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i899  VOL.  XIII.  1900. 


THE 


OTTAWA  NATURALIST, 


Beiag  VOL.  XV  of  the 


TRANSACTIONS 


of  the 


OTTAWA   FIELD-NATURALISTS'  CLUB. 


Organized  March,  1879.  Incorporated  March  1884. 


OTTAWA,  CANADA  : 

From  the  Press  of  Paynter  &  Abbott:. 

1899. 


THE    OTTAWA    FIELD-NATURALISTS'   CLUB,    1899-1900, 


Ipatvon : 
THE  RIGHT  HONOURABLE  THE  EARL  OF  MINTO, 

GOVKUNOR-GENERAI,   OF   CANADA. 

Iprcsi&cnt : 

Henry  Ami,  M.A.,  D.  Sc,  F.G.S.,  F.G.S.A. 

U^ce=lP^csi^ent8 

Prof.  John  Macoun,  M.A.,   PM..S.,  F.R.S.C.  A.  G.   Kingston. 

Xibrarian  : 
S.  B.  Sinclair,  B.A. 

(Normal  School. ) 

Secietaiv! :  'Creasuier : 

W.  J.  Wilson,  Ph.  B.  Dr.  James  Fletcher. 

iGeolosri'-al  Sun-ev  Dept.)  {Central  Experimental  Farm.) 

Committee : 


W.  H.  Harrington. 
W.  S.  Odell. 
J.  M.  Macoun. 


Miss  M.  Kee. 
Miss  G.    Harmer. 
Miss  Marion  Whyte. 


Stan^inq  Committees  of  Council : 
Publishing :  J.  Fletcher,  J.  M.  Macoun,  W.   H.  Harrington,  W.  J.  Wilson,  A.  G. 

Kingston. 
Excursions:  S.   B.   Sinclair,  John  Macoun,    J.    Fletcher,  W.  S.  Odell,    Miss   Kee, 

Miss  Harmer,  Miss  Whyte. 
Soirees  :  A.  G.  Kingston,  J.  M.   Macoun,  W.  H.  Harrington,  W.  J.  Wilson,   Miss 
Whyte,  Miss  Kee. 

Xea^er8  : 

Geology:   R.  W.  Ells,  L.  Lambe,  W.  J.  Wilson,  T.  J.  Pollock. 
Botany  :  J.  M.   Macoun,   R.  B.   Whyte,    D.  A.  Campbell,   R.    H.  Cowley. 
Entomology  :  J.    Fletcher,  W.  H.   Harrington,  C.  H.  Young. 
Conchology  :  ].  V.  Whiteaves,  F.  R.   Latchford,   A.  Halkett. 
Ornithology:    W.  T.    Macoun,    A.    G.    Kingston,    Miss  Harmer. 
Zoology :    [ohn  Macoun,  W.  S.  Odell,  A.  Halkett,  A.  E.  Attwood. 
Arch(t:ology :  T.  W.  E.  Sowter,  H.  B.  Small,  J.  Ballantyne. 


THE  OTTAWA  NATURALIST. 

lEMtor : 
James  M.  Macoun. 
associate  fibitovs : 
Dr.  R.  W.  Ells,  Geological  Survey  of  Canada,— Department  of  Geology. 
Dr.   H.   M.   Ami,  Geological  Survey  of  Canada,  — Department  of  /'a/(?(7«/^%j. 
Mr.  R.  a.  A.  Johnston,  Geological  Survey  of  Canada,— Department  of  yJ/Zw/'a/o^y. 
Mr.  a.  E.  Barlow,  Geological  Survey  of  Canada,— Department  oi  Petrography. 
Dr.  Jas.  Fletcher,   Central  Experimental  Farm— Department  of  Botany. 
Mr.   F.  R.  Latchford. — Department  of  Conchology. 

Mr.  \V.  H.  Harrington,  Post  Office  Department.  —  Depariment  of  Entomology. 
Mr.   W.  T.  Macoun,  Central  Experimental  Farm. --Department  of  Ornithology. 
Prof    E.  E.  Prince,  Commissioner  of  Fisheries  for  Canada.  —Department  of  Biology. 
Prof.  Iohn    Macoun,  Geological  Survey  of  Canada.— Department  of  Zf^o^r-j'. 

Membership  Fee  to  O.F.N.C,  with  "Ottawa  Naturalist,"  $i.co  per  annum, 


i 


LIST  OF   MEMBERS 


' 


Ottawa  Field-Naturalists'  Club, 
April,  1899. 


Adams,  Pto/.  F.  D.,  M.A.  Sc,  Ph.  D. 

Alexander,  L.  H. 

Allan,  Hon. Geo.  W.,  D.C.L.,F.R.G.S., 

F.L.S.,  P.C.  (Toronto.) 
Ami,    H.   M.,    M.A.,   D.    Sc,    F.G.S., 

F.C.S.A. 
Ami,  Mrs.  H.  M. 
Anderson,    Lieut. -Col.    W.    P.,     C.  F., 

M.l.C.F. 
Attwood,  A.  E.,  M.A. 
Ballantyne,  James. 
Barlow,  A.E.,  M.A.,  F.G.S.A. 
Bate,  H.  Gerald. 
Bate,  H.  N. 
Bell,  E.  B. 
Bell,  Robert,  B.App.Sc,  M.D.,  LL.D., 

F.F.S.,  F.R.S.C,  F.G.S.,  F.G.S.A. 
Belliveau,  A.   H. 
Bethune,  Rev.  C.  J.  S.,  Af.A.,   D.C.L., 

F.R.S.C.  (Port  Hope,  Ont.) 
Bigger,  Howell. 
Billings,  W.  R. 
Bishop,  Miss  A.  M. 
Boardman,  Wm.  F. 
Bolton,  Miss  Eliza. 
Borden,  Hon.  F.  W.,  M.D.,  M.P. 
Bo^tock,  Mrs.   H.  (Monte  Creek,  B.C.) 
Bowen,  Miss  Alice.  (Queliec.) 
Bowerman,  J.  T.,  B..A. 
Boyd,  .Miss  M. 

Brewster,  W.  (Cambridge,  Mass.,  U.S.) 
Brock,  R.   W. 
Brown,  Gerald  H. 
■Brown,  Mrs.  R.  D. 
Breckenridge,   R.   Stuart. 
Burgess,  T.  J.    W.,    M.D.,    F.R.S.C. 

(Montreal). 
Burland,  }.  H.,  B.App.Si.  (xMontreal.) 
Burland,  Mrs.  G.  B.    (Montreal.) 
Burman,  Rev.  W.  A.  (Winnipeg.) 
Campbell,  D.  A.,  R.A. 
Campbell,  A.M. 
Campbell,  R.  H. 
Charron,  A.  T. 
Chubbuck,  C.  E.  D. 
Church,  Clarence  R.   M.D.,   CM. 
Clarke,  T.  E. 


Cobbold,  Paul  A.  (Haileybury. ) 

Conklin,  |.  J. 

Cornu,  Felix,  M.D.  (Angers,  Que.) 

Cote,  J.  L. 

Cousens,  W.  C,  M.D. 

Cowan,  Miss  E. 

Cowley,  R.  H.,  B.A. 

Craig,  John.  (Ames,  Iowa.) 

Dawson,  G.M.,C.y1/.  (7.,  LL.D.,  F.R.S., 

D. S. ,  Assoc.  R  S.  M. , F.  G. S. , F.  R. S.  C. 
Dawson,  S.  E.,  Lit.D. 
Denis.  Theo.   B.  A.  Se. 
Dewar,  Colin. 

Dimock,  W.   D.,  B.A.  (Truro,   N.S.) 
Dingman,  E.  C. 
Dixon,  F.  A. 
Doherty,  T.  Keville. 
Douglas,  C.  A. 
Dowling,  D.  B.,  B.A.Sc. 
Dresser,  J.  A.,  Af.A.  (Richmond,  Que.) 
Dulau  &  Co.  (London,  Eng. ) 
Dwight,  Jonathan,  Jr.,  Af.D.  (New  York.) 
Ells,  R.  \V.,  LL.D.,  F.G.S.A. 
Evans,  Jno.  D.,  C.F.,  (Trenton,  Ont.) 
Ewart,  D. 

Ferrier.W.F.,  B.A.Sc,  F.G.S.,  F.G.S.A. 
Ferrier,  Mrs.  W.  F.  (Rossland,  B.C.) 
Fleck,  A.  W. 
Fleming,  SirSandford,  K.C.M.C,  C.E., 

F.R'.C.L,  F.R.S.C. 
Fletcher,  James,  LL.D.,  F.L.S., F.R.S.C. 
P'orward,  A.  J. 
Preel,  Miss  H.  B, 
Gerin,  Leon,  B.A.,  F.R.S.C. 
Gilmour,  T. 
Glashan,  J.  C. 
Gorman,  M.  ].,    LL.B. 
Grant,    Sir  "[.   A.,    K.C.M.G.,    M.D., 

F.  R.  C.  S.  Edin. ,  F.  R.  S.  C. ,  F.  G.  S. 
Grisdale.  J.  H..  B.Agr. 
Grist,  Henry. 
Grist,  Miss  Mary  L. 
Hardie,  Miss  Jessie. 
Halkett,  Andrew. 

Harmer,  Miss  G.  (Hintonburgh,  Ont.) 
Harmon,  Miss  A.  Maria. 
Harrington,  W.  Hague,  F.R.S.C. 


1 899.] 


List  of  Members. 


5 


Harrison,   Edward. 

Hay,  George,  Sr. 

Hay,  G.  U.,  F.R.S.C.  (St.  John,  N.B.) 

Hayes,  W.   H. 

Honeyman,  H.  O.,  B.A.  (Granby,  Que.) 

Hope,  J. 

House  of  Commons  Reading  Room. 

Hughes,  Chas.  (Montreal.) 

James,  C.  C,  31. A.  (Toronto.) 

Jenkins,  S.  J.,  B.A. 

Johnston,  J.  F.  E.,  C.E. 

Johnston,  Robt.  A.  A. 

Joly  lie  Lotbiniere.  Hon.  Sir  Henry. 

Jones,  C.  J. 

'Kearns,  J.  C. 

Kee,  Miss  Margaret. 

Keefer,  Thos.  C,  C.E.,  F.R.S.C. 

Keefer,  T.  (Jr.) 

Keel,  Joseph. 

Keeley,  D.  H. 

Kenny,  Thos. 

Kingston,  A.  G. 

Klotz,  Oskar. 

Kemp,  E. 

Lambart,  Hon.  O.  II. 

Lambe,  L.  M.,  F.G.S.,  F.G.S.A. 

Latchford,  F.  R.,  B.A. 

Lee,  Miss  Katharine. 

Lees,  Miss  V. 

Lees,  W.  A.  D. 

Lees,  Mrs.  W.  A.  D. 

Legg,  A.  B.  Rowan- 

LeSueur,  \V.  D.,  B.A. 

Library,  Leg.  Assembly  (Quebec.) 

Lilirary  of  Parliament. 

Lindsay,  A. 

Living,  Miss  A.  Marion. 

MacCabe,  J.  A.,  LL.D.,  F.R.S.C. 

McCalla,  \V.  C.(St.   Catharines.) 

McConnell,  R.  G.,  B.A.,  F.G.S.A. 

MacCraken,  John  I.,  B.A. 

McUougall,  A.  H.,B.A. 

McElhinney,  M.  P. 

McEvoy,  Jas. ,  B.A.Sc. 

Macfarlane,  Rev.  \.  A. 

Macfarlane,  T. ,  M. E. ,  F.  R. S.  C. 

McGill,  A.,  B.A.,  B.Sc: 

Mclnnes,  Wm.,  B.A.,  F.G.S.A. 

MacKay,  A.  H.  B.A.,  B.Sc,  F.R.S.C. 
(Halifax.) 

McLaughlin,  S.   (Los  Angeles,  Cal.) 

MacLaughlin,  T.   J. 

MacLeod,  H.  A.  F.,  C.E. 

McMorran,  R.  M. 

McNab,  Chas. 

McNab,  Rev.  E.  (Mattawa). 

Macoun,    Fro/.    John,     M.A.,    F.L.S., 
F.R.S.C. 


Macoun,  J.  M. 

Macoun,  W.  T. 

Marshall,  John. 

Matheson,  D. 

Mathews,  Miss  Annie  L. 

May.  Dr.  S.   P.  (Toronto.) 

Mearns,  Br.  E.  A.  (U.S.A.) 

Morris,  Miss  F. 

Meneilly,  W.  J.  (Toronto.) 

O'Brien,  S.  E. 

Odell,  \V.  S. 

Ogilvie,  William,  D.L.S.  (Yukon  Ter.) 

Poirier,  Hon.  P.  S.,  M.A.  (Shediac,  N.B.) 

Pollock,  T.  J.   (Aylmer,  Que.) 

Porter,  J.  A.,  B.A.,  M.D. 

Pratt,  H.  O.  E.,B.A. 

Prevost,  L.  C,  M.D. 

Prince,  Pro/.  E.  E.,  B.A.  F.L.S. 

Prudhomme,  O.E. 

Roliertson,  Pro/.  J.  W. 

Robertson,  N. 

Ross,  Hon.  G.  W.  (Toronto). 

Rothwell,  Miss  Lina. 

Sanson,  N.  B.   (Banff,  Alta.) 

Saunders,  Fredk.  A.,  B.A. 

Saunders,  Wm.,  LL.D.,F.L.S., F.R.S.C, 

FC.S. 
Saunders,  W.  E.  (London,  Ont.) 
Scott,  Fred.  (Toronto.) 
Scott,  Miss  Mary  McKay. 
Scott,,  P.  J.,  Af.D.  (Southampton,  Ont.) 
.Scott,   W. 

Scott,  W.,  ^.^.  (Toronto.) 
Scott,  W.  L.,  LL.B. 
Senate  of  Canada,  The. 
Shutt,  F.  T.,  A/. A.,  F./.C.,  F.C.S. 
Simpson,  Willibert. 
Sinclair,  S.  B.,  B.A. 
Small,  H.  B. 

Small,  H.  Beaumont,  Af.D. 
Smith,  Ca/>(.  W.  H.  (Halifax,  N.S.) 
Sowter,  T.  W.  E. 
Sparks,  Miss  A. 
.Stevenson,  Chas.  (Montreal). 
St.  Jean,  Dr.  P. 

Summerl)y,  Wm.  J.,  A/.A.  (Russell,  Ont.) 
.Sutherland,  J.  C.  (Richmond,  One.) 
Sykes.  W.  ].,  B.A. 
Symes,  P.  B.,  A.A^.C. 
Thompson,  T.  W. 
Thorburn,  John,  ALA.,  LL.D. 
Topley,  Mrs.  W.  J. 
Tufts,  Harold.  (Wolfville,  N.  S.) 
Tyndall,  Miss  A.  (Cummings  Bridge.) 
Tyrrell,    J.    B.,    B.A.,  B.    Sr.,  F.G.S., 

F.G.S.A. 
Waghorne,  Rev.  A.  C.  (St.  John's,  Nfld.) 
Wait,  F.  G.,   B.A. 


6  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [Afjril 

Walker,  B.  E.,  F.G.S.  (Toronto.)  Wickham,  Prof.  U.  F.  (Iowa  City,  Iowa.) 

Walker,  Bryant.  (Detroit.)  Whyte,  Miss  Ethel. 

Walsh,  A.  R.  Whyte,  Miss  Ida. 

Walton,  Mrs.  J.  L.  Whyte,  Miss  Isabella. 

War  wick,  F.W.,i?6'c.  (Buckingham, (,)ae.nVhyte,  Miss  Marion. 

Watson,  J.    F.  Whyte,  R.  B. 

Walters,  Henry.  Wickham,  H.  F.  (Iowa  City,  Iowa). 

Werry,  F.  W.  O.  Williams,  Miss  E. 

Weston,  T,  C.  F.G.S. A.  Willing,  T.  N.  (Olds,  N.  W.  T.) 

Whelan,  Peter.  Wilson,  W.  J.,    Ph.  B. 

Whelan,  Miss  A.  Wilson,  Mrs.  R. 

White,  George  R.  Wood,  Hon.  Josiah,  (Sackville,  N.  B.) 

Whit  ■,  Tames.  (Snelgrove,   Ont.)  Woods,  J.  W. 

Whitcaves,    J.     F.,     F.G.S. ,     /•■./v'..S-.C.,Woods,  Mrs.  J.  W. 

F.G.S. A.  Voung,  Rev.   C.    I.    AI.    .4.    (Lansdowne, 
Whitley,  C.  F.,  B.S.A.  Ont.) 

Whitley,  Thos.  Voung,   C.    H. 


CORRE.Sl'ONDING    MEMBER.S. 


Hill,  Albert].  M.A.,  C.E.,  New  Westminster,  B.  C. 
MERRL4M,  Dr.  C.  Hari',  Department  of  Agriculture,  Washington,  U.  S. 
Ormerod,  Mlss  E.  a.,  F.R.,  Mel.,  Soc,  Torringion  House,  St.  Albans,  England. 
Smith,  Prof.  John  B  ,  9c.  D.,  Rutger's  College,  New  Brunswick,  N.  J. 
Taylor,  Rev.  G.  W.,  F.R.S.C,  F.Z.S.  (Nanaimo,  B.C.) 


THE  OTTAWA  NATURALIST. 


Vol.  XIII.  OTTAWA,   APRIL,  1899.  No.  i. 


ANNUAL  REPORT  OF  THE  OTTAWA  FIELD 
NATURALISTS'  CLUB,  1898-99. 

The  Gouncil  of  the  Ottawa  Field  Naturahsts'  Club  herewith 
submits  a  summar}-  of  the  work  done  by  the  Club  during  the 
year  ending  March  14th,    1899: — 

The  number  of  members  now  on  the  roll  is  about  250  : 
twenty  have  been  added  since  our  last  annual  meeting,  and  about 
the  same  number  have  resigned  during  the  year.  Thirteen 
council  meetings  were  held.  At  the  first  meeting,  leaders  in 
the  different  branches  were  chosen,  also  an  Editor  and  Associate 
Editors  of  TiiE  Ottawa  Naturallst. 

The  President,  Prof  Prince,  was  appointed  to  represent  the 
Club  at  the  annual  meeting  of  the  Royal  Society  of  Canada  held 
in  this  cit)'  in  May,  when  a  synopsis  of  the  Club's  work  was  pre- 
sented by  him  to  that  Societ\-. 

Early  in  the  year  the  Council  arranged  for  short  excursions 
on  Saturday  afternoons,  under  competent  leaders,  to  different 
places  within  easy  reach  of  the  city.  The  first  was  to  Rockliffe 
April,  i6th.  Those  who  attended  spent  a  profitable  afternoon. 
Pearly  flowers  were  the  chief  attraction  and  eighteen  different 
species  were  collected  in  bloom. 

The  second  sub-excursion,  to  the  Beaver  Meadow,  Hull,  on 
April  23rd  was  attended  by  forty  ladies  and  gentlemen. 

The  third  was  to  Beechwood,  April  30th,  when  between 
forty  and  fifty  members  and  their  friends  were  present. 

The  fourth  was  to  Dow's  Swamp,  May  7th,  when  a  small 
party  made  an  interesting  collection  of  plants. 

The  fifth  to  New  Edinburgh,  May  14th,  was  well  attended. 

At  these  excursions  those  desirous  of  gaining  a  knowledge 
of  Natural   History  are  brought  into  closest  touch    with  nature 


a  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [April 

herself  and  are  shown  how  they  may  most  profitably  pursue  their 
studies.  It  is  not  the  aim  of  the  leaders  to  store  the  mind  with 
scientific  names  of  specimens  or  mere  facts  about  them,  but 
rather  b)'  suggestion  to  enable  the  students  to  find  out  facts  for 
themselves,  and  thus  become  independent  of  teachers. 

There  were  four  general  excursions.  The  first  was  on  May 
28th  to  Gilmour's  Grove,  Chelsea.  It  was  attended  by  175  mem- 
bers and  their  friends  and  was  a  complete  success. 

The  second  on  June  25th  to  Chats  F"alls  was  largely  attend- 
ed and' though  the  rather  unfavorable  weather  prevented  much 
work  being  done,  all  agreed  that  an  enjoyable  and  profitable  day 
was  spent. 

The  third  was  to  Aylmer,  Sept.  24th,  when  a  party  of 
twenty-five  attended.  75  species  of  Fungi  were  collected,  and 
riotwithstanding  the  lateness  of  the  season  twenty  species  of 
flowering  plants  were  found. 

The  fourth  and  last  excursion,  Oct.  1st,  to  Chelsea  was 
attended  by  about  one  hundred. 

These  general  excursions  are  conducted  in  much  the  same 
way  as  the  sub-excursions  already  described.  The  whole  party 
however,  usually  assembles  at  some  convenient  spot  an  hour 
before  leaving  for  home,  when  the  leaders  give  short  addresses 
on  the  salient  features  of  the  locality  visited  and  the  specimens 
collected. 

During  the  winter  the  following  papers  and  reports  were 
read  at  the  regular  monthly  soirees  of  the  Club. 

1898. 
Dec.     14.  -"  Inaugural  Address,"  by  I'rof.  John  Macoun,  M.A.,  F. L.S. 
"  N'ote^  on  some  Local  Violets  "  l^y  Mr.  James  M.    Macoun. 

Report  of  the  Botanical  Branch. 
1899. 
Jan.      \0— ''The  Minerals  of  the  Ottawa  Valley,''  by  R.  W.  Ells,  LL.D.,  F.R.S.C. 
"■Notes  on  a  herbivorous  Dinosaur  from  the  Cretaceous  of  Western  Canada" 
by  Mr.  Lawrence  M.  Lambe,   F.G.S. 
Report  of  the  Geological  Branch. 

Fel).      7.  — ''  Some  N-xtive  Herbaceous  Perennials -worthy  of  cultivation,'''  \)y    Mr.   W. 
T.  Macoun. 
"  On  the  Burrowing  Habits  of  Cainbaius— the  Cray-fish,"  by  H.  M.  Ami, 
M.A.,  F.G.S. 


1899]  •  Annual  Report.  .  .9 

"  No'.es  on  Fresh-ivaler  Polyzoa,'''  by  Mr.  Walter  S.  Oilell. 

Report  of  the  Ornithological  Branch. 
P"eb.      21.  — "  The  Arclueology  of  Lake  Dischenes,'"  by  Mr.  T.  W.  E.  Sowter. 

"  Extni-Umital   />isecls  Found  al  Otimua"  hy   Mr.    \V.    H.    Harrington. 
F.R.S.C. 

"  .Vo/ts  01!  the  rca  in.;  of  a  Young  Coiu-lnrJ,"  by  Mr.  .A.   G.    Kingston.; 

Report  of  the  Entomological  Branch. 
Mar.      ■].—'' Life-histort  of  the  Sa/inon,"  hyVto{.  E.  K.    I'rince,   B.A.,   F.L.S. 

"  Natural  History  in  Art"  by  Prof.  James  Mavor,    Toronto   University. 
(Both  papers  illustrated  by   lime-light  views.) 

Report  of  the  Zoologi:al  Branch. 

At  each  meeting,  various  interesting  objects  belonging,  to 
different  departments  of  science  were  exhibited, 

A  most  successful  conversazione  was  held  in  the  Assembly 
Hall  of  the  Normal  School,  when  the  Club  was  honored  by  the 
presence  of  our  noble  patron  His  Excellency,  the  Governor-Gen- 
eral. A  full  report  of  this  meeting  was  published  in  the  February 
number  of  THE  Ottawa  Naturalist. 

Thi:  Ottawa  Naturalist  under  the  editorship  of  Dr. 
Ami  and  seven  Associate  Editors  has  been  issued  monthly 
The  volume  just  completed,  No.  XH,  is  the  largest  we  have 
issued.  It  contains  27c  pages  and  9  plates.  These  latter  add 
materially  to  the  value  of  the  papers  and  are  of  exceptional 
merit.  Five  plates  of  Canadian  Violets  were  drawn  specially 
for  The  Ottawa  Naturalist,  by  Mr.  Theodor  Holm  of 
Washington  ;  Mr.  Barlow's  plates  were  from  photographs  taken 
by  himself. 

Many  valuable  papers  have  been  published  during  the  year. 
These  cover  the  whole  range  of  subjects  included  in  the  scope 
of  the  Club.  In  addition  to  these,  numerous  accounts  of  excur- 
sions and  soirees,  reports  of  the  different  branches,  book  reviews, 
etc.,  have  been  priiited. 

The  special  work  done  by  members  of  the  Club  has  been 
included  in  the  reports  of  the  various  branches  and  need  not  be 
particularly  referred  to  here  as  these  reports  have  already  been 
published  or  will  ajipcar  in  an  early  number  of  TlJE  OTTAWA 
Naturalist.  :  •     ,'■-. 

Shortly  after  the  arrival  in  Ottawa  of  His  Excellency,  jthe 
Governor-General,  a  coinmittee  of  your  Council  interviewed  him 


lo  The   Ottawa   Naturalist.  [April 

with  a  view  of  obtaining  his  patronage.  He  was  graciously 
pleased  to  accede  to  their  request  and  has  since  evinced  great 
interest  in  the  work  of  the  Club. 

A  grant  has  again  been  received  from  the  Provincial  Govern- 
ment at  Toronto.  Upon  this  grant  depends  in  great  measure 
the  maintenance  of  the  standard  of  excellence  which  has  made 
Thk  Ottawa  Naturalist  the  best  medium  in  Central 
Canada  for  the  prompt  publication  of  original  papers  bearing  on 
the  Natural  History  and  resources  of  Ontario  and  the  adjoining 
provinces. 

The  thanks  of  the  Club  arc  due  to  the  \'oung  Men's  Christ- 
ian Association,  which  kindly  put  the  Association  Hall  at  its 
disposal  for  the  lectures  ;  to  Dr.  J.  A.  MacCabe  for  the 
use  of  rooms  in  the  Normal  School  for  the  monthly  Council 
Meetings  and  for  the  library,  also  for  the  use  of  the  large  Assem- 
bly Hall  for  the  Public  Conversazione  held  on  Jan.  24th  ; 
to  the  Electric  Light  Co.  for  their  generosity  in  gratuitously 
putting  in  wires  and  lamps  for  the  microscopes  on  that  occasion; 
to  the  daily  press  for  inserting  notices  of  all  meetings  and 
thus  helping  the  Club  considerabl)-  b}-  bringing  its  work  before 
the  public. 

W.  J.  Wilson  Edward  E.  Prince 

Secretary.  President. 


twentieth  annual  meeting  oe  the  ottawa 
fh^:ld-naturalists'  club. 

The  Twentieth  Annual  Meeting  of  the  Ottawa  Field-Natur- 
alists' Ckib  was  held  in  the  Lecture  Hall  of  the  Y.M.C.A  , 
Ottawa,  on  Tuesday  evening  March  14th,  1899.  The  following 
members  and  officers  of  the  Club  were  present  ;  Prof  John 
M^LCOun,  Dr.  James  Fletcher,  W.  H.  Harrington,  Colonel  Wm. 
White,  C.M.G.,  Dr.  H.  M.  Ami,  Dr.  R.  W.  Ells,  Mr.  R.  B.  Whyte, 
Mr.  W.  R.  Billings,  Mr.  F.  T.  Shutt,  Mr.  D.  B.  Dowling,  Mr.  J. 
M.  Mgicoun,  Mr.  Andrew  Halkctt,  Mr.  S.  J.  Jenkins,  Mr.    A.   H. 


1899]  Annual  Meetincj.  ii 

Bclliveau,  Mr.  A.  H  Rowan-Legg,  Mr.  R.  W.  Brock,  Mr.  D.  A. 
Campbell,  Mr.  J.  Ballantyne,  Mr.  VV.  S.  Odell,  Capt.  and  Mrs. 
McElhinney,  Miss  A.  Shenick,  Miss  Marion  Whyte,  Miss  Kee, 
Mr.  W.  J.  Wilson. 

In  the  absence  of  Prof.  E.  K.  Prince,  the  president  of  the 
Club,  Prof.  Macoun  occupied  the  chair.  The  minutes  of  the 
Nineteenth  Annual  Meeting  having  been  read  and  confirmed, 
the  Secretary  was  then  requested  to  read  the  "  Report  of  the 
Council  "  for  the  year  just  ended. 

Dr.  James  Fletcher  presented  the  Treasurer's  report  which 
shewed  that  the  Club  was  in  a  prosperous  condition  ;  all  debts 
were  paid  and  there  was  a  balance    on  hand  of  $65.00. 

Mr.  S.  B.  Sinclair's  report  as  Librarian  was  then  read  by  the 
Secretary,  and  on  motion  was  received  and  adopted.  Similar 
resolutions  were  passed  regarding  the  Report  of  Council  and 
Treasurer's  statement. 

The  Chair  announced  that  the  Librarian  had  prepared 
tJiirty-tii'o  complete  sets  of  the  Transactions  of  the  Ottawa  Field- 
Naturalists  Club  including  V^ol.  I — XII  of  The  Ottawa 
Naturalist,  and  that  these  could  only  be  sold  in  complete  sets. 

Dr.  Ami  presented  a  verbal  report  of  the  Editorial  Staff  of 
The  Ottawa  Naturallst  and  stated  that  Vol.  XII  just 
completed,  contained  the  largest  number  of  original  papers  pub- 
lished in  any  one  year  by  the  Club,  and  that  he  had  still  on  hand, 
a  number  of  very  valuable  manuscripts  for  the  in-coming  Editor. 

Mr.  R.  B.  Whyte  spoke  on  Nova  Scotia  Bird-lists  ;  Mr. 
Kingston,  on  reports  of  meetings  and  soirees  for  the  press  ;  Mr. 
Shutt,  on  the  advisability  of  having  a  paid  officer  to  assist  the 
Secretary,  Treasurer  and  P>ditor,  in  the  clerical  work  of  the  Club; 
Dr.  Ells  and  Mr.  Kingston  on  responsibility  of  leaders.  It  was 
pointed  out  further  that  when  leaders  were  appointed  and  held 
office — they  were  expected  not  only  to  prepare  but  also  sign  the 
reports  presented  to  the  Council  and  Club. 

The  Club  then  proceeded  to  the  election  of  officers.  The 
names  of  the  new  officers  appear  on  the  cover  of  this  number  of 
The  Ottawa  Naturallst. 


12  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [April 

TREASURER'S    REPORT    FOR   THE    YEAR    1898-99. 

To  the  President  and  Members  of  the  Ottawa  Field- Naturalists'  Club : 

The  Treasurer  begs  to  report  that  although  the 
finances  of  the  Club  are  in  a  satisfactory  condition,  as  far  as 
the  balance  is  concerned,  they  are  in  a  very  unsatisfactory  state 
with  regard  to  the  payment  of  subscriptions  by  members  at  the 
time  they  are  due.  By  an  expenditure  of  much  time  and 
labour,  a  large  amount  has  been  collected  for  arrears  ;  but  the 
payments  on  account  of  the  current  year's  subscriptions  are 
not  at  alj  what  they  ought  to  be.  The  Treasurer  makes  an 
earnest  appeal  to  the  members  to  pay  in  their  subscriptions  at 
the  beginning  of  the  Club  year  instead  of  waiting  until  the  end. 
The  printers  must  be  paid  month  by  month,  and  were  all  fees 
paid  when  due,  the  Council  could  carry  out  much  good  work 
which  has  to  be  left  undone,  owing  to  uncertainty  as  to  when 
funds  will  be  available.  Further,  owing  to  neglect  on  the  part 
of  members  to  pay  their  fees  unsolicited,  the  Club  is  put  to 
much  extra  expense  for  postage,  and  the  work  of  the  Treasurer 
is  much  more  than  doubled. 

Another  matter  which  the  Treasurer  considers  it  his  duty 
to  again  bring  prominently  before  the  members  of  the  Club,  is 
the  patronage  of  those  firms  who  help  the  Club  by  advertising 
in  the  Ottawa  Naturalist.  These  are  all  first-class  houses 
who  will  supply  goods,  at  least  equal  in  quality  to  those  to  be 
obtained  anywhere  else,  and  it  is  only  reasonable  that  they 
should  expect  to  receive  an  mcrease  of  business  from  the 
members  of  the  Club,  whose  interests  they  serve  by  advertising 
in  the  Club  organ. 

^^ Your  obedient  servant, 

JAMES  FLETCHER 

Treasurer. 


1899]  Treasurer's  Report. 

ottawa  field-naturalists'  club. 

Treasurer's  Statement  Jor  the   Year  Ending  March  14th,  i8gg. 


13 


1898.  Receipts. 

Mar.  II.   Balance 

Subscriptions  1898-9 $114 

Arrears 139 

Government  grant 

Ottawa     Naturalists 

sold   

Authors'  extras  sold 

Electrotype  sold 

Excursion  profits 

Advertisements 


$  69  90 


253 

200 

I 

63 

18 

75 

50 

8 

00 

62 

IC 

$613  88 


Expenditure. 

Printing  Ottawa  Na- 
turalist, including 
wrapping  and  post- 
age. December  1897 
to    March   1899,   (16 

numbers) 394  32 

Less  discount i?  47 

376  85 
Illustrations 60  45 

437  30 
Printing  Authors' extras  37  05 

474  35 

Miscellaneous  printing  30  90 

Expenses  of  Conversazione  24  70 

Advertising 1  60 

Stationery 2  82 

Postage 12  18 

Balance  67  33 

$     613  88 


Audited  and  found  correct 

T.  Ballantyne,  ^       ,     ,., 
<r,    n    n'  \     Auditors. 

R.  B.  \\  hyte,      / 

March  28,  1899. 


JAMES  FLETCHER, 

Treasurer. 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  NATURAL  HISTORY 
ASSOCIATION  OF  MIRAMICHI. 

The  formation  of  a  Natural  History  Society  at  Miramichi 
is  another  evidence  of  the  fresh  interest  that  is  being  taken  in 
the  Maritime  Provinces  in  all  branches  of  Natural  History. 
The  papers  of  greatest  interest  to  Ottawa  Naturalists  in  the 
first  number  of  the  Proceedings  of  the  Association  are  :  "  The 
Anowra  of  New  Brunswick,"  by  Philip  Cox  Ph.  D  ,  "Our  Winter 
Birds,"  by  J.  McGregor  Baxter,  M.  D.,  and  "  The  Moths  ot 
Miramichi,"  by  J.  D.  B.  F.  MacKenzie. 


14  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [April 

THE  MINERAL  RESOURCES  OF  THE 
OTTAWA  DISTRICT* 

By  R.  W.  Ells,    LL.D.,  F.R.S.C. 

In  investigating  the  mineral  wealth  of  any  district,  in  order 
to  proceed  on  a  right  basis,  one  should,  first  of  all,  carefully  con- 
siderthe geological  conditions  which  prevail, and  should  ascertain, 
by  a  careful  preliminary  examination,  whether  such  conditions 
are  favorable  for  the  occurrence,  or  otherwise,  of  mineral  deposits, 
in  quantity  to  be  economical!}-  important.  If  this  precaution  is 
neglected  there  is  often  a  very  great  possibility  that  large  sums 
of  money  may  be  foolishly  squandered  in  a  vain  search  after  the 
impossible. 

In  all  such  investigations  it  may  safely  be  regarded  as  an 
established  fact,  that  our  mineral  deposits  arc  determined  by 
certain  active  causes.  The  action  of  these  causes  and  their 
influence  upon  the  associated  rock  masses,  it  is  largely  the  busi- 
ness of  the  geologist,  mineralogist  or  mining  engineer  to  investi- 
gate. Unfortunately  in  the  history  of  mining  in  this  country,  as 
well  as  elsewhere, this  principlehas  often  been  entirely  disregarded. 
In  the  course  of  some  twenty-nvc  years  wandering  to  and  fro,  in 
the  service  of  the  Geological  Survey,  it  has  been  my  fortune  to 
encounter  many  such  cases,  and  to  witness  the  small  savings  of 
individuals,  singly,  or  even  the  capital  of  large  companies,  wasted 
in  a  vain  attempt  to  obtain  from  the  bosom  of  old  mother  earth 
some  sm.all  share  of  her  buried  treasures,  simply  because  some 
person,  often  with  a  smattering  only  of  a  few  scientfiic  terms, 
but  who  was  otherwise  entirely  lacking  in  all  knowledge  of  the 
conditions  which  govern  mineral  deposits,  had  asserted  that  the 
conditions  in  certain  localities  were  favorable  to  the  attainment 
of  mineral  wealth. 

Very  often  it  is  to  be  feared  that  such  statements  are  made  by 
t\\e  adventurer,  simply  on  the  chaqce  of  getting  money  easily 
from  the  inexperienced,  and  in  such  cases,  the  poor  proprietor, 
afte^-  investing  vvh^t  money  he  could  raise,  has  had  his  dearly 
bought  experience   for  his  trouble,  with  possibly  the  addition  of 

*Reacl    by  title   before  the    Ottawa    Field-Naturalists  Club,    Jan.  lo  tb,   1899. 


1899]  Mineral  Resources  of  the  Ottawa  District.       15 

a  fine  large  mortgage  on  his  property,  which  probabl)-  he  may 
never  be  able  to  Hft.  One  need  not  go  far  from  the  province  of 
Ontario  for  illustrations  of  this  peculiar  tendency  on  the  part  of 
certain  persons  to  invest  money  in  this  reckless  manner.  Thus 
when  we  find  men,  otherwise  shrewd  enough  in  ordinary  business 
matters  throwing  away  thousands  of  dollars  in  an  attempt  to 
obtain  oil  by  boring  through  the  Laurentian  granites  and  gneisses 
as  has  been  done  in  the  upper  Rideau  district  not  very  long  ago, 
even  by  people  who  should  have  known  better,  there  is  evidently 
a  necessity  for  furthur  enlightenment  on  these  subjects,  in  order 
that  the  public  may  be  better  guided.  Recently,  I  met  a  person 
whowasendeavouringtoobtaincoalby  sinking  a  shaft  through  the 
crystalline  limestone  in  Lanark  county,  and  ih  reply  to  my 
ob.servations  that  he  would  not  find  it  there,  he  stated  that  he 
knew  he  did  not  agree  with  the  scientists  on  the  subject,  but  he 
was  convinced  the  coal  was  there,  because  he  had  smellcd  the 
gas  in  the  shaft.  His  case  was  a  hard  one  and  difficult  to  deal 
with,  for  the  reasonthat  hewouldnot  beconvinced  on  the  ground 
of  common  sense  and  scientific  knowledge  ;  and  his  chances  for 
success  were  scarcely  equal  to  those  of  a  man  I  once  met  in 
New  Brunswick,  who  had  a  large  farm  composed  principal!)'  of 
barren  grey  sandstone,  but  who  knew  that  there  was  a  large  body 
of  iron  ore  on  his  place  because  lightning  had  struck  there  twice 
in  fifteen  years. 

It  is  wonderful  how  some  men  get  carried  awa)-  on  the 
subject  of  mines.  I  have  known  men  of  the  highest  standing 
in  the  legal  world  who  were  prepared  to  spend  thousands  of 
dollars  in  mining  on  the  word  of  a  travelling  clairvoyant,  whom 
they  had  consulted  on  the  subject,  and  who,  after  going  into  a 
tcance,  declared  he  clearly  saw  a  large  body  of  rich  ore  three 
hundred  feet  below  the  surface.  On  the  mere  strength  of  such 
a  statement  a  company  went  to  work  and  sunk  a  shaft  500  feet, 
in  which  they  dropped  50,000  dollars  of  capital,  without  finding 
the  rich  ore  body  so  easily  located.  People  in  general  will 
scarcely  believe  such  instances  of  folly  exist  among  those  whom 
education  should  cause  to  know  better,    but   at  the  same   time 


i6  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [April 

almost  similar  instances  could  be    cited    from    many    localities, 
did  time  permit. 

If,  however,  we  were  to  go  on  and  relate  many  such  cases, 
there  would  be  but  little  time  for  the  matter  proper  of  this  paper, 
and  I  will  pass  from  the  consideration  of  this  subject  by  saying 
that  with  many  men  who  become  infected  with  the  mining  fever> 
so  peculiar  is  their  disposition,  that  in  many  cases  the  advice 
of  a  competent  mining  or  geological  expert  is  very  apt  to  be 
disregarded,  most  people  preferring  probably  to  cure  themselves 
of  the  disease  in  their  own  peculiar  way. 

With  regard  to  the  leading  geological  features  of  the 
mineral  bearing  areas  of  the  Ottawa  District  it  may  be  said  that 
these  are  referable  to  two  divisions  of  rocks,  viz.,  the  Palaeozoic 
and  thecrystalline.  Concerningthe  origin  of  the  rocksof  theformer 
there  is  no  great  doubt.  They  arc  sedimentary,  and  contain  in 
their  mass  the  traces  of  organisms  peculiar  to  the  age  in  which 
tliey  were  deposited,  All  these  fossiliferous  deposits  have  been 
arranged  in  due  order  like  the  pages  of  a  great  book,  by  turning 
which  a  clear  and  comprehensive  history  of  the  growth  and 
development  of  the  earth's  crusr,  for  this  portion  of  its  history,  can 
be  obtained. 

When  we  come  to  the  question  of  the  underlying  crystalline 
rocks  we  have  a  different  s'ory.  Formerly  these  were  regarded 
by  many  as  having  originally  the  same  origin  as  the  newer  rocks, 
that  is,the  greater  part  were  also  held  to  be  sedimentary  deposits. 
Recent  studies,  both  in  the  field  and  in  the  laboratory,  have 
however  led  to  a  marked  change  of  opinion  in  this  respect,  and 
it  is  now  very  clearly  established,  that  a  very  large  proportion  of 
the  crystalline  rocks  have  been  produced  without  the  agency  of 
water  in  the  ordinary  sense,  but  are  distinctly  and  directly  igneous 
in  their  character.  In  this  way  we  have  come  to  regard  many 
of  the  rock  masses,  with  which  our  most  important  minerals  are 
associated,  as  intrusive  through  the  sedimentary  deposits,  and 
this  peculiarity  of  intrusion  has  in  many  cases,  had  a  very  im- 
portant bearing  upon  the  development  of  the  associated  minerals. 

The    principal    rocks    of  the   crystalline,  series,    which    in 
Canada    have    been,    for  the     most     part,    long      regarded    as 


1899]  Mineral  Resources  of  the  Ottawa  District.        17 

Laurentian  or  Huronian,  and  over  the  origin  and  relations 
of  which  many  wordy  battles  have  been  waged,  consist  of  gran- 
ite, gneiss,  limestone,  greenstones,  &c.  The  term  gneiss  does 
not  apply  of  necessity  to  rocks  of  any  special  age,  but  has 
a  general  reference  to  structure  only,  though  this  distinction  has 
often  been  lost  sight  of  in  discussions  on  the  subject.  A  gneiss 
has  been  by  some  regarded  as  peculiar  to  the  rocks  of  the 
Laurentian  system,  yet  when  we  find  a  granite  of  comparatively 
recent  age,  as  is  the  case  of  many  of  the  masses  which 
penetrate  the  sedimentary  formations  as  recent  as  the  Cretaceous, 
assuming  a  foliated  structure,  especially  on  the  outer  zone, 
a  feature  which  may  be  due  to  pressure  or  other  causes,  it  is 
also  styled  a  gneiss,  as  readily  as  is  its  older  brother  of  the 
Laurentian  time. 

The  generally  accepted  idea  at  the  present  day,  as  to  the 
structure  and  relations  of  these  oldest  rocks  of  our  country  may 
be  briefly  stated,  as  these  points  have  a  manifest  bearing  on  the 
question  of  mineral  deposits.  The  lowest,  and  presumably  the 
oldest;  since  upon  these  all  the  others  rest,  is  a  reddish,  or  greyish 
granite  gneiss  but  containing  different  coloured  bands,  and  called 
for  the  purpose  of  distinction,  the  lower  or  sometimes  the 
Ottawa  gneiss.  This  rock  may  be  held  to  represent  the  oldest 
known  crust  of  the  earth,  though  probably  now  in  a  form  much 
modified  or  altered  from  its  original  condition,  when  this  crust 
was  first  consolidated.  It  is,  in  so  far  as  yet  known,  lacking 
in  mineral  deposits  of  economic  importance. 

Succeeding  this  in  ascending  order,  are  certain  other 
gneisses  of  greyish  or  darker  shades,  some  of  which  have  been 
clearly  shewn  to  owe  their  origin  to  aqueous  action,  though  now 
in  a  highly  metamorphic  state.  With  these  are  associated  bands 
of  quartzite  and  limestone  which  sometimes  form  large  areas. 
These  last,  with  the  upper  gneisses,  form  what  has  been  styled  the 
Grenville  and  Hastings  series  of  the  Ottawa  district.  We  thus 
have  in  the   crystallines,  rocks    produced  in  two  different   ways. 

Throughout  the  districts  in  which  these  rocks  occur  there 
are  often  great  masses  of  granite,  anorthosite,  diorite  and 
pyroxenic  rocks,  some  of  which  also  shew   a  gneissic  structure  ; 


1 8  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [April 

but  as  a  rule  these  are  of  more  recent  date  than  the  limestone 
and  gneiss  with  which  they  are  associated  ;  and  it  is  in 
connection  with  these  later  intrusive  masses  that,  in  our  search 
for  economic  minerals, we  areparticularlyinterested,sincein  some 
of  these  our  most  important  deposits  occur,  among  which  may 
be  mentioned  the  several  ores  of  iron,  the  gold  of  Hastings  and 
the  nickel  of  Sudbury. 

The  determination  of  these  areas  is  therefore  very  important 
from  the  economic  standpoint,  and  much  time  and  study  has 
been,  and  is  still  being,  devoted  to  the  study  of  this  group  of 
rocks  by  th 2  officers  of  the  Geological  Survey.  In  connection 
with  the  upper  gneisses  also,  or  rather  with  the  intrusive  masses 
of  p}'roxenic  rocks  associated  with  these,  are  the  great  deposits 
of  apatite,  mica,  &c.  found  both  to  the  north  and  south  of  the 
Ottawa  River.  The  asbestus  of  this  district  is  associated  with 
serpentines  and  generally  with  the  crystalline  limestone,  and 
were  it  not  for  the  enormous  deposits  found  in  the  Eastern 
townships  of  Quebec,  the  occurrence  of  this  mineral  would  be  of 
much  greater  importance  than  is  now  the  case. 

For  though  mineral  deposits  may  theoretically  have  the 
same  value  at  different  places  and  times,  this  value  does  not 
always  hold  in  practice.  Thus  the  apatite  deposits  which  were 
at  one  timi  extensively  mined  and  of  great  economic 
importance,  have,  since  the  development  of  the  more  easily 
obtained  phosphates  of  the  Southern  States,  become  practically 
valueless,  since  they  cannot  now  be  mined  at  a  figure  to  enable 
them  to  enter  into  successful  competition  with  the  cheaper 
output  of  the  south.  A  somewhat  similar  case  is  afforded  in  the 
micas,  though  here  the  results  are  not  so  disastrous  to  the  persons 
engaged  in  the'^ndustry.  At  one  time  the  price  of  this  material 
was  governed,  to  a  certain  extent,  by  the  size  and  colour  of  the 
crystals  obtained,  but  the  market  value  of  the  mineral,  in  regard 
to  the  largest  sizes,  has  now  greatly  diminished,  owing  to  the 
discovery  of  a  process  by  which  sheets  of  almost  any  required  size 
can  now  be  built  up  from  small  pieces,  by  a  process  of 
I'nterlamination,  cementing  and  pressure,  so  that  the  high  prices 
once  obtainable  for  large  crystals  cannot    at  present  be  realized, 


1899]   Mineral  Resources  of  the  Ottawa  Valley.        19 

and  the  profits  from  its   mining   are    proportionately    reduced. 

In  conection  with  the  flat-lying  deposits  of  the  Pahuo/.oic 
formations  important  mineral  deposits  are  rarely  found  in  this 
part  of  our  country,  with  the  exception  of  certain  areas  of 
Bog-iron  ore,  such  as  are  seen  near  Vaudreuil;  but  the 
liiTiestones  and  sandstones  from  the  Potsdam  to  the  Trenton 
furnish  abundant  supplies  of  building  stones  often  of  quite  as 
much  importance  as  sourcesof  revenue  asarethe  mineral  deposits 
of  the  older  crystalline  rocks. 

Before  taking  up  the  question  of  the  distribution  of  the  ore 
deposits  in  the  older  rocks  it  may  not  be  out  of  place  to  say  a 
few  words  in  reference  to  the  development  of  a  new  industry 
which  in  some  localities  has  already  been  entered  upon  with 
good  prospects  of  remunerative  returns.  Unfortunately  for 
this  at  the  present  day,  the  glamour  which  surrounds  our 
mining  areas  in  the  west  tends  to  draw  away  attention  from 
possible  fields  for  profitable  investment  nearer  home.  I 
refer  to  the  utilization  of  our  peat  bogs,  which  form  a  con- 
spicuous feature  over  many  miles  of  our  generally  level  country 
between  the  Ottawa  and  the  St.  Lawrence.  As  much  as  thirty 
years  ago.  the  question  of  utilizing  these  peat  bogs  was  brought 
prominently  forward  in  the  country  east  of  the  St.  Lawrence, 
and  a  large  quantity  of  the  material  was  extracted  and  prepared 
for  fuel,  principally  for  use  on  the  Grand  Trunk  railway.  The 
operations  in  this  direction  were  carried  on  at  three  principal 
points,  viz.,  ist.,  on  the  line  of  the  Three  Rivers  branch  railway, 
2nd.,  in  the  great  bog  lying  between  the  city  of  St.  Johns  and 
Farnham,  and  3rd.,  on  the  St.  Lawrence  River,  near  the  village  of 
Port  Louis,  in  the  county  of  Huntingdon.  A  good  demand  arose 
for  the  fuel  and  tests  made  b/  the  Grand  Trunls*  railway  were 
apparently  satisfactory  to  the  company,  who  were  quite  prepared 
to  adopt  it  for  the  work  of  their  road.  The  great  objection  how- 
ever to  its  use  at  the  time  was  its  bulky  nature,  and  the  industry, 
which  at  one  time  promised  to  assume  great  proportions,  was 
allowed  to  dwindle  away.  Recent  experiments  have,  however, 
shewed  that, by  a  proper  system  of  compression, a  really  excellent 
fuel  can  be  made,  having  a  density    nearly    equal  to  that   of 


20  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [April 

ordinary  coal,  while  in  calorific    power  the  tests  already  made 
have  shewn  it  to  be  quite  as  valuable  as  that  substance.    While, 
however,  the  experimental  stages  have  been  quite  satisfactory, 
it  was  found  that  in  the  manufacture,  through  some  defect  in  the 
machinery,  its  commercial  output  has  hitherto,  not   been  such  as 
to  contribute  largely  to  our  mineral  wealth.     From  the  satis- 
factory nature  of  the  work  done  lately  however  it  may  be  taken 
as  assured    that  the  commercial    aspect  of  this  question  will  be 
shortly  settled  and  a  compressed  peat,  which  will  replace  coal  for 
all  purposes,  both  in  our  houses  and  factories,  as  well  as  on  many 
of  our  lines  of  railway,  will  yet  be  an  accomplished  fact,  especially 
in  view  of  the  statement  of  those  who  have  already  engaged  in  the 
work,  that  such  a  fuel  can  be  produced  at  a  cost,  at  least  half  of 
that  which  we  now  pay  for  coal.     This  material  has  for  years  been 
successfully  produced  in  Germany,  where  the  industry  of  com- 
pressed peat  has  assumed  large  proportions  and  where  a  most 
excellent  fuel  is   prepared  at   a  cost  of  less  than  two  dollars  per 
ton. 

But  there  is  also  another  aspect  of  the  question  which  is 
already  receiving  much  attention  by  the  persons  interested  in 
the  exploitation  of  our  peat  deposits.  For  a  number  of  years 
there  has  been  sent  to  the  markets  of  the  leading  American  cities 
a  substance  known  as  moss-litter,  which  finds  a  ready  sale  at 
remunerative  rates,  and  for  which  there  is  an  ever  increasing 
demand.  This  industry  is  now  being  carried  on  in  the  Welland 
district  where  the  peat  bogs  along  the  line  of  the  canal  are  being 
utilized. 

In  practice  the  working  of  a  peat  bog  should  embrace  both 
thepreparationof  the  moss-litter  and  the  manufacture  ofcompress- 
ed  peat.  The  Substance  ot  a  good  peat  bog  is  divisible  into  three 
portions  or  strata,  viz. ,  the  upper  or  green  growing  surface,  of 
which  but  little  use  can  be  made  and  which  must  first  be  removed 
in  order  to  reach  the  lower  and  economically  available  portions. 
This  second  part  has  a  thickness  of  three  to  four  feet,  and 
passes  gradually  downward  into  the  black  and  unctuous  portion 
which  is  best  suited  for  fuel  purposes.  In  the  economic  working 
of  a  peat  bog  therefore,  due  attention  must  be  paid  to  this  order 


1899]  Mineral  Resources  of  the  Ottawa  District.       21 

ofsuccession,  and  it  was  doubtless  to  a  lack  of  this  separation, 
that  much  of  the  failure  experienced  in  the  attempt  to  obtain  a 
first  rate  fuel  in  the  early  days  of  the  industry  can  be  attributed. 
In  the  prepartion  of  the  litter  after  the  living  green  surface 
with  its  tangled  mass  of  shrubs  has  been  taken  off,  the  next 
three  feet  or  so  is  removed,  teased  out  and  dried  in  the  sun  or 
by  the  application  of  artificial  heat,  then  carefully  baled  and  is 
ready  for  the  market.  The  price  of  this  varies  from  five  to  ten 
dollars  per  ton.  and  it  is  now  used  in  all  the  largest  and  best 
conducted  stables  in  the  principal  cities  in  England  ancf  in  the 
United  States.  The  great  merits  of  the  material  for  this  purpose  arc 
that,  in  the  first  place  it  is  a  wonderful  absorbent  of  all  the 
liquid  matters  found  in  the  stable,  a  perfect  deodorizer,  cleanly% 
and  when  it  has  served  its  purpose  in  this  capacity  provides  a 
large  quantity  of  a  most  excellent  fertilizer  for  the  farm,  for 
which  it  also  is  in  great  demand.  As  there  are  in  the  country 
between  the  Ottawa  and  the  St.  Lawrence  several  important 
areas  of  this  raw  material,  as  well  as  on  the  east  of  the  latter 
river,  we  have  at  our  very  doors  an  almost  inexhaustible  supply 
of  mineral  wealth,  which  at  no  very  distant  day,  will  doubtless  be 
largely  utilized,  that  is,  after  our  people  have  become  alive  to  the 
fact  that  there  is  money  in  its  exploitation.  Then  when  the  bogs 
have  been  carefully  drained  and  the  machinery  for  the  proper 
compression  of  the  rich  underlying  peat  has  been  perfected,  or 
introduced  after  the  model  of  the  German  machines,  which  should 
only  be  a  matter  of  time  and  experiment,  there  is  no  apparent 
reason  why  the  fuel  supply  of  eastern  Canada  should  not  be  sup- 
plied from  these  home  localities.  What  that  means,  in  view  of  the 
great  extension  of  our  railway  systems  and  the  constantly  increas- 
ing demand  for  coal  for  domestic  consumption  and  for  our  fac- 
tories, is  very  clear  to  any  enquiring  mind,  so  that  though  it  is 
true  that  all  is  not  gold  that  glitters,  it  is  equally  true  that  there 
is  gold  in  certain  substances  that  do  not  glitter  at  all.  It  is 
interesting  to  know  that  within  the  last  few  months  there  have 
been  many  enquiries  as  to  the  extent  and  locationof  thesedeposits, 
and  there  is  evidently  a  growing  intention  to  utilize  their  hidden 
stores  of  wealth. 

(  To  he  continued. ) 


22  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [April 

REPORT  OF  THE  LIBRARIAN 
During  the  year  numerous  exchanges  and  other  publications 
have  been  received  and  placed  in  proper  position.  Thirty  two 
complete  sets  of  back  numbers  of  "THE  NATURALIST"  from  the 
time  of  its  inception,  1879,  to  the  present  time  have  been  arranged 
and  stored  in  a  cupboard  easy  of  access.  This  exhausts  all  copies 
of  certain  months  but  leaves  a  large  number  of  copies  of  other 
months.  By  this  arrangement  considerable  new  space  will 
be  secured  in  the  Library  room. 

For  a  number  of  years  no  apportionment  has  been  made  for 
the  binding  ot  publications.  I  beg  to  suggest  that  it  would  be 
wise  to  revive  this  custom  as  regards  the  most  valuable  exchanges. 
It  might  also  be  well  in  view  of  the  limited  number  of  back  copies 
of  "The  Naturalist"  to  formulate  a  more  careful  plan  of  distri- 
bution than  in  the  past. 

All  of  which  is  respectfully  submitted. 

S.  B.  Sinclair. 
Ottawa.  Mar.  14th,  1899.  Librarian. 


BOTANICAL  NOTES. 

Edited  by  Dr.  J  as.   Fletcher. 

Gentiana  serrata. — In  the  autumn  of  1897  several 
specimens  of  this  interesting  plant  were  found  and  identified  by 
Miss  Mary  Nagle,  teacher  of  School  Section  No.  6,  Huntley,  to 
whom  belongs  the  credit  of  being  first  to  locate  the  plant  in  the 
Ottawa  district. 

While  travelling  from  Stittsville  toward  Ashton  on  Sept. 
14th,  1898,  the  writer  discovered  a  colony  of  many  hundred 
specimens  growing  near  the  roadside  in  wet  sandy  soil,  a  con- 
genial habitat  for  this  plant.  The  rich  blue  and  the  ciliate 
fringed  margins  of  the  corolla  render  the  "  fringed  gentian  "  one 
of  the  loveliest  of  our  native  plants. 

Verbascum  blattaria. — In  the  summer  of  1891  a  small 
colony  of  Moth  Mullein  was  noted  in  an  old  pasture  on  Lot  33, 
Ottawa  Front  about  half  a  mile  west  of  Mechanicsville.    Though 


1899]  Botanical  Notes.  23 

this  locality  has  been  visited  regularly  every  summer  the  above- 
mentioned  plant  has  not  been  observed  since  1891  until  last 
summer  when  several  sturdy  colonies,  some  of  them  hundreds 
of  yards  apart,  were  found  in  an  excellent  state  of  bloom.  The 
flowers  were  the  pale  yellow  variety  with  purple  markings. 
The  best  specimens  were  about  four  feet  high. 

Introduced  Plants.  Three  plants  evidently  introduced 
from  the  North  West,  Heliatithus  rigidus,  Lepachy's  columnaris, 
and  Grindelia  squarrosa,  were  reported  by  the  Botanical  Section 
in  1 891,  as  having  been  found  near  the  old  Eddy  Mill- sight  at 
Birchton.  Only  the  last  of  the  three  appears  to  have  persisted. 
Since  1891  Grindelia  squarrosa  has  spread  over  a  considerable 
area.  The  bright  yellow  flowers  and  a  profuse  resinous,  viscid 
coating  are  conspicuous  features  of  this  thrifty  plant. 

Aralia  QUINQUEFOLIA. — On  October  7th,  1898,  several 
fine  plants  of  this  species  were  obtained  near  an  old  roadway  on 
the  Chats  Island,  but  in  all  cases  the  fruit  had  already  disap- 
peared. In  the  Autumn  of  1897  a  party  of  Indians  sold  about 
sixteen  pounds  of  the  roots  of  this  Ginsing  in  Fitzroy  Harbor. 
They  stated  that  they  obtained  a  considerable  quantity  of  them 
on  the  Chats  Island. — R.  H.  CowLEY. 

Viola  CUCULLATA. — Our  knowledge  of  the  local  distribu- 
tion of  the  six  species  of  the  V.  cuadlata  grou^  enumerated  in 
the  January  number  of  The  Ottawa  Naturalist  is  yet  far  from 
complete.  The  admirable  illustrations,  which  were  published  at 
the  same  time,  will  enable  the  youngest  amateur  botanist  to  de- 
termine the  several  species  providing  care  be  taken  to  collect 
flowers  and  summer  fruit  from  the  same  locality,  and  so  carefully 
as  to  preclude  the  possibility  of  mistakes.  Three  of  the  species 
are  known  from  but  one  locality  while  the  other  three  are  of 
more  general  distribution. — J.  M.  M. 


24  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [April 

SPRING    ANNOUNCEMENT. 

The  Council  of  the  Club  has  arranged  a  series  of  seven  after- 
noon lectures  for  the  spring  weeks.  These  lectures  will  be  of  an 
elementary  character  and  are  designed  to  excite  a  wider  interest 
in  popular  science.  They  will  be  delivered  in  one  of  the  Nor- 
mal School  lecture  rooms  at  4.15  p.  m.  on  Mondays  as  follows  : 

April  loth — Geology,  Dr.  H.  M.  Ami  ;  April  17th — Botany, 
Mr.  R.  B.  VVhyte  :  April  24th —Entomology,  Dr.  Jas.  Fletcher; 
May  1st— Conchology,  Mr.  F.  R.  Latchford  ;  May  8th— Ornith- 
ology. Mr.  A.  G.  Kingston  ;  Ma)'  15th — Zoology,  Prof.  John 
Macoun  and  Mr.  W.  S.  OdTl  ;  May  22nd — Planting  and  care  of 
Forest  Trees,  Sir  Henri  Joly  de  Lotbiniere. 

Members  of  the  Club  are  requested  to  bring  these  lectures 
to  the  notice  of  their  friends. 

SUB-EXCURSIONS. 

Sub-excursions  will  this  season  be  made  a  special  feature  of 
the  Club's  work.  The  attendance  of  leaders  in  each  of  the 
principal  departments  of  natural  science  is  assured  and  the  stud- 
ent can  find  no  better  means  of  acquiring  knowledge  than  these 
sub-excursions.  These  first  visits  to  the  woods  are  a  perennial 
pleasure  to  the  older  members  of  the  Club  and  this  notice  is 
especially  intended  for  those  who  usually  restrict  their  attend- 
ance to  the  general  excursions. 

Those  who  attend  the  sub-excursions  will  rendezvous  at  3 
p.m.  at  the  point  on  the  Electric  railway  nearest  to  the  locality 
chosen  for  investigation.     The  April  excursions  will  be  : — 

April  15,  Rockcliffe  ;  April  23,  Hull  ;  April  30,  Beechwood; 

OTTAWA  HORTICULTURAL  SOCIETY. 

The  Horticultural  Society  is  this  year  offering  an  exception- 
ally fine  lot  of  premiums  of  which  members  may  select  ten  upon 
payment  of  the  small  annual  fee  of  $1.00. 

The  usual  monthly  meetings  will  be  held  during  the  year, 
when  in  addition  to  the  exhibits  of  seasonable  flowers,  addresses 
will  be  delivered  by  leading  Horticulturists  Nearly  $400.00  in 
prizes  will  be  offered  for  all  of  which  members  may  compete. 
In  order  to  obtain  the  premiums  subscriptions  must  be  sent  to 
the  Secretary  by  April  15th.  Address  Mr.  J.  F.  Watson,  Experi- 
mental Farm. 


THE  OTTAWA  NATURALIST. 


Vol.  XIII.  OTTAWA,   MAY,  1899.  No.  2. 


THE  MINERAL  RESOURCES  OF  THE 
OTTAWA  DISTRICT. 

By   R.   W.    Ells,    LL.D.,     F.R.S.C. 

(  Contiiiited  front  April  iimiiher.  ) 

While  mineral  developments  are  found  throughout  the 
Ottawa  valley  at  a  number  of  places,  there  are  two  localities  in 
the  lower  Ottawa  basin  which  have  for  many  years  been  distin- 
guished for  economic  production.  Of  these,  probably  the  most 
important,  as  to  output,  are  the  deposits  of  apatite  and  mica 
lying  to  the  north  of  the  Ottawa  River  and  between  the  rivers 
Gatineau  and  Lievre  ;  the  other  is  situated  to  the  south,  in  the 
vicinity  of  the  Rideau  lakes,  and  near  the  line  of  the  Kingston 
and  Pembroke  railway,  in  which  districts  our  great  deposits  of 
iron  are  located.  In  the  great  area  occupied  by  the  lower  or 
Laurentian  gneiss  the  mineral  developments  are,  in  so  far  as  yet 
known,  few,  and  it  may  be  generally  remarked  that  investiga- 
tions along  these  lines  in  that  area  have  not  yet  been  very 
successful.  The  geological  horizons  therefore,  in  the  crystalline 
rocks  that  promise  the  best  results,  and  have  so  far  been  the 
most  productive,  are  the  upper  part  of  the  gneiss  and  limestone 
formation  and  the  associated  Huronian  rocks. 

Now  if  we  carefully  study  the  rock  masses  in  these  areas 
we  find  a  very  extensive  development  of  clearly  igneous  rocks, 
such  as  greenstones,  granites,  pyroxenes,  diorites,  &c.,  and  it  is 
generally  in  connection  with  some  of  these  masses  that  our  most 
productive  mineral  deposits  may  be  looked  for.  The  natural 
inference  therefore  is  that  mineral  developments  are  in  some 
way  due  to  the  agency  of  these  latter  intrusions. 

That  many  of  these  intrusive  masses  are  newer  than  the 
rocks  with  which  they  are  associated  is  clearly  shown  by  the 
fact  that,  though  they  sometimes  occur  as  apparently  bedded 
portions,    they   quite   as   often  occur  cutting  the  surrounding^ 


c 


26  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [May 

strata  at  all  angles.  It  was  to  some  extent,  doubtless,  this 
bedded  character  that  led  to  the  original  supposition  that  these 
masses  were,  for  the  most  part,  sedimentary  in  their  nature,  and 
this  \vas  the  view  expressed  by  most  writers  on  this  subject 
twenty  to  thirty  years  ago. 

Apatite. 

If  we  examine  any  of  the  mines  of  apatite,  either  to  the 
north  or  south  of  the  Ottawa,  we  find  this  mineral  invariably 
associated  with  pyroxene,  which  would  therefore  appear  to  be 
its  necessary  accompaniment.  Now  the  pyroxene  dyke  or  mass 
which  cuts  across  the  strike  of  the  gneiss  or  limestone  must  be 
of  more  recent  date,  and  the  apatite  is  generally  found  along 
the  outer  margin  or  near  the  lines  of  contact  of  the  intrusive 
mass  and  the  gneiss.  Frequently,  however,  masses  of  calcite, 
often  of  large  size,  and  of  a  pinkish  or  grey  color,  are  found  in 
the  mass  of  the  pyroxene,  and  this  frequently  contains  large 
crystals  of  both  apatite  and  mica,  leading  to  the  statement  by 
some  observers  that  these  minerals  occur  sometimes  in  economic 
quantity  in  the  crystalline  limestones.  One  must  however  dis- 
criminate between  masses  of  calcite  which  are  an  integral 
portion  of  the  pyroxene  dykes,  and  the  limestone  formation 
proper,  which  is  an  entirely  different  thing,  so  that  it  may  be 
safely  stated  as  the  result  of  the  examination  of  all  the  known 
mines  of  this  mineral,  that  apatite  is  not  found  except  in  asso- 
ciation with  pyroxene. 

As  to  the  origin  of  this  mineral  opinions  differ,  but  it  is 
found  generally  in  one  of  two  ways,  either  as  large  pockety 
masses,  which  sometimes  yield  a  thousand  tons  or  more,  or  as 
irregular  developments  varying  in  width  from  a  few  inches  to 
several  feet  in  thickness.  The  extent  and  value  of  this  one  of 
our  mineral  resources  of  the  Ottawa  district,  may  be  gathered 
from  the  statistics  contained  in  the  official  bulletins  of  the 
Geological  Survey.  Thus  we  find  that,  in  the  seventeen  years 
from  1878  to  1894,  the  output  of  this  mineral  from  the  mines  of 
eastern  Ontario  was  24,760  tons,  with  a  market  value  of  260,974 


1899]  Mineral  Resources  of  the  Otta\ya  District.       27 

dollars,  while  from  the  mines  of  Quebec  the  output  for  the  same 
time  was  269,771  tons  with  a  value  of  4,749,888  dollars,  so  that 
the  total  product  of  the  phosphate  mines  of  the  lower  Ottawa 
district,  for  this  period,  was  not  far  from  5,000,000  dollars, 
which,  it  must  be  allowed,  is  a  very  creditable  sum  and  only- 
one  and  a-half  million  dollars  less  than  the  total  gold  output 
■  from  all  the  mines  in  Nova  Scotia  in  the  same  time.  The 
placing  on  the  English  market,  about  1890,  of  the  cheaply  mined 
phosphates  of  the  Southern  States,  which  could  be  put  on  ship- 
board at  a  cost  of  about  two  dollars  per  ton,  caused  a  speedy 
decline  in  the  market  for  the  high-priced  Canadian  apatite,  so 
much  so  that  within  the  last  three  years  the  last  of  these  mines 
has  been  obliged  to  discontinue  working  entirely,  and  this  great 
source  of  mineral  wealth  is  now  at  an  end,  and  will  probably 
not  be  again  utilized  until  the  exhaustion  of  the  southern 
deposits  has  been  reached.  In  mineral  development,  therefore, 
\ye  see  that  progress  and  profit  are  simply  a  matter  of  supply 
and  demand.  In  both  Ontario  and  Quebec  there  are  yet  great 
stores  of  apatite  which  may  some  day  again  find  a  market,  and 
then  we  can  look  to  a  return  of  prosperous  conditions  in  this 
part  of  our  valley  and  the  utilization  of  some  of  the  large 
amounts  of  capital  invested  in  this  direction. 

Mica. 

Closely  allied  to  apatite  in  its  associations,  and  to  some 
extent  also  in  its  mode  of  occurrence,  are  the  deposits  of  mica. 
The  demand  for  this  mineral  has,  however,  never  been  so  great 
as  in  the  case  of  the  other,  while  the  industry  has  not  been 
prosecuted  lor  so  long  a  time,  yet  from  the  mica  mines  of  the 
Ottawa  district  there  was  marketed  in  the  nine  years  from  1886 
to  1894,  a  total  value  of  half  a  million  dollars.  The  occurrence 
of  mica  forms  an  interesting  subject  of  study,  and  some  facts 
have  been  obtained,  from  a  close  inspection  of  many  localities, 
that  may  be  of  general  interest.  Merchantable  micas  are  of  two 
or  three  varieties,  principally  muscovite  and  phlogopite,  with 
the  variety  biotite.     The   first  is  known  as  a  potash  mica,  the 


28  TyE  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [May 

others  as  magnesian  micas,  of  which  the  biotite  differs  in  con- 
taining iron  as  well,  and  is  consequently  darker  in  colour  and 
sometimes  quite  black.  The  muscovite  is  distinguished  by  its 
general  clearness  and  lack  of  colouring,  while  the  phlogopite 
mica  is  usually  some  shade  of  brown  or  yellow  and  is  generally 
known  as  amber  mica.  Years  ago  large  sheets  of  white  mica, 
as  it  was  generally  styled  as  contrasted  with  the  darker  coloured 
or  amber  variety,  were  quoted  at  a  very  high  price,  but  this  dis- 
tinction seems  of  late  years  to  have  largely  disappeared,  as  is 
also  the  case  wnth  sheets  of  extra  large  size,  since  this  feature  of 
size  is  now  attained  by  a  process  already  referred  to  of  building 
up  by  means  of  cement  and  pressure  from  smaller  sizes,  so  that 
almost  any  size  required  can  now  be  readily  obtained. 

Of  these  several  varieties,  the  white  or  muscovite  is  usually 
found  in  association  with  intrusive  n?asses  of  a  whitish  granite, 
composed  of  quartz  and  white  felspar  which  cuts  the  gneiss 
and  limestone  in  the  form  of  dykes  or  veins  ;  while  the  amber 
and  black  varieties  are  found  in  connection  with  pyroxenes.  As 
a  rule  the  darker  the  containing  rock  the  blacker  the  mica,  so 
that  in  the  light  coloured  pyroxenes  the  mica  is  often  a  light 
shade  of  amber.  The  most  perfectly  shaped  crystals  are 
generally  found  in  a  matrix  of  calcite  in  the  pyroxene  ;  and  were 
it  possible  to  secure  perfect  crystals  at  all  times  there  would  be 
much  more  profit  in  mica  mining  than  has  yet  been  enjoyed. 
Unfortunately,  however,  the  greater  portion  of  the  crystals  are 
injured  by  wrinkles,  cracks,  small  punctures  or  from  some  other 
cause,  so  that  it  is  a  fortunate  mine  that  will  yield  ten  per  cent, 
of  merchantable  mica  from  its  total  output. 

Crystals  are  often  found  in  the  Gatineau  district  of  very 
large  size,  one  from  a  mine  near  the  Cascades  being  stated  to 
have  a  diameter  of  nearly  eight  feet.  Unfortunately  thes2  large 
crystals,  owing  to  their  generally  fractured  condition,  have 
generally  but  little  economic  value.  One  of  the  largest  deposits 
of  this  mineral  yet  found  in  the  Gatineau  district  is  in  the  town- 
ship of  Hincks.  It  occurs  in  a  dyke  of  pyroxene  which  cuts  the 
limestone  of  that  area  and  is  in  turn   cut  by  a  dyke  of  green- 


1899]  Mineral  Resources  of  the  Ottawa  District.      29 

stone.  The  crystals  here  were  of  a  large  size,  sometimes  as 
much  as  three  feet  across,  and  many^  of  them  so  clear  that  plates 
two  and  three  feet  long  by  nearly  a  foot  in  breadth  were 
obtained.  The  mica  here  was  dark  coloured  as  might  be  ex- 
pected from  the  dark  colour  of  the  containing  rock,  and  a  large 
quantity  of  excellent  mica  was  extracted  before  the  deposit  was 
exhausted. 

A  very  pretty  purple-tinted  mica  is  also  sometimes  found  in 
cases  where  a  dyke  of  light-tinted  grar^ite  cuts  the  limestone, 
but  as  yet  has  not  been  obtained  in  quantities  to  be  of  economic 
value. 

Iron  Ores. 

The  iron  ores  of  this  district  are  divisible  into  several  classes 
and  occur  at  several  horizons.  The  principal  workable  deposits 
are  magnetites,  though  several  mines  have  been  opened  on 
hematite  ores,  and  sometimes  both  varieties  are  associated,  as 
in  the  case  of  the  Haycock  mine  and  at  several  points  in  Ren- 
frew county.  Of  the  magnetic  variety  there  are  also  two  kinds, 
viz.,  the  titaniferous  and  the  true  magnetites,  and  each  of  these 
is  found  in  its  peculiar  country  rock.  Thus  in  the  case  of  the 
titanium  ores  it  may  be  said  that  they  usually  occur  in  anortho- 
site  rocks,  which  are  a  recent  intrusion  in  the  gneiss  and  lime- 
stones, and  the  amount  of  titanic  acid  in  these  sometimes  reaches 
45  per  cent ,  which  renders  the  ore  practically  useless  on  account 
of  its  great  refractibility,  and  the  consequent  large  amount  of 
fuel  necessary  to  reduce  it  to  a  state  of  metallic  iron.  Attempts 
have  been  made  from  time  to  time  to  utilize  this  ore,  but  always 
with  disastrous  results  to  those  interested. 

The  true  magnetites  are  found  at  many  points  and  furnish 
an  ore  often  of  great  purity  and  value  for  smelting  purposes. 
They  occur  in  the  vicinity  of  Hull  where  they  were  mined  ex- 
tensively, and  where  they  were  also  smelted  for  some  years, 
though  operations  in  this  locality  have  now  been  suspended  for 
nearly  a  quarter  of  a  century.  In  Bristol  also  there  are  large 
deposits  of  this  ore  which  have  also  been  extensively  worked, 
but  its  value  is  to  some  extent  affected  injuriously  by   a  certain 


30  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [May 

percentage  of  sulphur  which  necessitates  a  roasting  process 
before  it  is  sent  to  the  smelter.  As  a  consequence  the  demand 
for  these  ores  has  of  late  years  largely  fallen  off.  The  same 
association  of  sulphur  is  found  in  some  of  the  deposits  along  the 
Kingston  and  Pembroke  Railway,  and  seriously  impairs  their 
value  as  smelting  ores,  so  that  the  hopes  which  were  raised  in 
regard  to  their  speedy  utilization  by  the  building  of  the  Hamil- 
ton smelter  have  not  yet  been  realized.  All  the  ores  in  this 
district  are  not, however,  affected  in  this  way,  and  there  are  some 
large  deposits  of  excellent  quality  ;  but  on  the  other  hand  these 
are  sometimes  so  far  removed  from  convenient  shipment  that 
the  price  obtainable  will  not  repay  the  cost  of  hauling  to  railway 
and  the  subsequent  freight  to  the  smelter.  It  can  be  easily  seen 
therefore.,  that  though  there  may  be  a  very  large  amount  of  raw 
material  available,  this  is  not  always  in  such  a  shape  as  to  yield 
profitable  returns.  This  condition  of  affairs  is  unfortunate,  and 
many  persons  unacquainted  with  the  actual  conditions,  often 
wonder  why  mining  is  not  pursued  with  greater  vigour  in  certain 
directions.  Investors  of  small  capital,  however,  generally  wish  to 
see  some  chance  of  realizing  on  their  investments  when  once 
mining  operations  are  commenced,  unless  as  is  sometimes  un- 
fortunately the  case,  such  investments  are  made  on  a  limited 
scale  with  simply  a  view  to  speculation.  Such  schemes  cannot, 
however,  be  classed  under  the  head  of  legitimate  mining,  and  the 
last  investor  generally  has  the  experience  obtained  as  his  share 
of  the  profits. 

Improvements  are  constantly  being  made  in  the  process  of 
iron  smelting,  and  therefore  we  may  hope  that  with  greater 
facilities  for  shipment  and  reduced  expenses  in  smelting,  the 
greater  part  ot  these  ores  will  some  day  become  valuable  assets. 
At  present  the  great  barrier  to  the  successful  development  of 
the  blast  furnace  industry  in  this  district,  is  the  cost  of  fuel,  and 
it  is  to  be  hoped  that  some  day  in  the  not  too  distant  future,  the 
successful  manufacture  of  compressed  peat  will  go  far  to  solve 
this  difificulty.  Smelting  with  peat  fuel  has  been  carried  on 
successfully  for  many  years  in  Norway  and   Sweden  and  also  in 


iSgg]  Mineral  Resources  of  the  Ottawa  District.       31 

Germany  ;  and  there  is  no  reason  why  methods  which  are  so 
successful  in  those  countries  should  not  be  equally  so  here,  pro- 
vided the  greater  cost  of  labor  be  not  an  insuperable  obstacle. 
Figures  given  by  the  American  expert,  Birkenbinc,  for  the 
Ottawa  district,  some  years  ago,  placed  the  cost  of  manufacture, 
even  under  the  then  unfavorable  conditions,  at  such  a  price  as 
to  fairly  warrant  investment  at  some  central  point  such  as 
Ottawa  city,  and  to  make  the  erection  of  a  blast  furnace  profit- 
able, but  the  initial  cost  of  such  an  enterprise  is  heavy  and 
investors  prefer  often  to  take  their  chances  in  some  more  gilded 
scheme,  even  though,  as  is  often  the  case,  the  results  are  not 
always  very  flattering.  However  this  country  is  as  yet  com- 
paratively young  in  mining  matters  and  the  attention  of  foreign 
capitalists  is  now  only  being  directed  to  this  portion  of  the 
empire  as  a  field  for  profitable  investment,  so  that  it  is  not  worth 
while  to  become  greatly  discouraged  over  a  present  depression 
along  certain  lines. 

Graphite. 

Among  the  other  mineral  industries  that  at  some  not 
far  distant  day  promise  to  be  a  very  important  factor  in  the 
country's  development  is  the  mining  of  graphite.  We  have  in 
the  Ottawa  district  some  of  the  largest  and  most  valuable 
deposits  of  this  mineral  anywhere  known,  and  easy  of  access, 
and  though  efforts  have  been  made  in  a  half-hearted  way  for 
some  years  to  turn  these  to  profitable  account,  such  attempts 
have  been  so  carried  on  as  not  to  yield  satisfactory  returns.  In 
such  a  case  we  should  not  attribute  the  lack  of  success  to  any 
fault  on  the  part  of  the  ore  deposit,  since  this  has  been  thoroughly 
investigated  in  the  laboratory  of  the  Geological  Survey,  and  the 
mineral  found  to  equal  in  quality,  for  all  practical  purposes,  that 
from  the  celebrated  mines  of  Ceylon,  which  so  largely  enter  the 
markets  of  the  world  to-day.  The  failure  rather  seems  to  be  on 
the  part  of  those  who  have  the  mines  in  charge,  and  to  their  lack 
of  enterprise  in  seeking  a  market,  since  the  Canadian  market 
alone  consumes  annually  a  sufficient  amount  of  this  material  to 
warrant  the  workings  of  these  deposits  on   a  large  scale.     Thus 


32  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [May 

from  the  official  bulletin  of  the  Survey  we  find  that  in  the  ten 
years,  from  1886  to  1895,  the  quantity  of  graphite  produced  in 
all  Canada,  including  the  output  from  New  Brunswick,  amounted 
in  value  to  less  than  30,000  dollars,  while  the  value  of  the  im- 
ports of  this  material  for  the  sixteen  years  from  1880  amounted 
to  over  half  a  million  dollars.  This  is  certainly  a  bad  showing 
in  the  face  of  the  fact  that  we  have  more  than  enough  of  the 
the  raw  material  to  supply  all  our  own  needs  and  to  furnish 
plenty  for  export  besides.     Certain  changes  now   in   contempla-  -J 

tion  may  in  a  few  years  result  in  effecting  a  marked  difference 
in  the  balance  of  these  figures,  but  this  wiil  onl}-  be  done  by 
changing  entirelj^  the  present  inoperative  system  of  management. 
At  one  mine  north  of  the  Madawaska  River,  not  many  miles 
north  from  the  Kingston  and  Pembroke  Railway,  there  is  a  won- 
derful deposit  of  this  mineral,  the  amount  in  sight  being 
apparently  sufficient  if  properly  handled  to  supply  the  market 
alone  for  some  years,  while  the  great  deposits  of  the  Buckingham 
district  have  as  yet  only  been  opened  sufficiently  to  show  their 
great  extent  and  value. 

Molybdenum. 

The  peculiar  mineral  molybdenum  which  has  recently  come 
into  prominence  in  mining  circles,  is  somewhat  widely  dis- 
tributed through  the  crystalline  rocks  of  the  Ottawa  basin.  In 
physical  features  it  is  sometimes  mistaken  for  flake  graphite 
which  it  resembles  strongly  in  the  field.  Along  the  Ottawa 
River  it  occurs  in  limited  quantity  in  certain  of  the  rocks  on 
Calumet  Island,  though  the  extent  of  the  deposit  here  has  never 
been  ascertained,  but  at  or  near  Haley  Station,  on  the  Canadian 
Pacific  Railway,  there  is  a  large  deposit  of  this  mineral  which 
has  been  worked  for  some  years  in  a  desultory  fashion. 
Recently,  however,  the  mine  has  been  reopened  and  a  consider- 
able output  is  now  being  obtained  for  shipment.  Along  the 
Gatineau  River  this  mineral  is  found  in  several  of  the  adjoining 
townships,  but  apparently  the  most  important  deposit  yet 
located  in  this  direction  is  in  the  township  of  Egan,  north  of  the 
Desert  River,  where  it  appears  to  have  a  large  development.     It 


1899]  Mineral  Resources  of  the  Ottawa  District       33 

is  usually  found  in  connection  with  white  granite  dykes  -vhich 
cut  the  crystalline  limestone  and  associated  gneiss  of  the  Grcn- 
ville  and  Hastings  series,  which  have  a  wide  extent  in  this  area, 
both  north  and  south  of  the  Ottawa.  The  market  at  present 
for  this  mineral  is  not  large,  but  the  demand  has  increased 
rapidly  within  the  last  three  years,  so  that  there  is  a  fair  pro- 
spect of  some  of  these  deposits  being  utilized  at  no  very  distant 
date. 

Asr.ESTUs. 

Of  the  peculiar  mineral  asbestus,  or  rather  chrysotile,  of 
which  you  have  all  heard,  though  there  are  limited  deposits  at 
several  points,  they  are  of  such  small  extent,  as  compared  with 
the  great  deposits  in  the  Eastern  Townships  of  Quebec,  that  it 
may  be  safely  said  we  cannot  hope  to  successfuly  compete  with 
these  in  the  matter  of  production.  In  point  of  fact,  ^thc  great 
deposits  of  this  mineral  in  Quebec  have  practically  closed  down 
the  output  of  the  mines  for  the  rest  of  the  world,  at  least  as 
regard  the  finer  qualities.  Asbestus  proper  is  a  variety  of  horn- 
blende, and  is  found  and  has  been  worked  for  some  years  in  the 
County  of  Hastings  under  the  name  of  dctinolite.  What  passes 
under  the  name  of  asbestus  in  commerce  is  a  fibrous  serpentine 
or  chrysotile,  which  has  a  soft,  beautiful  and  silky  fibre,  of  great 
tenacity  and  strength,  so  that  it  can  be  readily  teased  out,  spun 
and  wove,  or  made  into  rope,  while  the  shorter  and  more  im- 
perfect fibre  is  used  for  millboard,  packing,  and  for  a  variety  of 
purposes.  Its  great  value  depends  upon  its  capacity  to  resist 
combustion,  that  is,  it  is  practically  a  fire-proof  material. 

In  connection  with  some  of  the  limestones  of  the  Grenvillc 
series  there  are  certain  serpentinous  bands  which  contain  small 
veins  of  this  substance  and  these  have  been  mined  at  a  number 
of  points,  though  the  small  size  of  the  fibre  prevents  it  from 
competing  with  the  longer  material  of  the  Eastern  Town.ships. 
This  Ottawa  product  is,  however,  utilized  for  the  manufacture  of 
a  celebrated  fire-proof  plaster  which  possesses  many  advantages 
over  the  common  xariety  for  interior  work,  and  this  is  rapidly 
growing  in  favor  with  builders,  so  that  the  industry  promises  to 


34  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [May 

assume  large  proportions  at  some  time,  though  there  are  not  the 
large  profits  which  are  obtainable  from  the  mines  of  the  eastern 
district. 

Gold. 

The  mining  of  the  precious  metals  has  always  possessed  a 
charm  for  many  persons,  though  there  is  probably  no  enterprise 
in  which  more  money  has  been  lost  than  in  the  attempt  to 
obtain  gold  from  the  hard  matrix  in  which  it  is  usually  found. 
Still  there  is  always  a  great  fascination  to  most  persons  in  the  I 
term  gold-mining,  though  the  ideas  many  people  possess  on  the  >j 
subject  are  exceedingly  crude.  The  discovery  of  gold  in  any 
country  usually  gives  rise  to  much  excitement,  and  this  is  often 
in  direct  ratio  to  the  remoteness  of  the  locality  where  the  find  is 
reported.  Gold  mining  has  too  large  an  element  of  uncertainty 
in  it  to  be  pursued  by  the  ordinary  citizen  with  profit.  To  say 
nothing  of  the  capricious  nature  of  this  mineral  itself  there  is 
often  the  temptation  on  the  part  of  the  unscrupulous  miner  to 
salt  his  claim  and  thus  impose  on  the  ignorance  or  credulity  of 
'his  neighbour.  Then  there  is  frequently  the  dishonesty  of  the 
assayer  to  whom  the  samples  selected  as  a  fair  test  of  the  pro- 
perty are  sent  and  of  these,  I  regret  to  say,  the  making  of  false 
returns  is  sometimes  a  matter  of  business  in  order  that  more 
samples,  and  the  necessary  fees  for  testing  the  same,  may  come 
his  way.  In  fact,  some  of  these  assayers  have  been  known  to 
boast  that  they  could  get  an  assay  of  gold  from  any  kind  of 
rock,  or  even  from  a  piece  of  brick  if  necessary  ;  so  that  the 
report  of  a  so-called  assayer,  for  there  are  some  that  disgrace 
the  name,  is  not  always  to  be  relied  on  as  absolutely  correct. 

The  gold  of  the  Ottawa  district  may  be  said  to  belong  to 
the  Huronian  belt  of  rocks  which  traverse  a  portion  of  Ontario 
in  the  counties  of  Addington,  Hastings,  Lanark  and  Renfrew^ 
and  which  also  crosses  the  Ottawa  River  into  the  province  of 
Quebec.  These  rocks  have  been  described  in  the  reports  of  the 
Geological  Survey  under  the  head  of  the  Hastings  series.  They 
have  been  by  some   regarded   as   a   portion   of  the    Laurentian 


1899]  Mineral  Resources  of  the  Ottawa  District.      35 

system,  while  by  others  they  are  regarded  as  belonging  to  a 
higher  division,  the  evidence  in  favour  of  the  latter  view  being 
that  generally  accepted  at  the  present  time.  The  occurrence  of 
gold  in  certain  portions  of  these  rocks  was  ascertained  as  early 
as  1865-66  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Marmora,  and  several  mines 
were  shortly  after  opened  in  that  locality  which  gave  great 
promise  of  good  returns.  Since  that  date  this  industry  has  been 
pursued  with  varying  success,  and  with  gradually  improved 
methods  of  treatment  this  area  will  yet  probably  give  satisfactory 
results.  As  a  rule  the  gold  of  this  formation  is  associated  with 
various  sulphurets  which  renders  its  separation  from  the  quartz 
a  somewhat  difficult  matter,  and  expensive  methods  are  neces- 
sary for  its  profitable  extraction.  The  difference  between  this 
ore  and  the  free  milling  gold  quartz  lies  chiefly  in  the  fact,  that 
in  the  latter  the  gold  readily  separates  from  the  gangue  after 
crushing  and  amalgamates  easily  with  mercury,  while  in  the 
arsenical  ores,  like  those  of  the  Marmora  district,  as  also  in 
some  of  those  from  Nova  Scotia,  the  separation  has  to  be  secured 
by  expensive  chemical  treatment. 

No  definite  returns  are  to  hand  as  to  the  actual  output  of 
the  gold  mines  in  this  district,  but  it  has  varied  greatly  at 
different  times.  Assays  from  several  mines  in  the  Madoc  and 
Marmora  district  have  shown  a  very  high  percentage  of  the 
precious  metal.  Lately  the  gold  bearing  rocks  have  been  recog- 
nized at  different  points  nearer  the  Ottawa,  and  assays  from 
some  of  these  localities  have  given  very  satisfactory  returns. 
Unfortunately  however  in  many  cases  the  veins  of  quartz  are 
small  and  irregular,  and  there  appears  to  be  a  good  deal  of  un- 
certainty as  to  whether  these  can  be  properly  manipulated. 
Small  quantities  of  gold  can  be  obtained  by  assay  from  many  of 
the  veins  which  traverse  the  rocks  of  this  formation. 

In  the  Report  of  the  Geological  Survey  for  1878-79,  an 
analysis  is  given  of  a  sample  of  bluish-grey  quartz,  traversed  by 
small  veins  of  a  light  green  apatite,  which  is  reported  as  coming 
from  the  Peche  Village,  township  of  Wakefield.  The  results  of 
this  assay  surpass  anything  yet  found  in  the  rocks  of  the  Ottawa 


36  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [May 

district,  the  amount  of  gold  per  ton  of  quartz  of  2,000  lbs.  being 
stated  at  11.725  ounces  and  of  silver,  52.323  ounce.«.  The  size 
of  the  sample  from  which  this  assay  was  made  was  small,  and  if 
the  vein  from  which  the  specimen  was  taken  could  be  located 
there  would  seem  to  be  a  prospect  for  further  developments  in 
this  direction. 

It  may  not  be  out  of  place  here  to  suggest  that  the  attempts 
to  obtain  accurate  information  as  to  the  quantity  of  gold  con- 
tained in  the  quartz  veins,  which  traverse  many  of  the  rocks  in 
the  Ottawa  district,  by  mere  assay  of  small  samples  is  never 
likely  to  prove  satisfactory.  This  can  only  be  done  by  submit- 
ting a  large  sample  of  from  one  to  three  tons  to  a  special  mill 
test.  Such  tests  can  now  be  readily  made  in  the  new  mining 
schools  of  Kingston  or  McGill  college,  and  in  this  way  definite 
knowledge  can  be  obtained  as  to  the  commercial  value  of  the 
ore,  and  the  possibility  of  obtaining  satisfactory  lesults  from  its 
extraction. 

It  is  very  interesting  to  notice  in  connection  with  the  occur- 
rence of  gold  in  this  area  that  the  same  agencies  which  have 
played  so  important  a  part  in  the  development  of  the  deposits 
of  mica  and  apatite,  viz.,  that  of  intrusive  granite  or  diorite, 
have  also  been  exerted  here.  Thus  it  has  been  clearly  shown 
that  all  the  most  productive  mines  are  situated  in  close  proxi- 
mity tu  igneous  masses  which  have  penetrated  the  country  rocks, 
generally  composed  of  schists  and  slates,  and  it  may  be  broadly 
stated  that  the  same  general  principle  applies  to  all  the  valuable 
mining  areas  both  to  the  east  and  west.  The  productive 
mineral  zones  of  the  Lake  Superior  district  conform  to  this 
general  rule,  and  the  deposits  of  copper  and  nickel  at  Sudbury 
are  also  found  in  intimate  associations  with  great  intrusions  of 
granite  and  greenstone.  It  would  therefore  seem  to  be  a  well 
established  fact  that  these  intrusive  masses  have  exercised  a 
direct  and  favorable  influence  upon  the  presence  of  the  economic 
minerals. 

In  the  new  group  of  mines  on  the  Calumet  Island,  up  the 
Ottawa,  the  masses  of  blende  and  galena  are  always  found  con- 


1899]  Mineral  Resources  of  the  Ottawa  District,      n 

nected  with  the  diorites  of  that  area,  and  the  new  showing  of 
nickehferous  pyrrhotite  on  the  same  island  has  a  large  mass  of 
diorite  close  to  the  development  of  the  ore.  These  diorite  and 
granite  masses  in  this  locality  clearly  break  through  the  asso- 
ciated crystalline  limestone  and  associated  gneiss. 

As  for  copper,  the  Ottawa  district  has  as  yet  failed  to  pro- 
duce anything  of  economic  importance,  but  the  silver-bearing 
galenas  of  Lake  Temiscaming  which  have  been  opened  up, 
appear  to  have  a  somewhat  extensive  development,  though 
mining  in  this  quarter  has  of  late  years  languished  In  the 
Wanapetae  district  however,  which  is  on  the  western  border  of 
the  Ottawa  basin,  very  valuable  deposits  of  rich  gold  ore  have 
been  recently  exploited  and  are  now  being  worked  with  good 
prospects  of  profitable  returns. 

Coal. 

Coal,  of  course,  has  never  been  found  in  the  Ottawa 
country,  though  scarcely  a  year  goes  by  without  the  usual  news- 
paper paragraph  to  the  effect  that  a  large  bed  of  this  mineral 
has  been  discovered  in  the  area  to  the  north  of  the  upper  St.  Law- 
rence. To  many,  this  absence  of  coal  has  seemed  a  mystery, 
and  of  late  several  severe  attacks  have  been  made  upon  the 
scientific  authorities  in  connection  with  deposits  of  so-called 
coal  in  the  Sudbury  district  to  which  the  attention  of  everyone 
was  recently  directed.  The  true  coals  of  the  eastern  provinces 
are  confined  almost  entirely  to  the  middle  portion  of  the  Car- 
boniferous system,  which  lies  at  a  much  higher  position  in  the 
geological  scale  than  any  of  the  rock  formations  of  Ontario, 
which  do  not  reach  above  the  horizon  of  the  Devonian.  In  one 
area  in  New  Brunswick  in  this  last  formation  there  is  a  deposit 
of  graphitic  anthracite  which  has  a  thickness  of  several  feet  and 
which  was  persistently  boomed  for  some  years,  and  caused  a  lot 
of  money  to  be  wasted  in  an  attempt  to  place  it  on  the  market 
as  a  first-class  fuel.  This  hope  has  never.been  realized  from  the 
fact  that  the  mineral  contained  too  great  a  percentage  of  ash 
and  graphite  to  burn  well,  the  amount  of  residue  after  combus- 


38  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [May 

tion  being  nearly  40  per  cent.  There  are,  however,  in  some  of 
the  formations  in  Ontario  and  Quebec,  notably  in  the  Trenton 
and  Utica,  certain  black  bands  of  highly  bituminous  shale  which, 
when  ignited  in  a  strong  flame  will  burn  till  the  greater  part  of 
the  contained  bitumen  is  consumed.  The  same  bituminous 
character  is  seen  in  some  of  the  shales  of  the  lower  Carboniferous 
formation  of  New  Brunswick,  and  some  of  these  are  so  rich  as 
to  yield  over  60  gallons  of  oil  to  the  ton,  and  slabs  of  this 
material  placed  on  a  camp  fire  will  burn  for  a  long  time  when 
once  ignited.  These  cannot  however  be  called  coal  deposits, 
though  they  contain  so  large  a  quantity  of  carbonaceous  matter, 
and  it  would  almost  be  as  well  to  style  our  mines  of  graphite 
coal  mines  since  graphite  is  also  a  form  of  carbon.  Thus,  the 
mineral  found  at  Sudbury  is  certainly  a  carbon  and  will  burn 
under  certain  conditions,  but  if  there  is  too  large  an  amount  of 
ash  it  cannot  compete  readily  with  the  better  class  of  coals 
which  are  now  used  ;  and  besides  the  uncertain  nature  of  such 
deposits,  as  contrasted  with  the  great  beds  of  the  true  coals, 
renders  the  investment  of  capital  a  very  risky  matter. 

This  question  of  Ontario  coal  came  before  the  Geological 
Survey  in  the  early  days  of  its  existence,  and  a  rather  good 
story  is  related  in  the  life  of  Sir  William  Logan  bearing  upon 
the  early  operations  in  this  direction. 

Nearly  forty  years  ago  boring  operations  were  commenced 
near  Bowmanville  with  the  intention  of  finding  coal  there,  in 
spite  of  the  old  geologist's  advice  ;  and  after  some  days  pieces 
of  the  mineral  were  frequently  obtained.  This,  to  many 
persons,  was  quite  conclusive  evidence  that  a  true  coal  field  had 
been  reached.  So  much  were  some  of  these  persons  impressed 
with  this  discovery  that  one  of  Sir  WilHam's  old  friends,  the 
sheriff  of  the  district,  came  down  to  Montreal,  where  our  offices 
were  then  located,  and  in  a  great  burst  of  confidence,  produced 
a  sample  with  the  request  to  know  if  that  wasn't  coal.  Sir 
William,  ever  courteous,  replied  that  it  was  most  certainly  coal, 
and  a  very  good  sample  of  Newcastle  coal  at  that.  "But,"  said 
the  sheriff,  '■  I  saw  it  taken  out  of  the  hole  myself."     "  Ah,  yes," 


1899]  Mineral  Resources  of  the  Ottawa  District.      39 

said  the  old  knight,  "  and  if  you  had  been  there  a  little  sooner 
you  would  probably  have  seen  them  putting  it  in  too."  A  few 
days  after,  in  taking  out  some  other  samples  of  coal  from  this 
hole  it  was  found  that  these  were  mixed  with  bread  and  cheese, 
showing  that  the  person  who  so  ingeniously  "  salted  "  the  pro- 
perty had  not  been  sufficiently  careful  in  the  selection  of  his 
ingredients.  A  subsequent  investigation  showed  conclusively 
that  the  bore-hole  had  not  even  passed  through  the  clay  cover- 
ing, and  that  the  solid  rock  had  never  been  reached,  so  that  this 
attempt  to  start  a  coal  mine  in  Ontario  was  a  dismal  failure.  A 
similar  attempt  at  coal  discovery  in  Quebec  was  made  on  the 
north  side  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  below  Quebec  city,  but  a  careful 
examination  of  this  mine  also  showed  it  to  consist  of  pieces  of 
the  mineral  which  had  been  stuck  in  the  clay  along  the  course 
of  a  small  brook,  so  that  this  attempt  also  fell  flat. 

It  would  certainly  be  a  wonderful  thing  and  a  great  benefit 
to  the  industries  of  this  district,  if  coal  in  workable  quantity 
could  be  found  anywhere  in  this  area,  but  until  the  present  geo- 
logical conditions  change  very  materially,  it  is  to  be  feared  there 
will  never  be  any  very  great  development  in  this  direction,  and 
the  only  alternative,  if  we  wish  to  use  our  own  fuel,  is  to  utilize 
some  of  our  great  deposits  of  peat. 

The  question  of  natural  gas  and  oil  along  the  St.  Lawrence 
has  already  received  some  attention,  and  will  doubtless  before 
long  be  again  taken  up.  The  developments  along  the  east  side 
of  that  river  in  the  vicinity  of  Nicolet  by  boring,  though  carried 
down  to  a  comparatively  small  depth,  proved  that  natural  gas 
does  exist  in  that  area,  and  it  was  obtained  in  considerable 
quantity  at  the  first  attempt.  A  large  vein  of  gas  was  at  one 
point  struck  at  a  depth  of  less  than  600  feet,  which  came  out 
with  such  force  as  to  wreck  the  plant  and  hurl  mud  and  stones 
many  feet  into  the  air.  The  hole  was  not  however  continued 
down  to  the  Trenton,  which  was  supposed  to  be  the  great  reser- 
voir of  this  material,  owing  to  a  lack  of  capital  on  the  part  of 
those  interested  ;  but  the  abandoned  hole  is  still  discharging 
gas  in  considerable  quantity.      It  is   the   opinion   of  those  who 


40  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [May 

have  studied  this  field,  which  has  a  very  extensive  development 
to  the  east  of  Montreal,  as  well  as  along  the  valley  of  the  river 
northward,  that  the  prospects  for  obtaining  this  material  in 
commercial  amount  are  very  good.  In  the  lower  Ottawa  basin 
the  greatest  development  of  the  rocks  trom  the  Trenton  up  to 
the  Medina  red  shales,  which  is  a  succession  precisely  like  that 
where  the  tests  were  made  at  Nicolet,  is  in  the  townships  of 
Russell  and  Gloucester.  No  attempt  has  as  yet  been  made  to 
test  this  portion  of  the  Ottawa  basin,  and  nothing  further  can 
be  said  as  to  the  probability  of  finding  natural  gas  in  this  area, 
except  that  the  strata  are  apparently  undisturbed  and  there  is  a 
heavy  capping  of  shales  overlying  the  Utica  and  Trenton  forma- 
tions. Further  east  on  the  bank  of  the  South  Nation  River  a 
shallow  boring  was  put  down  several  years  ago  which  produced 
gas  in  considerable  quantity,  and  in  this  respect  the  area 
resembles  that  of  the  St.  Lawrence.  Several  borings  have  also 
been  sunk  near  the  line  of  the  Canada  Atlantic  Railway  for 
water,  as  also  near  Caledonia  Springs,  but  these,  though  they 
reached  a  depth  at  one  place  of  about  800  feet,  started  below 
the  surface  of  the  Trenton  and  gave  no  results  as  to  the 
presence  of  gas  or  oil.  The  upper  formations  of  the  Utica 
and  Lorraine  are  absent  from  this  portion  of  the  basin,  so 
that  the  area  is  not  a  typical  one  for  tests  of  this  kind.  The 
discovery  of  natural  gas  in  the  vicinity  ot  Ottawa  would  be  of 
such  great  importance  that  one  trial,  even  if  attended  with 
failure,  should  not  be  allowed  to  condemn  the  enterprise.  In 
the  case  of  the  boring  [made  within  the  city  limits  some  years 
ago,  it  may  be  said  that  no  results  in  this  direction  should  have 
been  expected.  The  boring  started  on  Trenton  limestone  and 
in  a  part  of  the  formation  much  broken  by  faults,  so  that  if  ever 
gas  existed  in  that  area  it  had  an  excellent  chance  to  make  its 
escape  long  before  the  bore-hole  was  started. 

It  would  of  course  be  rash  to  state  that  borings  in  the 
Palaeozoic  formations,  south  of  the  Ottawa,  would  result  in  find- 
ing either  gas  or  oil  in  profitable  quantities;  and  in  this  connec- 
tion it  may  be  stated  that,  in  so  far  as  explorations  along  these 


1899]  Mineral  Resources  of  the  Ottawa  District       41 

lines  have  progressed  in  the  western  portion  of  the  province,  the 
best  results  have  been  obtained  from  formations  much  higher 
in  the  scale.  Thus  the  large  flows  of  gas  in  the  western  part  of 
the  province  have  resulted  from  the  piercing  of  the  Clinton  or 
Medina,  the  latter  only  of  which  is  represented  in  the  Ottawa 
basin,  while  the  Trenton  formation  which  was  pierced  nearer 
Lake  Ontario  has  as  yet  produced  much  less  satisfactory  results. 
Hunt,  while  claiming  that  the  petroleum  of  Canada  occurs  at 
two  horizons,  viz.,  the  Trenton  and  the  Corniferous  of  the 
Devonian,  shows  that  the  great  flows  of  oil  in  the  Petrolia  dis- 
trict proceed  from  the  latter,  though  it  is  supposed  that  in  some 
of  the  oil  fields  the  true  source  of  the  material  may  be  some  of 
the  lower  formations.  In  Gaspe,  where  also  there  are  well 
marked  indications  of  oil,  these  seem  to  be  more  closely  con- 
nected with  certain  beds  of  the  upper  Silurian  rocks,  interme- 
diate between  the  Trenton  and  the  Devonian. 

Of  building  stones,  such  as  sandstones,  limestone,  granites, 
marbles,  &c.,  there  is  a  great  variety,  and  some  of  the  deposits 
already  opened  up  are  of  great  value.  The  production  of  these 
things  depend  upon  the  law  of  supply  and  demand,  and  as  the 
latter  is  constantly  increasing  as  the  country  is  developed,  the 
enquiries  for  new  quarry  locations  will  also  increase.  At  the 
Chicago  exhibition  one  of  the  largest  dealers  in  granite  did  not 
seem  to  know  that  we  had  a  supply  of  such  material  in  Canada, 
and  when  told  that  there  was  an  unlimited  quantity  at  readily 
accessible  points,  declared  that  he  would  investigate  these  at  the 
earliest  opportunity.  In  fact  many  of  these  coarser  materials 
O-ily  require  to  be  brought  prominently  into  notice  to  start  a 
demand,  as  in  the  case  of  the  felspars  which  have  only  become 
known  as  a  commercial  product  within  the  last  three  )'ears. 
Now  felspar,  which  is  used  in  the  manufacture  of  pottery,  is 
being  looked  for  everywhere  in  the  old  rocks  ;  and  though  the 
heavy  freight  rates  to  the  United  States  are  a  great  drawback 
to  its  export,  except  where  these  deposits  are  near  a  line  of 
railway,  yet  they  might  easily  be  utilized  here  where  the  raw 
material  is  cheap  and  plenty.     If  the  manufacturers  can  afford 

LIBRARY!  r 


42  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [May 

to  carry  on  a  business  with  this  material  by  paying  five  dollars 
a  ton,  the  same  induitry  ought  to  be  a  success  here  where  we 
have  the  raw  material  at  our  doors.  What  it  requires  is  capital 
and  enterprise  with  a  good  amount  of  push.  The  felspar  which 
is  being  mined  is  found  as  a  portion  of  some  of  the  many  granite 
dykes  that  traverse  our  older  crystalline  rocks,  and  the  proviso 
for  its  usefulness  is  that  it  shall  be  free  from  iron  and  mica,  its 
shade  of  colour,  either  red  or  white,  apparently  not  making  any 
difference  in  its  market  value. 

The  brick  clays  of  the  district  are  widespread.  Many  of  the 
deposits  are  of  excellent  quality,  and  the  quantity  of  bricks  and 
tiles  already  produced  is  very  large  and  constantly  increasing. 
This  may  be  seen  at  a  glance  by  comparing  the  figures  of 
import  in  drain  tiles,  &c.,  for  1888  with  those  of  1895.  Thus  in 
the  former  year  these  were  imported  to  a  value  of  over  100,000 
dollars,  while  six  years  later  so  greatly  had  the  home  develop- 
ment increased,  that  these  figures  had  been  reduced  to  21,000 
d  )llars.  The  manufacture  of  terra-cotta  has  also  grown  to  a 
comparatively  large  industry,  or  from  50,000  dollars  in  1888  to 
nearly  200,000  in  1895.  These  manufactures  from  some  of  our 
commonest  and  most  widely  spread  materials  show  that  even  in 
this  direction  there  is  yet  great  room  for  development  ;  yet  on 
the  part  of  many  persons  the  widespread  nature  of  such  raw 
material  is  such  as  to  cause  them  to  be  considered  as  almost 
valueless  as  sources  of  mineral  wealth.  Even  of  such  ordinary 
things  as  sand  and  gravel  there  is  a  great  possibility  of  develop- 
ment if  only  the  right  characteristics  can  be  found,  as  may  be 
inferred  from  the  fact  that-  the  increase  in  their  export  between 
the  years  1887  and  1895  has  been  no  less  than  90,000  dollars. 
These  last  figures  do  not  of  course  apply  to  the  Ottawa  district 
alone,  but  are  given  as  indicating  possibilities  for  future  develop- 
ment along  the  line  of  some  of  the  most  common  materials. 

The  bottoms  of  many  of  our  lakes  in  the  area  to  the  north 
and  south  of  the  Ottawa  are  filled  with  great  deposits  of  shell 
marl  which  in  some  places  is  being  exterrsively  used  in  the  manu- 
facture of  cement,  and  for  which  there  is  a  large  market  for  a 


1899]  Mineral  Resources  of  the  Ottawa  District.     43 

first-class  material  :  while  as  a  fertilizer  for  certain  lands  it  also 
possesses  much  value  and  could,  if  properly  handled,  become  a 
source  of  revenu?.  In  fact  along  all  lines  of  mineral  development 
there  must  always  be  a  constant  outlook  for  the  chances  of  a 
market.  It  is  of  but  little  use  to  fold  one's  hands  and  think  these 
things  will  develop  themselves.  They  do  not  appeal  to  one's 
fancy  so  strongly  as  the  flaming  stories  of  the  occurrences  of 
gold  or  silver,  but  they  are  very  often  quite  as  important  factors 
in  the  country's  development.  They  certainly  afford  quite  as 
good  opportunities  for  bringing  dollars  into  the  pockets  of  the 
manufacturer  or  capitalist  as  many  of  the  more  showy  minerals, 
while  there  is  much  less  of  the  speculative  element.  The  amount 
of  capital  necessary  to  their  successful  development  is  very  much 
less  in  most  cases,  and  there  is  not  so  great  an  element  of  risk 
involved  in  their  exploitation. 

In  this  hasty  sketch  of  some  mineral  resources  of  the  Ottawa 
district  which  of  necessity  has  only  touched  in  the  briefest  way, 
upon  some  of  the  main  features  of  the  subject,  it  will  be  seen 
that  in  this  area  there  is  not  only  a  very  great  variety  of  material 
but  much  of  this  is  in  very  large  quantity  and  also  that  the 
mineral  development  in  so  far  as  it  has  proceeded,  has  been 
fairly  satisfactory. 

Corundum. 

There  is  however  one  otner  mineral  which  I  have  neglected 
to  mention,  and  which  can  hardly  as  yet  be  recognized  among 
the  sources  of  our  wealth,  since  its  development  has  not  as  yet 
taken  place,  viz.,  the  new  mineral,  corundum.  The  finding  of 
this  mineral  marks  a  new  era  in  Canadian  mining,  and  the 
recent  discovery  of  large  deposits  in  the  northern  portion  of 
Haliburton,  whence  it  has  been  traced  east  for  some  miles  into 
Renfrew  county,  is  of  great  importance,  not  only  as  marking  for 
the  first  time  the  occurrence  of  this  mineral  in  Canada,  in  quan- 
tity sufficient  to  be  of  economic  value,  but  from  the  great  value 
of  the  mineral  itself,  provided  the  tests  now  being  made  prove  it 
to  possess  all  the  qualities   which  belong  to  the  corundum   of 


\ 


J4  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [May 

commerce.  The  quantity  so  far  found  appears  to  be  sufficient 
to  supply  the  demand  for  many  years,  and  there  should  shortly 
be  a  marked  development  along  lines  of  production.  The  im- 
ports of  emery  in  1895,  which  it  is  supposed  this  mineral  will 
replace,  amounted  to  nearly  1 5,000  dollars,  but  as  there  is  a  large 
quantity  from  abroad  into  the  United  States,  it  may  be  expected 
that  the  Canadian  mines  should  contribute  largely  in  that 
direction.  The  development  of  this  area  will  be  eagerly  looked 
for.  The  mineral  occurs  in  connection  with  certain  areas  of 
intrusive  rocks  in  the  crystalline  series,  chiefly  granites  and 
syenites,  which  are  found  over  a  large  extent  of  country  in  the 
vicinity  of  the  Madawaska  River  to  the  south  of  Barry's  Bay, 
which  is  at  the  present  time  the  nearest  point  of  shipment,  by 
the  Ottawa  and  Parry  Sound  Railway.  There  are  large  areas  of 
these  old  rocks,  many  of  which  are  now  very  difficult  of  access, 
but  which  will,  in  process  of  time,  become  more  readily  acces- 
sible, and  doubtless  large  stores  of  mineral  wealth,  whose 
existence  we  can  now  only  conjecture,  will  be  discovered.  Many 
of  these  valuable  deposits  are  found  out  only  by  conditions  of 
settlement  or  by  railroad  building,  as  was  the  case  in  the  great 
asbestus  areas  of  the  Eastern  Townships  of  Quebec,  which  were 
first  made  available  by  the  construction  of  the  Quebec  Central 
Railway,  the  areas  traversed  by  that  line  in  this  locality  being 
previously  regarded  as  of  no  economic  value  on  account  of  the 
rocky  and  barren  character  of  the  district,  yet  from  a  small  and 
rocky  patch  of  a  few  hundred  acres  there  have  been  taken  in 
the  seventeen  years  since  1880  almost  6,odo,ooo  dollars  worth  of 
asbestus,  or  almost  the  entire  supply  for  the  world's  market. 

It  may,  therefore,  be  confidently  anticipated  that  as  our 
country  becomes  more  and  more  developed,  fresh  deposits  of 
mineral  wealth  will  be  disclosed,  as  indeed  is  only  to  be  expected 
in  a  comparatively  new  country  like  this,  containing  such  a  vast 
stretch  of  mineral-bearing  formations.  Prior  to  the  building  of 
the  Canadian  Pacific  through  the  rough  country  to  the  north  and 
west  of  Lake  Superior,  which  had  up  to  that  time  been  almost 
inaccessible,  we  had  no  idea  of  the  great  and   ever  increasing 


1899]  Mineral  Resources  of  the  Ottawa  District.      45 

stores  of  mineral  wealth  which  have  of  late  years  been  revealed 
in  that  area,  and  the  present  development  of  our  western 
Ontario  gold  fields  was  an  impossibility.  The  same  remark 
applies  to  the  great  deposits  of  nickel  at  Sudbury,  which  were 
disclosed  by  the  building  of  the  Canadian  Pacific,  while  it  is 
only  in  the  last  three  years  that  the  new  and  valuable  finds  of 
corundum  have  come  to  light,  as  a  result  of  the  explorations  of 
the  Geological  Survey. 

In  all  attempts  at  mineral  development  there  are  of  neces- 
sity a  host  of  schemes  placed  on  the  market  which  are  largely 
speculative.  This  seems  to  be  an  unavoidable  evil,  but  it  also, 
unfortunately  and  seriously,  interferes  with  the  actual  business 
of  legitimate  mining.  Areas  practically  worthless  are  placed 
before  the  public  under  high  sounding  names,  and  in  the  rush 
after  speedy  wealth  many  of  these  are  assumed  by  the  uninit- 
iated to  be  of  equal  value  with  those  which  are  clearly  of 
economic  importance.  The  resulting  disapointment  on  the  part 
of  the  holders  of  stock  in  worthless  properties  tends  to  bring 
discredit  on  whole  areas  of  valuable  lands,  and  results  in  very 
serious  injury  to  the  mining  interests  of  the  country  at  large. 

Another  great  source  of  harm  to  legitimate  mining  is  the 
misstatements  of  certain  persons,  who,  under  the  guise  of  mining 
experts,  travel  the  country  and  pretend  to  discover  valuable 
mineral  deposits,  sometimes  by  the  aid  of  the  mineral  rod  and 
sometimes  by  means  of  experience,  supposed  to  be  gained  in 
Other  mining  fields  abroad  ;  and  it  is  a  curious  thing  to  note 
that,  if  the  so-called  expert  or  prospector  can  claim  to  have 
been  in  Australia  or  California,  his  dictum  is  held  to  be  quite 
conclusive  as  to  the  value  of  any  mining  property,  even  if  any 
experience  so  obtained  may  only  be  acquired  as  the  result  of 
shovelling  away  the  accumulated  debris  from  around  the  surface 
of  the  pit.  Such  experts,  it  may  be  said;  generally  do  more 
harm  than  good  in  so  far  as  deciding  on  the  actual  value  of  a 
mining  area,  and  many  owners  of  comfortable  farms  throughout 
this  country  have  speedily  lost  all  their  property  by  following 
the  lead  of  such  blind  guides.     The  peculiar  properties   of  the 


46  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [May 

mineral  rod,  so  implicitly  believed  in  by  many  persons,  as  an 
agent  in  mineral  discovery,  have  yet  to  be  proved.  There  are, 
however,  many  people  who  place  the  utmost  confidence  in  its 
working,  and  who  claim  to  be  able  to  infallibly  locate  the 
different  kinds  of  minerals  by  its  use, as  well  as  to  determine  the 
extent  and  value  of  the  ore  beds  and  the  depth  at  which  these 
will  be  reached.  In  many  cases  where  the  information  so  re- 
vealed has  been  followed  up,  dire  misfortune  has  been  the  result 
and  the  money  so  invested  has  been  wasted. 

There  is  without  doubt  much  wealth  hidden  in  the  rocky 
strata  of  the  Ottawa  district,  but  it  requires  care  in  the  investi- 
gation, and  capital  and  strict  business  methods  in  the  develop- 
ment, to,  in  most  cases,  ensure  profitable  returns.  It  is  not,  as  a 
rule,  a  profitable  thing  for  men  not  trained  to  this  line  of  work, 
to  throw  aside  their  ordmary  legitimate  business,  vvhether  of 
farming  or  the  mechanical  pursuits,  to  rush  after  what,  in  many 
cases,  is  a  merely  chimerical  attempt  to  obtain  wealth,  by  dig- 
ging out  the  various  ores  of  copper,  gold,  silver  or  iron,  when 
there  are  surer  sources  of  income  nearer  home.  Ultimate 
success  in  mining  requires  the  application  of  skill  and  capital, 
often  in  almost  unlimited  amount,  and  the  attempt  by  the 
j-ndividual,  which  would  almost  certainly  result  in  failure,  is  often 
attended  with  success  when  undertaken  by  properly  organized 
and  equipped  companies,  working  in  the  right  direction  and  with 
proper  methods. 


Under  the  title  "  Flora  of  Ontario  "  the  Education  Depart- 
ment of  Ontario  has  issued  a  list  of  the  flowering  plants  and 
vascular  cryptogams  known  to  occur  in  the  Province  of  Ontario. 
The  typographical  work  and  general  arrangement  of, the  list 
could  not  be  improved  upon,  and  its  convenient  size  enables 
one  to  carry  it  into  the  field. 

No  more  useful  or  convenient  Botanical  list  has  ever  been 
published  in  Canada.  ^  . 

/^^^ 


1 899]  47 

BRITISH  COLUMBIAN  DEER. 

The  following  letter  from  Mr.  J.  A.  Teit  of  Spence's  Bridge, 
B.  C.  is  of  interest  both  to  the  naturalist  and  the  sportsman.  Mr. 
Teit  has  lived  in  British  Columbia  for  15  years,  is  a  careful 
observer  and  has  had  abundant  opportunity  for  studying  the 
animals  of  that  province  : — "There  are  three  or  four  varieties  of 
Western  Deer  known  to  me  which  are  distinguishable  chiefly  by 
their  tails.      Now   here  in  the   interior  there  is  : — 

1st.  A  deer  of  large  size,  one  of  the  largest,  if  not  the 
largest,  variety  wc  have.  Some  of  the  old  bucks  have  very 
large  and  thick  horns,  probably  their  horns  grow  to  a  larger  size 
and  are  thicker  than  those  of  any  other  variety  we  have.  The 
face  is  generally  slightly  concave  although  with  some  the  reverse 
is  the  case.  At  the  same  season  of  the  year  there  are  two 
shades  of  color  to  be  observed  amongst  them  ;  some  are  more 
greyish  others  more  brownish.  Their  tail  is  zvhite  all  around 
from  the  root  dozun  to  tJie  tip  which  is  black.  They  arc  the 
commonest  deer  throughout  the  North  Western  portion  of 
the  "Dry  Belt"  (the  Thompson,  Bonaparte,  Chilcoten,  &c.) 
and  are  also  very  common  in  the  Similkameen,  the  Okanagan, 
and  in  some  parts  of  Kootenay.  Some  people  call  them 
Mule  Deer.  Others  call  them  Black-tail  and  some  call  them 
American  Deer. 

2nd.   A  deer  almost  the  same  as  the  first  and  equal  or  nearly 

equal  in  size.     Color  of  the  body   the  same  and  ears  just  as  long. 

The  under  part  and  the  sides  of  the  tail  are  white  from  the  root 

down  to  the  tip,  which  is  black.     The  back  or   outer  part  of  the 

tail  is  of  the  same  color  as  the  body  and  this  stripe  is  coutijuious 

from  the  body  until  it  joins  the  black  tip.     With   some   of  them 

this  stripe  on  the  back  of  the  tail    is  ve7y  narrow  (about  half  an 

inch  or  less  in  width.)     These  deer  are  not  so  common  in  the  Dry 

Belt  as  the  first  variety  but  are  found   along  with  them  in  most 

places.      They   are  found  on    the    Thompson,   Bonaparte   and 

Eraser  rivers  as  far  down  as  the  canyon  or  even  below, ako  around 

Lillooet  and  probably  in  most  parts  of  the  interior  where  the  first 


48  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [May 

variety  is  found.     Like  No.  i  they  are  called  Mule  Deer  by  some 
and  Black-tail  or  American  Deer  by  others. 

3rd.  A  deer  of  very  small  size,  and  with  light  and  rather  small 
horns.  The  color  of  the  body  and  markings  nearly  the  same  as 
the  first  two  varieties.  It  inhabits  very  bushy  parts  of  the  country 
and  is  not  so  timid  as  other  varieties  of  deer.  It  is  found  in  parts 
of  the  country  where  the  climate  is  moist.  It  is  the  common 
and  probably  the  only  variety  of  deer  on  the  coast,  Vancouver 
Island  and  islands  of  the  Gulf  of  Georgia  and  is  said  to  be  found 
also  in  some  of  the  moister  and  more  forested  parts  of  the  interior 
especially  near  lakes  which  are  wooded.  Its  tail  is  the  same  as 
the  2nd  variety,  only  the  stripe  on  the  back  of  the  tail  (which  is 
the  same  color  as  the  body)  is  much  zvider  and  there  is  hardly 
any  white  to  he  seen  at  the  sides  of  the  tail.  These  deer  are  called 
Coast  Deer  or  Pacific  Buck  and  are  also  very  frequently  named 
Black-tail. 

4th.  A  deer  of  about  the  same  size  as  the  first  variety  and 
very  similar  to  it  in  every  way,  excepting  the  tail  which  is  longer 
and  altogether  white.  It  is  found  in  the  "  Dry  Belt  "  from  the 
Thompson  south,  especially  in  the  Similkameen  and  in  some  parts 
of  Kootenay.  It  is  called  White-tail,  Flag-tail  Virginia  Deer, 
and  Long-tailed  Deer.  I  would  like  to  know  the  proper  names 
of  the  four  varieties  of  deer  outlined  above,  and  also  if  there  are 
any  other  varieties  to  be  found  west  of  the  Rockies  in  these 
latitudes. 

Yours  very  truly, 

J.  A.  Teit. 

No.  (i)  Does  weigh  (when  in  prime  condition)  100  to  150 
lbs.,  bucks  200  to  275 lbs.  A  few  weigh  about  300  lbs.  or  over, 
and  very  rare  specimens  have  been  obtained  which  went  as  high 
as  400  lbs.,  and  even  more.  These  weights  are  average  and  for 
deer  without  the  entrails  removed. 

A  buck  (with  entrails  removed)  weighing  230  to  260  lbs.  is 
considered  an  average^fw^  one.  Freaks  are  sometimes  obtained  of 
this  kind  of  deer  and  also  of  No.  (4).     I  knew  one  of  the  latte  r, 


1899]  British  Columbia  Deer.  49 

a  doe  shot  by  an  Indian,  which  had  two  small  horns.  About 
three  years  ajjo  a  half-breed  shot  a  doe  of  No.  fi)  variety,  which 
had  one  long  horn  on  one  side  of  the  head.  There  was  no  sign 
of  any  horn  on  the  other  side.  Whitish  or  grey  colored 
specimens  of  Nos.  (r),  (2)  and  (4)  have  been  occasionally  seen  or 
shot,  but  they  are  very  rare,  and  are  probably  albinos.  I  saw 
some  time  ago  a  very  white  specimen  of  a  fawn  taken  from  its 
mother's  body,  probably  about  two  or  three  weeks  before  its 
time  for  birth.  The  skin  had  a  very  few  red  spots  on  it.  Skins 
of  albino  deer,  especially  fawns,  were  formerly  of  some 
value  and  prized  by  Indian  medicine-men  for  making  tobacco 
pouches,  etc.     They  were  supposed  to  bring  good  luck. 

No.  (2).  The  white  spot  on  the  throat  of  this  variety  is 
often  more  pointed  at  the  sides  than  that  of  No.  (i). 

No.  (3).     These  deer  are    just  about   half  the  size  of  the 
other  varieties  of  deer.     Prime  bucks  weigh  about  the  same  as 
does  of  No.  (i)  and  others,  and  does   seldom  weigh    more  than 
75  lbs.     The  profile  of  this  variety  on  some  parts  of  the  coast  is 
frequently  slightly  convex. 

i  myself  have  been  accustomed  to  call  the  variety  first 
described  Mule  Deer,  the  second.  Black-tail  (of  the  interior), 
the  third.  Black-tail  (of  the  coast),  the  fourth  Virginian  or  White- 
tail. 

In  reply  to  Mr.  Teit's  queries  Prof.  John  Macoun,  Dominion 
Naturalist,  has  written: 

"  No.  I. — This  is  the  true  Black-tailed  Deer  {Cariacus  ynacrotis 
Say.)  Also  called  Mule  Deer. 

N0.2. — This  form  was  first  seen  by  Lewis  and  Clark  and  from 
theirdescription  was  named  Cariacus  macrotis\zx.  Columbianus  by 
Richardson.  This  is  also  a  Mule  Deer  or  Black-tailed  Deer. 
In  1854  Anderson  and  Bachman  changed  the  name  to  Cariacus 
Richardsoni  and  hence  the  name  Richardson's  Deer — by  which 
it  is  generally  known. 

No.  3. — Lord  in  his  book  "The  Naturalist  in  British 
Columbia"  calls  the  small  coast  deer  Cariacus  Columbianus  and 


so  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [May- 

does  not  separate  the  two  inland  forms,  but  names  them  both  C. 
macrotis.     This,  (N0.3),  is  the  Columbian  or  Coast  Deer. 

No.  4. — This  is  Cariacus  Virginiana  var.  leucurus,  Dougl. 
the  western  form  of  the  eastern  White-tailed  Deer. 

Mr.  Teit's  descriptions  are  evidently  accurate  and  he  sets 
out  the  forms  so  distinctly  that  there  can  be  no  doubt  about  the 
species. 


ORNITHOLOGY. 

Edited  I7  W.  T.   Macoun. 

Winter  Birds  and  Early  Spring  Arrivals. 

The  abundance  or  absence  of  winter  birds  is  often  decided 
to  his  satisfaction,  by  the  casual  observer,  just  in. proportion  to 
the  number  of  pine  grosbeaks  which  he  sees  during  the  winter 
months,  and  as  these  birds  were  not  seen  this  year,  notwith- 
standing the  fact  that  there  was  such  an  abundance  of  food  for 
them,  the  conclusion  naturally  arrived  at  was  that  other  birds 
were  scarce  also.  This  conclusion  was  correct  this  winter  to  a 
large  extent,  as  during  the  early  part  of  the  winter  few  birds 
were  seen,  with  the  exception  of  crows,  which  have  been  quite 
abundant  all  winter  at  the  Experimental  Farm. 

The  first  spring  birds  were  nearly  a  month  later  in  coming 
this  year  than  last,  and  only  a  comparatively  small  number  have 
yet  arrived.  In  the  following  list  the  winter  birds  are  recorded 
and  also  those  which  have  arrived  up  to  the  '14th  April.  It  is 
hoped  that  all  those  who  sent  in  their  notes  last  year  will  con- 
tinue to  do  so  this  season.  The  notes  of  any  others  who  are 
especially  interested  in  birds  will  be  gratefully  received. 

1898. 

Nov.  15 — '?i^<:)\^Y\.kY.^,  Phlectrophenax  nivalis.    Flock  at  Experimental  Farm.    Mr. 
Wm.  Saunders. 

1899. 

Jan.    29— American    Goldfinch,    Spinus  trislis.     Several   feeding  on   birch   at 
Beechwcod.     Mr.  Geo.  R.  White. 

3c— Sharp-'hinned  Hawk,  Accipiier  velox.     Mr.  G(o.  R.  White. 


1899]  Ornithology.  51 

Feb.  5-  Pine  Siskin,  Spiiius piims.  Several  below  Rockcliffe  ;  also  flock  on 
2 1st.     Mr.  Geo.  R.  White. 

14 — American  Golden  Eye,  Glaucionetta  clangula  amerkana.  Two  male 
birds.      Mr.  F.  W.  Warwick,  Buckingham,  P.(^. 

20 — American  Crossbill,  Loxia  ctirvirosira  minor.  Small  flock  of  six  feed- 
ing; on  pine  cones,  and  two  males  and  one  female  feeding  on  fruit  of 
mountain  ash,  loih  April.  Mr.  Geo.  R.  White.  Mr.  f^ees  reports  see- 
ing several  on  the  12th  ;  they  were  seen  by  other  people  at  different 
times,  but  no  other  dates  have  been  sent  in.  Some  of  the  birds  were 
young.     The  bills  of  these  were  not  crossetl. 

25 — American  Merganser,  Merqanser  atnericanus.     Mr.  Geo.  R.  White. 

25 — Chickadee,  Parus  atricapillus.     A  few  seen  during  the  winter. 

Mch.  10 — American  Crow,  Coiviis  amciiiamis.  Mr.  Geo.  R,  White.  Crows 
were  abundant  all  winter,  but  this  was  the  first  date  on  which  they  were 
recorded. 

15— Prairie  Horned  Lark,  OtocoHs  alpestiis  pialicola.  Dr.  Fletcher. 
March  23rd,  Mr.  Geo.  K.  White. 

17 — Phoebe,  Sayoj-nis  phoebe.  One  caught  ;  Miss  Harmer  ;  April  i6lh,  Mr. 
W.  T.  Macoun. 

22 — Puri'LE  Finch,  Carpodacus  piirpmeiis.  Air.  Geo.  R.  White.  Flock 
feeding  on  fruit  of  mountain  ash;  23rd,  Mr.  \V.  T.  Macoun. 

22 — White-ckowned  Sparrow,  Zonotric/iia  h-tuop/uy^.  Mr.  Geo.  R. 
White.     One  male  ;  probably  remained  over  winter. 

29— Red  Poll,  Acanthis  linaria.     Mr.  Geo.  R.  White. 

pril    6 — Bronzed  Grackle,  Qtiiscahis  quiscida.     Three   males.     Mr.    Geo.    R. 
Wliite  ;  April  7th,  Mr.  C.  H.  Young. 

6 — Robin,  Memla  viigratoria.  Seen  by  men  at  Experimental  Farm.  April 
8th,  Mr.  Geo.  R.  White  ;  Mr.  W.  T.  Macoun.  Recorded  first  on 
March  15th,  1898,  -'■ 

6 — Red-winged  Blackbird,  Agelaitts  phxnicetis.     Mr.  C.  H.  Young. 

6 — Song  Sparrow,  Melospiza fasciatn.  Mr.  C.  H.  Youug.  April  7th,  Mr. 
Geo.  R.  White  ;  Mr.  W.  T.  Macoun.  Recorded  first  on  March  nth, 
1898. 

7 — Slate-coloured  JuNco, /////CO //j'^-WizZ/j.     Mr.  Geo.  R.  White. 

7 — Buebird,  Sia/ia  Slab's.     H.   Fixter.     One   seen  by  Mr.  Geo.  R.  White 
on  the  13th. 

10 — Tree  -Swallow,  Tachynueta  bicohr.  Mr.  Geo.  R.  White.  A  small 
flock  of  nine  near  old  rifle  range.     Numerous  on  nth. 

14 — Tree  Sparrow,  Spizella  7nonticola.  Mr.  Geo.  R.  White.  Four  seen 
near  city  with  Juncos. 

14 — Yellow-bellifd  Sapsucker,  Sphyrapicus  varies.  Mr.  Geo.  R.  White. 
Five  seen  near  city. 


52  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [May 

PROGRESS  OF  GEOLOGICAL  WORK  IN  CANADA 

DURING  1898.* 

By  n.   M.  Ami,  M.A.,  F.G.S. 

Adams,   F.    "Q. —Nodular  granite  from  Pine  Lake,  Ontario.     Bull.   Geol.  Soc. 
America,  vol.  9,  pp.  163-172,  pi.  11.,  Feb  loth,  1898,  Rochester,  U.S.A. 

Adams,   F.  "Q.  — The  deformation  of  rocks  under  pressure.     (Abstract.)      En 
gineering  and  Mining  Journal,  vol.  65,  p.  522,  April  30,  1898. 

Adams,  F.  D.  and  Nicolson,  J.  T.  —  Pj-eliminary  notice  of  some  exferiments 
on  the  floiv  of  rocks.      B.  A.  A.  S.,  Toronto,  1897. 

Adams,  F.  D.  —  Recent  experiments  on  the  flow  of  rocks  carried  out  at  McGill 
University.     Scientihc  American,  April  23,    1898. 

Ami,  H.  lA..— Notes  on  the  Geology  of  Chelsea,  Que.,  and  some  of  its  bearings  on 
the  Geology  of  Ottazva.  Ottawa  Naturalist,  vol  11,  pp.  125-127,  Sept.,  1897.  Re- 
printed with  emendations,  issued  1898,  Ottawa,  Canada. 

Ami,  H.  y[..—Note  on  the  Geology  and  Physiography  of  Kings  County,  Nova 
Scotia.  Ottawa  Naturalist,  vol.  12,  Nos.  7  and  8,  pp.  149-150.  November,  1898, 
Ottawa,  Canada. 

Ami  H .  M .  — Fresh  water  found  by  boring  in  granite  and  other  hard  crystalline 
rocks,     o'ttawa  Naturalist,  vol.  12,  No.  4,  pp.  89  90,  1898,  Ottawa,  Canada. 

Ami,  H.  M.  —  Tke  Geological  Society  of  America— Tenth  Winter  Meeting, 
Montreal,  Canada,  i8c)-j.  Ottawa  Naturalist,  vol.  Ii,  No.  12,  pp.  221-224,  Ottawa, 
Canada,  1898. 

Ami,  H.  M.— Obituary,  James  Hall,  Palceontologist.  Ottawa  Naturalist,  vol.  12, 
No.  6,  pp.  114-115,  1898,  Ottawa,  Canada. 

Ami,  H.  M. —Synopsis  of  the  Geology  of  Montreal.  5  pp.  author's  edition,  Dec, 
1897.  Ex.  Brit.  Medical  Assoc.  Cluide  and  Souvenir,  pp.  45-49,  Montreal,  1897. 
(Issued  Montreal,  Canada,  Dec,  1897.) 

Bailey,  L.  W. — Report  on  the  Geology  of  South-west  Nova  Scotia,  embracing  the 
counties  of  Queens'  Shelburne,  Yarmouth,  Digby  and  a  part  of  .Annapolis.  Geol. 
Survey,  Canada,  Annual  Report,  new  series,  vol.  9,  i  map,  5  pis.,  1898,  Queen's 
Printer,  Ottawa,  Canada. 

Bailey,  L.  ^fJ.—Dr.  James  Robb,  first  Professor  of  Chemistry  and  Natural 
History  in  King's  College,  Fr(,dericton—A  sketch  of  his  life  and  labours.  Bull.  Nat. 
Hist.  Soc.  N.B.,  Article  i.  No.  16,  vol.  4,  pt.  i,  pp.  1-15,  giving  list  of  publications 
and  writings,  St.  John,  N.B. 

Bailey,  L.  W. —  The  Ray  of  Ftindy  trough  in  American  Geological  history. 
Trans.  Roy.  Soc.  Canada,  2nd  series,  vol.  3,  sec.  4,  pp.  107-116,  1897,  (1898). 
(Issued  Ottawa,  Canada,  1898.) 

Bell,  Robert.— i^<?/(?r/  on  the  Geology  of  the  French  River  sheet,  Ontario.  Geol. 
Survey,  Canada,  Ann.  Rep.,  new  series,  vol.  9,  May  3,  1897  (issued  1898),  i  map, 
Queen's  Printer,  Ottawa,  Canada. 

Bell,  Robert.  —  On  the  occurrence  of  mammoth  and  mastodon  remains  around 
Hudson  Bay.  Geol.  Soc.  Amer.  Bull.,  vol.  9,  pp.  369-390,  June  22nd,  1898, 
Rochester . 


*One  or  two  papers  not  previously  noticed  belong  to  the  year  1897. 


1899]  Ami— Geological  Work  in  Canada,  for  1898.        53 

Billings,  W.  K. — Death  of  a  distinguished  American  amateur  Geologist  and 
Pahcontologist — S.  A.  Miller.  0>tawa  Naturalist,  vol.  ii,  No.  II,  p.  208,  1898, 
Ottawa,  Canada. 

Chalmers,  Robert — The  pre-glacial  decay  of  rocks  in  Eastern  Canada.  Amer. 
Journ.  Sc,  series  4,  vol.     5,  pp    273-282,  April,    1898. 

Coleman,  A.  P.  —  Clastic  rocks  of  Western  Ontario.  Bull.  Geol.  Soc.  Amer., 
vol.  9,  pp.  223-238,  Feb.  24th,  1898,  Rochester,  U.S.A. 

Coleman,  A.  P.  —  Clastic  Huronian  rock.->  of  Western  Ontario.  Rep.  Bureau  of 
Mines  of  Ontario,  vol.  7,  pt.  ii,  pp.  151-160,  1898,  Toronto,  Ontario. 

Coleman,  A.  P.  —  Conadian  Pleistocene  Plot  a  and  Patina.  "  Report  of  the 
Ccni.,  consist  ng  of  .Sir  J.  \V.  Dawson,  Prof.  D.  P.  Penhallow,  Dr.  H.  M.  Ami, 
Mr.  (j.  W.  Lamplugh  and  Prof.  A.  P.  Coleman  (Secretary),  appointed  to  further 
investigate  the  flora  and  fauna  of  the  Pleistocene  beds  in  Canada."  Brit.  Assoc. 
Sec.  C,  Bristol,  1898,  8  pp..  Appendix,  Pleistocene  of  Don  Valley,  by  Prof.  D.  P. 
Penhallow. 

Coleman,  A.  P. — -Note  on  the  Petrology  of  Ontario.  Report,  Bureau  of  Mines 
of  Ontario,  vol.  7,  pp.  145-50,  1898,  Toronto,  Canaia. 

Coleman,  A.  P. — Fou<-th  report  on  the  West  Ontario  gold  region.  Report 
Bureau  of  Mines  of  Ontario,  vol.  7,  pt.  ii,  pp.  109-145,  1898,  Toronto,  Canada. 

Dawson,  G.  \A.— Annual  Report.,  Geol.  Survey  of  Canada.  New  series, 
vol.  9,  1S96,  (1S98),  816  pp.,  maps,  containing  the   Director's  .Summary  Report    for 

1896,  and  reports  by  Tyrrell,  Bell,  Low,  Bailey,  Hoffmann  and  Ingali,  also  20  plates. 
Ottawa,  Queen's  Printer,  1898. 

Dawson,  G.  M. — Summary  Report  on  the  operations  of  the  Geological  Sutvey 
of  Canada  for  the  yea)  iSgy.     Geol.  Surv.  Can.,  156  pp.,  Ottawa,  Canada. 

Dawson,  Sir  J.  "VJ.—O/i  the  genus  Lepidophloios  as  illustrated  by  specimens 
from  the  coal  formation  of  Nora  Scotia  and  New  Brunswick.  Trans.  Roy.  Soc.  Can., 
ser.  2nd,  vol.  3,  sec.  4,  pp.  57-78,  pis.  1-14,  1S97,  issued  1898,  Ottawa,  Canada. 

Dawson,  Sir  J.  W. — Addendum  to  note  on  Nova  Scotia  Carboniferous  Entomo- 

straca,  in  number  for  January,  iSc^j.      Can    Rec.  of  Science,  vol.    7,    p.    396,    July, 

1897,  issued  July,  1898,  Montreal,  Canada. 

Ells,   R.   W. — Problem  in  Quebec  Gnology.     Can.  Rec.  Science,  October,  1897, 

issued  1898,  pp.  4S0-502. 

Ells,  R.  W. — Notes  on  the  Arches  in  of  Eastern  Canada.  Trans.  Roy.  Can., 
2nd  ser.,  vol.  3,  sec.  41,  pp.  1 17-124,  1897,  (issued  1898),  Ottawa. 

Ells,  R.  '^ .—Sands  and  clays  of  th-:  Ottawa  Basin.  Bull.  Geol.  Soc.  Amer., 
vol.  9,  pp.  211-222,  pi.  16,  Feb.  22nd,  1898,  Rochester,  U.S.A. 

Ells,  R.  W. — Recent  coiultisions  in  Quebec  Geology.  Ottawa  Naturalist,  vol.  11, 
No.  9,  pp.  173-176,  Ottawa,  December,  1897,  Ottawa,  Canada. 

Ells,  R.  W. — Formxtions,  faults  and  folds  of  the  Ottawi  District.  Ottawa 
Naturalist,  vol.  11,  No.  10,  pp.  177-189,  Ottawa,  Canada,  1S98. 

Gilpin,  E. — Ores  of  Nova  Scotia,  Gold,  Lead  and  Copper.  Commissioner  of  Public 
Works  and  Mines,  Queen's  Printer,  Halifa.x.  N.S.,  Halifax,  1898,  pp.  1-46,  i  map. 

Gilpin,  E. — Some  analyses  of  Nova  Scotia  coals  and  other  minerals.  Trans. 
Nova  Scotia  Hist.  Soc,  vol.  9  (2nd ser.,  vol.  11),  pt.  3,  pp.  246-254,  Nov,  30th,  1897, 
Halifax,  N.S. 

Goodwin,  W.  L. — Analyses  of  coruiulum  and  corundum-bearing  rock.  Report, 
Bureau  of  Mines  of  Ontario,  vol.  7,  pt.  3,  pp.  238-239,  1898,  Toronto,  Canada. 

Goodwin,  W.  L.  and  Miller,  W.  G. — Note  on  a  mineral  of  the  Colurnbite 
group.     Journ.  Federated  Canadian  Mining  Institute,  vol.  3,  pp.  151-152,  1898. 


54  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [May 

Gwillim,  J.  C. — Some  West  KooUnny  ort  bodies.  Journal  Federated  Canadian 
Mining  Institute,  vol.  3,  pp.  19-26,  1898. 

Hoffmann,  G.  C. — Repo>t  on  the  Section  of  Chemistry  and  Mineralogy.  Geo!. 
Surv.  of  Can.,  Ann.  Rep.,  vol.9,  3  tlijune,  1898,  Queen's  Printer,  Ottawa,  Canada. 

Ing^all,  E.  D. — Section  of  Mineral  Statistics  and  Mines.  Annual  Report  for 
1896,  Ann.  Rep.  Geol.  Surv.  of  Canada,  vol.  9,  new  series,  169  <^p..  Rep.  S., 
issued  1S98. 

Ingall,  E.  D. — Summary  of  Mineral  P/odiiction  of  Canada  for  iSg'j.  Geol. 
Sur/.  Can.,  7  pp.,  Ottawa,  1S98. 

Jennison,  W.  F. — Manganese  deposits  of  Nova  Scotia.  Journal  Feder.  Canad. 
Mininf^  Inst.,  vol.  3,  pp.  167-172,  1S98. 

Limbe,  L.  M. — On  the  remains  of  mimmoth  in  the  Museum  of  the  Geological 
Survey  Department.  Ottawa  Naturalist,  vol.  12,  Nos.  7  and  8,  pp.  136-137,  1898, 
Ottawa,  Canada. 

Low,  A.  P.  —  Repoi  t  of  a  trarei  se  of  tilt  northern  part  of  the  Lab)a{or  Penin- 
sula from  Richmond  Gulf  to  Urn^ava  Bay.  Geol.  Survey  of  Canada,  Ann.  Rep., 
vol.  9,  43  pp.,  4  pis.,  Jan.  I2th,  1S98,  Queen's  Printer,  Ottawa,  Canada. 

Matthev7,  G.  F. — Recent  discovei  ies  in  the  St.  John  Group,  No.  2.  Article  4, 
Bull.  Nat.  Hist.  Soc.  of  New  Brunswick,  No.  16,  vol.  4,  pt.  i,  pp.  32-43,  1898, 
St.  John,  N.B. 

Matthew,  G.  F.  —  The  oldest  Paleozoic  fauna.  Abstract  in  Proc.  Amer. 
A.  A.  Sc,  vol.  47,  pp.  301-302,  December,  1898  ;  also  Amer.  Geol.,  vol.  22,  No.  4, 
p.  262,  October,  1898. 

Matthev?,  G.  F. — Studies  on  Cambrian  faunas.  Trans.  Roy.  .Soc.  Can., 
2nd  ser.,  vol.  3,  section  iv,  pp.  165-21 1,  pis.  1-4,  1897,  issued  1898,  Ottawa,  Can. 

Miller,  W.  G. — Economic  Geology  of  Eastern  Ontaric^ — Corunlum  and  other 
minerals.  Report,  Bureau  of  Mines  of  Ontario,  vol.  7,  pt.  iii,  pp.  207-238,  6  pis., 
i  map,  1898,  Toronto,  Ontario,  t  anada. 

Miller,  W.  G.  and  Goodwir,  W.  L. — Note  on  a  mineral  of  the  Columbite 
group.     Journal,  Federated  Canad.  Mining  Inst.,  vol.  3,  pp.  151-152,  1898. 

Obalski,  J. — Mining  in  Quebec  in  iSgj.  Journal,  Federated  Canad.  Mining 
Inst.,  vol.  3,  pp.  145-15'^.  1898- 

Ogilvie,  W.  —  The  Yukon  and  its  gold  resources.  Ex.  Trans,  Ottawa  Lit.  and 
Scientific  Society,  No.  i,  pp.  75-7S,  ivith  table,  Ottawa,  1898,  Ottawa,  Canada. 

Parks,  W.  A.  —  Geology  of  base  and  mendian  lines  in  Rainy  River  district. 
Report,  Bureau  of  Mines  of  Ontario,  vol.  7,  pt.  2,  pp.  161-183,  Toronto,  1898. 

Penhallow,  D.  P. — Pleistocene  flora  of  the  Don  Valley.  Appendix,  Brit. 
Assoc.  Adv.  Sc,  Sect.  C,  Bristol,  189S,  pp.  4  to  8  of  Report  of  Committee  to  investi- 
gate the  Pleistocene  flora  and  fauna  of  Canada,  Bristol,  England. 

Poole,  H.  S. —  The  Mineralogy  of  the  Carboniferous  of  Nova  Scotia  and  Neu 
Bruns7iiick.~]o\.ux\a.\,  Federated  Canadian  Mining  Inst.,  vol.  3,  pp.  77-81,  1898. 

Rutherford,  John. — No'es  on  the  Albotite  of  New  Brunsivick.  Tournal, 
Federated  Canadian  Mining  Inst.,  vol.  3,  pp.  40-46,  1898. 

Spencer,  J.  W. — Lake  formation';  and  great  changes  of  level  in  Jamaica. 
Canadian  Inst.  Trans.,  vol.  5,  pp.  325-357,  pis.  1-6,  May,  1898,  Toronto,  Canada. 

Spencer,  J.   W.  —Another  episode  in  the  history  of  Niagara  River.   (Abstract. 
Proc.  A.  A.  A.  Sc,  vol.  47,  p.  299,  December,  1898. 

Spencer,  J.  W. — An  account  of  the  researches  relating  to  the  Great  Lakes. 
Amer.  Geol.,  vol.  21,  pp.  110-123,  February,  1898,  .Minneapolis,  Minn.,  U.S.A. 


1899]  Ami — Geological  Work  in  Canaim,  for  1898.       55 

Spencer,  J.  W.  —  On  Mr.  Frank  Leverett's  correlation  of  moraines  with  beache<; 
on  the  border  of  Lake  Erie.  Araer.  Geol.,  vol.  2i,  pp.  393-396,  lune,  1898, 
Minneapolis,  Minn.,  U  S.A. 

Spencer,  J.  V^ .-■  Niat^ara  as  a  timepiece.  Canadian  Institute,  Proc,  new 
series,  vol.  i,  pp.  101-103,  May.  1898,  Toronto,  Ontario. 

Spencer,  J.  W. — Resemblances  between  the  declivities  of  high  plateau  and  those 
of  submarine  AntilUan  valleys.  Canadian  Journal,  vol.  5,  pp.  359-368,  i  map, 
April,  1898,  Toronto,  Ontario. 

Tyrrell,  J.  B. —  The  glaciation  of  north  Central  Gana.ia.  Journal  of  Geology, 
vol.  6,  pp.  147-160,  Feb.-March,  1898,  Chicago,  Illinois,  U.S.A. 

Tyrrell,  J.  B. —  The  Cretaceous  of  the  Athabasca  Rivet.  Ottawa  Naturalist, 
vol.  12,  No.  2,  pp.  37-41,  May,  1898,  Ottawa,  Canada. 

Tyrrell,  J.  B. — Report  on  the  Doobaunt,  Kazan  and  Ferguson  rivers,  and  the 
north-west  coast  of  Hudson  Bay  to  Lake  Winnipeg,  Geol.  Survey  of  Canada,  Ann. 
Rep.,  vol.  9,  new  series  218  pp,,  Rep.  F.,  issued  1898  as  No.  658,  Ottawa,  Canada. 

Walker,  T.  L.  —  The  crystal  symvutry  of  torbernite.  Amer.  Journal  Science, 
ser.  4,  vol.  6,  pp.  41-44,  July,  1898,  New  Haven,  Connecticut,  U.S.A. 

Walker,   T.    \^.—  Examination  of  some  Iriclinic  minerals  by  means  of  etching 
figures.     Amer.  Journ.  Science,  ser.  4,  vol.  5,  pp.  176-185,  March,  1898. 

Walker,  T.  \^.— Causes  of  variation  in  the  composition  of  igneous  rocks. 
Amei.  Journ.  Science,  Nov.,  1898,  pp.  410-415,  New  Haven,  Conn.,  U.S.A. 

Whiteaves,  J.  ¥.— Postscript  to  a  description  of  a  neiu  genus  and  species  of 
Cystideans  from  the  Trenton  timentone  at  Ott.iwa.  Can.  P.ec.  .Science,  vol.  7, 
PP-  395-396,  July,  1897.  issued  July,  1898,  Montreal,  Canada. 

Whiteaves,  J.  F. — Note  on  apish  tooth  from  the  Upper  Arisaig  series  of  Nova 
Scotia.     Can.  Rec.  Science,  vol.  7,  No.  8,  pp.  461-462,  i  figure. 

Whiteaves,  J.  F.  —  On  some  remains  of  a  sepia-like  cuttle-fish  from  the  Cret- 
aceous rocks  of  the  South  Saskatchewan.  Can.  Rec.  Science,  vol.  7,  pi.  2,  pp. 
459-46 f,  Montreal,  June,  1898. 

Whiteaves,  J.  F. — On  some  fossil  Cephalopoda  in  the  Museum  of  the  Geologi- 
cal Survey  of  Canada,  with  the  description  of  eight  species  that  appear  to  be  new. 
Ottawa  Naturalist,  vol.  12,  pp.  116-127,  September,  1898,  Ottawa,  Canada. 

Willimot,  A.  B. — Notes  on  the  Michipicoten  gold-fields.  Journal  Federated 
Canadian  Mining  Inst.,  vol.  3,  pp.  100-102,  1898. 

Willimot,  A.  B. — Michipicoten  mining  division.  Report  of  Bureau  of  Mines 
of  Ontario,  vol.  7,  pt.  2,  pp.  184-206,  map,  1898,  Toronto,   Canada. 

Wilson,  W.  J. — Notes  on  the  Pleistocene  geology  of  a  few  places  in  the  Ottawa 
Valley.     Ottawa  Naturalist,  vol.  11,  pp.  209-220,  March,  1898,  Ottawa,  Canada. 


Honey  Bees  acclimatised. — On  the  27th  of  April,  I 
again  visited  the  bee-tree  at  Rockcliffe,  referred  to  in  the  Nov- 
ember, 1898,  issue  of  The  Naturalist  and  although  late  in 
the  afternoon  was  pleased  to  find  that  the  bees  had  again 
successfully  wintered,  as  was  evidenced  by  the  marked  activity 
above  the  entrance  of  the  cavity  in  the  tree.  From  the  large 
number  of  bees  to  be  seen  coming  and  going,  it  seems  probable 
that  this  colony  has  wintered  quite  as  well,  if  not  better  than  the 
average  colony  kept  under  artificial  conditions. — P.  H.  Selwyn, 


56  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [May 

Notes  and  Reviews. 

Mr.  W.  H.  Harrington  describes  in  the  April  number  of 
"  The  Canadian  Entomologist  "  six  new  Ottawa  Proctotrypidce. 

Mr.  W.  C.  McCalla,  St.  Catharines,  Ont.,  a  member  of  the 
Club,  goes  to  the  National  Park  at  Banff  in  June,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  making  a  complete  collection  of  the  plants  of  that  region. 
These  will  be  sold  in  sets  at  the  usual  price  when  he  returns. 

In  his  "  Notes  on  some  Mammals  from  Black  Bay, 
Labrador"  published  in  the  "  Proceedings  of  the  New  England 
Zoological  Club,"  Mr.  Outram  Bangs  describes  a  new  jumping 
mouse,  a  new  muskrat,  a  new  woodchuck  and  a  new  shrew. 
Mr.  Doane,  who  has  been  collecting  in  Labrador  for  the  Bangs 
c  illection,  will  remain  there  for  several  years  working  from  south 
to  north.  His  1898  collection  was  made  on  the  Straits  of  Belle 
Isle. 

The  principal  articles  in  the  recently  published  "  Bulletin 
of  the  Natural  History  Society  of  New  Brunswick  "  (No.  XVII 
Vol.  IV— Pt.  II)  are  "  Notes  of  a  Wild  Garden  "  by  G.  U.  Hay, 
"The  Butterflies  of  New  Brunswick"  by  William  Mcintosh, 
and  "  Notes  on  the  Natural  History  and  Physiography  of  New 
Brunswick "  by  Dr.  W.  F.  Gonong.  Other  articles  of  less 
importance  bring  the  number  of  pages  up  to  94  making  this  part 
one  of  the  best  yet  issued  by  the  society. 

Spring  Excursions. 

The  April  sub-excursions  proved  so  successful  notwithstand- 
ing the  lateness  of  the  spring  that  similiar  outings  have  been 
arranged  for  May.  They  will  be  to  Aylmer,  May  6th,  Rock- 
cliffe.  May  13th,  and  to  Beaver  Meadow,  Hull,  May  20th.  The 
first  general  excursion  of  the  season  will  be  to  Chelsea  on  May 
27th. 

Subscriptions  for  1899  are  now  due  and  may  be  paid  to 
the  Treasurer  or  any  member  of  the  Council. 


THE  OTTAWA  NATURALIST. 

Vol.  XIII.  OTTAWA,  JUNE,  1899.  No.  3. 

OTTAWA  COLEOPTERxA.— CERAMBYCID^. 

By  \V.  Ha<-.ue  HARRiN-orox,  F.R.S.C. 

A  list  of  one  thousand  Ottawa  Coleoptera  was  published 
in  Transactions,  Vol.  II,  pp.  67-85,  1884,  but  the  number  of 
apecies  now  known  is  probably  nearly  50  per  cent  greater.  The 
majority  of  the  additions,  however,  have  been  of  small  or  in- 
conspicuous beetles,  or  of  those  belonging  to  groups  which 
require  special  methods  of  collecting.  In  view  of  the  more 
extended  knowledge  of  our  fauna,  it  is  proposed  to  offer  from 
time  to  time  lists  of  the  families  which  appear  to  be  most  fully 
determined.  The  Cerambycidse  have  been  selected  for  the  first 
paper  of  the  series,  as  in  the  fifteen  years  which  have  elapsed 
but  few  changes  or  additions  have  been  made  ;  the  number  has 
only  increased  from  106  to  113,  and  but  few  additional  species 
are  likely  to  be  found  here. 

The  Cerambycida3,  or  Longicorn  Beetles,  are  always  favorites 
with  Coleopterists  as  they  vary  remarkably  in  size,  structure 
and  ornamentation,  and  include  many  very  beautiful  insects. 
Our  species  do  not  equal  cither  in  size  or  decoration  those  of 
more  tropical  climates,  nor  even  such  beetles  as  Ergates  spiculatus 
Lee.  and  Rosalia  fiinebris  Mots,  which  occur  in  British  Columbia, 
but  we  have  still  some  large  and  handsome  forms.  The 
Cerambycids  are  also  of  special  interest  from  the  fact  that,  in 
the  larval  stage,  they  subsist  invariably  upon  the  woody  tissues 
of  plants,  and  that  many  of  the  species  arc,  therefore,  included 
among  injurious  insects.  These,  however,  arc  such  as  attack  the 
trees  and  shrubs  of  which  man  desires  to  appropriate  to  his  own 
uses  the  fruit  or  other  products,  or  which  he  plants  for  shade  or 
ornament.  Apart  from  such  economic  considerations,  the  work 
performed  by  these  wood-eating  insects  contributes  largely  to 


-3' 
c. 


58  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [June 

the  removaT  of  dead  and  fallen  timber,  and  to  its  replacement  by 
a  fresh  growth.  Comparatively  few  of  the  species,  probabl)', 
attack  perfectly  vigorous  plants,  but  the  injured,  dead  and  fallen 
individuals  are  soon  thoroughly  infested.  The  eggs  laid  in 
crevices  of  the  bark,  or  in  incisions  made  specially  therein,  soon 
produce  the  grubs  which,  burrowing  first  in  the  juicy  outer  layer 
beneath  the  bark,  gradually,  as  they  increase  in  size,  penetrate 
deeper  into  the  wood,  and  before  they  reach  maturity  many  of 
the  species  bore  long  tunnels  deep  into  the  trunks  even  of  large 
trees.  These  tunnels  receive  and  retain  moisture  and  in 
them  fungi  find  a  foothold,  and  they  thus  become  centres  of 
disintegration  and  decay. 

In  the  classification  of  the  Coleoptera  of  North  America,  by 
Leconte  and  Horn,  three  subfamilies  are  recognized  and  are 
separated  as  follows  : 

Frothorax  margined,  labrum  connate.  Prion iN.i^. 

Prothorax  not  margined,  labrum  free. 

Front  tibire  not  grooved.  Cframbycin.^. 

Front  tibios  grooved.  Lamiin.?: 

Of  the  Prionin.e  we  have  only  two  representatives,  viz. 
Orthosonia  brunneum  Forst.  and  Tragosovia  Harrisii  Lee.  The 
former  is  slightly  the  largest,  attaining  a  length  of  1.5  inches.  It 
is  a  smooth,  brownish  beetle  with  stout  antennas,  and  the  short 
thorax  is  armed  on  each  side  with  three  teeth.  T.  Harrisii, 
while  hardly  so  long,  is  broader  and  more  robust,  darker  in 
colour  and  with  densely  hairy  thorax  and  striated  elytra.  These 
beetles  both  infest  pine,  although  the  grubs  of  the  former  at  least 
are  occasionally  found  in  other  trees. 

The  second  sub-family,  Cerambycin.e,  contains  the 
majority  of  our  species,  although  many  of  its  tribes  are  not 
represented  in  our  fauna. 

Tribe  I,  Asemini,  is  represented  by  three  genera,  Asemum, 

Criocephalus  and  Tetropium,  each  represented  by  one  species. 

These  are  rather  softish  beetles  of  dull  black  or  brownish 

colour,  infesting  pines,  and  probably  other  conifers.   Tetropium 

can  be  readily  recognized  by  the  divided  eyes. 

Tribe  II,  Callidiini,  has  seven  genera  represented;  the  eleven 


1899]  Harrington — Ottawa  Coleoptera.  59 

species  being  of  medium  or  small  size.  The  most  conspicuous 
is  Physocncuinni  brevilineiiin  Say,  a  handsome  beetle  over  one 
half  of  an  inch  long  ;  the  thorax  is  globular,  with  a  conical 
protruberance  on  each  side  near  base;  the  general  colour  is 
black,  but  the  elytra  are  varied  centrally  with  brown  and  have 
several  short  ivory-white  lines;  the  thighs  are  very  conspicu- 
ously swollen,  as  in  many  insects  of  this  group.  The  last  genus 
Callidium  contains  two  fairly  common  species  of  broader  shape  ; 
the  larger,  C.  anteyinattnn  Newm.  ,  half  an  inch  long,  is  a  fine 
purplish  blue  ;  the  smaller,  Q.jaiithiuiiin  Lee,  from  one-quarter 
to  two-fifths  of  an  inch  long,  is  a  bright  bronze-green,  or 
occasionally  bronze. 

Tribe  III.  Cerambycini  is  here  represented  by  the  solitary 
genus  Elaphidion  with  two  species  considered  by  some  authorities 
identical.  Thes2  are  cylindrical  beetles,  reddish  or  brown- 
ish, and  more  or  less  clothed  or  mottled  with  pale  pubescence. 
These  beetles  are  known  as  Oak-pruners,  because  the  grubs 
which  live  in  the  twigs  and  branches  of  the  oaks  so  form  their 
burrows  as  to  cause  the  portion  of  the  limb  in  which  one  lives  to- 
break  off  and  drop  to  the  ground  in  autumn  ;  the  beetle  emerg- 
ing the  following  season. 

Tribe  IV,  Obriini,  is  represented  by  three  species  belonging- 
to  as  many  genera.  Obn'nm  rubnim  Newm.  is  a  delicate 
yellowish-red  beetle  about  one-fourth  of  an  inch  long.  Alorlorchus 
biniaculatus  Say  and  Callimoxys  sanguinicollis  Oliv.  are  readily 
recognized  by  their  abbreviated  elytra  ;  the  latter  is  the  larger 
and  usually  has  a  red  thorax. 

Tribe  IX,  Trachyderini,  contains  here  only  P nrpuricemis- 
hunie)alis  Fab.,  which  is  one  of  our  handsomest  beetles.  It  is- 
nearly  three-fourths  of  an  inch  long  ;  colour  rich  velvety  black,, 
with  a  triangular  vivid  red  patch  on  the  shoulder  of  each 
elytron. 

Tribe  XI,  Clytini,  represented  by  nine  genera  with  thir- 
teen species,  contains  some  of  our  finest  longicorns.  The  most 
conspicuous  is  Plagionotiis  spcciosiis  Say,  a  well-known  Maple- 
borer.    This  fine  insect  is  about  an  inch  long  and  of  robust  shape; 


6o  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [June 


I 


rich  black  with  bright  yellow  markings  ;  one  of  the  yellow  bands 
across  the  elytra  is  shaped  like  a  W  ;  the  legs  are  also  yellow 
but  the  antennae  are  black.  When  flying  this  beetle  much 
resembles  a  big  wasp  and  I  have  seen  persons,  n  ear  whom  one 
has  happened  to  circle  in  its  flight,  very  much  afraid  of  being 
stung  by  it.  Calloides  nobilis  Say  is  almost  as  big,  but  is  more 
sombre  in  appearance,  being  entirely  black,  except  the  markings  | 

o.i  elytra,  which  sometimes  are  reduced  to  a  few  yellow  spots. 
Cyllene  robini(B  Forst.,  slightly  smaller,  is  a  very  wasp-like  looking 
species  with  numerous  transverse  yellow  bands,  and  red  legs  and  J 

antennae.  It  is  one  of  our  most  obnoxious  cerambycids,  as  its 
grubs  bore  and  tunnel  m  the  Locust-trefes  to  such  an  extent  as 
to  have  killed  nearly  all  such  trees  in  the  city.  Arhopalus, 
Xylotrechus,  Neoclytus  and  Clytanthus  contain  species  of 
moderate  size  with  more  elongated  thorax,  and  more  cylindrical 
in  shape.  They  are  generally  more  or  less  banded  with  white 
or  yellow.  Microclytus,  Cyrtophorus  and  Euderces  are  some- 
what ant-like  in  form,  especially  the  second,  whose  representa- 
tive, C.  verrucosus  is  a  common  species. 

Tribe  XIII,  Atimiini,  has  one  representative  of  rare  occur- 
ance,  viz.  Ativiia  confusa  Say,  a  pale  brownish  beetle  about  one- 
third  of  an  inch  long,  mottled  with  pale  pubescence. 

Tribe  XV.  Desmocerini,  has  as  its  representative  here 
Desmocerus  palliatus  Forst.,  perhaps  the  most  brilliant  of  our 
longhorns,  although,  unfortunately,  it  loses  in  the  cabinet  a 
certain  degree  of  its  beauty  by  fading.  When  sunning  itself  upon 
the  elder-bushes  in  midsummer  it  is  a  very  striking  and  beauti- 
ful insect,  its  general  colour  varies  from  a  rich  purplish-blue  to 
steel-blue,  and  a  broad  yellow  band  across  the  base  of  the  elytra 
gives  to  it  the  appropriate  name  of  the  Cloaked  Beetle. 

Tribe  XVII,Encyclopini,  contains  one  slender  bluish  species, 
E.  cceruleus  Say,  which  is  very  rare  in  this  locality. 

Tribe  XVIII,  Lepturini,  is  the  one  best  represented,  as  we 
have  ten  genera  with  thirty  species.  These  are  usually  of  moderate 
size,  and  none  are  very  small.  Rhaghun  lineatuiii  Oliv.  differs 
from  most  of  our  cerambycids  in  having  the  antennae  quite  short, 


1899]  HARRiNCiTON— Ottawa  Coleoptera.  61 

reaching  only  to  the  base  of  the  wing-covers.  It  is  a  greyish 
beetle,  rather  stoutly  built,  with  costate  elytra  and  a  spine  on 
each  side  of  the  thorax.  The  most  attractive  species  is  Antlio- 
philax  malachiticus  Hald.,  of  a  brilliant  green.  It  is  usually  very 
rare,  but  Dr.  Fletcher  had  the  good  luck  to  capture  five  examples 
one  day  last  summer,  and  stray  individuals  have  been  taken  on 
other  occasions  at  Buckingham  and  Chelsea.  Another  pretty 
green  beetle,  smaller  and  more  highly  polished,  is  Gaurotcs 
cyanipennis  Say,  which  is  at  times  quite  common.  The  majority 
of  our  species  belong  to  the  genus  Leptura,  some  of  which  are 
prettily  banded  with  yellow,  or  otherwise  ornamented.  A  com- 
mon species  is  L.  canadensis  Fab.,  which  is  black  with  red 
shoulders.  The  forms  of  this  species  with  all  red  or  all  black 
elytra  {erythoptera  and  cribrata)  have  not  yet  been  found  here. 
One  of  our  largest  and  most  abundant  species  is  L.proxinia  Say, 
a  robust  black  beetle  with  yellow  elytra  tipped  with  black. 
L.  chrysocovia  Kirby  is  smaller  and  easily  distinguished  by  its 
golden  pubescence. 

Our  remaining  forty  odd  species  belong  to  the  sub-family 
Lamiin^,  in  which  again  we  find  many  tribes  unrepresented  in 
our  fauna. 

Tribe  V,  Psenocerini,  contains  only  one  species,  Pscnoccrus 
snpernotatus  Say,  a  little  cylindrical  brownish  beetle,  with  four 
oblique  white  marks  on  elytra,  it  varies  in  length  from  one-tenth 
to  one-fourth  of  an  inch  ;  its  larvae  feed  in  the  stems  of  currant- 
bushes,  etc.,  and  it  is  known  as  the  American  currant-borer. 

Tribe  VI,  Monohammi,  is  represented  by  three  genera  with 
seven  species.  Of  the  four  species  of  Monohammus  which  in- 
fest our  pines,  M.  confusor  Kirby,  is  probably  familiar  to  all 
Ottawa  citizens,  and  it  is  sometimes  referred  to  as  the  "  Ottawa 
Cow."  It  is  over  an  inch  long,  and  while  the  antenniP  of  the 
female  arc  not  much  longer  than  the  body,  those  of  the  male 
reach  the  length  of  three  inches.  These  long  antennie  and  the 
long  legs  make  of  one  of  these  beetles  a  very  conspicuous 
object.  This  species  is  very  distructive  to  pine  timber  or  logs  ; 
the  grubs  being  very  large  and  with  their  powerful  jaws  bur- 


62  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.     '  [June 

rowing  rapidly  through  the  wood.  On  a  still  day,  in  the 
vicinity  of  logs  infested  by  these  grubs,  one  can  hear  at  a 
considerable  distance  the  noise  they  make  in  driving  their 
tunnels.  J/,  scutellatus  Say,  a  smaller  black  species,  is  also 
very  common  and  destructive.  Goes pulverulcnta  Hald.  is  a  fine 
brownish  beetle,  with  sparse  whitish  pubescence,  of  which  I  have 
beaten  a  few  specimens  from  hickory.  G.  occiilata  Lee.  is  much 
smaller  and  has  a  black  spot  on  each  elytron. 

Tribe  VII,  Acanthoderini,  offers  seven  genera  with  fifteen 
species,  principally  small  insects  of  rather  flattened  appearance 
and  with  long  slender  antennae.  Their  general  colour  is  greyish, 
varied  with  markings  or  tufts  of  white  or  dark  pubescence. 
None  of  the  species  are  so  conspicuous  as  to  attract  attention 
from  non-entomologists. 

Tribe  IX,  Pogonochcri,  is  represented  by  three  genera  with 
six  species  which  are  also  all  rather  small  and  inconspicuous, 
though  showing  somewhat  more  variety  in  their  colour  and 
decoration. 

Tribe  XIV,  Saperdini,  has  only  one  genus,  but  this  contains 
ten  species,  including  some  of  our  most  important  longicorns. 
Saperda  calcarata  Say,  fully  an  inch  long  and  prettily  mottled  with 
yellowish  pubescence,  is  known  as  the  Poplar-borer.  5.  Candida 
Fab.,  with  two  bold  longitudinal  white  stripes,  is  the  Apple-borer 
so  destructive  in  some  parts  of  America,  but  which  here  occurs 
usually  on  Hav/thorn  or  Shadbush,  and,  curious  to  say,  seems 
confined  to  the  Quebec  side  of  the  river.  5.  vestita  Say,  clothed 
with  dense  yellowish  pubescence  and  usually  with  six  small 
black  dots  on  elytra,  is  the  common  Basswood-borer.  One  of 
the  prettiest  species  is  S.  puncticollis  Say,  in  livery  of  black  and 
yellow,  with  four  conspicuous  black  spots  on  the  yellow  thorax. 
This  species  bores  in  the  stems  of  Virginia  Creeper,  and  last 
season  Mr.  Fletcher  obtained  numerous  specimens  and  found 
that  the  beetles,  after  emerging  from  the  stems,  fed  upon  the 
leaves,  which  they  riddled  with  holes. 

Tribe  XV,  Phytoeciini,  concludes  our  series  with  tv/o  genera. 
Oberea  bimaculata  01iv.,an  elongate  cylindrical  beetle,  black  with 


1899]  Harrington — Ottawa  Coleoptera.  6$ 

reddish  thorax  and  short  legs,  is  the  well-known  Raspbcrry- 
girdler.  It  deposits  its  eggs  in  the  tops  of  raspberry  canes  and 
causes  them  to  wither  and  die.  Our  last  beetle,  Tetraopcs 
tetraoptJ'ahnus  Forst.,  has  a  name  whose  pronunciation  might 
form  a  good  test  of  a  man's  sobriety.  It  is  a  bright  red  beetle 
with  black  legs  and  antennae,  and  with  four  black  spots  on  thorax 
and  six  on  elytra.  It  occurs  abundantly  upon  milk  weeds,  and 
its  larvae  find  their  subsistence  in  these  plants.  The  following 
species  which  appeared  in  my  former  list  have  been  dropped. 

Elaphidion  inccrtum  Newm.  A  mutilated  specimen,  found  in  my  wood-shed, 
but  as  head  and  thorax  are  missing;  its  identification  is  uncertain. 

Neoclytiis  capvcea  Say.  Incorrectly  determined  specimens  of  our  common 
Xylotrechfis  undidahis  Say. 

Leptiira  ahdominaUs  Hald.  A  beetle  given  to  Dr.  Leconte  antl  doulitfully  so 
named  by  him  ;  probably  a  form  of  L.  plebeja  Rand  ;  or  L.  subhamata  Rand. 

Alonohamiinis  inaciilosiis  Hald.  Through  a  clerical  error  this  name  was  inserted 
instead  of  M.  ti'illator  Fab. 

Lepturg&s  facelus  Say.     The  beetles  so  determined  belong  to  L.  qitcrci  Fitch. 

Liopits  cinerciis  Lee.     This  species  is  now  placed  with  L.  alpha  Say. 

The  following  species  represent  the  additions  made  to  this 
family  during  fifteen  years,  and  a  large  proportion  of  them  are 
captures  of  Mr.  W.  Simpson. 

Rhopalopiis  sangtiinicollis  Horn. 
Phymatodes  amoemis  Say. 
Xylotrechiis  qiiadriinaailahts  Hald. 
Encyclopi  Cfxruletcs  Say. 
Anthophilax  malachiticus  Hald. 
Gaiiroles  abdominalis  Bland. 
Typocerits  zebralits  Fab. 
LepUira  lincola  Say. 
Leptiira  biforis  Newm. 
Leptura  sangtiinca  Lee. 
Leptostylus  col/arii  Hald. 
Saperda  puHciicoUis  Say. 

Although,  as  previously  stated,  but  few  additional  species 
are  likely  to  reward  the  collector,  many  of  those  on  the  list  are 
so  poorly  represented  in  our  cabinets  that  additional  material  is 
most  desirable.  We  are  also  ignorant  of  the  plants  attacked  by 
many  of  these  beetles  and  the  life-histories  of  even  the  commoner 


64  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [Jun 

species  are  often  but  poorly  known.  Records  of  the  trees  and 
shrubs  upon  which  the  beetles  occur  are  always  valuable,  and 
especially  so  if  it  be  ascertained  that  they  have  emerged  from 
such  plants,  or  if  they  are  bred  from  them.  By  carefully  ex- 
amining injured  or  fallen  trees  these  beetles  may  often  be  found, 
or  their  larvae  and  pupae  be  obtained.  Many  species  also  occur 
during  the  summer  upon  flowering  plants,  especially  trees  and 
shrubs,  such  as  Elder,  Sumach,  Goldenrod,  Spiraea,  etc.  The 
smaller  species,  as  well  as  some  of  the  larger,  may  be  most 
successfully  obtained  by  using  a  beating-net  under  the  branches 
of  such  trees  as  they  infest.  While  nearly  ever  tree  and  shrub 
is  attacked  by  one  or  more  species,  the  Maples.  White  Pine  and 
Hickory  are  most  subject  to  their  depredations. 

The  following  is  a  catalogue  of  our  species  : — 

Ottawa  Cerambycid.e. 

1.  Orthosoma  brunneum  Forst.      Rather  common  ;   infests  Pine  logs  and  stumps. 

2.  Tragosoma  Harrisii  Lee.      Rarer  ;  also  infests  I'ine. 

3.  Asemum  moestum  Hald.     Abundant  ;  in  millyaids  and  about  Pine  timber. 

4.  Criocephalus  agrestis  Kirby.     Very  common  ;  also  a  Pine-borer. 

5.  Telropium  cinnamopterum  Kirby.      Rare  ;  })robably  infests  cc)nifers. 

6.  Gonocallus  collaris  Kirby.     One  specimen. 

7.  Physocnemum  brevilineuni  Say.     Not  ctmimon  ;  bred  by  Dr.  Fletcher    from 
Elm. 

8.  Rhopalopus    sanguinicoUis    Horn.     One    taken  on  Apple  at   Kingsmere  by 
Mr.  Simpson. 

9.  Hylotrupes  ligneus  Fab.     Common  ;    inhabits  the  Cedar. 

10.  Phymatodes  thoracicus  Muls.     -Several  bred  one  year  by  Dr.  Fletcher  from 
h  )ops  of  wine  cask    ;  possibly  not  native. 

11.  Phymatodes  amcenus  Say.      One  specimen  received  from  Dr.  Fletcher. 

12.  Phymatodes  dimidiatus  Kirby.     Not  common  ;  occurs  upon  the  While  Pine. 

13.  Merium    proteus   Kirby.       Rare    here  ;     appears     to     be     more     common 
northward. 

14.  Callidium  antennatum  Newm.      Rather  common  ;  infests  the  Pine. 

15.  Callidium  janthinum  Lee.      Less  abundant  ;  is  a  borer  in  Cedar. 

16.  Callidium  ;\;reum  Newm.     Cne  specimen,  from   Dr.  Fletcher. 

17.  Elaphidion  parellelum  Newm.      Rare;   this  boetle  is  an  Oak-pruner. 

18.  Elaphidion  villosiim  Fab.     One  specimen.      Some  authors  make  this  a  form 
of  the  preceding. 


1899]  Harrington — Ottawa  CoLEorTERA.  65 

19.  Obrium  rubrum  Nevvm.     One  on  Hickory  and  one  on    Scented    Raspberry. 

20.  Molorchus  bimaculatus  Say.     Abundant  ;  infests  Hictcory  and  Maple. 

21.  Callimoxys  sanguinicollis  Oliv.      Rare  ;  no  record  of  habits. 

22.  Purpuricenus  humeralis  Fab.  One  female  taken  on  fence  under  Oak-tree 
near  Rideau  Hall  and  one  male  picked  up  on  Sparks  St.  Two  specimens  have  also 
been  taken  by  Mr.  Simpson  at  Kingsmere. 

23.  Cyllene  robinice  Forst.  Abundant ;  a  borer  in  Acacia  and  exceedingly 
destructive  to  that  fine  ornamental  and  shade  tree. 

24.  riagionotus  speciosus  Say.     Not  very  common  ;  bores  in  Maples. 

25.  Calloides  nobilis  Say.     More  abundant  ;  also  a  borer  in  Maple. 

26.  Arhopalus  fulminans  Feb.     Rare  ;  no  observation  on  habits. 

27.  Xylotrechus  colonus  Fab.     Not  common  ;  occurs  on  dead  Hickory. 

28.  Xylotrechus  sagittatus  Germ.     Rare  ;  probably  also  infests  Hickory. 

29.  Xylotrechus  quadrimaculatus  Hald.     One  specimen  captured  upon  Beech. 

30.  Xylotrechus  undulatus  Say.     Abundant  ;  probably   infests  Pine  and  Spruce. 

31.  Neoclytus  muricatulus  Kirby.  Two  specimens  ;  one  of  which  was  taken 
upon  an  old  Pine. 

32.  Neoclytus  erythrocephalus   Fab      Common  ;  upon  felled   Hickory,   end  of 

July. 

33.  Clytanthus  ruricola  Oliv.     Common  ;  upon  Basswood  stumps. 

34.  Microclytus  gazellula  I  laid.     One  specimen  upon  Sumach  flowers. 

35.  Cyrtophorus  verrucosus  Oliv.  Abundant  on  flowering  shrubs  in  May  and 
June  ;  occurs  on  Oak  and  Hickory  and  one  was  found  under  bark  of  Beech. 

36.  Euderces  picipes  Fab.     Rare  ;  on  Hickory  and  on  Sumach  blossoms  in  July. 

37.  Atimia  contusa  Say.  Rare  ;  upon  White  Pine. 

38.  Desmocerus  palliatus  Forst.     Common  ;  bores  in  stem^  of  Elder. 

39.  Eucyclops  cseruleus  Say.     Very  rare  ;  no  record  as  to  habitat. 

40.  Rhagium  lineatum  Oliv.     Not  common  ;  lives  under  bark  of  Pine. 

41.  Centrodera  decolorata  Harr.  Two  specimens  upon  Oak.  Mr.  Simpson 
has  also  beetles  taken  in  an  orchard  at  Kingsmere  where  they  occurred  in  abundance 
upon  Apple. 

42.  Toxotus  Schaumii  Lee.     Two  specimens  ;  one  was  upon  Beech. 

43.  Toxotus  vittiger  Rand.     Common  at  Casselman  upon  Oaks  in  June. 

44.  Pachyta  monticola  Rand.  Not  common  ;  taken  upon  Elder  flowers,  etc.  in 
May  at  Kingsmere  and  other  places  in  the  hills. 

45.  Anthophilax  malachiticus  Hald.  Rare  ;  seems  to  occur  upon  Birch  and 
Beech. 

46.  Anthophilax  alternatus  Hald.     Two  specimens  ;  one  in  a  decaying  Beech. 

47.  Achmseops  proteus  Kirby.     Very  abundant  in  Lumber-yards  and  upon  Pine. 
48    Achmneops  pratensis  Laich.     Also  abundant  in  similar  conditions. 

49.  Gaurotes  cyanipenuis  Say.     Abundant  ;  especially   on   Sumach    flowers  in 


July  ;  infests  Butternut. 


/^A- 

'^(library 


66  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [Jun^ 

50.  Gaurotes  andDminalis  Eland.  One  specimen  captured  at  Kingsmere  by 
Mr.  Simpson  ;  evidently  very  rare  and  as  far  as  I  know  not  recorded  from  Canada. 

i;i.  Bellamira  scalaris  Say.  Rare;  observed  ovipositing  in  Maple  Stumps,  and 
also  dug  from  burrow  in  old  poplar  log. 

52.  Typocerus  zebratus  Fab.     Common  on    Goldenrod  and  Spirrea  in  August. 

53.  Typocerus  velutinus  Oliv.  Abundant  on  flowering  shrubs  in  early  August, 
and  has  also  been  taken  upon  Hickory. 

54.  Leptura  plebeja  Rand.     Very  rare. 

55.  Leptura  subhamata  Rand.     Rare  ;  occurs  on  Beech  and  Oak. 

56.  Leptura  lineola  Say.  Four  specimens  captured  at  Kingsmere  by  Mr. 
Simpson. 

57.  Leptura  capitata  Newm.     Common  ;  on  flowers  of  Spiked-maple,  etc. 

58.  Leptura  exigua  Newm.     Leptura  saucia  Lee.  of  former  list.     Common  ; 
on  Sumach  and  other  shrubs  in  blossom. 

59.  Leptura  zebra  Oliv.     Only  three  or  four  specimens. 

60.  Leptura  sexmaculata  Linn.      Rare  ;  on  flowers  of  Spirrea,  etc. 

61.  Leptura  nigrella  Say.     Rare  ;  habitat  unknown. 

62.  Leptura  canadensis  Fab.  Abundant ;  upon  flowering  shrubs  end  of  July, 
especially  upon  Spiraea  ;  one  taken  upon  Ash. 

63.  Leptura  sanguinea  Lee.     Very  rare  ;  June,  habits  unknown. 

64.  Leptura  chrysocoma  Kirby.    Rare  ;  probably  infests  Hickory  and  Butternut. 

65.  Leptura  proxima  Say.     Abundant  ;  occurs  upon  dead  Hickory. 

66.  Leptura  biforis  Newm.     One  specimen  in  Mr.  Simpson's  collection. 

67.  Leptura  vittata  Germ.     Abundant  ;  flowering  shrubs  in  June. 

68.  Leptura  pubera  Say.     Also  rather  common  in  fune. 

69.  Leptura  Sphcericollis  Say.     Only  one  Specimen. 

70.  Leptura  mutabilis  Newm.   Abundant ;  form  with  pale  elytra  the  less  common 

71.  Psenocerus  supernotatus  Say.  Common  ;  bred  by  Dr.  Fletcher  from 
Virginia  Creeper. 

72.  Monohammus  titillator  Fab  Not  common  ;  formerly  taken  upon  young 
Pines  at  Hull  quarries. 

73.  Monohammus  scutellatus  Say.  Abundant ;  destructive  to  Pine  logs  and 
timber. 

74.  Monohammus  confusor  Kirby.  Abundant;  the  largest  and  most  destructive 
of  our  Pine-borers,  doing  ereat  damage  to  logs  an  .1  timber  ;  attacks  living  as  well  as 
dead  trees. 

75.  Monohammus  marmorator  Kirby.  Only  one  male  captured  here  ;  more 
common  further  up  the  river  where  there  is  more  Red  Pine. 

76.  Dorcheschema  nigrum  Say.  Abundant  ;  upon  felled  Hickory  or  old  trees- 
in  June. 

77.  Goes  pulverulenta  Hald.     Rare;  beaten  from  injured  Hickory  in  July. 


I 


1899]  Harrington — Ottawa  Coleoptera.  dj 

78.  Goes  occulata  Lee.     Two  specimens  taken  on  felled  Hickory. 

79.  Acanthoderes  dicipiens  Hald.     Not  common. 

80.  Leptostylus  aculiferus  Say.     Two   specimens  ;  upon  Butternut. 

81.  Leptostylus  parvus  Lee.     Very  rare  ;  place  of  capture  not  recorded. 

82.  Leptostylus  sexguttatus   Say.     Leploxtyltis  commixtus  Hald.  of  former  list. 
Rare.     Probably  from  Hickory. 

83.  Leptostylus  perplexus  Hald  '>     One  specimen  ;  determination  doubtlul. 

84.  Leptostylus  macula   Say.     Common;  June  and   July;  most    frequently  on 
Hickory  and  Butternut,  but  has  been  also  taken  on  Maple  and  Poplar. 

85.  Leptostylus  eollaris  Hald.     One  specimen  ;  probably  from  Hickory. 

86.  Liopus  alpha  Say.     Liopus  cinereus  Lee.    of  former  list  is  now  included  in 
this  species.     Common  ;  on  Hickory  in  midsummer. 

87.  Liopus  punctatus  Lee.     Two  specimens  ;  accidental  captures. 

88.  Lepturges  symmelricus  Hald.     Lepfu/'ges  angidatiis  hec.  of  {ormet  Wsi.  No 
record  of  habits. 

89.  Lepturges  signatus  Lee.     Very  rare.     Nu  record  of  habits. 

90.  Lepturges  querci  Fitch.    Lepturges  facetus '^z.y  of  former  list  belongs  to  this 
species.     Common  ;  usually  on  Hickory,  one  from  Willow. 

Qi.   Hyperplatys  aspersus  Say.    Common;  upon  Hickory,  June  and  July. 

92.  Hyperplatys  maculatus  Hald.     Common  ;  with  preceding,  and  is  probably 
only  a  form  of  aspersus. 

93.  Graphisurus  faseialus  Deg.     Abundant ;  infests  Hickory  and  Maple. 

94.  Acanthocinus  obsoletus  Oliv.  Also  common  ;  occurs  with  preceding. 

95.  Hoplosia  nublia  Lee.     Rare  ;  June,  no  record  of  infestations. 

96.  Pogonoeherus  penicellatus    Lee.     Several   specimens   taken  on   fences  and 
tree  boxes  in  the  city  ;  also  one  upon  dead  Pine. 

97.  Pogonocheras  mixtus  Hald.     Not  common  ;  no  record  of  infestation. 

98.  Eupogonius  tomentosus  Hald.     One  specimen. 

99.  Eupogonius  vestitus  Say.     Two  specimens  ;  taken  also  by  Mr.  Simpson. 

100.  Eupogonius  subarmalus  Lee.     Rare  ;  on  Scented  Raspberry  and  on  Ash. 
loi.  Saperda  calcarata  Say.     Rare  ;  a  destructive  borer  in    Poplars. 

102.  Saperda  mutica  Say.     Rare  ;    0:1  Willow  ;    one  pair   June  and  one    pair 

July. 

103.  Saperda  Candida  Fab.     Not  common  ;  occurs  upon  Hawthorn,  Shad-bush 

and  wild  Plum. 

104.  Saperda  vestita  Say.     Abundant  ;  a  borer  in  Basswood. 

105.  Saperda  discoidea  Fab.     Common  ;  June  to  August    on  fallen  and  dead 
Hickory. 

106.  Saperda  tridentata    Oliv.     Abundant;    infests   principally   the  Elm,    but 

also  the  Maple. 

T07.   Saperda  lateralis  Fab.     Two  specimens  ;  accidental  captures. 


68  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [June 

loS.   Saperda  puncticollis  Say.     Rare  ;  bores  in  stems  of  Virginia  Creeper. 

109.  Saperda  mreUa  Lee.      Common  ;     Poplars  often    badly    disfigured    by  the 
gall-like  swellings  caused  by  the  larvae  infesting  the  branches. 

1 10.  S  iperda  concolor  Lee.     One  specimen.      Habits  not  recorded. 

111.  Oberea  bimaculata  Oliv.     Not   common;  infests  Raspberries.   The  female 
girdling  the  canes  when  ovipositing,  and  the  larvce  boring  in   canes. 

112.  Oberea  tripunctata  Swed.      Obercz  a/nahilis  YLiAA.     of  former  list.      Com- 
mon ;  upon  Goldenrod  and  probably  boring  in   that    plant. 

113.  Tetraopes  tetraophthalmus  P'orst.  Abundant  ;  upon  Milkweed,  in  the  base 
of  which  the  larvae  subsist. 


OX  REPTILIAN  REMAINS  FROM  THE  CRETACEOUS 
OF  NORTH-WESTERN  CANADA. 

By  Lawrence  M.   Lambf,   K.G.S. 

The  collection  of  fossils  made  by  the  writer  during  the 
summers  of  1897  and  1898  from  the  Cretaceous  rocks  of  the  Red 
Deer  River,  in  the  Districts  of  Alberta  and  Assiniboia,  consist 
principally  of  dinosaurian  remains,  but  include  a'so  the  remains 
of  turtles  and  crocodiles  as  well  as  a  few  fish  vertebrse  and 
scales,  leaves  and  silicified  wood.*  \ 

The  rocks  exposed  along  the  Red  Deer  River  are  those  of 
the  Belly  River,  Pierre  and  Laramie  formations,  but  by  far  the 
larger  number  of  fossils  were  secured  from  the  Belly  River  beds 
which  are  especially  interesting  as  representing  a  terrestrial  fauna 
separated  from  that  of  the  Laramie  by  the  thick  marine  beds  of 
the  Pierre. 

Taking  into  consideration  the  reptilian  remains  only,  it  is 
found  that  they  represent  the  three  orders  Cliclonia,  Crocodilia 
and  Dinosaiiria. 

I.  The  following  provisional  enumeration  may  be  made  of 
the  fossils  from  the  Belly  River  formation  : — 

I.  Chelonia — 

Plastomenus  coalescens,  Cope.  Parts  of  the  dorsal  and 
ventral  shields. 

*Vide  Summary  Report  of  the  Geological  Survey  Department  for  1898. 


1899]  Lambe — On  Reptilian  Remains.  69 

Also  fragments  of  shell  that  may  represent  other  species, 
as  well  as  vertebi.o,  terminal  phalanges  and  numerous  other 
bones  of  the  endoskeleton  of  turtles. 

Besides  the  above,  small  pieces  of  the  plastron  of  P.  coales- 
ccns  were  collected  in  1882  by  Mr.  R.  G.  McConncll  from  the 
Belly  River  beds  of  this  district. 

2.  Crocodilia — 

Portions  of  the  rami  of  mandibles  of  a  species  of  Bot- 
tosaurus,  Agassiz,  probably  B.  pcrrugosus  described  by  Cope 
from  the  Fort  Union  (Laramie)  group  of  Colorada. 

3.  Dinosauria — 

a.  Tracliodou    luirabilis,    Leidy.     Numerous    maxilhe  and 
rami  of  mandiles,  in  some  cases  with  the  teeth  particularly  well 
preserved,  as  well  as  a  large  number  of  the   principal   bones   of 
this  species. 

Near  the  mouth  of  Berry  Creek  a  large  horn-core,  one  foot 
long  and  nearly  five  inches  in  diameter  at  the  base  to  which  a 
small  part  of  the  skull  remained  attached,  was  found  with  parts 
of  a  maxilla  holding  teeth  of  the  Trachodon  type.  The  horn- 
core  is  asymmetrical,  and  suggests  the  presence  of  a  pair  of 
well  developed  horns  in  the  species  of  Trachodon  here  re- 
presented, probably  that  of  T.  mirabilis,  Leidy,  which  with  its 
allies  have  been  supposed  to  be  hnrnless. 

b.  A  maxilla  with  teeth,  a  separate  tooth  and  a  right 
ramus,  of  a  species  of  Triceratops,  Marsh. 

c.  Separate  teeth  and  terminal  phalanges  o{  Liclaps  incras- 
satus,  Cope. 

d.  The  upper  part  of  the  cranium  and  a  number  of  dermal 
plates  of  a  species  of  Nodosaunis,  probably  N.  textilis,  Marsh. 

IL  The  more  important  specimens  from  the  Laramie  series 
consist  almost  entirely  of  dinosaurian  remains  and  are  more 
fragmentary  and  not  so  numerous  as  those  from  the  Belly  River 
beds  : — 

I.  The  order  Chelonia  is  not  represented  in  the  collections 
from  the  Laramie  of  this  district,  but  fragments  of  a  plastron, 
probably  referable  to  Plastonienus  coa/escens,  Cope,  were  found  in 


70  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [June 

1 88 1  by  Dr.  G.  M.  Dawson  in  the  Willow  Creek  (Laramie)  beds 
of  the  Oldman  River,  Alberta. 

2.  No  crocodilian  remains  were  found. 

3.  Dinosauria — 

a.  Most  of  the  dinosaurian  bones  are  thought  to  belong 
to  TracJwdoii  mirabilis. 

In  1 88 1  Mr.  T.  C.  Weston  secured  fragments  of  jaw  with 
teeth,  of  Trachodon  mirabilis,  ixom.  the  Laramie  of  the  Red  Deer 
River,  and  in  1882  Mr.  R.  G.  McConnell  obtained  a  well  pre- 
served femur,  from  the  Laramie  of  Scabby  Butte,  Alberta,  that 
appears  to  belong  to  the  same  species. 

h.  Other  dinosaurian  remains  from  the  Laramie  of  the  Red 
Deer  River  in  the  collection  of  the  Survey  are  a  skull  oi  Lcrlaps 
ma-assatiis,  Cope,  found  by  Mr.  J.  B.  Tyrrell  in  1884,  and 
another  skull  of  the  same  species  collected  in  1889  by  Mr. 
Weston. 

From  a  comparison  of  the  reptilian  remains  from  the  Belly 
River  beds  with  those  from  the  Laramie,  it  would  appear  that 
there  are  three  species  common  to  both  formations,  viz.,  Plas- 
tomemis  coalescens,  Cope,  Trac/iodou  mirabilis,  Leidy,  and  Lcelaps 
incrassatus,  Cope,  also  that  these  are  the  three  forms  most 
abundantly  represented  in  the  collection.  Remains  of  P.  coales- 
cens  seem  to  be  not  uncommon  in  both  formations,  those  of 
T.  viirabilis  are  abundant  in  the  Belly  River  rocks  but  are  not 
often  met  with  in  the  Laramie  whilst  the  reverse  is  the  case  with 
those  of  L.  incrassatus. 

The  similarity  in  the  vertebrate  faunas  of  the  Belly  River 
and  Laramie  formations  suggested  by  the  above  comparison  is 
also  apparent  in  the  invertebrate  faunae  of  the  same  formations, 
from  which  it  may  reasonably  be  inferred  that  the  conditions  of 
life  following  the  deposition  of  the  marine  beds  of  the  Pierre 
were  essentially  the  same  as  those  that  preceded  it. 


1 899]  71 

THE  BER^IUDA  OR  EASTER  LILY. 

By  H.   B.  Small. 

Few  people  have  any  idea  of  the  enormous  extent  to  which 
the  cultivation  of  the  Easter  Lily  is  carried  on  the  islands  of 
Bermuda.  Acres  upon  acres  are  devoted  to  this  plant  alone^ 
and  its  bulbs  constitute  one  of  the  principal  and  most  lucrative 
exports  of  those  islands.  The  beautiful  sight  which  one  of  the 
lily  fields  presents  when  in  full  bloom  is  beyond  description,  and 
the  fragrance  that  loads  the  air  is  oppressive.  For  decorative 
purposes  the  buds  are  cut  shortly  before  Easter  before  the  flower 
opens,  and  carefully  packed  with  damp  moss  in  boxes  the  sides 
of  which  by  means  of  cleats  allow  ventilation.  These  on  arrival 
in  New  York  are  immediately  distributed  to  the  points  whence 
applications  have  been  received,  and  if  too  backward  are  forced 
into  bloom  by  placing  the  stems  in  warm  water.  But  the  flowers 
form  only  a  small  part  of  the  profit  attending  lily  culture.  The 
bulbs  are  shipped  in  enormous  quantities  to  wholesale  florists, 
who  supply  the  demand  for  them  all  over  the  continent.  This 
industry  only  commenced  in  1878,  when  an  American  named 
Harris,  making  a  study  of  the  plant  and  its  growth  introduced 
it  into  Bermuda,  and  from  the  success  attending  its  culture  there, 
it  received  the  name  by  which  it  is  now  known  Lilinui  Harrisiiy 
the  developement  of  flowers  under  the  genial  climate  and  adapt- 
ability of  the  soil  making  it  supercede  the  original  lily  known  as 
L.  longiflorniii. 

The  industry  has  of  late  years  been  seriously  threatened  by 
the  ravages  of  the  Eiicharis  Mite  which  has  so  deterioated  the 
bulbs  that  their  sale  is  seriously  injured.  The  disease  is; 
characterized  by  spotting  and  distortion  of  the  leaves  and  flowers,. 
and  a  stunted  growth.  The  Department  of  x-^griculture  in 
Washington  has  made  a  special  study  of  it  and  in  August  1897 
issued  a  bulletin  thereon.  Various  remedies  have  been  tried,  but 
so  far  without  effect,  and  application  was  made  to  England  last 
year  for  an  expert  from  Kevv  to  visit  Bermuda  and  examine  the 
whole  condition  and  nature  of  the  disease.     The  lily  is  supposed 


72  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [June 

to  have  been  originally  brought  from  China,  and  a  curious 
legend  respecting  it,  not  generally  known  may  prove  of  interest. 
It  is  as  follows  :-- 

Centuries  before  the  Christian   era,  great    calamities  befell 
the  Chinese  Empire,  and  the  prime  minister  was   threatened    by 
the  Emperor  with  the  loss  of  his  head  unless  he  devised  a  means 
of  averting  the  wrath  of  the  gods.     Asserting    that  it  had  been 
revealed  to  him  in  a  dream  to  make  a   sacrifice  of  men,  women 
and  fruits  in  a  far  off  island  where  the  gods  made    their    abode, 
a  vessel  was  placed  at  his  disposal  in  which  were    collected   lOO 
of  the  strongest  young  men  and  fairest   maidens,    together  with 
the  finest  fruits.     Amongst  the  stores  was  the  "  Eak-hap  "  which 
translated  means  the  "  Lily  of  the  ico  fields."     Jt  was  esteemed 
a  sweet  and  dainty  morsel,  and  an  especial  delicacy.     The  vessel 
sailed  away,  and  this  was  the  last  the  Emperor  heard  of  his  prime 
mmister,  who,  however,  when  once   on  the  voyage  intimated  to 
youths  and  maidens  that  instead  of  being  sacrificed  they  would 
inhabit  and  populate  the  beautiful  island  he  knew  of,  one  of  the 
islands  of  Japan.     They    willingly  agreed   to  this,  and  in   due 
course  of  events,  by  reason  of  the  change  of  soil  the  "  Bak-hap  " 
gradually  assumed  greater  height    and    strength  and   a    more 
luxuriant  bloom.  As  it  improved  in  beauty  it  became  less  useful 
as  an   article  of  food,  and    as  strong    taste  had    developed  for 
refinement  and  art  in  the  new  colony,  its  use  as  an  article  of  food 
was  abandoned.     Hundreds  of  years  rolled  on    and    the    island 
became  a  land  of  floriculture.     The  '•  Bak-hap  "  grew  steadily  in 
beauty  and  was  finally  exported   to   Europe  as    a    new    garden 
flower,  until  an  American  noticing  its  splendour  secured  some  of 
bulbs,  and  being  interested  in  the  Bermudas  introduced  it  there 
where  it  seems  to  have  made  its  home. 


i 
1 


1 899]  •  73 

ORNITHOLOGY. 

Edited  by  W.  T.  Macoun. 

Bird  Notes  for  April  and  May. 

From  the  long  list  of  birds  which  have  been  recorded 
during  the  past  month  it  is  very  apparent  that  some  members 
of  The  Ottawa  Field  Naturalists'  Club  have  not  been 
idle.  It  is  unfortunate,  however,  that  so  few  of  us  take  "the  time, 
or  make  the  opportunity,  to  study  the  habits  of  our  birds  and 
record  observations.  The  members  of  the  Club  should  feel 
grateful  to  the  few  who  send  their  notes  for  publication,  and 
who,  in  this  way,  perhaps,  may  cause  others  to  learn  more  about 
birds. 

It  is  interesting  to  compare  the  dates  of  arrival  of  birds 
recorded  in  this  number  with  those  in  the  June  number  for  1898, 
up  to  the  14th  May  last  year,  the  arrival  of  81  birds  have  been 
recorded  and  up  to  the  14th  May  this  year  77  birds  have  been 
noted.  On  the  whole,  during  the  past  month  the  birds  have 
arrived  on  nearly  the  same  date  as  last  year,  there  being  a  few 
exceptions,  however,  where  there  was  more  than  a  week's  differ- 
ence ;  in  some  cases  the  bird  having  been  recorded  earlier  and  in 
some  cases  later  this  year. 

1899. 

Apr.  13 — Ruby  Throated  Hummingbird,  Jrochilus  cohibris.     Miss  Harmer. 
14 — Black  Duck,  Anas  obscura.     Mr.  C.  H.  Young. 
i^—Mka-dowi-AKK,  S/iirnella  tnagiia.     Mr.  C.  H.  Young;    April  I5lh.     Mr. 

\V.  A.  D.  Lees. 
15  — Snowflake,  riectrophenax  nivalis.     Large  flock.     Mr.  \V.  A.  D.  Lees. 
15 — Belted  Kingfisher,  Ceryle  alcyon.     Mr.  \V.  A.  D.  Lees  ;  April  i6lh, 

Mr.  Ceo.  R.  White. 
15 — White-rumpeu    Shrike,    Lauius     htdovicianns    exiithitorides.       Miss 

Harmer. 
15— Cow-bird,  Molothms  aler.     Mr.  Geo.  R.  White  ;  April  17th,  Mr.  C.   H. 

Y(nirg. 
15 — Ru.siY  Blackbird,  Scolecophagus  larolinits.     Mr.  Geo    R.  White. 
16 — Great  Blue  Heron,  A>Jea  herodias.     Mr.  Young. 
16 — Ye,si'er  Sparrow,  /'o^,(?/i?.5,^raw/;/««j.    Dr.  J.  Fletcher.    Fairly  common 

at  Experimental  Farm,  April  21.  y^  Q^^  ^^  J    " 


74  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [June 

17 — American  Rough-legged  Hawk,   Atchihuteo  lagopus  saiicti-johannis. 

Mr.  Young. 
18 — Hermit  Thrush,  Tiirdus  aonalaschkii  pallasi.     Mr.  White. 
18 — Chipping  Sparrow,  Spizella  socialis,     Mr.  White  ;  April  19,  Mr.  Lees. 
19— Flicker,   Colaptes   aiiratus.     Mr.    Lees.    Mr.  White  ;  April    20th,  Mr. 

Young. 
19 — White-brested  Nuthatch,  Sitta  carolincnsis.     Mr.  Lees. 
20 — Savannah  Sparrow,  Attimodrainus  sandwichensis.     Mr.  Lees. 
22— Wilson's  Snipe,  Gallinago  delicata.     Mr.  Lees,  at  Russell. 
22 — Purple  Martin,  Progne  subis.     IVIr.  Lees. 

22 — Canada  Goose,  Brauta  canadensis.     Mr.  Lees.     Large  flocks   over  Ex- 
perimental Farm,  Mr.  W.  T.  Macoun. 
23 — Marsh  Hawk,  Circus  Jnidsonitis,  Mr.  Young. 
23 — Bank  Swallow,  Clivicola  riparia.     Mr.  Lees. 
23 — Tree  Swallow,  Tachycineta  bicolor.     Mr.  Lees. 
23 — PiLEATED  Woodpecker,  Cfc'^;i/^/a7/^ /'//i'a/?/^.     Mr.  Young. 
23 — American   Osprey,  Pandion  haliaetiis  carolinensis.     Mr.    White,    Mr. 

Young. 
26 — Loon,  Urinator  imhei .     Mr.   White. 
28-  Barn  Swallow,   Chelidon   erythrogaster.     Mr.   W.    T.  Macoun  ;    April 

29th,  Mr.  Lees. 
29 — American  Herring  Gull,  Lams  argentatus  siiiitJisoiiianus.     Mr. Lees, 
30—  Brown  TnKhS,n'E,K,Harporkynchus  rufus.     Mr.  W.  T.  Macoun. 
30 — House  Wren,  Troglodytes  aedon.     Mr.   Lees. 
30 — Spotted  Sandpiper,  Actitii  macularia.     Mr.  White,  Mr.   Lees. 
30— American  Bittern,  Botaunis  lentiginosus.     Mr,  Lees,  Mr.  White. 
30— Hooded  merganser,  Z^//4(?(/y/^5«<«///rt/«5.     Mr.  White. 
30 — KiLLDEER,  Aegialitis  vocifera.     Mr.  White. 
30 — Pectoral  Sandpiper,  Tringa  maculata.     Mr.  Lees. 
May    I — Least  Flycatcher,  Empidonax  minimus.     Mr.  Lees. 

I-  White-throated  Sparrow,   Zonofyichia  allncaiilis.       Dr.    Fletcher  ; 

May  2nd,  Mr.   White. 
2— Chimney  Swift,  Chaetura pelagicc.     Mr.  White,  Mr.  Lees  ;    May  4th  , 

Miss  Harmer. 
2 — Yellow  Warbler,  Dendroica  astiva.       Miss  Harmer  ;    May   3rd,    Mr. 

Lees. 
3— Warbling  Vireo,  Virco  gilvns.     Mr.   Lees. 
4— Wood  Thrush,  Turdns  /nuslelinns.     Mr.   Young. 
4— Baltimore  Oriole,  /<:/d?wx,f'a//'?</a.     Mr.  White. 
5— Kin,;hird,  Tyranius  tyrannu^.     Mr.  Young  ;  May  6th,  Mr.    White. 
6— Mvktle  \Yaibl'=;r,  Z)j«/rj:Vi:    cjroni'.a.     Mr.   White. 


1899]  Ornithology.  •  75 

6 — CiJKF  Swallow,  PetrocheliJon  liinifrons.     Mr.  White. 

6 — Wood  Duck,  Aix  sponsa.     Mr.  White. 

7 — Greater  Yellow-legs,  Totanus  melanoleucus.     Mr.  White. 

7 — Mallard,  Anas  boschas.     Mr.  White. 
II — Black-billed  Cuckoo,  Coccyzus  erythrophthahnus.     Mr.  White. 
II — Catbird,  Galeoscoples  carolinensis.     Mr.  White. 
II — White-crowned  Sparrow,  Zonotrichia  leucophrys.     Miss  Harmer. 
II — Crested  Flycatcher,  i1/;'/rt;r////i-  (-;7«?/7^.>.      Mr.    White;    May    13th, 

Mr.  Lees. 
12 — Scarlet  Tanager,  Piranga  erythromdas.     Mr.  White. 
13 — Bobolink,  Dolichonyx oryzivortts.     Mr.  Lees. 
13- Black  and  White  Warbler,  Mniotilta  varia.     Mr.  Lees. 
13 — American  Redstart,  Setophaga  ruticilla.     Mr.  Lees. 
13 — Ovf.n-bird,  Seiunts  aurocapillus.     Ms.   Lees. 
13 — American    Pipit,  Attthus  pensilvanicus.     [Mr.  Lees;    May    I4lh,  Mr. 

White. 
13 — Swamp  Sparrow,  Mclospiza georgimm.     Mr.   Lees. 

13 — Red-eyed  Vireo,  Vireo  olivaceus.     Mr.  Lees  ;  May  14th,    Mr.  White. 
13 — Red-headed  Woodpecker,  Melanerpes erythi ocephalus.     Mr.  Lees. 
14— Chesnut-sided  Warbler,  Dendroica pensylvanica.       Mr.   White. 
14 — Rose-breasted  Grosbeak,  Habia  ludoviciana.     Mr.  White. 
14 — Blue-headed  Vireo,  Vireo  solitarius.     Mr.  White. 


BOTANICAL  NOTES. 

Edited  l)y  Dr.  James  Fletcher. 

RiBES  CILIOSUM. — I  have  received  from  Mr.  C.  D. 
Moggridge  of  Belle  Meade  Farm,  Hazelmere,  B.  C,  specimens 
of  the  flowering  shoots  of  the  above  named  Ribes,  which  has 
been  kindly  named  for  me  by  Prof  Macoun.  This  is  a  very 
rare  plant,  as  far  as  we  yet  know,  in  British  Columbia.  It  was 
described  in  the  "  Flora  of  Northwest  America "  by  Thos. 
Howell,  Vol.  I,  page  208,  Apr.  ist.  1898.  Prof  Macoun  has 
had  specimens  of  this  species  for  sometime  in  the  Herbarium  of 
the  National  Museum,  collected  by  Mr.  J.  M.  Macoun  in  1889  at 
Burnaby  Lake,  B.  C,  and  had  them  separated  as  an  undescribed 
species  until  Mr.  Howell's  description  appeared.  The  following 
interesting  particulars  about   the  habitat  of  Ribcs  ciliosiiui  are 


j^  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [June 

given  by  Mr.  Moggridge.  "  I  am  sending  you  by  this  mail  a 
bunch  of  cuttings  and  some  rooted  layers  of  the  Ribes  you  ask 
for.  The  layers  will  give  you  a  fair  idea  of  the  way  the  plant 
spreads.  I  only  know  of  one  locality  where  it  grows  near  here, 
and  that  is  only  a  io-w  square  yards  in  extent.  I  am  watching 
over  it  carefully.  The  plant  grows  on  a  small  island,  just  above 
flood  level,apparantly  almost  smothered  by  Salmon-berry  {Riibus 
spectabilis),  the  Red-berried  Elder,  etc., which  cover  the  ground. 
It  does  not  attempt  to  grow  to  the  light.  I  have  not  seen  it  i 
more  than  2  or  3  feet  from  the  ground.  Its  long  straggling 
branches  trail  along  as  near  to  the  soil  as  the\^  can  get,  some- 
times running  under  ground  for  a  couple  of  feet,  where  they  take 
root,  and  then  emerging  again  start  new  bushes.  The  small 
clusters  of  dark  brown,  wide-open  flowers  with  very  short  tubes 
are  broader  than  deep  and  borne  on  very  short  foot-stalks. 
They  grow  on  last  year's  wood,  a  shoot  about  six  inches  long 
from  a  bud  on  the  older  wood.  The  cuttings  I  send  are  from 
the  terminal  shoots  which  are  much  stronger.  The  berries,  of 
which  I  have  only  found  a  few,  look  like  an  undersized  red 
currant  but  are  very  acrid  in  taste.  The  leaves  are  heart-shaped, 
nearly  two  inches  across  with  three  large  lobes  and  sometimes 
the  lower  large  lobes  are  divided  in  the  middle,  the  leaves 
are  sharply  toothed  and  the  petioles  are  fringed  with  a  few  [ong 
bristles.     There  are  about  six  or  eight  flowers  in  each  raceme." 

The  habit  of  this  western  currant  is  apparently  very  similar 
to  that  of  Ribes  prostratiini  and  may  possibly  have  been  con- 
founded with  that  species  in  British  Columbia.  J.  F. 

Eleocharis  macounii. — While  collecting  Potamogetons 
in  Johnson's  Lake  near  North  Wakefield  in  September,  1894, 
I  found  on  the  border  of  a  marsh  near  that  lake  an  Eleocharis 
unknown  to  me  growing  in  company  with  E.  obtusa  and  E.  inter- 
viedia.  It  has  recently  been  described  as  a  new  species  by  Mr. 
M.  L.  Fernald.*  As  pointed  out  by  Mr.  Fernald  this  plant  in 
its  dark  elongated  heads  more  nearly  resembles  the  Europaean 
E.  carniolica  than  the  American  E.  intermedia.  He  thus 
describes  it  :   Annual :  culms  slender,  weak,  the  longest  2  or  2.5 


1899]  Botanical   Notes.  tj 

cm.  lono^  :  heads  elliptic-lanceolate,  about  i  cm.  long,  more 
densely  flowered  than  in  E.  intermedia,  the  ovate-lanceolate  or 
oblong-lanceolate  acutish  or  blunt  scales  dark  brown  :  achene 
much  compressed,  obscurely  triangular  in  cross-section,  obovate^ 
less  elongated  than  that  of  E.  intermedia  ;  the  deltoid-conical 
tubercle  nearly  as  broad  and  one-half  as  high  as  the  body  of  the 
achene.  J.  M.  M. 

*     Proceeding  of  the  American  Academy  of  Arts  and    Sciences   Vol.   X\.\I\', 
p.  487. 

LvcoPODir.M  INUNDATUM — On  the  wet  bank  near  the 
junction  of  the  Canada  Atlantic  Railway  and  the  Rockland 
Branch  at  South  Indian,  May  9th,  1899.  An  addition  to  the 
local  flora  and  not  before  recorded  in  Eastern  Ontario.     J.  M. 

Symplocarpus  FtETlDUS. — Abundant  in  a  swamp  about 
one  mile  from  Osgoode.  Collected  by  Mr.  R.  H.  Cowley  early 
in  May.     Not  before  collected  in  the  Ottawa  District. 

Trillium  grandiflorum. — On  May  13th,  Mrs.  A.  E. 
Barlow  collected  a  monstrosity  of  this  species  with  four  leaves^ 
four  sepals,  four  petals,  eight  stamens  and  four  pistils.  Two 
stems  rose  from  the  one  rootstalk,  each  bearing  exceptionally 
large  flowers  with  the  above  characters).  The  plant  is  preserved 
in  the  herbarium  of  the  Geological  Survey, 


A  GUIDE  TO  WILD  FLOWERS. 

While  in  England  almost  every  educated  man  and  woman 
and  nearly  every  child  outside  large  cities  knows  the  names  of 
the  common  flowers  of  wood  and  roadside,  meadow  and  field,  in 
America  such  knowledge  has  been  until  very  lately  compar- 
itively  rare.  A  dozen  or  so  of  spring  species  are  familiar  to 
everyone  and  a  like  number  of  the  more  conspicuous  and 
common  summer  flowers  are  pretty  well  known,  but  a  general 
acquaintance  with  even  two  or  three  hundred  species  is  quite 
enough  to  secure  from  the  multitude  the  title  of  "  botanist." 
There  are  many  reasons  for  this  lamentable  ignorance  but  chief 
among  them  has  been  the  lack  of  popular  books  on  flowers.  An 


78  The  Ottawa   Naturalist.  [June 

entirely  unfounded  but  very  general  belief  that  special  scientific 
training  is  essential  before  one  may  begin  the  study  of  plants 
has  deterred  many  a  lover  of  flowers  from  attempting  to  learn 
the  names  of  species  with  which  he  has  been  familiar  from  child- 
hood. 

In  recent  years,  however,  several  books  of  a  more  or  less 
popular  character  have  been  published  and  their  effect  is  already 
noticeable  in  the  increased  interest  that  is  bemg  taken  in  the 
study  of  flowers.  Mrs.  Trail's  "  Plant  Life  in  Canada"  was  one 
of  the  first,  as  it  is  still  one  of  the  best,  books  of  this  kind 
published  in  America.  It  is,  however,  more  a  record  of  the 
author's  own  observations,  than  an  aid  to  the  study  of  plants 
and  has  perhaps  for  that  reason  not  had  so  large  a  sale  as  its 
literar}'  quality  and  the  information  it  contains  merit.  "  How 
to  know  the  Wild  Flowers,"  by  Mrs.  Dana,  and  a  more  recent 
book  by  the  same  author  "  How  to  know  Ferns  "  have  had  a 
large  sale  in  Ottawa  and  are  doing  much  to  popularize  Botany. 

The  latest  and  most  attractive  book  on  flowers  is  Miss 
Lounsberry's  "  A  Guide  to  Wild  Flowers"  illustrated  with 
sixty-four  coloured  and  one  hundred  black-and-white  plates.  In 
Mrs.  Dana's  book  the  usual  general  key  to  genera  gives  place 
to  an  artificial  arrangement  by  means  of  which  flowers  of  one 
colour  are  grouped  together  in  of  their  date  of  blooming  ;  Miss 
Lounsberry  has  adopted  a  new  arrangement  and  has  divided  the 
species  included  in  her  book  into  eight  groups  according  to  their 
habitat.  Plants  growing  in  water  are  first  described,  then  those 
growing  in  mud  and  so  on  until  the  uplands  are  reached. 
Though  some  difficulty  must  have  been  experienced  in  deter- 
mining the  group  into  which  some  species  of  general  distribution 
should  be  put,  the  author  seems,  to  have  been  able  to  place  each 
species  just  where  one  would  expect  to  find  it  and  the  arrange- 
ment she  has  adopted  will  enable  many  who  know  nothing  of 
botany  to  name  the  common  plants  met  with  in    their  rambles. 

As  should  be  the  case  with  books  of  this  kind,  the  common 
English  names  are  given  first  in  heavy   type,  then    follows  the 
Latin  name,  below  which  comes  in  a  single  line  the  family,  colour, 


1899]  ^  Guide  to  Wild  Flowers.  79 

odour,  range  and  time  of  bloom.  A  brief  technical  description 
of  the  plant  is  followed  by  general  descriptive  notes,  which  can- 
not fail  to  interest  every  lover  of  tlowcrs.  The  special  feature 
of  the  bock,  however,  is  the  beautiful  coloured  plants,  which 
make  it  the  most  attractive  book  of  its  kind  published  at  a  small 
price.  Mrs.  Rowan,  by  whom  the  drawings  were  made,  is  appar- 
ently more  of  an  artist  than  a  botanist  and  while  all  the  illustra- 
tions are  artistically  drawn  and  beautifully  coloured  all  are  not 
equally  true  to  nature  ;  nor  are  the  drawings  in  black-and-white 
always  as  accurate  as  one  could  wish.  It  is  perhaps  too  much 
to  expect  perfection  in  a  book  of  this  kind  and  its  merits  far 
outweigh  its  inaccuracies.  As  it  will  be  used  principably  by 
those  who  will  be  satisfied  to  learn  the  English  names  of  the 
plants  they  see  the  adoption  of  the  nomenclature  and  arrange- 
ment of  Britten  and  Brown's  Flora  detracts  little  from  the  work, 
though  for  a  popular  book  the  names  and  arrangement  of  Gray's 
Manual  would  have  been  preferable,  if  for  no  other  reason  than 
that  they  are  more  familiar.  J.  M.  M. 


AFTERNOON   LECTURES. 

During  April  and  May  a  course  of  popular  lectures  on 
scientific  subjects  was  delivered  in  the  Assembly  Room  of  the 
Normal  School  by  members  of  the  Club.  The  attendance  at  all 
these  lectures  was  large,  an  evidence  that  there  is  no  lack  of 
interest  in  Ottawa  in  subjects  of  this  kind. 

I.  April,  loth — "  Points  of  Interest  in  the  Geol- 
ogy OF  Ottawa  "  by  Dr.  H.  M.  Ami. — In  dealing 
with  his  subject  Dr.  Ami  referred  to  the  various  geo- 
logical formations  to  be  found  in  this  district  and  pointed  out 
the  various  places  where  each  formation  could  be  studied  to  ad- 
vantage— what  were  the  mineral  characters  of  each,  the  nature, 
origin,  and  mode  of  formation  or  deposition  of  each  series  to- 
gether with  the  various  fossil  organic  remains  or  extinct  types  of 
animal  life  which  were  to  be  found  in  great  profusion  in 
many    of  the    sedimentary   strata   of   Ottawa.       The   speaker 


So  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [June 

practically  took  his  audience  to  a  series  of  excursions  about 
Ottawa  and  pointed  out  by  means  of  maps,  charts,  diagrams, 
photographs  and  specimens  the  most  salient  and  important 
geological  features  to  be  observed  and  studied. 

2.  April.  17th— "The  Study  of  Birds,"  by  Mr.  A.  G. 
Kingston. — The  lecturer  directed  attention  to  the  recognized 
value  of  all  nature  studies  in  inducing  a  healthy  natural 
growth  in  three  directions — the  memory,  the  reason, 
the  sentimental  faculties.  In  respect  of  influence  upon 
the  latter  especially,  he  claimed  that  Field  Ornithology  was 
easily  first  of  all  branches  of  Natural  History. 

The  appliances  and  qualities  requisite  for  the  intending 
student  of  this  subject  were  then  enumerated.  The  lecturer 
deprecated  the  making  by  the  ordinary  student  of  a  large  col- 
lection of  bird-skins,  but  advised  that  more  attention  should  be 
paid  to  the  manners  and  habits  of  the  living  bird  as  seen  in  the 
field.  For  a  first  season's  work  he  thought  it  would  be  wise  for 
a  beginner  to  confine  himself  entirely  to  the  land  birds,  of  which 
there  were  on  the  Ottawa  list,  (excluding  casual  or  accidental 
visitants)  about  125  species. 

The  student  having  furnished  himself  with  a  good  descrip- 
tive hand-book,  should  mark  therein  all  species  known  to  occur 
in  this  district  Practical  instructions  were  then  given  for  noting 
the  important  characters  of  a  bird  as  they  appear  to  an  observer 
in  the  field ;  and  a  field  key  to  the  families  was  placed  upon 
the  black-board,  by  the  use  of  which  in  conjunction  with  the 
descriptive  hand-book  the  lecturer  believed  it  possible  to  identify 
almost  any  of  the  land  birds  of  the  district.  It  was  then  pointed 
out  that  identification  of  species  was  not  to  be  re- 
garded as  an  end  in  itself  but  only  as  an  opening 
of  acquaintanceship  with  each  bird,  to  be  followed  by  gain- 
ing a  knowledge  of  its  habits,  song,  migration,  and  many  an 
interesting  problem  so  to  be  opened  up. 

Space  does  not  permit  the  inclusion  of  the  Field  Key  to 
the  families  in  this  report  but  it  is  intended  to  publish  it  in  the 
next  number  of  the  Naturalist. 


! 

^1 


1899]  Afternoon  Lectures.  81 

3.  April,  24th. — "  Entomology,"  by  Dr.  James  Fletcher, 
Dominion    Entomologist. — The   speaker    without    preliminary 
introduction  went  right  to  the    heart  of  his  subject  by    asking 
and  answering  shortly  what  is  Entomology  ?  What  is  an  insect  ? 
He  deprecated  the   indiscriminate    use    of  the  word  "  bug  "  as 
generally  used  because  although  all  bugs  were  insects  all  insects 
were    by    no    means     bugs.     Insects    are    amongst    the    most 
familiar  of  natural  objects.  They  are  met  with  in  all  climates  and 
in  one  or  other  form  at  all  seasons  of  the  year.   It  was  estimated 
that  they  comprised  four-fifths  of  the  animal  kingdom  ;   no  less 
than  200,000  species  being  found  in  collections.  Their  place  in  the 
classification    of  the  animal    kingdom    was    noted  and    the  dif- 
ferences betweeh    the  members    of  the  seven    great  orders    ex- 
plained.    This  old  classification  of  the  insects  was  recommended 
for  beginners  and  the  derivation  of  the  names   used  explained. 
Diagrams  illustrating  the  different  kinds  ol  insects  were  shown. 
An  earnest  plea  was  made  for  a  more  extensive  study  of  insects 
on  account  of  the    utility  of   the  knowledge  obtained,  first  as    a 
means  of  preventing  the  great  losses  which  annually    occurred 
among  crops,  then    as    a  useful  means    of  training    the  mind  in 
habits  of  accuracy,  of  observation  and    precision  of  description 
and,  lastly,  as  an  unfailing   and  constant    source  of   intellectual 
pleasure.     It    was   advised    to  study  a   few  things  well — e.g.    a 
single  order  or  even  a  single  insect,  rather  than  to  aim  at  amass- 
ing a  large   collection,  the    thorough  study    of  which    was    ren- 
dered impossible    by  the    shortness  of  the  average  life  of  man. 
Becrinners  were  encouraged  to  make  use  of  the    leaders  of  the 
club.     The  delight  of  rearing  even  one  of  our  commonest  but- 
terflies from  the  egg  through   the  larval  stages  to  the    chrysalis 
and  then  to  the  perfect    insect  were  graphically    described    and 
.  all  present   were  urged  to    make  at  least  one    trial  during    the 
coming  season.     The  speaker    felt  sure    that  if  this  were   done 
many  who  had  previously  sesn  no  particular  beauties    in  insects 
would  be  surprised  at  the  amount  of  pleasure  they  would  derive 
and  the  unexpected  beauties  they  would  discern  in  the  exquisite 
perfection  of  every  sm.allest  part  of  every  insect  they  examined. 


82  The  Ottawa   Naturalist.  [June 

The  address  began  at  quarter  past  four   and  ended    punctually 
at  5:15. 

4.  May,  1st. — ''  Shells,"  by  F.  R.  Latchford. — The  place 
in  nature  occupied  by  shells  and  their  builders,  was  pointed  out, 
and  the  classes  indicated  in  which  shells  have  been  divided  by 
naturalists.  The  number,  diversity  and  beauty  of  the  different 
families  were  alluded  to,  and  special  reference  was  made  to  the 
land  and  fresh  water  species  found  in  Canada — particularly 
those  occurring  within  the  sphere  of  the  Club's  operations.  The 
best  collecting  grounds  in  the  vicinity  of  Ottawa  were  specified. 
The  sand  bars  of  Duck  Island  were  mentioned  as  one  of  the 
most  remarkable  stations  in  Canada  for  many  species  of  Unio  of 
unusual  size  or  beauty.  Instructions  were  given  as  to  the  best 
means  of  collecting,  and  the  best  methods  of  cleaning,  classifying 
and  preserving  shells  when  collected.  A  comparison  was  made 
of  the  different  localities  around  Ottawa  in  which  shells  abound, 
the  great  diversity  which  exists  between  the  shells  in  stations 
apparently  alike  in  character,  and  an  earnest  plea  urged  for  an 
increased  interest  in  the  study  of  shells  here  and  in  other  parts 
of  Canada.  In  the  discussion  which  followed,  Mr.  Latchford 
stated  that  he  would  be  glad  to  place  a  collection  of  Canadian 
shells  in  the  Normal  school,  if  facilities  were  afforded  for  dis- 
playing them  to  the  students. 

5.  MAY,8th.—"  Botany,"  by  Mr.  R.B.White.— In  his  open- 
ing remarks  the  lecturer  emphasized  the  fact  that  although 
there  is  a  universal  love  for  flowers  few  know  anything  about 
them.  This  he  attributed  to  the  imaginary  difficulty  of  learning 
the  proper  names  ;  jantil  the  plant  itself  is  known  no  attempt 
should  be  made  to  memorize  names — when  the  plants  are 
known  the  names  will  soon  follow.  The  study  of  plants  was 
valuable  in  that  it  cultivated  observation  and  reflection,  enabled 
us  to  better  understand  the  world  we  live  in  and  added  greatly 
to  the  pleasure  of  life. 

After  bricfl}'  outlining  the  natural  system  of  classification 
by  means  of  which  plants  are  divided  into  families,  orders  and 
genera    the  lecturer    told    how    plants    should  be   studied.      He 


1899]  Afternoon  Lectures.  83 

recommended  that  some  elementary  book  on  Botany  be  carefully 
read  and  that  the  beginner,  instead  of  labouriously  attempting 
to  analyse  a  plant  and  determine  its  name  by  means  of  a  key, 
select  first  a  number  of  species  with  which  he  is  acquainted  and 
then  compare  them  with  the  descriptions  in  the  bpok  used 
looking  up  the  meaning  of  every  word  not  understood.  By  this 
means  anyone  would  in  a  short  time  become  familiar  with  all 
the  descriptive  botanical  terms  in  common  use.  Representatives 
of  some  of  the  large  orders  were  then  analysed  in  the  way  sug- 
gested. 

The  importance  of  ample  field  notes  was  emphasised  and  the 
uses  of  note-books  and  analysis  books  explained.  The  prepar.i- 
tion  of  specimens  for  the  herbarium  was  also  described.  The 
lecturer  explained  that  the  methods  suggested  by  him  were  not 
intended  to  take  the  place  of  more  complete  botanical  studies 
when  such  were  possible  and  recommended  that  the  preliminary 
work  should  be  followed  by  the  study  of  physiology  and  morpho- 
logy. 

6.  May,  15th. — "Zoology,"  by  Prof  John  Macoun  and  Mr, 
W.  S  Odcll. — Prof.  Macoun  confined  his  remarks  to  a  general 
outliningof  the  scope  which  zoological  studies  should  cover  point- 
ing outthatapart  from  Ornithology  and  Entomolgy  comparatively 
little  original  work  had  been  done  bv  local  student.s.  He 
showed  that  the  smaller  mammals,  fish  and  reptiles  of  the  Ot- 
tawa region,  as  well  as  nearly  all  the  lower  forms  of  animal  life, 
were  yet  to  be  worked  up.  Mr.  Odell  dealt  principally  with  such 
small  animals  as  could  be  well  studied  in  a  small  aquarium 
illustrating  his  remarks  with  a  very  beautiful  series  of  coloured 
drawings  of  the  species  described.  A  small  aquarium  for  student's 
use  could  easily  be  made  from  the  half-gallon  or  larger  fruit  jars 
in  ordinary  use.  For  use  in  larger  aquaria  he  recommended  the 
following  plants  :  Anacluiris  Canadensis,  Ccratophyllum  denier- 
sum,  Myriopliylluni,  Proscrpinaca,  Ranunculus  aquatilis,  Calli- 
triche,  Chara,  Nitella,  Fontinalis  and  Lemna.  The  manner  in 
which  many  familiar  forms  of  animals  found  in  ponds  and 
streams  propagate  was  also  descriljed. 


84  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [June 

7.  May,  22nd. — "  Planting  and  Care  of  Forest 
Trees,"  by  Sir  Henri  Joli  de  Lotbiniere. — Tlie  seventh  and  last 
lecture  of  the  course  was  very  appropriately  of  a  somewhat  more 
practical  kind  than  those  which  preceded  it.  The  lecturer 
showed  that  the  wasteful  destruction  of  Canadian  forests  was  in 
very  great  measure  due  to  the  fact  that  the  forests  had  from  the 
earliest  times  been  considered  an  enemy  by  the  settler  and  that 
it  was  only  in  very  recent  years  that  the  farmer  had  begun  to 
learn  that  successful  cultivation  of  the  soil  depended  upon  an 
abundance  of  trees  in  his  neighbourhood.  By  means  of  a  fine 
series  of  specimens  and  photographs  he  showed  how  rapidly 
some  of  our  most  valuable  trees  grow  and  how  they  should  be 
pruned  and  cared  for  if  the  best  results  were  to  be  obtained. 
The  photographs  showing  the  effects  of  good  and  bad  pruning 
were  exceptionally  fine  and  illustrated  the  methods  of  tree  cul- 
ture and  preservation  followed  on  the  lecturer's  own  estate. 


SUB-EXCURSIONS. 

Owing  to  the  lateness  of  the  season  and  the  inclemency  of 
the  weather  on  two  of  the  days  upon  which  sub-excursions  were 
to  be  held,  they  were  this  year  not  quite  so  satisfactory  as  usual, 
as  regards  results,  though  the  attendance  on  all  fine  days  was 
exceptionally  large.  The  snow  still  lay  deep  in  the  woods  at 
the  time  of  the  first  excursion  to  Rockcliffe,  April  15th,  though 
the  rocky  ridge  was  bare.  No  plants  were  found  in  flower  and 
no  insects  seen.  A  comparison  of  the  results  of  the  sub-excur- 
sion held  one  day  later  in  189S  will  show  how  late  the  present 
spring  was  in  opening.  Large  and  interesting  collections  of 
fossils  were  made  at  this  and  other  sub-excursions  and  a  com- 
parative list  of  these  will  appear  in  an  early  number  of  THE 
Naturalist.  Such  bird  notes  as  were  worthy  of  record  have 
been,  or  will  be,  printed  in  the  monthly  Ornithological  Notes. 

April  22nd. — The  sub-excursion  to  the  Beaver  Meadow 
west  of  Hull  at  this  date  was  hardly  more  successful  than  that 
held  a  week  previous  though  the  day  was  fine   and    the   attend- 


r 


1899]  Sub-Excursions.  85 

ance  large.  No  insects  were  collected  and  the  only  flowers  seen 
were  Hcpatica  triloba  and  H.  acutiloba.  The  catkins  of  Ahiiis 
incana  and  Salix  discolor  were  well  developed.  One  specimen  of 
Pesiza  cocci^iea  was  collected.  Miss  Halkett  secured  a  fine 
specimen  of  the  Red-bellied  Snake  {Storeria  occipitoniaadata). 

April  29th. — Beechwood. — There  was  a  large  attendance  at 
this  sub-excursion,  many  ot  those  present  collecting  at  Beech- 
wood  their  first  spring  flowers.  Before  returning  to  the  city 
Prof.  Macoun  delivered  an  address  on  the  plants  found  during 
the  afternoon,  drawing  special  attention  to  the  catkin-bearing 
trees  and  shrubs.  Both  species  of  Hepatica  were  found,  Trilli- 
ums  white  and  red,  the  Wild  Ginger,  the  large-flowered  Bell- 
wort,  Blue  Cohosh,  Claytonia  Caroliniana,  Dcntaria  laciniata,  D. 
diphylla  and  a  few  others.  One  of  the  striking  objects  collected 
was  the  beautiful  Scarlet  Cup  {Peziza  coccinca).  Dr.  Fletcher 
spoke  of  the  few  insects  seen.  These  were  very  few,  a  single 
specimen  of  the  Spring  Azure  {Lyccena  neglect  a)  and  one  of  the 
oil  beetles  {Melor  niger),  which  it  was  explained  laid  its  eggs  on 
flowers  and  the  larvs  (called  triungulins)  on  hatching  remained 
there  until  the  flowers  were  visited  by  a  bee  when  they  attach- 
ed themselves  to  the  latter  and  were  carried  by  it  to  its  nest 
where  they  lived  as  parasites.  Specimens  of  the  Tree  Frog 
{Hj'la  versicolor)  and  Viscid  Salamander  {Plethodon  gluti?iosus) 
were  found  by  Mr.  A.  Halkett. 

May  6th. — Aylmer. — Over  150  members  of  the  club  and 
their  friends  attended  this  excursion.  Flowers  of  several  kinds 
were  abundant  and  the  Trailing  Arbutus  was  seen  growing  for 
the  first  time  by  many  who  before  knew  it  only  by  name.  The 
botanical  leaders  not  reaching  the  place  of  rendezvous  at  the 
specified  time  Dr.  Fletcher  was  requested  to  speak  on  the  plants 
collected.  Among  the  more  interesting  of  those  exhibited  were 
Sanguinaria  Canadensis,  Shepherdia  Canadensis,  Epigcsa  rcpens, 
A  melanchier  Canadensis,  Waldsteifiia  fragarioides,  Vaccinium 
Pennsylvanicuvi,  Corydalis  aurea.  Antenna ria  Canadensis  and 
Viola  Miihlenbej'gii.  Dr.  Fletcher  also  spoKC  on  insects.  Few 
were  collected,  the  season  being  still  backward.       A  few  species 


86  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [June 

had,  however,  rewarded  the  entomologists,  Thecla  NipJion^ 
freshly  emerged,  was  seen  on  a  pine  tree,  Pieris  oleracea-hiein- 
alis  and  Lyccena  Lucia  were  also  exhibited.  Mr.  Halkett  des- 
cribed the  zoological  specimens  collected.  Chief  among  these 
wac  a  Salamander — the  Red  Triton  {Spelerpes  ruber)  found  by 
Mr.  Halkett  himself,  a  very  fine  Green  Snake  {CyclopJiis  vernalis)' 
by  someone  unknown  and  a  Garter  Snake  Eut(Enia  sirtalis  or- 
dinata  by  Mr.  Oswald  Ingall.  The  proposed  excursions  to 
Rockcliffe  and  the  Beaver  Meadows,  May  13th  and  20th,  were 
not  made,  both  days  being  wet.  The  first  general  excursion  to 
Chelsea,  May  27th,  was  postponed  for  the  same  reason. 


Orioles  Feeding  on  Tent  Caterpillars.  -On  the 
23rd.  of  May  whilst  enjoying  a  walk  in  the  Mountain  Park  at 
Montreal  my  attention  was  arrested  by  a  Baltimore  Oriole  not 
more  than  a  dozen  paces  from  me  and  I  stood  admiring  the 
brilliant  colouring  of  his  plumage  for  a  few  moments.  My 
interest  in  his  movements  became  deeper,  however,  when  I  saw 
him  station  himself  beside  a  bunch  of  tent  caterpillars  whose 
webs  were  to  le  seen  on  the  bushes  and  small  trees  in  all 
directions.  The  bird  made  a  hasty  meal  off  the  caterpillars, 
eating  one  after  another  until  his  appetite  was  apparently  quite 
satisfied.  The  caterpillars  were  large,  about  an  inch  in  length 
and  nearly  a  dozen  were  destroyed  in  this  way  to  form  our 
benefactor's  mid-day  meal.— LAWRENCE  Lamb. 


COPRINUS  COMATUS. — The  Shaggy  Mushroom  is  seldom 
found  in  this  vicinity  in  the  spring,  but  owing  to  the  heavy  May 
rains  it  has  appeared  on  the  newly  made  ground  on  the  west 
side  of  the  canal,  quite  close  to  Sapper's  Bridge.  This  is  one  of 
the  best  mushrooms,  is  easily  digested  and  may  be  eaten  in  any 
quantity.     J.M. 


1 899.  J 


Observations. 


87 


METEOROLOGICAL  OBSERVATIONS  FOR 
OTTAWA,.  1898. 

Contributed  by  Dr.   R.   F.  Stupart,   Director   of    llie  Meteorological    Service,  Tor- 
onto, Ont. 

Fre<}uency  of  tl??  Different  Windj   from   Ob^erv^itions  i.i 
8  ii.m.,  3  \Di  8  p.ii).,  Diily,  OtUwai,  1898. 


January  . 
February 
March  . . 
April  ... 
May .... 


June 

July 

August . . . . 
September. 
October.  . . 
November. 
December  . 

Vear 


N. 

N.E. 

E. 

S.E. 

S. 

S.W. 

W. 

N.W. 

9 

II 

9 

14 

5 

6 

13 

26 

10 

3 

7 

21 

6 

8 

9 

20 

4 

4 

7 

25 

7 

11 

II 

22 

17 

15 

7 

15 

5 

6 

II 

13 

12 

10 

5 

20 

10 

13 

8 

13 

6 

7 

12 

8 

5 

II 

17 

15 

19 

1 

8 

12 

6 

14 

20 

10 

21 

8 

8 

12 

5 

12 

7 

20 

13 

5 

6 

7 

6 

II 

24 

18 

II 

12 

7 

28 

5 

II 

9 

iO 

4 

II 

9 

8 

18 

7 

15 

17 

IT 

13 

10 

2 

14 

20 

9 

10 

137 

1 

102 

95 

172 

92 

130 

153 

194 

Calm 


o 
o 
2 
I 
2 

9 
I 
o 
o 
o 
I 
4 


20 


January 
February 

30- 
16- 

"  20 

-22- 

April 
May 

4- 
6- 
12 

July 

Sept. 

October 

20- 

30 
9 

(( 

72- 

Nov. 

27- 
10- 

Dec. 

12- 

-Coldest  day  of  year,  mean  temperature — 19°.9. 

-Stormiest  day  of  year,  mean  velocity  of  wind  24.4  miles  per  tiour. 

-Heaviest  snow  storm  of  year,  depth  of  fall  24  inches. 

-Last  measurable  snow.     Some  flakes  on  5-6. 

-Last  frost  of  season. 

—  P'irst  thunder  of  year. 

-Warmest  day  of  year,  mean  temperature  jg^-JS- 

—Last  thunder  of  year. 

—First  recorded  frost  of  season. 

-Heaviest  rain  storm  of  year,  depth   1. 12  inches. 

-Earthquake  shock  at  1.03  a.  m. 

-First  measurable  snow,  4  in.  fell,  flakes  on  Oct.  27, 

-P'irst  record  below  zero — 7°. 6. 


RARY     = 


88 


The  Ottawa  Naturalist. 


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THE  OTTAWA  NATURALIST/'^Xa4fe^< 


^^  0    V 

Vol.  XIII.  OTTAWA,  JULY,  1899.  No.  4^ 


SOME  RECENT  ADDITIONS  TO  THE    LABRADOR 

FLORA. 

M     L.  FtRNALI)  AM)  J.  D.  SORNBORGER. 

Two    extensive    collections,  secured  during  the    present 
decade  fronn  the  Labrador  coast  and  Hamilton  Inlet,  have  added 
very  materially  to  our    knowledge  of  that    still   little   explored 
region.     The  first  of  these  collections,  consisting  of  about  three 
hundred  numbers,  was  made  by  members  of  the  Bowdoin    Col- 
lege Expedition,  which,  in  1891,  accomplished  the  difficult  ascent 
of  the    Hamilton    or  Grand    River    and   the  re-discovery  of  the 
mysterious  Grand    Falls    whose    location    and   height    were    so 
ong     known    only      through      vague    reports.  ^         Owing     to 
the     extreme      hardships      of       the       trip      it      was      unfor- 
tunately impossible  to  preserve  such  plants  as   were  collected  in 
the  upper  valley  of   the  river.     A  second  division  of  the  party, 
however,  collected    extensively  about  Lake  Melville  and  up  the 
coast  as  far  as  Hopcdalc.     Many  of  these  plants,  sent  for  deter- 
mination to  the  Gray  Plerbarium  by  Professor  Leslie  A.  Lee  who 
was  in  charge  of  the  expedition,  are  of  great  geographic  interest. 
Another^  eoUccticn    containing    rather   more    species    has 
been       secured     by     Mr.     J.     D.     Scrnborgcr     from     various 
stations    on     the     Labrador     coast    as     far     north     as     Cape 
Chudleigh.      Thc^c   plants,    mostly    secured    in    quantity,   were 
collected  largely  by  Mr   Sornborgtr  during  the  summers  of  1892 
and  1897,  though  many  valuable  specimens  have  been  sent  him 
by  the   Rev.  Adolf   Stecker    of  the    Unitas    Fratrum,  who    has 
collected  plants  at  a  season  when  Labrador  is   inaccessible,  and 

'  For  the  narrative    of  this  expedition    s,ee    Packard,  T  Ik-  Lahiador  Coast,  N. 
Y.',  [891,  pp.  =07-513. 


go  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [July 

to  whom  special  acknowledgement  is  made  for  these  and  many 
other  important  services.  A  few  specimens  from  Hebron  have 
been  sent  by  Mrs.  Hlawatscheck.  These  large  collections  c  )n- 
tain  nearly  three  score  of  species  not  included  in  former  lists  of 
Labrador  plants  ;  and,  with  the  collections  of  the  Bowdoin 
College  Expedition,  they  furnish  so  remarkable  an  addition  to 
our  knowledge  of  that  flora  as  to  make  desirable  the  preparation 
of  the  following  notes. 

In  the  list  which  follows,  no  attempt  is  made  to  enumerate 
all  the  plants  of  either  collection:  the  larger  portion  of  them, 
naturally,  are  well  known  northern  species  which  have  been 
collected  many  times  in  Labrador.  The  species  enumerated  are 
for  the  most  part  such  as  are  not  credited  to  Labrador  by  Mr. 
James  M.  Macoun  in  his  "  List  of  [)lants  known  to  occur  on  the 
coast  and  in  the  interior  of  the  Labrador  Peninsula;'" 
and  such  plants  are  indicated  by  the  asterisk  (* )  before 
the  name  of  the  species.  A  few  of  these  species  are 
included  in  Mr.  Macoun's  list  from  the  valleys  of  the 
Rupert  and  East  Main  Rivers  and  from  James  Bay,  but  not 
from  Labrador  proper  as  defined  in  the  eighth  report  of  the 
Canadian  Survey  (1895)  and  its  accompanying  maps.  ^  Some  cf 
the  species,  not  enumerated  in  Mr.  Macoun's  list  but  here  in- 
cluded, have  been  already  noted  from  Labrador  in  the 
contributions  from  the  Herbarium  of  the  Geological  Survey  of 
Canada,  in  the  Rev.  Arthur  C.  Waghorne's  "  Flora  of  New- 
foundland, Labrador,  and  St.  Pierre  et  Miquelon  "  or  elsewhere. 
In  these  cases,  however,  the  former  record  of  the  plant  is  noted. 
While  studying  the  two  collections  which  are  the  principal 
source  of  these  notes  occasional  Labrador  specimens  of  some  of 
the  noteworthy  species  there  represented  have  been  found  in 
the  Gray  Herbarium,  and  for  the  sake  of  completeness  records 
of  these  are  here  included. 

^  Ann.  Rep.  Geol.    Survey  Can.,  N.  S.   viii  (  1895  ),  I'art  L,  App.  vi. 

^  Thu.s  Labrador,  as  here  understood,  is  that  portion  of  the  Labrador  f'eninsula 
lying  east  of  a  line  drawn  directly  north  from  Blanc  .Salilon  to  52"  N.  lat.,  thence 
following  the  height  of  land  to  a  point  on  the  mainland-shore  nearly  south  o(  i'urt 
Burwell,  Cape  Chudleigh. 


1899]      Fernald-Sornborger — Labrador  Flora.  gi 

The  list  of  [  'ants  enumerated  by  Mr.  J.  M.  Macoun  from  the 
coast  of  Labrador  was  based,  according  to  his  introductory  note, 
primarily  upon  the  former  list  prepared  by  Professor  John 
Macoun  for  Packard's  Labrador  coast.  At  the  time  of  the 
preparation  of  that  list,  however,  much  was  considered  as 
Labrador  which  the  recent  survey  includes  in  Quebec  ;  and 
many  reports,  in  Packard's  work,  of  plants  from  "  Labrador," 
were  apparently  based  upon  specimens  from  Caribou  Island  and 
other  points  now  included  in  Quebec.  Other  reports  of  species 
have  been  based  upon  Mr.  John  A.  Allen's  and  some  smaller 
collections  from  Bonne  Esp^rance,  Eskimo  Island  and  other 
stations  west  of  the  present  Labrador  line.  Scattered  reports, 
based  upon  the  collections  of  Lieut.  L.  M.  Turner  on  Ungava 
Bay,  have  been  made  of  plants  as  Labrador  species,  but  these, 
of  course,  cannot  be  accepted  for  Labrador  proper.  A  few 
species,  on  the  other  hand,  included  in  Packard,  appear  to  be 
reported  only  indefinitely  from  Labrador,  ic.  without  definite 
statement  of  localities.  All  such  plants  as  are  contained  in  the 
Bowdoin  and  the  Sornborger  collections  and  have  been  recorded 
only  in  a  general  way  from  Labrador,  or  collected  at  stations 
beyond  the  recently  defined  limits  of  that  dependency  are  here 
indicated  by  the  -f*  before  the  name. 

The  plants  enumerated  below  are  of  interest  not  merely  as 
additions  to  the  Labrador  flora  or  as  species  little  known  from 
that  peninsula  ;  but  many  of  them  are  of  much  broader  geo- 
graphic interest.  Ten  of  them — Phcgopteris  polypodioidcs.  Iris 
versicolor,  Sagijia  procunibens,  Nasturtium  tcrrestre,  Rihes 
lacustre,  Pyj-us  arbutifolia,  var  melanocarpa,  Viola  Sclkirkii, 
Galium    tinctorium,  var.    labradoricum.  Aster    longifolius,    var. 

villicaulis,  and  Aster puniceus,  var. are    here  recorded 

from  stations  considerably  north  of  their  former  known  limits  on 
our  eastern  coast. 

Some  of  them,  however,  Phcgopteris  polypodioides,  Sagina 
procumbens,  Nasturtium  terrestre,  and  Viola  Sclkirkii,  for  ex- 
ample, are  well  known  even  from  Arctic  sections  of  Europe, 
Asia  or  Western  America.     On  the  other  hand,  six  species   arc 


92  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [July 

now  brought  decidedly  south  of  their  supposed  ranges  on  the 
eastern  coast.  The  ranges  of  Lychnis  affim's,  Sagina  nivalis 
z.x\<^. ,  Braya  purpurescens  are  extended  south  from  Hudson 
Straits,  of  Crepis  nana  from  Melville  Peninsula,  and  of  Draba 
hirta,  var.  arctica  and  Lesquerella  arctica  south  from  Grinnell 
Land. 

Several  plants  formerly  known  only  from  regions  much  fur- 
ther to  the  west  are  now  found  on  the  Atlantic  coast.  LatJiyrus 
niaritinms,  var.  aleuticiis,  a  form  apparently  common  on  the 
Labrador  coast,  was  recently  described  from  the  north  Pacific 
coast  of  America,  and  Arnica  alpina,  var.  Lcssingii,  found  by 
Mr.  Sornborger  on  the  mountains  at  Rama,  has  been  known 
onl}^  from  extreme  northwestern  America  and  adjacent  Asia. 
Luzula  parviflora,  \-d.x.  fastigiata  and  Draba  stenoloba  have  been 
unknown  east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  Petasites  sagittata  and 
Senecio  palustris  are  apparently  unrecorded  east  of  Hudson 
Bay.  Poa  glujnaris,  a  common  grass  of  the  Alaskan  shores, 
has  been  well  known  from  the  mouth  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  and 
is  now  found  at  Nain,  well  up  the  Labrador  coast.  Vac- 
ciniuni  ovalifolium,  common  in  northwestern  America,  has  been 
known  only  from  Lake  Superior  and  Gaspe  Peninsula  in  the 
east.  The  range  of  Viola  canina,  var.  adunca  is  now  extended 
from  its  almost  extra-limital  station  on  the  Ottawa  to  the  north 
coast  of  Labrador. 

Three  Greenland  species,  not  generally  supposed  to  occur  on 
the  American  continent,  are  represented  in  these  collections— 
Polygonum  islandicum,  already  reported  from  Rupert  river  and 
James  Bay,  is  probably  common  on  the  Labrador  coast  ;  while 
Arenaria  uliginosa  and  Potentilla  Ranunculus  were  found  at 
only  one  station  each. 

Some  plants,  new  to  Labrador  or  little  known  from  that 
region,  are  of  interest  as  highly  local  species.  PJileiun  alpinuni, 
Juncus  trifidus,  Cardamine  bellidifolia  and  Arenaria  ciliata,  var. 
huniifusa  occur  on  the  higher  mountains  of  New  England  or 
adjacent  Canada  and  in  Greenland,  and  by  analogy  should  be 
expected  abundantly  in  Labrador,  where  they  are  apparently  of 


1899]        FERNALD-SORNBORfiER— La1?KAD0R  FLORA.  93 

rare  occurrence.  In  fact,  Cardiiutine  belltdifolia,  found  during 
the  past  three-fourths  of  a  century  at  only  four  stations  in 
British  America,  may  be  considered  a  very  rare  plant.  Another 
species,  P/eurogyne  carinthiaca,  var.  pusi//a,  growing  in  Green- 
land and  at  various  stations  about  the  mouth  of  the  St.  Law- 
rence, and  reported  by  Pursh  from  the  White  Mountains  of 
New  Hampshire,  is  apparently  a  very  rare  plant  in  Labrador, 
collected  by  the  Bowdoin  College  party  for  the  first  time  since 
Hooker's  report  of  its  occurrence  there. 

Five  species  not  before  known  from  the  Labrador  coast 
have  been  without  doubt  recently  introduced  from  Europe  or 
the  more  settled  portions  of  America.  These  are  Stcllaria 
media,  Thlaspi  arvense,  Eroditim  ciciitarium,  Senecio  vulgaris,  and 
Taraxacum  officinale.  Rumex  acetosella  and  Ra7iuiiculus  rcpcns 
should  probably  also  be  included  in  this  list.  In  Packard's  "Lab- 
rador coast"  (449),  he  quotes  from  Koch  ^"  '  The  northernmcst 
valleys  in  which  firs  grow  open  into  Napartok  Bay.  North  of 
Napartok  Bay  (  Napartok  means  fir  )  [  more  properly  spruce] 
are   found  only  dwarf  willows  and  birches ;  mosses  and  lichens 

form  the  principal  covering  of  the  ground '  "  These 

valleys,  opening  from  the  mainland  are  somewhat  sheltered,  and 
it  is  here  that  the  Eskimo  of  Hebron  secure  their  fuel  and  build- 
ing material.  On  the  more  exposed  Takatak  Island  at  the 
mouth  of  the  bay,  however,  spruce  trees  attain  considerable  size. 
This  station,  some  fifteen  miles  nearer  the  open  sea  than  the 
mainland  valleys,  is  probably  the  northern  limit  of  trees  on  the 
exposed  coast  of  Labrador.  North  of  Napartok  Bay,  within  ten 
miles  of  the  mouth  of  Kangerdluksoak  Bay,  willows  grow  to  a 
height  of  at  least  eight  feet. 

In  the  following  list  the  species  already  discussed  and  many 
others  of  note  are  enumerated  in  the  order  of  Engler  and  Prantl, 
and  their  Labrador  stations  so  far  as  Known  are  recorded. 

*W00DSI.\   Il.VENSIS,  R.    Br. 

Rama,  July  15-Aug.  20,  1894.  coll.  Adolf  Stecker  C  Sorn- 
borger.  No.  2  ). 


I 


94  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [July 

*AsPLENiUM  FiLix-FOEMiNA,  Bernh.  ■ 

Webeck  Harbor,  Aug,  4,  1891  {Bowdoin  College  Exped, 
No.  215). 

*Aspidium  spinulosum,    Swarlz,  var.  dilatatum,  Hook. 

Hopedale,  Aug.  6,  1897  (  Sornborger,  No.  140) ;  Red  Bay, 
Chateau  Bay,  North  West  River,  Webeck,  Hopedale,  Turner's 
Bay,  July,  Aug,  1891  {Boivdoin  College  Exped.  Nos.  48,  86,  160, 
217,251,268).  Probably  this  is  the  commonest  form  of  the 
species  in  Labrador. 

*Phegopteris  polypodioides,  Fee, 

Battle  Harbor,  July  18,  189 1  (  Botvdoin  College  Exped.  No. 
109;)  Webeck  Harbor,  July  22-24,  1892  {  Sornborger,  No. 
136). 

+PHEGOPTERIS  Dryopteris,  Fee. 

Webeck  Harbor,  Aug.  4,  1891  {Bowdoin  College  Exped.  No. 
216);  July  22-24,  1892  {So7'nborger,  No.  135);  Tub  Harbor, 
July,  II,  1892  {Sornborger,  No.  137  x)  ;  Makkovik,  Aug.  1896, 
coll.  Adolf  Sleeker  ( Sornborger,  No.  138).  Reported  in 
Packard's  list  from  Caribou  Island,  Quebec.  ( S.  R.  Butler), 
Formerly  collected  at  Okak  by  Knaus. 
*Equisetum  variegatum,  Schleich. 

Hopedale,  Aug.  4-6,  [897  (  Sornborgej;  No.  147  y  ). 
*Lycopodium  annotinum,  L. ,  var.   pungens,  Spring. 

Common  among  dwarf  spruces  in  sandy  low  ground,  Hope- 
dale,  Aug.  4-6,  1897  (  Sornborger,  No.  54  )  ;  Chateau  Bay,  July, 
14,  1 89 1,  Red  Bay,  July,  2,  1891  {Bowdoin  College  Exped.    Nos. 

85,50). 

*Lycopodium  alpinum,  L. 

Among  spruces,  Davis    Inlet,  Aug,    i,  1892    (  Soj^nborger, 
No.  56.) 
*Lycopodium  complanatum,  L. 

Among  spruces,  Davis  Inlet,  Ang.  i,  1892  {Sornborger,  No. 
56  X). 

tLARIX  AMERICANA,   Michx. 

Red  Bay,  July  4,  1892,  (  Sornborger,  No.  183  )  An  abun- 
dant tree,  growing  considerably  north  of  Nain.     Included  with 


1899]      Fernald-Sornborger — Labrador  Flora.  95 

the  two  following  species  in  Packard's  list  only  on  the  authority 
of  Hooker. 

*PlCEA  ALBA,  Link. 

Tub  Harbor,  July  11,  1892  {^Sornborger,  No.  182)  See 
note  under  Larix. 

*PlCEA  NIGRA,  Link. 

Chateau  Bay,  July  14,  1891  {Bowdoifi  College  Exped. 
No.  84  ).     See  note  under  Larix. 

tTRIGLOCHIN  MARITIMUM,  L. 

Mallijak,  July  18,  1892  {Sornborger,  No.  107).  Reported 
by  Packard  from  "  coast  of  Labrador  (  Dr.  Morison  )."  Formerly 
collected  at  Nain  by  Lundberg. 

*HlEROCHLOE  BOREALIS,   R.S. 

Mallijak,  Hamilton  Inlet,  July  18,  1892  (  Sornborger,  No. 
250).  Formerly  reported  by  Macoun  (  Cat.  Can.  PL  pt.  iv.  187  ) 
from  "  Coast  of  Labrador  (  McGill  Coll.  Herb)''  but  not  included 
in  his  subsequent  list  (  1895  )  nor  in  Packard's  "Labrador  Coast" 

(  1891  )• 

*Phleum  alpinum,  L. 

Rama,  July  15- Aug.    20,   1894,  coll.  Adolf  Sleeker   (Sorn- 
borger, No.  283). 
Calamagrostis  Langsdorffii,  Trin. 

Hopedale,  Aug.  4-6,  1897,  Aillik,  July  27,  1892(5^/7/- 
boro-er  Nos.  242,  261).  Abundant  at  Rama  before  the  Eskimo 
house  just  above  the  beach. 

*Agrostis  rubra,  L. 

Hopedale,  Aug.    4-6,    1897,  Hebron,  July,  1896— coll.    Mrs. 

HlawatscJieck  (Sornborger,  Nos.  244,  252). 

*POA  laxa,  HKnke. 

Rama,  Aug.  15,  1892  {Sornborger,  No.  257). 

*PoA  glumaris,  Trin. 

Nain,  Aug.  11,  1897  {Sornborger  No.  239).  Collected  in 
1849  on  the  southern  coast  of  Labrador  by  Df.  Storer,  and  in 
i860  by  Martin  and  Bryant;    also  found    on  the    sea-shore    at 


1 


96  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [July 

Bonne  Esperance,  Quebec  (near  the  Labrador  border),  July    26^ 
1882  (J.  A.  x^llen,  No.  24). 

*PUCCINELL1A  ANGUSTA'JA,  Nash  (P.  /iiarili»ia  var.    tiiinor,  Watson). 

Hopedale,  Aug.  11,  1891  {BowdGtn  College  Exped.  No.  249), 
abundant  on  the  beach  below  hie[h  water,  Aug.  4-6,  1897  {Sorn- 
borger,  No.  237)  ;  Nain,  x-\ug.  11,  1897  {Sornborger,  No.  238). 
Also  collected  at  Salmon  Bay,  Quebec  (near  the  Labrador  line), 
July  28.  1882  (J.  A.  Allen,  No.  27).  | 

Agropyron  violaceum,  Vasey. 

Rama,  Aug.  20-24,  1897  {Sornborger  No.  263). 

tCAREX  SALINA,  Wahl. 

Rama,  July  15 — Aug.  20,  1894,  coll.  Adolf  Stecker  (Sorn- 
borger, No.  271).  Formerly  collected  hy  J.  A.  Allen  at  Fox 
Harbor  (Labrador?),  and  reported  by  Packard  without  definite 
locality. 

*CaREX  MARITIMA,   MuU. 

Mulligan  Point,  Lake  Melville,  July  25,  1891  {Bowdoin 
College  Exped.  No.  132)  ;  near  Eskimo  Island,  Hamilton  Inlet,. 
July   14,  1892  {Sornborger,  No.  260). 

tCAREX  RARIFLORA,   Smith. 

Hopedale,  Aug.  4-6.  1897  {Sornborger,  No.  258)  ;  Webeck 
Harbor,  July  22-24,  1892  {Sornborger,  No.  45).  Allen's  plant 
included  in  Packard's  list  is  from  Bonne  Esperance,  Quebec. 

*Carex  glareosa,  Wahl. 

Rama,  Aug.  20-24,  1897  \ Sornborger,  No.  256).  Collected 
at  Watsheeshoo,  Quebec,  July  2,  1882  {St.  Cyr),  and  at  Cape 
Chudleigh  {R.  Bell). 

*Carex  nardixa,  Fries. 

Rama,  Aug.  15,  1892  {Sornborger,  No.  246.) 

Carex  canescens,  L  ,  var.  alpicola,  Wahl. 

Hopedale,  x-\ug  4-6,  1897,  Nain,  Aug.  4,   1892    {Sornborger,. 
Nos.  259,  269). 
*LuzuLA  parvifi.ora,  Desv. ,  vnr.  fastigiata,  Buchenau. 

Tub  Harbor,  July  11,  1892  (Sornborger,  ]>io.  272).  In 
America  not  formerly  known  east  of  the  Rocky  Mts. 


1899]      Fkrnald-Sornborger— Labrador  Flora.  97 

"JuNcrs  BALTicus.,  Willd.,  var.  ijttoralis,  Engelm. 

Mulligan's  Point,  Hamilton  Inlet,  Jul\'  25,  1891  (yBoiudom 
College  Exped.  Nos.  130,  131). 

*JUNCUS  TRIFIUUS,   L. 

On  the  rocky  slope  of  a  mountain,  not  above  500  m., 
Rama,  xAug.  20-24,1897  {Sornborger,y,o.  2%:\).  Collected  by 
Jolm  A.  Allen  at  Carroll  Cove,  lat.  51*^  40',  Aug.  6,  1882 
(No.  75). 

tSMILACINA  TRIFOI.IA,   Desf. 

Battle  Harbor,  Jul}^  18,  1891  {^Bou.'doin  College  Exped.  No. 
107)  ;  Tub  Harbor,  July  11,  1892  {Sornborger,  No.  222).  Re- 
ported by  Packard  from  Caribou   Island,  Quebec  {S.  R.  Butler.) 

tMAIANTHEMUM  CAXADENSE,   Desf. 

Makkovik,  Aug.  1896,  coll.  Adolf  Stecker  (Sornborger,  No. 
219) ;  North  West  River,  July  27,  1891  {Bowdoin  College  Exped. 
No.  159).  Reported  by  Packard  from  Caribou  Island,  Quebec 
(5.  R.  Butler). 

fSXREPTOPUS  AMPLEXIKOLIUS,   DC. 

Red  Bay,  July  12,  Indian  Harbor,  Aug.  2,  Hopedale,  Aug. 
II,  1 891  {Bowdoin  College  Exped.  Nos.  46,  199,  247)  ;  Mallijak, 
July  18,  1892  {Sornborger  No.  223).  Reported  by  Packard 
from  Caribou  Island,  Quebec  (ii.  R.  Biitler). 

+CLINTOMA  BOREALIS,    Raf. 

Chateau  Bay,  July  14,  Battle  Harbor,  July  18,  Northwest 
River,  July  27,  Red  Bay,  Sept.  6.  7,  1891  {Bowdoin  College  Ex- 
ped. Nos.  80,  108,  158,293);  Pitts  Arm,  Henley  Harbor.  Sept. 
.24,  1892  Sornborger).  Reported  by  Packard  from  Caribou 
Island,  Quebec  (,S.  R.^Butler). 

*Iris  versicolor,  L. 

Battle  Harbor,  July  18,  1891  {Bowdoin  College  Exped.  No. 
106). 

tHABFNARIA   OBTUSATA,  Rich. 

•  Indian  Harbor,  Hamilton  Inlet,  Aug.  2.  1891  {Bowdoin 
College  Exped.  ^o.  198;.  Reported  by  Packard  from  Caribou 
Island,  Quebec  (,S'.  R.  Butler). 


98  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [July 


« 


Myrica  Gale,  L. 

Tub  Harbor,  July  ii,  1892,  Makkovik,  Aug.,  1896— coll. 
Adolf  Stecker  (Sornborger,  Nos.  69,  68) ;  Mulligan  Point,  Lake 
Melville,  July  25,  1891  [Bowdoin  College  Exped.  No.  128). 

*Salix  Brownii,  Bebb.  | 

Low  ground,  by  a  brook,  Hopedale,  Aug.  4-6,  1897,  Red 
Bay,  July  4,  1892  {^Sornborger,  Nos.  13,  24) ;  Chateau  Bay,  July 
14,  1891,  Indian  Harbor,  Hamilton  Inlet,  Aug.  2,  1891,  Red 
Bay,  Sept.  7,  1891  {Bowdoin  College  Exped.  Nos.  ']'],  197,  291  ), 
Reported  by  Macoun  from  "  Labrador  {Morrison) "  and  "  Nach- 
vak  and  Ford's  Harbor,  Labrador  {R.  Bell)"  (Cat.  Can.  PI.  pt 
iii.  444,  445,  and  pt.  v.  356),  but  included  in  subsequent  lists  as 
6".  arctica. 

tBETULA  GLANDULOSA,  Michx. 

Hopedale,  Aug.  4-6,  1897   {Sornborger,  No.  80).    Formerly 

collected  at  Square  Island,  Aug.  15,  1882  (/.  A.   Allen,  No.  71  ) 

Reported  by  Packard  on  the   authority    of    Hooker    from   the 

Labrador   coast,  and   from     Caribou    Island,    Quebec     ( S.  R. 

.  Butler). 

*Betula  NANA,  L..  var.  flabelli folia,  Hook. 

Chateau  Bay,  July  14,  1891,  Battle  Harbor,  July  18,  1891 
{Bowdoin  College  Exped.  Nos.  76,  1 05). 

*RUMEX  ACETOSELLA,   L. 

North  West  river,  July  27,  1891  {Bowdoin  College  Exped. 
No.  156). 

*RUMSX  SALiciFOLius,  Weinm. 

North  West  river,  July    27,  1891    {Bowdoin  College  Exped. 

No.  155). 

*PoLYGONUM  ISLANDICUM,  Meisner  (  r.  aviciilare,  L.,  var.  horeale,  Lange). 

Abundant  about  the  houses  and  on  refuse  heaps  in  the 
Eskimo  village,  Nain,  Aug.  4,1892  {  Sornborger, '^o.  81)  ap- 
pearing introduced  ;  Mulligan  Point,  Lake  Melville,  July  25,  1891 
{Bowdoin  College  Exped.  No.  127).  Formerly  listed  by  Macoun 
from  Rupert  river  and  the  shores  of  James  Bay,  but  not  credited 
Xo  America  by  Small  in  his  monograph  of  the  genus. 


I 


1899]      Ffrnald-Sornborger — Labrador  Flora.  99 

*Lychnis  affinis,  Wahl. 

Rocky  banks  of  a  brook,  Rama,  Aug.  20-24,  1897  {Sorn- 
borgcr,  No.  36  ).  Not  otherwise  positively  known  from  Labra- 
dor, though  formerly  reported  without  locality. 

*Cerastium  TRIGYNUM,  Vill. 

Rama,  Aug.  20-24,  1897  {Sornhorge?',  No.  201  ).  Formerly 
collected  near  Hopedale  {Kuitth)  and  at  Cape  Chudlcigh,  Aug. 
7,  i884(i^.  Bell). 

*Cerastium  arvf.nse,  L. 

Rocky  banks  of  a  ravine  at  an  elevation  of  about  300  m., 
Rama,  Aug.  4-6,  1897,  and  in  coarse  slaty  detritus  a  little  above 
high-water  mark,  beside  the  pool  below  a  water  fall,  Rama,  Aug. 
20-24,  1897  (  Sornborger,  Nos.  204,  203  ).  Form.erly  collected  at 
Hopedale  (  Krntli )  and  at  Ungava  Bay,  1884  (  L.  M.  Turner,  No. 
4,840 ) ;  and  reported  by  Waghorne  from  stations  in  southern 
Labrador. 

*Stellaria  media,  Cyrill. 

Hopedale,      Aug.     11,    1891      ( Bowdoin     College     Exped. 
No.  219). 
*Stellaria  loxgipes,  Goldie,  var.  laeta,  Watson. 

Hopedale,  Aug.  11,1891  {  Bowdoin  College  Exped.  No.  221  ). 
Also  reported  from  L'anse  au  Loup  and   Pack's  Harbor  by  the 
Rev.  A.  C.  Waghorne, 
*Arenaria  ciliata,  L.,  var.  humifusa,  Horneni. 

Individuals  isolated,  growing  on  a  slope  of  moist  slaty 
detritus  immediately  below  a  field  of  snow,  at  an  elevation  of 
about  500  m.,  Rama,  Aug.  20-24,  1897  {Soniborgei\  No.  126). 
Not  formerly  known  in  eastern  America  nearer  than  Lake 
Mistassini  and  the  Gasp^  mountains. 

ARExN'ARIA  verna,  L. 

Rama,  July  15-Aug.  20,  1894,  coll.  Adolf  Sleeker  (Sorn- 
borger, No.  209 ). 

*Arenaria  verna,  L.,  var.  hirta,  Watson. 

Rama,  July  15  Aug.  20,  1894,  coll.  Adolf  Stecker 
(Sornborger,  No.  208) ;    Aug.  20-24,  1897  {Sornborger,  No.  286). 


loo  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [July 

*Arenaria  uliginosa,  Schleich. 

On  slaty    detritus,    Rama,    alt.   300  m.,  Aug.    20-24,    1897 
{^ornborger,    No.    150).     Its  first   collection   on    the   American 
continent.     For  further  discussion    and  figure  see  B.  L.   Robin- 
son, Bot.  Gaz.  XXV.  167,  t.   13,  f.  6. 
*Sagina  procumbens,  L. 

Near  sea-level,  in  moist  detritus  partially  denuded  by  a 
mountain  stream,  Hebron,  Sept.  12,  1897  {Soriiborger,  No.  207) 
Not  definitely  known  before  north  of  Newfoundland. 

*SArTiNA  NIVALIS,  Fries, 

With  the  latter  {H.proaimbcns^  Hebron,  Sept.  12,  1S97  {Sorn- 
borger.  No.  207  x  ).     Collected  by  A.  P.  Loiv  along  the    Ungava 
River  in  1896.     Otherwise  known  in  America  only  from  Alaska 
and  the  higher  Rocky  Mountains. 
*Thalictrum  alpinum,  L. 

Ekortiarsuk,    Cape    Chudleigh,  Aug.  20-30,    1896  {Rev.  C. 
Schiintf).     Formerly  collected  at  Cape  Chudleigh  by  R.  Bell. 
*Ranunculus  re  pens,  L. 

Square    Island  Harbor,   Sept.    3,    1891    {Bowdoiu     College 
Exped.  Nos.  277,  278). 
■*Draba  stenoloba,  Ledeb. 

On  a  slope    of  moist  slaty   detritus   immediately    below  a 
field  of  snow,  at  an  elevation  of  al)Out  500  m.,  Rama,  Aug.  20-24, 
1897  {8ornborger,'^os.  61,  175).     Not    previously  recorded   east 
of  the  Rocky  Mountains  of  British  America 
*Draba  hirta,  L.,  var.  arctica.  Watson. 

Rama,  July   15-Aug    20,1894,001!.    Adolf    Stecker    (Sorn- 
borger,  No.  212).       In     America    formerly    known    only    from 
Gririnell  Land  where  it  was  collected  by  Lieut.  A.  IV.  Greely. 
*Draba  alpina,  L. 

Ekortiarsuk,  Cape  Chudleigh,  Aug.  20-30,  1896  {C.  Schmitt). 
Formerly  collected  at  Cape  Chudleigh  by  R.  Bell,  Aug.  6,  1884. 
*Draba  nivalis,  Lilj. 

Ekortiarsuk,  Cape  Chudleigh,  Aug.  20-30,  1896  {C.  &chmitt). 
Formerly  collected  at  Okak  by  members  of  the  Unitas 
Fratrum. . 


% 


r899]      Fernald-Sornborger— Labrador  Flora.  ioi 

*Lesquerella  arctica,  Watson. 

Rama,  July  15-Aug.  20,  1894,  coll.  Adolf  &tcckcr  (Sorn- 
borf^er,  No.  59).  Not  formerly  reported  nearer  than  Grecly's 
station  in  Grinnell  Land. 

*Thlasi'i  araense,  L. 

Chateau  Bay,  July  14,  1891  {Bowdoin  College  Exped.  No. 
52).  Reported  b}'  Waghorne  from  about  houses,  Capstan  Is- 
land and  Pixware  River. 

*Braya  purpurascens,  Bunge. 

Rama,  July  15-Aug.  20,  1894,  coll  Adolf  Stecker  (Sorn- 
borger  No.  60).  Formerly  collected  on  Hudson  Straits  by  A'. 
Bell. 

COCHLEARIA  ANCtLICA,  L. 

Shores  of  a  small  island,  Seal  Islands,  Sandwich  Bay,  July 
6,  1892  (fiornborger.  No.  169).  Collected  by  Martin  on  Caribou 
Island,  Quebec,  in  i860,  and  by  Allen,  in  the  crevices  of  rocks, 
Bonne  Esperance  and  Peroquet  Island,  Quebec  (near  the 
Labrador  boundary),  July,  1882  (Nos.  58,  57).  Also  reported  by 
Waghorne  from  "  Partly  Modiste  and  L'anse  au  Clair." 
*Nasturtiu.m  terrestre,  R.  Dr. 

North  West  River,  July  27,  1891  {Bowdoin  College  Exped. 
No.  133). 

"*Cardamine  bellidifolia,  L. 

Individuals  isolated,  on  a  slope  oi  moist  slaty  detritus 
immediately  below  a  field  of  snow,  at  an  elevation  of  about  500 
m.,  Rama,  Aug.  20-24,  1897  (Sornborger,  No.  174)  ;  Ekortiar- 
suk.  Cape  Chudleigh,  Aug.  20-30,  1896  {Rev.  C  Selnnitt). 
Formerly  collected  by  members  of  the  Unitas  Fratrum  at  Okak, 
but  previously  recorded  in  British  America  only  from  the  early 
collections  of  Richardson  and  Drummond,  and  from  two  very 
limited  stations  in  the  Selkirk  and  Rocky  Mountains. 

Drosera  intermedia,  Hayne,  var.  Americana,  DC. 

Square  Island  Harbor,  Sept.  3,  1891  {Boii-'doin  College 
Exped.  No.  279). 


1 


102  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [July 

*Saxifraga  stellaris,  L.,  var.  COMOSA,  Poir. 

Webeck  Harbor,  July  22-24,  1893  {8ornborger,  No.  188). 
Formerly  collected  at  Okak  by  members  of  the  Unitas  Fratrum, 
and  on  moist  cliffs,  Whale  Island,  Chateau,  Aug.  n^  1882  {/.A. 
Allen,  No.  46). 

*RlBES  LACUSTRE,  Poir. 

Red  Bay,  July  12,  1891  {Bozvdoiii  College  Exped.  No.  30). 
Reported  by  Waghorne  from  L'anse  au  Clair  and  L'anse  au 
Mort. 

RUBUS  STRIGOSUS,  Michx. 

Mallijak,  Hamilton  Inlet,  July  18,  1892  {Sornborger,  No 
223).  Collected  in  southern  Labrador  in  1849  by  Dr.  Storer. 
Reported  by  Macoun  (Cat.  Can.  Pl.pt.  i.  130)  from  "Coast  of 
Labrador  {McGill  Coll.  Herb.)"  but  not  included  in  his  subsequent 
list. 

Dryas  octopetala,  L.,  var.  integrifolia,  C.  &  .S. 

Rocky  ridge  at  about  100  m.  alt,  Rama,  Aug.  20-24,  1897 
{Sornborger  No.  48).  This  is  apparently  the  plant  of  the 
Labrador  coast  and  Anticosti,  reported  at  various  times  as  D, 
octopetala.  Pursh  collected  it  on  Anticosti  as  he  did  also  D. 
Drumniojidii  (see  specimens  in  Gray  Herb.),  but  there  is  little  to 
show  that  true  D  octopetala  grows  on  this  coast. 

*POTENTILLA  NANA,  Willd. 

Ekortiarsuk,  Cape  Chudleigh,  Aug.  20-30,  1896  {Rev.  C. 
Schinitt).  Reported  by  Rydberg  from  Labrador  (coll.  Kohl- 
ineister). 

*PoTENTiLi  A   Ranunculus,  Lange. 

Rocky  banks  of  a  mountain  brook,  alt.  300  m.,  Rama,  Aug. 
20-2A,,\%^7  {Sornborger,  "i^Q.  24  x  ;.  Its  first  collection  on  the 
American  continent. 

*Pyrus  arbutifolia,  L.  f.,  var.'MELANOCARPA,  Hooker. 

Webeck  Harbor,  July  22-24,  1892  {Sornborger). 
*Pyrus  sambucifolia,  C.  &  S. 

Aillik,  July  27,  1892  {Sornborger,  No.    123). 


I  899]      Fern ALD-SoRNBORGER— Labrador  Flora.         103 

*Lathyrus  maritimus,  Bigelow,  var.  aleuticus,  Greene,  in  White,  Bull.    Torr. 
CI.  xxi.  450. 

Growing  in  the  sandy  delta  of  a  small  river,  with  Oxytropis 
campestris,  DC,  var.  caeridea,  Koch  and  Astragalus  alptmts,  L., 
at  a  distance  of  150  m.,  from  high  water  and  some  6  m.,  above  it, 
Nain,  Aug.  11,  1897  {Sornborge}',  No.  220).  L.  jiiaritimns, 
Bigelow,  was  not  found  on  this  delta,  but  undoubtedly  occurs  on 
the  beaches  near  Nain.  Chateau  Bay,  July  14,  1891,  Battle 
Harbor.  July  18,  1891,  Hopedale,  Aug.  1 1,  1891  {Bowdoin  College 
Exped.  Nos.  58,  92,  223).  Formerly  collected  at  Dumplin  Har- 
bor, July,  1864  {B.  Pickman  Mann).  Probably  a  common  plant. 
*Erodium  cicutarium,  L'  Her. 

Beside  paths  in  sandy  soil  near  gardens,  Hopedale,  x-\ug. 
4-6,  1897  {Sornborger,  No.  148).     Apparently  introduced. 

*ViOLA  Selkirkii,  Pursh. 

Beside  a  mountain  brook  at  slight  elevation,  Rama,  July 
15-Aug.  20,  1894,  coll.  Adolf  Sleeker,  (SornhoYgcr  'i>lo.  loi.)  Re- 
ported by  the  Rev.  A.  C.  Waghorne  from  Battle  Harbor. 

Viola  palustris,  L. 

Webeck  Harbor,  July  20-22,  1892  {Sornborger,  No.  102), 
Reported  by  Waghorne  from  Battle  Harbor  and  formerly  col- 
lected, with  no  definite  record  of  locality,  by  Dr.  Bryant. 

*'V"iola  CANINA,  L.,  var.   ADUNCA,  Gray. 

By  a  brook,  Rama,  Aug.  15,  1892  {Sornborger,  No.  I04x)' 
Not  formerly  known  east  of  the  Ottawa  River. 

*EPILOEIU^r  rIORNEMANNi,  Reichenb. 

Mallijak,  Hamilton  Inlet,  July  18,  189?  {Sornborger,  Nos 
91,  95)  ;  Makkovik,  Aug.  1896,  coll.  Adolf  Sleeker,  Rama,  July, 
15-Aug.  20,  1894,  coll.  Adolf  Sleeker  {SornhorgQv,  Nos.  92,  90)- 
Formerly  collected  by  members  of  the  Unitas  Fratrum  at  Okak 
and  reported  by  Waghorne  from  a  number  of  points  on  the 
southern  coast. 

Epilobium  anagallidifolium,  Lam. 

Growing  in  compact  bunches,  on  a  slope  of  moist  slaty 
detritus  immediately  below  a  field  of  snow,  at  an  elevation  of 
about  500  m.,  Rama,  Aug.  20-24,  1897  {Sornborger,  No.  46). 


I04  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [July 

*Epilobium  lineare,  Muhl.,  var.  oliganthum,  Trelease. 

Indian  Harbor,  Hamilton  Inlet,  Aug.  2,  1891  {Bowdoin 
College  Exped.  No.  182);  Hebron,  Sept.  12,  1897,  in  moist 
ground  with  Sphagnum,  Makkvik,  Aug.,  1896,  coll.  Ado^f 
Stecker  (Sornborger  Nos.  47,  93). 

*Vaccinium  ovalifoi.ium.  Smith. 

Red  Bay,  July  12,  1891  (Bowdoin  College  Exped.  No.  294)  ; 
Pitts  Arm,  Henley  Harbor,  Sept.  24,  1892  {Sornborger).  Col- 
lected by/.  A.Allen  at  Chateau,  Aug.  8,  1882,  also  on  Mt. 
Albert,  Gaspe.  Recently  found  by  Rev.  A.  C.  Wagliorne  in 
Newfoundland,  White  Bay,  Sept.  1891. 
Chiogenes  serpyllifolia,  Salisb. 

Chateau,  July  14,  1891  {Bowdoin  College  Exped.  No.  ^y). 
Reported  by  Packard,  on  the  authority  of  Hooker,  from  the 
Labrador  coast. 

+PRIMULA  EGALn<;sENSis,  Hoinem. 

Battle  Harbor,  July  18,  1891  {Bowdoin  College  Exped.  No. 
103).  Formerly  reported  from  northern  Labrador,  but  Lieut. 
Turner's  specimens,  upon  which  this  report  was  based,  are  from 
Ungava  Bay. 

Pleurogyne  CARINTHIACA,  Griseb.,  var.  pusilla,  Gray. 

Eskimo  Island,  Hamilton  Inlet,  Aug  26,  1891,  Square 
Island  Harbor,  Sept.  3,  1891  {Bowdoin  College  Exped.  Nos.  276, 
283).  A  rare  plant,  previously  known  in  Labrador  only  from 
Hooker's  report,  though  well-known  from  Anticosti,  Riviere-du- 
Loup,  and  other  points  near  the  mouth  of  the  St.  Lawrence. 
*Halenia  Brentoniana,  Griseb. 

Red  Bay,  Sept.  6  and  7,  1891   {Bowdoin  College  Exped.  No. 
290. 
Euphrasia  latifolia,  Pursh. 

Makkovik,  Aug.,  1896,  coll.  Adolf  Stecker  (Sornborger,  No. 
28);  Hopedale,  Aug.  4-6,  1897  {Sornborger,  No.  82). 
^Galium  tincorium,  L.,  var.  labradoricum,  Wiegand. 

In  Sphagnum  near  a  brook,  Hebron,  Sept.  12,  1897  {Sorn- 
borger, No.  180).  Based  in  part  upon  a  Labrador  specimen 
collected  by  Dr.  Storer. 


1899]      Fernald-Sornbok(;i£r — Labrador  Flora.  105 

"Viburnum  pauciklorum,  Pylaie. 

Red  Bay,  July  12,  Webeck,  Aug.  4,  1891  {Bou'doiii  College 
Expcd.  Nos.  34,  204).  Red  Bay,  July  4,  1892,  Makkovik,  Aug., 
1896  {Soniborger,  Nos.  41,  40).  Formerly  collected  at  Okak 
{Herb.  J.  Gay).  Reported  by  Packard  from  Caribou  Island, 
Quebec,  (5.  R.  Butler). 
*AsiER  LONGiFOLius  Lam.,  var.   villicaui.is,  Gray. 

Makkovik,  Aug.,   1896,  coll.  Adolf  ^/^r/rr  (Sornborgcr  No- 
163).     Not  formerly    known    north   of  the  St.  John  and  Resti- 
gouche  Valleys  in  New  Brunswick. 
*ASTER  PUNICEUS,  L.,  var.  OLiGOCEPiiALUs,  F"ernald,  ii.  var. 

A  form  oi  Aster puniceus,  which  it  has  been  impossible  to 
place  with  satisfaction,  is  the  plant  familiar  to  botanists  who 
have  collected  in  Tuckerman's  Ravine  and  Oakes  Gulf  in  the 
White  Mountains  of  New  Hampshire.  This  White  Mountain 
form  has  long  been  known  only  from  that  region,  but  the 
Bowdoin  College  party  brought  back  fine  specimens  from 
Labrador,  though  somewhat  taller  than  those  from  the  better- 
known  alpine  stations.  Plants  apparently  referable  to  the 
same  form  have  more  recently  been  collected  on  the  north  shore 
■of  Lake  Superior  by  G.  S.  Miller,  Jr.,  and  last  September  on 
'hills  at  Bay  of  Islands,  Newfoundland,  by  the  Rev.  A.  C.  Wag- 
home.  The  plant  may  be  expected,  then,  to  have  a  much 
broader  range  than  we  yet  know.  In  the  outer  foliaceous  bracts 
■of  the  involucre  this  northern  and  alpine  plant  differs  from  other 
forms  oi  A.  puniceus,  but  this  character  is  inconstant;  and  many 
heads  have  the  involucre  seemingly  identical  with  that  of  true 
^./?^;/?a7/i-,  showing  the  plant  to  bean  extreme  form  of  that 
■species  rather  than  a  distinct  specific  type.  The  plant  may  be 
•characterized  as  follows  : 

Stems  from  2.5  to  7  dm.  high  (reduced  in  alpine  specimens), 
more  or  less  pubescent  above,  glabrate  below :  leaves  h'om 
lanceolate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  with  conspicuously  clasping 
bases,  entire  or  sparingly  appressed-serrate,  glabrous  or  some- 
what scabrous  above,  glabrous  beneath  or  sparingly  pubescent 
on  the  broad  midrib  :  branches  of  the  inflorescence  shorter  than 


io6  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [July 

the  leaves,  bearing  few  or  single  large  heads  (in  some  alpine 
specimens  the  solitary  terminal  heads  sessile) :  heads  often  sub- 
tended by  leafy  bracts,   and  with  the  outer  involucral    bracts 

generally  broad  and  foliaceous. LABRADOR;  Red   Bay,  Sept. 

7,  1 89 1  {Bowdoin  College  Exped.  No.  288):  Newfound- 
land, hills,  Coal  river.  Bay  of  Islands,  Sept.  14,  1898  {A.  C. 
Waghorne):  ONTARIO,  Peninsula  Harbor,  Sept.  16,  1896  {G.  S. 
Miller, Jr.):  New  Hampshire,  in  the  White  Mountains  near 
Crystal  cascade,  entrance  to  Glen  road,  July  18,  189 1  {G.  G. 
Kennedy) ;  near  the  Half-way-House,  Mt.  Washington,  Aug.  3, 
1898  {Mrs.  E.H.  Terry);  Tuckerman's  Ravine,  Aug.  20,  1898 
(  W.  W.  Eggleston)  \  Oakes  Gulf  {Edwin  Faxon,  E.F.  Williams, 
et  al). 

*Antennaria  hyperborea,  Don. 

Rama,  July  15.  Aug.  20.  1894,  coll.  Adolf  Stecker  {Sornhor- 
ger,  No.  155).     Formerly  collected  in  Labrador  by  Kohlnieister^ 
and  at  Okak  by  members  of  the  Unitas  Fratrum. 
*Artemisia  borealis,  Pall.,  var.  Wormskioldu,  Besser. 

Rocky  ledges  at  about  200  m.  alt,  Rama,  Aug.  20-24,  1897 
{Sornborger,  No.  62). 

''Petasites   sagittata,  Gray. 

Maktovik,    Aug.,    1896,    coll.  Adolf   Sleeker   (Sornborger, 
No.  85). 

*Arnica  alpina,  Olin,  var.  Lessingh,  Torr.  &  Gray. 

Banks  of  a  mountain  brook,  about  lOO  m.  above  high  water, 
Rama,  Aug.  20-24,  1897  {Sornborger,  No.  157).     Previously   re- 
corded only  from  the  northwest  coast  of  America  and    adjacent 
Asia. 
*Senecio  vulgaris,  L. 

Beside  paths,  in    moist   ground,  Hopedale,  Aug.  4-6,  1897 
{Sornborger,  No.   162). 
*Senecio  palustris,  Hook. 

Battle  Harbor,  July  18,  1891,  Indian  Harbor,  Hamilton 
Inlet,  Aug.  2,  1 89 1,  Houlton  Harbor,  Aug.  19,  1891  (Bowdoin 
College  Exped.  Nos.  295,  188,261). 


1899]      Fernald-Sornborger — Labrador  Flora.  107 

HiERACiUM  vuLGATUM,  Fries. 

Rama,  1898,  coll.  Adolf  Stecke): 

*Crepis  nana,  Richardson. 

Found  only  in  a  small  outcrop  of  slate  having  a  vertical 
cleavage,  at  about  200  m.  above  sea-level,  covering  an  area  of 
only  3  square  metres,  on  the  side  of  a  mountain,  Rama,  Aug. 
20-24,  I'Sgy  {Soi'uborge?',  No.  86).  In  British  America  previously 
known  only  from  the  early  collections  of  Richardson,  Parry,  and 
Drummond  "on  the  Copper-mine  River"  (Richardson  in  Frank- 
lin, 1st.  Journ,  ed.  2,  1823,  App.  vii.  757) ;  "  Repulse  Bay,  Five 
Hawser  Bay  and  Lyon  Inlet"  (Parry,  2nd.  Voyage,  1825,  App. 
397) ;  "on  the  slaty  debris  of  the  Rock}'  Mountains  {Dnini7nond)  " 
(Macoun,  Cat.  Can.  PI.  pt.  ii.  274). 

*Taraxacum  OFi  icinale,  Weber. 

On  the  beach  just  above  high  water,  at  a  fall  where  water 
casks  are  frequently  filled  by  the  fishermen,  Rama,  Aug.  20-24^ 
1897  {Sornborger,  No.  64),  Possibly  introduced.  Reported  from 
Battle  Harbor  by  Waghorne. 


NOTES  ON  FRESH-WATER  POLYZOA. 

By  Walter  S.  Odell. 

The  term  Polyzoa  or  Bryozoa  embraces  a  very  large  number 
of  microscopic  animals  mostly  marine,  but  to  a  smaller  extent 
found  in  fresh  water.  It  is  only  with  the  fresh-water  species  we 
have  to  deal  in  this  paper.  The  question  will  be  asked  what  are 
Polyzoa?  They  are  a  class  of  molluscoidea  including  minute 
animals,  which  by  budding  form  compound  colonies."  Bryozoa 
is  the  name  applied  to  the  same  class  by  many  zoologists. 

Polyzoa  are  so  called  from  the  fact  that  the  animals 
which  constitute  them  live  together  in  colonies  in  large 
numbers.  They  are  not  all  microscopic.  Most  of  them  are 
readily  distinguished  with  the  naked  eye,  but  require  a  pocket 
lens  or  a  microscope  to  reveal  further  details.     They  var>-  much 


io8  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [Ju1>^ 

n  size,  from  that  of  a  pea,  to  several  feet  in  diameter  [a  speci- 
men measuring  one  foot  in  diameter  was  found  in  Patterson's 
Creek  just  above  Elgin  St.  bridge.]  Each  individual  of  a 
colony  is  called  a  Polypide.  It  is  a  very  beautiful  object  under 
the  microscope,  most  delicate  in  structure  and  transparent. 
Whenever  disturbed  the  polypide  retracts  quickly  into  its  case 
or  ccenoecrum.  Altogether  it  forms  one  of  the  most  interesting 
classes  of  objects  formed    in  fresh  water. 

Fresh-water  Polyzoa  are  very  generally  distributed  in  the 
ponds  and  slow-moving  streams,  and  lake  shores  above  Ottawa, 
and  the  wonder  is  that  their  beauty  has  not  long  ago  been  found 
out.  No  systematic  study  of  the  Fresh-water  Polyzoa  has  as 
yet  been  m.ade  in  this  district. 

Br  A.  C.  fitockes  in  his  "Aquatic  Microscopy"  p.  237 
makes  the  following  statement.  "  Their  beauty  is  so  exquisite,  so 
delicate,  so  refined  in  its  comeliness  and  grace,  that  no  descrip- 
tion could  be  too  extravagant  when  applied  to  the  charming  little 
creatures.  Nature  was  never  in  a  better  mood  than  when  she 
began  the  developement  of  the  Polyzoa,  so  she  fashioned  them 
with    care." 

Seven  genera  of  Fresh-water  Polyzoa  have  been  iound  and 
described  in  the  United  States  of  America,  as  follows  : — 

Plumatella,  Fredericella,  Paludicella,  Cristatella,  Pectina- 
tella,  Urnatella,  Lophopus. 

In  America,  Lophopus  has  only  been  recorded  from  two 
localities  having  been  fi)und  in  California,  and  at  Trenton,  N.  J. 

Polyzoa  are  usually  found  attached  to  some  submerged 
object,  a  piece  of  board,  weed,  stump  or  stone.  An  exception 
to  this  is  the  species  referred  to,  Cristatella,  which  moves  more  or 
less  slowly  from  place  to  place. 

Young  zooids  after  leaving  the  egg  swim  freely  for  a  short 
time,  and  then  become  attached  to  some  object,  to  which  they 
then  adhere  till  death.  Certain  forms  prefer  the  sunlight  while 
others  are  only  found  in  shady  places  and  others  still,  thrive  on 
the  under  or  dark  side  of  sticks,  boards  or  stones. 

Decription  of  species  found  at  Ottawa. 


1899]  Odell — Freshwater   Polvzoa.  109 

(i)  Plumatella     repens,  L. 

The  colonies  of  Plumatella  are  formed  of  sheaths 
or  coverings  called  coenoecia  which  the  polypides  secrete, 
and  appear  as  brownish  tubes  branching  like  tiny 
trees  or  seaweeds,  extending  over  a  surface  measuring  some- 
times several  square  feet.  There  are  two  modes  of  attachment 
in  these  colonies:  (a)  where  the  lower  portion  of  the  stem  is 
fixed  and  the  remainder  of  the  branch  floats  freely  :  (//)  when 
the  whole  branch  is  closely  adherent  or  creeping  on  the  sub- 
merged object. 

At  the  extremity  of  each  branch  a  polypide  protrudes, 
exposing  the  lophophore  or  plume-like  organ  (hence  the  name 
Plumatella).  The  polypides  quickly  retreat  on  the  slightest 
alarm  or  disturbance,  and  remain  in  their  sheaths  until  quite 
satisfied  that  the  cause  is  removed. 

"  The  body  of  the  polypide*  is  a  transparent  membraneous 
sac  with  a  lophophore  (horse-shoe  shaped  in  this  genus),  on 
which  are  arranged  the  tentacles.  Each  tentacle  is  capable  of 
independent  motion,  is  ciliated  on  both  sides,  and  is  the  only 
means  the  polypide  has  of  receiving  impressions.  The  mouth 
is  at  the  fore  end,  the  rest  of  the  body  being  concealed  in  a 
brown  sheath  or  ccenoecium.  The  mouth  has  on  one  border  a 
tongue-like  organ  called  the  Epistome,  which  can  close  the  open- 
ing, and  prevent  the  escape  of  food.  Extending  from  the  mouth 
to  the  stomach  is  the  oesophagus.  The  stomach  is  a  widened 
tube,  conspicuous  by  its  contents.  'It  is  suspended  in  the  hollow 
body,  and  is  bathed  by  a  colorless  fluid  which  fills  the  body 
cavity  and  extends  to  the  hollow  tentacles.  The  stomach  is 
followed  by  a  tubular  intestine  which  curves  forward,  opening 
on  the  lophophore."  The  polypide  has  no  heart  nor  circulatory 
system.  The  body  has  a  beautifully  developed  muscular  system, 
which  enables  it  to  move  freely  and  rapidly.  One  set  of  mus- 
cles everts  the  body,  another  set  is  used  in  expanding  the  various 
tentacles  of  the  lophophore  ;    and  another  set  supports  the  body 


Dr.  A.  C.  Stockes  in  "  Aquatic  Microscopy  "'  p.  242. 


no  The  Ottawa   Naturalist.  [July 

while  the  lophophore  is  thus  expanded.  Another  set  of  muscles 
assist  in  closing  the  opening  of  the  ccencecium,  when  the  body 
is  withdrawn  ;  or  are  attached  to  the  stomach,  which  assist  that 
organ  in  its  functions. 

Pluniatella  repens  feeds  on  infusoria  and  small  algae  which 
are  drawn  into  the  mouth  by  the  currents  created  by  the  cilia 
attached  to  the  tentacles.  These  cilia  have  an  upward  move- 
ment on  one  side  of  the  tentacles  and  a  downward  one  on  the 
other. 

Reproduction  occurs  in  two  modes  :  («)  by  budding,  (/;)  by 
statoblasts  or  winter  eggs.  Reproduction  by  budding  merely 
increases  the  number  of  individuals  in  each  colony,  whilst  re- 
production by  statoblasts  assists  in  forming  new  colonies. 

Statoblasts  are  flattened  discs,  round  or  oval,  formed  within 
the  body,  and  escape  after  the  death  of  the  polypide  when  the 
whole  colony  disintegrates.  Statoblasts  are  dark  brown  in 
colour  and  have  an  outer  ring  called  the  Annulus,  formed  of 
hexagonal  cells.  Others  have  barbed  hooks  along  the  margin. 
Statoblasts  are  excellent  criteria  for  distinguishing  one  genus 
from  another,  or  the  different  species  of  each  genus. 

Locality  and  habitat.  Abundant  on  logs,  sticks,  stones  in 
Patterson's  Creek  and  in  pits  at  Odell's  Brick  Works  where  the 
largest  colony  observed  was  found  on  a  piece  of  board  five  feet 
long  and  ten  inches  wide  entirely  covering  the  under  surface 
with  innumerable  colonies  of  this  species.     August  1898. 

Fredericella  regina,     Leidy. 

This  species  is  found  growing  with  the  preceding,  which, 
it  resembles  somewhat  in  appearance.  It  is  dendritic  in  form, 
of  a  light  brown  color,  and  usually  attached  by  the  trunk,  the 
branches  being  mostly  free.  It  covers  a  smaller  area  than 
Plumatellaand  is  readily  distinguished  from  itbyits  characteristic 
circular  or  oval  lophophore,  that  of  the  former  being  horse-shoe- 
shaped.  The  tentacles  are  few  in  number,  generally  nineteen, 
and  arranged  on  the  crest  in  a  single  row.  Contrary  to  the 
statement  made  by  Hyatt  and  other  workers  on  Polyzoa,  Fred- 
ericella  regina    found    at  Ottawa    was    found  in    nearly    every 


I 


1899]  Odell— Freshwater  Polvzoa.  hi 

case  in  the  sunlight  instead  of  in  the  shade,  attached  to  sub- 
merged or  floating  weeds.  The  statoflasts  of  Fredericella  are 
distinguished  from  those  of  all  others  in  having  no  annulus.  In 
shape  they  are  veinform,  and  are  destitute  of  spines. 

Locality  and  habitat.  Very  common  in  the  Rideau  River 
above  Hog's  Back  in  a  small  bay  west  side  of  the  locks,  attached 
to  stems  of  Myriophyllum  spicatuni  ;  also  in  Patterson's  Creek 
near  Elgin  street  bridge  on  HetcrantJicra.  Also  obtained  during 
the  winter  on  stems  of  Anacharis  Canadensis  from  clay  pits  in 
Odell's  Brick  Works,  Ottawa  East,  July,  1898. 

Paludicella  Ehrenbergii,     Van  Beneden. 

"  These  colonies  may  always  be  distinguished  from  all 
other  tube-making  Polyzoa  by  their  jointed  appearance,  each 
cell  being  club-shaped.  The  colonies  are  irregularly  branched 
and  are  built  up  of  a  single  rov/  of  cells  placed  end  to  end,  the 
narrow  end  or  handle  of  the  club  being  attached  to  the  broad 
end  of  the  cell  immediately  behind  it.  The  opening  through 
which  the  polypide  protrudes  its  circular  lophophore  is  at  one 
side  of  the  broad  end  of  each  cell  and  near  the  top."*  No 
statoblasts  of  Paludicella  have  been  discovered;  reproduction 
is  effected  by  budding.  Unlike  other  genera  of  Fresh-water 
Polyzoa,  it  has  Hibernacula  or  winter  quarters  for  the  resting 
buds,  which  correspond  with  the  statoblasts  of  other  genera. 
"  At  the  approach  of  spring  the  bud  becomes  covered  with  a 
horny  sheath,  thus  preserving  it  till  the  following  spring."  The 
bud  then  splits  vertically  after  which  the  young  is  developed  in 
the  usual  vvay."-|-     The  tentacles  of  this  genus  are  sixteen. 

Locality  and  habitat.  This  is  by  far  the  rarest  form  of 
Fresh  Water  Polyzoa  found  at  Ottawa.  Three  colonies  were 
obtained  on  stones  only.  In  the  little  rapids  above  Billings' 
Bridge,  Rideau  River  ;  also  at  Hurdmans  Bridge,  same  stream  ; 
and  in  the  shallow  above  the  rapids  at  the  Canadian  Pacific 
Ry.,  bridge,  Rideau  River,  Aug.  1898. 

*Dr.    A.  C.   Stockes  "  Aquatic  Microscopy  "  p.  249. 
t"  Ponds  and  Rock  Pools"  p-  132.  Scherren  Hy. 


112  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [July 

Cristatella  Id^,     Leidy, 

Colonies  of  this  genus  are  oval  in  shape,  flat  on  the  under 
side  and  convex  on  the  upper  side,  with  the  polypides  in  rows 
all  around,  except  along  the  centre  of  adult  specimens,  where 
statoblasts  are  to  be  seen.  Individuals  of  this  genus  after 
emerging  from  the  statoblast,  form  a  small  lump  or  mass  of  jelly 
semi-transparent  in  colour,  and  usually  pear-shaped.  In  the 
adult  form  it  is  not  unlike  a  hairy  caterpillar,  owing  to  the  pres- 
ence of  numerous  buds  which  proceed  from  the  ectoderon.  By 
budding,  the  colony  grows  rapidly  in  length  (but  not  in  breadth) 
till  it  reaches  a  length  of  two  or  three  inches,  when  it  measures 
a  quarter  of  an  •  inch  in  breadth.  A  specimen  found  in  the 
Rideau  canal  on  a  sunken  barge  measured  four  inches  in  length_ 

This  form  differs  from  all  others  in  two  particulars,  {a)  in 
having  powers  of  locomotion  ;  {b)  in  preferring  sunlight  during 
life.  Cristatella  moves  very  slowly,  covering  a  length  of  about 
one  inch  per  day.  By  carefully  marking  off  certain  spaces  on 
the  object  on  which  it  rests,  the  distance  travelled  can  easily  be 
ascertained.  The  polypide  of  this  species  has  many  points  of 
resemblance  to  Plumatella.  The  tentacles  are  about  eighty  in 
number.  The  statoblasts  of  Cristatella  consist  of  rounded  flat- 
tened discs,  which  have  the  margin  covered  with  two  rows  of 
doubly  barbed  hooks  resembling  anchors. 

Locality  and  habitat.  Occurs  on  stones  at  little  rapids  on 
Rideau  River  above  Billings'  Bridge  ;  also  on  stones  at  Hurd- 
man's  Bridge,  Rideau  River  ;  in  Patterson's  Creek,  Ottawa,  be- 
tween the  Bank  street  and  Elgin  street  bridges  on  blades  of 
submerged  grass  ;  also  on  beam  of  a  sunken  barge  on  Rideau 
canal  at  Bronson's  wharf     October  1898. 

Pectinatella  magnifica     Leidy. 

"  The  reproductive  and  vital  energies  of  the  group  reach 
their  climax  in  the  voluptuous  beauty  and  endless  multiplication 
of  the  coenoecia  in  Pectinatella."*     "  The  colonies  of  this  class 


^Hyatt  '•  Observations  on  Polyzoa  "  p.  12. 


I 


1899]  Odell — Freshwater  PoLvzoy\.  113 

are  surrounded  by  a  thick  jelly-like  material,  from  which  the 
polypides  protrude,  and  into  which  they  retreat.  These  jelly- 
masses  are  usually  colourless  and  semi-transparent,  or  tin<^ed  a 
pale  red.  They  are  to  be  found  adherent  to  sticks  or  any  water- 
soaked  object,  and  vary  in  size  from  half  an  inch  to  several  feet 
in  diameter."  "  The  jelly  is  formed  by  the  polypides,  and  is  in 
reality  a  collection  of  protective  cells  or  chambers,  the  huge 
masses  often  being  the  result  of  the  increase  in  the   numbers    of 

the  polypides  inhabiting  them A  single  pol}-pide  begins 

the  cluster,  it  becomes  two  by  a  process  of  budding,  tlie  bud 
finally  becoming  another  polypide,  secreting  more  jelly,  budding 
in  its  turn,  so  that  the  community  may  in  the  end  contain  num- 
berless members.  The  colour  of  the  polypides  is  usually  a  pale 
red  or  flesh  tint,"*  "  and  being  in  countless  profusion  in  the  jelly- 
mass,  are  crowded  together  and  become  compressed  into  irregu- 
lar hexagons  in  outline."  The  lophophore  is  horseshoe-shaped, 
having  from  sixty  to  eighty  tentacles.  Towards  the  end  of 
summer  the  polypides  mature  and  die,  leaving  the  statoblasts 
adhering  to  the  surface  of  the  jelly-mass.  These  statoblasts  are 
often  in  such  large  numbers  as  to  be  conspicuous  to  the  eye. 
They  have  a  single  row  of  barbed  hooks,  averaging  fifteen  in 
number,  proceeding  from  the  outer  edge  of  the  annulus.  Mature 
statoblasts  of  Pectinatella  and  Cristatella  while  in  the  body  of 
the  polypide,  are  inclosed  in  a  transparent  matrix  or  yolk. 
Some  statoblasts  of  P.  magnifica  collected  from  the  Rideau 
canal  in  September,  '98,  hatched  in  an  aquarium,  in  March,  1 899, 
but  only  lived  two  weeks. 

Locality  and  habitat.  On  a  submerged  stump  in  Patter- 
son's Creek  (Rideau  canal)  near  Elgin  street  bridge.  5ept. 
1898. 


*Stockes  "Aquatic  Microscopy,"  pp.  238-240. 


^§iC47> 


114  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  July 

REVIEWS. 

The  Gold  Measures  of  Nova  Scotl\  and  Deep  Min- 
ing, by  E.  R.  Faribault,  B.  A.  Sc,  Geol  Survey  of  Canada. — 
1 1  pp.  with  two  maps  and  a  number  of  illustrative  sections. 
Paper  read  before  the  Canadian  Mining  Institute.March,  1899.  In 
this  very  valuable  addition  to  the  literature  of  Economic  Geology 
Mr.  Faribault  presents  in  a  most  concise  and  readable  form 
his  conclusions  as  to  the  mode  of  occurrence  of  gold  in  Nova 
Scotia.  Dealing  first  with  the  extent  of  the  gold  measures,  Mr. 
Faribault  estimates  that  they  cover  5,000  square  miles.  They 
consist  of  an  upper  or  state  group,  two  miles  in  thickness  and  a 
lower  or  quartzite  group,  3  miles  in  thickness  and  are  probably  of 
lower  Cambrian  age.  Since  their  deposition  on  a  sea  floor  they 
have  been  very  uniformly  folded  into  a  series  of  anticlines  and 
synclines  roughly  parallel  with  the  coast  line.  The  auriferous 
quartz  veins  have  been  deposited  at  the  summit  of  these  anti- 
clines and  along  certain  lines  on  either  side  of  and  parallel  to 
the  axes  and  their  deposition  has  been  due  to  the  loosening  and 
opening  up  of  tha  strata  along  the  planes  of  sedimentation. 
Though  the  original  bedding  in  these  rocks  is  masked  by  a 
uniform  cleavage  subsequently  developsd,  Mr.  Faribault  has 
been  able,  by  close  structural  work  in  the  field,  to  fix  accurately 
the  anticlines  and  twenty-one  domes  or  cross  undulations 
affecting  the  anticlines  and  defining  the  occurrence  of  payable 
reefs.  Although  granitic  intrusions  are  common  they  have 
occurred  subsequent  to  the  filling  of  the  gold  veins  and  in  no 
way  affect  their  richness.     Mr.   Faribault's  theories  as    to    the  | 

position  and  extent  of  the  pay  steaks  and  his  advice  as  to   the  i 

lines  along  which  deep  mining  should  be  prosecuted  must  be  of  - 

the  greatest  value  to  the  practical  miner,  and  his  comparison  of  ] 

the  Nova  Scotia  district  with  that  of  Bendigo,  Australia  in  the 
matter  of  deep  mining  is  most  instructive  and  encouraging. 
The  paper  altogether  is  most  valuable  and  exemplifies  in  the 
clearest  manner  the  necessity  of  good  structural  work,  carried 
out  in  a  scientific  way,  in  the  development  of  a  mining   district 


i 


1899]  Reviews.  115 

Wachsmuth  and  Springer's  Monograph  on  Crinoids. 

In  his  delightful  review*  of  Wachsmuth  and  Springer's 
monograph  on  Crinoids  "  Prof  F.  A.  Bather  proposes  that  for 
all  crinoids,  pinnulate  or  non-pinnulate,  in  connection  with  the 
successive  series  of  brachials,  the  following  terms  be  used,  urging 
that  all  writers  on  crinoids  should  agree  in  this  matter.  They 
are  as  follows  :  Primibrachs  il  Br.);  Sccundibrachs  (II  Br.); 
Tertibrachs  (III  Br.)  ;  Quartibrachs  (IV  Br.).  It  is  to  be  hoped 
that  the  above  terms  will  be  employed  by  future  writers  of 
descriptions  of  crinoids.  The  concession  made  by  Prof  Bather 
in  this  matter  not  only  deserves  commendation  but  tends  to 
establish  uniformity  in  terminology.  Pmf.  Bather  further  dis- 
cusses the  morphological  part  of  the  Monograph,  the  quinque- 
partite  character  of  stems  of  the  larger  number  of  Lower  Paleo- 
zoic crinoidea,  the  cirri  of  PahEozoic  crinoids,  radials  and 
compound  radials,  basals  and  infra  basals,  the  course  of  the 
axial  nerve  cords  in  certain  crinoids  and  the  "  Law  of  Wach- 
smuth and  Springer "  as  interpreted  and  proposed  by  Prof. 
Bather,  the  fusion  of  basals  as  well  as  notes  on  the  corms,  ovals 
and  tubes. 

The    last  notice    of  Prof    Bather    deals    with    the    System 
Camerata  to  which  is   appended  an    obituary    notice    of    Prof 
Wachsmuth  with  the  Bibliogiaphy  of  that  writer. 
GeOLOGICA  BiRLIOfJRAPHIA. 

The  Geological  Survey  of  Belgium  has  recently  issued  a 
scries  of  very  important  volumes  entitled  Bibliographia  Geolo- 
gica.  These  volumes  are  prepared  according  to  the  approved 
decimal  classification  of  Melvil  Dewey  and  form  part  549-559  of 
the  Bibliographia  Universalis  of  Dr.  G.  Simoens.  Michel 
Mourlon  of  Brussells,  director  of  the  Geological  Survey  of 
Belgium, has  c\\?i\gQoii\\G Bibliographia Geologica  and  it  is  a  work 
of  paramount  importance  to  working  geologists.  The  volumes 
contain  about  400  pages  each  and  give  some  6,000  titles  of 
publications  in  geology,  palaeontology,  mineralogy  and  pre- 
historic a  chfBology.  These  may  be  obtained,  Mons.  Mourlon 
writes,  from  Hayez,  112,  Louvain  street,  Bru.ssells,  Belgium. 

*F.  A.   Lallii  r,  in    Ceo!.     Mag.    New    Scries,  Dec.    IV,  Vol.  V,  I.onilon,  Enf;., 
1898. 


ii6  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [July 

PAL^ONTOLOGICAL  NOTES. 
The  following  is  a  brief  ennumeration  of  the  leading  palae- 
ontological  notes  and  references  bearing  on    Canada,  and    con- 
tained   in     the    '' Suiummy    report    of  the    Geological    Purvey 
depai'tuient  for  i8g8"  by  the  Director,  Dr.  Dawson. 
in)  On  mammoth  and  musk-ox    remains  from    the   "Saskatche- 
wan "    gold-bearing     gravels    of    the     Edmonton    district, 
Alberta,  by  Dr.  G.  M.  Dawson,  pp.  19  and  20. 
{b)    List  of  fossil  organic    remains  from  the  "  altered  gray  slates 
with    shaly    bands "  from    six    miles    west    of    Canterbury 
station  along  the  St.  Andrews  and  Woodstock  branch  of  the 
Canadian  Pacific  Railway.     Silurian  species  recognised  by 
Dr.  H.  M.  Ami,  p.   137. 
if)  Silurian  fossils  recorded  from  Burnt  Island,  Manitoulin  Island, 
Lake  Huron  the  nearest  outcrop  of  fossiliferous  limestone  to 
the  Duck  Islands,  by  H.  M.  Ami,  p.  179. 
(^d)  Notes  on   general    results  obtained    from  a    pa!aeontological 
survey  of  numerous    outcrops  in  the  counties  of  Colchester, 
Cumberland,  Pictou,   Antigonish,  Kings  and  Hants  in  Nova 
Scotia,  by  H.  M.  Ami,  pp.  180-182. 

ie)  Reptilian  remains  from  the  Belly  river  rind  Laramie 
formations  of  the  North  West  Territories  of  Canada,  by 
Mr.  L.  M.  Lambe,  pp.  184-190. 

H.  M.  AMI. 
Ottawa  June,  1899. 

CLUB  EXCURSION. 
The  first  general  excursion  of  the  club  was  to  Chelsea  on 
June  3rd  ;  between  250  and  300  members  and  their  friends  were 
in  attendance.  The  leaders  present  were  :  Geology,  Mr.  W.  J. 
Wilson  ;  Botany,  Mr.  D.  A.  Campbell  and  Mr.  J.  M  Macoun  ; 
Entomology,  Dr.  Jas.  Fletcher  ;  Conchology,  Mr  F.  R.  Latch- 
ford  ;  Ornithology,  Miss  Harmcr  and  Mr.  W.  T.  Macoun  ; 
Zoology,  Prof  Macoun,  Mr.  A.  Halkett  and  Mr.  W.  S.  OdcH. 
The  president's  prize — Miss  Lounsberry's  "  A  Guide  to  the 
Wild  Flowers  "—for  the  largest  collection  of  plants  was  won  by 
Miss  Kingston,  while  Miss  D.  Fletcher  secured  the  Club's  prize 
— Mrs.  Parson's  "How  to  Know  Ferns"— for  the  greatest 
number  of  named  species.  Addresses  were  delivered  at  the 
close  of  the  aftecfijoo  by  Prof.  Macoun,  Dr.  Fletcher  and  Mr. 
Halkett. 


Vol.  XIII.  OTTAWA,   AUGUST,  1899.  No. 


EXTRA    LIMITAL    INSECTS    FOUND    AT    OTTAWA. 

]>y  W.  Hague  Harrington,  F.  R.  S.  C. 
Read  2ist   Feliruary,  1899. 

The  tracing"  out  of  the  geographical  distribution  of  plants 
and  animals  is  one  of  the  most  important  and,  at  the  same  time, 
one  of  the  most  fascinating  studies  of  a  naturalist.  In  the 
investigation  of  the  complex  problems  which  are  therein 
encountered,  a  society  such  as  the  Ottawa  Field-Naturalists' 
Club  may  render  very  valuable  assistance,  by  the  publication  of 
accurate  floral  and  faunal  lists,  and  of  exact  records  of  the 
occurrence  and  life  histories  of  the  various  species  studied  by  its 
members.  The  commonplace  Ottawa  citizen,  especially  if  he 
be  a  property  holder,  observes  with  pride  and  pleasure  the 
steady  expansion  of  the  city,  and  the  corresponding  increase  of 
its  population.  The  Ottawa  naturalist,  on  the  contrary,  notes 
with  deep  regret  his  former  haunts  invaded  and  laid  waste,  and 
monotonous  blocks  of  buildings  rapidl}'  covering  the  ground 
where  so  recently  the  forest  flourished.  The  so-called  march  of 
improvement  unfortunately  means  to  him  the  disappearance  of 
his  happy  hunting  grounds  ;  the  cutting  down  of  woodland 
monarchs,  the  draining  of  lush  swamps  and  the  production  of 
barren  uniformity  where  erstwhile    plentiful    diversity    obtained. 

The  evolution  of  our  country  from  a  forest  region  to  an 
agricultural  and  commercial  district,  not  only  in  the  immediate 
neighbourhood  but  over  the  areas  spreading  oceanward  in  every 
direction,  produces  important  and  easily  recognized  alterations 
in  our  flora  and  fauna. 

As  the  untutored  savage  vanishes  before  the  civilization  for 
which  he  is  not  prepared,  so  many  of  our    native    animals    and' 

Issued  August  nth,  1899. 


THE  OTTAWA  NATURALISTS  ^„^,, 


ji3  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [August 

plants  disappear  and  are  replaced  by  intruders  from  afar.  The 
primeval  forest  perishes  ;  its  larger  denizens  are  slaughtered  or 
driven  away,  and  the  plants  and  animals  that  remain  are  such 
as  can  best  adapt  themselves  to  the  changed    conditions    of   the 

land. 

Many  persons  may  recognize  these    self-assertive    changes 

and  still  not  stop  to  think  that  our  insect  fauna  and  evtn  those 
smaller  forms  of  life  that  delight  the  microscopist  are  also 
similarly  affected  by  the  far-spread  improvements  or  disturb- 
ances of  the  landscape. 

Yet  a  moment's  consideration  will  suffice  to  show  that  such 
is  actually  the  result.  An  insect  may  be  able  to  exist  only  upon 
a  single  species  of  plant,  and  the  destruction  of  that  host-plant 
involves  the  disappearance  of  its  guest.  Or,  the  actual  change 
in  physical  conditions  may  equally  well  bring  about  a  change  in 
the  insect  life.  The  draining  of  a  swamp  and  its  gradual  con- 
version into  dry  woods  or  open  fields  necessitate  the  with- 
drawal of  those  species  which  require  a  cold  moist  habitat,  and 
correspondingly  tend  to  create  conditions  favourable  for  forms 
from  more  southern  localities.  These  changes  go  on  steadily 
year  after  year  whether  we  notice  them  or  not,  and  the  destruc- 
tion of  the  forest,  the  cultivation  of  the  land,  the  pasturing  of 
flocks  and  herds,  and  ever  expanding  commerce  accelerate  the 
alterations  in  insect  population.  Our  indigenous  insects  are 
supplanted  by  prolific  and  vigorous  forms  from  lands  where 
evolution  has  fitted  them  to  successfully  overcome  the  disadvan- 
tages of  man's  society  and  solicitudes.  The  species  whose  food 
plants  are  destroyed,  and  which  are  unable  to  assimilate  the  new 
order  of  vegetation,  disappear,  accompanied  by  many  of  their 
parasitic  and  predatory  associates.  Replacing  them  come 
insects  from  near  or  afar,  especially  those  thoroughly  domesti- 
cated forms  which  follow  man  wherever  he  pitches  his  tent  or 
builds  his  shack. 

In  a  discussion  of  the  insect  population  as  it  now  appears 
to  our  collectors,  a  difficulty  arises  at  the  start  in  our  inability^ 
in  many  instances,  to  distinguish  between  the  descendants  of  the 


1898]  IIaRRIX(.T()X  —  KXIRA    Ll.MITAI,    IXSKCTS.  I  I9 

original  fauna  and  late  intruders.  A  considerable  proportion 
of  our  insects  belongs  to  a  boreal  fauna  which  is  more  or  less 
circumpolar  in  its  distribution,  and  of  which  many  species  pass 
with  little  or  no  change  of  facics  through  the  northern  regions  cf 
Europe,  x'\sia  and  America.  In  regard  to  such  forms  it  is 
consequently  often  impossible  to  declare  positively  whether  they 
belong  to  the  original  fauna  or  have  been  introduced  since  the 
colonization  of  the  countr\-.  There  are,  however,  man}'  species 
whose  progress  hither  can  be  retraced  successful!)-  b\-  the 
records  in  entomological  or  agricultural  publications.  The  times 
and  methods  of  their  arrival  are  varied  and  numerous,  and  an}- 
full  discussion  of  them  would  be  long,  and  to  many  wearisome. 
Some,  our  settlers  have  carried  among  their  goods  and  chattels 
or  even  upon  their  persons,  while  man\'  have  come  with  their 
beasts  and  fowls.  Other  forms  living  in  less  close  communion 
with  mankind  have  worked  their  own  passage  hither  afoot  or 
awing.  Some  come  borne  across  long  leagues  of  land  and  water 
by  the  winds  ;  a  few  possibly  upon  the  floods,  although  as  our 
streams  flow  usually  to  the  east  and  south  the  currents  are 
mainl}'  against  the  oncomers.  In  these  latter  daws  of  swift  and 
universal  transit,  when  Ottawa  is  a  great  and  growing  railway 
centre,  the\-  hasten  to  us  both  by  freight  and  passenger  trains. 
They  are  introduced  with  our  animals,  our  p'ants,  our  provi- 
sions, with  merchandise  of  divers  sorts,  and  in  wa\-s  innumerable 
and  unexpected. 

A  large  proportion  come  as  immigrants  to  occupy  and 
possess  the  land  and  to  multipl)-  their  kind  therein  ;  others  arc 
tourist  visitors  making  summer  excursions  which  terminate 
generally  in  their  premature  death  through  cold  or  the  lack  of 
proper  nourishment. 

In  addition  to  the  species  which  have  been  introduced  from 
abroad,  we  may  consider  perhaps  as  extra-limilal  insects  certain 
indigenous  forms  which  occur  but  rarel\',  or  under  special 
conditions.  Such  for  example  arc  the  butterflies  Thecla  Augus- 
tus Kirb}-,  Thecla  ti-iclaris  Hub.  and  Chionohas  Juttci.  These 
butterflies  have  been  captured  in  the  Mer  Bleuc,  but  are    species 


!2o  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  August 

having  their  metropolis,  or  region  best  suited  to  their  full  and 
regular  development,  much  further  northward.  Examples  of 
such  forms  occur  in  little  out-lying  colonies,  whose  ancestors 
found  in  their  prehistoric  wanderings  a  suitable  habitat,  or 
survived  in  more  and  more  restricted  isolation  as  the  surround- 
ing country  became  unfitted  through  climatic  changes  for  the 
continuance  of  the  species. 

Without  waiting  to  consider  sucli,  all  too-common,  insects 
as  the  cheerful  House-fl}',  the  industrious  Clothes-moth,  the 
"  Jumpem-quick  "  and  the  "  Walkem-slow,"  with  numerous  other 
crawling  and  creeping  domestic  pets  and  pests  which,  like  the 
poor,  are  always  with  us,  mention  will  be  made  of  a  few  of  the 
more  noticeable  species  which  within  more  or  less  recent  years 
have  come  hither  as  permanent  residents  or  as  occasional 
visitors. 

Commencing  with  the  Lepidoptera  there  is,  familiar  to- 
everyone,  the  common  White  Cabbage  Butterfly,  Pieris 
RipcE  Linn,  the  caterpillars  of  which  de\our  voraciously  the 
succulent  cabbages  and  cauliflowers  of  the  kitchen-garden,  or 
the  fragrant  mignonette  of  the  flower  plots.  This  butterfly  came 
to  America  b\-  way  of  Quebec  about  the  year  1859  and  has  since 
that  date  become  widely  distributed  across  the  continent.  As- 
the  Europeans  dispossessed  the  native  Americans  so  this  immi- 
grant from  across  the  Atlantic  has  become  our  most  common 
species  and  has  almost  supplanted  our  native  white  butterfly, 
Pieris  oleiacca  Har,  and  the  last  Entomological  News  (\ol.  x, 
p.  46)  records  a  similar  displacement  of  the  species  as  far  west  as. 
Salt  Lake  Cit>-. 

An  occasional  visitor  from  across  the  line  is  Alctia  argUlacect 
Hub.,  the  famous  Cotton  !\'oth  of  the  Southern  States,  whose 
numeious  and  industricjus  progeny  reduce  by  several  million 
dollars  annually  the  product  of  the  plant  from  which  is  obtained 
such  an  important  article  of  commerce,  and  one  so  necessar\-  to 
the  comfort  of  mankind.  The  moth  is  of  moderate  size,  expand 
ing  scarcely  one  and  one-half  inches,  and  is  soberly  coloured  ;. 
the  front  wings  tawny    or  olivaceus    with  a  few    irregular  trans- 


1899J         I  lARRiN(.'r()\ — lv\  1  k.\   Limit. \].  Inskcts.  121 

verse  markins^s  and  a  small  o\-al  cj'e-spot ;  the  hind  wings  are 
pale  greyish;  when  at  rest  it  is  qufte  inconspicuous.  Dr.  Riley 
in  his  report  upon  Cotton  Insects,  has  stated  that  this  species 
"is  probably  indigenous  to  South  America  and  is  an  introduced 
insect  in  the  United  States,"  where  its  appearance  was  first 
recorded  in  1793.  For  a  century  it  has  levied  toll,  reaching 
thirt)-  million  dollars  in  some  \-ears,  upon  the  cotton  plantations^ 
but  fortunately  its  caterpillars  will  not  (ccd  upon  any  other 
plant,  and  its  depredations  are  thus  confined  to  the  Cotton  Belt. 
Unlike  the  larvae,  the  moths  arc  more  catholic  in  their  tastes 
especially  in  the  matter  of  sweets,  and  not  content  with  rilling 
the  nectaries  of  different  plants  they  do  considerable  injur}-  to 
fruits.  Dr.  Rile\-  says  that  : — "  Frequently  the  fig  crop  is  com- 
pletely destroyed  in  some  sections  of  the  cotton  belt,  as  is  also 
the  August  crop  of  peaches.  The  moths  have  also  been  known 
to  feed  on  apples,  graces,  melons  and  the  jujube."  This  aptitude 
for  a  more  savory  diet  than  cotton  permits  the  moths  to  earn  a 
living  almost  anj-where,  and  accounts  perhaps  fur  their 
occasional  appearance  so  many  hundred  miles  from  the  scenes 
of  their  earlier  labours.  It  is,  however,  possible  that  the  speci- 
mens which  occur  here,  perfectly  fresh  and  unrubbed,  have  been 
reared  upon  some  other  plant  in  more  northerly  regions.  In 
October,  1S80,  the  moths  occurred  quite  abundantl\-  in  this  city  > 
I  captured  many  individuals  at  rest  upon  different  buildings,  and 
the  following  year  1  found  it  both  at  Hull  and  Aylmer. 

While  these  autumn  arrivals  of  Aletia  do  not  survive  our 
winters  nor  propagate  their  species  here,  there  is  another  resident 
of  the  cotton  fields  that  apparently  is  able  to  do  so  and  which 
may  therefore  become  a  permanent  and  unwelcome  colonist. 
This  is  a  somewhat  large  moth,  kn<nvn  as  the  Boll  worm, 
HcliotliHs  armigera  Hub.,  which  in  portions  of  the  cotton-grow- 
ing region  is  almost  more  dreaded  than  the  Cotton  Moth  itself.. 
The  species  is  distributed  over  a  large  portion  of  the  world  and 
has  been  observed  in  Canada  for  a  score  of  years.  It  has  a  \aried 
menu,  including  such  very  important  plants  as  corn  and  tomatoes. 
In  the  ears  of  the  former  and    the  fruit    of   the  latter    the  cater-^ 


122  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [August 

pillars  burrow  as  they  do  in  the  cotton  bolls,  and  to  some  people 
the  idea  of  a  large  fat  grub  busily  at  work  within  would  spoil 
the  taste  of  the  largest  and  ga)-est  tomato. 

Of  the  many  enemies  of  the  fruit  grower,  one  has  been  so 
long  with  us  that  we  almost  forget  that  it  is  not  native  to  the  soil. 
This  is  the  destructive  Codling  Moth,  Carpocapsa  poiuonclla, 
recognized  in  America  as  early  as  1819  and  whose  progeny  one 
often  finds  snugly  domiciled  in  the  rosy-cheeked  apple  when  it 
is  eaten,  resulting  at  times  in  the  biter  being  bitten.  This  is  by 
no  means  an  insect  new  to  science  as  worm}-  apples  as  said  to 
be  referred  to  in  literature  two  thousand  }-ears  old;  when  the 
fruit  was  presumabh'  much  less  luscious  and  tempting  than  it  is 
at  present.  Indeed  we  ma}'  reasonably  assume  that  the  first 
green  apples  with  which  the  children  of  the  cave-dwellers  shar- 
pened  their    teeth,  alread}^    harboured    the    retiring    and  gentle 


grub. 


Occasionally  specimens  have  been  captured  in  Ottawa  of  an 
unusually  large  and  handsome  moth  named  Erebus  odora.  The 
occurrence  of  this  fine  insect  so  far  north  is  both  remarkable 
and  puzzling,  as  it  is  an  inhabitant  of  the  West  Indies  and 
Central  America,  and  it  seems  scarce!}'  possible  that  individuals, 
even  aided  by  favourable  winds,  could  accomplish  such  long 
flights  without  becoming  ver}-  much  travel-worn  ;  yet  the  speci- 
mens observed  have  been  in  good  condition. 

Of  Hymenoptera  quite  a  number  of  species  have  come  to 
us  ;  of  which  probably  the  most  important  is  the  Honey  Bee, 
Apis  niellifica  L.,who  labours  during  the  hot  Canadian  summers 
to  increase  the  sweets  of  our  existence,  but  whose  manifest 
virtues  we  will  not  stop  to  discuss.  There  are  also  several  ob- 
noxious forms  belonging  to  the  group  known  as  Saw-flies,  which 
have  caterpillar-like  larvas.  The  blushing  rose,  that  universal 
symbol  of  beauty  and  fragrance,  among  the  man\-  foes  that  stale 
and  wither  its  infinite  variet}-  numbers  three  species  of  saw-flies, 
all  of  which,  there  is  good  reason  to  believe,  arc  from  over  the 
ocean.  Mortostegia  rc'j-f^  Harris  has  been  known  in  America  since 
\^^\,Einphytns  cmctus  Linn.,  since  1867  and  Cladius pectinicoruis 


1899]  HARRINCTON  —  IvXIRA    I.IMIIAI.    I  X  SIX  "IS.  125 

FoLirc.  since  1880.  A  few  years  ago  I  had  a  solitary  rosebush, 
and  not  much  of  a  rosebush  either,  which  nourished  during  the 
summer  all  three  species.  All  growers  and  lo\ers  of  small  fruits 
know  only  too  well  the  worms  which  defoliate  so  rapidly  the 
currant  and  gooseberry  bushes.  These  also  are  the  larv.e  of  a 
European  saw-fly,  A'cjiiatus  ribi'sii  Curtis,  and  the  species  is  one 
of  our  earliest  immigrants,  making  itself  quite  at  home  and 
prevailing  in  spite  of  hellebore  and  other  applications. 

Of  insects  that  have  made  themselves  conspicuous  in  recent 
years  b\'  their  works  of  destruction  Xcmatus  crichsoaii  Hartig, 
holds  a  leading  place,  from  the  wide  spread  devastation  it  has 
wrought  in  the  tamarac  forests  from  the  Atlantic  westward.  The 
Larch  saw-fly  is  almost  undoubtedly  an  importation  from 
Europe,  and.  matriculating  at  Harvard  in  1880  on  European 
larches,  it  swept  rapidly  through  New  England  and  was  reported 
three  years  later  as  causing  serious  injury  to  our  native  larches 
in  the  Province  of  Quebec.  In  1885  it  was  found  at  work  in  this 
district  and  by  1890  it  had  overspread  the  whole  countr\-  from 
historic  Louisburg  to  points  far  west  and  north  of  Ottawa.  The 
tamarac  forests  suffered  as  if  a  fire  had  overrun  them,  and  it  is 
ditlicult  to  estimate  the  loss  that  this  insect  has  caused  to  the 
country.  It  still  abides  with  us,  ready  each  year  to  attack  an\' 
trees  that  still  struggle  for  existence  and  put  forth  a  feeble 
foliage,  or  such  young  larches  as  may  be  found  growing  up. 

A  small  black  saw-fly,  Fciuisa  varipcs  appeared  a  few  years 
ago  at  the  Central  Experimental  h'arm  upon  imported  Alders, 
of  which  the  foliage  was  much  disfigured  by  the  larvae  mining 
in  the  leaves.  The  insects  spread  to  the  alders  in  Dow's  swamp, 
but  the  species  does  not  appear  to  have  established  itself. 

Closely  allied  to  the  saw-flies  is  CepJius pygiiueiis  Linn'.,  the 
larvie  ?)f  which  burrow  in  the  stems  of  wheat.  It  occurred  here 
some  years  ago,  but  has  not  since  been  observed. 

Of  Diptera  can  only  be  mentioned  a  species  which  of 
J'ecent  years  has  become  notorious,  viz.,  the  Horn-fl}-,  Ihviiiato- 
/;/rtJ-r/';'c2'/a  Rob. -Desv.,  first  noted  in  America  in  1887  and  in 
Canada  m  1892;     It  receives  its  name  from  its  habit  of  massing 


124  '  T'^E  O'j'iAWA  Naturalist.  [August 

at  certain  times  upon  the  base  of  the  horns  of  cattle,  and  it 
seriously  injures  the  cattle  through  the  irritation  caused  by  its 
persistent  biting  and  blood-sucking.  Turning  to  the  Coleoptcra 
we  find  an  insect  which  is  more  generally  known  and  persecuted 
than  even  the  Cabbage  Rutterfl}-.  This  is  the  Colorado  Potato- 
beetle,  Dorvphora  decemliiicata  Sa>',  a  species  from  the  wild  and 
woolly  west,  which  has  fluttered  its  pink  wings  in  heavy  flight 
from  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  the  Atlantic  surges.  So  great 
has  been  its  voracity  that  its  yellow  coat  with  black  stripes  is  as 
much  detested  as  if  it  covered  a  convict  with  two  instead  of  six 
legs.  About  the  }ear  1820  the  celebrated  entomologist  Say, 
otherwise  an  estimable  gentleman,  had  the  misfortune  to  dis- 
cover this  marauder  and  introduce  him  to  the  public.  In  the 
solitude  of  his  native  wilds  he  subsisted  in  scant}-  numbers  upon 
a  wild  Solanum,  but  when  he  formed  the  acquaintance  of  the 
pioneer  farmers  some  years  later,  he  made  himself  quite  at  home 
in  the  potato-field  and  increased  amazingl};,  until  his  offspring 
were  forced  to  journey  abroad  in  search  of  fresh  fields  to  con- 
quer. A  few  days  ago  there  might  still  be  seen  in  the  rooms  of 
the  Ottawa  Literary  and  Scientific  Society  the  fir~t  potato-bugs 
received  in  Ottawa,  which  were  then  exhibited  as  interesting 
■curiosities  at  one  of  the  soirees  of  the  old  Nat.  Hist. 
Societ}-  of  Ottawa.  The}-  were  in  good  spirits,  although  dead, 
but  living  examples  soon  followed  them,  whose  descendants 
remain  with  us  unto  this  da}-,  in  spite  of  unfriendl}-  treatment 
and  a  diet  of  Paris  green. 

Some  }-ears  ago  Mr.  Scrim  found  that  in  his  rose-houses 
the  plants  were  suffering  greatl}-  from  the  attacks  of  some  beetle, 
and  upon  investigation  we  found  that  the  species  was  Aramigiis 
Fiilleri  Horn,  a  snout-beetle  commonly  known  as  Fuller'^ Rose- 
beetle.  The  larxa;  were  in  great  abundance  feeding  upon  the 
rootlets  and  man}-  of  the  valuable  plants  were  destro}'ed. 
Energetic  and  effectual  measures  were  taken  to  destroy  them 
and,  so  far  as  known,  there  has  been  no  subsequent  infestation. 
Nor  docs  the  beetle  appear  to  be  established    at    any    point    in 


1899]  I  IARRIXC.ToX — l'"XTR.\    I.IMI'IAI.    lNSi:(    TS.  I  25 

Canada,  although  it  is  an  American  species,  and  for  a    score    of 
years  has  been  a  serious  pest  in  New  \'()rk  and  other  states. 

Within  three  or  four  years  our  Coleoptera  have  been 
augmented  by  two  European  beetles  which  fortunate!}-  arc  not 
obnoxious,  but  which  ha\  e  spread  and  multipHed  with  great 
rapidity.  Ten  \ears  ago  Sphceridimii  scaralheoides  L.,  had 
onl)'  (jnce  been  recorded  from  Canada,  but  since  then  it  has 
rapidly  increased  and  has  become  apparently  fully  established. 
The  late  Mr.  Caulfield  of  Montreal  about  1886  sent  to  me 
specimens  of  Apliodius  prodromus  Brahm.  collected  by  him  in 
that  cit\'.  The  beetle  has  now  become  one  of  our  Cfjmmonest 
species,  and  several  introduced  species  of  the  same  genus  are 
also  abundant  {fossor,  ijiqiiiiiatiis.fimctarius.  grajiarius,  etc.J 

The  foregoing  illustrations  will  ha\e  shown  that  it  would 
require  a  very  extended  list  to  enumerate  all  the  additions  that 
from  year  to  year  have  lieen  made  to  the  original  insect  life  of 
this  region,  so  in  conclusion  \\  ill  be  stated  merely  two  general- 
izations which  this  consideration  of  the  suliject  seems  to 
establish. 

First  ;  that  all  our  most  attractixe  insects,  such  a;^  the  gaily- 
painted  butterflies  and  moths,  the  flashing  dragon-flies  in 
"  sapphire  mail  "  and  the  beetles  of  varied  shapes  and  colours, 
belong  to  the  indigenous  fauna,  and  that,  with  the  exception  of 
some  aggressive  diptera  such  as  deer-flies,  black  flies  and 
mosquitoes,  few  of  the  members  of  that  fauna  have  proved  to  be 
very  obnoxious  or  serious  pests. 

Second  ;  That  nearly  all  the  connnon  and  destructive 
insects,  against  which  our  farmers,  fruit-growers  and  gardeners 
ha\e  to  wage  persistent  and  costK'  warfare,  ha\e  been  introduced 
at  various  times  from  Europe,  and  that  these  species,  through 
the  absence  of  the  parasites  and  other  influences  which  keep 
them  in  check  in  their  original  habitat,  often  multiply  with 
startling  rapidity  and  occasion  continual  and  grie\ous  losses    to 


our  communitx'. 


126  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [August 

ORNITHOLOGICAL  NOTES. 

Edited  by  W.  T.  Macoun. 

After  the  arrivals  of  the  birds  have  been  recorded  there  are 
usually  few  other  notes  taken  during  the  season.  There  is  so 
much  to  be  learned  about  the  habits  of  our  birds  that  it  is 
surprising  that  more  young  people  do  not  become  interested  in 
them.  Man)'  a  pleasant  hour  might  be  spent  during  the  holi- 
days in  watching  birds  and  taking  notes  on  what  is  observed. 
Very  little  information  is  received  regarding  the  nesting  of  birds.  ^ 

Are  boys  becoming  lazy  or  has  the  bicycle  greater  charms    than 
the  woods  ?     How  few  really  desire  to  know  more  about    birds. 

BIR])  NOTES  FOR  MAY. 

May     iS— Blacki'.UKNIAN    Warki.ER,    Dcudroica    hlackhurmac.      Mr.    George   K, 
White.     "' 
iS—Bay-rreasted  Warbler,  /^fW/-tf/Va  taj/az/i^iz.     Mr.  White. 

i8— Nashvili-E  Warbler,  Hehninthophila  7-tificapi'Ja.     Mr.  White. 

i8 — Tennessee  Warbler,  Helnnnthophila peregrina.     Mr.  White. 

19— Cai'E  May  Warbler,  Demifoica  tigrina.     Mr.  White. 

19 — Black  and  Yellow  Warbler,  Deiidroica  /nactilosa.     Mr.  White. 

2o--Wilson's  Thrush,  Tunhis  fnscescens.     Mr.  W.  A.  D.  Lees. 

20 — MARYLANI3  Yellowthroat,  Gcolhlypis  irichas.     Mr.  Lees. 

20 — Red-shouldered  Hawk,  Btt'.eo  litieatits.     Mr.  Lees. 

20— Wilson's  Warbler,  Sylvania pusilla.     Mr.  White. 

20  — Cedar  Waxwing,  Ampelis  cedioritm.     Y.  N.  Sub    Excursionists  ;  May 

2ist,  Mr.  White. 

21  — Ruby-throated  Hummingbird,  Trochihn  cohihis.     Mr.  White. 

21 — Black-poll  Warbler,  Dendfoica  striata.     Mr.  While 

23 — Might  Hawk,  Chordei/es  virgin/anus.     Mr.  Lees. 

24. — Black-throated   Blue     Warbler,    Deiidroica    fiTntlesceus.       Mr, 
White. 

25 — Wood  Pewee,  Contopns  vireus.      Mr.  Lees. 

25— Traill's  Flycatcher,  Enipidonax pusillits  ti-aiUii.     Mr.  Lees. 

26 — y IRCINIA  Rah.,  J\!a//its  virginia>n/s.      Mr.  Lees. 

28— Canadian     Flycaiching     Warbler,    S^yhania     Canadensis.       Mr. 
White. 

Errata  :  The  Pectoral  Sandpiper  was  seen  by  Mr.  White  on  30th  April,  not  by 
Ml.  Lees.  The  bird  recorded  as  American  Pipit  seen  by  Mr.  Lees  on  13th 
April  was  not  that  species,  but  the  Water  Huvi\"AU,.Sei!n  us  noveho} aeensis. 


1899]  MaC(JUX — OKMTI10L(n.ICAL    XoTKS.  12/ 

Young  bronzed  grackles  were  able  to  fly  on  31st  Ma\-,  also 
young  robin.s.  Young  song-sparrows  were  just  leaxing  the  nest 
24th  May. 

On  2 1st  May  hermit  thrush  liad  three  eggs  in  nest.  Sum- 
mer Warbler  had  three  eggs  in  nest  on  12th  June. 

On  24th  May,  saw  a  pair  of  herring  gulls  at  Lake  of  Islands, 
Gatineau.  They  appeared  to  have  a  nest  in  that  \icinity.  Also 
saw  Myrtle  Warbler,  but  was  unable  to  find  nest.     (i.  R.  W. 

Three  spotted  sandpipers'  nests  were  found  at  the  Experi- 
mental Farm  during  the  month  of  June.  All  ot  these  were  on 
high  ground  a  long  distance  from  water.  One  nest  was  about 
half  a  mile  from  the  water.  Nests  of  the  ba\-winged  bunting 
are  also  numerous  on  the  lawns  in  the  Arboretum  during  this 
month.     All  of  those  found  had  eggs  in  them.     W.  T.  M. 

Four  humming-birds'  nests  have  been  found  in  this  district 
this  year,  one  in  an  ash  tree,  the  others  in  conifers. 

Miss  J,  M.  Ballantyne  sends  the  following  note  on  birds  seen 
at  Cumberland  during  the  excursion  of  the  i  5th  in.st  :  "  Cumber- 
land woods  on  the  hillside  at  the  back  of  the  village  proved  an 
exceptionally  interesting  place  for  the  obser\'ation  of  bird  life. 
Twenty-two  species  were  identified  there,  while  several  others 
were  seen  on  or  about  the  shore. 

The  American  Goldfinches  were  numerous  ;  their  notes  and 
those  of  the  Red-eyed  Virco  might  be  heard  almost  constantly 
during  the  day.  Most  of  the  birds  seen  were  common  to  our 
city  parks  or  gardens.  The  Red-breasted  Grosbeak,  Redstart, 
and  White-breasted  Nuthatch  are  less  frequent!}'  seen  at  Ot- 
tawa at  this  season  of  the  year." 

We  are  indebted  to  Mr.  S.  Osborne  Scott    and  Mr.  Bedson, 

Winnipeg,  Man.,  for  the  following    notes   on  birds    obserxed  at 

Winnipeg.     It  is  interesting  to  compare  the  dates    of  arrival    of 

birds  there  with  some  species  at  Ottawa. 

1898. 

Nov.     24— Snowbirds,  which  stayed  until  after  Christmas,  then    disappeared    until 
Feb.  26,  and  were  gone  again  before  the  middle  of  April. 

1S99. 
March    9— Pr.airie  Horned  Lark — This  Ijird  breeds  here. 


128  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [August 

April      6  — Downy  \YooDrE(:KER. 

6 — Ciiickadet:.     Breeds. 

6— Crows  seen  flying  in  flocks. 

6 — House  Sparrows  re-building  their  nests. 

7 — WHiTE-RuMPEn  .Shrike.     Breeds. 

9 — Redpoll. 

9 — Slate-coloureo  Jun'co. 

ID— A.MERICAN  GOLDI'INCH       Breeds. 

10— Western  Red-tailed  Hawk.     Breeds. 

13 — Meadow  Lark.     Breeds. 

14— Robin.     Breeds. 

15  -NicHT  ILvwK.     Breeds. 

15 — !\L\LLARi).      Creeds. 

15 — Wood  IHck.     I! reeds. 

15— Pintail. 

22 — Cold  spell  with  snuw.      No   more    birds    arrived    for    some    time.      Snow 
seemed  to  drive  away  some  of  those  which  had  already  arrived. 

23—  Fine  again. 
23— SoN(;  Sparrow.     Breeds. 
23 — House  Wren.     Breeds. 
23 — Flicker.  —Breeds. 
23 — Red  Woodpecker.     Breeds. 
23 — Hoary  Redpoll. 
26 — Kii.deek  Plover.     Breeds. 

26— Purple  Martin.     Becoming  common.     Breeds. 
27 — Sparrow  Hawk.     Bieeds. 
27 — Pine  Grosbeak. 
27 — Cedar  Waxwing. 
27 — Wood  Pewee.     Breeds. 
28— GrE'\t  Crested  Flycatciiek.     fkeeds. 
"May       I — Spotted  Sandpiper 
4 — Upland  Plover. 
6— cowbirds. 

6 — This  evening  there  was  a  heavy  thunder  storm  with  a  strong  wnid  from 
the  south.  At  about  11.30  p.  m.  the  wind  was  at  its  height.  Many 
birds  going  north  were  driven  against  the  college  and  some  stopped  in 
the  pond  in  front  of  it,  among  which  were  Waterdiens,  Water-rails, 
Gulls,  .Snipe  and  Yellowlegs. 

7 — Kingbird.     Breeds. 


7 — Win  ie-isreasted  Nlthatcii.      Breeds. 


!:H(library)  =o 


1899]  Macoix — ORxniK  )i.o(.i(  Ai.  XoTKs.  129 

7 — Fox  Si'AKKOW.     Biettls. 

*^_p|ock  of  from  30  to  411  Kveninjj  Grosbeaks  in  tall    maples  ;    going  north. 

Breeds. 
8— WniTE-THROATF,!)  Stakrow.     Breeds. 
8— White-Crowned  Starkow.     Breeds. 
8— Chipping  Sparrow.     Breeds. 
10 — Field  Sparrow.     Breeds 
12— Black- iHROATED  Green  Wariher. 
iS — Pine  Wariu.er. 
19 — Chimney  Swift.     Breeds. 

20— Baltimore  Oriole.     Breeds.     This  bird  is  becoming  much  more    com- 
mon than  it  used  to  be. 
20 — Bluebird.     Breeds.     This  bird  is  becoming  much  scarcer    than    it   used 
to  be.     There  was  only  one  breeding  in  this  locality  where  there    used 
to  be  twenty. 
21- -Tree  Swallow.     Breeds. 
22 — Blackburnian  Warbler.     Breeds. 
23 — Catbird.     Breeds. 
24. — American  Bitiern.     Breeds. 
25 — MouRNiN(;  Dove.     Breed  . 

Ed.  note  :  A  few  other  birds  mentioned  in  this  h.st  are 
known  to  breed  in  Manitoba  but  the  Hst  is  printed  as  received 
from  Mr.  Scott. 


PRELIMINARY  DESCRIPTION  OF  A  NEW  CARIBOU 

By  Ernest  Seton-Thompson. 

It  has  lonsj;  been  know  n  among  sportsmen  that  the  caribou  of 
the  western  mountains  differed  strikingly  from  those  found  in  the 
Barren  Grounds,  the  northern  woodlands,  or  Newfoundland. 
The  fine  specimen  brought  from  British  Columbia  by  Dr. 
Geo.  M.  Dawson,  of  the  Canadian  Geological  Survc\-,  has 
given  me  the  opportunity  of  satisfying  my.self  regarding  the 
alleged  differences.  These  arc  very  obvious,  and  are  moreover 
coupled  with  the  fact  that  it  is  geographically  isolated  from  its 
near  ally,  the  Raii^i^i'frr  Caribou,  so  that  I  feel  justified  in  giving 
it  full  specific  rank. 

Rangifek    MONTANUS,    sp.    nov. 

The  Mountain  Caribou. 

Chief  characters  :  Its  vcr)-  dark  colour  and  its  great  size  ;  in 
the  latter  particular  it   is   sarid    to  equal,   or   e\-en    exceed    the 


I30  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [August 

/v.  terrcB-novce.  The  specimen  brought  by  Dr.  Dawson  is  now 
mounted  in  the  museum  of  the  Canadian  Geological  Survey  at 
Ottawa.  And  I  have  to  thank  that  gentleman  for  the  privilege 
of  describing  this  fine  animal. 

This  specimen,  which  I  make  the  t\'pe  of  the  new  species ;■ 
is  a  male,  and  was  taken  in  the  Illecillewaet  a\  atershed,  near 
Revelstoke,  Selkirk  Range,  B.C.,  in  1889. 

It  stands  46)^  inches  high  at  the  withers;  is  95  inches 
from  tip  of  the  nose  to  the  root  of  the  tail  ;  the  tail  is  5  inches 
long;  the  head  from  nose  to  occiput  19^,  the  hind  foot  26 
inches  ;  the  ear  7^4  inches. 

The  general  colour  is  a  deep  umber  brown,  very  gloss}',  and 
darkening  nearly  to  black  on  the  lower  parts  of  the  legs. 

The  neck  is  dull  greyish  white,  also  the  underside  of  the 
tail,  the  buttocks,  lips  and  belly.  Along  the  ribs  on  each  side  is 
a  greyish  patch  a  little  lighter  than  the  surrounding  brown. 

The  white  fringe  abo\e  each  hoof  is  shining  white  and  very 
narnn^'. 

The  antlers  of  this  specimen  are  not  noticeably  different  from 
those  of  the  woodland  species,  but  in  general  those  of  the  Moun- 
tain Caribou  are  distinguished  by  their  great  number  of  points,  a 
specimen  with  72  points  having  been  recorded.  They  are,  I  be- 
lieve, less  massive  than  those  of  the  Newfoundland  species. 

The  species  ranges  or  did  range  through  the  interior  moun- 
tains of  British  Columbia,  extending  northward  into  South 
Eastern  Alaska,  eastward  into  the  Rockies  of  Alberta,  and  south- 
ward along  the  higher  ranges  of  Idaho  half  the  length  of  that 
state.  According  to  Lord  it  formerl}-  was  found  along  the  sum- 
mits of  the  Cascade  range  as  far  as  Oregon.  It  does  not  seem  to 
breed  at  all  in  the  coast  ranges  of  British  Columbia. 

So  far  as  I  can  learn  it  is  separated  geographicall}-  from  the 
woodland  species  by  a  vast  caribou-less  basin,  running  up  east  of 
the  mountains  as  far  as  latitude  54  . 


I 


1898]  131 

EXCURSION  TO   THE  QUEEN'S  PARK,  AVLMER. 

The  second  general  excursion  of  the  season  under  the 
auspices  of  the  Club  was  held  on  Saturday  afternoon,  June 
24th,  1899  when  the  Queen's  Park,  Aylmer,  Que.,  was  visited. 

The  attendance  was  not  large,  but  yfzr  of  the  leaders  ap- 
pointed by  Council  were  present  and  a  profitable  time  was  spent 
by  those  who  were  fortunate  enough  to  visit  this  beautiful  Park. 

BOTAN\' : — In  this  section  of  the  Club's  work,  seventy-nine 
species  of  plants  were  noted  and  recorded  from  the  Park.  They 
are  for  the  most  part  common  species.  Among  the  most 
interesting  plants  were  a  series  of  flowering  shrubs  :  Ceanothus 
Americana,  Prunus  pumila,  Rosa  blanda,  Corylus  rostrata^ 
Shephcrdia  Canadenis,  Viburnum  pubescens,  Cornus  paniculata, 
Carpinus  Americana,  Rhus  typhina,  Juniperus  communis  and 
Cratreeu^.  Amongst  the  trees  were  noted  two  kinds  of  oaks, 
Ulmus  Americana,  Pinus  Strobus,  Thuja  occidentalis,  Abies 
balsamea,  Populus  balsamifera,  P.  tremuloides,  Betula  lenta,  Tilia 
Americana. 

The  number  of  plants  now  growing  in  the  Park  would,  no 
doubt,  far  exceed  that  recorded  on  a  single  day  by  a  single  visit 
of  a  ^c\v  of  the  members  of  the  botanical  section,  nevertheless  it 
would  be  interesting  to  have  a  complete  list  of  the  species 
recorded  from  this  locality  as  in  a  few  \ears  the  ground  will  have 
been  so  trodden  as  to  leave  but  few  of  the  more  hunible  and 
tnodest  herbaceous  flowering  plants  that  now  adorn  the  shady 
nooks  and  pretty  spots  of  this  Park. 

It  is  to  be  hoped  that  the  pines  and  oaks  and  every  tree 
srowincr  within  the  limits  of  the  Queen's  Park  will  be  protected, 
that  not  onl}-  their  shade  may  be  enjoyed  but  their  beauty  and 
characters.  The  Botanical  branch  was  led  by  Messrs.  R  B. 
Whyte  and  A.  E.  Attwood,  M.  A 

GEOLOGY.--The  geolog)-  of  the  Queen's  Park  is  very  simple. 
Two  geological  formations  are  there  to  be  .seen.  First,  the  Cal- 
ciferous  formation  consisting  of  fine  grained  and  compact 
magnesian  or    dolomitic    limestones,  which    are  at   times  rather 


^2  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [August 


I  ^2 


siliceous  and  pass  upwards  into  very  fine  grained  and  rather 
thick  bedded  soft  mudstones  or  shales  with  peculiar  concre- 
tinary  structure  and  conchoidal  fracture. 

The  outcrop  of  this  formation  along  Deschencs  Lake  Shore 
affords  just  sufficient  material  to  enable  the  geologist  to  identify 
the  horizon  there  represented  in  the  stratigraphical  column  of 
formations.  The  occurrence  of  the  gasteropod  :  Plenrotomaria 
gregaria,  Billings,  a  form  characteristic  of  the  Calciferous  sand- 
rock  of  Ste.  Anne  and  St.  Eustache  in  the  Eastern  extremity  o^ 
the  Ottawa  Palaeozoic  Basin  where  it  forms  part  and  parcel  of 
the  present  (same  geologicall})  St.  Lawrence  Basin,  affords 
sufficient  evidence  to  enable  the  reference  to  be  made  with  a 
degree  of  accuracy. 

Then  the  newer  or  Pleistocene  deposits  are  very  poorly 
represented  in  the  Park,  but  in  the  Island  south  of  the  Park,  on 
which  the  Lighthouse  is  built,  are  sands  and  gravels  of  post-glacial 
origin  and  made  up  for  most  part  of  debris  of  Palaeozoic  and 
Archaean  rocks.  The  geological  party  v/as  led  by  Mr.  T.  W.  E. 
Sowter,  who  proved  a  very  valuable  leader  and  also  b)-  the 
President. 

Arch.EOLOGV. — Mr.  Sowter  informed  the  members  present 
that  the  shore  of  the  lake  in  the  vicinity  of  the  Park,  especially 
along  the  line  of  the  terminus  of  the  Electric  Railway  line,  was  a 
favourite  resort  of  the  aborigineesof  this  country  and  the  site  of 
an  old  camping  ground. 

One  of  the  members  of  the  geological  section  visited  the 
Lighthouse  Island  opposite  the  Queen's  Park  and  obtained  a 
number  of  bones  of  the  former  inhabitants  of  this  district,  who 
had  been  interred  in  this  sequestered  spot.  Some  of  the  bones 
were  found  strewn  along  the  northern  and  eastern  shores, 
bleached  and  partly  submerged,  others  were  found  in  the  gravels 
on  the  bluff  or  west  side  of  the  Island. 

This  district    is  well   worth  visiting    and  studying    from  an 
Archttiological  or  Ethnological  standpoint,  and  from  the  success 
which  has  already  attended  the  researches  of  Mr.  T.  W.  PL.  Sowter 
the  club  hopes  to  be   able  to  chronicle  very  interesting    result 
before  long.     PI.  M.  A. 


1^99]  133 

EXCURSION  TO  CUMBERLAND,  ONT. 

The  third  general  excursion  of  the  Club  was  held  at  Cum- 
berland, a  pretty  village  situated  on  the  Ottawa  River,  Ontario 
side,  some  twenty  miles  below  the  Capital.  It  was  the  first  tim.e 
in  the  history  of  the  Club  that  Cumberland  had  been  visited  and 
although  the  attendance  was  not  large,  nevertheless,  those  who 
took  part  or  were  present,  all  speak  in  glowing  terms  of  the 
beauty  of  the  view  and  surroundings  as  well  as  of  the  many 
interesting  natural  features  of  special  \  alue  to  a  field  naturalist. 
Three  members  of  the  Council  and  Leaders  were  present  and 
considerable  work  done. 

In  Ornithology  Miss  Ballant}-ne  noted  the  occurrence  of 
not  less  than  twenty-five  birds  during  the  da},  whilst  Miss  M. 
Whyte  prepared  a  list  of  the  flowering  plants  noticed  along  the 
face  and  on  the  top  of  the  escarpment  south  of  the  \illage  and 
along  the  roadsides  and  shore  of  the  Ottawa,  on  behalf  of  the 
Botanical  section.  Mr.  Andrew  Halkett,  as  Leader  in  general 
Zoology,  made  notes  of  observations  en  squirrels,  chipmunks, 
slugs,  millipedes  and  spiders,  besides  a  number  of  butterflies. 
Amongst  these  were  :     White  admiral  (Limenitis  Arthemis). 

Milk-weed  butterfly  (Danais  Archippus),  Yellow  butterfly 
(Colias  philodice).  White  Cabbage  butterfly  (Picris  raptp.) 

Regarding  the  Chipmunk  [Jaiuias  st?iatus,  Linn.,)  Mr. 
Halkett  writes  : — "  An  interesting  sight  was  a  Chipmunk  at  his 
burrow  which  was  a  regular  hillock  with  both  entrance  and 
exit.     The  entrance  was  constructed  of  sticks  and  stones." 

Two  Cyprinoids  were  secured  by  Mr.  Halkett  for  exami- 
nation, from  a  pool  adjacent  to  the  Ottawa  caused  b\'  the 
receding  of  the  water. 

GE0L0(;v. — The  strata  between  the  Ottawa  ri\er  front  and 
the  top  of  the  hill  south  of  Cumberland  afford  perhaps  the  most 
perfect  undisturbed  and  continuous  section  of  Pala::ozoic  rocks 
in  the  Ottawa  Valle\'  in  a  vei}-  ccmpact  and  easii)-  accessible 
form  and  limited  space.  The  Calciferous,  Chazy,  Birds'  Eye 
and  Black  ri\er  and  Trenton  formations  were  all  obser\ed  and 
examined  in   their  natural   sequence. 


134  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [August 

The  lower  piateau  between  the  hill  and  the  river  shore  is 
occupied  for  the  most  part  by  the  Calciferous  formation  and  a 
series  of  strata  which  may  be  termed  a  transition  series  between 
the  Calciferous  and  Chazy.  The  magnesian  limestones  and 
concretionary  argillaceous  beds  such  as  were  noted  at  the  Queen's 
Park,  Aylmer,  crop  out  at  this  locality  and  are  superimposed 
by  sandy  shales  and  marls  which  compose  "  the  hill  "  south  of 
Cumberland  village.  On  the  top  of  the  hill  and  brow  thereof, 
bands  of  a  limestone  full  of  the  characteristic  RhyncJwnella 
{Camarotcechid)  plena  were  seen  from  which  excellent  specimens 
were  obtained.  Above  this  a  few  characteristic  fossils  of  the 
Black  river  and  Trenton  formations  were  also  noted.  Above  all 
of  the.se  and  along  the  cultivated  flats  and  farm  lands  occur  the 
fossiliferous  cla\'s  and  marls  of  Pleistocene  age.  Thousands  of 
shells  of  Saxicava  rugoso  occur  together  imbedded  in  a  sand>- 
clay  at  the  foot  and  along  the  slope  of  the  hill  on  the  road  to 
Ottawa  on  Mr.  Gamble's  farm.  Balariis  crcuatus  also  occurs 
rarely  along  with  the  former  named  species. 

The  limestones  of  Lower  Trenton  and  Black  river  age  are 
well  exposed  along  the  roadside  and  exhibit  beautiful  examples 
of  glacial  stria3.  The  majority  of  the  markings,  trend  for  the  most 
part  due  north  and  south,  but  at  times  are  very  irregular  in  direc- 
tion which  fact  indicates  the  oscillatory  movements  and  shifting 
of  the  direction  of  the  great  ice  sheet  carrying  boulders  of  Ar- 
chaean age,  many  of  which  can  be  seen  on  the  upper  ledges  of 
the  Ordovcian  strata  as  the}-  were  deposited  or  left  by  the  ice  as 
it  melted  at  the  close  of  the  glacial  period.      H.  M.  .\. 

NOTE. 

Good  Gp:ological  Section.s. — The  Leaders  of  the  geolo- 
gical section  desire  to  draw  the  attention  of  members  of  the  Club 
to  the  numerous  excavations  going  on  in  the  City  for  the  Main 
Drain.  These  excavations  afford  excellent  sections,  and  as  in 
the  case  of  earlier  public  works  of  the  same  nature  when  value- 
able  notes  were  taken,  it  is  hoped  that  records  will  be  kept  to 
show  the  character  of  the  strata  traversed  in  \arious  portions 
of  the  City  and  afi'ord  material  wherewith  to  la\-  down  the 
boundaries  of  the  various  geological  formations  traversed  ^with 
greater  accuracy.      H.   M.  A. 


1 899]  135 

OBITUARY.  O.  C.  MARSH. 

Othniel  Charles  Marsh,  professor  of  palaeontology  in 
Yale  University,  New  Haven,  vertebrate  palteontologist  of  the 
United  States  Geological  Survey  and  president  of  the  National 
Academy  of  Sciences  from  1883  to  1895,  a  past  president  of  the 
American  Association  for  the  advancement  ofscience,  correspond- 
ing member  of  learned  and  scientific  societies  in  France,  Belgium, 
Germany,  Ita]}%  Austria,  and  Denmark,  died  in  his  sixty-eighth 
year  at  his  residence.  New  Haven,  Connecticut,  after  a  brief 
illness.  Prof.  Marsh  was  one  of  the  most  brilliant  and  distin- 
guished paheontologists  in  the  world. 

He  was  educated  at  Yale,  Berlin,  Heidelberg  and  Breslau. 
He  achieved  a  vast  amount  of  work  before  he  died  and  had  in 
his  hands  a  very  large  amount  of  material  to  describe  and 
illustrate  had  the  untimely  hand  of  death  not  snatched  him,  as 
if  in  an  instant,  from  his  favourite  studies  and  researches. 
Honours  were  shovvered  upon  him  by  the  Institut  de  France, 
the  Geological  Society  of  London  and  other  distinguished 
bodies. 

Prof  Marsh  crossed  the  Rocky  Mts.  twenty-one  times, 
visited  the  Alps  and  Hills  of  Germany  and  carried  on  many 
explorations  in  the  Western  portion  of  the  New  World.  He 
brought  to  light  more  than  1,000  species  of  extinct  vertebrates, 
birds  with  teeth,  flying  reptiles,  two  new  orders  of  mammals, 
the  earliest  monkeys  and  bats  in  the  New  World  and  series  of 
specimens  illustrating  the  evolution  of  the  horse,  together  with 
the  discover}-  of  gigantic  reptiles,  deinosaurs,  both  carnivorous 
and  herbivorous  are  to  be  numbered  amongst  his  best  known 
finds.  He  has  left  a  monument  behind  him  of  great  importance 
and  significance.  The  vast  amount  of  treasures  he  had  gathered 
during  the  forty-five  years  of  his  acti\e  life,  when  properly 
housed  and  cared  for  and  exhibited  to  advantage,  as  we  trust  it 
will  be  ere  long,  will  form  a  magnificent  series  which  will  illus- 
trate a  most  important  phase  of  the  past  history  of  North 
America  in  an  admirable   manner. 


136  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [August 

The  earliest  paper  which  appeared  from  the  pen  of  Prof. 
Marsh  related  to  the  minerals  of  Nova  Scotia.  In  writing  of 
Prof  Marsh's  work,  Dr.  Charles  E.  Beecher  says  : 

"  His  three  mineralogical  papers,  published  between  1861 
"and  1867,  show  the  results  of  considerable  labour  and  careful 
"  investigation.  They  treat  of  the  gold  of  Nova  Scotia,  a  Zeolite 
"  mineral  from  the  .'^ame  region  and  a  catalogue  of  the  Mineral 
"  Localities  of  the  Maritime  Provinces  of  Canada." 

The  following  papers  specially  relating  to  Canada  are    here 

extracted  from    the    "  Bibliography "  prepared    by  Dr.  Beecher 

,   and  kindly  communicated  to  me  : 

1861  '' The  Gold  of  Nova  Scotia."     Amer.    Journal    of   .Science    (2)  vol     32    pp- 
395-4CO. 

1862  "  On  the  Saurian  Vertebr.t from  Nova  '^icotia  "  Ibid.  vol.  43  p.  278. 

"  Description  of  the  Remains  of  a  New  Enaliosaurian  (Eosannn  Acadianiis)- 
from  the  Coal  Formation  of  Nova  Scotia.  Ibid.  vol.  34,  pp.  1-16,  pis.  I. -II. 

1863  "  Cataloi;ue  of  Mineral  Localities  in  New  Brunswick,  Nova  Scotia  and  New- 
foundland.    Ibid.  vol.  35,  pp.  210-218. 

1S67     "  Contributions  to  the  Mineralogy  of  Nova  Scotia."  Ibid.  vol.   44,  pp.    362- 
367.      No.  I.  Ledereiite  identical  with  Gmelinite. 

Prof  Marsh  was  one  of  the  leading  contributors  to  the 
American  Journal  of  Science  and  his  writings  certainly  did 
much  to  add  zest  and  interest  to  that  publication. 

His  genial  and  courteous  manner  as  well  as  characteristic 
good  nature  won  for  him  a  vast  concourse  of  friends  and  ad- 
mirers on  both  sides  of  the  Atlantic.  We  shall  long  miss  his 
beaming  countenance  and  striking  individualit}^ 

The  "  Bibliography  "  of  Prof  O.  C.  Marsh  as  prepared  by 
Dr.  Beecher  for  the  American  Journal  of  Science,  4th  Series, 
Vol  VH,  pp.  420-428  is  most  complete  and  shows  clearly  what  a 
master  mind  the  subject  of  this  brief  sketch  possessed.  I  shall 
close  with  words  from  Dr.  Beecher's  pen.    (loc.  cit.  p.  419.) 

"  In  closing  the  outline  of  the  discoveries  made  by  this 
'■  investigator  one  cannot  help  being  impressed  with  their  signal 
■'•  brilliancy,  their  great  number  and  especially  by  their  unique 
"  importance  in  the  field  of  organic  evolution.  Were  all  other 
"  evidence  lost  or  wanting  the  law  of  evolution  would  still  have 
"  a  firm  foundation  in  incontrovertible  facts.  The  study  of 
"  variation  and  Embryology  in  recent  animals  gives  hints  as  to 
"  the  truth,  but  Paleontology  alone  can  give  the  facts  of 
de-scent."     H.  M.  AMI. 


THE  OTTAWA  NATURALIST. 


Vol.  XIII.        OTTAWA,   SEPTEMBER,  1899.  No.  6. 

THE  BIRDS  OF  A  GARDEN 

By  A.  C.  Tyndali,. 

The  garden  is  a  tangle  of  evergreens,  forest  trees,  and  orna- 
mental shrubs  grown  wild  ;  with  a  few  sturdy  perennials  which 
grow  in  the  sod  beneath  them  with,  apparently,  the  fixed  de- 
termination not  to  be  overcome  by  difficulties.  Lest  anyone 
take  e.xception  to  the  term  "  garden  "  as  applied  to  such  a 
wilderness,  I  may  say  here,  that  in  the  bygone  time  when  the 
name  was  given  to  the  half  acre  or  so  of  ground  it  covers,  the 
perennials  were  not  as  now  the  neglected  children  of  the  soil, 
but  the  pride  and  joy  of  their  careful  owners. 

Garden  or  wilderness,  as  you  will,  it  is  a  favorite  place  of 
resort  and  residence  with  the  lesser  fowls  of  the  air,  and  while 
there  is  a  bird  to  be  found  in  the  neighborhood  it  is  to  be  found 
here.  Here  ma}'  be  seen  the  tiny  kinglet,  with  his  voice  like  the 
note  of  an  elfin  horn  ;  here  the  scarlet  tanager  flashes  his  mili- 
tary looking  figure  across  the  open  spaces  ;  and  in  the  silence 
of  the  night  it  has  been  my  privilege  to  hear  an  owl  of  some 
species  unknown  to  me,  holding  forth  in  a  manner  imprcssivel\- 
suggestive  of  a  prediction  of  all  kinds  of  woe  and  misfortune  for 
the  inmates  of  the  darkness  enveloped  abode  close  b\-. 

Chief  among  the  birds  who  spend  their  summers  in  the 
garden,  however,  as  a  bird  almost  always  to  be  found  when  he  is 
looked  for,  is  the  catbird,  whose  longtailed,  blue-drab  figure  is 
to  be  seen  in  the  mulberry  thickets  any  hour  in  the  day.  The 
catbird  comes  of  good  family,  numbering  among  other  connect- 
ions scarcel}'  less  desirable,  the  famous  mocking-bird  as  first 
cousin.  He  is  a  fair  songster  himself,  but  he  might  be  better,  if 
he  would  give  up  the  mistaken  idea  that  he  is  gifted  in  the  same 
way  as  his  farfamed  kinsbird.     The  great  songster  of  the    south 


138  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.         [September 

mieht  be  flattered  if  he  knew  there  is  a  bird  with  such  an  admira- 
tion  for  his  genius  as  the  catbirdevidentlyhas  ;  who  indulges  him- 
self with  the  hope,  apparently,  that  some  day  success  and  fame 
will  reward  his  efforts  also.  I  have  known  that  bird  to  arouse 
himself  in  the  middle  of  the  night  in  order  to  render  his  much 
practised  imitations  of  other  bird's  notes,  just,  it  would  appear, 
because  it  was  the  other  bird's  custom  so  to  do — with,  1  fancy, 
much  the  same  idea  that  Napoleon  the  Third  had  in  believing 
that  he  was  following  the  lead  of  the  same  destiny  when  he 
said  and  did  the  same  things  in  ordinary  everyday  life  as  his 
great  uncle. 

Another  familiar  figure  is  that  of  the  robin  who  for  some 
years  past  has  occupied  for  the  sea.son  that  "  desirable  residence  " 
known  as  the  big  spruce  in  the  fence  corner.  The  American 
substitute  for  the  Robin  Redbreast  of  nursery  rhyme  fame,  has 
few  points  in  common  with  his  English  name  sake,  and  when 
the  New  Englanders  gave  the  big  thrush  the  name  by  which  he 
has  since  been  known,  it  was  not  so  much  on  account  of  his  brick 
dust  colored  front,  as  that  his  preference  for  the  ploughed  fields 
andgardensofthe  settlements  reminded  them  of  the  friendly  ways 
of  the  aimiable  bird  they  had  left  over  the  seas.  They  had  yet 
to  learn,  that  so  far  from  having  any  notions  of  sentiment  on  the 
subject  he  was  influenced  solely  by  the  superior  advantages  the 
newly  ploughed  fields  and  gardens  afforded  for  his  favorite  diet 
(jf  earth  worms.  Another  habitue  oi  the  place,  but  who  is  also  a 
resident,  is  Jim  the  crow. 

Jim  is  a  bachelor  bird,  the  misfortune  ofa  wing  broken  v/hilehe 
was  yet  a  callow  }-outh,  preventing  him  from  taking  the  place  in 
life  he  might  otherwise  occupy.  But  even  if  Jim  were  responsible 
for  the  well  being  of  a  famil\-,  he  would  never  I  feel  sure,  show  the 
lack  of  confidence  in  his  friends,  which  the  robin  displays  in  his 
every  movement.  The  lattcr's  ideas  of  the  dangers  to  which  that 
nest  is  exposed  are  precisely  the  same  as  on  that  first  day  he 
deposited  the  beakful  of  mud  which  formed  its  cornerstone  ; 
and  from  break  of  day  till  dark  of  night  it  does  nothing  but  worry 
over  anticipated  difliculties,  and  threatened  dangers.  I  was 
moved  one  day,  by  hearing  shrieks  of  wrath  which  betokened   a 


1899]  TvNDALL — Tin:  Birds  of  a  Garden.  139 

robin  in  a  state  of  mind  fast  approaching  the    hysterical,    to    go 
forth  to  his  aid.     jini  crowisnotinfrcquently  guiltyofabstracting 
the  contents  of  a  nest  ulien  liis  fancy  leads  hiin    t(^  desire    fresh 
eggs  for  luncheon,  but  Jim  I  could  see  afar  off  with  some  black- 
coated  chums,  busy  catching  frogs  down  at  the  meadow  pond.  The 
trouble  I  found  to  be  that  one  of  his  young  hopefuls    had    fallen 
from  the  nest.     I  ciuly  replaced  it,  but  only  to  find  that    instead 
of  calming  his  fears,  it  made  him  think  dangers    thickened;  and 
his  frantic  shrieks  brought  every  bird    in    the    neighborhood    to 
see  what  had  happened.     The  indigo  bird  who  has  a  nest  in  the 
adjoining  shrubbery,  was  there,  looking  on  in    silent    watchful- 
ness, the  goldfinch  who  seems  to  be  everywhere  at  once,    swung 
himself  to  and  fro  on  a  bough,  mocking    the    larger    bird    with 
gay  carolings  and  taunting  callnotes  until  a  wrathful   movement 
on    the    part    of  the  object  of  his  attention,  caused  him  to    take 
a  speedy  departure — and  the  catbird,  who  had  been    hidden    in 
the  recesses  of  the  mulberry  thicket,  practising  a  series  of  notes 
which  he  firmly  believed  would  impress  everybody  as  being    an 
exact  reproduction  of  the  notes  of  the  woodthrush,  came  out    at 
the  top,  looked  about  him  for  a  moment,  then  with    a   whisk    of 
the  tail  which  was  meant  to  say — "  That    fool     bird    again!" — 
disappeared  as  suddenly  as  he  had  come.       All    this    does    not 
mean  that  Robin  is  without  his  good  points — he  is  a  hardwork- 
ing, painstaking  bird  ;  devoted  to  his  family,  and  a    songster    of 
no  mean  order,  though  as  generally  heard,  snatching  a  moment's 
time  from    his  pressing  cares  to  gratif)'  his  love  of  the  divine 
art, —  singing  a  hurried  matin  song  while  four  or  five  insatiable 
youngsters  are  demanding  dailv  bread,  in    the    shape    of  earth- 
worms, or  when  at  any  other  time  of  the  day,  he  is  obliged  to 
keep  a  sharp  look  out  for  the  enemies  of  him  and  his  ;  while  he 
gives  his  impressions  of  life  musical  utterance — it  is  not  often  he 
is  heard  at  his  best.     Few  bird  songs  would    be    more    missed 
than  his  as  he  sits  outlined  against  the  sky  on  the  ridge  of  a  roof 
through  the  April  evenings,  and  his  voice   is  ever  the  first  to  be 
heard  after  a  summer  .storm,  in  clear  far  sounding  notes  announc- 
ing that  the  rain  is  over  and  gone. 


I40  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [September 

LIST   OF  FRESH-WATER    FISHES    OF   THE  GASPt^ 
PENINSULA,  P.  O.,  WITH  NOTES  ON   THEIR  DIS- 
TRIBUTION IN  THE  MARITIAHi  PROVINCES. 

By  run. 1. II'  Cox. 

1.  Perca  AMERICANA,  Schranck.    YelloiL'  Perch. 

Metapedia  River  and  Lake.  Does  not  occur  in  the 
peninsula  proper.     Common  in  the  Maritime  Provinces. 

2.  COTTUS  RICHARD.SONII,  Agassiz.      Millers  TJuiinh. 

In  all  the  Gaspe  rivers,  except  those  empt\'ing  into  Gaspe, 
Basin.     A  very  variable  form.     Northern  N.  B. 

3.  COTTUS  RICHARD.SONII,  Agassiz. 

A  peculiar  variety  from  Bonaventure  River,  distinguished 
by  its  black  colour,  tad-pole  shape,  and  wide  separation  of  the 
dorsals. 

4.  Uranidea  CRACILIS,  (Heckel)  Putnam.     Millers  Thumb. 

Metapedia  and  Nouvelle,  P.  O..  Green  River,  Victoria 
Co.,  N.  B. 

5.  URANIDEABOLEOIDES!(Girard  J  Jordan.     Millers  TJnunb. 

Metapedia,  with  the  last,  from  which  it  is  scarcely  specifically 
separate.     Miramichi  and  St.  John  ri\ers,  N.  B. 

6.  Ceratichthys  PLU.MBEUS,  Gunthcr.   C.  prostheuiius.  Cope. 

Metapedia  River  and  Lake.  A  heavy  stou.  form  peculiar 
also  to  the  lakes  in  St.  John  Co.,  X.  B. 

7.  Ceratichthys  plumbeus,  var. — 

Grand  Cascapedia  ;  Nouvelle  Lakes,  New  Carlisle;  Grand 
Palbos.  Differs  from  the  type  in  the  marked  posterior  insertion 
of  the  dorsal,  short  head,  absence  of  barbel,  scale  formula,  and 
crimson  lateral  band.     An  e.xceedingly  handsome  fish. 

8.  Ceratichthys  plumbeus,  Gunther. 

Little  Cascapedia.  Temiscouata  Lake  and  the  St  John 
River,  and  Black  River,  Northumberland  Co.,  N.  B.  The  most 
.usual  type. 


1899]  Cox — Fresh-Water  Fishes,  141 

9.  Phoxinus  neoG(EUS,  Cope.     Minnow. 

Nouvelle  Lakes,  near  New  Carlisle  ;  its  only  station  in  the 
peninsula.  Small  lakes  St.  John,  Kings  and  Sunbury 
counties,  N.  B. 

10.  Chrosomus  ervthrogaster,  Agassiz.       Red-bellied  Dace. 

Nouvelle  Lakes,  New  Carlisle.  Jn  all  respects  typical  ex- 
cept thit  the  dorsal  has  uniformly  eight  rays  instead  of  seven,  a 
feature  marking  all  our  clirosomi.  Hence  there  seems  a  good 
reason  for  dropping  ervthrogaster  and  adopting  a  new  term, 
unless  there  was  some  mistake  in  Agassiz'  count.  Golden  Grove 
and  Clear  Lakes,  St.  John  Co.,  X.  R. 

11.  Chrosomus  ervthrogaster,  van— 

Harriman's  Lake,  Grand  Cascapsdia  ;  and  Goose  Lake„ 
Little  Cascapedia.  A  small,  graceful  and  highly  coloured  form, 
with  two  extra  dorsal  bands,  lateral  line  entirely  wanting  or  re- 
presented by  a  few  pores,  body  very  slender,  head  and  depth  less- 
in  proportion  to  length.  Close  to  the  last,  but  easily  dis- 
tinguished from  it,  especially  when  fresh.  This  form  does  not 
occur  in  N.  B. 

i},.  Leuciscus  cornutus,  Gunthcr.     Shiner,  Red-Jin. 

Grand  Cascapedia.  The  only  station  east  of  Metapedia- 
differs  slightly  from  the  typ3  in  the  Restigouche  and  through- 
out N.  B.,  in  having  but  eight  rays  in  the  anal  instead  of  ni?ie, 
the  free  margin  of  the  dorsal  straight,  not  concave  ;  greater  com- 
pression of  head,  smaller  size,  and  larger  number  of  scales  in 
front  of  d  :)rsal. 

14.  Rhinichthvs  CATAR.\t;T.E  (Val.)  Jordan.  Long-nosed  Dace. 

Typical,  but  the  scale  formula  is  12-62-7  or  8,  instead  of 
13-64-8.     Lake  Metap^dia.     G2n2rdlly  distributed  in  N.  B. 

15.  Rhinichthvs  atronasus  (Mitch.)  Ag.     Blac/c  nosed  Dace. 

Cascapedia  and  Bonaventure  rivers.  Differs  from  the  last 
in  its  broader  and  shorter  snout,  fin  ra\s  are  1).  8,  A.  7  as  \x\ 
R.  cataractce  ;  undoubted!}'  our  type  of  A',  atronasus.  N.  B.,  N.  S.> 
(J.  M.  Jones.) 


142    "       ^^K"-.^  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [September 

17.  FaNDULUS   DIAPHA.NUS,  (Les.)  A^assiz.       spring  Minnoiv. 
Bonaventure    and  Grand    Pabos.      Rustico    and    HillsbDro 
River,  P.  E.  I.;  St.  John  River,  and  Mir,  N.  B. 

19.  GasterosteuS  PUNGITIUS,  L.    Nine-ipined  St:ck'ehack. 

Cascapedia.     New  Brunswick  and  P.  E.  I. 

20.  GASTEROSTEUS  ACULEATUS,  L.      Stickkbac'i. 
Connmon    on  the    Gaspe  coast    and  lower  courses  of  rivers. 

Like  many  others  of  our  smaller  species,  it  shows  a  departure 
from  the  ordinary  type,  for  its  fin  formula  is  D.  II-I,  1 1  ;  A.  I.  8; 
\v\\^x&-dA  aculeatus   has    D.  If-I.  13;    A.  I.  9.        Hence  ours    ap-  J 

preaches  in  this  respect  y:/. ////rr^r^//^^?//^',  but  in  all  other  features  " 

is  A.aculeatus.  The  typical  form,  however,  occurs  generally  in 
N.  B.     Common  in  N.  S.,  (J.  M.  Jones.)* 

21.  NOTEMlGONUSCHRYSOLEUCUS(Mitch.)Jordon.G'(;M7/^7//;/r/-. 

Lac  a  Canard  and  Murphy's  Lake,  Grand  Pabos.  Also 
occurs  in  Metapedia  River  and  Lake.  Alton  Lake,  P.  E.  I.,  the 
only  fresh  water  fish  Roy  Vanwart  found  on    that  island. 

22.  SEMOTILUS  ATROMACULATUS,  Mitch.      Honicd  Dcice. 

Cascapedia  and  other  streams.  Slightly  aberrant.  D. 
generally  8  rays  instead  of  7,  as  is  the  rule  in  N.  B.  Snout 
more  pointed.  Size,  small.  Generally  distributed  in  N .  B., 
Lake  Metapedia  fish  are  closer  to  N.  B.  type. 

Catostomus  COMMERSONII  (Lac.^  J^^rdan.  Common  Sucker. 

Cascapedia  and  Bonaventure  rivers.  Metapedia.  Scale 
formula  9-60-7  instead  of  10-64-9  said  to  be  t)'pical  of  this  form, 
though  N.  B.  fish  always  show  a  reduction.  In  all  other 
respects  typical.  Size  large — 18  inches  long,  generall)'  distri- 
buted in  N.  B.  Also  in  N.  S.,  (J.  M.  Jones,  N.  S.,  In.  of  Nat.,  Sc. 
Vol.  V.  pt.  I,  1879.; 

COREGONUS  LabradoricusRich?      White-fish. 

One  species  occurs  sparingly  in  the  Grand  Cascapedia,  but 
I  heard  of  it  nowhere  else.  Could  not  procure  a  specimen,  but 
from  descriptions  concluded  it  was  this  species. 

*The  last  two  species  not  strictly  fresh-water  fishes. 


1 899]  H3 

WINTER   BIRDS  OF   THE  OKANAGAx\ 
DISTRICT  B.   C, 

By  Allan  Krooks. 

During  two  seasons  spent  hunting  and  collecting  in  the 
Okanagan  district  I  was  very  much  surprised  to  note  the  abun- 
dance of  bird  life  in  winter  as  compared  with  Central  Ontario, 
which  has  a  correspondingly  severe  winter.  Not  only  were  there 
a  greater  number  of  species  actually  wintering  there,  but  the 
numerical  strength  of  representative  species  was  greatly  in  excess 
of  such  species  allies  in  Ontario. 

I  might  also  have  included  in  the  list  such  species  as  Wes- 
tern Robin,  and  Varied  Thrush  as  I  noticed  these  several  times 
at  a  very  late  date,  after  the  snow  had  fallen. 

I  spent  most  of  my  time  between  Okanagan  and  Arrow 
Lakes  in  lat.  50  a  district  including  every  variety  of  country  from 
sage  brush  to  bunch  grass  and  scattered  pines  {Pinus pond^rosa) 
to  the  heavily  timbered  mountains. 

The  altitude  of  Vernon  is  about   1240  ft. 

WiNiER  Residents  of  the  Okanagan  District,  13.  C, 

iEcHMOi'HORUS  occTDENTALis.     Western  Grebe.     A  few  remain  all  winter. 
CoLYMBUS  HOLBCEi.Ll.     Holboells  Grebe.       Common. 
COLYMBUS  AURITUS.      Homed  Grebe.     Common. 
Larus  glaucescens.     Glaucous — winged  Gull. 

"         californicus.     California         *' 

"■         delawarensis.     Ring-billed     " 

These  were  the  only  gulls  identified  during  the  winter  months. 
Phalacrocorax.     Sp?     I   noticed  an    immature   cormorant    on  Okanagan  Lake, 

January  'q8. 
Merganser  americanus.     American  Merganser.     .A.bundant. 
Merganser  serrator.     Red-breasted  Merganser.     Rare. 

LoPHODYTES  cucuLLATUS.     Hooded  Merganser.     -Scarce  during  winter  months. 
Anas  boschas.     Mallard.     A  few  Mallards  winter  in  neighborhood  of  Vernon  ;  no 

other  fluviatile  ducks  observed  during  winter   months,  though  Widgeon  and  Pin- 
tail may  remain. 
Aytiiya  vallisneria.     Canvas-back. 

"         AMERICANA.     Red-head. 

"         MARILA  NEARCTICA     American  Scaup. 

"         AFFiNis.     Lesser  Scaup. 

"         COLLARIS.      Ring-necked  duck. 

.'Ml  of  the  above  were  identified,  and  associate  together  on  Okanagan  Lake. 


144  The  Ottawa  Naturaliist  [September 

Gi.AUCiONETTA     CLANGULA   AMERICANA.      American     Golden-eye.       Abundant. 

Barrowe's    Golden-eye  is  a  common  summer    resident,  but    I  never  observed  it 

during  winter. 
Charitonetta  albeola.      Butifle-head.     Rather  scarce. 
OiDEMiA  declandi.     White- winged  Scoter. 

"         PERSi'iciLLATA.     Surf  Scotcr. 

Both  remain  on  Okanagan  Lake  throughout  the  winter. 

Branta  CANADENSIS.  Canada  Goo.se.  A  flock  of  Canada  geese  winters  every  year 

on  Shuswap  lake. 
Cygnus  buccinator.     Trumpeter    Swan.     Swans   (apparently   only   this  species) 

winter  in  suitable  localities  in  the  district. 
Rallus  VIRGINIANUS.     \Mrginia  Rail.     Winters. 
Gali.inago  wiLSONi .     American  Snipe.     A  few  winter. 
Dendragapus  o.  richakdsonii.     Richardson's  Grouse. 

"         FRANKLiNi,     Franklin's  Grouse. 
Bonasa  umbellus  togata.      Canadian  Ruffed  Grouse. 

"  "         umbelloides.     Gray     "  " 

Lagopus  leucurus.     White-tailed  Ptarmigan. 
Pedioc.ktes  ph.  COLUMBIAN  us.     Columbia  Sharp-tailed  Grouse. 

All  the  above  Grouse  occur  in  suitable  localities. 

Circus  HUDsoNius.     Marsh  hawk. 

BUTEO  BOREALIS  CALURUS.     Western  Redtailed   Buzzard. 

Archibuteo  sancti-johnnis.     American  Rough-legged  Buzzard. 

The  first  of  the  above  was  fairly  common  and  the  other  two  rare   during    winter 
months. 

ACCIPIIER  atricapillus.     American    Goshawk,    Goshawks,  probably    the  typical 

form   are   occasionally   seen   during    winter ;    the  Western    form  breeds  in   the 

district. 
Aquila  ch.  CANADENSIS.     Golden  eagle.     Not  common. 
HALl.iiETUS  ALBiciLLA.     Bald  Eagle.  Common. 
Falco  peregrinus  anatum.     P-.'regrine  Falcon.     This  was  the  only  large  Falcon 

observed,  though  both  I^rairie  a  d  gyr  falcons  winter  west  of  the  Cascades. 
Falco coLUMBARius.     Pigeon  Hawk. 

"         RICHARDSONII.     Richardson's    Merlin. 

Both  were  seen  once  or  twice  during  winter  of '97-98. 
Falco  SPARVERius  DESERTICOLUS       Desert  Kestril.     A  few  remain  all  winter. 
Asio  wii.soNiANUs.     Long-eared  Owl. 
"     BRACHYOTUs.     Short-eared     " 

The  latter  much  the  commoner. 
ScOTiAPTEX  ciNEREUM.     Great  Gray   Owl.     Rare. 
Nyctala  RICHARDSONII.     Richardson's  Owl.     Rare. 
Nyc  I'ALA  ACADICA.     Saw-whet  Owl.     Common. 
Bubo  viR(iiNiANUS       Great  Horned  Owl. 

"     viR(;.  suBARCTicus.     Western  Horned  Owl. 
"  "  SATURATUS.        Dusky  "  " 

All  three  races  of  Clreat  Horned  Owls  occur,  as  well  as  every  possible  intergrade 
between  them. 


I 


1899]  Bird  Notes.  145 

NvciEA  NYCTEA.      Snowy  Owl. 

SuRNiA  V.  (Ai'AKOCH.     American  Hawk  Owl.      Rare. 
Gi.AUCiDiUM  GNOMA  cAi.iKORMcuM.     Pigmy  Owl.     CommoD. 
Cery],f.  alcyon.     Belted  King-fisher.     Quite  a  number  stay  all  winter. 
Ceophlceus  pileatus.     Pileated  Woud-pecker.     Tolerably  common. 
Dryobates  v.  leucomelas.     Northern  Hairy  Woodpecker. 

"  p.  ORC<ECUS.      Batchelder's  Woodpecker. 

Both  common. 
Xenopicus  Ai.BOLARVATUS.     White  Headed  Woodpecker.     I  heard  of  tliis   species 

Ijut  never  came  across  it. 
PicoiDES  ARCTicus.     Arctic  3-toed  Woodpecker.     Common  in  suitable  localities. 
COLAPTES  CAFER.      Red-shafted  Flicker.      Fairly  common  during  winter  months. 
Otocorissp?     Horned  Lark.     On  January  loth, '98,  I  saw  a    flock   of  shorelarks, 

most  probaijly  merrillii,  but  they  may  have  been  itiigata  as  both    species    occur 

and  are  common,  the  latter  only  on  migrations,  but  the  former  breeds. 
Pica  hudsonica.     American  Magpie.     Abundant. 
Cyanocetta  s.  annectens.     Black  Headed  Jay.     Common. 
Perisoreus  c.  capitalis.     Rocky  Mt.  Jay.     Common  at  high  elevations. 
CORVUS  c.  prinxipalis      Northern  Raven.     Tolerably  cjmmon. 
CORVUS  americani's  hesperis.     California  Crow.     A  few  crows  stay  around    the 

towns,  but  the  bulk  leave  rather  early  in  the  fall. 
PiClCORVUS  COLUMBIANUS.       Clarke's    Nutcracker.       Common     during    winter    of 

'97-98,  but  entirely  absent  the  next  winter.     Many  remained  to  breed  m  '98  and 

they  also  bred  in  '97  ;  they  lay  in  February. 
Acelai  vs  ph.  sonoriensis.     Sonoran  Redwing. 
ScOLECOPHAGUS  CYANOCEPHALUS.      Brewer's  Blackbird. 

A  few  of  both  the  above  species  of  Blackbirds  remain  throughout  the  winter. 
SrURNELLA  NEGLECTA.     Western    Meadow  Lark.     A    number  remain    about    the 

stacks  and  barnyards. 
CoccOTHRAUSTES     VESP.     MONTANUS.     Western     Evening    (Grosbeak.     Tolerably 

common. 

PiNicoi.A  E.  CANADENSIS.     Pine  Grosbeak.       Scarce   during   winter  of   '97-98,  but 

common  during  '98-99.     Breeds. 
LoxiA  c.  MINOR.     American  Crossbill.     Abundant    during  winter    of   '9798,    but 

apparently  entirely  absent  the  next  season.       I    never   positively   identified    the 

white-winged  Crossbil!,  but  I  have  no  doubt  it  occurs  as  I  have  taken  it   west   of 

the  Ca>cades. 
Leucosticte  tephrocotis.     Gray-crowned  Leucosticte.     A  large  flock  seen  once 

or  twice  in  mountains   to   west    of  Okanagan    Lake :     these    may    have    been 

littoralis  as  I  have  taken  both  species  in  lower  Fraser  River  Valley. 
ACANTHIS    I.INARIA.     Redpoll.        Common    during    both    winters    I    spent    in    the 

district.     I  saw  nothing  of  ^a,7/z))<?.f,  though  I  kepi  a  good  look    out    for   it    and 

have  taken  it  nearer  the  coast. 
Spinus  TRISTIS.     American  Goldfinch.     Common    during    early    part    of  winter    of 

'97-9S  ;  never  seen  since.     This  is  probably  the  western  form. 

RARYls. 


146  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.         [September 

Plectrophanax  nivalis.     Snowfiake.     Common. 

ZONOTKICHIA  INTERMEDIA.      Intermediate  Sparrow.      Twu  seen  i6th  Dec,  '98. 

Spizella  m.  ochracea.     VVeslern  Tree  Sparrow.     A  few  stay  all  winter. 

JUNCO  OREGOXUS  SHUFEi.DTii.      Rocky  Mountain  Junco.     Abundant. 

Melospiza  guttata.      Rusty  Song  Sparrow.     Toleralily  common    throughout    the 
winter. 

Ampelis  GARRULU-S.     Northern  Waxwing.       Abundant  during  winter  of  '97-9S  and 
less  so  the  next  winter.      Breeds. 

Lanius  borealis.     Butcher-bird.     Tolerably  common. 

Ci.NXLUS  mexicanus.     Dipper.     Common.     Sings  all  winter. 

Troglodytes  pactficus.       Western  winter  wren.      Tolerably  common  throughout 
the  winter. 

CiSTOTHORUS  P.  paludicola.     Tule  wren.     A  few  stay  all  winter. 

Certhia  a.  montanus.     Rocky  Mountain  Creeper. 

SiTTA  aculeata.     Slender-billed  Nuthatch. 
"     CANADENSIS.      Red-breasted  Nuthatch 
"     PYCJiVKEA.     pygmy  Nuthatch. 
All  of  the  above  common  in  neighborhood    of  Okanagan    Lake,  associated    with 
Chickadees,  etc. 

Parus  A.  septentrionalis.     Lung  tailed  Chickadee. 
"     GAMBELI.      Mountain  Chickadee. 
"     RUFESCENS.     Chestnut  backed  Chickadee. 
"     HUDSONICUS  COLUMBIANUS.     Columbian  Chickadee. 
The  two  former  are  abundant  nearly  everywhere,  but  the  only  place  where  I  saw 
all  four  species  associated,  was  the  mountains  to  west  of  Arrow  Lake,  where  by 
imitating  the  call  of  the  Pigmy  Owl,  I  had  all  four  species  within  ten  feet  of  me 
at  once.     Probably  in  no  other  part  of  America  could  four  species  of  true    Parus 
be  seen  together.      I  also  took  Coliuiibianiis  on  the  divide  between    Nicola   and 
Okanagan  valleys,  the  most  westerly  point  I  have  observed  it. 

Regulus  s.  olivaceus.     Western  Kinglet.     Common  throughout  the  winter. 

Myadestes   tovvnsendi.      Townsend's    Solitaire.      Tolerably    common.       Sings 
throughout  the  winter  ;  feeds  on  fruit  during  cold  weather. 


SUB-EXCURSION. 
The  excursion  to  Chelsea,  Sept.  9th,  was  one  of  the  most 
enjoyable  ever  made  under  the  auspices  of  the  Club.  The 
attendance  was  very  large,  at  least  one  hundred  Normal  School 
students  besides  members  of  the  Club  and  their  friends  being 
present.  Addresses  were  delivered  in  the  afternoon  by  Mr.  S. 
B.  Sinclair  and  Prof.  John  Macoun  who  described  the  plants 
found  during  the  afternoon.  Among  the  rare  plants  found  were 
Aster  ptarniacoides  and  Rhyncospora  capillacea,  the  latter  an 
addition  to  the  local  flora. 


1899]  FERNALD — I'LANTS.  I47 

SOME    PLANTS    FROM    THE  NORTHWEST  SHORl-: 

OF   HUDSON   BAY 

By  M.  L.  Fernai.d. 

Shortly  before  his  death  the  late  Professor  D.  C.  Eaton 
•sent  to  the  Gray  Herbarium  for  determination  a  small  parcel  of 
plants  secured  for  him  by  ^Ir.  George  Comer  on  the  northwest 
shore  of  Hudson  Ba\-.  Mr.  Comer  collected  these  specimens 
during  the  summers  of  1893  and  1S94  on  Depot  Island  flat. 
63°  55'  N.,  long.  90  20'  \V.)  and  at  Whale  Point  (lat.  about  64" 
30^  N.  long.  90*^  00'  W.)  The  number  of  species  represented 
is  small,  and  most  of  the  plants  were  also  collected  by  Mr.  J.  W. 
Tyrrell*  about  Chesterfield  Inlet,  but  as  the  collection  contains 
■some  species  of  unusual  interest  it  is  thought  well  to  record  all 
the  species  brought  back  from  that  little  known  region. 

ASPIDIUM  FRAGRANS,  Svvartz.  Whale  Point,  very  abund- 
ant. 

LVCOPODIUM  Selago,  L.  Whale  Point  and  mainland 
near  Depot  Island. 

Eriophorum  Scheuchzeri,  Hoppe.  \\'hale  Point.  The 
cotton  of  this  plant  is  used  by  the  Eskimo  as  wicking  in  their 
stone  lamps. 

Betula  (;LA\r)ULOSA,  Michx.  Mainland  near  Depot 
Lsland.  U.sed  b\-  the  natives  as  a  matting  between  their  bedding 
and  the  snow. 

Silene  acallis,  L.     Whale  Point. 

Stellaria  IIU.MIFUSA,  Rottb.     Whale  Point. 

Stellaria  longipes,  Goldic,  var.  Edwakdsii,  Watson. 
Depot  Island. 

Sac;ina  xinalfs,  Lindl.     Whale  Point 

Ranunculus  affinfs,  R  Br.     Depot  Island. 

Draba  alpina,  L.     Whale  Point. 


*For  a  list  of  Mr.  Tyrrell's    plants  see  Ann.  Rep.     N.  S.    Geol.  Surv.    Can.     ix 
(1896),  part  F.  App.  iii. 


L 


148  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [September 

Draba  nivalis,  Liljeblad.  Whale  Point  and  Depot 
Island. 

EuTREMA  Edwardsii,  R.  Br.     Depot  Island. 

Saxifraga  siLENiEFLORA,  Sternb.  Whale  Point,  July 
and  August,  1894.  Formerly  known  only  on  the  Pacific  coast 
from  Vacouver  to  Behring  Straits. 

Saxifracja  nivalis,  L.     Depot  Island. 

Saxifraga  Hirculus,  L.     Whale  Point. 

Saxifraga  tricuspidata,  Retz.     Whale  Point. 

RuBUS  ChaM/EMORUS,  L.  Depot  Island. 

Dry  asoctopetala  L.,  var.  integrifolia  C.and  S.  Whale 
Point. 

Patentilla  Vahliana,  Lehm.  Whale  Point  July  1894. 
According  to  Rydberg,  collected  by  Mr.  Tyrrell  on  Marble 
Island. 

Oxvtropis  ARCTICA,  R.  Br.  Depot  Island,  June,  July, 
1894.  These  plants  are  confidently  identified  with  authentic 
specimens  from  the  Benthamian  herbarium  of  O.  arctica.  In 
some  individuals  the  upper  leaflets,  though  generally  in  two's  are 
occasionally  in  threes'  suggesting  that  the  little-known  Spiesia 
Belli,  Britton,  described  from  Digges  Island  and  the  mouth  of 
Chesterfield  Inlet,  may  belong  here. 

Empetrum  nigrum,  L.     Depot  Island, 
Ledum  palijstre,  L.     Whale  Point. 

Cassiope  tetragon  a,  Don.  Depot  Island.  Much  used 
by  the  natives  for  fuel. 

Arctostaphylos  alpina,  Sprengel.     Whale  Point. 

Vaccinium  uliginosum,  L.,  var.  microphyllum,  Lange 
Consp.  Fl.  Groenl.  91.     Whale  Point,  July,  [894.     Described  by  I 

Lange  from  Greenland,  and  apparently  never    before    collected 
on  the  .American  continent.     Mr.  Comer's  plant  is  identical  with 
Greenland  specimens. 

Mertensia  maritima,  Don,  Whale  Point  and  Depot 
Island. 

|±!(library|  =0 


% 


^x..  .^./^ 


1899]  Fern  ALD— Plants.  149 

Erigekon  uniflorus,  L.  Depot  Island,  Sept.,  1893. 
Collected  by  Tyrrell  near  the  forks  of  Telzoa  River. 

Matricaria  inodora,  L,  var.  nana,  I  look.  Whale 
Point,  July,  1894.     Collected  by  Tyrrell  at  Fort  Churchill. 

Chrysanthemum  arcticcm,  L.  Depot  Island,  Sept., 
1893.  Previously  known  on  Hudson  Ba}-  at  York  Factory 
{Druinviofid)  and  Churchill  River  {Bell.) 

Senecio  palustris,  Hook.,  var.  congesta,  Hook.  Depot 
Island.     Formerly  collected  by  Tjrrell  at  Fort  Churchill. 


FOUR  RARE  PLANTS  FROM  ALASKA. 

By  .M.    L.  Fernai.d. 

Among  some  plants  collected  during  July  and  August,  1898, 
on  the  Sushitna  and  Kuskkavvim  rivers  in  Alaska,  by  Mr.  P'rank 
C.  Hinckley  of  Bangor,  Maine,  were  four  species  of  great 
interest. 

Viola  BIFLORA,  L.,  a  common  plant  of  northern  Europe 
and  Asia,  (Japan,  Kamtschatka,  &c.),  has  been  known  on  the 
American  continent  only  from  the  mountains  of  Colorado, 
although  it  has  naturally  been  expected  to    occur  further  north. 

Mr.  Hinckley  found  this  delicate  species,  with  clear  yellow 
flowers,  a  common  plant  in  July  on  the  rich  wooded  slopes  of 
mountains    on  the  headwaters  of  the  Sushitna  and  Kuskakwim, 

Pedicularis  hirsuta,  L.  a  species  well  known  from 
Arctic  Europe  and  Asia  but  more  rare  on  our  own  Arctic  coast. 
Found  b\'  Mr.  Hinckley  on  the  mountain  summits. 

Bryanthus  TAXIFOLIUS,  Gray,  was  also  collected  on  these 
mountain  summits.  This,  the  "  Phj'llodoce "  is  common  in 
Arctic  Europe  and  Asia,  but  in  America,  according  to  the 
Synoptical  Flora,  has  been  known  only  on  the  alpine  summits 
of  Maine  and  New  Hampshire,  and  in  Labrador. 

Chrysanthemum  bipinnatum,  L.,  growing  from  Lapland 
through  northern  Asia,  has  been  known  from  only  two  American 
stations,  Cape  Espenburg  and  the  Yukon  valley.  Mr.  Hinckle>' 
found  it  along  the  middle  and  lower  valley  of  the  Kuskakwin, 
thus  extending  its  known  range  considerabl}'  southward. 


i50  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [September 

BOOK  NOTICE. 

"The  Butterfly  Book"  :  A  Popular  Guide  to  a  Knowledge 
of  the  Butterflies  of  North  America  ;  by  W.  J.  Holland^ 
Ph.  D.,  D.  D.,  etc.,  New  York,  (also  issued  by  \Vm.  Briggs, 
Toronto),  1898.     Price  $3. 

There  are,  I  believe,  few  works  which  have  appeared  of  late 
years  in  America  which  are  destined  to  mark  such  an  epoch  in 
the  development  of  American  boys  and  girls  as  Dr.  Holland's- 
beautiful  Butterfly  Book.  A  most  noticeable  difference  between 
the  youths  of  Europe  and  America  is  that  in  the  old  world  it  is 
very  exceptional  to  find  any  young  man  or  woman  who  has  not 
som.e  hobby  or  special  study  to  which  they  devote  a  large 
proportion  of  their  spare  time  during  the  )ears  they  are  at 
school.  This  extra  occupation  of  the  mind  acts  as  a  relaxation 
from  the  regular  prescribed  studies  and  has  a  very  beneficial 
effect  upon  the  development  of  students  both  mentally  and 
physically.  Some  branch  of  natural  histor}-  or  athletic  sports 
are  the  two  directions  particularly  to  which  this  energy  is 
generally  turned.  P'ortunately  for  boys  and  girls  in  Britain, 
France  and  Germany  there  were  always  well-illustrated,  cheap 
and  comprehensive  works  available  by  means  of  which  they 
could  identify,  and  learn  the  habits  of,  the  insects,  birds,  plants 
and  animals  they  wished  to  study.  In  America  until  quite 
recently  there  were  with  the  exception  of  books  on  plants  none 
of  these  elementary  but  comprehensive  works  and  as  a  conse- 
quence natural  history  studies  have  been  almost  confined  to  the 
plant  world.  Recently  Dr.  A.  S.  Packard  and  Dr  S.  H. 
Scudder  have  published  delightful  books  on  insects  which  have 
been  eagerly  read  by  our  bo}'s  and  girls  ;  but  Dr.  Holland's 
Butterfly  Book  surpasses  easily  anything  which  has  preceded  it 
in  the  way  of  a  help  for  those  who  knowing  little  of  natural 
history  have  yet  had  their  attention  caught  and  wish  to  know 
about  the  bright  coloured  butterflies  which  are  always  so 
attractive  to  everyone  for  their  beauty  of  form  and  colour  as 
well  as  for  their  graceful  movements.  The  delight  to  be 
derived  from  a  study  of  their  habits  while  breeding  them  from 
the  egg  to  maturity  is  at  everybody's  disposal  but  has  Jieea.. 
enjoyed  by  very  few. 


1899]      ^^^-  Assoc.  FOR  Advanckmentof  Science.        151 

The  Butterfly  Book  at  $3  a  copy  is  a  marvel  of  cheapness. 
In  48  beautiful  plates,coloured  life-like  photographs  are  given  of 
almost  every  butterfl}-  in  tlic  United  States  and  Canada  and 
with  it  a  butterfly  collector  will  hunt  for  many  )-ears  before  he 
finds  a  species  which  he  cannot  identity.  Of  course,  even  in  a 
large  8vo  of  382  pages  with  48  crowded  plates  there  are  some 
things  which  might  occur  to  one  as  desiderata,  e.g.  a  few  more 
undersides,  or  rather  longer  descriptions  of  the  species  ;  but  let 
such  a  one  think  for  a  moment  what  the  author  has  gi\cn  us, 
and  the  almost  nominal  price  at  which  we  get  it.  The  Ikitterfly 
Book  is  a  magnificent  work,  exquisitely  printed  and  illustrated, 
comprehensive  and  remarkablyfaccurate.  It  can  hardly  fail  to 
do  for  American  bo}'s  and  girls  what  its  much  humbler 
predecessor,  Coleman's  British  Butterflies,  has  done  for  their 
thousands  of  brothers  and  sisters  in  Great  Britain,  who  have  to 
thank  that  little  blue  cloth  i2mo  of  175  pages  with  its  16  plates 
for  many  hours  of  fascinating  study,  out  door  exercise  and 
innocent  elevating  amusement  instead  of  much  wasted  time  and 
degrading  useless  inactivit}'.    J.  F. 


AMERICAN     ASSOCIATION     FOR   THE     ADVANCE- 
MENT OF  SCIENCE. 
The  forty-eighth   meeting  of   this   Association   was    held  at 
Columbus,  Ohio,  on   Aug.  21 -26th,  last. 

The  Canadians  who  attended  it  were  Rev.  Louis  C.  Wurtele 
and  T.  Hunter  Wurtele,  of  Actonvale,  T.  O.,  Mrs.   .A.  II.  Moore 
of  Sawyerville,  P.  Q.,     Dr.  \V.   Saunders,  (of   the  Experimental 
Farm,)A.  P.  Saunders.F.  A.  Saunders,  and  J.  F.  Whiteaves  (of  the 
Geological   Survey  Department),  Ottawa. 

At  the  opening  general  meeting,  the  President,  Dr.  Edward 
Orton,  State  Geologist,  made  the  following  graceful  and  kindly 
reference  to  the  Canadian  visitors: 

No  org.injzation  ever  visits  an  American  city  ihat  has  a  better  claim  on  ihe 
appreciation  and  respect  ol  all  its  people.  In  the  first  place,  you  can  hardly  expect 
to  entertain  an  organization  of  larger  range,  so  far  at  least  as  its  name  is  concerned. 
It  is  the  Aineyjcaii  Association.  It  transcends  not  only  all  state  limits,  but  national 
l)oundaries      as     well.  An  organization    that     represents      the     United      States 

akes    in    a     respectable    part    of    the     land  areas     of     the    planet  ;     but      this- 


152  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [September 

is  not  merely  a  United  States  organization.  -It  especially  includes  that 
potent  and  ambitious  neighbor  of  ours  to  the  northward  that  owns 
more  than  3,000,000  square  miles,  or  a  full  half  of  the  North  American  continent. 
The  association  always  counts  with  all  confidence  on  its  Canadian  contingent.  You 
can  hear  this  afternoon  an  address  [rom  the  honored  Canadian  vice-president  of  one 
of  our  sections. 

In  the  section  of  Geology  and  Geography,the  Vice-President 
and  Chairman,  Mr.  Whiteaves,  gave  an  address  "on  the 
Devonian  system  in  Canada,"  which  will  appear  "in  extenso"  in 
the  next  number  of  Scioice  and  in  ^the  Transactions  of  the 
Association. 

Mr.  F.  B.  Taylor's  paper  on  "  The  Gait  Moraine  and  Assoc- 
iated Drainage  "  is  an  important  contribution  to  our  knowledge 
of  the  glacial  geology  of  southern  Ontario.  And,  in  the  same 
section  (Geology  and  Geography),  Miss  Mary  A.  Fleming  read 
a  paper  on  the  "  Pot  Holes  of  Foster's  Flats,  now  called  Niagara 
Glen,"  on  the  Canadian  side  of  the  Niagara  River. 

Besides  a  paper  on  "the  Arboretum  and  Botanic  Garden  of 
the  Central  Experimental  Farm,  Ottawa,"  read  before  the 
Botanical  Club  of  the  Association,  Dr.  Saunders  read  two 
papers  before  the  Botanical  Section,  one  entitled  "  The  Breeding 
of  Apples  for  the  Northwest  Plains,"  and  the  other  "  Useful 
Trees    and     Shrubs    for    the    Northwest    Plains    of    Canada." 

In  the  section  of  Physics,  Mr.  F.  A.  Saunders  read  a  paper 
entitled  a  "  Bolometrical    Study    of   the  Radiation  of  an  Abso- 
lute Black  Body." 

The  Botanical  Section  devoted^one  day  (Wednesday,  call- 
ed "Sullivant  Day"  in  the  programme)  to  a  commemoration  of 
the  scientific  labours  of  the  late  William  S.  Sullivant  and  Leo 
Lesquereux,  who  lived  at  Columbus,  two  of  the  earliest  students 
of  and  authorities  on  North  American  mosses  and  hepaticae. 
The  members  of  the  Geological  Section  united  with  the  Geo- 
logical Society  of  America  in  giving  one  day,  (Thursday)  to  an 
examination  of  the  glacial  phenomena  in  the  neighborhood  of 
Lancaster. 

The  weather  was  everything  that  could  be  desired,  the 
general  attendance  at  the  meetings  fairly  large,  the  excursions 
both  instructive  and  enjo}'able,  and  the  social  functions  brilliant 
and  most  successful. 


THE  OTTAWA  NATURALIST. 


Vol.  XIII.  OTTAWA,   OCTOBER,    1899.  No.   7. 


PADDLE-NOSED  STURGEON   IN  ONTARIO. 

Bv  Pkoiessor  Edvv.vrd  E.  Prince,  Dominion  Commissioner  of  Fisheries 

Ottawa. 

The  late  Mr.  A.  N.  Montpetit  in  his  work  "  Les  Poissons 
d'Eau  Douce  du  Canada,"  referred  to  a  specimen  of  the  Paddle- 
nosed  Sturgeon  ( Polyodon  spathula,  Walb.)  shown  in  the  Fisher- 
ies Museum,  Ottawa.  "Ai-je  besoin  de  r^p^ter  qu'il  est  unique  au 
Canada,"  he  wrote.  "  Faut-il  vous  le  d^crire  ?  Couleur  olive  un 
peu  pale;  epercule  d^mesur^ment  allong-^  en  point,  atteignant  pres- 

que  les  ventrales  ; la  tete,  y  compris  la  spatule  et  les  pointes 

operculaires,  presque  plus  de  la  moiti6  de  la  longueur  du  corps  :  la 
tete  seule  n'est  6gale  qu'  k  la  cinqui^me  partie."  The  specimen 
described  is  indeed  remarkable  enough  to  call  for  special  notice, 
for  the  records  of  the  capture  of  Polyodon  in  Canadian  waters  are 
extremely,  few.  I  have  not  been  able  to  obtain  information  of 
more  than  four  specimens  ever  having  been  secured.  About  the 
end  of  May  an  Indian  captured  a  fine  specimen  in  Lake  Helen, 
Nepigon  River,  Lake  Superior,  and  on  account  of  the  uncommon 
interest  to  naturalists  of  such  an  event,  I  venture  to  offer  a  few  re- 
marks upon  this  rare  and  curious  Canadian  fish.  The  mounted 
specimen  in  the  government  collection  was  obtained  over  twenty 
years  ago,  and  I  have  been  informed  by  a  fisherman  at  Sarnia  that 
a  second  specimen  was  procured  about  the  same  time.  A  speci- 
men is  also  recorded  from  Lake  Erie  ;  but  hitherto  none  have  been 
secured  in  Lake  Superior,  and  the  example  recently  shipped  to  Ot- 
tawa is  of  special  interest  as  extending  the  range  of  this  rare  fish 
westward.  It  was  sent  fresh  ;  but  on  examination  its  condition 
was  such  that  it  could  not  be  preserved,  and  even  the  skeleton, 
being  mainly  of  cartilage,  is  difficult  to  prepare  as    a    museum  ex- 


f 


154 


The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [October 


hibit.  This  is  the  more  to  be  regretted  as  the  specimen  was  about 
five  feet  in  length,  and  much  larger  than  any  known  to  have  been 
before  taken  in  the  Dominion.  Old  fishermen  near  Point  Edward 
on  the  Lambton  county  shore  vaguely  refer  to  other  specimens  of 
Polyodon  occurring  in  Lake  Huron  ;  but  on  the  other  side  of  the 
watershed  which  bounds  the  southern  margin  of  our  western  great 
lake  system,  that  is,  in  tht  basin  of  the  Mississippi  River,  and  in 
the  lakes  of  the  central  plateau  of  the  United  States,  the  Paddle- 
nosed  Sturgeon  is  said  to  be  common.  Curiously  enough  it  in- 
habits the  Yang-tse-Kiang  and  certain  Chinese  waters  ;  but  else- 
where this  remarkable  fish  is  unknown.  What  is  the  meaning  of 
this  sparse  distribution  in  such  widely  separated  localities?  Again, 
why  is  it  so  rare  in  our  own  lakes,  and  common  in  the  great  river 
basin  to  the  south  ?  The  naturalist's  answer  is  obvious.  It  is  a 
fish  that  was  once  probably  widespread  in  both  the  old  and  new 
worlds.  It  is  indeed  a  Ganoid,  a  group  of  fishes  which  preceded 
our  existing  kinds,  and  formerly  predominated  on  our  planet. 
Their  fossilized  remains  are  familiar  to  the  geologist  in  the  Palaeo- 
zoic strata.  In  the  ancient  world,  especially  in  the  Devonian 
Age,  the  Ganoid  fishes  abounded.  At  the  present  time  the  exist- 
ing species  are  few,  not  more  than  twenty  or  thirty  in  all,  as  com- 
pared with  12,000  species  of  living  Teleosteans.  Their  distribu- 
tion is  erratic  and  very  local.  Excepting  the  common  Sturgeons 
(the  family  Acipenseridae)  the  surviving  species  of  Ganoids  are 
amongst  the  rarest  of  fishes,  and  Polyodon  amongst  them,  is  the 
rarest  of  all,  and  in  Canada  apparently  almost  extinct.  One  would 
expect  to  find  in  the  case  of  any  tribe  of  animals  which  are  dying 
out,  that  they  would  survive  here  and  there  in  isolated  areas,  and 
in  some  such  localities  would  become  more  and  more  scarce. 
Thesefeatures  in  the  occurrenceof  an  animal  arethesurestsigns  of  its 
approaching  extinction,  and  such  signs  appear  in  the  most  marked 
manner  in  the  case  of  Polyodon.  The  exceeding  rarity  of  speci- 
mens in  our  waters  has  called  forth  the  suggestion  that  those, 
which  are  at  long  intervals  captured  in  our  great  lakes,  are  not  sur- 
vivors or  descendants  of  Spatularoids  indigenous  to  Canada  ;  but 
wanderers  that  still  find  means  of  migrating  across  the  watershed 
ot  the  Mississippi.  It  is  more  probable,  however,  that  a  few  pairs  still 


1899]         Prince— Paddle-Nosed  Sturgeon  in  Ontario.  155 

survive,    and  that  the  young-  proereny  find  their    changed    environ- 
ment so  unfavorable  that  most  of  them  perish,  hence   their  rarity. 
It    is  with  a  pathetic  interest  that  the  naturalist  examines  a 
fresh  specimen  of  a  Canadian  Polyodon,  when  the  rare  opportunity 
occurs.      Its  uncouth  and  indeed  grotesque  form  is  largely  due    to 
the  exaggerated  length  of  the  snout  which  is  as  long  and  flat  as  a 
canoe   paddle.       It   is   said    to   enable   the   fish   to   grub    amongst 
sand  and   mud   and   to   dislodge  small    crustaceans,    and   possibly 
mollusca,  which  are  supposed  to  constitute  its   food.      The    organ 
is    an    enormous    and  cumbersome    one    tor    so  simple  a  purpose, 
and    it    is    possible     that     this     lengthy     nose     or     rostrum     has 
other      uses.         It      is,      of     course,      a    far      more      formidable  ' 
organ       than       the       snout      of      the      shovel-nosed       sturgeon 
{ScuphirhyncJms).        It      recalls     the     powerful      weapon     of     the 
Saw-fish    [Pristis)     and  the  Sword-fish  [Xtphias],  and  differs  most 
markedly  from  all  its  Ganoid    congeners   in    its    general    external 
form.      Of  course  the  Sword-fish  is  a  shark,  and  the  Saw-fish    is  a 
Teleostean   allied  to  the  Mackerels  [Scomberi'doe),  both  equally  dis- 
tantly separated  from  Polyodon,  yet  there  is  a  striking  resemblance 
in  the  flat,  elongated,  blade-like  snout  of  all  three.      The    anatom- 
ist finds,  however,  that  these  externally  similar  structures  are  very 
diff'erently  formed,  and  bear  no  resemblance    to  each    other    when 
their  osteology  is  examined.      Thus  in  Pristis  the  mesethmoid    rod 
which,   in    such    a    fish    as  the  haddock,  projects  from  the  frontal- 
bone,  covering  the  tore  part  of  the  head,  is  prolonged  and   flatten- 
ed,    and    provided   along    its    lateral    edges  with   twenty  or  thirty 
strongs  teeth.      On  the-  other  hand,  in  Xiphias,  the  Sword-fish,    the 
double  vomer,  which  underlies  the  mesethmoid  and  roofs  over  the 
mouth  anteriorly,  grows  forward,  along  with  the  two  premaxillary 
or  upper-jaw  bones,  and  the  three  form  the  toothed  flat  beak  which 
is  often  thirty  inches  in  length.      It  is  the    palato-quadrate  cartila- 
ges in  Polyodon  which  are  lengthened  and  shielded  by  bony   maxll- 
liary  plates  which  form  the  long  spathulte  beak  in  front  of  the  head 
in  this  species.      I  was  struck  by  the  massive  rotundity  and    verti 
cal  depth  of  the  body  in  the  Paddle-nosed  Sturgeon  under    consid- 
eration.    The  protruding  beak  occupied  fully  one-third  of  the  total 
length  of  the  fish.      Its  eyes,  small,  dull,  and  in  life  no    doubt    ex- 
pressionless like  those  oi  the  common  Sturgeon,  were  low  down  and 


156  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [October 

close  to  the  root  of  the  paddle-snout.  They  were  placed  as  in  s  )me  of 
the  whales  just  above  the  angle  of  the  mouth.  The  mouth  was  of 
enormous  capacity,  toothless  and  quite  underneath  the  head,  far 
back  as  in  all  sturg-eons.  The  gape  was  enormous  so  that  the 
lower  jaw  formed  a  huge  tongue-shaped  flap,  pointed  in  front  and 
capable  of  being  very  widely  opened.  Next  to  the  absurd  elon- 
gated snout  and  the  great  capacity  of  the  mouth,  the  most  notice- 
able feature  was  the  remarkable  leathery  operculum.  In  the 
Sturgeon  it  is  small  and  insufficient  to  cover  the  red  gills,  but  in 
Polyodon  it  sends  back  a  pointed  flap  long  enough  to  reach  nearly 
half  the  length  of  the  body.  From  this  upper  flap  the  hind  margin 
of  the  operculum  gracefully  curved  down  and  forward  and  the  flap 
on  each  side  met  below  and  formed  a  prominent  projecting  collar 
in  the  jugal  or  throat  region.  The  skin  was,  soft  slimy  and  naked, 
in  contrast  to  the  enamelled  scales  and  bony  plates  which  cover 
the  skin  in  other  Ganoid  fishes.  It  resembled  the  smooth  integu- 
ment of  the  porpoise  :  but  was  of  a  dark  bluish  purple  colour, 
varied  by  pale  blue  wavy  lines  passing  diagonally  and  slightly 
opalescent.  The  opercular  flap  is  traversed  by  radiating  sinuous 
mucus  canals.  The  paired  fins,  pectoral  and  ventral,  occupy  the 
characteristic  Ganoid  position  quite  underneath  the  body.  They 
are  powerful,  and  possess  a  stout  and  prominent  basal  part  or 
peduncle.  The  great  dorsal  fin  and  the  equally  large  anal  fin  re- 
semble the  same  members  in  the  Sturgeon  :  but  the  basal  portion 
is  far  more  massive  and  the  margin  more  deeply  lunate.  The  tail 
is  an  enormous  organ,  very  deeply  forked  and  the  upper  lobe  is 
extremely  high,  and  the  back  bone  extends  to  the  tip,  a  pertect 
heterocercal  caudal  fin.  All  the  fins  are  dusky  and  leathery  like 
those  of  a  shark. 

An  anatomical  examination  would  have  revealed  many  in- 
teresting features  :  but  it  was  not  possible.  It  would,  for  exam- 
ple, have  shown  the  absence  of  ribs,  the  persistence  of  the  gristly 
rod  or  notochord,  whose  sheath  never  becomes  segmented.  There 
is,  in  Polyodon,  no  true  backbone.  The  operculum  develops  a 
bony  basal  part  :  but  it  is  attached  to  the  suspensorium  of  the 
jaws,  which  is  cartilaginous,  except  at  the  upper  part  articulating 
with  the  periotic  surface  of  the  skull.  It  is  interesting  to  find  that 
the  spiracles  which,  with  one  exception,  are  found   on   the   top  of 


1 


1899]         Prince — Paddle-Nosed  Sturgeon  in  Ontario.  157 

the  head  in  Ganoids,  between  the  eyes  and  the  gills,  possess  a  few 
gill-filaments,  and  have  not  lost  their  branchial  function.  There 
is  no  accessary  or  opercular  gill,  such  as  we  find  in  the  Sturgeon 
and  Lepidosteus  on  the  posterior  face  of  the  hyoid  arch  ;  but  a 
pseudobranchia  distinct  from  a  true  opercular  gill  occurs.  In  spite 
of  its  name  Polyodon  has  no  teeth.  They  are  present  in  the  young: 
but  disappear  as  the  fish  grows.  It  is  said  to  frequent  only  the 
dark  and  deeper  parts  of  the  rivers  and  lakes  where  it  occurs,  and 
both  on  account  of  its  structure  and  habits  is  a  singular  type 
amongst  fishes.  It  has,  as  already  pointed  out,  many  exceptional 
features  distinguishing  it  from  its  Ganoid  allies,  and  would  never 
be  ranked  by  an  ordinary  observer  with  the  Sturgeon,  the  Bow-fin 
[Amia)  or  the  Bony  Pike  or  Bill-fish  (Lepidosteus )  of  our  own 
waters  or  with  the  Polypterus  of  the  Nile  and  Senegal,  or  with  the 
African  Calamoichthys,  from  Calabar.  To  the  scientific  eye  they 
all  belong  to  one  group,  one  of  the  most  interesting  groups  in  the 
whole  range  of  Zoology.  The  Ganoids  on  the  one  hand  possess 
features  of  the  Shark  tribe  (e.g.  the  many-valved  conus  arteriosus, 
the  heterocercal  tail,  and  the  intestinal  valve),  while  they  exhibit 
features  which  are  equally  typical  of  the  Teleosts  or  Bony  Fishes, 
viz.:  free  pectinate  gills,  an  operculum,  a  permanent  mesonephros, 
and  the  production  of  small  spherical  eggs  in  considerable  quantity. 
They  are  a  generalised  type  of  fishes,  and  of  great  antiquity,  as 
geological  evidence  demonstrates.  Hence  their  morphological 
and  palaaontological  importance. 


SALSOLA  KALI  TRAGUS. 

A  few  specimens  of  "Russian  Thistle"  were  found  this  sum- 
mer by  Mr.  W.  T.  Macoun,  the  Horticulturist  at  the  Experimental 
Farm,  in  a  field  of  Alfalfa  sown  last  year.  The  Alfalfa  seed  was 
purchased  in  Ottawa,  but  though  the  "thistle"  has  ripened  its 
seed  there  is  no  danger  of  its  spreading  or  becoming  the  noxious 
weed  it  is  in  the  west.  It  is  only  on  the  prairies  that  it  is  to  be 
feared. 


158  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [October 

CONTRIBUTIONS  TO  CANADIAN  BOTANY. 


By  James  M,   Macoun,   Assist.  Naturalist,   Geol.   Survey 

OF  Canada. 
XIII. 
Anemone  riparia,  Fernald,  Rhodora,  vol.  i,  p.  51. 

This  species  recently  described  by  Mr.  Fernald  is  represented 
in  our  herbarium  by  a  single  specimen  collected  in  1882  at  Made- 
line River,  Gaspd,  Que.,  and  in  1899  at  Woodstock,  N.B, 
by  Prof.  John  Macoun.  Mr.  Fernald  gives  as  additional  Canadian 
stations  Restigouche  Co.,  N.B.  (Fowler),  and  Roberval,  Lake 
St.  John,  Que. 

Ranunculus   abortivus,    L.    var.   eucyclus,    Fernald,    Rhodora, 
vol.  1,   p.  52. 

Stems  more  slender  than  in  the  type  ;  the  branches  slender 
and  flexuous  ;  leaves  very  thin  and  lucid  ;  the  basal  generally  of 
two  sorts,  some  orbicular  with  a  narrow  or  closed  sinus,  others 
reniform  as  in  typical  R.  ahortivtis  ;  flowers,  achenes  and  receptacles 
as  in  the  species  but  smaller. 

Mr.  Fernald  records  this  plant  from  Lake  St.  John  and 
Tadousac,  Que.,  but  it  is  not  represented  among  our  herbarium 
specimens  of  R.  abortivxis.  It  should  be  looked  for  by  Canadian 
collectors. 

ISOPYRUM    BITERNATUM,   T.  &  G. 

Though  collected  before  in  S.  W.  Ontario  any  records  of  this 
species  are  of  interest  to  botanists.  Mr.  Leroy  J.  Boughner  writes 
of  specimens  sent  to  the  Geological  Survey  department:  "This 
little  plant  was  first  collected  by  me  during  an  expedition  of  the 
Simcoe  High  School  Scientific  Society  on  May  21st,  1897.  It 
grew  sparsely  in  a  cool  spot  near  Lynn  Valley,  a  few  miles  east  ot 
Simcoe.  It  is  supposed  to  have  been  introduced  from  Ohio  by 
railways." 

Hesperis  matronalis,   L. 

A  garden  escape  near  Victoria,  Vancouver  Island.  (A.  J. 
Pineo. )     Not  recorded  west  of  Ontario  * 

*The  Geolog-ical  limits  given  in  these  contributions  refer  to  Canada  only. 


1899]  Macoun — Canadian  Botany.  159 

Lesquerella  occidentalis,  Wat. 

Dry  slopes  Osoyoos  Valley,  B.C.,  1898.  (C.  dc  B.  Green.) 
New  to  Canada. 

Viola  subcordata,  Greene,  Pittonia,  vol.  iii,  page  316. 

Open  or  partly  open  land,  Esqulmault,  Vancouver  Island,  6th 
June,  1896.  Herb.  No.  18,708.  {J.  R.  Aiiderson.)  A  beautiful 
species  nearly  related  to  V.  Howellii.  Known  only  from  the  above 
locality. 

Viola  subvestita,  Greene. 

On  the  cliff  below  Governor's  Bay,  Ottawa,  Ont. ,  1899.  (/• 
M.  Macoun.) 

Viola  sagittata,  Ait. 

We  have  no  true  V.  sagittata  in  Canada,  at  least  none  of  the 
specimens  in  our  herbarium  are  referable  to  that  species.  All 
specimens  so  named  are  either  V.  ovaia,  Nutt,  or  V.  dentata,  Pursh. 
which  may,  however,  yet  prove  to  be  one  species. 

V.    OVATA,  Nutt. 

V.  sagittata,  Macoun,  Cat.  Can,  Plants,  vol.  i,   p.   63  in  part. 

Our  herbarium  specimens  are  from  dry  fields  east  of  Belleville, 
Ont.  {John  Maconn.)  Near  Hamilton,  Ont.  {J.  M.  Dickson.) 
Strathroy  and  woods  about  London,  Ont.  {J.   Dearness.) 

V.   DENTATA,     Pursh. 

V.  sagittata,  Macoun,  Cat.  Can.  Plants,  vol.  i,  p.  63,  in  part 
and  vol.  i,  p.  492. 

Prince  Edward  Island.  (Z.  W.Watson.)  Point  Pleasant,  N.  S. 
{John  Macoun.)  London,  Ont.  {Dr.  Millnian.)  Komoka,  Ont. 
and  London,  Ont  (/.  Dearness.)  Port  Flamboro,  Ont.  (/.  M. 
Dickson.)  Though  kept  separate  here  it  is  more  than  probable 
that  V.  ovata  and  V.   dentata  are  forms  of  the  same  species. 

Viola  SEPTENTRiONALis,    Greene,    Pittonia,    vol.    iii,  p.  334,  and 
Ott.  Nat.,  vol.  XII,  p.  183. 

Billings'  Bush,  S.  E.  of  Billings'  Bridge,  Ottawa,  Ont.,  1898. 
Type  locality.  Herb.  No.  18,561.  (/  M.  Macoun.)  St.  Catherines, 
Ont.    {W.    C.   McCalla.) 


i6o  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [October 

Viola  Macounii,  Greene,  Pittonia,  vol.  iii,  p.  335  and  Ott.  Nat. 
vol.  xii,  p.  184. 

On  dry  limestone  shing-le,  growing  among  grass  in  the  shade 
of  cedars,  between  Rockliffe  Road  and  Governor's  Bay,  Ottawa, 
Ont.  Type  locality.  Herb.  No.  18,746.  (/.  M.  Macoun.)  The 
specimens  collected  by  Prof.  Macoun,  near  Hull,  and  referred  to 
this  species  in  Ottawa  Naturalist,  represent  a  new  species  not  yet 
described. 

Viola  venustula,  Greene,  Pittonia,  vol.  rii,  p.  335,  and  Ott.  Nat. 
vol.  XII,  p.  184. 

In  the  wet  meadows  between  the  Rockliffe  Road  and  Gover- 
nor's Bay,  Ottawa,  Ont.  Type  locality.  Herb.  No.  18,565.  (/. 
M.  Macoun.) 

Viola  cucullata.  Ait. 

A  common  violet  throughout  Eastern  Canada.  The  only 
species  of  this  group  of  general  distribution. 

Viola  Dicksonii,  Greene,  Pittonia,  vol  iv,   p.  65. 

V.  cusptdata,  Ottawa  Naturalist,  vol.  xii,   p.    185. 

Allied  to  V.  cuspidaia,  but  the  herbage  light-green,  the  pu- 
bescence more  sparse  and  hispidulous,  the  petaliferous  flowers  on 
nearly  terete  peduncles  about  equalling  the  leaves  and  bibracteol- 
ate  near  the  base  ;  sepals  lanceolate,  either  naked  or  ciliolate  : 
corolla  about  ^  inch  long,  of  a  fine  lavender-blue,  the  paired  pet- 
als, especially  the  two  uppermost,  obovate-rhomboidal,  the  laterals 
white  at  base  and  strongly  bearded  with  indistinctly  clavellate 
hairs,  the  keel-petal  shorter  and  narrower  than  the  others,  more  or 
less  conduplicate  or  convolute  especially  at  the  apex,  white  at  base 
and  purple-veined  above  the  white  ;  summer  foliage  less  broad  in 
proportion  to  its  length  than  in  V.  ciispidata  and  more  apt  to  be 
cucullate  :  apetalous  floweis  on  short  but  nearly  or  altogether 
hypogeous  peduncles. 

A  very  common  violet  in  the  vicinity  of  Ottawa  and  probably 
abundant  throughout  Ontario,  Mr.  J.  M.  Dickson  having  collected 
it  at  Hamilton  and  Mr.  Wm. Scott  at  Niagara-on-the-Lake,  Queens- 
ton,  Cartwright  and  Toronto.      Dr.  Greene  in  Pittonia,  vol.  iv,  p. 


1899]  Macoun — Canadian  Botany.  161 

66,  has  explained  fully  the  unfortunate  circumstances  which  result- 
ed in  the  publication  of  this  plant  as  V.  cuspidata  in  my  "  Notes 
on  Some  Ottawa  Violets,"  in  the  Ottawa  Naturalist  for  January, 
1899.  I  at  that  time  hesitated  to  publish  even  six  new  violets 
from  the  ciiciillata  aggi'reg'ate,  and  though  aware  that  Dr.Greene's 
description  of  V.  mspidata  did  not  answer  well  for  our  plant  it 
seemed  preferable  to  include  it  in  that  species  rather  than  describe 
another  species.  Ample  material  collected  this  year  shows  that 
we  have  in  the  vicinity  of  Ottawa  at  least  four  additional  species 
of  violets  in  this  group,  two  of  which  have  recently  been  described 
by  Dr.  Greene  and  are  included  in  this  paper. 

Viola    populifolia.     Greene,    Pittonia,  vol.  iii,  p.  337,  and  Ott. 
Nat.,  vol.  XII,  p.  186. 

Port  Flamboro,  Ont.    (/.  M.   Dickson.) 

Viola  elegantula,  Greene,  Pittonia,   vol.  iv,   p.  66. 

Acaulescent  and  low,  the  whole  plant  at  the  time 
ot  petaliferous  flowering  barely  three  inches  high  and  the  pe- 
duncles far  exceeding  the  leaves  ;  rounded  and  cordate-reniform 
leaves  pale  green  and  slightly  succulent,  about  ^  inch  wide,  short- 
petioled  and  the  petioles  erect,  the  margin  lightly  crenate  and  all 
parts  wholly  glabrous  :  peduncles  obscurely  angled,  bibracteolate 
abcve  the  middle,  the  bractlets  subulate  :  sepals  lance-linear,  ob- 
tusish  :  corolla  rather  more  than  halt  an  inch  in  length,  not  as 
broad  as  long  ;  petals  all  similar  in  size  and  outline,  oblong-obo- 
vate,  obtuse  or  retuse,  light-blue, the  lower  three  with  conspicuous 
violet  veins  on  a  white  ground  at  base,  the  laterals  bearing  a  low 
and  thin  tuft  of  short  strongly  clavate  hairs,  or  some  of  them 
shortened  to  mere  papillae  ;  two  upper  petals  naked,  in  full  ex- 
pansion deflected  and  concealing  the  calyx  :  style  elongated  :  late 
apetalous  flowers  small,  aerial  on  short  horizontal  or  recurved  pe- 
duncles. 

In  depressions  in  sandy  fields  at  Eastman's  Springs,  Ont., 
and  east  of  Beaver  Meadow  Lake,  near  Hull,  Que.,  1899.  (/.^/. 
Macoun.') 


1 62  The  Ottawa  Naturalist,  [October 

Viola  vagula,  Greene,  Pittonia,  vol.  iv,  p.  67. 

Larger  than  the  last,  with  dark  green  glabrous  rather  notably 
fleshy  herbage  :  leaves  at  time  of  petaliferous  flowering,  about  an 
inch  in  diameter,  somewhat  deltoid-cordate,  the  length  equalling 
or  surpassing  the  breadth,  the  margin  lightly  crenate:  peduncles 
surpassing  the  leaves,  obscurely  angled  or  semiterete,bibracteolate 
in  about  the  middle,  the  rather  obtuse  bractlets  with  a  few  obscure 
glandular  teeth  :  sepals  oblong,  obtuse  :  corolla  nearly  an  inch  in 
diameter,  the  breadth  commonly  greater  than  the  length  ;  petals 
deep  violet,  at  base  darkly  venulose  on  a  white  ground,  all  obo- 
vate-spatulate,  obtuse  or  notched,  the  odd  one  especially  broad 
and  often  obcordate,  the  pair  next  to  it  bearing  each  a  dense  tuft 
of  ralher  long  and  slender  not  in  the  least  clavellate  hairs  ;  style 
not  prolonged  beyond  the  anthers  :  apetalous  summer  flowers  aer- 
ial, but  their  peduncles  short  and  more  or  less  horizontal  ;  their 
capsules  short  and  thick,  not  dotted. 

Throughout  the  whole  extent  of  the  Beaver  Meadow,  W.  of 
Hull,  Que.,  1899.  [J.  M.  Macoun.)  A  very  beautiful  species  in- 
termediate between  V.  ciicullata  and  V.  veniistiila. 

Subularia  aquatica,  L. 

In  fresh  water  ponds,  Attu  Island,  Aleutian  Islands,  Behring 
Sea,  Aug.  29th,  1891.  (J.  M.  Macoun.)  Not  before  collected  in 
that  region. 

Stellaria  aquatica,  Scopoli. 

Common  at  Chelsea,  Que. 

Sph^ralcea  munroana,  Spach. 

Dry  clay  '•  benches,"  Osoyoos  Valley,  B.C.,  1898.  (C.  de  B. 
Green. )     New  to  Canada. 

Acer  rubrum,  L. 

Little  Turtle  River,  Rainy  Lake,  Ont.,  long.  93"  W.  ( W. 
Mclnnis. )     The  western  limit  for  this  species. 

Trifolium  inxarnatum,  L. 

Cultivated  for  fodder  and  now  becoming  extensively  natura- 
lized in  Ontario, 


1899]  Macoun — Canadian  Botany.  163 

Aracalluscampestris  (DC.)  var.  Johannensis,  Fernald,  Rhodora, 
vol.  I,  p.  88. 

The  Canadian  stations  given  for  this  plant  by  Mr.  Fernald 
are  Isle  d'Orleans  below  Quebec.  (Mrs.  Shepaid,  Pro/.  Brunet. ) 
Mouth  of  Madawaska  River,  N.B.  ( G.  U.  Hay,  G.  F.  Matthew.) 
Crevices  of  ledges,  Aroostook  Falls,  N.B.  (M.  L.  Femiald.) 
Rocky  banks.  Hero's  Rapids,  Restigouche  River,  N.B.  ( G.  U. 
Hay. )  Our  only  herbarium  specimens  were  collected  at  Aroostook 
Falls,  N.B.,  by  Mr.  G.  U.  Hay,  in  1883  and  at  Woodstock  N.B. 
by  Prof.  Macoun  in  1899. 

Aragallus  caudatus,  Greene,  Pittonia,  vol,  iv,  p.  69. 

Moose  Jaw,  Assa.,  June  26th,  1896,  Herb.  No.  13,957.* 
{Jo/m  Macoun.)  A  very  beautiful  and  distinct  species,  not  at  all 
resembling  the  common  A.  Rtchnrdsonu  oi  the.  prairies. 

Aragallus  foliolosus,    Hook.    Fl.   Bor.   Am.,    vol.    i.,    p.    146. 
O.  foliosa,  T.  &  G.   Fl.,  p.  339. 

In  describing  O.  foliolosa,  Hooker  says  :  "  Capitula  late  ovata 
seu  subglobosa,  ratiotte  plantceparva,  floribus  co/npactis,  patentibus, 
inferioribus  refJexis.'"  How  an  acaulescent  plant  with  compact 
heads — heads  "far  more  compact"  than  O.  ccpruLea — should  ever 
have  been  referred  to  O.  deflexa  will  probably  never  be  fully  ex- 
plained ;  that  it  has  no  very  close  affinity  with  that  species  is 
evident.  The  error  doubtless  originated  in  contusing  O.  foliolosa 
with  an  apparently  acaulescent  form  of  O.  deflexa,  (Proc.  Am.  Ac. 
Arts  &  Sc,  vol.  XX,  p.  4)  the  '■''forma  subacaulis'"  to  which  Gray 
referred  O.  foliolosa.  It  is  indeed  probable  that  in  describing  O. 
foliolosa,  Hooker  had  before  him  the  flowers  of  that  species  and 
fruiting  specimens  of  the  sub-acaulescent  form  of  O.  deflexa  which 
is  not  uncommon  in  the  region  traversed  by  Richardson  and 
Drummond.  Our  specimens  agree  in  every  particular  with  his 
description  of  O.  foliolosa  until  the  fruit  is  reached,  the  "  rather 
remote,  deflexed "  legumes,  "an  inch  long"  are  those  of  O. 
deflexa,  while  "compact  broadly  ovate  heads"   could   not   refer   to 

*  These    numbers    refer    to    the    herbarium    of  the    Geoloifical  Siirvi>\-  of 
Canada. 


164  The  Ottawa  Naturatist.  [October 

that  species.  These  fruiting  specimens  of  O.  deflexa  were  also 
probably  included  in  giving-  the  range  of  O.  foLiolosa. 

O.  foliolosa  is  from  4  to  7  inches  high,  occasionally  somewhat 
decumbent;  legumes  3-5  lines  long,  clothed  with  black  hairs, 
pendent,  but  when  as  in  flower  forming  a  compact  head  ; 
otherwise  as  described  by  Hooker.  From  its  habit  and  range  it 
is  evidently  a  high  alpine  and  northern  species. 

Our  herbarium  specimens  are  from  Northern  Labrador,  Herb. 
No.  18,668.  {A.  P.  Lo-w.)  Rocky  Mountains.  (John  Macoun. ) 
Arctic  North  America     (Z>r.  Richardson.) 

These  latter  are  young  flowering  specimens  and  were  dis- 
tributed from  the  British  Museum  as  O.  foliolosa. 

Cassia  Marilandica,  L. 

Two  or  three  plants  near  the  Thames  River,  east  of  Thames- 
ville,  Ont.,  1892  ;  on  flats  of  Cornwall's  Creek,  Howard  Town- 
ship, Kent  Co.;  Aug.  15th,  1892,  well  established;  around  the 
mouth  of  a  government  ditch.  Tilbury,  Ont.,  1894.  {J.  Deaniess.) 
New  to  Canada  and  perhaps  indigenous  in   S.  W.  Ontario. 

Lathyrus  maritimus,  Bigel.  var.  Aleuticus,  Greene. 

A  not  rare  variety  on  the  Labrador  coast  and  on  both  sides  of 
Hudson  Bay.  Described  from  Alaska  where,  as  on  Hudson  Bay, 
it  is  not  mixed  with,  but  in  many  localities  takes  the  place  of  L. 
maritimus.  The  smaller  size  of  the  variety  is  not  in  my  opinion 
due  to  habitat  as  L.  mariiimus  of  large  size  is  found  in  equally  ex- 
posed situations  in  the  same  latitudes. 

Dryas  integrifolia,  Vahl. 

Summit  of  Moose  Mt., Elbow  River,  Rocky  Mts.  Alt.  7,500  ft. 
Herb  No.  20,001.  {John  Maconn.)  Southern  limit  in  Rocky 
Mountains. 

Alchemilla  vulgaris,  L. 

Metis,  Que.,  1897.  {Mrs.  Brodie.)  Not  recorded  west  of  Nova 
Scotia. 

Rosa  pratincola,  Greene,  Pittonia,  vol.  iv,  p.  13. 

One  of  the  commonest,  if  not  the  most  common,  roses  on  the 
Canadian  prairies,  extending  from  Manitoba  west    to    the     Rocky 


1899]  Macoun — Canadian  Botany.  165 

Mountains  and  north  to  the  Saskatche\\*an.   There  is  no  R.  Arkan- 
sana  in  Canada. 

Rosa  Macounii,  Greene,  Pittonia,  vol.  iv,  p.  10. 

R.   Woodsii.  Macoun,  Cat.  Can.  Plants,  vol.  i,  p.  521  in  part. 

Moosejaw,  Assa.  Herb.  No.  12,615,  '"  flower  June  17th,  1896; 
fruit,  Herb.  No.  10,532,  Aug.  13th,  1895  !  White  Mud  River,  Cy- 
press Hills,  Assa.,  Herb.  No.  10,535;  Cypress  Lake,  Assa.,  Herb. 
No.  10,534  ;  Spur  Creek,  Milk  River,  Assa.,  Herb.  No.  10,533  ; 
Canmore,Kananaskis  and  Banff,Rocky  Mountains.  {John  Macoun.^ 
Maligne  River,  Athabasca  River,  Alberta,  Herb.  No.  19,451. 
{W.  Spreadboroiigh.)  Specimens  from  nearly  all  the  above  localities 
were  named  R.  Woodsii  by  Crepin,  but  we  have  no  R.  Woodsii  in 
Canada. 

ToLMiEA  Menziesii,  T.  &  G. 

Dawson  Harbor.  Queen  Charlotte  Islands,  B.  C.  {Dr.  C.  F. 
Netiocombe.^)  Cowichan  Lake,  Vancouver  Lsland.  {J.  R.  Anderson. ) 
Not  before  recorded  from  Vancouver  Island. 

Heuchera  cvlindrica,  Doug-1. 

Dawson  Harbor,  Queen  Charlotte  Islands,  B.  C.  {Dr.  C.  F. 
Newco?nbe.)  A  new  station. 

Heuchera  parvifolia,   Nutt. 

Open  prairies,  Crow's  Nest  Pass,  Rocky  Mts.  Herb.  No.  20,- 
167.      {John  Macoun.)  Western  limit. 

RiBEs  LEUCODERME,  Heller,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  vol.  xxiv,  p.  93. 

Nearly  all  our  specimens  from  Southern  Alberta  referred  to 
R.   oxycanthoides  are  this  species. 

Drosera  longifolia,  L. 

D.   A?iglica,    Huds.  ;  Macoun,  Cat.  Can.  Plants,    vol.  i,  pp.  165 

&  529. 
D.    intermedia,  var.  Americana,  Macoun,  Cat.  Can.    Plants,  vol. 
I,    pp.   166    &  529   in   part;  Contr.    to  Can.  Bot.  Pt.  x,  p. 

Throughout  subarctic  Canada.  Our  specimens  are  from  east 
branch  of  Hamilton  River,  Labrador.      Herb.    No.  4998.     {A.   P. 


i66  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [October 

Low,)  Salt  Lake,  Anticosfi,  Que.;  Lake  Huron,  Ont. ;  Porcupine 
Mt.s.,  Man.;  Prince  Albert,  Sask.  ;  Revelstoke,  B.C.;  Beaver 
Creek,  Selkirk  Mts.,  B.  C. ;  Home  Lake,  Vancouver  Island.  [John 
Macoun.)  Tete  Jaune  Cache,  headwaters  of  Fraser  River,  B.  C, 
(  W.  Spreadborough. ) 

Megarrhiza  Oregana,  Torr. 

Union  Bay,  Saanich,  Vancouver  Island,  14th  July  1898.  (/. 
R.   Anderson.)    New  to  Canada. 

Galium  mollugo,   L. 

St.  James'  Cemetery,  Toronto,  Ont.,  1897.  [W,  Scott.)  Only 
Ontario  station. 

Aploppappus  Lyallii,  Gray. 

Mt.  Cheam,  Lower  Fraser,  B.  C,  1898.  (/.  R.  Anderson.) 
Western  limit. 

Solidago  Purshii,  Porter. 

S.  humilis,     Macoun  ;  Cat.     Can.  Plants,  vol.  i,  p.  213  in  part. 

Our  only  specimens  of  this  species  were  collected  in  1883,  at 
South  West  Point,  Anticosti,  Que.,  by  Prof.  Macoun.  All  the 
other  references  under  S.  humilis  in  the  Catalog'ue  of  Canadian 
Plants  should  probably  go  to  S.  decnmbens,  Greene. 

Aster  Engelmanni,  Gray. 

Brazeau  River,  North  Saskatchewan  River,  lat.  52"^  40',  1898. 
[W.   Spreadborough.)  Northern  limit. 

Arnica  Parryi,   Gray. 

Headwaters  of  Fraser  River,  Yellowhead  Pass,  Rocky  Moun- 
tains, 1898.   {W.   Spreadborough.)   Northern  limit. 

Arnica  tomentosa. 

Stems  clustered,  three  inches  to  a  span  high,  simple  and  gen- 
erally monocephalus,  radical  leaves  oblanceolate  or  spatulate,  con- 
spicuously 3-nerved,  loosely  villous  or  sometimes  tomentose  ;  cau- 
line,  lanceolate  or    linear-lanceolate,    villous-tomentose  :   involucre 


1899]  Macoun — Canadian  Botany.  167 

and    peduncle  wooly-tomentose  ;   rays,  numerous,  short  :   achenes 
hirsutulous  ;  pappus  soft,  white,  barbellate. 

Not  rare  on  the  eastern  slopes  ot  the  Rocky  Mountains,  at 
high  altitudes,  between  the  International  Boundary  and  Lat.  54^. 
Distributed  from  the  Herbarium  of  the  Geological  Survey  of  Can- 
ada, under  numbers  11,606,    14,708  and  19,635. 

Senecio  Robinsii,  Oakes. 

S.  aureus.      L.   var.    lanceolafiis,    Oakes  ;   Macoun,   Cat. 
Can.  Plants,  vol.  i,  p.  265. 

A  well  defined  species,  easily  separable  from  S.  nuretis  and  all 
its  varieties.  Rare  on  Cape  Breton  Island,  N.  S.  The  only  speci- 
mens found  by  Prof.  Macoun  in  1898,  were  at  Big  Intervale,  Mar- 
garee,  and  in  woods  at  Baddeck, 

Vaccinium  Pennsylvanicum,  Lam.  var.  angustifolium,  Gray. 
Macoun,  Cat.  Can.  Plants,  vol.  i,  p.  290. 

Union  Road,  Prince  Edward  Island  ;  in  bogs,  Louisburg, 
Cape  Breton  Island.  {John  Macotin.)  Recent  explorations  have 
shown  this  plant  to  be  widely  distributed  in  Labrador. 

Pterospora  Andromeda,  Nutt. 

A  new  locality  for  this  widely  distributed  but  seldom  collected 
plant  is  Tete  Jaune  Cache,  headwaters  of  Praser  River,  Rocky 
Mountains.   [W.   Spreadborough.) 

Bartonia  Iodandra,  Robinson. 

Holyrood,  Newfoundland.  {Robinson  &  Schrenk.)  Cirand 
Lake,  Newfoundland.  {A.  Waghorne.)  These  records  in  Botan- 
ical Gazette,  vol.  xxvi,  p.  47.  In  a  bog  six  miles  from  Half  Way 
House,  Cape  Breton  Island,  N.  S.,  Aug.  5th,  1898.  Herb.  No. 
19,857.      {Johji  Macouji.) 

Verbena  stricta,    Vent. 

Along  the  Grand  Trunk  Railway  embankment  at  Stamford, 
Ont.,  1898.  (/?.  Cameron.)  Si.  David's,  Ont.,  1898.  {W.  Scott.) 
New  to  Canada. 


1 68  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [October 

Verbascum  Blattaria,  L. 

Roadsides,  Mira  Bay,  Cape  Breton  Island,  N.  S.  {John  Ma- 
coun.)  Not  recorded  east  of  Ontario.  These  specimens  are  the  sub- 
species V.  virgatiim,  with  very  glandular  shortly  decurrent  upper 
leaves,  and  pedicels  shorter  than  the  calyx. 

Pedicularis  capitata,   Adams. 

Moose  Mountain,  Elbow  River,  Rocky  Mountains,  alt.  7,000 
ft.,  1897.  Herb.  No.  19,916.  [John  Macouri.)  Mountains  near  Lac 
Brule,  Athabasca  River,  Alta.  Herb.  No.  19,917,  1898.  {W. 
Spreadborough.)  Not  before  recorded  from  Rocky  Mountains,  or 
south  of  the  Arctic  Circle  in  Canada. 

Plantago  eriopoda,  Torr.  var.  cylindrica, 

Malig-ne  River,  Athabasca  River,  Alberta,  July  6th,  1898. 
Herb.  No.  20,073.  [W.  Spreadborough.  )A  span  high,  leaves  and 
scape  pubescent,  spike  f-ij^  inch  long,  cyclindrical.  This  is  pro- 
bably P.  lanceolata,  var.  ^.,  Hook,  Fl.,  vol.  ii,  p.  123,  and  very 
likely  a  good  species. 

Myrica  Carolinensis,  Mill, 

M.  cerifera,  Macoun,  Cat.  Can.  Plants,  vol.   i,  p.  435. 

Common  on  Prince  Edward  Island,  Cape  Breton  Island  and 
in  parts  of  Nova  Scotia  and  New  Brunswick.  M.  cerifera  is  not 
found  north  of  Marvland,  U.  S. 

Larix  Lyai.li,  Parlai. 

Between  Kootanie  Lake  and  the  St.  Mary's  River  watershed, 
B.  C,  at  altitudes  between  6,500  to  7,000  feet,  or  a  little  more, 
1898.      [Samuel  S.  Fowler.)     Western  limit. 

LiLiUM  CoLUMBiANUM,  Hanson. 

Tete  Jaune  Cache,  headwaters  of  Eraser  River,  Rocky  Moun- 
tains,  1898.      {W.   Spreadborough.)     Northern  and  eastern  limit. 

Lysichiton  Kamtschatcense,   Schott. 

Wet  woods  near  Canoe  River,  western  slope  of  Rocky  Moun- 
tains in  Lat.  53°.  1889.  {W.  Spreadborough.)  Eastern  and,  in  that 
part  of  Canada,  northern  limit. 


1899]  Macoun — Canadian  Botany.  i6g 

ScRiPUS  RUFus,  (Huds.)  Schrad. 

Marshes  on  summit  ot  Smoky  Mountain,  Cape  Breton  Island, 
N.  S.,  189S.  [John  Macoun.')  Not  before  recorded  from  Nova 
Scotia. 

SCIRPUS  SUBTERMINALIS,   Torr. 

In  Freshwater  Pond,  North  Ing-onish,  and  summit  of  Smoky 
Mountain,  Cape  Breton  Island,  N.  S.,  1898.  {John  Macoun.)  Not 
recorded  from  Nova   Scotia. 

Carex  costellata,  Britt. 

Edge  of  willow  thickets  near  St.  Catherines,  Ont.,  1898. 
{W.  C.  McCalia.)  The  only  Canadian  specimens  we  have 
seen. 

Carex  Crawei,     Dewey. 

Damp  meadows,  Baddeck,  (Herb.  No.  20,810),  and  Smoky 
Mountain,  (Herb.  No.  20,811).  Cape  Creton  Island,  N.  S,,  1898. 
{John  Macoun.)  Not  before  recorded  from  Nova  Scotia. 

Eragrostis  capillaris,  Nees. 

A  weed  in  a  peach  orchard,  near    St.  Catherines,    Ont.,   1898. 
{W.   C.   McCalla.)  New  to  Canada. 
Glyceria  villfoidea,   Fries. 

Near  Prince  George's  Sound,  Hudson  Strait,    1897.      {Dr.   R 
Bell.)     Very  abundant  on    saline   mud,  St.  Paul   Island,    Behring- 
Sea.   (/.   M.   Macoun.)     Not  before  recorded    except    from  Green- 
land. 

AsPiDiUM  Oreopteris,  Swartz. 

Shawnigan  Lake,  Vancouver  Island,  August,  1897.  (  /.  R. 
Anderson.)  One  of  our  rarest  ferns  and  not  before  collected  on 
Vancouver  Island. 

A.spiDiUM  ACULEATUM  Swartz,   Var.  scopulinum,  D.  C.  Eaton. 

Amongst  rocks  near  the  sea,  Texada  Island,  Gulf  of  Georgia, 
B.  C,  Aug.   1897.    (/    R.   A?ide}son.)   Not  before  found  in  Canada 
west  of  Province  of  Quebec,  but  collected  in  Washington,  U.  S. 
WooDWARDiA  RADICANS,  Smith.   Var.  Americanum,   Hook. 

Rich  soil  amongst  hummocks,  Texada  Island,  Gulf  o['  Cieor- 
gia,  Aug.  B.  C.  1897.   (/.    R.   Anderson.)    New  to  Canada. 


170  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [October 

NOTES  ON  A  STROMATOPOROID   FROM  THE  HUDSON 
RIVER  FORMATION  OF  ONTARIO. 

By  Lawrence  M.   Lambe,  F.  G.  S. 

Labechia  Huronensis,  Billing-s,  sp. 
Stenopora  HuroJiensis,  Billing-s,   1865.  Pal.  Fossils,  vol.  1,  p.   185. 

Tetradhim    Huj-onejise,    Foord    (in  parte).    1883.   Contr.   to     Can. 
Cambro-Sil,  micro-pal.,  p.  25,  pi.  vii,  figs,  i,  la. 

Labechia  ohioensis,      Nicholson,     1885,    Mon.    Brit.  Strom,  p.    32, 
footnote  and  pi.  11,  figs,   i  and   2. 

Labechia  7)1011  fifera,    Ulrich.     1886.    Contr.     to  Am.     Pal.,     vol.   i, 
p.  33,  pi.  II,  figs.  9,  9a. 

Labechia  ohioensis,    Nicholson,    1886.    Ann.    and  Mag.    Nat.  Hist. 
P-  13- 

There  are  in  the  Museum  of  the  Geological  Survey  a  number 
of  specimens  of  a  Labechia,  from  Cape  Smyth,  Lake  Huron, 
collected  by  Doctor  R.  Bell  in  1859.  These  specimens  were  de- 
scribed by  Mr.  Billings  in  1865  in  the  Palaeozoic  Fossils,  vol.  i, 
under  the  name  Stenopora  Huronensis. 

In  one  of  his  papers  in  the  "Contributions  to  Canadian  Cam- 
bro-Silurian  Micro-palajontology,"  Mr.  A.  H.  Foord  states  that 
having  made  a  microscopical  examination  oi  Steiwpora  Huroiietisis, 
Bill.,  he  finds  that  it  belongs  to  the  genus  Tetradium.  Mr.  Foord 
gives  an  amended  description  of  this  species  as  he  understands  it, 
but  unfortunately  includes  in  it  two  distinct  forms,  under  the 
name  Tetradium  Huronense.  The  specimens  represented  on  plate 
VII,  fig.  I,  of  Foord's  paper  consists  of  a  Zrt'<5>£'c/z/Vz,  the  minute 
structure  of  which  is  well  preserved,  incrusting-  a  small  mass  of 
Tetraditim  fibratjim,  Saff"ord.  The  original  of  figure  la  is  a 
small  portion  only  of  a  large  mass  of  the  Labechia  measuring 
nearly  5  i^  inches  across.  These  specimes  figured  by  Foord  were 
those  used  by  Billing-s  in  describing  Stenopora  Huronensis  and  are 
still  in  the  museum  of  the  Survey.  The  structure  is  clearly  shown 
on  polished  surfaces  in  both  specimens  proving  beyond  doubt  that 


[899]  Lambe — Stromatoporoid  Formation. 


171 


the  fossils  belong  to  the  g-enus  Labechia,  incrusting,  in  the  first  in- 
stance, and  massive  in  the  second. 

Dr.  Nicholson's  description  of  Labechia  ohioensis  is  based 
upon  specimens  obtained  by  him  at  Waynesville,  Ohio,  and  the 
Cape  Smyth  specimens  of  Stenopora  Huroncnsis,  Bill.,  collected 
by  Dr.  R.  Bell*  in  1859.  Dr.  Nicholson  states  that  in  the  Cape 
Smyth  specimens  the  structure  is  much  better  preserved  than  in 
those  from  Ohio.  He  also  mentions  (p.  14,  Ann.  and  Mag-.  Nat. 
Hist.)  that  Mr.  Foord  had  drawn  his  attention  to  the  fact  that 
"  some  of  the  appearances  which  he  describes  as  characterizing 
Tetraduim  huronense,  Bill.,  sp.  are  really  due  to  the  fact  that  the 
specimens  of  this  coral  which  he  examined  were  covered  with  a 
crust  o^ Labechia  ohioensis.'''' 

The  same  specimens  are  thus  seen  to  have  been  used  for  the 
description  of  Stenopora  Hitronensis,  Bill.,  Teti adiiiin  Huronense^ 
Foord,  and  Labechia  ohioensis,  Nich.,  with,  in  the  case  of  oiiioensis 
the  addition  of  the  Waynesville  specimens,  so  that  these  names 
are  synonymous. 

The  writer  is  of  the  opinion  with  Dr.  Nicholson,  that  Professor 
Ulrich's  L.  montifera  (op.  cit.)  is  specifically  the  same  as  L.  ohio- 
ensis 'udging  from  the  figure  preceding  the  description  of  the  for- 
mer and  from  the  two  figures  of  its  structure  which  are  stated  to 
have  been  made  from  microscopical  drawings  of  a  specimen  from 
Wayne.sville,  Ohio. 

It  would  seem  therefore  that  Nicholson's  and  Ulrich's  species 
are  identical  with  Billings's  species.  As  the  fossils  described  by 
Billings  are  not  referable  to  the  genus  Stenopora,  Lonsdale,  but  to 
Labechia,  Milne-Edwards  and  Haime,  they  should  be  known  by  the 
name    Labechia  Huronensis,  Bill. 

*  In  Dr.  Nicholson's  description  of  Z.  o/iioe»sis,  (Ann.  and  Mag-.  Nat. 
Hist.  p.  145.)  Mr.  A.  H.  Foord  is  incorrectly  stated  to  have  been  the  collector 
of  the  Cape  Smyth  specimens. 


172  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [October 

ENTOMOLOGY. 
Worm-snakes  and  Snake-worms. 

Upon  rare  occasions  and  at  lon^  intervals,  the  field-naturalist 
in  his  rambles  comes  across  a  strange  grayish  old-rope-like  object 
lying  on  the  ground  but  moving  forward  very  slowly  and  bearing 
a  remarkable  resemblance  to  some  strange  kind  of  snake.  These 
are  known  as  "worm-snakes"  and  are  made  up  of  myriads  of  the 
grayish  or  leaden-coloured  larvas  called  "  snake-worms  "  which 
are  the  maggots  of  certain  gnats  belonging  to  the  genus  Sctara. 
These  gnats  are  superficially  somewhat  like  mosquitoes  but  have 
much  more  conspicuous  antennae,  and  have  also  the  important 
difference  of  habit  that  they  do  not  bite.  The  maggots  of  several 
kinds  of  these  gnats  have  gregarious  habits  and  some  may  be 
found  in  dense  masses  under  the  bark  of  trees.  When  full-grown 
the  snake-worms  are  about  Y%  of  an  inch  long  and  a  little  thicker 
than  an  ordinary  pin,  of  a  dirty  white  colour,  tapering  slightly  to 
each  end  and  with  a  tiny  black  shining  head.  When  about  to 
change  to  the  pupa  state,  they  congregate  in  vast  numbers,  form 
processions  and  migrate,  sometimes  long  distances,  in  search  of  a 
suitable  place  to  complete  their  transformations. 

The  following  interesting  account  of  one  of  these  curious  mi- 
grations is  written  by  our  correspondent,  Mr.  T.  N.  Willing,  of 
Sylvan  Glade,  Olds,  Alberta  :  "  While  at  Prince  Albert  on  the 
20th  of  July  last,  my  attention  was  called  to  a  very  strange  sight. 
At  first  glance  it  appeared  like  a  snake  about  five  feet  long,  which 
tapered  from  the  head  to  the  tail  and  moved  slowly  along  the 
ground.  Upon  closer  examination  this  rope-like  object  proved  to 
be  composed  of  a  vast  number  of  whitish  larvse,  of  which  I  am 
sending  you  some  samples  in  alcohol.  These  larvas  had  moved  in 
a  body  about  30  feet  from  where  their  trail  was  first  seen,  issuing 
from  underneath  a  wood  pile.  They  all  kept  together  in  the  form 
of  a  snake,  the  head  being  about  half  an  inch  thick,  one  and'a 
half  inches  wide,  and  two  inches  long.  From  this  head  the  body 
tapered  from  one  inch  wide  down  to  a  single  larva.  Upon  draw- 
ing a  stick  across  the  body  of  this  snake  of  worms,  so  as  to  scat- 
ter them,  they  immediately  closed  up  again  and  completed  the  con- 
tinuity of  the  mass.      I  enquired  the  next  day  what  had  become   of 


1899]         Fletcher^Worm-Snakes  and  Snake-Worms.  173 

this  curious  object  and  was  told  that  the  larvie  had  been   killed  by 
covering  them  with  salt." 

There  are  accounts  ot" these  curious  aggregations  of  larvae  in 
many  American  and  European  publications  {e.  ^.  Lisect  Life,  iv,  p. 
215).  In  Europe,  worm-snakes  have  been  recorded  which  were  4 
or  5  inches  wide  and  from  10  to  12  feet  long.  Most  of  the  Amer- 
ican accounts  (which  may  perhaps  seem  strange  to  some  !)  de- 
scribe as  a  rule  worm-snakes  much  more  moderate  in  proportions, 
viz.  from  3  to  6  feet  in  length  by  from  i  to  3  inches  wide.  Upon 
one  occasion  only  have  I  seen  one  of  these  worm-snakes.  This  was 
some  miles  from  Nepigon,  north  of  Lake  Superior,  in  the  month  of 
August.  The  snake  was  about  4  feet  long,  about  an  inch  wide 
and  with  a  large  expansion  about  one  third  of  the  length  from  the 
head.  I  had  no  convenience  at  the  time  to  preserve  the  larvae 
alive  so  as  to  identify  the  species.  It  is  probable  that  several  spe- 
cies of  Sciara  have  this  strange  habit  but  I  am  not  aware  that  any- 
one has  ever  reared  to  maturity  and  published  the  name  of  the 
American  species.  Unfortlinately  most  people  who  have  the  op- 
portunity, like  those  who  put  salt  on  the  larvae  seen  by  Mr.  Will- 
ing, are  much  more  likely  to  practise  the  stupid  habit  of  destroy- 
ing everything  they  do  not  quite  understand  instead  of  trying  to 
learn  a  little  more  about  it. 

J.  FLETCHER. 


Amoner  the  latest  contributions  to  the  Herbarium  of  the  Nor- 
mal  School  is  a  very  beautiful  collection  of  100  mounted  Botani- 
cal specimens  illustrating  the  flora  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  in  the 
vicinity  of  Banff',  presented  to  the  herbarium  by  Dr.  Jas.  Fletcher. 
The  Normal  School  herbarium  already  contains  a  fine  series  of  the 
plants  of  the  vicinity  of  Ottawa,  and  this  latest  contribution  not 
only  adds  greatly  to  the  value  of  the  herbarium,  but  these  western 
plants  will  enable  students  to  compare  eastern  with  western  forms 
in  the  same  genera.  S.  B.  S. 


174  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [October 

REVIEWS. 

"  Reminiscen'ces  Among  the  Rocks  :  In  Connection  with  the 
Geological  Survey  of  Canada"  ;  by  Thomas  C.  Weston,  F. 
G.  S.  A.,  Toronto,   Warwick  Bros,  and  Rutter,  1899. 

The  above  is  the  title  of  a  very  neat  and  attractive  little  vol- 
ume written  by  one  of  the  few  survivors  of  the  early  and  pioneer 
days  of  geological  research  in  Canada,  and  also  a  member  of  our 
club  of  many  years  standing.  Mr.  Weston's  work  brought  him 
in  contact  with  many  interesting  places  and  personalities  through- 
out the  Dominion.  The  plain,  unconventional  way  in  which  he 
has  presented  the  numerous  amusing  anecdotes  as  well  as  at- 
tractive records  of  scientific  work,  selected  from  a  pile  of  official 
note-books  kept  by  him  during  the  thirty-seven  years  of  his  con- 
nection with  that  branch  of  the  Canadian  service,  commends  the 
volume  to  the  reading  public  as  one  of  special  interest.  Whilst 
disclaiming  all  literary  skill,  the  author  describes  many  an  amus- 
ing incident  such  as  are  but  seldom  recorded  or  described  from  a 
geologist's  standpoint,  but  which  are  nevertheless  full  of  interest 
and  merriment.  The  brief  biographical  sketches  of  Sir  Wm.  Lo- 
gan, Dr.  T.  Stenny  Hunt,  E.  Bilhngs,  Alex.  Murray,  Scott  Bar- 
low, E.  Hartley,  Horace  Smith,  and  many  others,  including 
"  Michael"  and  many  other  characters  met  by  Mr.  Weston  during 
his  very  extensive  travels,  lend  that  peculiar  personal  charm  to  the 
volume  which  always  attaches  to   reminiscences. 

The  book  is  of  special  value  to  the  working  geologist  and 
palaeontologist  who  desires  to  know  the  best  type  localities  for  ob- 
taining suites  of  fossils  with  which  to  illustrate  the  fauna  and  flora 
of  the  sedimentary  formations  of  Canada.  Mr.  Weston  has,  per- 
haps more  than  any  other  officer  of  the  Geological  Survey  of  Can- 
ada, contributed  to  the  vast  number  of  specimens  now  contained 
in  the  National  Museum  at  Ottawa,  and  the  notes  he  has  given  us 
in  systematic  and  chronological  order,  from  the  time  he  first  joined 
the  Survey  under  Sir  Wm.  Logan,  until  his  recent  superanuation, 
will  be  read  with  much  interest.  We  commend  this  volume  to  all 
members  of  the  Ottawa  Field  Naturalists'  Club. 

H.   M.  A. 


1899]  Reviews.  175 

Central    Experimental   Farm  ;   Report  of  the  Entomologist 
AND  Botanist,  1898.   (James  Fletcher,  LL.  D.,   F.R.S.C.) 

This  very  interesting-  and  valuable  contribution  to  the  Annual 
Report  on  Experimental  Farms,  includes  pages  167  to  219,  of  that 
publication,  and  is  illustrated  by  25  figures.  It  furnishes  a  very 
comprehensive  review  of  the  more  important  insect  enemies  of  the 
past  year,  and  contains  also  Mr.  Fixterls  report  on  the  Apiary. 
The  insects  are  dealt  with  under  the  heading  of  the  several  crops 
chiefly  injured  by  them,  and  the  various  chapters  contain  many 
original  observations  on  the  species  discussed.  The  absence  of 
Dr.  Fletcher  during  two  months  of  the  summer,  while  enabling 
him  to  do  valuable  work  by  lecturing  at  so  many  farmers'  meet- 
ings in  Manitoba, the  Northwest  Territories  and  British  Columbia, 
must  necessarily  have  lessened  his  opportunities  for  completing 
some  of  his  investigations. 

Cereals. — The  worst  pests  of  the  grain  crops  were  the  Midge, 
Hessian  Fly,  Wheat-stem  Maggot,  American  Frit-fly, Grain  Aphis, 
Joint-worms  [Isosonia)  and  Cut-worms.  In  Southern  Manitoba 
there  was  considerable  damage  caused  by  the  Rocky  Mountain 
Locust.  Several  districts  were  visited  by  Dr.  Fletcher,  who  re- 
commends ploughing  under  the  eggs,  and  also  the  use  of  poisoned 
bran,  which  has  been  found  so  useful  in  destroying  cut-worms. 
Vegetables  and  Root  Crops  seemed  to  have  suffered  less  than  in 
previous  years,  but  the  Black  Army-worm  was  destructive  in  some 
districts,  and  cut-worms,  as  usual,  occasioned  a  considerable  dam- 
age. Among  other  pests  are  the  Pea  Moth,  Pea  and  Bean  Weev- 
ils, Carrot  Rust-fly,  Turnip  Aphis,  Root  Maggots,  White  Grubs 
and   Wire-worms. 

Fruits. — This  important  crop  was  in  general  a  good  one, 
and  was  not  especially  injured  by  insects  Many  of  the  fruits,  in- 
cluding plums  and  peaches,  were  attacked,  however,  by  various 
blights  and  other  fungous  diseases.  The  most  noticeable  insects 
were  the  Apple  Fruit-miner  and  the  Plum-Moth  (or  Lesser  Apple- 
worm)in  British  Columbia^  and  the  Tent  Caterpillars  generally 
The  Plum  Curculio  and  the  Green  Fruit-worms  {Xylina)  and  Apple 
Aphis  caused  considerable  loss  in  some  sections.  One  of  the 
most  interesting  appearances  was  that  of  a  hitherto  rare  beetle 
{Xylocrms    Agassisii,    Lee.)     in    Victoria,    infesting    the   roots   of 


176  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [October 

g-ooseberry  bushes.  Dr.  Fletcher  describes  this  insect  very  fully 
under  the  name  of  the  Black  Gooseberry-borer,  and  gives  excellent 
illustrations  of  its  different  stages  and  of  its  work.  It  will  be  re- 
membered that  the  drawings  from  which  these  figures  were  made 
were  exhibited  at  one  of  the  Club  Soirees,  The  most  important 
insect,  however,  and  one  which  has  received  very  marked  atten- 
tion in  this  province,  is  the  San  Jose  Scale,  which,  in  spite  of  the 
vigorous  action  taken  by  the  Ontario  Department  of  Agriculture, 
has  continued  to  extend  its  area  of  infestation.  A  very  instructive 
chapter  on  spraying  concludes  the  report,  which  is  a  most  valuable 
addition  to  those  previously  published  by  the  author.  Now 
that  the  Chemist  and  his  laboratory  have  been  provided  with  a 
new  building,  there  will  undoubtedly  be  more  room  allotted  to  the 
entomologist  and  with  increased  assistance,  he  will  be  in  a  better 
position  to  carry  on  investigations  which  are  of  such  practical 
importance,  not  only  to  the  agricultural  class,  but  to  the  entire 
community,  which  subsists  upon  the  products  which  reward  the 
labours  of  the  farmer.  When  the  crops  are  lessened  or  deteriorat- 
ed through  insect  depredations,  the  welfare  of  the  whole  country 
must  correspondingly  suffer.  Hence  the  necessity  for  investigat- 
ing such  depredations  and  of  devising  simple  and  efficient  remedies 
for  checking  them — W.H.H. 


WINTER  SOIREES. 

The  Soiree  Committee  will  meet  during  the  present  week  for 
the  purpose  of  preparing  the  lecture  programme  for  the  winter 
months.  Arrangements  have  been  made  for  several  interesting 
papers  but  as  the  members  of  the  committee  cannot  personally  call 
upon  all  the  members  of  the  club,  they  ask  that  those  who  have 
prepared  papers,  or  are  willing  to  do  so,  communicate  their  titles 
to  some  member  of  the  committee  at  as  early  a  date  as  possible. 


THE  OTTAWA  NATURALIST. 


Vol.  XIII.  OTTAWA,   NOVEMBER,    1899.  No.  8. 


NOTES  ON  A  GEOLOGICAL  TRIP  OVER  A  PORTION  OF 
THE  CANADIAN  NORTHWEST  TERRITORIES. 


By  T.  C.   WEsroN,  F.G.S.A.* 

It  was  my  privilegfe  while  a  member  of  the  Geolog^ical  Survey 
of  Canada  to  be  assigned,  in  1889,  the  task  of  exploring  and  col- 
lecting objects  in  natural  history  and  archaeology  from  the  banks 
of  those  portions  of  the  Red  Deer  and  South  Saskatchewan  rivers 
lying  between  the  fifth  principal  meridian  and  the  South  Sas- 
katchewan landing,  a  distance  of  about  four  hundred  miles  ;  but 
taking  in  the  hundreds  of  small  turns  in  those  rivers,  probably 
double  that  distance.  Taking  the  Canadian  Pacific  train  from 
Ottawa  to  Winnipeg — that  wonderful  city  which  has  sprung  up 
within  the  last  few  years  —  we  continued  by  the  same  line  to  Cal- 
gary, which  is  close  to  the  beautiful  Bow  River,  2,142  miles  from 
the  capital  of  the  Dominion  of  Canada,  in  sight  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains,  and  3,413  feet  above  the  ocean.  The  city  of  Calgary 
stands  on  a  beautiful  plateau  which  only  a  few  years  ago  was  the 
favorite  camping  ground  of  those  war-making  Blackfoot  Indians, 
a  portion  of  which  tribe  occupies  a  reservation  a  short  distance  from 
Calgary,  while  others  of  the  same  tribe  camp  on  the  outside  of 
town,  preferring  to  pick  up  a  precarious  living  rather  than  be  con- 
fined in  the.  reservation  provided  for  them  by  the  Canadian 
Government. 

Here  I  find  my  half-breed  Indian,  Mackenzie,  with  wagon 
and  horses.  He  has  come  from  his  home  on  the  banks  of  the 
Red  Deer,  a  hundred  miles  from  this,    to  meet  and  accompany  me 

*  Portions  of   thi.s   paper  have  been    published   in  another  form   in   Mr. 
Weston's  "  Reminiscences  Among  the  Rocks." 


4 

178  The  Ottawa  Naturatist.  [November 

on  a  long  journey  across  the  plains  and  down  a  river  where  very 
few  white  men  have;  been  ;  and  which  with  regard  to  its  fossil 
fauna  and  flora,  is  scarcely  known.  While  waiting  for  a  portion 
of  our  camp  equipment,  Mackenzie  and  I  spent  a  day  or  so  in 
examining  the  rocks  about  a  mile  from  the  C.  P.  R.  depot  and 
within  a  few  feet  of  the  Elbow  Riv<;r.  This  is  our  first  exposure 
of  the  Laramie  formation,  a  divison  of  the  great  geological  column 
which  forms  the  upper  part  of  the  Cretaceous  and  the  lower  part 
ot  the  Tertiary.  The  Laramie  rocks  we  were  about  to  examine 
are  composed  of  fine  and  coarse  sandstones,  conglomerates,  ^ands, 
silts,  clays  and  lignite  coals,  detailed  descriptions  of  which  may 
be  found  in  the  reports  of  the  Geological  Survey  of  Canada.  We 
find  here,  as  I  have  said,  our  first  exposure  of  the  Laramie  rocks, 
an  escarpment  called  the  "  Hog's  Back."  It  is  a  cliff  of  about 
100  feet  in  height;  the  upper  part  is  a  coarse  gravel  and  the  lower 
portion  a  fine  grained  yellowish  sandstone,  which  has  been  used 
in  the  construction  of  buildings.  It  is  in  this  sandstone 
we  find  our  first  fossils,  remarkably  well  preserved  plants, 
characteristic  forms  of  the  Upper  Laramie  formation.  The  rocks 
here  have  acted  beautifully  as  a  botanical  press,  for  some  of  the 
leaves  are  as  perfect  as  when  they  fell  from  the  trees  untold  ages 
ago.  Sir  J.  W.  Dawson  says  (Trans.  Royal  Soc.  Can.,  Sec  IV., 
1889);  "  They  belong  to  two  species,  Populus  Richardsonii,  and 
Quercus  platiiinay  The  latter  species  is  represented  by  leaves  of 
great  size,  one  of  which  is  twelve  inches  in  length  without  the 
petiole.  These  leaves  are  not  unlike  the  leaves  of  our  largest  species 
of  poplar,  and  it  is  supposed  that  the  climate  at  the  time  when  they 
grew  was  similar  to  that  of  the  present  day.  These  rare  examples 
of  the  fossil  flora  of  our  Laramie  rocks  may  be  seen  in  the  cases 
of  the  Geological  Museum,  Ottawa.  But  we  must  leave  Calgary 
with  all  its  interesting  associations  of  Indian  and  prairie  life  and 
start  on  our  journey.  We  have  100  miles  to  make  before  reach- 
ing Mackenzie's  farm  on  the  banks  of  the  Red  Deer  River,  about 
eight  miles  below  the  Edmonton  and  Calgary  crossing. 

With  a  good  stout  wagon,  two  horses,  provisions  for  two 
months,  ammunition,  guns  and  camp  equipment,  we  leave  Cal- 
gary at  2  p.m.,  June  loth,  take  the  Edmonton  trail  and  at  8  p.m. 
arrive  at  our  first  stopping  place — McPherson's,  which  is  situated 


1899]  Weston — Notes  on  a  Geological  Trip.  179 

in  a  verdant  valley  throug-h  which  Nose  Creek  runs.  It  is  twenty- 
two  miles  from  Calg-ary,  193  miles  from  Edmonton  and  over  3,400 
feet  above  the  sea.  This  is  a  ranch  farm  and  we  receive,  as  every 
traveller  does,  a  hearty  welcome  from  the  ranchmen  (women  there 
are  none),  and  after  supper  roll  ourselves  in  our  blankets,  tumble 
down  on  the  floor  and  soon  sleep  soundly  till  the  blowing-  of  a 
horn  calls  us  to  breakfast.  At  daylight  Mac  finds  that  his  horses, 
which  were  picketed  in  a  green  spot  of  prairie  g-rass  near  the 
farm  have  drawn  their  pickets  and  left.  After  a  ride  of  several 
miles  Mac  finds  them  quietly  making-  their  way  homeward.  At 
10  a.m.  we  leave  this  roug-h  but  hospitable  prairie  farm  and  are 
ag-ain  on  our  journey.  Our  nig-hts  till  we  reach  Mackenzie's  farm 
are  spent  under  canvas.  Space  will  not  allow  of  a  detailed  des- 
cription of  the  many  interesting-  incidents  which  occur  in  a  journey 
across  the  Northwest  plains.  On  the  third  morning  we  leave  the 
Edmonton  trail,  or  main  road,  strike  across  the  country  and  at 
sun-set  arrive  at  the  Red  Deer  River,  which  in  places  is  a  rapid 
and  turbid  stream  rising-  and  falling-  suddenly  according-  to  the 
melting  of  the  snow  in  the  mountains.  Mac's  practised  eye  sees 
at  a  glance  that  the  water  has  risen  two  feet  since  he  left  home, 
and  that  we  cannot  cross  here  with  our  outfit.  Mac  is  a  man  of 
few  words,  and  says,  "  Keep  a  tight  hold  on  the  horses  till  I 
return."  Tired  after  the  day's  journey,  the  rushing  of  the  water, 
barking  of  several  prairie  wolves  in  the  distance,  together  with 
the  anxiety  of  the  houses  to  get  to  their  stable  opposite,  makes 
me  a  little  nervous  ;  but  in  a  short  time  Mackenzie  returns  and 
says,  "  We  can  cross  lower  down,"  and  soon  our  horses  plunge 
into  the  stream  ;  the  water  covers  the  floor  of  the  waggon,  but  in 
a  few  moments  we  are  safely  over,  and  in  a  short  time  at  the  door 
of  Mackenzie's  house,  where  we  receive  a  warm  greeting  from 
Mrs.  Mac  and  her  numerous  family  who  are  all  typical  specimens 
of  the  half-breeds  of  this  locality.  At  the  time  of  my  visit,  with 
the  exception  of  the  Rev.  Leo  Gaetz's  farm  —a  little  higher  up  the 
river — ^this  is  the  best  farm  to  be  found  for  many  miles  ;  wheat, 
oats,  in  fact  any  farm  produce  can  be  raised  here  with  little  tilling 
of  the  land.  It  is  the  last  farm  on  the  banks  of  the  Red  Deer  we 
shall  see  for  probably  a  month. 


i8o  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [November 

The  source  of  the  Red  Deer  River  is  in  one  of  the  rang-es  of  the 
Rocky  Mountains  in  lat.  51°  30',  long.  116°  W.,  and  flowing-  east- 
ward joins  the  South  Saskatchewan  near  the  fourth  principal 
meridian.  The  following-  morning-  after  reaching  the  Mackenzie 
farm  I  find  it  will  be  two  or  three  days  before  we  can  start  down 
the  river,  so  embrace  the  opportunity  offered  to  visit  the  village, 
eight  miles  up  stream,  which  place  we  reach  by  crossing  the  river 
on  horseback  and  proceeding  along  its  east  bank.  Here  at  the 
Calgarv-Edmonton  crossing  the  stream  is  rapid  and  over  470 
feet  wide.  On  the  east  side  is  situated  Red  Deer  Village,  which 
at  that  time  (1889)  consisted  of  two  general  stores,  one  log  cabin 
boarding  house  and  a  few  other  buildings.  The  principal  trade 
done  by  the  stores  is  with  the  half-breed  freighters  who  are  con- 
stantly passing  to  and  fro  between  Calgary  and  Edmonton,  a 
distance  of  about  170  miles.  The  country  here  is  beautiful,  con- 
sisting of  rich  dark  loamy  prairie  lands  broken  by  clusters  of 
spruce,  poplar  and  other  trees.  The  variety  and  beauty  of  the 
wild  flowers  are  remarkable  and  makes  one  loath  to  leave  so  charm- 
ing a  spot.  But  we  must  return  to  the  Mackenzie  farm  where 
Mac  and  another  half-breed  are  busy  calking  and  pitching  the  two 
boats  which  are  to  carry  us  hundreds  of  miles  down  part  of  two 
remarkable  streams.  Our  boats  have  been  made  by  half-breed 
Indians  during  the  spring  ;  they  are  made  of  half  and  one  inch 
planks  sawn  from  trees  which  grow  on  the  banks  of  the  river  in 
this  vicinity.  They  are  rough  flat-bottomed  boats  constructed 
specially  for  the  journey  we  are  to  make. 

From  the  Red  Deer  Village  crossing,  eight  miles  up  stream, 
the  river  is  very  crooked  with,  in  places,  "  cut  banks"  of  alluvial 
deposits,  clays,  gravels,  and  laminated  beds  in  which  we  found 
pieces  of  wood,  leaves,  and  fragments  of  bone;  one  seemed  to  be 
part  of  the  sucrum  of  a  buffalo  ;  it  was  found  with  some  flint  chip- 
pings  five  teet  below  the  surface.  A  few  miles  below  the  Red  Deer 
Village  crossing  the  Blind  Man  River  enters  the  Red  Deer  between 
high  "cut  banks"  and  sloping  wooded  land.  This  is  an  interesting 
locality,  as  here  we  find  in  the  calcareous  clay  slates  beautifully 
preserved  leaves  of  exogenous  plants,  some  of  which  are  closely 
allied  to  certain  species  of  plants  of  the  present  day.  With  these 
are  associated  several  species  of  delicate  ferns  and  grasses  belong- 


1899]  Weston — Notes  on  a  Geological  Trip.  181 

\ng  to  the  endogenous  family.  They  have  been  carefully  pressed  in 
nature's  story-book,  and  are  as  perfect  as  when  they  fell  in  those 
bygone  ages,  before  the  probably  20,000  feet  of  rock,  which  has 
been  formed  since,  covered  them  ;  in  those  ages  when  the  gigantic 
saurians  roamed  these  plains.  But  we  leave  this  interesting  spot 
where  we  have  obtained  some  good  photographs  and  bagged  many 
fine  specimens  of  the  fossil  flora  of  these  rocks,  and  hasten  back 
to  the  Mackenzie  farm  where  soon  alt  our  traps  are  on  board.  We 
have  divided  our  camp  equipment  in  case  of  accidents,  which  may 
happen  at  any  time  while  navigating  this  rapid  stream.  Reid — a 
sturdy  half-breed  who  has  had  much  rough  experience  on  some  of 
our  Ontario  lakes  and  rivers — is  to  take  the  lightest  of  our  two 
boats  and  during  the  journey  to  take  the  lead,  while  Mackenzie 
and  I  are  to  follow.  It  is  2  p.m.  on  a  lovely  June  afternoon  when 
we  step  aboard  our  rudely  made  craft  and  loosen  them  from  their 
moorings.  The  current  here  is  very  swift,  and  the  moment  our 
boats  are  loose  they  glide  swiftly  down  the  stream  and  in  a  few 
minutes  we  are  in  one  of  the  most  dangerous  bits  of  navigation 
we  shall  probably  encounter.  It  is  what  is  locally  known  as  the 
canon.  High  and  in  places  scarped  banks  come  close  to  the 
margin  ot  the  river  forming  a  deep  gorge  through  which  a  large 
body  of  water  rushes  over  and  between  quartzite  and  other 
boulders.  It  is  a  dangerous  spot,  and  I  hold  my  breath  as  a  large 
wave  dashes  our  boat  against  a  projecting  rock,  but  fortunately 
little  injury  is  done,  and  our  boat  shoots  stern  first  through  the 
remainder  of  these  turbulent  waters,  and  soon  we  are  out  of  the 
canon  and  gliding  over  a  series  of  light  rapids. 

Below  this  the  valley  is  open  and  patches  of  large  spruce 
occupy  the  sides  of  the  stream,  while  in  other  spots  poplar,  grey 
willow  and  other  trees  form  dense  shelters  for  the  many  wild 
animals  which  still  inhabit  this  section  of  the  Northwest.  Open 
patches  and  wooded  lands  continue  till  we  reach  Tail  Creek,  town- 
ship 37,  range  24,  west  of  the  fourth  initial  meridian,  District  of 
Alberta.  We  have  no  v  reached  a  most  important  economic 
localty,  for  here  are  high  banks  of  Lignite  coal.  The  top  beds 
are  partly  obscured  by  drift  deposits  or  land  slides.  Taking  the 
various  seams— the  thickest  of  which  is  about  eighty  feet — there 
is  a  depth   of  forty-five  to   fifty  feet  seen   above  the   level  of  the 


i82  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [November 

river,  and  below  the  level  of  the  water  these  beds  may  extend  for 
a  hundred  feet.  At  this  time  (1889)  no  attempt  had  been  made  to 
work  these  valuable  coal  fields.  In  many  of  the  coal  banks  of  this 
locality  through  combustion  or  from  fires  started  by  Indians,  an 
enormous  amount  of  coal  has  been  burned,  leaving  the  hard  shaly 
beds  which  intercept  the  seams,  various  shades  of  color  from  a 
bright  red  to  a  dark  yellow.  The  stratification  is  so  marked  and 
the  colors  so  brilliant  that  we  called  one  spot  Vermilion  Point. 
Opposite  the  largest  of  these  coal  deposits  is  a  fine  alluvial  flat  of 
several  hundred  acres — a  splendid  town  site,  waiting  the  time 
when  the  "  iron  horse"  and  busy  hands  will  utilize  this  nature's 
gift  to  man.  For  miles  lower  down  the  river  we  pass  extensive 
coal  banks,  all  showing  more  or  less  the  marks  of  fire.  The 
river  is  smooth  with  numerous  shoal  rapids  and  free  from 
boulders. 

Gold. 

Gold  can  be  washed  out  from  many  of  the  alluvial  deposits  of 
this  river  and  most  of  the  sand-bars  of  the  Red  Deer  will  yield 
gold  in  small  quantities.  A  sand-bar  near  our  starting  point  on 
this  river  yielded  to  an  expert  at  panning  from  one  to  two  dollars 
a  day.  It  is  supposed  that  the  gold  in  the  Red  Deer  and  other 
rivers  of  the  Northwest  has  been  washed  from  the  soft  rocks 
which  formed  the  banks  of  these  rivers,  having  in  the  first  place 
been  derived  from  the  quartzite  and  other  rocks  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains. 

Iron. 

Clay  ironstone  is  met  with  in  thin  beds  and  as  nodules  which 
contain  a  percentage  of  metalic  iron.  Both  shells  and  plants  are 
found  in  this  ironstone  ;  one  nodule  we  found  contained  a  curious 
member  of  the  lobster  family.  We  have  now  reached  "Tail  Creek" 
a  stream  of  about  twenty  feet  wide,  the  outlet  of  Buffalo  Lake,  to 
which  a  small  band  of  Cree  Indians  we  have  just  met  are  bound. 
They  have  heard  that  two  buffaloes  have  been  seen  in  that  vicinity 
and  are  making  their  way  to  the  big  lake  to  try  and  capture  them. 
These  Indians  are  very  poor.  Two  sturdy  members  of  the  band 
stripped  and  swam  the  river  to  our  camp  with  the  hope  of  getting 
a  little  food.  Here,  alluvial  banks  of  from  one  to  two  hundred 
feet  high  occupy  the  north   side   of  the   river,  while    on  the   south 


1899J  Weston— Notes  on  a  Geological  Trip.  183 

side  fine  flats  for  agricultural  purposes  are  seen.  All  these 
flats  are  well  timbered  with  black  poplar,  cotton-wood, 
birch  and  spruce.  We  have  made  about  thirty  miles  to-day 
During  most  of  the  time  a  flock  of  wild  geese  has  kept  ahead  of 
our  boats.  Two  of  their  number  lie  on  the  bottom  of  my  boat,  but 
the  sound  of  our  gun  and  the  loss  of  their  comrades  does  not  give 
them  sense  enough  to  take  to  the  woods.  These  geese  feed  on  a 
short  mossy  grass  which  grows  on  the  muddy  shore  of  the  river. 
During  the  last  two  or  three  days  I  have  been  charmed  by  the 
singing  of  many  small  birds,  and  for  the  last  two  days  we  have 
constantly  heard  the  cooing  of  the  mourning-dove.  Several  bald 
eagles  have  been  seen,  two  species  of  owls,  and  a  numerous 
variety  of  small  birds.  During  our  night  camps  we  have  fre- 
quently heard  the  barking  of  the  coyotes  or  prairie  wolves  ;  one 
passed  us  on  the  shore  of  the  river  this  morning.  He  was  evi- 
dently looking  for  a  breakfast  of  goose.  On  the  shores  of  this 
stream  we  have  seen  the  tracks  of  a  grizzly  bear,  many  tracks  of 
deer  and  small  rodents.  Several  beaver  dams  have  been  passed 
during  the  day,  and  one  fine  fellow  slid  into  the  water  as  we 
approached  his  dam.  The  river  aff'orded  us  a  good  supply  of 
white-fish,  "gold  eyes,"  the  only  species  we  have  caught  so  far. 
Some  evenings  the  river  appears  to  be  crowded  with  them  ; 
twenty  fine  specimens  were  caught  by  one  man  in  an  hour. 
Although  we  have  expected  to  meet  with  rattle  snakes — as  1  have 
in  similar  lands  of  the  Northwest — we  have  fortunately  escaped  so 
far.  The  geological  formation  we  have  been  passing  over  for  a 
few  days  is  known  as  the  Edmonton  sub-division  of  the  Laramie, 
but  we  are  now  in  another  division  of  the  Cretaceous  formation, 
and  are  fairly  in  the   "  Bad   Lands." 

We  have  passed  through,  in  many  respects,  a  charming 
country.  High  cut  and  scarped  banks  ot  yellowish  weathering 
sandstones  and  other  deposits  which  have  yielded  many  interest- 
ing fossils  and  other  objects  in  natural  history.  We  have  passed 
through  valleys  from  six  to  eight  hundred  feet  deep  which  in 
places  slope  gradually  down  from  the  prairie  land  to  fine  alluvial 
flats  where  a  few  years  ago  great  herds  of  buff"alo  rested  after  their 
journey  across  the  plains.  Many  of  the  buff'alo  tracks  seen  on  the 
sloping  sides  of  the  banks  and  down  the  sides  of  the  great  coulcies 


184  *  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [November 

are  as  distinct  as  if  only  made  a  few  months  ag-o.      All  the  buffalo 
trails  crossing-  the  plains  lead  to  water,  and  are  narrow,  showing- 
that  when  they  travelled  they  always  went  in  single  file  or  as  it  is 
called,  in    Indian   file.      Occasionally   when   the   river   widens   out 
considerably  the  water  is  very  shallow,  passing  over  beds  of  quick- 
sand   and   ooze,   in   which   our   boats   frequently     stuck,     causing: 
trouble   to   get  them    out     before   the   drifting  sand    accumulated 
around   and    imbedded  them.      An  incident  which   occurred  to  the 
writer  a  little  later  in   our  journey,  may  be  mentioned    here.      In 
one  of  the  great  coulees  of  these    Bad    Lands  I  found  it  necessary 
to  cross  the  bed  ot  a  small   brook  which  leads  from  the  table-land 
but  which,  like  most  small  creeks  at  this  season  of  the  year,    was 
dry,  with   a  bottom   apparently   of    hard    sandy  clay,   on  which    I 
stepped,  reaching  about  the  middle  of  the  brook,  when  to  my  sur- 
prise my  leg  sank  up  to  my  knee  ;   placing-   my   other   foot   down 
that  also  sank,  and   before   I    could   throw  myself  forward    I   had 
sunk  up  to  the  bottom  of  my  waistcoat.      Fortunately,    however, 
I  managed  to  grab  a  sage-bush   on    the    margin  of  the  brook  and 
with  difficulty  pull  myself  out  of  the  cold   slimy  sandy  ooze.      One 
of  my  men  after  sounding  the  depth  with  a  ten-foot  pole  remarked  : 
"  If  you  had  not  grabbed  tnat    bush    only    your   hat    would    have 
been  left,  but  we  should  have  known  where  you  had  gone." 

Islands. 

We  passed  many  small  islands,  all  more  or  less  wooded  and 
covered  with  rich  verdure  of  grasses  and  shrubs.  Towards  sun- 
set as  our  boats  glide  past  some  of  these  green  spots,  often  sur- 
rounded by  clear  rippling  water,  we  hear  the  cooing  of  the  dove 
and  the  songs  of  numerous  small  birds,  and  forget  the  troubles 
and  anxieties  we  have  had  in  bringing  our  boats  through  the 
shallow  waters  and  quicksands. 

"  Bad  Lands." 

For  the  past  two  or  three  days  we  have  been  passing  through 
the  "  Bad  Lands"  of  this  locality.  The  river  averages  about  900 
feet  wide  with  valleys  500  to  700  feet  deep.  On  both  sides  are 
high  buttes  and  long  stretches  of  steep  banks  composed  of  sands, 
clays  and  sandstones.  Wild  sage,  cactus  and  a  few  grasses  appear 
to  be  all  the  vegetation   these   lands  will   support.     These   desert 


I 


1899]  Weston — Notes  on  a  Geological  Trip.  185 

lands,  however,  are  precious  to  the  g^eologist  and  osteologist,  for 
here  was  the  home  of  the  great  dinosaurian,  a  huge  kangaroo-like 
reptile,  probably  from  forty  to  sixty  feet  long  and  which  as  one 
writer  says  "  rivaled  in  bulk  the  yet  future  mammoth  and  masto- 
don." 

To-day  we  have  collected  from  these  sands  and  sandstones 
many  important  remains  of  this  great  reptile.  Here  on  this  slab 
of  sandstone  is  the  right  and  left  lower  jaw,  each  about  eight 
inches  long.  One  ramus  partly  covers  the  other,  hiding  the  teeth, 
but  in  the  upper  jaw  the  teeth  are  almost  perfectly  preserved,  and 
show  that  this  creature,  which  existed — well,  say  2,000,000  years 
before  man  trod  this  earth — ^was  a  carnivorous  animal,  for  the 
teeth  are  flattened,  serrated,  and  taper  to  a  sharp  point,  showing 
that  they  were  formed  for  cutting  and  tearing  flesh  ;  the  enamel  is 
as  perfect  as  when  used.  With  these  jaws — which  lie  on  the  roof 
of  the  cranium — were  found  several  claws — powerful  talons; 
dangerous  weapons  they  must  have  been  ;  these,  with  the  teeth, 
make  one  think  of  Tennyson's  lines  : 

"  Monsters  of  the  prime, 

Who  tear  each  other  in  their  slime." 

Here  is  a  femur  or  thigh-bone  we  have  dug  out  of  the  hard 
sand.  It  is  almost  five  feet  long  and  too  heavy  for  me  to  lift,  but 
when  lifted  by  two  men  crumbled  into  a  thousand  fragments.  1 
had  risked  much  to  obtain  this  bone,  and  to  see  it  crumble  to  frag- 
ments was  very  annoying.  But  we  have  portions  of  similar  bones 
which  are  perfectly  silicified  and  retain  all  the  bony  structure — 
Haversion  canals,  &c.,  as  in  recent  bone  ;  a  thin  slice  of  our  fossil 
makes  an  interesting  microscopic  object.  Other  bones  of  the  fore 
limbs  show  that  they  were  small  like  those  of  the  kangaroo, 
almost  useless  for  walking.  This  creature  must  have  squatted  on 
its  hind  legs  and  supported  itself  partly  on  its  heavy  tail.  Numer- 
ous vertebra  bones  were  found  on  these  sandy  buttes  and  plains. 
Some  dorsal  and  lumbar  bones  are  three  times  larger  than  the 
lareest  vertebra  of  the  buffalo.  Other  cordal  looking  vertebra 
which  probably  belong  to  the  same  beast  taper  in  size  to  an  inch 
in  diameter.  Overlying  the  sandstone  which  contained  the  lower 
jaws,  cranium  and  other  bones  just  spoken  of,  was  a  thin  bed  of 
hard  sandstone  holding  on  one  side  leaves  of  an   exogenous  tree, 


1 86  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [November 

and  on  the  other  side  were  ripple  marks  showing-  that  the  wind 
blew  over  the  waters  and  the  leaves  fell  in  those  untold  ages  ago.  I 
should  like  to  linger  many  more  days  among  these  relics  of  crea- 
tures never  seen  by  the  eyes  of  man,  but  my  men  are  getting 
uneasy  and  wish  to  get  back  to  civilization,  so  we  must  leave  the 
graves  of  these  great  saurians  and  hasten  toward  the  more  fertile 
banks  of  the  South  Saskatchewan. 

Continuing  our  journey  we  glide  quickly,  and  as  my  man 
remarks,  gracefully  down  stream.  It  is  a  lovely  morning,  and  but 
for  the  twittering  of  birds  and  rippling  of  water  is  as  "  quiet  as  a 
grave."  But  turning  a  sharp  angle  of  the  river  we  come  suddenly 
on  a  large  flock  ot  wild  geese  which  are  feeding  on  the  short 
mossy  grass  of  the  ^hore.  I  am  not  a  sportsman  and  hate  to  kill 
anything,  but  Mac  says  we  are  getting  short  of  grub,  and  hands 
me  the  gun.  I  fire  and  four  fall.  The  skeleton  of  one  is  in  the 
Dominion  Museum,  Ottawa.  A  little  further  on  we  pass  three 
hungry  looking  coyotes  making  their  way  along  the  shore.  We 
pass  several  small  islands  all  well  covered  with  rich  vegetation. 
Suddenly  the  river  widens  out  and  becomes  so  shallow  and  full  of 
sand-bars  that  we  only  make  two  miles  in  six  hours,  then  we  glide 
into  a  rapid  stream  and  make   ten  miles  in  the  afternoon. 

Geologically  this  is  not  an  interesting  locality.  Clay  and 
sand  banks  occupy  both  sides  of  the  river.  It  is  evidently  a  good 
home  for  the  beaver,  for  we  have  seen  three  and  several  beaver 
dams.  We  still  hear  the  twittering  of  many  small  birds  and  the 
cooing  of  the  dove,  a  large  bald-headed  eagle  wings  its  flight 
over  our  heads,  and  in  the  twilight  of  the  evening  we  hear  the 
croaky  cry  of  the  big  grey  owl. 

Sunday,  July  14th,  we  reach  the  confluence  of  the  Red  Deer 
and  South  Saskatchewan  rivers,  and  on  the  19th  we  pitch  our 
tents  on  the  shore  near  the  Battleford  and  Swift  Current  crossing. 
Here  there  is  a  mounted  police  "  shack,"  and  we  greet  the  first 
white  man  we  have  seen  since  we  left  our  starting  point  nearly 
two  months  ago,  and  here  we  store  our  boxes  of  precious  fossils. 
At  day-break  next  morning  we  are  in  our  boats  again  and  in  an 
hour  or  so  pitch  our  last  camp  opposite  the  mouth  of  Swift  Cur- 
rent. To  the  palaeontologist  this  is  an  exceedingly  interesting 
spot.      High  buttes  of  dark-colored  shales,  clays  and  sands — rocks 


1899]  Weston — Notes  on  a  Geological  Trip.  187 

belong-ino-  to  the  Pierre  shales,  a  subdivision  of  the  Cretaceous 
and  part  of  the  Laramie  formation,  but  lower  in  the  horizon  than 
the  Laramie  and  Belly  River  formation  from  which  our  dinosaurian 
remains  come  from,  are  rich  in  fossils.  Here  in  a  bed  of  dark- 
colored  sandstone  is  a  bivalve  shell.  It  belongs  to  the  genus 
Inocerotmis,  measures  thirteen  inches  from  apex  to  base  and  four- 
teen inches  across  the  widest  part.  The  mollusk  these  shells  con- 
tained must  have  weighed  four  or  five  pounds  and  no  doubt  would 
have  been  good  eating  had  there  been  any  one  to  eat  them. 
Here  is  a  large  convolated  shell,  an  Ammonite.  It  belongs  to  the 
Nautilidae  family,  is  sixteen  inches  in  diameter  and  the  test  or  shell 
still  retains  all  the  beautiful  opalescent  colors,  blended  together 
like  the  colors  of  the  rainbow  ;  and  here  is  a  little  bivalve  called 
Lipistha  utidulata  that  will  almost  lie  in  one  of  the  furrows  of  our 
Inoceronius.  But  1  cannot  mention  here  the  names  of  the  numer- 
ous fossils  these  rocks  contain,  and  must  ask  the  reader  of  these 
notes,  should  he  have  an  opportunity  to  visit  the  Geological  Sur- 
vey Museum,  Ottawa,  not  to  miss  seeing  some  of  the  specimens 
taken  from  these,  at  first  sight,  barren  rocks. 

Our  work  here  is  now  finished  and  we  pull  our  boats  well  up 
on  shore  hoping  they  ma\^  be  of  use  to  some  other  geological 
investigators,  and  return  to  the  crossing  by  freighter's  cart,  sent 
for  us  by  the  mounted  police,  who  kindly  stored  our  other  fossils. 
It  would  take  pages  to  describe  the  beauty  of  the  rivers  we  have 
been  drifting  down  for  more  than  a  month.  The  turbid  state  of 
these  streams  after  heavy  rains,  and  the  difficulty  of  navigating 
the  shallow  places  are  of  course  a  drawback,  but  with  these 
exceptions  I  know  of  no  more  delightful  spots  in  this  section  of 
our  Northwest  Territories.  To  the  geologist,  palaeontologist  and 
botanist  the  banks  of  these  rivers  ofi"er  abundant  food  for  the 
mind  ;  to  the  artist  and  sportsman  rich  fields  for  pencil  and  gun. 
Our  journey  from  the  Battleford  and  Edmonton  crossing  to  the 
C.  P.  R.  was  made  in  freighters'  carts. 


1 88  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [November 

MY  FEATHERED  JESTER. 


By  a.  C.  Tynd.\ll. 

If  anyone  who  has  recog-nised  the  leading  characteristics  of 
that  problem  of  humanity  known  in  the  abstract  as  the  Boy — 
whose  manners  and  habits  suggest  not  more  an  absorbing  interest 
in  life  and  all  that  belongs  thereto,  than  an  emulative  admiration 
for  the  ways  and  works,  in  his  lighter  moods,  of  the  great  enemy 
of  mankind — if  such  a  one  I  say  can  imagine  a  like  joyous  spirit 
embodied  in  a  feathered  person  some  eighteen  inches  from  beak  to 
tip  of  tail,  he  or  she  will  have  a  fair  idea  of  the  individual  whose 
manners  and  habits  have  impressed  the  writer  as  entitling  him  to 
more  than  a  passing  notice. 

The  subject  of  this  biography  is,  to  all  appearances,  one  of 
those  rarely  met  with  and  most  enviable  of  mortals  who  find  their 
lot  in  life  entirely  to  their  liking.  He  displays  an  amount  of  energy 
and  an  enthusiasm  in  his  daily  doings,  whether  his  occupation  be 
seeking  a  suitable  place  of  burial  for  a  toad  he  has  slain  or  that  of 
arranging  his  toilet  in  an  elm  top,  which  I  feel  sure  entitle  him  to  a 
high  place  in  the  esteem  of  that  gifted  bard  who  sings  untiringly 
the  praise  of  "  things  as  they  are."  This  is  not  because  he  views 
life  with  the  eyes  of  the  unsophisticated  denizen  of  the  wilds.  His 
earliest  recollections  of  life  on  this  planet  being  associated  with 
his  surroundings  as  a  privileged  member  of  the  family  circle,  it 
may  be  regarded  as  a  pardonable  mistake  on  the  part  of  this,  in 
some  respects,  amiable  bird,  to  suppose,  as  he  evidently  does, 
that  it  is  the  ties  of  blood  which  unite  him  to  the  friends  of  his 
youth  of  a  widely  different  description  zoologically.  Nothing  at 
all  cares  he  for  the  opinion  of  his  black-coated  brothers,  though 
they  jeer  and  scoff  at  him  for  a  corvine  molly-coddle,  since  he  pre- 
fers civilization  and  its  luxuries  to  the  joys  of  the  life  Bohemian 
and  the  companionship  of  the  birds  of  ill  omen. 

It  is,  I  believe,  not  often  that  anyone  meeting  a  member  of 
the  crow  family  daily  fails  to  be  impressed  by  the  force  of  charac- 
ter and  amount  of  will  power — not  infrequently  wrongly  exercised 
— common  to  the  crow  kind,  independently  of  difference  in  species, 
or  sub-species.      And  although   my  feathered  friend  is  responsible 


1899]  Tyndall — My  Feathered  Jester,  189 

for  many  acts  which  to  say  the  least  are  inadvisable,  as  when,  for 
instance,  his  taunting-  yells  and  peals  of  loud  laughter  on  the  occa- 
sion of  a  passing  funeral  cortege,  bring  upon  his  friends  and  bene- 
factors the  opprobium  of  ill-timed  mirth,  since  it  is  only  by  the 
very  few  that  the  voice  can  be  recognised  as  belonging  to  "that 
crow,"  it  must  be  said  that  none  of  the  misdoings  which  bring  him 
into  disfavor  with  those  aiound  him  suggest  the  weak  character 
unfitted  to  resist  temptation,  but  rather  the  strong,  though  erring 
spirit,  governed  by  the  conviction  that  whatever  presents  itself  as 
being  the  most  desirable,  is  the  one  thing  possible  to  do. 

He  has  lately  fallen  into  the  prevailing  error  of  the  age,  and 
is  apparently  hrmly  persuaded  that  he,  the  individual,  has  a 
mission  in  life,  and  is  called  upon  to  institute  reform  in  such 
habits  among  his  fellow-creatures  as  his  judgment  pronounces  as 
productive  of  no  beneficial  results. 

The  form  this  idea  takes  at  present  is  seen  in  his  determined 
efforts  to  fix  in  every  cne  who  comes  within  the  sphere  ot  his  in- 
fluence the  habit  of  early  rising.  This  self-imposed  task  is  a  heavy 
one  as  he  is  well  aware,  but  he  does  not  shrink  from  it,  and  his 
earnest  entreaties,  made  at  an  hour  when  the  air  is  as  dark  as 
night  can  make  it,  meeting  with  no  response,  in  growing  indigna- 
tion, with  the  appearance  of  the  sun  his  tones  change  to  those  of 
stern  command,  and  these  alike  failing  to  produce  the  desired 
results,  he,  as  a  last  resource,  seeks  an  open  window  to  try  upon 
the  sluggard  the  effects  of  a  strong^,  sharp  beak. 

However,  the  errors  which  call  forth  the  most  severe  censure 
from  those  responsible  in  some  degree  for  his  actions  belong  to 
his  pastimes.  He  has  a  most  reprehensible  habit  of  concealing 
himself  in  a  tree  by  the  roadside,  and  from  there  greeting  the 
passer-by  with  fearful  yells  and  such  exclamations  as  "  Ow  wow, 
ow  wow  " — sounds  suggestive  of  nothing  so  much  as  the  interest- 
ing sufferer  in  the  dentist's  chair;  while  the  peals  of  loud  laughter, 
seemingly  having  for  their  cause  the  personal  appearance  of  the 
objects  of  his  attention — not  seldom  both  alarms  and  offends. 
His  persistent  indulgence  in  these  objectionable  forms  of  amuse- 
ment frequently  results  in  a  coolness  between  himself  and  his 
chosen  friends,  although  it  is  only  fair  to  say  that  in  these  leisure 
moments  he  devotes  to  experimenting  on  the  variety  of  sounds  his 


igo  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [November 

vocal  chords  are  capable  of  producing-,  he  can  be  highly  entertain- 
ing, especially — but  in  justice  be  it  said  that  he  is  not  often  g-uilty 
of  such  weakness — when  his  mood  leads  him  to  believe  he  is 
endowed  with  the  gift  of  song. 

It  would  be  superfluous  to  offer  anyone,  be  his  or  her  know- 
ledge of  avian  talents  and  attainments  ever  so  slight,  the  informa- 
tion that  the  crow  does  not  rank  with  the  song  birds.  It  may  not 
be  so  well  known,  however,  that  this  fact  is  not  always  recognised 
by  this  otherwise  up-to-date  bird  himself;  but  the  rang-e  of  tones 
presented  in  the  gutteral  chucklings,  the  tuneless  liltings  in  a 
falsetto  voice — suggestive  though  they  always  are,  ot  a  mind  free 
from  care — besides  the  yells  already  described,  and  other  sounds 
indescribable,  which  go  to  make  up  the  recitals  of  my  would-be 
songster — have  at  least  the  merit  of  being  something  out  of  the 
beaten  path  of  bird  minstrelsy.  The  public  is  cordially  invited  to 
be  present  at  these  performances,  which  generally  take  place  in 
the  midst  of  a  group  of  stout  everg-reens  in  the  garden,  the  prin- 
cipal performer  not  being,  to  all  appearances,  troubled  by  any 
doubts  of^  his  popularity  as  an  entertainer.  It  disturbs  his 
equanimity  not  the  slightest  to  know  that  his  methods  are  re- 
garded with  the  strongest  disapproval  by  the  regu'larly  qualified 
songsters  around  him,  who,  he  cannot  but  be  aware,  never  fail  to 
take  themselves  out  of  hearing  when  he  starts  his  overture — 
usually  a  series  of  terrific  yells.  He  continues  with  unruffled 
serenity,  until  suddenly  losing  interest  in  this  means  of  passing 
the  time  pleasantly,  he  drops  from  his  tree  and  appears  before  the 
presiding  genius  of  the  kitchen  with  a  demand  for  refreshments. 

Such  are  some  of  the  distinguishing  characteristics  and  daily 
occupations  of  my  feathered  jester,  Jim  Crow. 


The  Soiree  Committee  met  last  week  and  prepared  a  tenta- 
tive programme  which  will  be  completed  this  week.  It  was 
decided  to  hold  the  first  soiree  on  Nov.  28th.  A  teature  of  this 
season's  programme  will  be  the  unusually  large  number  of  illus- 
trated lectures. 


1899]  Macoun — Notes  on  some  Botanic  Gardens.  191 

NOTES  ON  SOME  BOTANIC  GARDENS. 


By  W.  T.   Macoun. 

A  few  weeks  ago  the  writer  visited  several  of  the  Botanic 
Gardens  in  the  United  States,  also  the  Arnold  Arboretum  at  Bos- 
ton, Mass.,  in  the  hope  of  learning  something-  which  could  be  put 
into  practice  in  our  own  Arboretum  and  Botanic  Garden  at 
Ottawa.  A  few  facts  reg-arding  these  places  may  not  be  without 
interest  to  readers  of  The  Ottawa  Naturalist. 

New  York    Botanic    Garden. 

The  New  York  Botanical  Garden  is  of  very  recent  origin.  It 
was  in  1895,  only>  that  the  $250,000  subscriptions  were  guaran- 
teed which  were  necessary  before  the  250  acres  of  land  in  the 
northern  part  of  Bronx  Park  could  be  handed  over  by  the  City  of 
New  York.  After  that  the  plans  for  the  development  of  the  gar- 
den had  to  be  made  which  included  the  construction  of  large 
buildings  to  be  used  for  museum  purposes  and  plant  houses. 
These  buildings,  which  are  now  in  course  of  erection,  will  be 
among  the  finest  of  their  kind.  Bronx  Park  is  naturally  well  wooded. 
A  picturesque  stream  runs  through  part  of  it  and  adds  much 
to  the  beauty  of  the  landscape.  A  fine  collection  of  herbaceous 
plants  has  already  been  brought  together.  Tthey  have  been  neatly 
labelled  and  arranged  in  botanical  order  in  beds.  The  planting  of 
trees  has  not  yet  been  very  extensive,  but  doubtless  will  be  before 
long.  In  the  fruticetum  the  shrubs  have  been  arranged  in  beds 
as  on  the  herbaceous  grounds,  but  as  yet  only  a  limited  number 
have  been  planted.  A  large  force  of  men  is  at  present  engaged 
in  making  roadways,  levelling,  filling  in,  etc.,  and  it  is  evident 
from  the  scope  of  the  work  that  it  is  the  intention  to  make  this 
one  of  the  finest  botanic  gardens  in  the  world. 

Arnold  Arboretum. 

The  Arnold  Arboretum  at  Jamaica  Plain,  Boston,  Mass., 
occupies  more  than  200  acres  of  land.  It  is  southwest  of  the  city 
of  Boston  proper,  and  is  in  the  course  of  the  great  parkway  sys- 
tem of  that  city.  Work  was  begun  in  this  arboretum  more  than 
twenty  years  ago,  so  that  some  of   the  trees  planted   there  have 


192  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [November 

reached  a  considerable  size.  The  arboretum  is  naturally  well 
wooded,  the  land  is  very  rolling-,  and  magnificent  views  may  be 
obtained  from  some  of  the  commanding-  points  of  observation.  In 
many  places  one  would  not  suspect  that  any  artificial  planting  had 
been  done,  as  by  the  system  adopted  the  natural  is  preserved 
as  much  as  possible,  and  it  is  quite  a  common  thing  to  see  a  tree 
apparently  surrounded  with  a  dense  undergrowth  which  on 
closer  inspection  will  be  found  to  be  kept  far  enough  away  from 
the  tree  to  prevent  its  branches  from  being  injured  by  too  much 
shade.  The  thorough  manner  in  which  the  soil  is  prepared  before 
the  trees  are  planted  in  their  permanent  positions  ensures  a 
healthy,  vigorous  growth.  The  fruticetum,  where  the  shrubs 
are  arranged  in  beds  of  convenient  size,  is  kept  in  excellent  condi- 
tion, and  as  this  very  large  collection  only  occupies  a  compara- 
tively small  area,  any  shrub  is  easy  of  access.  In  connection 
with  this  arboretum  there  is  a  fine  herbarium  which  appears  to 
be  in  good  order. 

Harvard  Botanic    Garden. 

Though  only  occupying  about  seven  acres  of  land  the  Harvard 
Botanic  Garden  at  Cambridge,  Mass.,  is  a  credit  to  the  institution 
to  which  it  belongs.  The  collection  of  herbaceous  plants  there 
is  very  complete  and  is  arranged  in  such  a  manner  that  the  dif- 
ferent species  and  varieties  may  be  studied  with  ease.  The  plants 
are  grouped  in  botanical  order  in  narrow  beds.  The  labels  give 
the  common  and  scientific  names  by  which  the  plant  is  known, 
also  the  country  of  which  it  is  a  native.  There  are  a  few  glass 
houses  in  connection  with  the  garden  but  these  are  not  of  o-reat 
magnitude. 

Smith  College  Botanic  Garden. 

A  few  years  ago  a  botanic  garden  was  laid  out  in  connection 
wiih  Smith  College,  Northampton,  Mass.  The  work  done  so  far 
has  been  mostly  with  herbaceous  plants,  and  a  good  collection  has 
already  been  formed.  Some  trees  and  shrubs  have  been  planted, 
but  as  the  limited  area  of  the  campus  will  not  admit  of  very  exten- 
sive planting  it  is  probable  that  the  collection  will  not  be 
large.  There  are  some  fine  glass  houses  here  which  are  kept  in 
good  order,  as  is  also  the  whole  botanic  earden. 


1899]         Fletcher — Chrysopa  Larva  in  a  New  Role.  193 

CHRYSOPA  LARVA  IN  A  NEW  ROLE. 

Recently  I  received  from  my  friend  the  Rev.  Father  Burke,  of 
Alberton,  Prince  Edward  Island,  one  of  the  curious  cocoons  of  the 
Lace-winged  Fly  {^Chrysopa  sp.)  with  the  statement  that  the  larva 
had  bitten  a  friend  of  his  three  times.  I  was  somewhat  surprised 
at  this  and  wrote  for  further  particulars,  when,  at  Father  Burke's 
request,  the  following  interesting  letter  was  written  by  Mr.  John 
T.  Weeks,  of  Alberton,  P.E.I.  : 

"  In  reference  to  the  insect  forwarded  to  you  by  Rev.  A.  E. 
Burke,  I  may  say  that  a  few  nights  before  enclosing  the  insect, 
my  little  girl  was  rehearsing  her  lesson  to  me  when  I  lelt  some- 
thing bite  me  on  the  back  of  my  neck.  I  put  up  my  hand  but 
could  not  feel  anything.  Shortly  afterwards  I  felt  another  bite, 
and  still  could  not  catch  anything.  It  bit  again,  and  1  pulled  off 
my  coat  and  vest  and  asked  my  little  girl  to  look  if  th.'re  was 
anything  on  the  back  of  my  neck.  She  found  the  insect  in  ques- 
tion, and  I  put  my  magnifying  glass  on  it,  and  as  it  was  different 
from  any  insect  I  had  ever  seen,  I  brought  it  to  my  office  to  show 
it  to  Father  Burke,  when  he  suggested  that  we  enclose  it  to  you. 
It  agrees  exactly  with  your  drawing  in  your  letter  to  Father 
Burke." 

The  Lace-winged  flies  are  extremely  interesting  not  only  for 
their  predaceous  habits  which  make  them  rank  amongst  the  most 
beneficial  insects,  but  from  their  remarkable  transformations.  The 
eggs  are  beautifully  netted  and  are  borne  erect  on  slender  hair- 
like pedicels.  The  larvcC  are  active  elongated  creatures  tapering 
to  each  end  and  furnished  with  long  scissor-like  hollow  mandibles 
by  means  of  which  they  seize  their  prey.  This  consists,  ordinarily, 
of  other  insects,  chiefly  plant  lice,  of  which  they  destroy  enormous 
numbers.  The  jaws  are  hollow,  and  through  them  they  suck  up 
their  liquid  food.  When  full  grown  these  larvee  spin  small  round 
pearl-like  cocoons,  which  are  remarkable  for  their  exceeding  small- 
ness,  as  compared  with  the  size  of  the  larva  which  packs  itself 
away  inside  them,  and  the  large  size  of  the  gauzy-winged,  golden- 
eyed,  but  terribly  malodorous  fly  which  emerges  from  them. 

J.   FLETCHER. 


194  ^^^  Ottawa    Naturalist.  [November 

PRELIMINARY  LIST  OF  THE  BATRACHIA  OF  THE  GASPE 
PENINSULA  AND  THE  MARITIME  PROVINCES. 

Bv    Phillip   Cox. 

Rana  septentrionalis,  Baird.      Mink  Frog-. 

Common  on  Gasp^  Peninsula.  Fairly  common  in  New 
Brunswick.      Does  not  occur  on  Prince  Edward   Island. 

Rana  fontinalis,    Le  Conte.      Spring-  Frog^. 

Rather  uncommon.  Its  place  taken  by  i?.  septentrionalis  in 
Gasp6,  New  Brunswick  and  Prince  Edward  Island.   ' 

Rana  sylvatica,    Le  Conte,      Wood  Frog. 

Rather  rare  in  Craspe  and  the  Maritime  Provinces. 

Rana  virescens,   Kalm.     Green  Frog. 

Our  present  knowledge  shows  this  species  to  be  rare  in  Gasp6 
and  the  Marit'me  Provinces. 

Rana  palustris,    Le  Conte.      Marsh  Frog. 

Somewhat    rare    at    Grand    Pabos.      Generally  distributed  in 
New  Brunswick  and  Prince  Edward  Island. 
BuFO  LENTiGiNOSUS  AMERICANOS,  Le  Conte.     Toad. 

Not  very  common   in    Gasp6    Peninsula.      Found    throughout 
the  Maritime  Provinces. 
DiEMYCTYLUs  viRiDENscENs,  Raf.     Spotted  Triton,  Newt. 

In  small  ponds  in  the  valley  of  the  Pabos  and  in  lakes  drain- 
ing into  the  Dartmouth  River,  Gasp6.  Not  rare  in  New  Bruns- 
wick and  Prince  Edward  Island.  The  largest  specimen  seen  was 
taken  at  Afton  Lake,  P.  E.  I. 

Desmognathus  fusca,  (Raf.)   Baird. 

Larvae  seen  in  a  pond  at  New  Carlisle  were,  I  think,  of  this 
species. 

Plethodon    erythronotus,    (Green.)   Baird.       Red-backed    Sala- 
mander. 

Not  uncommon  in  the  Gasp6    Peninsula,  New  Brunswick  and 
Nova  Scotia. 
Amblystoma  jeffersonianum,    (Green.)  Baird. 

Seems  to  be  very  rare,  for  although  searched  for  was  only 
found  at  Grand  River.      Common  in    New  Brunswick  but  the  pre- 


1 


1899]  Cox— Preliminary  List.  195 

vailing-  form  is  the  variety  laterale  to  which  the  Gasp^  salamander 
is  an  approximate. 

Amblystoma    punctatum,    (Linn.)    Baird.      Great   Spotted    Sala- 
mander. 
Though    no   specimens  were   collected    in   Ga.sp*^,  the   species 
described  to  me  by  some  of  the  natives  must  be  this  one.    It  seems 
to  be  very  rare. 

Note. — The  Green  Snake  and  more  than  one  variety  of  the 
Garter  Snake  are  found  in  the  reg'ion  traversed  but  specimens  were 
not  collected.  The  notes  of  the  Tree  Toad  were  also  heard,  and 
judging  from  reports  given  me  by  local  observers  it  must  be 
quite  common. 


ORNITHOLOGICAL  NOTES. 


Edited  by  W.  T.  Macoun. 

Birds  are  getting  scarce  once  more,  now  that  the  winter  is 
approaching,  and  it  will  not  belong  before  none  but  our  permanent 
residents  are  left.  An  occasional  robin  and  prairie  horned  lark 
may  still  be  seen,  however,  which,  with  the  juncos  twittering  in 
the  hedgerows  are  among  the  few  birds  one  observes  at  the  Ex- 
perimental Farm. 

Few  observers  seem  to  take  the  field  in  autumn,  a  season  of 
the  year  when  there  is  much  to  interest  a  lover  of  birds.  How, 
when  and  where  the  different  species  assemble  prior  to  their  de- 
parture; where  they  roost,  what  they  feed  upon,  and  finally  when 
they  depart  are  among  the  many  interesting  facts  that  could  be 
learned  by  one  who  was  really  desirous  of  doing  so. 

Correction. — Miss  Harmer  desires  to  make  a  correction. 
Later  observations  convinced  her  that  the  bird,  which  was  recorded 
last  spring  by  her  as  the  White  Rumped  Shrike  was  really  the 
Great  Northern  Shrike. 

The  following  notes  have  been  kindly  furnished  by  Mr.  L. 
Osborne  Scott,  Winnipeg,  Man.,  and  should  prove  interesting  to 
readers  of  The  Naturalist  : 

"  On  July  6th,  1899,  I  was  out  in  the  country  about  twenty- 
six  miles  north  of  Winnipeg,  and  being  out  for  a  walk  about  5.30 


10  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [November 

o'clock  in  the  morning  I  noticed  a  bird  with  an  enormous  tail 
(about  twelve  inches  long)  sitting-  on  a  bare  limb  of  a  poplar  tree 
about  ICO  yards  from  me.  On  closer  inspection  I  found  it  to  be 
opening-  and  closing  its  tail,  and  thinking  at  once  of  the  Scissor- 
tailed  Fly-catcher  that  I  had  read  about,  I  took  down  notes  of  its 
plumage  (it  was  quite  tame)  and  looked  it  up,  and  am  certain  it 
was  a  Scissor-tailed  Fly-catcher.  There  was  a  report  that  it  had 
been  seen  about  eighteen  miles  west  of  the  same  place  two  years 
before,  but  that  may  be  a  mistake. 

'•  The  Whip-poor- Will  left  us  about  the  6th  of  September. 

"  There  are  a  lot  of  Red-breasted  Nuthatches  in  the  fir  trees  in 
front  of  the  college  just  now.      They  are  rather  rare. 

"  On  the  1 8th  of  June  I  saw  four  nests  of  the  Evening  Gros- 
beak about  one  mile  north  of  Winnipeg,  near  the  Red  River,  in 
fact  right  on  its  bank.  The  nests  were  about  twelve  or  fifteen  feet 
from  the  ground  in  some  grey  willows  ;  they  were  rather  flat  and 
slight,  made  of  sticks  and  roots  and  lined  with  smaller  roots. 
There  were  only  two  eggs  in  two  nests  and  one  each  in  the  other 
two.  The  eggs  are  more  blotched  than  those  of  the  Red-breasted 
and  not  so  spotted,  and  I  fancy  they  are  a  little  smaller.  Unfor- 
tunately some  rascally  boys  got  at  them  and  left  only  the  trees 
standmg. 

"  I  have  seen  the  Evening  Grosbeak  in  flocks  often  to  eighty 
on  the  Peace  River.      The  Indians  say  they  always  build  in  Saska- 
toon w'lWows  ( Ame lane hier),  though  I  think  there  are  exceptions." 
Ottawa,  Oct.  23rd,  1899. 


BOTANICAL  NOTES. 


The  herbarium  of  the  Geological  Survey  has  recently  been 
enriched  by  several  very  interesting  collections  of  plants  from 
remote  or  little  known  regions.  Chief  among  these  is  Prof. 
Macoun's  very  complete  series  of  the  plants  of  Sable  Island. 
These  number  190  species  of  flowering  plants  and  about  50  species 
of  cryptogams.  Considering  the  number  of  shipwrecks  in  the 
vicinity  of  the  island  it  is  surprising  that  the  number  of  introduced 
plants  growing  on  Sable  Island  should  be  so  very  small.    The  few 


[899]  J-  M.  M. — Botanical  Notes. 


197 


detected  grew  in  the  vicinity  of  houses   and  had  evidently  been  in- 
troduced in  seed. 

During-  the  past  ten  years  Mr,  A.  P.  Low  has  brought  from 
the  Labrador  Peninsula  and  the  coasts  and  islands  of  Hudson  Bay 
many  hundred  species  of  flowering-  plants,  and  each  year's  collec- 
tions have  filled  some  gaps  in  the  National  Herbarium,  besides 
extending  the  range  of  scores  of  species.  In  1898-99,  Mr.  Low 
made  a  survey  of  the  whole  northern  part  of  the  Labrador  coast, 
much  of  which  had  not  before  been  visited  by  a  naturalist.  During 
both  seasons  large  collections  of  plants  were  made  which  will  do 
much  to  enlarge  our  knowledge  of  the  flora  of  that  region. 

From  the  vicinity  of  Dawson,  in  the  Yukon  District,  Mr.  J. 
B.  Tyrrell  has  just  brought  in  120  species  of  flowering  plants,  the 
most  complete  collection  which  has  been  received  from  there. 
They  indicate  a  warmer  climate  than  is  generally  supposed  to 
characterize  that  region,  and  with  the  plants  collected  by  Dr.  G. 
M.  Dawson,  Mr.  Wm.  Ogilvie  and  others  on  the  Yukon,  they 
form  a  very  complete  series  of  the  flowering  plants  of  the  gold 
fields. 

Mr.    N.    B.    Sanson,    the    energetic    caretaker   of  the    Banff" 

Museum,  has  made  this  year  a  large  collection  of  the  plants  in  the 

vicinity   of  that  place   for   the    Geological    Survey.     They   will   be 

added    to    from    year    to    year  until    a    complete    series  has   been 
collected. 

J.    M.    M. 

ENTOMOLOGICAL  SOCIETY  OF  ONTARIO. 


The  thirty-sixth  annual  meeting  of  the  Entomological  Society 
of  Ontario  was  held  in  the  society's  rooms,  London,  Ont.,  on  the 
nth  and  12th  October.  Among  the  active  members  present  were 
noticed  the  following  :  H,  H.  Lyman,  M.A.,  president,  Montreal; 
Rev.  Dr.  Bethune,  London;  Dr.  James  Fletcher,  Dominion  Ento- 
mologist, Ottawa  ;  Prof.  F.  M.  Webster,  Wooster,  Ohio,  State 
Entomologist;  Rev.  Dr.  Fyles,  Quebec;  Arthur  Gibson,  Ottawa; 
Prof.  C.  C.  James,  Toronto,  Deputy  Minister  of  Agriculture  for 
Ontario  ;  Geo.  E.  Fisher,  San  Jos6  Scale  Inspector,  Freeman  ; 
Prof.  Dearness,  London  ;  Prot.  Lochhead,  Guelph  ;  W.  E.  Saun- 
ders (secretary),  J.  A.  Balkwill  (treasurer),  J.  A.  Moff"att  (curator), 


198  The  Ottawa  Naturalist,  [November 

Hy.  Saunders,    Dr.   Law,  Prof.  Bowman,  R.  W.    Rennie,  London. 

The  whole  of  the  afternoon  of  the  opening-  session  was 
devoted  to  a  discussion  of  the  San  Jos^  scale,  Prof.  Dearness 
introducing-  the  subject  with  a  paper  in  which  he  traced  the  intro- 
duction of  the  San  Jos^  scale  into  California,  and  stating-  that  it 
probably  made  its  first  appearance  in  Ontario  about  the  year 
1887.  He  also  g-ave  an  interesting-  account  of  the  trip  taken  by 
the  San  Jos^  Scale  Commission  in  visiting  the  infested  districts, 
and  thought  that  by  a  judicious  application  of  whale-oil  soap  the 
scale  might  be  controlled  in  Ontario   if   not   altogether  eradicated. 

Prof.  Webster  gave  the  result  of  his  experience  in  fighting 
this  pest  in  Ohio,  and  said  that  it  was  of  the  utmost  importance 
that  the  work  of  spraying  the  infested  trees  should  be  controlled 
by  some  one  man,  this  man  to  be  responsible  for  the  proper  carry- 
ing out  of  this  work.  The  fruit  growers  not  knowing  the  nature 
of  this  scale  could  not  be  relied  upon,  he  said,  to  use  the  proper 
solution  at  the  proper  time. 

Prof.  Lochhead  gave  an  account  of  certain  infested  orchards 
in  Ontario  and  was  of  opinion  that  the  scale  would  not  develop  as 
rapidly  in  this  cold  climate  as  it  does  in  the  south.  He  thought  it 
would  be  a  capital  idea  if  Public  School  inspectors  in  the  province 
were  supplied  with  samples  of  the  scale,  in  order  that  they  might 
show  the  same  to  the  school  children,  pointing  out  the  pernicious 
character  of  this  insect,  and  in  this  manner  the  public  would  be 
informed  generally. 

Mr.  Fisher  mentioned  that  there  are  only  three  points  in  On- 
tario at  which  the  infestation  has  extended  to  any  great  propor- 
tions, and  spoke  of  the  great  rapidity  with  which  the  scale  in- 
creases. He  also  spoke  of  interesting  observations  which  he  had 
made  in  connection  with  his  endeavors  to  control  this  insect. 

Dr.  Fletcher  also  referred  to  the  scale  as  the  most  dangerous 
pest  fruit  growers  have  to  contend  against,  but  stated  it  could  be 
successfuly  treated  if  specialists  who  understood  their  work  could 
be  secured  and  fruit  growers  taught  that  they  and  the  whole  coun- 
try were  concerned.  He  complimented  the  Ontario  Minister  of 
Agriculture  upon  the  steps  taken  to  stamp  out  the  scale. 

Prof.  James,  representing   the    Hon.  Minister  of  Agriculture, 
spoke  of  the  magnitude  of  the   task   confronting  the  Department, 


1899]         Gibson — Entomological  Society  of  Ontario.  199 

and  said  that  the  qjestion  was  resting  like  a  nightmare  upon  the 
heads  of  the  Department  at  Toronto.  Twenty-five  thousand 
dollars  would  be  spent  this  year  in  the  endeavor  to  wipe  out  this 
pest. 

At  the  close  of  this  session  the  society  passed  a  unanimous 
resolution  approving  of  the  measures  adopted  by  ihe  Ontario  De- 
partment of  Agriculture,  and  of  the  wise  and  judicious  methods 
the  Hon.  Minister  had  adopted  for  the  suppression  of  the  San  Josd 

scale. 

The  evening  meeting  was  held  in  the  Y.  M.  C.  A.  hall.  Presi- 
dent Lyman  delivered  his  annual  address,  Prof  Webster  read  a 
paper  entitled  ''One  Hundred  Years  of  Entomology  in  America," 
Dr.  Fletcher  gave  an  illustrated  lantern  lecture  on  "Some  Familiar 
Insects,"  and  Prof.  Lochhead  delivered  a  short  address,  also  illus- 
trated with  lantern  pictures,  on  "  Insect  Pests  of  the  Garden, 
Orchard  and  Farm."  .  Other  short  addresses  were  given  by  Rev. 
Dr.  Fyles  and  Rev.  Dr.  Bethune. 

During  the  second  day  valuable  papers  were  read  by  Profs. 
Lochhead,  Webster,  Fletcher,  and  Messrs.  Fyles,  Bethune, 
Gibson  and  others,  which  were  much  appreciated.  Reports  of  the 
Montreal,  Toronto  and  Quebec  branches  were  presented,  as  also 
those  of  the  different  sections  of  the  society,  all  showing  the  useful 
work  done  by  each  during  the  year. 

The  election  of  officers  for  the  ensuing  year  resulted  as  fol- 
lows :  "  President,  Rev.  Dr.  Fyles,  Quebec  ;  Vice-President, 
Prof.  Wm.  Lochhead,  Guelph  ;  Secretary,  W.  E.  Saunders,  Lon- 
don ;  Treasurer,  J.  A.  Balkwill,  London  ;  Librarian  and  Curator, 
J.  A.  Moffatt.  London  ;  District  Directors,  W.  H.  Harrington, 
Ottawa  ;  J.  D.  Evans,  Trenton  ;  D.  G.  Cox,  Toronto  ;  James 
Johnston,  Bartonville  ;  and  R.  W.   Rennie,  London. 

The  reports  of  the  officers  were  very  gratifying,  showing  that 
the  society  has  552  members,  who  are  scattered  throughout  the 
whole  world,  and  that  its  influence  is  spreading  and  being  felt  in 
every  direction.  The  following  honorary  members  were  elected  : 
Dr.  L.  O.  Howard,  U.  S.  Entomologist,  Washington  ;  Prof. 
Webster,  State  Entomologist  of  Ohio;  Dr.  J.  B.  Smith,  Rutger's 
College,  New  Jersey,  and  Prof.  H.  F.  Wickham,  Iowa  City,  Icwa. 

ARTHUR   GIBSON, 
Central  Experimental  Farm. 


200  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [November 

BOOK  REVIEW. 

"  Catalogue  OF  THE  Trees  and  Shrubs  in  the  Arboretum  and 
Botanic  Garden  at  the  Central  Experimental  Farm,  Ot- 
tawa, Ontario,  Canada."  By  Wm.  Saunders,  LL.  D.,  F.  R. 
S.  C,  F.  L.  S  ,  Director  of  Experimental  Farms,  and  W.  T. 
Macoun,  Horticulturist  of  Central  Experimental  Farm  and 
Curator  of  Arboretum.  Bulletin  No.  2,  second  series,  June, 
1899." 

In  the  preface  to  this  catalogue  the  writers  give  a  short  ac- 
count of  the  work  done  in  the  Arboretum  and  Botanic  Garden  of 
the  Central  Experimental  Farm  since  its  establishment  in  1887. 
From  it  we  learn  that  no  trees  or  shrubs  were  planted  until  1889 
when  200  species  were  set  out  followed  by  additional  species  each 
year,  until  in  1894  the  number  had  reached  600.  During  the  past 
five  years  special  attention  has  been  given  to  this  branch  of  the 
work  done  at  the  Central  Farm,  the  total  number  of  species  and 
varieties  catalogued  amounting  to  3,071.  Of  these,  according  to 
the  foot-note  on  the  last  page  of  the  catalogue,  1,434  have  been 
found  to  be  hardy  ;  361  halt  hardy  ;  232  tender  ;  307  winter  killed 
and  737  have  not  been  planted  long  enough  to  admit  of  an  opin- 
ion being  given  as  to  their  hardiness. 

Under  each  species  the  date  of  planting  is  given  as  well  as  the 
degree  of  hardiness,  and  this  with  the  alphabetical  arrangement  of 
species  which  has  been  adopted  will  enable  anyone  to  learn  at  once 
whether  a  plant  is  hardy  or  not  in  this  region.  Apart  entirely  from 
its  scientific  value  the  catalogue  will  be  of  great  service  to  all  plan- 
ters of  trees  and  shrubs  in  the  latitude  of  Ottawa.  The  nomen- 
clature of  the  "Index  Kewensis  "  and  "  Kew  Guide  "  has  been 
adopted,  but  care  has  been  taken  to  include  in  the  synonymy  the 
names  under  which  some  of  our  North  American  soecies  are  more 
generally  known. 

The  arrangement  of  the  catalogue  is  excellent  and  in  complete- 
ness and  general  usefulness  it  is  by  far  the  most  valuable  publica- 
tion of  its  kind  that  has  been  issued  in  America. 


library! 


V« 


THE  OTTAWA  fiATURALIST. 


Vol.  XIII. 


OTTAWA,   DECEMBER,    1899. 


No.  9. 


NOTE  ON  AN    ECHINODERM    COLLECTED  BY  DR.  AMI 
AT  BESSERERS,  OTTAWA  RIVER,  IN  THE  PLEIS- 
TOCENE (LEDA  CLAY). 


By  Sir  J.  William  Dawson,  C.M.G.,  LL.D.,^F.R.S. 

The  specimen  is  a  flattened  disc,  about  three  centimetres  in 
diameter,  in  a  circular  nodule  split  open.  The  central  part  shows 
inclined  bars  or  tubercules  and  remains  of  slender  spines  which  also 
fring-e  the  margins  pointing  mainly  in  one  direction  (backward). 
There  are  indications  of  a  shallow  sinus  in  front.  The  spines  are 
flattened,  and  pointed,  and  show  traces  of  an  echinoid  cellular 
structure. 

The  specimen  is  probably  the  flattened  test  and  spines  of  a 
spatangoid  sea-urchin,  which  has  burrowed  in  the  clay  when  soft 
and  has  been  buried  up  and  compressed  owing  to  its  not  having 
been  penetrated  with  earthy  matter.  This  mode  of  preservation 
renders  it  impossible  to  see  distinctly  the  markings  on  the  shell, 
which  are  obliterated  by  flattening  or  covered  with  the  remains  of 
the  spines,  making  the  determmation  of  the  genus  and  species 
ver}'  unsatisfactory. 

It  may  belong  to  either  of  the  genera  Spatangus,  Brissus,  or 
A/hphidotus,  as  defined  by  Forbes  for  the  European  species.  Look- 
ing for  it  among  existing  species,  I  do  not  know  any  of  this  type 
on  our  coast,  except  that  Brissus  lynfer  is  said  to  have  been 
dredged  by  Goodsir  in  Davis  Straits;  but  the  present  specimen 
does  not  seem  to  agree  in  form  with  that  species.  On  the  east 
side  of  the  Atlantic,  Spatangus  purpureus  extends  to  Norway,  and 
so  does  the  common  Amphidotus  coidatus.     Sars,  in  his  memoir  on 


202  The  Ottawa  Naturalist,  [December 

the  Quaternary  fossils  of  Norway,  mentions  Brissus  fragilis,  a 
species  which  I  have  not  seen,  as  occurring'  in  the  glacial  clays  of 
that  country  (which  contain  fossils  resembling  those  of  the  Ottawa 
clays)  and  also  an  undetermined  species  of  Aniphidotus.  The 
present  species  may  be  identical  with  one  of  these ;  but  I  have  no 
description  or  figures  of  Sars'  specimens.  Perhaps  there  may  be 
better  means  of  reference  to  them  in  the  Geological  Survey 
library. 

In  the  meantime  I  can  only  say  that  the  specimen  probably 
represents  a  species  of  Spatangiis  or  Brissus  which  lived  in  the  seas 
of  the  Canadian  Pleistocene,  but  which,  so  far  as  1  know,  has  not 
yet  been  found  here  in  a  living  state.  The  fact  is  another  in- 
stance of  the  circumstance  which  I  have  noted  in  papers  on  the 
Pleistocene  fossils  that  there  is  in  our  Pleistocene  marine  fauna  a 
North-European  aspect,  as  if  at  that  time  the  indentations  of  the 
two  sides  of  the  North  Atlantic  were  more  nearly  alike  than  at 
present. 


TWO  LAND  SHELLS  NEW  TO  THE  CANADIAN  LIST. 


By  Rev.  Geo.   W.   Taylqr,  M.A.,  F.R.S.C.  (Nanaimo,  B.C. 

I  have  the  pleasure  of  recording  two  additions  to  our  list  of 
Western  Canadian  land  shells. 

One  is  Punctum  Clappiiy  Pilsbiy,  a  little  shell  very  nearly 
allied  to  Punctum  conspectum^  but  not  quite  so  large.  P.  con- 
spectum  is  common  near  Victoria,  but  apparently  does  not  occur 
at  Nanaimo,  in  which  district  P.  Ciappii  seems  to  replace  it.  This 
latter  shell  is  quite  plentitul  all  round  Nanaimo  and  on  Gabriel's 
Island  and  is  commonly  found  among  decaying  leaves,  being  espe- 
cially partial  to  the  dead  fronds  of  Aspidiutn  ynunitum.  It  is  also 
common  in  Oregon  and  Washington  Territory,  where  the  type 
specimens   were  collected. 

The  second  species  I  have  to  record  is  new  not  only  to  Canada 
but  to  Science.  Three  specimens  were  found  by  me,  in  1895, 
under  pieces  of  board  near  the  Nanaimo  water  works,  and  from 
these   as  types   Dr.    Pilsbry  has  described    Pristilomq.    Taylori.      I 


1899]  Taylor     Two  Land  Shell 


203 


have  also  a  single  specimen  of  this  species  collected  on  the  main- 
land of  British  Columbia,  near  Scotch-fir  Point,  which  is  about 
forty  miles  north  of  the  island  locality;  and  a  few  days  ago  I 
secured  a  fifth  specimen  under  some  leaves  by  Nanaimo  River, 
near  my  present  home. 

The  original  description  of  P.  Cluppii  will  be  found  in  the 
Natitilus,  Vol.  XI,  p.  133,  and  that  of  P.  Tavlori  in  the  current 
volume  of  the  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Philadelphia. 


THE    SOLITARY  SANDPIPER.  — TTV^wwi  solitariiis. 

Bv  Rev.  C.  J.   Young,  Lansdowne,  Ont. 

Perhaps  one  of  the  most  interesting  of  our  small  Sandpipers 
is  this  species,  especially  to  those  who,  being  fond  of  out-door  life, 
take  an  occasional  stroll  by  our  ponds  and  creeks  in  the  spring 
and  "fall  "  of  the  year.  I  observe  this  species  almost  every  year, 
and  find  that  its  migrations  are  very  regular  in  Eastern  Ontario, 
between  the  St.  Lawrence  and  Ottawa  rivers,  where  I  have  seen 
it.  Taking  the  years  from  1887,  when  I  first  began  to  pay  atten- 
tion to  the  species:  —  In  that  year  I  saw  a  pair  at  a  wet  place  near 
large  woods  a  lew  miles  from  the  Ottawa  River,  County  Renfrew, 
on  the  loth  of  May  ;  on  the  13th  two  pairs  at  the  same  place,  and 
on  the  19th  August  one  bird  by  a  creek  not  far  off.  In  1888,  I 
saw  one  on  the  12th  of  May.  The  next  two  years  I  did  not  ob- 
serve it  ;  but  coming  to  the  neighborhood  of  the  River  St.  Law- 
rence, County  Leeds,  in  1891,  I  saw  several  in  a  muddy  bay  oflf 
Charleston  Lake,  doubtless  a  brood  of  young  ones,  on  September 
3rd.  In  the  same  year,  not  very  far  from  the  same  lake,  I  saw 
one  as  late  as  October  29th.      That  is  the  latest  record  I  have. 

In  1892  I  saw  the  bird  rise  from  a  wet  place  near  my  house 
on  August  I  St,  and  again  on  August  3rd.  These  were  probably 
birds  that  had  stayed  in  the  neighborhood  all  the  summer. 

In  1893  J  ^^^  "ot  see  any  birds,  but  in  1894  they  were  more 
plentiful  than  usual,  and  I  saw  one  or  more  near  the  village  of 
Lansdowne  on  the  15th,  i8th  and  19th  May,  and  one  on  the  iith 
of  June, 


204  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [December 

In  i8q5,  none  observed  ;  in  1896,  May  18th,  and  youngf  ones 
near  Graham's  Lake  on  August  ist.  In  1897,  none  observed  ;  in 
1898,  August  15th,  one  old  bird — a  very  large  one.  September 
ist  I  shot  one  at  Escott  Pond.  In  1899,  May  nth,  observed  three 
at  pools  in  small  woods.  June  8th  saw  birds  ''several  times  at  a 
small  creek  flowing  out  of  the  large  marsh  on  Amherst  Island, 
Ont. ,  into  Lake  Ontario,  and  near  the  creek  found  nest  and  three 
6ggs.  On  June  25th  saw  one  bird  rise  from  a  ditch  near  Lans- 
downe,  and  on  the  22nd  and  25th  September  saw  two  and  shot 
one  on  each  of  these  days  at  Escott  Pond.  This  completes  my 
record  during  thirteen  years,  except  that  I  saw  one  at  Escott  Pond 
in  June,  and  two  others  close  to  Lansdowne  also  in  June,  but  I 
forgot  to  note  the  year.  It  will  therefore  be  seen  that  this  bird  is 
a  regular  though  comparatively  rare  migrant  in  Eastern  Ontario  ; 
that  it  arrives  yearly  about  the  middle  of  May,  from  the  loth  to 
the  15th,  and  after  staying  a  week  or  two,  as  a  rule  goes  further 
north,  though  an  occasional  pair  remains  through  the  summer, 
and,  as  I  have  observed,  a  brood  is  now  and  then  brought  out. 

On  its  return  migration  it  may  be  looked  for  towards  the  end 
of  August,  except  in  the  case  of  birds  that  have  nested  ;  and  it 
remains  about  water-holes  and  ponds  until  the  end  of  September, 
although,  as  stated,  I  have  one  record  October  29th. 

It  may  easily  be  distinguished  from  the  Spotted  Sandpiper 
both  on  the  wing  and  when  feeding,  first  by  its  size  and  glancing 
flight — its  wings  are  longer  than  the  other  species  ;  next  by  the 
amount  of  white  in  the  outside  tail-feathers,  which  shows  when  it 
rises  close  to  a  person  ;  and  again  by  the  dark-coloured  bill  and 
legs,  and  longer  "  tarsi."  The  length  of  the  bird  I  shot  on  22nd 
September  was  8  inches,  and  weight  2  ^^  ounces.  Some  birds  are 
slightly  larger  and  heavier. 

There  are  some  peculiarities  about  this  bird  that  render  it  of 
unusual  interest  to  ornithologists  ;  for  instance,  the  range  of  its 
migrations  is  imperfectly  known  ;  it  is  not  gregarious,  being  gen- 
erally found  singly,  or  in  the  spring  two  or  three  together  ;  hence 
the  name  "  solitary"  is  peculiarly  appropriate.  Unlike  most  other 
sandpipers,  it  prefers  wooded  ponds  and  small  "creeks  fringed 
with  trees:  even  a  small  pool  in  a  wood  is  frequently  resorted  to. 
But  most  of  all,  the  mystery  that  surrounds  the  breeding  habits  of 


1899]  YOUN'G THE    SOLITARY    SANDPIPER.  205 

the  bird  is  peculiar.      Charles  Dixon,  an  English  naturalist,  whose 
interesting  book — "  Non-Indigenous    British   Birds" — may  not  be 
known  to  many  readers,  says  of  this  sandpiper  (he  wrote  in  1894): 
"  Incredible  as  it  may  seem  its  nest  and  eggs  still  remain  unknown 
to   science,  for  it  is  impossible   to   accept    the    description    of   the 
latter  given  by  the  late  Dr.  Brewer  without  authentication.    There 
can  be  little  doubt   that    this    species  lays   its  eggs  in  the  deserted 
nests  of  other  birds  in  low  trees,  like  its  old-world  representative, 
the  Green  Sandpiper,  is  known  to  do."     Now  Mr.  Dixon,  though 
a  high    authority  on   British   birds,  seems  to  write  too  negatively 
here,  for  the  egg  that  Dr.  Brewer  refers   to  was    found  near  Lake 
Bombazine,  in  Vermont,  IJ,S.A.,  and   the    bird   shot  as   it   left  the 
nest,  which  of  course  implies  absolute   identification.      In  the  next 
place  our  Solitary  Sandpiper  is  rather  the  nearctic  representative  of 
the  old-world  Wood  Sandpiper/'  Totanyis  glareola )  and  not  theGreen 
Sandpiper    ( Totamis  odoropsusj,  according    to    Yarrell.    ("  British 
Birds,"  4th  Ed.),  and  as  such  breeds  on  the  ground,  as  is  the  habit 
with  that  species,  and  not  in  trees  like  the  Green  Sandpiper.      Since 
1894,  the  nest  is  said  to  have  been  found    several   times,  notably 
one  by  Dr.  Clarke  of  Kingston,  in  1898  [vide  '^Auk,'^  Oct.,  1898). 
With  regard  to  the  nest  1  found,   in  company  with  Dr.  Clarke,  we 
made  a  trip  to  a  large  marsh  on  the  south  side  of  Amherst  Island, 
Ont.,  in  June,   1899.      This    marsh    covers    many  acres  of    ground 
and  is  accessible  according  to  the   nature  of  the   season,  whether 
wet  or  dry.      A  creek  runs  through  the  middle,   and   empties  into 
Lake  Ontario  near  what  is  known  as    "  Nut"  Island.     The  shores 
of  the  lake  hereabouts  are   sandy,  and   near  the  marsh  are  fringed 
with  a  growth  of  small    poplars   and  willows.      Inside  this  growth 
of  small  trees  is  a   bank  of  sand  and    pebbles,    beyond  which  are 
larger  trees  such  as  poplar,  soft   maple  and  willows,  which   grow 
along  the  edge  of  the  marsh.      It  was  amongst  these  trees  that  I 
found  the  sandpiper's  nest,  among  some  coarse  grass  not  far  from 
the  edge  ot  the  creek,  and  between  the  lake  and  the  marsh.     Close 
by  was  a  good  deal  oi  Spiraea  and  a  rank  growth  of  long  grass  and 
some   reeds.      Here  we  noticed  several  Black-billed  Cuckoos,  and 
two  pairs  of  Maryland  Yellow-throats.      The  bird  sat  very  closely, 
although    the  eggs  were  fresh,   and   rose  almost  at  my  feet.      I  at 
once  said  to  myself,    "that  is  not  a  Spotted  Sandpiper,"   noticing 


2o6  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [December 

its  g-lancing  flight  and  lustrous  dark  colour.  I  left  the  eggs  and 
went  away  for  a  time  in  order  that  I  might  obtain  a  second  view 
of  the  bird.  On  my  return  it  was  back  to  the  nest,  and  again  rose 
at  my  feet.  This  time  I  noticed  the  white  in  the  tail  very  plainly, 
for  as  it  rose  it  spread  its  tail  "  fan-like,"  so  I  telt  satisfied  that  I 
had  correctly  identified  the  species.  The  Spotted  Sandpiper  neither 
sits  so  close  nor  shows  the  white  markings  on  the  tail-feathers. 

The  nest  was  in  a  tolerably  dry  sandy  place,  and  each  time 
the  bird  left  it,  she  flew  to  the  creek,  where  she  skulked  and  hid 
among  the  long  grass,  behaving  in  a  manner  unlike  their  habit 
during  the  spring  and  fall  migration.  It  was  constructed  of  bits 
of  bark,  moss,  grass  and  rootlets,  a  considerable  quantity  of 
material  being  used.  The  three  eggs  are  bluntly  pyriform,  the 
ground-colour  drab,  and  the  texture  ot  the  shell  very  fine  and  deli- 
cate; in  fact  so  much  so  that  they  required  very  tender  handling  in 
blowing.  They  are  spotted  all  over,  the  spots  and  specks  varying 
in  size  from  a  pin's  head  to  a  small  pea  :  there  are  no  blotches, 
but  a  few  shell  markings.  These  eggs  are  a  trifle  larger  than 
Spotted  Sandpiper's,  averaging  1.25  x  i. 00  inch.  Having  no  gun, 
we  could  not  secure  the  bird,  a  matter  for  some  reasons  to  be 
regretted  ;  but  the  question  of  identification  was  as  accurate  as 
circumstances  would  permit,  and  so  sets  at  rest  Mr.  Dixon's 
theory,  that  this  bird  does  not  build  its  nest  on  the  ground. 
Further  notes  and  acquaintance  with  the  habits  of  the  species  will, 
however,  be  of  great  interest. 


Geological  Note. — To  further  investigate  the  Fauna  and 
Flora  of  the  Pleistocene  beds  in  Canada,  the  General  Committee 
of  the  British  Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Science  has  just 
announced  that  a  further  sum  of  ^^10  has  been  placed  at  the  dis- 
posal of  the  Canadian  Committee,  which  consists  of  the  following  ; 
Chairman,  Sir  J.  W.  Dawson  ;  Secretary.  Prof  A.  P.  Coleman  ; 
Prof.  D.  P.  Penhollow,  Dr.  H.  M.  Ami  and  Mr.  G.  W.  Lamplugh. 


1899]  AMI BELLINURUS    GRAND,«VUS.  207 

bp:llinurus  grand^vus,  a  new  species  of 
pal.-eozoic  limuloid  crustacean  recently 
described  by  prof.  t.  r.jones  and  dr.  henry 
woodward,  from  the  eo-carboniferous  of 
riversdale,  nova  scotia. 


By  H.   M.  Ami,  M.A.,  F.G.S. 

In  1897,  while  carrying  on  a  palaeontological  survey  of  various 
o-eolop'ical  horizons  in  Nova  Scotia  with  a  view  of  ascertaining  the 
taxonomic  relations  of  the  various  zones  in  the  formations 
characterizing  the  Carboniferous  system  of  that  province,  I  was 
fortunate  enough  to  find  "  two  tiny  specimens  of  Palaeozoic 
Limuloid  Crustaceans."  With  Dr.  G.  M.  Dawson's  permission, 
these  were  forwarded  to  Dr.  Henry  Woodward,  Keeper  of  the 
British  Museum,  South  Kensington,  the  eminent  authority  on 
Crustacea,  and  in  a  paper  recently  published*  by  him  conjointly 
with  my  friend  Prof.  T.  Rupert  Jones,  F.R.S.,  &c.,  the  specimens 
are  described  under  the  name  BeUinunis  grandcvvus,  Jones  & 
Woodward. 

This  crustacean  was  obtained  from  the  Riversdale  formation, 
in  the  greenish  grey  and  rusty  shales  of  the  sixth  cutting  east  of 
Riversdale,  Colchester  County,  Nova  Scotia,  along  the  Inter- 
colonial Railway  of  Canada.  This  is  the  third  cutting  east  of 
Calvarv  Brook,  which  discharges  its  waters  into  the  Black  River 
branch  of  the  Salmon  River.  The  geological  position  of  this  new 
form  is  best  indicated  by  the  following  note  on  the  order  of  super- 
position of  the  strata  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Riversdale  station, 
in  descending  order  as  observed  by  the  writer  and  as  has  been 
clearly  pointed  out  by  Mr.  Hugh  Fletcher,  B.A.,  of  the  Geological 
Survey  of  Canada  in  various  reports  :** 
I.    Windsor  formation,  with  marine  limestones  with    gypsum    and 

marls  holding  abundance  of  iron  pyrites. 


*"  Contributions  to  Fossil  Crustacea,"  by  Professor  T.  Rupert  Jones, 
F.R.S.,  F.G.S. ,  and  Henry  Woodward,  LL.D.,  F.R.S.,  F.G.S.,  Geol.  Mag., 
Doc.  IV,  Vol.  VI,  No.  423,  p.  388,  September,  1899.     Plate  XV,  fig-s,  2  and  3. 

**  See  Ann,  Rep.  Geol.  &  Nat.  His.  Suiv..  Can.  Vol.  II,  p.  64P,  Mon- 
treal, 1887. 


2o8  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [December 

2.  Unconformity. 

3.  Union  fortnatioii,  consisting"  for  the  most  part  of  red  shales  and 

sandstones,  &c.,  as  seen  in  the  excellent  rock-cuttings  along 
the  I.  C.  R.,  near  Union  Station,  eight  miles  below  Rivers- 
dale. 

4.  Riversdale  Jormation,  marked  by  black  carbonaceous,  dark  grey 

and  red,  greenish-grey  and  rusty  shales  and  grey  sandstones 
with  a  few  calcareous  layers  as  seen  in  the  numerous  cuttings 
along:  the  1.  C.  R.  east  of  Riversdale  station  and  in  the  val- 
leys  of  the  Calvary  Brook  and  Black  River. 

Considerable  discussion  has  arisen  of  late  as  to  whether  the 
rocks  of  the  Union  and  Riversdale  formations  belong  to  the  Car- 
boniferous or  Devonian  systems.  After  describing  the  two  speci- 
mens obtained  by  the  writer.  Prof.  Jones  and  Dr.  Woodward  make 
the  following  statement  regarding  the  horizon  at  which  the  genus 
Bellinurus  usually  occurs  : 

"Although  Bellinurus  is  a  very  ancient  type  of  Lirnulus,  it 
has  not  at  present  been  found  in  rocks  of  earlier  age  than  the 
Coal-measures,  nor  can  we  assert  that  the  black,  grey  and  glossy 
shales  of  Riversdale,  Colchester  County,  Nova  Scotia,  in  which 
these  specimens  occur,  are  older  than  Carboniferous." 

Several  interesting  examples  of  a  species  of  Leaia  were  found 
associated  with  Bellimirus  grandcevus  in  the  black  shales  of  the 
fifth  cutting  east  of  Riversdale  station  which,  after  examination. 
Prof.  T.  R.  Jones  refers  to  his  Leaia  Leidyi.      The  authors  add  : 

"  Leaia  Leidyi,  T.  R.  Jones,  which  occurs  with  Bellinurus  in 
these  Riversdale  black  shales,  occurs  in  the  Lower  Carboniferous 
of  Pennsylvania,  but  in  rocks  '  regarded  by  some  geologists  as  the 
uppermost  part  of  the  Devonian  or  Old  Red  Sandstone.'*  Leaia 
also  occurs  in  the  Upper  Coal  Measures  of  Lancashire  and  the 
Lower  Carboniferous  oi  Fifeshire.  As  the  two  specimens  of  Belli- 
nurus (PI.  XV,  figs.  2  and  3)  are  both  imperfect,  and  better 
materials  may  at  any  time  be  forthcoming,  it  seems  prudent  to 
refrain  from  suggesting  more  than  one  trivial  name.  This  Crus- 
tacean may  therefore  be   known    as   Bellinurus  grandcevus,  Jones 


*"  Fossil    Estherise,"   Pal.    Soc.   Monogr.    p.  117,    pi.    V,  figs.    11  and  12. 
London,   1862. 


1899J  Ami BELLINURUS    GKANDaJVUS.  209 

&  Woodw.,  Lower  Carboniferous   series,    Riversdale,   Colchester 
Co.,  Nova  Scotia." 


Note. — Several  interesting'  specimens  of  a  small  decapod 
crustacean  allied  to  AnthracopaUenwn^  Salter,  are  seen  ^o  occur  in 
the  more  recent  collections  of  fossil  org-anic  remains  obtained  by 
the  writer  from  the  shaly  strata  of  the  Riversdale  formation  on  the 
Harrington  River,  which  forms  the  boundary  between  Cumberland 
and  Colchester  Counties,  in  Nova  Scotia.  All  the  congeners  of 
this  species  so  far  described  in  North  America  occur  in  the  Coal 
Measures,  and  are  therefore  distinctly  Carboniferous.  This  affords 
additional  evidence  in  support  of  the  view  that  the  Riversdale 
formation  is  Carboniferous.  —  H.M.A. 


LIST  OF  PLANTS  COLLECTED  BY  MR.  J.  B.  TYRRELL  IN 
THE  KLONDIKE  REGION  IN  1899. 


By  John    M.\cou.n,  M.A.  F.L.S.,  F.R.S.C. 

Numerous  small  collections  of  plants  have,  during  the  past 
ten  or  twelve  years,  been  brought  from  the  Yukon  District  to  the 
Herbarium  of  the  Geological  Survey  by  Government  officials  and 
others.  These  specimens  are  of  great  value  as  showing  the  dis- 
tribution of  plants  known  to  occur  in  the  wooded  regions  to  the 
east,  and  our  knowledge  of  the  flora  of  the  Klondike  district  is 
almost  as  complete  as  that  of  other  parts  of  Canada.  The  collec- 
tion made  by  Mr.  Tyrrell  during  the  spring  and  summer  of  1899  is 
one  of  the  most  complete  we  have  received,  and  a  mere  glance  at 
the  following  list  will  show  that  the  spring  and  summer  climate  in 
the  vicinity  of  Dawson  is  as  mild  as  that  many  degrees  further 
south  in  Eastern  Canada;  indeed  the  great  majority  of  the  plants 
found  in  meadows,  bogs,  woods  and  river-bottoms  grow  within 
one  hundred  miles  of  Ottawa. 

Mr.  Tyrrell  says  of  these  plants  : 

"They  were  all  collected  in  the  bottoms,  or  at  no  great  height 
up  the  sides  of  the  valleys,  at  approximate  elevations  of  between 


2IO  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [December 

i,ooo  and  1,500  feet  above  sea-level.  The  principal  locality 
visited  on  the  Yukon  River  was  a  gravel  hillside,  sloping^  towards 
the  south,  within  a  short  distance  of  the  town  of  Dawson.  Another 
locality  was  a  rocky  hill,  also  facing-  the  south,  a  couple  of  miles 
further  up  the  valley.  The  localities  on  Bonanza  and  Hunker 
creeks  were  either  on  the  swampy  flats  or  on  the  swampy  hill- 
sides. Chandindu  River  was  visited  once,  on  July  13th,  and  the 
plants,  as  labelled,  were  collected  either  on  the  wide  swampy  flat 
in  the  bottom  of  the  valley,  on  a  grassy  hillside  on  the  north  side 
of  the  valley,  or  on  a  sandy  bar  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  where  it 
joins  the  Yukon  River.  Forty-mile  River  was  visited  for  a  few 
days  between  June  29th  and  August  8th,  and  the  plants  were  col- 
lected close  to  the  banks  of  the  river  as  we  ascended  and  descend- 
ed in  a  canoe." 

Anemone  patens,  Linn.,  var.  Nuttalliana,  Gray. 

Yukon  River,  in  flower  May  ist  ;   Klondike  River,  April  30th. 

Anemone  parviflora,  Michx. 
Hunker  Creek,  May  30th. 

Anemone  Richardsonii,   Hook. 
Chandindu    River,  June  13th, 

Ranunculus  multifidus,  Pursh,  var.    (?) 
Chandindu   River. 

Ranunculus  Lapponicus,  Linn. 
Chandindu  River,  June  13th. 

Aquilegia  brevistvla,  Hook. 

Chandindu   River. 
Delphinium  scopulorum,  Gray. 

Chandindu   River. 
Aconitum  delphinifolium,  DC. 

40-mile  Creek;    Chandindu  River. 
Papaver  nudicaule,  Linn. 

40-mile  Creek.      This  species  is  out  of  range  and  better  speci- 
mens may  indicate  a  new  species. 

CORYDALIS  GLAUCA,    Pursh. 

Chandindu   River. 

CORYDALIS    AUREA,   Willd. 

Bank  of  Klondike  behind  Dawson,  June  nth. 


1899]  MACOUN— LIST    OF    PLANTS.  211 

Nasturtium  palustre,  DC.  var.  hispidum,  Fisch.  &  Mey. 
Chandindu    River. 

Arabis  Holbcellii,  Hornem. 

Bank  of  Klondike  behind  Dawson,  June  iith. 
Arabis  lvrata,  var.  occidentalis,  Wat. 

Chandindu   River. 
Barbarea  vulgaris,  var,  arcuata.  Hook. 

Chandindu   River. 
Erysimum  cheiranthoides,  Linn. 

Klondike  River,  June  30th  ;   Chandindu  River. 
Erysimum  parviflorum,  Nutt. 

Bank  of  Klondike  River  behind   Dawson,  June  13th. 

Erysimum,  Sp. 

A  specimen  in  flower  was  gathered  on  June  13th  on  the 
Chandindu  River.  The  flowers  are  light  yellow  and  too  large  for 
E.  parviflorum  and  the  young  pods  are  hardly  that  species.  A 
specimen  in  flower  which  seems  to  be  related  to  Erysimum  is 
indeterminable.  Chandindu  River. 
Brassica  Sinapistrum,  Boiss. 

Introduced.      Chandindu  River. 

Draba  incana,  DC. 

Klondike  River,  May  i6th. 
Lychnis  triflora,  var.  Dawsoni,  Robinson. 

Chandindu   River. 

Cerastium  maximum,  Linn. 

This    species   is    common    in    Siberia,    and    is   reported  from 
Alaska.      Chandindu    River.       Our  first  record. 
Arenaria  capillaris,  var.  Formosa,  Fisch. 

Chandindu  River. 
Arenaria  lateriflora,  Linn. 

Bank  of  Klondike  River  behind   Dawson,  June  nth. 

Arenaria  physodes.  DC 

40-mile  Creek.  X'^fCyQX. 

Stellaria  BOREALis,.Bigel.  /■X' ^<!rs~>^   €y 

Chandindu    River. 


I 


212  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [December  ^ 

I 

LupiNUS  ARCTicus,  Watson. 

Bank  of  Yukon  River  opposite  Dawson,  May  23rd. 

Astragalus  alpinus,  Linn. 

Bank  ot    Klondike    behind    Dawson,  June  nth;  also  Chand- 

indu  River. 

Astragalus  frigidus,  var.  littoralis,  Watson. 

Chandindu   River. 
Oxytropis  Lamberti,  Pursh. 

Chandindu  River. 
Hedysiarum  boreale,  Nutt. 

Chandindu   River. 

SpiRiEA  betulifolia,  Pallas.  ^ 

Chandindu  River. 
RuBUS  ARCTICUS,  var.  grandiflorus,  Ledeb. 

Chandindu   River,  June  13th. 

Potentilla  Pennsylvanica,  var.    strigosa,  Pursh.  (?) 
Chandindu   River. 

Potentilla  nivea,  Linn. 
Dawson,    May  14th. 

Potentilla  fruticosa,  Linn. 

Chandindu  River. 
Potentilla  anserina,  Linn. 

Chandindu  River. 
PoTERiUM  Sitchense,  Watson. 

40-mile  Creek. 

Rosa  acicularis.  Link. 
Chandindu   River. 

S.\xifraga  reflexa,  Hook. 

Yukon  River,  May  ist.      Identification    doubtful.      Specimens 
too  young-. 

Saxifraga  heterantha,  Hook. 
40-mile  Creek. 

Saxifraga  tricuspidata,  Retz. 

Bank  of  Klondike  behind  Dawson,  June  nth. 


iSqg]  MACOUN — LIST    OF    PLANTS.  213 

ChRYSOSPLENIUM  ALTERNIFOLIUM,    Linn. 

40-mile  Creek. 

Parnassia  palustris,  Linn. 
40-mile  Creek. 

RiBES  RUBRUM,  Linn. 

Hunker  Creek,  May  30th. 
RiBES  HuDSONiANUM,  Richards. 

Chandindu  River. 
Epilobium  angustifolium,  Linn. 

40-mile  Creek,  and  Chandindu  River. 

SiLENUM  Dawsoni,  Coult.  &  Rose. 

Chandindu  River. 
CoRNus  Canadensis,  Linn. 

Chandindu  River. 
LiNN^A  borealis,  Gronov. 

Chandindu    River. 

Viburnum  parviflorum,  Pylaie. 

Bank  of  Klondike  behind  Dawson,  June  i  ith. 

Galium  trifidum,  Linn. 

Chandindu  River. 
Galium  boreale,  Linn. 

Chandindu    River. 

Valeriana  sylvatica,  Watson. 

40-mile  Creek  ;  Chandindu   River. 

Solidago  multiradiata,  Ait.  '  , 

Chandindu  River. 
Solidago  multiradiata,  var.  scopulorum,  Gray 

40-mile  Creek. 
Aster  Sibiricus,  F"isch. 

40-mile  Creek  ;   Chandindu   River. 
Erigeron  acris,  Linn. 

40  mile  Creek. 
Achillea  millefolium,  Linn. 

Chandindu  River. 
Artemisia  vulgaris,  Linn.,  var.  Tilesii,  Ledeb. 

40-mile  Creek  ;  also  Chandindu  River. 


214  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [December  ■ 

Petasites  sagittata,  Gray. 

Bank  of  Klondike  opposite   Dawson,  May  23rd. 

Arnica  alpina,  Murr. 

Bank  of  Klondike  behind  Dawson,  June  i  i  ;  also  Chandindu 
River. 
Campanula  uniflora,  Linn. 

40-mile  Creek. 
Campanula  rotundifolia,  var.  Alaskana,  Gray. 

Chandindu  River;  also   40-mile  Creek. 
Vaccinium  caespitosum,  Michx. 

Chandindu   River.  ■ 

Vaccinium  Vitis-Id.ea,   Linn.  * 

Chandindu   River. 

Arctostaphylos  alpin.'V,  Spreng-. 

Chandindu   River. 
Arcto-Staphylos  Uva-ursi,  Spreng". 

Chandindu   River. 
C.\SS.\NDRA  calyculata,  Don. 

Hunker  Creek.  May  30th. 
Andromeda  polifolia,  Linn. 

Chandindu   River,  June  13th. 

Ledum  palustre,  Linn. 

Chandindu  River,  June  13th. 
Ledum  latifolium.  Ait. 

Chandindu   River. 

Pyrola  rotundifolia,  Linn. 

Klondike  Valley,  June  2nd;  a. so  Chandindu  River,  June  13th. 

MoNESES  uniflora.  Gray. 

40-mile  Creek. 
Allotrop.\  virgata,  Torr  &  Gr. 

Chandindu  River. 
Androsace  septentrionalis,  Linn. 

Chandindu  River  ;  also  Dawson,  May  14th. 

Gentiana  Amarella,  var    acuta,  Hook. 
Chandindu   River. 


1899]  MACOUN LIST    OF    PLANTS.  215 

POLEMOMIUM  HUMILE,  var.    PULCHELLUM,    Gray. 

Klondike  River,  May     14th. 

Mertensia  paniculata,  Don. 

Bonanza  Creek,  May  i8th;  bank  of  Klondike  behind  Dawson, 
June  I  ith. 
Pentstemon  cristatls,  Nutt. 

Chandindu   River.      This  may  be  a  new  species. 

Castilleia  pallida,  Kunth. 

40-mile  Creek. 
Pedicularis  euphrasioides,  Stephan. 

Chandindu   River. 
Dracocephalum  parviflorum,   Nutt. 

Chandindu   River. 
Chenopodium  capitatum,   Benth.  &  Hook. 

Chandindu   River. 

Polygonum  alpinum,  Linn. 
Chandindu   River. 

Shepherdia  Canadensis,   Nutt. 

Klondike  River,  May  14th. 
Comandra  livida,  Richardson. 

Chandindu   River. 

Betula  papyrifera,  Michx. 

Yukon  River  at  Dawson,  May  ist. 

Betula  glandulosa,  Michx. 
Chandindu   River. 

Alnus  incana,  Willd  (?) 

Yukon  River,   May  ist.      Too  youn^. 

Salix  arctica,   R.  Br. 

Chandindu   River. 
Salix  Scoulerian.\,   Bebb. 

Yukon  River,  May  ist. 

Salix  reticulata,  Linn. 
Chandindu   River. 

S.\LIX  (?) 

Bank  of  Klondike  behind  Dawson,  May  21st.      Too  young. 


2i6  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [December 

Salix (?) 

Hunker  Creek,  May  30th. 

POPULUS  TREMULOIDES,    Michx. 

Yukon  River,  May  1st,  and   Klondike  River,  May  i6th. 

Empetrum  nigrum,  Linn. 

Bonanza  Creek,  May  i8th. 

Juniperus  communis    Linn. 

Bank  of  Klondike  behind  Dawson,  May  21st. 

PiNus  Murrayana,  Balfour. 

Yukon  River,    near  mouth  of  Little  Salmon  River. 

PiCEA  NIGRA,  Link. 
At  Dawson. 

PiCEA  ALBA,   (?) 

This  is  one  of  the  forms  that  do  duty  for  the  White  Spruce  in 
western  America.      Yukon  River. 

CORALLORHIZA  INNATA,    R.    Br. 

Chandindu   River,  June  13th. 
Calypso  borealis,  Salisb. 

Chandindu  River,  June  13th. 

Allium  Schoenoprasum,   Linn. 

40-mile  Creek. 
Zygadenus  elegans,  Pursh. 

Klondike  and  Hunker  Creek,  June  30th. 
Eriophorum  capitatum.  Host. 

Bonanza  Creek,  April  25th  ;   and  Hunker  Creek,  May  30th. 
Carex  Pyrenaica,  Wahl. 

Bank  of  Klondike  behind  Dawson,  May  21st. 
Carex  invisa,    Bailey. 

Bank  of  Yukon   River  opposite   Dawson,  May  28th;    Hunker 
Creek,    May  30th. 

Carex (?) 

Chandindu   River.     Too  youn^. 
Carex  concinna,  R.  Br. 

Chandindu   River. 
Deyeuxia  purpurascens,  Kunth. 

Bank  of  Klondike  River  behind  Dawson,  June  nth. 


1899]  MACOUN LIST    OF    PLANTS. 

PoA  PRATENSis,  Linn. 

Chandindu   River,  June  13th. 
E(^uiSETUM  ARVENSE,  Linn. 

Bank  of  Yukon   opposite  Dawson,  May  23rd. 
Pell.^a  gracilis,  Hook. 

40-mile  Creek 
Phegopteris  Dryopteris,  F6e. 

40-mile  Creek. 

AspiDiUM  fragrans,  Swartz. 

Yukon  River,  May  ist,  also  40-mile  Creek. 

Cvstopteris  fragilis,  Bernh. 

40-mile  Creek  ;   Chandindu  River. 
Cvstopteris  moxtaxa,  Bernh. 

40-mile   Creek. 
WooDsiA  glabella,  R.  Br. 

40-mile  Creek. 

WoODSIA  HYPERBOREA,     R.    Br. 

40-mile  Creek. 
Lycopodium  obscurum,  Linn. 

Hunker  Creek  and  all  gold  creeks. 
Lycopodium  axnotinum,  Linn,  var.  pungens,  Spreng-. 

Hunker  Creek. 
Lycopodium  complanatum,    Linn. 

Trail  along-  Hunker  Creek. 

Polytrichum  juniperinum,  Willd. 

Bank  of  Yukon  River  opposite  Dawson,  May  23rd. 

Marchantia  polymorpha,  Dum. 

Dawson. 
Cetraria  juxiperina,  var.  pinastri,  Ach. 

Bonanza  Creek. 
Usxea  barbata,  var.   d.\sypoga,  F'r. 

Klondike  bank  behind  Dawson. 

Alectoria  jubata,  var.  implexa,  Fr. 

Bonanza  Creek. 
Peltigera  aphthosa,  (L.)  Hoffm. 

B  onanza  Creek. 


21' 


2i8  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [December 

Cladonia  gracilis,  var.  hybrida,  Schaer. 

Klondike  bank  behind  Dawson. 
Cladonia  rangiferina,  var.  svlyatica,  Linn. 

Bank  of  Yukon  opposite  Dawson. 
Cladonia  deformis,  (L.  )  Hoffm. 

Klondike  Bank  behind  Dawson. 
Cladonia  coRNucopioiDES,  (L. )  Fr. 

Bank  of   Yukon  River  opposite  Dawson. 


REPORT  OF  THE  GEOLOGICAL  BRANCH   FOR   1898-1899. 


To  the  Council  of  the  Ottawa  Field- Naturalists'  Club  : 

In  presenting  this,  the  annual  report  of  the  work  done  by  this 
branch  of  the  Club,  I  have  to  report  that  whilst  there  may  have 
been  a  considerable  amount  of  individual  and  official  as  well  as 
professional  work  done  by  many  members  of  the  Club  in  this 
district,  there  does  not  appear  to  have  been  a  large  amount  of 
concerted  work  in  connection  with  the  Club  to  report  this   season. 

At  the  various  excursions,  or  sub-excursions,  held  under  the 
auspices  of  the  Club  during  the  past  year,  some  one  or  more  of 
your  leaders  appointed  by  your  Council  were  present,  and  assisted 
in  explaining  the  various  geological  formations  and  phenomena 
occurring  in  the  several  localities  visited.  The  following  comprise 
some  ot  the  excursions  held  and  localities  visited  by  the  Club 
during  the  past  year  : 

1.  Chelsea  Hills,  north  of  Ottawa,  in  a  district  where  rocks 
of  Archaean  age  occur. 

2.  Moore's  Landing,  Ont.,  at  the  head  of  Lake  Deschenes,  on 
the  edge  of  the  Ordovician  system,  and  where  the  triple  character 
of  the  sediments  which  constitute  the  Chazy  formation  may  be 
seen  and  studied  to  advantage. 

3.  Aybner,  Que.,  where  the  Chazy  formation  is  also  well 
developed,  and  has  been  studied  with  important  results  by  our 
member,  Mr.  T.  W.  E.  Sowter,  whose  interesting  contribution  to 


iSqg]  REPORT  OF  THE  GEOLOGICAL  BRANCH.  219 

ethnological  research  in  the  Lake  Deschenes  district  proved  so 
attractive  a  feature  of  last  winter's  programme  of  soirdes  given 
under  the  auspices  of  the  Club. 

Sub- Excursions.  Sub-excursions  in  geology  were  held  at  more 
or  less  regular  intervals  and  led  by  leaders  appointed  last  spring. 
This  phase  of  our  Club's  work  cannot  be  emphasized  too  strongly. 
Experience  has  proved  that  this  method  of  carrying  on  local  work 
is  eminently  productive  of  good  results. 

As  an  instance  of  work  done  at  one  of  the  sub-excursions 
held  last  summer,  I  beg  to  submit  the  following  notes  on  an 
examination  of  the  lower  measures  of  the  Utica  formation  in 
Gloucester.  On  the  banks  of  the  Rideau  river  and  at  the  head  of 
the  old  Rifle  Range  rapids,  about  half  a  mile  above  Cummings's 
Bridge,  for  a  distance  ot  several  hundred  feet  along  the  east  bank 
of  the  Rideau,  some  twenty-five  feet  of  Lower  Utica  shales  and 
limestones  are  exposed  in  the  shape  of  a  low  depressed  anticline, 
containing  many  interesting  forms  of  fossil  organic  remains.  A 
party  of  three  visited  this  outcrop,  and  amongst  the  best  speci- 
mens obtained  may  be  mentioned  the  very  prettily  ornamented 
brachiopod,  Schizambon  Canadensis,  better  known  for  a  number  of 
years  under  tlie  designation  Siplionotreta  Scoiica,  Davidson  for 
the  first  time  recorded  by  Mr.  J.  F.  Whiteaves  of  the  Geol  Survey, 
Besides  many  of  the  species  already  recorded  from  this  locality  in  a 
former  paper  by  the  writer,  two  new  or  undescribed  forms  of 
Ostracoda  were  found  in  the  same  bed  :  these,  it  is  hoped,  will 
shortly  be  described  in  the  Ottawa  Naturalist.  Zygospira  Headi, 
Billings,  a  torm  usually  found  in  the  Lorraine  formation  of  eastern 
Canada,  and  also  recorded  from  the  Cincinnati  group  or  highest 
Ordovician  of  Ohio  and  Kentucky,  was  also  detected  in  the  same 
bed  of  impure  bituminous  limestone  containing  Schizambon.  As 
far  as  the  writer  is  aware,  this  is  the  earliest  record  of  the  occur- 
rence of  this  species  at  so  low  an  horizon  in  the  Ordovician.  It  is 
a  rather  short  and  rotund  form  with  very  fine,  delicate  longitudinal 
ribs,  and  may  prove  to  be  worthy  of  a  new  designation.  It  bears 
some  resemblance  and  affinities  to  Zygospira  Anficostiensis^  Bil- 
lings, from  the  limestones  of  a  formation  equivalent  to  the  Lor- 
raine as  developed  on  Anticosti,  in  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence. 


220  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [December 

Several  interesting  varieties  of  Plectaynbonites  sericea,  Sow- 
erby,  also  occur  at  this  horizon  and  were  collected.  From  a  pre- 
liminary examination  of  the  forms  obtained  on  this  and  previous 
occasions,  four  distinct  types  may  be  said  to  occur. 

First,  the  small  normal  Trenton  form,  with  its  regularly 
rounded  anterior  margin  and  very  delicate,  evenly  and  alternately  ■ 

striated  surface  and  non-ornamented  shell. 

Second,  a  larger,  conspicuously  mucronate  variety  which 
usually  presents  a  rugose  area  immediately  below  the  hinge-line  on 
the  dorsal  valve,  the  rugae  are  outwardly  directed,  and  form  a 
conspicuous  character  in  many  individuals  obtained. 

Third,  a  small  globose  or  exceedingly  tumid  variety  with 
strongly  arcuate  valves  and  very  minutely  striated,  with  occasional 
distant  radiating  lines  from  the  beak  to  the  anterior  margin  num- 
bering from  four  to  six  in  different  individuals.  (This  variety  bears 
considerable  resemblance  to  Leptcena  qumquecostata ,  McCoy,  from 
the  Ordovician  of  Ireland.) 

Fourth,  the  largest  form  usually  classed  under  this  designa- 
tion, is  one  measuring  nearly  three  centimetres  in  length  and 
more  than  one  centimetre  in  height,  with  the  anterior  margin  sub- 
parallel  for  the  greater  part  to  the  hinge  margin,  thus  forming  an 
irregular  parallelogram.  This  form  is  not  infrequently  met  with 
in  the  shales  of  the  Lorraine  formation  in  the  vicinity  of  Quebec, 
Montreal  and  Toronto,  as  well  as  of  Ottawa. 

Besides  the  above  notes  on  a  few  of  the  species  obtained  on 
this  cccasion  further  studies  will  no  doubt  reveal  additional  infor- 
mation of  a  most  interesting  nature  to  the  student  of  local 
geology. 

The  locality  is  not  only  prolific  in  fossils  but  readily  accessible. 
More  than  twenty  species  have  already  been  recorded  from  this 
horizon — the  zone  of  Schizambon — and  amongst  these  may  be  men- 
tioned the  Cirripede,  described  by  Dr.  Henry  Woodward  as 
Turrilepas  Canadensis,  a  number  of  opercular  valves  of  which 
were  also  obtained  by  the  writer  since  the  shipment  of  the  original 
specimens  to  Dr.  Woodward  from  which  the  species  was 
described. 

The  lower  measures  of  the  Utica  formation,  which  consist  at 
this   particular   locality  as  well  as  at  New  Edinburgh  and  Roches- 


1899]  REPORT  OF  THE  GEOLOGICAL  BRANCH.  22  1 

terville  of  limestones  and  shales  alternating  with  each  other,  rest 
perfectly  conformably  upon  the  uppermost  measures  of  the  Trenton 
formation.  The  writer  desires  to  emphasize  this  statement  in  view 
of  the  oft-repeated  assertion  that  throughout  eastern  Ontario  and 
Quebec  the  Utica  everywhere  rests  unconformably  upon  the  Trenton 
formation.  (See  Trans.  Roy.  Soc.  of  Can.,  Vol.  I,  p  258.  1883. 
Paper  by  T.  Stery  Hunt.) 

Amonofst  the  interestin<>:  collections  made  about  Ottawa  by 
local  collectors  during  the  past  year  may  be  mentioned  one  by 
Mr.  W.  H.  Roger,  of  ]>illings's  Bridge.  Amongst  the  species 
recorded  in  the  Roger  collection  from  the  Utica  of  Billings's 
Bridge  there  are  two  forms  which  prove  to  be  hitherto  unrecorded, 
whilst  the  remaining  species,  eminently  characteristic  of  the  Utica, 
are  sufficiently  numerous  to  enable  one  to  state  the  precise  horizon 
of  the  strata  from  which  they  were  obtained.  One  of  these  is  a 
gastropod — a  Lophospira  which  bears  a  considerable  resemblance 
to  L.  conoidea,  Ulrich,  but  is  more  depressed  and  has  a  much 
larger  apical  angle,  &c.  I  venture  to  suggest  the  name  Loplio- 
spira  Billirigsensis,  for  this  species  awaiting  an  opportunity  of 
illustrating  it  and  describing  the  same  in  a  more  complete  form. 

Nonnal  School  Collection  of  Local  Fossils.  —  In  order  to  stimu- 
late local  research  in  Palaeontology  and  in  a  small  measure  to 
assist  the  educational  world  around  us,  the  writer  has  undertaken 
to  arrange  and  classify  a  number  of  the  more  typical  and  easily 
recognised  fossils  from  the  different  geological  horizons  in  the 
Ottawa  Valley.  These  were  presented  to  the  Principal  of  the 
Normal  School,  and  now  occupy  a  portion  of  the  flat  show  cases  of 
the  physics  laboratory.  The  collection  consists  of  about  150 
specimens,  which  serve  to  illustrate  nearly  all  the  Palaeozoic 
formations  comprised  in  the  Ottawa  Valley.  They  include  the 
following  formations  : 


VIII.    Niagara. 

VII.    Lorraine. 

VI.   Utica. 

V.   Trenton. 

IV.   Bird's-eye  and  Black  River. 

III.    Chazy. 


222 


The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [December 


II.   Calciferous. 

I.    Potsdam. 

From  the  above  list  it  will  be  seen  that  the  red  shales  and 
marls  of  the  Medina  which  occur  to  the  east  of  Ottawa  City,  in 
the  County  of  Russell,  :md  which  have  been  recently  visited  by  the 
writer,  are  not  included,  inasmuch  as  no  fossil  organic  remains 
have  as  yet  been  obtained  from  them. 

The  specimens  are  all  labelled  and  named.  The  labels  indi- 
cate the  g-enera  and  species,  together  with  the  name  of  the  author, 
as  is  customary,  the  geological  formation,  the  precise  locality  from 
which  they  were  obtained,  besides  the  name  of  the  collector  and 
the  date  when  they  were  obtained.  A  type-written  list  of  the 
species  included  in  this  collection  has  been  placed  on  the  wall 
alongside  the  case.  Any  additions  that  may  be  made  to  this  col- 
lection by  members  of  the  Club  will  be  incorporated  in  this 
nucleus  of  a  collection  of  the  fossil  remains  of  Ottawa  a>»d  vicinity. 
It  is  earnestly  hoped  that  members  of  the  Geological  section  and 
others  will  contribute  and  co-operate  in  making  the  series  as  com- 
plete as  possible.  I  would  venture  to  suggest  that  this  collection 
bear  the  name  "  Billings"  collection  of  fossils,"  not  only  to  do 
honour  to  one  of  Ottawa's  greatest  men  in  the  list  of  the  departed 
from  this  sphere  of  activity  but  in  order  to  strive  to  associate 
with  it  the  name  of  a  true  lover  of  Nature,  and  especially  of  fossil 
organic  remains. 

Graptolites.  —  From  1879  to  1888,  whilst  engaged  in  studying 
the  fauna  of  the  Utica  about  Ottawa,  as  leader  in  the  Geological 
branch  of  our  Club,  the  writer  obtained  not  a  few  specimens  of 
graptolites  in  the  bituminous  shales  of  this  formation.  Some  of 
these,  especially  the  Lepiograptidcp  a.nd  a  number  of  Climacograpti, 
were  in  an  excellent  state  of  preservation  and  have  since  been  for- 
warded to  Prof  Chas.  Lapworth,  of  Mason  Science  College,  by 
the  authorities  of  the  Geological  Survey  department  at  Ottawa,  to 
whom  they  had  been  presented  by  the  writer. 

Prof.  Lapworth  has  kindly  undertaken  to  examine  the  same, 
and  his  report  is  now  in  the  hands  of  the  department.  We  hope 
to  see  the  result  of  his  examination  of  the  species  of  Ottawa 
Graptolites  published  at  no  distant  date. 


1899]  REPORT  OF  THK  GKOLOGKAL  BRANCH.  22 


.■> 


Crinoideit,  or  Sea-Lilies. — From  a  ccmmunication  recently 
received  from  Prof.  F.  A.  Bather,  of  the  British  Museum,  he  in- 
forms the  writer  that  he  has  ahnost  completed  his  investij^-ations 
and  studies  of  the  collection  of  Ottawa  Crinoidea  and  Cystoidca 
sent  by  the  writer  some  years  -a^o  to  the  authorities  of  the  British 
Museum.  This  collection  formed  part  of  the  Stewart  collection,  of 
which  such  fine  and  unusually  well-preserved  forms  were  purchased 
by  the  Geolog-ical  Survey  department  and  are  now  placed  on  exhibi- 
bition  in  one  of  the  Trenton  cases  in  the  Palceontolouj-ical  Section. 
Prof.  Bather's  notes  on  these  Ottawa  species  will  be  looked  for- 
ward to  with  much  interest.  As  was  pointed  out  some  years  ago 
by  Mr.  Walter  R.  Billings,  the  members  of  the  Geological  branch 
of  the  Club  can  do  much  in  helping  to  further  the  interests  of 
science  and  scientific  research  in  our  midst  by  communicating  their 
specimens  to  specialists. 

Pleistocene  Geology. — In  connection  with  the  work  of  investi- 
gating the  boulder-clay,  marine  sediments,  such  as  the  Leda  clay 
and  overlying  Saxicava  sands  in  the  series  of  Pleistocene  deposits, 
considerable  progress  has  been  made.  Probably  as  an  inducement 
to  make  additional  collections  and  investigations  in  the  marine 
clays  of  the  0>^tawa  Valley,  one  of  your  leaders  has  been  selected 
to  represent  this  portion  of  Canada  on  the  Committee  of  the 
British  Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Science  "to  investi- 
gate the  fauna  and  flora  of  the  Pleistocene  of  Canada,  of  which 
Sir  Wm.  Dawson  is  Chairman." 

Bibliography. — The  progress  of  Geological  work  in  Canada 
during  i8g8,  as  recorded  by  the  writer,*  shows  that  upwards  of 
seventy  distinct  reports,  publications  or  pamphlets  were  published 
during  the  past  year  by  Canadian  geologists  either  in  Canada, 
Great   Britain   or    the  United  States. 

It  is  earnestly  hoped  that  during  the  coming  season  much 
work  will  be  accomplished  in  this  district. 

All  of  which  is  respectfully  submitted. 

(Sgd.)     H.    M.    AMI. 

Leader. 
March,  1899. 

*Ottawa  Naturalist,  Vol.  XIII,  No.  2,  pp.  52-55. 


PROGRAMME  OF  WINTER  SOIREES,    1899-1900. 

Nov.  28. — Inaugural  Address  and  Conversazione,  Assembly  Hall,  Normal 
School. 
Exhibition   of  Specimens   in   the  various  departments  of  the  Club's 

work. 
Addresses  by  Dr.  J.  A.  MacCabe,  M.A.,  F.R.S.C,  Principal  of  the 

Ottawa  Normal  School,  and  Professor  Macoun,  M.A.,  F.L.S. 
Microscopical  Objects  and  Science,  lantern  slide  ilkistratio  \s. 
Nature  Study  in  Schools,    followed  by  lantern  slide  illustrations  of 
minute  structures  in  flowering- plants,  by  S.  B.  Sinclair,  M.A., 
and  A.  D.  Campbell,  B.A. 
Dec.    12.  —  "  Otta-A'a  Dipfeia,"  by  W.  H.  Harrington,  F.R.S.C. 

"  A'ofes  on  Rearing  Insects,"  by  Dr.  James  Fletcher,  F.L.S. 
"  Some  Interesting  Moths  Taken  at  Ottawa,"  by  Arthur  Gibson,  B.  A. 
Report  of  the  Entomological  Branch  of  the  O.  F.  N    C. 
Report  of  the  Botanical  Branch  of  the  O.  F.  N.  C. 
Jan.      9. — "  On  the  Comparative  Anatomy  of  the  Eai ,"  by  Prof.  E.  E.  Prince, 
B.A.,  F.L.S.,  with  lantern  slide  ilhislrations. 
"  Gannets    and    Cormorants,    7i<ith    special   reference   to    Canadian 
forms,"  by  Andrew  Halkett,  Esq.,  of  the  Marine  Department. 
'^  Notes  on   the  Bridgeivater  Conglomerates,"    bj' Alfred.  E.  Barlow, 

M.A.,  F.G.S.A. 
"  Principal  Places  of  Geological  Interest  about  Ottawa,"  by  H.  M. 

Ami,  M  A.,  F.G.S. 
"  Xotes  on  the  Occurrence  of  Remoplemides   in   the  Upper  Trenton 

of  Ottawa;'  by  H.  M.  Ami,  M.A.,  F.G.S. 
Reports  of  the  Geological,  Ornithological  and  Zoological  Branches 
of  the  O.  F.  N.  C. 
Jan    IT,. — "  Electric  Currents  of  High   Potential  and  High    Fjequency,    with 
Roentgen  Ray  Experiments^'  by  Oriiiond  Higman,  Esq.,  of  the 
Electrical  Staff  of  the  Canadian  Government. 
Feb.      6. — Conversazione   and   Microscopical   Soiree  in  the  Assembly  Hall  of 
the    Normal   School.      Microscopical   objects  will   be  exhibited 
eithc-   on   the   screen   or   under   microscopes,  and  a  number  of 
five-minute  addresses  will  be  delivered  on  the  specimens  exhi- 
bited. 
Feb.    20.  — "  Labrador  Peninsula,"    by  A.  P.  Low,  B.A.Sc,  of  the   Geological 

Survey  Department,  with  lantern  slide  illustrations. 
Mar.     6.  — "  Sable  Island,"  by  Prof.  John  Macoun,  M.A.,  F.L.S.,  with  lantern 
slide  illustrations. 
"  Traditional   History  of  some    of  the    Indian    inhabitants    of  the 
vicinity  of  Lake  DesChenes"    by  T.  VV.   E.    Sowter,  Esq.,  of 
Aylmer,  Que. 
Mar.  20. — Annual    Meeting  of  the  O.  Y.  N.  C.  for  the  reception  and  adoption 
of  Reports  of  Council,  election  of  Officers,  &c. 

X.B. — At  each  meeting  various  objects  of  Natural  History  will  be  exhi- 
bited and  conversation  and  discussion  expected.  Any  member  is  at  liberty  to 
introduce  a  paper  or  note  on  any  Natural  History  subject  in  connection  with 
the  work  of  the  Club  at  any  of  the  evening's  of  the  course. 

TIME   A\D  PLACES  OF    ItlEETIlWCl.S. 

The  Inaugural  Address  on  Nov.  28th,  1899 ;  the  X  Ray  Lecture  and 
Demonstration  by  Ormond  Higman,  Esq.,  Electrician,  Jan.  23rd,  1900,  and  the 
Microscopical  Soiree  and  Conversazione,  Feb.  6th,  1900,  by  kind  consent  of 
Principal  MacCabe,  will  be  held  in  the  Assembly  Hall  of  the  Normal  School, 
and  the  remaining  Soirees  will  be  held  in  the  Lecture  Hall  of  the  Y.  M.  C.  A., 
O'Connor  street.     All  the  Soirees  are  held  on  Tuesdays  at  8  p.m.  sharp. 


THE  OTTAWA  HATURALIST. 


^-  J^' 


V-f'\- 


Vol.  XIII. 


OTTAWA,  JANUARY,    1900. 


No.    10 


ARCHAEOLOGY  OF   LAKE  DESCHENES. 


Bv  T.  W.  Edwin  Sowter. 

To  those  who  are  unacquainted  with  local  topography  it  may 
be  said  that  Lake  Deschenes  is  an  expansion  of  the  Ottawa  River, 
extendino-  from  the  Chats  Falls,  in  a  south-easterly  direction,  as 
far  as  Deschenes  Rapids,  a  distance  of  about  thirty  miles,  and 
av'erajsi'ing-  from  less  than  one  to  upwards  of  three  miles  in  width. 
This  beautiful  expanse  of  water  was  known  to  the  old  "  voyag-eurs" 
as  "  Lac  Chaudi^re,"  and  was  so  designated  at  a  time  as  com- 
paratively recent  as  that  in  which  the  late  John  Eg-an  was  mayor 
of  Aylmer,  as  there  is  an  old  by-law,  bearing-  his  sigfnature,  in  the 
municipal  archives,  in  which  the  westerly  limit  of  the  Aylmer  Road 
is  described  as  Chaudi^re  Lake. 

A  similar  confusion  of  place-names,  in  this  connection,  is  a 
source  of  annoyance  to  the  student  of  natural  or  ethnic  hi'^tory  in 
dealing  with  matters  of  local  reference.  For  instance  :  Chats 
Island  is  now  known  to  many  as  Moore's  Island  ;  Pointe  k  la 
Bataille  has  become  Lapottie's  Point,  and  Pointe  aux  Pins,  the 
site  of. the  v^ueen's  Park,  is  known  to  summer  visitors  as  One-tree 
Point. 

It  seems  a  pity  that  names  given  to  these  places  by  the 
pioneers  of  civilization  should  be  thus  lightly  set  aside  for  the 
prosaic  nomenclature  of  modern  times. 

As  already  noted  in  The  Natur.\list,  the  evidences  of  Indian 
occupation  of  the  shores  of  Lake  Deschenes  are  of  frequent  occur- 
rence and  of  extreme  interest  to  the  archaeologist.      These  consist 
for  the  most  part,  of  what    may  be  termed  beach  workshops,  or 
certain    portions  of   the  lake  shore  where  the  primitive  workman 


226  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [January 

chipped  out  his  flint  arrowheads  ;  or  labouriously  ground  an  edge 
to  his  rude  stone  tomahawk,  many  years  before  the  coming  of  the 
pale-faces. 

At  these  places  the  beach  is  thickly  strewn  with  flint  chippings 
and,  frequently,  the  sand  or  gravel  contains  large  quantities  of 
them  to  a  considerable  depth.  This  flint,  which  is  very  dark,  is 
identical  both  in  colour  and  character  with  that  contained  in  the 
Trenton  formation  at  Hull,  from  whence  it  was  doubtless  procured, 
as  it  is  there  found  in  large  quantities  and  may  be  removed  from 
the  limestone  beds  with  little  difficulty.  The  fact  that  flint  is  not 
found  in  the  Chazy  or  Calciferous  rocks,  outcropping  on  the  lake 
front,  would  seem  to  justify  the  presumption  that  the  Algonkin 
warriors  of  Lake  Deschenes  procured  their  supply  of  raw  material 
from  the  nearest  and  most  convenient  source,  which  would  be  the 
place  already  indicated. 

While  these  work  places  contain  such  traces  of  palceolithic 
art  in  great  abundance,  they  also  reveal  evidences  of  later  contact 
with  the  white  man  in  the  shape  of  light  colored  gun  and  musket 
flints  which  are  said  to  be  characteristic  of  the  Cretaceous  flint  of 
western  Europe. 

At  Bell's  Bay,  just  below  Aylmer,  I  removed  several  fragments 
of  worked  flint  from  beneath  a  large  oak  stump  and  about  one  foot 
below  its  base.  These  were  taken  from  a  bed  of  river  gravel  that 
was  being  washed  away,  at  high  water,  by  successive  spring 
floods.  Similar  fragments  were  also  obtained  from  the  surface  of 
the  same  gravel  bed,  having  been  laid  bare  by  the  washing  away 
of  the  overlying  deposit  of  vegetable  mould.  As,  in  the  former 
instance,  the  flints  must  have  become  embedded  in  the  gravel  long 
before  the  time  required  for  the  oak  to  grow  from  a  seedling  to  a 
large  forest  tree,  it  is  not  difficult  to  form  an  approximate  estimate 
of  the  long  period  of  time  which  must  have  intervened  between 
the  days  in  which  the  first  and  the  last  of  these  fragments  were 
cast  aside  by  the  lithal  artificer. 

At  Raymond's  Point,  on  the  side  next  the  big  bay,  some 
recent  quarrying  operations  have  exposed  a  fine  section  of  strati- 
fied rock,  with  an  overlying  bed  of  coarse  gravel  about  i8  inches 
in  thickness.  I  secured  a  piece  of  flint  from  the  bottom  of  this 
gravel,  where  it  came  in  contact  with  the  bed  of  rock  beneath.     It 


igoo]  SowTER — Archeology  of  Lake  Desch^nes.  227 

was  evident  that  the  gravel  had  not  been  disturbed  by  natural  or 
artificial  agencies  since  the  clearing  away  of  the  forest,  and,  as  the 
bed  is  beyond  the  reach  of  the  high  water  in  the  spring,  there  is 
some  ground  for  the  supposition  that  it  must  have  been  washed 
into  its  present  position  at  a  time  when  the  volume  of  water  in 
Lake  Deschenes  was  much  greater  than  it  has  been  in  recent 
years. 

From  a  personal  examination  of  the  foregoing  and  similar 
data,  I  am  convinced  that  for  many  generations  these  work  places 
were  centres  of  aboriginal  occupation,  either  as  village  sites  or 
permanent  camping  grounds,  for  the  red  men  of  this  part  of  the 
Ottawa  valley. 

These  places,  which  have  so  far  been  examined,  are  situated 
at  Raymond's  Point,  just  opposite  the  innermost  extremity  of 
Chartrand's  Island,  and  at  Snake  Island  Point  and  Noel's  Point, 
all  on  the  Ontario  shore.  Also,  from  the  eastern  boundary  of  the 
Queen's  Park  at  Pointe  aux  Pins,  on  the  Quebec  side  of  the  lake, 
the  shore  is  strewn  with  flints  as  far  down  as  the  rocky  point  which 
forms  the  eastern  limit  of  Newman's  Bay.  At  Bell's  Bay,  between 
the  town  of  Aylmer  and  Deschenes  village,  at  the  mouth  ot  a  small 
creek,  flints  are  also  found  in  great  abundance,  and  above  and 
below  it  at  frequent  intervals. 

A  peculiar  feature  of  these  beach  workshops  is  that  the 
greatest  accumulations  of  flint  chippings  are  to  be  found  about 
large  boulders  or  detached  masses  of  rock,  which  appear  to  have 
been  utilized  as  work-tables  upon  which  the  chipping,  pecking-  or 
grinding  processes  in  the  fabrication  of  implements  of  war  or  of 
the  chase  were  accomplished  by  the  ancient  workmen. 

Frag-ments  of  rude  pottery,  at  Raymond's  Point,  composed  of 
a  mixture  of  clay  and  gravel,  and  imperfectly  burnt,  are  indica- 
tions that  in  fictile  work  the  primitive  dwellers  on  the  shores  of 
Lake  Deschenes  had  mastered  the  initial  stages  in  the  manufac- 
ture of  domestic  utensils.  These  fragments  are  quite  smooth  and 
ornamented  on  the  outside  ;  while  they  are  either  smooth  or  bear 
the  unmistakable  impressions  of  grass  blades  on  the  inside;  from 
which  it  would  seem  that  two  diff"erent  methods  were  employed  in 
the  manufacture  of  the  originals  to  which  they  belonged.  In  one 
process,  the    primitive  potter   seems  to  have   daubed    the  matrix 


228  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [January 

about-a  core  of  grass,  which  was  doubtless  worked  into  the  shape 
of  the  desired  utensil.  Then,  by  placing-  the  whole  mass  in  the 
fire  the  grass  core  would  be  burnt  to  ashes  and  a  rude  eathern 
vessel  would  remain  as  a  triumph  of  aboriginal  art.  By  the  other 
method,  some  advance  appears  to  have  been  made,  as  in  this  in- 
stance the  matrix  has  evidently  been  manipulated  both  on  the 
inside  as  well  as  the  outside,  which  is  evidence  that  the  grassy 
core  had  been  discarded  by  the  adoption  of  a  simpler  process  of 
manufacture. 

Specimens  of  celts  or  palaeolithic  tomahawks,  picked  up  at 
Bell's  Bay  and  Raymond's  Point,  as  well  as  others  from  neighbor- 
ing localities,  .are  very  crude  products  of  lithal  workmanship.  A 
fragment  of  stone  appears  to  have  been  selected  about  the  size 
and  as  near  as  possible  the  shape  of  the  desired  weapon.  One 
end  of  this  was  then  ground  down  to  a  cutting  edge,  and  a  celt 
from  Raymond's  Point  has  had  one  side  reduced  to  proper  shape 
by  pecking.  A  peculiarity  of  many  specimens  from  this  district  is, 
that  the  sharpened  end  of  the  blade  has  been  ground  flat  on  one 
side  and  broadly  rounded  on  the  other,  something  like  the  edge  of 
a  carpenter's  axe. 

The  arrowheads,  from  these  beach  workshops,  vary  in  shape, 
as  they  were  doubtless  designed  for  different  purposes.  They  are 
usually  made  of  flint  and  some  of  them  of  white  quartz.  The 
Squaw's  Knife,  Fig.  i,  and  the  arrowheads,  Figs,  t,,  4,  5,  6  and  7 
in  Plate  II.,  were  collected  by  Mr.  Jacob  Smith  of  the  Interior 
Department  at  Ottawa.  They  are  now  in  the  collection  of  Rev. 
A.  W.  Mackenzie  of  Lakefield,  Ont.,  who  kindly  loaned  them  to 
illustrate  this  paper.  Mr.  Jacob  Smith,  of  the  Interior  Depart- 
ment, picked  up  a  small  and  very  perfect  one,  at  Snake  Island 
Point,  which  was  probably  designed  for  the  killing  of  birds  or 
small  animals.  It  was  only  about  one  half  the  usual  size  and  was 
made  of  light  grey  agate.  A  single  arrowhead,  made  of  bone,  was 
taken  from  an  Indian  grave  on  the  Lighthouse  Island,  and  is 
probably  the  only  specimen  of  the  kind  from  this  district.  It 
should  be  remembered,  however,  that  weapons  madt  of  this 
material  and  exposed  for  many  years  to  the  action  of  the  weather, 
as  well  as  in  many  cases  to  the  attrition  of  the  shifting  gravel  of 
the  lake  beach,  would  soon  be  destroyed  ;   so   that  the  absence  of 


igoo]  SovvTER — Archeology  of  Lake  DEscHfeNES.  229 

all  but  a  sing-le  specimen  should  by  no  means  be  taken  as  negative 
evidence  that  bone  arrow-tips  were  not  in  common  use  among 
the  Indians  ot  the  lake. 

As  already  stated,  gun  and  musket  flints  have  been  found 
mingled  with  the  flint  chippings  of  these  workshops.  This  is 
obviously  an  indication  of  the  advent  of  the  European  trader.  Of 
course  these  flints  may  have  been  lost  or  discarded  by  either  white 
man  or  Indian  :  but  their  presence  may  also  bear  witness  to  these 
village  sites  having  been  used  as  temporary  camping  grounds  by 
the  ''coureurs  des  bois,"  or,  later  on,  by  the  agents  of  the  Hud- 
son's Bay  Company.  A  silver  bangle  was  also  found,  at  Snake 
Island  Point,  which  is  said  to  resemble  those  which  are  still  used 
in  the  ornamentation  of  hunting  shirts  and  supplied  to  customers 
of  the  above  named  company  in  the  North  West  Territories. 

My  attention  was  first  directed  to  these  workshops  by  Mr. 
Jacob  Smith,  of  the  Interior  Department  at  Ottawa,  to  whom  is 
due  the  sole  credit  of  their  discovery.  Mr.  Smith  has  thus  rendered 
an  important  contribution  to  the  advancement  of  science  that  will 
be  duly  appreciated  by  every  student  of   Canadian  archaeology. 

In  a  former  paper  in  The  Naturalist  on  the  "  Antiquities  of 
Lake  Deschenes,"  I  called  attention  to  the  finding  of  a  cache  of 
bullets,  some  years  ago,  by  Joseph  Leclair  of  Aylmer,  at  Pointe 
k  la  Bataille,  otherwise  known  as  Lapottie's  Point,  at  the  junction 
of  the  lake  shore  with  the  eastern  limit  of  Constance  Bay.  The 
bullets  are  said  to  have  been  large  and  suited  for  a  12-bore  gun. 
Mr.  Leclair  took  away  several  hundreds  of  them,  but  lelt  many 
more  washing  about  in  the  sand. 

On  the  24th  of  May,  1897,  Aldos  and  David  Pariseau  dis- 
covered a  cache  of  bullets  at  Flat  Rock,  near  Wilson's  Bluff",  and 
just  above  the  summer  residence  of  Mr.  A  H.  Taylor,  in  the  town- 
ship of  South  March,  Ontario.  They  were  found  in  the  sand,  in 
a  few  inches  of  water  quite  close  to  the  shore,  and  800  were  taken 
from  the  cache,  together  with  an  Indian  pipe  with  the  head  of  some 
animal  moulded  or  carved  on  the  bowl.  Some  ot  these  bullets  are 
now  in  my  collection,  and  I  am  told  that  they  are  what  are  known 
as  the  "trade  bullets"  supplied  to  Indians  of  the  Northwest  by  the 
Hudson's  Bay  Company.  They  are  about  the  size  used  for  a 
16-bore  gun. 


230  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [January 

Some  time  ago  while  Mr.  Charles  Breckenridg-e  was  plowing 
on  his  farm  at  the  mouth  of  Breckenridge's  Creek,  on  the  Quebec 
shore  of  the  lake,  about  eight  miles  above  Aylmer,  he  unearthed  a 
large  cache  of  gun-flints.  He  also  found  in  the  vicinity  a  couple 
of  stone  celts  and  the  copper  handle  of  a  kettle,  The  handle  was 
of  rolled  sheet  copper  and  belonged  to  a  large  sized  kettle. 

A  very  fine  specimen  of  pipe-tomahawk  was  picked  up  by  Mr. 
Samuel  Edey  on  his  farm  on  the  N.  }4  of  lot  19,  2nd  concession  of 
the  township  of  South  Hull.  The  axe  weighs  i  lb.  i^  ozs.,  and 
is  one  of  the  kind  said  to  have  been  designed  for  presentation  to 
Indian  chiefs.  The  flint  lock  of  a  musket  was  also  found  at  the 
same  place,  by  Mr.  Edey,  but  it  was  so  badly  rusted  as  to 
crumble  to  pieces  on  being  touched.  The  point  at  which  this  find 
was  made  is  about  two  miles  from  the  lake  shore  to  the  north-east 
of  Aylmer. 

Some  years  ago,  while  a  path  was  being  cut  through  a  gravel 
bank  in  front  of  the  summer  residence  of  the  late  Col.  J.  S.  Dennis, 
at  Kingsmere,  Que.,  the  workmen  unearthed  an  iron  tomahawk  of 
French  manufacture.  An  old  squaw,  who  was  living  in  the 
neighborhood  at  the  time,  informed  Col.  Dennis  that  according  to 
a  tradition  ot  her  people  an  Indian  trail  at  one  time  led  across  the 
mountains,  by  way  of  Kingsmere,  from  the  waters  of  the  Gatineau 
River  to  those  of  Deschenes  Lake. 

This  is  by  no  means  an  unlikely  story,  for  on  the  earliest 
recorded  map  of  the  township  of  Hull,  several  creeks  of  consider- 
able size  are  shown  as  taking  their  rise  at  or  near  these  mountains 
and  flowing  southward  into  the  lake.  Many  of  these  tributary 
streams  have  shrunk  in  volume  owing  to  the  clearing  away  of  the 
forest  and  subseque^nt  drainage  of  the  land  for  farming  purposes  ; 
and  some  of  the  smaller  ones  have  disappeared  altogether.  Traces 
along  these  watercourses  of  the  dams  ot  the  much  prized  beaver, 
as  well  as  the  testimony  of  the  early  settlers  that  this  district  was 
at  one  time  teeming  with  game,  are  sufficient  reasons  for  suppos- 
ing that  these  local  tributaries  of  the  Ottawa  River  were  frequented 
by  Indian  hunters  and  trappers  ;  and  as  one  of  the  largest  of  these 
streams  flows  from  the  mountains,  within  a  short  distance  of 
Kingsmere,  this  may  have  been  the  direction  taken  by  the  trail 
above  mentioned. 


igoo]  SovvTER — Archeology  of  Lake  DEscHfiNEs.  231 

Apart  from  the  foregoing',  it  is  not  unlikely  that  when  the 
primeval  forest  stretched  in  unbroken  continuity  between  the 
waters  of  the  Ottawa  and  the  Gatineau,  many  a  red  inhabitant  of 
the  river  front,  in  times  of  trouble,  found  an  asykim  on  some  of 
these  streams  and  saved  his  hair  from  the  covetous  hands  of 
unwelcome  visitors,  by  availing-  himself  of  the  strateg^ic  advantages 
of  these  intricate  waterways  in  a  practical  application  of  the  old 
Indian  proverb  that  "water  leaves  no  trail. 

Although  much  important  work  ha-;  been  accomplished  in  con- 
nection with  the  beach  workshops  already  alluded  to,  there  still 
remains  a  large  amount  of  useful  information  to  be  derived  from  a 
careful  examination  of  Indian  burial  places,  at  various  points 
along  the  lake.  One  of  these  is  said  to  be  situated  near  Blueberry 
Point,  a  short  distance  above  Bell's  Bay  ;  another  may  be  found 
on  what  are  known  as  the  Sand  Hills,  between  Bucham's  and 
Constance  Bays,  on  the  Ontario  side  of  the  lake,  near  the  mouth 
of  Constance  Creek  ;  while  a  third  is  situated  near  the  foot  of  the 
old  Indian  portage  on  Conroy's  Island  at  the  Chat's  Falls. 

A  most  important  burial  place,  however,  and  the  only  one  I 
have  so  tar  examined,  is  that  of  the  Lighthouse  Island  above 
Aylmer  and  opposite  the  Queen's  Park  at  Pointe  aux  Pins.  At 
this  place  I  have  assisted  at  the  exhumation  of  several  skeletons, 
which  has  given  me  a  fairly  accurate  insight  into  the  mode  of 
sepulture  which  obtained  among  the  aboriginal  people  of  Lake 
Deschenes. 

This  island,  which  is  about  an  acre  in  extent,  and  rises  at  its 
highest  point  to  some  fifteen  feet  above  the  summer  level  of  the 
lake,  is  composed  of  sand,  gravel  and  boulders.  It  is  of  glacial 
origin  and  was  obviously  left  in  its  present  position  by  the  reces- 
sion of  the  vast  glacier  which  at  one  time  occupied  this  part  of  the 
Ottawa  valley.  Its  area  was  at  one  time  much  greater  than  it  is 
at  present,  but  the  upper  side  is  being  worn  away  by  the  ice 
shoves  every  spring  and  the  subsequent  high  water. 

There  is  abundant  evidence  to  show  that  the  island  has  been 
used  as  a  burial  place  from  very  early  times  down  to  a  period  so 
comparatively  recent  as  to  come  within  the  memory  of  those  of  the 
generation  that  is  now  passing  away. 

It  is  clearly  evident   that    the    interments  are  all   intrusive,  a 


232  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [January 

fact  which  would  do  away  with  the  sug'g'estion  of  a  tumulus  to 
account  for  the  dome-shaped  crown  of  the  island  where  most  of 
them  are  to  be  found.  This  is  sufficiently  shown,  on  the  upper 
side  ot  the  island,  where  the  cut  bank  in  falling- away  has  exposed 
sections  of  graves  so  clearly  as  to  leave  no  room  to  doubt  that 
they  were  excavated. 

The  usual  mode  of  sepulture  seems  to  have  been  to  swathe 
the  remains  of  the  dead  warrior  in  birch  bark  and  place  them, 
with  or  without  his  personal  effects,  in  a  shallow  grave  from  two 
to  three  feet  below  the  surface  of  the  ground,  in  a  recumbent 
rather  ihan  a  prostrate  posture.  With  one  exception  the  burials 
are  single,  but  in  excavating  the  foundations  ot  the  lighthouse, 
recently  erected  by  the  Marine  Department,  at  the  highest  point 
of  the  island,  the  workmen  laid  bare  a  great  accumulation  of 
bones,  which  would  seem  to  indicate  the  presence  of  an  ossuary, 
the  approximate  extent  of  which  may  be  judged  from  the  fact  that 
a  cartload  of  bones  was  removed  from  the  holes  for  the  base  sup- 
ports of  the  superstructure. 

If,  therefore,  we  may  rely  upon  the  testimony  of  the  workmen 
who  excavated  the  foundations  of  the  lighthouse,  and  there  is  no 
reason  why  we  should  not  do  so,  then,  we  have  on  this  island  two 
distinct  modes  of  sepulture,  the  single  and  communal.  This 
would  lead  to  the  conclusion  that  two  different  races,  practising 
variant  mortuary  rites,  were  contemporaneous  occupants  of  the 
lake  shores,  according  to  each  other  the  privileges  of  a  common 
burial  place.  The  presence  of  the  communal  grave  is  accounted 
for,  as  a  matter  of  course,  by  shadowy  Indian  traditions  of  a 
bloody  native  battle  fought  in  the  vicinity.  A.  F.  Hunter,  in 
dealing  with  a  kindred  subject,  "  The  Rice  Lake  and  Innisfil 
Mounds,"  says  that  "  the  same  is  true  of  every  bone-pit  or  com- 
munal grave  of  any  kind  from  Montreal  to  Detroit,  none  of  which 
could  be  understood  by  the  modern  Algonkins  as  burials  made  in 
times  of  peace." 

Now,  in  the  first  place,  the  bones  on  the  Lighthouse  Island 
have  been  thrown  into  the  pit  promiscuously,  as  they  are  not 
grouped  in  the  relative  positions  which  would  naturally  follow  if 
they  had  been  buried  in  the  flesh.  In  the  second  place,  if  an 
invading  force  had  been  met  and    "wiped  out"  by  the  warriors  of 


I  goo]  SowTER — Arch.'Eology  of  Lake  Desch^xes.  233 

the  lake,  it  is  altog-ether  likely  that,  after  the  scalping-knife  had 
done  its  work,  the  victors,  instead  of  giving-  their  slain  enemies  a 
decent  burial,  such  as  the  above  grave  would  indicate,  would  have 
left  them,  in  conformity  with  Indian  usage,  to  the  wild  beasts  of 
the  forest,  while  their  own  dead  would  have  been  interred  at 
leisure  in  accordance  with  tribal  custom. 

As  a  suggestion,  in  explanation  of  the  presence  of  this 
ossuary,  may  it  not  have  been  likely  after  the  great  Huron- 
Iroquois  family  quarrel  that  one  of  the  remnants  of  the  fugitive 
Huron  nation  may  have  found  an  asylum  in  this  vicinity,  have 
lived  in  friendly  intercourse  with  the  native  population  and  held 
the  "  Feast  of  the  Dead  "  on  this  island  burial  place.  Iron  toma- 
hawks, scalping-knives,  gun  and  musket  flints,  porcelain  beads, 
&c.,  have  been  found  on  this  island  at  different  times.  A  stone 
slab  bearing  the  letters  J  POT  was  found  by  Mr.  Boucher  in  what 
was  probably  the  grave  of  a  white  man. 

The  most  unique  isolated  burial,  however,  that  has  yet  been 
discovered  on  the  island,  was  that  recently  laid  bare  by  the  light- 
house keeper,  Mr.  Frank  Boucher. 

After  the  destruction  of  the  old  lighthouse,  in  the  early  part 
of  last  summer,  and  before  the  erection  of  the  new  structure  by 
the  Marine  Department,  while  Mr.  Boucher  was  sinking  holes  for 
the  reception  of  a  tripod  to  support  a  temporary  light,  he  unearthed 
a  skele^ton  together  with  a  large  array  of  implements.  The  skele- 
ton was  in  a  reclining  position  with  the  implements  placed  beneath 
the  shoulders.  Mr.  Boucher  very  generously  presented  me  with 
the  skull,  the  bones  of  the  pelvis  and  the  implements.  These 
latter  consisted  of  an  iron  tomahawk,  three  knives,  five  gouge-like 
iron  tools,  some  beaver  teeth,  a  bone  gouge,  a  bone  skin-dresser, 
a  bone  harpoon  and  a  bone  netting  needle,  a  copper  kettle  with  an 
iron  handle,  a  bar  of  wrought  iron  perforated  near  the  middle, 
.some  pieces  of  sheet  lead,  a  number  of  shell  beads  or  disks,  a  flint 
for  making  fire,  and  a  quantity  of  human  hair  made  into  fringe  and 
wrapped  in  birch  bark. 

Sketches  of  this  tomahawk  and  of  the  one  found  by  Mr.  Edey 
were  sent  for  identification  to  Mr.  David  Boyle,  curator  of  the 
Archaeological  Museum  at  Toronto.  As  Mr.  Boyle  is  one  of  our 
most    distinguished   archfeologists,    and    one   who   has   had    large 


234  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  *       [January 

experience  in  the  study  of  Indian  relics,  his  own  description  of  the 
weapon  will  be  far  clearer  than  any  that  might  be  substituted  by 
me.     He  says  : — 

"  The  tomahawks  of  which  you  send  drawings  are  un- 
doubtedly French.  We  have  many  bearing-  a  similar  mark.  The 
British  ones  usually  have  a  round  eye  and  are  not  nearly  so  well 
made  as  the  French  tools.  They  are  also  smaller  and  handier, 
according  to  Indian  notions,  for  we  have  several  examples  of 
attempts,  successful  and  otherwise,  to  make  the  French  ones 
lighter  by  laboriously  sawing  off  longitudinal  sections  with  flints, 
just  as  if  the  tools  had  been  made  of  stone." 

"The  French  stamps  vary  somewhat,  and  tools  of  British 
make  have  seldom  any  stamp  at  all.  There  is  quite  a  little  field 
for  investigation  respecting  the  makers  and  the  stamps.  I  fancy 
that  each  trading  company  had  its  own  mark,  those  from,  say 
Rochelle  being  distinguishable  thus,  from  those  made  in  or  com- 
ing from  Havre  or  St.  Malo.      This,  however,  is  only  a  surmise." 

The  iron  tomahawk  from  the  Lighthouse  Island  is  made  with 
a  slide  eye,  and  is  2  lbs.  and  i  ^  ozs.  in  weight. 

The  three  knives  are  all  of  the  same  pattern  but  of  different 
sizes.  As  they  are  so  badly  rusted,  it  is  impossible  to  find  any 
marks  on  them  by  which  they  might  be  identified.  One  of  them 
has  a  wooden  handle,  inlaid  with  a  vine-like  design  in  copper. 
One  ot  them  is  strongly  made,  with  a  6-inch  blade,  and  was  doubt- 
less the  one  used  in  removing  the  emblems  of  victory  from  the 
heads  of  slain  enemies,  in  other  words,  the  scalping-knife. 

The  five  gouge-like  tools  are  of  iron,  and  therefore  of  Euro- 
pean make.  It  is  difficult  to  say,  however,  for  what  purpose  they 
were  used,  Mr.  Boyle  inclines  to  the  belief  that  from  the  small 
bulb  or  knob,  at  the  end  of  the  handles,  they  may  have  been  used 
by  means  of  pushing  directly  in  the  hand,  perhaps  as  skin-dressers 
or  flesh-scrapers.  The  blades  are  all  more  or  less  curved,  and 
vary  in  width  at  the  ends.  A  tool  somewhat  similar  to  these  was 
received  at  the  Toronto  museum,  not  long  since,  but  it  had  a 
straight  blade  and  vi-as  minus  the  knob  at  the  end  of  the  handle. 
It  is  just  possible  they  may  have  been  the  crooked  knives  used  by 
wood-workers  ;  but  they  are  so  badly  rusted  that  this  must  be 
merely  a  conjecture. 


igoo]  SowTER — Archeology  of  Lake  DESCHftNEs.  235 

The  bone  harpoon  is  six  inches  in  leng-th  and  a  little  more 
than  half  an  inch  in  width.  It  has  four  barbs  and  an  eye  at  the 
shank  end,  by  which  it  was  doubtless  attached  to  the  shaft. 

The  bone  netting  needle  is  about  three  and  a-half  inches   in 
length    by  less   than    half   an   inch    in   width,  with    an   eve   in   the 
middle. 

The  copper  kettle,  which  is  ot  European  manufacture,  is  in  a 
g-ood  state  of  preservation  and  still  bears  the  marks  of  fire  upon 
the  bottom.  The  bottom  has  not  been  knocked  in  by  the  stroke 
of  a  tomahawk,  so  as  to  render  it  useless,  as  is  the  case  with 
many  specimens  from  western  Ontario.  It  is  about  six  inches 
across  the  top,  and  four  inches  in  depth.  The  handle,  however,  is 
badly  rusted  and  might  be  broken  by  careless  handling. 

The  bone  gouge  and  the  skin  dresser  are  made,  the  former 
from  a  human  thigh  bone  and  the  latter  from  a  human  jawbone, 
from  which  we  are  constrained  to  form  a  very  low  estimate  of  the 
moral  status  of  their  owner,  who  thus  appropriated  portions  of  a 
fellow-creature's  anatomy  from  which  to  fabricate  his  domestic 
implements. 

The  hair  fringe  is  a  specimen  of  intricate  and  beautiful  work- 
manship, and  a  tangible  example  of  the  delicate  manipulation  of 
the  aboriginal  hair-dresser.  In  his  archaeological  report,  1897-98, 
to  the  iVIinister  of  Education  for  Ontario,  Mr.  David  Boyle,  in 
reference  to  native  textile  work,  has  written  :  "Before  very  long 
we  shall  be  unable  to  become  possessed  of  such  specimens,  and  an 
effort  should  be  made  at  once  to  collect  every  available  type- 
sample  of  woven  work  from  the  hands  of  our  Indians."  As  this  is 
a  timely  and  valuable  suggestion,  I  have  been  particularly  careful 
in  ascertaining  the  exact  texture  of  this  piece  of  hair  work.  The 
warp,  into  which  the  hair  is  woven,  consists  of  three  threads 
about  the  thickness  of  and  somewhat  resembling  ordinary  stout 
sewing  cotton.  Examined  through  a  common  magnifying  glass, 
these  threads  appear  to  have  been  spun  from  the  inner  fur  of  some 
animal,  such  as  the  beaver,  the  otter,  or  the  muskrat,  or  from 
fine  human  hair  from  the  head  of  a  child.  As  the  loom  in  which 
the  fringe  was  fabricated  was  not  buried  with  him,  and  a  descrip- 
tion of  it,  therefor,  being  out  of  the  question,  let  us  suppose  that 
the  ancient  weaver  adopted  for  the   purpose  some   contrivance  of 


236  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [January 

the  simplest  and  most  primitive  character.  His  hunting-  bow  may 
have  suggested  the  use  of  a  piece  ot  bent  wood,  which,  being 
strung  with  the  warp  threads  one  above  the  other,  the  thin  strands 
of  hair  which  constituted  the  weft  were  manipulated  in  something 
like  the  following  manner  :  One  of  these  strands  was  taken 
and  one  end  ot  it  passed  outward  between  the  middle  and 
upper  warp  threads,  around  the  upper  thread,  forward  and  down- 
ward across  it  and  the  middle  one,  outward  between  the  middle 
and  lower  threads,  around  the  lower  one,  forward  and  upward 
across  this  and  the  middle  one,  again  passed  outward  between  the 
middle  and  upper  threads,  then  around  the  upper  one  and  outward 
again  between  it  and  the  middle  one,  around  behind  the  middle 
thread  and  forward  between  it  and  the  lower  one.  The  free  ends 
of  the  strand,  one  on  each  side  of  the  centre  warp  thread,  were 
then  united  and  drawn  forward  with  one  hand,  while  with  the 
thumb  and  finger  of  the  other  both  warp  and  weft  were  brought 
firmly  together.  Succeeding  strands  having  been  treated  in  a 
similar  manner  and  connected  with  each  other  by  a  lateral  or  side- 
long pressure,  the  result  was  a  section  of  hair  fringe  with  a  selvage 
of  about  ^  of  an  inch  in  width.  Figure  loa  in  Plate  II,  repre- 
sents a  3-ply  strand  of  twine  woven  loosely  through  a  warp  of 
three  threads,  to  illustrate  the  weaving  of  the  hair  fringe  in 
Fig.  10. 

The  shell  beads  or  discs  are  a  little  over  ^s  of  an  inch  in 
diameter,  and  appear  to  have  been  made  from  the  shells  of  the 
Unio. 

In  looking  over  the  bones  belonging  to  the  same  skeleton, 
which  Mr.  Boucher  had  collected  for  the  purpose  of  re-interring 
them,  Dr  R.  W.  Neill,  of  Aylmer,  now  of  Balmoral,  Manitoba, 
picked  out  a  segment  of  the  lumbar  vertebrae  of  an  Indian  that  was 
transfixe'd  by  a  bone  arrowhead.  Dr.  Neill  very  generously  pre- 
sented this  interesting  relic  to  me,  thereby  furnishing  us  with  ^ 
striking  example  of  the  deadly  nature  of  this  aboriginal  weapon, 
and  a  graphic  illustration  of  the  manner  in  which  the  deceased 
warrior  met  his  death.  This  bone  belonged  to  the  Indian 
unearthed  by  Mr.  Frank  Boucher  on  the  Lighthouse  Island.  The 
shank  of  the  arrowhead,  which  had  pierced  the  spinal  cord  from 
behind,  is  broken  off",   doubtless  by  the  falling  of  the  body,   the 


igooj  SowTER— ArcH/Eologv  of  Lake  DESCHftNEs.  237 

lower  portion  of  which  would  become  immediately  paralyzed  as  a 
matter  of  course  ;  so  that  this  victim  ot  inter-tribal  warfare  in  all 
probability  passed  to  his  happy  hunting-  grounds  with  the  war- 
whoop  still  ringing  in  his  ears  and  his  scalping  tuft  in  the  hands 
of  a  triumphant  enemy. 

It  is  indeed  a  gruesome  relic  and  carries  the  mind  back  to  a 
time  in  the  history  of  New  France  when  the  line  of  communica- 
tion, by  the  way  of  St.  Lawrence,  between  the  Indians  of  the 
great  lakes  and  the  lower  French  settlements  had  been  severed  by 
the  blood-stained  tomahawk  of  the  Iroquois,  and  the  northern  and 
western  tribes  were  beset  at  the  carrying  places  and  vulnerable 
points  on  the  "  River  of  the  Ottawas  "  by  the  implacable  hostility 
of  their  southern  neighbours. 

I  might  say  in  conclusion,  that  as  we  have  in  the  membership 
of  the  Field  Naturalists'  Club  some  of  the  most  eminent  scientific 
men  in  America,  it  would  be  well  if  some  of  these  would  devote 
some  of  their  leisure  time  to  the  study  of  Canadian  archaeology. 
We  have  in  the  vicinity  of  Ottawa  a  splendid  field  of  investigation 
and  I  trust  that  the  study  of  ethnic  history,  in  this  domain,  will 
reflect  honour  upon  the  members  of  the  Field  Naturalists'  Cub. 

ILLUSTRATIONS. 


PLATE  I. 

Figure  J. — Pipe-tomaliawk,  |j  diameter,  from  Mr.  S.  H.  Edej's  farm,  N,>^  of 
lot  19,  2nd  concession  of  the  township  of  South  Hull. 

figure  2. — Tomahawk,  '/j  diameter,  from  Indian  grave  on  Lighthouse  Island, 
near  Aylmer. 

Figure  2ci. — French  stamp,  natural  size  on  Fig.  2. 

Figure  j. — Stone  celt,  l/j  diameter,  from  Bell's  Bay,   Lake  Deschenes. 

Figure  ^. — Segment  of  lumbar  vertebrae  of  Indian,  natural  size,  pierced  by 
bone  arrowhead,  from  Lighthouse  Island,  near  Aylmer. 

Figure  ^a.  —  Flat  side  of  bone  arrowhead  in  Fig.  4. 

Figure  5,  —  Bone  netting  needle,  '/^  diameter,  from  Indian  grave  on  Light- 
house  Island. 

Figure  6. — Shell  bead,  from  Indian  grave  on  Lighthouse  Island. 

Figure  7. — Silver  bangle,  >nake  Island   Point,  Lake  Deschenes. 

Figure  8. — Bone  harpoon,  ',^  diameter,  from  Indian  grave  on  Lighthouse 
Island. 


238  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [Jannary 

PLATE  II. 

Figure  i. — Squaw's  knife  of  dark  flint,  y^  diameter,  from  Lake  Deschenes. 

Figures  j-'^.-VWwK  arrowheads,   Vz  diameter,  from  Lake  Deschenes. 

Figure  S. — Skin  scraper,  made  from  human  jawbone,     V^    diameter,    from    In- 

dia'n  grave,  Lig-hthouse  Island. 
Figure  9.-  Gouge  made   from    human  thigh  bone,    %  diameter,  from    Indian 

grave  on  Lighthouse  Island. 
Figure  jo.— Hair   fringe,    natural   size,    but    hair     yz  the  natural  length,  from 

Indian  grave,  on  Lighthouse  Island. 
Figure  loa. — Twine  woven  loosely  to  show  method    of   weaving  hair  fringe  in 

figure  10. 
Figure  11. — Copper  Kettle,  ^  diameter,    from    Indian   grave   on    Lighthouse 

Island, 
Figures  12-1^. — Knives  of  European  make,  ]A,  diameter,  from   Indian  grave  on 

Lighthouse  Island. 

PLATE  III. 

Figures  7-5. — Front  view  of  gouge-like  implements  or  crooked  knives,  >^ 
diameter,  from  Indian  grave  on  Lighthouse  Island. 

Figures  ja-^a. — Side  view  of  figures  i  to  5. 

Figures  6-7. — Gun  flints,  natural  size, from  Lighthouse  Island,  Lake  Deschenes. 

Figure  8. — Stone  slab,  i/io  diameter,  lettered  J.P.O.T.,  from  grave  on  Light- 
house Island. 


ON  SOME  TRENTON  (ORDOVICIAN)  FOSSILS  FROM 
THE  LIGHT  GRAY  LIMESTONES  OF  CUMBERLAND, 
COUNTY  OF  RUSSELL,  ONTARIO,   CANADA. 


By    H,   M.   Ami,  M.  A..   F.  G.  S. 

Some  weeks  ago  I  received  from  my  friend,  Dr.  F.  Slater 
Jackson,  of  the  Biolog-ical  Laboratories,  McGill  University,  a  small 
but  interesting  collection  of  fossil  organic  remains  made  by  him  in 
1890,  at  Cumberland,  some  24  miles  below  Ottawa  City. 

They    proved    on    examination    to  be  eminently  characteristic   , 
forms  of  the  Trenton  formation  in  the    Ordovician    System.      This 
collection  enables  the  writer  to  complete  more    perfectly    the    suc- 
cession of  life-zones  in  the  Ordivician  of  that  locality. 

On  the  occasion  of  the  Ottawa  PMeld-Naturalists'  Club  ex- 
cursion to  Cumberland  on  the  15th  of  July,  1899,  the  Calciferous, 
Chazy,  Black  River  and  Trenton   formations — the  latter  only   very 


igoo]        Ami-  On  Some  Trenton  (Ordovician)  Fossii-s. 


239 


imperfeclly — were  examined  and  recognised  as  forming  a  regular 
succession  of  well-nigh  horizontal  strata  which  appear  along  the 
Ottawa  River  front  and  form  a  more  or  less  conspicuous  series  ot 
cliffs  and  planes  in  ascending  order  until  the  summit  of  the  high- 
land is  reachtd  south  of  Cumberland,  where  the  Trenton  formation 
and  the  overlying  Pleistocene  deposits  make  their  appearance. 
This  locality  is  evidently  a  most  interesting  one  inasmuch  as  it 
gives  the  geologist  and  collector  an  uninterrupted  succession  of 
fossiliferous  sedimentary  strata  from  the  Calciferous  to  the  Tren- 
ton at  least,  without  the  presence  of  the  faults  and  folds  or  dislo- 
cations so  prevalent  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  Ottawa,  which 
tend  to  obscure  and  puzzle  the  student  of  geology. 

The  following  list  of  species  of  organic  remains  collected  by 
Dr.  F.  S.  Jackson  in  the  light-gray,  semi-crystalline  limestone  of 
Cumberland  in  i8go,  as  determined  by  the  writer,  are  presented  in 
the  hope  that  they  may  serve  to  stimulate  some  of  the  local  collec- 
tors to  visit  that  interesting  locality  where  our  Ordovician  forma- 
tions are  so  well  seen  and  developed. 

ZOOPHYTA. 

1.  Streptelasma  corniculum,  Hall  or  allied  form. 

ECHINODERMATA. 

2.  Criiioidal  fragments,  not  determinable. 

BayozoA. 

3.  Branching'   form,    requires   a   micro-section   before  it  can  be  identified 
with  certainty. 

Brachiopoda. 

4.  Plectambonites  sericea,  Sowerby,  typical  form. 

5.  Strophomena  fluctuosa,  Billings. 

6.  Rafinesquina  alternata,  Conrad  (Emmons). 

7.  Stropliomena,  cf.  S.  tenuistriata,  Sowerby. 

8.  Platystrophia  biforata,  var.  lynx,  Eichwald. 

9.  Rhyncheoma    inaequivalvis,  Castelnau. 

10.  Zygospira  recurvirostra,  Hall. 

Gastropoda. . 

11.  Liospira  Progne,  Billings. 

12.  Trochonema  umbilicatum,  Hall. 

13.  Hormotoma  gracilis,  Hall. 

14.  (?)  Omospira  Alexandra,    Billings, 


240  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [January 

Trilobita. 

15.  Asaphus,  sp.   fragments  of  what  appear  to  represent  Asaphus  ptaty- 
cephalus,  Stokes. 

16.  Calymene  senaria,  Conrad;  a  fine  pygidium. 

17.  (?)  Lichas,  sp.  cf.  L.  Trentonensis,   H. 

Oi  the  above,  Sttophomena  fliictuosa,  Billings,  and  the  form 
referred  to  (?)  Omospira  Alexandra^  Billings,  are  of  special  interest, 
the  former  species  having  been  founded  on  specimens  occurring 
in  the  Trenton  limestones  of  Ottawa  City,  and  the  latter  from 
the  limestones  of  Paquette's  Rapids,  Ottawa  River,  below 
Pembroke.  With  the  generous  consent  of  Dr.  Jackson,  this  col- 
lection of  Trenton  fossils  will  be  presented  to  the  local  collection 
at  the  Normal  School,  where  it  is  now  deposited. 

Ottawa,  Nov.  24th,  1899. 


I 


PAL.^ONTOLOGICAL  NOTES. 


In  Doctor  G.  F.  Matthew's  "  Studies  on  Cambrian  faunas," 
Nos.  3  and  |  and  "The  Etcheminian  fauna  of  Smith  Soufrd,  New- 
foundland," just  issued  by  the  Royal  Society  of  Canada,  Trans, 
vol.  V,  section  4,  series  2,  1899-1900.  (1899),  the  following  new 
genera  and  species  of  Canadian  fossil  organic  remains  are  des- 
cribed : 

/.  —  Upper  Cambrian  fossils  from  Mount  Stephen,  Field,  B.C. 
(From  the  cabinets  of  Mr.  Byron  E.  Walker,  F.G.S., 
Toronto,  Ont.) 

Annelida  (=  Pteropoda  of  other  writers.) 

Urotheca,  (n,  gen.)  Matthew,  1899. 
U.   flagellum,  Mattew. 
U.  parva,  Matthew. 

BvRONiA,  (n.  gen.)  Matthew,  1899. 
B.  annulata,  Matthew. 
Orthotheca  corrugala,  Matthew. 
Hyolithes  carinatus,  Matthew. 

Trilobita, 
Agnostus  montis,  (emend.)  Matthew, 
Corynexochus  Roemingeri,  Matthew, 


igoo]  Pal^ontological  Notes.  241 

Dolichometopus  occidentalis,  Matthew. 
Bathyuriscus  pupa,  Matthew. 

Xeolenus,  (n.  gfen.)  Matthew.  1899. 
N.  granulatus,  Matthew, 
Oryctocephalus  Walkeri,  Matthew. 

Besides  the  above,  Dr.  Matthew  also  records  the  occurrence 
at  Mt.  Stephen,  of  the  following  forms  from  the  Walker  col- 
lection : 

.\XNELID.\. 

Hj'olithes,  sp. 

Trilobita. 
Ptychoparia  cordillera;,  Rominger. 
Bathyuriscus  Howelli,  Walcott. 
Neolenus  serralus,  Roming-er,  sp. 
Doropyge  Darwini,  Walcott,  sp. 
Zacanthoides  spinosus,  Walcott. 
^^g'/R'a  (Og-ygopsis)  Klotzi,   Rominger. 

Dr.  Matthew  then  gives  a  very  careful  analysis  of  the  genera 
obtained  from  the  Mt.  Stephen  horizon,  and  the  percentage  of  their 
occurrence,  with  the  use  of  comparative  tables.  He  concludes  by 
making  the  following  statement  :  "  The  Mouut  Stephen  Fauna  is 
essentially  Upper  Cambrian.  "  This  places  the  horizon  of  the  Mount 
Stephen  trilobite  bed  (at  an  altitude  of  between  eight  and  nine 
thousand  feet  above  sea-level)  a  higher  position  than  had  pre- 
viously been  assigned  to  it. 

//.  —  Studies  on   Cambrian  Faunas,  No.  4 — Fragments  of  the  Cam- 
brian Faunas  of  Neivfoundland. 

In  this  paper  Dr.  Matthew  discusses  the  succession  of  faunas 
in  Newfoundland,  and  combats  the  "  conclusion  so  universally 
adopted"  that  the  Olenellus  zone  occurs  below  the  Paradoxides 
zone.  He  reverts  to  the  arrangement  of  the  succession  of  strata 
of  E.  Billings  in  1864.  In  this  connection  Dr.  Matthew  writes  : 
"  The  impossibility  of  finding  the  genus  Olenellus  0/-  its  uccompanv- 
ing fau7ia  in  the  strata  of  the  Eastern  Provinces  of  Canada,  below 
Paradoxides  (which  strata  were  eventually  found  to  contain  a 
considerable  fauna  of  trilobites)  led  him  in  1892  to  propound  the 
view  that  Olenellus  might  be  contemporaneous  with  Paradoxides 
but  confined  to  a  different  habitat.      This  surmise  was,   in  a  sense, 


242 


The  Ottawa  Naturalist. 


[January 


confirmed  by  the  finding'  of  the  fauna  accompanying  Olenellus, 
thouo^h  not  that  genus  itself,  in  company  with  the  highest  sub-zone 
of  Paradoxides    at   Hastings  Cove  near  St.  John,  in  1896." 

The    following     fossil    organic    remains     are     described     and 
recorded  by  Dr.  Matthew  in  the  text.* 

I^isT  OF  Newfoundland  Fossils  described  and  noted. 


Species. 

Locality. 

Horizon, 

Obolella  Atlantica,  Walcott. 

Foster's  (Smith's)  Ft,  Smith 

Lower    part     of  the 

Sound,  Nfld, 

Protolenus  Zone. 

Raphistomn    {?)     Kelliensis, 

Kelly's  I,,    Conception  Bay, 

Upper  Cambrian, 

Matihow. 

Nfld, 

(Howley  &  Walcott) 

Arenicolites  antiquatus,  Bill- 

Great    Bell    I.,     Conception 

ingrs. 

Bay.  Nfld. 

do 

Arenicolites  brevis, Matthew 

do 

do 

Ctenichiiites  ingens  (?)  Mat- 

thew. 

do 

do 

Hyolithes    Hatheivayi,  Mat- 

thew. 

Microdiscus  bellimucronatus 

Shaler  &  Foerste,  mut,  iii- 

Manuel's  Brook. 

Protolenus  Zone, 

sularis,  «.  nuit. 

Agraulos    (Strenuella)    stre- 

Red    limestones    of  Brigus ; 

nua,  Billing-s,  mut.  robusta 

calcareous  shales  of  Man- 

do 

n.  mut. 

unl's  Rrook. 

Strenuella  (?)  Attleborensis, 

Manuel's,    Bonception    Bay, 

do 

Shaler  &  Foerste. 

Nfld. 

Mut.   vigilaiis,   n.  mut. 

Manuel's,  Conception  Bay. 

do 

Micinacca  Walcotti,  Matthew 

shale  No.  3,  Con- 

Above basal  conglo- 

ception Bay. 

merate,  Protolenus 
Zone. 

"  Augimargo,  Matthew. 

do 

do 

Avalo7iia  plana,  Matthew. 

do 

do 

Protolenus     Howleyi,    Wal- 

Foster's  Point,    Smith's 

Lower  part  of  P  roto- 

cott  sp.  (?)  non  P.  HarveA'i 

Soimd. 

lenus  Zone. 

Metadoxides  magnificus, 

Manuel's    Station,    Concep- 

do 

Matthew. 

tion  Bay,  Nfld. 

Atops  triliiieatus,  Emmons, 

Manuel's  Brook  (??) 

Subzone    of   Parad- 
oxides bed(?) 

Erinnys  breviceps,  Angelin. 

Manuel's  Brook. 

"  Paradoxides  Dav- 
idis    sub-fauna. 

*  Italicized  names  being  those  new  to  science  and    just  published  (loc.  cit. 
supra.) 

III.      The  Etcheminian  Fauna  of  Smith  Souttd,  Nezvfoufidland.    By 
Dr.   G.  F.  Matthew. 

The  fossils    described    under  this  head     "are  from  the  Upper 
Limestone  of  the  Etcheminian  series   at    Smithy    Sound  an  inlet  of 


IQOO]  PAL.EONTOLOGICAL    NOTES. 


243 


Trinity  Bay,  Newfoundland  (one  is  from  the  shale  immediately 
below  the  limestone),  and  were  collected  in  the  summer  of  1898." 
They  include  the  following-  forms  : 

Brachiopoda. 

Obolella,  cf.  O.  chromatica,  Billings. 
Kutorgina  granulata,  Matthew. 
Gasteropoda. 

Scenella,  cf.  S.  reticulata,  Billing's. 

"         cf.  retusa,  Ford. 
Randomia  Aurorse,  Matthew. 
Parmophorella  (?)  paupera,  Billings,  sp. 
Platyeeras  transversum,  Matthew. 
"  radiatum,  Matthew. 

"  cymbula,  Matthew. 

Lamellibranchi.\ta. 

Modiolopsis  thecoides,  Matthew. 
Annelida. 

Urotheca  pervetus,  Matthew. 
Helenia  granulata,  Matthew. 
Hyolithellus  micans,  Billings. 

(?)  flexuosiis,  Matthew. 

Coleoides  typicalis,  Walcott. 
Orthotheca  pugio,  Matthew. 
"  sica,  Matthew. 

stiletto,  Matthew. 
"  bayonet,  Matthew. 

Hyolithes  excellens,  Billings. 
"  rugosus,  Matthew . 

Crustacea. 

Aptychopsis  terranovicus,  Matthew. 

"  "  milt,  arcuata, 

These  three  papers  are  published  in  consecutive  order  in  the 
Trans,  of  the  Royal  Society  of  Canada  and  form  pp.  39 — 119  of 
Vol.  V,  second  series,  and  contain  eight  plates  of  illustration  of 
species  described  in  the  text.  They  form  one  of  the  most  import- 
ant additions  made  to  our  knowledge  of  the  oldest  fossils. — H.  M.  A. 


244  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [January 

In  the  Geological  Magazine,  Vol.  6,  No.  8,  August,  1899, 
pp.  358-361,  Mr.  F".  R.  Cowper  Reed  of  the  Woodvvardian 
Museum,  describes  ^' A  A'^e7v  Trilobite  from  Mount  Stephen,  Field, 
B.C.''  A  new  species  of  Oryctocephalus,  O.  Reynoldsi,  is  the  name 
given  by  Mr.  Reed  from  the  calcareous  shales  of  Mount  Stephen — 
the  trilobite  bed— referred  to  the  Upper  Cambrian  by  Dr.  Matthew 
and  the  Middle  Cambrian  by  Dr.  Walcott.— H.  M.  A. 


REPORT    OF  THE  ENTOMOLGICAL  BRANCH,    1899. 

(Presented  at  meeting  held  December  12th,  1899.) 

The  Leaders  of  the  Entomological  Branch  are  pleased  to 
report  that  there  has  been  a  marked  increase  in  the  work  done  b}- 
this  Br?nch  during  the  year.  A  welcome  addition  to  its  ranks  is 
Mr.  Arthur  Gibson,  a  new  assistant  in  the  Entomological  Division 
of  the  Central  Experimental  Farm. 

Considerable  additions  have  been  made  to  local  lists,  par- 
ticularly of  Nocturnal  Lepidoptera,  which  have  been  specially 
collected  and  bred  by  Messrs.  Fletcher,  Gibson,  Young  and  Henry 
Saunders.  Some  of  the  more  interesting  species  of  moths  and 
caterpillars  are  shown  here  to-night,  and  will  we  trust  be  of 
interest  to  the  members  of  the  club,  and  an  inducement  to  some  to 
join  the  Branch  and  help  in  this  interesting  and  useful  work. 

The  publication  of  Dr.  Holland's  exquisite  Butterfly  Book  is  a 
notable  addition  to  the  literature  of  entomology,  and  provides  the 
beginner  with  a  most  valuable  aid  to  his  studies  of  our  most 
attractive  insects.  This  beautiful  work  will  enable  anyone  who 
wishes  to  study  our  butterflies  to  easily  identify  any  species  he  is 
likely  to  capture  in  the  district. 

Those  who  may  desire  to  study  practical  entomology  have 
many  aids  available  in  the  various  official  reports  and  publications 
issued  by  the  several  Governments  in  Canada,  as  well  as  by  the 
U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture  and  the  numerous  State  Experi- 
ment Stations. 

Many  additions  have  been  made  to  the  public  collections  of 
insects  at  the  Central  Expermental  Farm  and  the  Geological 
Survey,  as  well  as  to  the  private  collections  of  the  Leaders,  all  of 
which  are  freely  accessible  (o  any  person  wishing  to  examine  them. 


igoo]  Report  OF  THE  Entomological  Branch.  245 

Lepidoptera. — Good  work  has  been  done  in  this  order,  in 
breeding  from  the  egg  or  from  larvae  collected  in  the  field,  as  well 
as  in  collecting  at  electric  lights.  Some  nice  specimens  of 
Scopelosoma  were  bred  from  eggs  collected  in  Montreal,  and  sent 
to  Dr.  Fletcher,  by  Mr.  Dwight  Brainerd  of  that  city,  of  these  the 
perfect  insects  of  Scopelosoma  tristigmata  and  5".  morrisoni  as 
well  as  one  of  S.  sidiis  taken  at  the  Mer  Bleue,  are  shown 
here  to-night.  Erebia  epipsodea  was  reared  to  maturity  from  eggs 
received  by  post  from  Banff,  in  the  Rocky  Mountains,  and  collected 
by  Mr.  N.  B.  Sanson.  Mr.  C.  H.  Young  bred  a  large  number  of 
the  beautiful  lo  moth,  Hyperchiria  lo,  from  eggs  laid  by  a  captured 
temale  taken  in  the  month  of  August.  A  large  proportion  of  the 
moths  emerged  last  autumn,  which  is  rather  unusual.  Others 
remained  in  the  cocoons  and  will  not  emerge  until  next  spring. 

Among  the  specimens  of  moths  shown  this  evening  are  two, 
Smeriiithus  modeshis  and  Brephos  infans^  wh'ch  are  interesting  for 
the  reason  that  although  reared  from  the  egg  with  several  others, 
these  two  specimens  instead  of  emerging  at  the  usual  time,  in  the 
spring  following  pupation,  remained  in  the  pupal  condition  for  a 
whole  year  longer  and  the  perfect  insects  only  appeared  last 
spring. 

The  Leaders  wish  to  call  special  attention  to  a  remarkably 
beautiful  collection  of  inflated  caterpillars  collected  at  Ottawa  and 
prepared  by  Mr.  C.  H.  Young.  There  are  in  this  collection  over 
100  specimens  which  will  serve  to  show  the  value  oi  this  method 
of  preserving  for  study  and  exhibition  a  stage  in  the  development 
of  Lepidoptera  which  has  been  very  much  neglected  by  ento- 
mologists. 

Of  the  injurious  species  of  this  order,  special  mention  must  be 
made  of  the  serious  attacks  of  the  American  and  Forest  Tent 
Caterpillars,  which  devastated  forests  and  orchards  in  many  places 
in  the  district,  but  not  in  exactly  the  same  areas  as  in  previous 
years.  Late  in  the  season  serious  injury  was  wrought  in  turnip 
fields  and  on  cabbages  of  many  varieties  by  the  small,  active  cater- 
pillars of  the  Diamond-backed  Moth,  [Pltc/ella  cruciferarnm).  The 
parasites  which  usually  accompany  a  serious  outbreak  of  this 
insect  Limneria  parva  i?nd  Phoeogcnes  discus  were  found,  but  not  in 
the  large  numbers  ordinarily  occurring.      Late  in  the  season  much 


246  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [January 

damag"e  was  observed  upon  forest  trees  of  various  kinds  by  the 
caterpillars  of  a  small  moth,  not  yet  identified,  which  webbed  the 
leaves  together  and  consumed  much  of  their  substance.  Maples 
and  beeches  were  the  trees  most  attacked. 

Diptera.-  -A  subject  which  has  been  of  considerable  interest 
to  the  Leaders  is  an  injury  to  new  bricks,  previous  to  burning, 
brought  to  their  notice  by  Mr.  Walter  S.  Odell.  The  larvae  caus- 
ing the  in;ury  travel  up  from  the  ground  and  burrow  in  the  surface 
of  the  soft  bricks,  thus  disfiguring  them  very  much.  On  two  or  three 
previous  occasions  larvae  have  been  submitted  by  Mr.  Odell,  but  it 
was  not  until  the  present  season  that  the  perfect  insect  was  reared. 
Dr.  Howard,  of  Washington,  to  whom  a  specimen  was  sent  for 
determination,  reports  the  species  to  be  Pachyrhina  sodahs,  Loew. 
This  is  one  of  tbe  Tipulidae,  or  Crane-flies,  the  larvae  of  which  are 
known  by  agriculturists  as  Leather-jackets,  many  of  which  are 
extremely  injurious  to  growing  crops.  The  injuries  of  the  above- 
mentioned  species  have  been  noticed  in  the  brickyards  both  in 
autumn  and  spring,  showing  that  this  curious  habit  is  manifested 
not  merely  at  the  time  when  the  larvae  are  seeking  suitable  places 
for  pupation. 

Among  injurious  flies  one  of  the  notable  attacks  of  the  past 
season  has  been  that  of  root-maggots  (Anthomyidae)  to  all 
cruciferous  crops.  Another  species  of  the  same  family  has  been 
troublesome  this  year  by  its  attacks  upon  the  young  shoots  of 
various  species  of  cultivated  Dianthus,  and  also  of  the  elegant 
garden  plant  GyPsophila  patiiculata.  This  last  attack  has  been 
observed  for  some  years,  but  was  first  noticed  this  season  by  Mrs. 
M.  J.  Whelan,  by  whom  specimens  were  sent  to  the  Leaders. 

A  preliminary  list  of  Ottawa  Diptera  and  some  notes  upon 
these  insects  will  be  presented  by  Mr.  Harrington  this  evening, 
illustrated  by  specimens  of  many  of  the  species. 

Hemiptera. — In  this  order  some  investigations  have  been 
made  upon  the  local  species  of  Scale-insects  and  Plant-lice.  The 
most  remarkable  occurrence  of  these  insects  has  been  a  severe 
attack  upon  Elm-trees,  during  the  month  of  August,  by  a  species 
of  plant-louse,  which  appeared  so  abundantly  upon  shade-trees  as 
to  render  sitting  or  walking  beneath  them   exceedingly  unpleasan 


I  goo]  Report  of  the  Entomological  Branch.  247 

by  reason  of  the  copious  showers  of  honey-dew  which  were  ejected. 
Sidewalks  and  seats  beneath  such  trees  were  made  both  unsightly 
and  disgusling-.  Later,  the  trees  themselves  took  on  a  dirty  black 
appearance  from  the  copious  growth  of  the  fungus  Fnmago 
salicina,  which  always  develops  under  similar  conditions. 

Another  attack  which  requires-  mention  was  by  a  large  and 
previously  undescribed  Aphid,  the  Destructive  Pea-louse,  which  not 
only  did  considerable  harm  to  Sweet  Peas  in  Gardens  at  Ottawa, 
but  was  a  most  serious  pest  to  crops  of  Field  Peas  in  many  parts 
of  the  Dominion  as  well  as  in  the  United  States.  This  insect  has 
been  named  Nectarophora  destructor  hy  Prof.  Johnson  of  College 
Park,  Md.  Several  species  of  its  enemies  were  collected  in  the  field 
or  bred  from  Ottawa  individuals.  Among  these  the  following 
have  been  identified  :  Praon  cerasaphis,  Aphidins  Fletcheri,  Ash- 
mead  (N.  sp.);  Syrphus  tibessii,  Coccinella  gnotata,  and  C.  trans- 
versoguttata. 

In  conclusion,  the  Leaders  again  invite  all  interested  in  the 
study  of  insects  to  make  the  fullest  use  of  them  during  the  season 
1900,  whether  they  should  be  re-appointed  as  Leaders  or  not. 

W.  H.  Harrington,  1    ^ 

^  \  Leaders. 

James  Fletcher,         ( 


REVIEWS. 


Report  on  the  Geology  and  Natural  Resources  of  the  Area 
Included  by  the  Nipissing  and  Temiscaming  Map  Sheets, 
Comprising  Portions  OF  the  District  of  Nipissing,  Ontario, 
AND  OF  THE  CouNTY  OF  PoNTiAC,  QuEBEC.  By  Alfred  Ernest 
Barlow,  M.A.  Geological  Survey  of  Canada,  Pt.  I,  .Annual 
Report,  Vol.  X,  1899,  p.  302. 

This  report,  accompanied  by  two  well  executed  maps  on  a 
scale  of  four  miles  to  the  inch  and  covering  an  area  of  6912  square 
miles  of  the  northern  protaxis  of  the  Dominion  of  Canada,  is  a 
valuable  addition  to  the  literature  of  the  pre-Cambrian  of  North 
America,  and  is  a  further  instalment  of  the  work  which  is  being 
systematically  carried  forwatd  by  the  Dominion  Geological  Survey 


248 


The  Ottawa  Naturalist. 


[January 


on  these  older  rocks.  The  two  maps,  constituting  what  are 
known  as  sheets  Nos.  131  and  138  of  the  Canadian  Series,  lie  in 
the  Upper  Ottawa  district  along  the  border  of  the  two  provinces 
of  Quebec  and  Ontario,  and  comprise  portions  of  both.  Lake 
Nipissing-  and  Lakes  Temagami,  Temiscaming  and  Keepawa,  as 
well  as  many  smaller  bodies  of  water,  are  included  in  the  area, 
and  afford  along  their  shores  especially  good  opportunities  for  the 
prosecution  of  geological  work. 

After  presenting  a  general  account  of  the  early  explorations 
in  this  region,  some  of  which  date  back  almost  to  the  time  of  the 
earliest  settlement  of  the  country  by  the  French,  and  of  previous 
surveys,  the  physical  features  of  the  country  are  described.  The 
area  is  a  great  uneven  or  gently  undulating  rocky  plateau,  sloping 
somewhat  to  the  east  and  northeast,  having  a  general  elevation  of 
of  900  to  1200  feet  above  sea-level,  the  level  being  so  nearly 
uniform  that  hills  50  to  100  feet  higher  are  conspicuous  topo- 
graphical features.  This  peneplain  is  traversed  in  a  north  and 
south  direction  along  one  line  of  a  very  deep  and  rocky  gorge,  in 
which  lie  Lake  Temiscaming  and  the  Ottawa  River.  The  hills,  or 
cliffs,  rise  to  a  height  of  400  to  600  feet  from  the  water  on  either 
side,  while  the  water  of  the  lake  is  400  feet  deep,  the  bottom  of 
the  gorge  being  filled  with  a  fine  silt.  The  depression  is  thus 
1000  feet  deep  and  represents  a  great  canon  similar  to  those  which 
are  found  on  the  margin  of  the  northern  protaxis  at  so  man)  other 
points.  Several  smaller  rivers  also  occ\ipy  similar  depressions. 
"The  detailed  examination  of  the  region,  however,  amply  demon- 
strates that  the  sculpturing  to  which  the  surface  owes  its  present 
configuration  was  practically  completed  long  before  the  advent  of 
the  glacial  epoch,  and  that  the  main  valleys,  especially  those  of 
the  Ottawa  and  Mattawa  rivers,  were  in  existence  long  prior  to 
the  deposition  of  the  Palaeozoic  sediments."  With  the  exception 
of  some  comparatively  small  areas  occupied  by  Palaeozoic  outliers, 
ranging  in  age  from  Black  River  to  Niagara,  the  district  is  under- 
lain by  rocks  of  Laurentian  and  Huronian  age.  The  Laurentian, 
with  the  exception  of  a  few  small  occurrences,  is  represented 
exclusively  by  the  Fundamental  Gneiss,  a  mass  ol  granitic  and 
dioritic  rocks,  usually  possessing  a  foliated  structure  in  which  are 
many  streak^,  bands    or    inclusions  of   basic    character,  allied    to 


1900]  Reviews.  249 

diorites  or  diabases  in  composition  and  representing  either  basic 
segregations  from  the  granitic  magma  or  portions  of  basic  intru- 
sions caught  up  in  it.  This  Fundamental  Gneiss,  it  is  beheved, 
probably  represents  the  original  crust  of  the  earth  which  has 
undergone  successive  fusions  and  re-cementations  before  reaching 
its  present  condition.  In  placing  these  rocks  at  the  base  of  the 
series  it  is  not  intended  to  assert  that  they  stand  for  any  distinct 
or  prolonged  period  of  geological  time,  nor  to  affirm  that  these 
rocks  in  their  present  condition  and  with  the  foliation  which  they 
now  possess  antedate  those  of  the  Huronian  system.  This,  as  is 
shown,  is  not  the  case  in  many,  or  even  probably  in  most,  in- 
stances. 

The  chemical  and  mineralogical  composition  of  the  gneisses, 
as  well  as  the  character  and  origin  ot  their  foliation  and  the  genetic 
relation  of  their  associated  pegmatites,  are  considered  at  length 
and  many  interesting  facts  brought  forward  which  cannot  here  he 
further  discussed. 

The  Grenville  Series,  so  extensively  developed  further  south, 
is  is  this  northern  area  represented  only  by  a  very  small  and  un- 
important occurrences  of  highly  crystalline  limestone  and  a  single 
occurrence  of  gneiss.  They  occur  isolated  from  one  another  and 
surrounded  by  Fundamental  Gneiss  on  every  side,  and  are  referred 
to  the  Grenville  Series  on  account  of  their  identity  in  petrograph- 
i  cal  character  with  the  areas  of  this  formation  immediately  to  the 
south. 

The  district  also  includes  large  tracts  of  country  underlain  by 
pyroclastic  and  epiclastic  rocks,  forming  a  northeasterly  extension 
of  the  development  of  the  "  typical"  Huionian  area  on  the  north 
shore  of  Lake  Huron.  At  one  place  on  Lake  Temiscaming,  these 
Huronian  rocks  are  found  resting  upon  the  floor  of  Fundamental 
Gneiss  on  which  they  were  originally  deposited,  and  of  whose 
detritus  they  are  made  up  ;  everywhere  else  the  Fundamental 
Gneiss  has  been  re-fused  or  softened  and  penetrates  the  superin- 
cumbent Huronian.  The  total  thickness  of  the  Huronian  in  the 
area  is  about  eighteen  hundred  feet,  made  up  as  follows  : 
I.  Breccia  Conglomerate,  600  feet.  2.  Shales  and  slaty  grey- 
wackes,  100  feet.  3.  Quartzose  grit  or  Arkose,  1 100  feet.  Asso- 
ciated with  these    Huronian    sediments  are  numerous  intrusions  of 


250  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [January 

gabbro  and  diabase,  some  of  which  pass  over  gradually  into  flesh- 
red  granites,  representing,  it  is  believed,  portions  of  one  and  the 
same  magma. 

No  attempt  is  made  in  this  report  to  correlate  the  Grenville 
Series  and  the  Huroni  in  of  the  area,  as  the  facts  are  insufficient  to 
warrant  the  attempt.  And  it  may  be  remarked  incidentally  in  this 
connection  that  a  statement  made  on  page  415  of  the  current 
volume  of  the  Journal  of  Geology,  in  reviewing  some  other  recent 
papers  on  the  Canadian  pre-Cambrian,  is  scarcely  correct.  The 
statement  is  as  follows  : 

"The  succession  and  correlation  proposed  in  the  above  papers 
by  Adams  and  Barlow  and  by  Ells  are  fundamentally  different  from 
the  traditional  one  which  has  been  held  in  Canada  for  many  years. 
The  first  departure  is  in  placing  the  Grenville  and  Hastings  Series 
as  equivalent  to  the  Huronian." 

In  the  papers  in  question  this  correlation  was  not  definitely 
made,  but  it  was  stated  in  reference  to  the  Hastings  Series  that 
"  Both  lithologically  and  stratigraphically  the  rocks  bear  a  striking 
resemblance  to  the  rocks  mapped  as  Huronian  in  the  region  to 
the  north  and  northeast  of  Lake  Huron,  and  it  seems  very  likely 
that  the  identity  of  the  two  series  may  eventually  be  established. 
The  two  areas,  however,  are  rather  widely  separated  geopraphic- 
ally  and  the  greatest  care  will  have  to  be  exercised  in  attempting 
such  a  correlation."* 

The  further  statement  made  by  the  Reviewer  that  "  Ells 
places  with  the  Huronian  all  the  sedimentary  rocks  of  Eastern 
Canada"  is  also  manifestly  inaccurate,  seeing  that  while  it  might 
terminate  the  controversy  concerning  the  upward  extension  of  the 
Huronian  to  include  in  that  system  the  whole  Palaeozoic  succession, 
Ells  certainly  did  not  advocate  this  course. 

The  Palaeozoic  outliers  in  this  area,  and  especially  that  of  the 
Niagara  age,  are  of  exceptional  interest.  Geographically  this  out 
lying  patch  of  Niagara  is  so  widely  separated  from  any  other  lo- 
cality where  rocks  of  this  age  are  known  to  exist,  that  it  has  been 
a  question  as  to  whether  it  was  formerly  connected  with  the  oc- 
currences about  Hudson  Bay  or  with  those  about    Lake    Ontario. 


*  American  Journal  of  Science,  Vol.  Ill,  March,  1897,  P-  i77- 


I  goo]  Reviews.  251 

The  strata  are  highly    fossiliferous    and    the    palajontological    evi- 
dence presented  seems  to  prove  that  the  seas  in  which  the  Niagara 
sediments  of  the  Winnipeg  basin  and  of  Hudson  Bay  were   depos 
ited  were  practically  continuous,  while  both   were    separated  from 
the  Temiscaming  basin  and  the  region  to  the  south  west. 

The  Pleistocene  history  of  the  region  seems  to  consist  of  a 
period  of  glaciation  by  a  great  ice  sheet  followed  by  profound  sub- 
mergence, during  which  time  the  ocean  invaded  a  large  portion 
of  the  Ottawa  Valley  forming  a  marine  gulf  rivalling  in  extent  the 
similar  invasions  of  the  sea  in  Palaeozoic  times.  The  direction  of 
motion  of  the  ice  varies  from  S.  7    W.  to  S.   18'  W. 

The  report  also  contains  much  information  concerning  the 
fauna,  flora  and  timber  resources  of  the  district,  and  has  appen- 
dixes giving  lists  of  elevations  and  catalogues  of  the  Palaeozoic 
fossils. 

F.    D.   Adams. 


Canadian    Geological    Nomenclature.       By    Dr.    R.    W.    Ells. 
Trans.  Roy.  Soc.  Can.,  Vol.  V,  2nd  Ser. ,  Sec.  IV,  pp.  3 — 38. 

In  this  important  contribution  to  the  Science  of  Geology,  Dr. 
Ells,  as  president  of  Section  IV  of  the  Royal  Society  of  Canada, 
discusses  the  problems  still  existing  in  Canadian  geology,  the  new 
names  added  to  the  geological  nomenclature  of  Canada,  the 
history  and  development  of  the  present  classification  employed  in 
this  country,  followed  by  a  discussion  ot  the  nomenclature  in  "the 
Great  Archsen  Complex  with  its  vast  series  of  overlying  palceozoic 
sediments  reaching  upward  in  the  geological  scale  to  the  Triassic 
formations  "  included  in  that  portion  of  Canada,  east  of  the  Red 
River  of  Manitoba.  Dr.  Ells  indicates  clearly  the  various  terms 
used  in  Nova  Scotia  and  New  Brunswick  as  well  as  in  Ontario  and 
Quebec. 

It  may  not  be  deemed  out  of  place  here  however  to  point  out 
that,  for  instance,  such  names  as  "  Dadoxylon  sandstone," 
"Cordaile  shales"  and  "  iMispec  group,"  as  applied  to  the  Devon- 
ian formations,  are  not,  in  the   strict   acceptance  of  the  word,  for- 


252  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [January 

mational    names,    but    indicate    rather,  in    two    cases   at    least,  a 
biological  zone,  a  life-zone.      The  term  "  Perry  sandstone"  is  also 
referred  to  (p.   14),  and  as  is  the  case  also  of  similar  nomenclature 
in   the    g-old-bearing^    series  of    Nova    Scotia,  no  true  formalional 
names  are  assigned.      For  such  names  as  the   "  Perry  sandstones" 
the    "  Perry  formation  "    could   be  easily  adopted  ;  for    "  Mispec 
group"    the  term    "  Mispec  formation  "    employed,  whilst  substi- 
tutes are  decidedly  necessary  for  such  expressiona  as    "  Dadoxylon 
sandstone,"    "  Cordaite    shales,"    etc. ,  which    refer   to   biological 
characters    rather  than    stand    as    names  of    a  definite  formation. 
Dr.  Ells  has  given  us  in  this  interesting  address  the  nomenclature 
used  up  to  recent  years.      It   is   manifestly  high  time,  especially  in 
Eastern  Canada,  that  some  new  and    more   modern    classification 
be  adopted.      Formational    names   ought  to  be   given  to  the    slate 
and  quartzite  series   in   the   oold-bearing    series  of   Nova  Scotia. 
If  areas  exist  which  can  be  mapped  out  over  extensive  tracts,  why 
not  adopt  some  name  which  will   be  applied  for  instance,  one  to 
the   lower  and  another   name  for  the  upper  division  of  the  gold- 
bearing  rocks  of  Nova  Scotia.      The  last  statement  refers  more 
particularly  to  the  nomenclature  used    in  the  excellent  reports  and 
on   the   maps   of  Mr.    E.    R.   Faribault,  where   the  names    "slate 
series"  and  "  quartzite  series"  are  employed  as  formational  names 
but  are   names  merely  based  on  a  description  of  their  lithological 
characters.      Dr.  Ells's  paper  is  full  of  suggestions,  and  deserves 
careful  perusal. 

H.  M.  A. 


SOIREES. 


The  first  soiree  in  the  winter  course  was  held  in  the  assembly 
hall  of  the  Normal  School,  November  28th,  when  Prof.  John  Ma- 
coun  occupied  the  chair.  Dr.  MacCabe  principal  of  the  Normal 
School,  in  a  brief  and  forcible  address  bade  the  club  welcome.  He 
spoke  of  the  educational  work  done  by  the  club  and  emphasized 
the  necessity  of  field  work  in  the  study  of  nature.  Dr.  H.  M. 
Ami,  the  president  of  the  club,  then  delivered  his  inaugural  ad- 
dress, speaking  of  the  work  accomplished  by  the  late  E.  Billings, 
who  by  his  energy    and  patient  research  did  so  much    for  palseon- 


[goo]  Soirees. 


=53 


tology  in  Canada.  The  president  then  referred  to  the  necessity  of 
erecting  some  suitable  tablet  or  memorial  in  Ottawa  to  his  mem- 
ory, as  it  was  here  that  much  of  his  best  work  was  done.  Refer 
ence  was  also  made  to  the  death  of  Sir  J.  W.  Dawson.  Appended 
to  the  biographical  sketches  of  E.  Billings  and  Sir  Wm.  Dawson 
were  lists  of  the  writings  of  each  of  these  two  Canadian  palaeon- 
tologists and  geologists.  Sir  James  Grant  also  referred  to  the 
work  done  by  the  late  E.  Billings,  with  whom  he  had  been  asso- 
ciated in  his  geological  rambles  in  and  about  Ottawa,  and  hoped 
that  a  suitable  memorial  would  be  erected  to  commemorate  his 
life-work. 

Mr.  S.  B.  Sinclair  then  gave  an  interesting  address  on  nature 
study  and  modern  methods  in  scientific  research. 

A  short  intermission  was  then  given  during  which  the  audi- 
ence examined  the  various  interesting  objects  on  exhibition.  Mi- 
croscopes under  the  management  of  Messrs.  Odell,  Halkett,  Att- 
wood  and  others,  were  well  patronized.  Among  the  exhibits  that 
were  much  appreciated  was  a  fine  collection  of  recent  shells, shown 
by  Mr.  Thomas  Whitley,  also  four  cases  of  Ontario  butterflies  and 
moths  from  the  private  collection  of  Mr.  Arthur  Gibson  of  the 
Central  Experimental  Farm.  Mr.  R.  B.  Whyte  showed  an  ex- 
cellent photograph  of  Cypripedium  pubescens.  Prof.  E.  E.  Prince 
exhibited  the  head  of  the  great  Lake  Trout,  and  Dr.  H.  M.  Ami 
showed  photographs  of  geological  phenomena  about  Ottawa,  fos- 
sils from  the  Utica  and  pleistocene  of  Ottawa,  and  human  remains 
from  Lighthouse  Island,  Aylmer,  collected  in  1899.  Messr.  S.  B. 
Sinclair,  and  D.  A.  Campbell  then  gave  an  exhibition  of  lantern 
views  showing  the  Minute  Structure  in  Flowering  Plants.  Mr. 
Campbell  explained  each  view  as  it  was  thrown  on  the  screen, 
pointing  out  the  different  kinds  of  cells  which  make  up  the  vari- 
ous parts  of  the  plant.  The  lantern  used  was  that  recently  pur- 
chased for  the  use  of  the  Normal  School  and  through  the  kindness 
of  Dr.  MacCabe,  was  placed  at  the  disposal  of  the  club  for  this 
and  ether  soirees. 


The    second  soiree    was    held    in   the   Assembly    Hall    of  the 
Y.  M.  C.  A.    on    December    12th.      In    the   absence   of    Dr.    Ami, 


254  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [January 

President  of  the  Club,  Prof.  John  Macoun  occupied  the  chair  and 
gave  a  short  opening  address  in  which  he  pointed  out  the  educa- 
tional value  of  natural  history  studies  to  young  people.  Mr.  W. 
H.Harrington  then  read  his  paper  on  "  Ottawa  Diptera."  He 
spoke  of  the  different  species  of  flies,  mentioning  those  that  were 
injurious  to  cereals,  etc.  He  also  referred  to  diseases,  and  to  the 
habit  ot  grocers  placing  fruits  and  oerries  on  the  sidewalks 
exposed  to  fli'^s  which  only  a  moment  before  may  have  come  from 
some  decaying  animal  or  vegetable  matter. 

Dr.  James  Fletcher,  of  the  Experimental  Farm,  then  gave  a 
most  interesting  address  on  "The  Rearing  of  Insects,"  and 
showed  what  great  pleasure  and  profit  might  be  obtained  from 
watching  an  insect  develop  through  all  its  stages.  He  also  gave 
many  valuable  hints  to  beginners  as  to  the  details.  Mr.  Arthur 
Gibson,  Mr.  Fletcher's  assistant,  followed  with  a  paper  on  '-Some 
Interesting  Moths  Taken  at  Ottawa."  All  three  papers  were 
illustrated  by  suitable  collections,  and  Master  Louis  Burland 
showed  a  box  of  minerals  and  fossils  neatly  labelled.  An  interest- 
ing discussion  followed,  in  which  a  number  in  the  audience  took 
part,  and  further  information  was  elicited  by  questions. 


The  third  soiree,  was  held  in  the  Assembly  Hall  of  the  Y.  M.C.  A- 
There  was  a  good  attendance  of  members  and  strangers.  Zoology, 
Ornithology  and  Geology  formed  the  topics  of  the  evening. 

Prof  E.  E,  Prince,  B.A.,  F.L.S.,  gave  a  most  interesting 
paper  "On  the  Comparative  Anatomy  of  the  Ear,"  in  which  he 
traced  the  unity  of  structure  and  arrangement  in  that  organ  from 
the  lowest  organism  up  to  the  highest  and  the  special  adaptation 
of  that  box  or  mechanical  contrivance  to  receive  vibrations  and  im- 
part them  to  the  nerves  connected  therewith.  By  means  of  a 
beautiful  series  of  coloured  and  exquisitely  prepared  and  original 
slides  thrown  upon  the  screen,  Prof.  Prince  illustrated  the  ana- 
tomy of  the  "true  ear"  in  jelly  fishes,  worms,  mollusks,  birds, 
fishes,  reptiles  and  vertebrates.  An  interesting  discussion  follow- 
ed this  paper  in  which  Messrs.  Kingston,  Whyte,  Evans  and  the 
lecturer  took  part. 


igoo]  Soirees.  255 

Mr.    Andrew    Halkett,  of   the    Marine   and  Fisheries  Depart 
ment,  then  read  his  paper  "On   Gannets    and    Cormorants,    with 
Special  Reference  to  Canadian  Forms."    This  paper  was  full  of  in- 
teresting-   notes    of   observations    made   in  the  field  and  along-  the 
shores  of  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific  in  British  North  America. 

(i)  '■'■  Noie  on  the  Occurrence  of  Ranopleu rides  in  the  Upper 
Trenton  ( Ordovician)  of  Parliament  Hill,  Otta%va,  (  anada''  ;  (2) 
"  On  a  new  species  of  Turrilepas  f/om  the  Trenton  limestone  of 
Goverfior's  Bay,  Ottawa,  Canada,^'  are  the  titles  of  two  brief  papers 
presented  by  Mr.  H.  Ami,  in  which  he  give  descriptions  of  two 
species  supposed  to  be  new  to  science.  The  first  was  a  trilobite 
from  the  Upper  half  of  the  limestone  beds  of  Parliament  Hill, 
Ottawa,  whose  affinities  came  close  to  Ranoplettrides  Canadensis, 
Billings,  described  from  the  Chazy  of  the  Township  of  Clarence, 
some  500  feet  lower  down  in  the  series  of  Ordovician  strata  in  the 
Ottawa  Valley. 

The  other  was  a  '  barnacle  '  or  cirripede  from  Governor's 
Kay,  of  which  one  of  the  small  opercular  values  was  discovered  on 
on  the  occasion  of  one  of  the  Club's  Excursions  last  April,  1899. 
Its  nearest  ally  is  Turrilepas  Canadensis,  Woodward,  from  the 
Utica  of  Gloucester,  opposite  the  Old  Rifle  Range.  Mr.  Ami  then 
drew  the  Club's  attention  to  Prof.  W.  H.  Hobb's  interesting  paper 
"  On  the  Diamond-field  of  the  Great  Lakes  "  and  gave  an  abstract 
of  its  contents,  illustrating  his  remarks  on  the  discovery  of  the 
eight  diamonds  in  Wisconsin,  Ohio  and  Michigan  glacial  gravels 
by  means  of  lantern  slides  in  which  the  probable  source  of  the 
glacial  drift  of  three  states  was  traced  to  Canada  from  the  detritus 
brought  down  by  the  Labradorean  or  Keewatin  glaciers  or  both. 

'■''Principal  Places  of  Geological  Interest  about  Ottawa"  was 
then  discussed  by  the  President  and  illustrated  by  means  of 
lantern  slides.  Dr.  Fletcher,  Messrs.  A.  W.  Brock,  R.  B.  Whyte 
and  others  took  part  in  the  discussion  which  followed  the  reading 
of  these  geological  papers. 


256  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [January 

Notes. 

In  a  review  of  a  paper  by  Prof.  T.  R.  Jones  and  Dr.  Henry 
Woodward  on  Beliniirus  grandceviis,  -a  new  species  of  Palaeozoic 
Limjloid  CrListacean  from  the  "  Eo-Ca-'boniferous"  of  Riversdale, 
N.S.,  it  is  stated  on  pag-e  208  of  this  journal  that  Beli'nurus  has 
not  been  found  in  rocks  of  earlier  age  than  the  Coal  Measures. 
In  Geikie's  Text  Book  of  Geology,  however,  this  genus  is  men- 
tioned as  occurring  with  Pterygotiis,  Bolhriolepis^  Coccosieus, 
Pierichihys,  Glyptolepis  and  other  typical  Lower  Devonian  and 
Silurian  forms  in  the  Kiltorcan  beds  of  Ireland.  Thus  the 
inference  drawn  in  the  conclusion  ot  this  article  that  these 
rocks  are  Carboniferous  does  not  seem  to  be  sustained.  May 
it  not  on  the  other  hand  be  assumed  that  "The  faunae  of  the 
seas  of  the  Lower  Carboniferous,  Coal  formation  and  Permian 
periods,  both  in  Europe  and  America,  present  so  great  similarities 
that  they  may,  in  a  broad  view  of  the  subject,  be  regarded  as  iden- 
tical; "*  while  for  "  Lower  Carboniferous,"  according  to  correla- 
tions of  the  fossils  from  these  strata  in  New  Brunswick  and  Nova 
Scotia  made  recently  by  Professor  Kidston  and  Dr.  David  White, 
as  recorded  by  Mr.  J.  F.  Whiteaves  in  his  "  Address  on  the  Devo- 
nian System  in  Canada,"  must  we  now  say    "  Lower  Devonian"  ? 

R.    W.   E. 


Mr.  Sinclair,  M.A.,  Vice-Principal  of  the  Normal  School,  has 
been  granted  leave  of  absence  tor  one  year.  He  expects  to  spend 
most  of  the  year  at  Chicago  University  where  he  has  recently  been 
awarded  an  honorary  post  graduate  fellowship  in  the  Department 
of  Pedagogy.  The  fellowships  ot  which  there  are  only  two  granted 
by  the  University  are  given  in  recognition  of  original  Educational 
research.  He  also  expects  to  spend  several  months  observing 
European  schools.  During  his  six  years  stay  in  Ottawa  he  has 
been  librarian  of  the  O.  F.  N.  C. 


Acadian  Geology,  page  283. 


THE  OTTAWA  NATURALIST. 


VOL.  XIIL,  No.  10,   PL.  I. 


To  illustrate   Mr.  T.  W.   E,   Sowter's  paper,    "  On   the  Archaeology  of 
Lake  Deschenes,  Aylmer,  Que." 


THE  OTTAWA  NATURALIST. 


VOL.  XllL,   No.  10,   PL.   ri. 


To  illustrate   Mr.  T.  W.   E.   Sowter's  paper,    "On   the  Archaeology  of 
Lake  Deschenes,  Aylmer,  Que." 


THE  OTTAWA  NATURALIST. 


VOL.   XIII.,   No.  10,    PL.   III. 


To  illustrate   Mr.  T.  W.   E.   Sowter's  paper,    "  On   the  Archaeology  of 
Lake  Deschenes,  Aylmer,  Que." 


i 


"^'/it^ 


THE  OTTAWA  r(ATURALIST 


Vol.  XIII.  OTTAWA,   FEBRUARY,    1900.  No.    11 


RANGIFER    DAWSONI. 

Preliminary    Description    of    a    New    Caribou    from    Queen 

Charlotte's  Islands. 


By  Ernest  Seton-Thompson. 

In  August,  1899,  while  at  Ottawa,  Canada,  my  attention  was 
called  by  Dr.  G.  M.  Dawson,  of  the  Geological  Survey,  to  the  fact 
that  Caribou  exist  on  the  northernmost  and  largest  island  of  the 
Queen  Charlotte  group,  and  later,  on  my  asking  for  fuller  details, 
he  wrote  me  as  follows  : 

"When  engaged  in  geologically  surveying  the  Queen  Char- 
lotte Islands  in  the  summer  of  1878,  I  heard  of  this  animal  but  did 
not  see  it,  and  from  Indian  accounts  came  to  the  conclusion  it 
was  the  Wapiti,  which  as  you  know  occurs  on  Vancouver  Island. 
In  my  report  for  1878-79,  p.  113B,  I  therefore  referred  to  it  as 
follows  :  '  There  is  pretty  good  evidence  to  show  that  the  Wapiti 
occurs  on  the  northern  part  of  Graham,  but  it  is  very  seldom 
killed.  The  small  Deer  fC.  columbianus )  is  not  found  on  the 
islands,  nor  is  the  Wolf,  Grizzly  Bear,  Mountain  Sheep  or  Moun- 
tain  Goat.' 

"At  a  later  date  I  ascertained  that  the  animal  in  question 
was  not  the  Wapiti  but  the  Caribou,  from  Mr.  Charles,  formerly 
connected  with  the  Hudson's  Bay  Co.  in  Victoria.  He  had  a  skin 
of  the  animal,  imperfect,  but  with  horns  and  hoofs  sufficient  to 
show  its  general  character. 

"The  only  published  reference  I  have  made  to  the  occurrence, 
that  I  can  remember,  is  in  a  paper  on  the  Later  Physiographical 
Geology  of  the  Rocky  Mountain  Region  in  Canada.      Trans.  Royal 


258  Thr  Ottawa  Naturalist.  |  February 

Society  of  Canada,  Vol.  VIII,  Section  IV,  1890,  pp.  51-52.     This 
is  as  follows  : 

"  'One  further  circumstance  may,  in  conclusion,  be  referred  to 
here  as  being  readily  and  intelligibly  explicable  on  the  hypothesis 
of  a  considerable  elevation  of  the  land  at  about  this  time,  (close  of 
the  glacial  period.)  This  is'the  existence  at  the  present  day  of 
Caribou  in  the  northern  part  ot  Queen  Charlotte  Islands. 

"In  a  former  report  on  these  islands  I  have  spoken  of  the 
occurrence  of  the  Elk  or  Wapiti  on  them.  This  statement  was, 
however,  based  merely  on  Indian  report,  as  none  of  the  animals  in 
question  were  seen.  Since  that  time  I  have  learneu  from  Mr.  W. 
Charles,  that  the  animal  in  question  is  really  the  Caribou,  and  I 
have  been  shown  by  him  the  skin  and  antlers  of  one  of  these  ani- 
mals. The  Caribou  is  not  now  found  anywhere  else  in  the  region 
of  the  coast,  either  on  the  islands  or  on  the  Coast  Ranges,  though 
it  roams  over  high  plateaux  to  the  east  of  these  ranges.  The 
shortest  distance  between  any  point  of  the  Queen  Charlotte  Is- 
lands and  the  nearest  islands  of  the  Coast  Archipelago  is  thirty 
miles,  and  the  intervening  strait  is  subject  to  rapid  tidal  currents. 
The  isolation  of  the  Queen  Charlotte  Islands  is  in  fact  so  com- 
plete that  the  Deer,  which  inhabits  all  the  other  islands  of  the 
coast,  is  not  found  in  this  group. 

"It  is,  therefore,  in  the  absence  of  the  Caribou  from  the 
neighboring  coast  and  its  adjacent  islands,  and  in  consideration  of 
the  width  of  the  waterway  which  would  have  to  be  crossed,  at 
least  highly  probable  that  this  animal  reached  the  Queen  Char- 
lotte Islands  under  the  present  conditions.  I  am  thus  led  to  be- 
lieve that  the  Caribou  colonized  the  islands  at  a  time  at  which 
either  the  glaciers  extending  from  the  mainland  attained  to  the 
Queen  Charlotte  Islands,  or  by  a  land  connection  during  a  period 
of  greater  elevation.*  The  latter  is  in  every  way  the  more  pro- 
bable supposition,  and,  if  it  be  entertained,  it  may  further  be  as- 
sumed that  the  animal  came  to  the  islands  at  the  date  of  the  im- 
mediately post-glacial  elevation  above  indicated,  and  that  it  has 
since,  as  an  isolated  colony,  succeeded  in  maintaining  itself 
there. 


*  Ths    minimum    amount    of  elevation    required    would  be  about  200  feet 
above  the  present  level, 


1900]  Setox-Thompson — Rangifer   Dawsoni.  259 

"  The  Indians  of  the  Queen  Charlotte  Islands  have  evidently 
long  employed  the  antlers  of  the  native  Caribou  for  the  manufacture 
cf  various  implements,  clubs,  etc.,  as  some  of  the  oldest  of  these 
in  our  collections  are  of  that  material,  which  was  evidently  prized. 
These  Indians  are  not  jj-reat  hunters  and  in  fact  dislike  going-  into 
the  interior  of  this  island  and  on  the  higher  ground  where  the  small 
bands  of  Caribou  occur. 

"You  will  notice  from  my  remarks  above  quoted  that  these 
animals  must  in  all  probability  have  been  a  lonp  time  entirely  sep- 
arated from  any  others,  and  I  should  think  it  highly  probable  with 
an  animal  so  variable  as  the  Caribou  that  they  may  have  developed 
considerable  peculiarities." 

A  fortnight  later  I  was  in  Victoria,  Vancouver  Id.,  and  had  an 
interview  with  Mr.W.  Charles, at  his  home  on  Fort  St.  Mr.  Charles 
was  Hudson  Bay  Co. 's  factor  at  Victoria  for  years,  and  the  Queen 
Charlotte  Islands  came  within  his  official  district.  He  informed  me 
that  while  visiting  at  Masset  in  the  north  end  of  Graham  Island,  he 
several  times  heard  reports  that  Caribou  were  found  on  the  island. 
But  the  Indians  never  brought  any  in,  for  they  have  a  superstitious 
dread  of  the  interior  and  of  the  west  coast,  where  the  Caribou  are 
found.  They  believe  that  if  they  go  there  they  will  be  devoured 
by  some  fabulous  monster  that  comes  up  from  the  sea.  At  best 
they  are  poor  hunters,  and  rarely  think  about  the  chase  when  they 
can  get  a  meal  of  fish.  One  day  in  1882  (?)  when  Mr.  Charles 
went  as  far  as  the  west  slope  of  the  mountains  on  the  Pacific  side 
he  noticed  a  great  extent  of  beautiful  level  upland  pastures,  and 
remarked  that  if  there  are  any  Caribou  on  this  island  this  is  the 
place  to  look  for  them.  Accordingly  Mr.  Alex.  Mackenzie,  an  ex- 
employee  of  the  Hudson's  Bay  Co.,  set  out  with  some  Si  wash 
Indians  and  found  near  the  place  a  large  herd  of  Caribou,  and 
opened  fire  on  them.  The  first  to  fall  had  only  one  horn. 
They  brought  its  skin  and  skull  to  Mr.  Charles,  who  states  that 
the  skin  was  of  a  mouse  colour  and  the  animal  too  small  for  the 
Woodland  Caribou,  and  too  dark  to  be  the  arctic  species.  He  is 
of  the  opftiion  that  it  is  closely  related  to  the  Barren  Ground 
Caribou.  The  skin  was  destroyed,  but  the  fragmentary  skull  with 
its  one  horn  was  deposited  in  the  Provincial  Museum  of  Victoria, 
B.C. 


26o 


The  Ottawa  Naturalist. 


[February 


Dr.  Dawson  has  called  my  attention  to  the  following  passage 
in  Mackenzie's  "  Notes  on  Certain  Implements  and  Weapons  of 
Graham  Island.      (Trans.  Roy.   Soc.  Canada.  Sec.  II,   1891,   p.  50. 

'■'^  Reindeer  antler-  Tomahawk  (Haida,  Scoot s-hlth-at- low.)  [No. 
1-^02] — This  very  ancient  and  interesting  relic  is  made  from  one  of 
a  species  of  Reindeer  which  inhabits  the  mountainous  interior  of 
Graham  Island.  In  ancient  times  these  Reindeer  were  hunted  by 
the  Haida  and  killed  by  bow  and  ai  row,  being  highly  prized  both 
for  meat  and  skin.  [See  Marchand's  Voyage,  Chapf  V,  1791] 
This  weapon  was  the  property  of  the  Masset  doctor,  or  medicine 
man,  who  is  still  alive  but  aged.     To    him    it  was  bequeathed  by 

his  predecessor  who  died  many  years  ago It  is  undoubtedly 

a  relic  of  the  times  before  these  natives  had  intercourse  with  white 
men." 

Through  the  courtesy  of  Mr.  John  Fannin  I  have  had  the  op- 
portunity of  making  a  thorough  examination  of  the  skull  in  ques- 
tion and  am  convinced  that  the  animal  is  entitled  to  formal  recog- 
nition. I  propose  therefore  to  name  it  in  honour  of  Dr.  G.  M. 
Dawson  of  the  Canadian  Geological  Survey,  the  eminent  explorer 
of  the  Queen  Charlotte  Islands,  who  first  called  the  attention  of 
the  scientific  world  to  the  existence  of  the  animal. 

RANGIFER  DAWSONI,   Sp.  nov. 

Sp.  character. — Its  small  size,  about  that  of  Rangifer  arcticus, 
and  its  color,  which  is  darker  than  that  o{  arcticus,  but  much  lighter 
than  that  of  montaniis  from  the  interior  of  British  Columbia. 

Habitat. — Queen  Charlotte  Islands.  The  type  being  from  the 
interior  of  Graham,  which  is  the  northmost  large  island  of  the 
group. 

The  nearest  point  on  the  mainland  where  Caribou  are  found 
is  150  miles  away  in  the  interior  of  British  Columbia. 

This  individual  was  peculiar  in  having  but  one  horn,  but  this 
is  merely  an  accident  and  is  probably  the  reason  that  the  specimen 
was  brought  in  by  the  hunters. 

The  following  measurements  will  be  of  use  in  conjunction 
with  the  figures  : 

In  figure  i,  the  length  of  the  antler  from  below  the  burr  fol- 
lowing the  outer  curve  to  the  top  of  the  highest  point,  28^  inches 


igoo]  Seton-Thompson — Rangifer  Dawsoni.  261 

(730  mm.);  girth  of  antler  at  base  above  the  burr,  4%  inches 
( I  20  mm.) 

In  figfures  2,  length  from  the  point  of  the  occiput  A  to  the 
posterior  point  of  the  nasal  bones  B,  6j^g^  inches  (166  mm.);  great- 
est width  across  the  orbits  C.  D.  6  inches,  (153  mm.). 

My  thanks  are  due  to  Dr.  J.  A.  Allen,  of  the  American  Mu- 
seum, for  the  opportunity  to  compare  its  skull  with  that  of  its 
giant  relative  Rcuigifer  montaniis. 


DESCRIPTION    OF    A    NEW  SPECIES  OF    CALCAREOUS 
SPONGE   FROM  VANCOUVER    ISLAND,   B.C. 

Bv  Lawrence  M.  Lambe,  F.  G.  S. 


Leucandra  Taylori.  ( Sp.  nov.) 

Sponge  small,  solitary,  sessile,  nearly  spherical,  terminating 
above  in  a  well  developed  oscular  fringe.  Surface  hispid,  owing 
to  the  presence  of  projecting,  stout  oxea  The  three  specimens 
representing  this  species  are  of  about  the  same  size  and  shape,  the 
one  figured  (figs,  a  and  b)  measuring  4.5  mm.  in  breadth  and 
about  6  mm.  in  height,  including  the  oscular  fringe,  which  has  a 
length  of  a  little  over  i   mm. 

The  walls  of  the  sponge  are  thick  and  the  gastr'al  cavity  is 
cylindrical  and  narrow,  being  slightly  less  than  i  mm.  in  width. 
The  inhalent  pores  are  scattered  on  the  dermal  surface  and  the 
flagellated  chambers  (/  c,  fig.  c)  are  small,  averaging  about  .06 
mm.  in  width,  rounded  and  disposed  irregularly  in  the  wall.  The 
exhalent  canals  leading  into  the  gastral  cavity  have  not  been  sat 
isfactorily  seen. 

Skeleton. — The  skeleton  consists  of  triradiate  spicules  of  the 
parenchyma,  of  gastral  triradiate,  of  dermal  triradiate  and  large 
oxeote  spicules,  of  slender,  linear,  dermal  spicules  and  slender  ox- 
eote  spicules  of  the  oscular  fringe. 

/.    Triradiate  spicules  oj  the  parenchyma. — Slightly    sagittal; 
the  basal  ray  straight,  up  to  about  .117  mm.    long,    the 


262  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [February 

lateral  rays  g^enerally  slightly  curved,  about  .091  mm. 
long  ;  the  three  rays  tapering  to  a  point  and  about  .009 
mm.  in  diam.eter  at  midlength  ;  oral  angle  slightly  small- 
er than  the  other  two.  Thickly  scattered  irregularly  in 
the  wall  (figs,  c  and  d). 

2.  Gasiral  triradiates. — Similar  to  the  triradiates  of  the  paren- 
chyma except  that  the  basal  ray  reaches  a  length  of  .209 
mm.,  the  lateral  rays  a  length  of  .157  mm.  and  all  the 
rays  are  about  .006  mm.  in  diameter  at  midlength.  Lying 
parallel  to  the  gastral  surface  (figs,  c  and  e). 

J.  Dermal  triradiates. — Slightly  sagittal  with  equal  angles, 
the  basal  ray  reaching  a  length  of  .072  mm.,  and  the 
lateral  rays  a  length  of  .045  mm.;  all  the  rays  are  round- 
ed at  their  extremities  and  measure  .004  mm.  in  diame- 
ter ;  an  aborted  fourth  ray  is  sometimes  apparently  de- 
veloped. Occurring  in  three  or  four  layers  parallel  to 
the  dermal  surface  (figs.  c.  and  f.) 

4.  Large  oxea. — Varying  in  length  from  .616  to  1.096mm.  and 

in  diameter  at  midlength  from  .041  to  .068  mm.;  slightly 
curved,  the  curvature  being  most  pronounced  near  their 
outer  ends  ;  at  right  angles  to,  and  with  generally  about 
one-third  of  their  length  projecting  beyond,  the  dermal 
surface.  Some  of  the  smaller  spicules  of  this  kind  are 
entirely  embedded  in  the  wall  or  protude  but  a  little  be- 
yond the  surface  (figs,  c,  g  and  h). 

5.  Minute  linear  spicules. — Very  slender,  about  .131  mm.  long 

and  .002  mm.  in  diameter.  Numerous  and  lying  irregu- 
larly, with  the  dermal  triradiates,  parallel  to  the  outer 
surface  (figs,  c  and  /  ). 

6.  Oxea  of  the  oscular  fringe.  —  Slender,  about   2.5  mm.  long 

and  .09  mm.  in  diameter,  forming  a  well  developed  fringe 

around  the  osculum. 
Three  specimens  of  this  sponge  were  collected  by  the  Rev. 
George  W.  Taylor,  of  Nanaimo,  B.C.,  who  found  them  adhering 
to  the  under  side  ot  boulders,  between  tides,  at  Boat  Harbour,  six 
miles  south  of  Nanaimo,  on  the  24th  of  June,  1899.  Mr.  Taylor 
has  also  sent  to  the  writer  two  small  sponges  that  on  examination 


igooj         Lambe — New  Species  of  Calcareous  Sponge.  263 

prove  to  belong-  to  the  species  Sycon  protectum,  Lambe,  described 
ori<j;-inally  from  a  specimen  dredged  by  Mr.  J.  F.  Whiteaves  in  1872 
eight  miles  south-east  ot  Bonaventure  Island,  Baie  des  Chaleurs 
[vide  Transactions  Royal  Society  of  Canada,  second  series.  Vol.  II, 
1896).  The  specimens  of  this  second  species  were  found  also  at 
Boat  Harbour  growing  on  the  under  surface  of  boulders  between 
tides. 

Figure    c    of   the  plate  accompanying  the  above  description 
represents  part  of  a  horizontal  section  of  the  sponge. 


ANNUAL  ADDRESS  OF  THE  PRESIDENT  OF  THE 
OTTAWA  FIELD-NATURALISTS'  CLUB,  H.  M.  AMI, 
M,A.,  F.G.S.,    DELIVERED  NOVEMBER  28th,    1899. 


In  four  brief  months  our  Club  will  have  attained  its  majority, 
and  it  may  not  be  considered  out  of  place  to  look  backward  for  a 
moment  and  cast  a  cursory  glance  over  that  period  of  time  which 
has  elapsed  since  the  Club  was  organized  in  1879. 

The    special   object   which    the  Club   had   at  its  inception,  of 
investigating   the   natural   history  resources  of  the  district  about 
Ottawa,  was  constantly  kept  in  view,  and  I  think  no  one  can  deny 
that    the  Club  has    prospered    and    accomplished    a  considerable 
amount  of  work  in  the  direction  of  so  worthy  an  object. 

The  Ottawa  Field-Naturalists'  Club  now  counts  within  its 
membership  a  large  proportion  of  the  active  and  working  natural- 
ists of  Canada,  which  constitute  a  small  army  of  observers  in  the 
field  of  Nature.  The  three  original  members  ot  the  Club,  Dr. 
James  Fletcher,  Mr.  VV.  H.  Harrington  and  Mr.  R.  B.  Whyte, 
who  were  the  leading  spirits  in  formulating  the  character  as  well 
as  the  aims  of  the  Club  at  its  beginning,  are  still  with  us,  and  as 
active  as  ever. 

Previous  to  1879,  the  Ottawa  district  had  received  a  certain 
amount  of  attention  at  the  hands  of  the  late  Mr.  E.  Billings,  the 
late  Dr.  VanCortland,  and  of  Dr.,  now  Sir  James  Grant.  The 
first  obtained  a  large  amount  of  geological  material,  especially 
from  the  Trenton  formation  so  well  developed  in  our  neighbour- 


264  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [February 

hood,  which  enabled  him  to  publish  those  excellent  Decades,  or 
Descriptions  of  Canadian  Organic  Remains,  and  give  to  the 
world  much  information  respecting  the  ancient  life  ot  those  early 
seas  which  once  covered  this  portion  of  the  North  American 
continent. 

Outside  of  this  but  little  systematic  work  had  been  published 
or  recorded  from  this  locality  until  the  Club  made  its  appearance, 
and  sought  to  develop  and  search  out  the  geological,  botanical, 
entomologfical  and  other  resources  at  our  verv  doors.  In  the 
department  of  Entomology,  and  through  the  writings  ot  Dr. 
Fletcher,  of  Mr.  Harrington  and  of  Mr.  T.  J.  McLaughlin,  the 
Transactions  of  The  Ottawa  Field-Naturalists'  Club,  in  the  first 
six  parts,  and  in  The  Ottawa  Naturalist,  whiih  followed,  con- 
tain probably  more  information  regarding  the  inssct  life  of  our 
district  than  can  be  found  recorded  for  any  other  city  in  Canada. 
In  the  department  of  Botany  the  good  work  of  Dr.  Fletcher,  in  his 
early  edition  of  the  Flora  Ottawaensis,  which  served  to  guide 
many  of  us  in  the  pleasant  paths  of  flowering  plants,  with  his 
enthusiastic  co-worker,  Mr.  R.  B.  Whyte,  in  the  opening  year  of 
our  Club,  gave  an  impetus  to  the  study  of  plants  which  was  only 
enhanced  by  the  advent  of  Prof.  John  Macoun,  M.A.,  F.L.S.,  and 
his  family  to  our  city.  In  Ottawa,  the  active,  genial  and  militant 
professor  was  made  welcome,  and  he  has  given  the  Club  the  con- 
stant benefit  of  his  wide  experience,  urged  everyone  to  more  ob- 
jective work  and  greater  effort  in  carrying  out  the  objects  of  our 
Club.  "  What  are  you  doing  for  the  Club,  or  for  natural  history?" 
was  the  constant  question  put.  It  is  a  notable  fact  that  the 
botanical  branch  of  our  Club  has  been  ever  the  most  popular.  The 
second  edition  of  the  Flora  Ottawaensis,  in  which  Dr.  Fletcher 
gives  the  precise  locality  in  which  each  species  can  be  found,  be- 
sides its  name,  common  and  scientific,  proved  a  further  boon  to 
botanical  students.  A  careful  use  of  this  work  and  dilligent  search 
after  the  rarer  specimens  of  plants  about  Ottawa,  invariably  led 
those  devoting  their  attention  to  this  fascinating  branch  to  dis- 
cover their  prize  and  complete  their  herbaria. 

Whether  on  the  mountain  top  or  in  the  valley,  or  again  by 
the  riverside  or  along  the  brooks  or  lakes  of  our  district,  in  the 
swamps  and   rocky  places,  in    the   diversified    regions   such  as  we 


iQoo]  Ami — Annual  Address.  265 

fortunately  possess  about  Ottawa,  in  shady  as  well  as  in  sunlit 
spots  of  the  district,  there  are  a  thousand  and  one  gems  of  beauty 
in  plant  life  awaiting-  the  keen  observer  in  a  delightful  as  well  as 
healthful  pursuit. 

Turning  our  attention  to  the  field  of  Geology  in  the  Ottawa 
district,  a  year  has  not  passed  since  the  Club  was  organized  but 
some  discovery  was  rr,ade  of  some  species  or  form  unknown  to 
science,  or  in  the  tracing  more  exactly  the  trend  of  the 
various  geological  formations  which  we  have.  The  important 
work  done  by  the  late  E.  Billings,  and  of  the  (ieological 
Survey  in  the  fifties,  served  as  a  basis  for  operation,  and  a 
systematic  table  of  the  geological  formations  about  Ottawa  to- 
gether with  their  characters,  their  fossils,  the  thickness  of  the 
strata,  and  other  interesting  notes,  giving  a  very  comprehensive 
and  concise  history  of  the  district  in  pre-human  times,  is  now 
available  for  reference.  Details  in  stratigraphv  have  been  recorded, 
and  rare  specimens  of  fossils  discovered  during  the  excursions  o^ 
the  Club,  many  of  which  have  proved  of  considerable  value  to  the 
Geological  Survey  department,  have  been  recorded  in  the  Trans- 
actions of  the  Ottawa  Field-Naturalists'  Club.  Information  thus 
obtained  by  our  members,  who  happened  to  be  members  of  the 
Geological  Survey  staff,  has  enabled  the  latter  to  describe  with 
greater  degree  of  accuracy  various  geological  features  of  the 
Capital  besides  other  portions  ot  Eastern  Ontario,  which  have 
come  within  the  sphere  of  the  Club's  activity.  In  the  field  of 
Geology  there  is  yet  much  to  be  done.  In  the  Archaean  formations 
alone,  which  are  so  well  and  extensively  developed  to  the  north  of 
our  city,  and  from  which  mica,  apatite,  graphite,  asbestus  and 
iron,  as  well  as  other  minerals  of  economic  value  to  men  are  ob- 
tained, there  is  a  wide  sphere  of  research  open  to  the  geologist. 
More  especially  in  the  sub-division  of  Petrography,  or  that  science 
which  deals  with  the  microscopical  character  and  structure  as  well 
as  the  origin  of  the  rocks,  is  the  field  extensive  and  important  as 
well  as  interesting.  We  shall  not  understand  the  proper  relations 
of  the  various  members  of  that  great  Archaean  complex  until  a 
careful  study  has  been  made  of  the  numerous  and  varied  rock 
masses  which  are  the  oldest  that  we  know  in  the  earth's  crust,  and 
which  supplied    the    materials   from  which  all   the  subsequent  and 


266  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [February 

newer  deposits  were  derived.  In  this  field  alone  there  is  work  for 
a  dozen  members  of  the  Club^  for  a  whole  lifetime  each,  without 
exhausting  the  subject.    There  is  no  better  field  in  North  America. 

Ever  since  the  formation  of  the  Club,  the  subject  of  Con- 
chology,  or  the  study  of  shells,  has  engaged  the  attention  of 
some  of  the  members  of  the  Club.  Mr.  Gilbert  C.  Heron, 
Dr.  James  Fletcher,  Mr.  W.  H.  Harrington,  Mr.  J.  F. 
Whiteaves,  Hon.  Mr.  Porier  and  lastly  and  conspicuously,  Mr., 
now  the  Hon.  F.  R.  Latchford,  have  contributed  valuable  papers 
regarding  the  various  species  of  land  and  fresh-water  shells  of  the 
Ottawa  district,  and  recorded  such  notes  of  observations  and 
descriptions  of  species  as  will  enable  any  amateur,  or  other  col- 
lector of  shells,  coming  within  this  district,  to  ascertain  definitely 
what  species  may  be  found,  and  will  enable  also  outsiders  to  see  in 
what  manner  satisfactory  results  may  be  obtained  and  information 
derived  bearing  on  the  shells  of  whatever  district  in  which  they 
may  be  residing. 

In  Ornithology,  Messrs.  W.  L.  Scott,  W.  A.  D,  Lees,  A.  G. 
Kingston,  Miss  Harmer,  Miss  Ballantyne,  Messrs.  G.  R.  and  T. 
Whyte,  and  the  Messrs.  Saunders  have  contributed  valuable  notes 
to  the  literature  of  the  Club,  whilst  in  Zoology  proper,  Mr.  H.  B. 
Small,  Mr.  W.  P.  Lett,  Mr.  J.  B.  Tyrrell,  Prof.  Prince,  Mr.  Odell, 
and  Prof.  Macoun  have  all  given  us  a  fair  idea  of  the  fauna  of  the 
Ottawa  district  and  elsewhere.  hi  the  department  ol  chemistry 
many  important  papers  and  contributions  of  special  interest  to  the 
Ottawa  public  and  Canadian  investigators,  have  appeared  from 
time  to  time  from  the  pens  of  Mr.  F.  T.  Shutt,  Dr.  R.  F.  Ruttan 
and  others. 

In  the  field  of  Archaeology,  the  Club  has  of  late  had  a  new  field  of 
research  open,  and  one  full  of  promise.  For  a  number  of  years  past 
it  has  been  known  that  the  Ottawa  Valley  was  the  home  of  many 
tribes  of  aborigines,  who  left  behind  them  in  the  sites  of  their 
abandoned  villages  rude  implements  of  the  chase  and  of  war, 
relics  of  a  bygone  civilization  which  have  only  just  begun  to  be 
investigated.  For  years  past,  an  intermittent  stream  of  specimens 
has  come  to  the  notice  of  the  Ethnological  division  of  the  Geo- 
logical Survey  from  various  points  in  the  Ottawa  Valley,  and  in 
Mr.  Sowter's  paper    "  On  the   Archaeology   of  Lake  Deschenes," 


I  goo]  Ami — Annual  Address.  267 

read  before  this  Club  last  winter,  we  have  what  I  believe  will  form 
the  first  of  a  series  of  most  interesting  papers  describing  the  early 
history  of  Man  in  this  district  long  after  the  close  of  the  Glacial 
period  and  subsequent  to  the  Champlain  period  of  submergence, 
which  is  followed  by  that  in  which  we  now  live,  the  "Recent"  per- 
iod of  elevation. 

In  all  these  branches  of  the  Club's  work  there  has  been 
marked  activity  in  the  field.  To  this  may  be  added  the  reports  of 
the  leaders  of  the  branches,  which  form,  and  ever  ought  to  form, 
an  important  feature  in  the  Club's  work,  for  in  them  suggestions 
for  work  to  be  done  as  well  as  to  avenues  open  appear  from  time 
to  time  in  order  to  stimulate  work. 

For  a  number  of  years  the  main  object  of  this  Cliib  was  the 
study  of  this  locality  alone,  but  with  the  growth  of  our  city,  and 
the  addition  of  a  considerable  number  of  scientific  men  on  the  staff" 
of  the  various  departments  of  the  Government  service,  as  well  as 
with  a  considerable  influx  of  members  from  other  parts  of  the 
Dominion  who  desired  to  join  us,  and  who  contributed  papers 
upon  the  natural  history  of  the  districts  in  which  they  happened  to 
reside,  our  Club  was  of  necessity  compelled,  in  i8go,  to  widen  its 
sphere  of  activity,  so  that,  to-day,  besides  investigating  and  report- 
ing upon  the  natural  history  and  geology  of  the  Ottawa  district 
(which  it  is  understood  comprises  an  area  with  a  radius  of  twenty 
miles,  with  Ottawa  as  a  centre)  also  publishes  reports  and  papers 
bearing  upon  the  natural  history  and  geology  of  other  parts  of  the 
Dominion  of  Canada. 

Ottawa  is  no  doubt  fast  becoming  one  of  the  leading  centres 
of  scientific  research  on  this  continent,  and  outside  of  the  technical 
and  professional  reports,  issued  by  authority  of  Parliament,  there 
ought  to  be  a  most  active  and  live  organ  or  medium  of  publication 
in  our  midst,  worthy  of  our  Capital.  Freedom  in  the  discussion 
of  the  various  scientific  problems  that  occur  in  the  study  of  any 
field  of  natural  history  or  geological  inquiry,  as  well  as  encourage- 
ment in  the  search  for  additional  light  upon  these  problems,  with 
facility  for  publication,  ought  to  be  the  share  of  every  investigator. 
Such  encouragement  to  research  mubt  necessarily  help  in  develop- 
ing our  material  resources,  which  must  form  a  potent  factor  in 
building    up  our  nation. 


268  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [February 

Our  medium  of  publication,  The  Ottawa  Naturalist,  which 
constitutes  and  includes  the  Transactions  of  the  Ottawa  Field- 
Naturalists'  Club,  has  been  regularly  published  since  1880.  In  its 
13  volumes  there  are  more  than  2000  pages  of  text,  and  there  may 
be  found  stores  of  information  bearing  upon  local  natural  history,  in 
which  the  economic  as  well  as  the  scientific  side  of  the  subject  is 
recorded.  It  is  not  my  purpose  to  shower  encomiums  or  praise 
on  the  workers  of  the  Club  for  what  they  have  accomplished.  The 
pleasure  and  interest  as  well  as  the  health  and  exercise  derived 
from  such  researches  are  sufficient  remuneration  for  whatever 
toil,  trouble  and  drudgery  they  may  have  experienced.  To 
develop  the  powers  of  observation  and  comparison  in  man  there  is 
no  better  occupation.  It  is  excellent  training  for  the  mind  as  well 
as  the  body. 

One  feature  of  the  Club's  work  to  which  I  need  scarcely  draw 
your  attention  is  in  connection  with  the  educational  institutions  of 
the  city.  It  is  very  gratifying  to  the  executive  of  the  Ottawa 
Field-Naturalists'  Club  to  have  our  meetings  and  excursions  prove 
of  interest  to  those  engaged  in  training  the  mind.  We  are  pleased 
also  to  have  the  good-will  of  the  worthy  principal  of  the  Normal 
School — Dr.  MacCabe — who  has  always  been  a  friend  of  the  Club. 
It  is  one  of  the  ambitions  ol  the  Club  to  assist  in  a  measure  not 
only  to  awaken  a  live  interest  in  natural  history  researches,  but 
also  to  build  up  a  reference  collection  of  specimens  illustrating  the 
recent  as  well  as  extinct  faunas  and  floras  in  the  Ottawa  district, 
so  that  the  students  of  botany,  entomology,  conchology  and 
geology,  as  well  as  ethnology  can  have  access  to  it  for  the  sake 
of  comparison. 

We  are  pleased  to  see  that  already  a  number  of  collections 
have  been  donated  by  various  members  ot  the  Club  to  form  the 
nucleus  of  such  a  usetul  series.  The  best  thanks  of  the  Club  are 
due  to  Dr.  MacCabe  for  the  use  of  this  fine  Assembly  Hall  for 
three  evenings  of  the  course  of  winter  sorr^es. 

tribute  to  the  late  e.  billings. 

It  was  my  purpose  at  one  time  to  give  you  this  evening  a 
short  paper  on  the  more  important  localities  where  the  most  inter- 
esting geological   phenomena  may  be  studied  to  advantage  about 


iQoo]  Ami — Annual  Addrses.  269 

Ottawa.  Such  a  paper  seems  necessary  at  this  juncture,  but  I 
will  postpone  this  to  a  later  date,  and  if  you  will  bear  with  me  for 
a  few  moments  I  desire  to  introduce  a  subject  which  long-  before 
this  ought  to  have  received  attention  at  our  hands.  I  refer  to  the 
life  and  works  of  the  late  Elkanah  Billings,  the  great  Canadian 
palaeontologist,  who  founded  the  Canadian  Naturalist  and  Geo- 
logist, was  elected  Fellow  of  the  Geological  Society  of  London 
and  of  numerous  other  societies,  and  assisted  Sir  William  Logan  in 
laying  the  foundation  ot  our  knowledge  of  the  geology  of  the  older 
provinces  of  Canada.  Billings  wa<  a  citizen  of  this  city,  and  in  a 
suitable  manner  such  a  society  as  ours  ought  to  do  something  to- 
wards  perpetuating  his  memory. 

As  one  who  for  the  last  twenty  years  has  come  in  almost 
daily  contact  with  the  works  and  writings  of  the  late  Mr.  Billings, 
I  cannot  refrain  from  giving  utterance  to  the  statement  that 
it  is  impossible  not  to  see  in  him  one  of  the  greatest  men  that 
Canada  has  produced.  It  is  further  owing  to  Billings  that  some 
one  should  undertake  to  give  to  the  world  a  complete  and  system- 
atic list  of  the  various  genera  and  species  of  fossil  organic  remains 
which  he  described,  in  a  compact  form,  and  likewise  to  place  to- 
gether in  their  chronological  order  his  numerous  and  important 
writings.  The^e  various  lists,  which  comprise  some  fifty-eight 
new  genera  and  as  many  as  1,051  new  species  of  fossil  organisms? 
besides  a  list  of  his  writings,  I  have  undertaken  to  prepare,  and 
now  beg  to  submit  to  you  for  publication.  I  shall  not  trouble  you 
by  reading  these  over,  but  would  supplement  these  remarks  by 
throwing  out  a  suggestion  which  1  humbly  ask  you  to  consider. 
Is  it  not  our  duty  as  well  as  our  privilege,  as  a  Club  organized  to 
look  after  the  interests  of  science  and  scientific  research,  to  see 
that  a  suitable  memorial  or  tribute  to  the  memory  of  such  an  illus- 
trious Canadian  as  Billings  ought  to  be  erected  in  our  midst?  Two 
suggestions  have  occurred  to  my  mind,  and  both  appear  feasible 
and  appropriate.  These  are  : — i.  By  means  of  a  portrait  or  oil 
painting  of  the  late  E.  Billings  ;  2,  the  erection  of  a  memorial 
tablet  to  be  placed  in  some  conspicuous  locality  on  the  strata  of 
our  Capital. 

With  regard  to  the  former,    I    may  say  that  when  the  subject 
was  first  mooted,  some   months  ago,  a   number   of  gentlemen  in- 


270  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [February 

terested  in  g-eology  in  Canada  volunteered  to  subscribe  toward 
obtaining"  a  portrait  of  Mr.  Billingfs.  An  excellent  painting"  of  him 
is  now  in  the  Museum  of  the  Natural  History  Society  of  Montreal. 

Inasmuch  as  Billing's  not  only  developed  a  taste  for  and 
carried  on  researches:  in  Geolog"y  and  Palseontolog"y  in  Ottawa,  it 
seems  particularly  appropriate  for  some  such  institution  or  society 
as  our  Club  to  undertake  the  task  of  raising"  a  small  fund  towards 
perpetuating  his  memory  in  our  midst,  and  I  now  desire  to  present 
the  case  to  your  mind,  with  the  subscription  list  open  for  your 
kind  and  g"enerous  consideration,  to  which  list  a  number  of  names 
are  already  attached. 

With  reg"ard  to  the  second  sugg'estion  made,  of  erecting"  a 
memorial  tablet  and  placing  it  in  some  conspicuous  position  in  our 
city,  this  seems  to  meet  the  approval  also  of  a  number  of  persons 
to  whom  the  subject  has  been  broached.  A  similar  memorial 
tablet  has  been  erected  and  placed  in  a  conspicuous  outcrop  of  one 
of  the  geological  formations  of  Prague,  in  Bohemia,  in  honour  of 
the  late  Joachim  Barrande,  the  great  palaeontologist  of  Central 
Europe  who  himself  in  his  lifetime  was  in  communication  with 
Mr.  Billings,  whom  we  are  seeking  to  honour  for  the  marvellously 
large  amount  of  most  excellent  work  which  he  performed,  not 
only  in  Canada  as  a  whole,  but  more  especially  in  Ottawa. 

I  snail  not  attempt  to  give  you  a  biographical  notice  of  the 
late  Mr.  Billings,  inasmuch  as  there  exist  already  a  number  of 
fairly  complete  notices  ot  his  life  history.  It  will  suffice  to  offer 
for  publication  in  our  Transactions  such  records  of  his  writings 
and  works  which  in  our  opinion  are  greatly  needed  b}  all  working 
palaeontologists,  and  which  in  our  humble  judgment  ought  long 
ago  to  have  been  prepared. 

the    late    sir    WILLIAM    DAWSON. 

I  would  be  remiss  of  my  duty  as  president  of  a  Club  like  ours 
if  I  did  not  refer  to  the  loss  which  science  in  Canada  has  so 
recently  sustained  in  the  person  of  one  who  during  his  entire 
career  has  taken  a  most  active  part  in  the  progress  and  advance- 
ment of  geological  research  in  our  country.  I  refer  to  the  late 
principal  of  McGill  University,  Sir  William  Dawson. 

His  life  was  one  of  unremitting  toil  in  the  interests  of  educa- 
tion,  science  and   religion.      Sir    William    Dawson    accomplished 


I  goo]  Ami — Annual  Address.  271 

enough  in  each  of  these  three  classes  of  work  to  satisfy  any  three 
hard-workingf  individuals  !  He  leaves  behind  him  such  monu- 
ments of  industry  and  perseverance  as  tew  cnen  do.  The  Peter 
Redpath  Museum  ot  McGill  University  alone  is  a  monument  which 
for  ages  will  give  food  for  thought  to  the  coming  generations  both 
of  students  in  the  University  and  to  the  geologists  who  seek  to 
unravel  the  problems  of  geological  science  in  different  portions  of 
Canada,  but  more  especially  with  reference  to  those  of  the  Mari- 
time Provinces,   his  native  land. 

Sir  William  was  born  in  the  town  of  Pictou,  Nova  Scotia,  on 
October  i^th,  1820,  and  just  as  the  first  hour  of  the  day  of  rest 
dawned  last  Sunday,  November  loth,  1899,  he  departed  to  his  long 
rest.  He  has  done  more  to  stimulate  and  encourage  the  study  of 
the  natural  sciences,  and  especially  of  geology,  in  Canada  than 
any  other  individual.  His  vast  store  of  knowledge,  acquired  by 
dilicrent  labour  in  the  broad  field  of  nature  as  well  as  in  the  labora- 
tory,  embraced  several  of  the  leading  sciences,  and  at  one  time, 
owing  to  circumstances  in  connection  with  the  University  over 
which  he  presided  for  a  period  of  forty  years  so  successfully,  his 
courses  of  lectures  included  chemistry,  botany,  zoology,  together 
with  geology,  palaeontology  and  mineralogy. 

As  a  paiaeo-botanist.  Sir  William's  reputation  was  world-wide, 
and  his  descriptions  of  the  fossil  floras  of  Canada  from  the  earliest 
Palaeozoic,  through  the  Carboniferous  on  to  the  Mesozoic  and 
later  Tertiaries,  to  those  of  more  recent  times  are  too  well  known 
to  be  dwelt  upon  on  this  occasion. 

No  less  than  seventy-nine  distinct  papers  or  articles  upon 
fossil  plants  have  been  published  by  him,  and  amongst  these  are 
included  descriptions  of  the  fossil  flora  found  in  the  Leda-clay 
formation  of  the  Ottawa  Valley.  As  a  student  of  recent  plants 
he  did  much  to  stimulate  activity  and  build  up  the  magnificent 
herbarium  now  existing  at  McGill.  His  "  Acadian  Geology,"  in 
which  are  described  the  succession  of  the  geological  formations  of 
Nova  Scotia,  New  Brunswick  and  Prince  Edward  Island,  as  well 
as  their  mineral  resources,  is  a  most  fascinating  work.  In  it  he 
describes  not  only  the  various  organic  remains  peculiar  to  the 
Atlantic  Provinces,  but  enters  into  unusually  interesting  discus- 
sions regarding  the  origin  of   coal,  the   climatic  and    other  condi. 


272  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [February 

tions  which  characterized  the  formations  which  were  laid  down  with 
the  coal.  To  these  are  appended  notes  of  ethnologfical  value 
regarding  the  Micmac  language,  and  other  notes  of  interest. 

In  the  land  animals  of  the  Coal  Period,  Sir  William 
Dawson  discovered  much  that  was  new  to  science,  and  opened  up 
this  subject  in  a  masterly  way,  and  it  has  since  expanded  to  a 
marked  degree.  His  descriptions  of  the  Microsauria  which  he 
found  buried  in  the  basal  portions  of  the  fossil  trees,  along  the 
famous  Joggins  section  of  Cumberland  County,  Nova  Scotia,  will 
ever  remain  as  ont  of  his  most  conspicuous  and  important 
writings.  In  them  he  has  reconstructed  an  extinct  fauna  of  quad- 
rupeds which  inhabited  the  shores  and  shallows  of  the  Eastern 
Atlantic  coast,  and  of  the  estuaries  and  lagoons  of  the  great  Coal 
period,  besides  describing  shells  and  insects  of  those  lakes  and 
bays — all  air-breathing  types  of  intense  interest — the  first  of  many 
races  that  were  to  follow  in  the  chain  of  geological  times  and 
develop  to  higher  forms  in  subsequent  times.  His  numerous 
writings  upon  "  Eozoon  Catiadense '' — the  "  Dawn  of  Life" 
organism — have  perhaps  more  than  any  others  tended  to  make 
his  name  famous  in  the  field  of  Science.  In  periodicals  and 
magazines  on  both  sides  of  the  Atlantic,  Sir  William  contributed 
a  great  number  of  papers  and  articles  bearing  upon  the  origin  of 
the  masses  of  laminated  rock  found  in  the  Laurentian  rocks  of 
Canada  which  Sir  William  Logan,  Dr.  T.  Sterry  Hunt,  Dr.  W. 
B.  Carpenter,  Prof.  Murie  and  many  microscopists,  naturalists 
and  geologists  held  to  be  of  organic  origin. 

Sir  William  was  highly  systematic  in  all  the  work  he  under- 
took. His  was  a  busy  life,  but  he  was  always  calm,  and  met  even 
the  humblest  child  with  courtly  grace,  generous  spirit  and  dignity, 
commanding  the  respect  and  admiration  of  all  who  knew  him. 

The  McGill  of  to-day  is  the  result  of  his  arduous  labours  in 
connection  with  that  educational  centre.  He  had  the  peculiar 
faculty  of  enlisting  support  and  co-operation  on  the  part  of  those 
with  whom   he   came  into   contact. 

As  a  writer,  who  sought  to  present  in  a  popular  form  the 
results  of  geological  science  to  a  larger  audience  than  greeted 
him  on  the  college  benches,  he  was  eminently  successful.  Such 
works  as  the    "Meeting   Place   of  Geology  and   History,"    "The 


igoo]  Ami — Annual  Address.  273 

Story  of  the  Earth  and  Man,"  "  Facts  and  Fancies  in  Modern 
Science,"  "  Fossil  Men  and  their  Modern  Representatives," 
"Salient  Points  in  the  Science  of  the  Earth,"  "Modern  Ideas 
of  Evolution,"  are  some  of  the  more  interesting-,  of  his  popular 
works.  The  many  editions  through  which  these  various 
writings  passed,  testify  to  their  popularity  on  both  sides  of  the 
Atlantic.  Throughout  the  English-spettking  world  his  name  was  a 
household  word,  and  a  letter  of  introduction  from  him  was  a  pass- 
port in  every  country  in  Europe. 

As  a  Bible  expositor,  Sir  William  stood  high.  He  ploughed 
deep  in  the  books  of  Holy  Writ,  and  subjected  those  writings  to 
the  same  keen  critical  sense  to  which  he  referred  other  problems 
in  the  scientific  world,  and  brought  out  many  hidden  truths  from 
the  Word  of  God  which  had  been  hitherto  obscuie.  "  Egypt  and 
the  Holy  Land  ;  their  Geology  and  Natural  Resources,"  "  Eden 
Lost  and  Won,"  "Archaia,"  "The  Mosaic  Cosmogony,"  "Modern 
Sciertce  in  Bible  Lands,"  "The  Origin  of  the  World  According  to 
Revelation  and  Science,"  form  part  of  a  series  of  writings  of  an 
apologetic  character,  which  in  his  day  Sir  William  Dawson 
deemed  necessary  to  combat  certain  views  which  were  thrust  npon 
the  more  or  less  observant  and  thinking  world  regarding  the 
origin  of  man,  as  well  as  of  other  species  living  upon  this  planet. 
These  have  no  doubt  played  a  conspicuous  part  in  establishing  the 
present  more  or  less  evident  equilibrium  which  exists  in  the  think- 
world  regarding  the  relations  which  exist  between  our  beliefs  in 
religion  as  well  as  in  science.  They  are  two  distinct  spheres,  and 
our  earnest  endeavours  ought  to  be  directed  towards  the  perfection 
of  our  knowledge  in  one  direction  as  well  as  in  the  other,  in  order 
to  satisfy  these  two  sides  at  least  of  our  nature. 

Between  four  and  five  hundred  titles  oi  papers  bearing 
directly  on  the  Geology  and  Palaeontology  of  Canada  and  other 
countries  have  been  gathered  together,  and  it  is  my  purpose  to 
append  to  this  brief  sketch  of  the  life-work  and  history  of  one  of 
Canada's  greatest  sons  as  complete  a  catalogue  of  his  writings  as 
possible  in  chronological  order. 

His  first  work  wa?  published  in  Edinburgh,  Scotland,  in  1841, 
while  yet  a  student  at  the  university,  and  the  last  of  his  writings 
is  yet  unpublished. 


274  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [February 

His  was  a  well-spent  life,  unselfish  in  all  its  aims  and  pur- 
pose, unsparin^j  in  his  efforts  to  advance  the  interests  ot  his  fellow 
citizens  and  of  humanity  in  general,  exercising  withal  a  power  and 
influence  for  the  moral  good  and  welfare  of  all  in  a  high  degree. 
Of  ;him  it  might  be  truly  said  what  Socrates  once  said  of  a  well- 
spent  life,    "  For  noble  is  the  prize  and  the  hope  is  great." 

And  to  those  of  us  who  have  had  the  privilege  to  listen  to  his 
marvellous  flow  of  language,  his  lucid  descriptive  power,  as  well 
as  those  of  us  who  have  sat  under  him,  may  it  be  said  that  we 
have  caught  something  of  the  fire  and  earnestness  of  his  life  and 
spirit  which  helped  to  complete  his  noble  life.  And  when  we  see 
the  many  results  achieved  during  this  useful  life,  to  those  who  ask, 
we  say,     "  Si  qucsris    monumenttini,    circumspice.  " 

THE    NATIONAL    MUSEUM. 

Another  point  which  such  a  Club  as  ours  is  in  duty  bound 
to  notice,  is  the  erection  in  our  midst  of  a  National  Museum,  As 
a  citizen  of  Ottawa,  the  Capital  of  our  great  Dominion,  if  not 
as  an  officer  or  simple  member  of  this  Club,  I  desire  this  evening 
to  unite  our  voices  and  sentiments  with  those  expressed  at  the 
opening  meeting  of  the  Canadian  Institute. 

Mr.  Byron  E.  Walker,  F.G.S.,  President  of  that  Institute, 
and  Manager  of  the  Bank  of  Commerce,  condemned  in  very  strong 
terms  the  inadequate  outlay  upon  the  Geological  Survey  of  this 
country,  and  the  condition  of  the  Museum.  "We  will  stand  dis- 
graced,"   he  said,  "  until  we  bestir  ourselves,  and   show  that  we 

possess  intelligence  in  this  matter At  least  $250,000  should 

be  appropriated  annually  by  the  Dominion  for  our  Geological  and 
Natural  History  Survey,  whilst  each  of  the  Provinces  should  in 
addition  grant  $10,000  for  the  same  purpose.  The  Dominion 
Government  at  Ottawa  and  each  of  the  Provincial  Legislatures 
should  have  museums  belonging  to  the  people.  The  housing  of 
the  present  collection  at  Ottawa  in  an  unsafe  building  is  a  crime." 

Apart  from  what  you  may  consider  professional  reasons  in 
making  such  a  statement  regarding  the  Museum,  as  a  Canadian, 
as  Qw^  who  has  at  heart  the  development  of  our  vast  mineral  as 
well  as  forestry  and  fishery  resources — which  represent  Canada's 
best  and  most  valuable  commercial  asset,  our  need  of  a  National 
Museum,  of  a  fireproof  building,    sufficiently  large  to  house  pro- 


igoo]  Ami — Annual  Address.  275 

perly  not  only  the  present  collection,  which  is  exhibited  in  the  old 
building-  on  Sussex  street,  but  also  the  thousands  of  specimens 
which  are  either  stored  away  out  of  sight,  or  which  it  is  impossible 
to  exhibit  in  so  limited  a  space  at  our  disposal,  but  a  building 
large  enough  to  meet  the  exigencies  of  a  growing  time,  is  very 
deeply  felt. 

It  is  gratifying  to  see  the  noble  effort  put  forth  by  the  junior 
member  of  parliament  for  Ottawa,  who  takes  such  an  active  part  in 
forwarding  this  good  cause.  We  heartily  wish  him  success  and  hope 
that  the  commg  session  of  the  Dominion  Parliament  will  not  close 
without  voting  a  sum  of  money  with  which  to  begin  the  erection 
of  such  a  monument. 

CONCLUSION. 

And  now  a  word,  in  closing,  about  the  work  of  our  Club  at 
Ottawa.  There  is  a  vast  amount  of  work  to  do  in  anyone  branch 
in  which  the  Club  is  engaged  at  present.  It  is  earnestly  hoped 
that  the  endeavours  which  are  being  put  forth  by  this  Club  to 
stimulate  and  encourage  the  study  of  botany,  geology,  entomology 
and  other  sciences  in  our  midst,  will  be  appreciated  by  the  Ottawa 
public,  who  are  invited  to  attend  the  present  course  of  lectures. 
Copies  of  the  programme  of  this  course  of  free  soirees  are  here  for 
distribution. 

The  membership  ot  the  Club,  though  fairly  large,  is  not  one- 
half  what  it  ought  to  be  in  a  city  like  Ottawa  with  a  population  of 
nearly  6c), 000  souls.  It  is  gratifying,  however,  to  notice  a  con- 
stant addition  to  our  membership  at  each  of  the  meetings  of  your 
council. 

Without  desiring  to  encroach  upon  the  report  of  work  done 
since  the  last  annual  meeting,  it  is  particularly  encourag-ing  to 
observe  that  the  seven  Monday  afternoon  lectures,  held  in  the 
Normal  School  building  during  the  months  of  April  and  May, 
were  very  largely  attended,  as  also  the  excursions  and  sub-excur- 
sions of  the  Club  in  the  early  part  of  the  year.  Let  us  all  remem- 
ber that  the  leaders  of  the  various  branches  of  the  Club's  work, 
as  well  as  the  editor  and  his  staff  of  associates,  are  ever  willing  to 
give  all  the  assistance  they  can  to  anyone  desiring  either  to  enlist 
in  the  army  of  the  students  of  Nature  or  to  contribute  articles  for 
our  official  organ.  The  Ottawa  Naturalist. 


276  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [February 

This  is  the  first  opportunity  which  I  have  had  as  your  presid- 
ing officer  to  thank  you  for  the  honour  you  have  done  me  in  placing 
me  in  the  chair.  I  make  this  statement  being  fully  aware  of  my 
incompetency  and  mistakes,  but  depending  upon  you  all  for  co- 
operation and  good-will  in  carrying  on  in  our  midst  the  good  work 
of  my  predecessors.  Coming  after  such  a  series  of  illustrious 
men  as  Dr.  James  Fletcher,  Dr.  R,  W.  Ells,  Dr.  G.  M.  Dawson, 
Mr.  F.  T.  Shutt,  and  Prof.  E.  E.  Prince,  not  to  go  back  any  far- 
ther, I  feel  that  the  task  assigned  to  me  as  well  as  the  honour 
bestowed  upon  me,  might  have  fallen  upon  much  worthier 
shoulders.  It  shall  be  my  utmost  endeavour  during  the  remainder 
of  my  term  of  office  to  promote  the  interests  of  this  Club  in  all  its 
branches. 

We  are  not  allowed  to  know  very  much  in  this  world.  Life 
is  intensely  short.  The  world  of  Nature  around  us  contains 
myriads  of  attractive  objects  from  which  the  highest  lessons  can 
be  learned  and  our  minds  improved.  Let  us  try,  then,  in  some 
measure,  to  acquire  some  accurate  idea  of  something  in  our 
vicinity. 


V: 


*^ 


THE  OTTAWA  NATURALIST,  VOL.  XIIL 


PLATE  IV. 


Fig.1. 


^^'v 


V'-> 


RANGIFER    DAWSONI   (Thompson. 


THE  OTTAWA  NATURALIST,  VOL.  XII 


PLATt  V. 


Fig.  3. 


RANGIFER   DAWSONI   (Thompson.) 


I 


THE  OTTAWA  NATURALIST,  VOL.   XIIL 


PLATE  VI. 


X   GO, 


giistral  surface. 


L.    M.    LAWBE,    Del 


LEUCANDRA  TAYLORI. 


I 

I 


THE  OTTAWA  H.ATURAL1ST. 


Vol.  XIII.  OTTAWA,    MARCH,    1900.  No.    12 


NOTES  ON   HUDSON   BAY  SPONGES. 
Bv  Lawrenxe  M.  Lambe,  F.  G.  S. 

The  number  ot"  species  of  recent  marine  sponges  known  to  oc- 
cur in  the  waters  of  Hudson  Bay  and  Strait  is,  up  to  the  present, 
only  four  in  number,  viz.,  taking-  them  in  the  order  in  which  they 
have  been  collected,  Phakellia  ventilabrum,  Johnston,  Reniera 
mollis,  Lambe,  Suberites  ynontalbidus.  Carter  and  Craniella  cran- 
ium, (Miiller). 

The  specimens  representing  these  species  are  in  the  collection 
of  the  Geological  Survey. 

Two  specimens  of  Phakellia  ventilabrum  were  obtained  by  Dr. 
Robert  Bell,  of  the  Geological  Survey,  in  1880,  one  at  York  Factory, 
the  other  between  York  Factoryand  Fort  Severn,  and  later,  in  1896, 
Mr.  A.  P.  Low,  of  the  Geological  Survey,  collected  another  speci- 
men of  the  same  species  on  the  east  coast  of  Hudson  Bay,  near 
Great  Whale  River.  This  species  has  been  recorded  in  North 
American  waters  from  the  Norih  Pacific  Ocean,  Behring  Sea  and 
the  Arctic  Ocean  in  the  west,  and  from  the  River  and  Gulf  ot  St. 
Lawrence,  and  the  north-east  coast  of  the  United  States  in  the 
east,  (vide  Transactions,  Royal  Society  of  Canada,  vol.  xii,  1894, 
and  second  series,  vol.  ii,   1896). 

The  second  species  is  represented  by  a  fragmentary  specimen 
dredged  by  Mr.  Low  in  1897,  in  Wakeham  Bay,  Hudson  Strait, 
in  10  fathoms,  mud  bottom.  Reniera  mollis,  like  P.  ventilabnun, 
has  been  found  on  both  the  Pacific  and  Atlantic  coasts  of  the  con- 
tinent, in  Elk  Bay,  Discovery  Passage,  Vancouver  Island,  B.  C, 
and  off  the  coast  of  Labrador  and  at  the  entrance  to  the  Baie  des 
Chaleurs  (vide  Transactions,  Royal  Society  of  Canada,  vol.  xi, 
1893,  and  second  series,  vol.  ii,   1896). 


278 


The  Ottawa  Naturalist. 


March 


One  specimen  of  each  of  the  remainhig  species  Siiherites  mont- 
albidus  and  Craniella  craniuvi  was  dredged  by  Mr.  Low  in  June, 
1899,  '"  Richmond  Gulf,  Hudson  Bay,  in  from  15  to  30  fathoms, 
soft  mud  bottom. 

Snberites  montalbidus  has  a  wide  northern  distribution  and  it 
is  not  surprising-  to  find  it  in  Hudson  Bay.  Its  range  includes 
Behring  Sea  and  Strait,  Beaufort  Sea,  the  Siberian  Arctic  Ocean, 
the  Kara  Sea,  the  European  Arctic  Ocean,  Barem's  Sea,  and  the 
sea  west  from  Greenland  (vide  Transactions,  Royal  Society  of 
Canada,  vol.  xii,  1894).  The  Hudson  B  ly  specimen  is  irregularly 
pear-shaped,  higher  than  broad,  broader  above  than  below  where 
it  has  apparently  been  attached  to  some  hard  object  ;  height  6 
cent.,  greatest  breadth  a  little  over  4  cenjt.,  colour  in  alcohol  a 
dark  grayish  brown,  surface  rough  (except  on  the  top,  where  it 
is  comparatively  smooth),  covered  with  small,  irregular  elevations 
separated  from  each  other  by  a  net-work  of  wrinkles  or  furrows. 
A  single  osculum,  about  8  mm.  in  width,  occupies  the  centre  of 
the  summit,  and  in  the  sides  are  numerous  small  openings,  having 
a  maximum  width  of  about  i  mm.,  which  \re  probably  the  en- 
trances of  inhalent  canals.  The  sponge  is  soft  and  yielding  to  the 
touch  and  probably  the  roughness  of  the  surface  is  exaggerated  by 
shrinkage.  The  spicules  agree  in  size  and  shape  with  those  of  the 
specimen  from  Unalaska  Island,  referred  to  by  the  writer  in  vol- 
ume xii  of  the  Royal  Society's  Transactions. 

Craniella  cranium  is  also  well  known  from  North  Atlantic  waters 
generally  and  Fristedt  in  his  "Sponges  from  the  Atlantic  and  Arctic 
Oceans  and  the  Behring  Sea  "  mentions  three  specimens  obtained 
off  the  east  and  west  coasts  of  Greenland.  Mr.  Low's  specimen 
is  somewhat  ovate  in  shape,  broadly  roundeJ  above  and  prolonged 
downward  below  where  the  basal  strands  have  the  appearance  of 
having  been  attached  to  some  foreign  object;  total  height  locent., 
maximum  breadth  4.5  cent.,  surface  uneven,  monticulose.  The 
extreme  summit  is  abraded.  The  measurements  of  the  spicules 
agree  with  those  given  by  Sollas  in  his  description  of  the  species 
(vide  Report  Tetractinellida,  Challenger  Expedition  vol.  xxv).  A 
point  of  some  interest  is  that  the  spicules  of  Craniella  Logani, 
Dawson,  from  the  Leda  clay  at  Ottawa  and  Montreal,  are 
practically   identical    in    shape    and    size  with  those  of  Mr.  Low's 


igoo]  Lambe — Notes  on  Hudson  Bay  Sponges.  279 

specimen.  The  spicular  similarity  between  the  Leda  clay  sponge 
and  Ci'uuieLla  crmiiimi  has  already  been  pointed  out  by  the  writer, 
(vide  Transactions  Royal  Society  of  Canada,  second  series,  vol. 
ii,  1896).  Mr.  VVhiteaves  has  recoj^nized  among-st  the  shells 
dredged  by  Mr.  Low  with  this  sponge,  some  of  the  species  consid- 
ered typical  of  the  Leda  clay  in  eastern  Canada,  notably — Pecfen 
Groenlandicus,  Sowerby,  Modiolaria  dhcors,  Z.,  Portlandia  glaci- 
nhs,  [Wood),  Nucula  tenuis,  M  ntagu,  Macoma  sabulosa,  Spengler 
[ca/carea,  Huct.)  i\nd  Saxicava  arctica,  L  Judging  from  this  we 
evidently  have  in  Hudson  Bay  a  deposit,  in  course  of  formation, 
that  has  a  fauna  to  a  la-ge  extent  the  same  as  that  revealed  to  us 
by  the  Pleistocene  fossils  of  the   Leda  clay. 


ArPENDIX  TO  PRESIDENT'S  ADDRESS  DELIVERED 
BEEORE  THE  OTTAWA  FIELD-NATURALISTS' 
CLUB. 


Sir  John  William  Dawson  has  contributed  so  many  papers, 
volumes  and  articles  to  Science,  P^ducation  and  Literature  in 
general  that  it  will  be  some  time  before  a  complete  list  of  his 
writings  can  be  produced. 

I  have  attempted,  in  this  issue  of  The  Naturalist,  to  submit 
as  complete  a  list  of  Sir  William's  writings  as  I  have  been  able  to 
gather  to  date.  It  forms  part  of  my  presidential  address,  de- 
livered November  28th,  1S99.  before  the  Ottawa  Field-Naturalists' 
Club,  and  especially  to  that  portion  (pp.  270 — 274)  referring  to  the 
life  and  works  of  Sir  William  Dawson. 

I  desire  to  acknowledge  with  thanks  valuable  assistance  re- 
ceived from  Dr.  G.  M.  Dawson  ;  the  Librarian  of  the  Parliament 
of  Canada,  Mr.  Martin  J.  Griffin  ;  the  Librarian  of  the  Peter 
Redpath  Library  of  McGill  College,  Montreal,  Mr.  C.  H.  Gould  ; 
Mr.  Scott,  Librarian  of  Princeton  University,  Princeton,  New 
Jersey  ;  Prof.  D.  P.  Penhallow  ;  Sir  John  Bourinot,  Hon.  Sec. 
of  the  Royal  Society  of  Canada,  Ottawa,  and  Prof.  David  White, 
of  the  Smithsonian  Institution,  Washington,  D.C. 

H.  M.  A. 


28o  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [March  i 

Bibliography  of  Sir  John  William  Dawson. 

1 84 1 . 

Species  of  Meriones  in  iVova  Scotia.  Edinburgh  Philosophical  Journal 
(Illustrated).     Edinburgh. 

1842. 
A  Geological  Excursion  in  Prince  Edward  Island.      Haszard's  Gazette. 

1843- 

On  the  Loivet  Carboniferous  or  Gypsiferous  Formation  of  Nova  Scotia. 
Proc.  Geol.  See,  Vol.  4,  pp.  272 — 281.  (Six  woodcuts,  and  Dr.  A.  Gesner's 
geol.  map  of  Nova  Scotia.)     London,  Eng. 

1845. 

On  the  Lower  Carboniferous  Rocks,  or  Gypsiferous  Formation  of  Nova 
Scotia.     Quart.  Journ.  Geol.  Soc,  Vol  i,  pp.  26—35.      London,  Eng. 

On  the  Newer  Coal  Formation  of  the  Eastern  part  of  Nova  Scotia.  Proc. 
Geol.  Soc,  London,  Vol.  4,  pp.  504 — 512,  (with  geol.  map  section,  notes  on 
fossils,  etc.,  by  J.  W.  D.  ;  also  Vol.  i,  pp.  322—330.  Same  paper,  published 
in  two  volumes).      London,  Eng. 

On  the  Newer  Coal  Formation  of  the  Eastern  part  of  Nova  Scotia,  Quart. 
Journ.  Geol.  Soc,  V^ol.  1,  pp.  322 — 330,  (with  appendix  on  the  Junction  of  the 
Carboniferous  and  Silurian  System  at  Maccaras).      London,  Eng. 

1846. 

Notice  of  some  Fossils  found  in  the  Coal  Formation  of  Nova  Scotia.  Quart. 
Journ.  Geol.  Soc,  Vol.  2,  1846,  pp.  132 — 136.      London,  Eng. 

Report  on  the  Coal  Fields  of  Caribou  Cove  and  River  Inhabitant.':.  Journ. 
Nova  Scotia  Legislature.      Halifax. 

1847. 

On  the  Destruction  and  Partial  Reproductio7i  of  the  Forests  of  British 
North  America.  Edinb.  New.  Phil.  [ourn.  42.  1847.  PP-  259-271.  Silliman's 
Journ.  \^ol.  4.   1847.    pp.   161-170;  Froriep,  Notizen,  5.,  1848,  col.  65-72. 

1848. 

On  the  Mode  of  Occurrence  of  Gypsum  in  Nova  Scotia,  and  on  its  probable 
origin.     Proc.  Roy.  Soc.  Edinb.  Vol.  2,  pp.  141-142.      Edinburgh. 

On  the  New  Red  Sandstone  of  Nova  Scotia.  Quart.  Journ.  Geol.  Soc.  Vol. 
4.,  1848,  pp.   50 — 59.      London. 

Notice  of  Specimeyis  of  the  Wheat  Midge  from  Nova  Scotia.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 
Phila.  Proc.  4,    1848-9,   pp.  210-211  ;     Ann.    &    INIag.    Nat.    Hist.,    vol.  5,  1850, 

PP-  152  -  "54- 

1849. 

On  the  Colouring  Matter  of  Red  Sandstones  and  of  Grayish  and  White  Beds 


iQoo]  Appendix  to  President's  Address.  281 

Associated  ivitli   them.     (Read,  May  i7lh,  1849.)     Quart.    .Journ.    Geol.    Soc, 
Vol.  5,  1849,  pp.  25 — 30.      London,  Eng-. 

Xotice  of  the  Gypsum  of  Plaister  Cove  in  the  Strait  of  Canseau.  Quart, 
Journ.  Gc'ol.  Soc,  Vol.  5,  1849,  PP-  335 — 339-      London,  Eng;. 

1850. 

Account  of  a  Halo  observed  at  Pictou,  Xova  Scotia,  Auj^ust  2j,  rS^g.  Edinb. 
New  Phil,  Journ.,  Vol.  48,    1850,   pp.  65—68.     Edinburgh. 

On  the  Metamorphic  and  Metalliferous  Rocks  of  Eastern  Xova  Scotia. 
(Read  March  13th,  1850.)  Quart.  Journ.  Geol.  Soc,  Vol.  6,  pp.  347 — 364. 
1850.     London,  Eng-. 

1851. 

On  the  Boulder  Formation  and  Superficial  Deposits  of  Xova  Scotia.  Proc. 
Roy.  Soc.  Edinb.,  Vol.  2,    1851A.,  pp.  140 — 144. 

Xotice  of  the  Occurrence  of  Upright  Catamites  near  Pictou,  Xova  Scotia. 
(Read  iMarch  12th,  1851.)  Quart.  Journ.  Geo,  Soc,  \'ol.  7,  1851,  pp.  194 — 
196.     London,   Eng. 

1852. 

Additional  Xotes  on  the  Red  Sandstones  of  Xova  Scotia.  (Illustrated.) 
(Read  June  16th.  1852.)  Quart.  Journ.  GeoL  Soc,V'ol.  8,  1852,  pp.398 — 400. 
London,  Eng. 

Handbook  of  the  Geography  and  Xafural  History  of  Xova  Scotia.  (Map.) 
Pictou  and  Edinburgh. 

On  the  Remains  of  a  Reptile  and  of  a  Land  Shell  discovered  in  the  interior 
of  an  Erect  Tree  in  the  Coal-Measures  of  Xova  Scotia.  ( Lyell  and  Dawson.) 
Quart.  Journ.  Geol.  Soc,  Vol.  9,  pp.  58 — 63.      London,  Eng. 

1853- 

On  the  Albert  Mine,  Hillsborough,  A^ew  Bruns7i<ick.  Qu;irt.  Journ.  Geol. 
Soc,  \'ol.  9,  1853,  pp.  107 — 115.    London,  Eng. 

i8s4. 

Xotice  of  the  Discovery  of  Baphetes  Planiceps  (Dawson  and  Owen.) 
Journl.  Geol.  Soc,  London,  Vol.  10,  pp.  .     London,  Eng. 

On  the  Structure  of  the  Albion  Mines  Coal  Measures,  Xova  Scotia. 
(Dawson  and  Poole.)  Quart.  Journl.  Geol.  Soc,  London,  Vol.  10,  pp.  42—47. 
London,    1852.        1857  (enlarged  edition). 

Scientific  Agriculture  in  Xova  Scotia.      Halifax. 

On    the    Coal-Measures   of  the  South  foggins,  A'ova  Scotia.   Quart.  Journ. 
Geol.  Soc.  Vol.  10.    1854.  pp.  1-42,   London,  England. 

On  Fossil  Coniferous  Wood,  from  Prince  Edvard  Island.  Proc  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.    Pliil.,   Vol.  7,    1854-55,    pp.   62-64.     I'hiladelphia. 


282  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [March 

» 

1855. 

Acadian  Geology,  an  account  of  the  Geological  Structure  and  Mineral  Re- 
sources of  Nova  Scotia  and  portions  of  the  neighboicring  provinces  of  British  Am- 
erica, i.st  edition,  xii  pp.  &  388  pp.  1855,  (illustrations  and  map.)  Edinburgfli, 
Scotland. 

Notice  oj  the  Discovery  of  a  Reptilian  Skull  in  the  Coal  of  Pictou. 
(Read  Nov.  ist,  1854.)  Quart.  Jouin.  Geo).  Soc,  Vol.  11,  pp.  8-9.  London, 
Engf.     (Issued  1855,) 

On  a  Modern  Submers^ed  Forest  at  Fort  Laivrence,  Nova  Scotia.  Ouart. 
Journ.  Geol.  Soc,  Vol.  11,  1855,  pp.  119 — 122.     London,   Eno;. 

0?i  the  Course  of  Collegiate  Education  adapted  to  the  circumstances  of  Bri- 
tish Ametica.  The  Inauguictl  Discourse  of  the  Principal  of  McGill  College, 
Montreal.  29  pp.  H.  Ramsay,  Montreal.  1855.  (Canadian  Pamphlets, 
No.  83,  Library  of  Padiament,  Ottawa,  Canada.) 

1856. 

Remarks  on  a  Specimen  of  Fossil  Wood  from  the  Devonian  Rocks  ( Gaspd 
Sa7idstones )  of  Gasp^,  Cafiada  East.  Proc.  Amer.  Assoc.  Adv.  Sc,  1856. 
Pt.  2,  pp.   174 — 176.      Mass. 

On  the  Species  of  Meriones  and  Arvicolce  Foutid  /«  A^ova  Scotia.  Brit. 
Assoc.  Rep.,  1855,  Pt.  2,  p.  J 10;    Edinb.  New  Phil.  Journ.  IH,  1856,  pp.  i- -4. 

Remarks  on  a  Specimen  of  Fossil  Wood  from  the  De^'onian  Rocks  ( Gaspd 
sandstones)  of  Gaspe,  Canada  East.  Proc.  Amer.  Assoc.  Adv.  Sci.,  1856, 
Pt.  2,  pp.  174  —  176.     (Boston  meeting),   Mass. 

1857- 

Natural  History  in  its  Educational  Aspect.  Barnard's  Amer.  Journ.  of 
Education,  pp.  428—436,  .A.rt.  II,  June,  1857.  (Extracts  from  the  introductory 
Lecture  of  the  popular  course  of  the  Natural  History  Society  of  Montreal.) 
Hartford,   Connecticut. 

On    the  parallelism    of  the   Rock  Formations  of  A^ova  Scotia  tvith  those  of 
other  parts  of  America.      Proc.   Amer.  Assoc.   Adv.  Sc.      Part  2,    pp.  18—25. 
(Albany.)     Cambridg-e,  Mass. 

Archaia,  or  Studies  of  the  Narrative  of  the  Creation  in  Genesis.  Mon- 
treal,   1857. 

On  the  Varieties  and  Mode  of  Preservation  of  the  Fossils  knoivn  as  Stern- 
beigiae.  Proc.  Amer.  Assoc.  Adv.  Sci.,  1857.  (pt.  2)  pp.  64-74;  Can.  Journ.  2, 
'857,  pp.  476—479,  Toronto  ;  Can.  Nat.  and  Geol.,  vol.  2,  No.  4,  Sept.,  1857, 
pi.  5,  pp.  2q9-305.     Montreal. 

On  the  Nerver  Pliocene  Fossils  of  the  St.  Lawrence  Valley.  Proc  Amer. 
Assoc.  Adv.  Sci.,  1857.  pt.  2,  pp.  74-75.  See  also  Review  Can.  Nat.  Geol. 
vol,  2,  No.  4,    pp.  279-280,      Montreal. 

On    the  Geological  Structure  and   Mineral   Deposits  of  the  Promontory  of 


iQoo]  Appendix  to  President's  Address.  283 

Mainiaiise,  Lake  Superior.   C;ui.  Nat.  and  Geol.,  Art,  i,  vol.  2,  No  i,  pp.  i  — 12. 
(Illustrated.)     March,   1857.      Montreal. 

The  Testimony  of  the  Rocks,  by  Hugh  Miller.  Can.  Nat.  and  Geol.  Art  9, 
vol.  2,  No.  2,  pp.  81 — 92.     May  1857.     Montreal. 

Recent  Geological  Discoveries.  Can.  Nat.  and  Geo!., vol.  2,  No.  3,  pp.  188 — 
195.  (Review  of  suppl.  to  5th  ed.,  Lyell's  Manual  of  Geology  London.  1857.) 
July.  1857.    Montreal. 

On  t/w  Xeiver  Pliocene  and  Post  Pliocene  Deposits  of  the  vicinity  of  Mon- 
treal, with  notices  of  Fossils  recently  discovered  in  them.  Can.  Nat.  &  Geol., 
Vol.  2,  No.  6^  December,  1857,  pp.  401—426.      Montreal. 

1858. 

On  the  Newer  Pliocene  and  Post  Pliocene  Deposits  of  the  vicinity  of  Mon- 
Ireal,  with   notices  of  fossils  recently  discovered  in  them.     Can,  Nat.  &  Geol., 

1858.  Issued  as  separate.     28  pp.      Montreal. 

Things  to  be  Obse)ved  in  Canada,  and  especially  in  Montreal  and  its 
vicinity.     Can.  Nat.  &  Geol.,  Vol.  3,  1858,  pp.   i— 12.    Montreal. 

Report  of  the  Geological  Survey  of  Canada.  Can.  Nat.  &  Geol.,  Vol.  3, 
pp.  32 — 39,   81 — 9*1.      Montreal. 

Permian  Fossils  in  Kansas  and  elsewhere  in  America.  Can.  Nat.  &  Geol., 
Vol.  3,  No.  1,  p.  80.      February,  1858.      Montreal. 

Agassiz's  Contributions  to  the  Natural  History  of  the  United  States.     Vols. 
I  &  2.     Boston.     Can.    Nat.    &    Geol.,  Vol    3,    No.  3,    Art.  22,  pp.  201   -212 
June,    l^58.     Montreal.     (Concluded  in)  Can.   Nat.   &  Geol.,  Vol.   3,   No   4, 
Art.  24,  pp.  241 — 260.     August,    1858.     Montreal. 

Coal  in  Canada.  The  Bowntanville  Discovery.  Can.  Nat.  &  Geol., 
Vol.  3,  No.  3,  Art.  23,  pp.  212 — 223.     June,  1858.     Montreal. 

A  Week  in  Gaspd.  Can.  Nat.  &  Geol.,  Vol.  3,  1858,  pp.  321 — 331. 
Montreal. 

On  Sea  Anemones  and  Hydroid  Polyps  from  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence.  Can. 
Nat.  &  Geo!..  \'ol.  3,  1858,  pp.  401-409.   Montreal. 

1859. 

On  Fossil  Plants  from  the  Devonian  Rocks  of  Canada.  Quart.  Journ* 
Geol.  Soc,  Vol.  15,  1859,  pp.  477 — 4>*8.     London,  Eng. 

On  the  Lower  Coal  Measurts  as  developed  in  British  America.  (1858.-' 
Quart.  Journ.  Geol.  Soc,  Vol.  15,  1859,  pp.  62  —  76.  London,  Eng.  Can.  Nat. 
&  Geol.,  Vol.  4,  181^9,  pp.  30^ — 305.      Montreal. 

On  the  Vegetable  Structures  in  Coal.     Quart.    Journ.    Geol.    Soc,  Vol.    15, 

1859,  pp.626 — 641.     Can.  Journ.,  Vol.  5,  i860,   pp.305 — 307.     Toronto. 
Additional  Notes  on  the  Post  Pliocene  Deposits  of  the  St.  Lawrence  Valley- 

Can.  Nat.  &  Geol.,  Vol.  4,  No.  1,  1859,  pp.  23—39.     February.   Montreal. 

On  the  Microscopic  Structure  of  Some  Canadian  Limestones.  Can.  .Vat.  & 
Geol.,  Vol.  4,   1859,  pp.    161  —  169.      Montreal. 


284  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [March 

On  a  specimen  of  Aboriginal  Pottery  in  the  Museum  of  the  Natural  History 
Society  of  Montreal.     Can.  Nat.  &  Geol.,Vol.  4,  1859,  pp.  186—190.  Montreal. 

Geological  Survey  of  Cajiada.  Can.  Nat.  &  Geol.,  Vol.  3,  1859,  pp.  220— 
228.     Montreal.     (A  Review.) 

Recent  Researches  in  the  Devonian  and  Carboniferous  Flora  of  British 
America.  Proc.  Amer.  Assoc.  Adv.  Sci.,  1859,  pp.  308—310.  Can.  Nat. 
&  Geol.,  Vol.  4,  1859,  pp.  297-298.     Montreal. 

Post- Tertiary  of  the  St  Laivrence  Valley.   Silliman's  Journal,  vol.  27,    1859. 

PP   434—437- 

On  a  Neiv  Species  of  Stickleback.  ( Gasterosteus  gymtiefes. )  Can.  Nat.  & 
Geol.,  Vol.  4,  kS'59,  pp.  321—324.     Montreal. 

i860. 

On  the  Fossil  Plants  of  the  Devonian  Rocks  of  Canada,  Can.  Nat.  & 
Geol.,  Vol.  5,  i860,  pp.  I  — 14.     Montreal, 

On  the  Vegetable  Structures  in  Coal.  Quart.  Journ.  Geol.  Soc-  (London), 
pp.  626 — 641,  (with  plates  17,  18,  19,  20).      February.      London,   Eng. 

Archaia,  or  Studies  of  the  Cosmogony  and  Natural  History  of  the  Hebrew 
Scriptures.  400  pp.  B.  Dawson  &  Son,  Montreal  ;  Sampson,  Low,  Son  & 
Co.,  London,  Eng. 

On  a  Terrestrial  Molliisk,  a  Chilognathous  Myriapod,  and  some  nc7v  species 
of  Reptiles  from  the  Coal  Formation  of  Nova  Scot  ia.  Quart.  Journ.  Geol.  Soc, 
Vol.  16,  i860,  pp.  268 — 277.  London,  Eng.  Abstract  of  paper  Can. 
Nat.  &  Geol.,  Vol.  5,  No.  3,  pp.  222-223.     June,  i860.      Montreal. 

On  the  Tubicolous  Marine  Worms  of  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence.  Can.  Nat. 
&  Geol.,  Vol.  5,  i860,  pp.  24 — 30.     Montreal. 

Review  of  ''^  Darivin  on  the  Origin  of  Species  by  means  of  Natural  Selec- 
tion.'" Can.  Nat.  &  Geol,  Vol.  5,  .No.  1,  Art.  III.,  Feb,  i860,  pp.  100 — 120. 
Montreal. 

On  the  Silurian  and  Devonian  Rocks  of  N'ova  Scotia.  Can.  Nat.  &.  Geol.,- 
Vol.  5,  pp.  132 — 143.  Montreal.  (Same  title  and  subj*ct — published  as 
separate  pamphlet,  28  pp.) 

Notice  of  Tertiary  Fossils  from  Labradoi,  Maine,  &c.,  and  Remarks  on  the 
Climate  of  Canada,  in  the  A'eiver  Pliocene  or  Pleistocene  Period.  Can.  Nat.  & 
Geol.,  Vol.  5,  No.  3,  Art.  XV^  June,  i860,  pp.  188—200.     Montreal. 

Professor  Hall's  Report  on  the  Geology  of  lotva.  \o\.  i,  Pts.  i  &  2.  Can. 
Nat,  &  Geol.,  Vol.  5,  No.  3,  pp.  213—215.    June,  i860.     (Review)     Montreal. 

Palaontological  Note  by  Dr.  Da^vson  in  Paper  by  Rev.  D.  Honeyman  on 
fiew  Localities  of  Fossilifetous  Silurian  Rocks  in  Eastern  Nova  Scotia.  Can. 
Nat.  &  Geol.,  Vol.  5,  No.  4,  Art.  41,  pp.  297 — 299  (printed  197 — 199)  August, 
i860.     Montreal. 

Notes  on  the  Coal  Fields  of  Pictou,  by  Henry  Poole.  Can.  Nat.  &  Geol., 
Vol.  5,  No.  4,  pp.  285-286  and  291-293  (printed  192-193).  August,  i860.  Mon- 
treal.    (PalKontological  and  other  notes   byJ.W.  D.    at   pages   indicated.) 


igoo]  Appendix  to  President's  Address.  285 

Notes  on  the  Earthquake  of  October,  18O0.  Can.  Nat.  &  Geol.,  \'ol.  5. 
i860,  pp.  363 — 372.      Montreal. 

Notes  on  Aboriginal  Antiquities  recently  discovered  in  the  Island  of  Mon- 
treal. Can.  Xat.  &  Geol.,  Vol.  5,  No.  6,  Dec,  i860,  Art.  52,  pp.  430—449. 
Montreal. 

Supplementary  Chapter  to  Acadian  Geology.  1 2mo.  70  pp.  Wood  en- 
gfravings  of  fossils.      Edinburg-h. 

On  an  undescribed  Fossil  Fern  from  the  Lower  Coal  Measutes  of  A'ova 
Scotia.  (Abstract)  Can.  Nat.  &  Geol.,  Vol.  5,  No.  6,  Dec,  i860,  pp.  460-461. 
Montreal.     Quart.  Journ.  Geol.  Soc,  Vol.  17,  1861,  p.  5.     London,  Enjj. 

Note  on  a  Specimen  of  Necera  collected  by  Air.  R.  S.  Foivler,  and  exhibited 
to  the  Natural  History  Society  of  Montreal.  Can.  Nat.  &  Geol.,  Vol.  5,  No.  6, 
Dec,  i860,  pp.  461-462.      Montreal. 

Note  on  Relics  of  the  Red  Indian  of  Newfoundland  collected  by  Mr.  Smith 
McKay,  and  exhibited  to  the  Natural  History  Society.  Can.  Nat.  &  Geol., 
V'ol.  5,  No.  6,  half  pag-e  462.      Dec,  i860.     Montreal. 

1861. 

ArchMogie  Canadienne .  De  quelque  sepultures  d anciens  indigenes  de 
T  Am^rique  ddcouverts  a  Montreal.  (Traduit  du  "Canadian  Naturalist"  et 
annote  pour  le  "Journal  de  I'lnstruction  Publique.")  24  pp.  Impr.  Eu^ebe 
Senecal,  Montreal,  1861.  (Canadian  Pamrhlets,  Nos.  473  &  104,  Library  of 
Parliament,  Ottawa,  Canada.) 

Notes  on  the  Geology  of  Murray  Bay,  Loiver  St.  Laturence.  Can.  Nat.  & 
Geol.,  Vol,  6,  pp.  138 — 151.  (With  list  of  Cambro-Silurian  and  Post-Ter- 
tiary fossils  and  description  of  Lingula  Eva,  by  E.  Billings,  p.  150.)  Mon- 
treal. 

On  the  Pre  carboniferous  Flora  of  Ne7v  Brunswick,  Maine,  and  Eastern 
Canada.      Can.  Nat.  &  Geol.,  V'ol.  6,  1861,   pp.  161 — 180.      Montreal. 

The  Earthquake  of  July  u,  1S61.  Can.  Nat.  &  Geo!.,  Vol.  6,  No.  4, 
p.  329,  August,  1S61.      Montreal. 

On  the  Recent  Discoveries  of  Gold  in  Nova  Scotia.  Can.  .Nat.  &  Geo)., 
Vol.  6,  1861,  pp.  417 — 433       Montreal. 

On  an  Erect  Sigillaria  from  the  South  foggins.  Nova  Scotia.     Journ.  Geol. 
Soc,  Vol.  17,  1861,  pp.  522 — 524.     Can.  Nat.  &  Geol.,  Vol.  7,  1862,  pp.  106 — 
■III.      Montreal. 

N'ote  on  a  Carpolite  froin  the  Coal  Formation  of  Cape  Breton.  Journ.  Geol. 
Soc,  Vol.  17,  1861  pp.  525-526.  Can.  Nat.  &  Geol.,  Vol.  7,  1862.  pp.  iii  — 
1 13.      Montreal. 

1862. 

Synopsis  of  the  Course  of  Zoology  McGill  University  (Montreal ),  Session 
i8b2-bj.  17  pp.  (General  view,  functions  and  classification  of  the  Animal 
Kingdom.)     Montreal. 


286  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  »  [March 

Xotice  of  the  Discovery  of  Additional  Remains  of  Land  Animals  in  the  Coal 
Measures  of  the  South  Joggins,  A^ova  Scotia,  Quart.  Journ.  Geol.  Soc.,Vol.  18, 
1862,  pp.  296 — 328.      Silliinan's  Journ.,  Vol.  35,  1863,  pp.  311 — 319. 

Note  071  Mr.  Leslie's  Paper  on  the  Coal  Measures  of  Cape  Breton.  Proc. 
Phil.  Soc.  Amer. ,  Vol.  9,   1862-63,  pp.   165  — 170. 

On   the    Flora   of  the    Devonian  Period  in  North  Eastern  America.  Quart. 
Journ.  Geol.  Sec.  vol.   18,  pp.  296 — 330.   (o.  Localities;  N.  Y.,  Maine,  Canada,, 
N.Br.      2.  Descriptions  of  Species.    3.  Conclusion.)    Nov.  1862,  London,    Eng-. 
(Opposite  page  329  an  additional  page  or    appendix,  >  earing-  date  September, 
1862,  was  inserted.) 

Notes  on  the  Flora  of  the  White  Mountains,  in  its  Geographical  and  Geolo- 
gical Relations.     Can.  Nat.  &  Geol.  vol.  7.,  1862.  pp.  80 — 102.      Montreal. 

On  the  Erect  Sigillaria  a  Carpolite,  from  A'ova  Scotia.  Caii.  Nat.  &  Geol. 
vol.  7,  pp.  106-113.    Montreal. 

On  the  Footprints  of  Limulus  as  compared  with  the  Protichnites  of  the  Pots- 
dam Sandstone.     Can.  Nat.  &  Geol.,  vol.  7,  1862,  pp.  271 — 277.     Montreal. 

Zoological  Classification  of  Ccelenterata  and  Protozoa  versus  Radiata.  Can. 
Nat.  &  Geol.  vol.  7,  1862.  pp.  438 — 443.   Montreal. 

On  the  Footprints  of  Limulus  as  compared  ivith  the  Protictinites  of  the  Pots- 
dam Sandstone.  (Abstract  of  paper  in  Can.  Nat.  and  Geol.)  Amer.  Journ.  Sc, 
vol.  34,  Sir.  2,  pp.  446-447.    New  Haven,  Conn.    C  S.  A. 

1863. 

The  Duties  of  Educated  Young  Men  in  British  America.  (Being  the  An- 
nual Alumni  lecture  of  McGill  University,  Montreal.  Session  of  1863-4.)  -^4 
pp.;  John  Lovell,  Montreal,  1863.  (Canadian  pamphlets,  No.  527,  Library  of 
Parliament,  Ottawa,  Canada.) 

Further  Observations  on  the  Devonian  Plants  of  Maine,  Caspt'  and  Neiv 
York.   Quart.  Journ.  Geol.  Soc,  vol.  19,  1863,  pp.  458 — 469. 

Notice  of  a  New  Species  of  Dendrerpeto7i,  and  of  the    Dermal    Coverings   of 
certain    Carboniferous    Reptiles.      Quart.    Journ.    Geol.  Soc,  vol.   19,   1863.  pp. 
469-473- 

On  American  Devonian.  Silliman's  Journ.  or  Amer.  .Journ.  Sci.,  ser.  2, 
vol.  35,    1863,  pp.  309-311. -New  Haven. 

Air  Breathers  of  the  Coal  Period.  A  descriptive  account  of  the  land  ani- 
mals found  in  the  Coal  Formations  of  Nova  Scotia,  with  remarks  on  their 
bearings  and  theories  of  the  formation  of  Coal  and  of  the  origin  of  species. 
8i   pp. ;  (with  illustrations),  June,  1863.   Dawson  Bros.   Montreal. 

Further  Observations  on  the  Devonian  Plants  of  Maine,  Gasp^  and  New 
York.  Quart.  Journ.  Geol.  Soc,  London,  pp.  458 — 469,  pis.  17-19.  Nov.,  1863. 
London,   Eng. 

The  Air-breathers  of  the  Coal  Period  in  Nova  Scotia.  Can.  Nat.  &  Geol. 
Vol.  8,  1863,  pp.   I — 12,  81 — 88,  159-160,  161  — 175,  268—295.      Montreal. 


igooj  Appendix  to  President's  Address.  287 

Synopsis  of  the  Flora  of  the   Carboniferous  Period  in    Xova   Scotia.     Can. 
Nat.  &  Geol.,  Vol.  8,  1863,  pp.  431—457.     Montreal. 

1864. 

On  Some  Points  in  the  History  and  Prospects  of  Ptotestant  Education  in 
Loiver  Canada.  A  lecture  delivered  by  Principal  Dawson  before  the  Associa- 
tion of  Teachers,  in  connection  with  the  McGill  Normal  School,  Dec,  1864. 
Printed  b}' J.  C.  Backet,  Montreal.  1864.  20  pp.  (Canadian  Pamphlets,  142.. 
Library  of  Parliament,  Ottawa,  Can.) 

Agriculture  for  Schools.      Montreal. 

Address  of  the  President  of  the  Natural  History  Society  (  of  Montreal  J.  Can 
Nat.  &  Geol.,  N.S.,  Vol.  i.  No.  3,  pp.  218—229.     June,    1864.     Montreal. 

On   the  Fossils  of  the  Laurentian    and  Boulder  Drift  of  Canada.     Amer.   < 
Journ.  Sci.,  Vol.  38,  1864,  pp.  231—239.    New  Haven,   Conn. 

Elementary  Vieras  of  the  Classification  of  Afiimals.  Can.  Nat.  &  Geol., 
N.S.,  Vol.  I,  No.  4,  pp.  241 — 258.  August,  1864.     Montreal. 

On  the  Fossils  of  the  Genus  Pusophyrus.  Can.  Nat.  &  Geol.,  N.S.,  Vol.  1, 
pp.  363 — 367.  October,  1864.  (An  illustration  of  Rusichnites  Acadicus  to 
accompany  description  on  page  458,    Dec,  1864. )     Montreal. 

Synopsis  of  the  Flora  of  the  Carboniferous  Period  in  A^ova  Scotia.  Amer. 
Journ.  Sci.,  Vol.  37,  1864,  pp.  419—427.      New  Haven,  Conn 

1865. 

Elefuentary  I'ie-ws  of  the  Classification  of  Animals.  In  Can.  Nat.  &  Geol.. 
August,  1864.  (Review  of  the  above  by  Rev.  Prof.  \Vm.  Hind,  F.  L.S. ,  in 
Can.  Journ.,  Vol.  10,  No.  4,  pp    19—30,  January,  1865.)     Toronto. 

The  Palceozoic  Floras  in  North-eastern  America.  Brit.  Assoc.  Rep.,  \'ol.  35, 
1865,  (Sect.)  pp.  50-51.     Geol.  Mag.,  Vol.  2,  1865,  pp.  568-569.    London,  Eng. 

On  the  Fossil  Plants  of  the  Post-Pliocene  Deposits  of  Canada,  in  connection 
7i'ith  the  Climate  of  the  Period,  and  the  formation  of  Boulder  Clay.  Brit.  Assoc. 
Rep.,  Vol.  35,  1865,  (Sect.)  p.  50.     Geol.  Mag.,  Vol.  2,  1865,  pp.  561—563. 

On  the  Structure  of  Certain  Organic  Remains  in  the  Laurentian  limestones 
of  Canada.  (1864)  Quart.  Journ.  Geol.  Soc,  Vol.  21,  1865,  pp.  51—59.  Can. 
Nat.  &  Geol.,  Vol.  2,  1865,  pp.  99— 111,  127-128.  Montreal.  Phil.  Mag., 
Vol.  29,  p.  76,  1865. 

Notes  on  Post-Pliocene  Deposits  at  Riviere  du  Loup  and  Tadoussac.  Can. 
Nat.  &  Geol.,  Vol.  2,  1865,  pp.  81— 88.     Montreal. 

The  President's  Address.  Can.  Nat.  &  Geol.,  N.S.,  Vol.  2,  No.  4.  pp. 
300 — 304,   August,  1865.      Montreal. 

1866. 


On  the  Conditions  of  the  Deposition  of  Coal,  more  especially  as  Hlust rated  by 
the  Coal  Formations  of  Nova  Scotia  and  New  Brunswick.  (1865. )  Quart,  ijjurn. 
Geol.  Soc.',  Vol.  22,  AL-iv,  1869.  pp.  95—169.  (13  P'-)     London,  En^^V)^   ^ 


^/i^ %y^ 


LIBRARY 


! 


288  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [March 

Geological  Map  of  Canada  and  the  Adjacent  Regions.  Geol.  Sur.  Can. 
Sir  W.  E.  Logan,  &c.,  and  also  "  from  the  labours  of  Dr.  J.  W.  Dawson.' 
Scale  25  miles  to  i  inch.     Paris,  France. 

On  Flint  Implements.  Can.  Nat.  &  Geo!.,  N.S,,  Vol.  3,  No.  i,  pp.  20-21. 
February,    1866.      Mont'-eal. 

1  he  Evidence  of  Fossil  Plants  as  to  the  Climate  of  the  Post-Pliocene  Period 
oj  Canada.     Can.  Nat.  &  Geol.,  7  pp.,  February.      Monti eal. 

Note  on  the  Supposed  Burroivs  of  Worms  in  the  Laurcntian  Rocks  of  Canada. 
Quart.  Journ.  Geol.  Soc,  Vol.  22,  1866,  pp.  608-609,  ^^'■'^'i  ^S-  •  ~'5-  London. 
Phil.  Mag.,  Vol.  31,  p.  158;  V^ol.  32,  p.  234.  Can.  Nat.  &  Geol.,  Vol.  3,  1868, 
pp.  321-322.     Montreal. 

1867. 

On  Recent  Geological  Discoveries  in  the  Acadian  Provinces  of  British 
America.      Proc.  Amer.  Assoc.  Adv.  Sci.,  Vol.   16,  1867,  pp.  117— 119. 

On  Some  Remains  of  Palceozoic  Insects  recently  Discovered  ifi  Nova  Scotia 
and  Ne7v  Brunswick.  Amer.  Journ.  Sci.,  Vol.  44,  1867,  p.  116.  New  Haven, 
Conn.  Geol.  Mag.,  Vol.  4,  1867,  pp.  385 — 388.  London,  Eng.  Can.  Nat. 
&  Geol.,  Vol.  3,  1867,  pp.  202 — 206.     Montreal. 

Coal  Discoveries  and  Primordial  Fossils  in  Nova  Scotia  and  Ne7v  Brunsivick. 
Geol.  Mag.,  Vol.  4,  1867,  pp.  73-74.     London,  Eng. 

On  Certain.  Discoveries  in  regard  to  Eozoon  Canadense.  Geol.  Mag.,  Vol. 
4,  1867,  pp.  222-223.     London,  Eng. 

Notes  on  Fossils  recently  obtained  from  the  Laurentian  Rocks  of  Canada, 
and  on  Objections  to  the  Organic  Nature  of  Eozoon,  with  7iotes  by  W.  B.  Car- 
penter. Quart.  Journ.  Geol.  Soc,  vol.  23,  1867,  pp.  257 — 264.  London. 
Amer.  Journ.  Sci.,  vol.  44,  1867,  pp.  367 — 376.  New  Haven,  Conn.  Phil. 
Mag.,  vol.  34,  1867,  pp.  318-319.  Can.  Nat.  &  Geol.,  vol.  3,  1868,  pp.  312 — 
321.     Montreal. 

On  the  Discovery  of  a  New  Pulmonale  Molliisk  ( Zonites,  Cotiulus  priscUi, 
Carp.)  /;;  the  Coal  Formation  of  Nova  Scotia.  With  a  description  of  the  species 
by  Philip  P.  Carpenter,  M.D.  Quart.  Journ.  Geol.  Soc,  vol.  23,  1867,  pp. 
330-333-   London.      Phil.  Mag.,  vol.  34,  1867,  p.  398. 

Post-Pliocene  Climate  in  Canada.  Journ.  of  Botany,  vol.  5,  1S67,  pp. 
121— 125. 

Note  (on  a  Subdivision  of  the  Acadian  Carboniferous  limestones,  with  a 
description  of  a  section  across  these  rocks  at  Windsor,  A\S.J  Can.  Nat.  &Geol., 
N.S.,  vol.  3,  No.  3,  p.  224.   May,    1867.     Montreal. 

On  Eozoon  Canadense.  (With  notes  by  W.  B.  Carpenter,  M.D.,  F.R.S.) 
Can.  Nat.  &  Geol.      Reprinted  from  Q.  J.  G.  S.,  August,  1867.      MontreaL 

1868. 

Acadian  Geology,  the  Geological  Structure,  Organic  Remains  and  Mineral 
Resources  of  Nova  Scotia,  New  Brunswick  and  Prince  Edward  Island.  2nd  ed. , 
revised  and    enlarged,  with    a    geological    map    and    numerous    illustrations. 


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694  pp.  iVIacmillan  &  Co.  London,  1868.  Abstract.  Can.  Joiirn.,  X.S., 
vol.  I,  pp.  39 — 48.  Toronto,  1856.  By  E.  J.  Chapman.  Reviewed  by  E. 
Billings.  Can.  Nat.  &  Geol.,  vol.  5,  pp.  450 — 455.  Abstract  of  Supplement 
to  second  edition,  by  author,  Amer.  Journ.  Sci.,  3rd  series,  vol.  15,  pp.  478 — 
480.      Xew  Haven. 

On  Recent  Geological  Discoveries  in  the  Acadian  Provinces  of  Btitish 
America.  Can.  Nat.  &  Geoi.,  N.S.,  Vol.  3,  No.  4,  pp.  295—297.  January, 
1868.      Montreal. 

The  Food  of  the  Common  Sea  Urchin.  .Anier.  Nat.,  vol.  i.,  1868.  pp.  124- 
125.      Philadelphia. 

Comparisons  0/  the  Icebergs  of  Belle  Isle,  with  the  Glaciers  0/  Mount  Blanc, 
with  reference  to  the  boulder  clay  of  Canada.  (1866.)  Can.  Nat.  &  Geol.  vol. 
2,  1868.  pp.  33-44.    Montreal 

The  Evidence  of  Fossil  Plants  as  to  the  Climate  of  the  Post-Pliocene  Period 
in  Canada.  (1866.)  Can.  Nat.  &  Geol.  (new  series),  vol.  3,  1868,  pp.  69 — 76. 
Montreal. 

Notices  of  Some  Remarkable  Genera  of  the  Coal  Formation.  Can.  \at.  & 
Geol.,  vol.  3  (new  series),  1868,   pp.  362^374.  Montreal. 

The  Removal  and  Restoration  of  Forests.  Can.  Nat.  &  Geol.,  vol.  3,  1868. 
pp.  405-417.    Montreal. 

On  Xe7i<  Specimens  of  Eozoon  Canadense  with  a  Reply  to  Professor  King  and 
Rowney,  (with  notes  by  W.  B.  Carpenter.)  Amer.  Journ.  Sc,  vol.  46.  ser.  2, 
pp.  245  -  257,  2  pi.     New  Haven,  Conn.  U.S.A. 

Acadian  Geology.    The    Geol.  Structure,    Organ.  Rem.  &  Min.  Resources  of 
Nova  Scotia,  New  Brunswick  and  Prince  Edward  Island.  2nd  edition,  with  geol. 
map,  and  illus.    London.    Eng. 

1869. 

iVotes  on  a  Visit  to  Scientific  Schools  and  Museums  in  the  United  States. 
Can.  Nat.  &  Quart.  Journ.  Sci.,  N.S.,  vol.  4,  No.  i,  pp.  i  — 10,  1869.  Mon- 
treal. 

On  the  Wakef eld  Cave.  Can.  Nat.  &  Quart.  Journ.  Sci.,  vol.  4.  No.  1, 
p.  71.     Montreal. 

On  Geological  Time.  Can.  Nat.  &  Quart.  Journ.  Sci.,  vol.  4,  No.  i,  73. 
.Montreal. 

( Review  of  J  Croll  on  Geological  Time.  Can.  Nat.  &  Quart.  Journ.  Sci., 
vol.  4,  No.  I,  pp.  73 — 78.    1869.     Montreal. 

Deep  Sea  Dredging  in  its  Relations  to  Geology.  Can.  Nat.  &  Quart.  Journ. 
Sci.,  vol.  4,  N'o.  1,  pp.  78—81,  1869.     Montreal. 

On  Modern  Ideas  of  Derivation.  Can.  Nat.  &  Quart.  Journ.  Sci.,  N.S., 
vol.  4,  No.  2,  pp.  121  — 138.  July,  1869.  Montreal.  (Presidential  Address 
delivered  May,  1868.) 

On  some  new  Fossil  Plants,  &c.,  from  Gaspd.  Can.  Nat.  &  Geo!.,  vol.  4, 
jSbg,   pp.  464-465.      Montreal.      (Summary.) 


290  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [March 

On  the  Graphite  of  the  Laurefitian  of  Canada.  Quart.  Journ.  Geol.  Soc, 
vol.  25,  1869,  p.  406.  Vol.  26,  1870,  pp.  112 — 117.  London.  Can.  Nat.  & 
Geol.,  vol.  5,   1870,  pp. — 13—20.    Montreal.      Phil.  Mag.,  vol.  39,  1870. 

On  Catamites.   Ann.  &  Mag-.  Nat.  His.  vol.  4.  1869.  pp.  272-273.    London. 

Fossil  Plants  Discovered  in  Perry,  Me.  Proc.  Portland  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol. 
I,  pt.  2,  pp.  99-100.  (plate,  9  fig-s.)  (Dated  Nov.  26,  1862,  McGill  College, 
Montreal.)    Portland,  Me. 

1870. 

Science  Education  Abroad.  (Being  the  annual  University  Lecture  of  the 
session,  1870-71,  delivered  in  the  William  Molson  Hall,  Nov.  18,  1870.)  15  pp. 
Gazette  Printing  House,  1870.  Montreal.  (Canadian  pamphlets.  No.  294, 
Library  of  Parliament,  Ottawa,   Canada.) 

A  Plea  for  the  Extension  of  University  Education  in  Canada,  and  more  es- 
pecially in  connection  with  the  McGill  University,  Montreal.  31  pp.  Montreal. 
J.  C.  Becket,  1870.  (Canadian  pamphlets,  Nos.  337  &  221,  Library  of  Parlia- 
ment, Ottawa. 

Notes  on  JVew  Points  and  Corrections  in  Acadian  Geology.  Trans.  Nova 
Scotian  Instit.  Nat.  Sci.,  vol.  2,  pt.  3,  pp.  1&6 — 169.      Halifax. 

Notes  on  the  Strii-ctiire  of  Sigillaria  (1866).  Quart.  Journ.  Geol.  Soc,  vol. 
26,  1870,  pp.  165-166.   London.     Phil.  Mag.,  vol.40,  1870,  pp.  74-75. 

Notes  0)1  some  Ne-w  Animal  Remains  from  the  Carboniferous  a 7id  Devonian 
of  Canada  (1869).  Quart.  Journ.  Geol.  Soc,  vol.  26,  1870,  pp.  166.  London. 
Phil.  Mag.,  vol.  1870,   p.  75. 

On  the  Structures  and  affinities  of  Sigillaria,  Catamites  and  Calamodendron. 
Quart.  Journ.  Geol.  Soc,  vol.  26,  1870,  pp.  488-4.90.  London;  vol.  27,  1871, 
147  — 161,  4  pi.,  May.    London.      Phil.  Mag.,  vol.  40,  1870,  pp.  384 — 386. 

On  the  pre-Carboniferous  Floras  of  North-eastern  America,  with  special 
reference  to  that  of  the  Erian  (Devonian)  period.  Roy.  Soc  Proc,  vol.' 18, 
1870,  pp.  333—335,     Ann.  &  Mag.   Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  6,  1870,  pp.  103—105. 

Handbook  of  Zoology,  with  examples  from  Canadian  Species,  recent  and 
fossil,  Invertebrata.      Part  i,    264  pp.      Dawson   Bros.      Montreal. 

Notes  on  the  Structure  of  Sigillaria.  (Abstract.)  Can.  Nat.  &  Quart.  Journ. 
Sci.  vol.  5,  No.  I,  pp.  98.   March,  1870.  Montreal. 

Note  on  some  new  Animal  remains  from  the  Carboniferous  and  Devonian  of 
Canada.  (Abstract.)    Can.  Nat.  &  Quart.  Journ    Sci.,  vol.  5,  No.  1,  pp.  98-99. 
March,  1870.  Montreal. 

Science  Education  Abroad.  What  is  Science  Education  ?  (Extracts  from  a 
lecture  by  Principal  Dawson.)  Can.  Nat.  &  Quart.  Journ.  Sci.,  vol.  5,  No.  3, 
pp.  263 — 281,   Sept.  1870.  Montreal. 

The  Earthquake  of  October  20th,  i8yo.  Felt  in  Canada.  Can.  Nat.  &  Geol. 
vol.  5,  1870.  262-289.  Montreal.  Reprinted  as  separate  in  amended  form,  8  pp. 
Montreal,  1870. 


iQoo]  Appendix  to  President's  Address.  291 

On  spore  Cases  in  Coals.  Can.  Nat.  &  Geol. ,  vol.  5,  1870,  pp.  369-377. 
Montreal.  Amer.  Joiirn.  Sci.  vol.  i,  1871,  pp.  256-263.  New  Haven,  Conn., 
Ann.  &  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  7,  1871,  pp.  321-329.  Monthly  Microsc.  Jourii., 
vol.  6,    1 87 1,   pp.  90 — 97.     New  York. 

1871. 

Report  on  the  Geological  Structure  and  Mineral  Resources  of  Prince  Edward 
Island.  (Assisted  by  B.  J.  Harring'ton,  B..A.,  Ph.D.)  Printed  by  authority  of 
the  Government  of  Prince  Edw.ird  Island.     52  pp.     187 1.     Montreal. 

The  Fossil  Plants  of  the  Devonian  and  Upper  Silurian  Formations  of 
Canada     Geol.  Surv.  Can.     92  pp.,  20  pi.     Montreal. 

Handbook  of  Canadian  Geology.      1st  edition,       pp.      Montreal. 

Annual  Address  of  the  President  of  the  Natural  H  istory  Society  of  Montreal, 
(Delivered  May  19,  1871)  Can.  Nat.  &  Quart.  Journ.  Sci.,  vol,  6,  No.  i, 
pp.   I — 9.    Montreal.     (Whole  volume  issued  1872.) 

Geological  Survey  of  Canada.  Alfred  R.  C.  Selvvyn,  Director.  Rep.  Prog'. 
1866-69,  (Review  of).  Can.  Nat.  &.  Quart.  Journ.  Sci.,  vol.  6,  No.  i,  pp. 
60 — 89.      Montrea'.      (Whole  volume  issued  1872.) 

On  the  Bearing  of  Devonian  Botany  on  Question  as  to  the  Origin  and  Ex- 
tinction of  Species.  Amer.  Journ.  Sci.  vol.  2,  1871.  pp.  410—416.  New  Haven, 
Conn. 

The  Primitive  Vegetation  of  the  Earth.  Amer.  Nat.,  vol.  4,  1871.  pp.  474 — 
583.      PrOc.  Roy.  Instit.,  vol.  6,  1872,  pp.  165 — 172.     London,  Eng. 

Some  New  Facts  in  Fossil  Botany.  Geol.  -Mag.  vol.  8,  1 871,  pp.  236-237. 
London,  Eng. 

On  Some  Ne7i<  Tree-Ferns  and  Other  Fossils  from  the  Devonian.  Quart. 
Journ.  Geol  Soc,  vol.  27,  1871,  pp.  269  -274.  Phil.  Mag.,  vol.  42,  1871, 
pp.    231-232.    London. 

1872. 

Note  by  Dr.  Daivsofi  on  the  Fossil  Plants  Referred  to  in  Mr.  Richardson's 
Report.  Geol.  Sur.  Can.,  Rep.  of  Prog,  for  1871-72.  Appendix  I,  p.  98. 
Montreal. 

The  Story  of  Earth  and  Man.    i2mo.   420  pp.    London. 

Footprints  of  Sauropus  Unguifer.  (Illustrated)  Geol     Mag.,   Dec.      No. 
vol.  9,  pp.         London,  Eng. 

Annual  Address  of  the  President  of  the  Natural  History  Society  of  Montreal, 
May,  i8j2.  Can.  Nat.  &  Quart.  Journ.  Sci.,  N.S.,  vol.  7,  No.  i,  pp.  i  — 11. 
1873.      Montreal. 

The  Story  of  the  Earth  and  Man.     420  pp.     Dawson  Bros,  Montreal. 

Address  to  the  Natural  History  Society  of  Montreal,  iqth  May,  iSji.  Can. 
Nat.  &  Quart.  Journ.  Sci.,  vol.  6,  1872,  pp.   1 — 9.      Montreal. 

The    Post-Pliocene    Geology   of  Canada.     Can.   Nat.  &  Quart.  Journ.  Sci., 


292  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [March 

vol,  6,    1872,    pp.  19-42,   166  —  187,   241  —  259,  369 — 416.     Maps    and    plates. 
Montreal.      Published  as  separate,  112  pp.    1872.     Montreal. 

0)i  the  Physical  Geography  of  Prince  Edivard  Island.  Can.  Nat.  &  Quart. 
Journ.  Sci.,  vol.  6,  1872,   pp.  342 — 344.      Montreal. 

Notes  on  the  Geology  of  Pritice  Ed7vard  Island,  in  the  Gulf  of  St.  La^vrence. 
Geol.  Mag.,  vol.  9,  1872,  pp.  203 — 209.    London,  Eng-. 

Note  on  Footprints  from  the  Carboniferous  of  Nova  Scotia  in  the  collection  of 
the    Geological   Survey    of  Canada.      Geol.  Magf.,    vol.  9,     1872,   pp.  251 — 253. 
London,  Eng. 

1873. 

Note  on  a  New  Sigillaria,  showing  scars  of  fructification.  Proc.  Amer. 
Assoc.  Adv.  Sc,   vol,  22,  1873,  pt.  2,  pp.  75-76. 

On  the  Geological  Relations  of  the  Iron  Ores  of  Nova  Scotia.  Proc.  Amer. 
Assoc.  Adv.  Sci.,  vol.  22,  1873,  pt.  2,  pp.138 — 146.  Ibid.  Can.  Nat.  &  Quart 
Journ.  Sci.    No.  3.  vol.  7,    1873,  pp.    129-138.     Montreal. 

Impressions  and  Footprints  of  Aquatic  Animals  and  hnitative  Markings  on 
Carboniferous  Rocks,  .^mer.  Journ.  Sci.  vol.  5,  1873.  pp.  16 — 24.  New  Haven, 
Conn.  Can.  Nat.  &  Quart.  Journ.  Sci.,  vol.  7,  No.  2,  1873,  pp.  65 — 74. 
Illustrated.      Montreal. 

Note  on  the  Relations  of  the  Supposed  Carbon  iferozis  Plants  of  Bear  Islatid, 
7vith  the  Pal  ceozoic  flora  of  North  America.  Quart.  Journ.  Geol.  Soc,  vol.  29 
1873,  pp.  24-25.     London,  Eng. 

Note  on  the  Vindication  of  Leptophleum  ihombicum,  and  Lepidodendron 
Gaspianum.  Quart.  Journ.  Geol.  Soc,  vol.  29,  1873,  pp.  369 — 371.  London, 
Eng. 

American  Lake  Basins  and  Arctic  Currents.  Geol.  Mag.,  vol.  10,  pp. 
137-138-      1873.    London. 

Fossil  Plants  of  the  Lower  Carboniferous  and  Millstone  Grit  Formations  of 
Canada.      Geol.  Sur.  Can.  47  pp.   10  pi.      Montreal. 

On  a  Sigillaria  Shoiving  Marks  of  Fructif  cation.  Can.  Nat.  &  Quart. 
Journ.  Sci.,  vol.  7,  No.  3,  p.  171.  (Note.) 

Notes  on  Prototaxities,  Can.  Nat.  &  Quart.  Journ.  Sci.,  vol.  7,  No.  3, 
PP-   '73 — 178-      Montreal. 

Remarks  on  Mr.  Carruthers  vie^vs  of  Prototaxites,  Monthly  Microsc. 
Journ,,  vol.  10,  1873,  pp.  66—71.  (Published  as  a  separate  pamphlet,  7  pp. 
August,  1873.) 

On  the  Introduction  of  Genera  and  Species  in  Geological  Time.  Quart.  Journ. 
Sci.,  vol.  3,  1873,  pp.  363-366. 

A'ote  on  Eozoon  Canadense.  (1871)  Proc.  Irish  Acad.,  vol.  i,  1873-74, 
pp.   117— 123,    129 — 131.      Dublin,  Ireland. 

Notes  on  flie  Fossil  Plants  collected    by  Mr.  J.  Richardson  in  1872.     Geol 
Survey,  Canada,    Rep.  of  Progress  for     1872-73,  (Appendix  I  to  Mr.  Richard- 
son's Report,  pp.  66—71.  (Plate.)   1873.        Montreal. 


1900]  Appendix  to  President's  Address.  293 

Abstract  of  same.  Amer.  Joiirn.  Sci.,  ser.  3,  vol.  7,  \ip.  47—51.  1874. 
New  Haven,  Conn. 

1874. 

A'ofe  on  Fossil  Woods  fro fu  Bri/is/i  Culumb'nu  collected  by  Mr.  Kichiirdson. 
Amer.  Journ.  Sci.,  vol.  7,  pp.  47—51,    1874.      Xevv  Haven,  Conn. 

On  the  Upper  Coal  Formation  of  Eastern  Xova  Scotia  and  Prince  Edtvard 
Island  in  its  relation  to  the  Permian.  Quart.  Journ.  Geol.  Soc,  vol.  ,^0,  pp. 
209 — 219.    1874.     London. 

Abstracts,  (i)  Can.  Nat.  &  Quart.  Journ.  Sci.,  N.S;,  vol.  7,  pp.  303 — 304. 
1875.  (2)  Amer.  Journ.  Sci.,  3rd  ser.,  vol.  8,  p.  401.  1874.  (3)  Geo.  Mag., 
vol.   1,  pp.  281-282.    1874. 

Antiual  Address  delivered  by  the  President  before  the  Natural  History 
Society  of  Montreal.  Can.  Nat.  &  Quart.  Journ.  Sci.,  vol.  7,  No.  5,  pp-  277 — 
291.     July    1874.     Montreal. 

^875- 

The  Dawn  of  Life.  Beingf  the  Histor\'  of  the  oldest  known  fossil  remains 
and  their  relations  to  g-eolog'icil  time  and  to  the  development  of  the  Animal 
Kingdom.      239  pp.    Dawson  Bros.    Montreal. 

Origin  and  Histoiy  of  Life  on  our  Planet.  An  address  by  Vice-President 
J.  W.  Dawson,  before  the  Amer.  Assoc.  Adv.    Sci.    at    Detroit,    Mich.,    Aug. 

1875.  26  pp.   W.  Drysdale  &  Co.  Montreal,  1875. 

Address  delivered  before  the  Natural  History  Society  of  Montreal.  May  18, 
1874.     Can.  Nat.  &  Quart.  Journ.  Sci.,  vol.  7,  pp.  277 — 291.     Montreal. 

What  do  we  know  on  the  Origin  and  Life  on  our  Planet?  Vice-Presidential 
Address  to  the  American  Association,  Natural  History  Section.  Proc.  Amer. 
Assoc. Adv.  Sc,  vol.  24,  pt.  2,  pp.  3-26.    1875.     Amer.  Nat.  vol.  9,  pp.  529-552. 

On  some  new  specimens  of  fossil  Protozoa  from  Canada.  Proc.  Amer. 
Assoc.  Adv.  Sci.,  vol.  24,  pt.  2,  pp.  100 — 105. 

Carboniferous  conifers  of  the  United  States.  Amer.  Journ.  Sci.,  vol.  10,  pp. 
301-302.     New  Haven,  Conn. 

Note  on  the  Plants,  collected  by  Mr.  G.  ^L  Dawson,  frovi  the  Lignite  Te>- 
tiary  Deposits,  near  the  forty-ninth  parallel.  Appendix  A  of  "  Report  on  the 
Geology  and  Resources  of  the  Region  in  the  vicinity  of  the  forty-ninth  parallel 
from  the  Lake  of  the  Woods  to  the  Rocky  Mountains  with  lists  of  plants  and 
animals  collected,  and  notes  on  the  fossils,  byG.  M.  Dawson.  Montreal,  1875. 

1876. 

On  some  new  Fossil  Protozoa  fro  fn  Canada.  Proc.  Amer.  Assoc.  Adv.  Sci., 
vol.  24,  pt.  2,  pp.  100 — 105.    Mass. 

New  facts  relatifig  to  Eozoon  Canadense.  Proc.  Amer.  Assoc.  Adv.  Sci., 
vol.  25,  pp.  231 — 234.     Mass. 

On  the  occzirrence  of  Eozoon  at  Cote  St.  Pierre.     Quart.  Journ.  Geol.  Soc, 

1876,  pp.  66 — 75.   Fig.  &  PI.  10.   London,  Eng. 


294  '''""^  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [March 

IVote  on  the  Phosphates  of  the  Laui-eiitian  and  Cambrian  Rocks  of  Canada. 
Quart.  Journ.  Geol.  Soc,  vol.  32,  pp.  282—285.  1876.  London.  Phil.  Mag. 
vol.  I.,  pp.  558-559.  1876.  Can.  Nat.  &  Quart.  Journ.  Sci.,  (new  series)  vol. 
8,  pp.  162 — 170.     1878.     Montrtal. 

Eozoon  Canadense  according  to  Hahn.  Ann.  &  Mag-.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  18, 
pp.  29 — 38.    1876.    London,  Eng. 

On  Mr.  Cartet' s  objections  to  Eozoon.  (1875).  Ann.  &  Mag.  Nat.  Hist., 
vol.   17,  pp.   118-119.     1876.    London,  Eng. 

Note  on  a  specimen  of  Metadiabase  from  Connecticut  Lake,  supposed  to  be 
organic.  Amcr.  Journ.  Sci.,  vol.  12,  p.  395.  December,  1876.  New  Haven, 
Conn.,  U.S.A. 

On  a  recent  discovery  of  Carboniferous  Batrachians  in  Xova  Scotia.  Amer. 
Journ.  Sci.,  vol.  12,  pp.  440-447.,  1876.  New  Haven,  Conn.  Reprinted  as 
separate  pamphlet  pp.  i — 8.     New  Haven. 

Carboniferous  Land  Shells.      Nature,  vol.  15,  p.  317.      London,  Eng. 

1877. 

The  Origin  of  the  World,  according  to  Revelation  and  Science.  438  pp. 
Montreal. 

Annual  address  to  Xa  tur  a  I  History  Society  of  Af on  treat;  Pleistocene  History . 
Can.  Nat.  &  Quart.  Journ.  Sci.  (new  series),  vol.  8,  No.  5,  pp.  293 — 303.  July, 
1877.    Montreal. 

( Remarks  on  Geology  of  Belceil  and  vicinity.  J  Can.  Nat.  &  Quart.  Journ. 
Sci.  (new  series),  vol.  8,  No.  5,  pp.  286 — 288.     July,   Montreal. 

Note  on  a  Fossil  Seal  from  the  Leda  Clay  of  the  Ottaiva  Valley.  (Read 
before  the  Natural  History  Society  [Montreal],  October  29th,,  877.)  Can. 
Nat.  &  Quart.  Journ.  Sci.,  (new  scries,)  vol.  8,  No.  6,  pp.  340-341.  1877. 
Montreal.     Pamphlet,  i  page,  issued  Oct.,  1877.      Montreal. 

The  Earthqziake  of  November  4,  i8j~.  Can.  Nat.  &  Quart.  Journ.  Sci., 
vol.  8,  No.  6,   pp.  342—345.      December,  1877.      Montreal. 

Lower  CarboJtiferous  Fishes  of  New  Brunswick.  Can.  Nat.  &  Quart.  Journ. 
Sci.,  vol.  8,  No.  6,  pp.  337 — 340.  Montreal.  Published  as  separate.  4  pp 
Montreal. 

(  To  be  continued,  j 


iTsr  ID  E  ix: 


A.  A.  A.  S 151 

Apatite 26 

Afternoon  Lectures 79 

Aletia    argil lacca 1 20 

Alaska    plants 149 

Ami,  H.  M.,  Afternoon  Lecture.. .  .  79 
Articles,  etc.    by  52,     116, 
"35.     175.    207,    218,    238, 

240,  247,   263,  279       

Annual  Meeting' 10 

Annual   Report 7 

Aphodius prodromus    12^ 

Apis    mellifica 122 

Aralia  qiiinqucfolia    23 

Aramigus  Ftilleri 1  24 

Archseologfv,  L.ike  Deschenes.  .  .  .  22^ 

.Arnold    Arboretum 191 

Asbestus 2>2> 

Aylmer  sub-excursion .  85 

Batrachia  of  Gaspe 194 

Beechwood,  sub-excursion 85 

Bellinnrns  grandeevus 207 

Bellinurus,  notes  on    256 

Bermuda  Lily       7 ' 

Bibliography,   Sir  Wm.  Dawson     .  279 

Billing-s,  E.,    Tribute  to 26S 

Bird  Notes 73 

Birds,  Arrivals 50 

Birds  of  a  Garden     r37 

Birds,  Study  of 80 

Birds,    Winter    .  . 143 

Botanical  Notes 22,  75,  196 

Botanic  Gardens 191 

Botany,    Afternoon  Lecture 82 

Botany,  Canadian .  158 

British   CoUimbia   Deer 47 

Brooks.  Allan,  Article  by 143 

Bryaiithus   ta.xifolius 149 

Buttf  rfly  Book 150 

Caribou,  New 129,  257 

Carpocapsa  pomonella 122 

Cephiis  pygii'ceiis 122 

Cerambycidas,    Ottawa 57 

Chrysanthemum  bipinnatum  .  .....  149 

Chrysopa  larva ....  193 

Coal .  . ;  . 37 

Coleoptera,  Ottawa 57 

Concholog:y 82 

Copriinis  comatus 86 

Corundum .    ■    .  43 

Cowley,  R.  H.,  Article  by 23 

Cox,  Philip,  Articles  by.  . 140,  194 

Cretaceous  Fossils 68 

Crinoids,  JMonograph  of . 113 

Cristatella  Idee 112 


Dawson,  Sir  \Vm.,  Article  by    ....  201 

"                     Bibliography.  .  277 

"                    Lite  Work  270 

Deer,  British  Columbia 47 

Doryphora  decemlineata i  24 

Echinoderm,  Notes  on  an  ....  .    ,  .  201 

Editors ...    .  .  3 

Eleocharis  Macounii 76 

Ells,  R.  W.,  Articles  by  ...    14,  25,  256 

F.mphytus  cinctiis i  22 

Entomolog-ic.al  Report 244 

Entomologfical  Sot .  of  Ont. .  .    ....  197 

Entomologist  Exp.  F'arm,  Rept .  .  .  175 

Entomology — Afternoon  Lecture..  81 

F.rchus  odora      .  . 122 

Etcheminian  F"auna,  Ntld.    242 

Excursions 56,  116,  131 

Feathered  Jester,  My    ....  188 

Fentisn  varipes 123 

Fernald,  M.  L.,  Articles  by.  89,  147,  149 

Fishes,  Fresh-water,  Gaspe  .  .    ...  140 

Fletcher,  J.,  .Afternoon  Lecture.  .  .  81 

"             Articles  b3'...22,  76,  150, 

193.  244. 

Flora  of  Ontario. 46 

Fossils,  On  some  Trenton ....  ....  238 

FredericeUa  regina 1 1  o 

Gaspi^   Peninsula,  Batrachia.  .....  194 

"                   Fishes    140 

Gentiana  serrata    21 

Geologica  Bibliographica     ..         ..  115 

Geolog^ical  Branch   Report    ......  218 

Geological  Trip.,  N.W.T. ........  177 

Geological  Work  in  Canada    52 

Geology  of  Nipissing,  etc 247 

"        of  Ottawa 79 

Gibson,    .Arthur,     Article  by    197 

Gold 34.  '«-' 

Gold  Measures  of  N.  S 113 

Graphite 31 

Hcematobia  serrata     1 23 

Harrington,  W.H.,  articles  by.  ...  57 

117.    '75-  244 

Harvard  Botanic  Garden  ......  192 

Heliothis  armigera 121 

Honey  Bees 5,S 

Horticultural  Society 24 

Hudson  Bay  plants 147 

Iron 182 

Iron   ores    29 

Insects,    extra-limital 117 

Introduced    Plants 22, 

Joli,  Sir  Henri,  afternoon  lecture.  .      84 
Kingston,  .A.  G.   afternoon  lecture     80 


I'NDEX. 


Klondike  Region  plants 209 

Labrador  Flora 89 

Lambe,    L.    M.  Articles  by,  68,  86 

170,   277 261 

Latchford,  F    R.,  afternoon  lecture  82 

Leaders  of  Branches 3 

Leucandra  Taylori,   n.  sp    261 

Librarian's    Report 22 

Liibccliia    Huronensis      ....     170 

Lycopodium  inundatum.  ........  77 

Macoun,  J.  M.  Articles  by ... . 23 

77.  79i    158.    197 

Macoun,  Prof.,  afternoon    lecture.  83 

Articles    by,    77,86 209 

Macoun,  W.T.,  articles  by,  50,  73,  126 

191.  195  

Marsh,  O.  C,  Obituary 13S 

Matthew,  G.  F.,  Publications  of. .  .  240 

Members,  Corresponding- 6 

Members,  Ordinary 4 

Meteorogical    Observations 87 

Mica 27 

Miramichi  Nat.  Hist.  Ass 13 

Mineral  Resources.    Ott.   Dist.    14,  25 

Molybdenum 32 

Monosiegia   rosce    •  ■  122 

Mount  Stephen,  B.  C.  fossils 240 

Museum,   the  National 274 

Nematus  Erich sonii .  i  23 

Xemaius  ribesii 123 

Newfoundland  fossils 242 

New  York  Bot.  Garden 191 

Odell.  W.  S.  Afternoon  lecture...  83 

Article  by   107 

Officers,  List  of .  .  .  , 3 

Ok;inagan  Winter   Birds 143 

Ornitliological  Notes,    126 195 

Ornithology 50     73 

Orioles    86 

Paddle-nosed  Sturgeon 153 

Palceontological    Notes  .  . 116,  240 

PahidiccUa  Ehrenbergii 1 1 1 

Pectinatella  magnifica 112 

Pedicularis  hirsuta 149 

Pieris  rapcB 1 20 

I'lants  from  Alaska 149 

Plants  from  Hudson    Bay 147 

Plants  from  Klondike 209 

Plumatclht  repens 109 

Polydon  spathula 153 

Polyzoa,   Freshwater 107 


President's    Annual  address 263 

Prince,  E.  E.,  article  by i53 

Pristilonia  Taylori 202 

PiinctiDii  Clappii 202 

Q,  C.  I.    Caribou 257 

Rangifer  Dawsoiii,  n.   sp 257 

Rangifer   montanus,   n.  sp 129 

Reminiscences  among  the  Rocks  .    175 

Reptilian  Remains,  N.  W.  T 68 

Reviews,    56,    114,     150,    174,200,   247 

Rihcs  ciliositm 75 

Russian  Thistle  . ..  . i "57 

Scusola  kali  tragus 157 

Sandpiper,  Solitary .  203  • 

Selvvyn,  P.  H.,  Article  by 55 

Seton-Thompson,  E.,    Articles  by. 

129,  257 

Shells,  Afternoon  Lecture    82 

Shells,  Two  new 202 

Sinclair,  S.  B.,  mention .  256 

Small,  H.  B..  Article  by 7' 

Sornberger,  J.  D.,  Article  by. 89 

Smith  College  Botanic  Garden  ...  192 

Soirees    ... 224,  252 

Sowter,  T.  W.  E.,  Article  by    ....  225 

Spceridiu))!  scarabceoidcs 125 

Sponge,  Description  of  n.   sp.    ...  261 

Sponges  of  Hudson  Bay 277 

Stromatoporoid,  Notes  on 170 

Sturgeon,  Paddle-nosed 153 

Sub-Excursions. 24,  84,  146 

Symplocarpiis  faetidus .  77 

Tait,  J.  A.,  Article  by 47 

Taylor,  G.  W. ,  i''  rticle  by .  202 

Treasurer's  Report '2 

Trees  and  Shrubs  Ex.  Farm    200 

Trees,  Planting  and  Care 84 

Trillium  grandiflorum 77 

Tyrrell,  J.  B.,  Plants  collected   ...  209 
Tyndall,    Miss  A.  C,    Articles  by 

137,  188 

Verbasciun  blattaria '2-'2- 

Viola  biflora    I49 

Viola  cuculata 23 

"Weston,  T.  C,  Article  by 177 

Wild  Flowers,  Guide 77 

Whyte,  R.  B.,  Afternoon  Lecture.  82 

Young,  C.  J.,  Article  by .    203 

Zoology,  Afternoon  Lecture   83 

'^A*'.,,^*.  9\'^^ 

library' 


I 


APRIL,  1899. 

VOL.  XIII,  No.  i. 


XHE 


OTTAWA 


NATURALIST. 


Published    by    the    Ottawa    Field-Naturalists'   Club 

CONTENTS. 

PA(W. 

1.  O.F.N. C.  Officers  for  iSpS-iQOO.  3 

2.  List  of  Members.  4 

3.  Annual  Report  of  O.F.N. C.  Council 7 

4.  Report  of  Twentieth  Annual  Meeting ....  10 

5.  Report  of  the  Treasurer .     .         ....         ...  1 2 

6.  The  Mineral  Resources  of  the  Ottawa  District,  by  R.  W. 
Ells,  L.L.D.,  F.R.S.C.  14 

7.  Report  of  the  Librarian —         22 

8.  Botanical  Notes 22 

9.  Spring  announcements,  Mondy  afternoon  Lectures;  Sub-excurs- 
ions ;  Ottawa  Horticultural  Society ....  ....  24 


SEE  ANNOUNCEMENT  OF  LECTURES  AND  SUB-EXCURSIONS  ON  LAST  PAGE. 


OTTAWA,   CANADA. 

Printed    at  the  Ofkicr^ok  PAYNihk  \-  Ahboit, 

4S    RlPFAU    Strkti. 


J.  1-.  OIIME  &  SOIT, 
Pianos,  Organs  and  Musical  Instruments.    189  SPARKS  ST. 


A.  ROSENTHAL, 
Jeweller  and  Optician. 

113-115  SPARKS  ST. 


WELCH,   MARGETSON   &  GO'S 
Shirts,  GoUars  and  Guffs. 

R.    MgGIFFIN, 

106  SPARKS  STREET. 


J.  &  T.  BALLANTYNE, 

Best  Grades  of  Hard  and  Soft  Goal. 

OFFICE,  42  ELGIN  ST. 
Telephones  586  and  579. 


R.  H.  KENNY, 

TAILOR, 
170  SPARKS  ST. 

A.  J.  STEPHENS  &  SON, 

FINE  SHOES. 

187  SPAKKS  ST. 

Boots  and  Shoes  Made  to  Measure. 


RUNS  EASY! 


Nothing  to  hold  it  back.      Has  neither 

faults   of  construction    nor   flaws    of   material. 
Goes  "  to  the  front "  where  it  belongs. 

It's  the   '98   "RED   BIRD" 

Zetcb.uxn  A  Co. 

104:  Bjk.isr:K:  st. 


J  G.  BUTTERWORTH  &  Co., 
All-Rail    Scrajiton    Goal. 

86  SPARKS  STREET. 


Importer  of  Artists'  Materials  and  Artistic 

Interior  Decorations.      Manufacturer 

of  White  Lead,  Paints  &  Colors. 

Howe's  Block,      -      -      OTTAWA. 


C.  H.  THORBURN, 
Books    and    Stationery, 

FOUNTAIN  PENS. 
Views  of  Ottawa.      80  Sparks  St. 


TRY 


\n 


33  C. 

English  Blended  Black  Tea. 


JAMES  OGILVY,  ^°''''^^"«s';'s?*lS???rEf/"''"^''«''' 


J, 


Unnr   Qj  DHMD    Manufacturing   Stiitioners.    Booksellers,    Bookbinders    and    Printers 
HIlFr  A^  Mlf^S     Pepository  Ottawa  Auxiliary  Bible  Society,   ^c    ^n    ^nc         ,    "'*'^^ 

UUlL  (X.  uU|lU« ''"P°''^®'^^  °f  W'"sor  &  Newton  45,  47,  49  Sparks  and 


Artists'  Materials. 


26  Elgin  St..  Ottawa.  Can. 


HENRY   WATTERS, 
dlhemist  and  gruggist, 

Corner  Sparks  and  Bank  Sts. 


JOHN  MURPHY  &  CO., 

Every  Department  is  now 
replete,  with  a  full  assort- 
ment ot  high-class  Noveli- 
iies  for  the  present  season. 
66  and  68  Sparks  Street. 
OTTAWA. 


THE 

Russell    House, 

OTTAWA. 

F.   X.   ST.  JACQUES, 

Proprietor. 


GRAHAiVl  BROS. 

Seedsmen  and  Florists, 

29  Sparks  St.,  Ottawa. 

Seeds    Bulbs,  Plants,  Cut  Flowers, 
Floral  Designs. 


Catalogue  on  Application. 


R.  A.  MCCORMICK, 

Prescription    Druggist, 

75  SPARKS  STREET. 

Phone  159.  Ottawa. 


G.  M.  HOLBROOK, 

102  Sparks  Street, 

OTTAWA. 

Trouser  Stretchers,  50c.  per  pair. 

N.   HAY. 

54  SPARKS  STREET. 

SHELF  AND   GENEi^/^L    H/VRDWy\FiE. 


C.   C.   RAY  &  CO,, 

COAL, 

53  Sparks  Street,  Ottawa. 

Telephone  461. 


J.  &  R.  CRAIG,  Tailors,  105  Sparks  St.,  Ottawa. 


THE    OTTAWA    FIELD-NATURALISTS'   CLUB,    1899-1900. 


iPatron : 
THE  RIGHT  HONOURABLE  THE  EARL  OF  MINTO, 

GOVERNOR-GENERAL   OF   CANADA. 

ipicsiScnt: 
Henry  Ami,  M.A.,  D.  Sc,  F.G.S.,  F.G.S.A. 
lDice=lpiX6ibcnts 
Prof.  John  Macoun,  M.A.,   F.L.S.,  F.R.S. C.  A.  G. 

librarian  : 


Kingston. 


Secretary ; 


S.  B.  Sinclair,  B.A. 

(Normal  School. ) 


tireasurer : 


W.  J.  Wilson,  Ph.  B. 

(Geolopriciil  Siirvey  Dept.) 

W.  H.  Harrington. 
W.  S.  Odell. 
J.  M.  Macoun. 


Dr.  James  Fletcher. 

(Central  Experimental  Farm.) 

Committee : 

Miss  M.  Kee. 
Miss  G.    Harmer. 
Miss  Marion  Whyte. 

Stanbina  Committees  of  Council : 
Publishing:  J.  Pletcher,  J.  M.  Macoun,   W.   H.  Harrington,   W.  J.  Wilson,    A.  G. 

Kingston. 
Excursions:  S.   B.   Sinclair,  John  Macoun,    J.    Fletcher,   W.  S.  Odell,    Miss    Kee, 

Miss   Harmer,  Miss  Whyte. 
Soirees:  A.  G.  Kingston,  J.  M.    Macoun,   W.  H.  Harrington,   W.  J.  Wil.son,   Miss 
Whyte,  Miss  Kee. 

Xeabcrs  : 

Geology :   R.  W.  Ells,  L.  Lambe,  W.  J.  Wilson,  T.  J.  Pollock. 
Botany  :  J.  M.    Macoun,   R.  B.    Whyte,    D.  A.  Campbell,   R.    H.  Cowley. 
Entomology  :  J.    Fletcher,  W.  H.    Harrington,  C.  H.  Young. 
Conchology :  ].  F.  Whiteaves,  F.  R.   Latchford,  A.  Halkett. 
Ornithology:    W.  T.    Macoun,    A.   G.    Kingston,    Miss  Harmer. 
Zoology :  John  Macoun,  W.  S.  Odell,   A.  Halkett,  A.  E.  Attwood. 
Archeology :  T.  W.  E.  Sowter,  H.  B.  Small,  J.  Ballantyne. 


Til!':  OTTAWA   N  ATU  iLMJST. 

JisCor : 

James  M.   Macoun. 

Bssociatc  Ebitors : 

Dr.  R.  W.  Ells,  Geological  Survey  of  Canada, — Department  of  Geology. 

Dr.   H.   M.   Ami,  Geological  Survey  of  Canada, — Department  of /'a/(2(?«/^/£i^. 

Mr.  R.  a.  a.  Johnston,  Geological  Survey  of  Canada, — Dtpailmenl  of  Mineralogy . 

Mr.  a.  E.  B.vrlou',  Geological  Survey  of  Canada, — Department  of  Petrography. 

Dr.  Jas.  Fletcher,  Central  Experimental  Fj-m, — Department  of  Botany. 

Mr.  F.  R.  Latchford. — Department  of  Conchology. 

Mr.  W.  PL  Harrington,  Post  Office  Department. — Department  oi  Entomology. 

Mr.  W.  T.  Macoun,  Central  Experimental  Farm. — Department  of  Ornithology. 

Prof  E.  E.  Prince,  Commissioner  of  Fisheries  for  Canada. — Department  of  .5/<j/.c>g>'. 

Prof.  John   Macoun,  Geological  Survey  of  Canada. — Department  oi  Zoology. 

Membership  Fee  to  O.F.N.C.,  with  "Ottawa  Naturalist,"  $i.oo  per  atmum. 


MAY,  1899. 

VOL.  XIII,   No.  2. 


THE 


OTTAWA 


NATURALIST 


Published    by   the   Ottawa   Field-Naturalists'   Club 


CONTENTS. 

Paihl 

1.  The  Mineral  Resources  of  the  Ottawa  District,  by  R.  VV. 

Ellp,  LL.D.,  F  R.S.C 25 

2.  British  Columbia  Deer,  by  J.  A.  Teit  47 

3.  Ornithological  Notes,  by  W.  T.  Macoun 50 

4.  Progress  of  Geological  Work  in  Canada  during  1898,  by 

H.  M.  Ami,  M.A.,  F.G  S 52 

5.  Announcements  ...         56 


SEE    ANNOUNCEMENTS    ON    LAST    PAGE. 


OTTAWA,   CANADA. 

Printed   at  the  Office  oy  Paynter  &  Abbott, 

36  Elgin  Sireet. 


F.Hlereil  aUthe  Oltaioa  foil  Office  as  semnil-ctass  matter 


Pianos,  Org-ans  and  Musical  Instruments.    189  SPARK5  ST. 


A.  ROSENTHAL, 


Jeweller  and  Optician. 


113-115  SPARKS  ST. 


WELCH,   MARGETSON  &  GO'S 
Shirts,  Collars  and  Cuffs. 

R.    McGIFFIN, 

106  SPARKS  STREET. 


J.  &  T.  BALLANTYNE, 

Best  Grades  of  Hard  and  Soft  Coal. 

OFFICE,  42  ELGIN  ST. 
Telephones  586  and  579. 

R.  H.  KENNY, 

TAILOR, 
170  SPARKS  ST. 

A.  J.  STEPHENS  &  SON, 

FINE  SHOES. 

187  SPAIJKS  ST. 

Boots  and  Shoes  Made  to  Measure. 


RUNS  EASY! 


Nothing  to  hold  it  back.      Has  ofithc^r 

faults   of   construction    nor   flaws    of   material. 
Goes   "  to  the  front "  where  it  belongs. 


It's  the   '98   ^^RED 
ZSetcliuzn  c&  Co.,  10^ 

"  IT'S  A  BIRD  !  ''—Public  Opi 


M 


iinon. 


J.  G.  BUTTER V/ORTH  &  Co., 
All-Rail    Scranton    Coal. 

86  SPARKS  STREET. 


C.  H.  THORBURN, 
Books    and    Stationery, 

FOUNTAIN  PENS. 
Views  of  Ottawa.      80  Sparks  St. 


WM.  h:ow':e, 

Iiijpoiter  of  Artists'  Materials  and  Artistic 

Interior   Decorations.      Jianufiicturer 

of  White  Lead,  Paints  &  Colors. 


Howe's  Block, 


OTTAWA. 


TRY 

Enjjlish  Blended  Black  Tea. 


JAMES  OGILVY, 


Bookseller,  Stationer  &  Publisher, 

87  SPARKS  STREET. 


on  or   ^>  nni?0    ManufactuHne   stationers.    Booksellers.    toooKOinaers    and    Printers. 
HiIMp  /tf  StSKS     depository  Ottawa  Auxiliary  Bib  o  Society,   ^c    An    ^nc^    i  \ 

UUrL  Ol  yUJlO    Ji-'portcrs  of  Winsor  &  Newton  45,  47,  49  Sparks  and 


ArUsts*  Materials. 


26  Elgin  St.,  Ottawa,  Can. 


HENRY   WATTERS, 
ChcmLst  and  llrufjgiat, 

Corner  Sparks  and  Bank  Sts. 


JOHN  MURPHY  &  CO., 

Every  Department  is  now 
replete,  with  a  lull  assori- 
inent  of  high-clasa  Noveli- 
lies  for  thei)resent  season. 
66  and  68  Sparks  Street, 
OTTAWA. 


THE 

llussell    House, 

OTTAWA. 

F.  X.   ST.   JACQUES, 

Proprietor. 


wmm  BROS. 

Seedsriien  and  Florists, 

29  Sparks  St.,  Ottav/a.. 

Sc(.d.s     Bulbs,   PLinis,  Cut  Fiowrrs, 
Flunil  Dfsiijtis. 


Catalogue  on  Aiiplicalioii. 

G.  m,  HOLBeOOK, 
102  sharks  Street, 

OTTAWA. 
TroLi=:er  Stratchers,  50^.  per  pair. 

N.   HAY. 

54.  SPARKS  STREET. 

SI5ELF  AND   CENEI^/^L    il/^RDW/VI^L 


R.  A.  MCCORIVIIGK, 

Prescription   Druggist, 

75  SPARKS  STREET, 

Phone  159.  Ottawa. 


G.   0.   RAY  &  CO., 

COAL, 

53  Sparks  Street,  Ottawa. 

Telephono  461. 


J.  &  R.  CRAI3,  Tailors.  105  Sparks  St.,  Ottawa. 


THE   OTTAWA    FiELD-NATURALlSTS'  CLUB,    1899-1900. 


t)atron : 
THE  RIGHT  HONOURABLE  THE  EARL  OF  MINTO, 

GOVERNOR-GENERAL   OF   CANADA. 

president : 

Henry  Ami,  M.A.,  D.  Sc,  F.G.S.,  F.G.S.A, 

1Dice=|preei&cnts 
Prof.  John  Macoun,  M.A.,  F.I^.S..  F.R.S.C, 

librarian  : 


A.  G.  Kingston. 


Secretary : 
W.  J.  Wilson,  Ph.  B. 

(Geological  Survey  Dept.) 


S.  B.  Sinclair,  B.A. 

(Normal  School.) 


Urcasnrer : 


W.  H.  Harrington. 
W.  S.  Odell. 
J.  M.  Macoun. 


Dr.  James  Fletcher. 
(Central  Experimental  Farm.) 

Committee : 

Miss  M.  Kee. 
Miss  G.   Harmer. 
Miss  Marion  Whyte. 

Standinci  (Tommittees  of  Council: 

Publishing :  J.  Fletcher,  J.  M.  Macoun,  W.  H.  Harrington,  W.  J.  Wilson,  A.  G. 

Kingston. 
Excursioits :  S.   B.  Sinclair,  John  Macoun,   J.   Fletcher,  W.  S.  Odell,    Miss   Kee, 

Miss  Harmer,  Miss  Whyte. 
A.  G.  Kingston,  J.  M.   Macoun,  W.  H.  Harrington,  W.  J.  Wilson,   Miss 

Whyte,  Miss  Kee. 

Xeabeca : 

Geology:   R.  W.  Ells,  L.  Lambe,  W.  J.  Wilson,  T.  J.  Pollock. 

Botany  :  J.  M.   Macoun,  R.  B.   Whyte,    D.  A.  Campbell,   R.    II.  Cowley. 

Entomology :  J.   Fletcher,  W.  H.    Harrington,  C.  H.  Young. 

Cofuhology :  J.  F.  Whiteaves,  F.  R.   Latchford,  A.  Halkett. 

Ornithology:   W.  T.    Macoun,    A.   G.    Kingston,    Miss  Harmer. 
Zoology :  John  Macoun,  W.  S.  Odell,  A.  Halkett,  A.  E.  Attwood. 
ArchcBology :  T.  W.  E.  Sowter,  H.  B.  Small,  J.  Ballantyne. 


Soirees 


THE  OTTAWA  NATURALIST. 

Editor : 

James  M.  Macoun. 

Associate  Editors : 

Dr.  R.  W.  Eli.S,  Geological  Survey  of  Canada, — Departmem  of  Geology. 

Dr.  H.   M.  Ami,  Geological  Survey  of  Canada,  —  Department  ol  /*c//(^i?«/^/(7^/. 

Mr.  R.  a.  A.  Johnston,  GeologicalSurvey  of  Canada,— Department  of  yi/Zwera/^oj/. 

Mr.  a.  E.  Barlow,  Geological  Survey  of  Canada, — Department  of  Petrography. 

Dr.  Jas.  Fletcher,  Central  Experimental  Finn. — Department  of  Botany. 

Mr.  F.  R.  Latchford. — Department  of  Conchology. 

Mr.  W.  II.  Harrington,  Post  Office  Department.  —  Department  o{  Entomology. 

Mr.   W.  T.  Macoun,  Central  Experimental  Farm. — Department  of  Ornithology. 

Prof   E.  E.  Prince,  Commissioner  of  Fisheries  for  Canada. — Department  of  Biology. 

Prof.  John   Macoun,  Geological  Survey  of  Canada. — Department  oi  Zoology. 

Membership  Fee  to  O.F.N. C,  with  "Ottawa  Naturalist,"  $i.oo  per  anaum. 


JUNE,  1899. 

VOL.  XIII,   No.  3. 


THE 

OTTAWA 


ATURALIST 


Published    by   the   Ottawa    Field-Naturalists'   Club 


CONTENTS. 

Paok. 

1.  Ottawa Coleoptera — Cerambycidse,  by  W.  H.  Harrington,  F.R.S.C.  57 

2.  On  Reptilian  Remains  from  the  Cretaceous  of  North-Western 

Canada,  by  Lawrence  M.  Lambe,  F.G.S ....  ....  68 

3.  The  Bermuda,  or  Easter  Lily,  by  H.  B.  Small, 71 

4.  Ornithological  Notes,  by  W.  T.  Macoun,       73 

5.  Botanical  Notes,  by  James  Fletcher,  LL.D.,  F.R.S.C,  75 

6.  A  Guide  to  Wild  Flowers,  77 

7.  Reports  of  Monday  Afternoon  Lectures,  79 

8.  Reports  of  Sub-Excursions,  85 

9.  Meteorological  Observations  for  Ottawa,  1898,  —  87 


Subscriptions  for  1899  are  now  due,  and  may  be  paid  to 
the  Treasurer  or  any  member  of  the  Council. 


OTTAWA,   CANADA. 

Printed   at  the  Office  of  Paynter  &  Abbott, 

36  Elgin  Street. 


Entered  aliVie  OttaiM  Post  Ogict  as  stcond-rluss  matttr 


J-  L.  OnME  &  SOIT, 
Pianos,  Organs  and  Musical  Instruments.    189  SPARKS  ST. 


' 

_ — — 

J.  &  T.  BALLANTYNE, 

Best  Grades  of  Hard  and  Soft  Goal. 

1— 

A.  ROSENTHAL, 

OFFICE,  42  ELGIN  ST. 

uu 

Telephones  586  and  579. 

£5 

Jeweller  and  Optician. 

R.  H.  KENNY, 

CO 

113-115  SPARKS  ST. 

TAILOR, 

170  SPARKS  ST. 

WELCH,   MARGETSON  &  GO'S 
Shirts,  Gollars  and  Guffs. 

R.    McGIFFIN, 

A.  J.  STEPHENS  &  SON, 

FINE  SHOES. 

187  SPAKKS  ST. 

^ 

106  SPARKS  STREET. 

Boots  and  Shoes  Made  to  Measure. 

o 

»- 

UJ 

UJ 

a. 

RUNS  EASY! 

Nothing  to  hold  it  back.     Has  neither 

faults   of  construction    nor  flaws   of  material. 

Goes  "  to  the  front  "  where  it  belongs. 

s 

UJ 
00 

It's  the  '98   "RED   BIRD" 

< 

1- 

Hetcliuni  dk  Co.,  104  Bank  St. 

••  IT'S  A  BIRD  !  "     PtMic  Opinion. 

0 

(0 

< 

2 

J.  G.  BUTTERWORTH  &  Co., 
All-Rail    Scranton    Coal. 

86  SPARKS  STREET. 

WM.   HOWE, 

Importer  of  Artists'  Materials  and  Artistic 

Interior  Decorations.      Manufacturer 

of  White  Lead,  Paints  k  Colors. 

Howe's  BJock,      -     -      OTTAWA. 

0 

C.  H.  THORBURN, 
Books   and   Stationery, 

FOUNTAIN  PENS. 

TRY 

BATE   &    Ce^S 
33  C. 

English  Blended  Black  Tea. 

Views  of  Ottawa.      80  Sparks  St. 

JAMES  OGILVY 


Bookseller,  Stationer  &  Publisher 

87  SPARKS  STREET. 


J'        nnnr   A    nniin     Manutacturine    SUUloneVs.    Booksellers     Bookbinders    and   Printers^ 
UnDL   ¥/  CriH^    Depository  Ouawa  Auxiliary  Bible  Society.   45   47   49  Sparks  and 
.  pre  g  UUHD,  ^^^^^^'l^t&s'^^VtZry''^'''''  ^e  mgin  St..  Ottawa.  Can. 


h 

tool 

IS  I 

Ir  « 

n 


HENRY  WATTERS, 
dlhemist  and  iruggist, 

Corner  Sparks  and  Bank  Sts. 


CO 

o 

s 

as 


S3 

s 

CO 

s 


JOHN  MURPHY  &  CO., 

Every  Department  is  now 
replete,  with  a  lull  assort- 
ment ot  high-class  Noveli- 
lies  for  the  present  season. 
66  and  68  Sparks  Street. 
OTTAWA. 


GRAHAM  BROS. 

Seedsmen  and  Florists, 
29  Sparks  St.,  Ottawa. 

Seeds    Bulbs,  Plants,  Cut  Flowers, 
Floral  Designs. 

Catalogue  on  Application. 


C.  M.  HOLBROOK, 

102  Sparks  Street, 

OTTAWA. 

Trouser  Stretchers,  50c.  per  pair. 

N.   HAY. 

54  SPARKS  STREET. 

SHELF  AND   CENEW    H^RDW/VHE- 


THE 

Russell    House, 

OTTAWA. 

F.  X.    ST.  JACQUES, 

Proprietor. 


R.  A.  MCCORMICK, 

Prescription   Druggist, 

76  SPARKS  STREET. 
Phone  159.  Ottawa. 


C.   C.   RAY  &  CO., 

COAL, 

53  Sparks  Street,  Ottawa. 

Toleplioiio  461. 


P 


r&lrCRAlG,  Tailors,  105  Sparks  St.,  Ottawa. 


THE   OTTAWA    FIELD-NATURALISTS'  CLUB,    1899-1900. 


patron : 
THE  RIGHT  HONOURABLE  THE  EARL  OF  MINTO, 

GOVERNOR-GENERAL   OF   CANADA. 

pi'esi&ent : 

Henry  M.  Ami,  M.A.,  D.  Sc.,  F.G.S.,  F.G.S.A. 

lDice^1pre^i^ent^ 

Prof.  John  Macoun,  M.A.,  F.L.S.,  F.R.S.C.  A.  G.  Kingston. 

librarian  : 


\ 

S. 

B.  Sinclair,  B.A. 

Sccretarig : 

(Normal  School. ) 

Ureasurec : 

1 

W.  J.  Wilson,  Ph.  B. 

Dr.  James  Fletcher. 

(Geolosical  Survey  Dept.) 

(Central  Experimental  Farm.) 

Committee : 

h 

W.  H.  Harrington. 

Miss  M.  Kee. 

W.  S.  Odell. 

Miss  G.  Harmer. 

J.  M.  Macoun. 

Miss  Marion  Whyte. 

1 


StanMna  Committees  of  Council : 

Publishing  :  J.  Fletcher,  J.  M.  Macoun,  W.  H.  Harrington,  W.  J.  Wilson,  A.  G. 

Kingston. 
Excursions :  S.  B.  Sinclair,  John  Macoun,   J.  Fletcher,  W.  S.  Odell,    Miss  KeC, 

Miss  Harmer,  Miss  Whyte. 
Soirees :  A.  G.  Kingston,  J.  M.  Macoun,  W.  H.  Harrington,  W.  J.  Wilson,  Miss 

Whyte,  Miss  Kee. 

Ileabers  : 

Geoiogy :   R.  W.  Ells,  L.  Lambe,  W.  J.  Wilson,  T.  J.  Pollock. 
Botany  :  J.  M.   Macoun,  R.  B.   Whyte,    D.  A.  Campbell,  R.   H.  Cowley. 
Entomology  :  J.   Fletcher,  W.  H.   Harrington,  C.  H.  Young. 
Conchology :  J.  F.  Whiteaves,  F.  R.   Latchford,  A.  Halkett. 
Ornithology :   W.  T.   Macoun,    A.   G.    Kingston,    Miss  Harmer. 
Zoology :  John  Macoun,  W.  S.  Odell,  A.  Halkett,  A.  E.  Attwood. 
Archeology :  T.  W.  E.  Sowter,  H.  B.  Small,  J.  Ballantyne. 


THE  OTTAWA  NATURALIST. 

E&itor : 

James  M.  Macoun. 

associate  S&itore  : 

Dr.  R.  W.  Ells,  Geological  Survey  o   Canada, — Department  of  Geology. 

Dr.  H.  M.  Ami,  Geological  Survey  o  f  Canada, — Department  ol  Palceofitology. 

Mr.  R.  a.  a.  Johnston,  Geological  Survey  of  Canada, — Department  of  Afineralogy. 

Mr.  a.  E.  Barlow,  Geological  Survey  of  Canada, — Department  of  Petrography. 

Dr.  Jas.  Fletcher,  Central  Experimental  Farm. — Department  of  Botany. 

Mr.  F.  R.  Latchford. — Department  of  Conchology. 

Mr.  W.  H.  Harrington,  Post  Office  Department. — Department  of  Entomology. 

Mr.   W.  T.  Macoun,  Central  Experimental  Farm. — Department  of  Ornithology. 

Prof>  E.  E.  Prince,  Commissioner  of  Fisheries  for  Canada. — Department  oi  Biology. 

Prof.  John  Macoun,  Geological  Survey  of  Canada. — Department  oi  Zoology. 

Membership  Fee  to  O.F.N. C,  with  "Ottawa  Naturalist,"  $i.oo  per  annum. 


JULY,  1899. 

VOL.  XIII,  No.  4. 


THE 

OTTAWA 


NATURALIST. 


Published    by   the   Ottawa   Field-Naturalists'  Club 


CONTENTS. 

Pa«nl 

1.  Some  Recent  Additions  to  the  Labrador   Flora,  by  M.  L. 

Fernald  and  J.  D.  Sornborger           ....          ....          ....          ....  89 

2.  Notes  on  Fresh-water  Polyzoa,  by  Walter  S.  Odell       —  107 

3.  Reviews             —         —         114 

4.  Palaeontological  Notes,  by  Dr.  H.  M.  Ami,       —        —  116 

5.  Report  of  Club  Excursion,         116 


OTTAWA,  CANADA. 

Printed   at  the  Office  of  Paynter  &  Abbott, 

36  Elgin  Street. 


I  at  Hie  Ottautt  Post  Office  as  KCoruMats  matter 


J.  L--  ORMB  &  SOIT, 
Pianos,  Organs  and  Musical  Instruments.    189  SPARKS  ST. 


A.  ROSENTHAL, 
Jeweller  and  Optician. 

113-11S  SPARKS  ST. 

J.  &  T.  BALLANTYNE, 

Best  Grades  of  Hard  and  Soft  Coal. 

OFFICE,  42  ELGIN  ST. 
Telephones  586  and  579. 

R.  H.  KENNY, 

TAILOR, 
170  SPARKS  ST. 

WELCH,   MARGETSON  &  GO'S 
Shirts,  Collars  and  Cuffs. 

R.    McGIFFIN, 

106  SPARKS  STREET. 

A.  J.  STEPHENS  &  SON, 

FINE  SHOES. 

187  SPARKS  ST. 

Boots  and  Shoes  Made  to  Measure. 

RUNS  EASY! 

Nothing  to  hold  it  back.     Has  neither 

faults   of  construction    nor   flaws    of   material. 
Goes  "  to  the  front "  where  it  belongs. 

It's  the  '98   "RED  BIRD" 
IIetch.uxn  c&  Co.,  lO'^  Bank  St. 

"IT'S  A  BIRD!"     Public  Opinion. 

J.  G.  BUTTERWORTH  &  Co., 
All-Rail    Scranton    Coal. 

86  SPARKS  STREET. 

WM.   IIOWB, 

Importer  of  Artists'  Materials  and  Artistic 

Interior   Decorations.      Manufacturer 

of  White  Lead,  Paints  &  Colors. 

Howe's  Block,     -     -      OHAWA. 

C.  H.  THORBURN, 
Books   and    Stationery, 

FOUNTAIN  PENS. 
Views  of  Ottawa.      80  Sparks  St. 

TRY 

BATE    ^    CMD'S 
33  C. 

English  Blended  Black  Tea. 

JAMES  OGILVY  ^"'^'''''^'i^^^^.^.^^'''''''''''' 


J. 


Importers  of  Wlnsor  &  Newton        ^"'^'^^y-  45,  47,  49  Sparks  and 
y  Artists'  Materials. 26  Elgin  St.,  Ottawa.  Can. 


HENRY   WATTERS, 
^}mbi  and  Sruggisl. 

Corner  Sparks  and  Bank  Sts. 


JOHN  MURPHY  &  CO., 

Every  Department  is  now 
replete,  with  a  full  assort- 
ment of  high-class  Noveli- 
iies  for  the  present  season. 
66  and  68  Sparks  Street, 
OTTAWA, 


THE 

Russell    House, 

OTTAWA. 

F.  X.  ST.  JACQUES, 

Proprietor. 


GRAHAM  BROS. 

Seedsmen  and  Florists, 

29  Sparks  St.,  Ottawa. 

Seeds    Bulbs,  Plants,  Cut  Flowers, 
Floral  Designs. 


Catalogue  en  Application. 


0.  M,  HOLBROOK, 

102  Sparks  Street, 

OTTAWA. 
Trouper  Stretchers,  50c.  per  pair. 

N.   HAY. 

54  SPARKS  STREET. 

SKELF  AND   GENEt^/VL    Ky^RDW/vf^E. 


R.  A.  MCCORMICK, 

Prescription    Druggist, 

75  SPARKS  STREET. 

Phone  159.  Ottawa. 


C.   C.   RAY  &  CO,, 

COAL, 

53  Sparks  Street,  Ottawa. 

Tolophonc  461. 


CD 


CD 


r-t- 

33 

CD 

o 

3. 
5* 

O 

o 

CD 
CO 

C/5 

CD 


a. 

0^ 


J.  &  R.  CRAIG,  Tailors,  105  Sparks  St.,  Ottawa. 


THE   OTTAWA   FIELD-NATURALISTS'  CLUB,   1899-1900. 


patron : 
THE  RIGHT  HONOURABLE  THE  EARL  OF  MINTO, 

GOVERNOR-GENERAL  OF   CANADA. 

preeitient : 

Henry  M.  Ami,  M.A.,  D.  Sc,  F.G.S.,  F.G.S.A. 

1I'ice=fl^re^i^ent^ 

Prof.  John  Macoun,  M.A.,  F.L.S..  F.R.S.C.  A.  G.  Kingston. 

librarian  : 

S.  B.  Sinclair,  B.A. 

(Normal  School.) 

Secretarig:  Ureaeurcr: 

W.  J.  Wilson,  Ph.  B.  Dr.  James  Fletcher. 

(GeoloRical  Survey  Dept.)  (Central  Experimental  Farm.) 

dommittce : 


W.  H.  Harrington. 
W.  S.  Odell. 
J.  M.  Macoun. 


Miss  M.  Kee. 
Miss  G.   Harmer. 
Miss  Marion  Whyte. 


StanMna  Committcea  of  Council : 

Publishing :  J.  Fletcher,  J.  M.  Macoun,  W.  H.  Harrington,  W.  J.  Wilson,  A.  G. 

Kingston. 
Excursions :  S.  B.  Sinclair,  John  Macoun,   J    Fletcher,  W.  S.  Odell,   Miss  Kee, 

Miss  Harmer,  Miss  Whyte. 
Soiries :  A.  G.  Kingston,  J.  M.  Macoun,  W.  H.  Harrington,  W.  J.  Wilson,  Miss 

Whyte,  Miss  Kee. 

!lleabers : 

Geology:  R.  W.  Ells,  L.  Lambe,  W.  J.  Wilson,  T.  J.  Pollock. 
Botany  :  J.  M.   Macoun,  R.  B.   Whyte,    D.  A.  Campbell,  R.   H.  Cowley. 
Entomology :  J.   Fletcher,  W.  H.   Harrineton,  C.  H.  Young. 
Conchology :  J.  F.  Whiteaves,  F.  R.  Latchford,  A.  Halkett. 
Ornithology :   W.  T.   Macoun,    A.   G.    Kingston,   Miss  Harmer. 
Zoology :  John  Macoun,  W.  S.  Odell,  A.  Halkett,  A.  E.  Attwood. 
Archaology :  T.  W.  E.  Sowter,  H.  B.  Small,  J.  Ballantyne. 


THE  OTTAWA  NATURALIST. 

E^itor : 

James  M.  Macoun. 

Bssociate  ]£^itor9 : 

Dr.  R.  W.  Ells,  Geological  Survey  o  Canada, — Department  of  Geology. 

Dr.  H.   M.  Ami,  Geological  Survey  of  Canada, — Department  of  Paleontology. 

Mr.  R.  a.  a.  Johnston,  Geological  Survey  of  Canada, — De^rimenioi  Mineralogy. 

Mr.  a.  E.  Barlow,  Geological  Survey  of  Canada, — Department  of  Petrography. 

Dr.  Jas.  Fletcher,  Central  Experimental  Farm. — Department  of  Botany. 

Mr.  F.  R.  Latchford. — Department  of  Conchology. 

Mr.  W.  H.  Harrington,  Post  Office  Department. — Department  o\  Entomology. 

Mr.   W.  T.  Macoun,  Central  Experimental  Farm. — Department  of  Ornithology. 

Prof,  E.  E.  Prince,  Commissioner  of  Fisheries  for  Canada. — Department  of  ^/o/c'gj'. 

Prof.  John  Macoun,  Geological  Survey  of  Canada. — Department  oi  Zoology. 

Membership  Fee  to  O.F.N. C,  with  "Ottawa  Naturalist,"  $i.oo  per  annum. 


AUGUST,  1899. 

VOL.  XIII,   No.  6. 


THE 

OTTAWA 
NATURALIST 


Published    by   the    Ottawa    Field-Naturalists'   Club 


CONTENTS. 

Pauk. 

I.  Extra  Limital  Insects  found  at  Ottawa,  by  W.  H.  Harrington, 

F.R.S.C.  117 

2   Ornithological  Notes,  by  W.  T.  Macoim,  126 

3.  Preliminary  Description  of  a  New  Caribou,  by  Ernest  Seton- 

Thompson,  ....  ....  . .  ■  •  -  •  •  ■  •  ■  •  •  •  •  •  ■  129 

4.  Excursion  to  Queen's  Park,  Aylmer,  131 

5.  Excursion  to  Cumberland,         I33 

6.  Obituary— O.  C.  Marsh,  by  H.  M.  Ami,  135 


j6ie, 


OTTAWA,  CANADA.  /sj^-^ 


Printed   at  the  Office  of  Paynter  &  Abbott, 
36  Elgin  Street. 


L I  B  F<  /.  R  ' 


Entered  at  the  Ottawa  Post  Office  a$  second-etats  matter 


»T- 1-.  OKMB  &  soar. 

Pianos,  Opgrans  and  Musical  Instruments.    189  SPARKS  ST. 


A.  ROSENTHAL, 


Jeweller  and  Optician. 


113-11S  SPARKS  ST. 


WELCH,   MARGETSON  &  GO'S 
Shirts,  Collars  and  Cuffs. 

R.    McGIFFIN, 

106  SPARKS  STREET. 


J.  &  T.  BALLANTYNE, 

Best  Grades  of  Hard  and  Soft  Coal. 

OFFICE,  42  ELGIN  ST. 
Telephones  586  and  579. 


H.  H.  KENNY, 

TAILOR, 
170  SPARKS  ST. 

A.  J.  STEPHENS  &  SON, 

FINE  SHOES. 

187  SPAKKS  ST. 

Boots  and  Shoes  Made  to  Mcasjtre. 


RUNS  EASY! 

Nothing  to  hold  it  back.      Has  neither 

faults   of  construction    nor   flaws    of   material. 
Goes   "  to  the  front  "  where  it  belonos. 

it's  the  '98   "RED   BIRD" 
XSetcliua^  &  Co.,  104  Bank  St. 


"  IT'S  A  BIRD  !  "—PuUk  Oi 


ntuoji. 


J.  G.  BUTTERWORTH  &  Co., 
All-Rail    Scranton    Coal. 

86  SPARKS  STREET. 


C.  H.  THORBURN, 
Books    and    Stationery, 

FOUNTAIN  PENS. 
Views  of  Ottawa.      80  Sparks  St. 


WM.   HOWE, 

Importer  of  Artists'  Materials  and  Artistic 

interior   Decorations.      Alanufactnrer 

of  White  Lead,  Paints  &  Colors. 

Howe's  Block,      -      -      OTTAWA. 

TRY 

33  G. 

English  Blended  Black  Tea. 


JAMES  OGILVY  ^'""'''''%-?^^'^rs?^t 


Publishen 


J. 


Manufacturing  Stationers,  Booksellers,  Bookbinders  and  Printers 
Depository  Ottawa  Auxiliary  Bible  Society.  ^rV^V^c  ,'"""• 
Importers  of  Winsor  &  Newton  '^"^"='''  45,  47,  49  Sparks  and 
'  Artists'  Matoriais. 26  Elgin  St.,  Ottawa,  Can. 


HENRY   WATTERS, 

JOHN  MURPHY  &  CO., 

Every  Department  is  now 

(Hhfmist  and  grurjgLst, 

replete,  with  a  full  assort- 

Corner Sparks  and  Bank  Sts. 

ment  of  high-class  Noveli- 
iies  for  the  present  season. 

OTTJL-V^TJ^. 

66  and  68  Sparks  Street, 

OTTAWA. 

THE 

Russell    House, 

OTTAWA. 

F.   X.   ST.   JACQUES, 

Proprietor. 


GRAHAM  BROS. 

Seedsmen  and  Florists, 

R.  A.  MCCORMICK, 

29  Sparks  St.,  Ottawa. 

Prescription   Druggist, 

Seeds    Bulbs,  Plants,  Cut  Flowers, 

75  SPARKS  STREET. 

Floral  Designs. 

Phone  159.              Ottawa. 

Catalogue  on  Application. 

G.  M.  HOLBROOK, 

102  Sparks  Street, 

C.  C.  RAY  &  CO,, 

OTTAWA. 

Trouser  Stretoiiers,  50c.  per  pair. 

COAL, 

N.   HAY. 

54.  SPARKS  STREET. 

53  Sparks  Street,  Ottawa. 

SKELF  AND   GENEI^/\L    HAHDW/VRE. 

Telophone  461. 

J.  &  R.  CRAIG,  Tailors,  105  Sparks  St.,  Ottawa. 


THE   OTTAWA    FIELD-NATURALISTS'   CLUB,    1899-1900. 


patron : 
THE  RIGHT  HONOURABLE  THE  EARL  OF  MINTO, 

GOVERNOR-GENERAL   OF   CANADA. 

©resifcent : 

Henry  M.  Ami,  M.A.,  D.  Sc,  F.G.S.,  F.G.S.A. 

DiccsprcsiSenta 

Prof.  John  Macoun,  M.A.,  F.L.S.,  F.R.S.C.  A.  G.  Kingston. 

librarian  : 

S.  B.  Sinclair,  B.A. 
(Normal  School.) 
Secretary :  treasurer : 

W.  J.  Wilson,  Ph.  B.  Dr.  James  Fletcher. 

(Geological  Survey  Dept.)  (Central  Experimental  Farm.) 

Committee : 


W.  H.  Harrington. 
W.  S.  Odell. 
J.  M.  Macoun. 


Miss  M.  Kee. 
Miss  G.   Harmer. 
Miss  Marion  Whyte. 


StanSincj  Committees  of  Council: 
Ftiblishing :  J.  Fletcher,  J.  M.  Macoun,  W.  H.  Harrington,  W.  J.  Wilson,  A.  G. 

Kingston. 
Excursions:  S.  B.  Sinclair,  John  Macoun,    J.   Fletcher,  W.  S.  Odell,    Miss  Kee, 

Miss  Harmer,  Miss  Whyte. 
Soirees  :  A.  G.  Kingston,  J.  M.   Macoun,  W.  H.  Harrington,  W.  J.  Wilson,  Miss 
Whyte,  Miss  Kee. 

l.ea^ers  : 

Geology :  R.  W.  Ells,  L.  Lambe,  W.  J.  Wilson,  T.  J.  Pollock. 
Botany  :  J.  M.   Macoun,  R.  B.   Whyte,    D.  A.  Campbellj  R.   H.  Cowley. 
Entomology :  J.   Fletcher,  W.  H.   Harrineton,  C.  H.  Young. 
Conchology :  J.  F.  Whiteaves,  F.  R.   Latchford,  A.  Halkett. 
Ornithology :   W.  T.    Macoun,    A.   G.    Kingston,   Miss  Harmer. 
Zoology :  John  Macoun,  W.  S.  Odell,  A.  Halkett,  A.  E.  Attwood. 
Archanlogy :  T.  W.  E.  Sowter,  H.  B.  Small,  J.  Ballantyne. 


THE  OTTAWA  NATURALIST. 

E6itor  : 
James  M.  Macoun. 
Bssociate  Ebitors : 
Dr.  R.  W.  Ells,  Geological  Survey  o  Canada, — Department  of  Geology. 
Dr.   H.   M.   Ami,  Geological  Survey  of  Canada, — D^^Axtmeni  oi  Palceontology. 
Mr.  R.  a.  a.  Johnston,  Geological  Survey  of  Canada,— Department  of  .il//«(?ra/(?jj/. 
Mr.  a.  E.  Barlow,  Geological  Survey  of  Canada,— Department  oi  Petrography. 
Dr.  Jas.  Fletcher,  Central  Experimental  Farm. — Department  of  Botany. 
Mr.  F.  R.  Latchford. — Department  of  Conchology. 

Mr.  W.  PL  Harrington,  Post  Office  Department. — Department  of  Entomology. 
Mr.  W.  T.  Macoun,  Central  Experimental  Farm. — Department  of  Ornithology. 
Prof  E.  E.  Prince,  Commissioner  of  Fisheries  for  Canada. — 'DeT^a.rimenioi  Biology. 
Prof.  John  Macoun,  Geological  Survey  of  Canada. — Department  of  Zoology. 

Membership  Fee  to  O.F.N. C,  with  "Ottawa  Naturalist,"  $i.oo  per  annum. 


THE 


SEPTEMBER,  1899. 

VOL.  XIII,   No.  6. 


OTTAWA 


NATURALIST. 


Published    by   the   Ottawa    Field-Naturalists'   Club 


CONTENTS. 

P*OH. 

I.  The  Birds  of  a  Garden,  by  A.  C.  Tyndall 137 

2   List  of  Fresh-water  Fishes  of  the  Gaspe  Peninsula,  by  Phillip 

Cox         140 

3.  Winter  Birds  of  the  Okanagan  District,  by  Allan  Brooks,     —  143 

4.  Some  Plants  from  the  North-west  Shore  of  Hudson  Bay,   by 

M.  L.   Fernald,  ....  ....  . .  •  •  •  •  •  •  •  •  •  •  147 

5.  Four  Rare  Plants  from  Alaska,        149 

6.  Book  Notice,— "The  Butterfly   Book,"         150 

7.  American  Association  for  Advancement  of  Science  —  151 


OTTAWA,  CANADA. 

Printed   at  the  Office  of  Paynter  &  .Abuott, 

36  Elgin  Street. 


Enttrtd  at  the  OltauM  I'o't  offlce  as  senond-riasi  nialler 


J-  I-.  021ME  &  SOU, 
Pianos,  Opg-ans  and  Musical  Instruments.    189  SPARKS  ST. 


A.  ROSENTHAL, 


Jeweller  and  Optician. 


113-115  SPARKS  ST. 


WELCH,   MARGETSON  &  GO'S 
Shirts,  Collars  and  Cuffs. 

R.    McGIFFIN, 

106  SPARKS  STREET. 


J.  &  T.  BALLANTYNE, 

Best  Grades  of  Hard  and  Soft  Coal. 

OFFICE,  42  ELGIN  ST. 
Telephones  $86  and  579. 

R.  H.  KENNX 

TAILOR, 
170  SPARKS  ST. 

A.  J.  STEPHENS  &  SON, 

FINE  SHOES. 

187  SPAKKS  ST. 

Boots  and  Shoes  Made  to  Measure. 


RUNS  EASY! 

Nothing  to  hold  it  bacl^.      Has  neither 

faults   of  construction    nor  flaws    of   material. 
Goes  "  to  the  front  "  where  it  belongs. 

It's  the  '98   "RED   BIRD" 
ZSetciiura  &  Co.,  lO^l  Bank  St. 


*♦  IT'S  A  BIRD  !  "—Public  Opi 


man. 


J.  G.  BUTTERWORTH  &  Co., 
All-Rail    Scranton    Coal. 

86  SPARKS  STREET. 


C.  H.  THORBURN, 
Books   and    Stationery, 

FOUNTAIN  PENS. 
Views  of  Ottawa.      80  Sparks  St. 


WM.   HOWE. 

Importer  of  Artists'  Materials  and  Artistic 

Interior   Decorations.      Mauufactiu-er 

of  "White  Lead,  Paints  &  Colors. 

Howe's  Block,      -      -      OTTAWA. 


TRY 


9i 


33  O. 

English  Blended  Bkck  Tea. 


JAMES  OGILVY  ^"°'^^^'H^'slif4TB'E?T.''"''"=''«"-' 


BDPF  it  SONS  p'»"rST«'- A-s^^^^^^  t"". 

IIUl  L  U.  UUIlU*  Importers  of  Winsor  &  Newton  45,  47,  49  Sparks  and 

'^ ^     y  Artists'  Materials. 26  Elgin  St.,  Ottawa.  Can. 


HENRY  WATTERS, 
dphemist  and  gruggist, 

Corner  Sparks  and  Bank  Sts. 


JOHN  MURPHY  &   CO., 

Every  Department  is  now 
replete,  with  a  full  assort- 
ment of  high-class  Noveli- 
iies  for  the  present  season. 
68  and  68  Sparks  Street. 
OTTAWA. 


THE 

Russell    House, 

OTTAWA. 

F.   X.   ST.   JACQUES, 
Proprietor. 


GRAHAM  BROS. 

Seedsmen  and  Florists, 

29  Sparks  St.,  Ottawa. 

Seeds    Bulbs,  Plants,  Cut  Flowers, 
Floral  Designs. 


Catalogue  on  Application. 


G.  M.  HOLBROOK, 

102  Sparks  Street, 

OTTAWA. 

Trouser  Stretchers,  50c.  per  pair. 

N.   HAY. 

54  SPARKS  STREET. 

SHELF  AND  GlHil{l{l    H^RUVif^^i. 


R.  A.  MCCORMICK, 

Prescription   Druggist, 

75  SPARKS  STREET. 

Phone  159.  Ottawa. 


C.   C.   RAY  &  CO., 

COAL, 

53  Sparks  Street,  Ottawa. 

Tolcphono  461. 


J.  &  R.  CRAIG,  Tailors,  105  Sparks  St.,  Ottawa. 


THE   OTTAWA    FIELD-NATURALISTS'  CLUB,   1899-1900. 


Ipatton : 
THE  RIGHT  HONOURABLE  THE  EARL  OF  MINTO, 

GOVERNOR-GENERAL   OF   CANADA. 

IPresi^cnt : 
Henry  M.  Ami,  M.A.,  D.  Sc,  F.G.S.,  F.G.S.A. 
^Dtcc=lpresi^entB 
Prof.  John  Macoun,  M.A.,  F.L.S.,  F.R.S.C.  A.  G.   Kingston. 

librarian  : 
S.  B.  Sinclair,  B.A. 

(Normal  Schoul. ) 

SecretariB :  treasurer : 

W.  J.  Wilson,  Ph.  B.  Dr.  James  Fletcher. 

(Geolofpcal  Survey  Dept.)  (Central  Experimental  Farm.) 

Committee : 


W.  H.  Harrington. 
W.  S.  Odell. 
J.  M,  Macoun. 


Miss  M.  Kee. 
Miss  G.   Harmer. 
Miss  Marion  Whyte. 


StanMno  Committees  of  Council : 
Fublishing:  J.  Fletcher,  J.  M.  Macoun,  W.  H.  Harrington,  W.  J.  Wilson,  A.  G. 

Kingston. 
Excursions :  S.  B.  Sinclair,  John  Macoun,   J    Fletcher,  W.  S.  Odell,    Miss  Kee, 

Miss  Harmer,  Miss  Whyie. 
Soiries:  A.  G.  Kingston,  J.  M.   Macoun,  W.  H.  Harrington,  W.  J.  Wilson,  Miss 
Whyte,  Miss  Kee.. 

1Lea^cv8 : 
Geology :  R.  W.  Ells,  L.  Lambe,  W.  J.  Wilson,  T.  J.  Pollock. 
Botany  :  J.  M.   Macoun,  R.  B.   Whyte,    D.  A.  Campbell,  R.   H.  Cowley. 
Entomology :  J.   Fletcher,  W.  H.    [larrineton,  C.  H.  Young. 
Conchology :  J.  F.  Whiteaves,  F.  R.   Latchford,  A.  Halkett. 
Ornithology:   W.  T.    Macoun,    A.   G.    Kingston,    Miss  Harmer. 
Zoology :  John  Macoun,  W.  S.  Odell,  A.  Halkett,  A.  E.  Attwood. 
Atciiaology:  T.  W.  E.  Sowter,  H.  B.  Small,  J.  Ballantyne. 


THE  OTTAWA  NATURALIST. 

JE&itor : 
James  M.  Macoun. 
Bssociate  Etiitors : 
Dr.  R.  W.  Ells,  Geological  Survey  o  Canada,— Department  of  Geology. 
Dr.   H.   M.  Ami,  Geological  Survey  of  Canada, — Department  of  Paheontology. 
Mr.  R.  a.  a.  Johnston,  Geological  Survey  of  Canada, — Department  of  il/Zw^ra/ij^'/. 
Mr.  a.  E.  Barlow,  Geological  Survey  of  Canada, — Department  of  Petrography. 
Dr.  Jas.  Fletcher,  Central  Experimental  Farm. — Department  of  Botany. 
Mr.  F.  R.  Latch eord. — Department  of  Conchology. 

Mr.  \V.  PL  Harrington,  Post  Office  Department. — Department  o\  Entomology. 
Mr.  W.  T.  Macoun,  Central  Experimental  Farm. — Department  of  Ornithology. 
Prof  E.  E.  Prince,  Commissioner  of  Fisheries  for  Canada.— Department  of  i//o/o^. 
Prof.  John  Macoun,  Geological  Survey  of  Canada. — Department  of  Zoology. 

MerabershipFee  to  O.F.N.C,  with  "Ottawa  Naturalist,"  $i.oo  per  annum. 


OCTOBER3  1899. 

VOL.  XIII,  No.  7. 


THE 


OTTAWA 


NATURALIST. 


Published   by  the   Ottawa   Field-Naturalists'   Club. 


CONTENTS. 

Pace. 

1.  Paddle-Nosed  Sturgeon  in  Ontario,  by  Prof.  E.  E.  Prince     . .  153 

2.  Contributions    to    Canadian    Botany — Part    XIII,     by    Jas. 

M.   Macoun           ....             ...           ....           ....  158 

3.  Notes  on  a  Stromatoporoid  from  the  Hudson  River  Forma- 

tion of  Ontario,  by  Lawrence  M.  Lambe            ....            ....  173 

4.  Entomology         ....          ....          ...           ....           ...  172 

5.  Reviews       ....          ....           ....          ....           ....           ...  174 


OTT.WVA,  CANADA. 

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Pianos,  Orgrans  and  Musical  Instruments.      189  Sparks  St. 


A.  ROSENTHAL, 
Jeweller  and  Optician, 

113-115  SPARKS  ST. 

J.  &  T.  BALLANTYNE, 

Best    Grades    Hard    and    Soft  Coal. 
OFFICE-43  ELGIN  ST. 

Telephones    586    and    579. 

R.    H.    KENNY, 

TAILOR, 

170    SPARKS    ST. 

WELCH,  MARGETSON  &  COS 

Shirts,  Collars  and  Cuflfe. 

R.    McGIFFIN, 

106  Sparks  Street. 

A,  J.  STEPHENS  &  SON, 

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is;  SPARKS  ST. 

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RUNS    EASY  ! 

Nothing  to  hold  it  back.     Has  neither  faults  of 
construction  nor  flaws  of  material.     Goes   "  to  the 
front  "  where  it  belongs. 

It's  the '98  "RED  BIRD" 

KBTCHUM  St  Co.,         104  BANK  STRBBT. 

"  IT'S  A  BIRD  "—Public  Opinion. 

J.  G.  BUTTERW^ORTH  &  Co. 

All-Rail  Scranton  Coal. 
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WM.      HOW^E, 

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tistic Interior  Decorations.    Manu- 
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J. 


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Chemist    and    Druggist, 

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Corner Sparks  and  .  . 

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OTTAWA. 
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Proprietor. 


GRAHAM  BROS. 

Seedsmen  and  Florists, 

R.  A.  Mccormick, 

29  Sparks  St.,  Ottawa. 

Prescription  Drug-gist, 

Seeds,     Bulbs,     Plants,    Cut  Flowers, 

75  Sparks  Street. 

Floral  Designs. 

Phone  159.                            Ottawa. 

Catalogue  on  Application. 

G.  M  HOLBROOK, 

103  Sparks  Street, 

C.  C.  RAY  &  CO., 

Ottawa. 

/Ta'^I 

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« coal « 

H.  HAY. 

53  Sparks  Street,  Ottawa 

54  Sparks  Street. 

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Telephone  461. 

J.  &  R.  CRAIG,  Tailors,  105  Sparks,  5t.  Ottawa. 


THE    OTTAWA    FIELD-NftTURftUSTS'     GLUB,    1899-1900. 


Ipatron : 

THE  RIGHT  HONOURABLE  EARL  OF  MINTO, 

GOVERNOR-GENERAL    OF    CANADA. 


ff>re6i&ent : 

Henry  M.  Ami,  M.A.,  D.  Sc,  F.G.S. 

Dicc=ipre6i£)ents 

Prof.  John  Macoun,  M.A.,  F.L.S.,  F.R.S.C. 

^Librarian : 


F.G.S.  A. 


A.  G.  King-ston. 


Secretary: 

W.  J.  Wilson,  Ph.  B. 
(■Geological  Survey  Dept  J 


W.  H.  Harrington. 
W.  S.  Odell. 
J.  M.  Macoun. 


S.  B.  Sinclair,  B.A. 

fNormal  School.^ 


tTreasurer ; 

Dr.  James  Fletcher. 
('Central  Experimental  Farm.^ 


Committee : 


Miss  M.  Kee. 
Miss  G.  Harmer. 
Miss  Marion  Whyte. 


Stan&ing  Committees  ot  Council : 

Publishing  :  J.  Fletcher,  J.  M.  Macoun,   W.   H.  Harrington,     W.  J.    Wilson, 

A.  G.  Kingston, 
Excursion  :  S.  B.  Sinclair,  John  Macoun,  J.  Fletcher,  W.  S.  Odell,  Miss  Kee, 

Miss  Harmer,  Miss  Whyte. 
Soit^es  :  A.  G.  Kingston,  J.  M.  Macoun,   W.    H.  Harrington,   W.   J.    Wilson, 

Miss  Whyte,  Miss  Kee. 

XeaSers : 

Geology  :  R.  W.  Ells,  L.  Lambe,  W.  J.  Wilson,  T.  J.  Pollock. 
Botany  :  J.  M.  Macoun,  R.  B.  Whyte,  D.  A.  Campbell,  R.  H.  Cowley. 
Entomology  :  J.  Fletcher,  W.  H.  Harrington,  C.  H.  Young. 
Conchology  :  J,  F.  Whiteaves,  F.  R.  Latchford,  A.  Halkett. 
Ornithology  :  W.  T.  Macoun,  A.  G.  Kingston,  Miss  Harmer. 
Zoology :  John  Macoun,  W.  S.  Odell,  A.  Halkett,  A.  E.  Attwood, 
Aichoeology  :  T.  W.  E.  Sowter,  H.  B.  Small,  J.  Ballantyne. 

THE  OTTAWA  NATURALIST. 
BDitor : 

James  M.  Macoun. 

associate  BDitors : 

Dr.  R.  W.  Ells,  Geological  Survey  of  Canada,— Department  of  Geology. 
Dr.  H.  M.  Ami,  Geological  Survey  of  Canada.,— Department  of  Palceofitology. 
Mr.  R.A.A.  Johnston,,  Geological  Survey  of  Canada,— Dept.  of  Mineralogy. 
Mr.  a.  E.  Barlow,  Geological  Survey  of  Canada, — Dept.  of  Petrography. 
Dr.  J  as.  Fletcher,  Central  Experimental  Farm, — Department  of  Botany. 
Mr.  F.  R.  Latchford. — Department  of  Conchology. 

Mr.  W.  H.  Harrington,  Post  Office  Department.— Dept.  of  Entomology. 
Mr.  W.  T.  Macoun,  Central  Experimental  Farm. — Dept.  of  Ornithology. 
Prof.  E.  E.  Prince,  Commissionerof  Fisheries  for  Canada.— Dept.  of  j5«o/cigy. 
Prof.  John  Macoun,  Geological  Survey  of  Canada.— Dept.  of  Zoology. 

IMenibership  Fee  to  O.F.N.C,  with    "Ottawa  Naturalist,"    $1.00   per  aiiuum^ 


NOVEMBER,  1899. 

VOL.  XIII,  No.  8 


THE 


OTTAWA 


NATURALIST. 


Published   by  the  Ottawa   Field-Naturalists'   Club. 


CONTENTS. 

Pack. 

1.  Notes  on  a  Geological  Trip  over  a  Portion  of  the  Canadian 

Northwest  Territories,  by  T.  C.  Weston          ....          ....  177 

2.  My  Feathered  Jester,  by  A.  C.  Tyndall            188 

3.  Notes  on  Some  Botanic  Gardens,  by  W.  T.  Macoun          ...  igi 

4.  Chrysopa  Larva  in  a  New  Role       ....          ....          ....  193 

5.  Preliminary  List  of  the  Batrachia  of  the  Gaspe  Peninsula 

and  the  Maritime  Provinces,  by  Philip  Cox    ....          ....  194 

6.  Ornithological  Notes,  by  W.  T,  Macoun          ....          ....  195 

7.  Botanical  Notes           ....          ....          ....          ....          ....  196 

8.  Entomological  Society  of  Ontario  ....          ....  197 

5.   Book  Review             ....           ....          ....           ....           ....  200 


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3  &  5  MosGROVE  St. 


Entered  at  the  Ottawa  Post  Office  as  second  class  matter. 


J.    L.    ORME    &    SON, 
Pianos,  Organs  and  Musical  Instruments.      189  Sparks  St. 


o 

I 
h 


A.  ROSENTHAL, 


Jeweller  and  Optician, 


113-115  SPARKS  ST. 


WELCH,  MARGETSON  &  COS 

Shirts,  Collars  and  Cuffs. 

R.   MeGIFFIN, 

106  Sparks  Street. 


J.  &  T.  BALLANTYNE, 

Best    Grades    Hard    and    Soft  Coal. 
OFFICE— 42  ELGlI<f  ST. 

Telephones    586    and    579. 


R.    H.    KENNY, 

TAILOR, 

170    SPARKS    ST. 


A,  J.  STEPHENS  &  SON, 

FINE     SHOES. 

187  SPARKS  ST. 

Boots  and  Shoes  Made  to  Measure. 


RUNS    EASY  ! 

Nothing  to  hold  it  back.  Has  neither  faults  of 
construction  nor  flaws  of  material.  Goes  "  to  the 
front  "  where  it  belongs. 

It's  the  '98  "RED  BIRD" 

KBTCHUM  &  Co.,         104  BANK  STREET. 

"  IT'S  A  BIRD  ""—Public  Opinion. 


J.  G.  BUTTERW^ORTH  &  Co. 

All-Rail  Scranton  Coal. 
86  SPARKS  ST. 


C.  H.  THORBURN, 

Books    and    Stationery, 

FOITNTAIN  PENS. 

Views  of  Ottawa.  80  Sparks  St. 


AVM.      HOW^E, 

Importer  of  Artists'  Materials  and  Ar- 
tistic Interior  Decorations.    Manu- 
facturer of  White  Lead.  Paints 
and  Colors. 

Howe's  Block,  -  Ottawa. 


TRY 

BATE   &  GO'S 

33  e. 

Eng-lish  Blended  Black  Tea. 


JAMES  OGILVY,  """''^'''^s' l^trw./"''"'''''' 


- 


J. 


Manufacturing  Stationers,  Booksellers,  Bookbinders  and    Printers. 

Depository  Ottawa  Auxiliary  Bible  Societv.    4.'.,    47.   49  SparkH 

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Chemist    and    Druggist, 

Corne""  Sparks  and  .  . 

Bank  streets. 

Ottawa, 


JOHN    MURPHY    &    CO., 

Every  Department  is  now 

replete,  with  a  full  assort- 
ment of  high-class   Novel- 
ties for  the  present  season. 
66  and  68  Sparks  Street, 

Ottawa. 


THE 

Russell  House 

OTTAWA. 
F.    X.     ST.     JACQUES, 

Proprietor. 


GRAHAM  BROS. 

Seedsmen  and  Florists, 

R.  A.  Mccormick, 

29  Sparks  St.,  Ottawa. 

Prescription  Druggist, 

Seeds,    Bulbs,     Plants,    Cut  Flowers, 

75  Sparks  Street. 

Floral  Designs. 

Phone  159.                             Ottawa. 

Catalogue  on  Application. 

G   M  HOLBROOK, 

103  Sparks  Street, 

C.  C.  RAY  &  CO.. 

Ottawa. 

/7a^I 

Trouser  Stretchers  50c.  per  pair. 

^  lioai  ^ 

H.  HAY. 

53  Sparks  Street,  Ottawa 

54  Sparks  Street. 

Telephone  461. 

Shelf  and  General  Hardware. 

J.  &  R.  CRAIG,  Tailors,  105  Sparks,  5t.  Ottawa. 


THE    OTTAWA    FIELD-NftTURALlSTS'     GLUB,    1899-1900. 


Ipatron : 

•  THE  RIGHT  HONOURABLE  EARL  OF  MINTO, 

GOVERNOR-GENERAL    OF    CANADA. 

IpresiOcnt : 

Henry  M.  Ami,  M.A.,  D.  Sc,  F.G.S.,  F.G.S.A. 

lDice=ipre6iDent6 

Prof.  John  Macoun,  M.A.,  F.L.S.,  F.R.S.C. 

Xibrarian : 


A.  G.  Kingston. 


Secretary: 

W.  J.  Wilson,  Ph.  B. 
fGeological  Survey  Dept.^ 


W.  H,  Harrington. 
W.  S.  Odell. 
J.  M.  Macoun. 


S.  B.  Sinclair,  B.A. 

^Normal  School. j 


tTreasurer : 

Dr.  James  Fletcher. 
fCentral  Experimental  Farm.J 


Committee 


Mrs.  A.  T.  Atwood. 
Miss  G.  Harmer. 
Miss  Marion  Whyte. 


StanMng  Committees  ot  Council : 

Publishing  :  J.  Fletcher,  J.  M.  Macoun,  W.   H.  Harrington,     W.  J.    Wilson, 

A.  G.  Kingston. 
Excursion  :  S.  B.  Sinclair,  John  Macoun,  J.  Fletcher,  W.  S.  Odell,  Mrs.  A.  T. 

Atwood,  Miss  Harmer,  Miss  Whyte. 
Soifdes  :  A.  G.  Kingston,  J.  M.  Macoun,   W.    H.  Harrington,   W.   J.    Wilson, 

Miss  Whyte,  Miss  Kee. 

ILeaDers : 

Geology  :  R.  W.  Ells,  L.  Lambe,  W.  J.  Wilson,  T.  J.  Pollock. 
Botany  :  J.  M.  Macoun,  R.  B.  Whyte,  D.  A.  Campbell,  R.  H.  Cowley. 
Entotnology  :  J.  Fletcher,  W.  H.  Harrington,  C.  H.  Young. 
Conchology  :  J.  F.  Whiteaves,  F.  R.  Latchford,  A.  Halkett. 
Ornithology  :  W.  T.  Macoun,  A.  G.  Kingston,  Miss  Harmer. 
Zoology :  John  Macoun,  W.  S.  Odell,  A.  Halkett,  A.  E.  Attwood. 
Atchceology  :  T.  W.  E.  Sowter,  H.  B.  Small,  J.  Ballantyne. 

THE  OTTAWA  NATURALIST. 

BDitor  : 
James  M.  Macoun. 

associate  lEOitors : 

Dr.  R.  W.  Ells,  Geological  Survey  of  Canada, — Department  of  Geology. 
Dr.  H.  M.  Ami,  Geological  Survey  of  Canada, — Department  oi  Palceo7itology. 
Mr.  R.A.A.  Johnston,,  Geological  Survey  of  Canada,— Dept.  of  Mineralogy. 
Mr.  a.  E.  Barlow,  Geological  Survey  of  Canada, — Dept.  oi  Petrography. 
Dr.  Jas.  Fletcher,  Central  Experimental  Farm, — Department  oi Botany. 
Mr.  F.  R.  Latchford. — Department  of  Conchology. 

Mr.  W.  H.  Harrington,  Post  Office  Department.— Dept.  oi Entomology. 
Mr.  W.  T.  Macoun,  Central  Experimental  Farm. — Dept.  of  Ornithology. 
Prof.  E.  E.  Prince,  Commissionerof  Fisheries  for  Canada. — Dept.  of^^/o/cig^. 
Prof.  John  Macoun,  Geological  Survey  of  Canada. — Dept.  of  Zoology. 

Membership  Fee  to  O.F.N.C.,  with    "  Ottawa  Naturalist,  "    $1.00   per  annum 


DECEMBER,  1899. 

VOL.  XIII,  No.  9 


THE 


OTTAWA 


NATURALIST. 


Published   by   the  Ottawa    Field-Naturalists'   Club. 


CONTENTS. 

1.  Note    on    an    Echinoderm,     collected     by    Dr.     Ami     at 

Besserers,  Ottawa  River,  by  Sir  William  Dawson     .... 

2.  Two  Land  Shells  new  to  the  Canadian  List,  by   Rev.    G. 

W.    Taylor  

3.  The  Solitary  Sandpiper,  by  Rev.  C.  J.   Young   ....  .... 

4.  Bellinurus   grandaevus,  a  new  species  of  Palaeozoic  Limu- 

loid  Crustacean,  by  Dr.   H.   M.   Ami        ....  .... 

5.  List  of  Plants  collected  by  Mr.  J.  B.  Tyrrell  in  the  Klon- 

dike Region  in   iSgg,  by  Prof.  John  Macoun    ....  .... 

6.  Report  of  Geological  Branch  for  1898-1899.  . .  .... 

7.  Programme    of  W^inter    Soirees  ....  ....  .... 


Page. 
201 

202 
203 

207 

209 
218 
224 


OTTAWA,  CANADA. 

Ottawa  Printing  Company.  (Lihiited) 

3  &  5  MosGROVE  St. 


Ent0rtdat  the  Ottawa  Post  Official  second  class  matter. 


J  .    L.    ORME    &    SON, 
Pianos,  Org-ans  and  Musical  Instruments.      189  Sparks  St. 


A.  ROSENTHAL, 
Jeweller  and  Optician, 

113-115  SPARKS  ST. 

J.  &  T.  BALLANTYNE, 

Best    Grades    Hard    and    Soft  Coal. 
OFFICE-43  ELGIN  ST. 

Telephones    586    and    579. 

R.    H.    KENNY, 

TAILOR, 

170    SPARKS    ST. 

WELCH,  MARGETSON  &  COS 

Shirts,  Collars  and  Cuffs. 

R.   McGIFFIN, 

106  Sparks  Street. 

A,  J.  STEPHENS  &  SON, 

FINE      SHOES. 

187  SPARKS  ST. 
Boots  and  Shoes  Made  to  Measure. 

RUNS    EASY  ! 

Nothing  to  hold  it  back.     Has  neither  faults  of 
construction  nor  flaws  of  material.      Goes   "  to  the 
front  "  where  it  belongs. 

It's  the '98  -RED  BIRD" 

KBTCHUM  &  Co.,         104  BANK  STRBBT. 

"  IT'S  A  BIRD  ''—Public  Opinion. 

J.  G.  BUTTERAVORTH  &  Co. 

All-Rail  Scranton  Coal. 
86  SPARKS  ST. 

AVM.      HOW^E, 

Importer  of  Artists'  Materials  and  Ar- 
tistic Interior  Decorations.    Manu- 
facturer of  White  Lead.  Paints 
and  Colors. 

Howe's  Block,           -           Ottawa. 

C,  H.  THORBURN, 

Books    and    Stationery, 

FOCMTAIN  PENS. 

Views  of  Ottawa.            80  Sparks  St. 

TRY 

BATE   8c  GO'S 

33  c. 

English  Blended  Black  Tea. 

J  AM  ES  OG I LVY,  ''°°''^"%  t^i::!  '"""'''"'■ 


i. 


Manufacturing  Stationers,  Booksellers.  Bookbinders  and    Printers. 

Depository  Ottawa  Auxiliary  Bible  Society.    45,   47,    4!)   SpurkH 

Importers  of  \yinsor&  Newton  uikI  •*«  KIrIii  St..  Olliiwu, 

•  Artists'  Materials.  <uil. 


SI 

a. 

0. 
CO 

K 


1) 

0) 


CO 

c 
o 

£ 


£ 

I 
CO 


HENRY    W^ATTERS, 
Chemist    and    Drug-g-ist, 

Coriie*"  Sparks  and  .  . 

Bank  streets. 

Ottawa. 


JOHN    MURPHY     &    CO., 

Every  Department  is  now 

replete,  with  a  full   assort- 
ment of  higfh-class   Novel- 
ties for  the  present  season. 
66  and  68  Sparks  Street, 

Ottawa. 


THE 


Russell  House 

OTTAWA. 
F.    X      ST.      JACQUES. 

Proprietor. 


GRAHAM  BROS. 
Seedsmen  and  Florists, 

29  Sparks  St.,  Ottawa. 

Seeds,     Bulbs,     Plants,    Cut  Flowers, 

Floral  Desig-ns. 


Catalogue  on  Application. 


R.  A.  Mccormick, 

Prescription  Druggist, 

75  Sparks  Street. 
Phone  159.  Ottawa. 


G    M  HOLBROOK, 

109  Spnrk.s  ^reet, 

Ottawa. 
Trouser  Stretchers  50c.  per  pair. 

H    HAY. 
54  Sparks  Street. 

Shelf  and  General  Hardware. 


C.  C.  RAY  &  CO., 


Coal 


53  Sparks  Street,  Ottawa 

Telephone  461. 


J.  &  R.  CRAIG,  Tailors,  105  Sparks,  St.  Ottawa- 


THE    OTTAWA    FIELD-NATURALISTS'     GLUB,    1899-1900. 


Ipatron : 

THE  RIGHT  HONOURABLE  EARL  OF  MINTO, 

GOVERNOR-GENERAL   OF    CANADA. 

ipresiDent : 

Henry  M.  Ami,  M.A.,  D.  Sc,  F.G.S.,  F.G.S.A. 

DiccspresiDcnts 

Prof.  John  Macoun,  M.A.,  F.L.S.,  F.R.S.C. 

librarian : 


A.  G.  Kingston, 


S.  B.  Sinclair,  B.A. 

^Normal  School. J 


Secretary: 

W.  J.  Wilson,  Ph.  B. 
('Geological  Survey  Dept.  j 


W.  H.  Harrington. 
W.  S.  Odell. 
J.  M.  Macoun. 


Q:rea6urer : 

Dr.  James  Fletcher. 
CCentral  Experimental  Farm.j 


Committee : 


Mrs.  A.  E.  Atwood. 
Miss  G.  Harmer. 
Miss  Marion  Whyte. 


StanDins  Committees  ot  Council : 

Publishing  :  J.  Fletcher,  J.  M.  Macoun,  W.    H.  Harrington,     W.  J.    Wilson, 

A.  G.  Kingston. 
Excursion  :  S.  B.  Sinclair,  John  Macoun,  J.  Fletcher,  W.  S.  Odell,  Mrs.  A.  E. 

Atwood,  Miss  Harmer,  Miss  Whyte. 
Soirees  :  A.  G.  Kingston,  J.  M.  Macoun,   W.    H.  Harrington,   W.   J.    Wilson, 

Miss  Whyte,  Miss  Kee. 

ILeaDers : 

Geology  :  R.  W.  Ells,  L.  Lambe,  W.  J.  Wilson.  T.  J.  Pollock. 
Bota)iy  :  J.  M.  Macoun,  R.  B.  Vv'hyte,  D.  A.  Campbell,  R.  H.  Cowley. 
E7itomology  :  J.  Fletcher,  W.  H.  Harrington,  C.  H.  Young. 
Conchology  :  J.  F.  Whiteaves,  F.  R.  Latchford,  A.  Halkett. 
Ornithology  :  W.  T.  Macoun,  A.  G.  Kingston,  Miss  Harmer. 
Zoology :  John  Macoun,  W.  S.  Odell,  A.  Halkett,  A.  E.  Attwood. 
Atchceology  :  T.  W.  E.  Sowter,  H.  B.  Small,  J.  Ballantyne. 

THE  OTTAWA  NATURALIST. 


James  M.  Macoun. 

associate  JEC>itors : 

Dr.  R.  W.  Ells,  Geological  Survey  of  Canada, — Department  of  G^o/o§_y. 
Dr.  H.  M.  Ami,  Geological  Survey  of  Canada, — Department  o{  Palaontology. 
Mr.  R.A.A.  Johnston,,  Geological  Survey  of  Canada, — Dept.  of  Mineralogy. 
Mr.  a.  E.  Barlow,  Geological  Survey  of  Canada, — Dept.  o^  Petrography. 
Dr.  Jas.  Fletcher,  Central  Experimental  Farm, — Department  of  ^o/awy. 
Mr.  F.  R.  Latchford. — Department  of  Conchology. 

Mr.  W.  H.  Harrington,  Post  Office  Department.  — Dept.  o{  Entomology. 
Mr.  W.  T.  Macoun,  Central  Experimental  Farm. — Dept.  of  Ornithology. 
Prof.  E.  E.  Prince,  Commissioner  of  Fisheries  for  Canada. — T>&^X..oiBiology. 
Prof.  John  Macoun,  Geological  Survey  of  Canada. — Dept.  of  Zoology. 

Meiiit>erslup  Fee  to  O.F.X.C.,  witli    "Ottawa  Katiipalist,  "   $1.00  per  aunain. 


JANUARY,   19CO. 

VOL.  XIII,  No.  10 


THE 


OTTAWA 
NATURALIST. 


Published   by  the  Ottawa   Field-Naturalists'   Club. 


CONTE  NTS. 

Pagm. 

1.  Archaeology  of  Lake  Deschenes,  by  T.  W.  Edwin  Sowter     . .  226 

2.  On  Some  Trenton  Fossils  from  the  Light  Gray  Limestones 

of  Cumberland,  by  H.  M.  Ami,  M.A.,  F.G.S.            238 

3.  Palaeontological  Notes               ....          ....          ....          ....  238 

4.  Report  of  the  Entomological  Branch           . . . ,          ....  244 

5.  Reviews         ....           ....          ....          ....          ....          ....  247 

6.  Soirees     ....            ...          ....          ....          ....          ....  252 


Jan.  23rd -X-RAY  LECTURE  w:tli  illustrations,    |  Assembly  Hall 
Feb.  6th.  CONVERSAZIONE  and  Microscopical  Soiree, )  Normal  School. 


OTTAWA,  CANADA. 

Ottawa  Printing  Company.  (Limited) 

3  &  5  MosGROVE  St. 


-Q^Tc/ 


^'H^^\RY 


EnUred  at  tht  Ottawa  Post  Office  at  second  class  matter.  .9^a 


^^^^^'r 


J,    L.    ORME    &    SON 
Pianos,  Org-ans  and  Musical  Instruments. 


189  Sparks  St. 


o 

I 
h 


J.  &  T.  BALLANTYNE, 

Best    Grades    Hard    and    Soft  Coal. 

A.  ROSENTHAL, 

OFFICE— la  ELOIX  ST. 

Telephones    586    and    579. 

Jeweller  and  Optician, 

113-115  SPARKS  ST. 

R.    H.    KENNY, 

TAILOR, 

170    SPARKS    ST. 

WELCH,  MARGETSON  &  GO'S 

A,  J.  STEPHENS  &  SON, 

Shirts,  Collars  and  Cuffs. 

FINE     SHOES. 

R.    McGIFFIN, 

187  SPARKS  ST. 

106  Sparks  Street. 

Boots  and  Shoes  Made  to  Measure. 

RUNS    EASY  ! 


Nothing'  to  hold  it  back.      Has  neither  faults  of 


construction  nor  flaws  of  material, 
front  "  where  it  belongs. 


Goes   "  to  the 


It's  the  '98  ''RED  BIRD" 

KBTCHUM  &  Co.,         104  BANK  STRiEBT. 

"  IT'S  A  BIRD  "*— Public  Opinion. 


J  G.  BUTTERWORTH&Co. 

All-Rail  Scranton  Coal. 
86  SPARKS  ST. 


C.  H.  THORBURN, 

Books    and    Stationery, 

FOIXTAIX  PENS. 

Views  of  Ottawa.  80  Sparks  St. 


WM.      HOWE, 

Importer  of  Artists'  Materials  and  Ar- 

ti'^tic  Interior  Decorations.     Manu- 

factu'er  of  White  '  ead.  Paints 

and  Colors. 

Howe's  Block,  -  Ottawa. 


TRY 

BATE   8c  GO'S 

33  c. 

English  Blended  Black  Tea. 


JA    I\  /I    C  O     /^  r^   II     \  /  \/      Bookseller,    Stationer   and    Publisher, 
A  IVl  C-  O     iJ  U  1  L  V     I    ,  87  Sparks  Street. 


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Manufacturing  Stationers,  Bookse'Iers.  Bookbinders  and    Printers. 

Depository  dttaw. I  Auxiliarv  Bible  Sicietv.    4."i,    47.    4«   Sitark^ 

Importers  of  Wins )r&  Newton  uikI  :f«  Emin  S(.,  Oti:iWii, 

J  Artists'  Materials.  «,'jm. 


HENRY    WATTERS, 
Chemist    and    Drug-gist, 

Come'"  Sparks  and  .  . 

Bank,  streets. 
Ottaw/v, 


JOHN    MURPHY    &   CO., 

Every  Department  is  now 

replete,  with  a  full  assort- 
ment of  high-class  Novel- 
ties for  the  present  season. 
66  and  68  Sparks  Street, 

Ottawa. 


^•^-ii', " ivi, .ii'it ■■■■  J&vTr'fMi 


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^.HTi-rm  '  !■  >         !■■'  ■  ■■  /|l'^I4lr  nflf -^jp^ifiEiV  //:^;^.iE\tgg* 


Russell  House 

OTTAWA. 
F.    X.     ST.     JACQUES. 

Proprietor. 


GRAHAM  BROS. 
Seedsmen  and  Florists, 

29  Sparks  St.,  Ottawa. 

Seeds,    Bulbs,    Plants,    Cut  Flowers, 

Floral  Designs. 


Catalogue  on  Application. 


R.  A.  Mccormick, 

Prescription  Druggist, 

75  Sparks  Street. 
Phone  159.  Ottawa. 


G.  M  HOLBROOK, 

103  Sparks  Street, 

Ottawa. 
Trouser  Stretchers  50c.  per  pair. 


H.  HAY. 
54  Sparks  Street 

Shelf  and  General  H'-irdware. 


C.  C.  RAY  &  CO., 


Coal 


53  Sparks  Street,  Ottawa 

Telephone  461. 


J.  &  R.  CRAiG,  Tailors,  I05  Sparks,  St.  Ottawa 


3 

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THE    OTTAWA    FlELD-NATURftLlSTS'    GLUB,    1899-1900. 


V, 


patron : 

THE  RIGHT  HONOURAF^LE  EART    OF  MINTO, 

GOVERNOR-GENERAL   OF    CANADA. 


Ipresi&ent: 

Henry  M.  Ami,  M.A.,  D.  Sc,  F.G.S. 

Wice=lPresiC>ent0 

Prof.  John  Macoun,  M.A.,  F.L.S.,  F.R.S.C. 

^Librarian : 


F.G.S.A 


A.  G.  Kingston. 


Secretary: 

W.  J.  Wilson,  Ph.  B. 
fGeological  Survey  Dept.J 


W.  H.  Harrington. 
W.  S.  Odell. 
J.  M.  Macoun. 


S.  B.  Sinclair,  B.A. 
fNormal  School.^ 


tTreasurer ; 

T)r.  James  Fletcher. 
^Central  Experimental  Farm.) 


Committee: 


Mrs.  A.  E.  Atwood. 
Miss  G.  Harmer. 
Miss  Marion  Whyte. 


StanWng  Committees  of  Council : 

Publishing  :  J.  Fletcher,  J.  M.  Macoun,   W.   H.  Harrington,     W.  J.    Wilson, 

A.  G.  Kingston. 
Excursion  :  S.  B.  Sinclair,  John  Macoun,  J.  Fletcher,  W.  S.  Odell,  Mrs.  A.  E. 

Atwood,  Miss  Harnur,  Miss  Whyte. 
Soit^es  :  A.  G.  Kingston,  J.  M.  Macoun,   W.    H.  Harrington,   W.   J.    Wilson, 

Miss  Whyte,  Miss  Kee. 

!lLea&ers : 

Geology  :  R.  W.  Ells,  L.  Lambe,  W.  J.  Wilson.  T.  J.  Pollock. 
Botany  :  J.  M.  Macoun,  R.  B.  W  hvte,  D.  A.  Campbell,  R.  H.  Cowley. 
E^itomology  :  J.  Fletcher,  W.  H.  Hairington,  C.  H.  Young. 
Conchology  :  J.  F.  Whiteaves,  F.  R.  Latchford,  A.  Halkett. 
Ornithology  :  W.  T.  Macoun,  A.  G.  Kingston,  Miss  Harmer. 
Zoology :  John  Macoun,  W.  S.  Odell,  A.  Halkett,  A.  E.  Attwood. 
Aichwology  :  T.  W.  E.  Sowter,  H.  B.  Small,  J.  Ballantyne. 

THE  OTTAWA  NATURALIST. 

BMtor : 

James  M.  Macoun. 

associate  lEDitors : 

Dr.  R.  W.  Ells,  Geological  Survey  of  Canada, — Department  of  Geology. 
Dr.  H.  M.  Aml  Geological  Survey  of  Canada, — Department  of /'aAFOw/'o/cg'^. 
Mr.  R.A.A.  Johnston,,  Geological  Survey  of  Canada, — Dept.  of  Mineralogy. 
Mr.  a.  E.  Barlow,  Geological  Survey  of  Canada, — Dept.  oi  Petrography. 
Dr.  Jas.  Fletcher,  Central  Experimental  Farm, — Department  of  ^iSo/awj'. 
Mr.  F.  R.  Latchford.  —  Department  o{  Conchology. 

Mr.  W,  H.  Harrington,  Post  Office  Department. —  Dept.  o{  Entomology. 
Mr.  W.  T.  Macoun,  Central  Experimental  Farm. — Dept.  oi  Ornithology. 
Prof.  E.  E.  PrtlNCE,  Commissionerof  Fisheries  for  Canada. — Dept.  ofBiology. 
Prof.  John  Macoun,  Geological  Survey  of  Canada. — Dept.  of  Zoology. 

Membership  Fee  to  O.F.N.C.,  with    "  Ottawa  Naturalist,  "   $1.00  per  annum.. 


FEBRUARY^  1900. 

VOL.  XIII,  No.  II 


THE 


OTTAWA 
NATURALIST. 


Published   by  the  Ottawa   Field-Naturalists'   Club. 


CONTENTS. 

Pagb. 

Rangifer  Dawsoni,  preliminary  description  of  a  new  Caribou 

from  Queen  Charlotte's  Islands,  by  Ernest  Seton-Thompson     257 

Description  of  a   new    Species  of  Calcareous    Sponge   from 

Vancouver  Island,  B.C.,  by  Lawrence  M.  Lambe,  F.G.S.    .  .     261 

Annual  Address  of  the  President  of  the  Ottawa  Field-Natur- 
alist' Club,  H.  M.  Ami,  M.A.,  F.G.S.,  delivered  Novem- 
ber 28th,  1899         ....  ....  ....  ....  ....  263 


Feb.  6th.— Microscopical  Soiree,  in  Normal  School  Hall. 

Feb.  20th.— Lecture  on  Labrador,  by  Mr.  A.  P.  Lowe,  in  Science  Hall  of 
Ottawa  University. 


OTTAWA,  CANADA. 

Ottawa  Printing  Company.  (Limited) 

3  &  5  MosGROVE  St. 


Euttrtd  at  ike  Ottawa  Pott  Offict  at  second  clatt  matttr. 


J.    L.    ORME    &    SON 

Pianos,  Organs  and  Musical  Instruments.      189  Sparks  St. 


A.  ROSENTHAL, 
Jeweller  and  Optician, 

113-115  SPARKS  ST. 

J.  &  T.  BALLANTYNE, 

Best    Grades    Hard    and    Soft  Coal. 
OFFICE— 4a  ELGIN  ST. 

Telephones    586    and    579. 

R.    H.    KENNY, 

TAILOK, 

170    SPARKS    ST. 

WELCH,  MARGETSON  &  GO'S 

Shirts,  Collars  and  Cufifs. 

R.    McGIFFIN, 

106  Sparks  Street. 

A,  J.  STEPHENS  &  SON, 

FINE     SHOES. 

187  SPARKS  ST. 
Boots  and  Shoes  Made  to  Measure. 

RUNS    EASY  ! 

Nothing  to  hold  it  back.     Has  neither  faults  of 
construction  nor  flaws  of  material.      Goes   "  to  the 
front  "  where  it  belongs. 

It's  the '98  "RED  BIRD" 

KBTCHUM  8c  Co.,         104  BANK  STREET. 

"  IT'S  A  BIRD  ""— Public  opinion. 

J.  G.  BUTTERWORTH  &  Co. 

All-Rail  Scranton  Coal. 
86  SPARKS  ST. 

'Wm.     HOW^E, 

Importer  of  Artists'  Materials  and  Ar- 
tistic Interior  Decorations.     Manu- 
facturer of  White  I  ead.  Paints 
and  Colors. 

Howe's  Block,           -           Ottawa. 

C.  H.  THORBURN, 

Books    and    Stationery, 

FOUNTAIN  PENS. 

Views  of  Ottawa.             80  Sparks  St. 

TRY 

BATE   &  GO'S 

S3  c. 

English  Blended  Black  Tea. 

JAMES  OGILVY,  """""""V^r  w,.''"''"''"' 


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Manufacturing  Stationers,  Booksellers,  Bookbinders  and  I*rinter». 
Depository  Ottawa  Auxiliary  Bible  Society.  4.'»,  47.  4!>  HparkH 
Importers  of  Win<ior&  Newton  itllil  'JK  KlK>u  !^t-.  Ottinva, 


Artists"  Materials. 


Cull. 


HENRY    AVATTERS, 
Chemist    and    Drug-g-ist, 

Corne"-  Sparks  and  .  . 

Bank  streets. 

Ottaw/w. 


JOHN    MURPHY    &    CO., 

Every  Department  is  now 

replete,  with  a  full  assort- 
ment of  high-class  Novel- 
ties for  the  present  .season. 
66  and  68  Sparks  Street, 

Ottawa. 


if* 

a 

"  ■    ■■    : 

("■ 

km  - 

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H' 

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THE 

Russell  House 

OTTAWA. 
F.    X.     ST.     JACQUES, 

Proprietor. 


GRAHAM  BROS. 
Seedsmen  and  Florists, 

29  Sparks  St.,  Ottawa. 

Seeds,    Bulbs,     Plants,    Cut  Flowers, 

Floral  Designs. 


Catalogue  on  Application. 


R.  A.  Mccormick, 

Prescription  Drug-gist, 

75  Sparks  Street. 
Phone  159.  Ottav/a. 


G    M  HOLBROOK, 

103  Sparks  Street, 

Ottawa. 
Trouser  Stretchers  50c.  per  pair. 


H    HAY. 
54  Sparks  Street 

Shelf  and  General  Hardware. 


C.  C.  RAY  &  CO.. 


Coal 


53  Sparks  Street,  Ottawa 

Telephone  461. 


(D 


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J.  &  R.  CRAIG,  Tailors,  I05  Sparks,  St.  Ottawa 


THE    OTTAWA    FIELD-NATURALISTS*     GLUB,    1899-1900. 

Ipatron : 

THE  RIGHT  HONOURABLE  EART    OF  MINTO, 

GOVERNOR-GENERAL   OF    CANADA. 

Henry  M.  Ami,  M.A.,  D.  Sc,  F.G.S.,  F.G.S.A 

IDiceslprcBiDents 

Prof.  John  Macoun,  M.A.,  F.L.S.,  F.R.S.C.  \.  G.  Kingston. 

Xlbrarian : 

S.  B.  Sinclair,  B.A. 
f Normal  School,  j 

Secrctari^:  Q:rca8urer ; 

W.  J.  Wilson,  Ph.  B.  Dr.  James  Fletcher. 

fGeological  Survey  Dept.>  fCentral  Experimental  Farm.J 

Committee : 


W.  H.  Harrington. 
W.  S.  Odell. 
J.  M.  Macoun. 


Mrs.  A.  E.  Atwood. 
Miss  G.  Harmer. 
Miss  Marion  Whyte. 


StanDing  CommitteeB  of  Council : 

Publishing  :  J.  Fletcher,  J.  M.  Macoun,   W.   H.  Harrington,     W.  J,    Wilson, 

A.  G.  Kingston. 
Exairsion  :  S.  B.  Sinclair,  John  Macoun,  J.  Fletcher,  W.  S.  Odell,  Mrs.  A.  E. 

Atwood,  Miss  Harmer,  Miss  Whyte. 
Soities  :  A.  G.  Kingston,  J.  M.  Macoun,   W.    H.  Harrington,   W.   J.    Wilson, 

Miss  Whyte,  Miss  Kee. 

XeaDers : 

Geology  :  R.  W.  Ells,  L.  Lambe,  W.  J.  Wilson,  T.  J.  Pollock. 
Botany  :  J.  M.  Macoun,  R.  B.  Whvte,  D.  A.  Campbell,  R.  H.  Cowley. 
Untomology  :  J.  Fletcher,  W.  H.  Ha'rington,  C.  H.  Young. 
Conchology  :  J.  F.  Whiteaves,  F.  R.  Latchford,  A.  Halkett. 
Ornithology  :  W.  T.  Macoun,  A.  G.  Kingston,  Miss  Harmer. 
Zoology :  John  Macoun,  W.  S.  Odell,  A.  Halkett,  A.  E.  Attwood. 
Archaeology  :  T.  W.  E.  Sowter,  H.  B.  Small,  J.  Ballantyne. 

THE  OTTAWA  NATURALIST. 

B&itor : 

James  M.  Macoun. 

associate  BDitors : 

Dr.  R.  W.  Ells,  Geological  Survey  of  Canada, — Department  of  Geology. 
Dr.  H.  M.  Ami,  Geological  Survey  of  Canada, — V>epa.riment  oi  Palceontology. 
Mr.  R.A.A.  Johnston,,  Geological  Survey  of  Canada, — Dept.  of  Mineralogy. 
Mr.  a.  E.  Barlow,  Geological  Survey  of  Canada, — Dept.  o\'  Petrography. 
Dr.  Jas.  Fletcher,  Central  Experimental  Farm, — Department  of  ^ffo/awy. 
Mr.  F.  R.  Latchford. — Department  of  Co7ichology. 

Mr.  W.  H.  Harrington,  Post  Office  Department.  — Dept.  of  Entomology. 
Mr.  W.  T.  Macoun,  Central  Experimental  Farm. — Dept.  oi  Ornithology. 
Prof.  E.  E.  Prince,  Commissionerof  Fisheries  for  Canada. — Deipl.  oi Biology. 
Prof.  John  Macoun,  Geological  Survey  of  Canada.  —  Dept.  ol  Zoology. 

nembersliip  Fee  to  O.F.N.C,  ivltb    "  Ottawa  Naturalist,  "    $1.00  per  annam. 


MARCK  1900. 

VOL.  XIII,  No.  12 


THE 


OTTAWA 
NATURALIST 


Published   by   the  Ottawa    Fleld-Naturailsts'   Club. 


CONTENTS. 

Page. 

Notes  on  Hudson  Bay  Sponges  by  Lawrence  M.  Lambe,  F.G.S.  277 
Appendix  to  President's  Address  delivered  before  the  Ottawa 

Field-Naturalists'  Club         279 

Index  ....  ....  ....  •  •  •  •  •  •  • .  •  .  •  •  295 


OTTAWA,  CANADA.  .'QcT  '^       "  "     "'^'^ 

Ottawa  Printing  Company.  (Limited)  '  = 
3  &  5  MosGROVE  St. 


Entered  at  the  Ottawa  Post  Office  at  tecond  cltut  matt*r. 


J.    L.     ORME     &     SON 
Pianos,  Organs  and  Musical  Instruments.      189  Sparks  St. 


A.  ROSENTHAL, 


Jeweller  and  Optician, 


113-115  SPARKS  ST. 


WELCH,  MARGETSON  &  COS 

Shirts,  Collars  and  Cuffs. 

R.    McGIFFIN, 

106  Sparks  Street. 


J.  &  T.  BALLANTYNE, 

Best    Grades    Hard    and    Soft  Coal. 
OFFICE-^3  EL«1N  ST. 

Telephones    586    and    579. 


R.    H.    KENNY, 

TAILOR, 

170    SPARKS    ST. 


A,  J.  STEPHENS  &  SON, 

FINE     SHOES. 

187  SPARKS  ST. 

Boots  and  Shoes  Made  to  Measure. 


RUNS    EASY  ! 

Nothing  to  hold  it  back.  Has  neither  faults  of 
construction  nor  flaws  of  material.  Goes  "  to  the 
front  "  where  it  belongs. 

It's  the  '98  "RED  BIRD" 

KBTCHUM  8c  Co.,         104  BANK  STREET. 

"  IT'S  A  BIRD  "—Public  opinion. 


J.  G.  BUTTERW^ORTH  &  Co 

All-Rail  Scranton  Coal. 

Has  uo  Equal. 

86  SPARKS  ST. 


C.  H.  THORBURN, 

Books    and    Stationery, 

FOUNTAIN  PENS. 

Views  of  Ottawa.  80  Sparks  St. 


VTM.      HOWE, 

Importer  of  Artists'  Materials  and  Ar- 
tistic Interior  Decorations.    Manu- 
facturer of  White  T  ead.  Paints 
and  Colors. 
Howe's  Block,  -  Ottawa. 


TRY 

BATE    8c  GO'S 

33  c. 

English  Blended  Black  Tea. 


JAMES  OGILVY, '°°'""% IXs."el '""''"^'"' 


k  . 
0^ 

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0. 
V-l 

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£ 


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£ 

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J, 


Manufacturing  Stationers,  Booksellers.  Bookbindcrn  anj    Printers. 

Depository  Ottawa  Auxiliary  Bible  Societv.    4,"5.    17.    I!»   H|>arkit 

Importers  of  Winsor  &  Newton  and  'iB  KIkIii  St..  OUhma, 

^  Artists'  Materials.  <'UB. 


HENRY    AVATTERS, 
Chemist    and    Drug-g-ist, 

Corne'-  Sparks  and  .  . 

Bank  streets. 
Ottawa, 


JOHN    MURPHY    &    CO., 

Every  Department  is  now 

replete,  with  a  full  assort- 
ment of  high-class   Novel- 
ties for  the  present  season. 
66  and  68  Sparks  Street, 

Ottawa. 


THE 

Russel!  House 

OTTAWA. 
F.    X.     ST.     JACQUES. 

Proprietor. 


GRAHAM  BROS. 
Seedsmen  and  Florists, 

29  Sparks  St.,  Ottawa. 
j    Seeds,     Bulbs,     Plants,     Cut  Flowers, 
Floral  Designs. 


Catalogue  on  Application. 


R.  A.  Mccormick, 

Prescription  Drug-gist, 

75  Sparks  Street. 
Phone  159.  Ottawa. 


G   M  HOLBROOK, 

102  Spark.s  Strt-el, 

Ottawa. 
Trouser  Stretchers  50c.  per  pair. 


H.  HAY. 
54  Sparks  Street 

Shelf  and  General  Hardware. 


C.  C.  RAY  &  CO., 


Coal 


53  Sparks  Street,  Ottawa 

•Telephone  461. 


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J.  &  R.  CRAIG,  Tailors,  105  Sparks,  St.  Ottawa 


THE    OTTAWA    FIELD-NftTURftLlSTS'     GLUB,    1899-1900. 


patron : 

THE  RIGHT  HONOURABLE  EART    OF  MINTO, 

GOVERNOR-GENERAL   OF    CANADA. 

IpresiDcnt : 

Henry  M.  Ami,  M.A.,  D.  Sc,  F.G.S.,  F.G.S.A 

DicesprcsiDents 

Prof.  John  Macoun,  M.A.,  F.L.S.,  F.R.S.C. 

Xibrartan : 


A.  G.  Kingston. 


S.  B.  Sinclair,  B.A. 

f  Normal  School  J 


Secretary: 

W.  J.  Wilson,  Ph.  B. 
(■Geological  Survey  Dept.^ 


treasurer : 

Dr.  James  Fletcher. 
CCentral  Experimental  Farm.^ 


Committee : 


W.  H.  Harrington. 
W,  S.  Odell. 
J.  M.  Macoun. 


Mrs.  A.  E.  Atvvood. 
Miss  G.  Harmer. 
Miss  Marion  Whyte. 


StanDing  Committees  of  Comicd : 


Publishing  ; 
Excursion  : 
Soirees  :  A. 


W.  J.    Wilson, 


J.  Fletcher,  J.  M.  Macoun,   W.   H.  Harrington, 

A.  G.  Kingston. 
5.  B.  Sinclair,  John  Macoun,  J.  Fletcher,  W.  S.  Odell,  Mrs.  A.  E. 

Atwood,  Miss  Harmer,  Miss  Whyte. 
J.  Kingston,  J.  M.  Macoun,   W.    H.   Harrington,   W.   J.    Wilson, 

Miss  Whyte,  Miss  Kee. 

Xea&ers : 

Geology  :  R.  W.  Ells,  L.  Lambe,  W.  J.  Wilson,  T.  J.  Pollock. 
Botany  :  J.  M.  Macoun,  R.  B.  Whyte,  D.  A.  Campbell,  R.  H.  Cowley. 
Entomology  :  J.  Fletcher,  W.  H.  Harrington,  C.  H.  Young. 
Conchology  :  J.  F.  W^hiteaves,  F.  R.  Latchford,  A.  Halkett. 
Ornithology  :  W.  T.  Macoun,  A.  G.  Kingston,  Miss  Harmer. 
Zoology :  John  Macoun,  W.  S.  Odell,  A.  Halkett,  A.  E.  Attwood. 
Archaeology  :  T.  W.  E.  Sowter,  H.  B.  Small,  J.  Ballantyne. 

THE  OTTAWA  NATURALIST. 

BDitor : 
James  M.  Macoun. 

Bssociate  BDitors : 

Dr.  R.  W.  Ells,  Geological  Survey  of  Canada, — Department  of  Geology. 
Dr.  H.  M.  Ami,  Geological  Survey  of  Canada, — Department  oi  Palceontology, 
Mr.  R.A.A.  Johnston,,  Geological  Survey  of  Canada, — Dept.  of  Mineralogy. 
Mr.  a.  E.  Barlow,  Geological  Survey  of  Canada, — Dept.  oi  Petrography. 
Dr.  Jas.  Fletcher,  Central  Experimental  Farm, — Department  oi Botaiiy. 
Mr.  F.  R.  Latchford. — Department  of  Conchology. 

Mr.  W.  H.  Harrington,  Post  Office  Department. — Dept.  o{  Entomology. 
Mr.  W.  T.  Macoun,  Central  Experimental  Farm. — Dept.  of  Ortiithology. 
Prof.  E.  E.  Prince,  Commissionerof  Fisheries  for  Canada. — Dept.  ofBiology, 
Prof.  John  Macoun,  Geological  Survey  of  Canada. — Dept.  of  Zoology. 

Hemltersbip  Fee  to  O.F.N.C.,  with    "  Ottawa  Naturalist,  "    $1.00   per  annnm. 


J-B. 


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MBI    WHOI   LIBRARY 

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