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i 


1917.  Vol.   XXXI.  1918. 


THE 


OTTAWA    NATURALIST 


Being  Volume  XXXIII.  of  the 


TRANSACTIONS 


OF  THE 


OTTAWA  FIELD-NATURALISTS'  CLUB 


Organized  March,  1879.  Incorporated  March,  1884. 


The   Ottawa  Field-Naturalists'  Club 


Patron: 

HIS  EXCELLENCY  THE  DUKE  OF  DEVONSHIRE 

Governor-General  of  Canada. 

COUNCIL   1917-18. 

President: 

Mr.  Harlan  I.  Smith. 

Vice-Presidents: 

Dr.  <3.  Gordon  Hewitt.  Dr.  M.  Y.  Williams. 


Secretary: 
Mr.  L.  D.  Burling, 

(Victoria  Memorial  Museum). 

Editor: 

Mr.  Arthur  Gibson, 

(Entomological  Branch, 
Dept.  of  Agriculture). 

Mr.  P.  A.  Taverner. 
Mr.  F.  W.  Waugh. 
Mr.  C.  M.  Sternberg. 
Mr.  W.  T.  Macoun. 


Treasurer: 
Mr.  J.  R.  Dymond, 

.  (Seed  Branch,  Dept.  of 
Agriculture). 

Librarian: 

Mr.  H.  B.  Sifton, 

(Seed  Branch,  Dept.  of 

Agriculture). 

Mr.  C.  L.  Patch. 
Miss  F.  Fyles. 
Mr.  G.  A.  Millar. 
Miss  E.  Cowan. 


Publications: 


Excursions 
Lectures  •' 


Standing  Committees  of  Council: 
Dr.  C.  G.  Hewitt,  A.  Gibson,  J.  R.  Dymond,  L.  D.  Burling, 
H.  B.  Sifton. 

F  W  Waugh,  Dr.  M.  Y.  Williams,  H.  B.  Sifton,  C.  M.  Stern- 
berg. Miss  F.  Fyles,  G.  A.  Millar,  Miss  E.  Cowan,  C.L.  Patch. 
Arthur  Gibson,  Dr.  C.  G.  Hewitt,  Dr.  M.  Y.  Williams,  P.  A. 
Taverner,  L.  D.  Burling,  W.  T.  Macoun. 


Trust  Funds:    W.  T.  Macoun,  Dr.  C.  G.  Hewitt,  R.  B.  Whyte,  Dr.  H.  M.  Ami. 


Leaders  at  Excursions: 
Harlan  I.  Smith,  F.  W.  Waugh,  W.  J.  Wintemberg,  T.  W.  E 
Sowter,  J.  Ballantyne. 

Miss  F  Fvles,  W.  T.  Macoun,  J.  M.  Macoun,  Mrs.  A.  F. 
Brown,  Dr.  M.  O.  Malte,  J.  R.  Dymond,  E.  C.  Wight,  H.  B. 
Sifton,'  G.  A.  Millar,  Miss  E.  Cowan. 

Arthur  Gibson.  W.  H.  Harrington,  Dr.  C.  G.  Hewitt,  J.  M. 
Swaine,  F.  W.  L.  Sladen. 

Dr  E  M.  Kindle,  Dr.  M.  Y.  Williams,  H.  McGillivray,  L.  D. 
Burling,  E.  Poitevin,  Dr.  M.  E.  Wilson. 

C.  L.  Patch,  P.  A.  Taverner,  Dr.  M.  Y.  Williams.  A.  G. 
Kingston. 

A.  Halkett,  E.  E.  Lemieux,  E.  A.  LeSueur,   C.  H.  Young, 
Dr.  R.  M.  Anderson. 
W.  S.  Hutton. 

Auditors: 
J.  Ballantyne.  E.  C.  Wight. 

Membership  Fee  to  O.F.N.C,  with  "Ottawa  Naturaiist," 

$1.00  per  annum. 


Archaeology : 
Botam : 

Entomology. 
Geology  -. 
Ornithology : 
Zoology: 
Photography : 


LIST  OF  MEMBERS  01; 
THE  OTTAWA  FIELD-NATURALISTS'  CLUB 

1917-1918 


Adams,  John,  M.A. 

Ami,  H.  M.,  M.A.,  D.Sc,  F.G.S., 

F.R.S.C. 
Ami,  S.  T. 

Anderson, James  R.,(Victoria,B.C.) 
Anderson,  Lt.-Col,  W.  P.,  C.M.G., 

M.  Inst.  C.E.,  F.R.G.S. 
Anderson,  Dr.  R.  M. 
Ardley,  Edw.,  (Montreal). 
Argue,  Miss  L.  E. 
Arnold,  Edw.,  (Montreal). 
Atkinson,  C.  S. 
Attwood,  A.  E.,  M.A. 

Barbeau,  C.  M.,  F.R.S.C. 

Ballantyne,  James. 

Bangs,  J.  S. 

Beaulieu,  G.,  B.A.,  LL.B. 

Beaulne,  J.  I. 

Beaupre,  Edwin,  (Kingston,  Ont.) 

Bennett.  Miss  K.  E. 

Billings,  C.  M. 

Blackader,  Dr.  E.  H. 

Blakely,  D. 

Blythe,  Mrs.  Geo. 

Bowers,  H.  L.,  (Oshawa,  Ont.) 

Brainerd,  D.,  (Montreal,  Que.) 

Brewster,  W.,  (Cambridge,  Mass.) 

Brittain,  Prof.  W.,  (Truro,  N.S.) 

Brown,  A.  A.,  (Chatham,  Ont.) 

Brown,  Mrs.  A.  F. 

Brown,  Mrs.  R.  D. 

Brown,  W.  J.,  (Westmount,  Que.) 

Brown,  F.,  B.S.A. 

Bryce,  P.  H.,  M.D. 

Bullock,  Rev.  C.  S. 

Bunting,  Prof.  T.  G.,  (Macdonald 

College,  Que.) 
Buck,  F.  E.,  B.S.A. 
Burgess,  T.  J.  W.,  M.D.,  F.R.S.C, 

(Montreal). 


Burling,  L.  D.,  B.Sc. 
Burt,  Miss  F.  M. 
Byshe,  F.  H. 

Calder,  Alex.,  (Winnipeg.) 
Calvert,  J.  F.,  (London,  Ont.) 
Cameron,  E.  R.,  M.A. 
Campbell,  D.  A.,  B.A. 
Campbell,  R.  H.  , 

Cheney,  Miss  A.  M. 
Chrystal,  R.  N.  B.Sc. 
Clark,  G.  H.,  B.S.A. 
Clark,  T.  E.,  B.A.,  B.Paed. 
Cobbold,  Paul  A.,   (Haileybury, 

Ont.) 
Cole,  John  E.,  (Westboro',  Ont.) 
Connor,  M.  F.,  B.Sc. 
Cowan,  Miss  Edith. 
Cram,  A.  S. 

Criddle,  N.,  (Treesbank,  Man.) 
Criddle,  S.,  (Treesbank,  Man.) 
Crozel,  G.,    (Oullins,  Rhone, 

France). 

Davidson,  Tohn,  (Vancouver,  B.C.) 

Davis,  B.  M.,  B.S.A. 

Deam,  C.  C,  (Bluff ton,  Ind.) 

Dempsey,  J.  H.  C,  (Hamilton). 

Dent,  Miss  E. 

De  Lury,  R.  E.,  Ph.D. 

Dewar,  Miss  Ethel. 

Dickson,  James. 

Dixon,  F.  A. 

Dod,  F.  H.  Wollev-,   (Midnapore, 

Alta.) 
Donaldson,  W. 

Dowling,  D.  B.,  B.A.Sc,  F.R.S.C. 
Dowling,  Miss  Isabel. 
Drayton,  F.  L.,  B.S.A. 
Dreher,  W.,  B.S.A. 
Dwight,  Jonathan,  Tr.,  M.Z?.,(New 

York). 


List  of  Members 


[April 


Dymond,  J.  R.,  B.A. 

Eastham,  A.,  B.S.A. 

Eastham,  J.  W.,  B.Sc,  (Vernon, 

Eddy,  E.  D.,  B.S.A. 

Eifrig,  Rev.  Prof.  G.,  (Oak  Park, 

111.) 
Elford,  F.  C. 
Evans,   John  D.,  C.E.,    (Trenton, 

Ont.) 
Evans,  T.  C,  D.V.Sc,  (Tor.) 
Ewart,  D.,  I.S.O. 

Farley,  F.  L.,  (Camrose,  Alta. ) 
Fauteux,  Aegidius,    (Montreal, 

Que.) 
Fenn,  Miss  L. 
Ferrier,  W.  F.,  (Toronto.) 
Finn,  J.  P.,  B.A. 
Fisher,  Hon.  Svdney  A.,  B.A. 
Fleck,  A.  W. 

Fleming,  J.  H.,  (Toronto). 
Foerste,  A.  F.,  (Dayton,  Ohio). 
Forsey,  Mrs.  F.  E. 
Fraser,  Geo.  (Ucluelet,  B.C.) 
Freeman,  H.  E.  F. 
Fryer,  J.R.,  M.A.,  (Calgary,  Alta.) 
Fyles,  Miss  F.,  B.A. 

Gallup,  A.  H.,  (Saskatoon,  Sask.) 
Gibson,  Arthur,  F.E.S. 
Gormley,  L.,  (Arnprior,  Ont.) 
Gour,  Hilaire,   (St.  Thomas 

d Alfred,  Ont.) 
Grant,  Sir  J.  A.,  K.C.M.G.,  M.D., 

F.R.C.S.  Edin.,  F.R.S.C,  F.G.S. 
Grant,  Mrs.  E.  C. 
Graham,  W.  L.,  B.S.A. 
Grisdale,  J.  H.,  B.Agr. 
Grist,  Miss  Mary  L. 
Groh,  H.,  B.S.A.,  (Preston,  Ont.) 
Gussow,  H.  T.,  F.R.M.S. 


Hamilton,  Dr.  B.  A.,  (Highland 

Park,  111.) 
Hanham,  A.  W.,  (Duncan,  B.C.) 
Harrington,  W.  Hague. 
Harrison,  Lt.-Col.  Edward. 
Henry,  J.  K.,  (Vancouver,  B.C.) 
Hennessy,  Frank. 
Herriott,  W.,  (Gait,  Ont.) 
Hewit,  H.  O. 

Hewitt,  C.  Gordon,  D.Sc,  F.E.S. 
Hobson,  W.  D.,  (Woodstock,  Ont.) 
Hodge,  C.  F.,  Ph.D.,   (Worcester, 

Mass.) 
Holmden,  R. 
Hope,  James. 

Houghton,  J.  A.,  (Bennington,  Vt.) 
Howes,  E.  A.,  B.S.A.,  (Edmonton, 

Alta.) 
Hudson,  Prof.  G.  H.,  (Plattsburgh, 

N.Y.) 
Hudson,  H.  F.,  B.S.A.,  (Strathroy, 

Ont.) 
Hughson,  W.  G.,  B.Sc. 
Hurst,  Blythe,  (Charlottetown, 

P.E.I.) 
Hutton,  W.  S. 

Irwin,  Lt.-Col.  D.  T.,  C.M.G. 

Jamieson,  Thos.,  B.A. 

James,  L.  E.,  (St.  Thomas,  Ont.) 

Janssen,  J.  L.,  (Red  Deer,  Alta.) 

Janson,  J.  T.,  B.Sc. 

Jenkins,  S.  J.,  B.A. 

Jenny,  C.  F.,  (Boston,  Mass.) 

Jennings,  O.  E.,  (Pittsburg,  Pa.) 

Joanes,  Arthur. 

Jones,  Clarence  G.,( Borden,  Sask.) 

Johnson,  C.  E. 

Johnston,  W.  A.,  B.Sc. 

Johnson,    Walter   B.,    (Edgewood,. 

Arrow  Lake,  B.C.) 
Johnstone,  Miss  A. 


Hales,  B.  J.,  (Brandon,  Man.) 
Halkett,  Andrew. 


Keele,  ].,  B.A.Sc. 
Kellett,  A.  E. 


1917] 


List  of  Members 


Kindle,  E.  M.,  Ph.D. 

Kingston,  A.  G. 

Kitto,  V. 

Klotz,  Dr.  Otto. 

Klotz,  Julius,Af. D.,  (Lanark,  Ont.) 

LeLacheur,  G.,  B.S.A. 
Lajeunesse,  Rev.  J.  A. 
Lambart,  Hon.  O.  H. 
Lambe,  L.  M.,  F.G.S.,  F.G.S.A., 

F.R.S.C. 
Latchford,  Hon.  F.  R.,  B.A., 

(Toronto). 
Lemieux,  E.  E. 
Lemoine,  Alp. 
LeSueur,  E.  A. 
Lewis,  J.  B.,  C.E. 
Levden.  Miss  M. 
Lloyd,  Prof.  F.  E.,  (Montreal.) 
Lochhead,  W.,  B.A.,  M.Sc,  (Mac- 

donald  College,  Que.) 
Low,  R.  A. 

McDougall,  Miss  J.  C. 
McElhinney,  Dr.  M.  G. 
McGill,  A.,  B.A.,  B.Sc. 
McGillivray,  H. 
Mclnnes,  Wm,  B.A. 
McLaren,  Miss  M. 
McMillan,  G.O.,  M.A.  (Hamilton) 
MacKay,  A.  H.,  LL.D.,  B.Sc, 

F.R.S.C,  (Halifax). 
Macnamara,  C,   (Arnprior). 
Macoun,  Prof.  John,  M.A.,  F.L.S., 

F.R.S.C,  (Sidney,  B.C.) 
Macoun,  J.  M.,  C.M.G. 
Macoun,  W.  T. 

Malcolm,  John,  (Fergus,  Ont.) 
Mallock,  G.  S.,  B.A. 
Make,  M.  O.,  Ph.D. 
Martin,  D.  A.,  (Lawson,  Sask.) 
Matthews,  Miss  Annie  L. 
Mason,  A.  E.,  (Vancouver,  B.C.) 
Meeker,  J.C.A.,  (Danburv,  Conn.) 
Merrill,  G.  K.,  (Rockland,  Me.) 
Michaud,  Geo.,  (Quebec). 
Miers,  A.,  (Walkerville,  Ont.) 
Millar,  G.  A. 


Millen,  Miss  C,  (Hull,  Que.) 

Miller,  Prof.  W.  G.,  (Toronto). 

Miles,  A. 

Moe,  Gordon,  B.S.A. 

Morris,  Frank,  (Peterborough, 

Ont.) 
Mousley,  H.,  (Hatley,  Que.) 
Munro,  J.  A.,  (Okanagan  Landing, 

B.C.) 
Murphy,  John. 

Narraway,  J.  E. 

Nash,  C.  W.,   (Toronto). 

Neale,  W.  J. 

Newcombe,  C.  F.,  M.D.  (Victoria, 

B.C.) 
Newman,  L.  H.,  B.S.A. 
Nicholls,  A.,   (Sault  Ste.  Marie, 

Ont.) 
Noble,  J.  W.,  (London,  Ont.) 
Nunnick,  F.  C,  B.S.A. 

O'Brien,  S.  E. 
Oakley,  Mrs.  W.  D. 
Orde,  J.  F.,  K.C 
Oberholser,  H.  C.  (Washington, 
D.C.) 

Patch,  Clyde  L. 

Petch,  C.  E.,  B.S.A.,  (Hemming- 

ford,  Que.) 
Phillips,  P.  B.,  (New  York). 
Prince,  Prof.  E.  E.,  B.A.,  F.L.S. 
Raine,  Walter,   (Toronto). 
Raymond,  Dr.  P.  E.,  (Cambridge, 

Mass.) 
Reynolds,  Miss  G.  B. 
Richard,  Rev.  A. E., (Perkins,  Que.) 
Ritchie,  Miss  Isabella. 
Robertson,  C.  N.,  (Montreal). 
Robinson,  Hiram. 
Rose,  B. 

Rush,  M.  L.,  B.A. 
Russell,  Miss  Maud. 
Russell,  Miss  Margaret. 

Salt,  Miss  L.  A. 

Sanders,  G.  E.,  B.S.A.,  (Annapolis. 

N.S.) 
Sanson,  N.  B.,  (Banff,  Alta.) 


List  of  Members 


[April 


Sapir,  Dr.  E. 

Saunders,  W.  E.,  (London,  Ont.) 

Scott,  C.  H. 

Scott,  Miss  Mary  McKay. 

Scott,  W.,B.A.,  (Toronto). 

Scott,  Rev.  C.  T.,  (Victoria,  B.C.) 

Seton,  E.  Thompson,   (Greenwich, 
Conn. ) 

Shearman,  F.  J.  W. 

Shutt,  F.  T.,  D.Sc,  M.A.,  F.I.C., 
F.C.S.,  F.R.S.C. 

Sifton,  H.  B.,  M.A. 

Simpson,  Willibert. 

Sirett,  H.,  B.S.A.,  (Brighton,  Ont.) 

Sitwell,  Capt.  L.  H.,  F.R.G.S. 

Skales,  Howard,  (Mt.Forest,  Ont.) 

Sladen,  F.  W.  L.,  F.E.S. 

Small,  H.  Beaumont,  M.D. 

Smeaton,  W.,  B.A. 

Smith,  Harlan  I. 

Smith,  Napier,  (Montreal,  Que.) 

Sowter,  T.  W.  E. 

Speedily,  Dr.  H.  M., (Pilot  Mound, 
Man.') 

Spreckley,  R.  O. 

Sternberg,  Chas.  M. 

Sternberg,  G.  F. 

Stewart,  Miss  D.  M. 

Summerby,  Wm.  J.,  M.A.,    (Rus- 
sell, Ont.) 

Swaine,  J.  M.,  M.Sc. 

Symes,  P.  B. 

Taverner,  P.  A. 

Taylor,  F.  B.,  (Fort  Wayne,  Ind.) 
Terrill,  L.  M.,  (St.  Lambert,  Que.) 
Thomson,  Prof.   R.   B.,    (Toronto, 

Ont.) 
Topley,  Mrs.  W.  J. 
Tothill,  J.  D.,  B.S.A.,  (Fredericton, 

N.B.) 


Treherne,  R.  C,  B.S.A.,  (Agassiz, 

B.C.) 
Tyrrell,  J.  B.,  B.A.,  B.Sc,  F.G.S.r 

F.G.S.A.,  (Toronto). 

Uglow,  R.  H. 

Valin,  A. 

Venables,  E.  P.,  (Vernon,  B.C.) 

Victorin,  Rev.  Bro.  (Longueuil, 

Que.) 
Vipond,  Miss  Gladys. 

Waddell,  Miss  K.  T. 

Walker,  Sir  Edmund,  (Toronto). 

Walker,  E.  M.,  B.A.,  M.B., 
F.R.S.C,  (Toronto). 

Walker,  Bryant,  (Detroit). 

Wallace,  J.  S.,  (Toronto). 

Wallis,  J.  B.,  (Winnipeg,  Man.) 

Warwick,  F.  W.,  B.Sc,  (Bucking- 
ham, Que.) 

Watterson,  A.  E. 

Waugh,  F.  W. 

White,  Mrs.  Annie  G.H., (Toronto) 

White,  George  R. 

White,  James,  (Snelgrove,  Ont.) 

White,  O.  C,  B.S.A. 

Whittaker,  E.  ]. 

Whyte,  R.  B. 

Wickware,  A.  B.,  V.S. 

Wight,  E.  C. 

Williams,  Miss  M.  B.,  B.A. 

Williams,  M.  Y.,  Ph.D. 

Willing,  T.  N.,  (Saskatoon,  Sask.) 

Wilson,  Morley  E.,  Ph.D. 

Wilson,  W.  J.,  Ph.B. 

Winchester,  H.  S. 

Wintemberg,  W.  J. 

Wright,  Miss  S.  E. 

Young,  C.  H. 
Ziemann,  Arthur. 


CORRESPONDING  MEMBERS 
Bethune,  Rev.  C.  J.  S.,  M.A.,  D.C.L.,  F.R.C.S.,  Guelph,  Ont, 
Hill,  Albert  J.,  M.A.,  C.E.,  New  Westminster,  B.C. 
Holm,  Theodor,  Ph.D.,  Brookland,  Washington,  D.C. 
Merriam,  Dr.  C.  Hart,  Washington,  D.C. 
Wickham,  Prof.  H.  F.,  Iowa  City,  Iowa,  U.S. 


I'ii   LIBRARY! 


•  > 


THE  OTTAWA  NATURALIST 

VOL.  XXXI.  APRIL,  1917.  No.   1. 

REPORT  OF  THE  OTTAWA  FIELD-NATURALISTS'  CLUB, 
FOR  THE  YEAR  ENDING  MARCH  20,  1917. 


General  Statement. 

The  Ottawa  Field-Naturalists'  Club  has  continued  its  activities 
in  interpreting  and  diffusing  information  on  natural  science  during 
1916-1917.  The  British  Government  has  just  increased  the  appro- 
priation for  scientific  work  in  Great  Britain  to  more  than  five  times 
its  total  previous  appropriations,  thus  recognizing  the  importance  of 
the  work  carried  on  by  such  organizations  as  the  Ottawa  Field- 
Naturalists'  Club.  These  organizations  are  now  vitally  necessary 
since  the  scientific  method  has  been  proven  to  be  the  only  way  by 
which  we  may  hope  to  solve  such  problems  as  the  conservation  and 
increase  of  our  crops  and  forest  products,  our  stock  and  fish,  game, 
and  fur  resources,  our  mineral  lesources,  and  our  public  health. 

This  work  of  the  Club  has  been  accomplished  chiefly  by  three 
means — the  publication  of  The  Ottawa  Naturalist,  now  starting 
its  thirty-first  year  and  volume,  a  series  of  field  excursions,  and  a 
course  of  lectures. 

Eleven  members  have  resigned,  but  as  thirty-two  new  members 
have  been  elected,  there  is  a  net  gain  of  twenty-one  members,  the  total 
membership  now  being  three  hundred  and  forty-six.  The  Club  is 
organizing  a  campaign  for  increasing  its  membership. 

His  Excellency,  the  Duke  of  Devonshire,  has  expressed  his 
interest  in  the  Club  by  consenting  to  become  its  Patron. 

The  library  of  the  Club,  a  large  and  valuable  collection  of  nature 
books  and  periodicals,  has  been  turned  over  to  the  Carnegie  Library, 
Ottawa,  which  will  catalogue  it  and  make  it  available  to  the  entire 
public.  Accessions  to  the  Club  library  will  now  be  turned  over  to 
the  Carnegie  Library. 

Trust  Funds. 

A  trust  funds  committee  has  been  appointed  to  receive  and 
administer  additions  to  the  trust  fund  of  the  Club. 


8  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [April 

The  Ottawa  Naturalist. 

The  Ottawa  Naturalist,  the  official  publication  of  the  Club, 
has  been  issued  under  the  continued  editorship  of  Mr.  Arthur  Gibson. 
A  fire  which  occurred  in  the  office  of  the  printers,  The  Rolla  L.  Crain 
Company,  destroyed  the  entire  November  edition  and  all  the  engrav- 
ings, but  The  Dadson-Merrill  Press  have  since  taken  over  the  printing 
of  the  publication  and  are  rapidly  restoring  the  interrupted  schedule. 
In  order  to  interest  a  larger  number  of  citizens  the  Council  has  decided 
to  include  in  each  issue  items  of  popular  and  scientific  interest,  more 
particularly  notes  that  give  practical  natural  history  information.  An 
effort  is  being  made  to  secure  more  articles  of  general  interest  without 
neglecting  to  supply  that  great  need  of  science — a  place  of  publication 
for  its  discoveries. 

Among  the  more  popular  papers  published  during  the  year  the 
following  may  be  mentioned : 

The  Formation  of  the  Great  Plains  of  Northwestern  Canada. 
By  D.  B.  Dowling. 

The  Use  of  Wild  Plants  as  Food  by  Indians.    By  Tom  Wilson. 

American  Insect  Galls.    By  E.  P.  Felt. 

Birds  of  Lake  Onigamis  Region,  Que.,  and  Algonquin  Park,  Ont. 
By  John  M.  Cooper. 

Notes  on  Some  Ottawa  District  Plants.     By  W.  H.  Harrington. 

Notes  on  the  Feeding  Habits  of  Two  Salamanders  in  Captivity. 
By  C.  M.  Sternberg. 

Concerning  Some  Ontario  Crayfishes.    By  A.  G.  Huntsman. 

My  Bird  Houses.     By  C.  L.  Patch. 

Are  Our  Forests  Vanishing.    By  R.  H.  Campbell. 

The  Barn  Owl  Nesting  in  Southwestern  Ontario. 
By  W.  E.  Saunders. 

Sea  Squirts.     By  E.  E.  Prince. 

The  Sharp-shinned  Hawk.     By  W.  J.  Brown. 

New  Sphaeriidae,  a  family  of  bivalve  Molluscs  which  are  remark- 
ably abundant  near  Ottawa,  and  form  no  small  part  of  the 
food  of  many  fishes  and  birds. 

Bird  Notes.     By  F.  C.  Hennessey. 

Various  small  notes  on  birds,  butterflies,  mushrooms  and  flowers 
were  also  published. 

Among  the  more  technical  scientific  papers  may  be  mentioned: 

Some  Notes  on  Fossil  Collecting  and  on  the  Edrioasteroidea. 
By  G.  H.  Hudson. 

A  Preliminary  Paper  on  the  Origin  and  Classification  of  Intra- 
formational  Conglomerates  and  Breccias.     By  R.  M.  Field. 


1917]  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  9 

Paedeumias  and  the  Mesonacidae,  with  description  of  a  new 
species,  having  at  least  forty-four  segments,  from  the  Lower 
Cambrian  of  British  Columbia,     By  L.  D.  Burling. 

Comarocystites  and  Caryocrinites.    By  A.  F.  Foerste. 

On  Cheneosaurus  tolmanensis,  a  new  genus  and  species  of 
Trachodont  Dinosaur  from  the  Edmonton  Cretaceous  of 
Alberta.     Bv  L:  M.  Lambe. 

J 

Notes  on  the  Bottom  Environment  of  the  Marine  Invertebrates  of 
Western  Nova  Scotia.    By  E.  M.  Kindle. 

Excursions. 

The  field  excursions  are  advertised  in  the  papers  so  as  to  be 
within  the  reach  of  everyone,  not  only  Club  members  but  the  general 
public.  The  expense  is  slight,  seldom  more  than  street  carfare. 
Scientific  men,  both  members  of  the  Club  and  others  at  the  request  of 
the  Club,  attend  the  excursions  to  direct  interest  and  answer  questions. 

In  the  spring  of  1916,  five  excursions  were  held  according  to  the 
programme  published  in  the  April  number  of  The  Ottawa 
Naturalist  : 

No.  1,  May  6.  Rockcliffe  and  the  vicinity  of  McKay's  Lake. 
Subject,  Geology.    Leader  Dr.  E.  M.  Kindle  of  the  Geological  Survey. 

No.  2,  May  13.  Cache  or  Catfish  Bay,  west  of  Hull.  General 
Zoology.  Leaders:  Mr.  G.  A.  Millar  of  the  Normal  School,  C.  M. 
Sternberg,  and  F.  W.  Waugh. 

No.  3,  May  27.  Fairy  Lake  and  vicinity.  Subject,  Botany. 
Leader,  F.  W.  Waugh,'. 

No.  4,  June  10.  Aylmer  Park  and  vicinity.  Subject,  General 
Zoology.    Leaders:  C.  Patch,  F.  W.  L.  Sladen,  and  F.  W.  Waugh. 

No.  5,  June  17.  The  Experimental  Farm.  Subject,  Horticulture. 
Leader,  Mr.  W.  T.  Macoun. 

In  addition  to  the  usual  series  of  spring  excursions,  the  Club 
organized  an  autumn  excursion  to  Fairy  Lake  on  which  botany  was 
the  centre  of  interest,  special  attention  being  paid  to  the  different  kinds 
of  seeds.  The  excursion  differed  in  this  way  from  the  usual  spring 
flower  study.  The  announcements  for  these  excursibns  were  made 
through  the  daily  press  and  the  attendance  reached  as  high  as  thirty. 
An  effort  will  be  made  during  the  coming  season  to  lead  more  of  the 
resident  members  of  the  Club  to  avail  themselves  of  this  interesting 
way  of  getting  acquainted  with  the  common  things  of  Nature. 

Lectures. 
The  lectures  are  planned  to  represent  all  branches  of  natural 
science,  and  were  given  by  scientists  from  several  departments  of  the 
Government  service.     They  develop  an  appreciation  of  the  scientific 


10  The  Ottawa  Naturalist  [April 

work  of  the  Government,  but  are  intended  chiefly  to  increase  a  love 
for  natural  history  and  to  lead  to  a  greater  use  of  scientific  method  and 
scientific  facts  in  our  every  day  life. 

The  following  programme  of  illustrated  lectures  was  carried  out 
during  the  1916-1917  season: 
Dec.  16,  1916— "A  Journey  Through  Space."     Br  Dr..  J.  S.  Plaskett, 

Dominion  Observatory,  Ottawa. 
Jan.  9,  1917 — "Are  Our  Forests  Vanishing — What  are  we  doing  to 

Perpetuate  Them?"     By  Mr.  R.  H.  Campbell,  Director  of 

Forestry,  Ottawa. 
Jan.    23,    1917— "Our   Winter   Birds."      By   Dr.   M.    Y.   Williams, 

Geological  Survey,  Ottawa. 
Feb.  6,   1917— "The  Animals  of  Arctic   Canada."     By  Dr.   R.   M. 

Anderson,  lately  in  charge  of  Southern  Scientific  party  of 

Canadian  Arctic  Expedition. 
Feb.  20,  1917 — "Fishes  and  the  Fishing  Industry."    By  Mr.  Andrew 

Halkett,  Naturalist,  Naval  -Department,  Ottawa. 
Mar.  6,  1917— "The  Conservation  of  Wild  Life  in  Canada."  By  Dr. 

C.  Gordon  Hewitt,  Dominion  Entomologist,  Ottawa. 

Mar.  20,  1917 — Presidential-  Address:  "Recent  Archaelogical  Work 
in  Canada."  By  Mr.  Harlan  I.  Smith,  Geological  Survey, 
Ottawa. 

The  first  lecture  was  held  at  the  Observatory  and  the  members 
were  given  an  opportunity  to  look  through  the  telescope.  All  the 
others  were  held  in  the  Ottawa  Normal  School.  The  address  by  Dr. 
Dr.  J.  S.  Plaskett  on  "A  Journay  Through  Space,"  was  given  before 
the  People's  Forum  on  the  evening  of  February  25,  and  Dr.  Plaskett 
then  had  an  audience  of  nearly  1400  people,  many  times  the  number 
who  heard  him  previously.  The  increased  audience  may  lie  due  partly 
to  interest  aroused  by  the  press  report  of  the  previous  lecture.  How- 
ever, our  interest  is  in  furthering  the  aims  of  the  Club  rather  than  the 
Club  itself  and  we  are  glad  that  so  many  people  had  the  opportunity 
of  hearing  one  of  our  lectures. 

Many  members  of  the  Club  also  gave  lectures  to  public  school, 
Collegiate,  and  Normal  students,  and  to  the  Boy  Scouts  and  Girl 
Guides. 

Submitted  on  behalf  of  the  Council, 

L.  D.  Burling, 

Secretary. 


1917]  The  Ottawa  Naturalist  11 

TREASURER'S  STATEMENT,  1916-17. 

Receipts. 

Balance  from  1915-16 $  13.70 

Membership  fees: 

Arrears $  57.00 

1916-17 181.50 

In  advance 18.00 

256.50 

The  Ottawa  Naturalist  : 

Advertisements $84.30 

Copies  sold,  one .15 

S4.45 

Authors  Extras  sold 28.43 

Donation,  Dr.  H.  M.  Ami 10.00 

Provincial  Government  Grant 200.00 


$593.08 

Disbursements. 

The  Ottawa  Naturalist  : 

Printing  8  Nos. $317.18 

Illustrations .95 

Printed  Envelopes 24.70 

Postage 16.49 

Editor 50.00 

$467.32 

Authors  Extras 52.00 

Lecture  Expenses 18.72 

Mi-cellaneous  Printing,  Stationery,  etc. 13.20 

Postage  and  Bank  Exchange - 24.01 

Credit  Balance 17.83 


$593.08 


Examined  and  found  correct.  G.  LeLACHEUR, 

J.  BALLANTYNE,  Treasurer. 

E.  C  WIGHT,  Auditors. 


12  The  Ottawa  Naturalist  [April 

PROGRAMME  OF  FIELD  EXCURSIONS 

Spring  and  Summer  Season,  1917. 

The  interest  shown  in  the  Saturday  afternoon  field  excursions 
conducted  by  the  Club  during  1916  and  preceding  seasons  has  led  to 
a  still  greater  effort  for  1917. 

The  primary  purpose  of  the  outings  is  to  cultivate  an  acquaint- 
ance with  the  fauna  and  flora  of  the  district  surrounding  Ottawa  and 
thereby  increase  the  general  interest  in  natural  science.  Local 
specialists  in  various  branches  have  always  shown  a  readiness  to  assist 
and  the  present  season  will  be  no  exception. 

You  can  assist  in  the  success  of  the  excursions  by  attending  and 
bringing  your  friends.     Non-members  will  be  cordially  welcomed. 

A  programme  for  the  autumn  will  be  announced  later. 
May  12 — Geological;  Mechanicsville  to  Britannia,  along  the  Ottawa; 
place  of  meeting,  the  western  end  of  Somerset  street  bridge; 
time  3.00  p.m. 

May  19 — Zoological;  Tetreauville  to  Hull,  along  the  Ottawa;  place 
of  meeting,  the  station  (suburban  electric)  at  the  Chateau 
Laurier  at  2.30  p.m. 

May  26 — Botanical;  Gatineau  Point  to  Hull;  place  of  meeting,  Rock- 
cliffe,  second  stop  past  the  tea-house  (just  opposite  Gatin- 
eau Point) ;  time,  2.30  p.m. 

June  2  (King's  Birthday) — An  all-day  excursion  has  been  planned 
for  this  date  to  Stittsville  and  vicinity;  object,  general 
nature  study;  place  of  meeting,  Central  Station  at  9  o'clock 
a.m.  (Train  starts  at  9.35).  Mr.  Hutton  of  the  Geological 
Survey  Photographic  Department  will  furnish  any  assist- 
ance desired  to  those  interested  in  photography.  Bring 
cameras  and  lunch. 

June  9 — Entomological  (Insect  life);  the  Experimental  Farm;  place 
of  meeting,  the  station  at  the  Farm;  time,  3.00  p..m 

June  16 — Zoological  (land,  water  and  fossil  molluscs);  McKay's 
Lake,  just  east  of  Rockcliffe  Park;  place  of  meeting,  the 
bridge  opposfte  the  lake;  time,  3.00  p.m. 

June  23 — Botanical  (trees  and  shrubs) ;  Aylmer  Park  and  vicinity; 
place  of  meeting,  the  station  at  Chateau  Laurier  at  2.00  p.m. 

June  30 — General  nature  study;  Black  Rapids,  on  the  Rideau;  place 
of  meeting,  the  steamboat  dock  near  the  Central  Station  at 
1.00  p.m.     Bring  vour  cameras.  J/v^^**'f/\. 


1917]  The  Ottawa  Naturalist  1 3 

LITTLE  KNOWN  MIDGE  GALLS  OF 
CERTAIN  COMPOSITES. 


By  E.  P.  Felt,  Albany,  N.Y. 


The  writer  published  in  1911*  a  tabulation  of  American  Midge 
Galls  and  since  then  a  number  of  new  ones  have  been  discovered  on 
plants  which  are  likely  hosts  of  additional  species.  It  is  the  purpose 
of  these  notes  to  call  attention  to  some  interesting  analogies  and  to 
point  out  promising  lines  of  investigation. 

The  occurernce  on  the  gum  plant  or  tarweed,  Grindelia,  and  on 
Gutierrezia,  of  the  typical  blackened,  carbonaceous  tissue  so  conspicu- 
ous in  the  oval  black  blister  galls  of  the  narrow-leaved  goldenrod,  is 
most  interesting,  especially  as  all  three  are  produced  by  midges  be- 
longing to  the  genus  Aster omyia.  The  first  is  the  work  of  Aster  omyia 
grindeliae  Felt,  the  second  of  A.  gutierreziae  Ckll.,  and  the  third  of  the 
much  better  known  A.  carbonifera  Felt.  The  gall  of  A.  gutierreziae 
Felt  differs  from  those  of  the  other  two  species,  in  that  it  consists  of 
slight  enlargements  of  the  slender  stems  instead  of  a  development  upon 
the  leaf.  Both  Grindelia  and  Gutierrezia  are  known  to  support  bud 
or  flower-inhabiting  species  of  Rhopalomyia.  Ericameria  also  has  its 
bud  inhabitant,  Rhopalomyia  ericameriae  Felt,  which  produces  a 
small  rosette  bud  gall,  really  aborted  branchlets.  It  is  very  probable 
that  the  related  and  rather  common  Sideranthus  supports  one  or  more 
gall  midges. 

The  various  wormwoods  or  sage-brush  of  the  western  plains, 
Artemisias,  support  an  interesting  and  presumably  only  partly  known 
fauna.  Two  genera,  Diarthronomyia  and  Rhopalomyia  find  very 
acceptable  conditions  on  these  plants,  particularly  the  former,  a  genus 
which  appears  to  confine  itself  largely  to  Artemisia  and  the  related 
Chrysanthemum.  In  order  to  facilitate  the  discovery  of  new  species 
on  Artemisia,  a  tabulation  of  the  known  galls,  including  those  of 
associated  forms,  is  given  below. 

Insect  Galls  on  Wormwood  or  Sage-brush  x\rtemisia. 
•artemisia  californica. 

Irregular,  lobulate,  woolly  masses,  apparently  arising  from  lateral 
buds  and  frequently  confluent,  the  individual  galls  with  a  diameter  of 
about  4  mm. Diarthronomyia  floccosa  Felt 

Subconical,  thin-walled,  obliquely-set,  brownish  or  reddish  leaf 
galls  with  a  length  of  1.5  mm.,  and  a  diameter  of  .5  mm. 

Diarthronomyia  calif ornica  Felt 

*Econon.   Ent.  Journ.  4:451-75. 


14  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [April 

ARTEMISIA  CAUDATA. 

Oval,  woolly,  apical  or  lateral  bud  galls  with  a  diameter  of  1  to 
1.5  cm.  and  consisting  of  a  series  of  oval  cells,  each  with  a  length  of 

about  2  mm.  and  with  numerous  long  fibers Woolly  wormwood  gall, 

Rhopalomyia  ?alticola  Ckll. 

ARTEMISIA  FORWOODII   (  ?  CANADENSIS)  . 

Globular,  woolly  galls  with  a  diameter  of  about  1  cm. 

Woolly  wormwood  gall,  Rhopalomyia  alticola  Ckll. 

ARTEMISIA  ERIGIDA. 

Fusiform  flower  or  leaf  bud  galls,  length  4  mm.,  also  occurs  on 
A.  filifera Rhopalomyia  betheliana  Ckll. 

ARTEMISIA  GNAPHALODES. 

Irregular,  lobulate,  polythalamous,  white,  pubescent  gall,  diameter 

1  cm. Rhopalomyia  gnaphalodis  Felt. 

ARTEMISIA  HETEROPHYLLA. 

Ovate,  thin-walled,  oblique  leaf  galls,  length  1  mm.,  also  breeds 
in  apparently  normal  flower  buds Diarthronomyia  occidentalia  Felt. 

ARTEMISIA  SP.    ( WORMWOOD). 

Deformed  flower  heads,  length  10  mm.,  diameter  5  to  6  mm. 
Wormwood  flower  midge,  Rhopalomyia  coloradella  Ckll. 

Bud  galls presumably  Asphondylia  artemisia  Felt. 

A  bud  deformation  of  black,  globose  or  densely  crowded  fila- 
ments   Eriophyes  sp. 

Ovate  masses  of  linear,  modified  leaves  occurring  on  the  branch- 
lets,  length  of  mass  1.5  cm.,  diameter  5  to  7  cm Eriophyes  sp. 

Subconical,  short-wooled,  yellowish  gray,  axillary  bud  gall, 
length  2  cm.,  diameter  1  cm. Trypetid 

Globose,  axillary,  woolly  bud  gall,  diameter  7  to  10  mm.,  the 
hairs  grayish  white,  short  and  thick Trypetid 

ARTEMISIA  TRIDENT  ATA   (SAGE-BRUSH). 

Oval,  bud-like  flower  gall  the  size  of  a  pea. 

Rhopalomyia  tridentatae  Rubs. 
Ovate,  hard,  thick-walled,  yellowish  brown  bud  gall,  length  1.5 

cm.,  diameter  .8  cm. Trypetid. 

Flask-shaped  or  subconical  leaf  gall,  length  4  mm.,   diameter 

2  mm. Wormwood  flask  gall,  Rhopalomyia  ampullaria  Felt- 

Oval,  grayish  or  almost  black,  solitary  or  clustered  gall  on  the 
under  side  of  the  leaves,  length  1.5  cm. 

Diarthronomyia  occidentalis  Felt 

Globose,  variable,  monothalamous  or  polythalamous  leaf,  bud  or 
rosette  galls  or  a  bladdery  gall  arising  from  the  leaf,  pubescence 
variable,  dimensions  3  to  15  mm Diarthronomyia  artemisia  Felt. 

Subglobular,  brown,  spongy  apical  gall,  diameter  1.8  cm.,  possibly 
identical  with  the  preceding Cecidomyia  sp. 


1917]  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  15 

NOTES. 

This  number  of  Tile  Ottawa  Naturalist  begins  a  new  club 
year  and  dues  are,  therefore,  now  payable.  If  all  members  will  mail 
the  dollar  membership  fee  to  ihe  Treasurer,  Mr.  J.  R.  Dymond,  Seed 
Branch,  Dept.  Agriculture,  Ottawa,  it  will  save  his  time  and  a  con- 
siderable amount  of  postage. 


Dr.  John  Stanley  Plaskett,  formerly  in  charge  of  the  department 
of  astrophysics  in  the  Dominion  Observatory  at  Ottawa,  has  been 
appointed  director  of  the  Dominion  Astrophysical  Observatory,  which 
is  being  established  at  Victoria.  The  principal  instrument  of  the 
observatory  is  a  7  2 -inch  reflecting  telescope,  the  mounting  of  which  is 
in  place,  and  the  mirror  is  nearing  completion  at  the  shops  of  the 
Brashear  Company. 


The  U.  S.  Government  makes  larger  appropriations  for  scientific 
research  than  any  other  nation,  and  the  money  has  on  the  whole  been 
used  to  advantage.  The  fact  that  the  work  there  is  mainly  economic 
is  not,  altogether,  a  drawback.  The  difficulty  has  been  that  better 
provision  was  made  for  routine  work  than  for  exceptional  performance. 
The  present  emergency  has  led  to  further  large  appropriations  for 
scientific  research,  and  we  may  hope  that  the  truth  expressed  in  the 
President's  words  "Preparation  for  peace  is  the  best  preparation  for 
war"'  will  lead  to  still  greater  efforts  to  promote  science  for  the  national 
welfare. 


A  fund  of  $25,000  has  been  raised  as  a  nucleus  for  the  purposes 
of  organizing  a  Museum  of  Natural  History  in  the  city  of  Portland, 
Oregon.  A  similar  movement  has  been  started  in  Spokane,  Washing- 
ton, and  it  is  hoped  that  the  city  of  Spokane  will  in  the  near  future 
have  a  museum  specially  devoted  to  the  American  Indians  of  that 
region. 


Sir  Alfred  Keogh,  director-general  of  the  British  army  medical 
service,  presiding  at  a  lecture  at  the  Royal  Institute  of  Public  Health 
on  February  14,  is  reported  in  Nature  to  have  stated  that  in  France  at 
that  moment  there  were  only  five  cases  of  enteric  fever  and  eighteen 
cases  of  paratyphoid  fever,  with  seventy  or  eighty  doubtful  cases.  He 
attributed  this  result  to  inoculation,  the  general  good  health  of  the 
army,  to  good  food,  and  in  addition,  to  careful  sanitation.  The  health 
of  the  army  at  all  fronts  was  said  to  be  better  than  the  ordinary  health 
of  the  army  in  peace-time.  /s&S*  _  -       v  >\. 

o 


16  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [April 

The  Dominion  Government,  by  order  in  council  dated  December 
28,  1916,  appointed  an  interdepartmental  advisory  board  on  wild  life 
protection  for  the  purpose  of  formulating  plans  regarding  the  protec- 
tion and  use  of  the  wild  life — by  which  term  is  meant  the  furbearing 
and  big  game  mammals,  the  wild  fowl  and  other  animal  life — of  the 
northwestern  territories,  and  of  advising  in  the  administration  of  the 
Northwest  Game  Act  and  of  the  legislation  under  the  recently  ratified 
international  treaty  for  the  protection  of  migratory  birds  in  Canada 
and  the  United  States,  and  generally,  for  the  purpose  of  advising  it  on 
questions  relating  to  the  protection  of  and  use  of  wild  life  in  Canada. 
The  advisory  board  is  constituted  as  follows:  James  White,  Assistant 
to  the  Chairman  of  the  Commission  of  Conservation;  D.  C.  Scott, 
Deputy  Superintendent  General  of  Indian  Affairs;  Dr.  C.  Gordon 
Hewitt,  Dominion  Entomologist;  Dr.  R.  M.  Anderson,  Geological  Sur- 
vey; J.  B.  Harkin,  Commissioner  of  Dominion  Parks.  Mr.  James 
White  is  chairman  and  Dr.  Hewitt  is  secretary  of  the  Board;  Mr. 
White  and  Dr.  Hewitt  are  also  representatives  of  the  government  on 
the  permanent  consultative  commission  for  the  international  protection 
of  nature. 


British  Government  Grant  for  Scientific  Research. — 
When  the  establishment  of  a  separate  department  of  scientific  and 
industrial  research  was  announced  in  December  last,  Lord  Crewe 
stated  that  the  Chancellor  of  the  Exchequer  was  prepared  to  advise 
the  government  to  devote  a  sufficient  sum  to  cover  operations  during 
the  next  five  years  on  a  scale  which  would  provide  four,  or  perhaps 
five,  times  as  much  for  cooperative  industrial  research  as  had  been 
spent  for  the  whole  purposes  of  research  hitherto.  We  learn  from 
Nature  that  the  civil  service  estimates  just  issued  include  the  sum  of 
£1,  038,050  to  the  department  of  scientific  and  industrial  research, 
being  a  net  increase  of  £998,050  upon  last  year's  amount. 


A  circular  letter  giving  39  generic  names  in  Protozoa,  Coelenterata, 
Trematoda,  Cestoda,  Cirripedia,  Tunicata  and  Pisces,  chiefly 
Linnaean,  which  have  been  proposed  for  inclusion  in  the  Official  List 
of  Zoological  Names,  has  been  mailed  to  the  leading  scientific  institu- 
tions, colleges,  laboratories,  etc.,  in  various  countries;  in  addition  20 
copies  have  been  sent  to  each  commissioner  for  distribution  in  his  own 
country.  A  copy  will  be  sent  to  any  person  sufficiently  interested  who 
will  apply  to  Dr.  C.  W.  Stiles,  Secretary  to  International  Commission 
on  Zoological  Nomenclature,  U.S.  National  Museum,  Washington, 
D.  C. 


THE  OTTAWA  NATURALIST 

Vol.  XXXI.  MAY,  1917.  No.  2. 

NOTES  ON  THE  LAND  MOLLUSCA  OF  DE  GRASSI  POINT, 
LAKE  SIMCOE,  AND  OTHER  ONTARIO  LOCALITIES. 


By  E.  M.  Walker,  F.R.S.C,  University  of  Toronto. 


When  the  Royal  Ontario  Museum  of  Zoology  was  opened  in  the 
spring  of  1914  it  was  our  first  aim  to  assemble  such  material  as  was 
available  for  the  formation  of  a  collection  illustrating  the  Canadian 
fauna.  One  of  the  groups  in  which  this  material  was  found  to  be 
conspicuously  lacking  was  the  land  Mollusca  and  to  supply  this 
deficiency  the  writer  decided  to  spend  a  part  of  the  summer  of  1915 
in  making  the  nucleus  of  a  collection  of  our  local  species  of  land  snails 
and  slugs. 

I  am  not  a  malacologist  and  I  am  well  aware  that  in  collecting  in 
an  unfamiliar  field  one  is  sure  to  overlook  many  species,  if  the  collect- 
ing is  done  without  some  previous  knowledge  of  the  fauna  and  of  the 
habitats  of  its  various  members.  I  therefore  endeavoured  to  familiar- 
ize myself  with  the  subject  as  far  as  circumstances  would  permit  and 
made  an  effort  to  determine  each  species  as  soon  as  possible  after  it 
was  collected.  Had  this  not  been  done  there  is  no  doubt  that  many  of 
the  more  minute  forms  would  have  been  overlooked. 

■  The  season  of  1915  was  unusually  cool  and  wet  and  thus  proved 
to  be  a  very  favourable  one  for  land  Mollusca.  Most  of  the  summer 
was  spent  at  De  Grassi  Point,  on  the  west  shore  of  Cooke's  Bay,  Lake 
Simcoe,  about  three  and  one-half  miles  from  the  upper  or  southern  end 
of  the  lake.  A  few  days  were  also  spent  at  Go  Home  Bay  (Bushby 
Inlet),  on  the  east  shore  of  Georgian  Bay,  and  some  collecting  was  also 
done  in  the  vicinity  of  Toronto  and  at  Port  Rowan  and  St.  William's, 
near  Long  Point,  Lake  Erie.  During  the  season  of  1916  a  number  of 
species  were  collected  by  Miss  Norma  H.  C.  Ford  in  the  vicinity  of 
Toronto  and  she  has  kindly  permitted  me  to  include  her  records  with 
my  own. 

As  the  greater  portion  of  the  collection  was  made  at  De  Grassi 
Point  and  is  believed  to  contain  a  nearly  complete  representation  of  the 
species  found  there  it  may  be  worth  while  to  describe  briefly  the 


* 
18  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [Mav 

• 

general  features  of  this  locality  in  so  far  as  they  affect  the  character 
of*the  molluscan  fauna. 

The  Lake  Simcoe  district  differs  considerably  from  that  of 
Toronto  in  its  flora  and  .fauna,  which  is  of  a  more  northern  character, 
due  to  its  comparative  remoteness  from  the  modifying  influence  of 
Lake  Ontario  and  its  somewhat  greater  elevation,  Lake  Simcoe  being 
about  475  feet  above  Lake  Ontario.  Whereas  Toronto  may  be  said  to 
be  on  the  edge  of  the  Carolinian  or  Upper  Austral  Zone,  Lake  Simcoe 
is  typical  of  the  Alleghanian  or  Transition  Zone.  The  shores  of  the 
lake  are  almost  everywhere  low  and  flat  and  in  the  vicinity  of  De 
Grassi  Point  are  for  the  most  part  inclined  to  be  more  or  less  swampy. 
The  existence  of  the  "Point*1  is  due  to  the  presence  of  a  somewhat 
higher  area  of  boulder  clay  forming  an  angular  prominence,  the  shores 
of  which  face  north  and  east  to  southeast  respectively.  The  clay 
banks  rise  abruptly  to  a  maximum  height  of  about  ten  feet  near  the 
apex  of  the  prominence  but  gradually  descend  on  either  side  to  the 
usual  low  level. 

The  clay  area  is  connected  with  the  higher  land  farther  from  the 
lake  by  a  sand-covered  ridge,  which  follows  a  southwesterly  direction 
roughly  parallel  to  the  lake  shore  for  about  three-quarters  of  a  mile. 
On  the  southeast  side  of  the  ridge  there  is  a  gentle  slope  to  the  lake 
shore,  while  on  the  other  side  is  an  extensive  area  of  low,  densely 
wooded  land,  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  north, shore  of  the  "Point." 

The  tree  growth  of  De  Grassi  Point  consists  of  a  mixture  of 
deciduous  and  coniferous  trees,  presenting  a  considerable  variety  of 
forest  types  within  a  very  limited  area.  The  clay  area  is  largely, 
covered  by  a  fine  grove  of  red  oak,  particularly  along  the  shore  where 
the  summer  cottages  are  situated,  while  the  characteristic  trees  of  the 
sandy  ridge,  are  red  oak,  white  pine  and  balsam  fir,  although  many 
other  kinds  are  also  present. 

The  southeastern  slope  is  partly  occupied  by  pastures  but  there  is 
a  considerable  area  of  woodland,  varying  in  character  from  a  mixture 
of  coniferous  and  softer  deciduous  trees,  which  prevail  on  the  lower 
areas,  particularly  near  the  shore,  to  a  typical  hardwood  forest  on  some 
of  the  higher  parts  of  the  slope.  The  prevalent  trees  of  the  former 
type  are  white  cedar,  balsam  fir,  aspen  and  balsam  poplar,  canoe-birch, 
elm,  black  ash,  white  spruce,  etc.,  while  in  the  typical. hardwood  areas 
sugar  maple,  beech,  basswood,  yellow  birch  and  hemlock  are  the 
principal  species,  though  many  others  occur.  The  extreme  hardwood 
forest  type  is  represented  by  a  small  area,  wooded  almost  entirely  with 
sugar  maple  and  beech,  with  a  scattering  of  other  trees,  such  as  butter- 
nut and  basswood  and  having  a  very  rich  soil,  as  indicated  by  the 
larger  size  of  many  of  the  herbaceous  plants,  notably  the  red  and  white 
trilliums  and  adder's-tongues  and  the  presence  of  several  species  such 
as  the  spring  beauty  and  squirrel-corn,  which  do  not  occur  elsewhere 


1917]  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  19 

on  the  Point. 

This  stretch  of  woods  is  the  richest  collecting  ground  for  snails 
in  the  neighbourhood,  particularly  the  maple-beech  area  just  men- 
tioned, which  is  the  only  spot  where  Omphalina  inornata  (Say)  was 
found  and  where  Polygyra  tridentata  (Say)  and  P.  palliata  (Say)  are 
common.  Omphalina  fuliginosa  (Griffith),  Vitrea  multidentata 
Binney  and  Philomycus  carolinensis  (Bosc.)  were  also  frequently  met 
with  here  but  not  often  seen  elsewhere. 

The  low  land  on  the  northwest  side  of  the  ridge  extends  to  the 
lake  on  the  north  shore  and  its  increasingly  swampy  soil  is  indicated  in 
the  gradual  change  in  its  tree  growth'  from  a  mixture  of  poplar,  birch, 
cedar,  balsam  fir,  white  pine  and  white  spruce,  etc.,  to  a  nearly  pure 
stand  of  tamarack.  In  the  opposite  direction  it  passes  into  a  somewhat 
open  stand  of  poplar  and  birch  with  scattered  conifers  and  other  trees. 
This  portion  is  a  good  place  for  many  species  of  snails,  certain  forms 
such  as  Polygyra  thyroides  (Say)  and  P.  albolabris  (Say)  being  par- 
ticularly common.  Elsewhere  this  wood  is  very  dense  and  not  very 
productive  of  Mollusca,  particularly  in  the  tamarack  swamp. 

Half  a  mile  west  of  the  apex  of  the  "Point"  is  a  wide  open  marsh 
traversed  by  a  sluggish  creek,  from  which  an  interesting  zonal  dis- 
tribution of  vegetation  can  be  traced  back  to  the  sandy  ridge  already 
mentioned.  The  creek  rises  in  a  small  wooded  ravine  less  than  half  a 
mile  to  the  southwest  and,  until  it  reaches  the  open  marsh,  is  a  mere 
brook,  following  a  devious  course  through  woods,  pastures  and  alder 
thickets. 

The  soil  of  De  Grassi  Point  and  the  surrounding  country  is 
everywhere  deep,  there  being  no  outcroppings  of  the  bed-rock  ( Trenton 
limestone)  but  the  higher  parts  are  all  plentifully  bestrewn  with 
boulders,  chiefly  of  Laurentian  gneiss. 

It  will  be  seen  from  the  foregoing  account  that  in  spite  of  the 
general  flatness  of  the  district  a  considerable  variety  of  conditions 
obtains  in  a  very  limited  area  (less  than  one  square  mile)  and. from  a 
long  acquaintance  with  the  surrounding  country  I  believe  that  nearly 
all  the  species  of  land  Mollusca  to  be  expected  there  will  be  found  to 
occur  at  De  Grassi  Point  or  its  immediate  vicinity. 

In  the  determination  of  the  species  of  the  following  list  I  take 
pleasure  in  acknowledging  my  indebtedness  to  Mr.  Bryant  Walker  of 
Detroit,  Mich.,  who  kindly  examined  the  forms  of  whose  identity  I 
was  in  doubt.  These  included  the  species  of  Vertigo,  Euconulus, 
Strobilops  and  Gastrodonta  and  several  of  Vitrea  and  Bifidaria.  My 
determination  of  Arion  circumscriptus  Johnston  was  kindlv  verified  by 
Dr.  H.  A.  Pilsbry. 

Since  this  paper  was  prepared  for  the  press  some  additional 
collecting  was  done  at  De  Grassi  Point  between  April  27th  and  May 


20  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [May 

15th,   1917,  and  the  data  thus  obtained  have  been  included  in  the 
paper. 

Helicidae. 

1.  Polygyra  tridentata  (Say).  De  Grassi  Point,  common  but  by 
no  means  abundant,  occurring  mainly  in  the  hardwood  bush,  where 
maple  and  beech  predominate.  It  was  rarely  seen  elsewhere.  Mature 
specimens  were  found  from  April  29th  to  September  20th.  More 
abundant  and  generally  distributed  at  Toronto.  A  single  specimen 
was  taken  near  St.  William's,  September  3rd,  which  was  larger  than 
those  from  the  more  northern  localities. 

2.  Polygyra  fraudulenta  (Pilsbry).  I  found  a  large  number  of 
shells  of  this  species  on  a  steep  wooded  hillside  at  St.  William's,  Sep- 
tember 3rd,  where  they  were  associated  with  Gastrodonta  intertexta, 
Polygyra  thyroides  and  Pyramidida  alternata.  They  were  distinctly 
smaller  than  the  single  specimen  of  P.  tridentata  from  the  same  general 
locality,  being  of  about  the  same  size  as  the  specimens  of  the  latter 
species  from  Toronto  and  Lake  Simcoe. 

I  have  also  seen  a  dead  specimen  of  P.  fraudulenta  from  the  Don 
Valley,  Toronto,  taken  on  July  2nd,  1916. 

3.  Polygyra  palliata  (Say).  De  Grassi  Point,  rather  scarce  and 
almost  confined  to  the  beech-maple  woods,  though  immature  specimens 
were  sometimes  seen  in  the  mixed  woods.  Adults  were  found  only  on 
June  23rd,  July  25th.  and  September  20th.  It  is  commoner  at 
Toronto,  Miss  Ford  having  taken  a  number  of  specimens  at  several 
different  stations  in  the  vicinity  of  the  city,  and  I  also  found  it  common 
in  a  rich  hardwood  bush  near  St.  William's,  September  3rd.  It  was 
not  observed  on  the  Giant's  Tomb  Island,  although  the  locality 
appeared  to  be  particularly  favourable.  It  is  probably  near  or  beyond 
the  northern  limit  of  its  distribution  here. 

4.  Polygyra  albolabris  (Say).  De  Grassi  Point,  common  and 
generally  distributed,  occurring  in  greatest  numbers  in  the  hardwood 
and  poplar  woods,  but. frequent  also  in  the  mixed  diciduous  and 
coniferous  growth.  Adults  were  apparently  most  numerous  in  June 
and  early  July  and  again  in  September.  Occasional  specimens  of 
small  size  were  found  in  somewhat  dry  or  partly  open  grassy  stations. 
They  resembled  the  var.  maritima  in  size  but  showed  no  other 
peculiarities. 

This  species  is  equally  common  at  Toronto  and  was  taken  also  at 
Go  Home  Bay,  Giant's  Tomb  Island  and  near  St.  William's. 

5.  Polygyra  thyroides  (Say).  De  Grassi  Point,  about  as  com- 
mon as  albolabris,  frequenting  similar  stations  but  apparently  more 
partial  to  poplar  woods,  or  mixed  growths  of  poplar,  birch,  elm,  cedar, 
balsam  fir,  etc.,  than  the  typical  hardwood  bush.  Adults  appeared 
throughout  the  season  but  seemed  to  be  scarcer  during  August  than  at 


1917]  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  21 

other  times..   It  has  also  been  taken  at  Toronto  and  was  abundant  at 
St.  William's. 

6.  Polygyra  say  ana  Pilsbry.  This  species  occurs  sparingly  at 
De  Grassi  Point,  only  five  mature  examples  having  been  found.  The 
dates  of  these  are  July  3rd,  25th,  August  15th,  19th,  September  20th. 
These  were  taken  in  both  hardwood  forest  and  poplar  woods.  I  also 
took  another  specimen  at  Canoe  Lake,  Algonquin  Park,  July  26th, 
1916. 

7.  Polygyra  fraterna  (Say).  Adult  and  young  individuals  of 
this  species  were  very  common  at  De  Grassi  Point,  throughout  the 
season  from  April  27th  to  September  20th,  particularly  in  the  latter 
month  and  in  early  spring.  It  was  very  generally  distributed  in  the 
woods.  I  found  it  also  in  a  low  wooded  ravine  at  Go  Home  Bay,  July 
16th,  and  on  Giant's  Tomb  Island,  July  30th.  It  is  also  common  at 
Toronto  and  St.  William's. 

ClRCINARIIDAE. 

8.  Circinaria  concava  (Say).  De  Grassi  Point,  common  and 
generally  distributed  in  moist  woods,  mature  specimens  occurring 
throughout  the  season.  It  is  likewise  common  at  Toronto,  Miss  Ford 
having  collected  a  number  of  specimens  in  the  vicinity  of  the  city 
(Mimico,  York  Mills,  Lambton  and  the  "old  Belt  Line  Cut"),  from 
July  22nd  to  September  4th;  I  have  also  found  it  here  in  May.  It 
grows  to  a  larger  size  at  Toronto  than  at  De  Grassi  Point.  I  have 
observed  this  species  feeding  upon  Zonitoides  arborea. 

ZONITIDAE. 

9.  Omphalina  fuliginosa  (Griffith).  De  Grassi  Point,  fairly 
common  in  the  hardwood  forests,  adults  having  been  taken  from  June 
29th  to  September.  When  inactive  they  were  usually  found  under 
dead  leaves.     I  have  also  taken  it  in  the  vicinity  of  Toronto. 

10.  Omphalina  inomata  (Say).  De  Grassi  Point,  August  19th 
and  20th,  four  mature  specimens  from  the  maple-beech  woods.  These 
are  the  only  specimens  of  this  species  that  I  have  seen.  It  is  one  of  the 
rarest  species  in  this  locality. 

11.  Vitrina  limpida  (Gould).  During  the  latter  part  of  June  I 
first  noticed  the  delicate  shells  of  this  species  under  boards  and 
rubbish  along  the  edge  of  a  belt  of  trees  skirting  the  lake  shore  at 
De  Grassi  Point.  The  ground  here  is  low  and  the  trees  consist  largely 
of  tall  elms,  basswood,  white  cedar  and  balsam  fir  with  nannyberry 
{Viburnum  lentago)  and  hawthorns  in  the  more  open  places  and 
along  the  edge  next  to  the  pasture.  Some  young  individuals  were 
found  with  the  shells  but  they  were  more  abundant  in  the  grass  along 
the  edge  of  the  pasture,  where  it  was  necessary  to  lie  down  and  examine 
the  ground  closely  in  order  to  detect  them.  These  immature  specimens 
grew  gradually  larger  during  the  summer  and  full  grown  specimens 
were  seen  in  September. 


22  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [May 

A  single  specimen  of  this  snail  was  found  by  Miss  Ford  at  Point 
au  Baril,  Georgian  Bay,  on  August  11th,  1916. 

12.  Vitrea  cellaria  (Muller).  This  European  species  was  found 
by  Miss  Ford  in  considerable  numbers  in  the  greenhouse  of  the 
Botanical  Department  of  the  University  of  Toronto.  It  was  first 
noticed  on  February  16th,  1917.  It  had  already  been  taken  in 
Toronto  many  years  ago  by  the  late  Dr.  Wm.  Brodie. 

13.  Vitrea  hammonis  (Strom).  De  Grassi  Point,  July  4th-24th, 
under  logs,  chips  and  bark  in  woods.  It  does  not  appear  to  be  very 
common.  It  was  also  taken  by  Miss  Ford  in  the  vicinity  of  Toronto 
(Lambton  and  York  Mills)  in  September. 

14.  Vitrea  binneyana  (Morse).  Not  uncommon  at  De  Grassi 
Point,  occurring  with  the  preceding  species  in  the  hardwood  and  mixed 
forest.  My  specimens  are  dated  from  July  22nd  to  August  25th,  but 
they  probably  occur  throughout  the  season.  It  was  also  found  on 
Giant's  Tomb  Island,  July  20th,  and  Miss  Ford  took  a  single  specimen 
at  Point  au  Baril  on  August  16th,  1916. 

15.  Vitrea  rhoadsi  Pilsbry.  Miss  Ford  took  a  fine  specimen  of 
this  rare  species  in  the  "Belt  Line  Cut"  Toronto,  on  August  28th,  1916. 

16.  Vitrea  indent  at  a  (Say).  A  very  few  specimens  were  found 
in  a  wooded  ravine  at  Go  Home  Bay,  July  16th.  It  was  not  noticed 
elsewhere. 

17.  Vitrea  ferrea  (Morse).  This  pretty  little  ribbed  form  was 
occasionally  found  under  bark  and  rubbish  in  the  woods  at  De  Grassi 
Point  during  July  and  August. 

18.  Vitrea  multidentata  Binney.  This  interesting  little  snail, 
so  different  in  appearance  from  the  other  Vitreas,  was  found  throughout 
the  summer  at  De  Grassi  Point,  occurring  most  plentifully  in  the  hard- 
wood, but  nowhere  abundant. 

19.  Euconulus  fulvus  (Muller).  A  specimen  of  this  species 
was  taken  at  Go  Home  Bay,  July  16th,  and  it  also  occurred  sparingly 
at  De  Grassi  Point,  but  it  was  not  distinguished  in  the  field  from  the 
next  species.    The  earliest  adult  was  taken  on  April  29th,  1917. 

20.  Euconulus  chersinus  polygyratus  (Pilsbry).  A  common 
little  snail  at  De  Grassi  Point,  where  it  is  generally  distributed  in  the 
woods,  especially  in  more  or  less  damp  places.  Adults  were  most 
plentiful  during  late  June  and  July.  Miss  Ford  found  a  single  adult 
at  Lambton  (near  West  Toronto),  September  4th,  1916,  and  an  im- 
mature example  at  Victoria  Park,  Toronto,  October  7th.  I  found  it 
again  in  early  May,  1917. 

21.  Zonitoides    nitida     (Muller).     This    dark-coloured    snail 
occurs  in  abundance  in  open  marshes  at  Toronto  and  De  Grassi  Point, 
where  it  is  most  easily  found  by  turning  over  logs  and  boards^ ^fefjg^j  M 
found  throughout  the  summer  and  autumn.  ''\5^?L~»^»  S* 

(2 V  be  continued)  .  ^ /^*  'fey'l 

*&  ft?  ******  \A  < 


LIBRARY 


?&u»SA 


1917]  The  Ottawa  Naturalist  23 

THE  LAMPREYS  OF  EASTERN  CANADA. 


By  A.  G.  Huntsman,  B.A.,  M.B., 

Biological  Department,  University  of  Toronto, 
Curator;  Atlantic  Biological  Station. 

The  lampreys  are  of  exceptional  interest,  owing  to  their  peculiar 
structure  and  life  history,  as  well  as  from  the  fact  that  they  are  the 
most  primitive  of  vertebrates.  Comparatively  little  is  known  concern- 
ing their  distribution  in  our  waters.  It  is  therefore  ctf  interest  to  have 
the  accessible  records  brought  together. 

I  must  express  my  indebtedness  to  Mr.  C.  W,  Nash,  Provincial 
Biologist,  for  the  privilege  of  examining  specimens  from  his  collections 
in  the  Provincial  Museum,  to  Prof.  B.  A.  Bensley  for  access  to  the 
collection  of  the  Biological  Department,  to  Prof.  A.  Willey  for  enabling 
me  to  examine  material  in  the  Peter  Redpath  Museum,  McGill  Univer- 
sity, to  Mr.  G.  J.  Desbarats,  C.M.G.,  Deputy  Minister,  and  Mr.  A. 
Halkett,  Curator,  for  material  from  the  Fisheries  Museum,  Ottawa, 
Ont.,  and  to  Mr.  F.  Johansen  for  kindly  examining  specimens  in  the 
collection  of  the  Victoria  Memorial  Museum,  Ottawa. 

Entosphenus  wilderi  (Jordan  and  Evermann).     Brook  Lamprey. 
Syn.  Ammocoetes  branchialis  (Auct.  Amer.) 
Lampetra  wilderi. 
Seven  Islands,  Quebec.  '  (Huard,  1902,  p.  169). 
Northern  and  western  streams  of  Ontario   (?).    Nash,  1908, 

p.  10). 
Don  River,    York    County,    Ontario.      (coll.    Biological    De- 
partment,   University    of    Toronto    and    coll.    Ontario 
Provincial  Museum). 
I  have   found  it  to  be  very   abundant  in  the  Don  river   near 
Toronto.     Adults,  both  males  and  femals,  were  taken  during  April 
in  1913,  and  on  May  7  many  were  obtained.     This  is  the  breeding 
season,  which,  according  to  Gage  (1893,  p.  444),  lasts  usually  from 
May  8  to  May  20  in  the  tributaries  of  Cayuga  lake.     On  October  20, 
1913,  an  adult,  19  cm.  long  was  obtained,  and  also  a  larva,  12%  cm. 
long,  which  is  probably  to  be  referred  to  this  species.     I  have  been  able 
to  examine  a  very  complete  series  from  Mr.  Nash's  collection,  also  from 
the  Don  river,  consisting  of  immature  adults,  and  mature  males  and 
females. 

Regan  (1911,  p.  202)  places  this  species  in  the  genus  Entosphenus, 
which  he  distinguishes  from  Lampetra  by  the  presence  of  a  semicircle 
of  small  teeth  on  the  lower  or  posterior  side  of  the  buccal  disk.  This 
semicircle  connects  the  last  bicuspid  teeth  of  either  side.  This  char- 
acter seems  to  be  more  constant  than  those  used  by  Jordan  and  Ever- 


24  The  Ottawa  Naturalist  [May 

mann  (1896,  p.  9)  for  separating  the  two  genra.  For  example, 
Lampetra  is  said  to  have  the  extraoral  teeth  never  tricuspid  and  yet 
L.  cibaria  is  described  as  having  the  middle  tooth  of  each  side  usually 
tricuspid.    With  their  diagnosis  of  the  genus  this  species  is  included. 

Ichthyomyzon  bdellium  (Jordan).     Silvery  Lamprey. 
Syn.  /.  concolor. 
St.  Lawrence  river  below  Quebec  (Fortin,1864  as  Petrotnyzon). 
St.  Lawrence  river  (Provancher,  1876,  p.  262,  as  I.  castaneus). 
St.  Lawrence  river  near  Montreal  (Huard,  1902,  p.  169). 
Go  Home  river,  Georgian  bay  (Bensley,  1915,  p.  9). 
Brigham's  Creek,  Hull,  Que.,  May  6,  1908,   (coll.  Canadian 

Fisheries  Museum,  Ottawa). 
"North  River,  Ottawa"  (coll.  Peter  Redpath  Museum,  McGill 

University). 
Point  Pelee,  Lake  Erie,  1913  (coll.  Victoria  Memorial  Museum, 

Ottawa,  No.  1012). 
Lake  St.  Clair,  1882,  from  a  pike  (coll.  Biological  Department, 

University  of  Toronto). 
Mitchell  bay,  Lake  St.  Clair,  April  '30,  1880  and  1883   (coll. 
Biological  Department,  University  of  Toronto). 
I  have  been  unable  to  obtain  any  examples  from  the  drainage  area 
of  Lake  Ontario.     Its  occurrence  both  in  the  St.  Lawrence  river  and 
its  tributaries  and  in  the  upper  lakes  makes  it  fairly  certain  that  it  will 
be  found  in  the  waters  of  Lake  Ontario  also.     Much  collecting  has 
been  done,  however,  in  the  waters  of  northern  New  York  State,  yet  I 
know  of  no  record  of  its  occurrence  there  except  at  Cape  Vincent  on  the 
St.   Lawrence    (Evermann   and   Kendall,    1902b,   p.    235).      To   the 
northwest  it  has  been  reported  from  the  Hayes   (or  Hill)    river  in 
Manitoba  (Evermann  and  Goldsborough,  1908,  p.  90),  which  is  not 
far  from  the  boundary  of  Ontario.    It  is  probably  generally  distributed 
throughout  northern  Ontario. 

Jordan  and  Evermann  (1896,  p.  10)  state  that  the  anterior  lingual 
lamina  'in  Ichthyomyzon  is  divided  by  a  median  groove,  whereas  Regan 
(1911,  p,  199)  gives  it  as  "a  single  transverse  denticulated  ridge."  In 
a  series  of  specimens,  ranging  from  9.2  to  37  cm.  in  length,  in  no  case 
is  there  an  actual  division  of  the  lamina  into  two  parts,  but  in  all  cases 
there  is  a  median  groove  (deeper  in  the  larger  specimens),  which  is 
similar  to  that  seen  in  Petromyzon  marinus.  In  the  latter,  however, 
the  teeth  on  the  lamina  appear  to  be  distinctly  longer.  The  lingual 
lamina  would  seem  to  be  of  no  value  in  separating  these  genera. 

Characters,  in  the  specimens  at  hand,  that  distinguish  this  species 
are: 

Dorsal  fin  continuous,  with  a  broad,  shallow  notch. 
Supraoral  lamina  with  from  two  to  four  cusps  (two  in  all  cases 
except  one,  where  there  are  four). 


1917]  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  »  25 

Infraoral  lamina  with  from  five  to  nine  cusps  (5,  6,  6,  7,  7,  7, 

8,8,8,8,9,9). 
Lateral  teeth  all  unicuspid   (one  specimen,  17.5  cm.  long  of 
doubtful  origin  has  one  bicuspid  tooth  on  the  left  side  and 
three  on  the  right). 
18  to  21  complete  radial  rows  of  teeth,  counted  on  side  next 
mouth  (18,  18,  18,  19,  20,  20,  20,  20,  20,  20,  21,  21). 
The  new  species,  /.  fossor,  described  by  Reighard  and  Cummins 
(1916)  from  Michigan,  differs  in  a  large  number  of  points  from  this 
species.     The  most  striking  thing  is  the  degeneration  of  the  dentition, 
the  radial  rows  being  incomplete  peripherally.     There  is  at  the  same 
time  an  increase  in  the  number  of  cusps  on  the  infraoral  lamina  (8  to 
10)  and  in  the  number  of  the  radial  rows  (28  in  the  specimen  figured). 
The  latter  character  is  to  be  found  also  in  Entosphenus  wilderi,  which 
has  a  still  further  reduction  in  the  dentition. 

Forbes  and  Richardson  (1908,  p.  9)  consider  that  the  western 
form  (/.  castaneus)  is  not  distinct  from  this.  Illinois  appears  to  be 
in  the  transition  region  between  the  two  forms,  which  are  evidently 
only  geographical  varieties.  Somewhat  over  half  of  their  specimens 
had  bicuspid  extraoral  teeth. 

Regan  (1911,  p.  199)  has  rightly  restored  Jordan's  name 
{bdellium)  for  this  species.  Kirtland's  name  (concolor),  under  which 
this  species  has  ordinarily  gone,  was  based  on  a  larva  which  may  or 
may  not  have  belonged  to  this  species. 

Petromyzon  marinus  L.     Sea  Lamprey. 

This  form  is  found  on  the  coasts  of  the  lower  provinces  and  enters 
their  rivers. 

"Saint-Joseph  de  Levis,"  Quebec  (Roy,  1906,  p.  33). 

Petromyzon  marinus,  var.  dorsatus  Wilder.  Land-locked  Sea 
Lamprey. 

Syn.  Petromyzon  marinus  unicolor. 

Great  Lakes  (Wright,  1892,  p.  439  as  P.  concolor). 

Great  Lakes  (Nash,  1908,  p.  9  as  Ichthyomyzon  concolor). 

Lake  Ontario  (Nash,  1913,  p.  249  as  /.  concolor). 

Lake  Ontario  (Bensley,  1915,  p.  10). 

Port  Credit,  Lake  Ontario  (coll.  A.  R.  Cooper). 

Lake  Ontario  (coll.  Provincial  Museum). 
This  form  has  for  Canada  been  reported  definitely  only  for  Lake 
Ontario.  Bensley  suggests  that  a  large  lamprey  reported  by  fishermen 
from  the  upper  lakes  may  prove  to  be  this  species.  Wright's  figure 
of  the  oral  hood  is  definitely  referable  to  this  species,  which  was  con- 
fused with  Ichthyomyzon  bdellium.  The  latter  had  been  found  in 
Lake  Erie,  therefore  the  distribution  was  given  as  the  "Great  Lakes." 
Nash's  reference  was  similarly  due  to  a  misconception. 


26  The  Ottawa  Naturalist  [May 

The  chief  points  in  which  this  species  (both  typical  and  land- 
locked varieties)  differs  from  the  preceding  are  the  following, 

Dorsal  fins  separated    (except  at  the  breeding  seascn  in  the 

males,  but  the  notch  is  always  deep). 
Four  bicuspid  teeth  on  each  side  of  mouth. 
Fifteen  to  eighteen  radial  rows  of  teeth  on  disk;  counted  next 
the  mouth  opening. 
Jordan  and  Fordice  (1886,  p.  284)  refer  Dekay's  (1842,  p.  383) 
Ammocoetes  unicolor  to  this  variety.     This  is  doubtful,  since  Dekay's 
description  and  name  was  based  upon  a  larva  from  Lake  Champlain. 
That  it  was  the  larva  of  this  variety  cannot  be  considered  proved. 
Evermann   and   Kendall    (1902a,  p.   218)    identify  the  Ammocoetes 
unicolor  of  Dekay  with  Ichthybmyzon  concolor  (^bdellium).  Wilder's 
name  dorsatus  (in  Jordan  and  Gilbert,  1883,  p.  869)  is  therefore  to 
be  used  for  the  land-locked  variety  of  P.  marinus,  although  based 
upon  a  character  which  is  not  distinctive  of  that  variety. 

References. 
Bensley,  B.  A. 

1915.     The  fishes  of  Georgian  Bay.  ,  Contr.  Canad.  Biol.,  1911- 
1914,  fasc.  II,  pp.  1-51. 
Dekay,  J.  E. 

1842.     Zoology  of  New  York  or  the  New  York  Fauna,  pt.  IV, 
Fishes,  pp.  xiv+415. 
Evermann,  B.  W.  and  Goldsborough,  E.  L. 

1908.     A  check  list  of  the  freshwater  fishes  of  Canada.     Proc. 
Biol.  Soc,  Washington,  vol.  XX,  pp.  89-119. 
Evermann,  B.  W.,  and  Kendall,  W.  C. 

1902a.  An  annotated  list  of  the  fishes  known  to  occur  in  Lake 
Champlain  and  its  tributary  waters.  Rep.  U.S.  Comm. 
Fish  &  Fisher,  for  1901,  pp.  217-225. 
1902b.  An  annotated  list  of  the  fishes  known  to  occur  in  the 
St.  Lawrence  river.  Rep.  U.S.  Comm.  Fish  &  Fisher, 
for  1901,  pp.  227-240. 
Forbes,  S.  A.  and  Richardson,  R.  E. 

1908.     The  fishes  of  Illinois.     Nat.   Hist.   Survey  of   Illinois, 
pp.  cxxi+357. 
Fortin,  P. 

1864.     Continuation  of  the  list  of  fish  of  the  Gulf  and  River 
St.  Lawrence.   Ann.  Rep.  .  .  .  during  the  season  of  1863. 
Rep.  Comm.  Crown  Lands  for  1863. 
Gage,  S.  H. 

1893.     The  lake  and  brook  lampreys  of  New  York      Wilder 
Quart.  Cent.  Book,  pp.  421-493. 


XT 

las 


.^ 


1917]  The  Ottawa  Naturalist  27 

Huard,  V.  A. 

1902.     Les  lamproies.    Naturaliste  Canadien,  t.  XXIX,  Xo.  11, 
pp.  166-169. 
Jordan,  D.  S.  and  Evermann,  B.  W. 

1896.     The  fishes  of  North  and  Middle  America.     Bull.  U.S. 
Nat.  Mus.,  Xo.  47,  pt.  1,  pp.  lx+1240. 
Jordan,  D.  S.  and  Fordice,  M.  W. 

1885.     A  review  of  the  North  American  -species  of  Petrovmzon- 
tidae.    Ann.  N.Y.  Ac.  Sc,  vol.  Ill,  pp.  279-296. 
Jordan,  D.  S.  and  Gilbert,  C.  H. 

1883.     A  synopsis  of  the  fishes  of  North  America.     Bull.  U.S. 
Nat.  Mus..  Xo.  16,  pp.  1018. 
Xash,  C.  W. 

1908.  Fishes.     Check  list  of  the  vertebrates  of  Ontario.     Toron- 
to.   Pp.  122. 

1913.     Fishes.      The    natural    history    of   the    Toronto    region, 
pp.  249-271. 
Provancher. 

1876.     Faune  canadienne.    Les  poissons.    Naturaliste  Canadien, 
t.  VIII,  pp.  257-263. 
Regan,  C.  T. 

1911.     A  synopsis  of  the  Marsipobrandhs  of  the  order  Hvper- 
oartii.  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  ser.  8,  vol.  VII,  pp.  193-204. 
Reighard,  J.  and  Cummin^,  H. 

1916.    'Description  of  a   new  species  of  lamprey  of  the  genus 
Ichthvomvzon.    Occ.   Pap.   Mus.   Zool.   Univ.    Michigan, 
Xo.  31,  pp.  1-12. 
Roy,  E. 

1909.  La   grande  lamproie  de  mer.      Naturaliste   canadien,   t. 
XXXIII,  No.  3,  pp.  33,  34. 

Wright,  R.  R. 

1892.     Preliminary  report  on  the  fish  and  fisheries  of  Ontario. 
Ont.  Game  &:  Fish  Coram.  Rep.,  pp.  419-476. 


SOME  NOTES  OX  ETHXO-BOTAXV. 


By  F.  W.  Waugh. 


The  number  of  things  botanical  employed  by  our  Canadian 
Indian  tribes,  in  spite  of  their  non-agricultural  tendencies,  is  not 
inconsiderable.  These  have  to  do  with  food,  textiles,  clothing,  medi- 
cine, warfare,  the  hunt,  ceremonial  procedure,  and,  in  fact,  with  almost 
every  phase  of  their  activities. 


28  The  Ottawa  Naturalist  [May 

One  of  the  most  interesting  of  these  uses  of  native  raw  materials 
is  in  connection  with  textiles  and  vegetable  fibres  for  weaving,  sewing 
or  tying.  It  is  not  likely  that  any  discoveries  of  great  economic  value 
will  be  made,  but  it  would  be  interesting  to  note  to  what  extent  some 
aboriginal  materials  could  be  utilized  in  modern  arts  and  handicrafts. 

Several  of  our  eastern  woodland  tribes,  including  the  Ojibwa  and 
the  Iroquois,  make,  or  formerly  made,  excellent  bags  for  various  pur- 
poses of  basswood  inner  bark  or  bast.  The  Ojibwa  of  northern 
Ontario  still  manufacture  these  in  a  number  of  very  pleasing  colours 
and  designs.  The  material  is  soft,  flexible,  possesses  good  wearing 
qualities  and  is  easily  prepared. 

The  first  step  in  the  process  of  bag-making  is  to  pull  off  the  bark 
from  young  trees  in  long  strips,  and  then  to  detach  the  bast  from  the 
more  brittle  outer  bark.  The  bast  is  then  folded  into  small  bundles 
and  boiled  for  a  while  with  wood  ashes,  or  until  it  can  be  easily  rubbed 
or  shredded  into  a  fine,  soft  material.  A  portion  of  this  is  twisted  into 
a  rather  firm  cord  and  used  as  the  warp  in  an  open  twined  weave,  the 
woof  consisting  of  larger  rolls  or  wisps  of  the  untwisted  fibres,  some  of 
which  are  dyed  and  in  this  way  worked  into  various  patterns. 

Other  very  good  fibres,  which  are  prepared  and  used  in  much  the 
same  way,  are  obtained  from  the  outer  portion  of  the  stems  of  the 
swamp  milkweed  (Asclepias  incarnata) ,  also  from  various  species  of 
dogbane  (Apocynum),  and  from  the  hemp  nettle.  These  are  taken 
in  the  fall  or  late  summer  when  the  stems  are  mature.  Slippery  elm 
bast  is  also  employed. 

An  aboriginal  tying  material  found  quite  plentifully  around 
Ottawa  is  the  bast  of  the  leatherwood  or  moosewood  (Dirca  palustris). 
Farmers,  in  fact,  sometimes  use  this  for  tying  grain  bags.  It  was 
formerly  sometimes  used  by  the  Iroquois  for  the  bow-string  in  the  bow- 
drill  method  of  firemaking  by  friction. 

Swamp  milkweed  fibre  is  frequently  used  by  the  same  tribe  for 
pulling  teeth.     Its  use  is  said  to  prevent  the  decay  of  those  remaining. 

Strings  for  bows  in  hunting  and  warfare  were  often  made  of  the 
bark  of  young  hickories  twisted. 

The  Ojibwa  around  Lake  Nipigon  use  the  bark  of  one  of  the 
willows  (Salix  humilis)  for  attaching  the  anchor-stones  and  floats  to 
nets. 

A  number  of  tribes  use  the  long  slender  roots  of  the  spruce,  which 
are  found  just  under  the  surface,  for  sewing  canoes  and  in  the  making 
of  birchbark  utensils  of  various  kinds.  The  roots  are  split  so  that 
each  strip  retains  part  of  the  smooth,  rounded,  outer  surface;  the 
heart,  or  inner  portion  being  discarded.  The  strips  are  soaked  or  kept 
moist  in  sewing,  holes  being  punched  in  the  birchbark  with  an  awl 
for  the  insertion  of  the  sharpened  end  of  the  strand  of  root.  The 
combination  of  the  birchbark  and  the  spruce  root  sewing  or  binding 


1917]  The  Ottawa  Naturalist  29 

material  gives  a  very  pleasing  and  decorative  effect.  The  birchbark 
is  kept  moist,  or  used  while  fresh  and  is  cut  so  as  to  form  flat  trays, 
oblong  and  round  box-likeJ  articles;  while  some  are  made  like 
buckets.  A  withe  of  some  shrub,  such  as  the  alder  or  willow,  is  bound 
around  the  top  to  strengthen  the  edge.  The  birchbark  is  most  easily 
detached  in  the  spring.  The  bark  of  the  common  elm  ( Ultnus 
americana)  is  used  by  the  Iroquois  for  basket  or  tray  making.  This 
is  a  very  fine  and  beautiful  material  and  is  also  taken  off  the  tree  in 
the  spring.  The  rough  corrugations  on  the  outside  are  planed  or  pared 
down  somewhat  to  render  the  surface  more  even,  this  surface  forming 
the  outside  of  the  receptacle.  The  bark  is  kept  pliable  by  soaking,  and 
is  usually  sewn  with  basswood  bast,  although  spruce  root  could  no 
doubt  be  used. 

A  very  beautiful  coiled  basketry  is  made  by  the  Salish  and  other 
western  tribes  from  spruce  root.  The  strands  used  for  the  sewing  or 
binding  are  made  as  just  described,  while  the  coils  around  which  these 
finer  strips  are  sewn  are  made  from  the  rougher  shreds  of  the  root.  The 
method  in  general  may  be  said  to  resemble  that  employed  in  raffia 
work,  but  the  product  is  much  more  substantial  and  beautiful.  A  very 
good  collection  of  spruce  root  basketry  from  the  interior  Salish  and 
other  tribes  may  be  seen  at  the  Victoria  Memorial  Museum. 


THE  AMERICAN  GOLDEN  PLOVER  IN 
EASTERN  ONTARIO. 


By  E.  Beaupre,  Kingston,  Ont. 


After  an  absence  of  almost  fifteen  years,  the  Golden  Plover  has 
apparently  resumed  its  migratory  visits  to  eastern  Ontario.  During 
the  long  period  of  their  absence  one  was  forced  to  return  from  a  visit 
to  their  former  haunts  with  a  feeling  that  an  important  and  delightful 
feature  of  the  out-door  world  was  missing;  the  old  pasture  fields  and 
gravel-covered  shores  formerly  enlivened  by  the  cheerful  and  friendly 
whistle  of  large  flocks  of  plover  were  deserted,  and  the  existence  of 
these  intensely  interesting  birds  threatened  to  become  a  memory.  The 
only  opportunity  to  observe  them  locally  was  afforded  during  their 
migration  southward  in  the  months  of  August  and  September. 

For  some  years  previous  to  1901,  their  numbers  were  gradually 
diminishing,  but  from  September  1901  to  August  1915,  so  far  as  the 
writer  could  possibly  learn,  this  plover  was  not  recorded  as  a  fall 
migrant  in  eastern  Ontario.  During  that  long  period,  the  only  evi- 
dence of  the  bird's  existence  was  afforded  by  the  night  flights  of  flocks 
over  the  writer's  home,  and  recorded  at  different  times.  In  a  valuable 
bulletin  written  by  the  late  Prof.  W.  W.   Cooke  of  the  Biological 


30  The  Ottawa  Naturalist  [May 

Survey,  Washington,  D.C.,  the  migratory  routes  of  the  Golden  Plover 
have  been  carefully  reviewed.  So  far  as 'a  spring  visit  from  this  bird 
is  concerned  in  eastern  Ontario,  it  might  be  safely  ventured  that  a 
record  is  unknown. 

The  plover  breeds  well  within  the  Arctic  Circle,  and  at  the  close 
of  the  short  northern  summer,  the  birds  gather  in  great  numbers  in 
preparation  for  their  southern  migration.  The  flocks  flying  south  pass 
on  their  route  to  the  east  of  Hudson's  Bay,  and  make  their  first  stop, 
we  are  informed,  in  Labrador  where  they  enjoy  feasting  on  native 
berries  which  grow  in  abundance  along  the  bleak  and  wind-swept 
coast.  Continuing  their  southward  journey  they  make  their  way  to  the 
coast  of  Nova  Scotia,  from  which  locality  they  make  their  long  flight 
of  twenty-four  hundred  miles  to  South  America,  always  waiting  for 
favorable  weather  conditions  before  undertaking  the  flight.  The  time 
of  arrival,  dates  of  departure,  and  the  route  travelled  can  be  accur- 
ately recorded,  and  yet  the  real  concrete  cause  for  the  long  journeys 
of  these  members  of  the  feathered  family,  have  remained,  and  probably 
always  will  remain,  one  of  the  unsolved  problems  of  the  bird  world. 

From  notes  on  this  subject  of  the  migration  of  the  Golden  Plover, 
it  is  evident  that  this  bird's  route  is  by  no  means  confined  to  the 
eastern  or  Atlantic  coast,  but  that  it  has  other  means  of  reaching  its 
temporary  southern  home  during  the  rigorous  months  of  the  northern 
winter,  the  writer,  as  well  as  others,  is  satisfied.  During  the  month 
of  September  vast  numbers  of  plover  follow  the  west  coast  of  Hudson's 
Bay,  and  pass  over  the  eastern  end  of  Lake  Ontario  on  their  way 
south. 

In  September,  1906,  a  great  flight  of  plover  passed  over  the  city 
of  Kingston,  which  is  located  on  the  extreme  eastern  end  of  Lake 
Ontario.  The  flight  was  first  noticed  about  eight  o'clock  in  the 
evening,  and  to  one  familiar  with  the  soft,  sweet  piping  of  the  Golden 
Plover,  there  was  no  difficulty  whatever  in  recognizing  the  bird.  A 
record  of  flight  showed  that  eight  flocks  passed  over  the  city,  flying 
•  very  low,  at  intervals  of  about  ten  minutes.  Towards  midnight  it  was 
impossible  to  enumerate  the  flocks,  the  flight  being  continuous.  This 
must  have  been  the  main  migration  for  that  year,  and  it  continued 
until  four  o'clock  in  the  morning,  covering  eight  hours.  Allowing  a 
speed  of  twenty-five  miles  an  hour — a  conservative  estimate — the 
distance  between  the  leading  flocks  and  the  rear  guard,  must  have 
been  approximately  two  hundred  miles.  What  a  sublime  spectacle 
this  would  have  been  had  one  the  privilege  of  seeing  it  in  the  open 
light  of  day !  «  The  vanguard  of  this  great  aerial  aggregation  must 
have  reached  almost  to  the  Atlantic  seaboard,  while  the  rear  flocks 
were  trailing  their  wonderful  way  over  the  eastern  waters  of  Lake 
Ontario.     They  no  doubt  began  their  ocean  journey  some  miles  south 


1917]  The  Ottawa  Naturalist  31 

of  the  coast  of  Nova  Scotia,  but  not  far  enough  to  seriously  affect  their 
regular  route  to  Argentina,  in  which  country  they  escape  the  hardship 
of  a  Canadian  winter. 

It  is  well  known  that  some  species  of  migrating  birds  when 
passing  over  large  bodies  of  water  in  daytime,  fly  quite  low,  often 
skimming  the  very  surface,  but  when  flying  over  large  tracts  of  land, 
they  fly  at  a  great  height.  In  this  connection  it  may  not  be  amiss  to 
detail  some  personal  field  experience  on  this  interesting  phase  of  bird 
life  and  conduct.  About  May  20th  in  each  year  small  flocks  of  Ruddy 
Turnstones  begin  to  arrive  in  this  northern  country  from  the  sunny 
south.  By  the  end  of  the  first  week  in  June  the  shores  of  many  of  the 
Islands  adjacent  to  the  city  of  Kingston  present  scenes  of  life  and 
activity  well  worth  travelling  many  miles  to  witness.  On  two  distinct 
occasions  the  writer  had  the  unusual  good  fortune  to  be  privileged  to 
witness  the  departure  of  this  gathering  of  birds  for  a  place  situated 
farther  north  where  their  breeding  grounds  were  located.  Towards 
evening  a  sudden  commotion  occurred  among  the  birds,  and  with  a 
movment  born  of  common  impulse,  all  formed  into  one  large  flock,  and 
after  taking  a  short  flight  which  looked  like  a  farewell  survey  of  their 
Location,  they  moved  upwards  in  a  great  circle.  With  the  aid  of 
glasses  it  was  possible  to  follow-  their  flight,  and  see  them  setting  their 
course  due  north,  pursuing  it  high  above  the  land  surface  far  beyond 
the  scope  of  the  naked  eye. 

Another  striking  example  of  this  nature  occurred  late  in  the  month 
of  October,  1916.  A  bleak  north  wind  was  blowing  with  frequent 
showers  of  rain.  Towards  noon  a  flock  of  Tree  Swallows  suddenly 
came  twittering  down  out  of  the  sky  from  a  great  height  descending 
from  the  rain-laden  clouds.  The  straggling  flock  looked  like  dead 
leaves  blown,  about  by  an  autumn  gale.  The  flock  settled  on  some 
trees  on  the  lake  shore,  and  by  crowding  and  huddling  together  they 
completely  covered  the  branches.  Some  settled  in  the  grass  under  the 
trees.  So  exhaustd  was  the  entire  flock  that  a  near  approach  was 
-  permitted  without  alarm  or  apparent  concern.  In  the  afternoon,  they 
quietly  left  their  resting  place,  and  flying  low  over  a  pasture  field, 
began  to  gyrate  in  a  great  circle,  their  spiral  ascent  carrying  them 
higher  and  higher  until  they  faded  beyond  the  range  of  human  vision. 

Returning  to  the  subject  of  the  Golden  Plover,  on  August  28th, 
1915,  a  few  were  noted  and  in  1916  on  the  same  date,  a  more  extensive 
visitation  occurred.  Rev.  C.  J.  Young  observed  some  of  these  birds 
on  the  sand  beach  at  Brighton,  Ont.  The  writer  saw  eighty  or  more 
at  Amherst  Island,  Ont.,  and  several  small  flocks  were  seen  at  Wolfe 
Island,  Ont.  August  and  September  this  year  will  be  watched  with 
great  interest  for  more  interesting  developments  in  connection  with  the 
Golden  Plover's  visits  and  sojourn  in  eastern  Ontario. 


32  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [May 

THE  OCCURRENCE  OF  THE  BOHEMIAN  WAXWING 
(BOMBYCILLA  GARRULA)  AT  ARNPRIOR. 


On  the  afternoon  of  April  28th  last  while  out  on  one  of  my  usual, 
almost  daily,  bird  walks,  I  had  the  good  fortune  to  observe  a  single 
male  specimen  of  this  beautiful  northern  species.  I  was  walking 
through  a  rather  thick  growth  of  prickly  ash  and  hawthorne,  when  a 
waxwing  suddenly  flew  up  into  a  neighboring  pine.  Its  large  size  and 
the  considerable  amount  of  white  on  its  wings  at  once  convinced  me 
that  it  was  not  the  Cedar  Waxwing.  As  I  approached  the  pine  tree,  the 
bird  flew  back  into  the  shrubbery,  where  I  was  able  to  observe  it 
closely  with  my  glasses  for  nearly  ten  minutes.  Its  large  size,  black 
chin  and  the  yellow  and  white  markings  on  the  wings  were  plainly 
visible,  so  I  have  not  the  slightest  doubt  of  the  correctness  of  my 
identification,  even  though  the  bird  was  not  collected.  This  is  the  first 
record  I  have  of  the  Bohemian  Waxwing  at  Arnprior. 

A.  L.  Gormley. 


BOOK  NOTICE. 

Animal  Micrology,  by  Michael  F.  Guyer,  Ph.D.,  Profesosr  of 
Zoology  in  the  University  of  Wisconsin,  with  a  chapter  on  drawing  by 
Elizabeth  A.  Smith,  Ph.D.,  Instructor  in  Zoology  in  the  University  of 
Wisconsin.  Revised  edition,  February,  1917.  The  University  of 
Chicago  Press,  Chicago,  111.;  price  $2.00. 

The  reception  accorded  the  first  edition  of  Animal  Micrology, 
printed  in  1906,  induced  the  author  to  revise  the  volume  and  include 
some  of  the  many  new  methods  employed  in  zoological  micro- 
technique. Certain  portions  of  the  volume  have  been  entirely  rewritten 
and  two  new  chapters,  one  on  "Cytological  Methods"  the  other  on 
"Drawing"  have  been  added.  The  latter  chapter  was  prepared  by 
Dr.  Elizabeth  A.  Smith. 

The  volume  is  a  most  useful  one,  comprising  289  pages  and 
therefore  considerably  larger  than  the  first  edition.  It  will  undoubtedly 
have  a  wide  distribution.  As  in  the  first  edition  the  policy  has  been, 
the  author  states,  not  to  attempt  to  give  all  "best"  methods,  but  rather 
to  select  representative  good  ones  which  have  proved  their  work  by 
satisfactory  tests  in  American  laboratories.  74  illustrations  are  in- 
cluded in  the  text. 


NOTE. 

About  9  a.m.,  April  3,  a  flock  of  forty-two  wild  geese  passed 
over  the  Victoria  Museum,  Ottawa,  flying  in  a  northwesterly  direction. 
At  the  same  time  a  flock  of  six  ducks  passed  northward  crossing 
directly  above  the  geese. — C.  L.  Patch. 


The  Ottawa  Naturalist 


Vol.  XXXI,  Plate  I. 


Illustrating  "The  Trenton  Fauna  of  Wolfe  Island,  Ontario," 

by  Kirtley  F.  Mather. 


THE  OTTAWA  NATURALIST 


Vol.  XXXI.  JUNE-JULY,   1917.  Nos.  3   and  4. 


THE  TRENTON  FAUNA  OF  WOLFE  ISLAND,  ONTARIO. 


By  Kirtley  F.  Mather,  Queen's  University,  Kingston,  Ont. 


West  of  the  Frontenac  axis  in  Ontario,  the  most  easterly' outcrops 
of  Trenton  limestone  are  those  on  Wolfe  Island  at  the  foot  of  Lake 
Ontario  between  Kingston,  Canada,  and  Cape  Vincent,  New  York. 
The  strata  exposed  there  are  the  northward  continuations  of  the 
Ordovician  rocks  of  northern  New  York  and  present  quite  a  different 
succession  from  that  in  the  Ottawa  Valley.  It  is  evident  that  the 
Frontenac  axis  even  in  mid-Ordovician  time  was  sufficiently  defined 
to  influence  the  boundaries  of  land  and  sea. 

The  Trenton  limestones  on  Wolfe  Island  rest  upon  somewhat 
similar  formations  of  Black  River  age.  All  dip  at  a  very  low  angle 
toward  the  southwest.  The  contact  between  Trenton  and  Black  River 
strata  is  not  exposed  but  is  probably  similar  to  that  in  the  Cape 
Vincent-Watertown  district,  a  few  miles  to  the  southeast  in  New  York 
State.  A  distinct  unconformity  is  there  indicated*  by  the  presence  of  a 
basal  conglomerate  and  an  irregular  contact.  Disconformity  is  strongly 
suggested  on  Wolfe  Island  by  the  marked  change  in  fauna  between 
the  Black  River  limestones  along  the  north  shore  and  the  Trenton 
strata  which  outcrop  in  the  interior  and  along  the  southern  shore,  t 

Prasopora  simulatrix  orientalis,  Pachydictya  acuta,  Dalmanella 
rogata,  and  Rafinesquina  alternata  are  the  ubiquitous  and  characteristic 
members  of  the  local  fauna.  They  indicate  its  alliance  to  that  of  the 
"Prasopora  zone"  or  true  Trenton  as  that  term  is  used  by  Raymond.  $ 
The  fauna  at  hand  has  little  in  common  with  that  of  the  Hull  forma- 
tion in  Ottawa  Valley  or  of  the  Glens  Falls  limestone  in  Mohawk 

*H.  P.  Cushing,  Geology  of  the  Thousand  Island  Region;  N.  Y.  State 
Mils.  Bull.  145,  p.  91,  1910. 

fSee  geologic  map  by  M.  B.  Baker,  The  Geology  of  the  Kingston  district; 
Ontario  Bureau  Mines,  vol.  25,  pt.  3,  1917.  The  Wolfe  Island  Trenton  is  de- 
scribed by  E.  M.  Kindle  in  Appendix  T.  of  the  same  report. 

%P.  E.  Raymond,  The  correlation  of  the  Ordovician  strata  of  the  Baltic 
basin  with  those  of  eastern  North  America:  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  vol  56, 
p.  255,  1916. 


34 


The  Ottawa  Naturalist. 


[June- July 


Valley.  Triplecia  extans  and  Recept acuities  occidentalis  are  listed  by 
Raymond  as  characteristic  of  the  Rockland  formation  which  underlies 
the  Hull  near  Ottawa.  Both  are  present  in  the  Wolfe  Island  Trenton 
but  are  represented  in  the  collections  at  hand  by  only  two  and  one 
specimens  respectively. 

The  collections  and  studies  upon  which  this  paper  is  based  were 
made  in  part  during  the  preparation  of  a  report*  on  the  geology  of  the 
Kingston  district.  After  that  report  had  gone  to  press,  additional 
collections  were  made  from  the  old  as  well  as  from  new  localities.  The 
complete  faunal  list  follows. 


Trenton*  Fauna  or  Wolfe  Island. 


Porifera. 
Receptaculites  occidentalis  Salter 

Anthozoa. 

Streptelasnta  comiculum  Hall 

Bryozoa. 
Prasopora  simulatrix  orientalis  Ulrich- 

Eridotrypa  aedilis  (Eichwald) 

Eridotrypa  aedilis  minor  (Ulrich) 

Eridotrypa  exigua  Ulrich 

Hallopora  ampla   (Ulrich) 

Hallopora  obliqua  n.sp. 

Hallopora  varia  n.sp. 

Batostoma  winchelli  Ulrich 

Stictoporella  angularis  Ulrich 

Pachydictya  acuta  (Hall) 

Brachiopoda. 

Trematis  sp. 

Schizocrania  filosa  (Hall) , 

Orthis  tricenaria  Conrad  __• 

Dalmanella  rogata  (Sardeson) 

Dinorthis  pectinella  (Emmons) 

Plectambonites  curdsvillensis  Foerste  _ 

Plectambofiit.es  punctostriatus  n.sp 

Rafinesquina  attentat  a  (Emmons) 

Rafinesquina  deltoidea  (Conrad) 


Locality         Numbers 


222  223  224 


x 


X 


X 


X 


X 
X 


X 
X 

X 


X 


226  308  309 


x 

X 
X 


X 
X 
X 


X 


X 


X 
X 
X 


X 

X 

X 


X 
X 
X 
X 
X 


X 

X 


X 


X 
X 


X 


X 
X 


X 

X 


X 


*M.  B.  Baker,  The  geology  of  the  Kingston  district,  with  appendices  by 
E.  M.  Kindle.  Alice  E.  Wilson,  and  Kirtley  F.  Mather;  Ontario  Bureau  Mines, 
Vol.  25,  part  3,  1917. 


1917] 


The  Ottawa  Naturalist 


35 


Localitv 


Triplecia  extans  (Hall) 

Parastrophia  hemiplicata  (Hall) 

Gastropoda. 

Sinuites  cancellatus  (Hall) 

Liospira  vitruvia  (Billings) 

Hormotoma  gracilis  (Hall) 

Hormotoma  trentonensis  Ulrich  and  Scofield 

CONULARIDA. 

Conularia  trentonensis  mult  i  cost  a 

Ruederaann 


Cephalopoda 

Orthoceras  junceum  Hall 

Endoceras  proteiforme  Hall 

Trilobita. 

Isotelus  gigas  De  Kay 

Bumastus  sp. 

Calymene  senaria  Conrad 

Ceraurus  dentatus  Raymond  and  Barton 

Ceraurus  pleurexanthemus  Green 

OSTRACODA. 

Leperditia  sp. 


222 


x 


X 
X 
X 


223 


x 

X 

X 

X 


X 


X 


224 


Numbers 


226 


x 


X 
X 
X 


X 


308  309 


Locality  List. 

Station  222 — Lower  five  feet  of  Trenton  limestone,  four  miles  south- 
west from  Marysville,  Wolfe  Island.  Lot  2,  north, 
Con.  III. 

Station  223 — Trenton  limestone,  probably  ten  or  twelve  feet  above  the 
base  of  the  formation,  one  and  one-half  miles  southeast 
from  Marysville,  Wolfe  Island.  Lot  1,  north,  Con.  VIII. 

Station  224 — Lower  seven  feet  of  Trenton  limestone,  immediately 
south  of  Cold  Springs  corner,  Wolfe  Island.  Lot  3, 
Con.  IX. 

Station  226 — Trenton  limestone,  probably  twenty  or  thirty  feet  above 
its  base,  along  southern  shore  of  Bear  Point  at  south- 
western extremity  of  Wolfe  Island. 

Station  308 — Trenton  limestone,  probably  fifteen  or  twenty  feet  above 
its  base,  in  small  ravine  one  and  one-quarter  miles 
south-east  from  Cold  Springs  corner,  Wolfe  Island. 
Lot  1,  north,  Con.  IX. 


36  The  Ottawa  Naturalist  [June-July 

Station  509 — Trenton  limestone,  about  fifteen  feet  above  its  base, 
along  course  of  small  brook  tributary  to  Bayfield  Bay. 
Lot  1,  south,  Con.  X.,  Wolfe  Island. 

Description  of  Species. 

Phyllum  Molluscoidea. 

Class  Bryozoa. 
Order  Trepostomata. 
Family  Halloporidae. 
Genus  Hallopora  Bassler. 
HALLOPORA  VARIA  n.  sp. 
Plate  I.  figs.  3-7. 
Zoarium  composed  of  subcylindrical  branches,  5   to  8  mm.   in 
diameter,  bifurcating  at  frequent  intervals;  one  fragment  22  mm.  long 
has  given  off  five  branches.     Surface  of  branches  gently  undulatorv 
but  without  conspicuous  monticules  or  maculae.     Zooecial  apertures 
angular,  about  10  in  3  mm.;  walls  ridge-like  and  thin;  mesopores  very 
few,  generally  occurring  only  in  limited  areas  of  the  surface. 

Tangential  sections  show  the  zooecia  to  be  everywhere  in  contact 
with  each  other  except  in  certain  spots  where  small  mesopores  occupy 
the  angles  between  zooecia.  Vertical  sections  in  the  axial  region  dis- 
play two  sets  of  tubes,  the  smaller  of  which  represents  mesopores,  and 
the  proximal  portion  of  zooecia;  in  the  larger  tubes  the  diaphragms 
are  from  0.2  to  0.5  mm.  apart,  with  an  average  distance  of  about  0.35 
mm.;  this  is  slightly  greater  than  the  diameter  of  the  tubes,  which 
almost  invariably  falls  between  0.28  and  0.55  mm.  The  smaller  tubes 
contain  diaphragms  which  are  only  0.11  to  0.17  mm.  distant,  generally 
about  as  far  apart  as  the  diameter  of  the  tube.  In  the  peripheral  zone 
the  tubes  bend  rather  abruptly  and  proceed  toward  the  surface  with 
only  slight  obliquity;  here  the  diaphragms  are  from  one-third  to  one- 
half  the  diameter  apart. 

This  form  is  most  nearly  related  to  H.  angularis  (Ulrich).  The 
chief  differences  are  the  larger  size  of  the  branches,  the  greater  dis- 
tance between  diaphragms  in  the  axial  portion  of  zooecial  tubes,  and 
the  less  pronounced  crowding  of  diaphragms  near  the  apertures. 
Horizon  and  locality:  Lower  Trenton  Limestone;  Wolfe  Island, 
Ontario,   (Stations  226  and  509). 

HALLOPORA  OBLIQUA  n.  sp. 
Plate  1,  figs.  8-11. 
Zoarium  ramose,  composed  of  slender  cylindrical  branches,  2  to 
4  mm.  in  diameter,  bifurcating  at  comparatively  remote  intervals;  sur- 
face of  branches  slightly  undulatorv  but  without  conspicuous  monti- 
cules or  maculae.  Zooecial  apertures  polygonal,  with  thin  smooth 
ridge-like  walls,  about  eleven  in  3  mm.  Mesopores  open  at  the  surface, 
polygonal  in  cross-section,  about  as  numerous  as  the  zooecial  apertures. 


1917]  The  Ottawa  Naturalist  37 

Transverse  sections  show  that  the  axial  region  is  composed  of  two 
sets  of  tubes;  the  larger  average  0.25  mm.  in  diameter  and  are  hexa- 
gonal to  octagonal  in  outline;  the  smaller  are  generally  between  0.1 
and  0.15  mm.  in  diameter  and  display  triangular  or  quadrangular 
outlines.  Peripheral  region  comparatively  thin,  less  than  0.4  mm.  in 
width  in  a  section  across  a  branch  with  a  diameter  of  3.9  mm. 

Longitudinal  sections  display  slightlv  flexuous  zooecial  tubes 
which  intercept  the  surface  quite  obliquely  and  lack  the  decided  cur- 
vature commonly  found  in  other  species  of  the  genus.  Mesopores  are 
indistinguishable  from  the  proximal  portion  of  zooecial  tubes  and 
doubtless  the  two  had  similar  functions.  Diaphragms  numerous  and 
quite  regularly  spaced,  crossing  zooecial  tubes  in  proximal  and  axial 
regions  at  distances  equal  to  from  one  to  two  times  the  diameter  of 
tube.  Near  the  surface  diaphragms  are  more  numerous  and  generally 
two  or  three  of  them  occur  in  a  space  equal  to  their  diameter. 

That  the  specimens  at  hand  are  mature  individuals,  even  though 
the  zooecial  tubes  aproach  the  surface  obliquely  with  little  curvature 
from  axial  to  peripheral  regions,  is  evident  from  the  closer  spacing  of 
the  outermost  two  or  three  diaphragms  in  each  tube  as  well  as  from  the 
thickening  of  the  wall  near  the  aperture. 

In  comparison  with  H.  annularis,  which  it  resembles  in  the 
angular  appearance  of  apertures,  this  species  i<  distinguished  by  its 
smaller  zooecia,  the  generally  more  slender  branches  of  the  zoarium. 
and  the  obliquity  of  the  zooecial  tubes.  H.  obliqua  is  probably  more 
nearly  related  to  H.  ampla  and  H.  goodhuensis  than  to  any  other 
described  member  of  the  genus.  Its  branches  are  on  the  average 
slenderer  than  the  smaller  of  those  two  species  while  its  zooecia  are 
intermediate  in  size  between  them.  More  significant,  however,  is  the 
much  fewer  number  of  diaphragms  in  the  peripheral  zone  of  the 
material  at  hand. 

Horizon  and  locality:  Lower  Trenton  limestone;  Wolfe  Island, 
Ontario,  (Station  224). 

Class  Brachiopoda. 

Order  Neotremata. 

Family  Trematidae. 

Genus  Trematis  Sharpe. 

TREMATIS  sp. 

The  shell  thus  identified  is  imperfectly  preserved  but  undoubtedly 
represents  a  new  species  of  this  genus.  The  specimen  is  very  small, 
about  3  mm.  long  and  4  mm.  wide,  and  consists  of  a  pedicle  valve, 
from  which  the  apex  is  broken  away,  revealing  a  portion  of  the  interior 
of  the  brachial  valve.  The  apex  appears  to  have  been  much  nearer  the 
posterior  margin  than  the  center  of  the  valve.  Surface  markings  are 
of  the  T.  icmbonata  type  and  consist  of  radiating  rows  of  circular  pits 


38  The  Ottawa  Naturalist  [June- July 

separated  by  flat  interspaces  which  are  generally  broader  than  the 
diameter  of  the  pits.  Between  15  and  20  rows  occur  in  the  space  of 
1  mm.  The  general  outline  of  the  valves  is  transversely  elliptical, 
somewhat  similar  to  that  of  T.  puncto  striata. 

Horizon  and  locality:  Lower  Trenton  limestone;  Wolfe  Island, 
Ontario,  Station  222. 

Order  Protremata. 

Family  Strophomenidae. 
Genus  Plectambonites  Pander. 

PLECTAMBONITES    PUNCTOSTRIATUS    n.  sp. 

Plate  I,  figs.  15-17. 

Shell  of  medium  size,  transversely  semi-elliptical  in  outline, 
cardinal  angles  slightly  acute  but  not  auriculate;  adult  shells  varying 
in  width  between  16  and  21  mm.,  in  length  between  9.5  and  12  mm. 
Surface  of  both  valves  marked  by  fine,  thread-like,  radiating  lirae, 
4  to  6  of  which  occur  in  the  space  of  1  mm. ;  every  second  or  third  lira 
slightly  more  prominent  than  the  intermediate,  newly  developed  ones; 
depressions  between  lirae  occupied  by  rows  of  minute  punctures  which 
give  the  whole  surface  a  finely  rugose  aspect.  Dimensions  of  four 
typical  specimens  are:  width,  14.1,  16.0,  18.3,  and  20.8  mm.;  length, 
7.8,  9.6,  10.3,  and  11.7  mm. 

Pedicle  valve  more  convex  than  in  P.  curdsviUensis,  with  the 
point  of  greatest  convexity  a  little  behind  the  mid-length  of  the  shell; 
beak  and  cardinal  area  as  in  the  general  P.  sericeus  type;  lateral 
margins  rounding  broadly  into  the  convex  anterior  margin.  A  low, 
narrow,  mesial  fold  originates  near  the  beak  and  broadens  anteriorly; 
in  most  individuals  this  is  a  fairly  conspicuous  feature  of  the  shell,  but 
in  a  few  it  is  scarcely  perceptible.  Cardinal  margin  crenulated  by  a 
series  of  oblique  wrinkles  which  in  most  specimens  make  their 
appearance  within  2  mm.  of  the  beak  and  become  progressively  longer 
toward  the  cardinal  extremities;  about  4  or  5  wrinkles  occur  in  the 
space  of  3  mm.  and  the  angle  between  them  and  the  hinge  line  is 
generally  between  30°  and  40°;  in  some  individuals  the  crenulations 
are  scarcely  perceptible  but  they  are  rarely  entirely  lacking.  Interior 
of  valve  not  known. 

Brachial  valve  not  positively  identified. 

The  shells  subsumed  here  are  most  nearly  related  to  P.  rugosus 
(Meek),  but  the  present  species  differs  from  that  one  most  con- 
spicuously in  the  presence  of  a  mesial  fold  and  sinus  as  well  as  in  the 
greater  equality  of  its  radiating  lirae. 

Horizon  and  locality:  Lower  Trenton  limestone;  Wolfe  Island, 
Ontario,  Stations  222  and  308. 


1917]  The  Ottawa  Naturalist  39 

PLECTAMBONITES  CURDSVI  LLENSIS  Foerste. 
Plate  I,  figs.  12,  13. 

Plectambonites  curdsvillensis  Foerste,  Bull.  Sci.  Lab.  Denison 
Univ.,  Vol.  17,  p.  122,  pi.  10,  figs.  15a,  b,  1912.  Curdsville  bed, 
Glenn  Creek  Station,  Woodford  country,  Ky. 

Shell  of  medium  size,  transversely  semi-elliptical  in  outline,  or- 
dinarily between  16  and  21  mm.  in  width  and  from  9  to  11.5  mm. 
long;  cardinal  angles  slightly  acute,  but  not  produced;  surface  of  each 
valve  marked  by  exceedingly  fine,  hair-like,  radiating  lirae,  5  to  7  of 
which  occur  in  the  space  of  1  mm.,  with  every  third  or  fourth  liration 
slightly  more  prominent  than  the  intermediate  ones.  The  dimensions 
of  three  typical  individuals  are:  width,  16.4,  18.6,  and  20.9  mm.; 
length,  9.0,  10.1,  and  11.4  mm. 

Pedicle  valve  moderately  convex,  with  regular  curvature  of  sur- 
face both  longitudinally  and  transversely;  beak  and  cardinal  area 
conforming  to  the  general  P.  sericeus  type;  lateral  margins  converging 
slightly  from  the  cardinal  extremities  forward  to  the  mid-length  of  the 
valve  and  then  rounding  broadly  into  the  anterior  margin;  a  faint, 
broad,  median  sinus  generally  developed  in  front  of  the  middle  of  the 
shell,  causing  the  anterior  outline  to  be  straightened  or  even  slightly 
emarginated. 

Brachial  valve  moderately  concave,  with  curvature  of  surface 
and  outlines  conforming  to  the  opposite  valve;  a  faint,  broad,  median 
fold  developed  in  many  individuals  corresponding  to  the  ventral  sinus. 
"The  interior  of  the  brachial  valve  is  thickened  near  the  anterior  and 
lateral  margins,  the  thickening  beginning  about  2  or  2J/2  mm.  from 
the  margin  and  extending  to  within  1  mm.  of  the  latter.  However, 
between  the  thickened  border  and  the  margin  of  the  valve,  the  shell  is 
much  thinner  and  is  traversed,  in  the  same  direction  as  the  radiating 
striae,  by  a  series  of  short,  vascular  grooves,  of  which  about  7  occur  in 
a  width  of  2  mm.  .  .  .  The  two  median  ridges  separating  the  two 
adductor  areas  usually  are  prominent  and  sharp,  as  in  the  less  mature 
stages  of  P.  rugosus,  although  sometimes  thickened  anteriorly.  The 
lateral  outlines  of  the  adductor  areas  tend  to  be  crescentic."  (Foerste). 

Foerste  has  called  attention  to  the  fact  that  the  oblique  wrinkles 
along  the  hinge  lines  of  many  individuals  belonging  to  this  genus  are 
not  characters  of  specific  value.  Nevertheless,  it  is  evident  that  certain 
species  show  a  marked  tendency  toward  developing  these  wrinkles 
while  others  display  just  as  marked  an  antipathy  to  them.  Among 
the  fifteen  specimens  referred  to  P.  curdsvillensis,  for  example,  only 
one  shows  any  trace  of  oblique  wrinkles  and  on  it  they  are  scarcely 
perceptible.  Additional  characters  which  distinguish  it  from  allied 
species  are  the  absence  of  a  mesial  fold  on  pedicle  and  sinus  on 
brachial  valve,  the  low  convexity  of  pedicle  valve,  the  absence  of 


40  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [June- July 

cardinal  auriculations,  the  thickened  border  in  the  interior  of  brachial 
valve,  and  the  sharp  prominent  ridges  along  the  axial  margins  of  the 
adductor  muscle  scars. 

Horizon  and  locality:  Lower  Trenton  limestone;  Wolfe  Island, 
Ontario.    Stations  224?; '226,  and  308. 

.EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE. 

PRASOPORA  SIMULATRIX  ORIENTALIS. 

Figures  1-,  2— Vertical  and  tangential  sections,  X  10,  of  an  average  specimen. 
Queen's  University  Paleontologic  Museum  No.  1263. 

HALLOPORA  VARIA. 

Figures  3,  4,  5 — Tangential,  vertical  and  transverse  section,  X  10,  of  the 
holotvpe.     Queen's  University  Paleontologic  Museum  No.  1272. 

Figures  6,  7 — Two  of  the  plesiotypes,  natural  size.  Queen's  University  Paleon- 
tologic Museum  No.  1270. 

HALLOPORA  OBLIQUA. 
Figures  8,  9— Vertical  and  transverse  sections,  X  10,  of  one  of  the  cotypes. 
Figures  10,  11 — Two  of  the  cotypes,  natural  size.     Queen's  University  Paleon- 
tologic Museum  No.  1276. 

PLECTAMBONITES   CURDSVTLLENSIS. 
Figure  12 — A  pedicle  valve  showing  the  faint  mesial  sinus  commonly  observed 

on  the  shells  thus  identified. 
Figure  13 — The  interior  of  a  brachial  valve  from  the  same  locality.     Queen's 

University  Paleontologic  Museum  No.  1269. 

RAFINESQUINA  DELTOIDEA. 
Figure  14 — A  pedicle  valve.    Queen's  University  Paleontologic  Museum  No.  1262. 

PLECTAMBONITES  PUNCTOSTRIATUS. 
Figures  15,  16,  17— Three  of  the  cotypes,  pedicle  valves.     Queen's  University 
Paleontologic  Museum  No.  1277. 


NOTES  ON  THE  LAND  MOLLUSCA  OF  DE  GRASSI  POINT, 
LAKE  SIMCOE,  AND  OTHER  ONTARIO  LOCALITIES. 


By'E.  M.  Walker,  E-R.S.C,  University  of  Toronto. 


{Continued  from  page  22.) 

22.  Zonitoides  arbor ea  (Say).  The  commonest  of  all  our  land 
Mollusca,  occurring  in  the  woods  everywhere,  from  the  tamarack 
swamp  to  the  hardwood  forests.  Toronto,  May-October;  De  Grassi 
Point,  April  27th— September;  Go  Home  Bay,  July  15th-17th;  Giant's 
Tomb  Island,  July  20th;  St.  William's,  September  3rd. 

23.  Zonitoides  exigua  (Stimpson).  This  minute  ribbed  species 
is  common  at  De  Grassi  Point  under  leaves  and  rubbish  in  the  woods. 
It  was  also  taken  at  Go  Home  Bay  and  the  Giant's  Tomb  Island. 

24.  Zonitoides  milium  (Morse).  Toronto,  De  Grassi  Point  and 
the  Giant's  Tomb  Island,  not  rare  under  leaves  in  woods. 


1917]  The  Oitawa  Naturalist  41 

25.  Gastrodonta  intertexta  (Binney).  Port  Rowan,  September 
2nd,  1915,  a  single  mature  specimen;  St.  William's,  September  3rd,  a 
few  living  specimens  and  numerous  shells  in  good  condition  on  a  steep 
wooded  slope.  It  was  associated  here  with  considerable  numbers  of 
Polygyra  thyroides,  P.  fraudulenta  and  Pyramidula  alternata. 

Gastrodonta  ligera  (Say)  has  been  recorded  from  Toronto,  but 
I  have  not  seen  specimens  of  it. 

LlMACIDAE. 

26.  Agriolimax  agrestis  (Linn.)  This  slug  is  very  abundant  at 
Toronto,  De  Grassi  Point,  Port  Rowan  and  St.  William's  and  doubt- 
less everywhere  in  the  cultivated  parts  of  Ontario.  During  the  summer 
only  immature  specimens  were  seen  at  De  Grassi  Point  and  they  had 
scarcely  reached  their  full  size  when  I  left  on  September  23rd.  Adults 
are  plentiful  at  Toronto  in  the  fall  and  may  be  found  in  abundance 
until  well  into  November.  They  are  most  plentiful  in  low,  grassy 
places. 

27.  Agriolimax  campestris  (Say).  Toronto,  De  Grassi  Point, 
Port  Rowan,  St.  William's.  Abundant  and  generally  distributed, 
occurring  with  the  preceding  species  and  also  in  woods. 

At  De  Grassi  Point  these  two  slugs  are  particularly  numerous 
about  the  narrow  belt  of  woods'  along  the  shore  where  Vitrina  limpida 
occurred  (vide  antea).  The  individuals  seen  during  the  summer  were 
mostly  immature.     Adults  are  common  in  the  fall  until  November. 

28.  Limax  maximus  Linn.  A  single  specimen  of  this  large 
European  slug  was  found  at  Toronto  by  Mr.  H.  T.  White,  in  1910. 

Arionidae. 

29.  Arion  circumscriptus  Johnston.  This  is  also  a  European 
slug  though  it  has  become  thoroughly  naturalized  in  the  neighbourhood 
of  Toronto,  occurring  in  almost  every  little  patch  of  woods  under  logs 
and  rubbish.     It  is  common  from  spring  to  autumn. 

Endodontidae. 

30.  Pyramidula  alternata  (Say).  This  is  by  far  the  commonest 
of,  our  larger  snails  and  persists  longer  than  most  species  in  small 
patches  of  woods  and  thickets  in  the  environs  of  the  city.  Toronto,  De 
Grassi  Point,  generally  distributed  in  woods.  Also  found  at  Go  Home 
Bay,  Giant's  Tomb  Island,  Port  Rowan  and  St.  William's. 

31.  Pyramidida  cronkhitei  anthonyi  Pilsbry.  One  of  our  most 
abundant  species,  occurring  very  generally  in  low  woods  at  De  Grassi 
Point.  Also  found  at  Toronto,  Go  Home  Bay,  Giant's  Tomb  Island 
and  St.  William's,  April-October. 


42  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [June- July 

32.  Helicodiscus  parallelus  (Say).  De  Grassi  Point,  May  10th 
— August  25th,  not  uncommon.  Most  of  my  specimens  were  found  in 
shady  thickets  or  woods  of  cedar,  poplar,  elm,  etc.  It  was  also  taken 
by  Miss  Ford  at  York  Mills,  north  of  Toronto,  July  22nd,  1  specimen, 
and  at  Point  au  Baril,  Georgian  Bay,  August  11th,  2  specimens. 

33.  Punctum  pygmaeum  (Draparnaud).  De  Grassi  Point, 
May  14th— August;  Giant's  Tomb  Island,  July  20th.  Found  on  the 
under  surface  of  decaying  leaves  in  the  forest  litter,  associated  with 
Zonitoides  exigua.  Considerable  search  was  made  for  this  minute 
species  but  it  was  not  often  taken. 

34.  Sphyradium  edentulum  (Draparnaud).  Several  examples 
of  this  little  pupiform  snail  were  taken  at  De  Grassi  Point  from  the 
debris  in  a  small  grove  of  cedar,  elm  and  poplar  on  July  22nd.  They 
were  associated  with  Vertigo  elatior,  Helicodiscus  parallelus  and  a  few 
other  common  species.  Another  specimen  was  taken  in  a  somewhat 
swampy  wood  on  August  15th,  and  it  was  again  taken  on  May  5th, 
1917. 

Philomycidae. 

35.  Philomycus  carolinensis  (Bosc).  This  large  slug  occurs 
commonly  in  rotten  logs  in  the  hardwood  at  De  Grassi  Point,  and  I 
found  a  number  of  specimens  in  a  wooded  ravine  at  Go  Home  Bay, 
July  16th,  and  on  the  Giant's  Tomb  Island,  July  20th.  It  also  occurs 
at  Toronto  and  St.  William's.  The  earliest  capture  of  the  adults  was 
that  of  the  Go  Home  Bay  specimens. 

Pallifera  dorsalis  Binney,  has  been  recorded  from  Toronto  but 
I  have  not  met  with  it  at  all. 

SUCCTNEIDAE. 

36.  Succinea  retusa  Lea.  Very  abundant  at  De  Grassi  Point 
in  open  marshes  and  readily  collected  by  sweeping  the  marsh  grasses 
and  sedges  with  an  insect  net. 

36a.  Succinea  retusa  var.  decampii  Tyron.  Miss  Ford  collected 
a  number  of  specimens  of  this  variety  from  several  localities  in  the 
vicinity  of  Toronto  (East  Toronto,  Mimico  and  Lambton).  All  were 
taken  during  September. 

37.  Succinea  ovalis  Say.  De  Grassi  Point,  May  10th — August 
25th,  common  in  low,  rich  woods;  sometimes  occurring  under  bark  and 
rubbish,  sometimes  on  leaves  of  shrubs  some  distance  from  the  ground. 
It  is  also  common  at  Toronto  and  a  specimen  was  taken  at  St. 
William's. 

Two  specimens  resembling  the  var.  totteniana  Lea,  were  found  at 
Toronto  by  Miss  Ford,  April  29th  (old  shell)  and  June  21st,  fresh 
adult. 

38.  Succinea  avara  Say.  First  noticed  at  De  Grassi  Point  on 
June  23rd,   1915,  but  apparently  common  throughout  the  summer, 


1917]  The  Ottawa  Naturalist  43 

occurring  in  low  woods  and  along  the  margins  of  streams.     A  pair  in 
copula  were  observed  on  May  9th,  1917. 

PUPILLIDAE. 

39.  Strobilops  virgo  (Pilsbry).  Go  Home  Bay,  July  16th  and 
17th,  several  specimens  were  taken  and  it  may  have  been  plentiful  but 
was  not  distinguished  from  Euconulus  until  examined  later.  Found 
in  a  wooded  ravine.  A*  dead  specimen  was  also  taken  from  the  drift 
along  the  Don  River,  Toronto,  in  November. 

40.  Acanthinida  harpa  (Say).  Living  specimens  and  fresh 
shells,  mostly  mature,  were  found  in  considerable  numbers  in  a  sandy 
pine  wood  on  the  Giant's  Tomb. Island,  July  20th.  It  was  not  observed 
elsewhere. 

41.  Bifidaria  armifera  (Say).  Miss  Ford  has  a  single  speci- 
men taken  at  Lambton,  (West  Toronto)  from  a  "dry,  rocky  flat," 
September  9th,  1916.  It  has  already  been  recorded  from  the  Toronto 
district. 

42.  Bifidaria  contractu  (Say).  I  found  a  few  specimens  of 
this  species  on  July  24th  under  wet  logs  and  stumps  on  the  edge  of 
\\ 'ilson's  Creek  (De  Grassi  Point),  in  its  upper  part  where  it  is  a  mere 
brook.  One  or  two  others  were  found  in  a  low  wood  near  the  lake 
shore.  At  Toronto  I  found  them  in  much  larger  numbers  along  the 
banks  of  the  Don  River,  in  November. 

43.  Bifidaria  iappaniana  (C.  B.  Adams).  A  specimen,  nearly 
mature,  was  found  in  a  rich  hardwood  forest  on  the  Giant's  Tomb 
Island,  July  20th.  Another  specimen,  fully  mature,  was  taken  at 
Toronto,  from  the  banks  of  the  Don  River  in  November.  A  single 
adult  was  also  found  at  De  Grassi  Point. 

44.  ]'crtigo  ovata  Say.  A  single  adult  was  taken  at  De  Grassi 
Point  on  August  25th,  from  a  low  wood  of  poplar,  cedar,  etc.,  near  the 
lake  shore.  Another,  very  nearly  mature,  was  taken  from  the  banks  of 
the  Don  River,  Toronto,  in  November.  » 

45.  Vertigo  ventricosa  (Morse),  t  Several  specimens  of  this 
species  were  taken  at  De  Grassi  Point  at  the  same  spot  where  V.  ovata 
was  found.  Adults  were  found  during  July,  August  and  September. 
A  single  specimen  was  also  taken  from  the  drift  along  the  edge  of  the 
Don  River  in  November. 

46.  Vertigo  elatior  Sterki.  De  Grassi  Point,  associated  with  V. 
ventricosa  and  apparently  commoner.  It  was  not  recognized  as  dis- 
tinct until  determined  for  me  bv  Mr.  Brvant  Walker. 

All  of  these  Vertigos  were  taken  most  frequently  from  under  the 
sides  of  chips  and  blocks  of  wood  from  a  recently  felled  aspen  poplar. 
A  few  were  also  taken  from  rubbish  in  a  cedar  grove,  where  they  were 
associated  with  Sphyradhim  edentidiim.    A  specimen  of  V.  elatior  was 


44  The  Ottawa  Naturalist  [June- July 

also  taken  at  Toronto  in  November,  from  the  drift  along  the  shore  of 
the  Don  River. 

47.  Vertigo  gouldii  (Binney).  A  single  dead  specimen  of  this 
form  was  found  at  De  Grassi  Point  on  July  25th  in  the  hardwood. 

48.  Vertigo  milium  (Gould).  I  found  three  shells  of  this  tiny 
form,  one  of  them  fresh,  at  De  Grassi  Point  on  May  14th,  1917.  They 
were  taken  from  the  forest  litter  at  the  edge  of  a  low  wood  and  were 
associated  with  Carychium  exile  canadensis.  It  has  also  been  reported 
from  the  Toronto  district. 

The  determination  is  my  own  and  has  not  been  verified,  like  the 
other  species  of  Vertigo,  by  Mr.  Bryant  Walker. 

COCHLICOPIDAE. 

49.  Cochlicopa  lubrica  (Muller).  Common  at  Toronto  where 
I  have  taken  it  in  May  and  October.  On  October  10th,  1915,  I  found 
it  in  considerable  numbers  among  the  fallen  needles  and  other  debris 
at  the  edge  of  a  pine  grove  in  Wychwood  Park.  Miss  Ford  has  speci- 
mens from  Mimico,  September  9th  (1  specimen  from  dry,  stony  hill- 
side); East  Toronto,  September  30th  (5  adults  and  3 '  young  from 
beneath  stones)  and  Rosedale,  October  5th,  (7  specimens  from  a  wood- 
ed ravine. 

Two  specimens  were  also  taken  on  the  Giant's  Tomb  Island, 
July  20th. 

49a.  Cochlicopa  lubrica  var.  morseana  Doberty.  De  Grassi 
Point,  August  19th,  a  single  example  from  the  hardwood.  Another 
was  taken  by  Miss  Ford  at  Toronto  ("old  Belt  Line  Cut,"  under  damp 
log,  June  21st). 

Valloniidae. 

50.  Vallonia  pulchella  (Muller).  Abundant  at  Toronto,  April- 
November,  occurring  under  stones,  boards,  etc.  in  more  or  less  open 
places.  In  early  November  I  found  a  considerable  number  crowded 
together  under  a  chunk  of  wood  which  was  half  buried  in  the  sand 
near  the  edge  of  the  Don  River.  It  is  one  of  the  few  species  which 
continues  to  thrive  under  url^an  conditions. 

It  was  also  common  at  De  Grassi  Point,  in  more  or  less  grassy 
places,  occurring  plentifully  throughout  the  summer. 

51.  Vallonia  costata  (Muller).  Lam'bton  (West  Toronto),  un- 
der dry  log,  September  4th,  2  specimens  (Miss  Ford) ;  Rosedale,  under 
dry  log  in  ravine,  October  5th,  1  specimen  (Miss  Ford). 

AURICULIDAE. 

52.  Carychium  exiguum  (Say).  Numerous  dead  specimens  of 
this  minute  form  were  found  in  November  in  the  drift  along  the  Don 
River,  Toronto.  Living  specimens  were  also  found  in  wet  depressions 
in  a  hardwood  forest  near  St.  William's,  September  3rd  A  few 
occurred  at  De  Grassi  Point,  associated  with  the  next  species. 


1917]  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  45 

53.  Carychium  exile  var.  canadense  Clapp.  This  little  mollusk 
is  extremely  common  at  De  Grassi  Point,  April-September,  in  wet 
places  in  the  woods.  It  was  first  found  in  the  moss  of  the  tamarack 
swamp,  but  is  much  more  easily  collected  from  the  under  sides  of 
leaves  in  damp  depressions  in  deciduous  woods.  Dead  shells  were 
found  with  those  of  C.  exiguum  at  Toronto  in  November. 


PELORIA  FLOWERS  ON  IYYYVORT  OR 
IVY-LEAVED  TOADFLAX. 

[Linaria  Cymbalaria  (L)  Mill.] 


This  Toadflax  is  a  trailing  plant,  native  to  Southern  Europe, 
where  it  is  said  to  be  used  as  a  salad.  I  have  found  it  wild,  as  a 
colonist,  in  England,  growing  on  such  ruins  as  St.  Mary's  Abbey, 
Yorkshire,  and  the  Roman  camp  at  Lanchester,  County  Durham:  it 
is,  however,  rare.  The  flowers  are  somewhat  small,  streaked  with  lilac 
and  yellow,  and  of  a  personate  or  'snap-dragon'  form,  but  in  a  fine 
clump  growing  in  my  window  box,  in  the  beginning  of  March,  I 
noticed  a  flower  which  was  regular,  with  5  spurs,  5  corolla  lobes,  and 
5  stamens.  This  is  the  peloria  form  of  flower,  which  has  sometimes 
been  found  on  Linaria  vulgaris,  but  lias  not,  as  far  as  I  am  aware, 
been  recorded  for  this  species.  The  French  proverb  says,  'The  English 
are  troubled  with  afterthought'  and  doubtless  it  would  have  been 
better  if,  instead  of  dissecting  it,  I  had  tried  to  secure  the  seed,  to 
attempt  the  propagation  of  this  abnormal  form.  Another  Linaria 
(L.  Dalmatica)  which  I  have  grown  here,  exhibits  the  peloria  form  at 
the  summit  of  each  flower  spike. 

Blythe  Hurst,  Charlottetown,  P.E.I. 


DISAPPEARANCE  OF  THE  BLUE  GRAY  GNAT-CATCHER. 


To  the  bird  student  who.  is  continuously  resident  in  one  place 
comes  the  opportunity  of  noting  the  comparative  abundance  of  a  species 
in  different  years  and  to  him  falls  the  problem  of  the  reasons  for 
variation  in  numbers,  which  is  usually  baffling. 

Around  London,  Ont,  we  have  been  interested  in  watching  the 
increase  of  the  grasshopper  sparrow,  cardinal,  short-billed  marsh  wren, 


46  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [June- July 

the  latter  perhaps  the  most  erratic  of  all  birds,  and  for  the  last  two 
years  we  have  been  amazed  and  puzzled  by  the  dwindling  of  the  blue 
gray  gnat-catcher.  I  have  seen  it  so  common  in  this  district  that  I  was 
able  to  find  on  one  morning  three  nests  in  a  single  wood.  Last  year  my 
impression  is  that  the  combined  efforts  of  our  Club  resulted  in  the 
report  of  one  bird  and  this  year  not  a  single  one  has  been  noted.  Thes*1 
birds  usually  nest  in  half  open  woods  of  oak,  cherry,  elm,  etc.,  and  we 
have  usually  found  in  the  same  woods  the  cerulean  warbler  and  often 
the  goldenwing  but  while  the  numbers  of  the  two  last  mentioned  have 
not  fallen  away  seriously,  the  blue  gray  has  vanished  as  far  as  our 
district  is  concerned. 

It  is  a  well  known  fact  that  practically  all  of  the  annual  increases 
of  each  species  dies  within  a  year  but  when  the  blue  bird  was  almost 
exterminated  in  the  winter  of  1895  it  proved  to  be  possible  for  that 
species  to  hold  a  considerable  portion  of  the  annual  gain  of  numbers  so 
that  in  a  few  years  it  nearly  reached  the  former  standard  of  abundance 
and  it  is  to  be  hoped  that  there  are  enough  gnat-catchers  left  in  Ontario 
to  spread  gradually  over  their  former  habitat. 

W.  E.  Saunders,  London,  Ont. 


THE  ROUGH-WINGED  SWALLOW  NEAR  OTTAWA. 


On  June  28th,'  two  tunnels  used  by  Rough-winged  Swallows  as 
nesting  sites  were  observed  about  one-half  a  mile  apart  in  the  sandy 
bank  of  the  Rideau  River  above  Hog's  Back  Lock.  They  were  larger 
in  diameter  than  those  excavated  by  Bank  Swallows,  being  about  the 
same  size  as  Kingfisher  tunnels. 

One  of  them,  situated  about  two  feet  from  the  top  of  a  thirty  foot 
bank,  was  found  to  run  in  three  feet  and  end  in  a  chamber  approxi- 
mately eight  inches  in  diameter.  The  nest,  which  contained  six  young, 
was  made  entirely  of  a  liberal  amount  of  dry  grass.  Instead  of  being 
symmetrically  placed  at  the  end  of  the  tunnel,  the  nesting  chamber  was, 
without  apparent  reason,  wholly  on  one  side. 

The  Rough- winged  Swallow  has  uniformly  colored  throat  and 
breast  while  the  Bank  Swallow,  which  it  resembles  in  appearance  and 
habits,  has  white  underparts  with  a  brownish  band  across  the  breast. 
The  flight  of  the  Rough-wing  is  slower  and  less  irregular  than  that  of 
the  Bank  Swallow. 

The  Rough-winged  Swallow  should  be  watched  for,  as  it  has 
seldom  been  observed  in  eastern  Canada. 

Clyde  L.  Patch,  Ottawa. 


1917]  The  Ottaava  Naturalist.  47 

NOTES. 

The  daily  papers  reported  that  Vilhjalmur  Stefansson,  the  Arctic 
explorer,  was  wintering  with  the  gasolene  schooner  Polar  Bear  at  Prince 
of  Wales  Strait,  according  to  news  brought  by  a  Northwest  Police 
expedition  from  Fort  McPherson.  Stefansson,  who  passed  last  sum- 
mer exploring  the  new  land  discovered  north  of  Prince  Patrick  Island, 
was  hopeful  that  the  ice  would  break  up  early  the  past  spring  and 
permit  him  to  make  the  northeast  passage  and  to  sail  up  the  St. 
Lawrence  River  to  Montreal. 


Eight  new  club  members  were  secured  in  one  of  the  Government 
buildings  at  Ottawa  in  two  hours  by  a  self-appointed  committee  of 
two  of  our  members.  Persons  were  found  to  be  anxious  to  be  elected 
to  membership.  Make  up  a  list  of  your  friends  or  take  an  attendance 
list  of  the  employees  in  a  department,  ask  each  one  if  they  wish  to 
become  a  member,  and  send  the  names  and  addresses  of  those  who  do 
to  the  Secretary. 


A  number  of  rats  which  were  stunted  for  various  periods  of  time 
at  the  Connecticut  Agricultural  Exp.  Station  and  Sheffield  Scientific 
School,  New  Haven,  Conn.,  showed  that  this  retardation  of  growth 
tended  to  prolong  their  life  beyond  the  average  span;  that  is,  physio- 
logically age  is  not  a  function  of  time  alone  but  also  of  growth.  A  rat 
three  years  old  may  be  regarded  as  corresponding  to  a  man  ninety  years 
old/.  Although  none  of  the  stunted  rats  began  breeding  until  they  had 
reached  an  age  when  normal  rats  are  commonly  believed  to  be  ap- 
proaching the  menopause,  they  produced  from  three  to  six  litters  of 
young  and  successfully  reared  all  but  a  few  of  them.  Their  voung 
were  apparently  as  vigorous  as  those  born  of  younger  mothers.  Hence 
the  menopause  has  been  postponed  long  beyond  the  age  at  which  it 
usually  appears.  In  view  of  this,  and  the  added  fact  that  less  than 
one-third  of  the  stock  rats  reached  an  age  of  more  than  two  years, 
whereas  all  of  these  stunted  females  lived  longer,  it  appears  as  if  the 
preliminary  stunting  period  lengthened  the  total  span  of  their  life. 


A  third  relief  expedition  will  be  sent  to  the  Arctic  this  summer  by 
the  American  Museum  of  Natural  History  to  bring  home  the  members 
of  the  Crocker  Land  expedition,  which  went  north  in  1913.  The 
second  relief  ship,  the  Danmark,  was  reported  in  Melville  Bay,  150 


48  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [June- July 

miles  southeast  of  Cape  York,  on  August  20,  1916.  She  probably 
reached  North  Star  Bay  at  least  and  probably  ha£  the  explorers  on 
board.  The  third  vessel  will  be  sent  to  Etah,  leaving  St.  John's  early 
in  July.  The  committee  hopes  to  obtain  a  Newfoundland  sealer  for 
this  purpose  and  to  bring  the  Crocker  Land  expedition  back  to  New- 
foundland late  in  August. 


For  the  third  consecutive  year  a  collector  of  plants  has  been  put 
into  certain  of  the  northern  counties  of  the  State  of  Wisconsin  by  the 
Public  Museum  of  the  City  of  Milwaukee,  devoting  all  of  the  season 
to  the  collection  of  plants  of  the  regions.  This  work  is  toward  a  plant 
census  of  the  State,  on  which  the  Museum  has  been  working  for  several 
vears. 


According  to  the  "Museums  Journal,"  sanction  has  been  given  by 
the  War  Cabinet  of  Great  Britain  to  establish  a  National  War  Museum 
and  "a  committee  has  been  formed  to  carry  it  into  effect."  "The  object 
is  to  collect  and  preserve  for  public  inspection  objects  illustrating  the 
British  share  in  the  war."  The  Tower  of  London  has  been  suggested 
as  an  ideal  place  for  such  a  "national  storehouse  of  British  Military 
History." 


The  Fisheries  Branch  of  the  Department  of  Naval  Service,  has 
recently  published  a  supplement  to  the  Sixth  Annual  Report, containing 
the  following  contributions  to  Canadian  Biology:  "The  Winter  Plank- 
ton in  the  neighborhood  of  St.  Andrews,  1914-15,"  by  Prof.  J.  Playfair; 
"Diatoms  and  Lobster  Rearing,"  by  Prof.  W.  T.  MacClement;  "On 
the  Scales  of  the  Spring  Salmon,"  by  Dr.  C.  McLean  Fraser;  "On  the 
Life-history  of  the  Coho,"  by  Dr.  C.  McL.  Fraser;  "An  Investigation 
of  Oyster  Propagation  in  Richmond  Bay,  P.E.I.,  during  1915,"  by 
Dr.  J.  Nelson;  "The  Marine  Algae  of  the  Passamaquoddy  Region, 
N.B.",  by  Prof.  A.  B.  Klugh;  "On  Serially  Stripe'd  Haddock  in  New 
Brunswick,"  by  Prof.  E.  E.  Prince;  "Notes  on  the  Phyto-Plankton  of 
the  Bay  of  Fundy  and  Passamaquoddy  Bay,"  by  Prof.  L.  W.  Bailey; 
and  "The  Geological  Features  of  the  St.  Croix  River  and  Passama- 
quoddy Bay,"  by  Prof.  L.  W.  Bailey. 


THE  OTTAWA  NATURALIST 


Vol.  XXXI.  AUG.-SEPT.,  1917.  Nos.  5  and  6. 


THEPPRPLK  MARTIN. 


H\   (      •;  i  i:s  M  .i  >;\mara,  Arnprior,  Ontario. 


None  of  the  higher  forms  of  our  wild  life  have  adapted  themselves 
so  readily  to  the  changed  conditions  brought  about  by  the  advent  of 
the  white  man  to  America  as  some  of  the  bird-.  In  general,  the  culture 
our  ancestors  brought  from  Europe  has  been  destructive  of  almost  all 
the  indigenous  animals;  most  of  the  mammals  are  approaching  ex- 
tinction, while  of  the  birds,  two  or  three  species  are  already  extermin- 
ated, and  a  numb  others  are  fast  disappearing.  But  in  marked 
contrast  to  these,  a  few  species  of  our  avian  fauna  ha\e  known  not  oni> 
how  to  resist  our  deadly  encroachments,  but  appear  in  some  ways  to 
have  actually  benefited  by  the  new  conditions.  One  curious  illusl 
tion  of  tlu's  is  a  horded  by  the  nest  of- the  chipping  sparrow,  which 
nowadays  is  invariably  lined  with  horsehair.  No  doubt  the  bird 
originally  used  some  vegetable  fibre  for  the  purpose^  but  when  horse- 
hair became  available  it  took  exclusively  to  that  superior  building 
material. 

It  is,  though,  in  the  choice  of  a  nesting  site  that  the  adaptiveness 
of  certain  bird-  is  best  seen.  Besides  the  several  species,  such  as  the 
robin,  the  phoebe  and  the  wren,  which,  while  still  nesting  freely  as  of 
old  in  the  and  woods,  often  delight  us  by  the  confidence  with 

which  they  build  around  our  houses,  there  arc  others  that  have  become 
almost  wholly  dependent  on  man  for  their  domicile.  One  of  these 
is  the  chimney  swift.  In  these  latter  days  the  swift  nearly  always  </lues 
its  curious  bracket  of  dry  twigs  inside  a  disused  chimney.  Very 
seldom  is  the  bird  seen  at  any  distance  from  a  house,  and  when  it  is 
found  ranging  over  the  forest,  its  nest  is  almost  certain  to  be  dis<  overed 
on  the  inner  wall  of  a  deserted  shanty  or  shed. 

Even  more  dependent  on  man  is  the  purple  martin.  Its  original 
practice  is  disclosed  by  the  fact  that,  in  the  western  part  of  its  range, 
where  human  habitations  are  rare,  it  still  sometimes  nests  in  cavities 
in  trees.  But  in  the  east  it  looks  exclusively  to  man  for  accommoda- 
tion.    I  have  seen  it  occasionally  rearing  its  brood  on  some  shelf-like 


50  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [Aug. -Sept. 

gave  or  house  cornice,  but  for  the  most  part  it  relies  for  its  nesting 
places  on  man's  direct  bounty  in  the  shape  of  boxes  or  houses  specially 
provided  for  it,  and  it  has,  throughout  the  eastern  United  Stair--  and 
Canada,  practically  forsaken  its  primitive  nesting  habit. 

For  a  good  many  years,  I  have  had  a  martin  house  on  the  gable 
end  of  an  outbuilding  overlooking  the  square  grassy  yard  at  the  back 
of  our  house.  It  has  accommodation  for  eleven  families,  and  is  usually 
all  taken  up  every  summer.  Sometimes  in  the  early  spring,  before  the 
martins  have  come,  a  pair  of  English  sparrows  decide  that  this  is  just  " 
the  home  they  have  been  looking  for,  and  begin  to  carry  in  great 
quantities  of  straws,  sticks  and  feathers.  Then  when  the  rightful 
occupants  of  the  house  arrive,  a  fierce  battle  breaks  out  and  rages  for 
several  days,  but  always  ends  by  the  sparrows  being  evicted,  and  their 
nesting  material  contemptuously  cast  forth.  One  year,  however,  the 
pertinacity  of  a  particularly  obstinate  pair  of  sparrows  finally  wore 
out  the  martins,  and  the  interlopers  were  permitted  to  occupy  one  of 
the  lowest  corner  apartments.  Considering  that  the  whole  vast  country- 
side was  open  to  them,  the  site  seemed  to  be  a  poor  choice  for  the 
sparrows,  for  their  sufferance  in  the  house  was  of  the  most  intolerant 
description.  They  were  continually  harassed  by  the  martins  as  they 
passed  in  and  out  of  their  nest,  and  were  never  permitted  on  any 
account  to  rest  for  a  single  second  on  the  gallery  in  front  of  their  door. 
It  was  comical  to  see  how  cautiously  they  had  to  approach  the  house, 
hopping  with  great  circumspection  from  roof  to  roof  of  the  adjoining 
buildings,  and  then  while  still  some  distance  away,  dashing  straight 
into  their  compartment,  too  quickly  for  the  martins  to  get  a  peck  ai 
them.  But  in  spite  of  all  their  hardships,  they  managed  to  rear 'their 
young. 

It  ma}'  be  worth  while  here  to  remark  that  while  the  pugnacious 
English  sparrow  is  often  and  justly  blamed  for  driving  away  many  of 
our  smaller  native  birds,  it  dees  not  always  succeecr  in  its  nefarious 
projects  in  this  respect.  A  friend  tells  me  that  a  pair  of  sparrows 
built  this  spring  in  a  box  in  his  garden  usually  occupied  by  a*  family 
of  house  wrens,  and  the  young  sparrows  were  hatched  shortly  before 
the  wrens  returned  from  the  south.  But  the  wrens  were  not  to  be  dis- 
possessed so  easily.  Immediately  on  their  arrival,  they  opened  an 
attack  of  such  sustained  ferocity,  that  the  sparrows  were  driven  off, 
their  nest  broken  up,  and  their  naked  young  ruthlessly  tumbled  out 
onto  the  ground. 

The  purple  martins  reach  Arnprior  on  their'  spring  migration 
about  the  middle  of  April.  The  average  date  for  the  last  six  years,  as 
given  me  by  Mr.  Ligouri  Gormley.  is  the  14th.  But  while  they  may 
5een  around  the  town  as  early  as  the  9th  or  10th,  it  is  a  remarkable 
fact  that  for  five  years  past,  during  which  I  have  kept  a  record,  the 
first    of    them    have — with    one    exception — always    taken    up    their 


1('17]  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  51 

quarters  in  my  bird  house  on  the  morning  of  the  19th  of  April.  The 
ex<  eption  was  in  1916,  when  they  came  on  the  18th  April.  But  1916 
was  a  leap  year,  and  it  would  seem  that  the  martins*  calendar  ignores 
the  intercalary  day  of  the  29th  February — you  can  scarcely  expect 
birds  to  go  into  such  refinements  in  the  computation  of  time,  and  the 
day  we  humans  counted  in  1916  as  the  18th  April  was  really  the  19th 
for  them!  I  feared  that  this  lost  day  might  destroy  their  subsequent 
>rd  for  punctuality,  and  I  anxiously  awaited  their  arrivel  in  1917. 
They  had  not  put  in  their  appearance  by  the  18th,  and  as  soon  as  I 
awoke  on  the  morning  of  the  19th  I  hurried  to  get  a  view  of  the  bird- 
house.  There  to  my  delight  were  three  tired-looking  martins — two 
glossy  blue  male-  and  a  gray-breasted  female, — resting  silently  on 
galleries  of  the  house. 

But  while  the  first-comers  arrive  so  punctually,  it  is  usually  a 
k  or  ten  days  later  before  the  house  receives  its  full  complement  of 
tenants.  The  upper  compartments  are  the  preferred  ones,  and  are 
invariably  taken  up  first.  When  any  are  left  unoccupied,  it  is  always 
i  the  lower  floors.  Nesting  thus  in  colonies  is  not  really  natural 
to  the  martins.  While  the}-  have  been  quick  to  adapt  the  gregarious 
habit,  the}-  a.re  as  yet  anything  hut  social  tie,  and  are  continually 
squabbling.  A  great  deal  of  their  lovely  liquid  warbling  that  charms 
us  so  much  is  really  abuse  of  the  neighbors.  Each  household  is 
exceedingly  jealous  of  its  territorial  lights,  and  instantly  resents  any 
encroachment  on  its  part  of  the  verandah,  fiercely  threatening  the 
trespasser  with  open  bill.  Assault  soon  culminates  in  battery  and  the 
ibatants  tumble  off  the  gallery,  and  tight  it  out  in  the  air.  They 
are  decidedly  noisy  birds,  and  1  ran  easily  understand  how  annoying  a 
iony  of  them  mighl  be  to  anyone  who  is*  not  fond  of  birds.  I  re- 
member a  visitor  who  had  occupied  the  "-[tare  room,"  which  looks 
toward  my  martin  house,  asking  rather  querulously  at  breakfast, 
"what  are  those  black  hirds  at  the  back  of  die  house?"  I  fear  they 
had  kept  him  awake  from  some  unconscionable  hour  of  the  morning. 
But  ju.-i  as  the  honest  bark  of  vour  dog  cannot  possibly  annoy  any- 
one, and  it  must  be  the  howling  of  the  miserable  cur  next  door  that 
keeps  the  neighbourhood  awake:  so  to  the  true  bird-lover,  the  piercing 
trills  and  loud  warblings  of  the  purple  martin  are  delightful  sounds, 
even  at  four  o'clock  in  the  morning. 

The  nest  consist-  of  a  few  perfunctory  straws,  and  usually  four 
eggs  are  laid,  the  time  of  incubation  being  from  twelve  to  fifteen  days. 
One  year  the  female  of  the  pair  occupying  apartment  No.  6  of  my 
hou>e  was  accidentally  killed  not  long  after  the  breeding  season  had 
begun.  I  felt  sorry  for  the  poor  widower,  and  wondered  what  would 
become  of  him.  To  my  surprise,  in  a  few  days  he  had  another  mate. 
Whether  he  had  picked  up  an  unattached  female  somewhere,  or  had 
eloped  with  some  one  else's  wife,  1  had,  of  course,  no  means  of  know- 


52  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  (Aug. -Sept. 

ing;  but  probably  there  is  always  an  occasional  spinster  or  bachelor 
bird  fated  to  spend  the  summer  alone  unless  some  such  accident  as 
this  provides  a  mate. 

Some  of  the  birds  meet  their  affinities  much  sooner  than  others, 
for  the  first  young  of  the  colony  are  out  two  weeks  before  the  last 
broods  are  hatched.  By  the  first  of  July  most  of  the  doors  are  crowded 
with  little  heads,  and  the  whole  front  of  the  house  blossoms  suddenly 
with  enormous  yellow  mouths  whenever  an  old  bird  sweeps  in  with 
its  beak  full  of  insects.  Numerous  counts  made  at  different  times  of 
the  day  during  the  first  two  weeks  of  July,  1917,  showed  that,  with 
remarkable  regularity,  a  parent  arrived  with  food  every  thirty  seconds. 
This  year  nine  pairs  occupied  the  house,  and  assuming  that  each  pair 
had  four  young,  and  that  they  were  fed  in  turn,  then  each  nestling  was 
fed  ever}-  eighteen  minutes.  A  similar  count  for  a  whole  day,  from 
4  a.m.  to  8  p.m.,  cited  in  Chapman's  Handbook  of  Birds  of  Eastern 
North  America,  when  reduced  to  the  same  basis  as  my  results,  gives  a 
feeding  every  twenty  minutes.  This  is  the  colony's  busiest  time,  and 
the  strain  begins  to  tell  on  the  old  birds,  their  glossy  plumage  becoming 
dishevelled  and  soiled.  As  the  young  grow  up,  however,  they  are  not 
fed  so  often.  After  the  middle  of  Jul}'  the  pace  slackens  considerably, 
and  the  old  birds  have  more  time  to  sit  around  on  the  verandahs  and 
nearl)_\r  trees,  and  gossip  and  scold. 

The  martins  usually  fly  high  but  they  do  not  hunt  far  afield,  and 
my  colony  can  generally  be  seen  hawking  within  a  radius  of  a  quarter 
of  a  mile  from  their  home.  They  appear  to  find  ample  food  in  this 
comparatively  small  area, — an  indication  of  the  large  number  of 
insects  that  must  frequent  the  upper  air.  A  considerable  proportion  of 
their  prey  seems  to  consist  of  dragon  flies.  Now  the  purple  martin 
stands  very  high  in  the  list  of  birds  useful  to  mankind,  but  in  destroy- 
ing the  rapacious  and  carnivorous  dragon  fly,  it  cannot  be  said  to  be 
conferring  any  favor  on  us.  The  truth  is,  in  order  to  determine  the 
value  of  an)  species  of  bird  to  man,  it  is  necessary  to  open  an  account 
with  it,  debiting  it  on  the  one  side  with  the  beneficial  insects  it  con- 
sumes, or  the  toll  it  levies  on  our  vegetables  or  cultivated  fruits,  and 
crediting  it  on  the  other  side  with  the  noxious  insects  or  weed  seeds  it 
destroys  When  this  is  done,  very  few  birds  will  be  found  without  a 
large  balance  to  the  good;  and  I  doubt  if  we  should  be  able  to  refuse 
even  the  cheque  of  the  English  sparrow  with  the  excuse  of  "no  funds." 

besides  the  supply  of  food  to  the  young,  a  very  important  duty  of 
the  parents  is  the  removal  of  excremental  matter  from  the  nest.  As 
they  leave  after  feeding  their  brood,  they  almost  always  carry  away  a 
dropping  enclosed  in  its  gelatinous  sac,  generally  conveying  it  some 
distance  from  the  nest,  but  sometimes  letting  it  fall  alarmingly  close  to 
the  inoffensive  observer.     Once  or  twice  a  mother  was  seen  to  dispose 


1917)  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  53 

of  the  morsel  by  swallowing  it;  a  higher  example  of  maternal  devotion 
would  be  hard  to  find. 

One  purple  martin  looks  very  much  like  another,  and  it  is,  of 
course,  on  their  essential  resemblances  that  the  species  is  founded. 
Rut  the  close  study  of  any  species  of  animal  always  discloses  more  or 
less  marked  differences  between  individuals,  not  only  in  structure 
and  appearance,  but  in  temperament  also.  It  is  said  that  individuality 
can  be  noticed  in  creature-  as  low  in  the  scale  of  life  as  the  annelids, 
and  that  earthworms  display  marked  idiosyncrasies  of  conduct.  If 
this  be  true,  we  may  confidently  look  for  decided  variations  in  the 
mental  traits  of  purple  martins,  and  an  incident  I  observed  this  year 
seems  to  confirm  the  expectation. 

The  guiding  principle  of  the  purple  martin  ethic  is  a  virulent 
family  egoism.  Charity  both  begins  and  ends  at  home,  and  all  there 
ever  is  to  spare  for  a  neighbour  is  a  peck  or  a  curse.  Rut  while 
watching  the  young  birds  being  fed,  I  remarked  an  astonishing  ex- 
ception to  this  rule.  <  >n  three  different  occasions,  the  father  of  apart- 
ment Xo.  5  was  seen,  after  he  had  rammed  a  few  insects  into  the 
gaping  mouths  of  his  own  offspring,  to  bestow  the  rest  of  his  beakful 
on  the  young  of  apartment  No.  4  next  door,  who,  in  tiie  general  habil 
of  all  young  martins,  always  reached  out  long  eager  necks  and 
clamored  for  food  when  they  saw  their  youthful  neighbours  being  fed. 
This  behaviour  of  father  No.  5  was  unique.  Nol  the  smallest  spark 
of  generosity  was  ever  seen  to  warm  the  frigid  selfishness  of  any  of  the 
others;  and  the  question  is:  did  this  action  presage  the  dawn  of  a 
martin  altruism,  or  was  father  Xo.  5  merely  too  stupid  to  distinguish' 
his  neighbour's  young  from  his  own?  Optimists  will  adopt  ;; 
alternative,  pessimists  the  last. 

Shortly  after  the  middle  of  Jul\',  some  of  the  young  begin  to  creep 
out  onto  the  verandah;  and  now  it  becomes  plain  that  my  bird-house, 
although  built  on  an  approved  plan,  does  not  sufficiently  imitate  the 
deep  cavities  in  trees  that  are  the  birds'  natural  habitations.  For  the 
adventurous  nestlings,  crawling  out  too  soon  from  the  shallow  cabins 
of  the  house, accidentally  tumble  off  the  verandahs, or  launch  out  before 
they  can  fly  properly  and  come  piteously  to  the  ground,  where  they  fall 
an  easy  prey  to  prowling  cats.  We  always  keep  a  lookout  for  these 
rash  youngsters,  and  either  put  them  back  into  their  nest,  or  if  they 
are  nearly  fledged,  place  them  on  the  branch  of  a  tree,  where  the  old 
birds  feed  them  for  a  day  or  two  until  they  can  fly.  Rut  in  spite  of  all 
our  care,  the  cats  get  four  or  five  of  them  ever}-  year. 

As  soon  as  the  fledglings  can  take  the  wing,  the  whole  family 
leaves  the  house  for  good,  and  during  the  rest  of  the  season  spends  the 
nights  in  the  tree  tops.  Ry  the  first  of  August  all  are  flown,  and  the 
house  is  empty.  For  about  three  weeks  after  this  they  ma}-  still  be 
seen  hawking  in  flocks  of  four  or  five — probably  family  groups — and 


54  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [Aug.-Sept. 

r  • 

continually  calling  to  one  another  with  plaintive  notes.  Rarely  a  pair 
may  pay  a  flying  visit  to  the  house,  and  sit  and  warble  a  minute  on  the 
galleries  as  of  old.  But  towards  the  end  of  August  the  whole  tribe 
haves  for  the  palms  and  temples  of  Central  America,  and  my  martin 
house  is  silent  and  deserted  for  another  vear. 


ALBERNI  NOTES  (BOTANY). 


By  J.  K.  Henry,  Vancouver,  B.C. 


The  purpose  of  this  paper  is  to  indicate,  rather  than  to  discuss  in 
any  fullness,  the  floral  riches  of  the  very  interesting  district  between 
Cameron  Lake  and  Anderson  Lake,  Vancouver  Is. ;  to  make  a  small 
contribution  to  Mr.  J.  M.  Macoun's  "Addition  to  the  Flora  of  Van- 
couver Island";  and  to  describe  a  few  new  forms.  It  is  not  supposed 
that  all  the  plants  in  the  brief  lists  are  now  collected  for  the  first  time, 
though  with  the  exception  of  those  in  the  first  two  lists,  the}'  have 
either  not  been  definitely  listed,  or  have  been  referred  to  other  species. 
The  grasses  were  determined  for  me  by  Prof.  A.  S.  Hitchcock  and  the 
sedges  by  Mr.  K  K.  MacKenzie. 

Alberni,  (Lat.  49°  15'  N.). which  lies  in  the  centre  of  the  district, 
unites  ?iorth  and  south  alpine  and  maritime,  in  it^  flora.  Here,  as 
Prof.  John  Macoun  discovered  years  ago,  is  the  northernmost  station  of 
Lilaea  subulata  H.B.K.  and  J  uncus  supiniformis  Engelm.,  both  of 
which  occur  in  California  but  not  in  Washington.  Not  very  distant, 
at  Ucluelet,  is  the  southernmost  station  of  Vaccinium  Vitis-Idaea  L., 
a  distinctively  northern  plant. 

The  following  alpine  or  sub-alpine  plants  occur  practically  at 
sea-level  (below  an  altitude  of  200  ft.) : — 

Lister  a  caurina  Piper,  Alberni,  (W.  R.  Carter  and  J.  K.  Henry). 

Tiareila  laciniata  Hook.    Alberni,  (W.  R.  Carter). 

Epilobium  lactiflorum   Reich.     Anderson  Lake,    (W.   A.   New- 
combe). 

Pedicularis  racemosa  Dougl.    Hidden  Lake,  (W.  R.  Carter). 

Phlox  diffusa  Hook.    Anderson  Lake,  (W.  A.  Newcombe). 

Arnica  latifolia  Bong.    Anderson  Lake. 

Erigeron  salsuginosus  Gray.    Anderson  Lake. 

The  following  plants,  (the  list  is  merely  suggestive)  mostly  rare 
or  not  often  seen  in  southern  British  Columbia,  occur  at  Alberni  or  in 
its  neighborhood: — 

Isoetes  Nuttallii  A.  Br.  (Cat.  Can.  PI.) 

/.  maritima  Underw.     (Cat.  Can.  PI.) 

Limosella  tenuifolia  Wolf 


1917]  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  55 

Montia  Chamissoi  (Ledeb.)     D.  &  J. 
Pleuricospora  fimbriolata  Gray,  (W.  R.  Carter). 
Newberrya  congest  a,  Mt.  Arrowsmith,  (W.  R.  Carter). 
Subularia  aquatica  L.     (Cat.  Can.  PI.) 
Erytkronium  Smithii  Hook. 
Verbena  hastata  L.  (W.  R.  Carter). 

Elatine  americana  (Pursh)  Arn.  (Dr.  C.  F.  Newcombe). 
The    following    plants    not    hitherto    reported    from    Vancouver 
Island  have  been  recently  collected  by  Mr.  W.  R.  Carter: — 

*Corydalis  Scouleri  Hook.     Nitinat,  Ap.  28,  1915.     Det.  by  Dr. 

C.  F.  Newcombe.     New  to  Canada. 
*Pedicularis  ornithorhyncha  Benth.     Mt.  Arrowsmitb,  July  24. 

1915.    Det.  by  Dr.  C.  F.  Newcombe.    New  to  Canada. 
Apocynum  cannabinum,   (The  form  sometimes  distinguished  as 

J.  Suksdorfii)  Cameron  Lake. 
Potentilla  dissecta  Pursh.  var.  glaucophylla  S.  Wats.  Mt    Arrow- 
smith. 
Antennaria  parvifolia  Nutt.   (?)Mf.  Arrowsmith.     Differs  from 

the  common  B.  C.  form  in  its  yellowish,  but  acute,  tegules. 
Erigeron    salsuginosus    Gray,     var.    angustif  alius    Gray.      Mt. 

Arrowsmith  (?) 
Mitella  caulescens  Nutt.  Alberni. 
Prunella  vulgaris  L.  var.  lanceolata  forma  Candida  Fernald     Tort 

Alberni.    Not  rare. 
Euphorbia  hirsuta  (Torr.)  Wiegand.    SproatLake;  introduced. 
Lythrum  Salicaria  L.  var.  tomentosum  (Mill)  DC.  Salt  marsh, 

Alberni;  introduced. 
TrtfoUum  arvense'L.    Englishman's  River;  introduced. 
Hypopitys  brevis  Small.   Beaufort  Range.   Distinguished  from  H. 

Hypopitys  L.   by  the  strongly  funnel-form  stigmas   which 

seem  to  characterize  all  our  western  species. 
The  following  plants  were  collected  by  the  writer  near  Alberni 
in  June,  1916. — 

MeUca  Smithii  (Porter)  Vasey.    Alberni. 

MeUca  Geyeri  Munro.     Alberni.     The  range  of  this  grass  is  said 

to  be  California  to  Oregon.     If  it  occurs  in  "Washington,  it 

has  not  vet  found  its  way  into  the  rlora>. 
Glyceria  lepiostachya  Buckl.  Alberni. 
Carex  obnupta  Bailey.     A  little-known  plant  in  southern  B.C.; 

differing    from    C.     magnifica    Dewey     (C.    sitchensis    of 

authors)    in   its   more   slender   spikes.      Low   ground.    Port 

Alberni,  apparently  rare. 
Carex  praticola  Rydb.  Drv  woods,  Alberni. 

*Dr.  C.  F.  Newcombe  informfTTnerfhat  both  of  these  plants  were  coTlecTecl 
by  Mr.  J.  M.  Macoun  during  the  season  of  1915  at  possibly  earlier  dates.  The 
Pedicularis  was  also  collected  in  1915  on  the  mountains  near  Squamish. 


56  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [Aug. -Sept. 

(  'arex  feta  Bailey.  Plentiful  on  the  cleared  townsite,  Port  Alberni. 
Montia  diffusa  (Nutt.)  Wolf.     A  few  plants  only,  to  which  my 
attention  was  directed  by  Miss  M.  E.  St.  G.  Mahaffy,  M.A., 
perhaps  introduced. 
Viola  pollens  (Banks)  Brainerd.     Hidden  Lake;  fruiting  plants 
only,    but    matching    specimens    from    Vancouver    city    so 
det.  by  Prof.  Brainerd.     Our  western  plant  differs  from  the 
eastern  in  its  smaller  size  and  brown  seeds. 
Limosella  tenuifoUa  Wolf.    With  Lilaea  subulata  near  the  mouth 
of  the  Somas  River;  best  distinguished  from  /-..  dquatica  by 
its  much  stouter  petioles  and  slightly  fleshy  blades. 
Veronica  scutellata  L.  var.  villosa  Schum.     Stems  densely  soft- 
pubescent  (not  pilose).     This  var.,  according  to  Gray's  New 
Manual,  is  introd.  in  Eastern  America.     It  is  undoubtedly 
native  at  Alberni  and  probably  so  at  New  Westminster.   Det. 
by  Prof.  Macbride  of  the  Gray  Herbarium. 
Sisyrinchium  segetum  Bicknell.     Somas  River  above  the  falls; 

Cameron  Lake.    (W.  R.  Carter). 
Castilleja  Dixonii  Fernald.     Salt  marshes,  Prince  Rupert  to  Wn. 
Merely  a  thick— leaved  halophytic  form  of  C.  miniata  Dougl. 
GrindeUa  oregana  Gray  and  the  var.   Wilkesiana   Piper.      Salt 

marshes,  Alberni  Canal. 
Variation  is  very  marked  m  the  plants  of  the  West  Coast.     Mr. 
Carter  showed  me  the  following  albinos. — 
Allium  cemuum  Roth; 
Camassia  quamash  Greene; 
Calypso  bidbosa  (L.)  Oakes; 
Rubus  spectabilis  Pursh ; 
Ribcs  Lobbii  Gray; 
Gentiana  sceplrum  Gri>J> 
And  the  following  with  double  flowers. — 
Rubus  spcciabilis  Pursh; 
Rubus  macropetalus  Dough; 
Trillium  ovatum  Tursh ; 
Claytonia  lanceolata  Pursh. 

Most  of  these  variations  are  rare  and  only  call  for  passing  notice. 
Color  variations  are,  however,  as  Prof.  Macbride  has  recently 
pointed  out,  of  great  interest  to  the  collector,  and,  when  not  uncommon, 
deserving  of  recognition.     The  following  mav  be  noted. — 

Allium  cemuum  Roth,  forma  alba  f.n.  Perianth  white.  Mt. 
Arrnwsmith  where  it  has  been  collected  on  several  occasions  by  Mr. 
W.  R.  Carter. 

Veronica  americana  L.  forma  rosea  f.n.  Corolla  pink.  Port 
Alberni;  not  uncommon  at  Crescent,  B.C.  (near  Blaine,  Wn.)  A 
striking  form  always  clearly  distinct  from  the  specie-. 


1917]  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  5  7 

Camassia  quamash  Green  forma  albiflora  f.n.  Perianth  white. 
Common,  brackish  marshes,  Alberni;  rare  about  Victoria;  also  in  Wn. 
The  following  new  varieties  and  specie-;  may  be  noted: — 
Rrigeron  philadelphicus  L.  var  glabra  v.n.  Plants  2-7  dm  high; 
stems  nearly  glabrous  or  somewhat  hirsute;  leaves  thick,  nearly  or 
quite  glabrous,  denticulate  to  sinuate-denticulate;  tegules  sometimes 
purple-tipped,  not  hirsute.  Salt  marshes,  Murdoch's  Landing  and 
Alberni.  It  bears  much  the  same  relation  to  the  species  as  Castilleja 
Dixonii  Fernald  to  C.  miniata  Dougl. ;  i.e.,  it  is  probably  a  holophvtic 
form.  It  differs  mainly  from  the  species  in  its  thick  glabrous  or 
glabrale  leaves. 

Astei  Carteriana  s.ri".  Stem  slender,  usually  leafy  to  the  top. 
rather  softly  herbaceous  especially  above,  2-6  dm.  high  simple  or 
usually  with  3-6  comparatively  long  erect  branches  each  terminating 
in  a  solitary  head;  the  short  pubescence  of  the  stem  uniform  above,  in 
lines  below;  leaves  usually  entire,  sometimes  serrate  at  the  middle, 
very  thin,  glabrou-  except  for  occasional  cilation  at  the  base  and  the 
;le  scabrous-ciliolate  line  on  the  margins,  rather  dark-green,  nar- 
rowly oblong  or  narrowly  lanceolate,  the  largest  7-12  cm.  long  and 
5-7  mm.  wide,  mostly  slightly  narrowed  to  a  sessile  base,  the  apex 
pungently  indurated,  the  lowesl  more  or  less  withered  at  flowering  and 
some  of  them  somewhat  petioled;  heads  5.5-5  cm.  broad,  the  tegules 
usually  very  leafy  and  often  exceeding  the  rays,  like  the  leaves  in 
texture  margin  and  apex,  but  also  often  -mailer.  6-9  mm.  I  rect 

subequal,  more  or  less  scarious  towards  the  base,  loosely  imbricated, 
lanceolate  glabrous  exo  die  short-ciliolate  margin,  apex  pun- 

gently  tipped;  rays  blue,  the  limb  15-20  mm.  long;  pappus  brownish- 
white;  achenes  very  pubescent.  Common  along  the  outo  ■  of 
stony  and  gravellv  shores.  Cameron  and  Home  Lakes,  Vancouver 
Island;  W.  R.  Carter'-  Nos.  225,  226,  Sept.,  1916.  Distinguished 
from  such  related  forms  as  .!.  foliaceus  (Gray)  Howell,  and  .1. 
Douglasii  Lindl.  by  its  solitan  heads  at  the  end  of  the  lonp  ei 
branches,  the  lower  habit,  the  thinner  leaves,  the  often  more  foliaceous 
tegules,  and  the  longer  rays;  in  foliage  not  unlike  A.  microlonchus 
Greene,  from  which  it  differs  in  the  smooth  leaf-surf ace:  the  much 
longer  rays,  and  the  very  different  tegules;  nearest  A.  Douglasii  but 
with  a  different  habitat,  thinner  leaves,  larger  heads,  etc. 

The  following  changes  in  nomenclature  are  suggested: — 
Allium  Watsoni  Howell  (.-!.  vancouverense  Macoun,  Cat.  Can. Id. 
iv.  39).  Through  the  kindness  of  Prof.  A.  R.  Sweetser,  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Oregon,  I  have  been  able  to  compare  the  plants  which  have 
borne  the  above  names.  A-  the  dower-  of  the  Mt.  Arrow-mith  plants 
were  voung  and  those  of  the  Oregon  plant  mature,  the  former,  in  their 
slightly  longer  and  narrower  ]  perianth-segments,  seemed  at  first  sight 
to  he  different;  but  a  few  more  mature  flowers  showed  no  essential 


58  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [Aug.-Sept. 

difference.  The  plants  have  the  same  general  appearance.  They  are 
clearly  distinct  from  A.  falciforme  not  only  in  their  more  slender  habit 
and  smaller  flowers,  but  in  hiving  stamens  about  two-thirds  as  lon«- 
as  the  perianth-segments;  whereas  in  A.  falciforme  the  stamens  are 
less  than  one-half  as  long  as  the  segments.  As  unfortunately  Prof. 
Macoun  never  published  a.  description  of  A.  vancouverense,  this  name 
must  he  replaced  by  .1.  Watsoni  Howell.*  Another  species  is  thus 
added  to  the  short  list  of  plants  found  in  Oregon  and  Vancouver 
Island  but  not  in  Washington. 

Sisyrinchium  idahoense  Bicknell  var.  birameum  (Piper)  New 
Comb.  Usually  taller  than  the  species;  branching  above  the  two 
braneh.es  subtended  by  a  leaf,  or  the  stem  often  strongly  geniculate 
with  a  leaf  at  the  joint;  the  bracts,  as  compared  with  those  of  the 
species,  often  subequal. 

When  Prof.  Piper  first  published  his  .S1.  birameum  (Contrib. 
U.S.  Nat.  Herb.  vol.  xi.,  pg.  203)  he  was  doubtful  whether  it  was 
distinct  from  .V.  idahoense;  but  in  a  recent  book  his  doubts  have 
disappeared  and  it  is  placed  on  an  equality  with  that  species.  That 
it  is,  however,  a  variety  appears  from  the  following  observations  based 
on  Alberni  plants:  The  plants  are  intimately  associated.  Straight 
leafless  stems,  straight  stems  with  a  single  leaf  above,  geniculate  stems 
with  a  leaf  at  the  joint,  and  branching  stems  all  grow  together. 
Branching  and  simple  stems  may  occur  in  a  single  tuft.  All  the  forms 
have  the  same  tendency  to  darken  in  drying.  While  the  bracts  of  the 
branching  forms  are  often  subequal,  they  may  also  be  very  unequal 
(24  and  44  mm.  in  one  specimen  and  23  and  38  mm.  in  another). 
The  leaves  of  unbranched  plants  may  be  as  long  as  the  stem  and  of 
branching  hardly  half, as  long. 


CANADA  AND  UNITED  STATES  WILL  PROTECT  BIRDS. 


The   International    Convention    for   the   protection   of   migratory 

birds   in   Canada   and   the  United   States,   ratified   in  December   last, 

constitutes  the  most  important  and  far-reaching  measure  ever  taken 

in  the  history  of  bird  protection.     It  affords  the  best  means  of  ensuring 

not  only  a  cessation  of  the  decrease  in  the  numbers  of  our  migratory 

birds  such  as  the  insectivorous  birds,  the  wild-fowl,  waders   and  sea 

birds,   but,   in  many  cases,   it  assures   an  increase  in  their  numbers, 

which  have  been  ruthlessly  depleted.     It  affects  over  1,000  species  of 

our  chief  insect-eating  and  game  birds.     It  guarantees  to  the  farmer 

the  continued  existence  of  the  insect-eating  birds,  the  most  powerful 

*l'ri')'.  Sweetseri  in  ^Ylmrr^T~sent~s]l<'L•in^('lls  of  the  Mt.  Arrowsmitli  plafTE] 
writes:  "From  what  we  have  been  able  to  do  with  it.  should  say  you  are 
justified  in   thinking  this   the  same  form  bs  A.  Watsoni  Howell." 


1(;17|  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  59 

and  active  allies  he  has  in  the  fight  against  the  destroyers  of  his  crops; 
and  it  guarantees  to  the  sportsmen  a  never-failing  supply  of  ducks, 
geese,  and  other  game  birds. 

In  the  fulfilment  of  its  obligations  under  the  Convention,  the 
Canadian  Government  introduced  the  Migratory  Birds  Convention 
Bill  to  carry  out  the  provisions  of  the  Convention,  and  this  measure 
received  Royal  Assent  on  August  31st,  and  is  now  law.  It  is  expected 
that  tlie  Regulations  under  the  Act  will  shortly  be  promulgated. 

In  the  case  of  insectivorous  birds,  it  will  be  unlawful  to  kill  them 
or  to  take  their  eggs  at  any  time  of  the  year.  The  close  seasons  on 
ducks  and  geese  will  not  exceed  three  and  one-half  months,  and  the 
dates  of  opening  and  closing  will  be  fixed  in  accordance  with  local 
conditions  and  after  consultation  with  the  proper  authorities  in  the 
different  provinces.  On  a  number  of  birds,  such  as  the  crane.-,  swans, 
curlew  and  most  of  the  shore-birds,  with  the  exception  of  woodcock, 
snipe,  certain  plover  and  yellow-legs,  which  are  becoming  greatly 
reduced  in  numbers,  a  <  lose  season  of  ten  wars  will  be  provided.  The 
wood  duck  and  cider  duck  will  also  be  given  special  protection.  Where 
they  are  injurious  to  agricultural  or  other  interests,  provision  will  be 
made  for  the  killing  of  protected  birds  under  special  permit.  Regu- 
lations will  also  be  made  lo  prohibit  the  shipment  of  migratory  birds 
or  their. eggs  during  the  close  seasons  and  generally  to  govern  the 
traffic  in  them  and  their  eggs. 

While  the  number-  of  the  migrator}-  birds  in  Canada  and  the 
United  States  have  been  most  seriously  depleted  by  various  causes, 
confidence  is  felt  that,  with  international  co-operation,  and,  particu- 
larlv.  the  prohibition  of  spring"  shooting,  a  gradual  increase  in  the 
abundance  of  our  wild  bird  life  will  take  place! — C.G.H. 


THE  WIDESPREAD   INFLUENCE  OF  THE 
CHILDREN'S  MUSEUM. 


There  are  indications  that  men  and  women  of  the  United  States 
and  of  several  foreign  countries  are  becoming  more  and  more  interested 
in  the  establishment  of  Children's  Museums.  And  if  the  results 
which  in  the  past  have  followed  similar  manifestations  of  interest  can 
be  regarded  as  indicative  of  things  to  come,  there  is  reason  to  believe 
that  a  trood  many  such  institutions  will  be  added  to  the  fraternities  of 
Museums  within  the  next  ten  years. 

The  Children's  Museum  of  Boston,  founded  in  1912,  had  been 
in  the  minds  of  a  considerable  number  of  public  spirited  Bostonians 
for  several  years  before  it  became  an  actual  fact.  Similarly  the 
Children's  Museum  which  is  soon  to  become  a  part  of  the  new  Cleve- 
land Museum  of  Art,  has  been  contemplated  by  the  Director  of  the 


60  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [Aug.-Sept. 

Museum  and  other  citizens  of  Cleveland  for  more  than  three  year.-. 
And  now  the  Municipal  Museum  in  Wellington,  New  Zealand,  having 
followed  through  the  British  Journals  the  progress  of  Children's 
Museum  development  in  the  United  States,has  taken  its  initial  step 
towards  a  Museum  for  children  by  discontinuing  its  organization  for 
adults  and  perfecting  [dans  for  reopening  as  a  Children's  Museum 
when  the  war  ceases. 

From  no  less  than  five  different  parts  of  the  United  States,  men 
and  women  are  now  calling  upon  the  staff  of  the  Brooklyn  Children's 
Museum  for  information  to  be  used  for  arousing  interest  in  the  estab- 
lishment of  other  Children's  Museums.  In  one  citv  a  buildin^  has 
been  secured  and  funds  are  being  raised  for  the  organization  of  a 
permanent  Museum  Association.  Prominent  citizens  of  another  city 
have  asked  officers  of  the  Brooklyn  Children's  Museum  to  outline  a 
plan  of  Children's  Museum  work  that  can  be  immediately  started  in  a 
building  recently  obtained  for  the  purpose.  For  another  locality  they 
have  submitted  floor  plans  of  a  new  Children's  Museum  Building  to- 
gether with  a  written  outline  of  the  character  and  scope  of  work  which- 
could  be  profitably  undertaken. 

More  significant  possibly  than  any  other  indication,  is  the  fact 
that  college  students  are  presenting  for  class  discussion  original  essays 
dealing  with  the  conditions  and  progress  of  Children's  Museums. 
Indeed,  the  subject  lias  become  of  sufficient  importance  to  cause  one 
college  to  write  for  information  concerning  the  requirements  of  train- 
ing and  preparation  for  college  students  who  desire  to  engage  in 
Chldren's  Museum  work. 

Harlan  I.  Smith. 


NOTES  FROM  THE    10URNAL  OF  WILLIAM  POPE. 


In  1833,  Mr.  William  Pope  left  England  for  Canada  and  after 
spending  some  time  investigating  the  counties  of  Elgin  and  Norfolk, 
he  made  his  home  near  Port  Ryerse. 

Through  the  kindness  of  his  grandson  Mr.  Thomas  Pope,  of  that 
village,  I  am  permitted  to  make  extracts  from  his  writings. 

The  journal  and  diary  which  have  come  into  my  hands  cover  a 
period  of  less  than  two  years,  but  they  throw  a  great  deal  of  light  upon 
the  conditions  among  the  wild  things  in  those  days. 

W.  E.  Saunders. 


Having  determined  on  paying  a  visit  to  America  with  the  inten- 
tion of  settling  in  Canada  provided  I  liked  the  country  and  found 
things  as  prosperous  and  flourishing  as  they  are  represented  to  be,  I 
engaged  a  berth  in  the  packet  ship  Ontario  (500  tons,  Captain  Sebor) 


iic^ 


1917]  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  61 

lying  in  St.  Katherins  Docks  and  for  which  said  berth  I  paid  35 
guineas.  Accordingly  on  Good  Friday,  28th  March,  we  left  the  City 
and  were  towed  down  the  River  by  two  steamers  as  far  as  the  Hope 
where  we  cast  anchor  for  the  night. 

We  had  rather  boisterous  and  contrary  winds  for  two  days  in 
passing  the  Downs,  which  helped  to  break  me  in  a  little  for  the  se  l, 
and  I  suffered  in  common  with  the  rest  of  the  passengers,  the  greater 
part  never  having  been  to  sea  before. 

We  touched  at  Portsmouth  on  the  31st  and  arrived  at  Plymouth 
in  the  evening  of  the  same  day.  We  stayed  all  night  here  and  departed 
on  the  next  day  about  12,  the  wind  being  quite  favorable. 

About  ten  miles  from  land  a  little  bird  called  the  Titlark  came 
flying  around  the  ship.  I  saw  a  great  man}'  white  gulls  and  several  ! 
species  of  divers.  On  the  2nd  April  we  met  the  Lady  Melville,  Past 
Indiaman,  returning  home.  We  passed  within  a  quarter  of  a  mile 
of  the  Eddystone  Lighthouse  and  the  same  evening  after  running  by 
the  Lizard  at  the  rate  of  ten  knot-  an  hour  we  bade  farewell  to  Old 
England,  upon  whose  weather  beaten  cliffs  1  stood  gazing  with  a  hist 
lingering  look  until  they  dis;  d  in  the  distam 

We  now  had   for  several  daws  a  most   favorable  bn  I  iefry 

going  at  the  rate  of  (>  or  10  knots  an  hour,  which  is  considered  \ 

d     tiling.     On  the  7th  a  couple  of  Martins  came  to  the  ship  and 
sjettled  on  the  rigging.     I  lyed  some  time  with  us  and  left  during 

night.     Thi  idently  on  their  route  to  some  northern  clime. 

(  >n  the  (>th  we  spoke  the  Brig  Merope,  of  Poole,  bound  for  Quebec. 

On  the  10th  we  met  with  three  of  those  magnificent  though 
dangerous  piece-  of  ice  called  i  ;.     Two  we  saw  in  the  morning. 

one  of  which  was  verj  similar  in  shape  to  Westminster  Abbey,  though 
far  ling  it  in  magnitude.    The  other  we  passed  about  ten  o'clock 

at  night,  Lat.  44-6,  Lon.  44-28.     They  are  beautful  in  the  extreme 
when  the  sun  is  shining  on  them  giving  them  most  splendid  col 
such  as  would  defy  all  the  powers  of  art  to  imitate,  tints  of  the  richest 
blue  and  green  contrasted  with  the  purest  white.     I  was  much  gratii 
at  the  sight.     They  have  a  very  great  infl  on  the  atmosphere  in 

their  immediate  neighborhood,  causing  a  great  degree  of  coldness,  as 
was  sufficiently  proved  in  this  instance  by  the  thermometer  falling  6°. 
It  is  from  this  fact  that  navigators  are  able  to  judge  of  their  vicinity  in 
thick  cloudy  or  foggy  weather. 

Up  to  this  time  the  wind  was  very  favorable,  so  much  so  that  if 
it  had  only  continued  for  four  days  more  we  should  have  been  at  New 
York  and  should  have  made  the  quickest  passage  ever  known.  We 
should  have  made  it  in  thirteen  days.  We  were  all  now  in  the  highest 
glee,  looking  forward  to  the  speedy  termination  of  our  voyage  and 
discomforts  but  alas*!  all  our  hopes  and  prospects  were  suddenly 
overturned.     We  were  not  destined  to  be  so  lucky  as  to  make  our  way 


62  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [Aug.-Sept. 

across  the  trackless  Atlantic  without  encountering  a  little  of  the  rage 
and  fury  of  its  deceitful  bosom.  On  the  evening  of  the  10th,  the  day 
We  saw  the  icebergs  the  atmosphere  became  overclouded  and  the  wind 
after  shifting  round  to  the  north-west  began  to  blow  rather  stormy. 

There  was  now  every  appearance  of  bad  weather  approaching  and 
indeed  before  morning  the  wind  from  blowing  hard  increased  to  a 
regular  gale,  and  for  the  space  of  eighteen  days  we  scarcely  did  any- 
thing else  than  beat  about  against  contrary  winds,  and  a  most  tremen- 
dous sea  running  "mountains  high."  I  have  known  the  winds  to  blow 
pretty  hard  on  land  sometimes,  but  here  out  on  the  open  sea  with 
nothing  to  break  its  force,  it  came  with  tenfold  the  power  it  has  on 
land.  Several  times  we  were  obliged  to  have  every  sail  furled  and 
even  then  the  naked  masts  would  bend  like  reeds. 

On  the  28th  April  it  blew  a  most  tremendous  gale,  with  thunder 
and  lightning  and  very  heavy  hail,  but  our  vessel  rode  it  out  in 
gallant  style,  hardly  shipping  any  water  except  in  the  evening  through 
the  fault  of  the  man  at  the  helm,  who  contrived  to  run  the  head  of  the 
vessel  into  an  immense  wave  which  overflowed  the  whole  of  the  deck, 
set  the  water  casks  afloat,  and  sent  a  few  hogsheads  down  the  fore 
hatch  which  happened  to  be  left  open,  frightening  and  drenching  some 
of  the  steerage  people.     In  the  evening  of  this  day  I  beheld  a  very 

utifu'l  meteor  in  the  south-east.  It  was  of  a  bright  blue  colour  at 
first  and  after  running  a  short  course  in  the  heavens  gradually  faded 
into  red  and  then  vanished.  We  constantly  had  the  bird  called  the 
Stormy  Petrel,  by  the  sailors  Mother  Carey's  Chicken,  following  in 
the  wake  of  our  ship;  sometimes  making  short  trips  on  the  ocean 
skimming  up  and  down  the  surface  of  the  water,  rising  and  sinking 
with  the  v.  ;,  and  then  returning  back  again  to  the  stern  of  the 
vessel.  This  bird  had  a  great  resemblance  to  the  martin  and  might 
easily  be  mistaken  for  that  bird.  Their  manner  of  flying  is  very  much 
the  same.  The}'  are  of  a  dark  brown  color, shaded  with  black  on  the  back 
and  wings,  and  a  pure  white  on  the  rump.  They  follow  in  the  wake 
of  the  vessel  for  the  purpose  of  picking  up  any  bits  of  bread  or  biscuit 
or  any  grease  that  may  be  thrown  overboard.  They  are  very  easily 
caught  with  a  piece  of  dark  coloured  string  and  a  small  hook  baited 
with  a  piece  of  pork,  or  another  way  is  merely  to  tie  a  small  piece  of 
wood  at  the  end  of  a  black  thread  and  let  it  drag  after  the  vessel.  The 
birds  come  iying  around  the  wood  to  see  what  it  is  doing;  the}-  rlv 

linst  the  thread  and  entangle  their  wings  and  you  have  only  to  pull 
them  in.  but  they  are  harmless  little  creatures  and  no  use  after  you  get 
them,  so  that  catching  them  would  not  do  for  me.  According  to  the 
sailors  the_\  are  the  constant  forerunner^  of  a  storm  but  we  had  them 
more  or  less  the  greater  part  of  the  voyage,  and  for  two  or  three  days 

(To  be  continued). 


1917]  ,  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  63 

NOTES. 


Deer  Mouse  devours  her  young. — On  September  8th.  while 
hunting  Batrachians,  my  friend  Johnson  and  I  turned  a  six  foot  log 
exposing  two  Jefferson's  Salamanders  and  the  nest  of  a  White-footed 
Mouse. 

The  White-footed  mother,  leaving  in  haste,  dragged  two  of  her 
five  pink,  blind  and  hairless  young  a  foot  or  so  from  the  nest.  We 
replaced  them  and  put  the  log  pack  in  position. 

Passing  that  way  two  days  later,  we  again  turned  the  log  and 
were  surprised  to  find  only  three  young  mice,  the  other  two  having 
totali\'  disappeared.  We  captured  the  mother  and  placed  her  with  the 
nest  and  three  young  in  a  covered  aquarium  with  plenty  of  food  and 
water.  The  following  morning  the  young  were  gone,  without  doubt 
devoured  by  the  mother,  who  evidently  considered  them  contaminated 
by  the  human  touch. 

Johnson,  who  has  had  considerable  experience  in  pet  raising,  states 
that  ferret,  white  rat  and  domestic  raM.it  females  will  sometimes  eal 
their  young  if  the  nest  is  disturbed  even  very  slightly. 

Clyde  L.  Patch,  Ottawa. 


Killing  Birds  helps  the  Enemy. — Killing  birds  that  eal 
insects  and  weed  seeds  helps  the  enemy.  The  annual  food  loss  in  the 
United  State-  from  the  ravages  of  insects  on  crops,  according  to  the 
1  S.  Department  of  Agriculture,  exceed-  SI  JOO.000,000.  The  loss  in 
Canada  is  in  proportion.  Every  careless  person  who  kill-  a  bird  that 
i-  less  injurious  than  il  luable  as  an  eater  of  weed  seeds  and 

insect.-  i.-  helping  the  >  nemy  by  killing  our  bird  allies  and  by  so  doing 
i-  giving  aid  and  comfort  to  the  weeds  and  insects  that  reduce  our 
'food  supply.  Most  of  our  birds  are  of  this  beneficial  class  and  are 
really  our  allies.  Robbing  their  nests  is  also  an  aid  to  the  enemy. 
One  can  hardly  go  into  the  country  without  seeing  boys  and  even  men 
killing  birds.  Doubtless  many  of  these  persons  would  be  -urprised 
to  know  they  were  practical  traitors  and  would  gladly  stop  aiding 
the  enemv  if  they  knew 


A  large  number  of  utterly  fearless  wild  ducks  are  reported  near 
Niagara.  In  one  swamp  along  a  brick  highway  where  hundreds  of 
auto.-  pass  daily  and  trolley  car-  run  every  15  minutes,  there  have  been 
5 no  ducks  for  a  month  and  the}  come  up  to  this  roadway  to  feed.  Such 
a  sight  lias  not  been  seen  in  the  region  at  least  for  years  and  the 
residents  would  pity  any  one  who  would  molest  the  ducks.  This  is 
due  to  the  Migratory  Bird  Law,  and  the  recently  arranged  treaty 
between  Canada  and  the  United  State-. 


64  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [Aug.-Sept. 

The  Buffalo  Boy  Scouts'  Council  has  started  a  wild  life  club,  the 
members  of  which  are  pledged  to  do  a  good  turn  for  the  wild  creatures 
of  field  and  forest.  A  bronze  button  will  be  given  the  bovs  on  qualify- 
ing for  membership  and,  as  they  progress,  silver  and  gold  buttons  will 
be  awarded.  When  the  plan  is  perfected  it  will  be  offered  to  the 
National  Council  with  the  hope  that  it  will  be  adopted  by  the  entire 
membership  of  the  Boy  Scouts,  which  exceeds  200,000.  Some  of  the 
boys  are  giving  illustrated  talks  in  the  schools  on  the  value  of  wild 
life  and  the  best  means  of  protecting  it. 


The  startling  statement  by  no  less  an  authority  than  Dr.  C.  K. 
Clarke,  Superintendent  of  the  Toronto  General  Hospital,  that  more 
than  12  per  cent,  of  the  patients  admitted  to  the  public  wards  of  that 
institution  have  syphilis,  is  the  feature  of  the  eighth  annual  report  of 
the  Commission  of  Conservation  just  issued.  These  conditions,  it  is 
pointed  out,  are  no  doubt  representative  of  those  prevailing  elsewhere  in 
Canada  where  statistics  are  not  yet  available.  The  return  of  thousands 
i  f  soldiers  at  the  end  of  the  war  lends  more  than  usual  interest  to  this 
f  ture  of  the  Commission's  report.  Other  phases  of  the  subject,  in- 
cluding measures  for  controlling  the  menace,  are  discussed  by  Drs. 
j.  J.  Mackenzie,  C.  H.  Hair,  and  Wm.  Goldie,  of  the  Faculty  of 
Medicine,  University  of  Toronto. 

An  address  on  The  Production  and  Preservation  of  Food  Sup- 
plies, by  Dr.  P.  H.  Bryce,  gives  tables  showing  the  relative  values  of 
■rent  foods.  Results  of  experiments  by  the  Commission  at  Port 
Dover,  Ont.,  in  utilizing  fish  waste  in  the  manufacture  of  stock  meal, 
oils  and  fertilizer,  are  set  forth,  whilst  Drs.  H.  J.  Wheeler  and  Frank 
T.  Shutt  make  interesting  contributions  >ai  the  use  of  commercial 
fertilizers.  In  addition,  a  readable  account  is  given  of  the  varied 
activities  of  the  Commission,  including  town-planning,  game  preserva- 
tion, water-powers,  agriculture,  mining  and  general  publicity  work 


The  Comstcck  Printing  Company  of  Ithaca,  N.Y.,  recently  pub- 
lished a  most  interesting  volume  of  438  pages  entitled  "The  Life  of 
Inland  Waters."  This  book,  the  price  of  which  is  $3.00,  is  an 
elementary  text  of  fresh-water  biology  for  American  Students.  The 
authors  are  James  G.  Needham  and  J.  T.  Lloyd.  This  book  is 
divided  into  seven  chapters:  I,  Introduction;  II,  The  Nature  of 
Aquatic  Environment;  III,  Types  of  Aquatic  Environment;  IV, 
Aquatic  Organisms;  V,  Adjustment  to  Conditions  of  Aquatic  Life: 
AT.  Aquatic  Societies;  VII,  Inland  Water  Culture.  There  are  244 
text  figures. 

c^c^> 


/ 


The  Ottawa  Naturalist. 


Vol.   XXXI.     Plate  II. 


The  Ottawa  Naturalist. 


Vol.  XXXI.     Plate  III. 


THE  OTTAWA  NATURALIST 


Vol.  XXXI.  OCTOBER,  1917.  No.   7. 


A  NEW  GENUS  AND  SPECIES  OF  CRESTLESS  HADROSAUR 
FROM  THE  EDMONTON  FORMATION  OF  ALBERTA.* 


By  Lawrence  M.  Lambe,  F.R.S.C. 
Vertebrate  Palaeontologist,  Geological  Survey,  Canada. 


The  Edmonton  formation  of  the  Cretaceous  as  developed  on  Red 
Deer  river,  A!  although  not  as  rich  in  ceratopsian 

the  earlier  Belly  River  beds,  abounds  in  well  preserved  remains  of 
hadrosaurs  belonging  to  such  recently  described  gener  urolophus, 

Cheneosaw  I  Hypacrosaurus,  form-  which  succeeded  the  crested 

Stephanosaurus  and  Prosaurolophus  of  Belly  River  times. 

It  has  become  evident  that  a  non-crested  hadrosaur  of  large  size, 
represented  by  excellent  and  comprehensive  material  in  the  Geological 
Survey  collections  from  the  Edmonton  formation  of  Red  Deer  river, 
belongs  to  a  genus  and  s]  .  iot  hitherto  described.     The  purpose  of 

this  paper  is  to  give  a  preliminary  description  of  this  new  form,  with 
particular  reference  to  the  skull,  reserving  for  the  future  a  fuller 
account  of  its  osteology  which  the  nt  state  of  the  material  will 

permit. 

This  i:  -us  is  represented  in  the  collections  by  the  remains  of 

two  individuals  of  the  same  size  including  the  skull  in  each  ca 

The  first  specimen  (type)  consists, of  the  skull  (figured  in  plate 
II)  with  the  following  important  parts  of  the  skeleton: — most  of  the 
vertebra1,  in  place,  back  to  the  sixth  caudal;  one  hind  limb  lacking  a 
few  phalanges;  one  humerus;  both  pubic  bones;  one  ischium;  the 
greater  part  of  the  right  ilium;  and  some  ribs.  Collection  of  1912, 
Edmonton  formation,  Red  Deer  river.  Alberta,  from  opposite  the  mouth 
of  Three  Hills  creek,  at  200  feet  above  the  river  level.    Cat.  No.  2288. 

The  second  specimen  (paratype)  includes: — the  skull,  without 
the  premaxillaries  and  the  predentary;  all  the  vertebrae  with  the  excep- 
tion of  those  behind  the  fifth  caudal;  and  the  fore  and  hind  limbs 
lacking  some  of  the  bones  of  the  feet.     It  is  possible  that  the  right 

tmmunicated    with    the    permission   of   the    Acting   Deputy    Minister   of 
Mines. 


66  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [October 

ilium  is  not  present.  The  bones  of  this  individual  are  splendidly  pre- 
served and  occurred  scattered  over  a  small  area  in  a  gray,  clayey 
sandstone  which  is  easily  removed,  leaving  the  surfaces  in  good  con- 
dition. The  elements  composing  the  top  of  the  skull  behind  are  pre- 
served together  otherwise  the  skull  is  naturally  disarticulated. 
Collection  of  1916,  Edmonton  formation,  Red  Deer  river,  from  7  miles 
north-west  of  Morrin,  in  sec.  16,  tp.  31,  R.  XXI,  on  the  west  side  of 
the  river,  90  feet  above  the  level  of  the  river.     Cat.  No.  2289. 

The  drawings  for  the  figures  accompanying  this  article  are  the 
work  of  Mr.  Arthur  Miles. 

Edmontosaurus  regalis  gen.  et  sp.  nov. 

Type  of   genus   and   species.     Skull,   with   the   skeleton   largely 
represented.     Cat.  No.  2288.    Discovered  by  L.  Sternberg. 

Paratype.    A  nearly  complete  skeleton,  including  the  skull.     Cat. 
No.  2289.     Discovered  by  G.  F.  Sternberg. 

Geological  horizon  and  locality.  Edmonton  formation  (upper 
Cretaceous),  Red  Deer  river,  Alberta,  Canada. 

Generic  and  specific  characters.  Skull  moderately  elongate,  high 
and  broad  posteriori}*,  flat  in  the  frontal  region,  laterally  compressed 
behind  a  low,  greatly  expanded  snout.  Orbit  large.  A  large,  pocket- 
like recess  developed  within  the  postfrontal,  leading  from  the  orbit. 
Lateral  temporal  fossa  restricted  above.  Palatine  and  pterygoid  rising, 
at  a  high  angle,  inward.  Ectopterygoid  external  to  the  maxillary  and 
pterygoid,  connecting  the  two.  Mandible  deep  and  strong,  very 
slightly  decurved  in  front.  Teeth  with  a  rounded  apical  outline  in 
lateral  aspect,  keeled,  and  with  smooth  borders;  in  48-49  vertical  rows 
in  the  dentary,  and  51-53  in  the  maxillary.  Ischium  long,  bluntly 
pointed  distally.  Femur  slightly  longer  than  the  tibia.  Humerus 
nearly  as  long  as  the  ulna.  Cervical  and  dorsal  vertebrae  opisthocoelus, 
in  a  marked  degree  in  the  former.  Dorsal  spines  of  moderate  size, 
increasing  slightly  in  height  backward  in  the  series.  Sacrum  composed 
of  eight  vertebrae.    Animal  of  robust  build,  about  40  feet  long. 

Edmontosaurus  approaches  most  closely  Diclonius  Cope,  one  of 
the  principal  characters  distinguishing  the  two  being  found  in  the 
shape  of  the  skull  which  in  Edmontosaurus  is  high  and  in  Diclonius 
greatly  depressed.  The  name  Diclonius  is  here  reserved  for  D. 
mirabilis  Cope,  from  the  Lance  formation  of  Dakota,  sometimes 
referred  to  as  Trachodon  mirabilis  a  genus  and  species  insecurely 
established  by  Leidy  in  1856,  on  a  tooth  from  the  Judith  River  beds 
of  Montana.  No  characters  can  at  present  be  assigned  to  Trachodon 
beyond  those  derived  from  the  single  mandibular  tooth  which  con- 
stitutes the  type. 

Edmontosaurus  rivalled  in  size  its  bulky  contemporary  Hypacro- 
saurus.     It  appears,  however,  not  to  have  been  as  large  as  Prosaurolo- 


1917]  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  67 

phus,  from  the  Belly  River  formation  of  Alberta,  if  the  skull  in  the 
Hadrosaurida1*  can  be  considered  a  criterion  of  the  size  of  the  animal 
as  a  whole. 

In  the  paratype  the  canium  proper  (brain-case),  the  squamosals. 
postfrontals,  prefrontals,  lachrymals  and  nasals  are  preserved  together, 
the  other  elements  of  the  skull  (with  the  exception  of  the  premaxillar- 
ies,  predentary,  vomer,  and  right  articular  which  were  missing)  were 
all  found  in  a  disarticulated  state,  free  from  each  other  and  with 
practically  no  distortion.  In  the  type  skull  (figure  II)  the  pre- 
maxillaries  are  in  position,  the  vomer  is  partially  preserved,  but  the 
predentary  is  badly  damaged.  From  the  two  specimens,  therefore,  we 
have  full  information  relative  to  all  the  elements  of  the  Edmontosaurus 
skull  except  the  predentary  and  the  vomer. 

The  paratype  reveals  the  exact  shape  of  the  brain  cavity  and  the 
position  of  the  cranial  nerves.  In  it  are  preserved  without  distortion 
the  palatines,  pterygoids,  and  ectopterygoids,  three  elements  of  which 
little  has  hitherto  been  known  in  the  Hadrosauridae. 

In  plates  II  and  III,  two  aspects  of  the  skull  are  given  showing 
the  relative  position  to  each  other  of  the  elements  seen  from  these 
particular  viewpoints. 

The  skull  of  Edmontosaurus  is  large  and  massive,  triangular  in 
outline  as  seen  from  the  side,  high  posteriorly,  and  narrowing  down  to 
the  front.  As  viewed  from  above  it  is  broad  behind  and  in  front,  and 
greatly  constricted  behind  the  snout.  Its  posterior  height  is  greater 
than  its  half-length.  Its  posterior  breadth  slightly  exceeds  the  full 
lateral  expansion  of  the  snout,  and  is  a  little  less  than  its  half-length. 
The  orbit  is  large,  the  quadrate  long,  and  the  great  development  of  the 
premaxillarv  bones  in  front,  to  form  the  horizontally  expanded  snout, 
is  remarkable.  Viewing  the  skull  from  the  side  one  is  impressed  by 
the  depth  and  robustness  of  the  mandible. 

The  principal  bones  of  the  skull  with  some  of  their  main  char- 
acteristics are  briefly  as  follows: — 

Frontal.  Rather  flat,  of  irregular  shape,  longer  than  broad,  and 
entering  narrowly  into  the  formation  of  the  orbital  rim.  Posteriorly 
it  meets  the  parietal,  externo-posteriorly  the  postfrontal,  and  anteriorly 
the  nasal  and  prefrontal. 

Postfrontal.  Of  considerable  size,  gibbously  protrudent  out- 
ward, somewhat  triangular  in  superior  aspect  as  well  as  when  viewed 
from  the  side.  Is  in  contact  with  the  frontal,  parietal,  squamosal  and 
jugal,  extensively  overlapping  the  squamosal.  It  forms  the  posterior 
curve  of  the  orbital  rim.  A  remarkable  feature  of  this  bone  is  the 
development  within  it  of  a  deep,  pocket-like  recess  leading  back  from 
the  orbital  cavity.    Following  the  presence  of  this  large  recess  the  lateral 

*The  name  Hadrosauridae  proposed  by  Cope  in  1869  (1871)  has  precedence 
to  Trachodontidae  used  by  Lydekker  in  1888  and  later  by  Marsh  in  1890. 


68  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [October 

temporal  fossa  is  restricted  in  its  upper  half-length,  and  the  ascending 
process  of  the  jugal  is  relegated  to  a  position  on  the  inner  side  of  the 
pocket  well-removed  from  the  outer  surface  of  the  skull. 

Prefrontal.  Is  in  contact  with  the  frontal,  nasal  and  lachrymal, 
and  forms  the  supero-anterior  curve  of  the  orbital  rim.  It  overlaps  the 
nasal  to  a  considerable  extent,  and  slightly  overlaps  the  lachrymal.  Its 
inner  surface  in  advance  of  the  orbital  rim  is  excavated,  leaving  the 
bone  thin. 

Nasal.  This  bone  is  long  and  narrow,  very  slender  in  its 
anterior  half-length,  and  relatively  broad  behind.  It  is  in  contact  with 
the  frontal,  prefrontal,  lachrymal,  maxillary  and  premaxillary. 
Anteriorly  the  nasal  pair  are  separated  for  about  one-fourth  of  their 
length  by  the  upper  premaxillary  limbs.  The  front  termination  of  the 
bone  is  but  slightly  in  advance  of  the  anterior  end  of  the  narial 
opening.  The  contact  with  the  maxillary  is  effected  by  a  process 
running  forward  from  the  lachrymal  contact,  completing  the  enclosure 
of  the  posterior  end  of  the  narial  opening  within  the  nasal. 

Lachrymal.  Is  wedge-shaped,  twice  as  long  as  high,  thickest 
behind,  thin  toward  the  front.  Is  in  contact  with  the  nasal,  prefrontal, 
jugal,  maxillary  and  premaxillary.  Supero-anteriorly  it  is  largely 
hidden  beneath  the  end  of  the  lower  premaxillary  limb.  Its  posterior 
border  is  protrudent  and  fully  enters  into  the  formation  of  the  orbital 
rim.  Above  its  sutural  union  with  the  jugal  it  lies  external  to  and 
closely  against  the  thin,  elevated  apex  of  the  maxillary.  In  inner 
aspect  the  bone  is  seen  to  owe  its  posterior  thickness  to  the  development 
of  an  internal  ridge  which  runs  upward  and  slightly  backward  from 
the  hinder  end  of  the  jugal  contact  and  is  prolonged  thinly  above 
between  the  nasal  and  the  prefrontal.  This  ridge  has  a  large  per- 
foration which  marks  the  passage  forward  of  the  lachrymal  canal. 

Premaxillary.  Consists  of  an  anterior  portion  expanding  out- 
ward from  which  are  given  off  a  long  lower  limb  and  a  relatively  short 
upper  limb.  The  lower  limb  passes  back  over  the  maxillary  and- 
terminating  narrowly  overlaps  the  lachrymal  and  nasal.  The  two 
upper  limbs  separate  the  nasals  anteriorly.  The  front  border  of  the 
anterior  expansion  is  recurved,  roofing  over  an  extensive  cavity  which 
opens  backward  on  to  an  unevenly  depressed  floor.  The  bone  does  not 
anywhere  attain  any  great  thickness.  The  two  premaxillaries  together 
have  an  anterior  breadth  apparently  little  less  than  the  maximum 
posterior  breadth  of  the  skull. 

Jugal.  Is  long,  thin,  and  plate-like,  obtusely  angulated  in  lateral 
outline  below,  and  deeply  emarginated  above  by  the  orbit  and  the 
lateral  temporal  fossa.  It  connects  antero-superiorly  with  the 
lachrymal,  anteriorly  with  the  maxillary,  posteriorly  with  the  quadrato- 
jugal  and  the  quadrate,  and  superiorly,  behind  its  midlength,  with  the 


1 9 1 7  I  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  69 

postfrontal  by  means  of  a  long,  ascending  process  which  passes  on  the 
inner  side  of  the  inner  wall  of  the  postfrontal  pocket. 

Quadrato-jugal.  A  thin,  subtriangular  plate,  extensively  over- 
lapped by  the  jugal.  Posteriorly  it  connects  with  the  quadrate  which 
is  emarginated  to  receive  it. 

Quadrate.  A  transversely  compressed,  nearly  upright  bar  from 
whose  inner  surface  a  large,  thin  flange  is  directed  inward  and  for- 
ward It  is  in  contact  antero-externally,  below  its  midlength,  with 
the  quadrato-jugal,  with  the  pterygoid  internally  by  means  of  the 
flange,  with  the  squamosal  superiorly,  and  with  the  surangular  and 
articular  (mandibular  cotylus)  at  its  lower  end.  A  spur  from  the 
squamosal  descends  on  and  is  suturally  united  with  the  anterior  border 
of  the  quadrate  below  its  head. 

Ectopterygoid.  Connects  the  maxillary  and  pterygoid,  lying  for 
the  most  part  external  to  both.  Is  longer  than  high,  and  is  thin  and 
overlapping  except  in  a  small  inwardly  thickened  area  which  fits 
inward  into  the  postero-maxillary  notch  suturally  uniting  the  maxillary 
and  pterygoid.  It  is  broadest  behind,  where  it  flares  thinly  over  the 
pterygoid,  and  extends  narrowly  forward  in  the  postero-external, 
concave  area  of  the  maxillary.  The  upper  and  lower  borders  of  the 
bone,  where  it  begins  to  broaden  posteriorly,  fit  into  two  grooves  in  the 
maxillary,  one  in  the  lower  surface  of  the  postero-maxillary  process, 
the  other  curving  downward  round  the  posterior  end  of  the  maxillary 
ridge. 

Maxillary.  Connects  suturally  with  the  premaxillary,  nasal. 
lachrymal,  jugal, palatine,  pterygoid  and  ectopterygoid  bones.  Is  roughly 
triangular  in  lateral  outline,  highest  at  midlength,  and  thickest  at 
about  midlength  below  the  large,  rugose,  external  surface  of  attach- 
ment for  the  jugal.  The  inner  face  is  rather  flat  in  comparison  with 
the  varied  relief  of  the  outer  one.  The  superior  border  slopes  down 
from  the  apex  to  either  end  terminating  in  thin  processes  of  which  the 
anterior  one  is  the  larger.  The  anterior  portion  of  the  border  is 
shallowly  grooved,  for  a  considerable  distance  in  advance  of  the  apical 
elevation,  for  the  reception  of  the  spur  directed  forward  from  the 
lower  border  of  the  nasal.  The  postero-superior  border  is  in  sutural 
contact  with  the  lower  edge  of  the  palatine.  The  robust,  rounded 
posterior  end  is  clasped  by  the  lowermost  part  of  the  pterygoid  whose 
anterior  border,  in  its  upward  course  to  reach  the  palatine,  passes  on 
the  inner  side  of  the  postero-maxillary  process.  The  ectopterygoid  fills 
the  emargination  below  this  process,  and  extends  narrowly  and  thinly 
forward  for  some  distance  in  a  depressed  area  of  the  external  face 
below  the  postero-superior  border.  A  less  pronounced  depression  of 
the  external  face  below  the  antero-superior  border  receives  the  ascend- 
ing lower  premaxillary  limb.     The  teeth  are  in  fifty-one  to  fifty-three 


70  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [October 

vertical  rows  occupying  about  seven-eighths  of  the  total  length  of  the 
bone. 

Pterygoid.  Is  a  thin  bone  of  complicated  shape  in  contact  with 
the  quadrate,  palatine,  maxillary,  ectopterygoid,  basisphenoid,  paras- 
phenoid  and  probably  the  vomer.  It  consists  mainly  in  its  upper  part 
of  an  anterior  and  a  posterior  alar  extension  directed  upward  and 
forward,  and  upward  and  backward  respectively.  Both  wings  are  thin 
and  narrow  rapidly  upward.  From  either  end  of  the  base  a  short 
extending  spur  is  developed.  Internally  the  bone  is  strengthened  by 
two  large  flanges,  united  above,  and  diverging  downward  to  opposite 
ends  of  the  base.  At  the  centre  of  the  superior  border,  between  the 
wings,  is  an  inwardly  facing  concave  surface  for  attachment  to  the 
process  of  the  basisphenoid.  Sutural  union  with  the  quadrate  is 
effected  by  the  application  of  the  external  face  of  the  posterior  wing 
to  the  inner  face  of  the  flange  of  the  quadrate,  also  the  posterior  basal 
spur  fits  into  a  narrow  concavity  at  the  base  of  the  flange  of  the 
quadrate,  further  strengthening  the  union  of  the  two  elements.  The 
anterior  basal  spur  curves  outward  and  forward  on  the  posterior  end 
of  the  maxillary,  and  a  short  distance  higher  up  the  postero-maxillary 
process  passes  externally  back  on  the  anterior  border.  Above  the 
maxillary  contact  the  front  edge  of  the  anterior  wing  for  its  full  height 
is  overlapped  externally  by  the  posterior  border  of  the  palatine.  Above 
the  anterior  basal  spur  is  a  moderately  large  surface  marking  the 
external  application  of  the  posterior  expansion  of  the  ectopterygoid. 
The  upper  end  of  the  anterior  wing  is  apparently  applied  to  the 
parasphenoid,  and  probably  effects  a  junction  with  the  hinder  end  of 
the  vomer. 

Palatine.  Is  irregularly  triangular  in  lateral  outline,  is  highest 
in  front,  and  narrows  downward  and  backward  to  the  nearly  straight 
base.  It  is  plate-like,  and  is  suturally  united  to  the  maxillary,  jugal 
and  pterygoid,  and  in  position  extends  upward  at  a  high  angle  inward- 
ly above  the  postero-superior  border  of  the  maxillary.  The  anterior 
border  is  moderately  thick  and  shallowly  emarginated  in  its  upper  half 
to  form  the  posterior  border  of  the  posterior  nares.  Antero-inferiorly 
is  a  roughened  surface  for  contact  with  the  jugal  within  the  lower  front 
angle  of  the  orbit.  Behind  the  jugal  contact  the  palatine  rests  on  the 
postero-superior  border  of  the  maxillary  back  to  and  slightly  on  to 
the  posterior  maxillary  process.  Thence  forward  and  upward  it  out- 
wardly overlaps  the  front  border  of  the  anterior  wing  of  the  pterygoid, 
rising  to  as  great  a  height  as  that  element.  Infero-posteriorly  it 
develops  a  thin  internal  process  between  which  and  the  main  termina- 
tion of  the  bone  the  ascending  anterior  border  of  the  pterygoid  fits. 
Antero-superiorly  it  apparently  has  no  connection  with  the  vomer,  the 
pterygoid  intervening. 


1917]  The  Ottaava  Naturalist.  71 

Vomer.  This  element  appears  to  have  been  slender  throughout 
and  devoid  of  any  considerable  expansion.  It  is  known  in  Edmonto- 
saurus  only  from  a  small  portion  preserved  in  the  type  skull,  plate  II; 
the  piece  is  over  125  mm.  long  and  lies  in  the  midline  of  the  skull 
under  the  posterior  half-length  of  the  narial  opening.  It  apparently 
connected  in  front  with  the  maxillaries  on  the  inner  side  of  their 
anterior  processes,  and  behind  with  the  pterygoids  on  the  interno- 
superior  surface  on  the  height  of  their  anterior  wings.  It  appears  to 
have  been  narrow  between  the  maxillary  processes  and  to  havre  had  a 
slender  termination  in  advance  of  them.  Whether  the  vomer  bifurcated 
behind  and  reached  the  pterygoid  on  either  side  in  this  manner,  or 
united  with  the  pair  by  a  horizontal  expansion  has  not  been  ascer- 
tained. It  is  estimated  to  haATe  had  a  length  in  the  figured  skull  of 
over  400  mm. 

Angular.  Is  long,  narrow,  and  thin,  and  is  in  sutural  contact 
with  the  splenial,  surangular,  and  dentary,  running  forward  from  a 
short  distance  in  advance  of  the  hinder  end  of  the  surangular,  on  the 
inner  side  of  that  bone,  to  a  point  on  the  dentary  about  in  line  with 
the  midlength  of  the  dental  magazine.  In  lateral  aspect  it  inclines 
slightly  upward  in  one-third  of  its  length  posteriorly.  Viewed  from 
above  it  has  a  flattened  sigmoid  curve,  suiting  itself  to  the  inner  con- 
vexity of  the  surangular  and  the  concavity  of  the  lowermost  part  of 
the  dentary.  Superiorly,  for  its  posterior  half-length,  it  meets  the 
loAver  border  of  the  splenial. 

Splenial.  A  moderately  thin  bone,  shorter  than  the  angular, 
applied  anteriorly  to  the  inner  face  of  the  dentary,  and  posteriorly  to 
the  inner  face  of  the  articular.  Its  lower  border  is  in  contact  with  the 
angular.  It  is  deepest  near  the  front  where  its  superior  border  curves 
outwardly  over  the  supero-internal  termination  of  the  dentary  behind 
the  dental  magazine;  farther  forward  it  narrows  rapidly  to  a  point  in 
contact  with  the  dentary  below  the  hindermost  dental  foramina.  In 
the  posterior  two-thirds  of  its  length  it  lessens  but  slightly  in  depth 
backward,  and  apparently  terminated  with  a  rounded  lateral  outline. 
It  reaches  farther  back  than  the  angular  and  is  in  contact  with  it  for 
nearly  the  whole  of  the  latter's  half-length.  Its  inner  face  is  moder- 
ately concave  in  a  longitudinal  direction. 

Surangular.  Is  large  and  robust  in  comparison  with  the  angular, 
splenial  and  articular,  in  conjunction  with  which  it  adds  considerably 
to  the  length  of  the  mandibular  ramus,  as  the  lowermost  element  of 
the  mandible  behind  the  dentary.  It  is  through  this  bone,  with  a  slight 
assistance  from  the  articular,  that  the  attachment  of  the  mandible  to 
the  quadrate  is  effected.  It  articulates  in  front  with  the  dentary, 
postero-superiorly  with  the  articular,  and  laterally  on  the  inner  side 
with  the  angular.  It  consists  of  an  oblong  main  portion,  longer  than 
broad,   from  which   is  given  off  antero-exteriorly  a  thin,   ascending 


72  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [October 

process.  Anteriorly  it  overlaps  the  thin,  lower  posterior  termination 
of  the  dentary.  Postero-internally  the  main  portion  of  the  bone 
extends  thinly  backward,  facing  upward  and  inward  beneath  the 
articular.  Toward  the  inner  border  a  thin  flange,  rising  from  the 
upper  surface  passes  forward  external  to  the  articular.  The  mandi- 
bular cotylus  occupies  the  postero-external  angle  of  the  main  portion 
of  the  bone. 

Articular.  This  element,  as  yet  not  fully  known,  is  higher  than 
broad,  thinnest  below  in  its  more  posterior  part,  and  extends  forward 
as  a  moderately  thin  bone  wedged  in  between  the  surangular  and  the 
outer  face  of  the  splenial.  Below  it  is  supported  by  the  surangular. 
Supero-externally  it  supplies  a  surface  as  its  contribution  to  the 
mandibular  cotylus.  The  bone  is  preserved,  in  part,  both  in  the  type 
skull,  and  in  the  disarticulated  skull,  Cat.  No.  2289. 

Dentary.  Is  large,  with  three-eighths  of  its  length  in  front 
edentulous,  deeply  excavated  posteriorly  by  the  mandibular  fossa,  and 
with  the  dental  magazine  occupying  nearly  one-half  the  length  of  the 
bone.  The  coronoid  process  is  robust  and  placed  far  back.  The 
dentary  attains  its  greatest  breadth  across  this  process.  For  the  full 
length  of  the  magazine  it  is  deep  and  moderately  thick.  The  edentulous 
part  is  comparatively  thin  with  a  gradually  lessening  depth  forward,  is 
longitudinally  concave  internally,  and  curves  abruptly  inward  in 
front,  with  a  lowering  of  the  superior  border,  to  -meet  the  opposite 
dentary  in  a  ligamentous  connection  behind  the  predentary.  The 
mandibular  fossa  excavates  the  coronoid  process  behind,  and  in- 
ternally is  continuous  with  the  Meckelian  groove  which  lessens  in 
depth  in  its  forward  course  near  the  lower  border  of  the  bone,  and 
disappears  in  advance  of  a  point  in  line  with  the  front  end  of  the 
magazine.  Behind  the  magazine  the  dentary  ends  in  a  laterally  com- 
pressed, pointed  process,  internal  to  the  mandibular  fossa.  This  pro- 
cess is  covered  on  its  inner  face,  and  embraced  above,  by  the  anterior 
end  of  the  splenial.  Posteriorly,  beneath  the  Meckelian  groove,  is  a 
narrow  surface  marking  the  internal  application  of  the  angular  as  far 
forward  as  a  point  nearly  beneath  the  midlength  of  the  magazine. 
Posteriorly  below  the  dentary  is  transversely  broad,  thin  and  obtusely 
pointed  at  its  termination,  underlapping  the  surangular  so  that  the 
floor  of  the  mandibular  fossa  is  continuous  with  the  upper  front  sur- 
face of  the  surangular.  The  narrow  symphysial  surface  is  deeply 
grooved  from  front  to  back.  The  dental  foramina,  corresponding  in 
number  to  the  vertical  series  of  teeth,  are  conspicuous  internally  below 
the  magazine.  At  the  anterior  end  externally  is  a  rather  large  foramen 
behind  which  are  six  or  seven  smaller  ones  at  irregular  intervals  back 
to  the  front  of  the  magazine.  Still  farther  back  are  a  few  other 
foramina  in  the  outer  face  of  the  bone. 


1917]  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  73 

In  the  dentary  there  are  forty-eight  or  forty-nine  vertical  series  of 
teeth  with  four  or  five  and  sometimes  the  stump  of  a  sixth  in  each  series. 
The  individual  teeth  are  largest  at  the  midlength  of  the  magazine 
and  decrease  in  size  toward  either  end  of  it,  the  posterior  ones  being 
considerably  shorter  but  only  slightly  narrower  than  those  in  front. 
The  inner  enamelled  tooth-surfaces,  in  lateral  aspect,  are  nearly 
lozenge-shaped  in  outline,  with  the  longer  diameter  vertical,  and  fit 
closely  together  quincuncially  in  a  mosaic  which  is  almost  half  covered 
from  below  by  the  thin  alveolar  wall.  There  are  about  230  teeth  in 
each  dentary,  this  being  many  less  than  the  number  (406)  ascribed  to 
Diclonius  mirabilis  by  Cope  in  his  description  of  that  species  in  1883. 

MEASUREMENTS  OF  THE  SKULL  OF  EDMONTOSAURUS. 

Mm. 

Length  of  type  skull  measured  in  a  straight  line  from  the 
posterior  edge  of  the  opisthotic  to  the  middle  of  the  anterior 
premaxillary  border 1114 

Horizontal  length  of  same  from  anterior  premaxillary  border 
to  a  point  vertically  below  the  edge  of  the  opisthotic 
(paroccipital)   1066 

Length  of  quadrate 420 

Breadth  of  skull  (paratype)  between  the  external  convexity  of 

the  postfrontals  behind  the  orbit.     (The  size  of  the  skull  in 

the  type  and  paratype  is  about  the  same) 428 

Length  of  mandibular  ramus  of  paratype  without  predentary__        908 
Length  of  dentary  of  paratype 780 

EXPLANATION    OF    PLATES. 

Plate  II — Left  lateral  aspect  of  the  type  skull  of  Edmontosaurus 
regalis,  one-seventh  natural  size. 

Plate  III — Superior  aspect  of  skull  of  Edmontosaurus  regalis,  one- 
seventh  natural  size.  This  view  is  taken  from  above  with 
the  skull  in  the  position  in  which  it  is  shown  in  plate  II, 
viz.,  with  the  line  of  the  teeth  practically  horizontal. 

Abbreviations: — Ar,  articular;  D,  dentary;  Ex.  oc,  exoccipital; 
/'.  frontal;  /,  jugal;  LJ  lachrymal;  l.t.f.,  lateral  temporal  fenestra; 
Mx,  maxillary;  N,  nasal;  no,  nasal  opening;  O,  orbit;  Opo,  opisthotic; 
Orsp,  orbitosphenoid  (alisphenoid) ;  P,  parietal;  Pof,  postfrontal; 
Pal,  palatine;  Pmx,  premaxillary;  Prd,  predentary;  Prf,  prefrontal; 
Prot,  prootic;  Pt,  pterygoid;  Q,  quadrate;  Qj  quadrato-jugal;  Sang, 
surangular;  Soc,  supraoccipital;  Sp,  splenial;  Sq,  squamosal:  s.t.f., 
supratempotal  fenestra;  V,  vomer. 


74  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [October 

THE  RED-TAILED  HAWK  IN  MANITOBA. 


By  Norman  ("riddle,  Treesbank,  Man. 


The  Red-tail  is  one  of  the  most  beautiful  of  our  Canadian  hawks 
and  in  Manitoba  among  the  semi-wooded  areas,  is  still  one  of  the 
commonest.  That  it  is  still  numerous  is  due  to  the  fact  that  its  more 
secluded  haunts  have  enabled  it  to  escape  much  of  the  persecution  to 
which  the  misinformed  public  have  subjected  its  close  allies,  the 
Rough-legged  and  Swainson's  hawks. 

The  favourite  nesting  sites  of  the  Red-tail  are  along  the  wooded 
borders  of  rivers  and  streams,  though  the  bird  is  by  no  means  confined 
to  such  places,  but  is  found  breeding  over  much  of  the  semi-wooded 
portions  of  the  province.  In  general  habits  this  hawk  does  not  differ 
greatly  from  Swainson's  hawk,  to  which  reference  was  made  by  the 
writer  in  a  previous  volume  of  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  It  is, 
however,  two  or  three  weeks  earlier  in  arriving  from  the  South  in 
spring  time,  commences  to  build  earlier,  and  is  far  more  a  bird  of 
woodlands  than  either  Swainson's  or  the  Rough-legged  hawk.  More- 
over, it  has  never  been  found  nesting  upon  the  ground  and  rarely  in 
isolated  trees. 

The  nest  of  this  >pecies  is  composed  of  large  and  small  twigs, 
well  lined  with  the  inner  bark  of  aspen  poplar,  being  a  somewhat  bulky 
structure.  There  seems  a  general  tendency,  on  the  bird's  part,  to  seek 
a  new  nesting  site  each  year.  This,  however,  is  not  always  done,  some 
birds  being  known  to  occupy  the  same  nest  for  two  or  more  years  in 
succession.  The  same  nests  have  also  been  rebuilt  and  used  after  one 
or  more  years  interval.  There  is  reason  to  suspect  that  old  nests 
would  be  much  more  frequently  utilised  were  it  not  for  the  fact  that  the 
Western  Horned  owl  habitually  takes  possession  of  these  before  the 
hawks  return.  Thus,  the  nests  available  for  the  latter  depend  upon 
the  number  of  horned  owls  present  in  the  vicinity. 

The  number  of  eggs  laid  by  each  female  varies  somewhat  and 
seems  to  depend,  at  least  to  some  extent,  upon  the  food  supply.  In 
1917,  the  six  nests  under  observation  close  to  the  writer's  home,  con- 
tained but  two  eggs  each  and  in  only  one  of  the  six  did  the  parents 
succeed  in  rearing  more  than  one  young  though  both  were  hatched  in 
every  instance.  The  first  nest  was  discovered  on  May  6,  containing 
two  eggs.  Other  nests  with  eggs  were  located  as  late  as  June  14. 
It  is  difficult  to  account  for  the  mortality  among  the  young,  though 
,  it  is  noteworthy  that  the  deaths  occurred  while  they  were  still  quite 
small,  and  that  the  latest  hatched,  and  consequently  smallest,  was 
invariably  the  one  to  die.  Dead  examples  presented  no  indication  of 
violence  but  seemed  to  show  that,  in  all  probability,  death  was  due  to 


1^17]  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  75 

starvation,  the  lack  of  food  being  due  in  its  turn  to  a  scarcity  of 
ground  squirrels  (gophers)  and  to  the  unusual  number  of  hawks 
nesting  in  the  district. 

The  curious  habit  of  the  old  birds  in  gathering  a  green  leafy 
bough  and  placing  it  in  the  nest,  characteristic  of  Swainson's  hawk 
also,  is  very  marked  in  the  Red-tail,  a  fresh  bough  being  gathered  at 
least  once  daily  during  the  time  when  the  young  are  small.  There  has 
been  some  doubt  hitherto  as  to  the  cause  of  this  habit,  but  by  observing 
the  nestlings  I  am  led  to  believe  that  the  bough  acts  as  a  sun  shade, 
as  the  young  have  been  seen  to  repeatedly  pull  the  bough  over  them- 
selves and  crouch  beneath  it.  Doubtless  it  also  acts  as  a  shield  and 
hides  the  young  from  their  enemies.  The  leaves  arc  also  occasionally 
eaten. 

As  the  young  develop  they  acquire  a  good  deal  of  boldness  and 
defend  themselves  with  both  beak  and  claws.  They  have  a  habit  of 
closely  watching  the  intruder  backing  up  meanwhile  at  the 
approach  of  a  hand;  then  suddenly  the)  leap  forward  with  wing- 
outstretched  and  it  requires  a  rapid  movement  to  escape  their  on- 
slaught. The  old  birds  make  no  efforts  to  defend  their  young,  but  fly 
high  overhead  uttering  loud  cries  which  are,  at  times,  answered  in  a 
shriller  key  by  the  young  beneath.  In  the  fall  these  birds  may  be 
seen  resting  upon  trees  and  telephone  posts,  looking  very  un-Red-tailed 
in  appearance  and  superficially  very  like  the  young  of  Swainson's 
hawk.  Towards  the  middle  of  October  they  make  their  way  steadily 
southward  and  by  the  end  of  the  month  have  practically  all  passed 
beyond  our  borders. 

The  food  habits  of  hawks  have  been  discussed  on  many  occasions 
and  the  examination  of  stomachs  by  Fisher  and  others  in  the  United 
States  show^  that  all  our  large  buzzard-like  hawks,  such  as  the  Red- 
tail,  Rough-legged  and  Swainson's  hawks,  are  extremely  useful. 
In  discussing  these  from  the  standpoint  of  the  prairie  farmers,  how- 
ever, we  have  to  take  into  consideration  the  fact  that  the  prairie  pro- 
vinces are  largely  grain  producing.  Secondly,  that  they  are  infested 
by  several  species  of  ground  squirrel  which  are  quite  unknown  in 
eastern  (  anada  and  winch  take  heavy  toll  from  the  grain  fields.  Thus 
our  problems  in  regard  to  hawks  are  quite  unlike  those  of  the  east 
and  it  seems  a  mistake  to  unite  these  in  an  article  of  this  sort. 

As  the  Red-tailed  hawk  is  more  an  inhabitant  of  woodlands  than 
the  other  species  mentioned  above  it  naturally  follows  that  it  is  not 
so  much  a  hunter  of  the  plains,  hence  the  prairie  ground  squirrels  do 
not  form  so  large  a  proportion  of  its  food.  They  are,  however,  taken 
in  quite  large  numbers  and  are  supplemented  by  wood-loving  kinds 
such  as  Franklin's  ground  squirrel,  the  common  red  squirrel  and  by 
mice.  The  food  habits  are  also  much  more  difficult  to  ascertain  owing 
to  the  thorough  manner  in  which  the  parents  clean  up  the  nest  and  to 


76  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [October 

their  habit  of  not  leaving  food  nearby.  Thus,  unless  one  kills  the  birds 
and  examines  their  stomachs,  it  is  necessary  to  rely  almost  wholly  upon 
the  disgorged  pellets  overlooked  by  the  parents,  which  unfortunately 
are  practically  absent  during  the  early  stages  of  the  existence  of  the 
young.    Details  of  pellets  examined  in  1917  are: 

July  2 — 14  pellets  collected  beneath  the  nest  of  a  pair  of  young; 
two  made  up  of  feathers  and  weed  seeds  from  one  or  more  vesper 
sparrows;  four  containing  hair  of  voles  and  mice  and  odd  bones  of 
these  rodents;  the  remaining  pellets  containing  ground  squirrel  hair 
and  a  few  bones  chiefly  of  the  striped  species,  Cetillus  tridecemlineata: 
a  few  aspen  leaves  were  also  present. 

July  10 — Six  pellets  beneath  the  nest  of  a  single  nestling,  chiefly 
made  up  of  vole  hair  and  with  three  sets  of  teeth  of  these  animals,  also 
bones  and  feathers  of  a  young  crow.  Pellets  from  another  nest  taken 
on  the  same  day,  five  in  all,  showed  a  few  bird  feathers,  parts  of  two 
voles,  much  hair  of  the  same  rodents,  ground  squirrel  hair  and  three 
tail  tips  of  Franklin's  ground  squirrel. 

July  31 — Three  pellets  gathered  containing  hair  and  bones  of 
ground  squirrels,  the  former  of  C.  richardsoni  and  franklinii.  Odd 
bones  and  a  tail  of  the  last  species  were  also  located  upon  the  ground. 
•  The  young  hawk  had  left  this  nest  about  ten  days.  Another  nest  from 
which  the  young  had  departed  was  examined  on  October  5 ;  it  con- 
tained broken  pellets  consisting  of  ground  squirrel  hair  and  bones. 

These  studies,  as  was  mentioned  above,  relate  to  a  single 
season's  observations.  Similar  studies,  covering  a  number  of  years 
show  little  variation  in  the  kind  of  food  consumed.  The  situation  of 
the  hunting  grounds  naturally  influences  the  results  inasmuch  as  these 
are  apt  to  be  frequented  by  a  greater  number  of  animals  of  one  species 
in  one  place  and  another  kind  elsewhere.  A  shortage  of  some  par- 
ticular animal,  such  as  ground  squirrels,  will  have  to  be  made  up  by 
the  collecting  of  some  other  such  as  mice  or  birds,  all  of  which  have  to 
be  taken  into  consideration  before  we  can  arrive  at  a  true  knowledge 
of  any  hawk's  food  habits. 

With  regard  to  the  relation  of  Red-tailed  hawks  to  poultry,  I  have 
yet  to  learn  of  a  single  instance  of  these  hawks  having  attacked 
poultry  of  any  kind,  though  it  is  not  at  all  an  uncommon  event  to  find 
them  nesting  within  a  few  hundred  yards  of  barnyards  and  poultry 
runs.  Such  is  the  evidence  brought  out  by  this  investigation.  The 
destruction  of  a  few  sparrows  may  be  used  against  the  hawks.  The 
killing  of  a  vastly  greater  number  of  noxious  rodents  leaves  a  large 
balance  in  the  bird's  favour.  We  can,  therefore,  come  to  but  one  con- 
clusion, namely,  that  it  is  not  only  a  friend  to  the  farmer  but  also  a 
useful  ally  as  a  conserver  of  our  food  supply. 


L917] 


The  Ottawa  Naturalist. 


77 


WAS  THE  LOWER  CAMBRIAN  TRILOBITE  SUPREME?* 


By  Lancaster  D.  Burling. 


A  new  species  of  Lower  Cambrian  trilobite,  Paedeumias  robsonen- 
sis,  has  recently  been  described"*"  from  a  single  specimen  which  is 
unique  among  the  thousands  of  specimens  of  known  trilobites  in  its 
imperfection.  The  reason  for  the  extraordinary  perfection  of  the  tests 
of  previously  discovered  trilobites  has  apparently  escaped  critical 
observation  though  the  late  development  of  the  ability  to  roll  up  into  a 
ball  has  been  appealed  to  as  indicating  that  the  trilobite  was  the 
supreme  arbiter  of  the  early  Cambrian  seas  and  needed  no  such  pro- 
tection. He  has  recently  been  deposed  from  this  position,  however,  at 
least  for  the  Middle  Cambrian,  and  his  title  conferred  upon  Sidneyia 
inexpert  mis  WalcottL  a  Merostome-like  crustacean  which  has  been 
described  as  armed  with  a  truly  formidable  set  of  chelate  appendages 
or  claws  (see  figure  2).  In  the  Lower  Cambrian,  however,  nothing 
has  hitherto  been  discovered  that  would  dispute  the  claim  of  the 
trilobite  to  be  the  largest  inhabitant  of  the  seas,  and  the  specimen  of 
Paedeumias  above  mentioned  is  as  large  or  larger  than  any  other 
fossil  so  far  discovered  in  the  lower  Cambrian  rocks  of  the  North- 
western Cordillera.  It  is  further  noteworthy  in  having  the  greatest 
number  of  ribs  (44)  ever  discovered  in  a  trilobite.  Fifteen  of  these 
are  of  large  size  and  their  long  spines  almost  completely  encircle  the 
remaining  2()  (or  more,  the  end  is  broken  off)  which  are  smaller  and 
nearly  equal  in  size. 


~"nS 


Fig.   1—  Paedi  uraias   robson  urling.     Outline   of  right    half  of   the    first 

seven  ribs,   showing  extent  of  injury.     As  can  be  seen  by  the  photo- 

t  on   plate  I,   Vol.   XXX,   opp.   p.   53,    the  left   half  of 

i  ibs    is    normal,    with    the    exception    that    the    fifth    is    slightly 

shorter  than  the  fourth  anil   sixth.     The  enlargement  of  the   third  rib 

is  characteristic   of   the   family    to   which   the   species   belong.      Tl 


fourths  natural  size. 


"Published  by  permission  of  the  Deputy  Minister  of  Mine 
tOttawa  Naturalist,  vol.  30.  1916,  pp.  53-58,  pi.  I. 
JNai.  Geog.  Mag.,  vol.  22,  1911,  p.  511. 


J%&> 


if    **hf 


'*' 


7 
C 


«k 


J  - 


78 


The  Ottaaaa  Naturalist. 


[  October 


Hoav  does  it  happen  that  this  trilobite  has  lost  the  ends  of  two 
of  his  largest  ribs  and  that  a  third,  which  lies  betAveen  them,  has  been 
cut  off  close  to  the  central  part  of  his  body?  And  what  light  do  Ave 
receive  from  the  fact  that  the  broken  ends  of  these  ribs  have  started  to 
heal  up  and  show  fairly  well  developed  terminations?  (See  figure  1). 


Fig.  2 — Restoration  of  Sidneyia  inexpectans  Walcott.  Made  by  grouping 
together  a  bodv  and  two  claws  found  within  the  limits  of  the  same 
Middle  Cambrian  faunule  on  the  slopes  of  Mt.  Field,  British  Columbia. 
The  two  claws  are  probably  both  rights  or  both  lefts,  one  (left  in  the 
figure)  showing  one  side,  with  the  "thumb"  in  place,  the  other  show- 
ing the  reverse  side  of  a  claw  probably  belonging  to  the  same  side  of 
the  animal,  with  the  "thumb"  broken  away.  The  individual  portions 
after  Walcott.     One-half  natural  size. 


If  we  assume  that  tlie  trilobite  lost  this  portion  of  his  anatomy 
while  he  was  a  very  small  animal,  why  was  he  so  long  about  fixing  up 
his  lost  ribs?  Crustacea  noAv  have  the  poAver  of  rebuilding  lost  parts 
of  their  body,  and  this  primitive  crab  has  proven  by  his  ability  to  heal 


*'• 


*#  * 


>x. 


I 


1917]  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  79 

the  broken  ends  of  his  ribs  that  Cambrian  trilobites  possessed  the  same 
ability.*  Therefore  it  must  have  happened  very  recently  in  his  life 
history  or  all  traces  of  the  accident  would  have  been  removed.  But  if 
it  happened  such  a  short  while  ago  the  chunk  must  have  been  removed 
by  a  foe  more  voracious  if  not  actually  larger  than  himself  and  we  are 
apparently  justified  in  assuming  the  presence  in  the  Lower  Cambrian 
seas  of  animals  capable  of  inflicting  such  an  injury.  The  only  other 
explanation  is  that  he  became  pinned  beneath  material  dropping  from 
an  overhanging  ledge,  and  an  apparent  crowding  and  dwarfing  of  the 
ribs  immediately  adjacent  to  the  cut  lends  a  degree  of  plausibility  to 
the  idea  that  the}-  were  bruised  at  the  same  time. 

So  far  as  we  can  judge  from  the  present  appearance  of  the  edges  of 
the  wound  it  was  comparatively  clean  cut,  and  made  by  a  jaw  capable 
of  cutting  not  only  at  the  extreme  tip  but  for  some  distance  along  each 
side,  for  the  ribs  next  in  front  and  back  of  the  one  in  the  middle  are 
cut  off  diagonally.  A  Sidneyia-like  crustacean  (see  figure  2)  could 
hardly  be  expected  to  clip  so  symmetrical  and  clean  a  section.  If  we 
were  to  hazard  a  gue>-  we  would  say  that  the  most  reasonable  conclu- 
sion would  be  that  it  was  the  work  of  a  fish.  These,  the  earliest  known 
vertebrates,  are  not  known  from  rocks  earlier  than  those  of  the  imme- 
diately overlying  system,  the  Ordovician,  but  ancient,  rocks  are  growing 
daily  more  responsive  and  such  a  guess  is  far  within  the  range  of 
probability. 


PROGRAMME  OF  WINTER  LECTURES,  191 7-19 IS. 

December  18,  1917 — "Two  Years  in  N.  E.  Greenland.*'  Mr.  Frits 
Johansen,  Naturalist  on  the  "Danmark"  Expedition,  1906-1908. 

January  8,  1918 — "Mobilizing  the  Forests  for  War  and  Peace."  Mr. 
Robson  Black,  Secretary  of  the  Canadian  Forestrv  Association. 

January  22,  1918 — "Diseases  of  Domestic  Animals.*'  Dr.  S.  Hadwen, 
Pathologist,  Dept.  of  Agriculture,  Ottawa. 

February  5,  1918— "Local  Snakes,  Frogs  and  Salamanders:  Their 
Relation  to  Agriculture."  Mr.  Clyde  L.  Patch,  Victoria  Memor- 
ial Museum,  Ottawa. 

February  19,  1918- — "Fishing  and  the  Canadian  Fisheries,  with 
Special  Reference  to  the  Atlantic  Coast."  Mr.  W.  A  Found, 
Superintendent  of  Fisheries,  Ottawa. 

March  5,  1918— "The  Fur  Seals."  Mr.  James  M.  Macoun,  C.M.G., 
Victoria  Memorial  Museum,  Ottawa. 

March  19,  1918 — "Naturalists  and  Tropical  Diseases."  Major  J.  L. 
Todd,  Ottawa,  lately  Professor  of  Parasitology,  McGill  Univer- 
sity. At  the  conclusion  of  this  lecture  the  ANNUAL  MEETING 
of  the  Club  will  be  held. 


*Perhaps  the  quickness  of  this  recovery  in  these  early  forms  is  the  reason 
for  the  perfection  of  the  forms  which  have  hitherto  been  discovered. 


80  The  Ottawa  Naturalist  [October 

WHY  THE  LEAVES  CHANGE  THEIR  COLOR. 


The  change  in  the  color  of  leaves  in  autumn  is  not,  as  many 
people  suppose,  due  to  the  action  of  frost,  but  is  a  preparation  for 
winter.  All  during  the  spring  and  summer  the  leaves  have  served  as 
factories,  where  the  foods  necessary  for  the  trees'  growth  have  been 
manufactured.  Ths  food  making  rake-  place  in  numberless  tiny  cells 
of  the  leaf  and  is  carried  on  by  small  green  bodies  which  give  the 
leaf  its  color.  These  chlorophyll  bodies,  as  they  are  known,  make  the 
food  of  the  tree  b)  combining  carbon  taken  from  the  carbonic  acid  gas 
of  the  air  with  hydrogen,  oxygen,  and  various  minerals  supplied  by 
the  water  which  the  roots  gather.  In  the  fall  when  the  cool  weather 
can-  lowing  down  of  the  vital  processes,  the  work  of  the  leaves 

comes  to  an  end.  The  machinery  of  the  leaf  factory  is  dismantled,  so 
to  speak,  the  chlorophyll  is  broken  up  into  the  various  substances  of 
which  it  is  composed,  and  whatever  food  there  is  on  hand  is  sent  to 
the  body  of  the  tree  to  be  stored  up  for  use  in  the  spring.  All  that 
remains  in  the  cell  cavities  of  the  leaf  is  a  watery  substance  in  which 
a  few  oil  globules  and  crystals,  and  a  small  number  of  yellow,  strongly 
tive  bodies  can  be  seen.  These  give  the  leaves  the  yellow  color- 
ing so  familiar  in  autumnal  foliage. 

It  often  happens,  however,  that  there  is  more  sugar  in  the  leaf 
that  cm  be  readily  transferred  back  to  the  tree.  When  this  is  the  i  - 
the  chemical  combination  with  the  other  substances  produce-  many- 
colored  tints  varying  from  the  brilliant  red  of  the  dogwood  to  the  more 
austere  red-browns  of  the  oak.  In  coniferous  trees,  which  do  not  lose 
their  foliage  in  the  fall,  the  green  coloring  matter  takes  on  a  slightly 
brownish  tinge,  which,  however,  gives  way  to  the  lighter  color  in  the 
spring. 

While  tin  color  of  the  leaf  is  changing,  other  preparations  are 
being  made.  At  the  point  where  the  stem  of  the  leaf  is  attached  to 
the  tree,  a  specal  layer  of  cells  develops  which  gradually  sever  the 
tissues  which  support  the  leaf.  At  the  same  time  Nature  heals  the  cut, 
so  that  when  the  leaf  is  finally  blown  off  by  the  wind  or  falls  from  its 
own  weight,  tlie  place  where  it  grew  on  the  twig  is  marked  by  a  scar. 

Although  the  food  which  has  been  prepared  in  the  cell  cavities  is 
sent  back  to  the  tree,  the  mineral  substances  with  which  the- walls  of 
the  cells  have  become  impregnated  during  the  summer  months  are 
retained.  Accordingly,  when  the  leaves  fall  they  contain  relatively 
large  amounts  of  valuable  elements,  such  as  nitrogen  and  phosphorus 
which  were  originally  a  part  of  the  soil.  The  decomposition  of  the 
lea*  ults  in  enriching  the  top  layers  of  the  soil  by  returning  these 

elements  and  by  the  accumulaton  of  humus.  That  is  why  the  mellow 
black  earth  from  the  forest  floor  is  so  fertile. —  (From  the  Forest 
Service,  U.  S.  Dep.  Agric. ) 


K 


(LIBRARY}  at 

7   *    V* 


THE  OTTAWA  NATURALIST 


Vol.  XXXI.  NOVEMBER,  1917.  No.  8. 

NOTES  ON  THE  WINTER  BIRDS  OF  THE 
OKANAGAN  VALLEY. 


By  T  A.  Munro. 


In  comparison  with  eastern  Canada,  the  winter  season  of  the 
Okanagan  Valley  is  mild,  with  a  lighter  snowfall  and  a  greater 
number  of  clear  sunny  days.  In  normal  years  the  first  cold  weather 
comes  towards  the  end  of  November.  Between  November  and  the 
first  of  March  there  arc  usually  three  or  four  cold  snaps,  when  the 
temperature  drops  tc  ten  or  fifteen  below  zero.  By  the  end  of 
February  the  snow  has  melted  and  warm  sunny  days  are  the  rule. 

During  the  severe  winter  of  1915-16,  zero  weather  lasted  almost 
continuously  from  January  9th  until  February  4th.  There  was  an 
unusually  large  amount  of  snow  and  Okanagan  Lake  was  frozen  over. 
The  lowest  temperature  at  Okanagan  Landing  was  24°  below  zero. 

Along  the  lake  shore  and  in  the  river  bottoms  various  wild  fruits, 
such  as  snowberry  and  rose  hips  insure  an  abundant  food  supply. 
The  fruit  of  the  Black  Haw  (Crataegus  douglasi)  usually  dm  -  on  the 
bushes  and  is  greedily  eaten  by  Bohemian  Waxwings  and  Pine  Gros- 
beaks. Introduced  weeds  are  well  represented  along  roadsides  and  on 
waste  ground.  Amaranthus  retroflexus,  Chenopodium  album  and 
Melilotus  alba  are  the  commonest  and  the  seeds  form  the  staple  diet 
of  Sparrows,  Redpolls  and  Juncoes. 

The  following  notes  cover  the  period  between  1911   and  1917, 
inclusive. 
Western  Grebe — JEchmo phorus  occidentalis. 

A  few  winter  on  Okanagan  Lake. 
Holboell's  Grebe — Colymbus  holboellii. 

A  few  winter  on  Okanagan  Lake.  Both  this  species  and  the 
former,  die  in  large  numbers  every  fall.  Specimens  examined  were  in 
an  emaciated  condition  and  contained  several  species  of  parasitic 
nematodes.  In  several  cases  a  mass  of  wire-like  parasites,  clustered 
between  the  leg  muscles  and  the  skin,  caused  the  knee  joints  to  swell 
to  twice  the  normal  size.  A  segmented  tape-worm  was  present  in 
several  specimens. 


82  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [November 

Horned  Grebe — Colymbus  auritus. 

Winters  commonly  on  Okanagan  Lake. 
Red-billed  Grebe — Podilymbus  podiceps. 

A  few  winter  on  Okanagan  Lake. 
Loon — Gavia  imber. 

A  few  winter  on  Okanagan  Lake. 
Red-throated  Loon — Gavia  stellata. 

A  juvenal  female  picked  up  on  the  shore  of  Okanagan  Lake, 
November  22nd,   1915.     Small  Loons  observed  on  several  occasions 
were  probably  of  this  species. 
Herring  Gull — Lams  argentatus. 

Common  winter  resident. 
California  Gull — Larus  californicus. 

Not  as  common  as  the  former. 
Mergansers — Mergus  americanus. 

Common  resident. 
Red-breasted  Merganser — Mergus  serrator. 

Regular  winter  resident. 
Mallard — A  nas  platyrhynchos. 

The  bulk  of  the  surface  feeding  ducks,  leave  in  November,  when 
the  small  lakes  and  sloughs  freeze  over.  A  few  remain  as  long  as  there 
are  open  stretches  of  water  in  the  streams  but  become  quite  poor. 
Frequently  mixed  flocks  of  Mallard,  Pintail,  etc.,  are  seen  picking  up 
the  weeds  that  have  become  dislodged  by  the  wind  and  have  drifted 
on  to  the  ice  on  the  shore  of  the  lake. 
Gadwall — Chaulelasmus  streperus. 

No  winter  records  since  January  1912. 
Baldpate — Mareca  americana. 

A  few  remain  all  winter  and  live  parasitically  on  the  Redheads, 
snatching  the  weeds  from  their  bills  as  they  rise  to  the  surface.     They 
are  in  constant  motion,  when  feeding,  dashing  at  every  duck  that  rises 
near  them. 
Green-winged  Teal — Nettion  carolinense. 

A  few  winter. 
Pintail — Dafila  acuta. 

A  few  winter. 
Redhead — Marila  americana. 

The  commonest  duck  on  Okanagan  Lake  in  winter.  Late  in 
January,  when  their  feeding  grounds  at  the  south  end  of  the  lake 
become  frozen,  they  congregate  in  enormous  flocks  in  the  vicinity  of 
Okanagan  Landing.  The  prevailing  winds  are  southerly  and  serve  to 
keep  the  shallow  water  here  free  of  ice.  Several  specimens  of  pond- 
weeds  (Potamogeton)  afford  an  abundant  food  supply.  By  February 
15,  the  flocks  have  reached  their  maximum  and  number  several 
thousand.     They  remain  in  these  large  bands  until  March,  when  they 


1917]  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  83 

move  north.  A  small  number  remain  and  breed.  Males  outnumber 
females  in  the  proportion  of  15  to  1 .  Courtship  commences  about  the 
last  week  in  February.  This  is  interesting  in  view  of  the  fact  that 
they  are  one  of  the  last  ducks  to  breed.  I  have  found  fresh  eggs  late 
in  June  and  half  grown  young  in  September. 

The  following  is  from  my  note  book: 

February  28,  1916 — Large  flocks  of  Redhead  close  to  shore, 
feeding  and  courting.  Some  were  mated  and  copulating.  The  drake 
swims  swiftly  to  the  duck,  and  appears  to  seize  her  by  the  neck  with 
his  bill.  The  duck  is  at  once  submerged  and  remains  so  until  the 
drake  leaves  her.  Five  drakes  seen  to  follow  a  duck  and  surround 
her  in  a  circle.  They  stretch  their  necks  straight  up,  the  front  part 
slightly  elevated,  showing  the  black  breast,  the  crown  feathers  erected. 
Sometimes  they  uttered  a  coarse  quack  before  relaxing. 

February  29,  1916 — Large  flocks  feeding  close  to  the  beach. 
Those  nearest  to  the  shore  were  dipping  like  mallards.  They  bring 
the  pondweed  to  the  surface  and  after  shaking  it  several  times,  swallow 
in  a  series  of  gulps.  The  mating  call  is  a  coarse  quack;  the  wheezy 
cat-like  cry  is  made  when  feeding.  I  have  been  unable  to  discover  if 
it  is  made  by  both  sexes. 

Canvas-back — Marila  valisneria. 

Regular  winter  resident,  not  common. 
Scamp  Duck — Marila  marila. 

Abundant  winter  resident. 
Lesser  Scamp  Duck — Marila  affinis. 

Regular  winter  resident;  not  as  common  as  the  former. 
Ring-necked  Duck — Marila  collaris. 

Regular  winter  resident;  unusuallv  abundant  during  the  winter 
of  1915-16. 
Golden-eye — Clangula  clangula  americana. 

Common  winter  resident. 
Barrow's  Golden-eye — Clangula  islandica. 

Scarce  winter  resident.      Breeds  commonly  here  and  leaves   in 
October  or  earlier.     The  drakes  leave  soon  after  the  eggs  are  laid  in 
May.    Most  of  the  winter  records  are  for  juvenals. 
Buffle-head — Charitonelta  albeola. 

Common  resident.     The  drakes  disappear  soon  after  the  eggs  are 
laid  and  are  not  seen  again  until  October. 
Olor.  (Sp.?) 

A  small  flock  of  swans  winter  regularly. 
•Coot — Fulica  americana. 

Abundant  resident.  They  gather  in  large  flocks  in  the  late  fall 
and  are  loth  to  move  south,  even  when  their  feeding  grounds  freeze 
over,  in  the  smaller  lakes.     During  cold  winters,  hundreds  remain  on 


84  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [November 

the  ice  and  die  of  starvation  or  fall  victims  to  the  coyotes  and  bald 

eagles. 

Wilson's  Snipe — GaUinago  delicata. 

A  few  remain  all  winter  in  the  vicinity  of  springs  or  along  the 
rapid  streams  that  remain  open  during  the  cold  weather. 
Ktlldeer — Oxyechus  vociferus. 

One  record,  December  9.  1912. 
Richardson's  Grouse—  Dendragopus  obscurus  richardsoni. 

Resident. 
Franklin's  Grouse — Canachites  franklini. 

Resident  in  the  Murray  pine  and  spruce  forests. 
Canada  Ruffed  Grouse— Banasa  umbellus  togata. 

Resident.      The    breeding    race    appears    to    be    typical    togata. 
During  October  there  is  usually  a  local  migration  from  the  higher 
mountains  and  a  much  grayer  bird  appears,  which  is  probably  closer 
to  umbelloides. 
White-tailed  Ptarmigan — Lagopus  leucurus  leucurus. 

Breeds  above  timber  line  in  southern  Okanagan.   Taken  in  winter 
on  the  Silver  Star  mountain,  near  Vernon,  by  Allan  Brooks. 
Columbian  Sharp-tailed  Grouse— Pedioecetes  phasianellus 
campestris. 

Resident.  Grouse  of  all  species  have  become  very  scarce  during 
the  past  two  years  and  a  close  season  for  all  of  British  Columbia  east 
of  the  summit  of  the  Cascade  mountains  was  declared  in  1917.  The 
scarcity  is  accounted  for  by  the  ravages  of  an  intestinal  parasite 
coupled  with  two  severe  winters,  cold  wet  springs  and  the  increase  of 
coyotes  and  skunks. 
Western  Mourning  Dove — Zenaidura  macro-lira  marginella. 

One  winter  record,  January  27,  1916. 
Marsh  Hawk — Circus  hudsonius. 

Resident. 
Sharp-shinned  Hawk — Accipiter  velox. 

Two  winter  records,  January  24,  1913;  January  3,  1917. 
Goshawk — Astus  atricapillus  atricapillus. 

Common  Resident. 
Rough-legged  Hawk — Archibuteo  lagopus  sancti-johannis. 

Winter  resident,  never  common. 
Golden  Eagle — Aquila  chrysaetos. 

Resident.    Not  common. 
Northern  Bald  Eagle — Halialus  leucocephalus  alascanus. 

Common  resident. 
Duck  Hawk — Falco  peregrinus  anatum. 

Resident;  not  common. 
Pigeon  Hawk — Falco  columbarius  columbarius. 

Resident;  not  common. 


1917]  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  85 

Black  Pigeon  Hawk — Falco  columbarius  sucklei. 

One  record,  February  7,  1914. 
Desert  Sparrow  Hawk — Falco  sparverius  phakena. 

One  winter  record,  January  22,  1917. 
Long-eared  Owl — Asio  wilsonianus. 

Common  resident. 
Short-eared  Owl — Asio  flammeus. 

Common  winter  resident;  a  few  remain  to  breed. 
Great  Grey  Owl — Scoptiaptex  nebulosa  nebulosa. 

Scarce  winter  resident. 
Richardson's  Owl — Cryptoglaux  funerea  richardsoni 

Scarce  winter  resident. 
Saw-whet  Owl — Cryptoglaux  acadica  acadica. 

Resident;  not  common. 
MacFarlane's  Screech  Owl — Otas  asio  macfarlanei. 

Common  resident. 
Great  Horned  Owl — Bubo  virginianus. 

The  breeding  form  is  consistently  dark  with  the  heavily  mottled 
feet  of  "saluratiis."     In  the  winter  a  much  lighter,  more  ruescent  form 
occurs.     I  have  never  taken  anything  approaching  subarcticus. 
Snowy  (Kvi.—Nyctia  nyctia. 

Winter  resident;   not  common.     During  the  winter  of  1016-17, 
when  the  big  migration  of  this  species  occurred  on  the  Pacific  coast, 
they  were  slightly  more  common  here. 
Hawk  Owl — Surnia  ulula  caparoch. 

Winter  resident;  not  common.     Breeds  in  the  high  mountains  in 
southern  Okanagan. 
P   gmy  Owl-  -Glaucidium  gnoma  gnoma. 

Common  resident. 
Belted  Kingfisher — Ceryle  alcyon. 

A  few  generally  winter. 
Rocky  Mountain  Hairy  Woodpecker — Dryobates  villosus 

monticola.     Common  resident. 
\\  \  tohelder's  Woodpecker — Dryobates  pubescens  homorus. 

Common  resident. 
W 1 1  ite-he aded  Wocdpecker — Xenopicus  albo  larvatus. 

Two  records,  December  20,  1911;  January  24,  1914. 
Arctic  Three-toed  Woodpecker — Picoides  arcticus. 

Resident  in  the  Canadian  zones. 
Alaska  Three-toed  Woodpecker — Picoides  americanus  fasciatus. 

Resident  in  the  Canadian  zone. 
Northern  Pileated  Woodpecker — Phloeotomus  pileatus  abieticola. 

Common  resident. 
Red-shaeted  Flicks — Col  a  pies  cafer  collaris. 

A  few  always  winter. 


86  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [November 

Pallid  Horned  Lark — Otocoris  alpestris  arcticola. 

Breeds  above  timber  line.     Arrives  in  the  valleys  in  large  flocks 
early  in  September.     Small  flocks  remain  through  the  winter,  but  the 
majority  of  the  birds  go  farther  south  in  late  October. 
Magpie — Pica  pica  hudsonia. 

Abundant  resident. 
Black-headed  Jay — Cyanocitta  stelleri  annectens. 

Common  resident. 
Rocky  Mountain  Jay — Perisoreus  canadensis  capitalis. 

Resident  in  the  Canadian  zone. 
Northern  Raven — -Corvus  cor  ax  principalis. 

Resident  in  the  Canadian  zone. 
Western  Crow — Corvus  brachyrhynchos  hesperis. 

Abundant  resident.  The  bulk  of  the  crows  spend  both  winter 
and  summer  in  the  brushy  river  bottoms  in  the  vicinity  of  cleared  land. 
Clarke's  Nutcracker—  Nucifraga  columbiana. 

Resident;  sometimes  common.  During  the  fall  and  winter  they 
feed  almost  exclusively  on  the  seeds  of  the  yellow  pine  (Pinus 
ponderosa).  When  the  seed  crop  is  light  they  leave  the  district 
entirely.  Very  few  were  seen  in  the  Okanagan  from  July,  1915,  until 
August,  1917.  They  are  plentiful  again  this  winter  (1917-18). 
Northwestern  Red-wing — Agelaius  phoeniceus  caurinus 

Abundant  resident. 
Western  Meadowlark — Slumella  neglect  a. 

Abundant  resident.      During  cold   weather  they   frequent   straw 
stacks,  burrowing  into  the  loose  straw  for  warmth. 
Brewer's  Blackbird — Euphagus  cyanocephalus. 

In  1912-13,  this  species  wintered  in  large  numbers  in  the  city  of 
Kelowna,   feeding  on  street  refuse.      I  have  no  winter  records  north 
of  this. 
Western  Evening  Grosbeak — Hesperiphona  vespertina  montana. 

Winter  resident,  some  years  abundant.  They  are  usually  more 
common  in  the  cities  where  the  seeds  of  the  box  elder  are  the  attraction. 
When  the  supply  of  seeds  is  exhausted,  they  move  out  into  the  country, 
feeding  on  the  choke  cherry  kernels  and  the  small  black  haws 
(Crataegus  douglasi)  that  have  dried  on  the  bushes  during  the  hot 
summer.  In  the  summer  of  1916  they  remained  in  the  city  of  Vernon 
as  late  as  June  5,  and  were  then  feeding  on  green  box  elder  seeds.  A 
few  pairs  undoubtedly  breed  in  the  mountains  close  to  here,  as  I  have 
taken  juvenals  in  August. 
Rocky  Mountain  Pine  Grosbeak — Pinicola  enucleator  leucura. 

Winter  resident,  sometimes  abundant.  Breeds  in  the  high 
mountains  near  timber  line  in  the  southern  Okanagan.  Winter  birds 
are  probably  from  the  north.  They  gather  in  large  flocks  in  the 
orchards,  tearing  the  seeds  out  of  the  frozen  apples.     The  pulp  that 


1917]  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  87 

falls  to  the  ground  is  generally  eaten  by  Bohemian  Waxwings.     Fre- 
quently they  feed  together. 
Cassin's  Purple  Finch — Carpodacus  cassini. 

Three  winter  records. 
Crossbill — Loxia  curvirostra  minor. 

Common   resident;    erratic    in   their   appearance.      I   have   shot 
females  in  February  and  in  August  that  were  undoubtedly  breeding. 
Gray-crowned  Rosy  Finch — Leucosticte  tephrocotis  tephrocotis. 
Hepburn's  Rosy  Finch — Leucosticte  tephrocotis  UttoraUs. 

Both  forms  breed  above  timber  line  in  the  Similkameen  district 
and  in  the  Gold  Range.  Large  flocks  come  into  the  valley  during 
December  and  January.  Litt oralis  is  much  the  more  common. 
Tephrocotis  occurs  in  the  flocks  in  the  proportion  of  one  to  twenty  or 
thirty.  Specimens  that  are  intermediate  are  common.  I  have  fre- 
quently seen  flocks  of  three  or  four  hundred  suddenly  appear  and 
swarm  over  a  bare  place  on  the  open  range  in  search  of  gravel.  When 
disturbed  they  often  circle  several  times,  their  undulating  flight  and 
soft  voices  suggesting  the  shore  lark.  If  birds  have  been  shot  out  of 
the  flock,  the  remainder  will  come  back  time  after  time,  fluttering  to 
the  ground,  close  to  the  dead  birds.  On  one  occasion,  a  flock,  dis- 
turbed from  an  alfalfa  field,  flew  up,  in  an  ever  narrowing  spiral,  for 
several  hundred  feet  and  then  closed  into  a  compact  flock  and  flew 
straight  away. 
Hoary  Redpoll — Acanthis  hornemanni  exilipes. 

Rare.    One  was  taken  in  a  flock  of  linaria  on  February  24.  1(M2, 
and  two  specimens  taken  in  December,  1916. 
Redpoll — Acanthis  linaria  linaria. 

Abundant  winter  resident.     The  earliest  date  seen,  November  9, 
and  the  latest  recorded  in  the  spring,  March  30. 
Pale  Goldfinch — AstragaUnus  tristis  pallidas. 

Common  resident. 
Pixe  Siskin — Spinus  pin  us. 

Abundant  resident. 
Snow  Bunting. 

Abundant  winter  resident.     The  earliest  record  Otcober  15,  and 
the  latest  February  14. 
Harris  Sparrow — Zonotrichia  querula. 

One  winter  record,  December  2,  1911. 
Gambel's  Sparrow — Zonotrichia  leucophrys  gambeli. 

Two  specimens  taken  by  Allan  Brooks,  January,  1914. 
"Western  Tree  Sparrow — Spizella  monticola  ochracea. 

Regular  winter  resident. 
Shifeldt's  Junco — Junco  hyemalis  connectens. 

The  majority  of  the  winter  Juncos  appear  to  be  typical  connectens. 
In  a  series  of  winter  skins  sent  to  Dr.  Dwight  for  identification  were 


88  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [November 

ilso  found  hyemalis  and  montanus. 

Sooty  Song  Sparroay — Melospiza  melodia  rufina. 

Abundant  resident. 
Spurred  Towhee — Pipilo  maculatus  montanus. 

One  winter  record. 
Bohemian  Waxwing — Bombycilla  garrula. 

Usually  an  abundant  winter  resident.     Flocks  of  three  hundred 
or  more  were  not  unusual  during  the  winter  of  1916-17. 
Northern  Shrike — Lanius  borealis. 

Regular  winter  resident. 
Dipper — Cinclus  mexicanus  unicolor. 

Resident.     When  the  mountain  streams  freeze  over  they  can  be 
found  along  the  shore  of  Okanagan  Lake.     They  are  conspicuously 
plentiful  at  the  falls  on  Okanagan  river,  where  there  is  always  open 
water.     Here  their  song  can  be  heard  even  on  the  coldest  days. 
Western  Winter  Wren — Nannus  hiemalis  pacificus. 

Resident.     There  is  a  local  migration  from  the  mountains  in  the 
late  fall.     This  is  one  of  the  species  that  suffered  severely  in  the  cold 
winter  of  1915-16. 
Western  Marsh  IT'rex — Telmatodytes  palustris  plesius. 

A  few  usually  winter. 
Rocky  Mountain  Creeper — Certhia  familiaris  montanus. 

Resident  in  the  Canadian  zone.     Common  winter  resident  lower 
down. 
Rocky  Mountain  Nuthatch — -Sitta  carolinensis  nelsoni. 

Abundant  resident. 
Red-breasted  Nuthatch — Sitta  canadensis  . 

Abundant  resident. 
Pygmy  Nuthatch — Sitta  pygmoza  pygmcea. 

Common  resident.     Not  as  widely  distributed  as  the  other  two 
species. 
Chickadee — Penthestes  atricapellus  atricapellus: 

Abundant  resident. 
Mountain  Chickadee — Penthestes  gambeli  gambeli. 

Abundant  resident. 
Columbian  Chickadee — Penthestes  hudsonicus  columbianus. 

Resident  in  the  spruce  forests  of  the  Canadian  zone.  I  have 
never  known  them  to  descend  to  the  pine  and  douglas  fir  country 
lower  down  the  mountains.  They  travel  in  smaller  bands  than  other 
Chickadees  and  keep  to  the  tree  tops.  Their  note  is  finer  and  more 
sibilant  and  is  easily  recognized.. 
Western  Golden-crowned  Kinglet — Regulus  satrap  a  olivaceus. 

Common  resident. 
Sitka  Kinglet — Regulus  calendula  grinnelU. 

One  winter  record,  December  29,  1913. 


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1917]  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  89 

Townsend's  Solitaire — Myadestes  townsendi. 

Common  resident.  In  the  winter  their  favorite  food  is  the  berry 
of  the  western  red  cedar.  They  remain  all  winter  in  the  rough  broken 
country  of  canyons  and  slide  rock,  where  this  dwarf  cedar  grows,  and 
it  is  a  wonderful  experience  to  hear  several  males  singing  their  clear 
sweet  song,  in  these  surroundings,  when  the  temperature  is  at  zero. 
Western  Robin — Planesticus  migratorius  propinquus. 

A  few  usually  winter. 
Varied  Thrush — Ixoreus  nwvius  ivtvius. 

Resident.    There  is  usually  a  local  migration  from  the  mountains 
in  October. 
Western  Bluebird — Sialia  mexicana  occidentaUs. 

Five  wintered  in  the  city  of  Vernon  in  1915-16.  They  were  seen 
feeding  on  Virginia  creeper  berries.  These  birds  were  probably 
frozen  in  the  cold  weather  that  came  in  January  as  they  were  not  seen 
after  December  SI . 

Introduced  species. 
Bob-v*  iiiTi; — Colinus  virginianus  virginianus. 

Introduced  some  years  ago.     The  winters  are  evidently  too  severe, 
a-  there  has  been  little  increa.-e. 
California  (Kail — Lophortyx  calif  omica  calif  omit 

Introduced   in  the  vicinity  of   Penticton  and  south,  where  they 
have  rapidly  increased. 
Ring-necked  Pheasant — Phasianus  torquatus. 

Introduced  some  years  ago.     Is  now  common  from  Summerland 
to  the  boundary. 
European'  Partrid< 

Tin-  species  has  recently  made  its  appearance  in  the  vicinity  of 
Penticton,  coming  from  Washington  State. 
English  Sparrow — Passer  dotnesticus. 

Well  established  in  all  the  towns  in  the  valley. 


NOTES  FROM  THE  JOURNAL  OF  WILLIAM  POPE. 

(Continued  from  page  62). 
before  we  arrived  at  New  Vork  they  were  in  great  numbers,  and  the 
weather  was  particularly  fine.  We  saw  several  other  sorts  of  birds; 
gannets,  the  white  gull  and  other  gulls,  the  tern,  several  divers,  and 
ducks;  the  white  gull  we  had  nearly  every  day  quite  in  the  midst  of  the 
ocean.  These  birds  must  fly  a  very  long  distance  as  they  lay  their 
eggs  in  the  clefts  of  the  rocks.  Several  small  flocks  of  some  species  of 
sandpiper  were  also  seen.  One  of  the  smallest  species  of  that  bird 
came  flying  around  the  ship  one  day,  at  least  300  miles  from  land  and 
seemed  much  exhausted.     We  found  a  great  source  of  amusement  in 


90  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [November  - 

looking  at  the  various  sorts  of  sea  birds  we  met  with,  and  also  the  fish. 
The  greatest  of  the  latter  we  saw  was  the  Grampus,  a  species  of  whale. 
We  saw  a  great  many  of  these  fellows,  one  day  especially,  May  3rd, 
about  40^°  latitude  and  62°  and  64°  longitude.  They  were  skipping 
about,  throwing  out  water  in  clouds.  We  also  saw  many  porpoises. 
These  latter  are  very  amusing;  they  follow  one  another  in  the  water 
like  a  pack  of  hounds  or  a  string  of  wild  geese,  rolling  and  tumbling 
along  over  the  surface  of  the  water.  We  did  not  catch  any  fish  except 
one  cod  and  one  dogfish  as  the  weather  was  too  rough  and  we  were 
driven  too  low  down  to  the  southward.  Every  night  we  had  those 
beautiful  sparkling  phosphorescent  appearances  in  the  sea.  Sometimes 
they  were  more  bright  and  in  greater  quantities  than  other  times,  the 
water  appearing  sometimes  full  of  fire. 

May  1st,  2nd  and  3rd  were  very  fine,  beautiful,  clear,  pleasant 
days,  and  we  now  began  to  look  anxiously  forward  to  a  speedy  and 
safe  arrival  at  our  much  desired  haven. 

May  5th.  It  was  very  fine  to-day.  About  twelve  it  fell  away  to  a 
perfect  calm  and  we  prepared  our  line  with  the  intention  of  catching 
some  fish,  but  just  as  we  got  them  ready  the  breeze  sprung  up  again 
favorably  and  we  again  went  on  our  way  rejoicing,  although  we  lost  the 
opportunity  of  getting  some  fresh  fish  for  dinner.  One  of  the  steerage 
people  caught  a  cod,  and  a  dogfish.  I  observed  on  this  day  a  brown 
butterfly  about  thirty  miles  from  land.  It  is  very  delightful  after 
being  cooped  up  in  the  narrow  limits  of  a  vessel  for  the  space  of  five 
or  six  weeks  and  sailing  upon  the  fathomless  deep,  to  arrive  once  more 
in  soundings,  to  see  the  line  thrown  out,  to  hear  the  cheering  voice  of 
the  man  in  the  chains,  giving  out  the  exact  depth  of  the  water,  now 
"by  the  ma-r-k  seven,"  and  then  "and  a  h-a-l-f  six"  growing  less  and 
less  at  every  successive  cast. 

It  is  very  delightful  to  see  the  color  of  the  water  changed  from 
the  dark  blue  of  the  main  ocean,  to  the  yellowish  tinge  of  the  shallower 
waters  girting  the  sea  coasts,  to  see  quantities  of  sea  weed  floating  by 
and  many  birds  that  never  wander  far  from  land,  sure  indications  that 
the  vessel  is  approximately  towards  the  end  of  her  voyage.  Joy 
gladdens  every  heart,  smiles  appear  upon  ever}-  countenance,  from  the 
veriest  landsman  in  the  ship,  to  the  oldest  and  fearless  sailor ;  all  alike 
are  moved  by  the  cheering  knowledge  of  being  within  one  day's  sail  of 
the  looked  for  port  and  with  a  favorable  wind  diminishing  the  distance 
that  separates  us  from  the  shore  at  every  successive  moment.  All  this 
is  heightened  and  increased  tenfold,  by  the  pleasure  of  hope  and 
imagination,  if  the  voyager  (as  most  of  us  were)  is  bound  to  a  quarter 
of  the  globe  he  has  never  been  before,  to  other  climes  and  other 
countries,  where  many  things  that  meet  his  observation  are  totally  new 
and  novel,  and  all  are  interesting. 


191 7  J  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  91 

May  6th.  With  a  steady  gentle  breeze  and  the  ship  under  easy 
sails,  expecting  every  instant  to  make  the  land,  as  we  were  then  and 
had  been  all  the  morning  running  parallel  with  the  shore,  a  man.  being 
sent  up  to  the  mast  head,  made  known  at  last  about  four  o'clock  in  the 
afternoon  the  joyful  new-  that  land  was  distinctly  visible  upon  our 
larboard  quarter,  bearing  west  and  north-west.  This  was  hailed  with 
delight  and  satisfaction  by  all  on  board,  and  every  eye  was  immediately 
directed  to  that  quarter  until  at  length  arising  above  the  horizon  the 
shore  was  seen  by  all.  It  proved  to  be  the  highlands  of  Neversink, 
part  of  the  coast  of  New  Jersey.  This  was  the  first  part  of  America 
that  I  had  ever  seen.  We  sailed  alongside  the  shore  till  about  twelve 
at  night,  when  we  hud  to,  fired  our  swivel,  and  burnt  blue  lights  for 
the  purpose  of  bringing  a  pilot  to  us.  After  waiting  a  few  hours  one 
came,  and  carried  us  safely  into  Sandy  Hook,  when  we  cast  anchor. 

It  was  an  unpleasant  misty  morning  and  about  the  middle  of  the 
day,  it  came  on  to  rain,  but  notwithstanding  these  untoward  circum- 
stances we  all  thought  that  the  land  and  houses,  the  Island  of  Staten 
on  one  side  and  part  of  Long  Island  on  the  other,  the  trees  and  -hrubs 
just  appearing  in  their  spring  array,  the  fruit  trees  breaking  out  into 
full  blossom,  never  had  been  more  beautiful  and  verdant,  or  so  pleas- 
ing and  interesting  before.  In  the  course  of  the  day,  which  was  the 
7th  May,  our  vessel  lying  about  three  or  four  miles  from  the  city  of 
New  York,  a  steamboat  came  alongside  and  carried  all  those  that  were 
ready  and  willing  on  shore.  Our  ship  did  not  get  into  dock  until  the 
next  morning. 

I  had  no  time  for  making  observations  upon  first  landing  as  the 
rain  poured  down  in  torrents,  obliging  me  to  steer  directly  for  the 
nearest  inn  or  hotel.  In  the  latter  part  of  the  day  the  weather  cleared 
up,  the  sun  came  out,  and  I  immediately  proceeded  to  take  a  stroll 
through  some  parts  of  the  city.  I  was  much  disappointed  with  the 
appearance  of  the  streets,  for  they  were  pretty  generally  covered  with 
a  thick  mass  of  dirt,  mud,  and  filth.  A  bad  custom  they  have  also  of 
placing  casks,  packages,  and  all  kinds  of  goods,  upon  the  pavement  in 
front  of  the  shops  or  stores  as  they  are  here  called,  scarcely  leaving 
sufficient  room  for  the  public  to  pass. 

( To  be  continued). 


THE  MEADOW  MOUSE  OR  VOLE. 


By  J.  Dewey  Soper,  Preston,  Ont. 


Perhaps  among  the  smaller  mammals,  few  are  known  so  well,  at 
least  superficially,  as  the  common  meadow  mouse  or  vole  {Microtus) , 
the  form  common  to  and  occurring  over  Ontario  entire,  being 
Microtus  pennsylv  aniens.     The  voles  are  wddely  distributed  and  offer 


92  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [November 

exceptional  opportunities  for  study,  owing  to  their  abundance,  and  to 
the  fact  that  the}-  do  not  burrow  but  remain  above  the  ground. 

They  are  thick,  low  set  animals,  of  a  dark  brownish  color,  darker 
over  the  back,  caused  by  the  glossy  guard  hairs,  becoming  lighter  on 
the  sides  and  reaching  their  extreme  paleness  on  the  under  parts. 
Their  legs  are  short  and  sturdy,  the  eyes  normal,  the  ears  are  small*, 
and  the  tail  is  short,  but  seldom  if  ever  shorter  than  the  hind  foot. 
Their  average  size,  taken  from  man}'  specimens  in  my  collection,  is  the 
following:  Length,  144  mm,;  tail,  31 K;  mm.;  foot,  20  mm.  All  of 
these  characters  are,  however,  subject  to  variation  and  slight  depart- 
ures, at  least,  can  be  expected. 

The  above  species  is  very  closely  related  to  those  of  the  genus 
Synaptomys  and  Phenacomys  but  its  certain  identity  is  made  possible 
by  constant  and  distinct  cranial  and  dental  characters.  An  important 
difference,  and  one  most  readily  appreciated,  if  the  skull  is  available, 
is  the  formation  of  the  teeth.  In  Synaptomys  the  upper  incisors  are 
grooved,  while  the  lower  incisors  are  rooted  on  the  inside  of  the  molars 
and  terminate  opposite  the  posterior  molar.  Microtus,  on  the  other 
hand,  has  no  grooves  on  the  upper  incisors,  and  the  lower  incisors 
cross  the  line  of  the  molar  series  between  the  second  and  third  molars 
and  terminate  in  the  ascending  ramus  of  the  mandible  behind  the 
posterior  molar.  This  and  the  preceding  genus  have  in  common,  root- 
less molars.  Phenacomys  has  upper  incisors  ungrooved  similar  to 
Microtus,  but  the  molars  in  contradistinction  to  the  latter  are  rooted. 

The  genus  Microtus  enjoys  a  circumpolar  distribution  and  ranges 
over  its  entire  area,  Old  and  New  World,  from  the  tropic's  edge  to  the 
northern-most  fringe  of  mammalian  life.  The  species  (Microtus 
pennsylvanicus)  is,  however,  peculiar  to  America,  and  the  animal  we 
know  so  well  throughout  Ontario. 

This  vole  becomes  at  times  a  menace  to  agricultural  interests, 
as  it  is  a  prolific  breeder,  bringing  forth  three  or  four  litters  of  young 
a  season,  with  from  four  to  eight  young  to  the  litter.  Scarcely  a  month 
from  April  to  September  but  nests  of  young  have  been  found,  and 
when  a  region  becomes  over-run  the}-  migrate  over  to  other  parts  of 
the  country,  giving  rise  in  years  of  abnormal  increase  to  "vole  plagues" 
which  are  so  devastating  to  crops  the  country  over.  They  are  truly 
the  most  destructive  of  all  small  animals.  Their  tastes,  while  essen- 
tially vegeterian,  sometimes,  no  doubt,  become  carnivorous,  as  they 
may  readily  be  trapped  by  means  of  a  meat  bait. 

They  naturally  love  the  low  meadows  and  grass  lands  where  rank 
vegetation  flourishes,  giving  them  the  seclusion  the}7  seek.  Here  they 
drive  their  intricate  system  of  runways  and  tunnelings  over  the  ground, 
forming  a  perfect  maze  of  passages,  running  in  all  directions,  crossing 
and  recrossing. 


*In   the   summer   the   ears   are   longer   than    the   fur;    in   the   winter  the 
longer  fur  conceals  the  ears. — C.G.H. 


1917]  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  93 

It  often  appears  that  they  are  even  more  industrious  in  this 
regard  during  the  winter  than  during  the  summer;  as  in  the  former 
ruse  the  wonderful  network  of  passages  to  be  seen  in  the  spring  when 
the  snow  disappears,  gives  one  some  idea  how  industrious  these  little 
mammals  must  be  under  the  blanketing  snows.  Here  in  the  dim, 
ghostly  light  of  their  subterranean  quarters  far  beneath  the  snow,  in 
the  wintry  stillness,  one  cannot  help  but  picture  them  scurrying  to  and 
fro,  from  point  to  point,  feeding  a  little  here  and  there  as  fancy 
dictates,  upon  the  roots  and  stems  of  the  abounding  vegetation.  And 
a  warm  nest  of  dead  grass  blades  and  fibres  somewhere  in  the  maze, 
in  which  to  curl  when  the  cold  is  intense,  and  possibly  many  in  one 
nest  cozy  and  warm. 

Sometimes  when  the  snow  is  not  dee])  their  tunnels  reach  the 
surface  and  here  in  a  brief  scamper  across  the  snow,  they  make  their 
way  to  another  tunnel  and  disappear.  These  passages  over  the  snow 
are  never  of  great  length,  as  a  rule  not  exceeding  two  or  three  feet, 
and  wisely  so,  no  doubt,  for  the}'  instinctively  feel  that  a  ''bolt  from 
the  blue"  might  suddenly  end  their  worthless  careers. 

Along  the  banks  of  ditches  and  creeks  facing  the  south  especially, 
where  the  grass  is  rank,  the}'  often  have  beautiful  little  tunnels  con- 
structed through  the  growth,  leading  to  a  pocket  in  the  bank,  com- 
pletely arched  over  by  vegetation,  where  they  sit  and  feed.  By  lifting 
up  the  thick  growth  in  these  places,  one  often  sees  these  small  tempor- 
ary dwellings  where  the  mice  feed  and  play.  Often  a  thin  deposit  of 
excrement  completely  cover.-,  the  floor  of  these  miniature  caverns, 
indicating  a  prolonged  use  by  the  mice  for  purposes  of  feeding  and 
retirement. 

During  the  summer  they  are  not  so  much  in  evidence,  due  partly 
to  a  more  even  diffusion  of  individuals  over  fields  and  meadows  and 
also  to  the  fact  that  the  constantly  growing  vegetation  for  a  certain 
period,  erases  the  more  prominent  runways,  as  seen  in  winter  and 
spring,  but  even  so  their  presence  may  be  detected  if  sharply  looked  for. 

A  favorite  place  at  all  times  is  the  old  fence  lines  or  bottoms, 
stone  piles,  decaying  rail  heaps  in  dense  grass  and  all  similar  places. 
Here  they  build  their  ne^ts  and  rear  their  young  during  the  warmer 
months.  Oftentimes  the  nest  is  cunningly  constructed  in  a  hollow 
cup  in  the  ground  or  the  base  of  a  sheaf  in  a  stook  left  in  place  for 
some  time.  The  nest  itself  is  of  neat  design  and  is  completely  arched 
over  similar  to  an  Ovenbird's  nest,  but  constructed  of  lighter  materials, 
mostly  fine  grass  blades  and  plant  fibres,  with  a  small  almost  imper- 
ceptible opening  on  one  side,  leading  to  the  warm,  soft,  spherical, 
interior.  The  outside  dimensions  vary,  but  would  probably  average 
about  six  inches,  the  interior  about  three  inches  in  diameter. 

The  vole  has  many  natural  enemies  and  well  it  is  that  Nature 
has   provided   for   a  proper   balance   in   this   matter.      Among   these 


94  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [November 

enemies  are  the  weasel,  mink,  skunk,  foxes,  hawks,  and  owls.  At 
best  a  mouse  leads  a  rather  erratic  and  uncertain  life  and  possibly  is 
comparatively  short-lived. 


A  WELL-EARNED  HONOUR. 


Dr.  C.  Gordon  Hewitt,  F.R.S.C.,  Dominion  Entomologist  and 
Consulting  Zoologist,  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture,  Ottawa,  has 
been  awarded  the  Gold  Medal  of  the  Royal  Society  for  the  Protection 
of  Birds,  and  at  the  same  time  was  elected  an  Honorary  Fellow  of  the 
Society  "in  recognition  of  eminent  services  to  the  cause  of  bird  pro- 
tection" in  England  and  Canada.  There  are  but  eleven  other  Honor- 
ary Fellows  of  the  Society  in  different  parts  of  the  world.  In  announc- 
ing the  award  at  a  recent  meeting  of  the  Society  in  London  (England), 
Mr.  Montague  Sharpe,  Chairman  of  the  Council,  recalled  the  practical 
support  that  Dr.  Hewitt  gave  to  bird  protection  before  leaving  England 
in  1909  and  referred  to  the  many  ways  in  which  he  had  furthered  it 
in  Canada,  particularly  in  connection  with  the  treaty  between  Canada 
and  the  United  States  for  the  protection  of  migratory  birds.  Before 
coming  to  Canada,  when  in  charge  of  the  Department  of  Economic 
Zoology  of  the  University  of  Manchester,  Dr.  Hewitt  organized  and 
was  secretary  of  the  Economic  Ornithological  Committee  of  the 
British  Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Science  and  of  the  Board 
of  Agriculture,  which  committee  of  scientific  workers  undertook  the 
investigation  of  the  economic  status  of  birds  in  Great  Britain  and 
Ireland.  He  also  carried  out  in  the  Lake  District  the  protection  and 
encouragement  of  birds  on  an  extensive  scale  as  a  practical  measure 
for  the  first  time  in  England.  His  work  in  promoting  bird  protection 
in  Canada  is  well-known,  and  particularly  his  efforts  to  secure  the 
interests  of  the  young  and  of  the  people  in  town  and  country  in  the 
encouragement  and  protection  of  birds.  At  the  recent  annual  meeting 
of  the  Commission  of  Conservation  he  pointed  out  that  never  was  the 
need  of  bird  protection  more  urgent  than  at  the  present  time,  as  birds 
were  our  best  allies  in  controlling  the  innumerable  pests  that  destroy 
our  food  crops  which  are  now  so  vitally  essential. 


BOOK  NOTICE. 


Rural  Planning  and  Development  : — The  latest  report  of  the 
Commission  of  Conservation  deals  with  the  important  subject  of  the 
planning  and  development  of  rural  districts  and  small  towns  in 
Canada.  It  has  been  prepared  by  Mr.  Thomas  Adams,  Town  Planning 
Adviser   of  the   Commission,   who   has   made   a   close   study   of   the 


1917]  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  95 

problems  of  rural  development  in  this  country  during  the  past  three 
years,  following  twenty-five  years  experience  in  farming,  land  survey- 
ing and  town  planning  in  other  countries. 

The  report  deals  comprehensively  with  the  social  conditions  and 
tendencies  in  rural  areas  and  the  prevailing  systems  of  land  settlement 
and  development.  It  indicates  the  rural  problems  requiring  solution 
in  order  to  secure  the  proper  development  and  economic  use  of  land 
for  purpose  of  efficiency,  health,  convenience,  and  amenity.  The  great 
injury  which  land  development  in  Canada  suffers,  from  speculation, 
neglect  of  public  health,  and  want  of  expert  business  administration  of 
land  settlement,  is  considered.  Incidentally,  the  problem  of  returned 
soldiers  is  deal  with,  and  the  connection  between  land  development 
and  such  questions  as  taxation,  unemployment,  and  high  cost  of 
living  is  clearly  shown. 

Having  regard  to  the  need  for  more  attention  being  given  to 
production  in  Canada;  to  the  extent  to  which  production  is  impaired 
by  speculation  in  land,  by  neglect  of  public  health,  and  by  haphazard 
systems  of  development;  to  the  importance  of  increasing  the  supply 
of  human  skill  and  energy  and  of  capital  derived  from  production 
instead  of  by  borrowing;  the  problems  dealt  with  in  this  report  are  of 
vital  and  current  interest  to  the  people  of  this  country. 

There  are  five  appendices  by  competent  authorities,  and  the  con- 
cluding chapter  gives  an  outline  of  proposals  and  makes  general 
recommendations  to  cover  the  conditions  as  presented. 


NOTES. 

A  Club  in  Boston  has  for  its  object  the  study  of  mushrooms,  for 
their  scientific  interest,  for  their  beauty  and  for  their  attractive  quali- 
ties as  food.  Through  the  summer  and  autumn  the  club  has  an 
exhibition  of  mushrooms  once  a  week  at  which  a  number  of  members 
come  together  to  compare  and  identify  their  fresh  collections.  Fifty  to 
a  hundred  kinds  are  sometimes  exhibited.  The  Club  has  a  large 
collection  of  dried  mushrooms  which  are  sometimes  exhibited  in  the 
winter  and  it  has  a  library  of  mushroom  handbooks  and  journals. 
Poisonous  species  are  shown  and  much  pains  taken  to  make  them 
known  so  that  they  can  be  avoided.  Membership  in  the  Club  is  not 
confined  to  residents  near  Boston,  and  correspondence  is  carried  on 
with  those  living  at  a  distance.  Persons  interested  in  mushrooms  can 
obtain  further  information  from  the  Secretary,  Miss  Jennie  F.  Conant, 
26  Prospect  St.,  Melrose,  Mass. 


96  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  |  November 

Just  as  the  war  in  Europe  forced  a  large  part  of  the  traveling 
American  public  to  become  more  familiar  with  its  own  fair  land,  so 
has  the  world  conflict  been  largely  instrumental  in  causing  the  manu- 
facturer of  artistic  commodities  to  look  about  him  here  at  home  for 
suggestions  as  to  new  designs.  Notable  success  in  this  use  of 
Museum  material  by  industries  has  recently  been  made  by  the  Ameri- 
can Museum  of  Natural  History  in  New  York. 

Now  comes  the  Museum  of  The  Geological  Survey  of  Canada,  at 
Ottawa,  with  a  programme  for  developing  distinctive  Canadian  de- 
signs and  placing  in  the  hands  of  Canadian  manufacturers  native 
designs  for  introduction  into  their  products. 

The  wealth  of  material  in  our  American  museums,  which  has  not 
been  drawn  upon  to  suggest  designs  for  fabrics,  ceramics,  jewelry, 
costumes,  etc.,  is  just  beginning  to  be  appreciated  by  a  few  enterprising 
manufacturers. 


We  learn  from  Nature  that  the  late  Lord  Justice  Stirling's 
herbarium,  consisting  chiefly  of  about  6,000  varieties  of  mosses  and 
liverworts  from  many  parts  of  the  world,  has  been  presented  by  Lady 
Stirling  to  the  Tunbridge  Wells  Natural  History  Society. 


The  Provincial  Museum  and  the  Halifax  Disaster. — 
Mr.  Harry  Piers,  Curator  of  the  Provincial  Museum  at  Halifax, 
has  replied  to  an  inquiry  regarding  the  relation  of  the  explosion  to  the 
Museum.  The  specimens  and  labels  apparently  came  through  fairly 
well,  better  than  was  expected,  considering  the  unbelieveably 
terrific  and  astonishingly  loud  explosion  which  demolished  the  Rich- 
mond section  of  Halifax,  although  windows  were  blown  in,  glass  of 
cases  smashed,  a  water  pipe  burst,  and  snow  stormed  into  one  end  of 
the  building.  Air.  Piers  calls  attention  to  the  good  results  of  always 
using  water-proof  ink  for  labels. 

The  cases  were  boarded  over  soon  after  the  explosion  in  order  to 
use  them  as  tables  for  Red  Cross  and  other  relief  supplies,  so  that  a 
very  long  or  careful  examination  of  the  damage  has  not  been  made. 
The  publications  are  in  a  considerable  mess,  but  probably  have  not 
suffered  greatly.  At  the  time  of  writing  Mr.  Piers  had  been  too  busy 
on  relief  work  to  examine  into  details  of  the  Museum. 

Mr.  Pier's  immediate  family  escaped  injury  from  window  glass 
which  shot  across  the  breakfast  room  as  if  from  a  gun  less  than  half 
a  minute  after  they  had  left  the  table.  Hardly  a  window  was  left  in 
the  house  and  plaster  came  down,  although  the  house  was  two  miles 
from  the  explosion.  His  mother's  family,  living  at  the  head  of  the 
North  West  arm,  escaped  with  numerous  small  cuts  from  glass,  none 
of  them  serious. 

Harlan  I.  Smith. 


The  Ottawa  Naturalist. 


Vol.  XXXI,  Plate  IV. 


The  Ottawa  Naturalist. 


Vol.  XXXI,  Plate  V. 


The  Ottawa  Naturalist. 


Vol.  XXXI,  Plate  VI. 


29         XZ 


XZ.H 


'LIBRARY]  30 


THE  OTTAWA  NATURALIST 


Vol.  XXXI.  DECEMBER,  1917.  No.  9. 


THE  RICHMOND  FAUNAS  OF  LITTLE  BAY  DE 
NOQUETTE,  IN  NORTHERN  MICHIGAN. 


A.  F.  FOERSTE. 


The  fauna  of  the  Richmond  exposures  along  the  northern  shore 
of  Drummond  island  evidently  is  merely  a  western  continuation  of 
that  found  on  Manitoulin  island,  and  extending  thence  eastward  along 
the  southern  shore  of  Georgian  Bay  and  north  of  the  western  half  of 
Lake  Ontario,  almost  as  far  east  as  Toronto.  It  contains  the  same 
abundance  of  coralline  growths,  such  as  Stromato cerium  huronense 
Billings,  Tetradium  huronense  Billings,  Columnaria  alveolata  Gold- 
fuss,  Calapoecia  huronensis  Billings,  Streptelasma  rusticum  Billings, 
and  Protarea  richmondensis  Foerste.  It  contains  also  the  associated 
fauna  known  from  the  Richmond  of  the  Canadian  localities  just 
mentioned. 

Nothing  is  known  at  present  of  the  Richmond  fauna  on  St. 
Joseph  island  nor  of  that  part  of  the  northern  peninsula  of  Michigan 
extending  between  Lakes  Superior  and  Michigan,  until  we  reach  the 
eastern  shore  of  Little  Bay  de  Noquette,  about  four  miles  east  of 
Escanaba,  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  bay.  Here  only  the  faunal  list 
published  by  Rominger  (Geol.  Surv.  Michigan,  1873,  part  III,  page 
52)  is  available,  and  it  was  for  the  purpose  of  supplying  further  data 
that  the  following  studies  were  undertaken. 

A  lighthouse  is  located  at  the  southern  end  of  the  peninsula  be- 
tween Little  and  Big  Bay  de  Noquette.  The  Skaug  Brothers  store  is 
located  two  miles  north  of  the  lighthouse,  and  two  miles  farther  north 
is  the  present  location,  in  a  farm  house,  of  the  post  office  called 
Stonington.  A  short  distance  southward,  an  east  and  west  section  road 
leads  down  to  the  Farmer's  Dock.  Two  miles  farther  north,  at  another 
east  and  west  section  road,  is  the  store  of  J.  B.  Stratton,  and  a  mile 
and  a  half  farther  north  is  another  road  corner,  immediately  south  of 
which  the  shallow  ditch  following  the  road  exposes  the  basal  part  of 
the  cherty  Richmond,  the  top  of  the  underlying  argillaceous  Richmond 
strata  being  exposed  a  short  distance  farther  southward.     Passing 


98  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [December 

from  this  road  corner  westward  across  the  farm  lands,  the  following 
section  was  measured  approximately,  with  a  Locke  level : 

Base  of  cherty  Richmond. 

Interval,  upper  part  consisting  of  argillaceous 

Richmond,  lower  part  not  exposed 57  ft. 

Very  coarsely  granular  limestone 5  ft. 

Clay  shale  with  some  indurated  clay  layers  and 

some  very  thin  limestone  layers  interbedded 21   ft. 

The  clay  shale  here  mentioned  contains  Bollia  permarginata,  at 
various  levels.  Clidophorus  noquettensis  and  Rafinesquina  alternata- 
varicosa  occur  chiefly  in  the  five-foot  limestone  section. 

Three-quarters  of  a  mile  south  of  the  Stratton  store  the  base  of  the 
cherty  Richmond  is  32  feet  above  the  level  of  the  bay;  directly  west 
of  the  Stonington  post  office  this  interval  is  23  feet,  and  at  the  Skaug 
Brothers  store  it  is  19  feet.    The  dip  evidently  is  southeastward. 

The  greatest  thickness  of  the  cherty  Richmond  known  at  present 
is  14  feet,  and  this  is  exposed  directly  west  of  Stonington  post  office, 
but  the  top  of  this  part  of  the  Richmond  is  not  exposed  here,  so  that  its 
total  thickness  is  unknown  at  present.  Only  the  upper  part  of  the 
underlying  argillaceous  Richmond  was  readily  accessible  at  the  time 
of  my  visit.  This  presented  the  following  section  at  the  home  of 
Andrew  Rheinholdson,  three-quarters  of  a  mile  south  of  the  Stratton 
store : 

Cherty  Richmond,  cream-colored  limestone 5.5  ft. 

Argillaceous  Richmond,  abundantly  fossiliferous, 
and  readily  accessible.  At  the  very  base  of 
the  section  Streptelasma  ( ? )  divaricans  and 
Strophomena  sulcata  were  collected,  and  at  the 
very  top  Dinorthis  subquadrata  occurred. 
Thickness    11   ft. 

Indurated  clay  layer,  spalling  off  in  larger 
masses,  containing  Pholadomorpha  pholadi- 
formis  and  specimens  related  to  Modiolopsis 
concentrica    2  ft. 

Fossiliferous  grey-blue  argillaceous  limestone 
carrying  the  same  fauna  as  the  overlying 
layers 6  ft. 

Directly  west  of  Stonington  post  office,  the  Pholadomorpha  layer 
is  16  feet  below  the  base  of  the  cherty  limestone,  and  only  5  feet  above 
the  bay.  At  no  locality  were  the  exposures  below  the  Pholadomorpha 
layer  well  exposed  for  collecting  and  practically  all  the  fossils  de- 
scribed from  the  argillaceous  Richmond  were  obtained  above  the  level 
of  this  layer. 


1917]  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  99 

Description  of  Fossils. 

Streptelasma  rusticum  (Billings),  Fig.  1.  Coralla  frequently 
strongly  curved  as  in  the  specimen  figured,  but  in  some  individuals  the 
curvature  is  only  moderate.  Occurs  in  the  cherty  Richmond  and  in 
the  immediately  underlying  part  of  the  more  argillaceous  Richmond. 
Small  specimens  of  Streptelasma  (Fig.  2)  occur  also  10  feet  below 
the  cherty  Richmond,  immediately  above  the  Pholadomorpha  pholadi- 
formis  zone.  These  specimens  have  a  general  resemblance  to 
Streptelasma  divaricans  (Nicholson),  especially  such  forms  as  occur 
in  the  upper  part  of  the  Liberty  formation  in  various  parts  of  Clinton 
county,  Ohio,  the  attachment  of  the  corallum  being  more  or  less 
lateral,  frequently  with  somewhat  radicular  expansions. 

Cornidites  corrngatus  (Nicholson).  Specimens  resembling 
figure  27  on  plate  115  of  the  Palaeontology  of  New  York,  volume  VII, 
Supplement,  occur  in  the  cherty  Richmond. 

Lichenocrinus  tuber cidatus  Miller,  Fig.  3.  Specimens  with  the 
plates  not  as  prominently  convex,  and  therefore  not  presenting  as 
tubercular  an  appearance  as  typical  forms  of  the  species,  occur  in  the 
cherty  Richmond.  The  part  here  figured  forms  the  attachment  disk 
at  the  basal  part  of  the  stem  of  a  crinoid  probably  belonging  to  the 
Heterocrinidae  (Scyphocrinus  and  its  bulbous  root  Camarocrinus, 
Springer,  1917,  page  11). 

Perenopora  decipiens  (Rominger)  and  Rhombotrypa  quadrata 
(Rominger)  are  common  in  the  upper  part  of  the  argillaceous  Rich- 
mond, within  ten  feet  of  the  cherty  Richmond.  Proboscina  aidoporoides 
(Nicholson)  occurs  in  the  cherty  Richmond. 

The  specimens  of  Crania  occurring  in  the  upper  part  of  the 
argillaceous  Richmond  are  more  or  less  granulose,  but  the  granules 
are  only  about  a  tenth  of  a  millimeter  wide  and  the  distances  between 
them  average  from  one-fifth  to  one-fourth  of  a  millimeter.  In  outline 
they  are  more  or  less  irregular,  as  in  Crania  scabiosa  (Hall).  The 
diameters  of  one  specimen  are  11  and  13  millimeters  respectively. 

Dalmanella  jugosa  subplicata,  var.  nov.,  Figs.  4,  A,  B,  C. 
Specimens  resembling  the  forms  figured  are  common  in  the  upper  part 
of  the  argillaceous  Richmond.  Compared  with  Dalmanella  jugosa 
(James),  from  the  Waynesville  formation  of  southern  Ohio  and 
neighboring  states,  they  show  a  tendency  toward  low  folds  correspond- 
ing to  the  more  prominent  fascicular  areas  among  the  radiating  striae, 
especially  in  case  of  the  pedicel  valve.  The  median  depression  of  the 
brachial  valve  tends  to  be  narrower,  with  the  immediately  adjoining 
low  folds  on  each  side  forming  a  less  divergent  angle.  The  term 
Dalmanella  meeki  was  proposed  by  Miller  (Cincinnati  Quarterly 
Journal  of  Science,  1875,  page  20)  for  specimens  described  and 
figured  by  Meek  (Ohio  Palaeontology,  vol.  I,  1873)  and  which  Meek 


100  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [December 

regarded  as  identical  with  Dalmanella  emacerata  (Hall),  but  which 
Miller,  owing  to  his  more  intimate  knowledge  with  Cincinnatian 
fossils,  recognized  as  distinct.  The  type  of  this  species  evidently  is 
the  specimen  represented  by  figures  1  a,  b,  and  c  on  plate  VIII  of  the 
Ohio  Paleontology.  This  specimen  Meek  describes  as  "of  the  same 
form  as  one  of  the  typical  examples."  Under  the  heading:  Locality 
and  position,  on  page  111,  he  gives  its  horizon  as  "Cincinnati  group, 
Cincinnati,  Ohio,  at  an  elevation  of  250  feet  above  the  Ohio;  this 
being  the  typical  form,  like  Prof.  Hall's  fig.  1,  in  the  Regents'  Report," 
the  reference  being  to  the  15  th  Regents'  Report  on  the  State  Cabinet 
of  Natural  History  of  New  York.  The  elevation  mentioned  is  50  feet 
above  the  top  of  the  great  range  of  strata  in  which  different  varieties  of 
Dalmanella  multisecta  (Meek)  are  more  or  less  common.  Here  it 
occurs  in  the  lower  part  of  the  Fairmount  member  of  the  Maysville 
group,  immediately  above  the  Strophomena  planoconvexa  Hall 
horizon.  It  formerly  was  well  exposed  at  this  horizon  at  the  Avondale 
power  house,  on  Hunt  street,  and  at  many  other  localities  within  the 
limits  of  Cincinnati.  Figure  Id,  on  the  same  plate,  also  from  Cin- 
cinnati, is  a  typical  specimen  of  Dalmanella  fair mount ensis  Foerste; 
the  same  species  occurs  at  the  top  of  the  hills  on  the  western  side  of 
the  river  at  Hamilton.  The  various  specimens  represented  by  figures 
2  a-g,  on  the  same  plate,  probably  are  representatives  of  the  species 
which  is  so  abundant  in  the  Waynesville  member  of  the  Richmond  in 
southern  Ohio  and  neighboring  states,  and  which  later  (Paleontologist 
No.  4,  1879)  was  described  by  James  as  Orthis  jugosa.  It  evidently 
was  the  intention  of  Meek  to  describe  these  specimens  from  a  higher 
horizon  as  a  separate  species,  probably  owing  to  the  suggestions  of 
James  who  supplied  him  with  the  various  brachiopoda  described  by 
him  from  the  Cincinnatian  localities.  Before  final  publication,  how- 
ever, he  evidently  abandoned  this  idea. 

Specimens  (Figs.  5  A,B,  C)  identical  with  Hebertella  alveata 
Foerste  occur  in  the  upper  part  of  the  argillaceous  Richmond,  but 
these  specimens  are  associated  with  others  in  which  the  median  de- 
pression is  confined  to  a  limited  area  near  the  beak,  as  in  Hebertella 
occidentalis  Hall. 

Dinorthis  subquadrata  (Hall)  occurs  both  in  the  cherty  Richmond 
and  in  the  immediately  underlying  part  of  the  argillaceous  Richmond. 

Most  of  the  specimens  of  Platystrophia  occurring  in  the  upper 
part  of  the  argillaceous  Richmond  have  an  aspect  somewhat  similar 
to  that  of  Platystrophia  clarksvillensis  Foerste  (Fig.  13),  from  the 
Waynesville  and  Liberty  members  of  the  Richmond  in  southern  Ohio 
and  adjacent  states,  however,  an  occasional  specimen  resembling 
Platystrophia  acutilirata  (Conrad)  (Fig.  14)  from  the  Whitewater 
member  of  the  Richmond,  also  occurs. 


1917]  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  101 

Leptaena  unicostata  (Meek  and  Worthem),  Figs.  7  A,  a,  B,  b. 
Types  used  for  figures  11a,  and  lib,  on  plate  IV,  accompanying  the 
original  description  in  volume  III,  of  the  Geology  of  Illinois,  1868. 
From  Maquoketa  strata  at  Savannah,  Illinois.  Types  numbered 
12017  in  the  Worthen  collection  at  the  University  of  Illinois,  and 
examined  owing  to  the  courtesy  of  Prof.  T.  E.  Savage.  Figures  in- 
troduced here  for  comparison  with  Raftnesqaina  breviusculus.  Notice 
the  relative  flattening  of  the  greater  part  of  the  pedicel  valve,  the 
geniculation  of  the  anterior  part  of  both  valves,  the  straightening  of 
the  anterior  margin  and  the  consequent  angulation  of  the  anterior 
outline  on  both  sides  of  this  straightened  part.  The  radiating  stria- 
.tions,  although  numbering  4  or  5  in  a  width  of  one  millimeter,  are 
distinctly  leptaenoid,  being  broad  and  flat  and  separated  by  very 
narrow  interspaces. 

Raeinesquina  breviusculus,  sp.  now,  Figs.  6  A,  B,  b,  C,  c,  D. 
The  size  and  general  outline  of  this  species  is  sufficiently  indicated  by 
the  accompanying  illustrations.  Figures  b  and  c  indicate  the  amount 
of  curvature,  along  the  median  line,  of  the  exterior  of  the  pedicel  and 
brachial  valves  illustrated  by  figures  6  B  and  C.  The  interior  of  the 
brachial  valve  is  thickened  along  the  anterior  margin  along  a  narrow 
area  crossed  by  vascular  markings,  and  here  the  interior  of  the  shell 
has  a  somewhat  leptaenoid  appearance.  However,  there  is  no  genicula- 
tion such  as  that  characteristic  of  the  genus  Leptaena.  The  curvature 
of  the  pedicel  valve  increases  slightly  toward  the  beak  and  much  more 
rapidly  toward  the  anterior  border.  The  muscular  area  of  the  pedicel 
valve,  not  figured,  is  broad  and  flabellate,  similar  to  that  of  other 
species  of  Rafinesqitina,  but  only  weakly  defined.  From  4  to  6  radi- 
ating striae  occur  in  a  width  of  one  millimeter  at  a  distance  of  20 
millimeters  from  the  beak,  averaging  about  5  in  one  millimeter.  The 
median  striation  often  is  more  distinct  than  the  remainder,  but  not 
prominent.  Common  in  the  upper  part  of  the  argillaceous  Richmond. 
Readily  distinguished  from  Strophomena  parvula,  in  the  same  strata, 
by  the  convexity  of  the  posterior  parts  of  the  pedicel  valve. 

Raitnesquina  pergibbosa,  nov.  sp.,  Figs.  8  A,  B,  C,  D.  Pedicel 
valve  strongly  convex,  almost  hemispherical  in  the  more*  obese  speci- 
mens, with  the  greatest  convexity  about  two-fifths  of  the  length  of  the 
shell  from  the  beak.  This  strong  convexity  is  maintained  to  within 
a  short  distance  of  the  postero-lateral  angles  and  sometimes  produces 
an  abruptly  auriculate  appearance  here.  The  more  prominent  radiat- 
ing striations  occur  at  intervals  of  less  than  a  millimeter,  and  the 
intermediate  spaces  are  occupied  by  three  much  finer  striae.  The 
interior  markings  of  the  brachial  valve  are  boldly  defined  and  are 
well  represented  by  the  accompanying  figures.  Usually  there  is  a 
well  defined  ridge  parallel  to  the  anterior  prolongation  of  the  median 


102  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [December 

elevation  on  each  side  of  latter  near  the  central  part  of  the  valve.     In 
the  upper  part  of  the  argillaceous  Richmond. 

Raflnesquina  alternata  (Emmons).  Mose  of  the  specimens 
in  the  upper  part  of  the  argillaceous  Richmond  are  nearly  flat  (Fig.  9) 
or  are  only  moderately  curved,  but  specimens  with  stronger  curvature 
also  occur.  In  the  limestone  interbedded  with  the  shale  on  the  lake 
shore,  about  a  mile  and  a  half  north  of  the  store  of  J.  B.  Stratton, 
specimens  occur  in  which  the  strong  radiating  striae  are  unusually 
prominent,  suggesting  the  name  Rafinesquina  alternata  varicosa, 
var.  nov.  (Fig.  34).  These  shells  are  of  medium  curvature,  the 
curvature  being  greatest  about  35  millimeters  from  the  beak. 

Strophomena  parvula,  sp.  nov.,  Figs.  10  A-F.  Numerous 
specimens  of  a  small  species  of  Strophomena  occur  in  the  upper  parts 
of  the  argillaceous  Richmond  and  also  in  the  overlying  cherty  Rich- 
mond. These  are  characterized  chiefly  by  their  considerable  lateral 
and  short  anterior  extension.  The  anterior  outline  varies  from  more 
or  less  evenly  rounded  to  subtriangular  and  subnasute.  This  species 
evidently  belongs  to  the  Strophomena  planumbona  group.  There  is 
nothing  characteristic  about  the.  interior  of  either  the  brachial  or 
pedicel  valve.  The  surface  striations  are  fine,  about  5  or  6  in  a  width 
of  one  millimeter,  interrupted  at  intervals  by  slightly  more  prominent 
striae.  This  species  may  be  readily  distinguished  from  Rafinesquina 
breviusculus  by  the  flattening  of  the  brachial  valve  toward  the  beak, 
usually  accompanied  by  a  gentle  concavity,  as  in  all  species  of 
Strophomena. 

Specimens  resembling  Strophomena  huronensis  Foerste,  from  the 
equivalent  of  the  Waynesville  member  of  the  Richmond  in  Manitoulin 
island,  Ontario,  occur  occasionally  in  the  upper  part  of  the  argillaceous 
Richmond,  accompanied  by  occasional  specimens  resembling 
Strophomena  nutans  Meek,  and  much  more  numerous  specimens  of 
Strophomena  vetusta  (James),  Figs.  12  A,  B.  Strophomena  neglecta 
(James),  Fig.  11,  is  fairly  common  at  the  same  horizon  and  occurs 
in  the  overlying  cherty  Richmond.  In  Strophomena  vetusta  the 
radiating  striae  on  the  brachial  valve  are  relatively  coarse;  those  on 
the  pedicel  valve  are  very  fine  and  often  are  crossed  by  fine  irregular 
concentric  wrinkles;  along  the  hinge  line  both  valves  are  wrinkled 
more  or  less  perpendicularly;  and  the  muscular  area  of  the  pedicel 
valve  is  subrhomboidal  in  outline.  In  Strophomena  neglecta  the 
radiating  striae  on  both  valves  are  fine  and  subequal  in  size,  the  size 
of  the  shell  is  larger,  and  the  muscular  area  of  the  pedicel  valve  is 
circular  and  supplied  with  flabellate  markings.  In  typical  Strophomena 
planodorsata  the  flattened  area  occupying  the  posterior  part  of  the 
brachial  valve  forms  a  larger  part  of  the  valve  and  the  muscular  area 
of  the  pedicel  valve  is  relatively  larger. 


1917]  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  103 

Strophomena  sulcata  (Verneuil)  occurs  10  feet  below  the  base  of 
the  cherty  Richmond,  immediately  above  the  Pholadomorpha  pholadi- 
formis  horizon,  and  also  at  higher  horizons  in  the  argillaceous  Rich- 
mond, associated  with  Dinorthis  subquadrata  and  Dalmanella  jugosa 
subplicata. 

Zygospira  recurvirostris  turgida,  var.  nov.,  Figs.  15  A,  B,  C, 
evidently  is  closely  related  to  Zygospira  recurvirostris  (Hall)  and 
Zygospira  kentuckiensis  James.  In  all  of  these  forms  the  plications 
are  subequal  in  size,  the  median  area  of  the  pedicel  valve  is  not 
distinctly  limited  laterally,  and  the  median  depression  of  the  brachial 
valve  anteriorly  is  broad  and  relatively  shallow.  In  the  variety  turgida 
the  brachial  valve  is  more  convex  than  in  either  of  the  other  two  forms 
when  specimens  of  the  same  small  size  are  compared.  The  variety 
evidently  is  nothing  but  a  Richmond  representative  of  the  Trenton 
species  Zygospira  recurvirostris.  It  occurs  in  the  upper  part  of  the 
argillaceous  Richmond. 

Specimens  resembling  Clidophorus  neglectus  Hall  (Fig.  24),  from 
the  Maquoketa  of  Wisconsin,  in  outline  and  general  appearance,  occur 
in  the  cherty  Richmond.  A  much  smaller  species,  Clidophorus 
noquettensis,  sp.  nov.,  Fig.  25,  3  to  4  millimeters  in  length,  is  very 
abundant  in  certain  layers  of  limestone  interbedded  with  the  shales  on 
the  lake  shore  a  mile  and  a  half  north  of  the  store  of  J.  B.  Stratton. 
This  species  is  referred  to  Clidophorus  on  account  of  the  incision  made 
by  the  clavicular  ridge  defining  the  posterior  part  of  the  anterior 
muscular  scar,  and  the  absence  of  any  distinct  elevation  of  the  casts 
of  this  muscular  scar  in  interior  casts  of  this  shell,  such  as  occurs 
commonly  in  interior  casts  of  typical  species  of  Ctenodonta.  The  shell 
is  relatvely  shorter  than  in  Clidophorus  neglectus,  and  is  less  produced 
anterior  to  the  clavicular  ridge;  the  latter  is  strongly  defined  and  is 
either  vertical  or  slightly  inclined  toward  the  front.  In  the  casts  of  the 
interior  the  beak  rises  distinctly  above  the  level  of  the  upper  margin 
of  that  part  of  the  cast  which  lies  anterior  to  the  impression  of  the 
clavicular  ridge.  The  umbonal  ridge  is  fairly  strong  and  is  sufficiently 
oblique  to  give  the  shell  a  ctenodontoid  appearance. 

In  Rominger's  list  of  fossils  from  the  area  here  discussed,  along 
the  east  shore  of  Little  Bay  de  Noquette  (Geology  of  Michigan,  vol.  I, 
Part  II,  1873,  page  52)  an  undetermined  species  of  Cyrtodonta  is 
included.  Specimens'  having  a  general  cyrtodontoid  appearance  occur 
in  the  cherty  Richmond,  and  two  of  these  are  here  figured,  but  the 
hinge  and  teeth  are  not  distinctly  defined  in  the  specimens  collected  so 
far  and  hence  their  generic  relations  are  not  definitely  determined. 
One  of  these,  Fig.  22,  bears  some  resemblance  in  outline  to  Cyrtodonta 
affinis,  Ulrich,  and  the  other,  Fig.  23,  to  Cyrtodonta  persimilis,  Ulrich, 
both  of  which  are  Black  river  forms  occurring  in  the  Minnesota  area. 

(To  be  continued) 


104  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [December 

SOME  HABITS  OF  TWO  BURROWING  SPIDERS 

IN  MANITOBA. 


By  Norman  Criddle,  Dom.  Entomological  Laboratory, 

Treesbank,  Man. 


Among  the  various  natural  objects  met  with  in  the  vicinity  of  the 
writer's  home  in  Manitoba,  none  have  induced  more  enquiries  as  to 
their  origin  than  the  numerous  open  holes  made  by  the  large  burrowing 
spider  Lycosa  missouriensis  Banks.  These  holes  are,  in  fact,  met  with 
wherever  the  soil  is  sandy  and  towards  winter  become  very  conspicuous 
on  account  of  the  ring  of  sand  thrown  around  them  by  the  digging 
spiders.  The  writer  has  long  since  been  interested  in  these  creatures 
and,  more  than  twenty  years  ago,  commenced  some  observations  relat- 
ing to  their  winter  habits.  Owing  to  the  difficulty  of  securing  their 
names  at  that  time,  however,  the  notes  were  laid  on  one  side.  During 
the  summer  of  1917  the  old  interest  was  revived  through  a  visit  to 
Treesbank,  of  Mr.  J.  H.  Emerton,  of  Boston,  Mass.,  the  following 
notes  being  a  result. 

Two  species  of  burrowing  spiders  are  involved  in  these  studies 
both  sand-loving  but  partial,  nevertheless,  to  certain  local  conditions 
of  soil.  Lycosa  missouriensis  is  always  found  close  to  vegetation  and 
prefers  a  situation  where  dead  herbage  of  some  sort  is  available  for  the 
construction  of  a  turret  around  the  entrance  to  its  hole.  Lycosa  wrightii 
Em.,  on  the  other  hand,  inhabits  the  bare  sand  dunes  only  and  con- 
structs no  turret.  Hence,  while  these  two  species  may  be  met  with 
in  close  proximity  they  seldom,  if  ever,  invade  the  other's  territory 
for  burrowing  purposes.  In  life  L.  wrightii  is  at  once  told  from 
L.  missouriensis  by  its  black  venter. 

The  life-habits  of  these  two  species  have  already  been  described 
by  Mr.  Emerton*  and  need  not,  therefore,  be  repeated  here.  This 
paper,  consequently,  will  be  confined  to  a  description  of  the  burrowing 
habits  and  such  other  features  as  have  not  previously  been  touched 
upon. 

In  summer  time,  the  excavations  of  both  of  these  spiders  are 
comparatively  shallow,  those  of  L.  missourienses  being  about  9  inches 
in  depth,  while  those  of  L.  wrightii  are  slightly  deeper.  It  is  not 
unusual  to 'find  females,  when  the  young  are  upon  their  backs,  with 
holes  only  three  or  four  inches  deep.  As  autumn  approaches  both  these 
spiders  commence  to  either  deepen  their  burrows  or  prepare  new  ones. 
There  is  much  variation  in  the  dates  when  individuals  begin  to  do  so. 
In  1917,  some  were  at  work  on  August  2,  while  others  did  not  com- 
mence to  dig  for  more  than  a  month  later.     There  is  good  reason  to 

*Phyche,  Vol.  XIX,  No.  2,  1912. 


1917]  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  105 

suspect  that  this  variation  has  to  do  with  the  pairing  of  the  sexes  and 
that  females  do  not  commence  to  burrow  until  after  they  have  become 
fertilized.    The  mature  males,  of  course,  die  before  winter  sets  in. 

On  September  16,  36  adult  burrows  of  L.  missouriensis  were 
measured  and  were  found  to  have  attained  an  average  depth  of  3  feet 
1  inch,  the  deepest  being  5  feet  3  inches  and  the  shallowest  1  foot  4 
inches.  The  deeper  burrows  had  not  been  further  extended  for  some 
days,  while  the  spiders  were  busily  at  work  with  the  shallower  ones. 
By  October  1 ,  many  holes  had  been  closed  and  a  measurement  of  9  of 
these  indicated  an  average  depth  of  3  feet  9  inches.  17  holes  still 
open,  but  showing  no  recent  signs  of  digging,  averaged  4  feet  1  inch 
in  depth.  15  holes  in  which  the  spiders  were  still  digging  showed  an 
average  depth  of  3  feet  7  inches.  The  deepest  closed  hole  was. 4  feet 
5  inches,  the  deepest  open  one  4  feet  10  inches.  Closed  holes  are 
thoroughly  covered  in  with  grass,  leaves  and  sand  fastened  together 
with  web  in  such  a  way  as  to  make  them  practically  water  tight.  It 
was  observed  that  the  earliest  closed  burrows  were  always  in  shady 
situations  which  would  indicate  that  the  shadow  had  induced  an 
earlier  closing  than  in  the  case  of  those  exposed  to  the  sun.  Burrows 
in  low,  wet,  lands  are  shallower  than  those  on  the  higher  lands.  33% 
of  the  spiders  were  still  digging  on  the  above  mentioned  date. 

On  October  5,  about  22%  of  the  adults  had  closed  their  holes 
though  all  the  young  were  still  digging. 

On  October  8,  cold  weather  seemed  to  have  induced  a  closing  of 
nearly  all  burrows,  only  a  few  of  the  smaller  ones  remaining  open. 
20  adult  holes  on  high  land  had  an  average  depth  of  5  feet  1  inch,  the 
deepest  being  5  feet  8  inches  and  the  shallowest  4  feet  4  inches. 
Measurement  of  young  spider  burrows  indicated  an  approximate  depth 
similar  to  those  of  adults. 

On  November  5,  a  mature  individual  was  dug  out  at  4  feet  7 
inches.  This  burrow  though  perpendicular  in  direction,  had  numerous 
small  curves,  due  to  the  spider  having  encountered  obstacles  in 
digging.  For  the  first  3  feet  this  hole  was  rather  densely  lined  with 
web  but  became  less  so  towards  the  bottom.  It  had  also  been  stopped 
with  sand  at  several  places,  the  sand  being  held  in  place  by  web.  This 
spider  was  found,  at  the  bottom  of  her  burrow  slightly  sluggish  but 
with  sufficient  energy  to  defend  herself.  A  young  example  provided 
a  similar  burrow  but  slightly  deeper.  It  was  stopped  at  two  places. 
The  ground  at  this  time  had  been  frozen  to  a  depth  of  four  inches  for 
some  days  but  at  the  time  of  observation  was  thawed  out.  These  two 
individuals  were  placed  in  the  warm  sun  and  became  quite  active; 
they  refused,  however,  to  dig  a  new  burrow  and  had  moved  but  little 
by  the  next  day. 

As  L.  wrightii  was  not  found  in  such  close  vicinity  it  did  not 
receive  the  careful  attention  given  to  L.  missouriensis.     Judging  from 


106  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [December 

hasty  visits  to  its  home,  however,  it  does  not  appear  to  differ  very 
markedly  in  habits  from  the  latter.  A  full  day  spent  in  the  Spruce 
Woods  Reserve  on  October  13,  where  the  species  is  numerous,  dis- 
covered most  of  the  burrows  closed  but  here  and  there  spiders  would  be 
found  busily  at  work.  The  holes  were  always  in  pure  sand,  though 
occasionally  they  might  be  located  in  places  where  the  grass  was  sparse 
or  even  near  ground  cedar,  Jimiperus  horizontalis.  It  often  happens, 
with  this  species,  that  the  coverings  of  the  holes  are  broken  away  by 
the  drifting  sand,  thus  giving  them  the  appearance  of  having  never 
been  closed.  In  several  instances  of  this  sort  the  spiders  had  aban- 
doned their  burrows,  while  on  other  occasions  a  stoppage  of  the  hole 
lower  down  had  protected  them  from  the  falling  sand.  Abandoned 
holes  of  both  this  spider  and  of  L.  missouriensis  are  quite  frequently 
met  with,  doubtless  due  to  the  death  of  their  owners.  There  is  reason 
to  suspect  that  very  late  burrowing  individuals  are  those  which  have 
been  obliged  to  abandon  a  previously  prepared  home.  The  fact  that 
L.  wrightii  does  not  construct  a  turret  around  its  hole  is  doubtless  due 
to  the  fact  that  a  turret  would  catch  the  wind  in  such  an  exposed 
situation  and  so  be  blown  away.  The  holes,  unlike  those  of  L. 
missouriensis,  are  closed  entirely  with  a  mixture  of  sand  and  web,  no 
vegetation  being  used  in  the  process.  22  adult  burrows  were  measured, 
the  average  depth  of  which  was  4  feet  7  inches,  the  deepest  being 
5  feet  7  inches,  and  the  shallowest  4  feet  1  inch.  These  holes  were  all 
closed  and  had  been  so  for  some  time. 

The  burrows  of  L.  wrightii  being  in  pure  sand  are  more  thorough- 
ly lined  with  web  than  are  those  of  L.  missouriensis.  This,  of  course, 
serves  a  double  purpose,  namely,  to  enable  the  spiders  to  climb  up 
readily  and  to  prevent  the  loose  sand  from  dislodging.  During  the 
summer,  holes  have  to  be  continually  cleaned  out  owing  to  the  drifting 
condition  of  the  sand  and  in  late  autumn  a  majority  of  the  closed  holes 
are  very  soon  hidden  through  the  same  agency.  The  opening  of  bur- 
rows in  spring  time  is  largely  governed  by  meteorological  conditions, 
and  is  doubtless  induced  by  a  thawing  out  of  the  ground  around  the 
hibernating  spiders.  Thus,  during  an  early  spring,  the  holes  are 
opened  by  the  end  of  April,  while  in  other  years  they  have  remained 
closed  until  the  middle  of  May. 

Both  these  large  spiders  are  much  attacked  by  parasitic  and 
predacious  wasps  which  they  greatly  fear.  The  males  are  particularly 
subjected  to  these  attacks  while  wandering  in  search  of  females  during 
September,  and  fall  ready  victims  to  the  determined  onslaught  of  their 
dreaded  foes.  It  is  true  that  the  spider  will  fight  in  desperation  when 
overtaken  but  the  result  is,  apparently,  always  the  same.  Some  species 
of  Pompilus  boldly  enter  the  spider's  burrows  and  attack  the  occu- 
pants. On  July  7,  1916,  the  writer  observed  an  example  of  Pompilus 
scelestus  Cr.  enter  a  burrow  of  L.  wrightii  and  shortly  afterwards 


1917]  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  107 

emerge  again.  An  examination  revealed  the  spider  in  a  torpid  con- 
dition with  a  large  cylindrical  shaped  white  egg  attached  to  the  under 
side  of  its  abdomen.  This  spider  was  placed  in  a  glass  vial  and  on  the 
8th  had  fully  recovered  its  activities.  It  ate  flies  readily  thereafter 
and  was  kept  alive  until  July  15,  when  being  unable  to  longer  resist 
the  sapping  of  its  vitality  by  the  large  larva,  which  the  Pompilus  egg 
had  produced,  it  died.  This  Pompilus  larva  had  in  seven  days 
attained  a  truly  remarkable  size  and  was  almost  20  mm.  long  at  the 
time  of  the  spider's  death.  It  only  survived  its  host,  however,  for  a 
short  time,  so  that  the  further  stages  of  its  life  could  not  be  ascertained. 
This  is  but  a  single  example  of  the  many  tragedies  that  occur  in,  or 
around,  the  spiders'  homes  Wasps  of  many  kinds  roam  these  sand 
dunes  in  large  numbers  and  there  is  no  doubt  that  spiders  form  quite  a 
large  percentage  of  their  prey.  That  the  spiders  in  their  turn,  have 
found  it  a  profitable  hunting  ground  is  equally  demonstrated  by  the 
large  number  present  in  the  neighbourhood. 


A  XOTE  OX  THE  MIGRATION  OF  THE  BARREN 
GROUND  CARIBOU. 


By  E.  M.  Kindle. 


There  is  perhaps  no  more  curious  and  interesting  phenomenon 
connected  with  the  wild  life  of  Northwestern  Canada  than  the  semi- 
annual migration  of  the  Caribou,  Rangifer  arcticus.  The  vast  herds 
of  these  deer,  which  summer  in  the  barren  lands  far  to  the  east  of  the 
Mackenzie  river,  move  southward  in  the  late  autumn  from  the  treeless 
barrens  of  the  Arctic  slope  and  seek  the  shelter  of  the  forested  region 
east  of  the  Slave  and  Athabasca  rivers.  The  writer  traversed  both  of 
these  rivers  and  a  part  of  the  Mackenzie  river  during  the  past  summer 
but  neither  saw  nor  heard  of  any  caribou  having  been  observed  during 
the  summer.  With  the  coming  of  winter,  however,  they  appeared  east  of 
the  Slave  river  in  vast  numbers,  as  the  following  letter  from  Inspector 
K.  F.  Anderson  of  the  R.  N.  W.  Mounted  Police  clearly  indicates. 

R.  N.  W.  M.  Police, 

Fort  Fitzgerald, 

December  15,  1917. 
E.  M.  Kindle,  Esq., 
Ottawa. 
My  dear  Mr.  Kindle : 

There  is  nothing  new  here  except  the  Caribou.  They  are 
within  forty-five  miles  of  this  place  in  tens  of  thousands  and  the 
natives  are  getting  numbers  of  the  animals  and  will  therefore 
have  plenty  to  eat  this  winter.    The  Deer  (Caribou)  are  passing 


108  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [December 

north  coming  from  the  Southeast,  most  likely  from  Fondu  Lac 
on  Lake  Athabasca.  They  could  not  cross  there  on  account  of 
late  frosts  and  swung  around  towards  Great  Slave  Lake.  They 
say  the  animals  are  scattered  over  hundreds  of  miles,  and  liter- 
ally in  millions;  the  farther  east  one  goes,  so  they  say,  the  more 
there  are  and  the  buffalo  on  the  plains  in  the  long  ago  is  not  a 
patch  on  this  for  numbers.  Eventually  they  land  in  the  barren 
grounds  where  nobody  bothers  them  until  they  take  another  treck. 
I  sent  the  Sargeant  out  on  a  patrol  to  see  and  he  reported  that 
the  snow  is  tramped  down  for  miles  as  close  as  ice  by  the  animals 
feet  where  they  passed  in  great  numbers.    It  is  most  wonderful ! 

It  is  cold  up  here  now  and  has  been  for  about  twenty  days, 
always  from  20°  to  36°  below  zero  and  sometimes  blowing.* 

I  remain, 

Yours  sincerely, 

(Sgd.)  K.  F.  Anderson. 
It  appears  from  Inspector  Anderson's  letter  than  an  important 
element  in  directing  the  course  followed  by  the  caribou  in  their  winter 
wanderings  is  the  date  of  the  freezing  of  the  narrows  of  Lake  Atha- 
basca at  Fondu  Lac.  The  early  coming  of  ice  there  permits  the  herds 
to  cross  and  winter  farther  to  the  south,  so  that  they  would  be  likely 
to  pass  at  a  great  distance  to  the  east  of  Fort  Fitzgerald.  When  the 
lake  remains  open  at  that  point  till  late,  as  happened  this  season,  the 
migrating  columns  seem  to  be  diverted  in  a  northwesterly  direction. 
Preble**  reports  that  "During  the  winter  of  1900  the  caribou  ap- 
proached the  Slave  river  within  a  half  day's  journey  east  of  Fort 
Smith  (sixteen  miles  north  of  Fort  Fitzgerald)  for  the  first  time  in 
many  years." 

Mr.  W.  J.  McLean,§  a  former  chief  factor  of  the  Hudson  Bay 
Company  who  observed  the  arrival  in  late  summer  of  the  caribou  in  the 
region  north  of  Lake  Athabasca  several  years  ago,  described  their 
movements  as  follows:  "It  was  very  interesting  to  watch  these  animals 
which  were  then  marching  in  their  annual  tour.  They  scarcely 
appeared  to  take  any  rest,  or  halt,  excepting  for  three  or  four  hours  in 
the  middle  of  the  night.  They  kept  travelling  in  continuous  bands 
along  the  lake  towards  its  north-east  extremity  and  appeared  to  be 
impelled  by  some  mighty  power  over  which  they  had  no  control.  They 
have  regular  and  well  trodden  paths  which  they  keep  without  deviation 
even  when  fleeing  from  their  enemy." 

With  reference  to  the  extraordinary  number  of  the  caribou  report- 
ed by  Inspector  Anderson  it  may  be  noted  that  his  estimates  are  in 
accord  with  those  which  have  been  recorded  by  various  other  observers. 

*A  letter  from  W.   G.  A.  McNeil  Wood,   Buffalo  Range,   dated  Jan.    18, 
reports  a  maximum  temperature  to  that  date  of  71^°  at  Fort  Smith. 
**North  Amer.  Fauna  No.  27,  p.  137. 
§Man.  Hist,  and  Sci.  Soc,  Trans.  No.  58,  Feb.  12,  1901,  p.  6. 


1917]  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  109 

During  the  summer  of  1893  while  travelling  northward  between 
Athabasca  lake  and  Chesterfield  Inlet  the  Tyrrell  brotherst  saw  on 
the  shores  of  Carey  lake  about  latitude  62°  15'  a  herd  estimated  to 
contain  from  100,000  to  200,000  individuals. 

In  1877  the  caribou  are  reported  to  have  crossed  the  north  arm  of 
Great  Slave  lake  on  the  ice  in  an  unbroken  line  which  was  fourteen 
days  in  passing  and  in  such  a  mass  that  in  the  words  of  an  eye  witness 
"daylight  could  not  be  seen"  through  the  column.  £ 

Wharburton  Pike  saw  enormous  numbers  of  caribou  at  Mackay 
lake,  October  20,  1889  and  says: — 

"I  cannot  believe  that  the  herds  of  Buffalo  on  the  prairie  ever 
surpassed  in  size  La  Foule  (the  throng)  of  the  Caribou.  La  Foule 
had  really  come  and  during  its  passage  of  six  days  I  was  able  to  realize 
what  an  extraordinary  number  of  these  animals  still  roam  the  Barren 
Grounds." 

Ernest  Thompson  Seton  gives  the  following  description  of  the 
migration  of  caribou  as  observed  by  Colonel  Jones  (Buffalo  Jones) 
in  October  at  Clinton  Golden  in  the  Barren  Lands: 

"He  stood  on  a  hill  in  the  middle  of  the  passing  throng  with  a 
clear  view  ten  miles  each  way  and  it  was  one  army  of  Caribou.  How 
much  further  they  spread  he  did  not  know.  Sometimes  they  were 
bunched,  so  that  a  hundred  were  on  a  space  one  hundred  feet  square; 
but  often  there  would  be  spaces  equally  large  without  any.  They 
averaged  at  least  one  hundred  caribou  to  the  acre;  and  they  passed  him 
at  the  rate  of  about  three  miles  an  hour.  He  did  not  know  how  long 
they  were  in  passing  this  point;  but  at  another  place  they  were  four 
days  and  travelled  day  and  night.  The  whole  world  seemed  a  moving 
mass  of  Caribou.  He  got  the  impression  at  last  that  they  were  standing 
still  and  he  was  on  a  rocky  hill  that  was  rapidly  running  through 
their  hosts." 

Even  halving  these  figures  to  keep  on  the  safe  side,  we  find  that 
the  number  of  Caribou  in  this  army  was  over  25,000,000.  Yet  it  is 
possible  that  there  are  several  such  armies." 

It  is  reassuring  as  regards  the  future  of  Canada's  big  game  to 
learn  from  Inspector  Anderson  that  the  caribou  still  exists  in  numbers 
which  are  comparable  with  those  reported  by  these  earlier  observers. 


fCan.  Geol.  Surv..  Ann.  Rept.  vol.  IX,  n.  ser.  1898,  p.  165. 
JFrank  Russell  Expl.  in  the  Far  North,  p.  88,  1898. 


110  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [December 

NOTES  ON  THE  EVENING  GROSBEAK 
(HESPERIPHONA  VESPERTINA). 


By  F.  W.  Warwick,  B.Sc,  Buckingham,  P.  Q. 


As  about  this  time  of  the  year,  ornithologists  are  on  the  lookout 
as  to  the  probability  of  the  Evening  Grosbeak  visiting  this  district,  a 
few  notes  I  have  made  upon  the  species  may  not  prove  altogether  un- 
interesting, and  go  to  show  that  we  cannot  depend  upon  its  reappear- 
ance year  after  year. 

January  7th,  1910. — A  flock  of  Evening  Grosbeaks  numbering 
twenty  birds  have  been  around  town  for  a  week,  or  more,  spending  a 
good  part  of  their  time  in  the  mountain  ash  trees  in  our  grounds,  and 
feeding  upon  the  seeds  thereof.  The  branches  of  one  of  these  trees 
coming  within  five  feet  of  some  of  our  windows,  gives  us  a  good  chance 
to  study  them.     They  are  very  handsome,  tame,  and  interesting. 

December;  1914. — The  Evening  Grosbeaks  are  with  us  again. 

December  15th,  1916. — A  flock  of  seventeen  birds  of  this  species 
put  in  an  appearance  to-day,  and  are  gorging  themselves  on  the 
Rowan  and  Barberry  seeds.  This  flock  remained  with  us  all  winter, 
and  had  increased  by  April  to  forty-two  specimens,  which  were  doubt- 
less congregating  for  their  flight  westward.  Any  hour  of  the  day  they 
were  to  be  seen  in  the  Rowan  trees,  on  the  ground,  or  adjacent  trees, 
and  made  a  beautiful  sight.  They  became  exceedingly  tame  and  fed 
within  four  feet  of  us,  helping  themselves  occasionally  to  grit  from 
the  ash  pile.  As  the  snow  disappeared  they  would  feed  upon  the  seeds 
laid  bare. 

May  2nd,  1917. — A  flock  of  some  twenty  birds  are  still  with  us, 
now  feeding  upon  the  seeds  of  the  Manitoba  maple,  and  other  seeds 
they  find  amongst  the  grass. 

May  9th,  1917. — Two  males  still  around  in  the  garden.  This 
was  the  last  date  they  were  seen  by  us. 

December  27th,  1917. — At  present  date  have  not  as  yet  put  in 
an  appearance.    An  abundance  of  their  favorite  food  exists. 


Children  in  various  parts  of  Great  Britain  have  been  busily 
collecting  the  horse  chestnuts  required  for  the  manufacture  of  war 
munitions.  The  nuts  ripened  more  quickly  in  some  districts  than  in 
others.  Indications  are  that  at  least  25,000  tons  of  nuts  will  reach  the 
Ministry  of  Munitions,  but  this  is  only  about  one  eighth  of  the 
estimated  crop  for  the  country. 


1917]  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  Ill 

NOTES  BY  "DIGRESSOR." 


Recent  experiments  by  British  investigators  go  to  show  that 
butter  and  some  forms  of  oleomargarine  contain  a  substance  that  pro- 
motes growth  in  the  young.  Young  rats  fed  on  a  ration  from  which 
all  butter  and  its  substitutes  had  been  eliminated,  continued  to  live 
but  did  not  increase  in  weight;  while  adult  females  fed  on  the  same 
food  failed  to  produce  young.  This  growth-promoting  substance  is 
found  in  oleomargarine  made  from  beef  fats,  but  is  absent  from  the 
other  butter  substitutes  manufactured,  as  many  of  them  are,  from  other 
animal  fats  or  vegetable  oils. 

The  conclusion  drawn  from  these  facts  by  an  English  writer  is 
that  while  the  presence  of  this  substance  in  food  is  probably  of  little 
importance  to  adults  whose  growth  is  completed,  it  may  have  much  to 
do  with  the  health  and  robustness  of  children.  Plenty  of  butter  in 
their  diet,  he  says,  is  indicated.  But  as  the  substance  is  known  to  exist 
in  eggs  and  some  other  comestibles,  it  seems  likely  that  the  ordinary 
mixed  diet  long  recognised  as  the  most  wholesome,  will,  even  in  the 
absence  of  butter  or  beef-fat  margarine,  supply  all  the  needful  con- 
stituents for  growth  and  health. 


This  growth-promoting  substance  seems  to  belong  to  a  class  of  food 
elements,  the  very  existence  of  which  was  scarcely  suspected  until  quite 
recently.  Dietetists  used  to  prescribe  certain  proportions  of  proteids, 
carbohydrates  and  fats  producing  so  many  calories,  and  they  told  us 
that  if  we  did  not  thrive  on  these,  it  was  our  own  fault.  But  it  is  now 
recognized  that  these  methods  of  food  valuation  were  far  too  coarse. 
Besides  largely  ignoring  the  sapidity  of  food,  which  has  a  great  deal 
to  do  with  digestion  and  consequently  with  nutrition,  they  knew 
nothing  whatever  of  the  astonishing  influence  of  the  "vitamines,"  the 
first  of  which  was  discovered  a  few  years  ago  in  connection  with  the 
study  of  the  fatal  oriental  disease,  beri-beri. 

Beri-beri,  which  has  been  known  in  China  and  the  East  for 
hundreds  of  years,  is  a  distressing  disease  with  a  mortality  as  high  as 
50  per  cent.  It  was  formerly  attributed  to  all  sorts  of  causes,  such  as 
damp  situations,  lack  of  ventilation,  decayed  food,  and  fungoid 
growths  on  grain.  But  it  was  finally  traced  to  an  exclusive  diet  of 
"polished"  rice, — that  is  damaged  rice  which,  in  order  to  improve  its 
appearance,  has  been  put  through  a  process  that  removes  its  outer 
coating, — and  a  rapid  cure  was  effected  by  the  use  of  unpolished  rice, 
or  by  the  addition  of  the  polishings  of  the  treated  rice.  From  this  it 
was  evident  that  the  disease  was  due  to  the  lack  of  something  removed 
in  the  polishing  process,  and  eventually  the  all-essential  substance  was 
isolated  from  the  outer  layers  of  the  rice  grain,  and  named  "vitamine." 


112  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [December 

It  is  present  only  in  extremely  small  quantities,  there  being  not  more 
than  10  grains  of  it  to  a  ton  of  rice.  But  minute  as  this  quantity  is, 
its  absence  from  the  rice  diet  means  disease  and  death. 


Similar  substances  have  since  been  discovered  in  other  foods, 
always  in  very  small  quantities — the  vitamine  of  limes  is  in  the  pro- 
portion of  1  to  100,000  parts — and  their  presence  in  many  food-pro- 
ducts appears  very  probable. 


The  discovery  of  these  unsuspected  food  constituents  throws  a 
great  light  on  scurvy.  At  one  time  scurvy  was  thought  to  be  caused 
simply  by  an  excess  of  salt  in  the  diet.  Smollett  attributed  the  pre- 
valence of  scorbutic  affections  in  the  south  of  France  in  the  18th 
century  to  the  salt-laden  breezes  from  the  Mediterranean.  Generally, 
however,  the  dread  disease  was  blamed  on  imperfectly  preserved  food, 
and  lack  of  vegetable  diet.  But  scurvy  broke  out  in  modern  polar 
expeditions  (such  as  Scott's  in  the  "Discovery"  and  Charcot's  in 'the 
"Pourquoi  pas?")  which  were  supplied  with  the  very  best  of  tinned 
meats  and  vegetables,  all  rigidly  inspected  by  the  surgeons  before  being 
issued  to  the  men,  and  undoubtedly  in  sound  condition.  The  explana- 
tion is  that  the  preserving  process,  tinning  or  salting  or  drying,  destroys 
the  vitamines,  and  while  the  foods  are  otherwise  perfectly  wholesome, 
and  may  be  consumed  for  limited  periods  without  ill  results,  as  a  long 
continued  diet,  thev  are  fatal. 


Up  to  20  or  25  years  ago,  a  form  of  scurvy  known  as  "black-leg" 
was  common  among  the  shantymen  of  the  Ottawa  Valley  and  more 
particularly  among  the  river-drivers.  At  that  time  the  shanty  bill-of- 
fare  consisted  of  little  but  salt  pork,  beans,  bread  and  tea.  But  with 
the  variety  of  food  now  supplied,  the  disorder  has  entirely  disappeared. 

Scurvy  was  prevalent  in  the  early  mining  days  in  the  Yukon, 
and  a  gold-seeking  adventurer  of  the  writer's  acquaintance  tells  that 
when  he  developed  symptoms  of  the  malady,  his  friends  made  light  of 
it,  and  advised  him  to  eat  raw  potatoes  and  he  would  be  well  in  a  few 
days.  But  he  felt  anxious  about  his  condition,  and  determined  to  enter 
the  hospital  at  Dawson  for  treatment.  In  the  hospital  they  charged 
him  $10.00  a  day  and  simply  fed  him  on  raw  potatoes! 


^KK&bv 


2C 


<ii 


Charles  Macnamara,  Arnprior,  Ont. 


THE  OTTAWA   NATURALIS 


Vol.  XXXI. 


JANUARY.  1918. 


No.  10. 


THE  CANADA  PORCUPINE. 


By  Charles  Macnamara,  Arnprior,  Ontario. 


The  abrading  and  compacting  which  all  language  undergoes  in 
the  course  of  time  have  changed  the  "porcus  spinatus"  or  spiny  pig,  of 
the  Latins  into  the  "porcupine"  of  modern  English.  Zoological 
classification  among  the  ancients  was  based  on  very  superficial  resem- 
blances, and  so  it  is  not  surprising  to  find  that  they  regarded  this 
short-legged,  thickset  rodent  as  a  kind  of  pig.  Numerous  species  of 
porcupines  inhabit  the  four  quarters  of  the  globe.  In  the  Old  World, 
where  the  family  originated,  thev  are  all  terrestrial  in  their  habits,  and 
some  kinds  are  armed  with  quills  so  enormous  that  they  are  often  used 
to  make  fancy  penhandles.  The  porcupines  of  the  New  World  are 
mostly  tree-dwellers,  and  one  or  two  of  them  have  prehensile  tails. 
They  seem  to  haye  come  across  from  Africa  to  tropical  America  by 
some  very  early  land  connection  far  older  even  than  the  fabled 
Atlantis.  Most  of  them  stayed  in  the  tropics,  only  one  genus  of  two 
species  having  extended  north  of  Mexico.  These  are  the  yellow- 
haired  porcupine  (Erethizon  epixanthus)  of  the  west,  and  the  Canada 
porcupine  (E.  dorsatus)  of  the  east. 

Although  popularly  called  the  "Canada"  porcupine,  we  in  this 
country  cannot  claim  the  animal  as  our  exclusive  compatriot,  for  it  is 
a  familiar  resident  of  the  wooded  regions  of  all  northeastern  America 
as  far  south  and  west  as  Pennsylvania  and  Ohio.  In  eastern  Ontario 
it  is  abundant,  and  in  the  course  of  a  day's  drive  in  the  spring  before 
the  leaves  are  out,  it  is  not  unusual  to  see  three  or  four  of  them  in  the 
treetops. 

Judging  the  appearance  and  expression  of  animals  by  our 
human  standards,  we  are  often  amazed  to  find  some  species,  like  the 
elephant  or  the  pig,  far  more  intelligent  than  it  looks.  The  porcupine, 
however,  looks  stupid,  and  is  even  more  stupid  than  it  looks.  A  large 
Canada  porcupine,  Mr.  C.  W.  Nash  tells  me,  sometimes  attains  to  a 
body  length  of  three  feet;  but  usually  an  adult  is  about  two  feet  long 
exclusive  of  the  tail,  and  weighs  25  lbs.  to  30  lbs.  Its  body  is  thick 
and  heavy,  and  its  movements  are  slow.  Its  head  is  small  and  pointed, 
with  but  scant  room  for  the  brain,  and  the  little  sleepy  eyes  are  almost 
lost  in  the  long  hair;  the  nostrils  are  open,  and  the  lips  fail  to  close 


114  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [January 

over  the  large  orange-colored,  chisel-like  teeth.  The  short  thick  legs 
terminate  in  small  horny-soled  feet  armed  with  long  black  claws  well 
adapted  for  climbing.  The  limbs  and  the  stout  body,  with  the  excep- 
tion of  the  middle  of  the  back,  are  clothed  with  long  fine,  almost 
woolly  hair.  Intermixed  with  this  along  the  sides  and  over  the  nape 
is  a  wide  band  of  stiff,  coarse,  grey-tipped  hair  about  six  inches  long, 
and  the  forehead  bears  a  short  tuft  of  grey  bristles.  Along  the  middle 
of  the  back  and  out  to  the  end  of  the  short  tail  grows  a  dense  mass  of 
erectile  quills,  mixed  with  a  few  long  black  hairs.  The  quills  are  of 
all  lengths  from  less  than  an  inch  to  three  and  a  half  or  four  inches 
long.  In  addition  to  this  principal  mass,  there  is  a  scattered  growth 
of  short  but  stout  quills  concealed  in  the  hair  all  along  the  sides  and 
over  the  head,  extending  low  down  on  the  forehead  and  above  the 
eyes.  Only  the  underparts  of  the  animal  are  entirely  free  from  the 
spines. 

I  have  never  come  across  the  young  of  the  porcupine  myself,  but 
I  am  informed  by  Mr.  C.  W.  Nash  that  they  are  born  in  May,  two  to 
four  in  a  litter,  and  are  at  birth  extremely  large  in  proportion  to  the 
size  of  the  adults.  They  are  covered  with  long  black  hair  interspersed 
with  quills  about  half  an  inch  in  length. 

The  quills  of  the  adult  are  white  at  the  base,  shading  towards 
the  top  into  yellow  and  dark  brown  to  black.  The  largest  of  them 
are  iy2  inches  to  4  inches  long  (approximately,  90  mm.  to  100  mm.) 
and  about  1/16  inch  (approximately  2  mm.)  in  diameter  at  the  thick- 
est part.  They  are  clearly  only  modified  hairs,  and  various  types  may 
be  found  on  the  same  animal,  ranging  from  plain  stiff  bristles  through 
slender  smooth-pointed  spines  up  to  stout  needle-sharp  barbed  quills. 
The  quills  are  loosely  held  in  the  soft  fat  skin  by  a  conical  root  with  a 
rounded  shoulder,  and  they  appear  to  come  out  at  the  slightest  touch. 
Indeed,  before  trying  some  experiments  I  could  not  understand  why 
they  did  not  all  fall  out(  in  the  ordinary  stress  of  daily  life;  and  I 
formulated  a  theory,  that  when  the  quills  were  in  their  normal 
depressed  position,  they  were  held  in  the  skin  more  firmly  than  when 
they  were  erected  to  stand  off  an  enemy.  Herbert  Spencer's  friends 
said  that  the  philosopher's  sole  idea  of  a  tragedy  was  a  beautiful 
theory  killed  by  a  devilish  little  fact.  In  my  case  the  little  fact  was 
that  the  quills  were  not  held  more  firmly  in  one  position  than  in 
another.  Admittedly,  the  porcupine  I  experimented  with  was  a  dead 
one,  but  I  cannot  see  that  there  would  be  any  difference  in  the  result  in 
life.  The  truth  is  that  it  requires  a  pull  of  a  quarter  of  a  pound  or 
so  to  free  the  quills  from  their  sockets,  and  no  ordinary  friction  to 
which  they  are  subjected  is  sufficient  to  remove  them.  But  when  once 
the  point  of  the  quill  is  caught  in  the  flesh  of  an  enemy,  the  barbs 
hold  it  so  firmly  that  it  readily  pulls  out  of  the  porcupine's  skin. 


1918]  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  115 

The  barbing,  which  is  so  minute  that  its  structure  can  only  be 
seen  under  considerable  magnification,  is  formed  simply  of  tiny  over- 
lapping scales,  like  shingles  on  a  roof.  To  the  touch  it  is  only  a  slight 
roughness  at  the  point  of  the  quill,  but  the  hold  it  takes  is  astonishing. 
Once  the  quill  makes  an  entrance,  it  never  draws  back,  and  every 
movement  of  the  victim  only  serves  to  drive  the  dart  in  deeper.  Its 
policy,  like  that  of  the  high-handed  Strafford  is  "Thorough."  A 
hapless  dog  with  his  nose,  jaws  and  tongue  stuck  full  of  these  inexor- 
able little  arrows  is  a  most  painful  sight;  and  a  strong  forceps  is 
needed  to  pull  them  out. 

Obviously,  without  the  protection  afforded  by  its  quills,  the  slow- 
moving,  dull-witted  porcupine  would  fall  an  easy  victim  to  its  many 
predaceous  enemies;  but  usually  wild  creatures  seem  to  leave  him 
alone,  and  those  that  do  attack  him  are  generally  sorry-  for  it.  Horn- 
aday  says  that  pumas  and  lynxes  have  been  found  in  starving  con- 
dition with  their  mouths  and  throats  stuck  so  full  of  porcupine  quills 
that  eating  was  impossible;  and  I  have  heard  of  horned  owls  taken 
with  numerous  spines  piercing  their  claws. 

The  only  animal  known  to  prey  on  the  Canada  porcupine  habitu- 
ally is  the  fisher  (Mustela  pennanti).  This  active  tree-climber  hunts 
the  porcupine  assiduously  for  food,  and  when  it  has  exterminated 
them  in  one  district  moves  on  to  the  next.  Its  method  of  attack  seems 
to  be  to  turn  the  porcupine  over  on  its  back  and  eat  it  out  from  the 
belly.  I  have  seen  foxes  feeding  in  this  way  on  a  porcupine  shot  by  a 
wanton  hunter.  But  like  the  Scotch  thistle,  the  porcupine  cannot  be 
assailed  with  impunity,  and  a  fisher  with  a  taste  for  porcupine  meat 
always  has  numerous  quills  implanted  in  his  head  and  breast,  but 
which,  strange  to  say,  do  not  seem  to  incommode  him  very  much.  An 
ancient  erorr,  still  in  existence  in  connection  with  the  porcupine 
family,  is  that  they  can  shoot  their  quills  to  a  distance,  and  some  old 
writers  went  so  far  as  to  affirm  that  in  this  way  the  porcupine  could 
kill  very  large  animals.  Considering  that  more  than  150  years  ago 
the  majestic  M.  Buffon  himself  went  to  the  trouble  of  disproving  the 
myth  by  practical  experiments,  and  that  since  his  time  no  writer  of 
any  standing  has  attempted  to  support  the  fiction,  it  is  very  remark- 
able that  it  should  still  be  current.  It  is  true  that  in  "Hiawatha" 
Longfellow  commits  the  double  zoological  crime  of  referring  to  the 
porcupine  as  a  "hedgehog"  and  of  asserting  that  the  animal  "shot  its 
shining  quills  like  arrows,"  but  the  fallacy  is  commonly  repeated  by 
people  who  never  heard  of  "Hiawatha"  or  Longfellow  either.  Ap- 
parently, like  the  story  firmly  believed  by  most  small  boys  that  if  you 
soak  a  horse  hair  in  water  it  will  turn  into  a  snake,  the  fable  is  handed 
down  by  oral  tradition  among  the  illiterate. 

So  far  from  ever  shooting  its  shining  arrows,  the  fact  is  that 
beyond  erecting  its  quills  and  sometimes  striking  at  the  aggressor  with 


116  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [January 

its  spiny  tail,  the  porcupine  always  stands  strictly  on  the  defensive. 
He  is  the  original  passive  resister.  One  winter  morning  while  break- 
ing my  way  on  snowshoes  through  a  thick  growth  of  alders  along  the 
ledge  of  a  swamp,  I  came  on  a  porcupine  trying  to  hide  in  the  hollow 
butt  of  an  ash  tree.  Protected  by  my  heavy  deerskin  mitts,  I  seized 
him  by  the  hind  legs  in  order  to  carry  him  out  into  the  open  with  the 
intention  of  photographing  him.  Naturally,  he  objected  to  this 
impertinence,  and  in  his  struggles  his  formidable  yellow  teeth  came 
alarmingly  close  to  my  hand.  But  the  poor  creature  never  made  the 
slightest  attempt  to  bite.  His  faith  was  all  in  his  quills:  they  had 
failed  him,  and  he  knew  no  other  defence.  But  to  carry  25  lbs.  of 
contorting  porcupine  at  arms  length  with  one  hand,  and  my  camera 
and  tripod  with  the  other,  and  to  force  a  way  through  the  brush,  all 
at  one  and  the  same  time  was  too  much  for  me,  and  I  had  to  drop  the 
porcupine.  He  promptly  hitched  himself  up  to  the  top  of  a  tall  young 
red  maple,  climbing  the  smooth  bark  as  easily  as  a  person  goes 
upstairs.  This  was  about  noon,  and  as  I  left  him,  it  was  beginning 
to  snow  heavily.  I  passed  the  place  again  on  my  way  home  about 
five  o'clock  in  the  evening.  It  was  still  snowing,  and  there  was  the 
porcupine  clinging  to  the  slender  maple  top  in  exactly  the  same 
position  in  which  I  had  left  him  five  hours  before,  with  about  four 
inches  of  snow  piled  on  his  back!  I  have  often  wondered  how  long 
he  stayed  there. 

Our  porcupines  occasionally  make  their  dens  in  a  hollow  log 
or  under  an  upturned  stump,  but  their  favorite  dwelling  is  in  a  crevice 
between  the  stones  of  a  rocky  hillside.  They  be  but  a  feeble  folk  yet 
make  they  their  houses  in  the  rocks.  They  are  confirmed  vegetarians, 
living  in  a  state  of  nature  exclusively  on  bark  and  twigs;  and  being 
poor  travellers  they  always  lodge  close  to  their  food  supply.  This  is 
often  a  poplar  tree,  on  which  they  feed  continuously  night  after  night 
— they  are  mostly  nocturnal  in  their  habits — until  it  is  completely 
stripped  of  its  bark  out  to  the  very  end  of  the  branches.  They  also 
browse  on  cedars,  hemlocks  and  spruces,  but  in  the  case  of  these 
conifers,  it  is  the  tender  twigs  that  they  eat.  In  the  winter,  their 
resorts  are  readily  discovered  by  the  trench-like  path  they  make  in 
the  snow  from  their  den  to  the  tree  they  are  feeding  on.  And  their 
table  manners  being  sadly  wanting  in  refinement,  they  let  many 
succulent  pieces  fall  to  the  ground,  which  are  so  attractive  to  the  hares, 
that  the  snow  beneath  the  porcupine  tree  is  generally  trampled  hard 
by  the  concourse  of  Lepus  americanus  gathered  to  feast  on  these 
crumbs  from  the  rich  man's  table. 

While  the  porcupine  is  a  vegetarian,  he  is  not  a  bigoted  one.  He 
feeds  on  all  kinds  of  scraps  around  a  camp  and  sometimes  he  indulges 
in  peculiar  hors  d'ceuvres.  Fire  rangers  often  complain*  that  the  por- 
cupines eat  their  cotton  posters  off  the  trees;  and  lately  a  farmer  on 


1918]  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  117 

the  Bonnechere  who  left  a  set  of  harness  in  a  shed  in  the  woods  over 
summer,  found  it  chewed  to  pieces  in  the  fall.  Like  all  herbivores, 
porcupines  are  extremely  fond  of  salt,  and  will  greedily  gnaw  anything 
with  a  salty  taste.  I  have  been  told  of  a  camp  on  the  Gatineau  where 
they  completely  ate  away  a  veranda  post  that  had  some  brine  spilt  on 
it;  and  a  similar  example  is  afforded  by  the  experience  of  a  friend  of 
mine  on  a  canoe  trip  through  Algonquin  Park.  One  night  he  was 
awakened  by  a  deep  reverberating  noise  repeated  again  and  again, 
coming  from  some  little  distance  down  stream.  My  friend  said  it 
sounded  like  a  horse  galloping  over  a  wooden  bridge,  but  there  was 
no  road  within  many  miles  and  there  was  no  bridge.  At  last  he  got 
up  to  investigate,  and  discovered  that  the  disturbance  was  caused  by  a 
porcupine  gnawing  the  inside  of  an  empty  bacon  case  left  on  the  shore 
by  a  drive  gang.  Under  the  vigorous  rasping  of  the  porcupine's 
powerful  teeth,  the  boards  of  the  case  thundered  like  a  brass  drum. 
But  the  appetite  for  salt  does  not  explain  why  a  porcupine  last  summer 
gnawed  many  square  feet  of  the  dry  weather  beaten  boards  of  an  old 
shed  at  an  abandoned  mine  near  Calabogie.  Both  inside  the  building 
and  outside,  from  the  ground  level  up  to  a  height  of  six  or  eight  feet, 
he  chewed  away  large  patches  of  the  wood,  in  some  places  eating 
completely  through  the  boards.  "What  sapidity  he  discovered  here 
is  a  mystery. 

It  is  said  that  when  quarrelling  with  one  of  its  own  kind,  the 
porcupine  gives  vent  to  a  variety  of  noises,  but  the  only  sound  I  have 
ever  heard  them  make  is  a  kind  of  whining  grunt,  best  described  as 
just  about  the  kind  of  sound  you  would  expect  from  a  porcupine.  But 
it  seldom  expresses  its  emotions  vocally,  and  when  assailed  it  keeps 
its  back  to  the  foe,  and  maintains  a  dogged  silence.  All  one  winter. 
my  friend  Mr.  Armon  Burwash  and  I  paid  weekly  visits  to  a  large 
old  porcupine  who  lived  in  a  hole  in  the  rocks  on  a  bare  hillside.  We 
knew  he  was  old,  for  it  must  have  taken  him  years  to  accumulate  the 
dirt  that  matted  his  quills  together,  and  which  exhaled  a  strong,  but 
truth  to  tell,  inoffensive  enough,  odor  of  cedar.  The  den  was  simply 
a  low  tunnel  open  at  either  end,  and  roofed  over  with  a  couple  of 
large  blocks  of  limestone.  We  always  found  him  in,  though  his 
lodging  was  in  a  most  exposed  situation,  open  to  all  the  winds  of 
heaven,  and  on  a  cold  winter's  night  it  certainly  could  not  have  been 
described  as  cosy.  But  be  it  ever  so  humble  there's  no  place  like 
home,  and  our  friend  seemed  well  satisfied  with  his  quarters.  We 
called  him  our  friend,  but  it.  is  doubtful  if  he  reciprocated  the  senti- 
ment. Mr.  Burwash  suggested  that  he  used  to  say  to  himself  when  he 
heard  us  coming:  "Confound  it,  there  are  those  two  hanged  nuisances 
again!"  For  every  week  we  tried  some  new  scheme  to  drive  him  out 
of  his  den;  but  all  in  vain.  We  reached  in  through  a  hole  in  the  roof 
and  slapped  him  on  the  back,  the  only  result  being  a  dozen  long 


118  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [January 

quills  stuck  firmly  in  our  buckskin  mitts.  By  poking  a  stick  in  one 
end  of  the  tunnel,  we  tried  to  force  him  out  of  the  other  end;  but  he 
would  have  evidently  suffered  death  rather  than  move  an  inch.  An 
attempt  to  smoke  him  out  with  a  smudge  choked  and  blinded  us,  but 
had  no  effect  whatever  on  the  steadfast  porcupine.  So,  not  wishing 
him  any  real  hurt,  we  at  last  gave  up,  and  left  him  to  the  cold  comfort 
of  his  wind  swept  hillside. 

An  ambition  of  mine  has  long  been  to  get  a  good  photograph  of 
a  porcupine  in  his  native  wilds.  They  are  plentiful  enough,  but  one 
generally  sees  them  high  up  in  the  tree  tops  or  finds  them  wedged 
inaccessibly  into  a  crevice  in  the  rocks.  One  day  last  summer,  how- 
ever, I  came  on  a  fine  young  specimen  wandering  along  the  edge  of  a 
beaver  meadow,  and  alas!  my  camera  was  at  home.  Next  day  I  had 
occasion  to  visit  the  same  place  again,  but  as  I  thought  there  was  no 
chance  of  seeing  the  porcupine  the  second  time,  and  the  day  was  very 
hot,  I  decided  not  to  burden  myself  with  a  camera.  And  when  I  came 
to  the  beaver  meadow,  there  were  two  porcupines  ambling  side  by  side 
in  the  grass.  The  third  day  I  loaded  myself  with  all  my  apparatus, 
and  set  out  for  the  meadow  with  high  hopes.  "The  third  time  is  the 
charm."    There  was  no  porcupine  there,  and  I  have  not  seen  one  since. 


NOTES  ON  THE  BIRDS  IN  AN  OKANAGAN  ORCHARD. 


By  J.  A.  Munro. 


The  following  notes  apply  to  a  ten  acre  orchard  of  mixed  fruits 
on  Okanagan  Lake,  B.C.  The  fruit  trees  are  planted  on  a  narrow  strip 
of  land,  at  the  base  of  an  abrupt  rise.  Behind  this  small  hill  are  a 
series  of  benches,  originally  covered  with  bunch-grass  (Agropyron 
spicatum)  and  now  partly  sown  to  alfalfa.  Behind  these  benches  is 
a  steep  rocky  mountain,  five  hundred  feet  in  height,  covered  with  a 
fairly  heavy  growth  of  Douglas  fir  (Pseudotsuga  taxi  folia)  and  Yellow 
pine  (Pinus  ponder osd)  with  several  patches  of  Quaking  aspen 
(Populus  tremuloides)  and  Mountain  birch  (Betula  fontinalis).  A 
waggon-road  has  been  built  close  to  the  shore  of  the  lake,  and  on  the 
lake  side  of  this  road  there  is  a  continuous  row  of  various  species  of 
wild  fruit;  chiefly  Black  haw  {Crataegus  douglasi)  Bitter  cherry 
(Prunus  emarginata)  and  Service  berry  (Amelanchier  alnifolia). 

The  summer  of  1916  was  remarkable  for  the  number  of  birds 
that  visited  the  orchard,  in  excess  of  the  normal  population  of  breeding 
birds.  In  spite  of  the  abundance  of  natural  food  afforded  by  the  wild 
fruits,  many  species  showed  a  marked  preference  for  the  orchard  crop. 
Italian    prunes,    sweet    cherries,    and    several    varieties    of    plums 


1918]  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  119 

were  eaten  extensively  by  Bullock's  Oriole  (Icterus  bullocki),  Western 
Tanager  (Piranga  ludoviciana) ,  Cassin's  Purple  Finch  (Carpodacus 
cassini),  Catbird  (Dumetella  carolinensis)  and  Western  Robin 
(Merula  migratorius  propinquus).  The  largest  and  ripest  fruits 
were  attacked  first;  generally,  only  a  small  portion  of  each  fruit  was 
eaten  and  in  some  cases  they  were  only  slightly  punctured  but  rendered 
unfit  for  marketing.  About  seventy-five  per  cent,  of  the  cherries  and 
forty  per  cent,  of  the  prunes  and  plums  were  destroyed. 

Of  the  wild  fruits,  the  Service  berry  (Amelanchier  alnifolia)  was 
the  most  freely  eaten;  even  such  species  as  Tree  Swallow  (Iridoprocne 
bicolor),  Rocky  Mountain  Hairy  Woodpecker  (Dryobates  villosus 
monticola),  Red-naped  Sapsucker  (Sphyrapicus  varius  nuchalis), 
and  Red-shafted  Flicker  (Colaptes  cafer  collaris)  were  seen  eating 
them.  Kingbird  (Tyrannus  tyr annus),  Northern  Pileated  Wood- 
pecker (Phloeotomus  pileatus  abieticola),  and  Red-eyed  Vireo 
(Vireosylva  olivacea)  were  partial  to  the  white  berries  of  the  Red 
dogwood  (Cornus  stolonijera). 

Mountain  breeding  birds  such  as  Western  Tanager,  Townsend's 
Solitaire  (Myadestes  townsendi),  Willow  Thrush  (Hylocichla 
fuscescens  salicicola)  and  Cassin's  Purple  Finch  came  down  from 
the  hills  as  soon  a?  the  vdune  were  able  to  flv,  and  remained  in  the 
orchard  and  the  brushy  thickets  in  the  vicinity,  for  the  remainder  of 
the  summer,  or  until  such  as  were  migratory,  departed  for  the  south. 
During  the  latter  part  of  July  and  early  August  the  hills  were  almost 
destitute  of  bird  life. 

The  following  species  bred  commonly  in  the  orchard  and  in  the 
trees  and  brush  along  the  lake  shore. 

Red-shafted  Flicker;  Western  Meadowlark,  (Sturnella  magna 
neglecta) ; Western  Chipping  Sparrow,  (Spizella  socialis  arizonae); 
Western  Vesper  Sparrow,  (Poocaetes  gramineus  confinis) ;  Spurred 
Towhee,  (PipUo  megalonyx  montanus) ;  Kingbird;  Arkansas  King- 
bird, (Tyrannus  verticalis);  Alaska  Yellow  Warbler,  (Dendroica 
aestiva  rubiginosa);  Cedar  Waxwing,  (BombycUla  cedrorum);  West- 
ern Wood  Pewee,  (Myiochanes  richardsoni  richardsoni) ;  Bullock's 
Oriole;  Tree  Swallow;  Mountain  Bluebird. 

During  the  past  seven  years,  there  has  been  a  noticeable  increase 
in  the  number  of  birds  breeding  in  the  orchard  and  vicinity.  During 
that  time  much  of  the  sheltering  brush  has  been  cut  down  and  a 
number  of  houses  have  been  built.  The  increase  is  no  doubt  largely 
due  to  the  merciless  warfare  that  has  been  waged  against  such 
enemies  as  crows,  magpies,  squirrels  and  chipmunks.  These  are  the 
chief  enemies  of  orchard  breeding  birds,  but  the  white-footed  mouse 
(Peromyscus)  is  suspected  of  being  an  egg  thief.  Nests  containing 
eggs,  that  had  been  under  close  observation  for  several  days,  were 
found  rifled  of  their  contents,  and  with  the  lining  of  the  nest  pulled 


120  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [January 

out  and  hanging  over  the  rim;  as  if  the  horsehair  or  other  fine 
material,  had  been  caught  on  the  claws  of  some  small  mammal.  These 
depredations,  apparently  occurred  at  night  and  were  done  at  a  time 
when  squirrels  and  chipmunks  had  been  cleaned  out  of  the  orchard. 

The  following  notes  show  the  gradual  increase  of  mountain- 
breeding  birds  and  the  first  movement  of  the  fall  migration. 

July  12,  1916 — A  slight  increase  in  the  numbers  of  birds  in  the 
orchard.  Broods  of  Audubon  Warblers  (Dendroica  auduboni  audu- 
boiii),  Western  Vesper  Sparrow,  Shufeldt's  Junco  (Junco  hyemalis 
connectens) ,  and  Calaveras  Warbler  (Vermivora  rubricapella 
gutturalis)  appear. 

July  15,  1916 — The  hedge  full  of  birds,  feeding  on  service 
berries;  Catbirds  unusually  plentiful. 

July  26  to  July  28,  1916 — Hundreds  of  swallows  of  all  species, 
passing  through. 

July  16  to  August  8,  1916 — A  steady  increase  during  this  time. 
Broods  of  Red-naped  Sapsucker,  Townsends  Solitaire,  Wright's  Fly- 
catcher (Empidonax  wrighti)  and  Olive-backed  Thrush  (Hylocichla 
ustulata  swainsoni)  appear. 

August  10,  1916 — Large  flocks  of  Cassin's  Purple  Finch,  juvenals 
and  adults  arrive. 

August  11,  1916 — Spurred  Towhee,  adults  and  juvenals  very 
plentiful.  Several  juvenal  W'estern  Evening  Grosbeak  (Hesperiphona 
vespertina  montana)  and  Lazuli  Bunting  (Passerina  amoena)  seen. 

August  12,  1916 — Large  increase  in  the  number  of  Bullock's 
Oriole  and  further  increase  of  Cassin's  Purple  Finch. 

August  14,  1916 — Bullock's  Oriole,  Cassin's  Purple  Finch,  and 
Western  Tanager  very  destructive  in  the  orchard.  The  locally  bred 
robins  have  left. 

August  15  and  16,  1916 — The  orchard  nearly  empty  of  birds. 

August  17,  1916 — Large  flocks  of  Shufeldt's  Junco,  Pine  Siskin 
(Spinus  pinus),  Western  Robin  and  Western  Chipping  Sparrow 
arrive.    Arkansas  Kingbirds  and  Bullock's  Orioles  have  all  left. 

August  20,  1916 — Nearly  all  the  catbirds  have  migrated. 

August  21,  1916 — The  common  kingbird  left  to-day. 

August  24,  1916 — Cedar  WTaxwing  and  Cassin's  Purple  Finch 
are  still  numerous.  The  former  prefer  the  wild  fruit  to  the 
domesticated. 


1918]  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  121 

THE  RICHMOND  FAUNAS  OF  LITTLE  BAY  DE 
NOQUETTE,  IN  NORTHERN  MICHIGAN. 


By  A.  F.  Foerste. 


(Continued  from  page  103). 

Pterinea  (Caritodens)  demissa  (Conrad)  is  represented  by 
specimens  50  millimeters  in  height,  both  in  the  cherty  Richmond  and 
in  the  upper  part  of  the  underlying  argillaceous  Richmond.  At  both 
horizons  it  is  associated  with  a  Byssonychia  which  is  similar  to  the 
form  occurring  more  or  less  abundantly  in  the  Waynesville  member 
of  the  Richmond  on  Manitoulin  Island,  in  Ontario,  but  good  speci- 
mens for  figuring  are  rare. 

The  Opisthoptera  occurring  in  the  cherty  Richmond  bears  a  gen- 
eral resemblance  to  Opisthoptera  casei  (Meek  and  Worthen)  but 
probably  is  a  distinct  species.  Anteriorly,  along  the  umbonal  ridge, 
the  shell  is  convex  and  elevated  above  the  more  posterior  parts  of  the 
shell  very  much  as  in  Byssonychia,  and  this  appearance  is  strengthened 
here  by  a  tendency  of  the  radiating  plications  here  to  remain  simple. 
Moreover,  the  anterior  outline  of  the  shell  is  concavely  curved  near  the 
beak  and  convexly  curved  below,  more  as  in  Byssonychia  than  in 
typical  Opisthoptera  casei.  Along  the  posterior  part  of  the  middle  third 
of  the  shell,  posterior  to  the  umbonal  part,  the  plications  are  arranged 
in  fasciculate  groups,  while  along  the  posterior  third  and  also  along 
the  anterior  margin  the  plications  tend  to  be  narrow,  numerous,  and 
subequal.  This  probably  is  a  new  species,  but  no  specimens  suitable 
for  figuring  have  been  found  so  far. 

Clionychia  angusta  sp.  now,  Fig.  20.  This  species  has  been 
figured  so  as  to  suggest  a  form  similar  to  Clionychia  excavata  Ulrich 
(Geol.  Surv.  Ohio,  vol.  7,  1893,  pi.  51,  figs.  4,  5),  from  the  White- 
water member  of  the  Richmond  in  Indiana.  As  a  matter  of  fact,  how- 
ever, the  specimens  at  hand  do  not  show  any  indication  of  a  ligamental 
area  along  the  upper  part  of  the  shell  when  thus  oriented.  Compared 
with  the  Indiana  species,  when  thus  oriented,  the  shell  is  narrower 
and  the  basal  part  is  more  abruptly  rounded.  It  occurs  in  the  cherty 
Richmond,  associated  with  specimens  of  Cymatonota  resembling 
Cymatonota  typicalis  Ulrich  but  not  sufficiently  preserved  to  make 
their  identity  certain.  Small  modiolopsoid  specimens  resembling 
Colpomya  faba  (Emmons)  also  occur. 

Ten  feet  below  the  base  of  the  cherty  Richmond  there  is  an 
argillaceous  band,  12  to  18  inches  in  thickness,  forming  a  single  layer, 
usually  spalling  off  in  larger  masses  than  the  immediately  overlying 
or  underlying  strata;  in  this  layer  fossils,  with  the  exception  of  certain 
lamellibranchiata,     are     few.       This     is     the     chief     horizon     for 


122  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  .  [January 

Pholadomorpha  pholadiformis  (Hall),  originally  described  and 
figured  from  this  locality  (Rept.  on  Geol.  of  Lake  Superior  Land 
District,  1851,  page  213,  pi.  30,  figs.  1  a-c;  pi.  31,  fig.  1).  Here  it  is 
associated  with  a  species  of  Modiolopsis  curved  as  in  Modiolopsis 
concentrica  Hall  and  Whitfield,  but  erroneously  regarded  by  Hall  as 
identical  with  Modiolopsis  modiolaris  (Conrad),  from  the  Lorraine 
of  New  York,  a  form  having  a  relatively  straight  hinge-line.  This 
form  from  the  Richmond  of  Little  Bay  de  Noquette  is  much  larger 
than  typical  Modiolopsis  concentrica  and  probably  represents  a  dis- 
tinct species.  It  is  more  or  less  abundant  in  the  Lorraine-like  strata 
which  form  the  lower  part  of  the  Richmond  section  in  various  parts 
of  Manitoulin  Island,  on  the  southern  shores  of  Georgian  Bay,  and 
north  of  the  western  half  of  Lake  Ontario.  Among  other  specimens 
of  Modiolopsis  found  associated  with  Pholadomorpho  pholadiformts 
occurred  a  specimen,  apparently  shortened  by  pressure  (Fig.  21), 
whose  affinities  for  the  present  must  remain  in  doubt. 

The  species  of  Archinacella  occurring  in  the  cherty  Richmond 
(Figs.  16,  A,  B),  is  more  circular  in  outline  and  more  distinctly 
elevated  toward  the  beak  than  in  Archinacella  richmondensis  Ulrich, 
from  the  Whitewater  member  of  the  Richmond  in  Indiana;  moreover 
the  concentric  striations  are  rather  fine  and  not  distinctly  delimited  at 
equidistant  intervals.  The  general  appearance  of  the  shell  is  smooth. 
Similar  specimens  occur  in  the  cherty  Richmond  two  miles  southwest 
of  Kagawong,  on  the  road  to  Gore  Bay,  on  Manitoulin  Island, 
Ontario.  The  shell  is  regarded  as  a  new  species,  Archinacella 
kagawongensis,  the  specimens  from  Manitoulin  Island  forming  the 
types. 

In  the  same  cherty  Richmond,  on  the  eastern  shore  of  Little  Bay 
de  Noquette,  occurs  Cyrtolites  ornatus,  Conrad,  a  form  of  Hormotoma 
gracilis  (Hall),  Lophospira  bicincta  (Hall),  Helicotoma  brocki, 
Foerste,  and  a  species  of  Conularia.  The  Hormotoma,  Fig.  17,  is  a 
thick-shelled  form;  and  is  notable  chiefly  for  its  size.  The  Lophospira, 
Fig.  18,  has  a  more  angular  peripheral  and  upper  carina  than  the 
enlarged  figure  suggests,  but  there  is  no  evidence  of  a  trilineate  peri- 
pheral band  and  the  lower  volution  is  distinctly  convex  for  some 
distance  below  the  lower  carina.    No  fourth  carina  is  present. 

Helicotoma  brocki,  Foerste  (Bull.  Sci.  Lab.  Denison  Univ.,  vol. 
17,  1912)  is  common  and  attains  a  width  of  18  millimeters.  The 
only  fragment  of  Conularia  found  evidently  belongs  to  some  fairly 
large  species,  and  may  be  identical  with  Contdaria  formosa,  Miller 
and  Dver,  from  the  Richmond  and  Maysville  groups  of  Indiana  and 
Ohio.  ' 

A  single  specimen  of  a  species  of  Orthoceras  (Fig.  19)  resembling 
Orthoceras  amplicameratum  Hall,  from  the  Trenton  of  New  York,  in 
its  rate  of  expansion  and  in  the  ratio  of  the  distance  between  the  septa 


1918]  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  123 

to  the  diameter  of  the  shell,  was  found  loose,  about  a  mile  north  of  the 
light  house  at  the  southern  end  of  the  peninsula.  Its  horizon  appears 
to  have  been  the  cherty  Richmond.  It  differs  from  the  Trenton 
species  named  in  having  the  septa  relatively  even  more  distant,  the 
ratio  mentioned  above  varying  from  5  to  8  in  10.  The  siphuncle 
apparently  was  narrow  and  cylindrical,  probably  not  exceeding  a 
millimeter  and  a  half  in  diameter  where  the  width  of  the  shell  is  15 
millimeters. 

A  species  of  Amphilichas  and  one  of  Chasmops  occur  in  the 
cherty  Richmond.  The  fragment  of  the  first  (Figs.  27,  A,  B),  as  far 
as  preserved,  cannot  be  distinguished  from  the  type  of  Amphilichas 
cucidlus  (Meek  and  Worthen),  described  from  the  Kimmswick  lime- 
stone, in  Alexander  county,  Illinois,  (Geo.  Surv.  Illinois,  vol.  Ill, 
1868,  pi.  1,  figs.  6  a,  b,  c).  This  type  is  numbered  12021  in  the 
Worthen  collection  in  the  University  of  Illinois,  and  was  examined 
through  the  courtesy  of  Prof.  T.  E.  Savage.  The  axial  and  lateral 
lobes  of  the  glabella,  the  occipital  segment,  and  as  much  of  the  fixed 
cheeks  as  remains,  present  the  same  appearance  in  the  Richmond 
specimen  and  in  the  Kimmswick  type  from  all  points  of  view.  Al- 
though at  first  sight  the  Richmond  specimen  appears  to  be  much  more 
abundantly  tuberculated,  a  close  examination  of  the  Kimmswick  type 
indicates  the  presence  of  similar  tubercles  or  granules,  but  those  of  the 
Richmond  specimen  are  much  more  prominent,  at  least  in  their  present 
state  of  preservation.  Two  figures  of  the  Kimmswick  type  (Figs. 
26  A,  B)  are  here  presented.  The  first  presents  the  left  side  of  the  type 
of  the  cephalon,.  and  the  second  illustrates  the  anterior,  so  placed  as  to 
have  the  top  of  the  axial  lobe  parallel  with  the  line  of  vision  . 

The  associated  specimen  of  Chasmops,  mentioned  above,  consists 
of  a  fragment  presenting  the  middle  and  lateral  lobes  of  the  glabella 
and  the  occipital  segment.  This  is  sufficient  to  indicate  the  generic 
reference.  In  the  illustration  here  presented  (Fig.  32),  a  faint  outline 
of  the  probable  course  of  the  movable  cheeks  and  genal  spines  is  pre- 
sented, but  this  part  is  not  preserved  in  the  specimen  at  hand.  For 
purposes  of  comparison,  several  illustrations  of  Chasmops  breviceps 
(Hall)  Figs.  31  A,  B,  C,  from  the  upper  part  of  the  Richmond,  at 
Richmond,  Indiana,  are  here  presented.  The  original  specimens  were 
collected  hereby  Mr.  John  Misener.  The  only  specimens  collected  by 
myself  were  obtained  near  the  top  of  the  Liberty  member  of  the 
Richmond,  along  Cowen  creek,  in  Clinton  county,  Ohio.  Here  they 
were  associated  with  Xenocrinus  baeri  (Meek),  Gyroceras  baeri  (Meek 
and  Worthen),  Gomphoceras  eos  Hall  and  Whitfield,  Ceraurus 
miseneri  Foerste,  typical  pygidia  of  Amphilichas  harrisi  (Miller), 
accompanied  by  a  fragment  of  a  glabella  (Figs.  28  A,  B)  bearing  the 
same  kind  of  pustulose  ornamentation  as  the  aforesaid  pygidia.  In  this 
fragment,  the  strong  downward  curvature  of  the  anterior  part  of  the 


124  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [January 

cephalon  suggests  a  form  more  or  less  similar  to  that  of  Amphilichas. 
However,  this  fragment  of  a  glabella  was  not  actually  found  attached 
to  any  specimen  which  could  be  identified  confidently  as  Amphilichas 
harrisi. 

The  species  originally  described  by  S.  A.  Miller  (Jour.  Cincin- 
nati Soc.  Nat.  HisC  vol.  I,  1878,  p.  106,  pi.  3,  fig.  9)  as  Lichas 
harrisi  is  a  typical  Amphilichas,  a  genus  characterized  by  a  pygidium 
in  which  the  axial  lobe  anteriorly  is  marked  by  two  transverse  rings, 
while  posteriorly  it  terminates  in  a  point;  there  are  three  pairs  of 
pleural  segments  with  free  ends.  The  lateral  lobes  of  the  glabella  not 
only  reach  the  neck  furrow  but  are  extended  along  the  latter  for  some 
distance.  Lichas  halli,  Foerste,  and  the  pygidium  recently  figured  by 
the  writer  from  the  Richmond  formation  at  Richmond,  Indiana 
(Jour.  Cincinnati  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  22,  No.  2,  1917,  page  43,  pi.  1, 
fig.  2)  evidently  belongs  to  another  genus,  possibly  Arctinurus. 

The  specimens  of  Calymene  occurring  in  the  cherty  Richmond 
are  not  sufficiently  well  preserved  to  be  referred  to  any  definite  species, 
although  fragments  are  not  uncommon. 

Two  figures  of  cephalons  of  trilobites  are  here  presented  in  the 
hope  that  they  may  prove  of  interest,  although  not  belonging  to  the 
fauna  here  under  discussion.  They  serve  at  least  to  fill  spaces  which 
otherwise  would  have  been  left  vacant  on  the  plate.  Synhomalonotiis 
christyi  (Hall),  Fig.  29,  from  the  upper  part  of'the  Waynesville  mem- 
ber of  the  Richmond,  is  represented  by  a  slightly  crushed  cephalon. 
Pterygometopus  carleyi  (Meek),  Fig.  30,  is  represented  by  an  entire 
enrolled  specimen,  lacking  only  the  genal  spines;  but  only  the  cephalon 
and  the  outline  of  the  axial  part  of  the  first  segment  of  the  thorax  is 
here  presented.  It  was  obtained  in  the  Fairmount  member  of  the 
Maysville  group,  at  Cincinnati,  Ohio. 

Bollia  permarginata,  sp.  nov.,  Figs.  33  A,  B,  C.  Carapace 
only  three-fourths  of  a  millimeter  in  length,  closely  resembling  the 
specimen  from  the  Arnheim  member  of  the  Richmond  identified  by 
Ulrich  and  Bassler  (New  American  Paleozoic  Ostracoda,  Proc.  U.S. 
Nat.  Mus.,  1908,  p.  288,  fig.  13)  as  Bollia  regularis  (Emmons).  It 
differs  chiefly  in  the  prominence  and  continuity  of  the  ventral  part  of 
the  marginal  ridge.  The  two  middle  ridges  are  slightly  more  elevated 
than  the  anterior  and  posterior  branches  of  the  marginal  ridge,  and 
are  connected  at  the  base  so  as  to  produce  a  more  or  less  U-shaped 
aspect.  They  vary  from  vertical  to  slightly  divergent,  with  the  basal 
part  inclining  slightly  toward  the  rear,  especially  in  case  of  the  anterior 
one  of  this  pair.  The  anterior  branch  of  the  marginal  ridge  tends  to 
be  vertical,  and  as  far  separated  from  the  anterior  one  of  the  middle 
pair  as  the  latter  are  separated  from  each  other.  It  is  located  at  a 
distinct  interval  from  the  anterior  margin  of  the  carapace.  The 
posterior  branch  of  the  marginal  ridge,  however,  is  marginal,  and  tends 


1918]  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  125 

to  be  narrower  than  the  other  vertical  ridges.  A  very  narrow  border. 
Fig.  33  C,  extends  around  the  entire  carapace,  excepting,  of  course, 
along  the  dorsal  line.  All  four  vertical  ridges'  are  abruptly  elevated 
to  a  height  varying  from  one-tenth  to  one-eighth  of  a  millimeter.  Very 
abundant  in  thin  limestone  layers,  about  half  a  centimeter  in  thickness, 
interbedded  in  the  shales,  and  in  much  smaller  numbers  in  the  shales 
themselves,  about  a  mile  and  a  half  north  of  the  store  of  J.  B.  Stratton, 
along  the  lake  shore. 

Faunal  Correlations. 

Lithologically,  the  cherty,  light-brown  or  light-blue  Richmond 
limestone,  forming  the  upper  part  of  the  section  along  the  eastern  shore 
of  Little  Bay  de  Noquette,  resembles  the  cherty  Richmond  exposed  one 
and  a  half  miles  southwest  of  Kagawong,  on  the  road  to  Gore  Bay,  on 
Manitoulin  island.  Archinacella  kagawongensis  is  common  to  both 
localities,  but  no  conclusions  can  be  based  upon  this  species  alone. 
Among  the  more  significant  fossils  found  in  the  cherty  Richmond  of 
the  Michigan  locality  are  Lichenoerinus  tiiberadatus  and  Dinorthis 
subquadrata;  the  first  is  known  only  from  the  Whitewater  member  of 
the  Richmond  in  the  typical  Cincinnatian  areas,  while  Dinorthis  sub- 
quadratd  occurs  both  in  the  Liberty  and  Whitewater  members. 
Chasmops  breviceps  is  known  by  me  only  from  the  Liberty  member, 
although  listed  by  Bassler  also  from  the  Waynesville.  If  Clionychia 
angusta  is  closely  related  to  Clionychia  excavata,  then  the  occurrence 
of  the  latter  in  the  Whitewater  member  should  be  noted.  Apparently 
this  cherty  Richmond  limestone  may  be  correlated  provisionally  with 
the  post-Waynesville  portion  of  the  typical  Richmond  section. 
Helicotoma  brocki  has  been  known  hitherto  only  from  the  lower,  or 
Waynesville  member  of  the  Richmond  section  on  Manitoulin  island. 
Strophomena  neglecta  is  known  chiefly  from  the  upper  third  of  the 
Waynesville  member,  although  characteristic  specimens  occur  occasion- 
ally in  the,  Whitewater  member,  especially  in  the  vicinity  of  Richmond, 
Indiana.  The  presence  of  Amphilichas  cucullus  is  merely  another 
instance  of  the  occurrence  in  the  Richmond,  with  very  little  change,  of 
a  characteristic  Trenton  species.  It  is  very  evident  that,  while  the 
Cynthiana,  Eden,  and  Maysville  invasions  were  taking  place  in.  the 
states  bordering  on  the  Ohio  river,  a  large  part  of  the  Trenton  fauna 
was  able"  to  maintain  itself  in  some  other  area,  as  yet  unrecognized, 
and  from  this  area  it  was  able  to  make  a  second  incursion  into  the  area 
surrounding  Cincinnati.  Something  similar  appears  to  have  taken 
place  in  case  of  the  Kimmswick  limestone  and  the  upper  Richmond 
in  northern  Michigan. 

The  more  significant  fossils  in  the  argillaceous  Richmond  lime- 
stones on  the  eastern  shore  of  Little  Bay  de  Noquette  include 
Hebertella  alveata  and  Platystrophia  acutilirata,  from  the  Liberty  and 


126  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [January 

Whitewater  members  of  the  typical  Richmond,  and  Strophomena 
neglecta,  Strophomena  sulcata,  and  Strophomena  vetusta,  which  range 
from  the  upper  third  of  the  Waynesville  member  into  the  Liberty  and 
Whitewater  members.  In  Ohio,  Dalmanella  jugosa  is  most  abundant 
in  the  Waynesville  member.  Platystrophia  clarksvillensis  occurs  both 
in  the  Waynesville  and  Liberty  members.  These  fossils  may  represent 
a  late  stage  of  the  Waynsville  fauna  or  an  early  stage  of  the  post- 
Waynesville  portion  of  the  typical  Richmond. 

The   underlying   Pholadomorpha   pholadiformis   horizon   is   re- 
garded as  a  part  of  the  Richmond  section. 

The  shale  section  along  the  shore  of  the  bay,  a  mile  and  a  half 
north  of  the  J.  B.  Stratton  store,  lithologically  resembles  the  Sheguin- 
dah  clay  shales  of  Manitoulin  island,  but  not  a  single  fossil  has  been 
found  which  would  warrant  such  a  correlation.  The  nearest  relative 
of  Bollia  permarginata  appears  to  be  Bollia  regularis,  from  the  basal 
or  Arnheim  member  of  the  Richmond.  Considering  the  inadequacy  of 
the  small  fauna  collected  it  is  notj  worth  while  to  discuss  the  possibility 
of  this  Michigan  shale  corresponding  to  the  Maquoketa  shale  of  more 
western  states.  It  may  not  belong  to  the  Richmond  at  all.  For  the 
,  present,  at  least,  its  correlation  must  remain  in  doubt. 

PLATE    IV. 

Fig.     1.     Streptelasma  rusticum. 

Fig.     2.     Streptelasma  cf.   divaricans. 

Fig.     3.     Lichenocrinus  tuberculatus,   magnified. 

Fig.     4.     Dalmanella  jugosa  subplicata.  A,  B,  brachial  valves;  C,  pedicel  valve. 

Fig.     5.     Hebertella  alveata.     A,  brachial  valve;  B,  C,  pedicel  valves. 

Fig.     6.     Rafinesquina  breviusculus.     A,   B,  pedicel  valves,   on  the  same  slab 

with  10A;   C,  D,  interiors  of  brachial  valves;   b,   c,  outlines  of  the 

corresponding  valves. 
Fig.     7.     Leptaena  unicostata.    Type.    A,  pedicel  valve;  B,  interior  of  brachial 

valve;  a,  b,  outlines  of  the  corresponding  valves.     Maquoketa  strata, 

Savannah,  Illinois. 
Fig.     8.     Rafinesquina  pergibbosa.     A,    B,   pedicel  valve  and   lateral  view  of 

the  latter;  C,  D,  interiors  of  brachial  valves. 
Fig.     9.     Rafinesquina  alternata.     Interior  of  brachial  valve. 
Fig.  10.     Strophomena  parvula.    A,  brachial  valve. 

PLATE   V. 

Fig.  10.     Strophomena  parvula.  B,  C,  D,  brachial  valves;  E,  interior  of  pedicel 

valve;  F,  interior  of  brachial  valve. 
Fig.  11.     Strophomena  neglecta.    Interior  of  pedicel  valve. 
Fig.  12.     Strophomena  vetusta.    A,  pedicel  valve;  B,  interior  of  pedicel  valve. 
Fig.  13.     Platystrophia  clarksvillensis.     Pedicel  valve. 
Fig.  14.     Platystrophia  acutilirata.     Brachial  valve. 
Fig.  15.     Zygospira    recurvirostris    turgida.      A,    pedical    valve;    B,    brachial 

valve;   both  enlarged;   C,  lateral  view,  with  brachial  valve  on  left 

side. 
Fig.  16.     Archinacella  kagawongensis;  not  the  type.     A,  viewed  from  above; 

B,  lateral  view. 
Fig.  17.     Hormotoma  gracilis,  var. 
Fig.  18.     Lophospira  bicincta. 
Fig.  19.     Orthoceras    sp.      Curvature    of    septa    limiting    chamber    A    shown 

separately. 


1918]  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  127 

PLATE    VI. 

Fig.  20.     Clionychia  angusta. 

Fig.  21.     Modiolopsis  sp.     Shortened  bv  pressure. 

Fig.  22.     Cyrtodonta  cf.  affinis. 

Fig.  23.     Cyrtodonta  cf.  persimilis. 

Fig.  24.     Clidophorus   neglectus. 

Fig.  25.     Clidophorus  noquettensis,  enlarged. 

Fig.  26.     Amphilichas   cucullus.     Type;   A,   left  side  of  cephalon;   B,   anterior 

view;  from  Kimmswick  limestone,  in  Alexander  County,  Illinois. 
Fig.  27.     Amphilichas    cucullus.     A,    left    side    of   cephalon;    B,    viewed    from 

above;  from  Richmond  section  on  east  side  of  Little  Bay  de  Noquette. 
Fig.  28.     Amphilichas   sp.     A,   left   side   of   glabella;    B,    viewed   from    above, 

magnified;  from  near  top  of  Liberty  member  of  Richmond,  Clinton 

county,  Ohio. 
Fig.  29.     Synhomalonotus  christyi,  magnified;  Waynesville  member  of  Rich- 
mond, at  Oxford,  Ohio. 
Fig.  30.     Pterygometopus  carleyi,  magnified;  Fairmount  member  of  Maysville, 

at  Cincinnati,  Ohio. 
Fig.  31.     Chasmops  breviceps,  magnified.     A,  cephalon  of  enrolled  specimen; 

B,   imperfect   cephalon;   C,   pygidium   of  enrolled  specimen.     From 

Liberty  member  of  Richmond,  at  Richmond,  Indiana. 
Fig.  32.     Chasmops  sp.  middle  part  of  cephalon,  with  indications  of  missing 

parts.      From    Richmond    strata    on    east    side    of    Little    Bay    de 

Noquette. 
Fig.  33.     Bollia  permarginata,    magnified.     A,    left   valve;    B,   right  valve;    C, 

posterior  view  of  left  valve. 


BOOK  NOTICE. 


Outlines  op  Comparative  Anatomy  of  Vertebrates.  By 
J.  S.  Kingsley,  Professor  of  Zoology  in  the  University  of  Illinois,  Phil- 
adelphia, P.  Blakiston's  Sons  &:  Co.  Second  Edition,  Revised,  1917; 
pp.  449;  price  82.50. 

Students  of  comparative  anatomy  will  welcome  the  second  edition 
of  Professor  Kingsley'-  text-book  which  has  already  proved  itself  a 
valuable  acquisition  to  the  English-speaking  zoological  and  medical 
schools.  As  compared  to  the  first  edition,  the  number  of  pages  of 
reading  matter,  as  well  as  text-figures,  has  been  considerably  aug- 
mented, and  a  very  thorough  revision  made  of  the  whole  work.  A 
knowledge  of  the  derivations  of  the  terms  used  in  anatomy  and 
embryology  is  undoubtedly  of  great  assistance  to  the  student's  memory, 
and  a  useful  reference  list  of  the  most  frequently  occurring  Latin  and 
Greek  roots  and  their  meanings  has  been  appended. 

It  has  been  the  author's  endeavour  not  to  treat  of  anatomical 
facts  only  in  so  far  as  they  affect  isolated  representatives  of  several 
classes,  but  to  correlate  and  compare  these  facts  with  each  other  and 
with  the  conditions  in  other  animals.  Thus  a  more  intelligent  repre- 
sentation of  the  subject  is  made,  answering  the  needs  and  satisfying 
the  conceptions  of  modern  science.  To  the  zoolgist  who  must  neces- 
sarily found  his  knowledge  on  the  dissection  of  types,  Professor 
Kingsleys  book  will  supply  a  deeper  comprehension  of  the  "analogies 
and  homologies"  of  vertebrate  structure.  ftfilC^J  x 


128  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [January 

Taking  as  his  thesis  the  axiom  that  the  "life-history  of  the 
individual  is  a  recapitulation  of  the  history  of  the  race,"  the  author 
builds  up  his  ideas  of  comparative  anatomy  around  the  important 
basis  of  embryology.  His  comparative  conception  is  not  always 
apparent  in  the  text  but  in  a  study  that  is  at  once  detailed  and  general 
the  difficulty  of  a  broad  discrimination  is  duly  recognized.  Thus  the 
work  might  be  criticised  as  not  catering  to  the  tastes  of  the  under- 
graduate in  general,  but  its  usefulness  in  the  zoological  laboratory  and 
class-room  will  be  greatly  appreciated. 

In  his  treatment  of  the  subject,  the  author  demonstrates  his 
exceptional  familiarity  with  animal  structure  as  well  as  a  very 
extensive  acquaintance  with  the  literature  of  comparative  anatomy 
and  embryology,  and  for  these  very  reasons,  one  would  expect  to  find 
a  cautious  as  well  as  scholarly  exposition  of  the  whole  subject. 

The  illustrations,  mostly  original,  constitute  a  notable  feature  of 
the  book  and  the  author  must  be  complimented  for  his  great  skill  as 
an  artist,  especially  for  the  admirable  stereograms.  Unfortunately, 
the  same  cannot  be  said  for  the  outline  drawings  which  are  at  times 
too  crowded  and  suffer  from  lack  of  contrast.  In  this  respect  they 
fall  short  of  the  work  of  Balfour,  Marshall,  Flower  and  Wiedersheim. 
A  few  errors  still  persist  in  the  second  edition,  both  statements  of  fact 
as  well  as  typographical.  For  instance,  the  statement  (p.  132)  that 
"the  somatic  wall  of  the  mytome  does  not  participate  in  muscle 
formation"  needs  qualification,  since  it  is  not  true  of  all  vertebrates. 
Again  in  Fig.  378,  the  two  oviducts  are  shown  as  uniting  in  a  "urinary 
bladder."  On  the  whole,  however,  the  work  will  be  more  than 
acceptable  to  morphologists  who  will  feel  justly  proud  both  of  the 
author  and  the  publisher  who  has  accomplished  his  typographic 
responsibilities  in  such  careful  fashion.— A.  E.  C. 


NOTE. 


Mr.  Alfred  T.  Davies  has  written  under  the  title  "Student  Cap- 
tives" a  short  account  of  the  British  prisoners  of  war  book  scheme, 
whose  object  is  to  provide  British  prisoners  of  war  interned  in  enemy 
or  neutral  countries  with  educational  books.  Much  trouble  has  been 
taken  to  provide  the  prisoners  with  mental  interests,  and  to  make 
suitable  provision  for  their  education  so  as  to  enable  them  to  redeem 
the  time  of  their  captivity.  Letters  of  enquiry  as  to  what  to  send 
should  be  addressed  to  A.  T.  Davies,  Esq.,  C.B.,  Board  of  Education, 
Whitehall,  London,  S.W.L.,  England,  and  the  word  "Prisoners  of 
War"  written  in  the  left-hand  top  corner. 


THE  OTTAWA  NATURALIST 


Vol.  XXXI.  FEBRUARY,  1918.  No.   11. 

THE  BIRDS   OF   EDMONTON. 
By  J.  Dewey  Soper,  Preston,  Ont. 

Considering  the  geographical  situation  of  Edmonton,  the  locality 
possesses  a  surprising  wealth  of  bird  life;  not  less  than  one  hundred 
and  forty-three  species  have  been  recorded  from  the  vicinity. 

The  superficial  survey  of  a  map  discloses  the  fact  that  Edmon- 
ton, Alta.,  lies  in  the  same  latitude  as  southern  Labrador  and  Un- 
gava,  and  yet  compares  very  favorably,  as  regards  climate,  with  parts 
of  southern  Ontario,  about  six  hundred  miles  in  latitude  to  the 
south.  One  is  forced  to  reflect  that  latitude  alone  is  a  poor  and 
deceptive  medium  by  which  to  judge  the  climatical  conditions  of  a 
region.  On  climate,  of  course,  depends  largely  the  existence  or 
non-existence  of  many  of  our  birds,  especially  the  less  hardy  species, 
and  of  these  a  generous  number  are  represented  in  the  faunal  life  of 
the  Edmonton  territory. 

Two  distinct  floral  conditions  exist  at  Edmonton,  one  compris- 
ing the  usual  poplar  forest  of  the  north-west,  and  the  other  the 
coniferous  tracts  of  the  river  basins  and  adjacent  ravines.  The  de- 
ciduous growth  of  the  uplands  with  their  deforested  areas,  inter- 
spersed with  lakes  and  marshes,  together  with  the  gloomy  forests 
of  the  river  valleys,  offer  it  seems,  quite  a  diversification  or  latitude 
in  the  accommodation  of  avian  life. 

My  observations  were  conducted  during  three  summers  and  two 
winters,  from  1912  to  1914.  I  have  been  favored,  in  making  my 
list  as  complete  as  possible,  with  the  numerous  references  in  Ma- 
couns'  Catalogue  of  Canadian  Birds,  embracing  in  part  the  observa- 
tions of  Mr.  William  Spreadborough  and  Mr.  Geo.  Atkinson  on  many 
species  occurring  in  the  Edmonton  district.  To  these  gentlemen  I 
feel  indebted.  My  thanks  are  due  to  Mr.  P.  A.  Taverner,  who  kind- 
ly assisted  in  matters  of  nomenclature  and  identification. 

Western  Grebe  {Aichmophorus  occidentalis) . — Observed  occa- 
sionally during  the  fall. 

Horned  Grebe  (Colymbus  auritus). — Common  summer  resi- 
dent.    Breeds;  nests  from  June  5  to  25. 

Pied-billed  Grebe  (Podilymbus  podiceps). — This  species  was 
reported  at  Edmonton,  in  1906,  by  Geo.  Atkinson. 


130  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [February 

Herring  Gull  (Larus  argentatus). — Very  common  during  the 
spring  and  early  summer.  There  is  yet  some  doubt  as  to  the  specific 
identity  of  the  large  gull  of  the  argentatus  type  which  frequents  the 
prairie  provinces  and  north-westwards  to  Edmonton.  Presumably 
this  reference  should  belong  under  califomicus. 

Franklin  Rosy  Gull  (Larus  franklinii). — Very  common 
usually  during  the  latter  part  of  June  and  early  July. 

Black  Tern  (Hydrochelidon  nigra  surinamensis) . — Abundant 
breeder  about  the  sloughs.  Arrives  about  May  20.  Nests  early  in 
June;  the  young  are  born  about  June  26,  and  take  to  the  water  by 

July  14 

American  White  Pelican  (Pelecanus  epytkroirhynchos) . — 
In  all  probability  may  be  expected  in  the  Edmonton  district  as  Wm. 
Spreadborough  records  them  breeding  on  Lake  Ste.  Anne,  north- 
west of  Edmonton,  in  1898. 

Mallard  (Anas  boschas). — Occasionally  noted  during  the 
spring  and  fall.  A  few  may  breed  as  Mr.  Spreadborough  found  a 
nest  on  June  7,  1897.  Changing  conditions  due  to  much  recent 
settlement  of  the  country  may  have  its  influence  on  the  wilder  breed- 
ing water  fowl,  forcing  them  back  to  more  remote  localities. 

Gadwell  (Chaulelasmus  streperus). — Breeds  in  limited  num- 
bers.   Arrives  about  May  10.    Young  nearly  full  grown  by  August  1. 

American  Widgeon  or  Baldpate  (Mareca  americana). — Mr. 
Spreadborough  reports  this  species  as  common  at  Edmonton  in  1897, 
a  few  arriving  as  early  as  April  17.  By  May  5,  but  not  until  then, 
were  they  common.     They  were  breeding  at  that  time. 

Green-winged  Teal  (Nettion  carolinensis) . — Tolerably  com- 
mon. Breeds.  Arrives  about  May  5.  I  have  observed  individuals 
on  the  White-mud  river  as  late  as  November  1. 

Blue-winged  Teal  (Querquedula  discors). — Common.  Breeds. 
Arrives  about  May  1. 

Shoveller  or  Spoon-bill  {Spatula  clypeata). — Frequently 
observed  during  the  spring  and  fall  migrations. 

Redhead  (Marila  americana). — Mr.  Spreadborough  collected  a 
male  at  Edmonton  on  May  18,  1897. 

Canvas-back  Duck  (Marila  vallisneria) . — Common  during 
spring  and  fall.     Breeds  sparingly. 

American  Scaup  Duck  (Marila  marila). — Noted  during  the 
spring  migrations. 

American  Golden-eye  (Clangula  dangula  americana). — The 
first  water  fowl  to  arrive  in  the  spring,  which  is  about  April  6.  Does 
not  breed  in  the  vicinity. 

Buffle-head  (Charitonetta  albeola). — Rather  uncommon.  Oc- 
casionally observed  in  May  and  August. 


1918]  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  131 

White-winged  Scoter  (Oidemia  deglandi). — Mr.  Spreadbor- 
ough  reported  this  species  as  common  at  Lake  Ste.  Anne  on  June  9, 
1898,  not  far  from  Edmonton. 

Ruddy  Duck  (Erismatura  jamaicensis). — Fairly  common  in 
spring.  Arrives  about  May  1.  Apparently  does  not  breed  in  the 
vicinity. 

Canada  Goose  (Branta  canadensis). — Migrants  observed  in 
spring  about  May  10. 

American  Bittern  (Botanrus  lentiginosus) . — Common  breeder 
about  all  the  sloughs. 

Carolina  Rail  (Porzana  Carolina). — Fairly  common  summer 
resident.  On  November  10,  1912,  I  found  an  individual  with  a 
fractured  wing-bone,  frequenting  an  open  spring. 

American  Coot  {Fidica  americana). — The  most  common  breed- 
ing water-fowl  at  Edmonton.  Arrives  about  May  1 ;  nests  May  20, 
eight  to  eleven  eggs  to  the  clutch;  young  born  about  June  6. 

Northern  Phalarope  (Phalaropus  lobatus). — Mr.  Atkinson 
noted  this  species  at  Edmonton,  August,  1906. 

Wilson  Phalarope  {Steganopus  tricolor). — A  female  was  taken 
by  Mr.  Spreadborough,  at  Edmonton,  on  May  26,  1897. 

Wilson  Snipe  (Gallinago  delicata). — Uncommon.  Evidently 
does  not  breed  in  the  vicinity. 

Dowitcher  (Macrorhamphus  griseus). — Mir.  Spreadborough 
collected  both  the  male  and  the  female  at  Edmonton,  on  May  3,  1897. 
These  are  undoubtedly  the  Long-billed  scolopaceus. 

Pectoral  Sandpiper  (Pisobia  macidata). — Reported  by  Mr. 
Atkinson  as  abundant  after  August  6,  1906. 

Least  Sandpiper  (Pisobia  minutilla). — Rather  uncommon;  in- 
dividuals observed  as  late  as  July. 

Sanderling  (Calidris  arenaria). — Noted  in  considerable  num- 
bers by  Mr.  Atkinson,  between  Saskatoon  and  Edmonton,  in  1906. 

Marbled  Godwit  (Limosa  fedoa). — Noted  as  far  west  as  Ed- 
monton, in  1906,  by  Mr.  Atkinson. 

Greater  Yellow-legs  (Totanus  melanoleucus) . —  Occurs  as  a 
migrant. 

Lesser  Yellow-legs  (Totanus  flavipes). — Usually  a  few 
flocks  observed  about  April  25.  They  may  breed,  as  I  have  observed 
them  as  late  as  July. 

Solitary  Sandpiper  (Helodromas  solitarius). — During  the 
spring  of  1897,  Mr.  Spreadborough  saw  numbers  at  Edmonton.  He 
believes  they  breed. 

Willet  (Symphemia  semipalmata) . — A  male  bird  was  collected 
by  Mr.  Spreadborough  on  May  5,  1897.  Presumably  this  is  referable 
to  inornata. 


132  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [February 

Black-bellied  Plover  (Squatarola  squatarola). — Mr.  Spread- 
borough  took  a  female  on  May  21,  1897. 

American  Golden  Plover  (Charadrius  dominicus). — A  male 
was  taken  by  Mr.  Spreadborough  on  May  20,  1897. 

Kildeer  Plover  (Oxyechus  vocifera). — Common  breeder.  Ar- 
rives about  April  15. 

Semipalmated  Plover  (Mgialitis  semipalmata) . — I  have  only 
one  record,  a  flock  seen  on  May  13,  1912,  feeding  along  the  margin 
of  a  pond. 

Ruffed  Grouse  (Bonasa  umbellus). — Common  permanent  resi- 
dent.   This  form  is  probably  referable  to  umbelloides. 

Sharp-tailed  Grouse  (Pedioecettes  phasianellus) . — Common 
permanent  resident.  No  doubt  referable  to  the  sub-specific  form 
campestris  as  Mr.  Atkinson  recorded  it  as  far  west  as  Edmonton,  in 
1906.  Mr.  Spreadborough,  in  1897,  also,  observed  individuals  as  far 
as  twenty-five  miles  west  of  that  place. 

Marsh  Hawk  {Circus  hudsonius). — Common  summer  resident. 
Breeds. 

American'  Goshawk  (Accipiter  atricapillus) . — Occasionally 
observed.    More  common  further  west. 

Red-tailed  Hawk  (Buteo  borealis). — Not  uncommon.  Nests 
along  the  Saskatchewan  river.  "The  form  occurring  here  is  no  doubt 
referable  to  sub-species  Calurus." — (P.  A.  Taverner). 

Swainson  Hawk  (Buteo  swainsoni). — Mr.  Spreadborough  col- 
lected a  female  at  Edmonton  on  May  6,  1897. 

American  Rough-legged  Hawk  (Archibuteo  lagopus  sancti- 
johannis). — Mr.  Spreadborough  observed  a  bird  of  this  species  at 
Edmonton  in  April  of  1897. 

Pigeon  Hawk  (Falco  columbarius) . — Macoun's  Catalogue  states 
that  Mr.  Spreadborough  found  this  species  nesting  at  Edmonton  in 
1897.  Mr.  Taverner  informs  me  that  it  is  not  quite  clear  whether 
Spreadborough  recognized  both  forms  of  Pigeon  Hawk.  All  his 
specimens  in  the  Geological  Survey  collection  are  typical  richardsonii. 

Richardson  Merlin  (Falco  richardsonii). — Taken  on  different 
occasions  by  Mr.  Spreadborough  during  the  spring  of  1897. 

American  Sparrow  Hawk  (Falco  sparverius). — Fairly  com- 
mon.    Breeds. 

Long-eared  Owl  (Asio  wilsonianus) . — A  female  was  collected 
by  Mr.  Spreadborough  on  May  15,  1897.  He  found  it  nesting  in 
spruce  woods. 

Short-eared  Owl  (Asio  accipitrinus) . — A  few  individuals 
were  observed  by  Mr.  Spreadborough  during  May,  1897. 

Saw-whet  Owl  (Crypto glaux  acadica). — I  only  observed  two 
individuals  of  this  little  owl.  Mr.  Spreadborough  records  it  in  the 
spring  of  1897. 


1918]  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  133 

Great  Horned  Owl  {Bubo  virginianus) . — Not  uncommon. 
Many  each  fall  are  shot  and  taken  to  taxidermists.  I  think  subarcticus 
occurs  as  I  have  seen  very  light  colored  birds;  pallescens,  too,  may 
occur  as  a  straggler,  and  saturatus  as  a  winter  migrant,  but  I  have 
not  had  material  for  exact  sub-specific  comparison. 

Belted  Kingfisher  (Ceryle  alcyon). — Breeds  along  the  Sas- 
katchewan and  White-mud  rivers. 

Hairy  Woodpecker  (Dryobates  villosus). — Reported  as  occur- 
ing  at  Edmonton  by  Mr.  Spreadborough.  Records  by  Mr.  Atkinson 
and  Mr.  Spreadborough  also  refer  many  of  the  specimens  to  leucome- 
las.      I  found  them  nesting  on  May  12,  1912. 

Downy  Woodpecker  (Dryobates  pubescens  medianus). — More 
common  during  spring  and  summer  than  during  winter.  Mr.  Spread- 
borough found  them  rather  rare  in  1897,  but  they  were  common 
during  the  spring  and  summer  of  1912  and  1913.  ■ 

Arctic  Three-toed  Woodpecker  (Picoides  arcticus). — Col- 
lected one  specimen  among  the  spruces  along  the  Saskatchewan  river 
on  February  21,   1913.      The  only  individual  observed  there. 

Yellow-bellied  Sapsucker  (Sphyrapicus  varius). — Common 
summer  resident.     Arrives  early  in  Maw 

Northern  Flicker  (Colaptes  auratus  luteus). — Common  sum- 
mer resident.     Arrives  about  April  21. 

Red-shafted  Flicker  (Colaptes  cajer). — I  saw  a  mounted 
specimen  of  this  species  in  the  city,  but  failed  to  make  inquiries  as 
to  where  it  was  taken.  It  is  probable  that  this  or  the  hybrid  flicker 
may  occur  in  the  Edmonton  district.  Mr.  Taverner  informs  me  that 
he  found  a  strong  infusion  of  cajer  among  the  specimens  he  took  at 
Red  Deer,  Alta.,  during  the  summer  of   1917. 

Night  Hawk  (Chordeiles  virginianus). — Common  summer 
resident.      Arrives  about  May  28. 

Chimney  Swift  (Chaetura  pelagica). — Mr.  Spreadborough 
noted  two  individuals  at  Edmonton  on  May  17,  1897. 

Kingbird  (Tyrannus  tyrannus). — Common  summer  resident. 
Arrives  about  May  24.  Nest  completed  and  full  set  of  eggs  by  June 
20. 

Phoebe  (Sayornis  phoebe). — Not  very  common.  Arrives  early 
in  May. 

Say  Phoebe  (Sayornis  say  a). — Observed  by  Mr.  Spreadbor- 
borough  in  1897.  He  collected  two  females,  one  on  May  5,  the  other 
on  May  7. 

Western  Wood  Pewee  (Myiochanes  richardsonii) . — Mr. 
Spreadborough  collected  a  male  on  June  2,   1897. 

Traill  Flycatcher  (Empidonax  traillii). — This,  form  was 
met  with  by  Mr.  Spreadborough  at  Edmonton  in  1897.  First  seen 
May  26,  common  by  June  2.      This  bird  is  no  doubt  referable  to  the 


134  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [February 

sub-specific  form  alnorum. 

Least  Flycatcher  (Empidonax  minimus). — By  far  the  com- 
monest flycatcher  at  Edmonton.  It  may  always  be  heard  uttering  its 
unmusical  che-bec  wherever  the  usual  poplar  forest  exists.  They  ar- 
rive by  May  16  and  in  two  days  are  common.  It  is  probable  that 
the  males  preceed  the  other  sex  by  that  much  time.  Their  nest  is  a 
marvel  of  beauty  and  skill,  and  is  usually  completed  and  the  full 
compliment  of  eggs  laid  by  June  6.    • 

Horned  Lark  (Otocoris  alpestris). — Apparently  rare  at  Ed- 
monton. According  to  my  notes  only  once  heard  or  seen,  namely 
on  March  25,  1913.  The  breeding  form  at  Edmonton  is  possibly 
leucomelas,  though  alpestris  and  hoyti  may  also  occur  in  migration. 

Blue  Jay  (Cyanocitta  cristata). — Uncommon.  Occasionally 
seen  along  the  rivers  in  the  heavier  growth. 

Canada  Jay  (Perisoreus  canadensis). — Mr.  Spreadborough 
found  this  species  in  the  Edmonton  district  in  1897.  During  1912- 
13-14  I  never  once  saw  this  bird,  although  it  is  very  common  in  the 
foot-hill  and  mountain  country  to  the  west,  where  I  saw  it  during 
the  fall  of  1913.  I  am  informed  by  Mr.  Taverner  that  Mr.  H.  C. 
Oberholser  has  determined  Spreadborough's  specimens  as  the  type 
form  canadensis. 

American  Crow  (Corvus  brachyrhynchus). — Common  sum- 
mer resident.  Arrives  about  April  1.  Geographically  this  form 
should  be  the  western  crow  hesperis. 

Cow  Bird  (Molothrus  ater). — Common  summer  resident.  Ar- 
rives May  16.  On  June  13,  1913,  I  found  an  egg  belonging  to  this 
bird  in  the  nest  of  a  Yellow  Warbler. 

Yellow-headed  Blackbird  (Xanthocephalus  xanthocephalus). 
Common  summer  resident.  Nests  in  the  same  localities  with  the  red- 
wing. 

Redwinged  Blackbird  (Agelaius  phoeniceus). — Very  com- 
mon summer  resident.  Arrives  about  April  25.  The  form  inhabitat- 
ing  the  prairies  and  the  far  north  has  been,  in  the  past,-  referred  to 
A.  p.  fortis.  Mr.  Oberholser  has  since  sub-specifically  referred  it 
to  arctolegus. 

Western  Meadow  Lark  (Sturnella  neglecta). — Cannot  be  call- 
ed common.  Arrives  about  May  17.  The  song  of  this  species  is 
quite  distinct  from  the  eastern  meadow  lark.  Mr.  Taverner  informs 
me  that  it  is  now  given  full  specific  standing. 

Baltimore  Oriole  (Icterus  galbula). — Breeds  at  Edmonton 
but  is  not  plentiful.     Arrives  May  20. 

Rusty  Blackbird  (Euphagus  carolinus). — Very  abundant 
breeder.  Arrives  about  April  10.  I  once  saw  a  single  individual 
among  the  rushes  of  a  frozen  marsh,  on  November  25.  /  ^fsfelG/j  /  x 

(To  be  continued).  C^V^^  ^"1* 


&***3 


1918]  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  135 

ON  THE  GENUS  TRACHODON  OF  LEIDY1. 

By  Lawrence  M.  Lambe,  F.R.S.C. 

Vertebrate  Palaeontologist,  Geological  Survey,  Canada. 

The  generic  term  Trachodon  first  appeared  in  pala?ontological 
literature  in  18562  when  Dr.  Joseph  Leidy  used  it  in  describing 
teeth  and  tooth-fragments  of  herbivorous  dinosaurs  under  the  name 
T.  mirabilis.  These  teeth  were  discovered  by  Dr.  F.  V.  Hayden 
in  the  "bad  lands"  of  Judith  river,  Montana  (then  included  in  Ne- 
braska), U.S.A.,  in  deposits  which  are  now  generally  regarded  as 
synchronous,  or  nearly  so,  with  the  Belly  River  formation  of  Alberta, 
Canada.  This  was  the  first  descriptive  reference  to  remains  of  the 
North  American  Cretaceous  herbivorous  dinosaurs  which  have  since 
been  usually  referred  to  as  constituting  the  family  Hadrosauridae 
(Trachodontidae)  related  to  the  Iguanodontidae  of  Europe,  the  two 
families  being  classed  under  the  suborder  Ornithopoda  of  the  Pre- 
dentata. 

The  identification  of  this  genus  is  rendered  uncertain  by  the 
paucity  of  material  on  which  it  was  established. 

Following  the  description  of  Trachodon  in  1856,  Leidy  in  the 
same  year  described  two  caudal  vertebra^  and  a  phalanx  of  a  dino- 
saur from  the  "Lignite  formation  of  Grand  river,  Nebraska,"  (Lance 
formation)   under  the  name   Thcspesius  occidentalis. 

This  genus  rests  on  as  unsatisfactory  a  basis  as  Trachodon  as 
inferences  drawn  from  the  type  material,  which  in  this  case  as  in 
Trachodon  must  be  considered  inadequate,  have  too  great  an  element 
of  conjecture. 

The  third  genus,  and  the  first  to  be  founded  on  fairly  compre- 
hensive material  was  Hadrosaurus,  established  by  Leidy  in  1858 
on  remains  from  the  Cretaceous  marls  near  Haddonfield,  New  Jer- 
sey. That  Hadrosaurus,  of  which  many  bones  of  the  skeleton  as 
well  as  teeth  from  both  jaws,  presumably  of  one  individual,  are 
known,  is  not  generically  the  same  as  Trachodon  is  most  probable 
when  we  compare  the  teeth  of  the  former  having  papillated  margins 
and  a  rounded  apex,  with  the  smooth  margined,  sharply  pointed  tooth 
of  the  latter. 

In  1860s  Leidy  described  the  Judith  river  teeth  at  greater  length 
with  good  illustrations.  Of  the  six  teeth  figured,  two  are  nearly 
complete,  the  other  four  are  fragmentary.  The  tooth  first  mentioned 
in  the  description  (figures  1 — 6)  is  that  of  a  hadrosaur.  The  last 
one  (figures  18 — 20)  belongs  to  a  ceratopsian,  and  three  of  the  four 
fragmentary  ones  are  probably  assignable  to  the  Hadrosauridae. 

The  close  affinity  of  Trachodon,  as  represented  by  the  meagre 

'Communicated  with  the  permission  of  the  Deputy  Minister  of  Mines. 

-Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sei.  Phila..  vol.  VIII,  p.  72. 

3Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  vol.  XI,  pp.  140-143,  pi.  9,  figs.  1-20. 


136  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [February 

material  above  mentioned,  to  Hadrosaurus  was  recognized4  by  Leidy, 
who  also  suspected  that  the  ceratopsian  tooth  which  he  had  included 
in  the  description  of  Trachodon  mirabilis  might  not  properly  belong 
there5.  He  suggested  that  the  best  preserved  tooth  originally 
referred  to  Trachodon  might  be  included  with  Hadrosaurus,  reserv- 
ing for  the  ceratopsian  tooth  the  generic  term  Trachodon.  If  this 
suggestion  were  acted  on  Trachodon  would  necessarily  become  a 
genus  of  horned-dinosaur.  The  term  Trachodon,  however,  has  passed 
extensively  into  the  literature  of  the  North  American  dinosaurs  in 
connection  with  bipedal,  herbivorous  Cretaceous  forms  and,  if  retain- 
ed as  a  name  denoting  a  genus,  had  best  remain  with  this  association. 
Unfortunately  it  has  been  used  for  the  reception  of  inadequately 
represented  and  imperfectly  understood  diverse  forms  of  these  dino- 
saurs.from  different  horizons  of  the  Cretaceous. 

The  tooth  of  Trachodon,  first  mentioned  in  Leidy's  original 
description,  and  later  figured  first  in  his  plate  of  illustrations  and 
referred  to  as  being  the  most  important  of  the  specimens  should  be 
considered  the  type  of  the  genus.  On  the  characters  of  this  tooth, 
therefore,  must  the  validity  of  the  genus  Trachodon  rest.  The 
tooth  is  from  the  lower  jaw,  and  if  the  figure  illustrating  it  be  cor- 
rect, and  there  is  every  reason  for  believing  it  so,  it  is  very  pointed 
above.  As  regards  the  lithographic  illustrations  of  Dr.  Leidy's  paper 
of  1860  in  the  Transactions  of  the  American  Philosophical  Society, 
vol.  XV.,  their  artistic  merit  is  so  pronounced,  and  all  the  figures 
of  the  three  large  plates  have  so  much  the  appearance  of  being  accur- 
ate portrayals  of  the  fossils  themselves  that  it  appears  reasonable  to 
assume  that  the  type  tooth  of  T.  mirabilis  is  not  shown  too  pointed 
at  the  apex. 

Since  the  days  of  this  pioneer  work  many  new  forms  of  hadro- 
saur  dinosaurs  have  been  described  from  excellent  and  wonderfully 
complete  material  collected  in  the  Cretaceous  of  the  west  both  in 
Canada  and  the  United  States,  particularly  in  recent  years  from  the 
Belly  River  and  Edmonton  formations  of  Alberta.  In  none  of  the 
Belly  River  genera  best  known  from  unusually  perfect  skulls,  such 
as  Stephanosaurus  Lambe,  Gryposaurus  Lambe,  and  Prosaurolophus 
Brown,  are  the  teeth  acutely  pointed  as  in  Trachodon  Leidy.  It  is 
necessary,  therefore,  to  conclude  that  the  genus  Trachodon  is  as  yet 
unknown  in  the  Belly  River,  and  fully  or  partially  synchronous  for- 
mations, except  from  this  single  mandibular  tooth.  Nor  is  this  genus 
recognizable  in  the  Edmonton  and  Lance  formations,  or  their  equiva- 
lents, of  the  later  Cretaceous,  in  such  forms,  known  from  nearly  per- 
fect skulls,   as  Diclonius  Cope,   "Claosaurus"   Marsh,   Saurolophus 


4Smith.  Contr.  Know.  vol.  XIV,  p.  84.  1865. 

5Remarks  on  a  jaw  fragment  of  Megalosaurus,  by  Joseph  Leidy,   M.D., 
Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  vol.  XX,  p.  199,  1868. 


1918]  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  137 

Brown,  Cheneosaurus  Lambe,  and  Edmontosaurus  Lambe.  In  fact 
a  smooth  margined  normally  shaped  tooth  as  pointed  as  the  type 
of  Trachodon  is  not  found  in  any  of  the  above  mentioned  genera  of 
Belly  River  and  later  Cretaceous  times.  If  the  name  Trachodon  is 
to  be  retained  it  can  only  be  regarded  as  denoting  a  genus  based  on 
a  tooth  supplyng  as  yet  insufficient  diagnostic  characters.  If  the 
tooth  is  normal  in  shape  the  genus  it  represents  is  not  recognizable 
among  the  many  forms  now  known  from  comprehensive  and  well 
preserved  material.  If  the  tooth  is  abnormal  it  has  little  or  no 
value  from  a  palapontological  standpoint  and  the  name  Trachodon 
had  best  be  discontinued  in  use. 

As  a  result  of  the  variety  of  hadrosaurs  discovered  of  late 
years,  principally  in  the  Cretaceous  of  Alberta,  Canada,  we  now 
have  accurate  knowledge  of  many  genera  displaying  a  wonderful  vari- 
ance in  cranial  development  in  crested  and  non-crested  forms  from 
Stephanosaurus,  with  a  skull  higher  than  long,  to  Diclonius  with  a 
lengthened  and  very  depressed  head. 

Hatcher  in  1902''  in  a  paper  on  the  genera  and  species  of 
Trachodontidae,  expressed  the  opinion  that  two  genera  only,  Tracho- 
don Leidy  and  Claosaurus  Marsh  (represented  by  C.  agilis),  should 
be  retained  of  the  many  proposed  prior  to  1892.  That  many  of  the 
genera  and  species  referred  to  in  his  paper  are  founded  on  insufficient 
material  is  obvious.  The  many  discoveries  of  late  years  of  crested 
and  non-crested  types  make  it  desirable  that  a  thorough  revision  of 
the  family  should  be  now  undertaken. 

As  regards  the  name  of  the  family,  for  the  reception  of  the 
various  genera  of  North  American  Cretaceous  bipedal,  herbivorous 
dinosaurs,  the  term  Hadrosauridae  was  proposed  by  Cope  in  1869'. 
(1871),  and  has  precedence  to  Trachodontidae  used  by  Lydekker  in 
1888s,  and  later  by  Marsh  in  18Q0'.  Quite  apart  from  any 
question  of  precedence  the  name  Hadrosauridae  is  much  to  be  pre- 
ferred of  the  two  when  we  consider  the  material  on  which  the  genera 
Trachodon  and  Hadrosaurus  are  founded.  The  characters  of  Tra- 
chodon are  unknown  beyond  those  of  the  single  mandibular  tooth  con- 
stituting the  type,  although  many  have  been  assigned  to  it  for  whch 
there  is  no  warrant.  The  material  on  which  Hadrosaurus  rests  in- 
cludes a  number  of  cervical,  dorsal,  and  caudal  vertebrae,  the  prin- 
cipal bones  of  the  fore  and  hind  limbs,  an  ilium,  an  ischium,  a 
portion  of  a  dentary  bone,  and  a  number  of  both  upper  and  lower 
teeth;   unfortunately  the  cranium  is  not  represented. 

"The  genera  and  species  of  the  Trachodontidae  (Hadrosauridae, 
Claosauridae)  Marsh.     Annals  of  the  Carnegie  Museum,  vol.  I,  pp.  377-386. 

'The  extinct  Batrachia,  Reptilia,  and  Aves  of  North  America,  Trans. 
Am.  Philos.  Soc.  vol.  XIV,  new  series,  1871,  p.  91. 

sCat.  of  fossil  Reptilia  and  Amphibia  in  Brit.  Mus.,  pt.  I,  1888,  p.  241. 

'•Additional  characters  of  the  Ceratopsidae.  with  notice  of  new 
Cretaceous  dinosaurs.     Am.  Journ.  Sci.,  third  series,  vol.  XXXIX,  1890,  p.  424. 


138  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [February 

The  Hadrosauridae  appear  to  fall  into  two  natural  groups  or 
subfamilies,  the  crested  forms  with  a  "footed"  ischium,  and  the  non- 
crested  ones  having  an  ischium  ending  distally  in  a  point.  For  these 
subfamilies  the  names  Saurolophinae  and  Trachodontinae  respec- 
tively were  proposed  by  Brown  in  1914.  Saurolophinae,  typified  by 
Saurolophus  Brown,  fully  meets  all  requirements  as  a  group-name. 
Trachodontinae  on  account  of  the  dubiousness  of  the  genus  Tracho- 
don  fails  in  this  regard,  and  Hadrosaurinae  is  suggested  as  a  prefer- 
able term.  The  genus  Hadrosaurus  was  most  probably  a  non-crested 
form,  reliance  being  placed  on  the  evidently  pointed  termination  of 
its  ischium.  It  is  impossible  to  state  whether  Trachodon  was  a 
crested  or  non-crested  form. 

Adopting  these  subdivisions  of  the  Hadrosauridae,  the  genera 
of  which  the  structure  of  the  head  is  best  known  may  be  grouped  as 
follows,  with  the  earlier  types  of  the  Belly  River  formation  first: — 

Hadrosaurinae.  Saurolophin^. 

Gryposaurus       Lambe,        Belly         Stephanosaurus     Lambe,     Belly 

River.  River. 

Edmontosaurus  Lambe,  Edmon-         Prosaurolophus     Brown,     Belly 

ton.  River. 

Kritosaurus  Brown,  Horizon  un-         Corythosaurues     Brown,     Belly 

certain  ?  =  Edmonton.  River. 

"Claosauous"  Marsh,  Lance.  Saurolophus  Brown,  Edmonton. 

Diclonius  Cope,  Lance.  Cheneosaurus  Lambe,  Edmonton 

Hypacrosaurus  Brown  is  a  genus  from  the  Edmonton  formation 
of  Alberta.  It's  skull,  as  yet  unknown,  will  probably  be  found  to 
be  crested  as  the  ischium  is  expanded  distally  into  a  "foot."  Like 
Hadrosaurus  its  assignment  to  a  subfamily  depends  at  present  on 
the  shape  of  the  ischium.  Hypacrosaurus  is  stated  by  Brown  to 
also  occur  in  the  Belly  River  formation  of  Alberta. 

The  complete  skeleton  of  a  large  hadrosaur  from  the  Lance 
formation  of  Dakota,  now  mounted  in  the  American  Museum  of 
Natural  History,  New  York,  and  referred  to  generally  as  Diclonius 
mirabilis,  was  described  by  Cope,  under  this  name,  in  1883,  with 
special  reference  to  the  cranial  characters. 

Cope  identified  this  Lance  species  with  Trachodon  mirabilis  of 
the  Judith  River  beds,  substituting  the  name  Diclonius  for  Trachodon 
on  the  supposition  that  the  latter  had  been  abandoned  by  Leidy. 
Cope,  prior  to  this,  had  described  three  species  of  Diclonius — D. 
pentagonus,  D.  perangulatus,  and  D.  calamarius — without  figures, 
from  shed  teeth  from  the  Judith  River  formation,  which  teeth  are 
stated  to  be  no  longer  identifiable  in  the  Cope  collection.  It  would 
seem  to  be  best,  therefore,  in  the  interests  of  palaeontology,  to  dis- 
continue the  use  of  these  three  specific  names. 


1918]  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  139 

Although  a  comparison  of  Trachodon  mirabilis  Leidy,  (repre- 
sented by  a  single  tooth)  with  Diclonius  mirabilis  Cope,  (known  from 
the  complete  skeleton)  is  necessarily  limited,  it  is  clear  that  the 
two  forms  are  not  conspecific,  the  pointed  tooth  of  the  former  differ- 
ing in  a  marked  degree  from  the  teeth  of  the  latter  with  apices 
rounded  in  lateral  outline  as  figured  by  Cope.  It  is  difficult,  if  not 
impossible,  to  arrive  at  any  conclusion  regarding  their  generic  rela- 
tionship, but  it  is  highly  probable,  in  view  of  their  difference  in 
geological  age,  that  they  are  not  congeneric.  It  is  considered  best, 
therefore,  under  the  circumstances,  to  retain  the  generic  term  Diclon- 
ius  in  association  with  the  Lance  species  which  has  been  so  long 
known  to  palaeontologists  generally  as  Diclonius  mirabilis  of  Cope. 

The  genus  Claosaurus  was  established  by  Marsh  in  1890  on 
the  remains  of  a  small  hadrosaur,  from  the  Niobrara  of  Kansas, 
which  had  been  described  by  him  in  1872  under  the  name  Hadro- 
saurus  agilis.  There  were  available  for  comparison  the  more  im- 
portant portions  of  the  skeleton,  but  no  parts  of  the  skull  except  teeth 
were  obtained.  To  this  genus  Marsh  later  assigned  a  species,  from 
the  Lance  formation  of  Wyoming,  which  he  described,  from  com- 
prehensive material  (including  the  skull)   as  C.  annectens. 

That  Marsh  was  wrong  in  referring  his  Wyoming  species  to  so 
early  a  genus  as  Claosaurus  is  most  probable.  That  the  species 
belongs  to  the  genus  Hadrosaurus  is  unlikely.  The  genus  Trachodon, 
to  which  this  species  is  sometimes  assigned,  is  not  definable  and 
therefore  cannot  be  properly  used  for  its  reception. 

The  species  annectens  of  Marsh  comes  under  the  sub-family 
Hadrosaurinae  and  probably  belongs  to  an  unnamed  genus.  For 
the  purpose,  however,  of  this  paper  the  generic  term  Claosaurus  is 
made  use  of  to  receive  it. 

Dr.  C.  W.  Gilmore,  writing  in  19101"  on  the  genus  Trachodon, 
concludes,  in  part,  that  "the  use  of  the  term  Trachodon  should  be 
restricted  in  its  application  to  some  one  of  the  trachodonts  found 
in  the  older  beds"  (Belly  River,  Judith  River,  etc.).  To  which 
then  of  the  several  at  present  known  Belly  River  genera  could  the  term 
Trachodon  be  applied? 


BRIEF  NOTES  ON  THE  PREVALENCE  OF  CERTAIN  BIRDS 

IN  BRITISH  COLUMBIA. 

By  Allen  Brooks, 

Major,  British  Expeditionary  Force,  France. 

Band-tailed    Pigeons    (Columbia    fasciata    Say) — Very    few    of 

these  are  killed  in  B.  C.      The  depletion  must  cojpae^  ^their  winter 

quarters. 

"Science,  new  seric-.s,  vol.  XLI.  p.  658. 


140  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [February 

Cranes  and  Swans — These  birds  surfer  in  their  breeding  haunts 
in  the  far  north.  Few  are  killed  after  they  migrate.  Both  must 
have  conditions  where  they  are  not  much  disturbed  when  at  rest;  large 
bodies  of  water  free  from  pleasure  craft  for  swans  and  large  open 
plains  for  cranes.  They  mostly  now  pass  over  their  former  winter 
quarters  and  those  they  used  on  migrations  formerly,  as  they  are 
too  much  disturbed.      Protection  will  not  change  this. 

Long  Billed  Curlew  (Namenius  americanus  Wies.)  are  bound 
to  decrease  and  perhaps  disappear.  Their  favourite  breeding 
grounds  now  are  summer-fallows  and  cultivation  destroys  most  of 
their  nests.  Crows  and  coyotes  also  get  their  eggs  and  young.  No- 
body shoots  them  in  B.  C. 

Hudsonian  Curlew  (Numenius  hudsonicus  Lath.) — Plentiful 
all  along  the  Pacific  coast.  Only  pass  through  B.  C.  in  spring  and 
fall — mostly  in  May.    Nobody  shoots  them. 

Eskimo  Curlew  {Numenius  borealis  Forse). — The  disappearance 
of  this  bird  like  that  of  the  Labrador  duck  and  passenger  pigeon 
will  always  be  an  unexplained  mystery. 

Wood  Duck  (Aix  sponsa  L.) — Still  plentiful  where  the  proper 
breeding  conditions  exist.  It  is  bound  to  disappear  from  the  east 
where  the  big  timber  is  cut  away  and  the  woodland  ponds  and 
streams  dry  up. 

The  commonest  goose  in  B.  C.  is  Hutchins  goose  (Branta 
canadensis  hutchinsi  Rich.) — Practically  all  of  these  pass  through 
between  1st  October  and  25th  November  and  again  from  10th  April 
to  20th  May. 

Ducks. — Canvas  backs,  Redheads,  and  scaups  or  blue-bills  are 
all  increasing  in  the  interior  of  B.  C.  where  they  are  good  game 
ducks.  This  is  probably  due  to  the  increase  of  duck  weed  in  the 
larger  lakes.  The  bulk  arrive  in  from  the  south  late  in  January 
in  Okanagan  and  get  extraordinarily  far.  Few  are  shot  in  com- 
parison to  the  thousands  that  come  north. 

Up  to  March  1st  the  proportion  of  males  to  females  in  all  ducks 
except  Mallards  is  about  3  to  1.  In  the  Mallard  the  proportion  of 
the  sexes  is  the  same  the  year  around.  In  California  and  Mexico 
the  females  of  most  ducks  are  in  excess.  Mating  with  most  ducks 
commences  about  1st  March  in  our  province. 

Grouse. — All  grouse  are  practically  permanent  residents  wherever 
found  and  should  have  plenty  of  protection.  Make  open  season  short 
and  bag  limit  small.  First  October  should  be  early  enough  for  open 
season  to  start.      Bag  limit  eight  of  any  one  species  per  day.     They 

EDITORIAL  NOTE:— The  above  notes  are  taken  from  a  valuable 
letter  dated  August  19,  1917,  which  I  received  from  Major  Brooks  in  reply 
to  a  request  for  his  opinion  on  a  number  of  points  in  connection  'with  the 
Regulations  under  the  Migratory  Birds'   Convention  Act.— C.G.H. 


1918]  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  141 

suffer  from  the  weather  and  also  many  parasitic  diseases,  and  greatly 
from  depredations  of  crows  and  magpies.  In  Okanagan  these  get 
nearly  all  the  first  layings  of  Prairie  chickens,  while  the  herbage 
is  still  short. 


THE  FUR  SEALS* 


Although  the  natives  of  the  Aleutian  Islands  have  a  tradition 
that  fur-seals  once  bred  there,  no  fur-seal  remains  or  other  facts  have 
been  discovered  which  warrant  the  belief  that  they  ever  came  ashore 
anywhere  else  in  the  North  Pacific  except  on  the  Commander  and 
Pribiloff  groups  of  islands  or  on  a  few  small  islands  and  reefs  in 
Japanese  waters,  where  they  were  undisturbed  by  man,  for  when 
discovered  all  the  breeding  places  of  the  fur-seals  were  on  islands 
which  showed  no  evidence  of  ever  having  been  visited  by  even 
aboriginal  man. 

Both  the  main  groups  of  breeding  islands,  although  many  hun- 
dreds of  miles  apart,  are  washed  by  the  waters  of  the  warm  Japanese 
Current,  and  that  part  of  Bering  Sea  is  for  several  months  in  the 
summer  almost  continually  drenched  with  fog,  many  weeks  some- 
times passing  without  a  glimpse  of  the  sun.  On  these  foggy  beaches 
and  along  the  bases  of  cliffs  the  fur-seals  breed  in  literally  countless 
thousands,  as  many  as  4,000,000  having  been  estimated  as  being  on 
the  Pribiloff  islands  in  a  single  season;  indeed  Lieut.  Maynard,  who 
visited  the  islands  for  the  U.S.  Government  in  1872,  estimated  the 
total  number  in  that  year  to  be  nearly  6,000,000.  These  figures  are 
greatly  overestimated  as  when  actual  counts  of  the  seals  were  made  in 
later  years,  the  numbers  were  found  to  be  much  less  than  anyone 
would  have  believed  from  simply  looking  at  them,  although  in  1897, 
after  many  years  of  destructive  killing,  there  were  still  nearly  a 
million  seals  on  the  islands  of  St.  Paul  and  St.  George.  Whatever 
the  greatest  number  may  have  been  at  any  particular  time,  the  records 
show  that  up  to  1889  there  had  been  actually  shipped  no  less  than 
4,439,000  skins  of  young  male  fur-seals. 

There  can  be  no  doubt  that  with  the  adequate  protection  that  is 
now  being  given  the  fur-seals,  both  at  sea  and  on  land,  they  will 
ultimately  increase  to  their  former  numbers.  In  1914,  nearly  300,000 
seals  were  estimated  as  being  on  the  islands,  and  the  present  rate  of 
annual  increase  is  over  15  per  cent.  This  percentage  will  increase  as 
conditions  become  more  nearly  normal. 

Following  a  brief  historical  statement  of  the  Bering  Sea  Fur  Seal 
controversy,   Mr.   Macoun   showed   an   instructive   series   of   lantern 

*From  a  lecture  on  The  Fur-Seals,  by  Mr.  James  M.  Macoun,  C.M.G., 
before  the  O.F.N.  Club,  March  5,  1918. 


142  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [February 

slides,  and  gave  interesting  facts  regarding  the  habits  and  life-history 
of  the  seals. 

When  the  Russians  first  visited  the  seal  islands  descriptive  words 
were  coined  for  animals  of  the  two  sexes  and  various  ages.  The 
breeding  males  were  called  "old  bulls";  the  females,  "cows";  the  non- 
breeding  males,  "holluschickie"  or  bachelors;  and  the  young  seals 
"pups."  The  old  bulls  live  to  a  considerable  age  and  attain  great 
size,  animals  weighing  600  pounds  or  over  being  not  uncommon.  The 
cows  are  much  smaller,  seldom  weighing  more  than  100  pounds.  The 
males  reach  maturity  when  six  or  seven  years  old,  the  females  the 
second  year.  Seals  are  polygamous  animals,  each  male  gathering 
around  him  as  many  females  as  he  can  secure.  The  average  size  of 
the  harems,  as  they  are  called,  was  in  1914  sixty.  As  the  sexes  are 
born  in  about  equal  numbers,  it  is  evident  that  a  very  considerable 
percentage  of  the  male  life  may  be  taken  without  injury  to  the  main 
herd  providing  a  sufficient  surplus  is  left  to  furnish  scope  for  the 
working  out  of  natural  selection. 

While  the  fur-seals  are  born  on  the  land  their  natural  element, 
of  course,  is  the  water  and  there  they  spend  the  greater  part  of  their 
lives  and  secure  their  food.  At  the  present  time  the  fur-seals  which  go 
in  the  summer  to  the  Pribiloff  and  Commander  islands  are  distributed 
over  the  North  Pacific  Ocean  south  of  the  Aleutian  Islands,  the  main 
body  of  the  so-called  American  herd  living  off  the  coasts  of  Washing- 
ton, Vancouver  Island  and  southern  Alaska,  but  even  when  their 
numbers  were  greater  not  many  were  seen  from  ships.  The  distribu- 
tion depends  chiefly,  of  course,  on  the  food  supply,  which  is  made  up 
chiefly  of  surface  fishes  and  squid.  They  have  frequently  been  found 
as  far  south  as  San  Francisco.  When  pelagic  sealing  was  at  its 
height  the  schooners  left  Victoria  and  other  ports  about  the  month  of 
March  or  later,  the  date  of  sailing  depending  upon  the  willingness  of 
the  hunters  and  boatmen  to  brave  the  storms  of  winter  and  early 
spring.  As  the  seals  moved  north  they  approached  the  coast,  one  of 
the  favorite  hunting  grounds  being  just  north  of  Sitka  where  they 
were'  found  in  large  numbers.  Following  the  coast  north  and  west 
and  travelling  quickly  from  one  feeding  ground  to  another  the  first 
seals  reach  the  Pribiloff  Islands  towards  the  end  of  April,  the  adult 
females  and  older  bachelors  arrive  there  early  in  June,  the  two-year- 
olds  mainly  in  July  and  the  yearlings  in  the  latter  part  of  August  and 
September.  While  on  the  islands  the  old  bulls  do  not  feed  at  all.  In 
fact  from  the  day  they  arrive  and  take  up  the  station  of  their  choice 
they  neither  eat  nor  drink  until  they  return  to  the  sea  in  September  or 
later.  During  this  time  they  not  only  take  part  in  continual  fights 
but  exercise  an  almost  perfect  control  over  their  harems,  no  "cow" 
being  allowed  to  leave  until  she  has  been  fertilized.  The  "cows"  do 
not  usually  come  ashore  until  they  are  about  to  give  birth  to  their 


1918]  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  143 

young,  which  are  dependent  upon  their  mothers  until  the  autumn, 
when  they  leave  the  islands  with  the  other  seals  and  fend  for  them- 
selves. The  young  fur-seals  cannot  swim  at  birth  and  do  not  venture 
into  the  water  until  they  are  a  month  or  six  weeks  old.*  As  the  young 
male  seals  do  not  go  on  the  breeding  rookeries  but  "haul  out"  by 
themselves  they  can  be  driven  to  the  killing-grounds  without  disturb- 
ing the  breeding  seals  and  it  is  only  these  young  males  that  are  now 
killed. 


REVIEW. 


Flora  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  Adjacent  Plains, 
containing  descriptions  of  the  native  and  naturalized  flowering  plants 
and  fernworts,  growing  in  COLORADO,  UTAH,  WYOMING, 
IDAHO,  MONTANA,  SASKATCHEWAN,  ALBERTA,  and  the 
neighboring  parts  of  NEBRASKA,  SOUTH  DAKOTA,  NORTH 
DAKOTA  and  BRITISH  COLUMBIA,  by  P.  A.  Rydeberg,  Ph.D., 
Curator,  New  York  Botanical  Garden.  Published  by  the  author. 
Price  S4.05  post  free. 

At  any  time  during  the  last  half-century  the  more  eastern  Ameri- 
can botanists  have  had  a  handbook  or  manual  by  which  the  could 
identify  the  species  they  collected,  but  it  was  not  until  quite  recent 
years  that  western  botanists  had  such  helps  to  the  study  of  plants, 
and  the  Canadian  botanist  resident  between  Manitoba  and  British 
Columbia  was  until  a  few  months  ago  without  a  worth-while  book  of 
any  kind.  Even  th^  professional  botanist  with  access  to  a  good 
library  was  never  certain  that  the  species  before  him  had  not  been 
described  or  re-described  in  some  obscure  periodical  or  list  that  was 
unknown  to  him.  The  average  amateur  botanist  could  do  nothing 
but  send  his  difficult  species  to  some  large  herbarium  for  determina- 
tion. Dr.  Rydeberg's  fine  book  has  changed  all  this  and  the  fact  that 
it  was  primarily  intended  for  the  United  States  makes  it  all  the  more 
valuable  to  Canadian  botanists.  A  flora  restricted  to  the  species 
known  to  occur  in  Canada  would  have  left  the  Canadian  botanist 
without  descriptions  of  scores  of  species  which  undoubtedly  grow  in 
western  Canada  but  have  not  yet  been  recorded.  Indeed  the  writer 
during  the  short  time  he  has  used  the  book  has  noted  in  the  herbarium 
of  the  Geological  Survey  several  species  that  had  not  been  separated 
from  closely  allied  ones,  and  of  course  he  will  find  many  others. 

Dr.  Rydeberg  has  been  studying  the  flora  of  the  Rocky  Mountain 
region  for  more  than  twenty-five  years  both  in  the  field  and  in  the 
herbarium  and  in  the  1110  pages  of  his  Flora  he  describes  1038  genera 
and  5897  species  of  plants.  Keys  to  families,  genera  and  species, 
make  a  study  of  the  descriptions  unnecessary  in  the  great  majority  of 


144  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [February 

cases  and  while  not  attempting  to  label  all  the  species  with  English 
names  they  are  given  for  all  genera  and  for  most  of  the  more  widely 
distributed  species. 

All  Canadian  botanists  owe  a  great  debt  to  Dr.  Rydeberg  for 
having  so  widened  the  scope  of  his  flora  that  few  plants  will  be  found 
in  western  Canada,  east  of  the  Selkirk  Mountains  and  south  of  the 
Arctic  Circle,  that  are  not  described  in  it,  for  while  he  fixed  on  Lat. 
56°  as  the  northern  limit  of  the  territory  covered  by  his  book  this  takes 
the  collector  north  of  the  prairie  country  to  regions  where  the  ordinary 
woodland  species  predominate,  and  in  the  Rocky  Mountains  north  of 
Lat.  56°  the  flora  does  not  differ  greatly  from  that  of  the  mountains 
further  south  except  that  the  number  of  species  is  smaller.  It  was 
too  much  to  expect  that  all  the  species  known  to  occur  in  Canada 
between  Manitoba  and  British  Columbia  should  have  been  credited 
to  the  Dominion  by  one  who  had  to  some  extent  to  depend  upon  others 
when  recording  the  range  of  species,  but  the  omissions  are  surpris- 
ingly few  and  with  rare  exceptions  these  species  will  be  found  recorded 
from  adjacent  Dakota  or  Montana.  Local  botanists  in  Saskatchewan 
and  Alberta  cannot  do  better  than  compile  from  Dr.  Rydberg's  Flora 
lists  of  the  species  recorded  there  from  these  provinces,  and  working 
from  these  lists  additions  should  be  recorded  as  found. 

The  writer  regrets,  and  most  Canadian  botanists  will  agree  with 
him,  that  the  nomenclature  used  by  Dr.  Rydberg  is  not  that  used  by 
Canadian  government  botanists  who  follow  as  closely  as  possible  the 
so-called  Vienna  Rules.  The  names  used  in  Dr.  Rydberg's  Flora  are 
for  the  most  part  those  called  for  by  the  "American  Code"  and  the 
names  of  many  of  the  commonest  species  will  appear  strange  to  those 
who  have  been  using  Gray's  Manual,  the  book  upon  which  most  non- 
professional Canadian  botanists,  even  in  the  prairie  country,  depend 
for  the  knowledge  of  Canadian  species.  Dr.  Rydberg  has,  it  is  true, 
included  in  the  synonymy,  in  most  cases,  the  name  by  which  species 
should  be  called  under  the  Vienna  Rules  but  as  there  is  nothing  to 
distinguish  such  synonyms  from  others  the  student  who  is  working 
without  other  books  must  for  the  time  at  least  adopt  Dr.  Rydberg's 
names.  Not  many  Canadian  botanists  either  will  care  to  follow  Dr. 
Rydberg  in  his  sub-divisions  of  genera  but  this  is  more  or  less  a 
matter  of  individual  judgment  and  taste.  Many  who  are  willing  to 
separate  Pulsatilla  from  Anemone  or  Atragene  from  Clematis  will 
balk  at  breaking  up  Saxifraga  into  eight  or  more  genera  or  Habenaria 
into  five.  Just  now,  however,  questions  of  nomenclature  are  of  minor 
importance  compared  with  the  collection  and  study  of  plants  and  there 
can  be  no  doubt  that  the  publication  of  Dr.  Rydberg's  Flora  will  give 
a  great  impetus  to  the  study  fli^^tf^y  in  western  Canada. 

J.  M.  M. 


THE  OTTAWA  NATURALIST 


Vol.  XXXI.  MARCH,  1918.  No.    12. 


THE  BIRDS  OF  EDMONTON. 


By  J.  Dewey  Soper,  Preston,  Ont. 


(Continued  from  page  1.34). 

Brewer  Blackbird  (Euphagus  cyanocephalus) . — Fairly  com- 
mon summer  resident.  Nest  and  eggs  complete  are  found  usually 
by  May  10. 

Bronzed  Grackle  (Qniscalus  quiscula). — A  number  'breed 
around  Edmonton.  Arrives  April  25.  This  form  is  sub-specifically 
referable  to  Q.  q.  aeneus. 

Evening  Grosbeak  (Hesperiphona  vespertina). — I  saw  these 
birds  during  the  spring  only  of  1913.  The  first  flock  of  seven  were 
seen  on  the  morning  of  April  17.  Further  numbers  were  observed  at 
various  times  until  May  10,  when  they  then  disappeared. 

Pine  Grosbeak  (Pinicola  enucleator) . — Usually  a  common  win- 
ter visitor;  sub-specifically  leucura  on  geographical  probability. 

Purple  Finch  (Carpodacus  purpureus). — This  beautiful  singer 
is  first  heard  about  May  15,  when  it  may  be  seen  singing  from  the 
topmost  crest  of  a  tall  spruce  or  to  launch  on  fluttering  wings  to  de- 
liver its  melody  high  in  the  air.     It  nests  at  Edmonton. 

American  Crossbill  (Loxia  curvirostra  minor). — Recorded  by 
Mr.  Atkinson,  in  1906,  at  Edmonton. 

Redpoll  (Acanthis  linaria). — Usually  very  common  during  the 
winter,  much  more  so  during  the  first  two  weeks  in  April,  after 
which  they  disappear. 

American  Goldfinch  (Astragalinns  tristis). — This  handsome 
bird  is  tolerably  common  during  the  summer  but  does  not  arrive  until 
about  June  1. 

Pine  Siskin  (Spinus  pinus). — Mr.  Spreadborough  found  them 
at  Edmonton  in  1897. 

Snowflake  (Passerina  nivalis). — Numerous  throughout  the 
winter. 

Lapland  Longspur  (Calcarius  lapponicus) — Mr.  Spreadbor- 
ough found  them  abundant  as  a  migrant  from  April  28  to  May  5, 
1897. 


146  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [March 

Chestnut-collared  Longspur  (Calcarius  ornatus). — Mr.  At- 
kinson records  this  species  at  Edmonton  in  1906. 

Vesper  Sparrow  (Poocoetes  gramineus). — Not  common.  Ar- 
rives about  May  10.    Presumably  the  sub-specific  form  confinis. 

Savanna  Sparrow  (Passer cuius  sandwichensis) . — Abundant. 
Arrives  about  May  1.    Referable  to  sub-specific  form  alaudinus. 

Baird  Sparrow  (Centronyx  bairdii). — Mr.  Atkinson  recorded 
it  as  numerous  in  grass  marshes  in  the  year  1906. 

Leconte  Sparrow  (Ammodramus  leconteii). — A  single  sparrow 
which  I  refer  to  this  species  was  observed  on  May  11,  1913,  frequent- 
ing a  tract  of  low  scrub  willows.  Mr.  Spreadborough  took  a  male  on 
May  26,  1897. 

Nelson  Sparrow  (Ammodramus  nelsoni). — Mr.  Spreadborough 
first  saw  this  species  late  in  May,  1897.  It  was  uncommon,  and 
breeding  in  wet  ground. 

White-crowned  Sparrow  (Zonotrichia  leucophrys). — A  num- 
ber of  migrants -are  annually  observed-  from  about  May  10  to  20.  The 
sub-species  gambeli  no  doubt  occurs  regularly  with  the  typical  form  as 
Mr.  Taverner  informs  me  there  is  a  specimen  in  the.  Victoria  Museum 
taken  at  Edmonton  in  1897. 

White-throated  Sparrow  (Zonotrichia  albicollis). — Fairly 
common  summer  resident.    First  observed  about  May  12. 

Tree  Sparrow  (Spizella  monticola). — Very  abundant  during 
the  forepart  of  April,  1912,  and  in  full  song.  They  remain  in  flocks 
and  are  shy  and  restless.  To  my  knowledge  they  do  not  breed  but  go 
further  north.  Appears  again  about  September  28.  This  form  is 
referable  by  geography  to  the  western  variety  ochracea. 

Chipping  Sparrow  (Spizella  socialis). — Common  summer  resi- 
dent. 

Clay-coloured  Sparrow  (Spizella  pallida). — A  very  common 
sparrow  at  Edmonton.  First  seen  about  May  16,  three  days  later  they 
are  abundant.    Nest  completed  and  eggs  laid  by  June  15. 

Slate-coloured  Junco  (J unco  hyemalis). — Common  summer 
resident.  Breeds  in  the  river  valleys  and  ravines.  Most  abundant 
during  the  early  part  of  April  and  early  October. 

Song  Sparrow  (Melospiza  melodia). — Common  summer  resi- 
dent. First  observed  from  April  12  to  20.  Nest  and  clutch  of  eggs 
completed  by  May  25.  Mr.  Taverner  informs  me  that  he  determines 
specimens  from  Edmonton  as  juddi. 

Lincoln  Sparrow  (Melospiza  lincolnii). — The  only  personal 
record  I  have  of  this  species  is  a  single  bird  observed  on  May  1,  1912, 
and  a  pair  the  following  June  21.  Mr.  Spreadborough  found  it 
abundant  at  Edmonton  in  May,  1897. 

Swamp  Sparrow  {Melospiza  georgiana). — An  abundant  breed- 
ing species.    Arrives  early  in  May. 


1918]  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  147 

Fox  Sparrow  (Passerella  iliaca). — This  wonderful  singer  is  one 
of  the  earliest  sparrows,  appearing  about  April  14.  By  May  5,  the 
nest  is  completed  and  full  set  of  eggs  laid. 

Rose-breasted  Grosbeak  (Habia  ludoviciana) . — Common 
summer  resident,  arriving  about  April  22. 

Cliff  Swallow  (Petrochelidon  lunifrons). — Reported  as  com- 
mon in  Edmonton  by  Mr.  Spreadborough  in  1897.  Arrived  May  13, 
common  by  May  21. 

Barn  Swallow  (Hirundo  erythrogaster). — Tolerably  common 
summer  resident. 

Tree  Swallow  (Iridoprocne  bicolor). — Common  summer  resi- 
dent.    First  observed  about  May  12. 

Bank  SWALLOW  (Riparia  riparia). — A  number  nest  annually  in 
the  Saskatchewan  river  banks. 

Cedar  Waxwing  (Ampelis  ccdrorum). — Very  irregular.  Ob- 
served several  pairs  on  June  15,  1913. 

White-rumped  Shrike  (Lanius  ludovicianus) . — Occasionally 
observed  during  November  and  December,  1912.  The  birds  of  this 
region  are  referable  to  ex  cubit  or  ides.  Mr.  Spreadborough  collected  a 
female  of  this  variety  at  Edmonton  on  May  21,  1897. 

Red-eyed  Vtreo  (Vireosylva  olivacea). — Common  summer  resi- 
dent. First  observed  about  May  20.  Found  on  June  23,  1913,  a  nest 
containing  three  eggs  in  a  small  poplar.  The  nest  was  about  fifteen 
feet  from  the  ground. 

Philadelphia  Vireo  {Vireosylva  philadelphica) . —  Mr. 
Spreadborough  found  numbers  breeding  at  Edmonton  in  May,  1897. 

Warbling  Vireo  (Vireosylva  gilva). — Noted  at  Edmonton  by 
Mr.  Atkinson,  in  1906. 

Solitary  or  Blue-headed  Vireo  (Lanivireo  solitarius). — Not 
common.     Breeds  no  doubt  as  I  have  seen  them  in  July. 

Black  and  White  Warbler  (Mniotilta  varia). — Rather  rare. 
Remains  in  the  timber  near  the  river. 

Orange-crowned  Warbler  (Helminth ophila  celata). — Three 
males  were  collected  by  Mr.  Spreadborough  on  May  5,  7,  and  19, 
respectively,  at  Edmonton,  1897.  These  specimens  were  examined  by 
Mr.  Oberholser,  two  of  them  determined  by  him  as  belonging  to  the 
sub-species  orestera  and  one  to  celata.     (P.  A.  Taverner). 

Tennessee  Warbler  (Helminthophila  peregrina). — A  male 
specimen  was  collected  by  Mr.  Spreadborough  on  May  22,  1897.  He 
believes  they  breed  at  Edmonton. 

Yellow  Warbler  (Dendroica  aestiva). — Common  summer  resi- 
dent.   Arrives  about  May  15. 

Magnolia  Warbler  (Dendroica  maculosa). — Mr.  Spreadbor- 
ough obtained  two  males  on  May  22  and  25,  respectively,  at  Edmon- 
ton, 1897. 


148  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [March 

Black-throated  Green  Warbler  (Dendroica  virens). — Tol- 
erably common  and  breeding  in  the  spruce  woods  that  flank  the  rivers. 
First  observed  about  May  16. 

Oven  Bird  (Seinrus  aurocapillus). — Breeds  at  Edmonton  along 
the  timbered  river  banks.    Arrives  about  May  15,  common  by  the  24th. 

Grinnell  Water-Thrush  (Seiurus  noveboracensis  notabilis). 
This  sub-species  was  noted  as  far  west  as  Edmonton,  in  1906,  by 
Mr.  Atkinson. 

Mourning  Warbler  (Oporornis  Philadelphia). — Mr.  Spread- 
borough  collected  a  male  specimen  on  June  4,  1897. 

Maryland  Yellow-throat  (Geothlypis  trichas). — Common 
summer  resident.  Arrives  about  May  24.  The  form  inhabitating 
this  region  probably  referable  to  the  Northern  Yellow-Throat  G.  t. 
brachidactyla. 

Wilson  Warbler  (Wilsonia  pusilla). — Mr.  Spreadborough  first 
observed  this  species  at  Edmonton  on  May  29,  1897.  A  few  pairs 
remained  to  breed. 

Canadian  Warbler  {Wilsonia  canadensis). — Mr.  Spreadbor- 
ough did  not  observe  this  species  anywhere  west  of  Manitoba,  except 
at  Edmonton,  where  he  took  a  male  specimen  on  May  29,  1897. 

American  Redstart  (Setophaga  ruticilla). — Tolerably  common. 
Arrives  the  latter  end  of  May.  Mr.  Spreadborough  found  them  nest- 
ing in  willow  thickets  along  the  streams. 

American  Pipit  (Anthns  p ensilv aniens) . — Mr.  Spreadborough 
found  this  species  common  at  Edmonton  from  April  27  to  May  10, 
1897. 

Catbird  (Galeoscoptes  carolinensis) . — Common  summer  resi- 
dent.   Returns  about  May  24. 

House  Wren  (Troglodytes  aedon). — Common  summer  resident. 
Arrives  about  May  11.  The  form  at  Edmonton  is  referable  to  the 
sub-specific  one  T.  a.  parkmanii. 

Marsh  Wren  (Telmatodytes  palustris). — A  very  common  sum- 
mer resident  about  the  sloughs.  The  nest  is  completed  and  the  eggs 
laid  by  June  5.  They  have  a  peculiar  habit  of  building  several 
dummy  nests  in  addition  to  the  genuine  one.  I  once  found  seven 
perfectly  finished  nests  within  a  radius  of  twenty-five  yards.  Only 
one  contained  eggs,  and  only  one  pair  of  wrens  frequented  that 
vicinity.  The  sub-specific  form  at  Edmonton  is  placed  under  /.  p. 
iliacus. 

White-breasted  Nuthatch  (Sitta  carolinensis). — Mr.  Atkin- 
son records  the  species  as  far  west  as  Edmonton  in  1906,  the  reference 
being  referred  to  S.  c.  nelsoni. 

Red-breasted  Nuthatch  (Sitta  canadensis). — Mr.  Spreadbor- 
ough found  the  species  tolerably  common  at  Edmonton  in  the  spruce 
woods,  June  12,  1897. 


19 IS]  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  149 

Chickadee  {Penthestes  atricapillus) . — Common  permanent  resi- 
dent.    Former  records  have  been  placed  under  P.  a.  septentrionalis. 

Hudsonian  Chickadee  {Penthestes  hudsonicus) . —  Mr.  Spread- 
borough  took  a  single  male  specimen  on  May  7,  1897,  which  was 
referred  to  P.  h.  columbionus.  During  my  entire  time  at  Edmonton 
I  never  once  saw  this  species.  I  found  them  as  common  as  the  black- 
capped  form  near  the  mountains  to  the  west  on  the  G.T.P.  Ry.  in  1913. 

Ruby-crowned  Kinglet  (Regulus  calendula). — Tolerably  com- 
mon in  the  spruce  woods.  Arrives  in  early  May.  The  song  of  this 
species  is  surprisingly  loud  and  sweet,  considering  the  diminutive 
proportions  of  the  bird.    I  think  they  breed. 

Wilson  Thrush  ( Hylocichla  fuscescens). — Very  common  sum- 
mer resident.  Arrives  about  May  15.  Nest  and  full  set  of  eggs 
complete  by  June  8.  Young  bor  nby  June  15.  Mr.  Taverner  informs 
me  that  Edmonton  specimens  submitted  to  Mr.  H.  C.  Oberholser  were 
referred  by  him  to  salicicola. 

Olive-backed  Thrush  {Hylocichla  ustulata  swainsonii) . — Mr. 
Spreadborough  found  this  species  common  at  Edmonton  after  May  8, 
and  nests  and  eggs  were  taken.  Specimens  from  there,  Mr.  Taverner 
informs  me,  were  submitted  to  Mr.  Oberholser  for  examination  and 
were  given  the  above  sub-specific  name. 

Hermit  Thrush  {Hylocichla  guttata). — A  migrant  during 
May.  Specimens  from  Edmonton  were  examined  by  Mr.  Oberholser 
and  referred  to  H.  g.  pallasii. 

American  Robin  {Planesticus  migratorius). — Common  summer 
resident.     Arrives  about  April  10. 

Mountain  Bluebird  {Sialia  arctica). — Rare  at  Edmonton. 
Only  once  observed,  when  three  individuals  in  company  were  fre- 
quenting a  meadow  on  September  15,  1902. 


SATURDAY  AFTERNOON  EXCURSIONS. 


June  1 — Botany;  east  side  of  Fairy  Lake;  meeting-place,  the  end  of 
the  electric  car  line  on  the  Chelsea  road,  at  3  p.m. 

June  8- — General;  Black  Rapids  by  steamer  Wanekewan;  see 
schedule  for  the  season. 

June  15 — The  Experimental  Farm;  a  selected  topic  in  practical  horti- 
culture; meeting-place,  The  Farm,  at  3  p.m. 

June  22 — Botany;  the  Beaver  Meadow,  leading  to  Fairy  Lake,  Hull; ' 
meeting-place,  the   end   of   the   city   street   car   line,   opposite 
Eddy  Company's  office,  Hull,  at  3  p.m. 


]50  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [March 

OBITUARY. 


William  Hague  Harrington. 

In  the  death  of  William  Hague  Harrington,  the  Ottawa  Field- 
Naturalists'  Club  lost  one  of  its  oldest  members.  Mr.  Harrington  was 
not  only  a  distinguished  entomologist,  but  he  was  also  a  capable 
botanist,  as  well  as  the  possessor  of  a  fund  of  knowledge  on  natural 
history  generally. 

In  1879,  Mr.  Harrington,  with  several  other  naturalists  founded 
the  Ottawa  Field-Naturalists'  Club  and  was  chosen  as  a  member  of 
the  Committee.  In  1880  he  was  elected  Secretary-Treasurer  of  the 
Club.  In  the  following  year  he  was  re-elected  to  the  same  position 
and  in  1882  the  position  being  divided  he  was  elected  Secretary,  which 
office  he  continued  to  hold  until  March,  1885.  In  that  month  he  was 
honoured  by  being  elected  President  of  the  Club. 

At  a  council  meeting  of  the  Club  held  on  March  15  it  was  re- 
solved as  follows : 

"The  Council  of  the  Ottawa  Field-Naturalists'  Club  has 
learned  with  deep  regret  of  the  death  on  Wednesday,  March  13, 
of  Mr.  William  Hague  Harrington,  F.R.S.C.  Mr.  Harrington 
was  known  and  highly  respected  by  entomologists,  botanists  and 
other  scientific  men  not  only  in  Canada  but  throughout  the  United 
States  as  well.  His  studies,  particularly  on  certain  families  of 
insects  had  given  him  a  wide  reputation,  and  in  his  death  the 
science  of  entomology  particularly  has  lost  a  devoted  worker.  As 
a  former  Secretary  and  Past  President  of  the  Club  he  was  held 
in  high  regard  by  our  members." 

Mr.  Harrington  was  born  at  Sydney,  Cape  Breton,  N.S.,  on  April 
19,  1852;  he  was  thus  almost  66  years  old  when  he  died.  In  1870,  he 
came  to  Ottawa  and  entered  the  Post  Office  Department.  Here  his 
ability  was  soon  recognized  and  from  one  promotion  to  another  he  was 
in  1908  appointed  Superintendent  of  the  Savings  Bank  Branch,  an 
important  position  in  the  above  department.  In  June,  1916,  after  45 
years  of  public  service  he  was  granted  superannuation  and  being  thus 
relieved  of  official  duties  he  looked  forward  to  being  able  to  devote 
himself  more  fully  to  entomological  studies.  Unfortunately,  however, 
this  was  not  to  be.  More  recently,  particularly  during  the  past  two 
years  a  continued  anaemic  condition  gradually  undermined  his  system. 
Last  November  his  condition  became  decidedly  more  serious  and  he 
was  compelled  to  take  to  his  bed.  About  that  time  too,  he  had  a  slight 
paralytic  stroke.  During  the  past  winter,  paralysis  increased  gradu- 
ally and  this  with  profound  anaemia  finally  caused  death. 

A  more  extended  notice  will  appear  in  the  June,  1918,  issue  of 
The  Canadian  Entomologist. 

A.  G. 


1918]  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  151 

Robert  B.  Whyte. 

In  the  sudden  passing  of  Mr.  R.  B.  Whyte,  on  April  15,  1918, 
Ottawa  lost  one  of  her  most  useful  and  respected  citizens.  He  stood 
for  all  that  was  highest  in  the  life  of  the  city  and  the  nation.  He 
scorned  all  that  was  mean,  dishonest  and  low.  His  aspirations  were 
of  the  noblest  and  the  best  in  everything.  What  he  accomplished  is 
recorded  in  many  ways,  and  not  the  least  in  the  hearts  of  those  who 
knew  him  best.  The  influence  of  the  good  which  he  did  during  his 
life  will  last  for  many  a  day.  Old  men  and  little  children  praise  him. 
He  was  the  greatest  amateur  horticulturist  of  his  time  in  Canada. 

True  lovers  of  nature  are  born,  not  made.  From  his  early  youth 
the  late  R.  B.  Whyte  was  interested  in  wild  flowers  and,  in  fact,  in  all 
branches  of  natural  history,  and  though  at  an  early  age  he  was  obliged 
to  spend  long  days  in  his  father's  business,  he  managed  to  get  some 
time  in  which  to  study  plants.  His  largest  collection  of  wild  flowers 
was  made  in  1875,  but  each  year  he  searched  the  woods  diligently 
about  Ottawa  for  new  things,  and  his  herbarium  at  length  contained 
most  of  the  species  found  in  the  Ottawa  district.  When  the  Ottawa 
Field-Naturalists'  Club  was  formed  in  1879  he  was  one  of  the  charter 
members  and  the  first  Secretary  of  the  club.  He  was  President  in 
1888-89,  a  member  of  the  council  for  many  years,  and  was  always  an 
active  member  of  the  club.  He  received  much  inspiration  in  those 
days  from  the  late  Dr.  James  Fletcher  with  whom  he  was  closely 
associated. 

His  health  began  to  fail  about  five  years  ago,  and  although  he 
could  not  take  as  much  physical  exercise  as  in  former  years,  his  brain 
was  just  as  active  and  his  interest  in  everything  as  great  up  to  his 
sudden  death  from  over  exertion  in  his  garden.  He  was  sixty-seven 
years  of  age  when  he  died  and  his  wife,  two  sons  and  five  daughters 
are  left  to  mourn  his  loss,  besides  a  host  of  friends. 

W.  T.  M. 


BIRD  NOTES  FROM  MANITOBA. 


By  Norman  Criddle,  Treesbank,  Man. 


The  Arkansas  Kingbird. 

The  breeding  range  of  the  Arkansas  Kingbird,  Tyrannus  verticalis, 
is  usually  given  as  Western  United  States,  Southern  Saskatchewan, 
Alberta  and  British  Columbia.  It  has  also  been  recorded  as  breeding 
at  Pilot  Mound,  Man.,  by  Dr.  H.  M.  Speechly  and  at  Treesbank, 
Man.,  by  the  writer.  Since  the  above  observations  were  made  the  bird 
has  been  met  with  in  other  localities,  which  would  seem  to  indicate  that 
it  is  not  as  rare  in  the  province  as  was  previously  supposed.     A  pair 


152  The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  [March 

« 

were  found  breeding  among  some  maples  near  Oak  Bluff,  fourteen 
miles  south-west  of  Winnipeg,  Man.,  in  1917.  A  second  couple  have 
nested  near  Treesbank  for  some  years  past,  and  a  third  breeding  pair 
were  observed  near  Stockton.  At  Souris,  Man.,  which  borders  the 
prairie  country,  no  less  than  seven  pairs  were  inhabitants  of  the  village. 
Observations  made  around  their  nesting  grounds  indicates  that  the 
species  is  less  pugnacious  than  its  better  known  ally  the  Kingbird.  It 
is  also  less  conspicuous  on  account  of  its  habit  of  resting  more  among 
the  trees  instead  of  on  top  of  them.  Both  species  breed  in  very  similar 
situations  and  have  been  found  inhabiting  the  trees  at  opposite  ends 
of  gardens.  Naturally  birds  with  homes  so  close  together  and  natures 
not  too  amiable,  are  apt  to  resent  each  other's  presence,  hence  there  is 
a  perpetual  squabble  which  seems  to  be  especially  fostered  by  the 
Kingbird.  Many  combats  take  place  in  consequence,  which  as  a  rule 
are  decided  in  favour  of  the  Kingbird,  unless  this  species  attempts  to 
invade  the  other's  home,  when  the  tables  are  turned. 

The  Arkansas  Kingbird,  like  its  rival,  is  somewhat  noisy,  but  its 
notes  constitute  more  of  a  continuous  twitter  without  any  of  the  loud 
harsher  cries  of  defiance  so  characteristic  of  the  Kingbird.  There  is 
every  reason  to  suspect  that  a  better  knowledge  of  the  species  will 
show  that  it  breeds  in  the  shelter  belts  of  many  gardens  -  within  the 
province,  as  it  seems  to  prefer  the  haunts  of  man  to  those  strictly 
natural. 

The  Black-throated  Blue  Warbler  in  Manitoba. 
The  writer  recorded  this  species  (Dendroica  caerulescens)  from 
Aweme  in  The  Ottawa  Naturalist  some  years  ago,  but  the  record 
was  questioned  in  Macoun's  List  of  Canadian  Birds.  This  Warbler  is 
among  the  easiest  to  identify  on  account  of  its  unusual  markings, 
which  makes  it  difficult  to  confuse  with  any  other.  The  observing  of 
an  old  male  on  September  13,  1917,  at  close  range  should  be  sufficient 
to  establish  the  bird's  right  to  a  place  on  our  lists.  Both  examples 
were  met  with  in  the  same  woodlot  at  Aweme,  Man. 


NOTE. 

It  is  perhaps  characteristic  of  the  west  that  the  first  Museum  to 
obtain  from  the  post-office  department  the. right  to  have  its  bulletin 
mailed  to  soldiers  by  the  simple  means  of  affixing  a  one-cent  stamp  to 
the  cover,  should  have  been  the  Chicago  Art  Institute.  The  idea  is  an 
excellent  one.  Some  of  our  museum  bulletins  are  much  more  interest- 
ing to  the  average  reader  than  others,  yet  there  are  few  that  would  not 
have  an  interest  for  a  soldier  from  the  town  in  which  it  was  published. 
It  is  to  be  hoped  that  the  example  of  Chicago  will  soon  be  followed  by 
other  museums. 


1918] 


The  Ottawa  Naturalist. 


153 


Index,  Volume  XXXI. 


Accipiter   velox 84 

atricapillus    1 32 

Aegialitis  semipalmata 132 

Aechmophorus   occidentalis  .      81,  129 

Agriolimax  agrestis 41 

campeslris    41 

Acanihinula  harpa 43 

Acanihis  linaria  linaria 87,  145 

hornemanni  exilipes.  ...  87 

Aechomophorus   occidentalis  ....  81 

Agelaius  phoeniceus  caurinus.  ...  86 

134 

Aix  sponsa   140 

Alberni  Notes  (Botany) 54 

Allium  cernuum  alba    56 

"       56 

Watsoni    57 

Ammodramus  nelsoni 146 

leconieii    1 46 

Ampelis    cedrorum 147 

Amphilichas    cucullus    123,  125 

harrisi   123,124 

Anas  platyrhynchos 82 

boschas    1 30 

Anlennaria  parvifolia    55 

Animal  Micrology,  Guyer's 32 

Annual  Report  of  Council 7 

Anthus  pensilvanicus 148 

Apocynum  cannabrium 55 

Aquila  chrysaetos 84 

Archibuteo  lagopus  sancti- 

johannis    84,  1 32 

Archinacella    richmondensis 122 

fyagaivongensis .  .  .  122,  125 

Artemesia  caudata 14 

californica    13 

joTTvoodii  (  ?  Cana- 
densis)       14 

frigida 14 

gnaphalodes    14 

hcterophylla    14 

tridenlaia    14 

Arion  circumscripta   41 

Arnica  latifolia    54 

Asio  flammeus 85 

ivilsonianus    85,  132 

accipitrinus 1 32 


Asphondylia  artemisia 14 

Aster  Carteriana    57 

Aslragalinus  tristris  pallidus   ....  87 

Astus  atricapillus  atricapillus....  84 

Baldpate 82,130 

Beaupre,  Ed.,  article  by 29 

Bifidaria  armifera    43 

contracta 43 

tappaniana    43 

Biology,  Contributions  to 

Canadian    48 

Bird  Notes,  Manitoba 151 

Birds,  Protection  of,  in  Canada 

and  U.  S 58 

Birds,  Winter,  of  Okanagan 

Valley 81 

Birds  in  an  Okanagan  Orchard.  .  118 

Birds  of  Edmonton 129,  145 

Bittern,  American   131 

Blackbird,    Brewer's    86,  145 

Yellow-headed 134 

Red-winged    134 

Rusty 134 

Bluebird,  Western 89 

Mountain 149 

Bob-white    89 

Bombycilla  garrula    88 

Bollia  permarginata 1 24 

Botanical    Notes    from    Alberni, 

B.  C 54 

Book  Notices  . .  .32,  64,  94,  127,  143 

Botaurus  lentiginosus   131 

Bonasa  umbellus  togata 84 

132 

Branta  canadensis   131 

hutchinsi    140 

Buffle  Head 83,130 

Bunting,  Snow 87 

Burling,  L.  D.,  article  by 77 

Burling,  L.  D.,  Report  as  Secre- 
tary O.F.N.C 10 

Bubo  virginianus    85,  133 

Buteo  borealis 132 

srvainsoni 132 

Calcarius  ornatus 1 46 

lapponicus    145 

Calidris  arenaria    131 


154 


The  Ottawa  Naturalist. 


[March 


Calypso    bulbosa 56 

Camassia  quamash  albiflora 57 

56 

Canachites    franfylini 84 

Canvas  Back   83 

Carpodacus    cassini 87 

purpureus 145 

Carex  feia    56 

obnupla    55 

praticola    55 

Caribou,  Migration  of  Barren 

Ground    1 07 

Carychium   exile   canadense 45 

exiguum 44 

Castilleja  Dixonii 56 

Catbird   148 

Centronix  bairdii 1 46 

Cecidomyia    14 

Certhia   familiarus    monianus ....  88 

Ceryle   alc^on    85,  133 

Charilonetla  albeola 83,  130 

Charadrius  dominicus 1 32 

Chordeiles  virginianus   133 

Chaetura  pelagica 1 33 

Chaulelasmus  streperus    82,  130 

Chasmops  breviceps 1 23 

Chickadee    1 49 

Columbian    88 

Hudsonian 149 

Mountain    88 

Chinychia  angusta   121 

Circus  hudsonius    84 

Cinclus   mexicanus   unicolor 88 

Circinaria   concava    21 

Clangula  clangula  americana.  .83,  130 

islandica 83 

Claosaurus  annectens 1 39 

Claytonia  lanceolata    56 

Clidophorus  neglectus    103 

Cochlicopa  lubrica 44 

morseana  ....  44 

Colapies  cafer  collaris 85,  1 33 

auratus  luieus 133 

Colinus  virginianus  virginianus ...  89 

Columbia  fasciata    1 39 

Colymbus  holboelii   81 

auritus    82,  1 29 

Conularia  formosa 122 

Coot   83,131 

Cornulites   corrugatus    99 


Corydalis  Scouleri 55 

Corvus   brachryhynchos   hesperis.  86 

corax  principalis    86 

Council,  Report   1916-1917 7 

Cow    Bird    134 

Crane    140 

Creeper,  Rocky  Mountain 88 

Criddle,  Norman,  articles 

by 74,  104,  151 

Crossbill   87,145 

Crow,  American 134 

Western 86 

Cryptoglaux  acadica  acadica.  .85,  132 

funerea   richardsoni .  85 

Curlew,  Long  Billed 1 40 

Hudsonian 1 40 

Eskimo 140 

Cyanocilta  stellera  annectens ....  86 

crisiaia 1 34 

Cyrtodonta   affinis 1 03 

persimilis 1 03 

Cyriolites    ornaius 122 

Dafila  acuta 82 

Dalmanella  jugosa  subplicata ....  99 

Dendragopus  obscurus  richardsoni  84 

Dendroica  aestiva 1 47 

caerulescens 1 52 

maculosa    147 

virens    1 48 

Dinorthis  subquadrata   100 

Diarthronomyia  floccosa 13 

calif ornica    13 

occidentalia    ....  14 

artemisia 14 

Dipper    88 

Dowitcher    131 

Dove,  Western  Mourning 84 

Dryobates  pubescens  homorus  ...  85 

medicanus  .  1 33 

villosus  monticola  ....  85 

"       133 

Duck,   Scaup 83 

Lesser  Scamp 83 

Ring-necked    83 

Canvas-back     130 

American   Scaup 130 

"        Ruddy    140 

"      Wood  140 

Eagle,  Northern  Bald 84 

Golden    84 


1918] 


The  Ottawa  Naturalist. 


155 


Edmontosaurus  regalis   66 

Elatine  americana    55 

Empidonax  traillii   133 

minimus     1 34 

Enlosphenus  rvdderi 23 

Epilobium  lacliflorum   54 

Erethizon  epixanthus   113 

dorsalus     113 

Erigeron  philadelphicus   glabra.  .      57 
salsuginosus  augustifolius    55 

Erismaiura  jamaicensis    131 

Erythronium  smilhii 55 

Eriophyes    14 

Ethno-Botany,  Some  Notes  on.  .  .      27 
Euconulus  chersinus  polygyralus .      22 

fulvus 22 

Euphagus  cyanocephalus 86,  1 45 

carolinus    1 34 

Euphorbia  hirsuta 55 

Excursions 12,  149 

leaders  at 2 

Falco  columbiarus  sucfylei 85 

columbiarus  columbiarus  84,  132 

peregrinus    anatum 84 

spaverius  phalaena 85 

"  132 

richardsonii    1 32 

Felt,  E.  P.,  article  by 13 

Finch,  Cassin's  Purple 87 

Gray-crowned  Rosy 87 

Hepburn's    Rosy 87 

*        Purple 145 

Flicker,  Red-shafted   85,  133 

Northern    133 

Flora  of   the   Rocky   Mountains 

and  adjacent  Plains 143 

Flycatcher,  Traill    1 33 

Least 134 

Foerste,  A.  F.,  article  by 97,  121 

Fulica  americana 83,  131 

Fur  Seals   141 

Caleoscoptes  carolinensis 1 48 

Galls,  Midge,  of  Composites.  ...      13 

Callinago  delicata   84,  131 

Gadwell    82,130 

Gavia  imber 82 

slellata 82 

Casirodonla  interlexia 41 

ligera     41 

Geese,  Wild 32 


Ceniiana  sceplrum 56 

Geothlypis  trichas 1 48 

Claucidium   gnoma  gnoma 85 

Glyceria  leptostachya    55 

Gnat-catcher,  Blue-gray,  dis- 
appearance   of 45 

Godwit,  Marbled 131 

Golden-eye 83,  1 30 

Barrow's 83 

Goldfinch,  Pale 87 

American 1 45 

Goose,  Canada 131 

Hutchins 140 

Gormley,  Note  by  A.  L 32 

Goshawk 84 

Grackle,  Bronzed 145 

Grebe,    Holboell's 81 

"       Horned    82,129 

"        Red-billed   82 

"       Western 81,129 

^  "        Pied-billed     129 

Crindelia  oregona   Willfesiana ...      56 
Grosbeak,   Western   Evening.  ...      86 

Evening    110,  145 

Pine   145 

Rose-breasted 147 

Rocky  Mountain  Pine     86 

Grouse,  Canada  Ruffed 84,  132 

Columbian    Sharp-tailed .      84 

Franklin's   84 

Richardson's    84 

Sharp-tailed    1 32 

Gull,  California 82 

1     Herring    82,130 

Franklin  Rosy   130 

Habia  ludoviciana   1 47 

Hadrosaur,  a  new  genus  and 
species  of  Crestless,  from  Ed- 
monton Formation  of  Alberta.      65 

Hawk,  Black  Pigeon 85 

Duck    84 

Marsh 84,  132 

Dessert  Sparrow 85 

Pigeon    84,132 

Rough-legged 84,  132 

Sharp-shinned     84 

Red-tailed    74,132 

Swainson     1 32 

American   Sparrow 132 

Night 133 


156 


The  Ottawa  Naturalist. 


[March 


Haliaeius  leucocephalus  alascanus  84 

Hallopora  obliqua 36 

varia    36 

Helicodiscus  parallelus 42 

Helicoioma  brocfyi 122 

H elminthophila  celata 1 47 

peregrina 1 47 

Helodromas   solitarius 131 

Henry,  J.  K.,  article  by 54 

H  esperiphona  vespertina  montana  86 

118,145 

Hewitt,  Dr.  C.  Gordon,  honoured  94 

Hirundo  erythrogaster 147 

Hormoloma  gracilis 122 

Huntsman,  A.  G.,  article  by.  .  .  .  23 

Hurst,  Blythe,  article  by 45 

Hydrochelidon  nigra  surinamensis  130 

Hylocichla  fuscescens  . 1 49 

ustulata  sTvainsonii.  ...  149 

guttata 149 

Hypopitys  brevis    55 

I chth\)om))zon  bdellium 24 

Icterus  galbula   134 

Insect  Galls    13 

Isoetes  Nuttallii    54 

maritima 54 

Iridoprocne  bicolor 147 

Ixoreus  naevius  naevius 89 

Jay,    Black-headed 86 

Rocky  Mountain   86 

Blue    134 

Canada 1 34 

Junco,  Shufeldt's 87 

Slate-coloured    1 46 

Junco  hyemalis  connectens 87 

146 

Killdeer    84 

Kindle,  E.  M.,  article  by 107 

Kingbird 133 

Arkansas    151 

Kinglet,  Western  Golden -crowned  88 

Ruby-crowned 1 49 

Sitka    88 

Kingfisher,  Belted   85,  133 

Lagopus  leucurus  leucurus 84 

Lambe,  L.  M.,  articles  by.  ..  .65,  135 

Lampreys  of  Eastern  Canada ....  23 

Lanivereo  solitarius 1 47 

Lanius  borealis , 88 

ludovicianus    1 47 


Lark,  Pallid  Horned 86 

"     Horned    134 

Western  Meadow    1 34 

Larus  argenlatus    82,  130 

calif  ornicus ,      82 

franfflinii 1 30 

Leaves,  Why  they  change  colour  80 
Lectures,  Winter,  1917-1918....  79 
LeLacheur,  G.,  Report  as 

Treasurer  O.F.N.C 11 

Leptaena  unicostata v  101 

Leucosticle  tephrocotis  tephrocoiis     87 

littoralis  .  .      87 

Lichas   halli 1 24 

Lichenocrinus   tuberculatus 99 

Limax  maximus    41 

Limosa  fedoa 131 

Limosella  tenuifolia 54,  56 

Listera  caurina 54 

Little  Bay  de  Noquette,  Richmond 
Faunas       of,       in       Northern 

Michigan   97,121 

Longspur,  Lapland 1 45 

Chestnut-collared    ....    1 45 

Loon 82 

"     Red-throated    82 

Lophospira  bicincla 1 22 

Loxia  curvirostra  minor 87,  145 

Lythrum  Salicaria  tomentosum.  .  55 
Lophortyx   californica   californica     89 

Lycosa  missouriensis 1 04 

"       jvrightii  104 

Macnamara,  Chas.,  articles 

by 49,  111,  113 

Macoun,  J.  M.,  lecture  by 141 

Mallard     ....82,130 

Magpie   86 

Mareca    americana    82,  130 

Marila  vallisnera   83,  1 30 

marila    83,  1 30 

affinis 83 

collaris    83 

americana    82,  1 30 

Martin,   Purple    49 

Macrorhamphus  griseus 131 

Mather,  F.,  article  by .      33 

Meadowlark,   Western    86 

Melica  Geyri 55 

Smithii 55 

Melospiza  melodia  rufina 88 


1918] 


The  Ottawa  Naturalist. 


15: 


Melospiza  melodia 1 46 

lincolnii 1 46 

georgiana 1 46 

Members,  List  of 3 

Merganser    82 

Red-breasted    82 

Mergus  americanus 82 

serralor   82 

Merlin,  Richardson 1 32 

Microtus  pennsylvanicus 91 

Miiella   caulescens    55 

Mniotilla  varia 147 

Mollusca,  Land,  of  DeGrassi 

Point,  Ont 1 7,  40 

Molothrus  ater 1 34 

Montia  Chamissoi 55 

diffusa 56 

Mouse,   Meadow    91 

Deer,  devouring  young.  63 

Munro,  J.,  article  by 81 

Museums,  Widespread  influence 

of  Children's    59 

Museum,  Nova  Scotia 96 

Mustela  pennanii 115 

Myadestes  iownsendi 89 

Myiochanes  richardsonii 1 33 

Nannus   hiemalis   pacificus 88 

Numenius  americanus 140 

borealis    140 

hudsonicus    140 

Nyctia  nyctia 85 

Nellion  carolinense    82,  1 30 

N  ervberrya  congesia    55 

Notes 15,32,47,63,94,  11,  151 

Nucifraga  columbiana 86 

Nutcracker,  Clarke's 86 

Nuthatch,  Red-breasted 88,  148 

Rocky  Mountain 88 

Pigmy , .  88 

White-breasted    148 

Obituary: 

W.  H.  Harrington 1 50 

R.  B.  Whyte 151 

Oidemia   deglandi    131 

Olor 83 

Omphalina  fuliginosa    21 

inornata     21 

Octocoris  alpestris  ariicola 86 

alpestris 134 

O.F.N.C.  Report  Year  1916-1917      7 


Okanagan  Orchard,  Birds  of  an.    118 

Opislhoptera  casei   121 

Oporcrnis  Philadelphia 148 

Orthoceras  amplicameratum 122 

Oriole   134 

Otus  asio  macfarlanei 85 

Oven   Bird 148 

Owl,  Great   Horned    85,  133 

Great  Grey 85 

"     Hawk  85 

"      Pigmy 85 

Snowy    85 

MacFarlane's  Screech  ....      85 

"      Saw-wheat    85,  132 

Richardson's 85 

"      Short-eared    85,  132 

Long-eared    85,  132 

Oxyechus  vociferus   84,  132 

Paedeumias    robsonensis    77 

Pallifera  dorsalis   42 

Partridge,  European    89 

Passer   domesticus    89 

Passcrella  iliaca 147 

Passerina  nivalis 1 45 

Passerculus  sandrvichensis 1 46 

Patch,  C.  L.,  articles  by 32,  46,  63 

Pedicularis    ornithorhyncha 55 

racemosa    54 

Pedioeceies  phasianellus  campestris   84 

132 

Pelecanus    erythrorhynchos 130 

Pelican,  American  White 130 

Peloria    Flowers    on    Ivywort    or 

Ivy-leaved  Toadflax 45 

Penthestes  hudsonicus  columbianus    88 

149 

alricapellus 

atricapellus    88,  149 

gambeli  gambeli 88 

Perenopora  decipiens 99 

Perisoreus  canadensis  capitalis.  .  .      86 

134 

Petrochelidon  lunifrons 147 

Petromyzon  marinus    25 

dorsaius     .  .     25 

Pewee,  Western  Wood 1 33 

Pica  pica  hudsonia 86 

Pigeon,  Band-tailed 139 

Picoides   americanus  fasciatus ...      85 
arciicus   85,  133 


1.58 


The  Ottawa  Naturalist. 


[March 


Pinicola  enucleator  leucura 86 

145 

Pintail    82 

Pipit,  Americana 1 48 

Pisobia  maculata 131 

minutilla    131 

Pipilo  maculatus  monlanus 88 

Phalarope,  Northern 131 

Wilson    131 

Phalaropus  lobalus 131 

Phasianus  lorqualus 89 

Philomycus  carolinensis 42 

Phoebe    133 

Say    133 

Pheasant,  Ring-necked   89 

Phloeoiomus  pileatus  abieticola .  .  85 

Pholadomorpha  phodadiformis.  .  .  122 

Phlox  diffusa    54 

Plectambonites    curdsvillensis .  ...  39 

puncloslriaius    .  .  38 

Plasopora  simulalrix  orientalis .  .  .  40 

Planesticus  migratorius  propinquus  89 

Pleuricospora  fimbriolala    55 

Plover,  American  Golden  .  .  .  .29,  132 

"        Black-bellied    132 

"        Kildeer 132 

Semipalmated 132 

Podilymhus  podiceps 82,  129 

Poocoeies  gramineus 146 

Polygyra  albolabris 20 

fraterna    21 

fraudulenta    20 

sayana 21 

palliata 20 

thyroides 20 

tridenlata    20 

Pope,  Wm.,  Notes  from 

Journal   of    60,89 

Porcupine,  Canada 113 

Porzana  Carolina   131 

Potentilla  dissecta  glaucophylla .  .  55 
Prunella  vulgaris  lanceolata 

Candida 55 

Punctum  pygmaeum 42 

Ptarmigan,  White-tailed 84 

Pterinea  demissa 121 

Pterygometopus  carleyi 124 

Pyramidula  alternata . .  41 

cronfyhitei   anthonyi.  .  41 

Quail,  California 89 


Querquedula  discors    I  5G 

Quiscalus  quiscula   145 

Rafinesquina  alternata 102 

breviusculus 101 

pergibbosa   101 

deltoidea 40 

Raven,  Northern 86 

Rail,  Carolina 131 

Redhead 82,130 

Red-poll    87,145 

Hoary 87 

Red-wing,    Northwestern    86 

Redstart,  American 1 48 

Ribes  Lobbii 56 

Riparia  riparia 1 47 

Robin,  Western 89 

American    1 49 

Rubus  macropetalus 56 

spectabilis    56 

Rural  Planning  and  development  94 

Regulus  calendula  grinnelli 88 

149 

satropa  olivaceus    88 

Rhopalomyia  alticola 14 

belheliana    14 

gnaphalodis    14 

coloradella 14 

tridentatae    14 

ampullaria     14 

Sapsucked,  Yellow-bellied 133 

Sanderling 131 

Sandpiper,  Pectoral 131 

Least    131 

Solitary    131 

Saunders,  W.  E.,  article  by   ...  .  45 

Sayornis  phoebe 133 

sa$a    1 33 

Seiophaga  ruticilla 1 48 

Scoptiaptex  nebulosa  nebulosa.  .  .  85 

Scoter,  White-winged 131 

Seiurus  aurocapillus 148 

noveboracensis   notabilis.  .  148 

Shrike,   Northern 88 

White-rumped    1 47 

Shoveller    130 

Siskin,   Pine   87,  145 

Sialia  mexicqna  occidenlalis 89 

arctica 149 

Sidneyia  inexpeclans   78 

Sisyrinchium  idahoensis  birameum  58 


1918] 


The  Ottawa  Naturalist. 


159 


Sisyrinchium  segetum 56 

Sitia  canadensis    88,  1 48 

carolinensis  nelsoni 88 

148 

pygmaea  pymaea   88 

Smith,  Harlan  I.,  articles  by.  .  .59.  96 

Snipe,  Wilson's    84,  1 3 1 

Snowflake 1 45 

Solitaire,  Townsend's    89 

Soper,  J.  D.,  articles  by 91,  129 

Sparrow,  English 89 

Baird 146 

Chipping 1 46 

Clay-coloured    146 

Nelson    146 

Fox    147 

Gambel's 87 

Leconte 1 46 

Harris 87 

Western  Tree 87 

Lincoln   1 46 

White-crowned 146 

White-throated 146 

Tree 146 

Song   146 

Swamp    1 46 

Sooty  Song 88 

Savanah    146 

Vesper    1 46 

Spatula  clypeata 1 30 

Spiders,  Two  Burrowing,  in 

Manitoba 104 

Spizella  monticola  ochracea.  .  .87,  146 

socialis    1 46 

pallida 146 

Sphyraduim  endenlulum 42 

Sphyrapicus  varius 1 33 

Spinus  pinus   87,  1 45 

Spoon-bill 130 

Squatarola  squatarola    132 

Slrobilops  virgo 43 

Steganopus   tricolor    131 

Streptelasma  rusticum 99 

Slrophomena  parvula 102 

other  species  of  102,  103 

Sturnella  neglecta 86,  134 

Subularia  aquatica 55 

Succinea  avara 42 

retusa   42 

decampii    42 


Succinea  ovalis 42 

iolteniana 42 

Surnia  ulula  caparoch 85 

Swans 1 40 

Swallow,  Rough-winged,  near 

Ottawa    46 

Swallow,  Tree 31,  147 

Bank 147 

Barn    147 

Cliff   147 

Swift,  Chimney   1 33 

Synhomalonotus   christyi 124 

Symphemia  semipalmaia   131 

Teal,    Green-winged 82,  130 

Blue-winged 130 

Telmatodytes  palustris  plesius.  ...  88 

148 

Tern,  Black 130 

Thrush,  Varied   89 

Olive-backed 149 

Hermit 149 

Grinnell  Water 148 

"         Wilson 149 

Tiarella  laciniata 54 

Totanus  melanoleucus 131 

flavipes    131 

Towhee,  Spurred 88 

Treasurer's  Statement,   1916-17..  11 

Trachodon  mirabilis 135 

Trifolium  arvense 55 

Trematis  sp 37 

Trilobite,  Lower  Cambrian 77 

Trillium  ovatum 56 

Troglodytes  aedon 148 

Trypetid   14 

Tygospira  recurviroslris  turgida.  .  103 

Tyrannus  tyrannus 133 

vcrticalis    151 

Valloria  costata 44 

pulchella 44 

Verbena  hastata 55 

Veronica  americana  rosea 56 

scutellata  villosa  ....  56 
Vertebrates,  Outlines  of  Com- 
parative Anatomy  of 127 

Vertigo  elatior 43 

gouldii    44 

milium    44 

ovata 43 

ventricosa    43 


160 


The  Ottawa  Naturalist. 


[March 


Viola  pallens 56 

Vireo,  Blue-headed 147 

"       Philadelphia 147 

"       Red-eyed 147 

"       Warbling 147 

Vireosylva  giha 1 47 

olivacea    ....'. 1 47 

philadelphica 147 

Vitrea  binneyana 22 

cellaria    22 

ferrea 22 

multidentata    22 

hammonis    22 

indentata 22 

rhoadsi    22 

Viirina  limpida 21 

Warbler,  Black  and  White 147 

Black-throated  Green.  .  148 

Black-throated   Blue...  152 

Canadian 1 48 

Magnolia 147 

Orange-crowned 147 

Mourning  Warbler....  148 

Tennessee 1 47 

Yellow .  147 

Wilson 148 

Walker,  E.  M.,  article  by 17,  40 

Warwick,  F.  W.,  article  by 110 

Waugh,  F.  W.,  article  by 27 

Waxwing,  Bohemian 32,  88 

Cedar    147 

Widgeon,  American    130 


Wolfe  Island,  Trenton  Fauna  of.  33 

Willet 131 

Wihonia  canadensis 1 48 

pusilla    1 48 

Woodpecker,  Alaska  three-toed.  .  85 

Arctic  three-toed  85,  133 

Batchelder's 85 

Northern  Pileated..  85 

White-headed    ....  85 
Rocky  Mountain 

Hairy 85 

Hairy    133 

Downy    133 

Wren,  Western  Winter 88 

Western  Marsh 88 

House   1 48 

"        Marsh   148 

Xanlhocephalus  xanthocephalus.  .  134 

Xenopicus  albolarvatus 85 

Yellow-legs,  Greater 131 

Lesser   131 

Yellow-throat,  Maryland   148 

Zenaidura  macroura  marginella.  84 

Zonitoides  arborea 40 

exigua     40 

milium    40 

nitida    22 

Zonotrichia  querula 87 

albicollis    146 

leucophrys  gambeli.  .  87 

146 

Zygospira  recurvirostris  iurgida.  .  103 


"»»V  V       f 


V. 

'k 

APRIL,  1917 

V¥l.  XXXI.  No.  1. 

THE 

OTTAWA 
NATURALIST 


Pvblished  by  The  Ottawa  Field-Naturalists'  Club 


Editor: 

ARTHUR  GIBSON, 

Entomological  Branch,   Department  of    Agriculture, 

OTTAWA. 

Associate  Editors: 

Harlan  I.  Smith.                 W.  H.  Harrington,  P.  A.  Tavhrner, 

Anthropology.                               Entomology.  Ornithology. 

M.  O.  Malte,  Ph.D.,            M.  Y.  Williams,  Ph.D.,  L.  M.  Lambe,  F.G.S.. 

Botany.                                    Geology.  Palaeontology. 

Prof.JohnMacoun.M.A.,    Otto  Klotz,  LLD.,  C.  Gordon  Hkwiw,  D.Sc, 

Conchology.                             Meteorology.  Zoology. 


CONTENTS: 


Council  and  Leaders  of  Excursions,  1917-1918 2 

List  of  Members : 3 

Annual  Report,  1916-1917 . 7 

Treasurer's  Report 11 

Spring  Excursions 12 

Little  Known  Midge  Galls  of  Certain  Composites.    By  E.  P.  Felt-  13 

Notes    IS 


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The  Ottawa  Field-Naturalists'  Club 


Patron: 

HIS  EXCELLENCY  THE  DUKE  OF  DEVONSHIRE 
Governor-General  of  Canada. 

COUNCIL  1917-18. 

President: 
Mr.  Harlan  I.  Smith. 

Vice-Presidents: 
Dr.  C.  Gordon  Hewitt.  Dr.  M.  Y.  Williams. 


Secretary: 
Mr.  L.  D.  Burling, 

(Victoria  Memorial  Museum). 

Editor: 

Mr.  Arthur  Gibson, 

(Entomological  Branch, 

Dept.  of  Agriculture). 

Mr.  P.  A.  Taverner. 
Mr.  F.  W.  Waugh. 
Mr.  C.  M.  Sternberg. 
Mr.  W.  T.  Macoun. 


Treasurer: 

Mr.  J.  R.  Dymond, 

(Seed  Branch,  Dept.  of 
Agriculture). 

Librarian: 

Mr.  H.  B.  Sifton, 

(Seed  Branch,  Dept.  of 

Agriculture). 

Mr.  C.  L.  Patch. 
Miss  F.  Fyles. 
Mr.  G.  A.  Millar. 
Miss  E.  Cowan. 


Publications: 


Excur lions: 


Lectures' 


Standing  Committees  of  Council: 
Dr.  C.  G.  Hewitt,  A.  Gibson,  J.  R.  Dymond,  L.  D.  Burling, 
H.  B.  Sifton. 

F.  W.  Waugh,  Dr.  M.  Y.  Williams,  H.  B.  Sifton,  C.  M.  Stern- 
berg, Miss  F.  Fyles,  G.  A.  Millar,  Miss  E.  Cowan,  C.L.  Patch. 

Arthur  Gibson,  Dr.  C.  G.  Hewitt,  Dr.  M.  Y.  Williams,  P.  A. 
Taverner,  L.  D.  Burling,  W.  T.  Macoun. 


Trust  Funds:    W.  T.  Macoun,  Dr.  C.  G.  Hewitt,  R.  B.  Whyte,  Dr.  H.  M.  Ami. 


Leaders  at  Excursions: 

Harlan  I.  Smith,  F.  W.  Waugh,  W.  J.  Wintemberg,  T.  W.  E 
Sowter,  J.  Ballantyne. 

Miss  F.  Fyles,  W.  T.  Macoun,  J.  M.  Macoun,  Mrs.  A.  F. 

Brown,  Dr.  M.  O.  Malte,  J.  R.  Dymond,  E.  C.  Wight,  H.  B. 

Sifton,  G.  A.  Millar,  Miss  E.  Cowan. 

Arthur  Gibson,  W.  H.  Harrington,  Dr.  C.  G.  Hewitt,  J.  M. 

Swaine,  F.  W.  L.  Sladen. 

Dr.  E.  M.  Kindle,  Dr.  M.  Y.  Williams,  H.  McGillivray,  L.  D. 

Burling,  E.  Poitevin,  Dr.  M.  E.  Wilson. 

C.  L.  Patch,  P.  A.  Taverner,  Dr.  M.  Y.  Williams,  A.  G. 

Kingston. 

A.  Halkett,  E.  E.  Lemieux,  E.  A.  LeSueur,  C.  H.  Young, 

Dr.  R.  M.  Anderson. 

Photography:     W.  S.  Hutton. 

Auditors: 
J.  Ballantyne.  E.  C.  Wight. 

Membership  Fee  to  O.F.N.O.,  with  "Ottawa  Naturalist," 

$1.00  per  annum, 


Archaeology: 
Botany : 

Entomology: 
Geology: 
Ornithology: 
Zoology: 


/* 


M  AY,  1917 

Vol.  XXXI,  No.  2. 


THE 

OTTAWA 
NATURALIST 


Published  by  The  Ottawa  Field-Naturalists'  Club 


Editor: 

ARTHUR  GIBSON, 

Entomological   Branch,   Department   of    Agriculture, 

OTTAWA. 

Associate  Editors: 

Harlan  I.  Smith.  W.  H.  Harrington,  P.  A.  Taverner, 

Anthropology.  Entomology.  Ornithology. 

M.  O.  MalTE,  Ph.D.,  M.  Y.  Williams,  Ph.D.,  L.  M.  Lambe,  F.G.S.. 

Botany.  Geology.  Palaeontology. 

Prof.JohnMacoun.M.A.,  Otto  Klotz,  L-L.D..  C.  Gordon  Hewitt,  D.Sc, 

Conchology.  Meteorology.  Zoology. 


CONTENTS: 


Notes  on  the  Land  Mollusca  of  De  Grassi  Point,  Lake  Simcoe, 

and  other  Ontario  localities.    By  E.  M.  Walker 17 

The  Lampreys  of  Eastern  Canada.    By  A.  G.  Huntsman 23 

Some  Notes  on  Ethno-Botany.    By  F.  W.  Waugh 27 

The  American  Golden  Plover  in  Eastern  Ontario.    By  E.  Beaupre     29 

Notes:  The  occurrence  of  the  Bohemian  Waxwing  at  Arnprior; 
Book  Notice  of  Guyer's  "Animal  Micrology";  Ottawa 
Bird  Note 32 


The  Dadson-Merrill  Press,  Limited. 

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John  B.  Fraser,  Vice-President. 
Sir  Henry  N.  Bate,  Russell  Blackburn, 
George    Burn,     Sir    Henry    K.     Bgan, 
Alexander    Maclaren,     Denis    Murphy, 
Hon.   Sir  George  H.  Perley,   Edwin  C. 
Whitney. 

ALWAYS  AT  YOUR 
SERVICE 

The  Ottawa  Gas  Co. 
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W.  Duthle,  Chief  Inspector. 

JEWELLER  &  OPTICIAN       J.     E.     WILMOT  EYM  TESTED  FREE 

C.  P.  R.  Watch  inspector.  -^  g^^  g^   Qft^ 


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Glasses  call  and  see  ua. 


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OTTAWA-  MONTREAL-TORONTO 

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Bookbinders,  Makers  of  Fine  Catalogues,  Manufacturers 

and  Devisers  of  Loose  Leaf  Systems. 


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(ESTABLISHED    1800) 

MANUFACTURING  CHEMISTS 

Importers  and   Dealers  in  Chemical   and  Assay  Apparatus. 

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Seeds — Plants — Bulbs 

Our  rigorous  system  of  testing  elimin- 
ates loss  and  disappointment 
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&  SONS,  Limited 

SEED   AND    BULB   MERCHANTS  Market  Square,  OTTAWA. 


W.  A.  RANKIN  F™e  Buyers' 

410-412  Bank  Street  Hardware 

OTTAWA  Refrigerators  and 

PHONES       -       -       Queen  1023-1024  HaitllllOCkS 


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132  Queen  Street 

OTTAWA 

Manufacturers  of  Riker  Specimen   Mounts, 

Natural  History  Specimen  Trays,  Glass  Topped  Boxes, 

Millboard  Mailing  Boxes,  Tubes,  Etc. 

C.    A.   Olmsted   &  Son 

Jewellers,  Opticians,  Watchmakers  &  Engravers 

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MACDONALD  &   CO. 

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Cor.  Bank  and  Queen  Sts.  Ottawa. 

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GENERAL  TRUSTS 

CORPORATION 


CAPITAL 
RESERVE 


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ranging  in  value  from  (500  to  ♦5,000.000 
each,  is  tbe  best  guarantee  that  you 
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poration. 

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&  Co. 

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WARD'S  NAT.  SCIENCE 
ESTABLISHMENT 

ROCHESTER,  N.Y.,   U.S.A. 


We  are  the  headquarters  in  the 
United  States  of  America  for  entomo- 
logical supplies  and  specimens. 

Sole  manufacturers  of  the  genuine 
Schmitt  boxes,  exhibition  cases  and 
cabinets,  also  of  the  American  Ento- 
mological Company's  insect  pins. 

Riker  mounts  and  botanical  mounts 
always  on  hand,  also  Riker  botanical 
presses. 

Send  for  our  supply  catalogue  No. 
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TYPEWRITERS 

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WE  SPECIALIZE  IN  PRESCRIPTION 

WORK.     HEADQUARTERS  FOR 

TOILET  ARTICLES. 

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OTTAWA 


The  Ottawa  Field -Naturalists'  Club 


Patron: 

HIS  EXCELLENCY  THE  DUKE  OF  DEVONSHIRE 

Governor-General  of  Canada. 

COUNCIL  1917-18. 

President: 

Mr.  Harlan  I.  Smith. 

Vice-Presidents: 

Dr.  C.  Gordon  Hewitt.  Dr.  M.  Y.  Williams. 


Secretary: 
Mr.  L.  D.  Burling, 

(Victoria  Memorial  Museum). 

Editor: 

Mr.  Arthur  Gibson, 

(Entomological  Branch, 

Dept.  of  Agriculture). 

Mr.  P.  A.  Taverner. 
Mr.  F.  W.  Waugh. 
Mr.  C.  M.  Sternberg. 
Mr.  W.  T.  Macoun. 


Treasurer: 
Mr.  J.  R.  Dymond, 

(Seed  Branch,  Dept.  of 
Agriculture). 

Librarian: 

Mr.  H.  B.  Sifton, 

(Seed  Branch,  Dept.  of 

Agriculture). 

Mr.  C.  L.  Patch. 
Miss  F.  Fyles. 
Mr.  G.  A.  Millar. 
Miss  E.  Cowan. 


Publications: 
Ex  curt  ions . 
Lectures  •" 


Standing  Committees  of  Council: 
Dr.  C.  G.  Hewitt,  A.  Gibson,  J.  R.  Dymond,  L.  D.  Burling, 
H.  B.  Sifton. 

F.  W.  Waugh,  Dr.  M.  Y.  Williams,  H.  B.  Sifton,  C.  M.  Stern- 
berg, Miss  F.  Fyles,  G.  A.  Millar,  Miss  E.  Cowan,  C.L.  Patch. 

Arthur  Gibson,  Dr.  G>,  G.  Hewitt,  Dr.  M.  Y.  Williams,  P.  A. 
Taverner,  L.  D.  Burling,  W.  T.  Macoun. 


Trust  Funds:    W.  T.  Macoun,  Dr.  C.  G.  Hewitt,  R.  B.  Whyte,  Dr.  H.  M.  Ami. 


Archaeology: 
Botanv: 

Entomology: 
Geology: 
Ornithology: 
Zoology: 
Photography : 


Leaders  at  Excursions: 

Harlan  I.  Smith,  F.  W.  Waugh,  W.  J.  Wintemberg,  T.  W.  E 
Sowter,  J.  Ballantyne. 

Miss  F.  Fyles,  W.  T.  Macoun,  J.  M.  Macoun,  Mrs.  A.  F. 
Brown,  Dr.  M.  O.  Malte,  J.  R.  Dymond,  E.  C.  Wight,  H.  B. 
Sifton,  G.  A.  Millar,  Miss  E.  Cowan. 

Arthur  Gibson,  W.  H.  Harrington,  Dr.  C.  G.  Hewitt,  J.  M. 
Swaine,  F.  W.  L.  Sladen. 

Dr.  E.  M.  Kindle,  Dr.  M.  Y.  Williams,  H.  McGillivray,  L.  D. 
Burling,  E.  Poitevin,  Dr.  M.  E.  Wilson. 

C.  L.  Patch,  P.  A.  Taverner,  Dr.  M.  Y.  Williams,  A.  G. 
Kingston. 

A.  Halkett,  E.  E.  Lemieux,  E.  A.  LeSueur,  C.  H.  Young, 
Dr.  R.  M.  Anderson. 
W.  S.  Hutton. 

Auditors: 
J.  Ballantyne.  E.  C.  Wight. 


Membership  Fee  to  O.F.N.O.,  with  "Ottawa  Naturalist,' 

$1.00  per  annum. 


*         JUNE-JULY,  1917 

*£S4&$&/$'  Vol.  XXXI.  Nos.  3  4  4. 

THE    '  vA-> 

OTTAWA 
NATURALIST 


Published  by  The  Ottawa  Field-Naturalists'  Club 


Editor: 

ARTHUR  GIBSON, 
Entomological  Branch,   Department  of    Agriculture, 

OTTAWA. 

Associate  Editors: 

Harlan  I,  Smith.                  W.  H.  Harrington,  P.  A.  Tavernbr, 

Anthropology.                                 Entomology.  Ornithology. 

SI.  O.  Malte,  Ph.D.,             M.  Y.  Williams,  Ph.D.,  L.  M.   Lambe,  F.G.S.. 

Botany.                                      Geology.  Palaeontology. 

Prqf.JohnMacoun.M.A.,    Otto  Klotz,  LLD..  C.  Gordon  Hewitt,  D.Sc, 

Conchology.                              Meteorology.  Zoology. 


CONTENTS: 


The  Trenton  Fauna  of  Wolfe  Island,  Ont.     By  Kirtley 

F.  Mather 33 

Notes  on  the  Land  Mollusca  of  De  Grassi  Point,  Lake  Simcoe, 

and  other  Ontario  Localities.    By  E.  M.  Walker 40 

Peloria    Flowers    on    Ivywort    or    Ivy-leaved    Toadflax.      By 

Blythe  Hurst 45 

Disappearance  of  the  Blue  Gray  Gnat-Catcher.     By  W.  E. 

Saunders 45 

The  Rough-winged  Swallow  near  Ottawa.    By  C.  L.  Patch 46 

Notes 47 

The  Dadson-Merrill  Press,  Limited. 
issued    August  14TH,  1917. 
Entered  at  Ottawa  Post  OJice  as  second  class  matUr. 


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pes 
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LIMITED 
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The  BANK  OF  OTTAWA 

Established  1874. 


Capital  Paid  Up  and  Rest 9  8,760,000 

Total  Assets  Over 155,000,00 


BOARD  OF  DIRECTORS 

Hon.  George  Bryson,  President. 

John  B.  Fraser,  Vice-President. 
Sir  Henry  N.  Bate,  Russell  Blackburn, 
George  Burn,  Sir  Henry  K.  Egan, 
Alexander  Maclaron,  Dents  Murphy, 
Hon.  Sir  George  H.  Perley,  Edwin  C. 
Whitney. 


D.  M.  Flnnie,  General  Manager. 
W.  Duthie,  Chief  Inspector. 


Dr.  Mark  G.  McElhinney 

BOOTH  BLDG.,  OTTAWA 

PHONE   QUEEN  2438. 
Dentist  to  certain   of  the  cognoscenti. 

ALWAYS  AT  YOUR 

SERVICE 

The  Ottawa  Gas  Co. 
The  Ottawa  Electric  Co. 


JEWELLER  &  OPTICIAN        J.      Ee 

C.  P.  R.  Watch  inspector.  ^  g^j^  ^   QttaWa. 


EYES  TESTED  FREE 

When  In  need  of  Eye 
Glasses  call  and  see  us. 


THE     TOPLEY     COMPANY 


PHOTOGRAPHIC  MATERIAL 
SCIENTIFIC  APPARATUS 


132  Sparks  St.,  Ottawa. 


The  Dadson-Merrill  Press 

GENERAL  PRINTERS  lim.ted 

LOOSE  LEAF  SUPPLIES,  COUNTER  CHECK   BOOKS. 

47-49  Bank  St.,  Ottawa.  Phone  Queen  3993. 

The  Mortimer  Co.,  Limited 

OTTAWA-  MONTREAL -TORONTO 

Designers,   Illustrators,   Photo    Engravers,   Printers,    Lithographers, 

Bookbinders,  Makers  of  Fine  Catalogues,   Manufacturers 

and  Devisers  of  Loose  Leaf  Systems. 

LYMANS,   LIMITED 

(ESTABLISHED    1800) 

MANUFACTURING  CHEMISTS 

Importers  and   Dealers  in  Chemical  and  Assay  Apparatus. 

ST.  PAUL  STREET,  MONTREAL. 

REBUILT    TYPEWRITERS 

M.  G.  BRISTOW 

36  Metcalfe  St. 
OTTAWA 

GROW  GOOD  CROPS 

Seeds — Plants — Bulbs 

Our  rigorous  system  of  testing  elimin- 
ates loss   and   disappointment 
from    your   garden. 

KENNETH  McDONALD 
&  SONS,  Limited 

EED  and    BULB   MERCHANTS  Market  Square,  OTTAWA. 


■■■*^=»«»»-  ■  — ■ — — — —  "~- 


W.  A.  RANKIN  Fi"e  Builders' 

410-412  Bank  Street  Hardware 

OTTAWA  Refrigerators  and 

PHONES       -       -       Queen  1023-1024  HamUlOCkS 


The  Ottawa  Paper    Box  Co. 

132  Queen  Street 
OTTAWA 

Manufacturers  of  Riker  Specimen  Mounts, 

Natural  History  Specimen  Trays,  Glass  Topped  Boxes, 

Millboard  Mailing  Boxes,  Tubes,  Etc. 

C.    A.    Olmsted   &  Son 

Jewellers,  Opticians,  Watchmakers  &  Engravers 

Dealers  in  Fine  Diamonds,  Sterling  Silver, 
Electro  Plated  Ware  and  Rich  Cut  Glass. 
"THE  STORE  OF   MODERATE   PRICES" 


208  SPARKS  ST.,  OTTAWA.       Phone  Queen  1430 

MACDONALD   &   CO. 

MEN'S  OUTFITTERS 
Cor.  Bank  and  Queen  Sts.  Ottawa. 

L.    C.   Smith   &   Bros.  Typewriter 

BUILT   LIKE  A  WATCH. 
MOST  POPULAR  TYPEWRITER  TO-DAY. 

OTTAWA  TYPEWRITER  CO.,  Limited 

The    Natural    Science    Store 

Entomological,  Botanical  and  Geological 
Apparatus  and  Supplies. 

VASCULUMS  EXHIBITION    MOUNTS      INSECT    BOXES 

ENTOMOLOGICAL   PINS        MAGNIFYING   GLASSES  RIKER    MOUNTS 
ENTOMOLOGICAL  STRETCHING    BOARDS    GEOLOGISTS'    HAMMERS 

COLLECTING    BOXES    COLLECTING    NETS  MICROSCOPES 

KILLING   VIALS  KILLING    BOTTLES  DISSECTING   SETS 

INSTRUMENT    REPAIRS   A   SPECIALTY. 

E.  R.  WATTS  &  SON,  CANADA,  LIMITED 

45  BANK  STREET,  OTTAWA.  „  ^•gZg'WRklPZQ. 


WE  DEAL  WITH  OUR  ADVERTISERS. 


James  Hope  &  Sons,  *"^"ffJ7^*T^7ww.r. 

63  Sparks  Street,  Ottawa 


Xi 


THE  ONTARIO  HUGHES  OWENS  CO.,  LIMITED 

SCIENTIFIC  APPARATUS  AND  DRAWING  MATERIALS 

WE  HAVE  A  MODERN  REPAIR  DEPARTMENT. 


529  Sussex  St.,  OTTAWA. 


THE  C.  C.  RAY  Co.  Ltd. 

PEST       fiA  A  T      LOWEST 
QUALITY  \jt\J<rL*-J      PRICES 


58  SPARKS  8T. 


Phone  Q.  461 


THE  TORONTO 

GENERAL  TRUSTS 

CORPORATION 


CAPITAL 

RESERVE 


$1,500,000 
$1,850,000 


Suocessful  administration  of  ESTATES 
ranging  in  value  from  $500  to  $5,000,090 
each,  is  the  best  guarantee  that  you 
may  confidently  name  as  your 
EXECUTOR  and  TRUSTEE  this  Cor- 
poration. 

JAMES  DAVEY,  Manager. 
Ottawa  Branch: 

Cor.  8PARK8  and  ELGIN  8T8. 


J.  G.  BUTTERWORTH 
&  Co. 

ALL-RAIL  SCRANTON  COAL 
HAS  NO  EQUAL. 

86    SPARKS   ST.,   OTTAWA 


WARD'S  NAT.  SCIENCE 
ESTABLISHMENT 

ROCHESTER,  N.Y.,  U.S.A. 


We  are  the  headquarters  in  the 
United  States  of  America  for  entomo- 
logical supplies  and  specimens. 

Sole  manufacturers  of  the  genuine 
Schmitt  boxes,  exhibition  cases  and 
cabinets,  also  of  the  American  Ento- 
mological Company's  insect  pins. 

Riker  mounts  and  botanical  mounts 
always  on  hand,  also  Riker  botanical 
presses. 

No. 


Phone  Q.  8028. 


R.  McGIFFIN,  Ltd. 

MEN'S  FINE  FURNISHINGS 
76  RIdeau  8t. 
106  8park8  St. 


STORE8  AT 


KURD  &  CO. 

HIGH-GRADE  SPORTING  GOODS, 
RIFLE8,  CARTRIDGE8,  Etc. 

191  Sparks  St.    -    Ottawa 


THE  SMITH  PREMIER 

AND  REMINGTON 

TYPEWRITERS 

The  World's  Two  Best  Typewriters. 

Federal  Typewriter  Co. 

Dealers 

100  QUEEN  STREET,  OTTAWA. 

Phone  Queen  6267. 

Demonstrations  gladly  given. 


WELDON  J.  GRAHAM 

DISPENSING   CHEMIST 

WE  SPECIALIZE  IN  PRESCRIPTION 

WORK.    HEADQUARTERS  FOR 

TOILET  ARTICLES. 

90  8PARK8  STREET,  OTTAWA 

Phones:  Q.  863,  Q.  8168. 


Fritchard  -Andrews 

Company 
ENGRAVERS 


Memorial  Tablets  in 
Brass  and  Bronze 


Church  Brass  Work 


Send  for  our  supply  catalogue 
30  and  other  lists  of  interest  to  collect-    284  SDQTkS  St. 


ors 


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Stores  i  243  BANK  ST. 
at     >806  SOMERSET  ST. 


OTTAWA 


The  Ottawa  Field-Naturalists'  Club 


Patron : 

HIS  EXCELLENCY  THE  DUKE  OF  DEVONSHIRE 

Governor-General  of  Canada. 

COUNCIL  1917-18. 

President: 
Mr.  Harlan  I.  Smith. 


Vice-Presidents 
Dr.  C.  Gordon  Hewitt. 

Secretary: 

Mr.  L.  D.  Burling, 

(Victoria  Memorial  Museum). 


Dr.  M.  Y.  Williams. 

Treasurer: 
Mr.  J.  R.  Dymond, 

(Seed  Branch,  Dept.  of 


Publications: 


Excursions: 


Lectures  '■ 


Agriculture). 

Librarian: 

Mr.  H.  B.  Sifton, 

(Seed  Branch,  Dept.  of 
Agriculture). 

Mr.  C.  L.  Patch. 
Miss  F.  Fyles. 
Mr.  G.  A.  Millar. 
Miss  E.  Cowan. 

Standing  Committees  of  Council: 
Dr.  C.  G.  Hewitt,  A.  Gibson,  J.  R.  Dymond,  L.  D.  Burling, 
H.  B.  Sifton. 

F.  W.  Waugh,  Dr.  M.  Y.  Williams,  H.  B.  Sifton,  C.  M.  Stern- 
berg. Miss  F.  Fyles,  G.  A.  Millar,  Miss  E.  Cowan,  C.L.  Patch. 
Arthur  Gibson,  Dr.  C.  G.  Hewitt,  Dr.  M.  Y.  Williams,  P.  A. 
Taverner,  L.  D.  Burling,  W.  T.  Macoun. 


Editor: 

Mr.  Arthur  Gibson, 

(Entomological  Branch, 

Dept.  of  Agriculture). 

Mr.  P.  A.  Taverner. 
Mr.  F.  W.  Waugh. 
Mr.  C.  M.  Sternberg. 
Mr.  W.  T.  Macoun. 


Trust  Funds:    W.  T.  Macoun,  Dr.  C.  G.  Hewitt,  R.  B.  Whyte,  Dr.  H.  M.  Ami. 


Archaeology 
Botany : 

Entomology : 
Geology: 


Leaders  at  Excursions: 

Harlan  I.  Smith,  F.  W.  Waugh,  W.  J.  Wintemberg,  T.  W.  E 

Sowter,  J.  Ballantyne. 

Miss  F.  Fyles,  W.  T.  Macoun.  J.  M.  Macoun,  Mrs.  A.  F. 

Brown,  Dr.  M.  O.  Malte,  J.  R.  Dymond,  E.  C.  Wight,  H.  B. 

Sifton,  G.  A.  Millar,  Miss  E.  Cowan. 

Arthur  Gibson.  W.  H.  Harrington,  Dr.  C.  G.  Hewitt,  J.  M. 

Swaine,  F.  W.  L.  Sladen. 

Dr.  E.  M.  Kindle,  Dr.  M.  Y.  Williams,  H.  McGillivray,  L.  D. 

Burling,  E.  Poitevin,  Dr.  M.  E.  Wilson. 
Ornithology:     C.  L.  Patch,  P.  A.  Taverner,  Dr.  M.  Y.  Williams,  A.   G. 

Kingston. 
Zoology:  A.  Halkett,  E.  E.  Lemieux,  E.  A.  LeSueur,  C.  H.  Young, 

Dr.  R.  M.  Anderson. 
Photography.    W.  S.  Hutton. 

Auditors: 
J.  Ballantyne.  E.  C.  Wight. 

Membership  Fee  to  O.F.N.C.,  with  "Ottawa  Naturalist," 

$1.00  per  annum. 


.>. 


^"    AUGUST-SEPT.,     1917 

_        f  Vol.  XXXI,  Nos.  S  &  6. 

THE   " 

OTTAWA 
NATURALIST 


Published  by  The  Ottawa  Field-Naturalists'  Club 


Editor: 

ARTHUR  GIBSON, 
Entomological  Branch,  Department  of  Agriculture, 

OTTAWA. 

Associate  Editors: 

Harlan  I.  Smith.  W.  H.  Harrington,         P.  A.  Taverner, 

Anthropology.  Entomology.                                     Ornithology. 

M.  O.  MalTE,  Ph.D.,  M.  Y.  Williams,  Ph.D.,   L.  M.  Lambe,  F.G.S.. 

Botany.  Geology.                                  Palaeontology. 

Prof.JohnMacoun.M.A.,  Otto  Klotz,  LLD..        C.  Gordon  Hewitt,  D.Sc, 

Conchology.  Meteorology.                                             Zoology. 


CONTENTS: 

The  Purple  Martin.    By  Charles  Macnamara 49 

Alberni  Notes  (Botany).    By  J.  K.  Henry 54 

Canada  and  United  States  will  Protect  Birds 58 

The  Widespread  Influence  of  the  Children's  Museum. 

By  Harlan  I.  Smith 59 

The  Journal  of  William  Pope 60 

Notes 63 

The  Dadson-Merrill  Press,  Limited. 
issued    November  13TH,  19 17. 
Entered  at  Ottawa  Post  Office  as  second  clan  matter. 


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Total  Assets  Over $55,000,00 

BOARD  OF  DIRECTORS 

Hon.  George  Bryson,  President. 

John  B.  Fraaer,  Vice-President. 
Sir  Henry  N.  Bate,  Russell  Blackburn, 
George  Burn,  Sir  Henry  K.  Egan, 
Alexander  Maclaren,  Denis  Murphy, 
Hon.  Sir  Qeorge  H.  Perley.  Edwin  C. 
Whitney. 


D.  M.  Flnnle,  General  Manager. 
W.  Duthie,  Chief  Inspector. 


Dr.  Mark  G.  McElhinney 

BOOTH  BLDG.,  OTTAWA 

PHONE   QUEEN  2438. 

Dentist  to  certain  of  the  cognoscenti. 

ALWAYS  AT  YOUR 
SERVICE 

The  Ottawa  Gas  Co. 
The  Ottawa  Electric  Co. 


JEWELLER  &  OPTICIAN       J.     E.     WILMOT  EYM  TESTED  FREE 

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(ESTABLISHED    1800) 

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Importers  and   Dealers   in  Chemical   and  Assay  Apparatus. 

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Jewellers,  Opticians,  Watchmakers  &  Engravers 

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CORPORATION 


CAPITAL 
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ranging  in  value  from  $500  to  J6,W0.»0o 
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EXECUTOR  and  TRUSTEE  this  Cor- 
poration. 

JAMES  DAVEY,  Manager. 
Ottawa  Branch: 

Cor.  SPARKS  and  ELGIN  ST8. 


J.  G.  BUTTERWORTH 
&  Co. 

ALL-RAIL  SCRANTON  COAL 
HAS  NO  EQUAL. 

86    8PARKS   ST.,   OTTAWA 


WARD'S  NAT.  SCIENCE 
ESTABLISHMENT 

ROCHESTER,  N.Y.,   U.S.A. 


We  are  the  headquarters  in  the 
United  States  of  America  for  entomo- 
logical supplies  and  specimens. 

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The  Ottawa  Field -Naturalists'  Club 


Patron: 

HIS  EXCELLENCY  THE  DUKE  OF  DEVONSHIRE 
Governor-General  of  Canada. 

COUNCIL  1917-18. 

President: 

Mr.  Harlan  I.  Smith. 


Vice-Presidents: 


Dr.  C.  Gordon  Hewitt. 

Secretary: 
Mr.  L.  D.  Burling, 

(Victoria  Memorial  Museum). 


Dr.  M.  Y.  Williams. 

Treasurer: 

Mr.  J.  R.  Dymond, 

(Seed  Branch,  Dept.  of 


Publications: 


Excursions: 


Lectures  '• 


Agriculture). 
Librarian: 

Mr.  H.  B.  Sifton, 

(Seed  Branch,  Dept.  of 

Agriculture). 

Mr.  C.  L.  Patch. 
Miss  F.  Fyles. 
Mr.  G.  A.  Millar. 
Miss  E.  Cowan. 

Standing  Committees  of  Council: 
Dr.  C.  G.  Hewitt,  A.  Gibson,  J.  R.  Dymond,  L.  D.  Burling, 
H.  B.  Sifton. 

F.  W.  Waugh,  Dr.  M.  Y.  Williams,  H.  B.  Sifton,  C.  M.  Stern- 
berg,  Miss  F.  Fyles,  G.  A.  Millar,  Miss  E.  Cowan,  C.L.  Patch. 
Arthur  Gibson,  Dr.  C.  G.  Hewitt,  Dr.  M.  Y.  Williams,  P.  A. 
Taverner,  L.  D.  Burling,  W.  T.  Macoun. 


Editor: 

Mr.  Arthur  Gibson, 

(Entomological  Branch, 

Dept.  of  Agriculture). 

Mr.  P.  A.  Taverner. 
Mr.  F.  W.  Waugh. 
Mr.  C.  M.  Sternberg, 
Mr.  W.  T.  Macoun. 


Trust  Funds:    W.  T.  Macoun,  Dr.  C.  G.  Hewitt,  R.  B.  Whyte,  Dr.  H.  M.  Ami. 

Leaders  at  Excursions: 

Archaeology:     Harlan  I.  Smith,  F.  W.  Waugh,  W.  J.  Wintemberg,  T.  W.  E 
Sowter,  J.  Ballantyne. 

Botany:  Miss  F.  Fyles,  W.  T.  Macoun,  J.  M.  Macoun,  Mrs.  A.  F. 

Brown,  Dr.  M.  O.  Malte,  J.  R.  Dymond,  E.  C.  Wight,  H.  B. 
Sifton,  G.  A.  Millar,  Miss  E.  Cowan. 

Entomology:     Arthur  Gibson,  W.  H.  Harrington,  Dr.  C.  G.  Hewitt,  J.  M. 
Swaine,  F.  W.  L.  Sladen. 

Geology:  Dr.  E.  M.  Kindle,  Dr.  M.  Y.  Williams,  H.  McGillivray,  L.  D. 

Burling,  E.  Poitevin,  Dr.  M.  E.  Wilson. 

Ornithology:     C.  L.  Patch,  P.  A.  Taverner,  Dr.  M.  Y.  Williams,  A.   G. 
Kingston. 

Zoology:  A.  Halkett,  E.  E.  Lemieux,  E.  A.  LeSueur,  C.  H.  Young, 

Dr.  R.  M.  Anderson. 

Photography:     W.  S.  Hutton. 

Auditors: 
J.  Ballantyne.  E.  C.  Wight. 

Membership  Fee  to  O.F.N.O.,  with  "Ottawa  Naturalist," 

$1.00  per  annum, 


%V***/^  OCTOBER  1917 

Vjfe***8*^*  Vol.  XXXI,  No.  7. 

THE        ^- 

OTTAWA 
NATURALIST 


Published  by  The  Ottawa  Field-Naturalists'  Club 


Editor: 

ARTHUR  GIBSON, 

Entomological   Branch,   Department   of    Agriculture, 

OTTAWA. 

Associate  Editors: 

Harlan  I.  Smith.  W.  H.   Harrington,  P.   A.  Tavkrner, 

Anthropology.  Entomology.  Ornithology. 

M.  O.  Malte,  Ph.D.,  M.  Y.  Williams,  Ph.D.,  L.   M.   Lambe,  F.G.S., 

Botany.  Geology.  Palaeontology. 

Prof.  John  Macoun,  M.A.,  Otto  Klotz,  LLD..  C.  Gordon  Hewitt,  D.Sc, 

Conchology.  Meteorology.  Zoology. 


CONTENTS: 


A   New   Genus   and   Species   of   Crestless   Hadrosaur   from   the 

Edmonton  Formation  of  Alberta.     By  L.  M.  Lambe 65 

The  Red-tailed  Hawk  in  Manitoba.     By  Norman  Criddle 74 

Was  the  Lower  Cambrian  Trilobite  Supreme?   By  L.  D.  Burling  77 

Programme  of  Winter  Lectures,  1917-1918 79 

Why  the  Leaves  Change  Their  Color 80 

The  Dadson-Merrill  Press,  Limited. 
issued    December  24TH,  1917- 

Entered  at  Ottaiva   Post  Office  as  second  class  matter. 


WE   DEAL  WITH   OUR  ADVERTI3ERS. 


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WE  MAKE  EVERYTHING  WE  SELL  AND  GUARANTEE  EVERYTHING  WE  MAKE. 


OS 

■°tf 

HCO 
cop 

cow 


pH 


CO 

U 


junianq 

i  1  1 


A.  H.  JAR  VIS,  BOOK  STORE 

THE  R.  J.  DEVLIN  CO., 

LIMITED 
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tion of  his  stock.     No  pressure  to 
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157  BANK  ST.— Near  Laurler  Ave. 

P.S. — Books  ordered  promptly  and 

carefully. 

and  makers  of 
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76  SPARKS  STREET,  OTTAWA. 

ALLEN  &  COCHRANE 

THE   RED  CROSS  DRUGGISTS 
SIX  STORES 

All  ae  near  as  your  nearest  phone  or 
Post  Office. 

Grant-Holden-Graham 

LIMITED 
MANUFACTURERS  OF 

High  Grade  Tents,  Tarpaulins  and  Sleeping  Bags. 
Outfitters  to  Surveyors  and  Engineers. 

WRITE   FOR  CATALOGUES. 

147  Albert  Street      -                   Ottawa,  Canada. 

PIANOS           ALL    PRICES 
C.  W.  LINDSAY,  Limited 

189  SPARKS  ST.,  OTTAWA. 

The  BANK  OF  OTTAWA 

Established  1874. 

Dr.  Mark  G.  McElhinney 

BOOTH  BLDG.,  OTTAWA 

PHONE    QUEEN   2438. 

Dentist  to   certain   of  the  cognoscenti. 

Capital  Paid  Up  and  Rest 8  8,750.000 

Total  Assets  Over $55,000,00 

BOARD  OF  DIRECTORS 

Hon.  George  Bryson.  President. 

John  B.  Fraser,  Vice-President. 
Sir  Henry  N.  Bate,  Russell  Blackburn, 
George     Burn,     Sir     Henry     K.     Egan, 
Alexander     Maclaren,     Denis     Murphy, 
Hon.   Sir  George  H.   Perley,   Edwin  C. 
Whitney. 

D.  M.  Flnnle,  General  Manager. 
W.  Duthie,  Chief  Inspector. 

ALWAYS  AT  YOUR 
SERVICE 

The  Ottawa  Gas  Co. 
The  Ottawa  Electric  Co. 

JEWELLER  &  OPTICIAN        J.      E.      WILMOT 


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In  need  of  Eye 
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THE     TOPLEY     COMPANY 


PHOTOGRAPHIC  MATERIAL 
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132  Sparks  St.,  Ottawa. 


The  Dadson-Merrill  Press 

GENERAL  PRINTERS  umited 

LOOSE   LEAF  SUPPLIES,  COUNTER  CHECK   BOOKS. 

47-49  Bank  St.,  Ottawa.  Phone  Queen  3993. 

The  Mortimer  Co.,  Limited 

OTTAWA-  MONTREAL -TORONTO 

Designers,   Illustrators,   Photo    Engravers,   Printers,    Lithographers, 

Bookbinders,  Makers  of  Fine  Catalogues,   Manufacturers 

and  Devisers  of  Loose  Leaf  Systems. 

LYMANS,   LIMITED 

(ESTABLISHED    1800) 

MANUFACTURING  CHEMISTS 

Importers  and   Dealers   in  Chemical   and   Assay  Apparatus. 

ST.  PAUL  STREET,  MONTREAL. 

REBUILT    TYPEWRITERS 

M.  G.  BRISTOW 


$30 


36  Metcalfe  St. 
OTTAWA 


GROW  GOOD  CROPS 
Seeds — Plants — Bulbs 

Our  rigorous  system  of  testing  elimin- 
ates loss  and  disappointment 
from    your   garden. 

KENNETH  McDONALD 
&  SONS,  Limited 

SEED   AND    BULB   MERCHANTS  Market  Square,  OTTAWA. 


W.  A.  RANKIN  Fine  Builders' 

410-412  Bank  Street  Hardware 

OTTAWA  Refrigerators  and 

PHONES                      Queen  1023-1024  HammOCkS 


The   Ottawa   Paper    Box   Co. 

132  Queen  Street 
OTTAWA 

Manufacturers  of  Riker  Specimen   Mounts, 

Natural   History  Specimen  Trays,  Glass  Topped   Boxes, 

Millboard  Mailing  Boxes,  Tubes,  Etc. 


C.    A.    Olmsted   &  Son 

Jewellers,  Opticians,  Watchmakers  &  Engravers 

Dealers  in  Fine  Diamonds,  Sterling  Silver, 
Electro  Plated  Ware  and   Rich  Cut  Glass. 

"THE   STORE   OF   MODERATE   PRICES" 


208  SPARKS  ST.,  OTTAWA.       Phone  Queen  1430 


MACDONALD   &   CO. 

MEN'S  OUTFITTERS 
Cor.  Bank  and  Queen  Sts.  Ottawa. 


L.    C.    Smith   &    Bros.  Typewriter 

BUILT   LIKE   A  WATCH. 
MOST   POPULAR  TYPEWRITER  TO-DAY. 

OTTAWA  TYPEWRITER  CO.,  Limited 


The    Natural    Science    Store 

Entomological,  Botanical  and  Geological 
Apparatus  and  Supplies. 

VASCULUMS  EXHIBITION    MOUNTS       INSECT    BOXES 

ENTOMOLOGICAL   PINS  MAGNIFYING   GLASSES    RIKER    MOUNTS 

ENTOMOLOGICAL  STRETCHING    BOARDS        GEOLOGISTS'    HAMMERS 

COLLECTING    BOXES    COLLECTING    NETS  MICROSCOPES 

KILLING   VIALS  KILLING    BOTTLES  DISSECTING   SETS 

INSTRUMENT    REPAIRS   A    SPECIALTY. 

E.  R.  WATTS  &  SON,  CANADA,  LIMITED 

45   BANK   STREET,  OTTAWA.  65  A.^^Tet^wTNNIPEG. 


WE   DEAL  WITH   OUR   ADVERTISERS. 


X  TT  ©        £?  Bookseller*,    Stationer* 

JameS      llOpe     it      SOnS,  Bookbinders,   Pr,'fl(.» 

63  Sparks  Street,  Ottawa 


— t 
C3 
O 


W> 


3  *> 


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fe 


THE  ONTARIO  HUGHES  OWENS  CO.,  LIMITED 

SCIENTIFIC  APPARATUS  AND  DRAWING  MATERIALS 
WE   HAVE  A   MODERN    REPAIR   DEPARTMENT. 


529  Sussex  St.,  OTTAWA. 
THE  C.  C.  RAY  Co.  Ltd. 

PEST       fiAAI      LOWEST 
QUALITY  V^V^^-Li      PRICES 

58  SPARKS  ST.  Phone  Q.  461 

THE  TORONTO 

GENERAL  TRUSTS 

CORPORATION 


Phone  Q.  8028. 


CAPITAL 
RESERVE 


$1,600,000 

$1,850,000 


Successful  administration  of  ESTATES 
ranging  In  value  from  $600  to  $5,«00.000 
each,  Is  the  best  guarantee  that  you 
may  confidently  name  as  your 
EXECUTOR  and  TRUSTEE  this  Cor- 
poration. 

JAMES   DAVEY,   Manager. 
Ottawa   Branch: 

Cor.  SPARKS  and  ELGIN  8T». 


J.  G.  BUTTERWORTH 
&  Co. 

ALL-RAIL  SCRANTON   COAL 
HAS  NO  EQUAL. 

86    SPARKS    ST.,   OTTAWA 


R.  McGIFFIN,  Ltd. 


MEN'S  FINE  FURNISHINGS 
76  Rideau  St. 
106  Sparks  St. 


STORES  AT 


HURD  &  CO. 

HIGH-GRADE  SPORTING  GOODS, 
RIFLES,  CARTRIDGES,  Etc. 

191  Sparks  St.    -    Ottawa 


THE  SMITH  PREMIER 

AND  REMINGTON 

TYPEWRITERS 

The  World's  Two  Best  Typewriters. 

Federal  Typewriter  Co. 

Dealers 

400  QUEEN  STREET,  OTTAWA. 

Phone  Quean  62S7. 

Demonstrations  gladly  given. 


WARD'S  NAT.  SCIENCE 
ESTABLISHMENT 

ROCHESTER,   N.Y.,   U.S.A. 


We  are  the  headquarters  in  the 
United  States  of  America  for  entomo- 
logical supplies  and  specimens. 

Sole  manufacturers  of  the  genuine 
Sch mitt  boxes,  exhibition  cases  and 
cabinets,  also  of  the  American  Ento- 
mological Company's  insect  pins. 

Riker  mounts  and  botanical  mounts 
always   on    hand,   also   Riker   botanical 

presses. 

Send  for  our  supply  catalogue  No. 
30  and  other  lists  of  interest  to  collect- 


WELDON  J.  GRAHAM 

DISPENSING   CHEMIST 

WE  SPECIALIZE  IN  PRESCRIPTION 

WORK.     HEADQUARTERS  FOR 

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The  Ottawa  Field-Naturalists'  Club 

Patron: 

HIS  'EXCELLENCY  THE  DUKE  OF  DEVONSHIRE 

Governor-General  of  Canada. 

COUNCIL  1917-18. 

President: 
Mr.  Harlan  I.  Smith. 


Vice-Presidents: 


Dr.  C.  Gordon  Hewitt. 
Secretary: 
Mr.  L.  D.  Burling, 
(Victoria  Memorial  Museum). 

Editor: 

Mr.  Arthur  Gibson, 

(Entomological  Branch, 
Dept.  of  Agriculture). 

Mr.  P.  A.  Taverner. 
Mr.  F.  W.  Waugh. 
Mr.  C.  M.  Sternberg. 
Mr.  W.  T.  Macoun. 


Dr.  M.  Y.  Williams. 

Treasurer: 

Mr.  J.  R.  Dymond, 

(Seed  Branch,  Dept.  of 
Agriculture). 

Librarian: 

Mr.  H.  B.  Sifton, 

(Seed  Branch,  Dept.  of 

Agriculture). 

Mr.  C.  L.  Patch. 
Miss  F.  Fyles. 
Mr.  G.  A.  Millar. 


Publications: 


Excu 


rsions: 


Lectures  '• 


Miss  E.  Cowan. 
Standing  Committees  of  Council: 
Dr.  C.  G.  Hewitt,  A.  Gibson,  J.  R.  Dymond,  L.  D.  Burling 
H.  B.  Sifton. 

F.  W.  Waugh.  Dr.  M.  Y.  Williams,  H.  B.  Sifton,  C.  M.  Stern- 
berg. Miss  F.  Fyles,  G.  A.  Millar,  Miss  E.  Cowan,  C.L.  Patch. 
Arthur  Gibson,  Dr.  C.  G.  Hewitt,  Dr.  M.  Y.  Williams    P    A 
Taverner,  L.  D.  Burling,  W.  T.  Macoun. 


Trust  Funds:     W.  T.  Macoun,  Dr.  C.  G.  Hewitt,  R.  B.  Whyte,  Dr.  H.  M.  Ami. 

Leaders  at  Excursions: 

Archaeology.  Harlan  I.  Smith,  F.  W.  Waugh,  W.  J.  Wintemberg,  T.  W.  E 
Sowter,  J.  Ballantyne. 

Botam:  Miss  F.   Fyles,  W.  T.   Macoun,  J.  M.   Macoun,  Mrs.  A    F 

Brown,  Dr.  M.  O.  Malte,  J.  R.  Dvmond,  E.  C.  Wight,  H  B 
Sifton,  G.  A.  Millar,  Miss  E.  Cowan. 

Entomology:  Arthur  Gibson.  W.  H.  Harrington,  Dr.  C.  G.  Hewitt  J  M 
Swaine,  F.  W.  L.  Sladen. 

Geology:  Dr.  E.  M.  Kindle,  Dr.  M.  Y.  Williams,  H.  McGillivray,  L.  D. 

Burling,  E%  Poitevin,  Dr.  M.  E.  Wilson. 

Ornithology.     C.   L.   Patch,   P.   A.   Taverner,   Dr.   M.   Y.   Williams,   A.   G. 

Kingston. 

Zoology:  A.  Halkett,  E.  E.  Lemieux,  E.  A.  LeSueur,   C.  H.  Young, 

Dr.  R.  M.  Anderson. 
Photography.     W.  S.  Hutton. 

Auditors: 
J.  Ballantyne.  E.  C.  Wight. 

Membership  Fee  to  O.F.N.C,  with  "Ottawa  Naturalist," 

$1.00  per  annum, 


NOVEMBER  1917 

Vol.  XXXI,  No.  8. 


THE 

OTTAWA 
NATURALIST 


Published  by  The  Ottawa  Field-Naturalists'  Club 

Editor: 

ARTHUR  GIBSON, 

Entomological    Branch,    Department   of    Agriculture, 

OTTAWA. 

Associate  Editors: 

Harlan  I.  Smith.  W.  H.  Harrington,  P.   A.  Taverner, 

Anthropology.  Entomology.  Ornithology. 

M.   O.   Malte,  Ph.D..  M.  Y.  Williams,  Ph.D.,  L.   M.   Lambe,  F.G.S.. 

Botany.  Geology.  Palaeontology. 

Prof.  JohnMacoun,  M.A.,    Otto  Klotz,  LL.D..         C.  Gordon  Hewitt,  D.Sc, 

Conchology.  Meteorology.  Zoology. 

CONTENTS: 


Notes  on  the  Winter  Birds  of  the  Okanagan  Valley. 

By  J.  A.  Munro 81 

Notes  from  The  Journal  of  William  Pope 89 

The  Meadtfw  Mouse  or  Vole.    By  J.  D.  Soper 91 

A  Well-Earned  Honour 94 

Book  Notice 94 

Notes — —  95 

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John  B.  Fraser,  Vice-President. 
Sir  Henry  N.  Bate,  Russell  Blackburn, 
George  Burn,  Sir  Henry  K.  Egan, 
Alexander  Maclaren,  Denis  Murphy, 
Hon.  Sir  George  H.  Perley,  Edwin  C. 
Whitney. 


D.  M.  Finnic,  General  Manager. 
W.  Duthie,  Chief  Inspector. 


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BOOTH  BLDG.,  OTTAWA 

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ALWAYS  AT  YOUR 
SERVICE 

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JEWELLER  &  OPTICIAN        J.      E. 

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Jewellers,  Opticians,  Watchmakers  &  Engravers 

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The  Ottawa  Field-Naturalists'  Club 


Patron: 

HIS  EXCELLENCY  THE  DUKE  OF  DEVONSHIRE 
Governor-General  of  Canada. 

COUNCIL  1917-18. 

President: 
Mr.  Harlan  I.  Smith. 

Vice-Presidents: 
Dr.  C.  Gordon  Hewitt.  Dr.  M.  Y.  Williams. 


Secretary: 

Mr.  L.  D.  Burling, 

(Victoria  Memorial  Museum). 

Editor: 
Mr.  Arthur  Gibson, 

(Entomological  Branch, 
Dept.  of  Agriculture). 

Mr.  P.  A.  Taverner. 
Mr.  F.  W.  Waugh. 
Mr.  C.  M.  Sternberg. 
Mr.  W.  T.  Macoun. 


Treasurer: 
Mr.  J.  R.  Dymond, 

(Seed  Branch,  Dept.  of 
Agriculture). 

Librarian: 

Mr.  H.  B.  Sifton, 

(Seed  Branch,  Dept.  of 
Agriculture). 

Mr.  C.  L.  Patch. 
Miss  F.  Fyles. 
Mr.  G.  A.  Millar. 
Miss  E.  Cowan. 


Publications: 
Excursions: 
Lectures  '■ 


Standing  Committees  of  Council: 
Dr.  C.  G.  Hewitt,  A.  Gibson,  J.  R.  Dymond,  L.  D.  Burling, 
H.  B.  Sifton. 

F.  W.  Waugh,  Dr.  M.  Y.  Williams,  H.  B.  Sifton,  C.  M.  Stern- 
berg, Miss  F.  Fyles,  G.  A.  Millar,  Miss  E.  Cowan,  C.L.  Patch. 

Arthur  Gibson,  Dr.  C.  G.  Hewitt,  Dr.  M.  Y.  Williams,  P.  A. 
Taverner,  L.  D.  Burling,  W.  T.  Macoun. 


Trust  Funds:    W.  T.  Macoun,  Dr.  C.  G.  Hewitt,  R.  B.  Whyte,  Dr.  H.  M.  Ami. 


Leaders  at  Excursions: 

Archaeology:     Harlan  I.  Smith,  F.  W.  Waugh,  W.  J.  Wintemberg,  T.  W.  E 
Sowter,  J.  Ballantyse. 

Miss  F.  Fyles,  W.  T.  Macoun,  J.  M.  Macoun,  Mrs.  A.  F. 

Brown,  Dr.  M.  O.  Malte,  J.  R.  Dymond,  E.  C.  Wight,  H.  B. 

Sifton,  G.  A.  Millar,  Miss  E.  Cowan. 

Arthur  Gibson.  W.  H.  Harrington,  Dr.  C.  G.  Hewitt,  J.  M. 

Swaine,  F.  W.  L.  Sladen. 

Dr.  E.  M.  Kindle,  Dr.  M.  Y.  Williams,  H.  McGillivray,  L.  D. 

Burling,  E.  Poitevin,  Dr.  M.  E.  Wilson. 

C.  L.  Patch,   P.  A.   Taverner,  Dr.  M.  Y.  Williams,  A.   G. 

Kingston. 

A.  Halkett,  E.  E.  Lemieux,  E.  A.  LeSueur,  C.  H.  Young, 

Dr.  R.  M.  Anderson. 

W.  S.  Hutton. 

Auditors: 
J.  Ballantyne.  E.  C.  Wight. 


Botany : 

Entomology : 
Geology: 
Ornithology1: 
Zoology: 
Photography : 


Membership  Fee  to  O.F.N.C,  with  "Ottawa  Naturalist," 

$1.00  per  annum. 


^\* "ZZZ'jSj     DECEMBER  1917 

,^^*42*^^  Vol.  XXXI,  No.  9. 


©     > 


THE 

OTTAWA 


NATURALIST 


Published  by  The  Ottawa  Field-Naturalist.*  Club 

Editor: 

ARTHUR  GIBSON, 

Entomological   Branch,    Department   of    Agriculture, 

OTTAWA. 

Associate  Editors: 

Harlan  I.  Smith.                 W.  H.  Harrington,  P.  A.  Tavernrr, 

Anthropology.                               Entomology.  Ornithology. 

M.  O.  Malte,  Ph.D.,             M,  Y.  Williams,  Ph.D.,  L.  M.   Lambe,  F.G.S.. 

Botany.                                      Geology.  Palaeontology. 

Prof.JohnMacoun.M.A..    Otto  Klotz,  LL.D..  C.  Gordon  Hewitt,  D.Sc, 

Ctncholegy.                               Meteorology.  Zoology. 

CONTENTS: 


The  Richmond  Faunas  of  Little  Bay  de  Noquette,  in  Northern 

Michigan.     By  A.  F.  Foerste 97 

Some  Habits  of  Two  Burrowing   Spiders   in  Manitoba.      By 

Norman  Criddle 104 

The  Migration  of  the  Barren  Ground  Caribou.     By  E.  M.  Kindle  107 

The  Evening  Grosbeak.    By  F.  W.  Warwick 110 

Notes  by  "Digressor" 111 

: .v0'*".     ' 

The  Dadson-Merrill  Press,  Limited.  wO 


issued  February  23RD,  1918.  ^  Ap 

Entered  at  Ottawa  Pojt  Office  as  second  clats  matter.^ 


LI  6KAK 


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n        r>   n  v    o  Merchant  Tailors 

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A.  JUL.  JAKVlo,  BOOK  STORE 

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LEADING  HATTERS 

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tion of  his  stock.     No  pressure  to 
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157  BANK  ST.— Near  Laurler  Ave. 

P.  S. —Books  ordered  promptly  and 

carefully. 

and  makers  of 
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The  BANK  OF  OTTAWA 

Established  1874. 

Dr.  Mark  G.  McElhinney 

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BOARD  OF  DIRECTORS 

Hon.  George  Bryson,  President. 

John  B.  Fraser,  Vice-President. 
Sir  Henry  N.  Bate,  Russell  Blackburn, 
George     Burn,     Sir    Henry    K.     Bgan, 
Alexander    Maclaren,     Denis    Murphy, 
Hon.    Sir  George  H.   Perley,   Edwin   C. 
Whitney. 

ALWAYS  AT  YOUR 

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LYMANS,   LIMITED 

(ESTABLISHED    1800) 

MANUFACTURING  CHEMISTS 

Importers  and   Dealers  in  Chemical  and  Assay  Apparatus. 

ST.  PAUL  STREET,  MONTREAL. 

REBUILT    TYPEWRITERS 

M.  G.  BRISTOW 


$30 


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GROW  GOOD  CROPS 
Seeds — Plants — Bulbs 

Our  rigorous  system  of  testing  elimin- 
ates loss  and  disappointment 
from    your   garden. 

KENNETH  McDONALD 
&  SONS,  Limited 

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W.  A.  RANKIN  Fine  Builders' 

410-412  Bank  Street  Hardware 

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OTTAWA 

Manufacturers  of  Riker  Specimen  Mounts, 

Natural  History  Specimen  Trays,  Glass  Topped  Boxes, 

Millboard  Mailing  Boxes,  Tubes,  Etc. 


C.    A.    Olmsted   &  Son 

Jewellers,  Opticians,  Watchmakers  &  Engravers 

Dealers  in  Fine  Diamonds,  Sterling  Silver, 
Electro  Plated  Ware  and   Rich  Cut  Glass. 

"THE  STORE  OF   MODERATE   PRICES" 


208  SPARKS  ST.,  OTTAWA.       Phone  Queen  1430 

MACDONALD   &   CO. 

MEN'S  OUTFITTERS 
Cor.  Bank  and  Queen  Sts.  Ottawa. 


L.    C.    Smith    &    Bros.  Typewriter 

BUILT   LIKE  A  WATCH. 
MOST   POPULAR  TYPEWRITER  TO-DAY. 

OTTAWA  TYPEWRITER  CO.,  Limited 


The    Natural    Science    Store 

Entomological,  Botanical  and  Geological 
Apparatus  and  Supplies. 

VASCULUMS  EXHIBITION    MOUNTS  INSECT    BOXES 

ENTOMOLOGICAL   PINS  MAGNIFYING   GLASSES  RIKER    MOUNTS 

ENTOMOLOGICAL  STRETCHING    BOARDS  GEOLOGISTS'    HAMMERS 

COLLECTING    BOXES  COLLECTING    NETS  MICROSCOPES 

KILLING   VIALS  KILLING    BOTTLES  DISSECTING   SETS 

INSTRUMENT    REPAIRS   A    SPECIALTY. 

E.  R.  WATTS  &  SON,  CANADA,  LIMITED 

45  BANK  STREET,  OTTAWA.  65  AlbeWte^Tetf 'w.NN.PEG. 


WE   DEAL  WITH  OUR  ADVERTISERS. 


James  Hope  &  Sons, 


Booksellers,   Stationers 

Bookbinders,  Printers 

63  Sparks  Street,  Ottawa 


THE  ONTARIO  HUGHES  OWENS  CO.,  LIMITED 

SCIENTIFIC  APPARATUS  AND  DRAWING  MATERIAL8 
WE   HAVE  A  MODERN   REPAIR  DEPARTMENT. 


529  Sussex  St.,  OTTAWA. 


Phone  Q.  8028. 


THE  C.  C.  RAY  Co.  Ltd. 

PEST        p/\  A   |      LOWEST 


QUALITY 
58  SPARKS  8T 


PRICES 
Phone  Q.  4S1 


THE  TORONTO 

GENERAL  TRUSTS 

CORPORATION 


CAPITAL 
RESERVE 


?1,500,QO0 
$1,850,000 


Successful  administration  of  ESTATES 
ranging  In  value  from  $500  to  $5,000,000 
each,  is  the  best  guarantee  that  you 
may  confidently  name  as  your 
EXECUTOR  and  TRUSTEE  this  Cor- 
poration. 

JAMES   DAVEY,   Manager. 
Ottawa   Branch: 

Cor.  SPARKS  and  ELGIN  ST3. 


J.  G.  BUTTERWORTH 
&  Co. 

ALL-RAIL  SCRANTON   COAL 
HAS   NO   EQUAL. 

86    SPARKS    ST.,   OTTAWA 


WARD'S  NAT.  SCIENCE 
ESTABLISHMENT 

ROCHESTER,  N.Y.,   U.S.A. 


We  are  the  headquarters  in  the 
United  States  of  America  for  entomo- 
logical supplies  and  specimens. 

Sole  manufacturers  of  the  genuine 
Schmitt  boxes,  exhibition  cases  and 
cabinets,  also  of  the  American  Ento- 
mological Company's  insect  pins. 

Riker  mounts  and  botanical  mounts 
always  on  hand,  also  Riker  botanical 
presses. 

Send   for  our  supply  catalogue  No. 
nd  other  lists  of  interest  to  collect- 
ors. 


R.  McGIFFIN,  Ltd. 


MEN'S  FINE  FURNISHINGS 
76  Rldeau  St. 
106  Sparks  St. 


STORES  AT 


HURD  &  CO. 

HIGH-GRADE  SPORTING  GOODS, 
RIFLES,  CARTRIDGES,  Etc. 

191  Sparks  St.    -    Ottawa 


THE  SMITH  PREMIER 

AND  REMINGTON 

TYPEWRITERS 

The  World's  Two  Best  Typewriters. 

Federal  Typewriter  Co. 

Dealers 

200  QUEEN  STREET,  OTTAWA. 
Phone  Queen  6267. 

Demonstrations  gladly  given. 


WELDON  J.  GRAHAM 

DISPENSING   CHEMIST 

WE  SPECIALIZE  IN  PRESCRIPTION 

WORK.     HEADQTTARTERS  FOR 

TOILET  ARTICLES. 

90  SPARKS  STREET,  OTTAWA 

Phones:  Q.  863,  Q.  8163. 


Pritchard  -Andrews 

Company 
ENGRAVERS 


Memorial  Tablets  in 
Brass  and  Bronze 


Church  Brass  Work 


264  Sparks  St. 


Ottawa 


Mulhall  Hardware  Ltd.  Tog  KKAVr  ST  ottawa 


B  H 
B 


I 


2*3 


H 


CO 

m 


WE   DEAL  WITH   OUR  ADVERTISERS. 


Merchant  Tailors 


C         T?    Ti  CO  iTiercnaiu  ±anors 

iieo.  t.  rreston  &  50I1S  217-219  Rideau  St.,  Ottawa 

WE  WAKE  EVERYTHING  WE  SELL  AND  GUARANTEE  EVERYTHING  WE  MAKE. 


A.  H.  JARVIS 


THE 
9  BOOK  STORE 


Respectfully  solicits  your  inspec- 
tion of  his  stock.  No  pressure  to 
buy  to  Book  Lovers. 

157  BANK  ST.— Near  Laurier  Ave. 

P.  S.— Books  ordered  promptly  and 
carefully. 

ALLEN  &  COCHRANE 

THE   RED  CROSS   DRUGGISTS 
SIX  STORES 

All  as  near  as  your  nearest  phone  or 
Post  Office. 


THE  R.  J.  DEVLIN  CO., 

LIMITED 
LEADING  HATTERS 


and  makers  of 
FINE  FURS 

76  SPARKS  STREET,  OTTAWA. 


Grant-Holden-Graham 

LIMITED 
MANUFACTURERS  OF 

High  Grade  Tents,  Tarpaulins  and  Sleeping  Bags. 
Outfitters  to  Surveyors  and  Engineers. 


WRITE   FOR   CATALOGUES. 


147  Albert  Street 


Ottawa,  Canada. 


IANOS 


)    MAKES 

ALL    PRICES 

AY,  Limited 


189  SPARKS  ST.,  OTTAWA. 


The  BANK  OF  OTTAWA 

Established  1874. 


Capital   Paid   Up  and   Rest $  8,750,000 

Total   Assets  Over $55,000,00 


BOARD  OF   DIRECTORS 

Hon.  George  Bryson,  President. 

John  B.  Fraser,  Vice-President. 
Sir  He»ry  N.  Bate,  Russell  Blackburn, 
George  Burn,  Sir  Henry  K.  Egan, 
Alexander  Maclaren,  Denis  Murphy, 
Hon.  Sir  Gaorge  H.  Perley,  Edwin  C. 
Whitney. 


D.  M.  Finnie,  General  Manager. 
W.  Duthie,  Chief  Inspector. 


Dr.  Mark  G.  McElhinney 

BOOTH  BLDG.,  OTTAWA 

PHONE    QUEEN   2438. 
Dentist   to   certain    of  the   cognoscenti. 

ALWAYS  AT  YOUR 
SERVICE 

The  Ottawa  Gas  Co. 
The  Ottawa  Electric  Co. 


JEWELLER  &  OPTICIAN 
C.  P.  R.  Watch  Inspector. 


J.  E.  WILMOT 

149  Sparks  St.,  Ottawa. 


EYES  TESTED  FREE 

When  in  need  of  Eye 
Glasses  call  and  sec  us- 


THE     TOPLEY    COMPANY 


PHOTOGRAPHIC  MATERIAL 
SCIENTIFIC  APPARATUS 


132  Sparks  St.,  Ottawa. 


The  Badson-Merrill  Press 

GENERAL  PRINTERS  UM,TED 

LOOSE  LEAF  SUPPLIES,  COUNTER  CHECK  BOOKS. 

47-49  Bank  St.,  Ottawa.  Phone  Queen  3993. 

The  Mortimer  Co.,  Limited 

OTTAWA-  MONTREAL-TORONTO 

Designers,   Illustrators,  Photo   Engravers,   Printers,   Lithographers, 

Bookbinders,  Makers  of  Fine  Catalogues,  Manufacturers 

and  Devisers  of  Loose  Leaf  Systems. 

LYMANS,   LIMITED 

(ESTABLISHED   1800) 

MANUFACTURING  CHEMISTS 

Importers  and   Dealers  in  Chemical  and  Assay  Apparatus. 

ST.  PAUL  STREET,  MONTREAL. 


/ 


REBUILT    TYPEWRITERS 

M.  G.  BRISTOW 


Jp3u 


36  Metcalfe  St. 
OTTAWA 


GROW  GOOD  CROPS 
Seeds — Plants — Bulbs 

Our  rigorous  system  of  testing  elimin- 
ates loss  and  disappointment 
from    your   garden. 

KENNETH  McDONALD 
&  SONS,  Limited 

SEED  AND   bulb   merchants  Market  Square,  OTTAWA. 


W.  A.  RANKIN  Fi"e B«ilders' 

410-412  Bank  Street  Hardware 

OTTAWA  Refrigerators  and 

PHONES       -       •       Queen  1023-1024  liaitimOCkS 


The  Ottawa  Paper   Box  Co, 

764  Albert  Street   (cor.  Rochester) 
OTTAWA 


Manufacturers  of  Rlker  Specimen  Mounts, 

Natural  History  Specimen  Trays,  Glass  Topped  Boxes, 

Millboard  Mailing  Boxes,  Tubes,  Etc. 


C.   A.   Olmsted   &  Son 

Jewellers,  Opticians,  Watchmakers  &  Engravers 

Dealers  In  Fine  Diamonds,  Sterling  Silver, 
Electro  Plated  Ware  and  Rich  Cut  Glass. 
"THE  STORE  OF  MODERATE  PRICES" 


208  SPARKS  ST.,  OTTAWA.       Phone  Queen  1430 


MACDONALD  &   CO. 

MEN'S  OUTFITTERS 
Cor.  Bank  and  Queen  Sts.  Ottawa. 


L.    C.   Smith   &   Bros.  Typewriter 

BUILT  LIKE  A  WATCH. 
MOST  POPULAR  TYPEWRITER  TO-DAY. 

OTTAWA  TYPEWRITER  CO.,  Limited 


The    Natural    Science    Store 

Entomological,  Botanical  and  Geological 
Apparatus  and  Supplies. 

VASCULUMS  EXHIBITION   MOUNTS  INSECT   BOXES 

ENTOMOLOGICAL   PINS  MAGNIFYING   GLASSES  RIKER   MOUNTS 

ENTOMOLOGICAL  STRETCHING   BOARDS  GEOLOGISTS'   HAMMERS 

COLLECTING   BOXES  COLLECTING   NETS  MICROSCOPES 

KILLING  VIALS  KILLING   BOTTLES  DISSECTING  SETS 

INSTRUMENT   REPAIRS  A  SPECIALTY. 

E.  R.  WATTS  &  SON,  CANADA,  LIMITED 

45  BANK  STREET,  OTTAWA.  65  Mb"?%Zt*'W$iilPKa. 


WE  DEAL  WITH   OUR  ADVERTISERS. 


James  Hope  &  Sons,  "'""'"Z^'k^r. 

63  Sparks  Street,  Ottawa 


-  R 


THE  ONTARIO  HUGHES  OWENS  CO.,  LIMITED 

SCIENTIFIC  APPARATUS  AND  DRAWING  MATERIALS 

WE   HAVE  A   MODERN    REPAIR   DEPARTMENT. 

529  Sussex  St.,  OTTAWA.                     Phone  Q.  8028. 

THE  C.  C.  RAY  Co.  Ltd. 

BEST        p/\   i   I      LOWEST 
QUALITY  ^"AL-      PRICES 

58  SPARKS  ST.             Phone  Q.  461 

R.  McGIFFIN,  Ltd. 

MEN'S  FINE  FURNISHINGS 

76  Rideau  St. 
STORES  AT        10g  Sparks  8t 

THE  TORONTO 

GENERAL  TRUSTS 

CORPORATION 

CAPITAL        -         -        $1,500,000 
RESERVE       -          -         $1,850,000 

Successful  administration  of  ESTATBS 
ranging  in  value  from  $600  to  $»,»0«.6o0 
each,   Is   the   best   guarantee    that   y«u 
may       confidently       name       aa       y»ur 
EXECUTOR  and  TRUSTEE  this  Cor- 
poration. 

JAMES   DAVEY,   Manager. 
Ottawa   Branch: 

Cor.  SPARKS  and  ELGIN  STS. 

HURD  &  CO. 

HIGH-GRADE  SPORTING  GOODS, 
RIFLES,  CARTRIDGES,  Etc. 

191  Sparks  St.    -    Ottawa 

THE  SMITH  PREMIER 

AND  REMINGTON 

TYPEWRITERS 

The  World's  Two  Best  Typewriters. 

Federal  Typewriter  Co. 

Dealers 

200  QUEEN  STREET,  OTTAWA. 
Phone  Quean  62S7. 

Demonstrations  gladly  given. 

J.  G.  BUTTERWORTH 
&  Co. 

ALL-RAIL  SCRANTON  COAL 
HAS  NO  EQUAL. 

86    SPARKS    ST.,    OTTAWA 

WELDON  J.  GRAHAM 

DISPENSING  CHEMIST 

WH  SPECIALIZE  IN  PRESCRIPTION 

WORK.     HEADQUARTERS  FOR 

TOILET  ARTICLES. 

90  SPARKS  STREET,  OTTAWA 

Phones:  Q.  863,  Q.  8163. 

Pritchard  -Andrews 

Company 
ENGRAVERS 

WARD'S  NAT.  SCIENCE 
ESTABLISHMENT 

ROCHESTER,  N.Y.,  U.S.A. 

We    are    the    headquarters    in    the 
United  States  of  America  for  entomo- 
logical supplies  and  specimens. 

Sole  manufacturers  of  the  genuine 
Schmitt    boxes,    exhibition    cases    and 
cabinets,    also   of   the   American   Ento- 
mological Company's  insect  pins. 

Riker  mounts  and  botanical  mounts 
always   on    hand,    also   Riker   botanical 
presses. 

Send  for  our  supply  catalogue  No. 
30  and  other  lists  of  interest  to  collect- 
ors. 

Memorial  Tablets  in 
Brass  and  Bronze 

Church  Brass  Work 

264  Sparks  St.    -    Ottawa 

s 


CO 


CO 


Mulhall  Hardware  Ltd. 


Stores  (243  BANK  ST. 
at      l806  SOMERSET  ST 


OTTAWA 


The  Ottawa  Field-Naturalists'  Club 


Patron: 

HIS  EXCELLENCY  THE  DUKE  OF  DEVONSHIRE 
Governor-General  of  Canada. 

COUNCIL   1917-18. 

President: 
Mr.  Harlan  I.  Smith. 

Vice-Presidents: 
Dr.  C.  Gordon  Hewitt.  Dr.  M.  Y.  Williams. 


Secretary: 
Mr.  L.  D.  Burling, 

(Victoria  Memorial  Museum). 

Editor: 

Mr.  Arthur  Gibson, 

(Entomological  Branch, 
Dept.  of  Agriculture). 

Mr.  P.  A.  Taverner. 
Mr.  P.  W.  Waugh. 
Mr.  C.  M.  Sternberg. 
Mr.  W.  T.  Macoun. 


Treasurer: 

Mr.  J.  R.  Dymond, 

(Seed  Branch,  Dept.  of 
Agriculture). 

Librarian: 

Mr.  H.  B.  Sifton, 

(Seed  Branch,  Dept.  of 

Agriculture). 

Mr.  C.  L.  Patch. 
Miss  P.  Fyles. 
Mr.  G.  A.  Millar. 
Miss  E.  Cowan. 


Publications : 


Excursions: 


Lectures  •' 


Standing  Committees  of  Council: 
Dr.  C.  G.  Hewitt,  A.  Gibson,  J.  R.  Dymond,  L.  D.  Burling, 
H.  B.  Sifton. 

F.  W.  Waugh,  Dr.  M.  Y.  Williams,  H.  B.  Sifton,  C.  M.  Stern- 
berg, Miss  F.  Fyles,  G.  A.  Millar,  Miss  E.  Cowan,  C.L.  Patch. 

Arthur  Gibson,  Dr.  C.  G.  Hewitt,  Dr.  M.  Y.  Williams,  P.  A. 
Taverner,  L.  D.  Burling,  W.  T.  Macoun. 


Trust  Funds:    W.  T.  Macoun,  Dr.  C.  G.  Hewitt,  R.  B.  Whyte,  Dr.  H.  M.  Ami. 


Archaeology: 
Botany: 

Entomology: 

Geology: 

Ornithology. 

Zoology: 

Photography 


Leaders  at  Excursions: 

Harlan  I.  Smith,  F.  W.  Waugh,  W.  J.  Wintemberg,  T.  W.  E 

Sowter,  J.  Ballantyne. 

Miss  F.  Fyles,  W.  T.  Macoun,  J.  M.  Macoun,  Mrs.  A.  P. 

Brown,  Dr.  M.  O.  Malte,  J.  R.  Dymond,  E.  C.  Wight,  H.  B. 

Sifton,  G.  A.  Millar,  Miss  E.  Cowan. 

Arthur  Gibson.  W.  H.  Harrington,  Dr.  C.  G.  Hewitt,  J.  M. 

Swaine,  F.  W.  L.  Sladen. 

Dr.  E.  M.  Kindle.  Dr.  M.  Y.  Williams,  H.  McGillivray,  L.  D. 

Burling,  E.  Poitevin,  Dr.  M.  E.  Wilson. 

C.  L.   Patch,  P.  A.   Taverner,   Dr.   M.   Y.  Williams,   A.   G. 

Kingston. 

A.  Halkett,  E.  E.  Lemieux,  E.  A.  LeSueur,  C.  H.  Young, 

Dr.  R.  M.  Anderson. 

W.  S.  Hutton. 

Auditors: 
J.  Ballantyne.  E.  C.  Wight. 


Membership  Fee  to  O.F.N.C.,  with  "Ottawa  Naturalist,' 

$1.00  per  annum, 


FEBRUARY  1918 

Vol.  XXXI,  No.  11. 


OTTAWA 
NATURALIST 


Published  by  The  Ottawa  Field-Naturalists'  Club 

Editor: 

ARTHUR  GIBSON, 

Entomological    Branch,    Department   of     Agriculture, 

OTTAWA. 

Associate  Editors: 

Harlan  I.  Smith.                  W.  H.   Harrington,  P.   A.  Tavernkr, 

Anthropology.                                 Entomology.  Ornithology. 

ML  O.   Mai/te,  Ph.D.,              M.  Y.  Williams,  Ph.D.,  L.  M.   Lambe,   F.G.S., 

Botany.                                       Geology.  Palaeontology. 

Prof.  JohnMacoun,  M.A.,    Otto  Klotz,  LL.D..  C.  Gordon  Hewitt,  D.Sc, 

Conchology.                              Meteorology.  Zoology. 

CONTENTS: 


The  Birds  of  Edmonton.     By  J.  D.  Soper 129 

On  die  genus  Trachodon  of  Leidy.  "  By  L.  M.  Lambe 135 

Brief   Notes   on   the   Prevalence   of    Certain   Birds    in   British 

Columbia.     By  Major  A.  Brooks 139 

The  Fur  Seals 141 


Book  Notice:   Rvdeberg's  Flora  of  the  Rockv  Mountains  and 


1  B 


Adjacent    Plains 143 

The  Dadson-Merrill  Press,  Limited. 
issued  May  ioTh,  1918. 
Entered  at  Ottaiva   Post  Office  as  second  class  matter. 


WE   DEAL  WITH   OUR  ADVERTI8ERS. 


r        r   b        .         oo  Merchant  Tailors 

lieo.  IL  Freston  &  SOIIS     217-219  Rideau  St.,  Ottawa 


WE  MAKE  EVERYTHING  WE  SELL  AND  GUARANTEE  EVERYTHING  WE  MAKE. 


mO 

W 
H 

H 


ffl 


A.  xi.  JAKVlfe,  book  STORE 

Respectfully  solicits  your  inspec- 
tion of  his  stock.  No  pressure  to 
buy  to  Book  Lovers. 

157  BANK  ST. — Near  Laurier  Ave. 

P.S. — Books  ordered   promptly  and 
carefully. 

ALLEN  &  COCHRANE 

THE   RED  CROSS  DRUGGISTS 
SIX  STORES 

All  as  near  as  your  nearest  phone  or 
Post  Office. 


THE  R.  J.  DEVLIN  CO., 

LIMITED 
LEADING  HATTERS 


and  makers  of 
FINE  FURS 

76  SPARKS  STREET,  OTTAWA. 


Grant-Holden-Graham 


MANUFACTURERS  OF 


LIMITED 


High  Grade  Tents,  Tarpaulins  and  Sleeping  Rags. 
Outfitters  to  Surveyors  and  Engineers. 


WRITE   FOR   CATALOGUES. 


147  Albert  Street 


Ottawa,  Canada. 


PIANOS 


9     MAKES 

ALL    PRICES 


C.  W.  LINDSAY,  Limited 

189  SPARKS  ST.,  OTTAWA. 


The  BANK  OF  OTTAWA 

Established  1874. 


Capital  Paid   Up  and   Rest $  8,750,000 

Total  Assets  Over $55,000,00 


BOARD  OF  DIRECTORS 

Hon.  George  Bryson,  President. 

John  B.  Fraser,  Vice-President. 
Sir  Henry  N.  Bate,  Russell  Blackburn, 
George  Burn,  Sir  Henry  K.  Egan, 
Alexander  Maclaren,  Denis  Murphy, 
Hon.  Sir  Gaorge  H.  Perley,  Edwin  C. 
Whitney. 


D.  M.  Finnie,  General  Manager. 
W.  Duthie,  Chief  Inspector. 


Dr.  Mark  G.  McElhinney 

BOOTH  BLDG.,  OTTAWA 

PHONE    QUEEN   2438. 
Dentist   to   certain    of  the   cognoscenti. 

ALWAYS  AT  YOUR 
SERVICE 

The  Ottawa  Gas  Co. 
The  Ottawa  Electric  Co. 


JEWELLER  &  OPTICIAN 
C.  P.  R.  Watch  Inspector. 


J.      Eo     WILMOT  EYES  TESTED  FREE 

149  Sparks  St.,  Ottawa. 


When  in  need  of  Eye 
Glasses  call  and  see 


ye 


THE     TOPLEY    COMPANY 


PHOTOGRAPHIC  MATERIAL 
SCIENTIFIC  APPARATUS 


132  Sparks  St.,  Ottawa. 


The  Badson-Merrill  Press 

GENERAL  PRINTERS  LIM,TED 

LOOSE  LEAF  SUPPLIES,  COUNTER  CHECK  BOOKS. 

47-49  Bank  St.,  Ottawa.  Phone  Queen  3993. 

The  Mortimer  Co.,  Limited 

OTTAWA  -  MONTREAL  •  TORONTO 

Designers,   Illustrators,  Photo   Engravers,  Printers,   Lithographers, 

Bookbinders,  Makers  of  Fine  Catalogues,  Manufacturers 

and  Devisers  of  Loose  Leaf  Systems. 

LYMANS,   LIMITED 

(ESTABLISHED   1800) 

MANUFACTURING  CHEMISTS 

Importers  and  Dealers  In  Chemical  and  Assay  Apparatus. 

ST.  PAUL  STREET,  MONTREAL. 


REBUILT    TYPEWRITERS 

M.  G.  BRISTOW 


30 


36  Metcalfe  St. 

6ttawa 


GROW  GOOD  CROPS 
Seeds— Plants — Bulbs 

Our  rigorous  system  of  testing  elimin- 
ates loss  and  disappointment 
from   your   garden. 

KENNETH  McDONALD 
&  SONS,  Limited 

SEED  AND   bulb   merchants  Market  Square,  OTTAWA. 


W.A.RANKIN  Fine  Builders' 

410-412  Bank  Street  HardWare 

OTTAWA  Refrigerators  and 

PHONES                      Queen  1023-1024  HammOCKS 


The   Ottawa   Paper    Box  Co, 

764  Albert  Street   (cor.  Rochester) 
OTTAWA 

Manufacturers  of  Riker  Specimen  Mounts, 

Natural  History  Specimen  Trays,  Glass  Topped  Boxes, 

Millboard  Mailing  Boxes,  Tubes,  Etc. 


C.    A.    Olmsted   &  Son 

Jewellers,  Opticians,  Watchmakers  &  Engravers 

Dealers  in  Fine  Diamonds,  Sterling  Silver, 
Electro  Plated  Ware  and  Rich  Cut  Glass. 
"THE   STORE  OF   MODERATE   PRICES" 


208  SPARKS  ST.,  OTTAWA.       Phone  Queen  1430 


MACDONALD   &   CO. 

MEN'S  OUTFITTERS 
Cor.  Bank  and  Queen  Sts.  Ottawa. 


L.    C.    Smith    &    Bros.  Typewriter 

BUILT   LIKE  A  WATCH. 
MOST   POPULAR  TYPEWRITER  TO-DAY. 

OTTAWA  TYPEWRITER  CO.,  Limited 


The    Natural    Science    Store 

Entomological,  Botanical  and  Geological 
Apparatus  and  Supplies. 

VASCULUMS  EXHIBITION    MOUNTS  INSECT    BOXES 

ENTOMOLOGICAL   PINS  MAGNIFYING   GLASSES  RIKER    MOUNTS 

ENTOMOLOGICAL  STRETCHING    BOARDS  GEOLOGISTS'    HAMMERS 

COLLECTING    BOXES  COLLECTING    NETS  MICROSCOPES 

KILLING   VIALS  KILLING    BOTTLES  DISSECTING   SETS 

INSTRUMENT    REPAIRS   A   SPECIALTY. 

E.  R.  WATTS  &  SON,  CANADA,  LIMITED 

45   BANK  STREET,  OTTAWA.  65  ^^"^Tet^^NIPEG. 


WE  DEAL  WITH  OUR  ADVERTISERS. 


-r  Trr  Q       O  Booksellers,   Stationers 

JameS     OOP©     C£      SOUS,  Bookbinders,  Printers 

63  Sparks  Street,  Ottawa 


o 

■  I— I 


s 

o 


CO 


SO 


C3 


Q  S 


THE  ONTARIO  HUGHES  OWENS  CO.,  LIMITED 

SCIENTIFIC  APPARATUS  AND  DRAWING  MATERIALS 

WE  HAVE  A  MODERN   REPAIR   DEPARTMENT. 


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THE  TORONTO 

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CORPORATION 


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Successful  administration  of  ESTATES 
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may  confidently  name  as  your 
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poration. 

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We  are  the  headquarters  in  the 
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logical supplies  and  specimens. 

Sole  manufacturers  of  the  genuine 
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cabinets,  also  of  the  American  Ento- 
mological Company's  insect  pins. 

Riker  mounts  and  botanical  mounts 
always  on  hand,  also  Riker  botanical 
presses. 

Send  for  our  supply  catalogue  No. 
30  and  other  lists  of  interest  to  collect- 
ors. 


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DISPENSING   CHEMIST 

WE  SPECIALIZE  IN  PRESCRIPTION 

WORK.     HEADQUARTERS  FOR 

TOILET  ARTICLES. 

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OTTAWA 


The   Ottawa  Field-Naturalists'  Club 


'  Patron: 

HIS  EXCELLENCY  THE  DUKE  OF  DEVONSHIRE 
Governor-General  of  Canada. 

COUNCIL  1917-18. 

President: 
Mr.  Harlan  I.  Smith. 

Vice-Presidents: 
Dr.  C.  Gordon  Hewitt.  Dr.  M.  Y.  Williams. 


Secretary: 
Mr.  L.  D.  Burling, 

(Victoria  Memorial  Museum). 

Editor: 


Treasurer: 

Mr.  J.  R.  Dymond, 

(Seed  Branch,  Dept.  of 
Agriculture). 


Publications : 


Excursions : 


Lectures: 


Librarian: 

Mr.  H.  B.  Sifton, 

(Seed  Branch,  Dept.  of 

Agriculture). 

Mr.  C.  L.  Patch. 
Miss  F.  Fyles. 
Mr.  G.  A.  Millar. 
Miss  E.  Cowan. 

Standing  Committees  of  Council: 
Dr.  C.  G.  Hewitt,  A.  Gibson,  J.  R.  Dymond,  L.  D.  Burling, 
H.  B.  Sifton. 

F.  W.  Waugh,  Dr.  M.  Y.  Williams,  H.  B.  Sifton,  C.  M.  Stern- 
berg. Miss  F.  Fyles,  G.  A.  Millar,  Miss  E.  Cowan,  C.L.  Patch. 
Arthur  Gibson,  Dr.  C.  G.  Hewitt,  Dr.  M.  Y.  Williams,  P.  A. 
Taverner,  L.  D.  Burling,  W.  T.  Macoun. 


Mr.  Arthur  Gibson, 

(Entomolpgical  Branch, 
Dept.  of  Agriculture). 

Mr.  P.  A.  Taverner. 
Mr.  F.  W.  Waugh. 
Mr:  C.  M.  Sternberg. 
Mr.  W.  T.  Macoun. 


Trust  Funds:     W.  T.  Macoun,  Dr.  C.  G.  Hewitt,  R.  B.  Whyte,  Dr.  H.  M.  Ami. 


Archaeology  : 
Botany: 

Entomology : 
Geology: 
Ornithology: 
Zoo  logy: 
Photography : 


Leaders  at  Excursions: 

Harlan  I.  Smith,  F.  W.  Waugh,  W.  J.  Wintemberg,  T.  W.  E 
Sowter,  J.  Ballantyue. 

Miss  F.  Fyles,  W.  T.  Macoun,  J.  M.  Macoun,  Mrs.  A.  F. 
Brown,  Dr.  M.  O.  Malte,  J.  R.  Dymond,  E.  C.  Wight,  H.  B. 
Sifton,  G.  A.  Millar,  Miss  E.  Cowan. 

Arthur  Gibson.  W.  H.  Harrington,  Dr.  C.  G.  Hewitt,  J.  M. 
Swaine,  F.  W.  L.  Sladen. 

Dr.  E.  M.  Kindle,  Dr.  M.  Y.  Williams,  H.  McGillivray,  L.  D. 
Burling,  E.  Poitevin,  Dr.  M.  E.  Wilson. 

C.  L.  Patch,  P.  A.  Taverner,  Dr.  M.  Y.  Williams,  A.  G. 
Kingston. 

A.  Halkett,  E.  E.  Lemieux,  E.  A.  LeSueur,  C.  H.  Young, 
Dr.  R.  M.  Anderson. 

W.  S.  Hutton. 

Auditors: 
J.  Ballantyne.  E.  C.  Wight. 


Membership  Fee  to  O.F.N.C,  with  "Ottawa  Naturalist," 

$1.00  per  annum. 


MARCH,  1918 

Vol.  XXXI,  No.  12. 


THE 

OTTAWA 
NATURALIST 


Published  by  The  Ottawa  Field-Naturalisti'  Club 

Editor: 

ARTHUR  GIBSON, 
Entomological   Branch,   Department  ef    Agriculture, 

OTTAWA. 

Associate  Editors: 

Hakum  I.  Smith.                 W.  H.  Harrington,  P.  A.  Tavbrnhr, 

Anthropology.                                 Entomology.  Ornithology. 

M.  O.  Mai/tk,  Ph.D.,             M,  Y.  Williams,  Ph.D.,  L.  M.  Lambb,  F.G.S., 

Botany.                                      Geology.  Palaeontology. 

Prof.JohnMacoun.M.A.,    Otto  Kxotz,  LL.D..  C.  Gordon  Hkwitt,  D.Sc, 

Conchology.                              Meteorology.  Zoology. 


CONTENTS: 

The  Birds  of  Edmonton.     By  J.  D.  Soper 145 

Saturday  Afternoon   Excursions 149 

Obituary ISO 

Bird  Notes  From  Manitoba.     By  Norman  Criddle 151 

Note 152 

Index,  Vol.  XXXI. _. 153 


The  Dadson-Merrill  Press,  Limitsd. 

ISSUED  JUNE  21st,  1918. 

Entered  at  Ottawa   Post  Office  as  second  class  matter. 


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Total  Assets  Over $55,000,00 

BOARD  OF   DIRECTORS 

Hon.  George  Bryson,  President. 

John  B.  Fraser,  Vice-President. 
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Millboard  Mailing  Boxes,  Tubes,  Etc. 


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WE  HAVE  A  MODERN  REPAIR  DEPARTMENT. 


529  Sussex  St.,  OTTAWA. 


Phone  Q.  8028. 


THE  C.  C.  RAY  Co.  Ltd. 


BEST        COAL 


QUALITY 
58  SPARKS  ST 


LOWEST 
PRICES 


Phone  Q.  461 


THE  TORONTO 

GENERAL  TRUSTS 

CORPORATION 


CAPITAL 
RESERVE 


$1,500,000 
$1,850,000 


Successful  administration  of  ESTATES 
ranging  in  value  from  $500  to  $o,000.0UU 
each,  is  the  best  guarantee  that  you 
may  confidently  name  as  your 
EXECUTOR  and  TRUSTEE  this  Cor- 
poration. 

JAMES   DAVEY,   Manager. 
Ottawa   Branch: 

Cor.  SPARKS  and  ELGIN  STS. 


J.  G.  BUTTERWORTH 
&  Co. 

ALL-RAIL  SCRANTON  COAL 
HAS  NO  EQUAL. 

86    SPARKS    ST.,   OTTAWA 


WARD'S  NAT.  SCIENCE 
ESTABLISHMENT 

ROCHESTER,  N.Y.,   U.S.A. 

We  are  the  headquarters  in  the 
United  States  of  America  for  entomo- 
logical supplies  and  specimens. 

Sole  manufacturers  of  the  genuine 
Schmitt  boxes,  exhibition  cases  and 
cabinets,  also  of  the  American  Ento- 
mological Company's  insect  pins. 

Riker  mounts  and  botanical  mounts 
always  on  hand,  also  Riker  botanical 
presses. 

Send  for  our  supply  catalogue  No. 
30  and  other  lists  of  interest  to  collect- 
ors. 


R.  McGIFFIN,  Ltd. 


MEN'S  FINE  FURNISHINGS 
76  Rideau  St. 
106  Sparks  St. 


STORES  AT 


HURD  &  CO. 

HIGH-GRADE   SPORTING  GOODS, 
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191  Sparks  St.    -    Ottawa 


THE  SMITH  PREMIER 

AND  REMINGTON 

TYPEWRITERS 

The  World's  Two  Best  Typewriters. 

Federal  Typewriter  Co. 

Dealers 

200  QUEEN  STREET,  OTTAWA. 

Phone  Queen  6267. 

Demonstrations  gladly  given. 


WELDON  J.  GRAHAM 

DISPENSING   CHEMIST 

WE  SPECIALIZE  IN  PRESCRIPTION 

WORK.     HEADQUARTERS  FOR 

TOILET  ARTICLES. 

90  SPARKS  STREET,  OTTAWA 

Phones:  Q.  863,  Q.  8163. 


Pritchard  -Andrews 

Company 
ENGRAVERS 


Memorial  Tablets  in 
Brass  and  Bronze 


Church  Brass  Work 


264  Sparks  St.    -    Ottawa 


Mulhall  Hardware  Ltd.  ST{2£  BKSx  ST  ottawa 


2 

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\ 


The  Ottawa  Field-Naturalists'  Club 

Patron: 

HIS  EXCELLENCY  THE  DUKE  OF  DEVONSHIRE 
Governor-General  of  Canada. 

COUNCIL   1917-18. 

President: 
Mr.  Harlan  I.  Smith. 

Vice-Presidents: 
Dr.  C.  Gordon  Hewitt.  Dr.  M.  Y.  Williams. 


Secretary: 
Mr.  L.  D.  Burling, 

(Victoria  Memorial  Museum). 


Treasurer: 
Mr.  J.  R.  Dymond, 

(Seed  Branch,  Dept.  of 


Agriculture). 

Librarian: 
Mr.  H.  B.  Sifton, 


(Seed  Branch,  Dept.  of 
Agriculture). 


Publications: 


Excursions : 


Lectures 


Editor: 

Mr.  Arthur  Gibson, 

(Entomological  Branch, 
Dept.  of  Agriculture).  '   ,' 

Mr.  P.  A.  Taverner.  Mr.  C.  L.  Patch. 

Mr.  F.  W.  Waugh.  Miss  F.  Fyles. 

Mr.  C.  M.  Sternberg.  Mr.  G.  A.  Millar. 

Mr.  W.  T.  Macoun.  Miss  E.  Cowan. 

Standing  Committees  of  Council: 
Dr.  C.  G.  Hewitt,  A.  Gibson,  J.  R.  Dymond,  L.  D.  Burling, 
H.  B.  Sifton. 

F.  W.  Waugh,  Dr.  M.  Y.  Williams,  H.  B.  Sifton,  C.  M.  Stern- 
berg, Miss  F.  Fyles,  G.  A.  Millar,  Miss  E.  Cowan,  C.L.  Patch. 

Arthur  Gibson,  Dr.  C.  G.  Hewitt,  Dr.  M.  Y.  Williams,  P.  A. 
Taverner,  L.  D.  Burling,  W.  T.  Macoun. 


Trust  Funds:     W.  T.  Macoun,  Dr.  C.  G.  Hewitt,  R.  B.  Whyte,  Dr.  H.  M.  Ami. 


Leaders  at  Excursions: 


Archaeology 
Botant  : 


Harlan  I.  Smith,  F.  W.  Waugh,  W.  J.  Wintemberg,  T.  W.  E 
Sowter,  J.  Ballantyue. 

Miss  F.  Fyles,  W.  T.  Macoun,  J.  M.  Macoun,  Mrs.  A.  F. 
Brown,  Dr.  M.  O.  Malte,  J.  R.  Dymond,  E.  C.  Wight,  H.  B. 
Sifton,  G.  A.  Millar,  Miss  E.  Cowan. 

Entomology:      Arthur  Gibson.  W.  H.  Harrington,  Dr.  C.  G.  Hewitt,  J.  M. 
Swaine,  F.  W.  L.  Sladen. 

Geology:  Dr.  E.  M.  Kindle,  Dr.  M.  Y.  Williams,  H.  McGillivray,  L.  D. 

Burling,  E.  Poitevin,  Dr.  M.  E.  Wilson. 

Ornithology:     C.   L.   Patch,   P.   A.   Taverner,   Dr.   M.   Y.   Williams,   A.   G. 

Kingston. 

Zoology:  A.  Halkett,  E.  E.  Lemieux,  E.  A.   LeSueur,   C.  H.   Young, 

Dr.  R.  M.  Anderson. 

Photography.     W.  S.  Hutton. 

Auditors: 
J.  Ballantyne.  E.  C.  Wight. 

Membership  Fee  to  O.F.N.C*,  with  "Ottawa  Naturalist," 

SI.OO  per  annum. 


.J.B, 

ton. 


SEDERS 


MBL  WHOI   LIBRARY 


UH    IfiJM