie I obfer- 
ved a Suture, not from the Devs Caninws, as was in the Mozkey, but from 
the Second of the Dentes Incifores. 


” Cp.) In our Pygmie the under Jaw was perfectly clofed at the Mentum, ° 
as ‘twas in the Monkey; and ‘tis fo in a Man. Galez (83) tells us, 
“Azivlev pb tay Cobcoy avipatrG Pye Boayrlariy tlw ywlw, ws meds te) dve- 
Acylay duAwin TS mreVlds wUATG.: Ad eng avbpamte® moun0s, az Avie, 
H, cakes, naTES ens nuvonepara. 1. e. Lhat of all Animals a Maz bath 
the foortest Chin, or under Faw, in proportion to his Body , then next to a 
Man, an Ape, thea a Lynx, then Satyrs, and aster thefe the Cynocephali. 
And I may add, of all Apes, our Pygwie hath the fhorteft. The Artict- 
Jation of the under Jaw in our Pygmie was Condyloides, as ’tis in Mans 
and not Gynglymoides, a8 Volcherus Coiter and Barthol. Euftachius obferve. 


(q) Our Pygmie had in each Jaw before, four Dextes Incifores 5 then 
- following them, of each fide a Deus Caninus ; then after them of each 
fide, Four Dente Molaves, inallFourteen Teeth in each Jaw, in both 
‘Twenty eight. But our Subje& being young, 1 obferved that al] the 
Teeth were not perfectly grown out of the Jaw-bone, and could perceive 
fome of the Molarcs, that {till lay hid there, or were'not muchexerted. 
In a Mozkey in each Jawthere were two Dentes Incifores before; then 
four Dentes Canini, two of each fide ; then eight Devtes Molares, four 
of each fide. The Numberof the Teeth in each Jaw, and in the whole 
the fame as in the Pygwze : only the Moxkey had four Devtes Canizi in 
each Jaw, the Pygmie had but two, as in a Maz: Or at leaft in the 
Monkey, the two firft of the Caninifeemed to be Amphibious, between 
an Incifor and Caninws ; being not fo broad as the two firft Incifares, nor 
fo much exerted or extended as the two cther Cavini were. In the 
number of the Teeth our Pygmie imitated more the Ape-kiad than the 
Humane : But in the Stru@ture of them , more the Ausave than the 
Ape-kind ; tor the Menfa or Superficies of the Molares, was not {fo ferra- 
ied as the Monkeys, but liker Humane Teeth. 


[have omitted the Printing the next Paragraph in Rielan, becaufe 1 


© Re ES a pS 


(83) Galen de Anat. Adininiftr. lib. 4. cap. 3. p. 94. 


would 


66 Orang-Outang frve Homo § ye tris - Or, 


would not be tedious : And for the fame reafon, do not here particu- 
larly defcribe each Bone in the Head and Jaws of our Pygwie ; for where 
T do not remark otherwife, ‘tisto be under{tood, that all thofe Parts are 


thefame ina Maz, our Pygmie and the Ape-kind. : 


(r.) There was nothing particular that I obferved in the Os Hyoides of 
our Pygie that was different from that of a Maz’s. 


Ca pe. iL. 
De Spina & Offibus ~ Adnexis, 


~ 


IMI (a) Cervix brevis est, feptens vertebris extructa , corpora ver- 

> tebrarum anterior: parte non fut rotunda ut homini, fed plana. Poftice 
apophyfes {pinofe non funt longe, © bifide, fed breves, frmplices, © acute. 
In prima (b) vertebra, zullum (pina veftiginm apparet, ima nulla fentitur 
afperitas, in anteriore parte corporis prime vertebre humane obtufa quedam 
eminentia apparet, que in fenmia magis extuberat, ©» in mucronem producitur. 
Quod fe vertebras & fpinas breves habet fimia, (Cc) apophyfes tranfverfas 
obtinuit longiores, atque ad anteriora magis, quam in hontine reflexas. Im- 
primis vero fexta colli vertebra, que hunc proceffum pre cateris infignem ad- 
epta est, enmque biftdun, magifque recuruum © aduncum, quem in aliis 
vertebris. Hic autem fpondylus fextus maximus et, propter illas tranfverfas 
apophyfes grandiores, in fimia caudata minor est. Septimi fpondyli tranf- 
verfe apophyfes femplices © teanes, in candata fimia bifide, & fatis longe 
exiftunt, qua licet in homine fimplices appareant , fexto tamen cralfitie non 
cedunt. 


(d) Prima fimie vertebra ad finem proceffus tranfverfi afcendentis utrin- 
gue foramen habet, ad nervum tranfmittendum, quo humana caret vertebra, 
Jeptima colli vertebra in honine fapius et perforata: Unde evenit, quod 
tranfuerfé proceffvs hujus vertebre non funt fimiles apophyfibus trazverfis col- 
li, fed potins thoracis apophyfibys tranfverfis affimilantur. (e) Vertebra- 
rum dorti corpora parum ab humanis differunt, neque apophyfes multum dif- 
fimiles funt, exceptis rectis ultimarum duarum vertebrarum,que reciores funt 
in fimiis,panlum deorfum inclinat in hominibys. In( £) poftremis veriebris 
dorft reperiuntur quatuor inferne apophyfes articuli gratia confiruda. In 
humanis vertebris due tantum notantur, quas etiam in lumborum vertebris 
obfervabis. (g@) In fimia decima dorft vertebra, infra fuprave fufcipiiur, at 
in homine est duodeciua. : : 


(h) Lub, 


sy 


Ch) Lumbi, inquit Galenus, iz fimiis funt longiores quane in hominibus, 
fe pro ratione reliquarune partinne hoc aftimare velis, nan in homine quingque 
vertebra lumbos efformant, in fimiis non fecws, quan in aliis quadrupedibys 
fex adfunt. (1) Harum vertebrarum proceffus ab hunanis differunt.  Si- 
quidem tranfverft ix homine teretes {unt © oblongi, nonnihilin exterioracon- 
verfi, coftularum vicem gerentes. In fimiafunt ampli, intrd fpefantes, & 
inftar fquamme tenues : figura caudan hirundinis referunt, aut cornu retor- 
tum, quod oblongo acutoque mmucrone erigitur, ac furfum vergit. Ac tertia 
lumbi vertebra primo incepit tranfuerfum confeqni proceffum, qui brevis ef. 
Reliqui fubfequentes longiores exiftunt. (k) Pofteriores proceffus {pinofe non 
funt reki, fed fuperne fpectant, atque excipiuntur a fupernis incumbentibus 
vertebris , que hiatu five feiffura triangulari inter duos tranfverfales proce/- 
Sus exiftente, dumin pofteriora fimia {pinam inflectit , eofden tranfverjales 
excipiunt. 


C1) Obfervandum venit in homine circa radices infernas tranfverfarune 
apophy/cwn lumbarium, atque etiam duarum infirmarune thoracis, quedane 
tubercula wagnitudine figuraque mefpilorune nucleos referentia fepivs reperiri, 
que cumin canibus & fimiis non habeantur, fufpicari poffet aliquis vicen illa- 
rune quas paulo ante defcripfe proceritatum in homine tenere. 


(m) Os Sacrum fpine fundamentum in homine,ex tribus vertebris conflatur : 
Te jimiis ex duabus tantum componitur, quibus ilinm Offa copulantur. 


(n) Simie longior ek Coccyx, quave homini, pluribus ideo conftruttws Of- 
fibus, qua juxta commiffuram Offis Sacri perforata funt, medullamque conti- 
nent, atque nervos antrorfum S retrorfum emittunt , que omnia defunt in 


coccyge hominis : cur autem femia vero coccyge caruerit, rationem reddit Fal- 
lopius, in Obfervat. Anatomicis. 


(0) Homo, inquit Galenus, ex omnibus animalibus Coftas curvilfimas 
habet, propterea latiffimnm pettus obtinuit. Simia latins ceteris pettus da- 
tum, fed humano anguftius. 


Cp) Porro fimia, tam candata,quam non candata, coftas viginti fex pr@ fe 
fert, cum in hominetantum viginti quatuor reperiantur. Harun utrinque 
funt oto vere cofta, in homine feptem, que per articulum flerno committun- 
tur. Quinque vero mothe cofte n0n defenunt in perfeciam cartilaginem ver- 
Sus frernum invicem conftrifa, ut in honrine, fed offee magis quam cartila- 
ginofe, a fe mutuo disjunguutur. Coltz in frmia, tamcandata, quam non 
caudata, {patiis vertebrarum intermediis inferuntur: at in hominibus magis 
ccrporibus vertebrarum attexuntur. 


(q) Sternum odo conftat Offébus rotundis, quorum primune aliquantifper 
prominet, fupra cartilaginum duarum primarum conjunttionem, que dua car- 
tilagines videntur aneplexari fuperiore parte primum os flerni. Cartilagines 

K2 coftarsés 


68 Orang-Outang five Homo Sylvefir : Or, 


coftarum commiffuris Offium flerni accrefcunt, duc ultime concurrunt finul in 
avticulationem ultimi © penultimi offis fterni. Ultimunz os fterni xiphoiden 
cartilaginem referens, impensé longum est, C teres. 


— @) Stuia quoad feapulas & claviculas homini maxime fimilis est , anthore 
Galeno. Clavicula incipiens & primo flerni offe ad uedium cofte ret a proce- 
dit, inde ad acromion ufque multum curvata intumefcit : huic articulationi 
isterjectune est officulum, quod in homine ad decinum ottavun annum ul- 
_ tra, appendix exiftit: at in fimia, nec iftud officulun , nec illius, veftiginn 


wllum apparet, imbd pars illa robuftiffima est. 


(4) In our Pygwsie there were {even Vertebre of the Neck, as there are 
in a Maz, and an Ape too ; but they were fhort, making in length about 
two Inches ; and feemed more to imitate thofe in Apes, being flatter be- 
fore, and not fo roundas in Maz. And their Spives,tho’ they were lon- 
ger, and more obtufe, and not fo acute as in Mowkeys 3 yet they were 
not bifide, as they are in Maz. 


(6) In the firft Vertebra of the Neck in the Pygmie there was no Spize, 
but an Afperity ; in a Maz there isa fzal/ Spine. And before, ‘twas like 
to the Huwaxze, having an Obtufe Eminence, and not running toa Mucro, 
as in the Ape and Monkey. The Dens of the fecond Vertebra in the Pyg- 
mie was partly Cartilaginous. 


(c) I did not obferve in the Pygmie the Tranfverfe Apophyfes to be lon- - 
ger, nor tobe reflected more forward, nor the fxth Vertebra to be lar- 
ger than the others; nor the fevexth Veriebra, tobe any thing different 
from the fame in Maz ;° but in all thefe Circumftances, our Pygmie feem- 
ed to imitate the Structure of the fame Parts in Maz, more than does the 


Ape-kind. 


(d) Thole Foramina obferved in the Vertebre of the Neck of Apes, 
were wanting in our Pygie, who herein imitated the Humane Sceleton. 


(e) I did not obferve any difference between the Vertebre of the Back 
of our Pygmie and thofe of a Man’s ; nor what Riolaz remarks of the 
Apophyfes rece of the two laft Vertebre. 


(f) In the lower Vertebre of the Back. of the Pygmie,I-obf{erved but two 
Apophyfes inferne, as tis ina Humane Sceletow: ina Monkey thereare four 
Apophyfes there.. 


(g) Our Pygmie if Riolan’s account be true, is different both from the 
Ape and Maz too ;. for here “twas the thirteenth Vertebra, que infra, fu- 
prave fufcipitur. 


(bh) The 


The Anatomy of a PYG MIE. 69 
(hb) The Vertebre of the Loims in our Pygmie were about two Inches 
long; and their number the fame, as ina Maz, viz. five; and not fix,- 


-as are in Apes and Mozkeys : But the Os Ilinm of each fide does afcend 
fo high, as toinclude the two lower Vertebre 5 which is not fo in Maz. 


(i) The Tranfuerfe Proceffes of the Lumbal Vertebre in the Pygmie, 
were round and thick, as in Maz; and not thin and flat, or broad, as in, - 
the Mozkey. 


(k) The Spines of the Lumbal Vertebre in the Pygmie , were fkrait, as 
ina Man; and not bending upwards, as in the Ape and Monkey: kind, 


_ @ Tam apt to think thefe Tubercula are in our Pygmie, but our Sub- 
jet being young,and {everal of the Parts not yet hardened into Bowes, 
but Cartilaginows ; 1 was not fully fatisfied herein, and do leave it as a 


Quere. 


(m) Riolaz in this account is miftaken, nor is he here confiftent with 
himfelf, as to what-he writes of this part in other places. oh. Philip. 
lugraffias (84) who has wrote a moft learned and incomparable Comzext 
upon Galen's Book de Offibws, tells us; Amplunz Sacrumve Os in Homine 
Sex vel ad minus quinque ex Offibus confiat. Galenustamen, Simiarum Ca- 
numve Sceletos diffecans, interdum quatuor ex Offibus componi inguit. Sub 
Offe inquaw Sacro largins fumpto, Coccygen quogue comprehendens : (quens 
Caccygem pro uno Offe, ut in prafenti textu facit, tanquam quartum adjun- 
gens affimpfit, 2 Sacro interim diftingnens.) fepius autem tribus duntaxat 
proprié fumptum Os Sacrum 4 Coccyge diftinikum exprefit, uti nunc etiane 
facit : unde tribus ex partibus conftruum effe ait, tanquan ex propriis Ver- _ 
tebris. So Falloppivs and others do make the Os Sacruz ina Maz to con- — 
fift of fix Bones, fometimes five. In our Pygmie the Os Sacruwe was com- 
pofed of five Bones: But in the Sceleton of a Monkey 1 obferved but - 
three Bones or Vertebre which did makeup the Os Sacruz. 


But as our Pygmie inthe number of the Vertebre which compofes the © 
Os Sacrum, did imitate the Humane kind ; fo in other refpects “twas 
much liker to the Sceletow of Apes and Moxzkeys : For the Os Sacrum here, 
was nothing fo dilated and fpread, as ’tis in Maz; but contracted and © 
narrow as ‘tisin Apes ; and very remarkably different from the Humane ~ 
Sceleton ; as twas likewife in the Spizes and Proceffes which more refem- — 
bled the Ape-kind. 


(2) The Os Coccygis in Our Pygmie confifted of four Bones, as’tis in an © 
Humane Sceleton,and thefe not perforated.In the Ape,and efpecially in the 


ESET 


(84) Comment. in Galen. de Offibus, Cap. x. Text, 3. pag. m. 184. > 
Mazkey. 


970 Orang-Outang frve Homo Sylveftrs: Or, 


Monkey, there are more Bones, and thofe perforated, as Riolan defcribes 
them. Hence Fulivs Pollux {tiles it, 6 renldc ndxnv€, Perforatus Coccyx. 
This Os Coccygis makes a little bunching out of the Skin in the Pygmie, 
as Ihave reprefented it in my fecond figure, and is remark ‘d before (wide 
pag.14.)but in Maw, tis not protuberant. What Riolaz obferves out of the 
Nubian Geography, of a Nation in the Ile of Nawmaneg, having Tails, I 
think is fabulous; unlefs they be Mozkeys, or of that kind : I am cer- 
tain that Story of the Keztifh Lozgtails he mentions, is utterly falfe, tho’ 
he modeftly expreffes himfelf, fabulofum puto. His words are thefe: Iz | 
Tnfula Namaneg Maris Orientalis, Gens est candata, ex Geographia Arabi- 
ca Nubienfi, pag. 70. fabulofum puto quod de Anglis Caudatis referunt Hi- 
ftorici, quibws ob injuriam D. Thome Cantuarienli atam, Deus Coccygem 
inftar Caude produxit (85). 


(0) In our Pygwie the Ribs were altogether as much curved, as in an 
Humane Sceleton ; and it was as full chefted as a Man. 


(p) In the number of the Ribs our Pygwie imitated the Ape-kind : for 
it had thirteen of a fide, fix andtwenty in all: Ina Maz there is but 
twenty four, tho’ fometimes there has been obferved thirteen of a fide. 
As to the other Particulars that Riolaz mentions, vz. the number of the 
Cofte vere,and the offious Extreams of the Nothe,and the Articulation of 
the Ribs, herein our Pygwie more refembled a Mam: for it had but {e- 
ven Cofte vere that were articulated to the Sterzum 3 and the Extreams 
of the Nothe were Cartilaginows, not Offiovs, and continued to the Ster- 
num as in an Huxeane Sceleton ; and the Articulation of the Ribs was 
more on the Body of the Vertebre, than in the Ivterftices. Drelincourt 
js miftaken in mentioning but twelve Ribs in the Ape, of a fide, or his 
was diiferent. oie 


(q) Fo. Philippus Ingraffias (86) makes eight Bones in the Sternum of 
Infants; and tells us, that in time thefe Bones do coalefce, and grow 
fewer. Galez makes feven Bones in the Sterwum , according to the num- 
ber of the Cofe vere that infert their Carizlagesinto them. But the eighth 
Bone Ingraffias faith, is for the Cartilago Enfiformis. In the Sterzum of 
our Pygwie I numbred feven Bones, the two laft being {mall and partly 
Cartilaginous 5 and here the Cartilages were inferted at the Commifiures 
and Joyningsof the Bones ofthe Steraum. The Cartilago Enfformis was 
long and roundifh. The whole of the Sterzum of our Pygmie much 
more refembled the Humane Sceleton,than the Mozkey's,being much broad- 
erand larger, and as far as I obferved juft alike. 


(+) The Scapula of our Pygmie, tho’ in moft refpetts it refembled a 
Man's, yet I thought it did not fo much, as a Mozkey’s 5 for it feemed 
85) Riolan. Encheirid. Anat. lib.6.cap.16.p. 451. (86) Fo Phil. Ingraffias Comment. in Galen, de 
Offibus, Cap. 12. Text. I. pag: M. 190, 
narrower, 


The Anatomy of a PYG MIE. 41 


narrower, and the Ba/is was proportionably longer. But thisT {uppofe 
might happen in preparing the Sceletoz by paring away the Cartilages (for 
the Creature was young) which ina longer time would have hardened 
into a2 Bone. So likewife that Procefs which receives the Clavicul, 
call’d Acromion, was Cartilaginows, as was likewife the End of the Pyo- 
ceffus Coracoides , and of toe Cervix it felf, which laft received the head 
of the Shoulder Boze. So that as yet there was not a Sizws formed here 
for the receiving it; but that Extream was flatter than ufually and plain’; 
~ nor was there that Sizws under the Spive, as in an adult Humane Scapula. 


I obferved no difference in the Figure and Structure of the Clavicula 
in our Pygwie and in aMaz. Nor did I obferve that Bone Riolaz men- 
tions,but a large Cartilage which did conjoyn that Extreamof the Clavi- 
cula to the Acromium, which in time might become long; this Cartilage 
was about a quarter of an Inch long. ; 


Cre. LV. 
De Artubus Superioribus, 


(a) S IMI & & Hominis Omoplate omnino fimiles funt. 

(b) Humerus fimie non admodum ab humano differt, in caudata ° 
diffimilis est juxta inferius caput, quod cubito articulatur. Hac enin regione 
reflectitur ab exteriori parte introrfum, atque iv illa flexura canaliculum acqui- 
rit ex oppofito latere perviun. 


(c) Cubiti Offa duo iv wiraque fimia bumanis refpondent. . 


(d) Carpus fimie non valde differt ab humano, obtinuit tamen nonuneos, 
de quo fec loquitur Evftachius: Hoc officulune non in prima brachialis acie 
est locatum, fed tertio ejufdess acici offe incumbit, atque inter ca que-indicene 
& medium digitum fuftinent feipfum inferit: vocatur a Galeno Xpues, hac 
offe videntur carere fimia caudate, fed ejus loco adipifenntur os peculiare, 
quod carpi offi cubito fubftrato annectitur, S fatis longé protuberat. Deinde 
inftar cornicis verfus manus volam incurvatur , atque cum proceffu offis carpi : 
radio articulati, magnam cavitaten mufculorum tendinibus efformat. 


(e) Metacarpij,Digitorumque Offa fimie,tam caudate quam non caudate, 
parum admodum ab humanis offibus difcrepant. Simia quidew magnum ma- 
wus digitum Pollicem, mutilum obtinct; & curtum, G indicus propinquum, 
20 oppofitum, inftar alterius manus, ut in homine: Reliqui digiti multa » 


Sunt minores digitis pedum. 
(a) I 


72 Orang-Outang frve Homo Sylveftra : Or, 


(a2) Ihave already mentioned that the Scapula or Omoplata in our 
Pygmie did not feem fo like a Man's, as a Mozkey's did; nor doesit ap- 
pear fo in my frgure ; not but that f think ‘tis fo, when adult; and it’s 
Cartilages are hardened into a Bone: but my figure only reprefents what 
was now formed into aBeze, and without the Cartilages, which in time 
would have become bony. 


(b) The Os Humeri in our Pygwie was a little above five Inches long, 
juft the fame length with the Thigh Boxe, and not altogether fo thick. 
That end which was joined to the Bones of the Cub##, was about an Inch 
~andahalf broad. I obferved here, upon the flexure of the Cebit forwards, 
that in the Os Humeri there wasa deep fivvs,and the Bone fo thin here,that 
it would admit the Rays of Light thorough but ‘twas not pervious 
as Riolan faith it is ina Mozkey 5, nor did I obferve it fo, in the Sceletox 
of a Morzkey. : 


(c) In the Pygwie the Bones of the Cubit were exactly like a Man’s. 
The Ulva was five Inches long ; the Radiws five Inches and an half. They 
had large Cartilages at both Extreams. 


(4) So likewife the Bones of the Carpys in-the Pygwie refembied thofe 
of-a Maz. I did not obferve here that zénth Bone defcribed by Enjta- 
chivs. For indeed in our Subject, there were but four in each Carpws, 
that were offified : the others were only Cartilagizous. 


(e) Inthe Hawd, our Pyemie refembled the Ape and Mowkey-kind. 
For tho’ the Bones of the Metacarp and Fingers were like to thofe of a Mans 
yet the Thuzb was much f{maller, than the other Fingers, and fhorter, and 
liker the Ape-hind. This Galew frequently takes noticeof. ‘Tis true,the 
other Fizgers were much larger in our Pygm#iethanin the Ape-kind, and 
more refembling thofe of a May,fo that I was furprifed to fee them fo big : 
but the Thuwb, which the Azcients and Gallex call avriyeieg,and Hippocra- 
tes éjev, in our Subject was.fo difproportionate and little, that as Gulez 
remarks (87), any one that fhould view it, would think that it was but 
a ridiculous imitation of Man-kind, and nothing an{wering to it’s Names. 
And in the precedent Chapter he vigoroufly difputes again{t the Epicu- 
rveans and the Followers of Afclepiades ; and from the admirable Structure 
and wife Contrivance of all the Parts, and particularly the Tendows that 
' go tothe Fingers ; he confutes their Hypothef’s as vain, and hath this 
noble Epiphonema, ar, @ megs Seay dow fyales ev rocwwreis ~xlagdorn 
payrlacsey, ode av & Clxov ty rwovlov, ret Tomy, cre T Tedzav THs Eeguoees 
GIN’ ey dmttonis antes Saucsle avercylav bpavles, puss prouns SoMAupatrn- 
HRT & anroy Teimoy cy apepolee gis Tols mezarcss OuxTUAas, x, TavTHs ex cas. 


: (87) Galen de ufu Parting, lib, 1.cap. 22. Pe M. 340 
9 


Lhe Anatomy ofa PYG MIE. 73 


305, amr’ Orr and’ owns eyenCome, einii pare, x ywels cys, emma a 
roar yeyovevey. 1.e. Vos, per Deos immortales, cum nihil habeatis, quod 
iz tot Infertionibys reprehendatis, neque Tendonune molem, neque locum, ne- 
que Infertionis modum, fed in his omnibus mirabilem quandam Proportionens 
videatis, una fold in utroque magno digito fimiliter perdita (© hoc nox fine 
ratione, quod e& non egebamus) temeré dicitis S abfque Arte omnia kujuf- 
modi fata fuiffe. 


The Bones of the Metacarpys inthe Pygmie were an Inch and three 
quarters long. The two laft Joints of the Thymb were fcarce an Inch 
long; the firft Joint of the Thumb was a little above an Inch. The 

_ Fore-finger was two Inches and almoft an half : The middle Finger, two 
Inches and three quarters. The third or Rixg-fizger was two Inches 
and half aquarter ; and the /ttle Fizger was not full two Inches long. 
The firft Joint of the fore and middle Finger was above a quarter of an 
Inch broad, and the Girth ot each about was an Inch. The Pyewie 
therefore in the Fizgers,having them fo large and thick, imitated a Maz 5 
but in the Tfumb, which was fo flender and {mall, it refembled the 
Ape-kind. 


Cap. *V.. 
De Ariubus Inferioribus, 


QO SSA (a) Ilium # utraque fimia, tam candata quant non caudata,toto 
habitu, & figura diftant ab humanis : dehifcunt enine co in loco, ubi 
pubis Offa effe debebant, atque omnino privantur Offe pubis: propterea ad vec 
lociter currendum inepte funt. I{chij articulus plané dilfimilis est ab ilo homi- 
pis, ut notavit Galenus. 


(b) Ea es Femoris ftructura iz emia, ut eans flare ream non permittat, 
wec inflar hominis corpws fuum erigere, aut incedere, ne quidem federe, quia 
femoris caput obliquius in articalo coxa, committitur. (c) In homine cervix 
rotundi capitis femoris oblonga est, © fenfine obliqué deorfum ducitur. Ie 
fimia vero brevis, & propemodum tranfuerfa vifitur. Sed femoris cervice, 
apophyfes due, trochanteres dike, in fimia fimiles funt humanis , veruue in 
lla, ut in caudata minores. 


(d) Patella wtrinlque fimie manifeftuu difcrimen ab humana demonftrat ¢ 
est enim oblonga, von rotunda. Quamuis autem extrinfecus gibba fit, atque 
intus cava, nibiliweiaus longe aliter fe habet quan iz howine. Nant fecun- 

. duns 


74. “Orang-Outang five Homo Sylvefiris : Qr, 


dum ipfius longitudinem recurvatur , excavaturque adco, ut nihil propeno- 
dum in medio emineat, curvo aduncoque cjus finu naviculam quandaw ele- 
> PORE. a 
° > ° ° e 
gantifjime referre videatur. Ia caudata fimia patella videtur ex duobus Offi- 


bus mutuo advatis conftruEa. 
(Ce) Tibie utrumque Os iz utraque frmia humanis Offibus fomillinum est. 


Cf) Simiz Pes ab humano maximé difcrepat, est enim oblongus latufque 
homini, anguftus brevifque fimie, pro ratione corporis, pedifque digiti longio- 
res funt, fed metatarfé Offa breviora, calcaneum vero angustius, ©» anterioré 
in parte gua cum Offe cyboide committitur, latins evadens, magifque inibi 
longum, quam retro, impedit ne fimia din eretta, © flare, & ambulare queat. 
Aftragalus Galeno tenuis non “fie 
conjungitur, quod fimie repugnat, in qua aftragalus humilem,oblongam atque 
tenuem cervicem habet. Planta in fimia ex quatuor Offebus componitur. Pol- 
lex ex tribus, inquit Euftachius. Quamvis Volcherus ix caudata fimia 
nullam obfervarit differentiam, qua difcreparent ab homine. (g) Digitoruns 
notilfema est difcrepantia in homine, ut notavit Galenus, omnes una ferie 
difponuntur, brevilfimoque [patio difcreti , multo minores funt, quane qui in 
mann habentur. Naw quanto pes fumma manu mujor est , tanto illius digiti 


manus digitis funt minores. 


Ch) Accedit quod pollex longitudine indict equalis est, quem dupla craffz- 
tudine fuperat, talifque eS quatuor digitorum commenfuratio,ut ab indice ad 
minimum femper deficiat longitude : & fecunde aciei Offa, feindicem exce- 
peris, breviora fut iis, que iz tertia phalange reponuntur. Hac omnia in 
utraque fimia aliter fe habent, omnes enim pedis digiti infigni {patio difcreté 
Sunt, multoque longiores, quam in manu exiftunt : Pollex ceteris digitis bre- 
vior tenuiorque est, atque diverfant ab aliis pofitionem fortitur, dehifcit etians, 
ut pollexc in manu valde ab indice. Digiti pedis fimia, manus humane di- 
Sitorum feriem imitantur, ekt enim pollex in pede fimie reliquis digitis bre- 
vior, inter alios quatuor digitos utin manu, medius onninu longilfimus. 


(4) There was no Part I think in the whole Sceletow where the Pyg- 


mie differed more from a Mav, than in the Structure and Figure of the Os 


inn: for in a Humane Sceleton thofe Bones are fpread broad, forming a 
Sizus or Hollow on the Infide. In the Pygwie they were proportion- 
ably longer and narrower, and not fo Concave on the infide, but in all 
refpects conformable to the Shape of the fame Bones in the Ape and 
Monkey-kind. But why Riolan fhould deny the Os Pubis to be in Mox- 
Keys, I fee no reafon; for naturally there is not that Debhifcemce or Se- 
paration of the Os Pubis, as Coiter has given in his Figure of the Scele- 
ton Of a Moxkey, and as he defcribesit ; from whence I {uppofe Riolaz 
borrows this Defcription : for in the Sceletows of two Monkeys 1 obferved 
thefe Bones were joined together, and in the Pygwie they are clofed as 


ina Man. When the Cartilage that joins them is divided, they will part 
afunder s 


citur, fed manens fublimis , Off: fcaphoidi - 


3 


The Anatomy of a PYG MIE. 15 
afunder ; but otherwife they are firmly knit together. This therefore 
is no reafon, why they fhould not run faft: and the contrary was ob- 
ferved of the Pygwie that it did fo. 


The length of the Os Izu, from it’s Spize to it’s Conjunction with 


the Os Ifchium, was three Inches; where ‘twas broadeft, ‘twas an Inch 


and half; where narroweft, but three quarters of an Inch. The Os 
T{chium was an Inch and three quarters long ; the Os Pub was an Inch 
long. 


(4) I did not obferye any difference in the Structure of the Thigh- 
boxe in our Pygmie from that in Maz 5 nor was it’s Articulation or Infer- 
tion of it’s Head into the Acetabulum, more oblique than in Maz. So 
that from this Articulation, I faw no reafon why it fhould not walk up- 
right and fit ; our Pygmie did both: When I faw it, ‘twas juft a little 
before it’s death 5 and tho’ twas weak and feeble, it would ftand, and go 
upright. Hae: 


The length of the Thigh-bone in the Pygmie was five Inches : The girth 


of it inthe middle an Inch and three quarters;where ’twas joined to the 


Bones of the Leg, ‘twas an Inch and almoft an half broad. 


(c) The Neck of the Head of the Thigh-boue in our Pygmie was not 


different in it’s length, as I did obferve, from that of a Man’s, but the 
fame proportionably 5 as were likewife the two Apophyfes, called Tro- 


chanteres. 


(ad) The PeteU/a in our Pygmie was not yet offified. As much as 1 


could difcover of it’s fhape, it was the fameas in Maz 3 round and not 


long ; and but one Bone, and not two, as Riolaz defcribes it in the © 


_ Monkey. Inthe Sceletons of the Mozkeys Lufed, thefe Bones were loft , 


fo that I did not obferve them. ° 


Ce) The two Bones in the Leg, the Tibia and the Fibula were juft 
the fame in the Pygwie asin Maz ; and their Articulations were alike: 
The T7bia was four Inches long; the Fébula was a little fhorter. The 
gitth of the Z7biain the middle was about an Inch; of the Fibula, about 
half an Inch. : ; 


' (f) What makes the foot of the Pygwie feem different froma Man's, 
is chiefly the length of the Toes, and the Structure of the great Toe. In 
other refpects, it has a great refemblance withit. For the Bones of thie 
Metatarfus here, feemed proportionably as long asin Maz. The Os Cal- 
cis, Calcaneuxe or Heel-bone was not narrow, but broad s and forewards, 
where ‘twas joined to the Os Cuboide or Cubiforme, not broader, nor lon- 
ger, than behind 5 where it juts out fo far, as fufficiently fecures it’s 

L 2 ftanding 


16 Orang-Outang Jove Homo Sylvefirs : Or, 


{tanding or walking erect. The Aftragalws 1 did not obferve different 
from a Man’s, The Scaphoides or Naviculare here was Cartilaginows. 
If one reckons three Joints in the great Toe, then there can be but four 
Bones in the Planta Pedis, or Metatarfws; which with Enftachivs 1 am 
more inclined to, becaufe really this Part performs upon any occafion 
the ufe of an Hazd too ; and the great Toe, (like the Thumb in the Hard) 
ftands off from the range of the other Fingers. Befides, I obferved a 
difference in the Colour in the Bones of the Metatarfus and the Toes : 
for the Colour of the Zoes was white and opace; the Colour of the 
Bones of the Metatarfvs was like to that of the Cartilages, and more — 
tranfparent. Now all the three Bones in the great Toe were of the fame 
colour, white as were the other Joes. Therefore I fhall make but four 
Bones in the Metatarfus, anfwerable to thofe of the Mefacarpws in the 
Hand, and three Bones in the great Toe. 


(g) And asthe Hand of our Pygwie in fome Parts refembled the Hu- 
mane 3 in others the Ape-kind : So the fame may be {aid of the Foot too. 
For the Heel, the Tarfas and Metatarfus were like to the Humane. But 
all the Toes were liker to the Ape and Monkey-kind - For the Toes here , 
if we may call them Yves, and not rather Fingers, were almoft as long 
as the Fizgers in the Hazd much longer proportionably than in Man, 
and not lying fo clofe together: But the Bovzes of the Fizgers in the 
Hazd, were larger and bigger than thofe of the Toes. 


(hy The great Toe in the Pygmze, was fhorter than the firft of the other 
Toes ; tho’ ina Maz’tis altogether as long; and herein it refembles 
the Ape-kivd. But whereas Ariffotle (as I have remarked ) mentions, 
that in Apes the widdle Toe is the longeft , as is the middle Fizger in 
the Harzd; Inthe Sceletox of the Pygmie 1 did: obferve, that the fri? and 
middle Toe were both much of a length , each meafuring an Inch and 
three quarters.: The third and /ittle Toe-were about an Inch and an half 
long ; the /ittle Toe being rather fomewhat fhorter than the third Toe. 
If in the great Toe you reckon three Articuli, as Euftachivs does, then 
from the Tarfzs to it’sExtream, the great Toe meafured two Inches and 
an half: but if with Cofter you make but two Articuli or ‘Foizts in the 
great Toe, and the other to be a Bone of the Metatarfys , thefetwo were 
only an Inch and a.quarter long: The four Bones of the Metatarfus 
were much of a length, being about an Inch and a quarter long. 


This great Toe ( as has been already frequently remarked) being fet 
off from the range of the others, more refemblesa Thumb. This Dif- 
ference I-obferve in it’s make, That the Bones that compofe it, are much 
bigger and larger, than any of the other Toes; and in refpect of the 
Thumb in the Hand, vattly bigger. In the Sceleton of a Monkey 1 did 
not obferve the Bones of the great Toe, to exceed thofe of the other. 
But as the Thwb in the Foot is much bigger,than that in the Hand;{o the: 
Fingers in the Hand are much larger than thofe in the Foot. CAP.. 


The Anatomy of a PYG MIE. 77 


C7A LPS INI. 
De Sefamorders,. 


N Homine Offa Sefamoidea panca funt, magnaque ex parte cartilagino- 

* fa, © fica que pollici applicantur exceperis, in conftanti fede firmata. 

In fimia vero multa, atque magna occurrunt, & offea perpetuo funt. Cuique 

primo quatuor digitorum internodio, & fecundo pollicis gemina fer€ femper 

adneEuntur. Duo officula magnitudine ciceris, fupra utrumque iuberculuus 
femoris in origine genellorum reperinntur. 


As to the Offa Sefamoidea in our Subje&t,I have very little to fay : For 
it being young, very likely they might be only Cartilagivows, and the 
Skin adhering {o firmly here, they might be taken off with it. Since 
they are in Apes, I do notdoubt, but that they were in our Pygmie too, 
tho’ I did not obferve them.. 


Having now made my Remarks upon the Comparifon, that Riolaz, or 
rather Exftachivs and Coiter, have given us, between the Sceletoz of a 
Man, an Ape,and a Mozkey; and fhewn wherein the Sceleton of our Pyg- 
mie either agreed or difagreed from any of them, I-fhall make fome Re- 
flections upon the whole; and more particularly upon fome Parts, 
which deferve here a more diftin& Confideration. But thall firft of all 
take the Dimenfions of the Sceletow; and of fome other. Parts have not 
mentioned already. 


_ As from the top of the Crazium to the Extream of the Heel ina ftrait 
Line, the Sceleton of the Pygmie meafured about two Foot ; from the 
firft Vertebra of the Neck to the laft of the Os Coccygis , eleven Inches 3. 
from the head of the Shoulder-bone, to the end of the middle Finger, 
“ewas about fifteen Inches, the end of this Fézger reaching in an erect 
Pofture an Inch and half below the Pate/a: whereas in an Humane Sce- 
leton, from the end of the widdle Finger to the lower part of the Patel- 
Ja, it wanted five Inches and an half :- Our Pyg-ie therefore herein imi-~ 
tated the Ape-kind. From the head of the Thigh-bone, to the bottom of 
the Os Calc#sin the Pygmie, was about ten Inches. From the fetting on 
of the firft Rib, to the faftening on of the laft, was four Inches. The 
diftance between the laft Rib, and the Spive-of the Os Iv, not full two” 
Inches. From the Spive of the Os Ilium, tothe bottom of the Os Pudbis, 
in a {trait Line, was four Inches and three quarters. The: diftance be~ 
Us the end of the Scapula, and Spize of the Os Iline about three - 
Taches> 


Bots 


4 8 Orang=Outang frve Homo Syluefir: Or, 


Both when it was alive, and after it’s death, I admired the ftraitnefs 
and fhape of it’s Back, Now the Scapula coming down fo low on the 
Ribs, and inclining towards the Vertebre of the Back, and the Os Ilium 
rifing fo high,they do contribute very much towards it; and muft alfo 
afford a great fafeguard and ftrength to the Back and'Spize. 


The Sceleton of our Pygmie was jut the fame length of one of a 
Mozkeys that 1 borrowed : But becaufe 1 obferved moft of the Apophyfes 
of the Bones to be Cartilagizows in the Pygmie, 1 muft conclude, that 
‘twas but youxg; and that probably it might grow taller; to what height 
Lam uncertain. Yet I can by no means be induced to believe, that it 
would ever arrive to the Stature of a Maz, as fome fort of this Species 
of Animals has been obferved to do ; for then I could not expect,to have 
feen here, the Boxes themfelves fo folid, or the Cranium to be fo entire- 
ly offified, or the Sutures to be fo clofed and indented, and the Back- 
bone and Ribs fo fully hardened, as all the Bones of the Artws or Limbs 
were likewife, except at their Apophyfes, and in the Carpws and Tarfus. 
Now all thefe Parts that had thefe Cartilaginows Apophyfes, had~ already 
acquired fo great a length, in proportion to the reft of the Body, that 
‘tis not to be imagined, that they would have exceeded it, or at leaft 
not much ; and confidering that Asémals come to their ex of growth 
fooner or later, according to their Longevity, asa Maz, (till he is patt 
the Age that any of thefe Creatures, it may be, arrive to) does not leave 
growing: this inclines metothink, fince we found moft parts of the 
Body fo perfected here, that it might not in time much exceed the height 
it had already acquired. I could have wifhed that thofe that have wrote 
of any of this Species of Animals, had given us their Dimenfions and 
Ages; but they are filent herein, or at leaft too general: only Le Campte 
obferved an Ape in the Straits of Molucca four foot high; but this may 
not be our fort. As to thofe of Borzeo, I was informed by a Sea- 
Captain who ufed thofe Parts, that the King there formerly had one as 
tall as a Maz, that would frequently come down to the Town, and a 
great many Stories are told of him. The fame Captain had two given 
him, both young, and about the height of our Pygmée 5 but thefe were 
not hairy, but naked asa Maz; and one of them that he carried to Ba- 
tavia, was looked upon as fo great a Rarity, that all the time he ftaid 
there, his Ship was conftantly vifited by fuch as came to fee it. But'tis 
Matter of Fatt, not Reafoning, that will beft determine this doubt , 
and a fayzhful Gbfervation that muft inform us, to what tallnefs this 
fort of Azizal in Angola, and the Countries thereabout, does nfually 
grow ; for in different Countries they may be different in this refpect, 
tho’ the fame Species, as is feen even in Mankind. Ree: 


*Tis not therefore that Iam fond of the word Pygvsie, that 1 have 
call’d our Avimal fo, or that I would undertake to juftifie our prefent 
Subject 


The Anatomy of a PYG M fe as 


Subjet to be exactly the Pygwzie of the Ancients:. Of this Quadru-wanys 
fort of Animals there are divers Species, and fome may be taller and o- 
thers fhorter ; but all of them being but, Bruies, I was unwilling to call 
ours a Maz, tho’ with an Epithet. “Twas neceflary to give it a Name,be-- 
caufe not tallying exactly with the Defcriptions of thofe that are given 
us, I did not know but that it might be ditterent: and it’s prefent height 
correfponding fo well with that of the Pygwies of the Ancients, ( and 
we may allow fomething for growth too) induced me to this dexomina- . 
tion: Foras A. Gellivs (88) tells us, the Pygmies were two Foot and a 
quarter high. Pygwaos quoque (faith he) haud longé ab his nafci , quorum 
qui longilfimi funt, nor loxgtores effe quant pedes duos © quadrantem. And 
fo Pliny (89), Supra hos extrema in parte Montinwe Trifpithami, Pygmei- 
que narrantur, ternas Spimathas longitudine, hoc est ternos dodrantes nov 
excedentes 5 that is twenty fevenInches. For as Ludovicus Vives (90 ) 
obferves, a Foot contains fixteen Digitt or twelve Pollices. The Do- 
drans or Spithawa, which is the Palas major, contains nine Polfices ; 
the Palms minor is but three Polfices, or four Digiti, that is, a quarter 
of a Foot : And fo Herodotus (91) informs us, that the Palzzs contains 
four Digiti, and the Cubit fix Palwi. The Pygmie therefore being Tri/- 
pithamys or three Spithame long, was twenty feven Inches long, or as 
A. Gellivs tells us, two Foot and aquarter. So our Aziwal, before Dif- 
_ fection meafured twenty fix Inches ; but in the Sceletoz, only four and 
twenty Inches. Not but Strabo (92) out of Megafthexes, does mention 
too, the mwleanbleuss drbzenss, as well asthe resanlewes; but thefe lat- 
ter (he tellsus) were thofe, that Homer makes to fight the Grazes, How- 
ever it be, if our Ape be not the Pygwée of the Ancients, yet I can’t 
but think, the Pygawies of the Ancients were only a fort of Apes, not- 
with{tanding all the Rovances that have been made about them. . And if 
fo, and our Ape be found not much to exceed the meafures given, I hall 
think my Conjecture in giving this Name, not amifs. But of this here- . 
after. And to proceed : > 


Since the Bozes are the main Timber-work in this Fabrick of Avimal 
Bodies, by which the whole is f{upported, and upon their Stru@ture, in 
a good meafure, does depend their manner of Jocal motion, we will here 
more particularly enquire, which may be thought the moft natural way 
of walking in our Pygwie, either as a Quadruped or a Biped, for it did 
both upon occafion ; and we will {ee whether by Nature ’twas equally ° 
provided for the doing both. 


Now when I obferved it to gouponall four, as a Quadruped (as has © 
been already remark'd) it did not place the Palws of the Hands flat to 


(88) A. Gell. Noct. Attic. lib.9.cap.4.p.205. (89) Plinij Mat. Hift.lib.7.cap.2.p:m.13. (90) Lud. Vives 
Comment.in D. Auguflini de Civitate Dei, lib.16.cap.8.p.m.882, (91) Herodotus in Euterpe, N°» 149.p. Me. ~ 
448. (92) Strabo. Geograph. lib.1 5.p.m.489. . 


1 


the>- 


80. Orang=Outang five Homo Syluefir: Or, 


the Ground, but went upon it’s Knuckles, or rather upon the firft Joints 
of the Fingers of the Fore-hands , the fecond and third Joints being 
bended or touching the Ground ; which feem’d to me fo unufual a way 
of walking, as 1 have not obferved the like before in any Avimal. And 
I did expect it the lefs here : becaufe the Fore-limbs being fo very long,it 
might bethought, that it had the lefs need of thus raifing the Body. 
And the whole weight of the Body thus lying upon thefe Joints of the 
Fingers, one would think, that they fhould be foontired in {upporting 
it, and that Nature did not defign it for a Conftancy, but only uponoc- 
cafion, or a prefent flift: Forif it was to be it’s ufual way of walking, 
no doubt, for it’s greater eafe, it would place the Palms flat to the 
Ground,as all other Azimals do the fole of the Foor, and hereby it would 
be rendered better able to bear this weight. 


Befides, when it walks thus upon it’s Frwgers, the flexure at the Elbow 
will be inwards, towards the fides of the Body, which is different from 
all other Quadrupeds, and in it’s Progreffion will be of no ufe at all, 
may, will bean hinderance to it; and it will require a great tention of 
the Mufcles to keep thefe Foreelimbs {trait ; and if they are not kept fo, 
they mutt halt, and can’t move {wiftly ; which makes me diffident, that 
this can’t be it’s Natural Pofture in going; for Nature always contrives 
the eafie(t and beft ways of Motion. Now in Quadrupeds the flection 
of the fore and hinder Limbs, is both the fame way: But in a Maz and 
an Ape (as I have before remarked from Ariffoile.) “tis contrary ; or as 
Pliny exprefles it, Homini genua & Cubita contraria, iter Orfis & Simia- 
rum gencri, obid minime pernicibys. But how Plizy comes to bring in 
the Bear here, 1 do not underftand: for if with the Parifazs (93) we 
fhould here underftand by Gexua, the Heel-bone, and by Cubita a Bone 
of the Carpys (which are often longer in Brvtes than in Maz) then this 
will be a Property not peculiar to Bears, but might be obferved in other 
Luadrupeds too. 1 fhould rather own it asa Miftake in Plizy. Nor 
cam Laflent to the Pariffans, That all Animals have thefe Parts turned af- 
ter the fame wanner, whatever Ariftotle way report thereof: 1 mutt con- 
fefs I am of Ariffotle's mind, and any Body may experience it in himfelf, 
and obferve the flexure of the Cubit to be different from that of the Kvee 5 
and where ‘tis fo, there the Motion upon all four, will be very awkward 
and unnatural, and as Plizy obferves, it can't be {wift. 


I fhall here further obferve, that in Quadrupeds the make of the Tho- 
rax, the fetting on of the Scapula, and the Articulation of the Humerus, 
or Shoulder-bone, are much ditterent from what they arein Bipeds.: tor 
Luadrupeds are narrow Chefted, and their Thorax not fo round as in a 
Man, becaufe in them the Scapul@ are to'be placed more forward upon 
the Ribs, and not fo backwardsasin Mex. And the Articulation of the 


(93) Vide Thelr Anatomic Defcription of a Bear in their Memoirs, p.m 44. - 


Shoulder 


The Anatomy ofa PYG MIE. Sx 


Shoulder with the Scapula in Quadrupeds lies nearer the Ribs; in Maz 
tis extended farther from them. Now our Pygwie fo exactly imitating 
Humane-hind inal\ thefe Circumftances, makes me think that Nature 
did not defign it a Quadruped, but a Biped. For it had a full round 
Chest or Thorax, and it’s Scapule placed. backwards, not fo forwards on 
the Ribs, and the Articulation ot the Shoulder with the Scapula, {tood 
of from the Ribs as it do’s in Maz. And from this-very Confideration 
Galen (94) tells us, That a Maz, if he would, could not walk upon 
all four, AeévIas av av0pamG (faith he ) odd? ci arnSem Badigew b7n zh! 
wildpev udrev Suda! av, dailpivev dum) mofo Te DEEKGL ah! ere 
mas wpcemrares acleay. 1. e. Meritd itaque Homo ne, fi volet, quidem am- 
bulare quatuor artubus queat, quod in ipfo Scapularum Articuli longe é@ 
Thorace fint abduiti. And Galen all along owns, that the Structure of 
the Scapula in the Ape, is the {ame as in a Maz and tells us that an 
Ape is exadtly neither a Quadruped , nor a Biped , but amphibious be- 
tween both. For inthe fame Chapter, {peaking of the Ape, he faith, 
Tz Fy) Kael apuarrarers % aris allen, i, mctrise we gown, % Toi Y g 
OebunrG. coineley towty Tris artodaas cis wuwtla Gadlowws ammmpolee sCce 
rarnaedy exmliegis zis yamow, x, Bre Sty Cay ane bes, wre wlegmour , 
aMe x, WS Stroy xwrw, 8 ad axeiSSs *pSdv shvay SWaly, 4 ws Teleg- 
mw, avamegy we amc, t, 62gdd, Na TO mAcsw annyly Te WegxG 
asm 7 aT Buoy aches, xolame ad ty a aMev m25 Cao dromdy 
TB Sdegn@. exis dmoywefoue’ i.e. Quod verd ad Scapulas G& Claves 
attinet, homini maxime est fimilis, quamquaz ed parte homini fimilis 
effe non debebat , nam quod ad ambulationis celeritatez pertinet, fruia in- 
ter genus utrumque ambigit , neque enizn Dipes penitus est, neque Qua- 
drupes 5 fed quatenus est Bipes, clauda est,non enim rece plane ftare potest 5 

quatenus est Quadrupes, mutila frmul est, ac tarda, quod Humeri ar- 
ticulus a Thorace plurimumn fit abdutlus , quemadmodun fi iden articu- 
lus in alio quopiam animante a Thorace divulfus extra feceffifftt. Now 
altho’ Galez tells us here, that an Ape can fcarce {tand upright ; yet in 
another place he declares quite the contrary; for, faith he (95), 
"Est O° amoir21G@, avleorm miImG., os av seolAw ve pects? fyaw 
TO Tesow7w, #y Tes mVoSovlas jumess, TO sépvov mAZTU, i, TAS HALIS prct~ 
negliens , x, nusa avs, zy pds iseloy yrAGS, w5 2, Badllow eusnzles, 
zy Sav onas Sudadey. 1.e. Est autem fimillima homini Simia, ut que 
rotundan precipué habet factere, Dentes Caninos parvos , latum Pectus , 
Claviculas lougiores, ntininmunue Pilofa, que recta etian fiat bell@, ut & ix- 
cedere fine errore, ©» currere velociter polit. 


We have feen upon what accounts our Pygmie may be thougut 
not to be a Quadruped, or that it’s natural Gref/zon is not on all four, 
and how ill it is provided to go that way. We will now enquire, 
Whether there is not more reafon to think that Nature defigned it 


(94) Galen de ufu Par¢ium, lib. 13. cap. a1. p.m. 627 (95) Galen de uju Partium, lib. 14. cap.'2° 
Meee to 


82 Crang=-Outang five Efomo Sylvefiris : Or, : 


to be a Biped, and to walk ered. And in the doing this, we may 
obferve the largenefs of the Heel-boxe in the Foot, which being {o 
much extended , fufficiently fecures the Body from falling backwards, 
as the length of the Toes do's it’s being caft too forwards ; and the 
Arms being fo long, may eafily give a poife either way, for the pre- 
ferving the Miguilibrium of the Body. And it may be, this is the 
Reafon why the Poxzgos hold their hands behind thew Necks, when 
they walk erect. If we confider the Articulation of the Os Femoris in 
the Acetabulum, there is no difference to be obferved from a Maz, 
nor ‘indeed in any other {Circunmftance that relates to this Matter. 
‘Tis true, in my firft figure 1 reprefent him as weak and feeble and 
bending ; for when I firft faw him, he was dying; befides , being 
young, and ill, it had not that {trength in it’s Limbs, as in time 
and in health, it might have acquired; and I was willing to repre- 
fent what.I faw my-felf. But what very much fways with me, te 
think him a Biped, and to go ereét, and that Nature did defign it fo, 
much more than any of the Ape and Mowkey-kind befides, was my ob- 
ferving the Peritoneum to be entire, and not perforated or protruded 
in the Groiz, as it isin Apes and Dogs, and other Quadrupeds : as like- 
wife, becaufe I found the Pericardixm in our Pyemie to be fattened to 
_ the Diaphragm, as ‘tisin Man, and which is not fo in-Apes and Mox- 
keys. Both which are fo remarkable differences, and (as 1 have alrea- 
dy remarked) {o particularly contrived for the advantage of an ere 
Posture of the Body, that, I think, the Inference is eafie, and we may 
fafely conclude, that Nature intended it a Biped, and hath not been 
wanting in any thing, in forming the Orgaws, and all Parts according- 
ly ; and if not altogether fo exactly as in a Maz, yet much more than 
in any other Brute befides : For I own it, as my conftant Opinion, 
( notwithftanding the ill furmife and fuggeftion made bya forward 
Gentleman ) that tho’ our Pygmie has many Advantages above the 
re{t of it’s Species, yet I ftill think it but a fort of Ape and a meer 


Brute 3 and as the Proverb has it, mSvxG. 9D 6 wSmG@ , aay evar. 


yn auuSore, (96) Az Ape is an Ape, tho finely clad. 


This Proverb, perhaps, might have it’s rife from fome fuch occafion as 
Lucian mentions in another place; and the Story being pleafant, and 
relating to what we have been juft now difcourfing upon, viz. it’s 
manner of Motion, we will infert it here, and then proceed to the 
Myology. Lucian (97) therefore faith, Aryeley 4 2 Canrds ne Adwatice, 
TONKS wore wuBpiyicew NduZey, Kc. i. e. Lertur Higyptins Rex quidane 
Simias ut tripudiarent inflituiffe, Animaliaque ( nam admodim ad res 
humanas imitandas funt apta) celerrime didiciffe, ut Perfonata ac Purpura- 


ta faltarent : eratque admodim vifu ves digna, donee Spectator quifpiane 


(96) Lucian. adverfits indodtum. Oper. p.m. 865. (97), Lucian. Pifcator five Revivifcentes. p. M. 214s 
urbanus 


Se 


Lhe Anatomy of a PYG MIE, | 83 


urbanus nuces é finu depromptas in medium abjiceret : id fimia videntes., 
iripudij oblite, id quod erat, femie pro faltatoribus evaferunt , Perfonas 
conterebant, veftitun difcerpebant, invicensque pro fructibys depuguabant, 
ata ut Pyrriches ordo diffolveretur, 4 Theatroque ridebatur. And in another 
place (98) he tells the like Story of Cleopatra’s Apes. So that they can, 
not only go erect, but can dance in a figure too,if taught todo fo. But 
this is not zatural, but acquired by Art; and even Dogs have been 
taught to dothe fame. So /Blian (99) tells us, that an Ape is eafily 
taught to perform any Action ; if ‘tis taught to Dance, ‘twill Dance, or 
Play upon the Pipe ; and that once he faw one fupply the Place of a 
Coachman ; holding the Reins; pulling them in, or letting them loofe, 
and ufing the Whip, as there was occafion. And that Story in Ker- 
cher (100), of the Embaffie that the Kizg of Bezgal {ent to the 
Great Mogul in the Year 1660. is very remarkable, where a great Ape 
richly adorned, did drive a Chariot magnificently gilded, and fet with 
Jewels ; and did it with the greateft State and Pageantry in the World, 
and as skilfully as the beft Coach-man could do. ; 


Tt would be infinite to relate all the Stories that are told us of them ; 
and I have been too tedious already. I fhall therefore haften now: But 
mu{t inform the Reader, that I am obliged to my good Friend Mr. Cow- 
per, not only for defigning all my jigures; but obtained of him like- 
wife to draw up this enfuing account of the Mufcles ; whofe great Skill 
and Knowledge herein, is fufficiently made evident by his Myotowia Re- 
formata, or, New Adminiftration of all the Mufcles ix Humane Bodies , 
publifhed fometime fince : To which I refer my Reader, for a fuller ac- 
count of them, whenever ’tis faid , that fuch and fuch Mufcles in the 
Pygmie refembled thofe in Humane Bodies. And for his greater Eafe, 
there are References all along made, to the figures ; where the firft Num- 
ber fignifies the Figure, or Table; the fecond Number the Mufcle exhibi- 
ted or reptefented there. 


(98) Lucian. pro Mercede conduttis, p.m.363. (99) lian. Hilf. Animal. lib.3.p.ms26. (100) Kere 
cher. China wlufivata, Part.4.cap.7. p:IMe19 50 ee 


Me THE 


84 | Orang=-Outang frve Homo S lve fires : Or, 


a. HE 


MYOTOMY 


DESCRIPTION 


OF THE 


M 415 22 1b bo 


Of the Mutcles of the Abdomen. 


HE Obliquus Defcendens C Fig. 3.38.) agreed in it’s firuation 
, and progrefs, with that of a Humane Body-, as the accurate 


Galen and Vefalivs defcribe it, and did not partly {pring from: 


any of the Tranfverfe Proceffes of the Vertebr@ of the Loins ; or 
their Ligaments and Membranes, as the later Writers would have it in 
Humane Bodies. Neither did any part of the Obliquus Afcendens (Fig. 
3. 39-) arife from the Lumbal Vertebre, as Vefalivs defcribes it in Mex : 
but agreed with the Defcription of Gale, and did not differ from the 
Humane. Drelincourt obferves the like in Apes : The fame Author takes 
notice, that the Pyramidales are wanting in thofe Azimals; which were 
abfent alfo in the Pygmwie. The Redlws (Fig. 3. 40.) agreed with the 
Humane, and had no Connection with a Mufcular Portion, fpringing 
either from the Clavicula or firft Rib, as Vefalivs has figured Galen's De- 
{cription of it in Apes and Dogs. The Parifians fay, In Monkeys it af- 
cends to the top, palfing under the Pettoralis and Little Serratus , it was 
Flefhy only to the half of the Sternum, the rest being but a meer Tendon. Dre- 
lincourt obferves the Texdinous Infcriptions of thefe Mujfcles in Apes, ap- 
pear'd only on their infide, and not on the out. The Tranfverfalis in 
this, as in moft Quadrupeds, did not differ from that in Maw. i 
ne 


“The Anatomy. of a PYG MIE. 8 5 


The Cremafter Mufcles were very {mall by reafon of the leannefs: of 
the Subject. The Accelerator Spermatis (Fig. 7. G.) Erector Penis ( Fig’. 
ib. K.) and Tranfverfalis Penis (ib. L.) agreed in their Situation and Fi- 
gure with thofe of Mez; the laft of which only varied init’s Termina- 
tion, as appears in the Figure. 


The Detrufor Urine agreed with the Figure of the Bladder of Urixe 
of this Avimal. The Sphintter Vefice difter'd not from that in Men ; 
and moft, if not all Quadrupeds ; it-being placed in the Neck of the 
Bladder, beyond the Caruncula or Caput Gallinaginis , immediately above 
the Proftates. The Sphinéter Ani ditter'd not from the Humane 5 unlels 
it might feem fomewhat lefs. The Levatores Avi were longer and more 
divided from each other, than in Huazane Bodies: The like may be ob- 
ferv'd in moft, if not all Quadrupeds ; by reafon of the Length and dif- 
fering Figure of the Bowes, whence thefe Mu/cles take their rife. 


Icould find no Occipital nor Frovtal Mufeles in this Avimal. 


The Orbicularis Palpebrarun (Fig.3.2.) and Aperiens Palpebram Rettus’ 
agreed with the Humane, and thofe of molt Quadrupeds. ‘The Obliquus 
Superior, Inferior, Elevator, Depreffor, Addudor, and Abduétor Oculi, a-: 
greed with thofe of the Huaane Eye and an Ape’s, as Julius Caffevius Pla- 
centinus Figures them Tab. 4. Organi Vifes, Fig. X11. & XII. Nor was - 
there any Mufculus Septimus Brutorum in this Avimal. ‘The Ale Nafe of 
the Pygwie being fmall, thofe Mufcles only appear'd, which from their « 
Office are call’d.ConftriGores Alarum Nafi, ac Depreffores Labij fuperioris. - 


The Quadratus Gene, or Platufia Myoides, by reafon of the Lean- - 
nefs of the Subject, (asI fufpect) did not appearFlefhy. The Bucciza-— 
__ tor (Fig.3.7.) was longer than that in Maz.Nor was it any where inter- 
text with various orders of Fibres, as Avatomifts commonly reprefent it © 
in Maz; or feem’d to arife from any other Parts, but the Proceffzs Coro- 
ze; from whence it’s Fibres had a ftrait progrefs to the Angle of the © 
Lips 3 as in Mex: This and the former Mufcles, are counted Common * 
Mufcles to the Cheeks and Lips. " 

The Mufcles Common to both Lips, are the Zygomaticus, ( Fig. 3.3.) 
Elevator, Depreffor, and Conftrittor Labiornm, which were not fo con{pi- 
cuous, asin Mew, The Proper Mufcles of the upper and under Lip, were 
very diftinctin this Avimal, (viz.) the Elevator and Depreffor Labij Su- 
perioris, (Fig. 3. 4.) the laft of which is mentioned above, and called 
es Ala Naf ; the Depreffor and Elevator Labij Superioris, (Fig. - 
3-.5-) 


The 


86 Orang--Outang frve Homo Sylveftru: Or, 


Tho’ the Auricula or Outward Ear of this Azival was as large, if not 
larger than that of a Maz, yet I could not obferve any Mufcle, which 
ferv’d for it’s Motion. could not examine the Mufcles of the Tympa- 
num and St apes, by reafon the Bowes were kept entire for a Sceleton. 


The Sterzohyoidexs , Coracohyoideus , Mylohyoidews and Geniohyoideus, 
did not differ from thofein Mez; which Drelézcourt has alfo obferved 
of the former inthe Fevzale Ape. The Stylohyoidews did not arife from 
the Styliforve Procefs, that Procefs being wanting in this Azimal, or at 
leaft did not appear, by reafon it was young ; this Mujcle therefore 


i 


feem’d to arife from the Os Petrofum. 


The Geriogloffvs, by reafon of the length of the Lower Faw, was lon- 
ger than that in Maz. The Ceratoglofvs and Stylogloffus ditfer'd not 5 
except that the latter arifes from the Os Petrofum, like the Stylohyoideus. 
The other Mufcles appear'd in this Avimal belonging toits Tozgue. The 
Sternothyroideus, Hyothyroidens, Cricothyroidews, Cricoarytenoideus , Pofti- 
evs and Lateralis ; the Thyroarytenoideys,and Arytenoideys varied not from 
thofe in Mez. The Mufcles of the Fauces alfo, differ'd not frem thofe 
in Man, ( viz.) The Stylopharyngeus , Pterygopharyngeus , Ocfophagens 
and Vagizalis Gule. The following Mufcles of the Gargareon were ex- 
actly like the Humane, (viz: ) the Sphenoftaphylinws and Pterygoftaphy- 


linus. 


Now all the Mufcles of the Lower Faw may be {een without incommo- 
ding any hereafter mentioned. The Lemporalis (Fig. 3. 1.) and Mafe- 
ter (Fig. 3. 6.) feem'd fomewhat larger than the Humane, and as they 
are commonly in Brutes, by reafon their lower Faw-bozes are larger than 
thofe of Mex ; yet thefe Mu/cles were not fo ftrong, as thofe of Monkeys, 
as the Pariffavs reprefentthem. The Superior Salival Dud paft over the 
Maffeter, and entred the Mufculws Buccinator of the Pygmie, as in Max. 
The Digeftriews arofe not from the Mammiform Proce/s, as in Mex; but 
fprang trom the Occipétal-bone 5 it’s progre(s in this Avimal agreed exact- 
ly with that ina Hustane Body. Drelizcourt defcribes it in Apes thus, 
Tendinem habet intermediun pollicelonguin, & gracilent, enafcitur, autem 


zon ab Apophyfe Stylotde, fed ab offe Bafilari. 


The Méujcles of the Thorax which appear on the fore-part come next. 
The Intercoftales externi and interni, (Fig. 4. 32.) Triangularis, Scalenus 
Prigevs, Secundus and Tertivs; Subclavius ( Fig. 3.34.)) Serratus minor 
anticus, (Fig. 3.35.) Serratus major anticus, (Fig. 3. 37-) Allthefe were 
like che Humane. The Parifrans tell us, That the Great Serratws did in 
in their Movkeys arife from the fourth, fifth, and fixth Vertebra of the 
Neck; but it was not fointhe Pygmie: The like is taken notice of by 
Drelixcourtin Apes. The Diaphragma was larger in this Avimal, than in 

Mar, 


The Anatomy of a PYG MI Ex | (8h 


Maz, agreeable to the Capacity of its Thorax: The reft of the Mufeles 
of the Lhorax appear on it’s Back-part , which we fhall mention here- 


after. 


Before I pafs to the Mufeles on the Back-part of our Pygmie, I (hall 
take notice of a Pair of Mujcles, that do not appear in Humane Bodies ; 
which from their Ufe may be call'd Elevatores Clavicularum, (Fig. 3.12.) 
Eicher of them arifes Flefhy from the Zraxfverfe Proceffes of the fecond 
and third Vertebra of the Neck and defcends obliquely outwards toit’s 
broad Iz/ertion at the upper part of the Clavicula 3 when it Acts, it draws 
up the Clavicle, affifting the Elevator Scapule, and upper part of the 
Cucularis, in raifing the whole Shoulder. The fituation of this Mu/cle, 
is not unlike the upper partof that reprefented by Vefalivs in his fixth 
Table of the Mufcles O. T. PQ. which he fays is found in Dags and 
Apes, and defcribed by Galez in Humane Bodies, in whom 2 is mot ex- 
iftent. Drelizeourt calls it Levator Omoplate , (adding ) ab Apophy/ibus 


tranfuerfis cervicalibys in Acromion & exivemune clavicule extenditur. 


The Mufcles imploy'd in the Motion of the Scapula, are the Cucularis. 
(Fig.4. 1.1.1.) Rhowboides (Fig.4.6.) Levator Scapule (ib.5.) Thefe alfo 
agreed with the Humane : The like being taken notice of by Drelixcourt 
of the Cucularis, inthe Female Ape. The reftof the Mufcles of the Tho- 
rax, are the Serratus fuperior pofticus, ( Fig. 4.7.) the Serratws inferior 
pofticus (Fig. 4. 32. 32.) Thele differd not from thofe in Mez. The- 
Peas oacat (Fig, 4. 29.) wasnot fothickasin Mez, but was every way. 

enderer. 


The Muelesimploy’d in the Motioz of the Head of the Pygmie, dif- 
fered very little from thofein Maz; as the Splenivs 5 (Fig. 4. 2.) Com=- 
plexus, (Fig. 4.42) Redfws major, Retius minor , Obliguws Superior, and 
Obliquus Inferior, neither was this Izferior Oblique Mujfcle larger than in 
Man s as Vefalivs, Lib. Il. Cap. XXVIIL. affures us,i¢'1s in Apes and Dogs. 
The Maftoidevs (Fig. 3.8.8.) was chiefly inferted to the Oceépital-bone, 
as the Parifravs obferve it in Mozkeys. The Rectws internus major, not 
commonly defcribed by Authors in Huwzaze Bodies, tho’ it is very plain 
and conftant im all thofe, I have hitherto lookt for it; was alfo in the - 
Pygtie. The Rectus internus minor, or Mufculus Aunuens , {ometimes 
obferved by me in Humane Bodies, was alfo in this Avimal ; and fo was 
the Recvs Lateralis delcribed by Falloppivs in Men. Nor was any of 
thofe Mufcles Ihave difcovered in Humane Bodies, wanting in this Ax- - 
mal, but-the Inter{bizales Coll. | 


The Logi Coli of this Avimal, appear'd tobe longer and larger than 
thofe of Humane Bodies. The Spivalis Coli and Tranfverfals Colli were 
like thofe in Humane Bodies. ‘The Interfpinales Coli, which I have elfe- 
where decribed in Mex, did not appear in this Azizal. The Loxngiffi- 

TBD. 


88 Orang-Outang frve Homo Syluefiris: Or, 


mus Dorfi (Fig. 4. 28.) not unlike the Sacrolumbalis above noted, was 
not fo thick and flefhy at it’s Origin from the Os Ilium , Sacrum, and 
Vertebre of the Loins ; nor was it’s external Surface in the Pygmie fo 
tendinous, as in Humane Bodies; but was fomewhat broader. The 
Quadratus Lumboruz was \onger than in Men, agreeable to the fpace 
between the Spize of the Os Ilium, and lower Rib of this Avimal. See 
the Figure of the Sceletor. The Sacer, and Semifpinatws, differ’d not 
from the Humane, as 1 have reprefented them in my Myotomia Reformata, 
~pag.135. 


The Mufcles.of the Superior Parts and Trunk of the Body being di- 
fpatch’t,we come next to thofe of the Limbs ; and firft of the Arz or Os 
Humeri. The Peétoralis (Fig. 3. 33.) was much broader at it’s Original, 
from the Sterzum, than in’ Maz: it’s Fibres were decuffated near it’s 
Infertion. - Galen and Facobus Syluius take notice of another Mu/cle un- 
der the Peloralis in Apes, which is implanted into the drm near the 
Peéforal Mufile. The Deltoides (Fig. 3. 15. aad 4. 12.) was alfo broa- 
der at it’s Original. Fac. Sylvivs tells us, this Mufcle in Apes is like that 
of a Man. The Suprafpinzatvs (Fig. 4.8.) agreed with the Humane in 
4t’s fication; but was fomewhat broader at it’s Origin from the upper 
part of the Bafis Scapule. The Infrafpinatus, as the former Mufcle was 
broader at it's Original from the Scapula, this on the contrary was there 
narrower than the Huwaze. Sylvivsand Drelixcourt mention thefe Mu/- 
cles in Apes; but whether they refemble thofe of Mex, or this Avimal, 
do’s not appear by their Accounts. Teres minor, (Fig. 4.10.) this is 
fometimes wanting in Mew - it was fomewhat fhorter and thicker in this 
Animal. The Teres major, (Fig. 4. 11.) was very large inthe Pygmie. 
The Latiljimus Dorff agreed with the Humane in its Original and Pro- 
ere(s towards the Ar 3 but when it arrived at the Axé/a, it parted with 
a flefhy Portion, which defcended on the infide of the Arm, with the 
Mufcules Biceps, and becoming a flender Tendon is imferted to the in-’ 
ternal protuberance of theOs Humeri: ( vide Fig. 8.C.) which repre- 
fents.the production of this Mufcle. This Appexdix or Acceffory Mufcle 
ofthe Latiffzmus Dorff, is not peculiar to this Azémal , the like being 
found in Apes according to Facobys Sylvivs , who, lam inclin’d to think 
is miftaken, in reprefenting it’s Infertion at the Olecrazum of that Aui- 
yale This part of the Latifimws Dorfe feems a proper Inftrument in 
turning the Os Humeri to a prone Pofition, when. thele Avimals go on 
all four, for the more advantagious ftepping with the Fore-feet , by 
raifing the Os Humeri,and turning it backwards. Galewin Lib. de Muj- 
culis, Cap XX. defcribes this Appendix of the Latiffimws Dorfi, under the 
Title of a fall Mufcle found in the Articulation of the Shoulder. The 
Coracobrachialis was like that in Maz, but had no divifion in it for any 
Nerve to pafs through. The Subfcapularis was alfo like that in May. 


The 


The Anatomy ofa PYG MIE. 89 


The Mujcles employed in Bending and Extending the Cubit,differ'd very 
little from the Humane, viz. Biceps, (Fig. 3.16.16.) Brachiews internus, 
(ib. 18. ) Gemelus, (Fig. 4. 14.) Brachiews externus, Anconews, (Fig. 
4.15.15.) The like is obferved of thefe Mufcles by Syluius in Apes,who 
only adds that the Extemders are remarkably large in that Avizal. The 
Biceps in the Pygmie, had the fame double tendinous Termination, as in 
Man. 


The Caro Mufculofa Quadrata appear'd in the Palw of the Pygmie - 
nor was there any flefhy Belly, and long Tendon to the Palwaris 5 yet 
there was a Tendon or Ligament extended in the Pal 3 the like has been 
often taken notice of in Mez, as Realdus Columbus a\fo obferves. The 
Parifians tell us, the Palmwaris in Monkeys is extraordinary large. 


The Mufcles of the four Fingers were, the Perforatus, (Fig. 3. 24.) 
Perforans, (Fig. 3.25.) Lumbricales ; (ib. 31.) thefe agreed exactly 
with the Humane ; but the Extexfor Digitorum Communis ( Fig 4.21.) 
was larger and diftiné from the Extexfor minimi Digiti, as in Mex and 
Apes,which Drelizcourt obferves. The Extenfor Indicis, Abducor Indicis, 
(Fig.3.30.)Extenfor minimi digiti, Fig.4.20.)Abdudor minimi digitis(Fig. 
4.25.) and Interofftj Manus , differ’d not from thofe in Mez. All 
the Mujcles of the Thumb refembled thofe in Mez, (viz. ) the Flexor ter- 
tij internodij pollicis, Abdufor Pollicis, ( Fig. 3. 28.) Flexor primi & fe- 
cundi offis pollicis, (ib. 29.) Adduor Pollicis, ( Fig. 4.27.) Extenfor 
primi internodij Pellicis, (ib. 23.) Extenfor fecundi offis Pollicis,and Ex- 
tenfor tertij offes pollicis. The Mufcles of the Wrisf alio agreed with thofe 
in Mex; viz. the Flexor Carpi Radialis, ( Fig. 3.23.) and Ulzaris, 
(ib. 26. ) the Extenfor Carpi Radialis, (ib. 19.) and Olzaris 3 (ib.20.) 
The two laft Drelincourt fays, are allo like the Humane in the Male-Ape. 


The Majfcles employ’d in the Prozation and Supination of the Radiys in 
the Pygwie, were larger in proportion than thofe in Mex. The Prozator 
Radij teres (Fig. 3.20.) had a double Origin ; the one from the internal 
Protuberance of the Os Humerz, the other from the upper part of the 
Olna: the Pronator Radij Quadratus. The Supinator Radij Longus is 
taken notice of by Drelizcourt in Apes to be like that of Men. The Sz- 
pinator Radij brevis, (Fig. 4. 24.) agreed exactly with the Humane. 


The Mufcles of no part difagreed fo much from thofe in Mez, as thofe 
of the Thigh of this Avimal: Here was no Gluteus minor; nor did the 
Glutews maximus ( Fig. 4.33. 33.) refernble the Humane: It was meer- 
ly Tendizous at it’s Origin, fromthe whole Spize of the Os Ilium s it 
was much longer, and not fo thick as in Maz ; nor were it’s flefhy Fibres 
fo divided : This Sylvivs defcribes for the Membranofus in Apes. The 
Parifians give a very imperfect account of the Mufculi Glut@i in Monkeys, 
where they tell us, The Mujfcles of the Buttock had .a Figure differing iu 

N thofe 


90 Orang-Outang five Homo Sylveftris ; Or, ; 


thofe in Men; being fhorter, by reafon the Offa Mium iz Apes are much ftrai- 
ter thaz in Man. The Glutews medius was alfo longer than that in Mam. 
The Pfoas magnus was alfo longer 5 which Sylvivs (from it’s Figure I 
fuppofe ) calls Luzbaris Biceps in Apes. The Pfoas parvys was al{o lon- 
ger and larger, thanin Maz. Befides this, the Paré/avs tell us of two 
other little Mufcles in Monkeys, which have the fame Origin as the Pfozs ; 
and were inferted into the upper and inward part of the Os Pubis. The 
Iliacws Interns was\ong, conformable to the Figure of the Os Ilium of 
this Avimal, (Vide Fig. 5. 28. 28.) The Pectivews was not very diftinc, 
The Triceps (Fig. 4. 37. ) had no Tendinous Termination at the lower - 
Appendix of the Thigh-bove internally. Jacobus Syloivs fays-in Apes, 
Lricipitis pars longiffima a Tubere in Condylum : altera portioinfignis, 2 Tu- 
bere etiam rata, poftico cruripropé toti affixa, ad wfque Cavitaten inter duos 
condylos mediam : tertia minima © brevilfima olfis pubis in medium & po- 
flicum Os Cruris. The Pyriformis (Fig. 4.35.) was like the Humane ; 
nor did it appear Jefs in proportion, as the Pariféaus reprefent it, in 
Monkeys, who fay, This Mufcle, inflead of taking it's rife from the lower 
and external part of the Os Sacrum, it proceeded from the Uchium ear 
the Cavitas Cotyloides. The Marfupialis had it's Marfupiua much broa- 
“der than in Mez. The Quadratus Femoris was \efs than in Maz. The 
Obturator extrorfum was much larger. 


_ The Common Mufcles of the Thigh and Leg, agreed in their Situation 
and Number, with thofe of Mex. The Membranofus (Fig. 3. 41.) had 
not fo {trong a Tendon tocover the Mu/cles of the Thighs and Tibia, as 
in Maz, The Sartorivs ( Fig. 3. 42.) agreed with the Humane. The 
Gracilis (Fig. 3. 48.) was thicker and larger near it’s Origin. The Se- 
minervofus (Fig. 4.40.) and Semimembranofus , differ'd not from the 
Humane. 'Vhe Biceps (Fig. 4. 41.) had it’s fecond beginning , fome- 
what lower, than in Mez - The Pariffans tell us, The Biceps ix Monkeys 
had not a double Origin asin Man, but proceeded intire, from the Kuob of 
the Uchium , and was inferted to the upper part of the Perona. This fingle 
Head was in requital very thick and ftrong. The Reéfus had a double or- 
der-of Fibres, asin Man. The Popliteys, 1 muft confefs efcap’t my no- 
tice. Sylviws tells us, in Apes, it agrees with Mex. The reft of the Mu/- 
cles of this part, which we efteem Proper to the Tibia,and arife from the 
Os Femoris, were much lefs than the Husane, as the Vafivs Internus , 
(Fig. 3.44.) Crurens, and Ve aftws externys. : 


The Mutcles of the Tarfzs or Foot, agreed in Number and Situation 
with the Humane 5 but varied in their Figure. The Gafferocnemius ex- 
ternms (Fig. 4.43.) had not fo large a Belly, nor were it’s Fibres fo va- 
rioufly difpofed ; but it continued flefhy much lower, than in Maz, 
Syluivs tells us in Apes, Capita Gemellorum (meaning this Mujcle .) Off 
Sefanoidea habent , firmantiain Condylis Crus cum Tibia. The Plantaris 


differ'd not from that in Man. The Gafterocnemius internus, or folews, 
( Fig, 


The Anatomy of 2 PYG MIE. oI 


( Fig. 4. 44.) continued flefhy to the Os Calcis, as Syluivs obferved it 
in Apes. "The Tibialis Anticus ( Fig. 3. 49.) was much larger,and con- 
tinued flefhy much lower, than in Man.  Syluiws obferv’d an Os Sefamoi- 
des in the Tendon of this Mufcle in Apes: The Peroneus primus ( Fig. 
3. 51.) differ'd very little from that in Maz; it’s Tendon having the 
fame progrefs in the Bottom of the Foot, tothe Bone of the Metatarfys 
of the Great Toe ; which is neverthelefs denied by Galez to be exiftent 
in Afan 3 for which Vefaliws, lib. 2. cap. 59. feverely Cenfures him. 1 
have more than once, feen a Boney body., placed in this Texdon at it’s 
Flexure on the Os Cuboides in Humane Bodies : The like is taken notice 
of by Sylvivs in an Ape. The Peroneus fecundus ditter’d not from that in 
Maz. The Tibialis Pofticus (Fig. 4. 45.) was not fo largeas in Maz. 


The Mujcles of the Great Toe differ'd from the Humane. The Exten- 
Sor Pollicis longus (Fig. 3. 52-.) had a more Oblique progrefs , and was 
flefhy lower. The Extenfor Poliicis brevis (Fig.3. 53.) was much lar- 
ger, and it’s progrefs on the Foot almoft tranfverfe. The Flexor Pollicis 
longus was pretty large. The Flexor Pollicis brevis ( Fig. 4. 47.) was 
very large, and infeparably joined with the Abduéor, which was very 
little. The Pariffans tellus, Ihe Great Toes of the Mowkeys had Mufcles like 
thofe of a Man's Thumb.The Extenfor Digitorum Pedis longus ( Fig. 3.53. ) 
had no Tendon implanted on the Os Metatarfi of the Little Toe. The 
Perforatus ( Fig. 4. 46.) Perforans, (ib. 48.) Lumbricales, and Abdu- 
_ Gor winimi Digiti, difter’d very little from thofe in Mex. The Mufculus 
Extenfor Digitorum brevis, and Tranfverfalis Pedis did not appear in this 
Animal. 


I fhall not at prefent give the Reader the trouble of the Reflections, 
that I intended, upon the Obfervations made in the Azatowy of this re- 
markable Creature ; fince 1 am confcious (having been {fo tedious alrea- 
dy ) that ‘twill but farther tire him, and my felf too. I fhall therefore 
now conclude this Difcourfe, with a brief Recapitulation of the Inftan- 
ces [have given, wherein our Pygwie, more refembled the Humane hind, 
than Apes and Monkeys do: As likewife fum up thofe, wherein it differ’d 
from a Maz, and imitated the Ape-kind. The Catalogues of both are fo 

large, that they fufficiently evince, That our Pygmie is no Maz, nor 
yet the Coemon Ape; but a fort of Avimal between both; and tho’ a 
Biped, yet of the Quadrumanus-kind ; tho’ fome Mex too, have been 
obferved to ufe their Feet like Hands, as’ I have feen feveral. 

sf 


N 2 The 


92 Orang-Outang five Homo Sylvefiru : Or, 


The Orang-Outang or Pygmie more refembled 
a Man, than Apes and Monkeys ao. 


I. | having the Hair of the Shoulder tending downwards; and that 
of the Arm, upwards. 

2. Inthe Face ‘twas liker a Maz 5 having the Forebead larger, and the 
Roftrum or Chiz fhorter. 

3. In the ovtward Ear likewife; except as to it’s Cartilage, which was 
thinner as in Apes. 

4. Inthe Fizgers 3 which were much thicker than in Apes. 

5. In being in all refpetts defigned by Nature, to walk erect; where- 
as Apes and Mozkeys want a great many Advantages to do fo. 

6. The Nafes or Buttocks larger than in the Ape-kind. 

7. It had Calves in it's Legs. 

8. The Shoulders and Breast were more {pread. 

g. The Heel was longer. 

10. The Membrana Adipofa placed here, next to the Skiz. 

11. The Peritonaum in the Groiz entire ; and not perforated, or pro- 
truded, as in Apes and Monkeys. 

12. The Ivteftizes or Guts much longer. . 

13. The IJvteftizes being very different in their bignefs , or largenefs. 
of their Cazalis. 

14. In having a Cecum or Appendicula Vermiformis, which Apes and 
Monkeys have not: and in not having the beginning of the Coloz fo pro- 
jected or extended, as Apes and Mowkeys have. 

15. The Infertion of the Dudéws Bilarivs and the Dutfys Pancreaticus 
ina Man, the Pygmie, and an Ape was at the fame Orifice. In a Monkey 
there was two Inches diftance. 

16. The Coloz was here longer. 

17. The Liver not divided into Lobes, as in Apes and Monkeys ; but 
entire, as in Maz. 

18. The Biliary Veffels, the fame as in Mav. 

19. The Spleen the fame. 

20. The Pazcreas the fame. 

21. The Number of the Lobes of the Luzgs, the fame as a Man's. 

22. The Pericardium faftened to the Diaphragm, asin Man 3 but is not 
fo in Apes and Monkeys. 

23. The Coxe of the Heart, not fo pointed, as in Apes. 

24. It had not thofe Pouches in the Chaps, as Apes and Monkeys have. 

25. The Braiz was abundantly larger than in Apes ; and all it's Parts 
exactly formed like the Hyusane Brain. 

26.The Cranium more globouss and twice as big as an Ape’s or Magko 

27 Ale 


The Anatomy of a PYG MI ED “93 


27. All the Sutures here, like the Humane: And in the Lambdoidal 
Suture were the Offa triquetra Wormiana. n Apes and Monkeys ‘tis other- 
wile. 

28. Ichad an Os Cribriforme, and the Crifta Galli; which Monkeys 
have not. 

29. The Sela Equina here, the {ame asin Maz; in the Ape-kind ’tis 
more rifing and eminent. 

30. The Proceffus Pterygoides, as in Man: In Apes and Monkeys they 
are wanting. 

31. The Offa Bregmatis and Temporum here the fame as in Maz. In 
Monkeys they are different. 

32. The Os Zygowaticum in the Pygaie was {malls inthe Mozkey and 
Apes ‘tis bigger. 

33. The Shape of the Teeth more refembled the Humane, efpecially the 
Dentes Canini and Molares. 

34. The Tranfverfe Apophyfes of the Vertebra of the Neck,and the Sixth 
and Seventh Vertebra, were liker the Humane, than thefe Parts in Apes 
and Monkeys are. 

35. The Veriebre of the Neck had not thofe Foramina for tran{mitting 
the Nerves ; which Apes have and Maz has not. 

36. The Vertebre of the Back, and their Apophyfes Reéte like the Hu- 
mane: and in the lower Vertebre but two Apophyfes inferne ; not four, 
as in Apes. 

37. There were but five Vertebre of the Lois here, as in Maz -: in Apes 
and Moxkeys there are fix. 

38. The Spies of the Lumbal Vertebre ftrait, as in Max. 

39. The Os Sacrum was compofed of five Vertebre,as in Max : in Apes 
and Morkeys there are but three Peas 

40. The Os Coccygés had but four Boxes, and thefe not perforated, as 
tis in Man : In Moxkeys there are more Bones, and they are perforated. 

41. In the Pygwie there were but feven Coffe vere, and the Extreams 
of the Nothe were Cartilaginows ; and the Ribs were articulated to the 
body of the Vertebre. In Apes and Monkeys there are eight Coffe vere; 
and the Extreams of the Nothe are offious ; and the Articulation is in the 
Interftices of the Vertebra. 

42. The Os Sterzi in the Pygmie was broad, as in a Mav: in the 
Monkey tis narrow. 

43. The Bozes of the four Fizgers much larger than in the Ape- kind. 

44. The Ihigh-bone in it’s Articulation, and all other refpects, like the 
Humane. 

45. The Patella round, not long; fingle, not double 5 as ‘tis faid to 
be in Apes. 
a In the Heel, the Tarfus, and Metatarfus , the Pygmie was like a 
Ano : 
47. The middle Toe in the Pygmie was not the longeft, as ‘tis in the 
Ape-kind. 
48. Thefe 


94. Orang-Outang frve Homo Sylvefiris: Or, 


48. Thele Mujcles, viz. The Obliquus Inferior Capitis, the Pyriformis 
and Biceps Femoris, were like the Humane, whereas the fame in Apes and 
Mozkeys are different. And Note, That all the other Muféles that are 
not otherwife {pecified in the following Catalogue, were like the Humane 
alfo; but whether all the fame Mufcles in Apes and Moxzkeys refemble the 
Hlumane,could not be determined ,for want of a Subject to compare them 
with, or Obfervations made by others. 


The Orang-Outang or Pygmie differ'd from a 
Man, and refembled more the Ape aud Monkey= 
Kind. 


1. 9 N the littlenefs of it’s Stature. 
2. In the flatnefs of the Nofe, and the flicin the Ale Nariun. 
. In having a rifing Ridge of the Crazium under the Eye-brows. 
. Inbeing more haiky behind,than before. 
- Inhaving the Thumb fo little, tho’ larger than in the Ape-kind. 
. In having the Palz of the Hand longer and ygarrower. 
. In the length of the Toes. 
. In having the Great Toe fet ata diftance from the other, like a Thumbs 
and being Quadrumanys, like the Ape-kind. 
g. In having the Shoulder and Thigh fhorter. 
ro. In having the Arms longer. 
ri. In having no pendulous Scrotum. 
12. Inthe largenels of the Omextum. 
13. The Gall-Bladder long and flender. 
14.The Kidzeys rounder than in Mex;and the Tubuli Urinarij different. 
15. The Bladder of Urine longer. 
16. In having no Frezum to the Preputium. 


QV pb vo 


co™) 


17. In having the Boxy Orbit of the Eye fo much protruded inwards, - 


towards the Brain.. 

18. It had not thofe two Cavities under the Sea Turcica, as in .Maz. 

19. The Proceffvs Maftoides and Styloides very {mall, almoft wanting. 

20. The Bowes of the Nofe flat. 

21. Inthe Number of the Teeth, it refembled the Ape-hind. 

22. The Vertebre of the Neck fhort as in the Ape-kind, and flat before, 
not round ; and their Spimes, not bifide, asin Man. 

23. In the firft Vertebra of the Neck there was no Spine. 

24. In an Ape the Tenth Vertebra of the Back; in a Maz the Twelfth; 
in the Pygmie the Thirteenth Vertebra, infra fuprave fufcipitur. 


25..he © 


ee <= 


ca, Ale ee 


et Sanne 


mu 


Bruin 


and not in Maz. 


> enn 
Lhe Anatomy of a PYG M1 E,. oe 
Ed a cle a en Ma RN 2 

25. The Os Sacrum altogether like the Ape-kizd, only in the number 
of the Vertebre. 

26. In having Thirteen Rabs on a fide: a Maz has but Twelve, 

27. The Boze of the Thuazb but fmall. 

28. The Os Ilium perfectly like the Ape-kind , being longer, narrower, 
and not fo Concave as in Maz. : 

29. The Bozes of the Toes in their length, and the Great Toe in it’s 
Structure imitated the Ape-hind. 

30. Thefle Mufcles were wanting in the Pygmie, which are always 
found in Mex; viz. Occipitales, Frontules, Dilatatores Alarum Nafi, feu 
Elevatores Labij Superioris, Interfpinales Coli, Glutei minimi, Extenfor 
Digitorum Pedis brevis, and Trazfverfalis Pedis. 

31. Thefe Mufcles did not appear in the Pygwie, and are fometimes 
wanting too in Humane Bodies , viz. Pyramidales; Caro mufculofa Qua- 
drata ; the long Tendon and flefhy Belly of the Palwaris ;  Attollens Au- 
viculamw ; and Retraheas Auriculan. : 

32. The Elevatores Clavie larum are in the Pygmie and the Ape-kind, 

33. Thefe Mufcles refembled thofe in Apes and Monkeys, and differ’d 
from the Humane, viz. Longus Colli, Pecoraljs, Latiffimus Dorf, Glutaeus 
maximus G» medins, Pfoas magnus © parvus, Mliacus internus , and the 
Gafterocuemius internus. ; 

34. Thele Mufcles differ'd likewife from the Humane, viz. the Del- 
toides 5 the Pronator Radij teres 5 the Extenfor Pollicis brevis. 


The Explanation of the Figures, 
Figure the Firft 


Eprefents the Fore-parts of the Orang-Outang or Pygmie , inan Erect 
Pofture: Where you may obferve the largenefs of the Heads and 
broadnefs of the Forehead the jutting out of the Eye-brows 5 the Eyes 

fomewhat funk ; the Nofé flat; the Face without hair and wrinkled; 
the Teeth like the Humane , the Chix fhort 5 the Ears ftanding off from 
the Head; the Head hairy ; the Shoulders {pread and large; the Arms 
and Palms of the Havds long ; the Nails like thofe in a Maz; the Hair 
of the Shoulder inclining downwards, and that on the Arms, upwards ; 
the Fingers large, the Thumb little ; the Breaft full chefted and {pread 5 
the Mazme or Teats placed as in Man 5 the Belly flat; the Navil as in: 
Maz 5 the Penis half-way covered with the Prepuce, which had no Fre- 
num: no pendulous Scrotum here; the Thighs a little divaricated # the 
egs 


96 — Orang=Outang frve Homo Sylveftra : Or, 


Legs long and with Calves; the Foot like a Hand, having long Toes, 
and the Great Toe placed ata diftance from the others, like a Thumb 5 
the Feet, Hands, Face, Ears, and Penis without Hair; and all the Fore- 
parts of the Body rather lefs hairy than here reprefented; and the Head 
is too much fhrunk down between the Shoulders. - 


The Second Figure 


Eprefents the Hinder Parts of the Pygwie in an Erect Pofture like- 
\ wife; where may be obferved the Globows Figure of the Head ; the 
ftraitnefs of the Back ; and that ’tis more hairy behind, than before ; the 
Fingers of the right Hand are reprefented bending , to fhew the AGion, 
when it goes on all four; for then it places only the Kzuckles, not the 
Palws of the Hazds to the Ground. The Sole of the left Foot, by rea- 
fon of the length of the Toes, and the ietting on of the Great Toe, 
jooks like the Pal of the Hand: but the right, having fo long a Heel, 
and its Tves being hid, appears rather like.a Foot, and upon occafion per- 
forms the Office.of both, either of a Foot or Hand. A little above the 
Anus, there is a black Spot, which reprefents a {mall Protuberance of the 
Os Coccygis. 


The Third Figure 


Receen the Mufcles which appear on the Fore-part of the Body. 
A. Part of the Coronary Suture. 
B. The Divifion of the Cranium made by the Saw. : 
c. The Meatws Auditorius. 
d, Part of the Os Fugale, or Zygomaticum. 
e. The Parotid Gland. * The Salival Dud. 
f. The Inferior Maxillary Gland. 
g. g. The Clavicule. 
h, Part of the Spina Scapule, as joyned to the Clavicle. 
j. The Nerves, and Blood Veffels which pafsto the Arm. 
k, The Trunk of the Nerve in the left Arm, that goes to the Fingers. 
J. A large ¥runk of the Arterie, and a Nerve im the Cubzt, as in Hu- 
wane BOdIes. 
m. “2. The Internal Protuberances of the Qs Humeri. | 
n. The Radivs of the left Arm made bare. ' 
o. The Ombilicus, or Navil. 
p. The Lizea Alba. 
4.q. The Tendons of the Oblique Malcles, call'd Lixea ges: 
ee ' rr. The 


SS 


21 WEBI ARR Ae Beaettisia 


ache Such 


Ul Vander¢ 


Tie ety 


Balter 


(ene 


Soe 
BNE: a apa 


ae 
Nyy 


Mead 


Fo le 


Tee Vande rgucht Sock 


| The Anatomy of a P YG MIE. 97 


ror. The Tunica Vaginal, containing the Vafa Preparantia, &c. 

5.5. The Teffes or Stones. 

t. The Blood Veffelsof the Thigh,as they pafs under the Izguinal Glands. 
T. The Os pubs. 

V. The Ligamentum fufpenforinum Penis. 

wz. The Great Trochunter. 

w. The Pewis. 

x. x. The two Patella. 

yy. The internal and lower Appendix of the Os Femoris. 

z.%. The Tibia. 
Nex. The Mafculus Temporalis. 

» The Orbicularis Palpebrarum. 

. Zygomaticus, feu diftortor oris. 

. Elevator Labij fuperioris proprins. 
. Elevator Labij inferioris proprius. 
. Maffeter. 

. Buceinator. 

. 8. Maftoidens. 

. Sternohyoideus. 

X. Part of the Corocohyoideus. 

11. Part of the Digaftricus, and it’s Infertion into the Chiz. 

12. Elevator Clavicule, which Mutcle is not in Man, but in the Pygaie 
and Apes. 

13. Part of the Complexus Capitis. 

14. Part of the Cucularis. 

15. 15. Deltoides. 

15.16. The Biceps. 

17. The thin Tendinous Expanfion of the Biceps, which involves the 
Mujcles of the Cubit, as in Man. 

18. Part of the Brachevs internws. 

19. The Tendinous Elongation of the Latiffimus Dorf, which is 
found in the Pygmwie, and in Apes and Moxkeys ; and not in Maz ; near 
its Infertion into the Internal Protuberance of the Os Humzeri. 

20. 20. The Pronator Radij teres. That of the left fide, being dif- 
fected from it’s Infertion, and left at it’s two Originals. 

21.21. The Supizator Radij Longus. 

22. Part of the Extenfor Radialis. 

: 23.23. The Flexor Radialis, that of the left Arm hanging at it's In- 
ertion. 

24.24. The Perforatws ; that of the left fide hanging by its Tendons 
on the Palm of the Hand. 

25. The Perforazss a little raifed in the left Arm. 

26. The Tendon of the Flexor Ulzaris as it runs to the Carpzs. 

27. A TendinousExpanfion, like the Palwaris in Man; but here was 
no Mufcle, which is often feen in Huzeane Bodies. 

28, 28. The Abdutfor Pollicis. 


SO COON QNYi fb UW 


Q 29. The 


#8 Orang =Outang frve Home SybuefPris 3 Or, 


29. ‘The Flexor Secundi interzodij Pollicis. 

20. pee Indicés, 

31. 31. The Liabricaless 

22. The Abduttor utinimi digiti.. | 

33. The Peéforalis ; that of the left fide being raifed , to thew the de- 

cuflation of it’s Fibres, as in Man. 

34. -Part of the Mz feulus fubclavius. 
- 35. Serratus minor anticus. 

36. 36. The Intercoftales externi. ~ 

37. 37. The Serratus major anticus; where ‘tis indented with the 

Mufculus obliquus defcendens. 

38, 38. The Obliquus defcendens. 

39. The Obliquus afcendens, asit appeared after the defcendens was re- 
moved. 

40.40. The Mufculi Redi, with their Paragraphs or Infcriptionsas in Maz 

41.41. The Mafculus communis Membranof.. 

42.42. The Sartorius. 

43.43. The Redlus Femoris. 

44.44. The Vafius internus. 
45. Part of the Vaftus externus. 

46. 46. Parts of the Triceps. - 

47. 47. The Peineus. 

48. The Gracilss. 

49.49. The Tibialis Anticus. 

50. Part of the Gafterocuemius. 

51. Parts of the Perozei. 

52. The Extenfor Pollicis longus. 

53- Lhe Extexfor Pollicis brevis, which differ’ din this Animal, from that _ 
in Maz. 

54. The Tendons of the Extezfor ome digitorum, as they pals be- 
tween the I[vterof/7}. 

55- The Abductor minimi digiti. 

56. The Proxator Radij sinachrabibs: 

57+ Part of the Supinator Radij brevis 5 at it’s Infertion to the Radius. 


Figure the Fourth 
Shews the Mujfcles of the Back-part of the Body. 


a. HE Sagittal Suture. 
b. The Lambdoidal Suture. 
e.¢ .c. The Spines of the Superior Vertebre of the Thorax, and of one 


of th elfen of the Neck. gd. Th 
. The 


M Vander Suche 2 


pitas oe 
evince a 
= 


Sis 


eit 


vt 
poe 


one Tice 


ONDni ae 
Da 


ial The Anatomy of 4. PYG MIE. 99 


d. The Extremity of theC/zvicle, where itis connected to the Spine of 
the Scapula. 

e. The Spize of the Scapula. 

f The lower Angle of the Scapula. 

g. The upper part of the Os Humeri, made bare, by raifing the Deltoid 
Mufcle. 

h. bh. The Acromion or Elbow. 

#. The External Protuberance of the Os Humeri, where the upper part 
of the Radiws, is Articulated. 

k. The Ulza. 

lL. J. The Spines of the Back and Loins. 

wm. m. The Spines of the Offa Ilinm. 

a. ‘Che Os Coccygis. 

o. The Great Trochanter. 

p- The Trunk of the Great Grural Nerve. 

q.4. The Offa Ichi. 

r.r.r. Lhe Crural Nerves in the Hams. 

f-f- The Os Calcis. 
_ t.t. The MaVeolys Internus, 

wu. The Malleolus externws. 

».w. The Great Toe. 

x. x. The four Jittle Toes. 

y-y- The Pelvis left open, by taking out the Avws with the Rectum. 


No 1.3.1.1. The Mufculus Cucularis, raifed on the right fide, and left 
faftened to the Occiput, and to its Infertion at the Spize of the Scapule 
and Clavicle. : 

2. Part of the Splenius. 

. Part of the Maftoidews. 

. Part of the Complexws. 

. Part of the Levator Scapule. 

. Rhomboides. 

. Part of the Serratws fuperior pofticus. 
. Suprafpinatus. 

» Infralpinatws. 

X. The Teres minor, which is larger here than in Maz. 

11. The Leres sajor. 

12. The Deltoides raifed.. 

13. 13. 13.13. The Latiffimus Dorf, on the right fide iz ftw, in the 
left, freed from it’s Original and hanging down. 

14. The Biceps Externus feu Gemellus. 

‘15. The Azchoneus. 

16. Part of the Brachews interuus. 

17. Part of the Biceps internus. 

18. The Supizator Radij longus. 

19. The Extenfor Carpi Radialis. 


© CONT GW B Vo 


O32 20. 20. The 


100 = Orang-Outang five Homo Sylveftrs : Or, 


20.20. The Extenfor Carpi Ulnaris. : 

21. 21. The Extenfor Communis digitorum , on the right fide hanging 
by its Tendons. 

22. 22. Khe Extenfor minimi digiti, on the right fide hanging down.. 

23. The Extexfores Pollicis. 

24. The Supivator Radij brevis. 

25. The Abdudor minimi digiti. 

26. The Mufculi interoffei. 

27. The Abducor Pollicis. 

28. The Longiffimus Dorf. 

29. The Sacrolumbalis. 

30. 30. The Intercoftales. 

31. Part of the Serratus major anticus. 

32. The Serratus inferior poSticus: ha 

33. The Glutevs maximys on the left fide zz ftv, on the right freed 
from its Origin, and left at it’s Infertion. 

34. The Gluteus medius. 

35- The Pyriformis. 

36. The Marfupialis { Obturator. 

37-37. Part of the Triceps. 

38. 38. The Gracilis. 

39. The Seminmembranofus. 

40. The Seminervofus. 

41. The Biceps femoris. 

42. Part of the Vaftws exteruus. 

43.43. The Gafferocnemius externus, that of the right fide hanging to 
its Infertion, at the Os Calcis. 

44. The Gafterocnemius Internus. 

45. Part of the flexor Digttorum perforaxs. 

46. The flefhy part of the flexor Digitorum perforatus. 

47. The flescor Olfzs Pollicis, together with the Abduétor Pollicis, raifed 
from it’s Origin, and hanging down. ; 

48. The Mufculi Lumbricales. 


The fifth Figure 


Reprefents the Sceleton, or the Bones: 


I, HE Os Frontis. 
2. The Os Bregmatis. 
3. Part of the Os Occipitis. 
4. Os Temporale , feu Squammofum. 
5- Os Fugale, feu Zygowaticum. 
6. The firft Bone of the Upper ‘Faw. 


7: The Os Lachryzale. 
8. The 


nue 


Biel Has 


i a 
a 


era 
Eh Asoo 


Se Oe 


Mvander Gach Scut. 


The Anatomy of a PYG MIE. 101 | 


8. The Os Navium. 
g. The fourth Bone of the Upper Fav. 
10. The upper part of the Os Sphexoides. 
11. The lomer Fam. 
a. The Proceffis Condyloides of the lower Faw. 
b. The Proceffis Corone. 
c. The Corozal Suture. 
d. The Sutura Offes Temporalis, feu Shucbaue 
e. A Foramen for the pafling the Nerves, and the Blood Veffels in the 
upper Faw. 
f. A like Foramen in the under Faw. 
g. Where the Skull was fawed, to take out the Bratz. 
h. The Tranfverfe Proceffes of the Vertebre of the Neck. 
j-j- The Oblique afcending and defcending Proceffés of the Neck. 
12.12. The Vertebre of the Neck, 
13.13. The Clavicule, or Collar Bones. : 
K. K. The Conneétion of the Clavicule , to the Spina Scapule. 
- 14.14. The Internal parts of the Scapul a 
II. The Proceffus Chorocoides Scapula. 
t5.15. The Os Humeri. 
+.+-A Sinus for receiving the External Tendon of the head of the Biceps. 
wm. m. A Sinus for Pepin the Prominence (7.7. of the Ulva upon 
bending the Arz. 
16. 16. The Ulva. 
o. Part of the Olecranon of the Ulva of the left Arz.: 
17. 17. The Radius... 
p- A Prominence of the Radius, to which the internal great Tendon - 
of the Mufculus Béceps is inferted. 
18.18. The Bones of the Carpus, which in a great meafure were Carté= 
laginous. 
19. 19. The Bones of the Metacarpus. 
20.20. The Bones of the Thumb. 
21.21. The Bones of the Fingers. 
22.22. The Sternum or Os Peoris. 
23. The oe Exfeformis. 
I, 2.3. 4.5. 6. 7. 8.9. 10-11. 12. 13. The Thirteen Ribs of each fide. 
24. The phe of the Back. 
25. The Vertebre of the Loizs. 
q- The Tranfverfe Proceffes of the Vertebre of the Tene 
r. The Foramina for the paflage of the Nerves. 
a The Os Sacrum. 
The Os Coccygis. 
ae 28. TheOs Iinn. 
29. The Os Pubis. 
30. The Os Ichij. 
s. s. The Cartilaginous Conjunttion of the Os Ilia with the Os Pubis 
and Ifchij at the Acetabulum. t. #. The - 


Ee On dare En Oe 


t. ¢. The large Foramen of the Os Pubis and Ifchij. 
31. 31. Lhe Os femoris. 
wv. vu. The Head of the Os femoris in the Acetabulum. 
w.w. The Great Trochauter, which was Cartilaginous. 
xX. The reff Trochanter. 
32.32. The Patella, which was Cartilaginous. 
33.93. The Tibia. 
34. 34. The Fibula. 
- 25..35. The Os Calcis. 
36. 36. The Afragalus. 
27. The Os Cubiforme. , 
38. The Os Naviculare, feu Cuneiforme majus. 
29. The Offe Cuneiformia minora. 
40. 40. The Offa Metatarfe. 
41.41. The Offa Digitorum. 
42.42. The Bones of the Great Tae, 
y. The Malleolus externus. | 
z. The Maleolus iaternus. 
*** * Sionifie, that thofe Parts were Cartélaginous. 


~~ 


Lhe fixth Figure 
Reprefents the Stomach, Inteftines, Pancreas, Spleen, Liver, 8ec. 


A. A. HE back fide of the Stomach, it being turned upwards. 
B, Part of. the Ocfophagus. or Gullet, before it joyns with 
the upper or left Orifice of the Stomach, 
C. The right Orifice of the Stovach, or Pylorus. 
a. a. The Extremities of the Va/a Brevia, which pals between the Spleex 
and the Stowach. 
b. b. Ge. Divers Lywphatick Glands on the Stomach. 
D. The Superior Coronary Arteries and Veivs, and their Ramifications. 
H. E. The Inferior Coronary Blood Veffels of the Stomach, which fends 
' Branches alfo to the Omentum. 
FE. Fo The Omentum or Canl turned up, to thew it's lower Leaf: 
G. G. The Liver, like the Humane ; and not divided into Lobes, as 
*tis in Apes. 
«. A fmall Lobe of the Liver at the entrance of the Venza Porta. . 
; d The Fiffure or Cleft inthe Liver at the entrance of the Umbilical 
Vein. 
f. f- The Gall Bladder. 
H. The beginning of the Duodenum. 
LI. The Pancreas. 
“g. g. Lhe 


Mander Gucht Seal: 


A i 


‘The Anatomy of a PYG MIE, 103 
g.g. The Blood Veflels of the Spleez, efpecially a Branch of the Vexa 
Porta. 
K.K. The Spleez. 
L. L. L.. The Swall Guts. 
M. The Ileox juft before it enters the Colon. 
N. The beginning of the Coloz. 
hb. hb. One of the Ligaments of the Colo. 
0.0. The Cecuw, or Appendicula Vermiformis. 
P. P. The Coloz in its whole Progrefs, to the Rectum. 
j.j- Part of the Mefexterie. 
k. k. The Glands of the Mefezterie. 
1. That part of the Mefexterie, which is connedted to the Caecum, Or 
the Mefocecum. 
: Re The Mefocoloz, or that Part of the Mefezterie that is faftened to the 
olon. 


& The upper part of the Inteftinum Rectum. 


The feventh Figure 
Shews the Organs of GENER ATION. 


A, aA HE back part of the Bladder of Urine, the greateft part of the 
Bladder being cut off. 

B. The Pezis. 

C. C. The two Ureters. 

D.D. The Vafa Deferentia. 

E.E. The Veficule Seminales. 

. FB. The Glandule Proftate, or Corpus Glandofura. 

G. The Bulb of the Cavernous Body of the Urethra, covered with the 
Mufculus accelerator Urine feu Spermatis. 

a.a. The two Productions of the laft mentioned Mujfcle, which are 
inferted to the two Cavernous Bodies of the Penis, on each fide the Wre- 
thra, by which means that part of the Urethra is comprett, and it’s Con- — 
tents forced out. 

b. b. The beginning of the two Cavernous Bodies of the Penis. 

H. The Cavernous Body of the Urethra. 

j» One of the Tranfverfe Mufcles of the Penis » call'd the Third 
Pair. 

K. K. The Mufeuli Diredtores Penis. 


, The 


tog. Orang=Outang frve Homo S yybueftres: Or, 


The Eighth Figure 
Exhibits part of the Mufculus Latiffimus Dorft diffe@ed. 


A. A. HAT part of the Mufcle that lies on the Back,as in Humane 
Bodies. 
B. It's Tezdoz which is inferted to the Os Humeri, as in Men. 
c. The Tendinous Extremity of a flefhy ProduGion of this Mu/cle, 
which is implanted on the Internal Protuberance of the Os Humeri of 
this Avimal as’tisalfo in Apes and Mozkeys. 


The ib) Figure 


Reprefents the Urizary Parts and Organs of Generation. 


A, TJ SHE left Kidzey entire. 
a. a. The Membrana Adipofa, partly freed from the Kidzey , 
and turned back. 7 

B. The Right Kidney opened, to thew its Glazdulous Subftance, and 
Urinary Tubes, and the Pelvis. a yieg 3 + 

b The Tubuli Urizarij which arife from the Glandulows Subftance, and 
like Lines drawn froma Circumference to a Center, pafs tothe Fimbria 
or Edgeec, in Maz to the feveral Papil2, where their Orifices open 
and empty themfelves into the Pelvis. 

c. ce. The faid Fimbria, of a Semicircular Figure, where the Extreams 
of the Urinary Tubes difcharge the Urine into the Pelvis, or rather 
Funnel of the Kidzeys. ‘ 

d. The Pelvis or Infundibulum : For being large here in the Kidveyjand 
running into along flender Stem in the Ureter, it more properly repre- 
{ents a Fuzuel, and ferves for the Conveying the Orize thence into the 
Bladder. fy cat: ; 

C.C. The Glandule Renales. 

_ DD. The Defcending Trunk of the Arterza Magna or Aorta, below 
the Diaphragms. : 
d. The Celiac Arterie. rae 
o. The Arteria Mefenterica fuperior. 
g The Arteria Mefenterica inferior. 
. The Defcending Trunk of the Vea Cava. 
F. F. The Exulgent Arteries. 
ff. The Exulgent Veins. 
G.G. The 


Zu Zz ZL__—LZE : SS 
Aa = GA FHALAZza A = 


OZ 


ina 


a= 
ZS EZ: 


"Zz, AZO 


M Lander ~ gucht Feud 2 — 


M Dakar gucht Seut : 
2 


The Anatomy of a PYG MIB. 105 


G.G. The Oreters. 

H. The Bladder of Urine. 

h. hb. The Spermatich Veins which difcharge themfelves into the Vex 
Cava, and the left Exzulgent, as in Maz. 

j. The Spermatick Arteries, as they arife from the fore-part of the 
Trunk of the Aorta. 

4. F. The Vala Preparantia Pampini-formia, fen Corpora Pyramidalia. 

K.K. The Teffes or Stoves, which appear here flaccid, having been 
kept fome time, before the figure was taken. . 

L. L. The Epididymis, making {everal Convolutions on the body of 
the Teftes. 

M. Part of the Cremafter Mufcle. 

N. N. The Vafa Deferentia. 

0.0. The Veficule Seminales. 

P. The Proftates or Corpys Glandofum. 

2. The Mufculus Eredtor Penis of the right fide. 

R. The upper part or Dorfizz Penis. 

S. The Corpora Cavernofa Penis, cut tranfverfe.. 

T. The Crethra. 

kk. The main Trunk of the Iac Arierie and Vern. 

Ll. the Oxbilical Arteries. 

wm.t. The Arterie that goes-to the Pevis. 

zn. The Arterie that goes to the Bladder of Urine. 

0 The internal Iliuc Vein and Arterie. 

p- The external Iliac Vein and Arierie. 

q. The Vena Pudenda feu Penis. 

ror. The Nerves of the Penis. 


f/f, The Arteries of the Penis. 


The tenth Figure 
Demonftrates the Parts of the Thorax with the Arteria Afpera 
¥ and Larynx. 


A, Ae HE fore-part of the Os Hyoides. 
a.a. Its two ends,that are connected to the two Superior long 
Proceffes of the Cartilago Scutiformis. 
B. The Epiglottis. 
C. The Cartilago Scutifor mis. : 
b. The Prominent part of the Avzulary Cartilage. 
D. D. The Mufculi Hyothyroidez. 
E. E. The Mafculi Sternothyroidei. 
c.c. The Mufculi Cricothyroidei. 
F. The Arteria Afpera, or Wind-pipe. 
G. It’s divifion,where it paffes to the rightand left Lobes of the Lungs. 
H. H. The Lungs. 
P jie: 


106 Orang-Outang frve Homo ylueftrs : Or, 


F. The Coxe of the Heart. 

K. The right Ventricle of the Heart here opened, fo that part of the 
Polypws contained there, came in view. 

L. Part of the Pericardium, on the Bafis or upper part of the Heart. 

M. M. The Thymus, lying on the Pericardium. 

N.The Mediaftinume freed from the Sterzusz,and turn’d to the right fide. 


O.0. The two Subclavian Arteries. 
P. The Carotid Arteries. 


The eleventh Figure 


Shews the Polypus or Coagulated Blood found in the left Ven- 
ticle of the Heart. 


9 


A. oe AT part contained in the Veztricle. 
B. Three Impreflions, formed by the Semiluzary Values. 
C.. That part, that lay in the Aorta. 
D. That part that paffed into the defcending Trunk of the Aorta. 
E. Thofe Ramuli of it that lay in the afcendent Branches of the Aorta. 


The twelfth Figure 7 Kes 
The Polypus found in the right Ventricle of the Heart. 
A. ak HAT part contained in the Vevtricle. 


B. The Impreflions made by the Valuule figmoides. 
C. The Branches leading to the right and left Lobes of the Luugs. 


The thirteenth Figure | | 
Reprefents the Bafis of the Brain with the Medulla Oblongata, 
and the Nerves and Arteries cut off. 


A, A. HE two anterior or fore Lobes of the Braiz. 
B.B. The two pofferior or hinder Lobes of the Braiz. 

a.a, Lwo depreffions in the fore Lobes caufed by the rifing of the Froz- 
tal bone, that compofes the upper part of the Orbit of the Eyes, which 
in this Avimal, and in Mozkeys, is more eminent than in Maz. 

b.b. The divifion of the right and left Hemifbhere of the Braiz, where 
the Falx is placed. This fore-part of the Braiz in this Avimal appeared 
fomewhat flatter than in Maz. 

C. C.. The Cerebelune. 

D. The Préacipium Medulle Spinalis, or that part of the Caudex Me- 


dullaris, 


M Vander gucht Soul: 


M Vande 7 Gucht Seul- 


= “ a 
| 
q 
: ie A 
ween | 
‘ee 
| f 1 
. | 
| 
eo 
to 4 io 
4 
i 
L: 
‘ 


sc einai ls 


eA EDA SRN Dee ese RTA TEEN ame ca WP UTNE ee SENG SE SR ere eer ee ONY 
_ Lhe Anatomy of 2 PYG MIE. 107 

dullaris, where the Corpora Pyramidaliaand Olivaria are placed, ag in am 
Humane Brain. 

E. E. The Protuberantia Annularis, or Pons Verolij. 

e.e. The Carotid Arteries. 

f-f: The Vertebral Arteries. 

‘g. The Cervical Arierie. 

h. The Comemunicant Branches between the Cervical and Carotid Arteries. 

j- A {mall Arterie defcending down the Spizal Marrow. 

k. The Infundibulum. 

1.1. The Glandule dua albe pone Infundibulun, , or rather two Medul- 
lary. Protuberances there. 

mm. m, Partsof the Crura Medulle Oblongate before they unite under the 
Pons Verolij, or Annular Protuberance. 

1. The Olfadory, or firft pair of Nerves. 

2. The Optick, or fecond pair of Nerves. 

3. The Nervi Oculorum motorij, or third pair of Nerves. 

4. The Pathetick, or fourth pair of Nerves. 

5- The fifth pair of Nerves. 

6. The fixth pair of Nerves. 

7- The Axditory, or feventh pair of Nerves. 

8. The Par Vagum, or eighth pair of Nerves. 

9. The ninth pair of Nerves. 

10. The tenth pair of Nerves, which may be reckoned rather the firft 
pair of the Neck: 

** The Nervus accefforivs, that goes to the eighth pair,or Par Vagunz.. 


The fourteenth Figure. 


Reprefents the inward Parts of the Brain, as divided by an: 
Horizontal Seftion; where the Bafis of the Brain is reflected: 
upwards. 


A, AP yArts of the hinder Lobes of the Braiz. 
B. B. The upper part of the Braiz next it’s Hemifpheres, divi- 
ded from the lower. 
C. C. The lower part next the Bajis, reflected or turned up. 
a.a. The Cortical or Cinericious part of the Brain, which is Glanduloxs- 
b.b. The Medullary part, that runs up between the Cortical, and is 
Nervows. 
D. The Corpus Tranfver fale. 
E. The Forzizx. 
_ @e. Lhe Crura Fornicis. 
f- The two Roots of the Fornix. 
2P 4 ELF The. 


108  Orang=Outang five Homo Sylueftrs: Or, 


- F. F. The two firlt Vewiricles of the Braiz. 
Sh G. Parts of the Corpora Striata, entire. 
g. The Strig as they appear in this Seétion in the Corpora Striata i in 

the ines part of the Braiz. 

hh. The fame Strie, in the upper part of the Braiz. 

H. H. The Plexus Choroides. 

}. fF. The Thalami Nervorum Opticorum. 

. The Plexus Choroides continued. 

K.K. The Cerebellum divided perpendicularly, to thew the ramifica- 
tions of the Medulary part in the Cortical. 

k. The Forautew anterivs that leads to the Cavity under the Protuberaz- 
tie orbiculares. 

I. The Glandula Pinealis. 

m. The Nates. 

ge irenTigites. 0 

o. The Comméffure of the Medullary Proselec of the Cerebellune and Te- 

CS. 

p. The fourth Vezrricle opened. 

q-4. The Acceffory Nerves. 

10. The tenth pair of Nerves. 

r. The Foramen pofterivs or inferius, tae leads to the Cavity under 
the Protuberantia orbiculares. 

s. The Rima or Foramen, that leads to the Infundibulum. 


The fyteenth Figure 


Isa Copy of the Figure that Nicholaus Tulpius gives of the Orang- 
Outang that was brought to Holland from Angola. 


The fixteenth Figure | 


‘Reprefents the Figure that Facob. Bontins gives of the Orang- 
: Outang in Pifo. 


The feventeenth Figure, 


Is taken out of Gefzer, which he tellsus, he met with in a 
German Book, wrote about the Holy Land. 


FEN T'S. 


PHILOLOGICAL 


PS fer 


Concerning the — 


CYNOCEPHALE ~ 


SA TYR Sand SPHINGES 


OF THE 


ANCIENTS, 


Wherein it will appear that they were all 
either APEsor MONKEYS; andnot 
_ MEN, as formerly pretended. 


By Edward Thfon M. D. 


er 
ie aCe 


i 


C1) 


~ Philological Eifay 


PYGMIES 


OF THE 


ANCIENTS 


AVING had the Opportunity of Diffecting this remarka- 
ble Creature, which not only in the outward shape of the 
Body, but likewife in the ftruéture of many of the Inward 
Parts, fo nearly refembies a Maz, as plainly appears by the 
Anatomy \ have here given of it, it fuggefted the Thought 

tome, whether this fort of Axial, might not give the Foundation to 
the Stories of the Pygwies ? and afford an occafion not only to the Poets, 
but Hiftorians too, of inventing the many Fables and wonderful and mer- 
ry Relations, that are tran{mitted down to us concerning them > I mutt 
confefs, I could never before entertain any other Opinion about them, 
but that the whole was a Fiifion : and as the firft Account we have of 
them, was froma Poet, fo that they were only a Creature of the Brain, 
produced by a warm and wanton Imagination, and that they never had 
any Exiftence or Habitation elfewhere. 

In this Opinion I was the more confirmed, becaufe the moft diligent 
Enquiries of late into all the Parts of the inhabited World, could never 
difcover any fuch Puxy diminutive Race of Mankind. That they fhould 
be totally deftroyed by the Graves, their Enemies, and not a Straggler 
here and there left remaining, wasa Fate, that even thofe Avimals that 
are conftantly preyed upon by others, never undergo. ‘Nothing there- 
fore appeared to me more Fabulous and Romantick, than their Hiftory, 


and the Relations about them, that Aztiquity has delivered tous, And 
nO¢ 


2 A Philological Effay concerning 


not only Strabo of old, ‘but our greateft Men of Learning of late, have 
wholly exploded them, as a meer figment , invented only to amufe, and 
divert the Reader with the Comical Narration of their Atchievements, be- 
lieving that there were never any {uch Creatures in Nature. 


This Opinion had fo fully obtained with me, that I never thought it 
worth the Enquiry, how they came to invent fuch Extravagant Stories: 
Nor fhould I now, but upon the Occafion of Diflecting this Avizal : For 
obferving that ‘tis call’d even to this day in the Izdiaz or Malabar Lan- 
guage, Orang-Outang, i.e. a Man of the Woods, or Wild-men , and be- - 
ing brought from Africa, that part of the World, where the Pygwies are 
faid to inhabit ; and it’s prefent Stature likewife tallying fo well with that 
of the Pygmies of the Ancients; thefe Confiderations put me upon the 
fearch, to inform my felf farther about them, and to examine, whether 
I could meet with any thing that might iluftrate their Eéffory. For I 
thought it ftrange, that if the whole was but a meer Fiction, that fo ma- 
ny {ucceeding Generations fhould be fo fond of preferving a S¥ory, that 
had no Foundation at all in Nature; and that the Azciexts fhould trou- 
ble themfelves fo much about them. If therefore I can make out in this 
Effay, that there were fuch Avimals as Pygmies ; and that they were not a’ 
Race of Mez, but Apes; and can difcover the Authors, who have forged 
all, or moft of the idle Stories concerning them; and fhew, how the 
Cheat in after Ages has been carried on, by embalming the Bodies of 
Apes, then expofing them for the Mex of the Country, from whence they 
brought them: if I can do this, I fhall think my time not wholly loft, 
nor the trouble altogether ufelefs, that I have had in this Enquiry. 


My Defign is not to juftifie all the Relations that have been given of 
this Avziwal,even by Authors of reputed Credit 5 but, as far as I can, to 
diftinguifh Truth from Fable ; and herein, if what I affert amounts toa 
Probability, ‘cis all I pretend to. I fhall accordingly endeavour to make 
it appear, that not only the Pygmies of the Ancients, but alfo the Cyzoce- 
poali, and Satyrs and Sphinges were only Apes or Moxkeys, not Men, as 
they have been reprefented. But the Story of the Pygmies being the 
greate{t Impofture, I fhall chiefly concern my felf about them, and thal! 
be more concife on the others, fince they will not need fo ftri& an Exa- 
mination. 


We will begin with the Poet Homer, who is generally owned as the 
firft Inventor of the Fable of the Pygmies, if it be a Fable, and not a 
true Story, as I believe will appear in the Account I fhall give of them. 
Now Homer only mentions them in a Simile, wherein he compares the 
Shouts that the Trojans made, when they were going to joyn Battle with 
the Grecians,to the great Noife of the Crazes,going to fight the Pygmies: 
he faith (a), 


(a) Homer. iad. lib. 3. vere 4. 


Ay 


The PYG MI ES of the Ancients. 3 


"At 7° net Ev yeave gdyor, x, aSzapaTov Oube gp 
KAalyii zai x ameTovlay 2a wuAaYOIO pode 
"Avdegear muyprocioin pdvov wy weg peesoay. 1. €. 


Que finul ac fugere Inbres, Hyememque Nivalen 
Cum wagno Oceani clangore ferantur ad undas 
Pygnzais pugnamque Viris, cadefque ferentes. 


Or as Helis Eobanus Heffis paraphrafes the whole (6). 


Poftquane Jub Ducibus digefta per agmina ftabant 
Queque fais, Equitum turme, Peditumgque Cohortes, 
Obvia torquentes Danas veftigia Troés 

Ibant, fublato Canepun clamore replentes : 

Now fecus ac cuneata Gruum fublime volantune 
Agmina, dum fugiunt Imbres, ac frigora Brume, 
Per Celum matutino clangore feruntur, 

Oceanumque petunt, mortens exitinumque cruentune 
Irrita Pigmais moturis arma ferentes. 


By evdector wSuceloin therefore, which is the Paflage upon which they 
have grounded all their fabulous Relations of the Pygmies, why may 
not Homer mean only Pygmies or Apes like Mev. Such an Expreffion is 
very allowable in a Poer, and is elegant and fignificant, efpecially fince 
there is fo good a Foundation in Nature for him to ule it, as we have 
_, already feen, in the Avatomy of the Orang-Outang. Nor is a Poet tied 

‘to that ftrictnefs of Expreflion, as an Hifforiaz or Philofopher 5 he has 
the liberty of pleafing the Reader's Phancy, by Pictures and Reprefen- 
tations of hisown. If there bea becoming likene(s, ‘tis all that he is 
accountable for. I might therefore here make the fame Apology for him, 
as Strabo (c_) do's on another account for his Geography, 2 9D x¢7 dyvoav 
7 Tommy Adyeley, MW iSoviis x, telews y2ev, That he faid it, not thro’ 
Ignorance, but to pleafe and delight :. Or, as in another place he ex- 
prefles himfelf (d), 299 xx? dyroiav & isce tas oantion yeveDey T87,cMa 
Texywrias yaexw. Homer did not make this flip thro’ Ignorance of the 
true Hiffory, but for the Beauty of his Poevz. So that tho’ he calls them 
Mex Pygmies, yet he may mean nomore by it, than that they were like 
Men. As to his Purpofe, twill ferve altogether as well, whether this 
bloody Battle be fought between the Graves and Pygwean Men, or the 
Cranes and Apes, which from their Stature he calls Pygmies, and from 
their fhape Mez ; provided that when the Crazes go to engage, they 
make a mighty terrible noife, and clang enough to fright thefe little 
Wights their mortal Enemies. ‘Tohave called them only Apes, had been 

(6) Homeri Ilias Latino Carmine reddita ab Helio Ecbano Hef}. (c) Strabo Geograph. lib.1.p.m.25- 
(a) Strabo ibid. p. m. 30. canse foeavall fat 

y B rhe 


4. A Philological Effay concerning 


_ flat and low, and leffened the grandieur of the Battle. But this Peréphra- 
fes of them, avdpes aufeceior, raifes the Reader's Phancy, and furprifes 
him, and is more becoming the Language of an Heroic Poew. ; 


But how came the Cravzes and Pygwies to fall out? What may be the 
Caufe of this Mortal Feud, and conftant War between them ? For Bruies, 
like Mex, don’t war upon one another, to raife and encreafe their Glo- 
_ ty, orto enlarge their Empire. Unlefs I can acquit my {elf herein, and 
affign fome probable Caufe hereof, [may incur the fame Cenfure as Strabo 
(e) paffed on feveral of the Izdiaz Hiftoriazs, evenginiony 4 2, thd “Ounes- 
xl afl Tul uetey yequoucyiey teamdauas amevles, for reviewing the 
Hlomerical Fight of the Cranes and Pygmies, which he looks upon only 
as a fiction of the Poet, But this had been very unbecoming Homer to 
take a Simile (which is defigned for illuftration) from what had no 
Foundation in Nature. His Betrachomyoneachia , ‘tis true, was a meer 
Invention, and never otherwife efteemed: But his Gerazomachia hath all 
the likelyhood of a true Story. And therefore I fhall enquire now what 
may be the juft Occafion of this Quarrel. 


Atheneus (f-) out of Philochorys,and fo likewife Ailian(g) , tell us a 
Story, That in the Nation of the Pygmies the Male-line failing, one 
Gerana was their Queen; a Womanof an admired Beauty , and whom 
the Citizens worfhipped as a Godde/s ; but fhe became fo vain and proud, 
as to prefer her own, before the Beauty of all the other Goddeffes, at 
which they grew enraged ; and to. punifh her for her Infolence, Athe- 
news tells us that “twas Diaza,but Ailzaz faith ‘twas Fuzo that transform- 
ed her into a Graze, and made her an Enemy to the Pygmies that wor- 
fhipped her before. But fince they are not agreed which Godde/s ‘twas, I 

thall let this pafs. ; 


Pomponins Mela will have it, and I think fome others, that thefe 
cruel Engagements ufe to happen, upon the Crazes coming to devour the 
Corz the Pygmies had fowed; and that at laft they became fo victori- 
ous,as not only to deftroy their Corn,but themalfo: For he tells use(f), 


fuere interits Pygmei, winutun genus, G quod pro fatis fiugibus contra 


Grues dinicando, defecit. This may feema reafonable Caufe of a Quar- 
rel 5 but it not being certain that the Pygmies ufed to fow Corz, I will 
not infift on this neither. 


Now what feems moft likely tome, is the account that Plizy out of 
Megafthewes, and Strabo from Oxeficritws give us; and, provided I be 


not obliged to believe or juftifie 2/ that they fay, I could reft fatisfied in - 


great part of their Relation: For Plizy (h) tells us,Veris tempore univerfo 


(€) Strabo Geograph. lib. 2. p. m. 48. (f£) Athenai Deipnofoph. lib. 9. p. m. 393. Cg) lian. 
Hit. Animal lib. 15. cap. 29. (t) Pomp. Mela de fitu Orbis, lib. 3. cap. 8 — (h) Plinij Hift. Nate 
lib. 7. cap. 2. p.m. 13 A 

agmine 


+ ~ 
eg a oe ON Oe en ee oe ae ee eS 


i 
‘ 


~ Th PYGMIES of the Ancients. 5 


agumine ad mare defcendere, © Ova, Pullofqne earuze Alitum confumere : 
That in the Spring-time the whole drove of the Pygzies go downto the 
Sea fide, to devour the Craves Eggs and their young Ones. So likewife 
Oneficritus (7) , Teds 5 TSS Tanda pss TTR AY et) weis Teegtvos (dv x 
“Opmegy duro) w, mois TlepZw, 8s ymoueydes 21) Térs¢ O° cxAtyew ada 
Te a, ty PAeigew" cx PO woloncly zee Teogtves Diimee pndees pnd? od ive l- 
oneSey Teegvav, pn? sv vebtisa* i.e. That there is a fight between the Pygmies | 
and the Cranes (as Homer relates) and the Partridges, which are as big 
as Geele ; for thefe Pygmies gather up their Eggs , and deftroy thems the 
Cranes laying their Eggs there; and neither their Eggs,zor their Nefts, being to 
be found any where elfe. *Tis plain therefore from them, that the Quarrel 
isnot out of any Aztipathy the Pygmies have to the Crames, but out of 
love to their own Bellies. But the Craves finding their Nefts to be robb’d, 
and their young Ones prey’d on by thefe Invaders, no wonder that they 
fhould fo fharply engage them ; and the leaft they could do, was to 
fight to the utmoft fo mortal an Enemy. Hence, no doubt, many a 
bloody Battle happens, with various fuccefs to the Combatants ; fome- 
times with great flaughter of the lozg-necked Squadron; fometimes with 
great effufion of Pygmweax blood. And this may well enough, in a Poet's 
phancy, be magnified, and reprefented as a dreadful War; and no doubre 
of it, were one a SpetFator of it, *twould be diverting enough. 

- St videas hoc 

Gentibus iz noftris, rifu quatiere : fed illic, 
Quangquam eadene affidué fpectantur Prelia, ridet 
Nemo, ubitota cohors pede non est altior uno (k). 


This Account therefore of thefe Campaigns renewed every year on 
this Provocation between the Cravesand the Pygwies, contains nothing but 
whata cautious Man may believe; and Homer's Stuile in likening the great 
fhouts of the Zrojazs to the Noife of the Crazes, and the Silence of the 
Greeks to that of the Pygmies, is very admirable and delightful. For A- 
riftotle (1) tells us, That the Crazes, to avoid the LA, of the Win- 
ter, take a Flight out of Scythia to the Lakes about the Nile, where the 
Pygmies live, and where’tis very likely the Crawes may lay their Egos 
and breed, before they return. But thefe rude Pygmies making too bold 
with them, what could the Crawes do lefs for preferving their Off-{pring 
than fight them ; or at leaft by their mighty Noife, make a fhew as if 
they would. This is but what we may obferve in all other Birds. And 
thus far I think our Gerazomachia or Pygmeomachia looks like a true 
Story; and there is nothing in Heer about it, but what is credible. He 
only expreffes himfelf, as a Poet fhoulddo ; and if Readers will miftake 
his meaning, ‘tis not his fault. 


(1) Strab. Geograph. lib. 15. pag. 489. (k) Fuvenal. Satyr. 13. verf.172% (1) Ariftotle. Hifl. 
Antmal, lib. 8. cap. 15. Edit. Scalig. ae 
B 2 "Tis 


6 | A Philological Effay concerning 


Tis not therefore the Poet that is to be blamed, tho’ they would fa- 
ther itall on him ; but the fabulous Hifforians in after Ages, who have- 
fo odly dreft up this Story by their fantaftical Inventions , that there is. 
no knowing the truth, till one hath pull'd off thofe Masks and Vifages, 
wherewith they have difguifedit. For tho’ I can believe Homer, that” « 
there is a fight between the Graves and Pygmies, yet Ithink Lam no ways. - 


obliged to imagine, that when the Pygwies go to thefe Campaigns to, — 


fight the Graves, that they ride upon Partridges, as Athenews. from. Ba- 
filis an Indian Hiftorian tells us 5 for, faith he (mw) , Banas 3 ev 72h D8U- 
“atpp TH! TyDuay, of pumegl, gnaw, avddpes of zelg Veegivars damoremevles ep dew 
Cyhuch yearly. For prefently afterwards he tells us from Mezecles , 
that the Pygmies not only fight the Graves, but the Partridges too, Meve- 
unig 4 cv @paty THs cuvaywyiis oi wulpcceio1, gio, 70s mEgdEl, H TIS Teectvois 
moatusn. This I could more readily agree to, becaufe Oxeficritus, as 1 
have quoted him already confirms it ; and gives us the fame reafon for 
this, as for fighting the Graves, becaufe they rob their Nefts. But whe- 
ther thefe Partridges are as big as Geefe, I leave asa Quere. 


Megafthenes methinks in Plizy mounts the Pygmies for this Expedition 
much better, for he fets them not on a Pegafys or Partridges , but on. 
Ramsand Goats : Fama est (faith Pliny (2) ) infedentes Arietum Capra- 
rumaque doris, armatis fagittis, veris tempore univerfo agmine ad mare de- 
feendere. And Oveficritus in Strabo tells us, That a Crane has been often 
obferved to fly from thofe parts with a brafs Sword fixt in him , zAusams 
SY caniatew yreguy yanrlo eysoay dnide 370d 7 cuciSey zArlcttav (0). 
But whether the Pygwies do wear Swords, may be doubted. “Tis true, - 
Ctefeas tells us (p.), That the Kizg of India every fifth year fends fifty 
Thoufand Swords, befides abundance of other Weapons, to the Nation 
of the Cywocephali, (a fort of Moxkeys, as 1 fhall thew.) that live in thofe, _ 
Countreys, but higher up in the Mountains: But he makes no mention ~ 
of any fuch Prefents to the poor Pygmies ; tho’ he affures us, that no lefs 
than three Thoufand of thefe Pygwies are the Kizg’s conftant Guards: 
But withal tells us, that they are excellent Archers, and fo perhaps by. 
difpatching their Enemies at a diftance, they may have no need of fuch 
Weapons to lye dangling by theirfides. I may therefore be miftaken in 
rendering dx/dw a Sword ; it may be any other fharp pointed Inftrument 
or Weapon, and upon fecond Thoughts, fhall fuppofe it a fort of Ar- 
row thefe cunning Archers ufe in thefe Engagements. 


Thefe, and a hundred fuch ridiculous Fables, have the Hifforians in- 
vented of the Pygmies, that I can’t but be of Strabo's mind (4), “Padi 5° 
dy 15 Haed@, 2, Ounpe mssaciey ipworoyia, x, mis Tegynols moulais, i 
K noe 72 2, Hegdore, x, Enavixe, x, arrois rasras* 1. e. Lhat one may foon- 
er believe Hefiod, avd Homer, and the Tragick Poets fpecking of their 

(m) Athenei Diepnefoph. lib. p.9 . m.390.. _ (n) Plinij Nat. Hift.lib.7.cap.2. p. 13. (0) Straho 
Geographa lib. 15. 489. — (p) Vide Photij Biblioth.  (q) Strabo Geograph, lib. 11. p. M. 350. 
Hero's, 


i 


| The PYG MIES of the Ancients. 7 


Hero’s,thaz Ctefias azd Herodotus avd Hellanicus, and fuch like. So ill an 
Opinion had Strabo of the Indian Hifforiavs in general, that he cenfures 
them a// as fabulous (r_)3Azarles uty roivun oh met DLs yeg av les ds 67 
7 word VISvoAsya eybvaor, HRD aHCorld A AnireyG." wd 4\ ddrreg. Al- 
yee MeqacSémns, "Omaxpilés ze x, NéapyG., 4 aMor reiBr0" 1.e. AV who have 

~ wrote of India, for the most part, are fabulous , bus in the highest degree 
Daimachus ; thes Megafthenes, Oneficritus, azd Nearchus, avd fuch like. 
And as if it had been their greateft Ambition toexcel herein, Strabo (s)} 
brings in Theopompus, as brageing,”"On x, ples ev mais “Isoe sais Epc xpeiviov, 
A ws Hegdvl@, 2, Kina, 2, EmavninG, 2, of 72 dye oufeglartes That 
he could foist in Fables into Hiftory, better thax Herodotus and Ctelias and 
Hellanicus, and allthat have wrote of India. The Satyrist therefore had 
reafon to fay, 


——Et quicquid Grecia mendax 


Audet iz Hiftoria (t). 


Ariftotle Cu), ‘tis true, tells us, "Ores 3 7a piv ypia dypiateege cy TH 
"Ania, dvdpedreg 3) mile 7a cv tiEdedny, worumoppirele) Td ey TH AIH 
Eur 2 Atpely Nug waegyule, onder geper Ti AiGUn. xe’ i. e. That ge- 
werally the Beafts are wilder in Afta, ftronger in Europe, and of greater va- 
riety of fhapes in Africa ; for as the Praverb faith , Africa always produces 

~fomething new. Pliny (w_) indeed afcribes it to the Heat of the Climate, 
Animalinu, Hominumque effigies monftriferas., circa extremitates ews gigni, 
minime mirum, artifici ad formanda Corpora, effigie(que ca@landas mobilitate 
igne@. But Nature never formed a whole Species of Moxfters 5 and ‘tis 
not the heat of the Country, but the warm and fertile Imagination of 
thefe Hifforians, that has been more productive of them, than Africa it 
felf ; as will farther appear by what I fhall produce out of them, and. 
particularly from the Relation that Céefizs makes of the Pygmies. 


I am the more willing to inftance in Cteféas, becaufe he tells his Story 
roundly ; he no ways minces it; his Invention is {trong and fruitful 5 
and that you may not in the leaft miftruft him, he pawnshis word, that 
all that he writes, is certainly true: And fo fuccefsful he has been, how 
Romantick foever his Stories may appear, that they have been handed 
down to us by a great many other Authors, and of Note too; tho ~ 
fome at the fame time have look’d upon them as meer Fables... So that 
for the prefent, till Iam betterinformed, and 1am not over curious in 
it, I fhall make Crefézs, and the other Izdian Hiftorians, the Tuventors of 
the extravagant Relations we at, prefent have of the Pyewies, and not - 
old Homer. He calls them, ‘tis frue, from fomething of Refemblance 
of their fhape, dvd pes : But thefe Hiftorians make them to {peak the Indian 
Language; to wile the fame Laws 3 and to be fo confiderable 2 Nation, 
Tg aU re ama ec pt a SRA 

(©) Strabo ibid. lib. 2. p.m. 48. (8) Strabo ibid. lib. 1. p. m. 29. (t) Fuvenal. Satyr. X. vere 
1742 (u) Ariftotle Hift. Animal. lib. 8.cap.28.  (w) Blin. Nat, Hiffs lib. 6 cap, 30» P.M 741. 


an 


oe aw Philological Effay concerning 


a fo valiant, as that the Kézg of Ivdia makes choice of them for his 
Corps de Guards, which utterly {poils Homer's Simile , in making them 


{o little, as only to fight Crazes. 


Cteffas's Account therefore of the Pygazies(as I find it in Photins’s Biblio- 
theca (x), and at the latter end of fome Editions of Herodotas) is 


this : - 


"On ev pson TH "TyDiKnh avSpemo 
cin pesraves, 2 xgrodvraer wu! ceior, 
ois ZMAOIS Sprsyrwoso! fySvigr punegs 
O¥ cin Aiav* of prcexeg7alos abr ame 
eer Ovo, oF TAS 0, @106 nuloe Ou n- 
E05, noel %) exea pane gratin » 
MELCM H, O77 TA Yala, x, em eg lo- 
Tepov, x, D@ywVAE pcyisoy TAYTEY cy 
Spodmav’ enudey sv Tw waywva peje 
guowan, exer aepievveee/lay Boddy | pect- 
Tov : aMa Ts Tplyes, ws wey Cx 
mepartc, Umdev xeSieley Bord ygT@ 
ay! yovdraw’ zis 4 cx 78 aed wG, 
eure oDev Lee) wootay eAnopeivees. E- 
WET TWECLMUKGOU AV TOS Tplyas 
Tee) a7 70 omjace, Cowewloy, ypa- 
prevor aaraic dvti ipecelis. aidoiov 2) pete 
32 éysow,ose Lave FW opupay aor, 
LAU. anrolle mproi ze it, eier pol. zee 
A wpisela abr, 35 apves. x, a1 bes 
wy of Gyr, qvedov Cow xezol. 2, of tarot 
ary i, of hysiovol, x, TH aM wovle 
Can, ay nelleo nerey. erovley \ re) 
Canrsi A "Indiv, Tézav AW al eoricoy 
avdpes TesgiAio. opideg Ja’p cict 
moZorey* Simaidrelos O¢ cios neal vnaios 

QV TRL @ of “IySot, Aaywds ze 
eevrees wamee xei ck “Wdvi. Aeywots 
qos arawTrEgs Supdisaws 8 TIS nwo, 
aMa xbeges yout inion ygsb wopevait 
nal ae7ols. 


Narvat preter ifta, in media India 
howines repeviri nigros , qui Pygmaz 


appellentur. Eadew hos , qua Inda 


reliqui, lingua uti, fed valde effe par- 
vos, uk maximi duorume cubitorunt, 
& plerique unius duntaxat cubiti cunt 
dimidio altitudinem non excedant. 
Comaue alere longiffimam, ad ipfa uf- 
que genua demiffant,atque etiam infra, 
cum barba longiore, quam apud ullos 
howminum. Que quidene ubi illis pro- 
wmiffior effe cweperit, wulla deinceps ve- 
fle uti: fed capilos multo infra genua 
a tergo demiffos, barbamque preter 
pectus ad pedes ufque defluenten, per 
totum corpus in orbem conftipare 

cingere, atque ita pilos ipfis fuos ve- 
ftimentilocoeffe. Veretrum illis effe 
crafjun ac longum, quod ad ipfos quo- 
que pecdune walleolos pertingat. Pyg- 
meos hofee fimis effe naribus, © de- 
formes.  Ipforum item oves agnorune 
noftrorune inftar effe 5 boves @ afinos, 


. avietum feré magnitudine, equos itens 


multofque @» cetera jumenta onnia 
nibilo effe noftris arietibys majora. 
Tria horum Pygmeorum millia Indo- 
rum regeu in fuo comitatu habere, 
quod fagittarij fint peritiffemi. Sum- 
mos effe juftitie cultores, ifdéueque 
quibus Indi reliqui, legibus parere. 


Venavi quoque lepores vulpéfque, won canibus, fed corvis, milvis, cornicibus, 


aquilis adhibitis. 


S 


‘In the middle of India (faith Ctefias_) there are black Men, they are 
© call’d Pygmies, ufing the fame Language , as the other Izdians , they 


(x) Photij Bibliothec. Cod. 72. p. Ms 14.52 


are 


ee Pe 


Se Pag a> an 


~The PYG MIES of the Ancients. 9 


‘are very little, the talleft of them being but two Cubits, and moft of 
¢ them but a Cubit and ahalf high. They have very long hair, reaching 
« down to their Knees and lower ; anda Beard larger than any Man’s. 
© After their Beards are grown long, they wear no Cloaths, but the Hair 
¢ of their Head falls behind agreat deal below their Hams; and that of 
© their Beards before comes down to their Feet: then laying their Hair 
“thick all about their Body, they afterwards gird themfelves, making 
‘ ule of their Hair for Cloaths. They havea Pewis fo long, that it rea- 
* ches to the Ancle, and the thicknefs is proportionable. They are flat 
© nofed, and ill favoured. ‘Their Sheep are like Lambs; and their Oxen 
‘and Affes {carce as big as Rams; and their Horfes and Mules, and all 
* their other Cattle not bigger. Three thoufand Men of thele Pyezies 
‘ do attend the Kizg of Iudia. They are good Archers; they are very 
“juft, and ufe the fame Laws asthe Indians do. ‘They kill Hares and 
‘ Foxes, not with Dogs, but with Ravens, Kites, Crows, and Eagles. 


Well, if they are fo good Sports-men, asto kill Hares and Foxes with 
Ravens, Kites, Crows and Eagles, I can’t fee how I can bring off Homer, 
for making them fight the Graves.themfelves. Why did they not fly 
their Eagles-again{t them > thefe would make greater Slaughter and Ex- 
ecution, without hazarding themfelves. The only Excufe I have is,that 
Homer's Pygmies were real Apes like Mex ; but thole of Geffas were nei- 
ther Mez nor Pygmies ; only a Creature begot in his own Brain, and to 
be found no where elfe. : 


Ctefias was Phyfician to. Artaxerxes Muemonz as Diodorus Siculus ( y) 
and Strabo (z) inform us. He was contemporary with Xewophon, a little 
later than Herodotws 3 and Helvicus in his Chrezology places him three hun- 
dred eighty three years before Chris#: He is an ancient Author, ’tis true, 
and it may be upon that {core valued by fome. We are beholden to him, 
not only for his Improvements on the Story of the Pygmies, but for his 
Remarks likewife on feveral other parts of Natural Hiftory 3 which for 
_ the moft part are all of the fame ftamp, very wonderful and incredible ; 

as his Mantichora, his Gryphizs, the horrible Indian Worm, a Fountain of 
Liquid Gold, a Fountain of Honey, a Fountain whofe Water will make 
a Man confefs all that ever he did, a Root he calls zepnSov, that will at- 
tract Lambs and Birds, as the Loadftone does filings of Steel ; and a great . 
many other Wonders he tells us: all which are copied from him by 
fitlian, Pliny, Solinws, Mela, Philoftratws and others. And Photivs ccn-- 
cludes Ctefias’s Account of India with this paflage; Tauta yegloar xa? 
pwwdrcjav Krnoias. Adyar’ aanSicale yedpew’ emuzav a6 72 sy eo7ds iddv 
yexou, A mag aia wadav AW adbtav. wore? rotav'xal ame Sav- 
paciwneg maparindv, Sia 70 pun SZey Tis ph TATe Seacwpmevors amsa 
ouyfpagay’ 1. e. Lhefe things (faith he) Ctefias writes and feigns, but he 


(y): Diodor, Siculi Bibliothec.lib. 2. p,m. 118. — (z) Strabo Geograph. lib. 14. D> 45%- 
hingn 


IO A Philological Effay concerning 


himfelf fays all he has wrote is very true. Adding , that fome things which 
he defcribes, he had feen himfelf 5 and the others, he had learn'd frou thofe 
that had feen them: That he had omitted a great many other things more 
wonderful, becanfe be would not few to thofe that have not feen them, to write 
incredibilities. But notwithftanding all this, Lucian (a) will not be- 
lieve a word he faith ; for he tells us that Crefias has wrote of India , 
SA purce ao7es ade, punze ars ci IG insoev, What he neither faw himfelf,nor 
ever heard fron any Body elfe. And Ariftotle tells us plainly, he is not fit 
to be believed : °Ey 3 cH “Ivf @s on KInoias, 8x av cziimoG (b). And 
the fame Opinion A. Gelivs (c) feems to have of him, as he had likewife 
of feveral other old Greek Hiftoriays which happened to fall into his 
hands at Brandufium, in his return from Greece into Italy 3 he gives this 
Character of them and their performance: Eraxt autene ifti omues libri 
Greci, miraculorun fabularumque pleni: res inaudite, incredule, Scriptores 
veteres non parve authoritatis, Arifteas Proconnefius, © Magonus, & Ni- 
caenfis, & Ctefias,c Oneficritus, G Poly{tephanus, © Hegefias. Not 
that I think all that Creffas has wrote is fabulous; For tho’ I cannot 
believe his fbeaking Pygmies, yet what he writes of the Bird he calls Bidia- 
xG., that it would {peak Greek and the Izdian Language, no doubt is ve- 
ry true; and as H. Stephezs (4) obferves in his Apology for Ctefras, fuch 
a Relation would feem very furprifing to one, that had never feen nor 
heard of a Parrot. 


But this Story of Crefias’s fheaking Pygmies, {eems to be confirm’d by 
the Account that Noxzxofws, the Emperour Fuftiviax's Ambaffador into 
fithiopia, gives of his Travels. I will tran{cribe the Paffage, as I find 
it in Photivs (e), and ‘tis as follows: 


"Ont dr 2 pxgarty mA aS Nov- Naviganti a Pharfa Nonnofo, & 


v6aq@, 6d T eqatlw AW vhowy xg Mwine 
w0TI Toi O% TI ouNtEn, Gabe 2, adxe= 
sae , \ ‘ N 308 
au. eveTune 2te Tin roegld prev i, (d¥- 
> BAY 
ay ven dviewmuln, Begyularos °) 70 
PEYUG., # pera 1egav. nZed 7 
Teryayv duoumstvos da movil TB 
ry od ior 
ow relG.. Amovlo *) zis adega x, 
yw dies TALRANNTIOY th, TrUOtLe 1a en 
Benin, mag ares avoeay. 
SieND 7 
quero: *) tony azeviles Al Nome 
me AY As 7 
Tv) puneg T ao mee LexgAumov, of 
me gceCnxtres Snails avdees ce nak yu- 
S ” oN 2 > ’ 2\\ 
vainas. ayesov *) sdiy emedcixvecilo doe 
7 Sioa UN \ , > \ 
LYNE OY AMZ Hos Pwvlw Eryov MAY 
> > BAY Bes 
dWeamviw, alveso %\ mwlanuos 3 


ad extrentant ufque infularum delato, 


tale quia occurrit, vel ipfo anditu ad- 
mirandum. Incidit enim in quofdam 


. forma quidem & figura hunana, fed 


brevifftmos, G cuten nigros, totim- 
que pilofos corpus. Sequebantur viros 
aequales feming, CG» puert adbuc bree 
viores. Nudi omnes agunt, pelletan- 
tum brevi adultiores verenda teci, 
viri pariter ac femine « agrefte nihil, 
neque efferune quid pre fe ferentes. 
Quin & vox illis humana, fed omni- 
bus, etiant accolis, prorfus ignota lin- 
gua, multoque amplius Nonnoft fociis. 


Viount marinis oftreis, & pifcibus é 


(a) Lucian lib. t.vere Hiftor.p.m.373- (b) Arift.Ayf. Animal.lib.8.cap.28. (c) A. Gellij Nocfes Attic. 
lib. g.cap. 4. (d) Henr. Stephani de Ctefia Hiflorico antiquiffimo difquifitio, ad fine Herodott. (e) Photij 


Bibhiothec. cod. 3. p. Mm. 7. 


waAexTov 


a ey ee ee ee eee 


Se nS ee eee 


ThePYG MI ES of the Ancients, 1 


NdAculov tos T2 mee rolwoig atTrect, yet ¢ mari ad infulam projettis. Auda- 
TOAD TArzov Tos mee! T Nowoooy, Ne- ces minime funt, ut noftris con|pectis 
Cow A om S2rztitey dsectov, ty iy Wow, hominibws, quemadmodum nos vifa 
B Domo W Saraasns cig P vitooy Ovzop pire ingenti fera, netu perculfé fuerint. 
qoatvev? Sagan) Ciyor' dd. ara x, 
dedvles Tes a8 ins clones Uren nou, warmer iyneis re wrtiow TW Sno lov. 


‘That Nozwzofws failing from Pharfz, when he came to the farthermoft 
‘ of the Iflands, a thing, very ftrange to be heard of, happened to him ; 
‘ for he lighted on fome (Azimals.) in fhape and appearance like Mer, 
< bue little of ftature, and of a black colour, and thick covered with 
« hair all over their Bodies. The Women, who were of the fame fta-\, 
‘ ture, followed the Men: They were all naked,only the Elder of them,’ 
“ both Men and Women, covered their Privy Parts with a {mall Skin. 
‘ They feemed not at all fierce or wild ; they had a Humane Voice, but 
¢ their Dialed was altogether unknown to every Body that lived about 
‘them; much more tothofe that were with Nozofus. They liv’d upon 
“ Sea Oyfters, and Fith that were caft out of the Sea, upon the Iland. 
‘ They had no Courage; for feeing our Men, they were frighted, as we 
‘ are at the fight of the greatef{t wild Beat. 

Bayi cio wsv evponrwlw I render here, they had a HumaneVoice, not 
Speech: for had they {poke any Language, tho’ their Diale# might be 
fomewhat different, yet no doubt but fome of the Neighbourhood would 
have underftood fomething of it, and not have been {uch utter Strangers 
to it. Now twas obferved of the Oranzg-Outang, that it’s Voice was like 
the Humane, and it would makea Noife likea Child, but never was ob- 
ferved to fpeak, tho’ it had the Orgazs of Speech exactly formed as they 
are in Maz; and no Account that ever has been given of this Animal 
do’s pretend that ever it did. I fhould rather agree to what Pliny (f.) men- 
tions, Quibufdan pro Sermone nuts motufque Membrorum eft , andthat they 
had no more a Speech, than Cteffas his Cyzocephali which could only bark, 
as the fame Plizy (g) remarks; wherehe faith, Iv ultis anteme Montibus 
Genus Hominum Capitibus Caninis , ferarun pellibus velari, pro voce latra- 
inm edere, unguibus armatum venatn S Aucupio vefci, horune fupra Centure 
viginti Millia fuiffe prodente fe Ctefias feribit. But in Photivs 1 find, that 
Ctefias’s Cynocephali did {peak the Indian Language as well asthe Pygmies. 
Thofe therefore in Noznofus fince they did not {peak the Izdian, I doubt, 
fpoke no Lazguage at-all , or at leaft, no more than other Brates do. 


Ctefias 1 find is the only Author that ever underftood what Language 
‘twas that the Pygmies {pake: For Herodotus (b.) owns that they ufe a 
fort of Tongue like tono other, but fcreech like Bats. He faith, Oi Ta- 
eg prowles Exo Tes TewyAdvTas AiSonwas SuedUsa min wlelaman. Oi 92 


(£) Plinij Nat. Hift. lib. 6. cap. 30. p.m. 74%. (8) Plinij Nat. Hift. lib. 7. cap, 2. p.m. 11. 
(h) Herodot. in Melpomene. pag. 283. . 
iy C Te@. 


12 A Philological Effay concerning : 
Teh ee 0 ets 


Tewyrdurey alSiomes wolus re yis dvlecray muwTay cit, WW ius mes Ad- 
vss Orogee ores dxdomev. Silborler 4 ck Tewyrsdvray Gpic, 2 Sadeus, x, m2 
ruin TU “Eomlav. Tadesav 4 ddkuiy ary muectoilw vevoulngot, are 
zlevzac1 yuburme ai wxTee sors’ i.e. Thefe Garamantes hunt the Troglodyte 
fEthiopians iz Chariots with four Horfes. The Troglodyte Athiopi.ins 
ave the {riftest of foot of all Men that ever he heard of by any Report. The 
Troglodytes eat Serpents and Lizards, and fuch fort of Reptiles. They ufe 
a Language like to uo other Lougue, but fereechlike Bais. 


Now that the Pygmies are Troglodytes, or do live in Caves, is plain 
from Ariftotle (i), who faith, Tewyaodvra d\’ cia 7 Biv. And fo Philo- 
fivatus (Rk), Tes 4 aml prceizs oinciv wav nzocyeiss. And methinks Le Compte's 
Relation concerning the wild or favage Max in Borzeo, agrees fo well with 
this, that I fhall tranfcribe it: for he tells us, (/.) That ix Borneo this 
wild or favage Man és indued with extraordinary ftrength 5 and xotwith- 
ftanding he walks but upon two Legs, yet he is fo fwift of foot, that they 
have much ado to outrun him. People of Quality courfe him , as we do Stags, 
here: and this fort of hunting is the King’s ufual divertifement. And Gaf- 
fendys in the Life of Peiresky, tells us they commonly hunt them too in 
Angola in Africa, as 1 have already mentioned. So that very likely He- 
rodotus’s Troglodyte Aithiopians may be no other than our Orang-Oxtang 
ot wild Man. And the rather, becaufe I fancy their Language is much 
the fame: for an Ape will chatter, and make a noife like a Bat, ‘as 
his Troglodytes did: ,And they undergo to this day the fame Fate 
of being hunted, as formerly the Troglodytes ufed to be by the Gara- 


wmantes. 


Whether thofe ardeqs puness msleloy éAcosovas aveav Which the Na- 
JSamones met with (as Herodotus (uz) relates) in their Travels to difcover 
Libya, were the Pygmies; Iwillnot determine: It feems the Nafamo= 
wes neither underftood their Language, nor they that of the Nafamones. 
However, they were fo kind to the Nafamowes as to be their Guides a- 
Jong the Lakes, and afterwards brought them to a City, es 7% mls #1 
Tia dysat 7 peyOG iaws, yeauce 3} meraves, i.e. iv which all were of the 
Same ftature with the Guides, and black. Now fince they were all /ittle 
black, Men, and their Language could not be underftood, 1 do fufpe& 
they may be a Colony of the Pygmies : And that they were no farther 
Guides to the Nafazoves, than that being frighted at the fight of them, 
they ranhome, and the Nafamones followed them. 


I do not find therefore any good Authority, unlefs you will reckon 
Ctefeas asfuch, that the Pygmies ever ufed a Language or Speech, any: 


(i) Arift. Hift. Animal, lib. 8. cap. 1§. p.m. 913. (kK) Philoflrat. in vita Apollon. Tyagi, lib. 3. 
cap. 14. p.m. 1§2. (L) Lewis le Compte Memoirs and Obferyations on Ching, p.m. §10. (m) He- 
rodotws in Euterpe feu lib, 2. p.m. 102. Beat 

more 


more than other Brutes of the fame Species do among themfelves, and 
what we know nothing of , whatever Devocritus and Melampodes in 
Pliny (2),0r Apollonius Tyaneus in Porphyry (0) might formerly have done. 
Had the Pygmies ever {poke any Lazguage intelligible by Mankind, this 
might have furnifhed our H/forians with notable Subjects for their No- 
vels; and no doubt but we fhould have had plenty of them. 


But. Albertws Magnus, who was fo lucky as to guefs that the Pyg- 
mies were a fort of Apes ; that he fhould afterwards make thefe Apes to 
fpeak , was very unfortunate, and fpoiled all ; andhe do’s it, methinks, 
{o very awkardly, that it is as difficult almoft to underftand his Lan- 
guage as his Apes if the Reader has a mind to attempt it, he will find 
it in the Margin (p). 


Had Alberts only afferted, that the Pygszies were a fort of Apes, his 
Opinion pofflibly might have obtained with lefs difficulty,unlefs he could 
have produced fome Body that had heard them talk. But Oljjes Aldro- . 
vandys (q) is fo far from believing his Ape Pygmies ever fpoke, that he ° 
utterly denys, that there were ever any {uch Creatures in being, as the 
Pygmies, at all; or that they ever fought the Crawes. Cum itaque Pyg- 
mos (faith he) dari negemus, Grues etiam cum iis Bellum gerere , ut fa- 
bulantur, negabimus, & tam pertinaciter id negabimus , ut we jurantibus 
credemus. . 


I find a great many very Learned Men are of this Opinion: And in 
the firft place, Strabo (r) is very pofitive; “Ewequas piv  Bdels Enyciray 
a aisews aziev avdeur’ i.e. No Man worthy of belief did ever fee then. 
And upon all occafions he declares the fame. So Fulivs Cafar Scaliger (s) 
makes them to be only a Fiction of the Ancients, dé hec omnia ( faith 
he) Antiquorum figmenta © mere Nuge, fe exftarent, reperirentur. At 
cum univerfus Orbis nunc nobis cognitus fit, nullibt hec Nature Excrementa 
reperiri certifimun est. And Ifaac Cafanbow (#) ridicules fuch as pre- 
tend to juftifie them: Sic noftra etate (faith he) zon defunt, qui eandene 
de Pygmeis lepidam fabellam renovent 5 ut qui etiam e Sacris Literis, fe 
Deo placet, fidens illis conentur aftruere. Legi etiane Berget cujufdan Galli 
Scripta, qui fe vidiffe diceret. At non ego credulys ili, illi inquane Orninue 
Bipedum mendaciffimo. fhall add one Authority more, and thatis of 


(n) Plnij Nat. Hilt. lib. 10. cap. 49. (0) Porphyriws de Abftinentia, lib. 3.pag. m. 102, 

® Si qui Homines funt Silveftres, ficut Pygmeus, non fecundum unam vationem nobifcum ditti {unt Homi- 
nes, fed aliquod habent Hominis in quadaim deliberatione ¢y Loquela, Xc. A little after adds, Voces quedam 
({c.Animalia_) formant ad diverfos conceptus quos habent, ficut Homo ¢y Pygmaus; dy quedam non faciunt 
hoc, ficut multitudo fere tota aliovwin Animalium. Adbuc autem eorum que ex ratione cogitativa formant 
voces, quadam funt fuccumbentia, quedam autem non fuccumbentia. Dico autem f{uccumbentia , a conceptu 
Anima cadentia dy mota ad Nature Inflinétum, ficut Pygmeus, qui non, fequitur rationem Loquela fed Nature 
Inftinétum 5 Homo autem non fuccurmbit fed fequitur rationem. Albert.Magn.de Animal.lib.1.cap.3. p.m.3» 

(q) Vly. Aldrovandi Ornitholog. Mb. 20. p. m. 344. (©) Strabo Geograph. lib. 17. p. m. 365. 
{s) da. Cal. Scaliger. Comment. in Avift. Hist. Animal. lib.8. §. 126. P.M, 9146 (4) Taac Caufabor 
Note dy Gafligat.in lib. 1. Strabons Geograph, p. m. 38. 
C2 Adriare 


14 


Adrian Spigelius, who produces a Witnefs that had examined the very 
place, where the Pygmies were {aid to be 5 yet upon a diligent enquiry, 
he could neither findthem, nor hear any tidings of them. Spigelivs (#) 
therefore tells us, Hoc loco de Pygmeis dicendum erat , qui rack my01@. 
ditti x ftatura, que ulnam non excedunt. Vertm ego Poetaruu fabulas eff 
crediderim, pro quibus tamen Ariftoteles minime haberi vult, fed verane effe 
Hiftoriam. 8. Hitt. Animal. 12. affeverat. Ego quo minus hoc ftatuam, 
tun Authoritate primim Dottiffimi Strabonis 1. Geograph. coattus funz, 
tun potilfimitm nunc moveor, quod noftro tempore, quo nulla Mundi pars eft, 
quam Nautarum Induftria now perluftrarit , nihil tamen unquam fimile aut 
vifum est, aut anditum.  Accedit quod Francifcus Alvarez Lufitanus, qui 
ea ipfa loca peragravit, circa que Ariftoteles Pygma@os effe fcribit, nullibi 
tamen tam parva Gentem 2 fe confpettau tradidit, fed Populum effe Media- 
cris flature, C» Hthiopes tradit. 


I think my felf therefore here obliged to make out, that there were 
fuch Creatures as Pygmies, before I determine what they were, fince the 
very being of them iscalledinqueftion, and utterly denied by fo great 
Men, and by others too that might be here produced. Now in the do- 
ing this, Aréfotle’s Affertion of them isfo very pofitive, that I think there 
needs not a greater or better Proofs. and it is fo remarkable a one, that 
I find the very Enemies to this Opinion at a lofs, how to fhift it off. To 
leflen it’s Authority they have interpolated the Text, by foifting into the 
Tranflation what is not in the Original ; or by not tranflating at all the 
moft- material paffage, that makes againft them; or by miferably glofling 
it, tomake him fpeak what he never intended: Such unfair dealings 
plainly argue, that at any rate they are willing to get rid of a Proof, 
that. otherwife they can neither deny, or an{wer. 


Ariftotle’s Text is this, which I thall give with Theodorws Gaza's Tran{- 
lation: for difcourfing of the Migration of Birds, according to the Sea- 
fon of the Year, from one Country to another, he faith (m): 


Mele prev thd ebivorrae svi Tonpree £- 
avo 78 Tiles 2, AW luypav ol yorTe. 
ov S7rvle. yeumavee pele A rh) sae s- 
wea, ct. 7W Stoway, cig Tes TOMES TSS 


Fane ab Antumnali Fiquinoltio ex 
Ponto, Locifque frigidis fugiunt Hye- 
men futuram. A Merno autem ex 


tepida Regione ad frigidam fefe con- 


A Philological Effay concerning 


doy pes,poSSueve 7k xawdercrla” re jae, 
zy we TW 20s tomer woismee mes 
7 \ ‘ NUN > 1 c 

pelasords, 72 3,2, cu 2W eqdrar, ws 
cindy, oi} ai yeegvor moiso1. Mele- 
Barrsor W cx WW SwwSinay cis ret An 

A ~ o tod 

Fe AVM THE Ai zle,0. Sev 6 NGAG@ pct. 
¥ set @ NU » 
Es1*) 6 7onG ét@, meh ov of wl cei- 


(u) Adrian. Spigelij de Corporis Humani fabrica, lib. 1. cap.7.P. Mo 15. 


dib. 8. cap. 12, 


ferunt, aftts metu futuri: ©& alia de 
locis vicinis difcedunt , alia de ulti- 
mis, prope dixerim, ut Grues faci- 
unt, que ex Scythicis Campis ad Pa- 
Indes Higypto fuperiores, unde Nilus 
profluit, veniunt, quoi loco pugnare 
cum Pyemeis dicuntur. Non enimid 


(i) Ariftotel. Hit. Animal 


ob 


‘The PYG MIES of the Ancients. +45 


a eglondow 2 72 C1787 WIIG, fabulaest, fed certé , genus tum ho- 

an ei ygla tl) érnbeiay.TaG. pu- minum, tun etiam Equorum pufillune 

xOGv Mev, waarmee Alzeley, w, wwTO! x, ci (ut dicitur ) est, deguntque in Caver- 

Tao’ Tewyro dura dV ciot rev Biv. » nis, unde Nomen Troglodyte & fub- 
; eundis Cavernis accepere. 


In Englith ‘tis thus: ‘ Atthe Awtumral HE quinox they go out of Pontus 
“and the cold Countreys to avoid the Winter that iscomingon. At the 
“Vernal Fiquinox they pafs from hot Countreys into cold ones,for fear of 
“ the enfuing Heat ; fome making their Migrations from nearer places ; 
‘ others from the moft remote (as I’may fay) asthe Crazes do: for they 
“come out of Scythia to the Lakes above /Hgypt,whence the Nile do’s. flow. 
* This is the place, whereabout the Pygmies dwell: For this is no Fable, 
“but a Truth. . Both they and the Horfles, as ‘tis faid, are.a {mall kind. 
* They are Troglodytes, or live in Caves. 


* Wemay here obferve how pofitive the Philofopher .is, that there are 
Pygmies 5 he tells usawhere they- dwell and that ’tis no Fable,but a Truth. 
But Theodorws Gaza has been unjutt in tranflating him, by foifting in, Quo 
iz loco pugnare cum Pygmeais dicuntur,whereas there is nothing in the Text 
that warrants it: As likewife, where he expreffes the little Stature of the 
Pygmies and the Horfes, there Gaza has rendered it, Sed certé Genus tunz 
Hlowinums, tum etiam Equoruns pufillum.  Ariftotle only faith, TaG@. puxegs - 
(ey, ware Atjley,.2,.c070), ¥ ciiano. Heneither makes his Pygmies Men, | 
nor faith any thing of their fighting the Craves ; tho’ here he had a fair 
occafion, difcourfing of the Migration of the Grawes out of Scythia to the 
Lakes above Aigypt,where he tellsus the Pygmies are. Cardaz (x) there- - 
fore muft-certainly be out in his guels, that <Ariftorle only afferted the 
Pygmies out of Complement to his Friend Homer ; for furely then he 
would not have forgot their fight with the Crazes 5 upon which occafion - 
only. Hower mentions them (*). I fhould rather think that Ari/fotle, be- 
ing fenfible of the many Fables that had been raifed on this occafion, 
{tudioufly avoided the mentioning this fight, that he might not give. 
countenance to the Extravagant Relations that had been made of it. 


But I-wonder that neither Cafavbox nor Duvall in their Editions of © 
Ariftotle’s Works, fhould have taken notice of thefe Miftakes of Gaza, 
and corrected them. And Gefier, and Aldrovawdys, and feveral other 
Learned Men, in quoting this place of Ariftotle, do make ule of this 
faulty Tranflation, which muft neceflarily lead them into Miftakes. 
Sam. Bochartus (7) tho’ he gives Ariftotle’s Text in Greek, and addsa new . 


(x) Cardan de Rerum vayietate, lib.8. cap. 40. p.m. 153. (*) -Apparet ergo ( faith Cardan ) Pyg- 
maoruin Hiftoriam effe fabulofam, quod ¢y Strabo fentit, ¢y noflra 2tas, cum omnia nunc ferme orbis mirabilia 
innotuerint , declarat. Sed quod tantum Philofophum decepit, fuit Homeri Auctoritas non apud illum levis, . 
(y) Bochartt Hierozoic. S. de Anitnalib. S. Script. part. Pojterior. lib. 1. cap. 11+ P.M. 76. : 


Tranflation 


16 A Philological Effy concerning 


Tranflation of it, he leaves out indeed the Craves fighting with the Pyg- 
mies,yet makes them Mez,which Ariftotle do’s not 5 and by anti-placing, 
ut aiunt, he renders Ariffotle’s Affertion more dubious 5 Neque exim (faith 
he,inthe Tranflation) 7d ei fabula, “fed revera, ut aiunt, Genus ibi par- 
vie eS tane Hominui quan Equorum. Fulivs Cafar Scaliger in tranfla- 
ting this Text of Ariftotle, omits both thefe Interpretations of Gaza 5 but 
on the other hand, is no lefsto be blamed in not tranflating at all the 
moft remarkable paflage, and where the Philofopher feems to be fo much 
in earneft ; as, 2 9D &1 Tez UHOG, awn’ ei xeld thd drfdciar, this he 
leaves wholly out, without giving us his reafon for it, if he had any: 
And Scaliger’s (z) infinuation in his Comment , viz. Negat effe fabulaue 
de his (fe. Pygmeis.) Herodotus, at Philofophus femper moderatws © pru- 
dens etiam addidit, mare Atyly, isnot tobe allowed. Nor can I af- 
fent to Sir Thomas Brown's (a.) remark upon this place 5 Where indeed 
(faith he ) Ariftotle plays the Ariftotle; that is, the wary and evading Af- 
Jertor , for tho with non eft fabula he feems at firft to confiru: it, yet at laft 


he claps in, ficut aiunt, and fhakes the belief he placed before upon it. And 


therefore Scaliger (faith he) hath wot tranflated the first, perhaps fuppofing 
it furreptitious, or unworthy fo great az Affertor. But had Scaliger known 
it to be {urreptitious, no doubt but he would have remarked it; and 
then there had been fome Colour for the Glofs. But ’tis unworthy to 
be believed of Arifzotle, who was fo wary and cautious, that he fhouldin 
fo fhort a paflage, contradict himfelf; and after he had fo pofitively af- 
firmed the Truth of it, prefently doubt it. His wane Acylay therefore 
muf{t have a Reference to what follows, Pujillum genus, ut ainut, ipfi atque 
etiam Equi, as Scaliger himfelf tranflates it. 


Ido not here find Ariftotle afferting or confirming any thing of the fa- 
bulous Narrations that had been made about the Pygmies. He does not 
fay that they were avd'pes, OF avOpw7a punegt, OF weraves; he only calls 
them myaio. And difcourfing-of the Pygmies in a place, where he is 
only treating about Brates, ‘tis reafonable to think, that he looked upon 
them only asfuch. ‘This i the place where the Pygmies are; this is no 
fable, faith Ariftotle, as “tis that they are a Dwarfith Race of Men; that 
they {peak the [diaz Languages that they are excellent Archers 5 that 
they are very Juft ; and abundance of other Things that are fabuloufly 
reported of them ; and becaufe he thought them Fables, he does not 
take the leat notice of them, but only faith, This is xo Fable,but aTruth , 
that about the Lakes of Nile fuch Avimals, as are called Pygmies, do live. 
And, as if he had forefeen, that the abundance of Fables that Ctefias 
(whom he faith is not to be believed) and the Indiaz Hiftorians had in- 
vented about them, would make the whole Story to appear as a Figment, 
and render it doubtful, whether there were ever fuch Creatures as Pyg- 


SS 
(2) Scaliger. Comment. in Avifl. Hift. Animal, lib,8.p.m.914. — (b) Sir Thomas Brows Pfeudsdoxia 
or, Enguivies into Vulgar Errors, lib. 4. cap. 11. to ie 


nies 


EE 


i a an NN a 5) oe 


“The PVG MIES of ihe Ancients. 17 


mies in Nature; he more zealoufly afferts the Beizg of them, and affures 
us, That this is xo Fable, but a Truth. 


I fhall therefore now enquire what fort of Creatures thefe Pygmies 
were; and hope, fo to manage the Matter, as ina great meafure, to a- 
bate the Paffion thefe Great Men have had againft them: for, no aoubt, 
what has incenfed them the moft, was, the fabulous Fifforiazs making 
them a part of Mazkind, and then inventing a hundred ridiculous Sto- 
ries about them, which they. would impofe upon the World as real 
Truths. If therefore they have Satisfaction given them in thefe two 
Points, I do not fee, but that the Bufinefs may be accommodated very 
fairly ; and that they may be allowed to be Pygmies, tho’ we do not 
make them Mez. 


For I am not of Gefzer’s mind, Sed veterum nullus (faith he (6)) ali- 
ter de Pygmeais fcripfit, quam Homunciones effe. ad they been a Race of 
Men, no doubt but Arifotle would have informed himfelf farther about 
them. Sucha Curiofity could not but have excited his Inquifitive Ge- 
niuvs, to a ftricter Enquiry and Examination ; and we might eafily have 
expected from him a larger Account of them. But finding them, it may 
be, a fort of Apes, he only tells us, that in fuch a place thefe Pygmies 
live. : 


Herodotus (c) plainly makes them Bruvies : For reckoning up the Azi- 
mals of Libya, he tells us, Kat 8 of dgies of Sa@egueyed Sees, w, of Adoves yee 
TETSE Choi, of LALQaNTES Te Ht, BenTO1,e, camId’S TE x, Wolol Ta neegTe eyovles* x, OF 
xuvoxeparoi (in theMargin ‘tisaxépzros) of ev relat cheat T8s OpDaApess ey ovles 
(5 dt Acyeley ye ad AiEdov) 2, ale cor avd'pes nz, yuualnes bye ley naa AiO 
mma Sneha axgledtdisa'i.e. Lhat there are here prodigiows large Serpents,and 
Lions,and Elephants,and Bears,and Afps,and Affes that have horns,and Cyno- 
cephali, (in the Margin ‘tis Acephali) that have Eyes ix their Breaft , (as is 
reported by the Libyans.) andwild Men, and wild Women, and a great ma- 
ny other wild Beafts that are not fabulous. °Tisevident therefore that He- 
rodotus his &yexor avopes, wy pyaixes cyery are only nese or wild Beatts s_ 
and tho’ they are call’d avdpes, they are no more Mez than our Orang- 
Outang, or Homo Sylveftris, or wild Maz , which has exactly the fame 
Name, and I muft confefs J can’t but <hink is the fame Animal: and. 
that the fame Name has been continued down to us, from his Time, 
and it may be from Homer's. 


_ So Philofiratus {peaking of Aithiopia and Aigypt, tellsus (d), Biaweos 
4 4, Sela Oa By tripe zt, dvOpomes meravas,d pnamMay nmeregr, Tiel eecet-- 
av wey aoTais Ein, 2, UAaxlévrav aMrg ary i.e. Here ave bred wild Bealts 
that are not ix other places ; and black Men, which xo other Country affords 


(b) Gefner. Hiftor. Quadruped. p. m.835. (c) Herodot. Melpomene feu lib.q. p»m.285. (a) Phi- 


lofirapus in vita Apolfon. Tyangi, lib. 6. cap. 1. p. M. 258s 
and 


18 A Philological Effay concerning 


and amonglt them the Nation of the Pygmies, and the BARKERS, that is, _ 


the Gyzocephali. For tho’ Philoftratus is pleafed here only to call them 
Barkers, and to reckonthem, ashe does the Black Mez and the Pygmies 
amongf{t the wild Bea/ts of thofe Countreys ; yet Ctefias, from whom Phi- 
loftratus has borrowed a great deal of his Natural Hiffory, files them 
Men, and makes them {peak, and to perform moft notable Feats in Mer- 
chandifing. But not being in amerry Humour it may be now, before 
he was aware, he {peaks Truth : For Celius Rhodiginus’s (e}) Character 
of him is, Philoftratws omninu quiunquam Hiftoriame confcripferunt, men: 


daciffimus. 


Since the Pygmies therefore are {ome of the Brute Bea/ts that naturally 
breed in thefe Countries, and they are pleafed to let us-know as much, 
I can eafily excufe them a Name. “Avdpes ayer, or Orang-Outang, is 
alike to me ; and Lambetter pleafed with Homer's avdees avyexin, than 
if he had called 71Syxo. Had this been the only Inftance where they had 
mifapplied the Name of Maz, methinks I could be fo good natur’d, as 
in {ome meafure to make an Apology for them. But finding them fo 
extravagantly loofe, fo wretchedly whimfical, in abufing the Dignity of 
Mankind, by giving the Name of Maz-to fuch monftrous Produétions 
of their idle Imaginations, as the Izdian Hiftorians have done, I do not 
wonder that wife Men have fufpetted all that comes out of their Mint, to 
be falfe and counterfeit. 


Such are their "Auwxzeces or” Aspnes, that want Nofes, and have only 
two holes above their Mouth ; they eat all things, but they muft be 
raw 5 they are fhort lived; the upper part of their Mouths is very pro- 
minent. The *Evovexcirey, whofe Ears reach down to their Heels, on 
which they lye and fleep. The”Asosea, that have no Mouths, a civil 
fort of People, that dwell about the Head of the Gages ; and live up- 
on {melling to boil’d Meats and the Odours of Fruits and Flowers ; they 


can bear no ill {cent, and therefore can’t liveina Camp. The Mordu-. 


Melos Or MovdgterApeos, that have but one Eye, and that in the middle of 
their Foreheads , they have Dogs Ears; their Hair ftands an end , but 
fmooth on the Breafts. The Scpdgleraue, that have Eyes in their 
Breafts. The Tevay cpnvoxepzarc: with Heads like Wedges. The Mexpo- 
xeparor, with great Heads. The a‘a$6tcen, who live a Thoufand years. 
The bxizedks, fo fwift, that they will out-run aHorfe. The dmeSodux- 
uaa, that go with their Heels forward, and their Toes backwards. The 
Maxeyouercic, The Szzjzavéaodte, The Movooneacis, who have one Leg ,. 
but will jumpa great way , and are call’d Sciapodes, becaufe when they 
Reise their Backs , with this Leg they can keep off the Sun from their 
Odies. 


Meenas Lh CA ua Sand 
™(c) Calij Rhodigini Leétion. Antiq. lib. 17. cap. 13¢ 
Now 


“+ 


The PVG MI ES of the Ancients. 19 


Now Strabo (f), from whom I have collected the Defcription of 
thefe Monftrous forts of Mez , and they are mentioned too by Plizy, 
Solinus, Mela, Philoftratus, and others; and MuzSter in his Cofiography 
(g) has given a figure of fome of them; Strabo, 1 fay , who was an Ene- 
my to all fuch fabulous Relations, no doubt was prejudiced likewife 
againft the Pygmies, becaufe thefe Hifforiavs had made them a Puny Race 
of Mez, and invented fo many Romances about them. I can no 
ways therefore blame him for denying, that there were ever any fuch 
Mex Pygmies ; and do readily agree with him, that no Maz ever {aw 
them : and am fo far from diffenting from thofe Great Men, who have 
denied them on this account, that I think they have all the reafon in the 
World on their fide. And to fhew how ready I am to clofe with them 

_ in this Point, I will here examine the contrary Opinion, and what Rea- 
fons they give for the fupporting it: For there have been fome Moderzs, 
as well as the Avcients, that have maintained that thele Pygmies were 
real Mez. And this they pretend to prove, both from Humane Authori- 
ty and Divine. 


- Now by Mew Pygmies we are by no means to underftand Dwarfs. In 
all Countries, and in all Ages, there has been now and then obferved 
fuch Miviture of Mankind, or under-fized Men. Cardan (A) tells us he 
*faw one carried about in a Parrot’s Cage , that was but a Cubit high. 
Nicephorws (i) tellsus, that in Theodofivs the Emperour’s time, there 
was one in A‘gypt that was no bigger than a Partridge ; yet what was to 
be admired, he was very Prudent, had a {weet clear Voice, and a ge- 
nerous Mind ; and lived Twenty Years. So likewife a King of Portu- 
gal {ent to a Duke of Savoy,when he married his Daughter to him,an At- 
thiopian Dwarf but three Palms high(&). And Thevenot (1) tells us 
of the Prefent made by the King of the Aby/fizs, to the Grand Seignior, 
of feveral Jittle black Slaves out of Nubia, and the Countries near AEthi- 
opia, which being made Exzuchs, were to guard the Ladies of the Sera- 
glio. Anda great many fuch like Relations thereare. But thefe being 
only Dwarfs, they muft not be efteemed the Pygmies we are enquiring 
about, which are reprefented asa Natiow, and the whole Race of them 
to be of the like ftature. Dari tamen integras Pumilionune Gentes, tare 


falfum est, quane quod falffimum, faith Harduin (a). 


Neither likewife muft it be granted, that tho’ in fome Climates there 
might be Mex generally of lefs {tature, than what are to be met with in 
other Countries, that they are prefently Pygmies. Nature has not fixed 
the fame ftandard to the growth of Mazkind in all Places alike, no more 


(£) Strabo Geograph. lib.15.p.m.489. & lib.2.p.48.@y alibi. (g) Munfler Cofmograph.lib.6.p.11 51. 
(h) Cardan de fubtilitate, lib. 11. p.458- ( i) Nicephor. Hiftor. Ecclefiaft. lib.12. cap. 37. (Rk) Hap- 
pelis in Relat. curiofis, N°. 85. p. 677. (1) Thevenot. Voyage de Levant. lib.2..68. (m) Fo 
Harduini Note in Plinij Nat. Hilt. lib. 6. cap. 22. p. 688. 


D than 


20 A Philological Effay concerning 


than to Brutes or Plants. ‘The Dimenfions of themall, according tu the 
Climate, may differ. If weconfult the Original , viz. Homer that firfk 
mentioned the Pygmies, there are only thefe two Charaeriftics he gives 
of them. That they are Muysrecios few Cubitales ; and that the Craves did 
ufe to fight them. ’Tis true, as a Poet, he calls them avdpes, which I 
have accounted for before. Now if there cannot be found fuch Mex as 
are Cubitales, that the Crazes might probably fight with, notwith{tanding 
all the Romances of the Indiaz Hiftorians, 1 cannot think thefle Pygmies 
to be Mez,but they muft be fome other Avimals, or the whole mutt be a 
Fiction. 

Having premifed this, we will now enquire into their Affertion that 
maintain the Pygmies to bea Race of Mex. Now becaufe there have been 
Giants formerly, that have fo much exceeded the ufual Stature of Maz, 
that there muft be likewife Pygmies as defective in the other extream from 
this Standard, I think is no conclufive Argument, tho’ made ufe of by 
fome. Old Cafpar Bartholine (z) tells us, that becaule 7. Ca/fanins and 
others had wrote de Gygantibus , fince no Body elfe had undertaken it, 
he would give us a Book de Pygmeis ; and fince he makes it his defign to 
prove the Exiftence of Pygmies, and that the Pygmies were Mex, I mutt 
confefs I expected great Matters from him. 


But I do not find he has informed us of any thing more of them, 
than what Fo.Taletonivs, a Profeflor formerly at Parma, had told us be- 
fore in his Variarum & Reconditarum Rerum Thefaurws (0), from whom 
he has borrowed moft of this Tra. He has made it a little more for- 
mal indeed, by dividing it into Chapters ; of which will give you the 
Titles ; and as I fee occafion, fome Remarks thereon: They will not 
be many, becaufe I have prevented my felf already. The firs# Chapter is, 
De Homuncionibus © Pumilionibus feu Nanis 2 Pygmeis diftinitis. The 
Second Chapter, De Pygmai nominibus © Etymologia. The third Chapter, 
Duplex effe Pygmeorum Genus 5 & primum Genus aliquando dari. He 
means Dwarfs, that are no Pygmies at all. The fourth Chapter is, Alte- 


6 


rune Genus, nempe Gentens Pygmeorum effe, aut falter aliquando fuiffe Au- 


toritatibus Humanis, fide tamen dignorum afferitur. “Tis as\ find it prin- 
ted ; and nodoubt an Error inthe printing. The Authorities he gives, 
ate, Homer, Ctefias, Ariftotle, Philoftratus, Pliny, Fuvenal, Oppian, Bap- 
tifa Mantuan, St. Auftin and his Scholiaft. Ludovic. Vives, Fo. Laurentius 
Anania, Foh. Caffanius, Fob. Talentonius, Gellivs, Pomp. Mela, and Olas 
Magus. 1 have taken notice of moft of them already, as I fhall of 
St. Auftin and Ludovicus Vives by and by. ‘Fo. Laurentivs Anania (p) ex 
Mercatorum relatione tradit (faith Bartholize) eos (fc. Pyguseos) in Sep- 
tentrionali Thracie Parte reperiri, (qua Scythia est proxima) atque ibi cum 
Gruibus pugnare. And Fob. Caffanins (q) (as he is here quoted ) faith, 
OOS AMEN SINS MES AL SA MOIS, A 

(n) Ca/par. Bartholim Opnfculum de Pygmais. (0) Fo.Talentonij Variar.¢y recondit. Rerum Thefaurus 


lib.3.cap. 21.  (p) Joh. Laurent. Anania prope finem trackatus primi fue Geograph  (q) Fob. Cafe 
Sanins libetlo de Gygantibus, p. 73- 
De 


The PYG MIE Sof the Ancients. 2% 


De Pygineis fabulofa quidem effe omnia, que de iis narrari folent , aliquan- 
do exiftimavi. Vertns cum videam non unum vel alterum, fed complures 
Clafficos & probatos Autores de his Homunculis multa in candem fere Senten- 
tiam tradidiffe ; ev adducor ut Pygmaos fuiffe infitiari non anufim. Wenext 
brings in Fo. Talestonivs, to whom he is fo much beholden, and quotes 
his Opinion, whichis full and home, Con/fare arbitror Aaith Tilertonins) 
(r) debere concedi, Pygmaos non foline olim fuiffe, fed uunc etiam offe, & 
homines effe, wec parvitatens illis impedimento effe quo minus fint & homines 
_ feat. But werethere fuch Mez Pygwies now in being, no doubt but we 
muft have heard of them fome or other of our Saylors, in their 
Voyages, would have lighted onthem. Tho’ Aréfforle is here quoted , 
yet he does not make them Mez ; So neither does Azania: And I mutt 
own, tho’ Talentozivs be of this Opinion, yet he takes notice of the 
faulty Tranflation of this Text of Aristotle by Gaza : and tho’ the par- 
vity or lownefs of Stature, be no Impediment, becaufe we have fre- 
quently feen {uch Dmarf-Mez, yet we did never fee a Nation of them: 
For then there would be no need of that Talwudical Precept which ob. 
Ludolphys (s) mentions, Nanws ne ducat Nanam, ue forte oriatur ex iis 
Digitalis Gn Bechor. fol. 45.) ‘ 


I had almoft forgotten Olaws Magnus, whom Bartholize mentions in 
the clofe of this Chapter, but lays no great ftrefs upon his Authority, be- 
caufe he tells us, he 1s fabulous ina great many other Relations, and he 
writes but by hear-fay, that the Greelanders fight the Cranes ; Tandenz 
(faith Bartholine) neque ideo Pygmai funt, fe forté fagittis & haftis, ficut 
alij homines, Grues conficiunt G occidunt. This 1 think is great Partia- 
lity : For Cte/fas, an Author whom upon all turns Bartholine makes ufe 
of as an Evidence, is very pofitive, that the Pygmies were excellent Ar- 
chers : fo that he himfelf owns, that their being fuch, illuftrates very 
much that Text in Ezekiel , on which he {pends good part of the next 
Chapter, whofe Title is, Pygw@orun Gens ex Exekiele , atque rationibus 
probabilibys adjtruitur ; which we will confider by and by. And tho’ 
Olaws Magnus may write fome things by hear-fay, yet he cannot be fo fa- 
bulous as Crefras, who (as Lucian tells us)) writes what he neither faw 
himfelf, or heard from any Body elfe. ‘Not that I think Olaws Magnus 
his Greezlanders were real Pygmies, no more than Ctefias his Pygmies were 
real Mex; tho’ he vouches very notably forthem. And if all that have 
copied this Fable from Crefias, muft be look’d upon as the fame Evidence 
with himfelf ; the number of the Te/fizonies produced need not much 
concern us, fince they muft all ftand or fall withhim. 


The probable Reafons that Bartholine gives in the fifth Chapter, are taken 
from other Avimals, as Sheep, Oxen, Horfes, Dogs, the Izdiau Formi- 
ca and Plants: For obferving in the fame Species {ome exceflive large, 


(t) Fo. Talentonius Variar. Uy recondit. Rerum Thefaurus, lib 3.cap. 21. P. M$ 1S. (s) Job, Ludol- 
phi Comment. in Hiftoriam Aithiopic. p.m. 71. 
2 Ue Da and 


22 A Philological Effay concerning — 


and others extreamly little, he infers, Que certé cum in Animalibus G Ve- 
getabilibus fiant 5 cur in Humana fpecie non fit probabile, haud video: in- 
primis cune detur magnitudinis exceffus Gigantaus 5 cur non etiam dabitur 
Defettus 2? Quia ergo dantur Gigantes, dabuntur S Pygmai. Quam con- 
fequentiam ut firmam, admittit Cardanus, (t) licet de Pygmais hoc tantun 
concedat, qui pro miraculo, nox pro Gente. Now Cardan, tho he allows 
this Confequence, yet in the fame place he gives feveral Reafons why 
the Pygmies could not be Mez, and looks upon the whole Story as fabu- 
lous. Bartholize concludes this Chapter thus: Olterits ut Probabilitatem 
fulciamus, addendum Sceleton Pygmai, quod Drelde vidinus inter alia plu- 
rinea, fervatum in Arce fereniff. Electoris Saxoniz, altitudine infra Cubitune, 
Offium foliditate, proportioneque tum Capitis, tum aliorum 5 ut Embrionem, 
aut Artificiale quid Nemo rerum peritus fufpicari polit. Addita infuper est 
Infcriptio Ver1 Pygmzi. I hereupon looked into Dr. Brown's Travels in- 
to thofe Parts, who has given us a large Catalogue of the Curiofities, the 
Elecfor of Saxony had at Drefdez, but did not find amongft them this 
Sceleton ; which, by the largenefs of the Head, I fufpect to be the Sce- 
leton of an Orang-Outang, or our wild Man. But had he given us either 
a Figure of it, or amore particular Defcription, it had beena far greater 
Satisfaction. 


The Title of Bartholine’s fixth Chapter is, Pygmaos effe aut fuiffe ex va- 
ris eorum adjunEis, accidentibus , &c. ab Authoribus defcriptis oftenditur. 
As firft, their Magzitude : which he mentions from Crefias, Pliny, Gelli- 
asand Fuvezal ; and tho’ they do not all agree exactly, “tis nothing. 
Autorun hic diffenfus nullus eit (faith Bartholine) etenin ficut in noftris ho- 
minibus, ita indubié in Pygmeais non omnes ejufden: magnitudinis. 2.The 
Place and Country : As Ctefras (he faith) places them in the middle of Jz- 
dia; Ariftotle and Pliny at the Lakes above Aigypt; Homer's Scholiaft in 
the middle of Egypt; Plizy at another time faith they are at the Head 
of the Gazges, and fometimes at Gerania, which isin Thracia, which be- 
ing near Scythia, confirms (he faith) Avania’s Relation. Mela places 
them at the Arabian Gulf; and Paulus Fovius docet Pygmaos ultra Fapo- 
nen. effe; and adds, has Autorum diffenfrones facile fuerit conciliare 5 nec 
uirum diverfas relationes a Plinio auditas. For (faith he ) as the Tartars 
often change their Seats, fince they do not live in Houfes, but in Tents, 
fo *tis no wonder that the Pygwies often change theirs, fince inftead of 
Houfes they live in Caves or Huts, builtof Mud, Feathers, and Egg- 
fhels. Andthis mutation of their Habitations he thinks is very plain 
from Plizy, where {peaking of Gerania, he faith, Pygmcorum Gens fuifle 
(non jam effe.) proditur, creduntque a Gruibus fugatos. Which paflage 
(faith Bartholine) had Adrian Spigelivs confidered, he would not fofoon 
have left Arzfotle’s Opinion, becaufe Franc. Alvares the Portugnefe did 
not find themin the place where Aristotle left them; for the Craves, it 


(t) Cardan.de Rerum varietate, lib. 8. cap. 40. 
may 


may be, haddriven themthence. His third Article is, their Habitation, 
which Arisfotle faith is inCaves.; hencethey are Troglodytes. Pliny tells 
us they build Huts with Mud, Feathers, and Ege-fhells.. But what Bar- 
tholine adds, Eo quod Terre Cavernas inhabitent , non injuria digi funt o- 
line Pyemai, Terre filit , is wholly new to me, and I have not met with 
it in any Author before : tho’ he gives us here feveral other fignificati- 
ons of the word Terre filij froma great many Authors, which i-will not 
trouble you at prefent with. 4. The Form, being flat nofed and ugly, 
as Ciefras. 5. Uheir Speech, which was the fame as the Indians,as Ctefias 3 
and for this I find he has no other Author. 6. Their Hair; where he 
quotes Ctefias again, that they make ufe of it for Clothes. 7. Their Ver- 
tues and Arts 5 as that they ufe the fame Lawsasthe Indiams, are very jut, 
excellent Archers, and that the King of Izdia has Three thoufand of 
them in hisGuards. All from Creféas. 8. Their Avimzals , as in Ctefias ; 
and here are mentioned their Sheep, Oxen, Affes, Mules, and Horfes. 
g. Their various Acions ; as what Ctefias relates of their killing Hares and. 
Foxes with Crows,Eagles,@c. and fighting the Craves, as Homer, Pliny, 
Fuvenal. oe 


The fevexth Chapter in Bartholize has a promifing Title, Az Pygmei 
fent homines, and Yexpected here fomething more to our purpofe; but 
find he rather endeavours to anfwer the Reafons of thofe that would 
make them Apes, than to lay down any of his own to provethem Mez. 
And Albertws Magnus’s Opinion he thinks abfurd, that makes them part. 
Men part Beafts ; they muft be either one or the other, not a Medium 
between both ; and to make out this, he gives us a large Quotation out: 
of Cardan. But Gardan (w_) in the fame place argues that they are not 
Men. As to Sweffanws (w_) his Argument, that they want Reafoy, this. 
he will not grant ; but if they ufe it lefs, or more imperfectly than o- 
thers (which yet, he faith, is not certain) by the fame parity of Rea- 
fon, Childrez, the Beotians, Cumani and Naturals may not be reckoned 
Men; and he thinks, what he has mentioned in the preceding Chapter - 
out of Ctefias, &c. fhews that they have no {mall ufe of Reafon. As to 
Suefanus’s next Argument, that they want Religion, Juftice, Gc. this, he - 
faith, is not confirmed by any grave Writer ; and if it was, yet it would» 
not prove that they are not Mew. For this defect (he faith ) might 
hence happen, becaufe they are forced to live in Caves for fear of the - 
Cranes ; and others befides them, are herein faulty. For this Opinion, 
that the Pygmies were Apes and not Mez, he quotes likewife Benedittus - 
Varchius (x), and Fok. Tinnulus (y), and Paulus Fovivs (z), and feve-- 
ral others of the Moderns, he tells us, are of the {ame mind. Iprimis - 
Geographict quos non puduit in Mappis Geographicis loco Pyguscorun fentias 
cum Gruibus pugnantes ridicule dipinxiffe. 

(uw) Cardan. de Rerum varietate, lib. 8.cap. 40. _(w) Sueflanus Comment. in Arift. de Hiflor. Ani 


mal. lib. 8, cap. 12. (x) Benedig#, Varchivs de Monflris. lingua vernaculae  (y) Fob. Tinnulus im Glotte.~ 
Chiyfiow (z) Paulus Fovins lib. de Mufcovit. Legatione. Th 
€ eS 


2, A Philological Effay concerning 


The Title of Bartholine’s eighth and lat Chapter is, Argumenta eorune 
qui Pygmeorun Historian fabulofave cenfentrecitantur © refutaxtur. Where 
he tells us, the only Perfon amongft the Ancients that thought the Sto- 
ry of the Pygmies to be fabulous was Strabo; but among{t the Moderns 
there are feveral, as Cardan, Budeus, Aldrovandus, Fullerws and others. 
The firft Objection (he faith) is that of Spigelivs and others ; that fince 
the whole World is now difcovered, how happens it, that thefe Pyg- 
mies are not to be met with ? He has feven Anfwers to this Objection ; 
how fatisfactory they are, the Reader may judge, if he pleafes, by per- 
-ufing them amongft the Quotations(<). Cardaz’s {econd Objection (he 
faith) is, that they live but eight years, whence feveral Inconveniences 
would happen, as Cardaz fhews ; he anfwers that no good Author af- 
ferts this; and if there was, yet what Cardaz urges would not follow ; 
and inftances out of Artemidorws in Pliny (b), a8a Parallel in the Calin- 
g@a Nation of India, where the Women conceive when five years old, and 
do not live above eight. Gefner {peaking of the Pygmies, faith, Vite an- 
tent longitudo anni arciter otto ut Albertus refért. Cardaz perhaps had his 
Authority from Albertws, or it may be both took it from this paflage in 
Pliny, which I think would betteragree to Apesthan Mex. But Artemi- 
doras being an Izdian Hifforian, and inthe fame place telling other Ro- 
mances, the lefs Creditis to be given tohim. The third Objection, he 
faith, is of Corzelivs @ Lapide, who denies the Pygmies , becaule Homer 
was the firft Author of them. The fourth Objection he faith is, becaufe 
Authors differ about the Place where they fhould be: This, he tells us, 
he has anfwered already in the fifth Chapter. The fifth and laft Objection 
the mentionsis, that but few have feen them. He anfwers, there are a 
‘great many Wonders in Sacred and Profane Hiftory that we have not 
feen, yet muft not deny. And he inftances in three; As the Formice 
Indice, which are as bigs as great Dogs: The Corzu Plantabile in the 
fland Goa, which when cut off from the Beaft, and flung upon the 
Ground, will take root like a Cabbage: And the Scotland Geefe that 
grow upon Trees, for which he quotes a great many Authors, and fo 
concludes. 


Now how far Bartholine in this Treatife has made out that the Pygmies 
of the Ancients were real Mex, either from the Authorities he has quo- 
ted, or his Reafonings upon them, I fubmit to the Reader. TI fhall pro- 
ceed now (as I promifed) to confider the Proof they pretend from Ho- 


(a) Reffondeo 1. Contrarium teftari Mercatorum Relationem apud Ananiam fupra Cap. 4. 2. Et licet 
non inventi effent vivi d quolibet, pari jure Monocerota gy alia negare liceret. 3. Qui maria pernavigantjvix 
oras paucas maritimas luftrant, adeo non terras omnes d mari diffitas. 4. Neque m Oris illos habitave mari- 
timis ex Capite quinto manifeftum eff. 5. Quis teftatum fe omnem adhibuiffe diligentiam in inquirendo eos ut 
inveniret. 6 TItain terra habitant, ut in Antris vitam tolerare dicantur. 7. Si vel maximé omni abomni- 
bus diligentia quafiti fuiffent, nec inventi 5 fieri poteft, ut inftar Gigantum jam defierint nec fint amplits. 

(b) Plinij Hift. Nat. lib. 7. cap. 2. pe Ms 14s ; 


ly 


ly Writ : For Bartholize and others infift upon that Text in Ezekiel (Cap. 
27. Verf. 11.) where the Vilger Tranflation has it thus ; Filij Arvad 
cum Exercitu tuo fupra Muros tuos per circnitum, © Pygmei in Turribus 
tuis fuerunt 5 Scuta fua fufperderunt fupra Muros tuos per circuitum. Now 
Lalentonius and Bartholive think that what Ctefias relates of the Pygmies, 
as their being good Archers, very well illuftrates this Text of Ezekiel - 
I fhall here tranfcribe what Sir Thexzas Browz (c_) remarks upon it; and 
if any one requires farther Satisfaction, they may confult Fob Lidolphus’s 
Conment on his /Ethiopic Hiftory (4). 


The fecond Teftimony (faith Sir Thomas Brown) is deduced frou Holy 
Scripture 5 thus rendered in the Vulgar Tranflation, Sed & Pygmzxi qui e- 
rant in turribus tuis, pharetras fuas {ufpenderunt in muris tuis per gyrum : 
from whence notwith{tanding we cannot infer this Affertion,for first the Tranf- 
lators accord not,and the Hebrew word Gammadim # very varionfly rendered. 
Though Aquila, Vatablus avd Lyra will have it Pygmei, yet in the Sep- 
tuagint, zis 20 more ther Watchmen; and fo in the Arabick and High- 
Dutch. Iz the Chalde, Cappadocians, zz Symmachus, Medes, azd i. 
the French, thofe of Gamed. Theodotian of old, aud Tremellius of Jate, 
have retained the Textuary word ; and fo have the \talian, Low Dutch. 
and Englith Tranflators, that is, the’Mex of Arvad were upon thy Walls: 
round about, and the Gammadims were in thy Towers. 


Nor do Men only diffent in the Tranflation of the word , but in the Expo-. 
fition of the Senfe and Meaning thereof 3 for fome by Gammadims underftand ' 
a People of Syria, fo called frou the City of Gamala 5 fome hereby underftand. 
the Cappadocians, many the Medes : and: hereof Forerius bath a fingular 
Expofition, conceiving the Watchmen of Tyre, might well be called Pygmies, 
the Lowers of that City being fo high, that.unto Mex below, they appeared in- 
a Cubital Stature. Others expound it quite contrary to common Acception,. 
that is not Men of the least, but of the largest fize 5 fo doth Cornelius con- 
firue Pygmei, or Viri Cubitales, that i, not Men of a Cubit high, but of 
the largeft Stature, whofe height like that of Giants, is rather to be taken by. 
the Cubit than the Foot ; ix which phrafe we read the meafure of Goliah ,. 
whofe height is {aid to be fix Cubits and a fpan. Of affinity heretois alfo the- 
Expofition of Jerom 3 not taking Pygmies for Dwarfs, but fiout and vali-- 
ant Champions + not taking the fenfe of muvyun, which fignifies the Cubit mea-- 
Sure, but that which expreffeth Pugils 5 that is, Men fit for Combat and the 
Exercife of the Fift. Thus can there be no fatisfying lation fron this Text, 
the diverfity, or rather contrariety of Expofitions and Interpretations diftratt-- 
ing more than confirming the Truth of the Story. 


But why Aldrovandws or Cafbar Bartholine fhould bring in St. Auftéz as 
a Favourer of this Opinion of Mew Pygmies, Ifee no Reafon. Tome 


(c) Sir Thomas Brown's Enquiries into Vulgar Evvors, lib. 4. cap. 11. p. 242. (d)> Cemment. in Hift. 
LEthiopic. Ps 73> 
te 


aha - 


26 A Phiiological Eff concerning sh 
_ he feems to affert quite the contrary : For propofing this Queftion, dz 
ex propagine Adam vel filiorum Noe, quedam genera Hominune Monftrofa 
prodierunt 2 He mentions a great many monftrous Nations of Mew, as 
they are defcribed by the Izdiaw Hifforians, and amongft the reft, the 
Pygmies, the Sciopodes , &c. And adds, Quid dicam de Cynocephalis, 
quorut Canina Capita atque ipfe Latratus magis Beftias quam Homines confi- 
tentur 2? Sed omnia Genera Hominum, que dicuatur cffe, effe credere, non 
eff neceffe. And afterwards fo fully expreffes himfelf in favour of the 
Hypothefis 1am here maintaining, that 1 think ita great Confirmation of 
it. Nan & Simias (faith he) & Cercopithecos, & Sphingas, frnefcivenus 
now Homines effe, fed Beftias, poffent ifti Hiftorict de [ua Curiofitate glorian- 
tes velut Gentes aliquas Hominum nobis impunita vanitate mentiri. At \aft 
he concludes and determines the Queftion thus, Aut ia , que talia de 
quibufdaue Gentibus [cripta Junt, onmino nulla fut, ant fe funt , Homines 
won funt, aut ex Adam funt fe honrines funt. . 


There is nothing therefore in St. Au(tiz that juftifies the being of Mez 
Pygmies, or that the Pygmies were Mens he rather makes them Apes. 
And there is nothing in his Scholiaft Ludovicws Vives that tends this way, 
he only quotes from other Authors, what might illuftrate the Text he 
is commenting upon, and no way aflerts their being Mez. I fhall 
therefore next enquire into Bochartws’s Opinion, who would have them 
to be the Nube or Nobe@. Hos Nubas Troglodyticos (faith (e) he) ad A- 
valitem Sinum effe Pygmaos Veterun multa probant. He gives us five Rea- 
fons to prove this. As, 1. The Authority of Hefychiws, who faith 
Nate Muyo. 2. Becaufe Homer places the Pygmies near the Ocean, 
where the Nube were. 3. Ariffotle places them at the Lakes of the Nile. 
Now by the Nile Bochartus tells us, we muft underftand the Aftaboras , 
which the Ancients thought to be a Branch of the Nile, as he proves 
from Pliny, Solinws and Aithicuws. And Ptolomy (he tells us) places the 
Nube hereabout 4.Becaufe Ariftoile makes the Pygmies to be Troglodytes, 
and fo were the Nube. 5. He urges that Story of Nownofzs which I 
have already mentioned, and thinks that thofe that Nozzofus met with, 
were a Colony of the Nube; but afterwards adds, Quos tamen abfit ut 
putemus Staturd fuiffe Cubitali, prout Pocte fingunt , qui omniain majus au- 
gent. But this methinks {poils them from being Pygmies; feveral other 
Nations at this rate may be Pygmies as well as thefe Nube. Befides, he 
does not inform us, that thefe Nube uled to fight the Craves 5 and if they 
donot, and were not Cubitales, they can’t be Homer's Pygmies, which 
we are enquiring after. But the Notion of their being Mez, had fo pof- 
fefled him, that it put him upon fancying they muft be the Nube; but 
‘tis plain that thofe in Nozzofzs could not be a Colony of the Nu- 
be 5 tor then the Nube muft have underftood their Language, which the 


(€) Sam. Bochart. Geograph Sacra, Part. i. lib. 2. cap. 23.p. M. 142. 


Text 


Text faith, none of the Neighbourhood did. And becaufe the Nubz 
are Troglodytes, that therefore they muft be Pygmies, is no Argument at 
all. For Troglodytes here is ufed as an Adjetive ; and there is a fort of 
Sparrow which is called Paffer Troglodytes. Not but that in Africa there 
was a Nation of Mez called TIroglodytes, but quite different from our 
Pygmies. How far Bochartws may be inthe right, in guefling the Lakes 
of the Nile (whereabout Ari/fotle places the Pyemies) to be the Fountains 
of the River Aftaboras, which in his defcription, and likewife the Map, 
he places in the Country of the Avalite, near the Moffjlon Emporini st 
fhall not enquire. This Iam certain of, he mifreprefents Aristotle where 
he tells us (f), Quanevis in ea fabula hoc faltenr verum effe afferat Philofoe 
phus, Puflos Homines in iis locis degere : for as 1 have already obferved 5 
Ariftotle in that Text faith nothing at all of their being Mex: the con- 
trary rather might be thence inferred, that they were Brutes. And Bo- 
charts Tranflation, as well as Gaza’s is faulty here, and by no means to 
be allowed, viz. Ut ainnt, genus ibi parvum est tam Hominum, quan E- 
quorum;which had Bochartws confidered,he would not have been fo fond 
itmay be of his Nube. And if the N&€o Muyueio in Hefychivs are fach 
Pygmies as Bochartus makes his Nube; Quos tamen abfit ut putemus flatura 
fuiffe Cubitalz, it will not do our bufinefs at all ; and neither Hower’s Au- 
thority, nor Ariffotle’s does him any Service. 


But this Fable of Men Pygmies has not only obtained amongft the 
Greeks and Indian Hiftorians : the Arabians \ikewile tell much fuch Sto- 
ries of them, as the fame learned Bochartws informs us. I will give his 
Latin Tranflation of one of them, which he has printed in Arabick al- 
fo: Arabes ide (faith (¢) Bochartus) referunt ex cujufdam Greculifide, 
qui Jacobo Maaci/ilio, Sigarienfi fertur ita xarraffe. Navigabam aliquando 
in mari Lingitano, @ impulit me ventws in quandam Infulam. In cujus 
Oppidum cum deveniffem, reperi Incolas Cubitalis effe ftature, O plerofque Co- 
clites. Quorum multitudo in me congregata me deduxit ad Regen funm. 
Fulfit is, ut Captivus detinerer 8 in quandam Cavee fpecien conjettus fur 
eos autem aliquando ad bellum inftrui cum viderem, dixerunt Hoften immi- 
neve, C fore ut propediew ingrueret. Nec wultd poft Gruun exercitus in 
eos infurrexit.  Atque ideo erant Coclites, quod corum oculos he confodiffent. 
Atque Ego, virga affumpta, in cas impetum feci,  ille avolarunt atque au- 
fugerunt , ob quod faciuus in honore fui apud illos. ‘This Author,it feems, 
reprefents them under the fame Misfortune with the Poet, who firft men- 
tioned them, as being blind, by having their Eyes peck’d out by their 
cruel Enemies. Such an Accident poffibly might happen now and then, 
in thefe bloody Engagements, tho’ I wonder the Indian Hifforians have 
not taken notice of it. However the Pygwies fhewed themfelves grate- 
ful to their Deliverer, in heaping Hozours on him. One would guels, 


(f) Bocharti Hieroxoict pars Pofferior, lib, 1. cap. 11. p. 76 — (g) Bochartus ibid.-p. m. 77. 


for 


28 A Philological Effay concerning 


for their own fakes, they could not do le(s than make him their Gexera- 
Liffewo 5 but our Author is modeft in not declaring what they were. 


Ifaac Voffivs {eems to unfettle all, and endeavours utterly to ruine the 
whole Story : for hetells us, If you travel all over Africa, you fhall not 
meet with either a Crane or Pyguzie : Se mirari (faith (hb) Sfaac Volfivs ) 
Ariftotelem, quod tam ferid affirmet non effe fabellam, que de Pygmais & 
Bello, quod cum Gruibus gerant, narrantur. Si quis totam pervadat Afri- 
cam, zullas vel Grues vel Pygua@os invenict. Now one would wonder 
more at Voffivs, that he fhould affert this of AréZotle, which he never faid. 
And fince Voffivs is fo miftaken in what he relates of Ari/fotle ; where he 
might fo eafily have been in the right, *tis not improbable, but he may 
be out in the reft too: For who has travelled all Africa over, that could 
inform him? And why fhould he be fo peremptory in the Negative, when 
he had fo pofitive an Affirmation of Ariffotle to the contrary? or if he 
would not believe Ariffotle’s Authority,methinks he fhould Ariffophazes’s, 
who tells us (2), Eaetpew ze wav VieguG@. upatCa is tld AiCulee welaycophi. 
‘Tis time to fow when the noify Cranes take their flight into Libya. Which 
Obfervation is likewife made by Hefiod, Theognis, Aratus, and others. 
And Maximus Tyrivs (as1 find him quoted in Bochartys) faith, Ai yex- 
v1 JE Aiwrls wpa Sepss apisauavey, Ex arveyduevey 7) SarTG., rewacay wt- 
pozas wane isle, pieclay ded TS cep eld ri! Suber ys. i.e. Grues per e- 
fiatem ex fEgypto abfcedentes , quia Calorem pati non poffunt, alis velorum 
inftar expanfis, per aeren ad Scythicam plagan recta feruntur. Which 
fully confirms that Migration of the Crazes that Ari/fotle mentions. 


But Voffivs 1 find, tho’ he will not allow the Graves, yet upon fecond 
Thoughts did admit of Pygmies here : For this Story of the Pygmies and 
the Grawes having made {o much zoife , he thinks there may be fome- 
thing of truth init ; and then gives us his Conjecture, how that the 
Pygmies may be thofe Dwarfs, that are to be met with beyond the Foun- 
tains of the Nile ; but that they do not fight Crazes but Elephants, and 
kill a great many of them, and drive a confiderable Traffick for their 
Teeth with the Fag7, who fell them to thofe of Coxgo and the Portuguefe. 
I will give you Voffiws’s own words ; Attamen (faith(k) he) ut folext 
fabelle now de nikilo fingi & aliquod plerunque continent veri, id ipfum quo 
que hic fakum effe exiftino. Certum quippe est ultra Nili fontes multos re- 
perirt Nanos, qui tamen non cum Gruibws, fed cum Elephantis perpetuum ge- 
rant bellum. Dae quippe Eboris commercium in regno magni Macoki 


per iftos tranfigitur Homunciones , habitant in Sylvis, © mira dexteritate. 


Elephantos fagittis conficiunt. Carnibus vefcuntur, Dentes vero Jagis diven- 
dunt, illt autem Congentibus & Lufitanis. 


(h) Taac Voffiis de Nili aliorumque fluminum Origine, Cap.18. (i) Ariftophanes in Nubibus, 
(k) Taac Voffius ibid. , 


Fob 


ee ee 


a i hg i oe 


The P VG MIE S of the Ancients, 29 


Fob Ludolphus (L) in his Commentary on his ithiopick Hiffory remarks, 
That there was never known a Nation all of Dwarfs. Nazi quippe faith 
Ludolphus.) Nature quodau ervore ex aliis jufte flature hominibws generan- 
tur. Qualis vero ea Gens fit, ex qua ifta Nature Ludibriatanta copia pro- 
veniant, Volfiume docere oportebat, quia Pumilioues Puiles alios non gig- 
nunt, fed plerunque fteriles funt, experientia tefles nt plané nox opus habne- 
runt Dottores Talundict Nanorum matrimonia prohibere, ve Digitales ex iis 
nafcerentur. Ludolphws it may be is a little too ftrict with Voffzvs for cal- 
ling them Nani ; he may only mean a fort of Men in that Country of 
lefs Stature than ordinary. And Dapper in his Hiftory of Africa, from 
whom Vojfiws takes this Account, defcribes {uch inthe Kingdom of Mo- 
koko, he calls Miwos, and tells us that they kill Elephazts. But I {ee no 
reafon why Voffiws fhould take thefe Men for the Pygmies of the Ancien‘s, 
or think that they gave any occafion or ground for the inventing this Fa- 
ble, if there was no other reafon, this was fufficient, becaufe they were 
able to kill the Elephants. The Pygmies were {carce a Match: for the - 
Granes ; and for them to have encountred an Elephant, were as vain an 
Attempt, as the Pygmies were guilty of in Philoftratus (#), ‘who to re- 
* venge the Death of Aztews, having found Hercules napping in Libya, 
* muttered up all their Forces againft him. One Phalanx (he tells us) af- 
* faulted his Jefthands but again{t his right hand, that being the ftron- 
‘ger, two Phalanges were appointed. The Archers and Slingers befieg- 
* ed his feet,admiring the hugeneis of his Thighs ; But againft his Head, 
“as the Arfenal, they raifed Batteries, the King himfelf taking his Poft 
“there. They fet fire to hisHair, put Reaping-hooks in his Eyes; and - 
“that he might not breath , clapp'd Doors to his Mouth and Noftrils ; 
“but al! the Execution that they could do, was only to awake him, 
* which when done,deriding their folly, he gather'd them all up into his 
* Lion’s Skin, and carried them ( Philoftratws thinks) to Eurifthenes. This 
Anteus was as remarkable for his height, as the Pygmies were for their 
lownefs of Stature: For Plutarch (w_) tells us, that 2. Sertorivs not being 
willing to truftCommon Fame, when he came to Tizgis (now Tangier _) 
he caufed Aztexs’s Sepulchre to be opened , and found his Corps full 
threefcore Cubits long. But Sertorivs knew well enough how to impofe 
upon the Credulity of the People, as is evident from the Story of his 
white Hiwd,which Plutarch likewife relates. - 


But to return to our Pygwies tho’ moft of the great and learned Men 
would (tem to decry this Story as a Fiction and meer Fable, yet there is 
fomething of Truth, they think, muft have given the firft rife to it,and 
that it was not wholly the product of Phancy, but had fome real foun- 
dation, tho’ difguifed ,according to the different Imagination and Gexziws 


C1) Fob Ludolphis in Comment. in Hiftoriam Zthiopicam, p.m.71-  (m) Philoftratits. Icon. lib. 20 
P.m.817, (a) Plutarch, invita Q: Sertorij, 
: E.2 m of 


30 A Philological Effay concerning - 


of the Relator : Fis this that has incited them to give their feveral Con- 
jeGures about it. Fob Ludolphys finding what has been offered at in Re- 
lation to the Pygmies, not to fatisfie, he thinks he can better account for 
this Story, by leaving out the Crazes, and placing in their ftead, another 
fort of Bird he calls the Covdor. 1 will give you his own words: Sed 
ad Pygmaos (faith (0) Ludolphus) revertamur 5 fabula de Geranomachia 
Pygmeorum fen pugna cum Gruibus etiam aliquid de vero trabere videtur, fe 
pro Gruibus Condoras ixtelligas, Aves in interiore Africa maximas, ut fi- 
dem pene excedat 5 aiunt enin quod Ales ifta vitulum Elephanti in Acrem 
extollere polfit 3 ut infra docebimus. Cum his Pygmaeos puguare , ne pecora 
fia vapiant , incredibile nox est. Error ex eo natus videtur, quod primus 
Relator, alio vocabulo deftitutus, Grues pro Condoris nominarit, ficuti Plau- 
tus Picos pro Gryphibus, G Romani Boves lucas pro Elephantis dixere. 


‘Tis true, if what Fuveral only in ridicule mentions, was to be ad- 
mitted asa thing really done, that the Graves could fy away with a Pyg- 
mie, as our Kites can witha Chicken, there might be fome pretence for 
Ludovicys’s Condor or Cundor : For he mentions afterwards ( p _) out of 
P. Fob. dos Santos the Portuguefe, that ‘twas obferved that one of thefe 
Condors once flew away with an Ape, Chain , Clog and all, about 
ten or twelve pounds weight, which he carried toa neighbouring Wood, 
and there devoured him. And Garcilaffo de la Vega (q) relates that 
they will feize and fly away with a Child ten or twelve years old. 
But Fuveral (r) only mentions this in ridicule and merriment, where 
he faith, 


Ad fubitas Thracum volucres, nubemque fonorane 
Pygzeos parvis currit Bellator in armis : 

Moz impar hofti, raptufque per aera curvis 
Oneuibus a feva fertur Gal 


Befides, were the Coxdors to be taken for the Cranes, it would utterly 
ipoil the Pygw@omachia ; for where the Match is fo very unequal, ‘tis 
impoffible for the Pygwies to make the leaft thew of a fight. Ldolphus 
puts as great hardfhips on them, to fight thefe Cozdors , as Voffins did, in 
making themi fight Elephants,but not with equal Succefs; for Voffiws's Pyg- 
mies made great Slaughters of the Elephants; but Ludolphus his Cranes 
fweep away the Pygmies,as eafily as an Owl would a Mox/e, and eat them 
up into the bargain; now I never heard the Crazes were fo cruel and 
barbarous to their Enemies, tho’ there are fome Nations in the World 
that are reported to do fo. 


Moreover, thefe Cowdor’s I find are very rare to be met with; and 


(0) Fob Ludolphus Comment. in Hiltoriam fuam Akthiopic. p. 73- (p) Fob-Ludolphus ibid. pag. 164. 
(q) Garcilaffo de laVega Royal Comment. of Peru. (r) Fuvenal Satyr.13. verf. V67. 


when 


+ 


Me ei CARDES foe Mes x 


when they are, they often appear fingle, or but a few. Now Hower’s, 
and the Crazes of the Ancients, are always reprefented in Flocks. Thus 
Oppiaz (s.) as 1 find him tranflated into Latin Verfe : . 


Et velut Hithiopum veniunt, Nilique flucrta 
Turmatin Palamedis Aves, celfeque per aliun: 
Aera labentes fugiunt Athlanta nivofun, 
Pygm@os insbelle Genus, parvumque fatigant, 
Nox perturbato procedunt ordine denfe 
Inftructis volucres obfcurant aéra Turmis. 


To imagine thefe Grues a fingle Gigantick Bird, would much leflen the 
Beauty of Homer's Simile, and would not, have {erved his turn ; and there 
are none who have borrowed Homer's fancy, but have thought fo. 1 
will only farther inftance in Baptifta Mantuan : 


Pygitei breve vulews, iners Plebecula, quando 

Convenere Grues longis in prelia roftris, 

Sublato clamore fremunt, dumque agmine magno 
Joftibus occurrit, tellus tremit Indica, clamant 

Littora, arenarum nimbis abfconditur aér 5 

Oxenis & involvit Pulvis folemque, Poluneque, 

Et Genws hoc Hominum natura inbelle , quietun, 

Mite, facit Mavors pugnax, inmane Cruentui.. 


Having now confidered and examined the various Opinions of thefe 
learned Men concerning this. Pygmeomachia and reprefented the Rea- 
fons they give for maintaining their ConjeCtures 31 fhall beg leave to fub- 
joyn my own: and if what at prefent I offer, may feem more probable, 
or account for this Story with more likelyhood, than. what hath hitherto. 
beenadvanced, I fhall not think my time altogether mifpent: But if this 
will not do, I fhall never trouble my head more about them , nor think 
my felf any ways concerned to write on this Argument again. And — 
had not done it now, but upon the occafion of Diflecting this Orang- 
Outang, or wild Maz, which being a Native of Africe,and brought from 
Angola, tho’ firtt taken higher up inthe Country , as 1 was informed by 
the Relation given me; and obferving fo greata Refemblance, both 
in the outward fhape, and, what furprized me more, in the Structure 
likewile of the inward Parts, toa Maz; this Thought was eafily fug- 
gefted to me, That very probably this Avimal, or fome other fuch of 
the fame Species, might give the fir{t rife and occafion to the Stories of the 
Pygmies. What has been the rpa7o IASG, and rendered this Story fo 
difficult to be believed, I find hath been the Opinion that has generally 


er ST 


(5) Oppian. lib, 4. de Pifcibuss 
obtained: 


¥ 


32 A Fhilological Effay concerning 


obtained ,that thefle Pyemies were really a Race of /éttle Mex.And tho’ they 
are only Brutes, yet being at firit call’d mild Mex, no doubt from the 
Frefemblance they bear to Mex; there havenot been wanting thofe efpe- 
cially amongft the Ancients, who have invented a hundred ridiculous 
Stories concerning them; and have attributed thofe things to them, were 
they to be believed in what they fay, that neceflarily conclude them real 
Men. 


To fum up therefore what I have already difcourfed , I think I have 
proved , that the Pygmies were not an Hlemane Species or Mex. And 
tho’ Homer, who firft mentioned them, calls them ardees myucio, yet 
we need not underftand by this Expreflion any thing more than Apes : 
And tho’ his Geranomachia hath been lock’d upon by moft only as a 
Poetical Fiction ; yet by afligning what might be the true Caufe of this 
Quarrel between the Craves and Pygmies, and by divefting it of the ma- 
ny fabulous Relations that the Izdiaz Hifforians, and others, have load- 
ed it with, I have endeavoured to render it a true,at leaft a probable Sto- 
ry. I have inftanced in Crefas and the Indian Hifforians, asthe Authors 
and Inventors of the many Fables we have had concerning them : Par- 
ticularly, I have Examined thofe Relations, where Speech or Language 

*i8 attributed to them ; and fhewn, that there is no reafon to believe, 
that they ever {pake any Languageatall. Butthele Indiaz Hiftorians ha- 
ving related fo many extravagant Romances of the Pygmies, asto render | 
their whole Hiftory fulpected, nay to be utterly denied, that there were 
ever any fuch Creatures as Pygmies in Nature, both by Strabo of old, and 
moft of our Learned Men of late,I have endeavoured to affert the Truth 
of their being, froma Text in Ariftotle ; which being fo pofitive in af- 
firming their Exiftence, creates a difficulty, that can no ways be got over 
by fuch as are of the contrary Opinion. This Text I have vindicated 
from the falfe Interpretations and Gloffes of feveral Great Men, who had 
their Minds fo prepoffefled and prejudiced with the Notion of Mez Pyg- 
wes, that they often would quote it, and mifapply it, tho’ it contain’d 
nothing that any ways favoured their Opinion ; but the contrary rather, 

_ that they were Brutes, and not Mex. 


And that the Pygmies were really Brates, Ithink I have plainly pro- 
ved out of Herodotus and Philoftratws , who reckon them amongft the 
wild Beafts that-breed in thofe Countries: For tho’ by Herodotws they are 
call'd ard pes &yexos, and Philoftratws calls them apenes weraves, yet both 
makethem Qveze or wild Beafts. And I might here add what Paufanias 
(t) relates from Exphemus Car, whoby contrary Winds was driven upon 
fore Tflands, where he tells us, ev 4 rovzaic oinew avDegs eyetss, but 
when he comes to defcribe them, tells us that they had no Speech; 


(t) Panjanias in Attic, ps mM. 20, 
that 


the PYG MILES of the Ancients, 23, 


that they had Tails on their Rumps; and were very lafcivious toward 
the Women inthe Ship. But of thefe more, when we come to difcourfe 


of Satyrs. 


And we may the lefs wonder to find that they call Brutes Mex, 
fince twas common for thefe Hifforiazs to give the Title of Mez,not on- 
ly to Brutes, but they were grown fo wanton in their Inventions, as to 
defcribe feveral “Nations of Mox/trous Mex, that had never any Being, but 
in their own Imagination, as I have inftanced in {evera]. I therefore 
excufe Strabo for denying the Pygies, fince he could not but be convin- 
ced, they could not be fuch Mez, as thefe Hifforiazs have defcribed them. 
And the better to judge of the Reafons that fome of the Moderns have 
. given to prove the Being of Men Pygmies, I have laid down as Poftula- 
tas, that hereby we muft not underftand Dwarfs, nor yet a Nation of 
Mez,tho’ fomewhat of a leffer fize and ftature than ordinary ; but we muft 
obferve thofe two Characterifticks that Homer gives of them,that they are 
Cubitales, and fight Crazes. 


Having premifed this, I have taken into confideration oie Bartholine 
Senior his Opufculune de Pygmeis, and ‘fo. Talentonivs’s Diflertation about 
them ; and upon examination do find, that neither the Humane Autho- 
rities, nor Divine that they alledge, do any ways prove, as they pre- 
tend, the Being of Mez Pygmies. St. Auftiz, who is likewife quoted on: 
their fide, is fo far from favouring this Opinion, that he doubts whe- 
ther any fuch Creatures exift, and if they do, concludes them to be Apes. 
or Moxkeys ; and cenfures thofe Izdian Hiftoriazs for impofing fuch Beafts 
upon us, as diftinc Races of Mex. Fulius Cefar Scaliger, and Ifaac Ca- 
faubon, and Adrian Spigelivs utterly deny the Being of Pygmies, and look 
upon them as a Figment only of the Ancients, becaufe fuch little Men. 
as they defcribe them to be,are no where to be met with in all the World. 
The Learned Bochartws, tho’ he efteems the Geranzomachia to be a Fable, 
and flights it, yet thinks that what might give the occafion to the Story 
of the Pygmies, might bethe Nube or Nobe 5 as Ifaac Voffivs conjectures. 
that it was thofe Dwarfs beyond the Fountains of the Nile, that Dapper 
calls the Miwos, and tells us, they kill Elephavts for to make a. Trafiick 
with their Teeth. But Fob Ludolphws alters the Scene, and inftead of 
Cranes, fabftitutes his Cozdors, who do not fight the Pygmies, but fly 
away with them, andthendevourchem. 


Now all thefe Conjectures do no ways account for Homer's Pygmies 
and Cranes, they are too much forced and ftrain’d. Truth is always: 
eafieand plain. In our prefent Cafe therefore I think the Oraxg-Outang, 
or wild Man, may exactly fupply the place of the Pygwies, and without: 
any violence or injury tothe Story, fufficiently account forthe whole- 
Hiftory of the Pygwies, but what is moft apparently fabulous; for whae- 


has been the greateft difficulty to be folved or fatisfied, was their being: 
ote Pe 


34 ry Philological Effay concerning 


Men ; for as Gefzer remarks (as I have already quoted him ) Sed wete- 
rum nullys aliter de Pygmais feripfit,quan Honunciones effe. And the Mo- 
derns too, being byafled and mifguided by this Notion, have either 
wholly denied them, or contented themfelves in offering their Conje- 
ures what might give the firft rife to the inventing this Fable. And 
tho’ Alberivs, as 1 find him frequently quoted, thought that the Pygmies 
might be only a fort of Apes, and he is placed in the Head of thofe that 


efpoufed this Opinion, yet he {poils all, by his way of reafoning, 


and by making them {peak; which was more than he needed todo. 


I cannot fee therefore any thing that will fo fairly folve this doubt, 
that will reconcile all, that will fo eafily and plainly make out this Sto- 
ry, as by making the Orang-Outang to be the Pygmie of the Ancients ; 
for ‘tis the fame Namethat Antiquity gavethem. For Herodotys’s avd pes 
zyeyo, what can they be elle, than Homines Sylveftres, ot wild Men 2 
as they are now called. And Homer's avd pes avy erin , are NO more an 
Humane Kind, or Men, than Herodotws’s avdpes ayesor, which he makes to 
be Svele, or wild Beats: And the avd pes wuxeg: or prerares (as they are 
often called) were juft the fame. Becaufe this fort of Apes had fo great 


a refemblance to Men,more than other Apes or Moxkeys; and they going : 


naturally erect,and being defigned by Nature to go {o, (as I have fhewn 
in the Azatomy_) the Ancients had a very plaufible ground for giving 
them this denomination of avdpes or arJew7x, but commonly they 
added an Epithet; as ayeso , puxeot , muymaicr, meraves, or fome 
fuch like. Now the Ancient Greek and Indiaz Hijtorians, tho 
they might know thefe Pygmies to be only Apes like Mex, and not 
to be real Mew, yet being fo extreamly addicted to Mythology, or making 


Fables, and finding this fo fit a Subject to engraft upon, and invent Sto-_ 


ries about, they have net been wanting in furnifhing us with a great 
many very Romantick ones on this occafion. And the Moderns being 
impofed upon by them, and mifguided by the Name of avdpes or av- 
Qowro, as if thereby mult be always underftood an Humane Kind, or re- 
al Men, they have altogether miftaken the Truth of the Story, and have 
either wholly denied it, or rendered it as improbable by their own Con- 
jectures. 


This difficulty therefore of their being called Mev, 1 think, may fair- 
ly enough be accounted for by what Ihave faid. But it may be object- 
ed that the Orazg-Outang, or thee wild or favage Men are not ayer, 
or Trifpithami, that is, but two Foot anda quarter high,becaufe by fome 
Relations that have been given, it appears they have been obferved to 
be of a higher {tature, and as tall as ordinary Men. Now tho this may 
be allowed as to thefe wild Mew that are bred in other places; and pro- 
bably enough likewife, there are fuchin fome Parts of the Continent of 
Africa 3 yet ‘tis fufficient to our bufinefs if there are any there, that will 
come within our Dimenfions 5 for our Scene liesin Africa 3 where Strabo 
obferves, that generally the Beafts are of a lefs fize than ordinary ; ane 

this 


The PYG MIES of the Ancients, 35 


this he thinks might give the rife to the Story of the Pygmies. For, faith 
he (u), Te?) Rooutpola adreisést pines’, tegsala 2, anes, x, mives pune! , 
TeRHAS ae protr prot (oindvles puneol tls) raya 4) 2, 186 mvypelss do 
D réTav punegguias émvinony, 2, dviaAraouv. i.e. [hat their Beafts are fiall, 
as their Sheep, Goats and.Oxen, and their Dogs are fiaall , but hairy and 
Jierce: and it may be (faith he) from the puxeoguia or littlene{s of the fta~ 
ture of thefe Animals, they have invented and impofed on ws the Pygmies. 
And thenadds, That wo body fit to be believed ever faw them 3 becaule he 
fancied, asa great many others have done, thatthefe Pygmies mutt be re- 
al Mex, and not a fort of Brutes. Now fince the other Bretes in this 
Country are generally of a lefs fize than in other Parts, why may not 
this fort of Ape , the Oramg-Outang, or wild Man, be fo likewile. Ari- 
ftotle {peaking of the Pygmies, faith, ya@. puxedy atv % adzel, x, of Ira 
That both they and the Horfes there are but furall. We does not fay their 
Horfes, for they were never mounted upon Horfes, but only upon Pzr- 
tridges, Goatsand Rams. And as the Horfes, and other Beaf?s are natu- 
rally lefs in Affica than in other Parts, fo likewife may the Orazg- 
Outangbe. This that I diffetted, which was brought from Avgola (as 
Thave often mentioned) wanted fomething of the juft ftature of the P30- 
mies 5 but it was young, and I am therefore uncertain to what tallne(s it 
might grow, when at full Age: And neither Tulpivs, nor Gaffendus, nor 
any that I have hitherto met with, have adjufted the full ftature of this 
Aximal that is found in thofe Parts from whence ours was brought: 
But ‘tis moft certain, that there are forts of Apes that are much lefs than 
the Pygmies are decribed tobe. And, as other Brutes, fo the Ape-kind, 
in different Climates,may be of different Dimenfions; and becaule the o- 
ther Brutes here are generally {mall,- why may not they be fo likewife. 
Or if the difference fhould be but little, I fee no great reafon in this 
cafe, why we fhould be over-nice, or fcrupulous. 


As to our Ape Pygmies or Orang-Outang fighting the Cranes,this, I think, 
may be eafily enough made out, by what I have already obferved ; for 
this wild Man I difleéted was Carnivoroys, and it may be Ownivorous, at 
Jeaft as much as Maz is ; for it would eat any thing that was brought to 
the Table. And if it was not their Hunger that drove them to it, their 
Wantonnefs, it may be, would make them apt enough to rob the Cranes 
Nefts; and if they did fo, no doubt but the Crazes would make noife 
enough about it, and endeavour what they could to beat them off, 
which a Poet might eafily make a Fight : Tho’ Homer only makes ule 
of it, asa Siwile, in comparing the great Shouts of the Trojazs to the 
Noife of the Craves, and the Silence of the Greeks to that of the Pyg- 
mies when they are going to Engage, which is natural enough, and ve- 
ry juft, and contains nothing, but what may eafily be believed; tho 


(u) Strabo Geograph. lib. 17. p. m. 565. : 
EF upor 


36 A Philological Effay concerning : 


upon this account he is commonly expofed, and derided, as the Inventor 
of this Fable; and that there was nothing of Truth init, but that ‘twas 
wholly a Fiction of his own. 


Thole Pygmies that Paulus fovius (mw) defcribes, tho’ they dwell at a 
great diftance from Africa, and he calls them Mev, yet are fo like Apes, 
that I cannot think them any thing elle. I will give you his own 
words: Ultra Lapones ( faith he ) i Regione inter Coram © Aquilo- 
nem perpetud oppreffa Caligine Pygmzxos reperiri, aliqui eximice fidei teftes 
retulerunt 5 qui poftquam ad fummum adoleverint, noftratis Pueri denum 
annorum Menfuram vix excedunt. Meticulofum genus houtinum, & gar- 
ritu Sermonen exprimens, adco ut tam Simia propinqui., quam (tatura ac 
Jenftbus ab jufte Proceritatis homine remoti videantur. Now there is this 
Advantage in our Hypothefis, it will take in all the Pygwsies, in any part 
of the World, or wherever they are to be met with, without fuppo- 
fing, as fome have done, that ‘twas the Crawes that forced them to quit 
their Quarters; and upon this account feveral Authors have de- 
{cribed them in different places: For unlefs we fuppofe the Crazes fo 
kind to them, as to waft them over, how came we to find them of- 
ten in Iflands > But this is more than can be reafonably expected from fo 
great Enemies. 


I fhall conclude by obferving to you, that this having been the Com- 
mon Error of the Age, in believing the Pygwies to be a fort of Jittle 
Men, and it having been handed down from fo great Antiquity, what 
might contribute farther to the confirming this Miftake, might be, the 
Impofture of the Navigators, who {failing to thefe Parts where thefe 
Apes are, they have embalmed their Bodies, and brought them home,and 
then made the People believe that they were the Mez of thofe Countries 
from whence they came. This M. P. Vezetws affures us to have been 
done ; and ’tis not unlikely : For,faith he(+), Abwzdat quoque Regio ipfa 
(/c.Bafman in Java majori) diverfis Simiis magnis © parvis, hominibus 
fmillimis, hos capiunt Venatores 8 totos depilant, nifi quod in barba © in 
loco feereto Pilos relinguunt, G occifos hee Aromaticis condiunt , & 
poftea deficcant, venduntque Negociatoribus, qui per diverfas Orbis Partes 
Corpora illa deferentes, homines perfuadent Tales Homunciones in Maris In- 
Jfulis reperiri. ‘fob. fonftoz ( x) relates the fame thing , but without 
quoting the Author; and as he is very apt to do, commits a great miftake, 
in telling us, pro Homunculis marinis venditant. 


I fhall only add, That the Servile Offices that thefe Creatures are ob- 
ferved to perform, might formerly, as it does to this very day, impofe 
upon Mankind to believe, that they were of the fame Species with them- 


Cw) Paui. Fovij de Legatione Mufchovitar. libep.m.489. — (t) Bf.Pauli Veneti de Regionibus Orieneal. 
Lib. 3. cap. £5. p. Me 390. (x) Fo. Fonfton. Hit. Nat.de Quadruped. p. m. 139- 
felves 5 


| The PYGMIES of the Ancients. 27 


felves 5 but that only out of fullennefs or cunning, they think they will 
not fpeak , for fear of being made Slaves. Philoftratws (y_) tells us, That 
the /zdiazs make ufe of the Apes in gathering the Pepper; and for this 
Reafon they do defend and preferve them from the Liovs , who are ve- 
ty greedy of preying upon them: And altho’ he calls them Apes, yet 
he {peaks of them as Mew, and as if they were the Husbandmen of the 
Pepper Trees, 2, mt dw0em ai mmesoss, av Jexpyol mone. And he calls 
them the People of Apes, & AtyeIay mUiincev oixdiv SHUG. ey pwyois TB dps. 
Dapper Cz ) tells us, That the Indians take the Baris when young, and 
wake them fo tame, that they will do almost the work of a Slave; for they 
commonly go ere as Men do. They will beat Rice in a Mortar , carry 
Water in a Pitcher, &c. And Gafferdus (a) in the Life of Pieresky , 
tells us, That they will play. upon a Pipe or Citternz, or the like Mufick , they 
will fweep the Houfe, turn the Spit, beat iz a Mortar , and do other Offices 
in a Family. And Acofta, as I find him quoted by Garcilaffo de la Vega 
(4) tells us of a Monkey he faw at the Governour’s Houfe at Cartagena, 
“ whom they fent often to the Tavern for Wine, with Money in one 
‘hand, anda Bottle in the other; and that when he came to the Ta- 
“ vern, he would not deliver his Money, until he had received his 
“Wine. If the Boys met with him by the way, or made a houting 
‘ or noife after him, he would fet down his Bottle, and throw Stones 
“at them; and having cleared the way , he would take up his Bottle, 
‘and haften honie. .And tho’ he loved Wine exceffively, yet he would | 
“ not dare to touch it, unlefs his Mafter gave him Licenfe. A great ma- 
ny Inftances of this Nature might be given that are very furprifing. And | 
in another place tells us, That the Natives think that they can fpeak, 
but will not, for fear of being made to work. And Bontivs (c) men- 
tions that the Favans had the fame Opinion concerning the Orang- 


Outang, Loqui verd cos, eafque Favani aiunt, fed non velle, ne ad labores 
cogerentur. 


(y)_Philoftratus in vita Apollonij Tyanai, lib. 3. cap. 1. p.mM.1T0, & 111. (z) Dapper Defcription 
del Afrique, p» mM. 249. (a) Gaffendus in vita Pierskij, lib.5. p.m. 169. (b) Garcilaffo de la Ve- 


4 Royal Commentaries of Peru, lib. 8.cap.18.p. 1333. (Cc) Fate Bontij Hift. Nat. ¢3 Med. lib. ¢. 
Cap. 32. p. M85. 


38 A Philological Effay concerning 


A 


Philological Effay 


Concerning the 


CYNOCEPHALI 


ANCIENTS 


Of the Cynocephali of the Ancients. 


TS not that I think there are any at prefent fo miftaken, 
as to believe the Gyzocephali to be a Race of Mex, that I 
write this Effay : “tis {o notorioufly known that they are 
Monkeys, or rather Baboons, that ‘tis needlefS to go about 

Ni to prove it, tis what even the Azcients themfelves have 
fufliciently confefled. That which induces me to mention them, is to 
thew how fond the Azcients were of inventing Fables ; and Ctefias, who 
hath told us fuch fine Stories of the Pygies, whom he makes to be Jit- 
ile Mew, tho’ indeed they are only a fort of Apes; when he comes to 
difcourfe of the Gyzocephali , which are a fort of Baboous, and far lefs 
like Mez than the Pygmies are, to perfwade us that thefe likewife are 
a Race of Mez he is obliged to exercife his Inventive Faculty with 
more force, to ufe much bolder ftrokes, and by roundly afferting fo ma- 
ny incredible Things, to amufe our Imaginations, he hopes at leaft to 
give the Reader Entertainment, tho’ he miffes his Defign of gaining our 
belief. 


I will give you Ctefizs’s own words, that you may fee I do not abufe 
him, 


. OY. 


T he Cynocephali 


od 


a a = oe 


of the Ancients. 29 


him, as he hath done Mankind, in moft of the Natural Hiftory that he 
hath left us; for as (a) Photivs informs us, Cre/res tells us 


"Ey 7015) ols Sper gnow avAps mes 
Bitsew, xuwds eyovlas neparlw. 
"Eases 5) gopSav cu AW eyetov Sn- 
Clar: gard %) Naréyo2) sdkular , 
aAN w@pov?) wane mwves’ x, BTW oU- 
nev adr TF gavlw. “OdoTas 4 
meiCes Pye uuurs, x Tes Uyas ELeoi- 
ws, nuuar, pranegltpss 4 2, seorfu- 
Aolepes, Oindn cw reis chen, meyers 
TS 10S moles. Miaaves OX cin x, 
Sygior AV, waree 2 of aor “Ty5o1, 


cis L xy | Oetperyru?). Kal onsiaor 


MAY Tee Tre’ CHA YeoY Acysueve , azo! 
®) & dvvav®) Neatyday: amd TH 
opuyn ty THIG xepat, Hy TOIG uxt Aois 
Cnircrivouny, ware o1 KPO! 2, ZALAOL 
KALI)? TO DW *lyDav xeAUS2 £01, 
Y 4 > c ’ Li BN 
ome? Coy sAWiwist xuvoneparc. Td 
2 SN 6 ¢ 
) SG Ce, eas dwokye pwera- 


Vo 


Degere itfdem hifce in montibus 
homines memorat canino capite, qui 
ferarune pellibys veftiantur. Sermo- 
ne hos nullo uti, canune tantine more 
latratum edere, atque ita suutud fefe 
intelligere.  Dentes illis effé quan 
canibys majores, ©» caninos fimiliter 
ungues, fed longiores , ac rotundio- 
res. Montes incolere ad Indum flu- 
vinm ufque, G» colore effe nigro, in- 
fegnéfque juftitie cultores, ceteroruns 

ndorum more, inter quos verfentur. 
Intelligere quoque que ab Indis di- 
cantur, licet ipfe loqui minimeé poffint, 
ut propterea latratu, manibus , atque 
digitis figua dent,quemadmodum feré 
Jurdi ac muti folent. Vocari-hos ab 
Indis Calyttrios, quod Greci dice- 
rent nuwvoneparss, id eft, Canicipites, 
Lcarnibus eofdem vefci crudis] totis{- 


qile gentis capita numerari ad centum © viginti millia. 


And alittle afterwards he adds, 

Oy e ? 6 a, 2 ~ 

O71 of xuwoneparos oinoud7es ev Teis 
Gpeow, 2x spraovlay : duro negs3) C@- 
"Or av [8] Broxlewoov an7e, 
cman meds ™ haw. Tplosn 4 x 
Te goaure TOM, % LYS, % aig. = Ths 
ven 4 odAa #, 0f07aAa AW mecba- 
Tay. “ESisn >) 4% ygpr TS 7A- 
zope, ig’ & zo Hrewlegv: yavyys 
bey ty Zuegivevres antés, amuesous 


oupfamlsav, waree ey roils enn The 
capi. Of A nuvonepert eedtay 


WONG AAVOL, 1Q) OTraSeV les 5 amaysn 
giploy és, Ka) cis moppuegs 70 av- 
Jos xolae gy moihoavles, ty 78 nAsxlps 
Eo to qeAavle Te eriwTe’ % STA 


(a) Photij Bibliothec. Cod. 72. de Indicis, p. m. 149, Ke. - 


Narrat infuper hos Cynocephalos ix 
wmontibus habitantes nullum exercere 


 opificium 3 fed de vevatione vivere, 


ferafque quas occiderint ad folene tor- 
rere. Magnan nibilominus pecoris co- 
pian aleve, caprarnzmque © ovinm : 
quarun quidene ovium lac atque oxy- 
gala pro potu illis fit. Vefci tamen eti- 
aw Sipachore fruckusé qua,ati dictum: 
eft, arbore fuccinums emanat. dulcens 
enint lune eff. Elune item illos fru- 
Eun arefattuu in corbes conftrpare,ad 
enne modum quo nvas palfas Greci. 
Eofdem iLos Cynocephalos ratenz quogs 
extemporariane conftruere, qua impofi- 
turn hujus fiudlus- onus, ut O purpare 
(fed purgato prius ejys flore) itémque 
eleri,ad ducenta Sf exagintatalen- 


T). 


Las 


40 


A Philological Effay concerning 


7 powhuw Carte?) TB pzemorns, ereog 
mosubre. KahinAculps yiaie maAavTe 
eztysn ~gT enaurey tH “lyday Bro 
Aa. Ka) recog 4 ylalyaileg rwrB- 
ot 705 IySvis, W2d6 apres #, aApila x, 
eurAwae | eT, Teaco a) 4 Eipn, ols 
par wees Tt Te one fev ZYCHY, iG 
Teez z, dnoviiz. Wav 9d Omvol et- 
ow duovrizew 2, TSW “Amorim 
oi d\? cick, Xa 70 oixSv awrss cpea a- 
C27e iy ilnra. Aida A wri Nz 
mje Prous Obeg 6 BagiAdus, A’ pre 
UO LAING TOZaV,t, AUOVTIDY TOTAL TLS, 
area}! 7) Swdece’ 2, Elon 2) meres 
poere. Térois rol xuuoneparois 8x 
elo ofulzt, a’ ov amraiois NoyTaVve). 
Onpsisoi 4) 72 Mele, rozsjovees i, 
anovrie ovzes, % Skewovres KRTRALIL SE 
vsot Tey) ? Tpexsat Ado.) a 
ywudines are amas TS james, OTe 
Te KET, COTS EAH aMore Ol 
& O17 avDpes  Adw3) jatv, Tas OF 
xelegs dmoviov7). EAalp Oe ypov2) 
Tele 78 lusts, ta dod Te 2AALHTOW 
ywomtrn, w culesCo2) dpuceot. 
Td O& eSiire tysow 8 ducdav, arArz 
Las A woeSAnwatev, 05 Aen w- 
TATAY, #, WTO! 2, ai yuualnes anh. 
Oi Mwsoiw7e7a arf, Awe gops- 
ow" STO O¥ chow GAyo. KAtar d¥ av- 
70g ex Clow, AME giSades mos), 
Odtag DN? adr! wAscidraeIG@ vopaZe) 
s} ue oON ~ 10 ae CUAINN 
£1), @ av TAdisa TegsaTe H: h OF 
Zan ein , TRORTANIZ. Ouegy IY 
Cyeot MHVTES Hu, aVdees Hy yuUdiKés, 
aap rh! iytev" clavme wav’ pe 
Cava Ot 2, dwoureegy. Kat ployov?) 
zais yuueyet Tlegmods!, ware 0 u0- 
166. aMws JF puynvey awrois, Sew ai- 
weg. Aixgics O& ot, % poexe g6id~ 
TAT TY TAY avo pw@Tav : CBas 9d ern 


px, 0. Gio OF anrW 47. 


ia quotannis avehunt;, additis ta- 
lentis totident illins Pigmenti, quo 
infec ores puriceum colorem inducunt. 
Elecri preterea mille talenta quotan- 
nis ad Indorum regene advehere. In- 
mi @ alia plura devehere ad Indos 
venalia , pro quibus vicilfim panes, 
ferinam, & xylinas veftes accipiant. 
Habere quoque enfes venales, quibus 
ipft ad venatum utuntur, cunt arcubus 
& jaculis. Peritiffimos enim effe jacu- 
landi atque fagittandi: © preterca 
etiam, quid montes habitent altos at- 
que inaccef{os, bello infuperabiles. Re- 
gen ipfis pro munere quinto quoque an- 
no prabere trecenta arcuum, totidém- 
que jaculorum millia s jam peltarum 
centum viginti, © gladiorum quin- 
quaginta millia. Nullas iter apud 
hos effe domos, fed in antris degere. 
In venatione jaculis potilfimum feras, 
vel fagittis petere , eafdemque perfe- 
quendo, quod curfus velocitate pre- 
tent, etiam affequi. Horune uxores 
Jemel duntaxat per menfem,cum men- 
ferua patinntur, lavare; alias nun- 
quam. Neque viros unquam omnino 
lavare, fed manus tantummodo ab- 
Iuere. Oleo tamen ex latte confeco ter 
faltem menftbus fingulis ungi, & pel- 
libus deinde abftergiVefte ad hac uti, 
non villofa, fed € glabris maceratifas 
pellibus quan tenuilfimis , ipfos equé 
atqueuxores. FExceptis forté ditifi- 
wis inter cos, © iis quidem paucis, 
qui lineos geftent amittus. Nec itens 
leBorum noviffe nfum cos, qui extem- 
poraneos fibi toros exftruant. Hunc a- 
pud cos ditiffimum haberi, qui pluri- 
mum habeat pecoris , ac reliquas opes 
his propemodum effe fimiles. Candan 


infuper habere omnes,.tant viros quam 


mulieres, fupra-clunes, caning, fimilem, nifé quod major fit, G pilis den- 


for. 


Quadrupedes item hos, canun wore, cunt mulieribus congredi alium- 


que congrediendi modum omnem pro turpi habere. “Fuftilfimos cofdem effe, 
viteg; reliquos inter homines longilfime. Vivere nama; ad centefimum ufq,c 


- feptuagefimune, nonnullofgs ad ducentilfimum quoqs annum. 


Jo Es 


The Cynocephali of the Ancients, 


41 


“7. e. In thefe Mountains (faith Ctefias) live certain Men, who have 
‘Heads like Dogs, are cloathed with Skins of wild Beafts, {peak no 
* Language, but bark like Dogs, and thereby underftand one another. 
* They have Teeth larger than Dogs ; and Nails like Dogs , but longer 
‘and rounder. They dwell up in the Mountains, as far as the River 
“ Indus they are black and very juft,as are the other Izdiavs with whom 
© they are mixt 5 and they underftand what is faid to them, tho’ they 
“ cannot {peak themfelves. But by their Barking, and their Hands and 
‘Fingers, they fignifie their Minds, as Deaf and Dumb Men do. They 
* are called by the Indians, Calftrij, which in Greek is CGyxocephali. The 
“ whole Nation is an hundred and twenty Thoufand in number. 


* Thefle Cyzocephali that inhabit the Mountains, do not work, but live 
“upon Hunting ; and when they kill any wild Beaft, they roft it in the 
“Sun. They breed a greatmany Sheep, Goats and Affes ; and drink the 
‘ Milk and Butter-milk of the Sheep. They eat likewife the Fruit of the 
* Sipachora Tree, from whence comes Ambar, the Fruit whereof is {weet, 
‘ which having dried, they put up in Baskets, asthe Greeks do Raifins. 
* Thele Gyzocephali having made a Boat, they load it with this Fruit, and 
“with Purpura, the Flower being firft picked, and with Ambar, to the 
* quantity of Two hundred and fixty Talents, which they every Year 
* thip off, and as much too of the Drug, with which the Dyers dye 
“the Scarlet; and they carry every Year a Thoufand Talents of Ambar 
“ to the King of India, and they take with them other Commodities, 
‘ which they fell to the Izdians ; for which they receive Bread , and 
“ Meal,and Cotton Garments. And the Izdians fell them likewife Swords, 
* which they ufe in taking the wild Beafts; and Bows and Darts,for they 
“are very skilful Archers and Darters. They are invincible, becaufe 
‘ they inhabit very high, and inacceflible Mountains. Every fifth year, 
* the King beftows upon them Three hundred thoufand Bows, and as. 
“ many Darts : Alfoan Hundred and twenty thoufand Shields, and Fifty’ 
‘ thoufand Swords. They have no Houles, but livein Caves. In hunt- 
_ “ing the wild Beafts, they ufe their Bows and Darts, and purfuing 
“them, they take thems for they run very {wift. The Women bathe- 
“only once a Month, when they have their Catamenia, otherwife not. 
“The Men don’t bathe, but only wath their hands; but they anoint 
“ themfelves three times in a Month with Oyl made of Milk, and rub: 
“ themfelves with Hides. The Cloaths both of the Men and Women are 
‘not hairy, but. Skins macerated {mooth, and made very thin. The 
* richeft of them wear Linnen, but thofe are but few. They have no. 
* Beds, but lye upon Straw or Leaves. He is efteemed the richeft a- 
‘ mongft them, who hath moft Sheep, or fuch like Subftance. They have 
‘all, both Men and Women, Tails on their Rumps, like Dogs, but lar- 
* ger and more hairy ; and,like Dogs too, they Jye with their Women 
‘onall four, and they think itanbecoming to do otherwife. They are: 
* jute 
) 


42 A Pluiological Effay concerning 


* juft, and the longeft lived of any Men, for they live an Hundred and 
* feventy, and fome of them Two hundred years. 


Had not Crefas made fuch.a Solemn Affeveration of the Truth of all 
that he had wrote,that Apology that Strabo(b_) makes for the Poets ,might 
excufe him, bee?) 9 Claith Strabo) 2uSds o1 ph S25 raegemAlasow exovres 
Sx cole hl wvrav, ama radon AW AdweTwy, megleias x cyrlews xgew’ 
1.e. Stating enim apparet eos fabulas admifcere, non ob verorum ignoratio- 
nem, fed delectationis canfa, monfira & alia que effe non poffwnt , fingentes. 
For our Hiftoriaz had as good a Talent at Fiction as any of the Poets. 
And tho’ A#{chylws, as the fame Strabo there tells us, firft invented the 
Story of the Cyzocephali, or Canicipites, as likewife the Pet£oroculati 
and the Ovzoculi, as Heffod and Homer did that of the Pygmies 3 yet I 
can’t but think he hath as far out-done the Original in what he relates 
of the Gyzocepbali, as he did in the Account he gives of the Pygmies. 


‘Thefle Gyzocephali by (c) FElian are called av8pamro xevore gowmat, and he 
gives this Relation of them, as I find himtrantlated by Conrad. Gefzer, 
who is more faithful in rendering him than Pet. Gil/ivs, Ultra Oafin AL- 
gypti, folitudo maxima ad fepten dierunt iter extenditur. Ean excipit Re- 
gio quam Cynoprolopi Homixes incolunt, invia thiopiam verfus. Vivunt 
ili Caprarune & Bubalidum venatu. Afpettus iis niger, Caput © Dentes 
Canis. Ruod Animal, quam referant, non abfurda eorum (quamquam Ho- 

. minum) hoe iz loco exiftinzanda eft mentio. Nau & Sermonis ufu carent, 
© acuto quodam firidore fonant. Barba infra fupraque os gerunt , Draco- 
num quadau fimilitudine. Manus ecorum validis Zs acutiffimis unguibus 
armantur. Corpus omne hirfutum eS , hoc etiam inftar Canum. Sunt au- 
tem perniciffimi, © aquas Regionis norunt + atque eam ob caufau, difficiles 
capt. 

Now tho? EJiaz calls them here Mex, yet where he defcribes them 
before, even out of Ctefas, he plainly tells us they are not Mez, but 
only brutes, becaufe they cannot {peak, but only bark. Iwill give you 
(4) Gefzer’s Tranflation of this Paflage: Iz eodem Indie trathu, ubi Can- 
thavi (+) jaw ditfi, Cynocephali etiam reperiuntur > quibus a facie & Cor- 
poris {pecie nomen inditum, cetera fere humana habent : & veftiti pellibus 
ferarune ingrediuntur. Fufti funt, Hominum nemini molefti aut injurij,non 
Sermone fed ululaiu fonant. Indorum tamen linguam intelligunt. Venatio- 
ne Animalinw ferorum vivunt, que ut funt celerriuri, facile confecuti inte- 
rimunt, & frufiatim divifa ad folem affunt. Capras etiawe ©» oves alunt, ut 


(b) Strabo Geograph.lib.t.p.m.29.  (c) Align. Hift.de Animal. lib. 10. cap.2§. p.m.6o1. (d) H- 
lian. Hift. de Animal. lib. 4.cap. 46. p. m. 239. (t) Thefe Canthari are that fort of Scaribews we 
call a Lady-Cow, and I have formerly given a Figure of, in Philafoph. Tranfack, N. 176. p. 1202. from. - 
the Worm or Chryjalis of whic omé the Cochineel, for dying Scarlet, of which there isa good 
account here in A2/ian out of Grefias. 


Cx 


The Cynocephali of the Ancients. 43 


ex lathe potu fruantur. Horum inter Animantes rationis expertes non teme- 
ré mentionen feci, articulato enim, difcretoque G bumano Sermone non u- 
tuntur. 


But ‘twas for want of Education, itmay be, and by their living wild 
in the Woods, they loft their Learning and their Speech ; for the Af- 
gyptians in the time of the Ptolomies took more care of them 5 and as the 
fame /B/iaz relates, they taught them Letters, and to Dance, and to play 
upon Mufick : Nor were they ungrateful to their Mafters; for they 
beg’d a great deal of Money, which they carefully put up into a Bag, to 
reward them for the pains they had taken with them. For thus, faith 
(e) lian, as Gefrer tranflateshim ; Avimalia Difcipline idonea hee effe 
percepi. Reguantibus Ptolomeis Cynocephalos Higyptij literas, G faltare, 
©& pulfare Citharam docebant. Tum vero unufquifpiam Cynocephalorum mer- 
cedem, Domini nomine fic fcité tanquam peritus aliquis Mendicus exi- 
gebat. Et id quod dabatur in Marfupinum , quod ferebat, appenfume, con- 
gerebat. has 


I could not but take the more notice of this paffage in /E/iaz, becaufe 
the Cyzocephali are always reprefented to be of a fierce and untractable 
Nature; which feems their particular Character : For faith Ariftotle, as 1 
have quoted him already (f), Kel of xrewontraro: 08 thd atl eyxat poeple 
rois monnols, TAIW yrciCoves 7° col, x, iqUegTICg, Hy, Te MegswTE eyovTEs Hw- 
voudiseen. “Em Ol dyesoreeg Te 7 i, x Tas Gddvlas eywot nuvocidesepes x, 
iguegripss. i.e. Ihe Cynocephali are of the fame fhape with Monkeys , but 
they are bigger and ftronger, and they have a Face more like a Dog’s, and are 
of afiercer Nature, and have Teeth more like a Dog's, and fironger. And 
fo (g):Pliny, Efferacior Cynocephalis Natura ficut Satyris : And (A) Solinus, 
Cynocephali © ipfe funt é numero fimiarun, in Hithiopia parte frequentiffimi 
violenti ad faltum, feri morfu, nunquam ita manfueti, ut non fint magis ra- 
bid?. And (2) Diodorus Siculys defcribes them after the fame manner : 
OF OV GvopeeeZoprzvor muvoneparos Tos ev owmrccow avipwnais Svoedtas zapepe- 
genes cial, Taig Rpwrals uvywss arvOpenes mecie) ayerotela OF Tare 7 
Cwa, x, mavleaws anbaasdle ye Sesw7e, tlw dnd 7 Coplay megoolw ovisn- 
egrregy eyes’ Tels OY Qurciass Mazeloy cuCaives, 70 The pwiregy cures TE ow 
MaIG. gipew azrarle 7 ypivor. 1.€. Qui Cynocephali (4 Canino Capite) di- 
cuntur, Corporis afpectum Hominum deformium inftar habent, quorum vocene 
mulfitatione tantun exprimunt.  Apprime ferox eft hoc Animal, nec ullo ci- 
curationem patto admittit, © vultum a fuperciliis aufterioribus prefert. Sin- 
gilare quiddam famellis accidit 5 quod vulvam perpetuo extra Corpus project azz. 
habent. And Agatharcides in Ck) Photius gives juft the fame defcription 
of them: “OX xuwontgarG. (faith he) 7b prev ow rce dvOpems SuaudSs wz00- 


(e) Ftlian. Hift. de Anim. lib. 6. cap. to. p. 331%  (f) Vid-pag.3.¢5'7. ofthe Anatomy. — (h) Pliaij 

Hijt. Nat. lib. 8. cap.§4. p» 243. (h) Solini Polyhiffor. cap. 27.p.m.39- (i) Diodort Siculi Bi- 

Blioth.Hiftor. lib, 3.p.m. 168.  (k) Photij Bibliothe Cap. 38. Cod. 250. P.M 1364. 
G 


yecepce 


via A Philological Effay concerning,&c. 


f \ 1 Si Nee NEN Ons) ae ~ TR 
YELP, TO Teyowmoy dk xuuds gerld NX apinc: puyue TUCRTANTIAY Lye LOV 
O% APSO wt, TAclos ambaorevTor, 2, TW liv upaivev M070 Te av dopo gl 

Tay CuLaTov adcnegy. Teel mar T apfevea mau7e. To J Siac megonct2) 
qo 7 TI piTegy fm TB coprolG. gopelv, xm oUTH NayweSey mavte © Cidy. 
i.e. In Gnocephalo Hominis Corpus, {pecie turpis, adumbratur. Canina ei 
facies, vocen flridari Muris nox diffenilem exprinit. Sed immodice ferum 
eft Animal, nec ullo modo-cicuratur : vultuaeque 2 fuperciliis S» oculis anfte- 
rum prodit. Ita Mas comparatus.eft. Femineo generi hoc e(t proprinm, ut 
_ uterune extra Corpus geftet, eoque habitu totam exigat vitan. 


Salzafivs (L) remarks that Agatharcides borrowed this Paflage, as he 
hath fome others likewife, from Diodorus Siculws. But that thefe Rela- 
tions of Ctefzs that are fo extravagant and wild, fhould be copied from 
him, by fo many and noted Authors too, feems fomewhat ftrange. Yee 
we find Atliaz, Pliny, Solinws, and a great many others have done it 5 
tho’ they have added by it little Credit to their Hiftories, and no doubt 
much leffened their own Reputation by tranf{cribing the Errors of their 
Predeceflors. In the Hiffory therefore of Nature we muft not depend 
upon the Authority of the “Number of thofe that only tran{cribe 
the fame thing,without duly examining the Matterthemfelves: For the 
Authority here wholly depends on the veracity of the firft Relator : And 
if what Ctefias{aithis falfe, tho’ never fo many fay the fame thing from 


him, they muft allbeinthe wrong. Efpecially in tran{cribing the An- — 


cients,and believing their Reports, we ought to be very cautious,fince ‘twas 
acommon Practice amongft them to difguife and conceal the Truths they 
would deliver, in Afzigmatical and Mythological Reprefentations. Many 
times there is fomething of Truth contained in their Relations, but ’tis 
under fuch Vails, that you will not difcover it, till you have taken them 
off.; And tho’ there are no fuch Mex, as Crefias’s Gynocephali,and Pygmies; 
yet there are Apes, and Moxkeys, and Baboons, that afforded him a ground 
for his Invention. 


Now what fort of Monkey thefe Cyzocephali were, 1 thall not at prefent 
enquire; that they are of the Mozkey-kizd is evident, becaufe they have 
Tails: and Ariftotle tells us, that they are bigger and {tronger, and there- 
fore I make them of the Baboox-kind. But not having feen any of them 


my felf, I hall refer my Reader to the Authors who have wrote about | 


them. “Tis fuflicient to my prefent purpofe that they are a fort of Moz- 
keys, and not Mex, as formerly reprefented. 


eS SS 
(1) Salmafij Exercitat. Plinian. Cap.27.p.267. 


- 


SS a 


45. 


A 


Philological Etlay 


Concerning the 


SA ft. eS 


ANCIENTS 


Of the S AT YR'S: of the Ancients. 


OLPTIUS and Bontius indeed think the Orang-Oxtang to 
be the. Satyr of the Ancients.; but if we enquire into their 
Hiftory, and examine what Opinion the Ancients had con- 
cerning them, we fhall find it no lefs involved in Fubles, 
than that of the Pygmies. and upon this account feveral of 

our Learned Men of late, have wholly denied them , and look. upon all 

the Stories concerning them. to be only.a Fiction of the Poets and Pain- 
ters, and:thatthere were never any fuch Beingsin Nature. The Learned 

(4) Cafanbo. is.clearly, of this Mind, Quicquid de Satyris legimus (faith 

he.) ex Poetarum. Pitkorumque fingendi.Licentia Originen ducere. Nihil 

hujus.vevera in Rerum Natura exiftere. So. (6) Ifaac Volfius {peaking of 
the /Hgspanes tells us, Sané neque im forma hujus monftri conveninnt, fe ta- - 
men monfiris accenfenda fuxt ea, que funt mera: Greculorum. Commenta. 

And the Learned (¢) Bochirtws faith, Abft interim ut ex his locis Quifqnane 

colligat, ullos aut.jam.exftare,. vel unquane extitiffe in Rerum Natura Saty- 

ros However,I do not doubt but to make it plainly appear, that there were 


(a) Cafaubon de Poet Satyricd,lib.t.cap. 2. (b) I/.Woffij Comment.ad. Pompon, Melamilib, 1.c.8. pm. 46. 
(c) Bocharti Hierozoic. feu de Animal, Sacra.Scripturé. part. poft, lib. 6. cap. 7» p» $29. 


G 2 fuch 


46 A Philological Effay concerning 


{uch Animals in Africa which the Ancients called Satyrs. And tho’ they 
fometimes called them Mez, and for the moft part worfhipped them as 
Gods,yet I fhall thew, that they were only a fort of Mozkeys, and likewife 
Evince, that the Oravg-Oxtang was not this fort of Monkey or Satyr of the 
Ancients. ‘ 


Having propofed thefe as the Heads of my enfuing Difcourfe, it will 
not be expetted of me to give an Account of all that has been faid on 
this Argument. I fhall rather apply my felf to make out what I have 
here afferted. And tho’ on this occafion, it may be,the Poets have Exig- 
matically reprefented fome Nobler Secrets of Philofophy, by what they 
relate under the Fables they have made of thefe Satyrs,the Fanui,the Nym- 
phe, Pan, Aigipan, Sylvanus, Silenws, or any other Name they have gi- 
ven of this fort of Avimal; yet 1 think my felf no farther concerned at 
prefent,than to fhew what might give the firft rife to and occafion of thefe 
Inventions: or rather to prove that the Swtyrs were neither Mex, nor 
Demi-gods, nor Demons 3 but Moxkeys or Baboons, thatin Affica were 
worfhipped as the Gods of the Country ; and being fo, might give the 
Poets the Subject of the Stories which they have forged about them. 


The Satyrs therefore are generally reprefented like Mez in the upper 
Parts, but with Horns on their Heads ; and in their lower Parts or Legs 
like Goats: hence they are called Capripedes, or Aiyravdts avd ees, as Hero- 
dots exprefies it. And Pliny (as I thall thew) where he defcribes them 
as Brutes ; and faith, they are fometimes Quadrupeds , fometimes Bipeds, 
yet tells us, they are Humana Effigie. Diodorus Siculws (d) informs us, 
that when Ofris went into /Ethiopia, ay Sivey Alyson megs edz 7 rh Se- 
Tugey YG. 35 ganv 61 cis dogUG & "yew uberees, XC. 1.€. Dum in LEthio- 
pia verfatur (Ofiris,) Gens Satyrorum ei adducitur , quas pilos in lumbis 
(Opphye) habere ferunt. Rifas enim amator erat Ofiris G Mufice Choreifqs 
gaudebat, &c.  Satyri igitur quia ad tripudia, G decantationem Carminum, 
omnemgue hilaritaten  lufum apti erant, in partem Militie venerunt. He 
makes them likewife the Companions of Bacchws, and for the fame rea- 
fon (e.), Tes 4 Selvgus zis mess Yrwla oueeyéouis Canin cen yeope- 
vss, Traegonsalew ral Atodowm rev tuduinove x, neyaesquivoey Biv’ i.e. Ita 
Satyri ludicris © ad rifum compofitis geftibus G atkionibus, vitam Dionyfo 
beatam, Gratiifque delibutam, reddunt. And they are always reprefented 
as Jocofe and Sportful, but Scurrilous and Lafcivious; and wonderful 
Things they relate of their Revellings by Night, their Dancing, Mufick, 
and their wanton Frolicks. For thus Plizy (f) defcribing the Parts a- 
bout the Mountain Atlas in Afréca, informs us, Incolarum neminem inter- 
din cerni: filere omnia, non alio quam folitudinum horrore : fubire tacitam 


(d) Diodorus Siculws Bibliothec. Hift. lib. 1. p.me16.  (€) Diodorus Siculus ibid. lib, 4. p. m. 213; 
(f) Plinty Aift. Nat. lib. 5, cap. X. p.m. $23. 


iN Re- 


The SATYRS of the Ancients. 47 


Religionem animos proprins accedentium, praterque horrorew clati (fc.Mon- 
tis.) fuper nubila, atque in viciniam Lunaris circuli. Enundem notibus mica- 
re crebris ignibus, /Egipanum, Satyrorumque lafcivia impleri, Tibiarum ac 
Fiftule Cantu, G» Cymbalorun Sonitu firepere. And then adds, Hee cele- 
brati Authores prodidere. And{o (g) Pomponius Mela, Ultra hunc finun 
Mons altus (ut Greci vocant_) @zwov Sync, perpetuis ignuibys flagrat : ultra 
montene viret Collis longo trattu, longis littoribus obduilus , unde vifuntur 
patentes magis Campi, quam ut profpici poffint, Panum, Satyrorumque. Hinc 
opinio ea fidem cepit, quod cum in his nibil culti fit, nulla habitantium Sedes, 
nulla Veftigia, folitudo in diewVafta, & filentium Vaftivs, node crebri ignes 
micant, C veluti Caftra late jacentia oftenduntur, Crepant Gymbala Tym- 
parva, audiunturque Tibie Sonantes majus humanis. Where we may ob- 
ferve that what Pliny calls Agipanes, Mela calls here Paves. And the 
Saiyrs being commonly called Fauna, 1 can’t but think, that the idle 
Stories we have about the Fairies, muft come from hence: For they like- 
wife have their Revellings, Dancing, and Mufick by Night. And as. 
even to this day, to fright Children, they tell them Stories of Fairies and 
_ Hobgoblins, fo the Ancients did ufe to call any great fudden Fear, as we 
do now, a Panick Fear, from this Paz. For as (h.) Panfanias tells us, 
"Ey 5) rH vuxri ghS@ aglow Comiales Tlavines. Ta 9d dom aizias dokwies Ociucc- 
72 cx TeTs gan pwede’ i.e. Ed notte Panicus illos inceffit terror. Terrores 
enim nulla ex caufa Ortos ab eo (fc. Pane) immitti aiunt. And fo: 
(i) Enripides : 


Keovis Tavis reogmecd presi: goCh. 
Saturnij (Senis) Panis tremendo flagello (cus ) trepidas.. 


And fo (4) Dionyfins Halicarnaffews {peaking of the Faunus, fays, Tere 
9d dvaniStan rah Deion “Peopeccion 72 Mavingt, x, Cow gdquala & ize éMolas 
iggovla proepas, cis Gl avledman coy), Dipole piegvia’ i.e. Huic enine 
Romani Panicos terrores adfcribunt, C» quecunque alia Spectra, que varias 
induentia formas in Hominum con{pectune veniunt, G Metum ipfis incutiunt.. 


And (1) Ovid : 


Faunique bicornes 
Numine contattas attonuere {uo. 


How jolly therefore foever and merry the Satyrs may be by night among ft 
themfelves,with their Dancing and Mufick : yet they.have been frightful 
to Men formerly,as the Stories of the Fairies and Hobgoblins are(as 1 faid 
before) to Children now ;and indeed,the telling Children Stories of this . 


(g) Pomp. Mela de fitu Orbis, lib. 3.cap. 9. 


ML NN p-m.63. — (h) Paufanias in Phociciss (i) Euripides in.: 
Rhefo.  (k) Dionyfij Halicarnaff. lib, 5. cap. 3. cine 


() Ovid in Phadsa. 
kind,, 


43. ~ APhilological Effay concerning 


Alva ne OMEN ES er ea 
kind, isa very mifchievous Cuftom; for they are thereby imprefled with 
fuch Fears, as perhaps they cannot conquer all their Life time. But the 
Account that (7z,.) Phurnutus gives of thefe Panick Fears, 1 think is natu- 
ral.; for he tellsus , "Ess 7) 7 maniygls AlpeDSay Taemyas res apres, % 
dabyss, ET he Tas ty as ayirey, x, 72 chimbria Tlociray, Lips muds SE dans, 
iW Sardvleav % puegywdiv tonev dxgonvle’ 1.e. Nihil prohibet quin eti- 
au Panicos tumultus dicanus, qui fubito © fine ratione certa exoriuntur : fic 
enine interdum armenta © greges terrentur., dum fonus quidam fubitus é 
Sylva, aut ex Antris aut ex Terre voraginibus-affertur. 


Now Lucretius thinks that all this Mufick of Pipes, Flutes, Cymbals 
and Drums, that is faid to be made by the Jollity and Revellings of the 
Satyrs, Eanni, Panes, &c. inthis dreadful Mountain by Night, is meer 
Romance and Fiction; and that ’tis nothing but the Ecchoizg of the 
whiftling boifterous Winds amongft thofe hideous Rocks: For {peaking 
of Eccho's, he tells us (zz), - 


Sex etiam, ant fepten loca vidi reddere voces 
Onam cum jaceres : ita colles collibus ipfis 
Verbarepulfantes iterabant dita referre. 

Hae loca Capripedes Satyros, Nymphafque tenere 
Finitimi fingunt, & Eaunos effe loquuntur 5 
Quorum nottivago firepitu, Ludoque jocanti 
Adfirmant volgo taciturna filentia rumpi, 
Chordarumque Sonos fiert, dulceifque querelas, 
Tibia quas fundit digitis pulfata canentum : 

Et genus Agricolum late fentifcere, cum Paz 
Pinea femiferi Capitis yelamina quaffans, 

Onxco fepe labro calamos percurrit hianteis, 
Fiftula Silveftrem ne. ceffet fundere Mufam. 
Calera de genere hoc monfira, ac Portenta loquuntur, 
Ne looa deferta ab Divis quoque forieé putentur 
Solatenere: ideo jactant miracula ditis 

Aut aliqua ratione alia ducuntur, ut omne 
Humanum Genus e& avidum nimis auricularuns. 


Which the Ingenious Mr. Creech hath thus rendered : 


* 


And I my felf have known 

Some Rocks and Hills return 2 words for-ove - 

The dauzcizg words from Hill to Hill rebound, 

They all receive, and all reftore the found. 

The Vulgar, and the Neighbours think, and tell, 

That there the Nymphs, and Fanns, and Satyrs dwell 5 


(m) Phurnutis de Natura Deorum. Cgp. de Fane, p. m. 79. (n) T. Lucretij de Rerum Natura, lib.g, 
vert. 581. ( 
And 


TheS AT YRS of the Ancients. 4:9 


And that their wanton fport, their loud delight 

Breaks thro’ the quiet filence of the Night : 

Their Mufick’s fofteft Ayrs fill all the Plains, 

And mighty Paz delights the liftning Swains; 

The Goat-fac'd Pan, whilft Flocks fecurely feed, 

With lozg-hung lip he blows his Oaten Reed ; 

The horn’d, the half-beaft God, when brisk and gay 

With Pine-leaves crown’d, provokes the Swains to play, 

Ten thoufand fuch Romazts the Vulgar tell, 

Perhaps leaft Men fhould think the Gods will dwell 
In Towns alone, and {corn their Plaizs and Cell 

Or fomewhat ; for Man credulows and vain 

Delights to hear ftrange things, delights to feign. 


Lucretivs here attributes the Invention of thefe Fables to the fuperftiti- 
ous Notions Men had of Deities, and the Itching Ears Mankind general- 
’ ly hath for hearing Novelties and Wonders ; and no doubt,the fatisfying 
this Humour put the Azcients upon inventing moft of thefe Stories. But 
we may take notice that Lucretiws places together the Sutyrs, the Nymphs, 
the Faunzi and Paz; and generally I obferve, where mention is made of 
them,  feveral are joyned together : As (0) Ovid, | 


Tum Ruricolea, Syloarum Numina, Fauni 
Et Satyri fratres, G» tune quoque clarus Olympus 
‘Et Nymphe flerunt. 


The Favni therefore and Satyrs I find are near akin. And (p) Ovid in 
another place faith, 


Quid non & Satyri Saltatibus apta juventus 
Fecere, & Pinu preciniti Cornua Panes. 
Stluanufque fuis fenzper juvenilior annis. 


And elfewhere he tellsus (q), . 


_ Panes © in Venerens Satyrorum prona juventus. 


The Satyrs therefore and Funni feem to be young ones, and the elder, the: 
Pages and Silvani, according to that of (r) Virgil, 


—Deos qui novit agreftes 
Panaque, Silvanumque Senem Nymphafque Sorores. 
And (s) Plutarch tells us that what the Greeks called At gipan,the Romans 
called Siluanws. And (¢) Paufanias exprelly tells us, that when the Satyrs 
(0) Ovid. Metamorph. lib. 6. verf. 392. (p) Ovid. Metamorph. lib. 14. verl. 6372 (q) Ovid. |.1. 


(x) Virgil. Georg.L2.yerf494-  (S) Plutarch.in Pavallelis. — (t) Paufan.in Attic.p.m.21, 
grow - 


50 ~=——s A Philological Effay concerning 


grow old, they are called Silent: Tas 7 firnda AW Sellpev weofnavlas 
GvojrctCuos SaaAlwss. And by Virgil's Expreflion Nymphafque Sorores, °tis 
very evident, that the Nyphs likewife were of this Family, and nearly 
related. Ovid (#) joyns them together. 


Sunt mibi Semidei, funt Ruftica Numina Nympbe, 


Faunique, Satyrique, &» monticule Silvani. 


‘Now what difference there 1s amongft all thefe, unlefs as to their Age 
and Sex, I willnot undertake at prefent to determine. The Poets and 
the Painters of old, if we nicely enquire into them, have been pleafed, 
as their fancy govern’d them, to make, or not makea diftinction between 
them. Thofe that have a mind to fatisfie their Curiofity farther in this 
Matter, may confule Salwafius, Bochart, Gerard, and Ifaac Voffius , and 
feveral others, who have largely wrote about them. Jam apt to think 
that Pan, AXgipan, Silvanus and Silenus , were all the fame; as were 
the Satyri and the Fanxi; only thefe were younger than the former ; and 
the Nywphs were the Fevales of the Kind. * But ‘tis fufficient tormy bu- 
finefs, if I make it appear, notwith{tanding all this, that the Satyrs were 
not Mew, nor Dewi-Gods, nor Demons, but only Brutes of the Mozkey- 
kind ; which is plain enough even from the Ancients , who have inven- 
ted fo many Fables about them. 


For (w) Herodotus tells us, and he is apt enough oftetimes to be over- 
credulous,éco! wav & mea Atyovles,cinecw Te Spee aimodws ardegs for they 
are neither Men, nor havethey fuchFeet. Satyri de hominibus nihil alind 
preferunt quam figuran, faith (x) Solinws. Satyrus preter Effigien: nihil hu- 
mani, faith (y ) Mela. Pliny gives us a larger defcription of them; 
Sunt & Satyri (faith (z) he) fubfolanis Indorum nontibus (Catharcludorum 
dicitur Regio.) perniciofifimun: Animal: Cum Quadrupedes tun rect? ince- 
dentes, humana effigie, propter velocitatenz, nift Senes aut @gri, non capiun- 
tur. Choromandarum Gentem vocat Tauron, Silveftren, fine voce, ftridoris 
horrendi, hirtis Corporibus, oculis glaucis, dentibws caninis. Youmay here 
perceive they have fomething of the fhape of Men, but can’t {fpeak, they 
are hairy, they go fometimes upon all four, fometimes erect, they have 
Dogs Teeth, they are wild mifchievous Animals. But /E/az is a little 
more exprefs: Fivitimos Indie montes (faith (2) he) tranfmittenti, ad 
intimum latus denfilfimas convalles videri aiunt, & Corudam locum nomi- 
nari: ubi Beftie Satyrorune fimilitudinem formamque gerentes, © toto Cor- 
pore hirfute, verfantur : atque Equina Cauda predite dicuntur. Ee quunt 
non a venatoribus agitantur , in opacis & fpilfis Sylvis folent ex frondibys 
(& fenttibus) vivere. Quan autem Venantinu ftrepitum fentiunt, & Ca- 


(u) Ovide-Metamorph. lib. 1. verf, 192. (w) Hevodot. in Melpomene, p.m. 229. (x) Solinus Po- 
lyhift.cap. 34. (y) Pomp. Mela de fitu Orbis, lib.t.cap. 8.p.1%. (Zz) Plintj Hift.Naf.lib.7.cap.2. 
(a) 4lian. Hifl. Animal. lib. 16. cap. 21. 


HUME 


The SATYRS of the Ancients. 64 


nus latratus exaudiunt, in Montiune vertices incredibili celeritate excur= 
runt: nam per wontes iter conficere affucte funt. Contra eos qui fe infe- 
quuntur pugnant , de fummis montibus faxa devolventes , quorum impetu 
fepe multi deprebenfé pereunt. Itaque difficillimé capiuntur : Et ex iis non- 
mulle, fed egerrimé tandem, aut egrotantes nimirum, aut gravide compre- 
henduntur. [We quiden propter morbum , he vero ob gravitatem. Capte 
autem ad Prajfios deferuntur.  Ftilian here tells us that they have Tails like 
Horfes, therefore they muft be of the Moxkey or Baboox kind. And 
Panfanias, who made it his Bufinefs to enquire more particularly about 
them, informs us they. have (uch Tails, but can’t fpeak, but are very Laf- 
civious and Luftful, as they are obferved to be to this day. Iwill give 
you Paufanias’s words ; Weed A Salvpav (faith (6) he) ofmwes civ, exips 
Trt ESAav Erisadey, womMais aor}! reTev ewexe &6 Adyus HAdd. “Egn 3 
Evgnu@. Kee avie marley & “IreAlay amopleiy m0 aviary 78 TAS, 1, & Tin 
ew Saraosay,es nv sxen mAceow See Oivey Nios A Cvey pay tones 7oPrzS, 
en 4) rowrais olucly avdegs ayeles amnais A dx eStrew wimg wegaigny TH 
vauTas, ole meagre gy 7 wegyWlas,u, 7K evoixay dx dmeipws eyovles. BizSlway 
OV ay x ror. Taras ne Arcicey mev oo 7 vawr yh Salve ides, £1) THS @401- 
xBvlac x, wupEes, 2, inmev 8 wOAD wucles eyew OF THIS iglis Begs. Térss ws 
rSovlo yee eg uavlas 6771 thd vaud, pavlw psy sdeulay ievay, Tals A) yuvazip 
6rriyeapely Taig ev TH m. TeaG i) Octouvlas Tes vadT2s, Baebae ov yang 
cubarciy és tle) viow. "Es radriw ey USeiCew res Salveus, 8 pov A xbeon- 
HAY, aMa Tal 70 TAY Sroiws oir. Which (c) Conrad. Gefner. | find hath 
thus tran{lated 5 Ceterum de Satyris, quinam fint, cum plura quam alij {cire 
laborem, cum multis ea de re fum collocutus : Dixit autew Euphemus Car, fe 
quum in Italians navigaret curfu effe excuffirm vi ventorum, © ad mare exti- 
mum, quod navigari non item foleat portatum. Infulas autem ibi multas effé 
ac defertas, © viris agreftibus incoli. Ad alias vero aiebat nautas deflecdere 
recufaffe, quod antea quoque co appulft, Incolarum Inhumanitatem effent ex- 
perti. Tempeftatis denique violentia cd perveniffe. Infulas eas a Nautis vo- 
cari Satyrias. Incolas ineffe rubicundos , G caudas imo dorfo habere, Equi- 
nis non mulio minores. Hos, ubi fenferant, ad navigium accurriffe, nullam- 
que vocem edidiffe , fed mulieritus Navi una advettis manus injeciffe. Nau- 
tas vero timore correptos, Barbaram Mulierem in Infulam tandem projeciffe. 
Eam Satyros, non folune qua parte confuetudo permittat, verun etiam toto 
corpore libidinosé violaffe, referebat. 


Tt appears therefore plainly that the Safyrs have Tails. But that there 
might not the leaft Scruple remain what fort of Animals thefe Satyrs were, 
I hall produce a Paflage out of (d) Philoftorgivs which is very exprels, 
and comes fully up to our Bufinefs : For he tells us , "Est 4), 7870 (fc. 
Satyrus) mInG., éevlesy ro medowmov, 2, yopyis the whnow, #, degy eycav. 
i.e. That a Satyr is a Sort of Ape with ared face, fwift of motion, ana ha- 


(b) Paufanias in Atticis, p.m. 21. (c) Gefners de Animal. p.865. (4) Philoflorgij Hift. Eccle- 
Siaftic. lib. 3. cap. 11. p. 44» 
H Ving 


5 a A Philological Effay concerning 


ving a Tail. Where you may obferve that Philoftorgivs and Paufanias both 
agree, that they have a red Face, which may be fome mark, by which 
to know them again. And (e) Galez hath given us another, viz. that 
their Roffruz or Chin is longer than an Apes, but not fo long as that of 
the Cyzocephalus, as appears in that Paffage I have already quoted ( f), 
viz. Ihat a Man ix proportion to his Body hath the fhortes# Chin of any Ani- 


mal; ext to a Man, az Ape ; the the Lynx and Satyrs 3 and after thefe © 


the Cynocephali. Now none of thefe Marks agree to the Orang-Outang 5 
for it had no Tail, it had nota red Face, and his Chiz was fhorter than 
any other fort of Apes. So that Boutivs was miftaken in calling it a Sa- 
tyr. And Tulpiws was too hafty in laying down this Conclufion, Iz fum- 
ma (faith (g) he) vel Nullus est in Rerum Natura Satyrus: aut fé quis cf?, 
erit proculdubio illud Animal, quod in Tabella hic & nobis depittum. ad 
Lulpivs a mind to have made his Oravg-Outang a Satyr, he fhould not 
have compared him to a Courtier, nor inftanced in fuch Niceties as he ob- 
ferves, of his drinking, and going to bed: For, Efferatior Cynocephalis 
Natura, ficut Satyris, faith (h) Plizy.And in another place he tells us, Satyris 
preter figuram nihil moris humani (i). But the Orang-Outang had very 
tender Pafflions,and was very gentle and loving. Another very remarka- 
ble difference that I find between the Satyrs and the Orang-Outang, is, that 
the Satyrs have Pouches in their Chops as Mowkeys have 5 but the Orazg- 
Outang, as Yhave fhewn in the Anatomy, had none. Condit (faith ( k) 
Pliny) in «Thefauros Maxillarum Cibum Sphingiorum & Satyrorum genus : 
uox inde fenfims ad aandendum, manibus expromit: © quod formicis in 
annum folenne est, his in dies vel horas. The Orang-Outang therefore 
cannot be the Satyrs of the Ancients, as Tulpivs, and Boutivs, and Dap- 
_ perimagined. 


By what has been faid,I think it fully appears that there were fuch Azi- 
mals as the Ancients called Satyrs ; and that they werea fort of Monkeys 
or Apes with Tails : And this Account that I have given of them, will 
very well make out thofe Texts in Ifaiahs as Chapter 13. verfe 21. But 
wild Beafts of the Defart hall lye there, and their Houfes fhall be full of dole- 
ful Greatures, and Owls {hall dwell there, and Satyrs fhall dance there. And 
Chapter 34. verf. 14. The wild Beafts of the Defart shall alfo meet with the 
wild Beafts of the [land ; and the Satyr fhull cry to his Fellow; the Schrich- 
Owl alfo fhall refi there, and find for her felf a place of rest. For fince the 
Text calls them wild Beafts, I {eeno reafon why we fhould fancy the Sz- 
tyrs here to be Demons, as the Learned Bochartws and others feem to do. 
Tagree with Bochart, that what is told us in the Life of St. Paw the Her- 
mite by St. Ferome , and in that of St. Anthony by St. Anaftafius of a 
Satyr meeting St. Azthozyin the Defart,and difcourfing with him, may be 


TheS AT YRS of the Ancienis. 53 
fabulous or a Delufion. Now affertior (faith (CL) Bochartws.) narrationi 
Magni Seriptoris, iz qua Satyrus introducitur Antoniune in Eremo rogans, ut 
pro fe communen: Deum deprecetur, tanquam Salutis ix Chrifto particeps futu- 
rus. Now alios fervat Chriftws, quan quos affumpfit. At non affumpfit An- 
gelos, amulio minis Demones ant Satyros qui nufquam funt, fed femen A- 
brahe. And tho’ St. Ferowe, to confirm this Relation, adds, That in 
Conftaztine’s time one of thefe Monfters. was feen alive at Alexandria in 
fEgypt, and after it’s Death, it’s Carcafs was embalmed and fent to Avti- 
och for the Emperor to fee it; Yet I fhall plainly prove that this Satyr 
was nothing elfe but that fort of Mozkey I am now difcourfing about. 


This Story I find often mentioned ; but (7_) Philoftorgius gives us the 
moft particular Account of it, and therefore fefhall infert his own words ; 
Kai amas momnav Cway cialis zig mouxcias proppns SAmulupems x, SKAov 
T2bTe Cewv, MMay cig imrces nourZojnerav, 1G. Ov x, 6 Mav OrnrNdcls ad p- 
Het» 05 The) nepzrlw aiyomegowmes 62, x, alyinipes, x cx Azyhov 7 xT 
atiryoouerns, Th) *\ norriav x, 70 sépvov #, Tes yeas xeAaeds mSMmKGL, By 2, 6 
7 “Wav Banasis Kavsavrig amsaans. Testo“) 70 Cao tn ev gee duevov 
ayer Twis & rm mAh dz ro Suosadss ciglusver, ere? dmbare, ree sy d- 
onvles ano ob nopioves, SeapalG. macy cv counties cinove, meyer THis Kove 
savrivs Siecwourlo wiAcws. Kal por Sonia 70 C@ov tB70° Ennves metry idciv, 
%, Cumrayires te Elyw zig Stas, Oedy opin vous coy, Adipwevov aw70is 72 7et- 
egSoke Seomacw. “Qaree t,t Sarveg. i.e. Lhis Ape-form is mixt with 
other Species of Animals 3 and this is plain, feveral being fent over to ur; 
as that which is called Pan, which in its Head had a Goat's face and Goat's 
horns, from it's Loins downwards Goat's Legs 5 but in it's Belly, Breafts, 
and Hands was a pure Ape. Such an one the King of \ndia fext to Con- 
ftantius. This Avimal lived for fome time, and was carried about inclofed 
ina Cage, being very wild. Wher it died, thefe that looked after it, having 
embalmed it to make a jhew of this unnfual fight, fent it to Con{tantinople. 
Now I anz apt to believe the ancient Greeks had feex this Animal, and being 
Jurprifed at the ftrangene|s of the fight, fancied it to be a God ; it being ufual 
for then to make a God of any thing that they admired or wondered at: a 
they did the Satyr. 


"Tis evident therefore by this Relation, that the Sztyr is of the Ape or 
Monkey-kind : For m&m@. here is generical, and includes both. Bue 
there being feveral Species of them,they received a denomination accord- 
ing to the refemblance they had to other Awimals 3 asin Philoftorgivs are 
mentioned before, the Leontopithecus, the Aropithecws, the Cynocephalus 
and Aegopithecws,which laft feems to be our Satyr,from the refemblance it 
_hathinics Head and Legs toa Goat. That their Legsand Face are like 
a'Goat’s,is eafte enough tobe believed: but the Horzs that they clap upon 
his Head, feem to me as an addition of the Poets,or the Pziziers,or both. 
But what gave a foundation to this Invention, poflibly may be the large- 

()) Bochart. Hieroxoic. part. pofferlib.6. cap. 7..p.829- (m) Philoftorg.Hift. Ecclefiafticlib.3.cap.11- 
| H 2 es nefs 


54 A Philological Effay concerning 


nefs of their Ears {tanding off from their Head, and which are very re- 
markable. And this Phurautws (2) gives as the reafon of it. Horace 
(0) takes notice of their Ears, but ill defcribes themin making them 
{harp pointed, whereas they are round. 


f  aures 
Capripedum Satyrorum acutas. 


But by this Account it likewife"appears, that Paz was a Name of this 
fort of Monkey sand Philoftorgius's Remark at the Conclufion of this Paf- 
fage, I think is very juft: for’tis certain that this Avimal was worlhipped 
in Izdia as a Deity, as a Dog was by the Aigyptians 5 and ‘twas Death 
for any Body to kill one of them: For thus faith (p) Diodorus Siculus , 
Tis 72 9D adres olictas of mOngo ye Tene Toit dvOpwms, Seo: me’ ab70is vayut- 
Comevor, xglamee mae Anus of wuves' ex te 7! mracecusaquiver ev eis T= 
puctoss Te Cain 7ebs Teopas éAauSavov dxwrAdTus bwere BEAoTo. Kat as meg- 
aryoe sas d\, eriSeomy yoveis Toi Teta 4yTA Td TAGisev dd 7}! moter, @aree 
mae ily diay Seay. Tois A? duroxlewan T870 To C@ov, cs hoeSncon Te pe~ 
ysz, SavalG@ verso wegsircy. Aid dv x, muse Tin Criqeuow Cy THRE OILS [AE 

, wy. we > 1 4 1 @ , ° 
pce Aeysucvev 672 TW! evalewousvev, O71 moins cic molicuay. i.e. Kafdem e- 


nim domus Sintia quas Homines frequentant 5 pro Diis habentur apud illos, 


ut apud Higyptios Canes; paratos etiam in Cellis penariis cibos, quando libet,, 
nemine prohibente, ha beftie fumunt, nominaque ut plurimum a Simiis, ut 
apud nos &@ Diis, Parentes Liberis fuis imponunt. Qui Animal hoc interfe- 
cerint, imeos, ut nefarie Inspietatis reos, fupplicio capitis animadvertitur. 
Ideo apud. nonnullos Proverbij vicem obtinuit, quod in magnifice fe efferentes 
dicitur 5 Simie Cruorent bibiftz. And in another place (¢) Diodorus tells 
us, that Paz was inthe greateft Veneration among{t the Aigyptiazs, and. 
his Statue was inevery Lemple. And (r) Fuvexal remarks, 


Effigies Sucri nitet aurea Cercopitheci.. 


The Superftition of worfhipping this Avimal obtained not only a- 
mong({t the Ancients, but there are Inftances likewife of a later date, and 


what (s_) Fobannes Linfchotex relates, is very remarkable. ‘ How that in. 
“the Year 1554. the Portwguefe having taken the Ifland of Ceyloz,they pro-. 


“ pofed to roba Temple on the top of Adam's Pzke ; but they found no- 
“thing there,but a little Cabinet adorned with Gold and Jewels,in which 
“was kept the Zooth of an Ape, which they took away, to the great grief 
‘ of the Kings of that Place; who fent Ambaffadors to the Portuguefe,and 
“ offered them Seventy thoufand Ducats for the Tooth; which the Por- 
“ ruguefe were willing enough to take, but were, diflwaded from it by 
* their Bifhop Gafpar, who told them, that it wasa Crime, thus to encou- 
‘ rage the Idolatry of the Izdiazs ; whereupon he burnt the Tooth, and 
‘ flung the Athesinto the River. ‘fob. Eufeb. Nierembergivs (¢) hath the 

(n) Phurnutys de Nat. | Deorum. Cap. de Pane. ps m. 71. (0) Horace Odarum, Lib. 2, Ode 19. 
(P) Diodor.Sicul.Biblioth.Hiftl.20.p.m.793. (q) Diodor.Sicul.ibid.l.1.p.m.16. (rt) Fuven. Satyr.15. VU. 4. 


(s)F.Lin{choten apud Theod,d2 Bry India Oricutepart.2.cap.46.pm.111. (t)FEuf.Nieremberg. Hift.Natdl.9. 
¢Ap.46.p.180, fame. 


The SATYRS of the Ancients. aS 


fame Story, but varies in the Account of fome Particulars.: And od. 
Petrus Maffeivs (z) gives us a Relation of one of their Temples,which for 
Magnificence, might vie withany at Rome+ His words are thefe; Saxe fa- 
nun est Simie dicatum + Cujus duntaxat Pecori in vitimarune nfum cuftodi- 
e2do, Porticus miram in longitudinem excurrit, Columnarune Septingentarum 
€ Marmore, tante magnitudinis, ut Agrippe Columnas, que in celeberrimo 
quondam omnium Deorum Templo Rome vifuntur, fine dubio adequent. Now 
thefe Animals being worfhipped by the Izdiazs as Gods, ‘tis natural to 
believe (as Lucretivs fuggelts) that they would invent and relate prodigi-- 
ous things concerning them; and no doubt this gave the occafion to the 
Poets and Hifforians of making fuch fabulous Reprefentations of them: 
How far the latter might be concerned in the addition of Hérxs to the 
Satyrs Heads, 1 fhall not at prefent enquire: I call iran Addition, becaufe 
there is no Account from any credible Author, that there were ever obfer- 
ved any of the Ape-kizd to have Horns. Poflibly {ome ancient Statues or 
Paintings might give fome light into this matter : for the ancient Statec- 
ries and Paizters were curious in reprefenting them; and Plizy recom- 
mends, asexcellent in this kind, the Satyr of Mylo, of Lucippus, Antipha- 
lus, Protogenes, Arifton, and Nicomachws, as Pieces admired in thofe days. 


Albertus Magnus (w) who was happier in guefling, than in proving 
or defcribing what he meant; tells us indeed, that the Satyr (whom he 
calls Pilofus) was of the Ape-kind ; but he makes {uch an odd Compofi- 
tionof him, that one would take it to be rather a Chimera, than areal 
Being: You may fee his words in the Citations. 


(a) Fob.Per.Maffeij Hift.Indic.lib.t.p.m.36.  (w) Albert. Magnus de Animalib. lib. 22. p. m. 223. . 
Pilofus eft Animal Compofitum ex homine fuperius, (> Capra inferius , fed Cornua habet in fronte, dy eft de 
genere Simiarum, fed multum monitruofum ; ¢ aliquotiens incedit erectum, dy efficitur domitum. Hoc afferunt 
in Difertis habitare Aithiopie; Uy aliquotiens captum Qo in Alexandria deductum,¢y mortuum fale infufur 
¢ in Conftantinopolin delatum. 


26 <a Fhilological Effay concerning 


Of the SPHINGES of the Ancients, 


, E come now in the Jaft place to difcourle of the Sphizges 
of the Axcients,where I fhall not relate all that is faid of 
them; nor concern my felf with the Mythology or Inter- 
pretation of the feveral Fables that have been invented a- 
bout them; but I propofe rather to fhew, that there were indeed {uch 4- 
nimnals which the Axcients call'd Sphizges ; and that they were not Mev, 


but Brutes ; and that they were of the Ape or Mowkey-kind. 


If we confult the fabulous Defcriptions that are given of the Sphizx,we 
fall find it a very monftrous Compofition. ApoModorws (a) tells us,2mu be 
9D "Hea Soinfz.n mcleds wav yids WW, Waledss, TuparG...ciye A me gocTrov 
pay yunieinds.siGr %) 2, Baow x, degev Aton Gz, mepugas GoubG. hat Sphinx 
mwas the daughter of Echidna azd Typho, fhe had the face of a Woman, the 
Breaft,Feet,aud Tail of a Lion, and the Wings of a Bird. And (b) Aufonins, 


Terruit Aoniam, Volucris, Leo, Virgo triformis 
Sphinx, volucris pennis, pedibus fera, fronte Puella. ’ 

But as their Fanfies govern’d them, fo they made their defcription. Clear- 
chus (as 1 find him quoted in (c) Natalis Comes) has out-done them all ; 
At Clearchus (faith he) Caput @ Manus Puella, Corpws Canis , vocem Ho- 
minis, Candam Draconis, Leonis ungues, Alas Avis, illam habuiffe fcvipfit. 
Palephatws (d) is fomewhat ditterent in his Account, where he tells us, 
Tee t rng Kad ucias Spilyos Atysow.w¢ Sue lov eyevelo, cuipece wev eyov ws xrwsc, 
xeparled 5, xg! megowmar xdpns, alepugees CouilGu, gurtd *) avOpome i. e. They 
fay that the Cadmean Sphynx was.a wild Beat, having the Body of a Dog, 
the Head and Face of a Virgin, the Wings of aBird, and theVoice of a Man. 
But for the moft part they make the Sphizx Biformis with a Maiden’s Face 
and Lion’s Feet ; as che Scholiafé upon (e) Euripides gives it,medawmov zzp- 
Sus, sid A zy 7O0ws Aiov70;. SO the Scholiaft upon (f) Ariftophanes, oi & 
Spiv[es wodis Aeowrwd ers iowv* And Euripides himlelf , as he is quoted by 
(g) Hiliav, makes her to have the Tail and Feet of a Lion, in that Verfe, 


Odegy \? \aurse m0 AcovroTsy baav" 
Caudam remulcens ad Leoninos pedes. 


Where we may obferve that Ai/iax tells us here that the A¥gyptian Statua~ 
ries, and the Thebaz Fables, made the Sphinx to be only Biformis : Bifor- 
mem nobis conantur reprefentare,ipfam ex Corpore Virginis S Leonis cum gra- 
witate compofitant architect antes,asGefuer there tranflates him:But the Greeks 
reprefented the Sphyzx with wingss for as (4) flax in another place tells 

(a) Apollodori Bibliothec.1.3.c. 5.§ 8-p.m.170. | (b) Aufoniusin Grypho Ternarij. (c) Natalis Comes My- 


tholog.l.9.c.18. (d) Palephatus de incredibilibus Hiftoriis Cap.de Sphinge.p.m.14. (€) Eurip. in Phaniffis- 
(f) Ariftophan.in Ranis. (g) Atlian.de Animal. |.12.c.7. (h) Elian.de Animal. \.12.cap.38. 


us, 


us, Sphingem quicunque vel Picture vel Plaftice operam dant, fingere alatant 
folent. 


But our chief Bufinefs is to enquire, how Nature hath formed them ; 
and not how the Poets , Paiuters , or Statuaries have, according to the: 
Luxuriancy of their Fancie,feigned or figured them ; to fhew what they 
really are in themfelves, and not what Hieroglyphically the Ancients might 
intend or underftand by them; and we fhall find, that they are only a 
fort of Ape or Monkey, that is bred in Axthiopia and amongft the Troglo- 
dytes, of a comely Face, with long Breafts, thence up totheir Neck not 
fo hairy as on the reft of their Body 5 and are of a mild and gentle Na- 
ture. For thus (2) Pliny, Lyncas vulgo frequentes, & Sphinges, fufco Pilo, 
manmis in Petore geminis Hithiopia generat. And {0 (R) Solinus, Inter 
Simias habentur & Sphinges,villofe comis (Salmafivs reads it villofe onnes ) 
marmmis prominulis ac profundis, dociles ad feritatis oblivionem. FBlian 
(D places them amongft the wild Beafts of Izdia, where he tells us , Na- 
turali quodane Ingenio & Prudentia valent etiaw apud nos Animalia , non to- 
tidem tamen, quot funt in India: illic enim hujufmodi funt, Elephantus, 
Pfittacus, Sphinges © nuncupati Satyri, & Indica Formica. And Artemi- 
dorys in () Strabo tells us, that the Sphizges, Cynocephali and Cepi are bred 
among({t the Troglodytes. Agatharchides (_) confirms the fame,and gives 
us this Account of them ; Ai apirfes #, of Kuewoxepars x, Kiigor zaegneurov) 
cig thd "AAcZardpelav cu A Tpwyrodeliis, 2, ® AiSomas’ cin?) al uty Selle 
meis yegpouears meguoicy. Al om waco duouay, x, THis Wuyais nuseot 
#, Tego. Kel ravepyias nowarSa mAcisns, RNdwouarias te medvd ds Tinis Oot 
moo a7mov), wse Tho) éuppOuler ev wiict Gavucatev. 1.e. The Sphinges, 
Cynocephali ad Cepi are fent to Alexandria frome the Country of the Tro-- 
glodytes avd Hthiopia, The Sphinges are like to what they are painted ,ouly 
they are all hairy, and mild and gentle in their Nature: they have a great 
deal of Cunning, and a Method of Learning what they attain to, that one 
would wonder at their aptuefs to any thing. Diodorus Siculus (0) gives us 
much the fame Relation, and ’tis likely Agatharchides borrowed his from 
him: fur he tells us, Ai) Sesfes ytyvov?) wav med ve Tl Tewyrode lint, it, 
tl) AiSomay, reis > puoppais ardpysow Sx avderoios Taxis YeRoMAVaIS, peovov > 
qais Suottn HaMatisn. Tas *) luyas iyaepes eyeous 2, mavepyec, 671 mAciov 
% SOumariav pecsodaln Erdeyov2). i.e. Sphinges circa Troglodyticam & 
fithiopian: exiftunt, forma his non abfimiles, qua Arte Piorum exhibentur, 
wife quod hirfutiatantummodo differunt. Placidi illis funt Animi, © ver- 
futi, artifque que compendio tradi folet, admodum capaces. But Philoftor- 
giws (p_) 1s fo particular in his Defcription, and he is the more to becres ~ 
dited, becanfe he declares he had feen them himfelf, that I think I need. 


(1) Pliniy Hift. Nat. lib.8.cap.21.p.m.168. (k) Solinus Polyhift. cap.27. p.m.39. (1) Aélian. de Ani- 
mal, lib.16.cap.15.  (m) Strabo Geograph. lib.16.p.533. (nm) Agatharchides apud Photij Biblioth. p. m. - 
1362.cap, 38. (0) Dicdoris Sicules Biblioth. lib.3.p.m.167- (p) Philoflorgivs Hift-Ecclefia$. 1.3.ce1 ts 
p.4t. 

no 


58 A Philological Effay concerning, SCC, 


no more Authorities to prove what I have here laid down, that thelfe 
Sphinges were only a fort of Ape or Mozkey. 1 will therefore give you 
his own words, which are thefe, Kal mévh Spy GQ. 6H mornav (oozes 
9D Se2orueG. yea) fig 70 yuly dAA2 cope Adaty Cow, wos ris AMIS m= 
Snnois” 70 4 stpvov AYCL Ye WTS. TS TK YhAs Nirw.), uaz A ywewnds eye. 
"Epubps rds BenytGr ud yeceidss travashuclG. enay ev ulury 70 yeypmree 
paw 7 mualG merSenIG, x, is moMlw Te éumperreav arlporopardt 
dun ral ev low yao onvagnar opis. Td A me jomm cresecylAw.) per- 
Aov, x, cig pemaintian Aner propgl. “H zt gavii 67renas avlpwmcia, 7AlW gov 
Sx ois aplleg Naipymem, AML Twi TeYices, Hw, oO peree TWO. Cppiig we wv, ay One 
SWG. aonrce Serogheyfotons me coenxne Bapuliog ce maior Cety dZuvomere’ 
ayerty ve Ct Dewas to Snesv, 2, wavepydrelov, z, de fades TAzoseud never. 


i.e. A Sphinx # a fort of Ape (I thal write what I faw my felf) all the reft 


of whofe Body is hairy like other Apes. But it's Sternum or Breaft is [uooth: 


without hair up tothe Throat. Ithas Mammzx or Breafts like a Woman s 
little reddifh Pimples like Millet Seeds, running round that part of the Body 
that is bares very prettily fuiting with the Flefh colour in the middle. It’s 
Face is roundifh, and refembles a Woman's. It’s Voice is very much like the 
Humane, only it # not articulate, but precipitate, and like one that {peaks 


unintelligibly thro Anger and Indignation. When tis incenfed, it's Voice is 


deeper. This Animal és very wild, and crafty, and not eafily tamed. And 
Pierivs, as \ find himquoted by (4) Philip Camerarivs, gives us much the 
fame defcription of onehe faw at Verona. Harum ego unam (faith he ) 
Verone quum effem vidi Mammis ili S Glabris © Candidis , a Pettore 
propendentibys. Circunducebat eam circulator quidam Gallus, ex ignotis 
antea Infulis recens adveam. Anda little after adds, Jpfa vero Sphinx 
toto erat pecfore glabello, facie & auribus humanis propriovibus , dorfo hifpido 
Supra modum, fufco & oblongo Pilo, eoque denfiffimo. 


What has been faid, I think fully makes out, that the Sphizx is nota 
meer Figment of the Poets, but an Axial bred in Affica, of the Ape or 
Monkey-kind. Tis different from our Orazg-Ontang in the colour of it’s 
Hair; in the roundnefs and comelinels of it’s Face ,in it’s Breafts, being 
pendulous and long; and the red Pimples it hath on the naked part of 
itsBody. Pliny tellsus (as Ihave elfewhere remarked) that the Sphiz- 
ges have Pouches in their Chops as Satyrs and Mozkeys have , and the 
Poets defcribing them with a Lion's Tail , make me apt to think , that 
they are of the Monkey-kind. 


(q) Phil. Camerarij Opera fubcifive fiv: Meditat. Hift. Cent. 1. Cap. 71. p.m. 325. 


FINIS. 


oo - 


5 ae 


An Advertifement 


Of fome Difcourfes and Obfervations made 
by Dr. Edw. Tyfon, and where publithed. 


J Colledge swith a Preliminary Difcourfe concerning Avatomys and 

| a Natural Hiftory of Animals, Lond.Printed for Bexj. Tooke at the 

Ship in St. Paul’s Church-yard, 1680. in 4”. 

Vipera Caudifona Americana; or the Azatomy of a Rattle Snake 5 dif- 
fected at the Repofitory of the Royal Society, Fan. 1682. vide Philofoph. 
Tranfakions N° 144. p. 25- 

Lumbricus Latus, or a Difcourfe read before the Royal Socéety of the 
Foynted Worm. Wherein a great many Miftakes of former Writers con- 
cerning it, are remarked : it’s Natural Hiftory from more Exact Obfer- 
vations is attempted : and the whole urged, as a Difficulty, againft the 
Doétrine of Univocal Generation, Vide Philofoph. Tranfacfiows N° 146. 

ag. 146. 

t (et Teres,or {ome Anatomical Obfervations on the Rouud Worz, 
bred in Humane Bodies. Wide Philofoph. Tranfactions N° 147. pag.154. 

Tajacu, five Aper Mexicanws Mofchiferus ; or the Azatomy of the Mexico 
Musk-Hog. Vide Philofoph. Tranfad. N° 153. pag. 359: 

Lumbricus Hydropicus, or an Effay to prove, that Hydatides often met 
with in Morbid Bodies, are a Species of Worms, or imperfect Animals. 
Vide Philofoph. Tranfatt. N° 193. pag. 506. 

Carigueya, feu Marfupiale Americanum 3 or the Anatomy of an Opoffum , 
diflected at Grefham-Colledge. Wide Philofoph.Tranfadt. N° 239. pag.105. 

_Ephemeri Vita, or the Natural Hiftory and Anatomy of the Epheme- 
von 3a Fly that lives but five hours. Written originally in Low-Dutch, 
by Fo. Swammerdam M.D. of Amfterdam, and publithed in Englifh by 
E. Tyfor M.D. Lond. Printed for Henry Faithorue and Fohn Kerfey at 
the Rofe in St. Pawl’s Church-yard. 1681. in 4°. 

Exbrionis Galej levis Anatome. Vide Franc. Willoughbai. Hift. Pifcinm. 
Edit. 2 Fo. Raio in Appendic. pag. 13. 

Lumpi Anglorum Anatome. ibid. pag. 25. 

The Scent-Bags in Poll-Cats, and feveral other Avimals,firft difcovered.. 
Vide Dr. Plot's Natural Hiftory of Oxfordfhire, pag. 205. . 

Vide Thove. Bartholinit Alta Medica & Philofophica Hafrienfia, Vol. 5;. 
ubi 


P HOCAE NA, or the Azatomy of a Porpefs, diffetted at Grefhan- 


‘Obferv. 26. Vomica Pulwonis. 
~ Obferv.. 


a aa ATES SN LE LTT TTT TANT RE COT a ea I 


Obferv. 27. Hydrops Thoracis, & difftcultatis {pirandi rara Caufa. 

Obferv. 28. Hemoptoe, Tuffis, Pleuritis © Empyema a duobus claviculis, 
fortuito in Pulwones delapfts. 

Obferv. 29. Polypus omnes Corporis totins Venas G Arterias occupans. 

Obferv. 30. Polypws Bronchiarum & Trachee. 

Vide ejufd. Obferv. 101. Obferv. 107. Obferv. 108: - 


Some Anatomical Obfervations of Hair found in feveral Parts of the 
Body ; asalfo Teeth, Boxes, &c. with Parallel Hiftories of the fame ob- 
ferved by others. Vide Dr. Hooks Philofophical Collections N° 2. pag. 
II. 

Anatomical Obfervations of an Abfcefs in the Liver; a great number 
of Stones, in the Gall-bag and Bilioys Veffels ; an unufual Conformation 
of the Ewulgents and Pelvis. A ftrange Coxjunétiox of both Kidneys,and 


great Dilatation of the Vea Cava. Vide Philofoph. Tranfatt. N° 142. - 


p-1035. 


An Anatomical Obfervation of four Ureters in an Infant; and fome 


Remarks on the Glazdule Renales. ibid. pag. 1039. 

An Abftract of two Letters from Mr. Sampfon Birch an Alderman and 
Apothecary in Stafford, concerning an Extraordinary Birth; with Re- 
fiections thereon. Vide Philofoph. Tranfad. N° 150. pag. 281. and 
Dr. Plot's Natural Hiftory of Staffordfhire, pag. 272. 

The Figure of the Cochineal Fly. Vide Philofoph. Tranfa. N°176. 

ag. 1202. ; 
: on Obfervation of Hydatides found in the Vefica Urinaria of Mr.Smith. 
Vide Philofoph. Tranfatt. N° 187. pag. 332- i 

An Obfervation of an Infant, where the Bratz was deprefled into 

the Hollow of the Vertebre of the Neck.Vide Philofoph. Tranfa#. N° 228. 
ag. §33. 

i Bie Gulenanon of one Hemifphere of the Braiz fphacelated 5 and of 

a Stone found in the Subftance of the Braiz. Vide Philofoph. Tranfad. 

N° 228. pag. 535- 


regia 
se 


oh 


tala 
Mom 


SMITHSONIAN 


LAA 


7088 


e4O2 7 
nmahrb QM21.T99 


rang-outang,