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GIFT OF

OHIO FORESTRY PAMPHLETS
VOL. II

Bull. 190 — Evergreens: Their Uses and Culture —
Ohio Agri. Experiment Station

Bull. 194 — The More Important Insects Affecting
Ohio Shade Trees — Ohio Agricultural Experi-
ment Station

Bull. 197 ~ The Catalpa Midge -- Ohio Agricultur-
al Experiment Station

Extension Bulletin, Vol. VI, Ho. 4 — Our Cone-
Bearers and Evergreens — Agricultural College
Ohio State University.

Press Bulletin — Beware of Spurious Catalpa Stock
Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station vc

Extension Bulletin, Vol. IX, ITo. 5 -- Trees for
Shade, Shelter and Ornament. By William R.
Lazen"by, Agri. College, Ohio State University.

Wood-Using Industries of Ohio — Ohio Agricultural
Experiment Station in Cooperation with the

Forest Service.

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EVERGREENS: THEIR USES AND CULTURE.

OHIO

Agricultural Experiment
Station.

WOOSTER, OHIO, U. S. A., FEBRUARY, 1908.

BULLETIN 19O.

The Bulletins of this Station ate sent free to all residents of the State
who request them. Persons who desire their addresses changed should
give both old and new address. " A^l^$brre$£onderice- should be addressed to
EXPERIMENT STATION^ Wooster, Ohio.

299093

ORGANIZATION OP THE
OHIO AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

BOARD OF CONTROL.

T. C. LAYLIN, President Norwalk

D. L. SAMPSON, Secretary Cincinnati

JOHN COURTRIGHT, Treasurer Ashville

D. D. WHITE Castalia

CAKY W. MONTGOMERY Newark

STATION STAFF.

DEPARTMENT CHIEFS.

DEPARTMENT

CHARLES E. THORNE, M. S. A., Director , Administration. Soils

WILLIAM J. GREEN Horticulture. Forestry

AUGUSTINE D. SELBY, B. S. Botany

C. G: WILLIAMS Agronomy

JOHN W. AMES, M. S Chemistry

H. A. GOSSARD, M. S Entomology

B. E. CARMICHAEL, B. S Animal Husbandry

L. H. GODDARD, C. E., Assistant Director '. Cooperative Experiments

E. B. FORBES, B. S Nutrition

ASSISTANTS.

WILLIAM H. KRAMER. Bursar Administration

F. A. WELTON, B. S . . Agronomy

GAIL T. ABBOTT, A. B .Agronomy

THOMAS F. MANNS, M. S Botany

TRUE HOUSES Botany

W. F. PATE, B. S Chemistry

L. L. LASHELL, B S... Chemistry

S. S. FAY, B. S '. Chemistry

M. O. BUGBY, B. S Cooperative Experiments

W. H. GOODWIN, B. S Entomology

EDMUND SECREST. B. S Forestry

CLARENCE W. WAID, B. S Horticulture

F. H. BALLOU .Horticulture

H. S. WOODS, A. M Nutrition

R. C. E. WALLACE, B. S Soils

FOREMEN AND CLERKS.

WILLIAM HOLMES, Farm Foreman Agronomy

CHARLES A. PATTON, Meteorological Observer Agronomy

ORA FLACK, Horticultural Foreman Horticulture

W. E. BONTRAGER, Florist " Horticulture

C ARY WELTY, Mechanic A dministration

F . W . GLASS, Printer T Administration

FA YE BLAYNEY, Mailing Clerk A dministration

MARY M. LEE, Stenographer Administration

Valeria Riley , Stenographer Forestry

IN CHARGE OF TEST FARMS.

EDWARD MOHN, Supt. Northeastern Test- farm, Strong-sville Administration

HENRY M . WACHTER, Supt. Southwestern Test-farm, Germantown Administration

LEWIS SCHULTZ, Supt. Southeastern Test-farm, Carpenter Administration

Thw Bulletins of this "Station fere! i>siied' at irregular intervals. They are
paged consecutively and a.n index is included with the Annual Report, which
constitutes the ffnaj pJjrib^r.'of <?£<>h yetw>iy volume.

INTRODUCTION.

The law establishing- a department of forestry at this Station,
passed March 17, 1906, makes it the duty of the Station, in addition
to conducting- inquiries into the forest conditions of the state and
publishing the results of such inquiries, "to determine by experi-
ment and investigation the kinds of trees and shrubs best suited to
the various situations for windbreaks and shelter, for beautifying
grounds, and the best methods of planting and managing the same."
The present bulletin has been prepared in obedience to this section
of the law.

BULLETIN

OF THE

Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station

NUMBER 190. FEBRUARY, 1908.

EVERGREENS: THEIR USES AND CULTURE.

BY W. J. GREEN AND W. EMERSON BONTRAGER.

Evergreens are of peculiar yalue both for shelter and orna-
hient. At all times they furnish a barrier to wind and cold, and the
remarkably picturesque forms assumed by the adult specimens of
many species add much to the attractiveness of a country home,
especially when their boughs gracefully bend beneath a load of
snow. In winter, when other trees are destitute of foliage, these
majestic trees lend to the scene an air of animation which mitigates
in a large measure the severity and desolation of the season. If.
tastefully intermingled with other trees and shrubs about the home
they give a warmth of verdure and variety of outline unattainable
without their use. That many of the evergreens can be success-
fully grown upon thin sandy soils is an additional argument in their
favor.

Where grown to show the characteristic beauty of individual
trees, evergreens should be grouped naturally and not so closely as
to crowd upon each other, usually along the sides or at the rear of
the lawn. Planting in straight lines should be avoided, and, in small
groups, the disposition of trees in odd numbers is to be preferred.
Immediate eifects may be secured by planting thickly, but thinning
should not be so long deferred as to work injury to the lower
branches of those trees which it is intended to grow to maturity.
The kidividual who expects to begin the planting of evergreens
should not underestimate the importance of ascertaining what
species and varieties have been found vigorous and hardy after
being tested over a wide range of country under dissimilar condi-
tions. After a beginning has been made, specimens may be added
from time to time as the planter determines what kinds are best
suited to his needs and locality.

78 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION: BULLETIN 190

Probably the most valuable of all the evergreens in produc
landscape pictures is the silver or white fir. Somewhat similar
color, although of a distinctly different habit of growth, is the C<
rado blue spruce, which should be found in every collection. T
superb tree is of iron-clad hardiness and the foliage is of a p
nounced shade of blue which renders it very effective when gro
in proximity to darker-colored kinds. The retinosporas, or Jaj
cypresses, are an extensive group of elegant small trees especic
adapted to massing- and also to use upon small lawns, while
dwarf Mugho pine will be found serviceable where one of lowspre
ing- habit is desired. At times in grouping- trees a specimen of
rig-ht, columnar habit will be admissable, when the pyramidal arb
vitae or Irish Juniper may be appropriately introduced; but a p
ponderance of such trees should be avoided, as it conduces to ai
thing- but a natural, graceful landscape composition. Who has ]
witnessed, in some rural cemetery, the spectacle of numerc
stiff, erect Irish junipers which served only to deepen rather th
dispel the depressing effect that is often felt in many of the smal
resting places for the dead? Likewise, an occasional specimen
the grotesque weeping spruce will add variety, but all trees of su
abnormal type would best be used sparingly.

Photo by Waid.

FIG. I A good group of evergreens. At the rear are shown White, Austrian and Scotch Pin<

with a Cut-leaf Weeping Birch to the right. In the foreground appear Colorado Blue

Spruce, Arborvitaes and Red-twigged Dogwood.

Thedismal funereal sensation sometimesexperienced uponent
ing grounds where somber, suggestive trees,like the Norway sprt
and Irish juniper, have been planted too profusely may be avoid
by the use of such light, cheerful trees as the silver firs, Colora

EVERGREENS: THEIR USES AND CULTURE 7

blue spruce, hemlock and retinosporas. A mingling of deciduous
trees will also be helpful in counteracting- any tendency to dull or
gloomy effects. The white birch is admirably suited to this style
of planting, and, when interspersed among evergreens, its snowy
bark gleaming against a background of green boughs becomes a
charming part of the Winter scene. The beauty of home grounds
would be greatly augmented by the more general use of this hand-
some, hardy and easily-grown tree, which is so attractive a feature
in much of Nature's grouping. Excellent enlivening effects
may also be secured by using the red-twigged dogwood, a shrub
some five feet high, whose numerous, wine-colored branches con-
trast finely with evergreens or snow. Owing to its small size this
must be grown in front of taller trees, or in nooks such as frequently
occur along the edges of an evergreen group. As a companion plant
to the dwarf dogwood the golden willow is sometimes used, thereby
throwing golden twigs into contrast with those of a crimson hue.

FIG. II— Hollyhocks and White Pine. Photo by Ballon.

The foliage of the golden elder, a hardy, rugged shrub of the very
easiest culture, will be of material value during the summer months.
This must be planted in full exposure to the sunlight, as the rich
yellow foliage becomes greenish in color when grown in partial shade.
The coloring of this shrub is finest on young growth, hence it is well
to cut back the plant severely in spring. Still another shrub useful

80 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION: BULLETIN 190

for such purposes is the red-bud or Judas tree, whose flowers, in a
cheery shade of pink, cover the branches before the leaves appear.
At the base of evergreens occasional touches of color, such as
are afforded by beds of petunia, canna, salvia or other bedding-
plants, are highly effective and satisfactory. Owing to their vigor
of growth and ease of culture clumps of many of the perennial plants
are exceedingly valuable adjuncts used in this'way, and, if left un-
disturbed, they will increase in size and beauty from year to year.
Foxglove, platycodon, hardy phlox, larkspur and a host of others,
from which selection may be made according to the planter's fancy,
are available for the purpose. In fact, evergreens form a most ex-
cellent background for a great variety of charming hues in flower,
fruit and foliage. During the entire cycle of the seasons they may
be made to accentuate and brighten an infinite variety of colors in
plants, from the humblest flowers to the gorgeous maples.

Photo ?>v Waid,

FIG. Ill— Arborvitaes, Japan Cypress and Irish Juniper grouped
against deciduous shrubs and trees.

WINDBREAKS, SHELTER BELTS AND SCREENS.

Every country home should have its shelter belt of evergreens.
Windbreaks are not meant for the sole use of extensive orchardists,
as was once thought, but should be so commonly planted as to pro-
tect every home exposed in the least to the ravages of wind and
storm. The saving in fuel alone will defray the cost of planting
material in a few years' time. Nor need one wait a dozen years or
even half so long for evergreens to grow large enough to afford a
protection against piercing winds. Results may be secured in a
comparatively short time by planting quite thickly, the superfluous
trees to be removed from time to time as they encroach upon those

EVERGREENS: THEIR USES AND CULTURE 81

which it is designed to leave for the permanent shelter. Many an
exposed barnyard or poultry run might be transformed into a place
of genuine comfort for its inmates on wintry days, by planting along
its northern and western sides a row of white pine, Norway spruce
or arborvitae. Frequently, a barn which has been located too near
the dwelling, a number of outbuildings or an unsightly view, may
be concealed by the suitable location of a group of evergreens, and
in many instances this bit of planting will perform the double func-
tion of screen and windbreak. A strip approximately ten times its
height is protected by a windbreak, as is shown by the snow lying
smooth on the ground for this distance beyond it after a storm.

FIG. IV— A White Pine Windbreak. Trees are fifteen years old. Photo by Waid

Often a windbreak can be worked into the general landscape effect
to break up the monotony. This is done by informal grouping and
combining different shades of color. Thus an irregular shelter belt
of evergreens becomes, with maples, birches and other trees, a
charming addition to the landscape. Its graceful outlines are far
more charming than the formal and stiff appearance of the straight-
row windbreak of a single species.

82 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION: BULLETIN 190

Since evergreens are a favorite place for the nesting- of birds,
an increase in the number of our little feathered friends will be ob-
served wherever windbreaks are established. This is no small in-
centive for planting, whether viewed from the aspect of sentiment
or that of.economic advantage. The birds will many times compen-
sate for the consumption of fruit and grain by the destruction of
pernicious insects which are becoming more and more a menance to
the farmer and fruit-grower.

For screens, to hide unsightly objects, or to secure a degree of
privacy to the home, evergreens, because of persistent foliage, serve
the purpose at all seasons. Used for this purpose they may be
planted in straight or curved rows, to suit the boundaries, or in al-
most any manner, so that the purpose sought is realized. Very
often, where a row of trees may be essential, in order to make a ser-
viceable screen, the object can be quite as well attained by grouping
and by mingling harmonious deciduous trees with evergreens. For
a formal screen a dwarf or half-dwarf species is best, but by shear-
ing-, or close clipping, even such tall growing trees as Norway spruce
can be used. The hemlock is admirable for the purpose and there
are a number of species and varieties of arborvitae, retinospora and
juniper which are good.

An evergreen hedge is but a closely clipped screen and the same
species can be used for both. A screen needs some pruning to
prevent openings and to keep the trees in somewhat symmetrical
form, but a hedge should be clipped once or twice each year, the
first early and the second time in midseason. Arborvitae, retinos-
poras and junipers bear clipping- or shearing best of all, but spruces,
firs and even pines are quite tractable under the knife early in sum-
mer before the new buds are fully formed, provided the young
growth only is cut.

An evergreen hedge should always be kept wider at the base
than at the top, otherwise those portions of the foliage which receive
insufficient light perish and unsightly dead spots appear. It is use-
less to attempt to start an evergreen hedge in the shade of trees.
If one is in doubt as to the propriety of planting an evergreen hedge,
a safe rule is not to locate one where it is not actually needed.

PLANTING AND CULTURE.

Probably best results will be secured by transplanting ever-
greens in May, just as the buds are beginning to swell. A rainy
time in September is also good. The size of holes will depend upon
the size of the tree to be planted, and they should be large enough to
hold the clump of roots without crowding. If it occur in digging that

EVERGREENS: THEIR USES AND CULTURE 83

the surface soil is of better quality than that found further down, as
frequently happens, put a small quantity of this to one side and re-
place it in the hole before the tree is inserted. After adjusting- the
roots in the hole as nearly as possible in the position which they
formerly occupied, fill the earth in gently and thoroughly about
them, finally firming it well. When the hole has been half filled
a thorough watering will make success doubly certain. As a finish-
ing1 process, after filling the hole and firming the soil well about the
tree, apply as a mulch six or eight inches of straw, coarse manure
or grass. Too much emphasis can scarcely be placed upon the im-
portance of this last step. In digging evergreens take special care
to avoid injury to the roots. With deciduous trees it is possible
to preserve a balance between top and roots by cutting back the
former if the latter be injured, but this is not practicable in dealing
with evergreens. To protect the roots against drying by exposure
to sun and wind they must be carefully wrapped in a wet sack, piece
of burlap or old cloth, even if being1 moved for only a short distance.
If the soil be markedly deficient in fertility the trees will be bene-
fitted by having thoroughly rotted manure spaded into the earth
about them, but this must not come into direct contact with the
roots and fresh manure ought never to be used. If evergreens are
transplanted several times in the nursery, as they should be, most
kinds, except pines and some of the firs, will form a mass of roots
to which the soil will adhere in digging. If a ball of earth is carried
along in the final transplanting, and other precautions taken, not a
single tree will be lost.

AUGUST PLANTING.

It is possible to transplant evergreens successfully during a
wet spell in August and up to thexmiddle of September. However,
this period is suited only to the shifting of trees from one part of
the home grounds to another or to the planting of those secured in
the vicinity, as evergreens cannot safely be shipped long distances
at this time of the year, owing to danger from heating in the pack-
ag'es. Spring seems to be the natural and logical time for the re-
moval of such trees, hence it is likely that the average planter will
only resort to summer and autumn planting in exceptional cases.

PRUNING.

The pruning of evergreens is not often required, being neces-
sary only to preserve the symmetrical shape of the tree or for the
removal of diseased, dead or dying branches. Dead limbs may be
cut at any time, but pruning of pines, spruces and firs should be
done during the growing* season, 'when the young wood is still soft,

84 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION: BULLETIN 190

as a number of new buds will then be formed at the end of the
branch. Arborvitaes, Japan cypress and junipers may be shorn in
spring: and summer. No evergreens should be pruned in autumn.
As most evergreens naturally assume a conical form, the encourage-
ment of this by pinching back any branches inclined to make an
over-vigorous growth is advisable and necessary. Such branches
should be cut back to a strong bud, thus leaving a chance for the
limb to begin growth again. It is gratifying to note that the once
prevalent fashion of pruning evergreens into urns, fowls and other
fantastic shapes seems to be dying out. Evergreens are often
planted where they are to serve as partial, or open screens, the ob-
ject being to afford some seclusion to a dwelling or building in a
somewhat public place. In cases of this kind it is desirable to have
a thick mass of foliage near the center of the tree while the outer
portions are more open. This is accomplished by very close clipping
when the trees are young and afterward allowing a natural growth.
While this form of a tree is less picturesque than one where the
pruning has been more moderate, it is allowable because it serves a
definite purpose. With some species this treatment makes more last-
ing specimens than where no pruning is done.

EVERGREENS: THEIR USES AND CULTURE

FIG. V -White Pine. Pinus strobus Linn.

Photo by Waid

86 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION: BULLETIN 190

The Pine. Pinus Linn. The pines are found in most of the colder parts
of the world, where they cover immense areas. Few trees will endure
greater extremes of cold and the region of their natural habitat extends north to
Greenland. They are so constituted as to flourish upon poor, gravelly or sandy
soils, while their abundant and enduring- foliage, in its various shades of green
renders them of signal value in ornamental planting, whether used as shelter or
screen, or as a background against which to group deciduous trees and shrubs.

White Pine. Pinus strobus Linn. As an ornamental tree the white pine is
probably the most valuable of the group, since its color is more cheerful and its
foliage more pliant and graceful than that of any other species. Unlike some of
the other pines, the shape of the tree does not become rounding at the top with in-
creasing years, but it permanently retains the form of a taper ing shaft. Making
a der.se growth, it is of great value in the formation of plantings for shelter and
protection. It is perhaps most graceful and beautiful when grown on thin, sandy
soil, as the tree then assumes a dignified, stately, spire-like form sometimes 150
feet tall, while if reared on land abounding in fertility the head is much more
dense. In rate of growth it is very rapid, hence of unusual value where speedy
results are wanted, as in the case of windbreaks and open screens. The great
white pine forests of North America are found in a belt extending across the
northern part of the United States and southern Canada.

The Red Pine, sometimes called Norway pine (Pinus resinosa Ait. ), so named
on account of its attractive, bright red bark, is found native in New England
and the region extending northward through Canada and westward to Wis-
consin. The trees vary from SO to 75 feet in height and the wood is very rich in
resinous matter, being only excelled in this regard by that of the pitch pine. Its
habit of growth is peculiar in that the needles are borne in thick tufts on the
ends of the branches. These needles are long and of a dark green color and, as
they contrast well with the reddish bark, the tree is not an unattractive one.
While not of as great value from the ornamental standpoint as some of the other
pines, its distinctive habitof growth and hardiness entitle itto a place in collections.

Western Yellow Pine. Pinus ponder os a Dougl. This species is found in
river valleys and on the lower mountain slopes along the Pacific coast, being
common in Oregon, where it often attains a height of one hundred feet with a
greater part of the trunk free from branches. It resembles the Austrian pine in
form, but is of a darker green and has long, glossy needles, which are borne in
plume-like clusters, While the appearance of the young tree is quite attractive*
the yellow pine will probably not be much used as an ornamental, on account of
the coarse and open appearance presented by the mature specimen, although its
vigor of growth and hardiness commend it for use in certain positions.

Austrian or Black Pine. Pinus Austnaca Link. This la'rge speading species
is found native in Austria and adjacent countries. It is one of the irost widely
planted kinds and its merits have made it a general favorite. It has a massive
appearance and a symmetrical outline, due to its branches being placed equally
distant apart around the trunk, and as it is of a rich, dark green color, it is
very handsome as seen from a distance and harmonizes well with both white
and Scotch pines. However, an intimate examination will disclose a coarseness
which renders it unsuitable for planting near residences, although it makes a
satisfactory specimen when located in some remote site upon the lawn. For use
where an evergreen of strong, rapid growth, hardiness and adaptability to a
great diversity of soils is desired, the Austrian pine is one of the best trees to be
had. It is of exceptional value when used in shelter strips for protesting
orchards and buildings. While it does not grow so rapidly when young as the
Scotch pine, it lives to a greater ajfe, and will succeed in a moister soil than is
suited to most of the pines.

EVERGREENS: THEIR USES AND CULTURE

Scotch Pine. Finns sylvestris Linn, The name of this species would indi-
cate that it is of Scotch origin, but in reality it is found covering large areas in
central Europe, where it is held in about the same esteem as the white pine here.
It is much inferior to the white pine in all respects. The mature trees some-
times reach a height of 80 feet and are four or five feet in diameter. Its foliage
is of a bluish color and the size of the tree precludes its use in small grounds,
but in parks and upon extensive lawns it can be used to considerable advantage.
Its rate of growth is exceedingly rapid, and this fact, together with its hardi-
ness and the ease with which it can be grown upon many kinds of soil, make it
of great service in the formation of windbreaks. It is handsome when young and
often assumes picturesque forms in old age.

Swiss Stone Pine. Pinus cembra Linn. This one inhabits the higher regions
of the Alps, specimens fifty feet tall being frequently found. It also abounds in
Austria, where it forms vast forests of the darkest shade of green. In form the
tree is conical, with branches borne well to the ground; while the foliage, which
is very dense, has a peculiar tufted appearance. It produces attractive purple
cones which are born at or near the apex of the tree. Unfortunately of ver}r
slow growth, the Swiss stone pine has great value in ornamental planting, as
it is capable of producing effects not to be secured by the use of any other
species. It will flourish upon thin, stony soil in exposed situations such as few
other evergreens can endure, while its dark foliage contrasts well with that of
lighter-colored species. A well-grown tree of Swiss stone pine is a fitting sub-
ject for any lawn, whether it be in the home grounds, cemetery or park.

FIG. VI— Colorado Blue Spruce in center, Umbrella Pine in foreground

Umbrella Pine. Sciadopitys verticellata Sieb. & Zucc. This unique conifer,
so-called from the fact that its leaves are arranged about the twig somewhat
like the ribs of an umbrella, is a native of Japan. The foliage is dark-colored
and rich looking. This tree seems to be of undoubted hardiness, and, while it

OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION: BULLETIN 190

grows somewhat slowly when young-, the rate of growth is more rapid in later
years, so that trees twenty-five years old ought to be fifteen to twenty feet high.
In Japan umbrella pines one hundred feet high are by no means uncommon, but
trees of this size are undoubtedly very old Where one wishes to cultivate on his
lawn a rare evergreen of peculiar,yet attractive and satisfactory, habit of growth,
no mistake will be made in securing a specimen of the umbrella pine.

FIG. VII— Dwarf Mu^ho 'Pln^Ptnus fumtlio Haenke.

Dwarf Mugho Pine. Pinus pumilio Haenke. The Mugho pine is a low-grow-
ing species originally found upon the mountains of Central Europe. Specimens
occasionally attain a height of twenty-five feet, but as generally seen it is a
tree of low, sprawling character seldom more than five or six feet tall. Its
peculiar spreading habit, together with dense, dark green foliage and assured
hardiness, make it of great service in ornamental planting. It shows especially
well when planted near to rocks or upon a rocky ledge, and individual trees are
attractive on the lawn, if located well in the foreground or planted in front of
taller evergreens.

Norway Spruce. Picea excelsa Link. In discussing the Norway spruce,
which has been so abundantly and widely planted through the northern half of
the United States, the authors feel that they are dealing with a tree already
thoroughly well known to most readers. Owing to its rapidity of growth and

EVERGREENS: THEIR USES AND CULTURE 89

cheapness, consequent upon the ease with which it can be propagated from seed,
together with the fact that it readily adapts itself to almost any soil, this species
has been widely disseminated; and there is scarcely a park, cemetery or rural
community where specimens of it cannot be found — many of them being in an
advanced stage of dilapidation.

Weeping Norway Spruce. Picea excelsa ptndula Loud. In this variety we
have a unique member in the family of spruces, which embraces most of the
characteristics of the Norway in addition to a strikingly peculiar habit of
growth. Differing from the Norway, its limbs grow in a decidedly weeping
fashion, while occasional branches turn up in a most eccentric manner. Being
slender and much smaller than the Norway, it is one of the finest specimen trees.
It should be located at a somewhat conspicuous spot on the lawn and is excellent
for use in small grounds. While its growth is made rather slowly, the weeping
spruce is entirely hardy and not in the least fastidious as to soil.

FIG. VIII— Weeping Norway Spruce. Picea excelsa pendula Loud.

The Norway spruce comes from central and northern Europe, where dense
forests of it cover immense tracts of country and the old trees vary in height from
eighty to one hundred and fifty feet. A natural forest of Norway, grown under
favorable conditions, presents a sight long to be treasured in one's memory, since
their long, pendulous, gracefully-curving branches, festooned with dark green,
shining foliage, sweep the ground.

The Norway is of great value in ornamental planting, when used judiciously,
but it is not suited to use on extremely small lawns nor to any situation where
space cannot be afforded for it to develop normally. It is valuable for planting

90 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION: BULLETIN 190

in parks, cemeteries and upon spacious lawns, while its vigorous, rapid habit
of growth specially commends it for any position were speedy results are wanted.
It is also one of the good trees for making windbreaks, since its dense growth
forms an almost impenetrable barrier to chilling winds and frosts that often
destroy fruit and ornamental trees of doubtful hardiness. The Norway spruce
stands shearing well and has been much used in the form of close hedges, for
which purpose it has given good service.

Like many general favorites, the Norway spruce has its faults and there is
no doubt that it has been planted too freely, to the exclusion of more valuable,
though less generally known, species. At thirty-five years the Norway begins
to get thin and ragged in the top, and a perfect tree more than fifty years old is
seldom seen. It is one of the darkest-colored evergreens, and, when used in the
formation of large belts or long avenues, if not brightened by the occasional use
of some more cheerful tree, the general effect is monotonous and at times even
exceedingly oppressive.

FIG. IX— Oriental Spruce. Picea orientalis Carr.

Oriental Spruce. Picea Orientalis Carr. A native of the regions surround ing
the Black Sea and other parts of southwestern Asia, where it is abundant, the
oriental spruce is one of the finest foreign evergreens that has ever been intro-
duced into America. It is of slender, elegant and remarkably refined habit, its
growth being made less rapidly than that of the Norway, which it resembles in
color. The species is etirely hardy and. produces a tree one hundred and twenty-

EVERGREENS: THEIR USES AND CULTURE

five feet tall, which retains the lower limbs for many years. As it makes its
growth slowly it is well suited while young for use upon small lawns. The
oriental spruce is one of the very best evergreens for any situation where a fine
specimen is wantedi and, with the exception of its slower habit of growth, is in
every way superior to the popular Norway for ornamental purposes.

White Spruce. Picea Canadensis B. S. P. Of the spruces native to America
one of the most pleasing, on account of its conical shape and compact habit of
growth, is the white spruce. Variously estimated at from fifty to one hundred
and fifty feet in height, the white spruce bears foliage of a bluish-green color,
which is unpleasantly aromatic when crushed. It has been much used as an
ornamental, and when grown in a group with Norway spruce or other dark-
colored trees the contrast formed is a lively and agreeable one, although the
white spruce is longer lived and of slower growth than the Norway. It is a
native of the north, as its natural range extends from northern New England
through Canada to the Arctic Circle and westward through northern United States
to Montana, and it is therefore well suited to cold regions. The white spruce
does not stand heat well and in central United States the foliage is liable to be
attacked in summer by the red spider, which soon causes it to look discolored
and thin. For the construction of windbreaks in the extreme northern states no
tree is superior to the white spruce.

FIG. X— Colorado Blue Spruce. Picea parryanna glauca.

Photo by Wuid.

Colorado Blue Spruce. Picea parry ana glauca. Tco many good things can
scarcely be said of this rarely beautiful conifer from the mountains of Colorado.
While trees grown from seed vary greatly in shades of color, the finest have
foliage of rich steel blue which is handsomest in summer and fall, becoming
somewhat dimmer in winter. Nothing more attractive in the evergreen line can
be easily imagined than the young growth on a well-colored Colorado blue

92 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION: BULLETIN 190

spruce, and a place should be found for at least one specimen on every lawn in
Ohio. A tree of so unusual and striking a color as this should never be planted
in masses, but instead used as a solitary specimen or in very small groups.
When associated with other evergreens it would best be used sparingly, serving
for accent as it were. The habit of this tree is to put out its branches, which
are covered with erect, sharp-pointed needles, in. a somewhat stiff, horizontal
manner. Even in its native home the blue spruce does hot retain the character-
istic shade of blueness after it is forty years old, but that period of daily satis-
faction and enjoyment will abundantly justify any one for planting it.

Koster's Blue Spruce. Picea parry ana glauca (forma} Kosteriana. This is
but the Colorado blue spruce grafted with wood from trees of the finest color,
hence a prospective planter can make no mistake in purchasing the grafted sort,
although they are slightly more expensive.

Weeping Blue Spruce. Picea parryana glauca-pendula (forma') Kosteriana*
In this variety we have combined the gracefully pendulous habit of the weeping
Norway spruce and the highly colored foliage of the Colorado blue, the result
being a weeping tree of even greater worth than the weeping Norway.

Engelmann's Spruce. Picea Engelmanni Engelm. Engelmann's spruce is
another good tree which has come to us from the Rocky Mountains. The foliage
of this species is ill-smelling and has some of the blue tints of the Colorado blue,
but the needles are softer and much more pliant, the sharp, piercing character
being wholly lacking. It is entirely hardy and attains a height at maturity
ranging from one hundred to one hundred and fifty feet. While it has not been
extensively planted in Ohio it seems to be a desirable and promising species
and worthy of much more general use. Engelmann's spruce is not a rapid
grower.

American Hemlock ( Tsuga Canadensis Carr), considered by many to be one of
the most beautiful evergreens, is native to a region extending from Nova Scotia
to Wisconsin and along the Appalachian mountains from North Carolina north-
ward through Canada. In Canada and northern United States vast forests of
hemlock are found, the trees seeming to stand the conditions of a northern region
better than the heat and drought of a more southerly locality. It often becomes
a tree 70 to 80 feet in height and solitary specimens hold their branches well to
the ground, but as often found in forests a large portion of the trunk is bare
For ornamental and decorative purposes the hemlock has been much used and
the grace with which it carries its light, feathery, drooping branches makes it
indispensable. The tree is a symmetrical one, without rigid formality, clad in
foliage of dark, yet lively and cheerful, shade of green. While seen at its best
when grown as an individual specimen, the hemlock also harmonizes well with
other trees. It bears shearing well and has been much used in the formation of
hedges, a good hemlock hedge being unsurpassed in beauty by that of any other
evergreen.

Douglas Fir. Pseudotsuga taxifolia (Lamb.) Britt. By some this is also called
Douglas spruce. This important timber tree grows along the Pacific coast from
Mexico through the Rocky Mountain Region to southern Canada, being found at
its greatest perfection in the territory around Puget Sound, where trees three
hundred feet in diameter are not uncommon. As an ornamental it is a dark-
colored, very rich looking tree of graceful habit, and it is being used extensively
in forestry on account of its rapid rate of growth and hardiness. Owing to its
extremely large size it should be planted where it may ultimately have unre-
stricted space in which to grow.

EVERGREENS: THEIR USES AND CULTURE

FIG. XI— Douglas Fir, Psendotsuga taxifolia (Lamb] Britt* Photo by Waid

94 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION: BULLETIN 190

FIG. XII— White or Silver Fir. Abies concolor Lindl. it Gord, Photo by Waid

EVERGREENS: THEIR USES AI$D CULTURE 95

White or Silver Fir. Abies concolor LindL & Gotd. In this excellent conifer
from the Rocky mountains it is believed we have the ornamental evergreen
of the future. In every way a fitting- companion for the Colorado blue spruce, it
is superior in that the tree retains the distinctive, silvery hue of the foliage to a
very great age. Of undoubted hardiness and adaptability to a wide variety of
soils, the enduring1 qualities of this tree commend it for very g-eneral planting.
Unexcelled as a specimen tree, it may also be used in small groups or in con-
junction with other species, notably pines and spruces, when it should be used
occasionally in the foreground. As the silver fir finally becomes a towering
monarch one hundred and fifty feet tall, ample space for development should be
apportioned to it.

Nordmann's Fir. Abies Nordmanniana Spach. From southwestern Asia,
Nordmann's fir has been more generally planted through the eastern states than
any other foreign species. While it has given satisfaction in many localities in
the east, on the grounds of the Experiment Station it seems to be of doubtful
hardiness and is therefore not recommended for general planting, unless in
well-sheltered situations. Its foliage is of a dark, shining green above and a
silvery shade below. Trees one hundred and twenty-five to one hundred and
fifty feet tall are frequently found in the regions of which it is a native.

American Arborvitae, also called White Cedar. Thuya occidentalis Linn. The
flat compressed foliage of the American arborvitae, which consists ot numerous
scales overlapping each other, effectually distinguishes the tree from any other
conifer. It is found in that portion of the North American continent extending
from the latitude of Pennsylvania northward, where it often grows in swamps,
near the base of mountains, or in moist valleys between them. At maturity it
becomes a neat-looking slender cone, ranging from twenty-five to fifty feet in
height, with branches well retained to the ground. It is one of the very best
evergreens for use on lawns and lots of small size, although its extremely formal,
artificial shape militates against its being associated promiscuously with other
evergreens. The dull, brownish, unattractive color assumed by the foliage in
winter is the chief objection to the arborvitae, although its color is remarkably
bright and fresh-looking during the summer and fall months. There is no ever-
green, either native or introduced, which will endure as much hardship and
grow on as great a variety of soils, under even adverse conditions, as the arbor-
vitae.

Owing to its regular habit of growth and the impunity with which it stands
the pruning shears, the arborvitae has become the most popular from its exten-
sive use in hedges and screens, for which purpose it has.no superior. When it
is intended to make a hedge the ground should be thoroughly dug up or culti-
vated and the trees planted two or three feet apart. After planting a mulch will
aid greatly in retaining a moisture in the soil and is essential, for the first
season at least.

The marked proclivity of the arborvitae to sport has resulted in the produc-
tion of many named varieties, one of the very best of which is the Siberian
Arborvitae ( Thuya Sibirica Hort.}, a variety superior, indeed, to the species
itself. The Siberian has dense foliage of a darker shade of green than that of
the American and in form the tree is also conical but wider at the base and
sloping less steeply to the apex. It retains its color In winter much better than
the American, and is an elegant specimen tree of the greatest hardiness for any
situation where a very formal tree is appropriate. While it has not been so

OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION: BULLETIN 190

much used in the formation of hedges as has the American, it is excellent for
the purpose and a smoothly shorn hedge of Siberian arborvitae is a satisfying
sight. The popularity of this variety is growing and no mistake will be made
in planting it freely.

FIG. XIII- Siberian Arborvitae. Thuya Siberian Hort,

Geo. Peabody Arborvitae. Thuya occidcntalis var. Geo. Peabody. In this
variety we have a tree similar in form and general character to the American
arborvitae, clad in foliage of cle?r and enduring golden yellow. As with all
trees of striking and unusual shades of color, this variety should be used -with
discretion and only as a sort of spice to brighten amass or bed of evergreens in
darker colors. It is a handsome specimen tree and of value where space is
limited.

Globe-Headed Arborvitae. Thuya occidentalis Globosa. A variety of dwarf
and very dense growth with spherical or globular form, two or three feet in
diameter. As an aid in forming the typical shape, the shears may be ap-
plied to this tree two or three times in a season.

Hovey's Golden Arborvitae. Thuya occidentalis Hoveyi. This variety is of
very dense and compact, yet not severely formal, habit, the head of the tree
being oval-globular in shape, The color of the foliage is a beautiful, fresh-
looking shade of light golden green. It grows from five to seven feet tall and
is one of the very finest of the smaller evergreens; especially good for cemetery

EVERGREENS: THEIR USES AND CULTURE

Pyramidal Arborvitae. Thuya occidentalis pyramidalis forms an elegant and
very slender shaft of dark green — useful for producing columnar effects and
superior to the Irish Juniper, familiar from its frequent use in cemeteries.
This variety is one of the hardiest and can also be used in the formation of a
very handsome ornamental hedge or screen.

FIG. XIV— Pyramidal Arborvitae. Thuya occidentalis p^ramidatis Photo by Ballon.

Ldwson's Cypress. Chamaecyparis Lawsoniana Murr. One of the most pleas-
ing evergreens in habit of growth is Lawson's cypress, a species from the
Pacific coast, the lower part of whose branches curve upward like those of the
spruce, while the extremities droop with the utmost grace. Of rapid growth,
the tree is covered with bluish-green foliage singularly fern-like in character,

OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION: BULLETIN 190

and specimens oue hundred feet tall are not uncommon in their native home.
Ths Lawson cypress is hardy in Ohio, excepting- that the tips of twigs on
young trees are occasionally winter-killed. This may be ascribed to their habit
of sometimes making a vigorous growth in late summer or early autumn and the
use of stimulating- manures, or even excessively fertile soil, about them should
be avoided. This species is one of the really excellent ornamental evergreens
and is too seldom seen.

FIG. XV— Golden Plume-like Japan Cypress T Retinospora plumosa aurea Hort.
Japan Cypress. Retinospora. The Japan cypresses are an impo rtant group
of elegant, small evergreens, in which are embodied a great diversity of color
and texture in foliage as well as variety in type and outline of tree. In their
numerous shades of green, blue and gold they afford some of the. finest material
for the formation of groups and beds of evergreens, and are unexcelled as
miniature specimen trees. As grown for a number of years on the grounds oi
the Experiment Station they have satisfactorily withstood the rigors of our win-
ters and are a source of perennial delight to all beholders. While their hardi-
ness is assured, the age to which they will retain their youthful beauty and
vigor is as yet undetermined, although it is claimed that in some localities -they
are shortlived. They revel in a fertile soil, without which it is not easy to
secure foliage of the best quality and color. In making a bed or group they may
be planted four to six feet apart and will not crowd for a number of years. The
botanical classification of the Japan cypresses is as yet considerably involved,
but in this connection it will suffice to group them under four or five principal
types, most of which have green and golden forms.

EVERGREENS: THEIR USES AND CULTURE

Pea-fruited Japan Cypress ( Cupressus pisifera Seib. & Zucc,)is a graceful tree
from the mountains of Japan. Its branchlets are covered wiih compressed or
flattened foliag-e slightly resembling that of arborvitae, while the branches have
a pendulous, feathery character which gives the tree a charming and desirable
aspect. This is one of the largest and hardiest kinds.

Golden Pea-fruited Japan Cypress. Cuptessus pisifera aurea. This variety
has the form and general characteristics of the preceding one, with the exception
that its foliage is of a golden yellow color. It is a popular sort, as the color of
the new growth is very bright; one of the very finest and best of the golden
evergreens.

Plume-like Japan Cypress. Retinospora plumosa Hort. In this we have one
of the most valuable of the entire group. The tree is dense and compact in
habit, its smaller branches being covered with a fluffy, plume-like green foliage,
and forms a superb small specimen.

Golden Plume-like Japan Cypress. Retinospora plumosa aurea Hort. This
variety is a sport from the plume-like Japan cypress and differs from it only in
having golden foliage. When planted with the plume-like or other of the green
sorts the entire group is lightened and brightened in a remarkable manner.

FIG. XVI— Thread-branched Japan Cypress. Retinospora filif era Fowler.
Squarrose-leaved Japan Cypress ( Retinospora squarrosa Hort. ) is a much-
branched, bushy tree seldom more than five or six feet tall whose soft foliage is
in color a silvery blue. The foliage is fragile and tender in appearance but is
not often injured by cold. To preserve a conical shape it is necessary to shear
this variety annually.

100

OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION: BULLETIN 190

Thread -branched Japan Cypress (Retinospora filijera Fowlei ) is a unique form
having" peculiar, thread-like or whip-like branches, and seems to be one of the
most vigorously constituted of the entire group. In time it becomes a bushy
shrub or small tree from which stiffness and formality are wholly lacking-.
It should be used, even in very small collections, on account of its hardiness and
vigorous habit of growth.

Golden Thread-branched Japan Cypress. Retinospora filif era aurea. In this
we have the showy golden form'of thread-branched Japan cypress. Its foliage
is abundantly marked with yellow in a glowing tint, which is well retained
through summer, even when the tree is grown in partial shade; a peculiar, dis-
tinct and valuable variety.

Obtuse-leaved Japan Cypress. Cupressus obtusa Sieb. and Zucc. By some this
is regarded as the finest of all the Japan cypresses. In Japan, where it be-
comes a tree sixty feet tall, it is considered sacred and its wood is used in the
construction of temples. The foliage is a clear, brilliant green in color and for
ornamental purposes the value of the tree can scarcely be rated too high. As
the tree acquires size it is apt to become open and thin, which can be obviated
by annual shearing or pruning in its younger years to increase the number of
branches.

FIG. XVII— Graceful Obtuse-leaved Japan Cypress. Cupressus obtusa gractlts.
Compact obtuse-leaved Japan Cypress ( Cupressus obtusa compacta] is a neat,
dwarf, compact grower, which has foliage similar to the obtuse-leaved Japan
cypress and is one of the very best of the small, low-growing evergreens.

EVERGREENS: THEIR USES AND

101

Graceful obtuse -leaved Japan Cypress (Cuptessus obtusa giacilis] is a form
somewhat larger and taller than the preceding- variety, but which makesacom-
pact, symmetrical, small tree. Has the good foliage and color of obtusa and is
sure to give satisfaction wherever planted.

Blue-tinted Red Cedar. Junipetus Virginiana var. Glauca. Blue-tinted red
cedar is a variety of the red cedar, a native tree of Eastern North America
whose habitat extends from southern Canada to Florida. Adult trees are of
slim upright habit, ranging from fifty to seventy-five feet in height. Although
the shearing and clipping of evergreens into artificial shapes is not encouraged,
no tree is better suited to the purpose than is this variety, which is one of the
very best kinds for making formal gardens. The red cedar will grow on
gravelly upland and is equally athome in the moist, sandy soil of the sea shore.

English Yew. Taxus baccata. The Yew, famous because of its extensive use
in English cemeteries, is a handsome, slow-growing tree^, often forty feet tall,
whose foliage somewhat resembles in color and texture that of the American
hemlock. In England it attains an extraordinary age, there being some
authenticated instances of trees having lived for a thousand years.
Unfortunately, in this country the English Yew lacks vigor, is short-lived and
altogether unsuited to extensive planting in Ohio. The very hardiest and best
of the yews is the Japanese species ( Taxus cuspidata}^ which is as yet quite rare
but worthy of trial.

FIG. XVIII— Evergreens laden with frost. Photo by Waid.

102 OHta EXPERIMENT STATION: BULLETIN 190

SUMMARY.

Because of their enduring" foliage, evergreens should b.e more
extensively planted about country homes, whether used in straight-
row windbreaks or mingled informally with other trees on the lawn.
From the ornamental standpoint, they abound in rich, dark shades
of green, equally valuable as a background for deciduous trees or
flowering shrubs and plants.

The finest of the larger ornamental evergreens are the White
Pine, Colorado Blue Spruce, White or Silver Fir, Oriental Spruce
and American Hemlock. Of the smaller ones none is better than
Siberian, Hovey's Golden, Pyramidal or Globe Arborvitae, Thread-
branched Japan Cypress, Graceful Obtuse-leaved Japan Cypress and
Plume-like Japan Cypress.

The best evergreens bearing foliage in shades of yellow are
Geo, Peabody Arborvitae, Golden Pea-fruited Japan Cypress and
Golden Plume-like Japan Cypress.

In making an evergreen hedge ttse American Hemlock or
Siberian Arborvitae.

For specimens to be shorn into fanciful shapes, use common
Red Cedar, Blue-tinted Cedar or any Arborvitae.

As a protection to farm buildings, the barn-yard* or poultry
run, a good windbreak will repay its cost in a few years in the
saving of fuel or feed.

The length of time consumed in its growth need not deter any-
one from making a windbreak, as results may be secured in half a
dozen years by planting thickly, subsequent thinning to be practiced.

For the construction of windbreaks and shelter belts the White
Pine, Norway Spruce, Austrian and Scotch Pines and American
Arborvitae have no superiors. These kinds all grow rapidly and
are not lacking in vigor or adaptability to thin soils, exposed situa-
tions and other adverse conditions.

It is hoped that no reader will so misconstrue any part of this
publication as to plan evergreens exclusively about the home. De-
ciduous trees occupy a place in any scheme for .beautifying lawns
which conifers alone do not and cannot fill. When surrounded and
completely enveloped in a dense growth of evergreens, a style of
planting somewhat prevalent a few decades ago and of which ex-
amples are even now occasionally seen, a residence becomes dark,
gloomy, damp and dangerous to health.

THE MORE IMPORTANT INSECTS AFFECTING
OHIO SHADE TREES.

Agricultural Experiment
Station.

WOOSTEK, OHIO, U. S. A., JUNE, 1908.

BULLETIN 194.

The Bulletins of this Station are sent free to all residents of the State
who request them. Persons who desire their addresses changed should
give both old and new address. All correspondence should be addressed to

' EXPERIMENT STATION, Wooster, Ohio.

ORGANIZATION OF THE
OHIO AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

{ BOARD OF CONTROL.

JOHN COTTRTRIGHT, President Ashville

D. L. SAMPSON, Secretary Cincinna~v

GARY W. MONTGOMERY, Treasurer Newark

DR. W. I. CHAMBERLAIN Hudson

GEORGE E. SCOTT '. Mt. Pleasant

STATION STAFF.

DEPARTMENT CHIEFS.

DEPARTMENT

CHARLES E. THORNE, M. S. A., Director Administration. Soils

WILLIAM J. GREEN Horticulture. Forestry

A UGUSTINE D. SELBY, B. S Botany

C. G. WILLIAMS : Agronomy

JOHN W. AMES, M. S Chemistry

H. A. GOSSARD, M. S Entomology

B. E. CARMICHAEL, B. S Animal Husbandry

L. H. GODDARD, C. E. , Assistant Director Cooperative Experiments

E. B. FORBES, Ph. D Nutrition

ASSISTANTS.

WILLIAM H. KRAMER, Bursar Administration

F. A . WELTON, B. S Agronomy

GAIL T. ABBOTT, A. B Agronomy

THOMAS F. MANNS, M. S Botany

TRUE HOUSER Botany

W. F. PATE, B. S Chemistry

L. L. LASHELL, B S Chemistry

M. O. BUGBY, B. S Cooperative Experiments

W. H. GOODWIN, B. S Entomology

EDM UNO SECREST, B. S Forestry

F. H. BALLOU Horticulture

H. S. WOODS, A. M „ Nutrition

R. C. E. WALLACE, B. S : Soils

FOREMEN AND CLERKS.

WILLIAM HOLMES, Farm Foreman Agronomy

CHARLES A. PATTON, Meteorological Observer Agronomy

ORA FLACK, Horticultural Foreman Horticulture

W. E. BONTR ACER, Florist : Horticulture

CARY WELTY, Mechanic Administration

F . W . GLASS, Printer Administration

FAYE BLAYNEY, Mailing Clerk /._ Administration

MARY M. LEE, Stenographer Administration

VALERIA RILEY, Stenographer Forestry

IN CHARGE OF TEST FARMS.

EDWARD MOHN, Supt. Northeastern Test-farm, Strong-sville Administration

HENRY M . WACHTER, Supt. Southwestern Test-farm, Germantown . Admin'stration

LEWIS SCHULTZ, Supt. Southeastern Test-farm, Carpenter Administration

The Bulletins of this Station are issued at irregular intervals. They are
paged consecutively and an index is included with the Annual Report, which
constitutes the final number of each yearly volume.

BULLETIN

OF THK

Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station

NUMBER 194. JUNE, 1908.

THE MORE IMPORTANT INSECTS AFFECTING
OHIO SHADE TREES.

BY J. S. HOUSER.
INTRODUCTION.

With the rapid decrease in the forest acreage of the country we
are learning- to appreciate trees, both for their beauty and for their
value as an econoitiic factor in our welfare; hence, the problem of
their preservation is coming to mean more and more to us. Gener-
ally speaking, this decrease in the number of trees has been accom-
panied by an increase of the insect foes that prey upon them, both
as regards numbers of species and individuals of a given species.
Further, this band of depredators seems to be getting in its work
more effectively in the city districts than in those more rurally sit-
uated. This publication, therefore, from the very nature of things,
will be of greatest value to the city householder, but may be applied
to the needs of all.

INSECT CONTROL A NECESSITY IN CITIES.

For several reasons the employment of artificial measures
against shade tree insects is more nearly a necessity under conditions
that exist in the cities and towns than under those found in the
rural districts.

The absence of many of the insectivorous birds

insect-eating birds, partially explains the abundance of insect life

in the cities. Since the advent of the English

sparrow — a bird which is not a pronounced insect eater — many of
the birds that previously nested in the cities have been driven to
more remote districts.

(169)

170 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION: BULLETIN 194

The city tree under the most favorable condi-
City trees unhealthy, tions must keep up a continual fight for exist-

ence. Impure, smoke-laden atmosphere; poorly

watered and badly ventilated root system; the careless, thoughtless
mutilation by teamsters and passers-by, all tend to weaken it. If
in this weakened condition it becomes the subject of attack, it is
poorly fitted to withstand the burden and, unless assisted, stands a
poor show to win out in its fight for existence.

INSECT CONTROL DIFFICULT IN CITIES.

. The application of insecticidal measures is a

Individual -work task under most dty conditions, es_

of householders pecially SQ if the various householders attempt
e' the operation individually. It is usually the
case that a few trees only are located in each yard, and frequently
these trees are tall, thus requiring a strong, expensive spraying
apparatus for treating them properly. Besides the sprayer the ser-
vice of two men is required, at least one of whom should have a
knowledge of machinery and the preparation of insecticides to in-
sure best results. It is only in the case of large lawns that it would
be practicable for private individuals to own and operate spraying
outfits.

However, in a few instances, designated in the description of
the various shade tree pests following, it is possible for the house-
holder to furnish effective assistance, and to do so with small ex-
penditure of time and money.

7j .. The more desirable and practicable ar-

A municipal tree-treating ,. £ . .

department desirable. rangement is for the city to support a tree

spraying department, operated by com-

petent, experienced men, whose business it is to look after the
public trees and who are prepared to do spraying on private grounds
for a reasonable charge. Such departments are already in existence
or are under way of organization in some of our principal cities,
the department at Cleveland being the most complete in this state.
CORRECT PLANTING THE FIRST STEP TOWARD INSECT CONTROL.

From the standpoint of the future control of insect pests, two
things should be considered in the planting of a shade tree; the
species of tree and the location of planting.

0 All kinds of shade trees are not equally

Some trees more suscep- .

,.,,,. ., r susceptible to insect attack, some being

tible to insect attack . . , . , ,

., ., almost immune, others so highly suscep-

than others. ....

tible to attack from one or two species

that it is impossible to grow them, while still others are the prey of
a whole host of depredators.

INSECTS AFFECTING OHIO SHADE TREES 171

Dr. E. P. Felt, in his most excellent work on "The Insects Affect,
ing- Park and Woodland Trees," has tabulated the more commoo
trees of New York state with relation to their liability to insect
attack. As Ohio conditions do not vary to any great extent from
those found in New York state, the classification arranged for New
York holds good in the main here. Dr. Felt's rating, with a few
alterations that will be designated later, is as follows: "The figure
3 has been placed opposite trees which are practically immune from
insect injury; 2.5 indicates some damage. Trees having one some-
what serious enemy are rated at 2 and those having at least one
notorious insect pest at 1.5. Greater likelihood of injuries is indi-
cated by 1 and still more by .5. The species are arranged accord,
ing to the comparative injury as follows:

Tulip tree 3 Catalpa 2

*Tree of heaven ; 3 European linden 1.5

Gingko 3 American linden 15

Red oak 2.5 Horse chestnut 1.5

Scarlet oak. I 2.5 Soft or silver maple 1.5

Oriental plane tree 2.5 American elm 1.5

American plane tree 2.5 *Hackberry ... 1.5

Sycamore maple ..2 European elm 1

Sugar maple 2 Scotch elm 1

White oak 2 Cottonwood 5

Burr oak 2 Balm of Gilead 5

Red maple 2 Yellow locust 5

Honey locust 2

*Those that are starred have been seen only in parks or in such small num-
bers that the rating- can be regarded as provisional only."

The above arrangement differs from that of Dr. Felt's list in
the position of catalpa, rated by him as 3 and here rated as 2 on
account of it's being subject to attack from the catalpa sphinx in
the southern sections of the .state and rather generally to the action
of the catalpa diplosis (or a closely allied species) working in the
tender, growing tips. Also the hackberry and elm are rated .5
higher because of the fact that the elm leaf-beetle is not well estab-
lished in this state.

pj Another general principle of correct planting,

mixed varieties. as brou£ht out bY Dr- Felt> is the undesirability
of planting clumps or rows of a single species.

It may easily be seen that an insect on the hunt for its favorite food
plant is much more likely to locate a collection of trees than single
individuals scattered here and there. Further, that a 'pest is more
easily disseminated when once it becomes established on one of a
number of trees of the same variety growing close together, than if
the trees were at least alternated with other kinds.

172 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION: BULLETIN 194

It is an admitted fact that insects prefer
Avoid i>oor environment . , t , , .

at planting time. the weaker to the stronger plant, and

when we consider how much more easily

a healthy, vigorous tree withstands insect attack than does its
weaker neighbor, it is self-evident that, if for no reason other than
the future control of insects, we should attempt to grow strong
trees. Much can be accomplished toward this end by not planting in
unfavorable immediate surroundings, such as over or near a gas
main, thus running the risk of having the tree poisoned by escaping
gas; nor directly under high-tension electric wires, the injurious
burning effects of which are well known; nor too near th'e street,
where the trunks are subject to injury; nor in soil deficient in
plant food; nor in a half dozen or more additional situations that
might be named.

Tall growing species subject to insect '
Plant to make tnsect , , . .. .. - ,

•warfare possible. attack should not be Plan*ed. close beslde
buildings, thus making it impossible to

spray them properly without covering the side of the building with
the spraying mixture. This is one of the great difficulties exper-
ienced by a city spraying department. Householders object ser-
iously—and justly too — to the disagreeable mixtures. To illustrate
the necessity for exercising this precaution take, for instance, the
applying of the lime-sulfur wash, a mixture used quite extensively
as a scale destroyer. This mixture when sprayed upon a painted
surface combines chemically with the paint, causing some shades
to discolon It is absolutely impossible to spray a tree located be-
side a building without some of the mixture being misplaced.
COMMONLY INJURIOUS SPECIES.

It is the author's intention in his treatment of the individual
shade tree pests to deal with each species as briefly as possible,
but at the same time to afford a working knowledge for operations
against it. To this end the description of the various insects will
be confined to pointing out the characteristics most useful in dif-
ferentiation, and only such phases of their life histories will be
dwelt upon as bear directly upon our understanding of the methods
of control suggested. No attempt is made to list all of the insects
that may be found injuring ornamentals or forest plantings within
the borders of the state, but only those species are considered
which are at present doing damage or those that may likely be in-
troduced within the near future. For more complete information,
no better source may be found than Memoir 8, New York State
Museum, entitled "Insects Affecting Park and Woodland Trees"
by Dr. E. P. Felt.

INSECTS AFFECTING OHIO SHADE TREES 173

The observations and practical spraying experience herein
recorded, in addition to the information compiled from the writings
of others, are mainly the result of work done by the Ohio Experiment
Station, in co-operation with the Department of Forestry of the City

of Cleveland.

SCALE INSECTS.

Scale insects are among- the most formidable of the pests from
which the shade trees must be protected. On account of small size
and protective coloration they frequently escape detection by the
untrained eye until they have secured such a strong- foothold that
the host is permanently injured. Further, in addition to the ad-
vantage they possess by reason of the insidious nature of their
attack, some are extremely resistant to remedial measures, among
these being- some of our most common species, such as oyster
shell bark-louse, terrapin scale of the maple, etc.

The majority of the species remain fixed after the scale cover-
ing is formed. The spreading is effected by the young as they
crawl about seeking a suitable place to begin feeding; as they are
carried short distances by spider webs or winds; or possibly longer
distances upon the feet and feathers of birds. This motile period
in the history is of short duration, usually not longer than two or
three days.

Insects of this order obtain their food by inserting their sharp,
hair-like beaks into the tissues of the plant and drawing out the
sap, hence applications of poisons are ineffective, and for all practical
purposes it may be said that control methods are confined to spray-
ing with contact insecticides during one or both of two seasons, the
latter depending upon the species. Some scales are more easily
destroyed by the action of a strong spray, used during the winter
months, while others are susceptible to treatment with a weak spray
applied during the summer months when the brood of young is ap-
pearing. The last named method, however, is useful only when the
entire brood of young appear within a few days, and when the host
is foliated sparsely enough to permit the spray to reach all parts of
the plant.

In appearance this scale is dark brown

1 he oyster-shell dark louse* . * .,., , in _,

Lepidosaphes ulmi. m color' shaPed llke ^oyster shell, and

is about one-eighth inch in length.

(Plate 1, Figs. 1, 2 and 3.) The winter is passed in the egg stage
under the protection of the covering scale, the large quantity of
whitish eggs being quite easily detected if the covering is removed.
The eggs hatch during the latter part of May or earlv June, at which
time the tiny, yellowish, mite-like scale insects may be located
by the unaided eye, as they crawl about seeking a suitable place to
begin feeding.

174 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION: BULLETIN 194

A number of plants are' quite susceptible to this scale, the
most common for Ohio being1 Carolina and Lombardy poplar,
willow, horse chestnut, ash, sassafras, and red-twigged dogwood.
The poplars are undoubtedly the most susceptible of all, and so in-
jurious in fact is this scale to these trees that the authorities in Cleve-
land have stopped the planting of them, and wherever practicable are
replacing growing trees with more desirable kinds.

Spraying during the early spring with the lime-sulfur wash, or
during the hatching period with kerosene emulsion or whale oil soap
solution, is the remedy usually employed against this pest. How-
ever, for extensive spraying operations, the two latter materials are
hardly practicable, as in order to be effective they must be applied
during the interval between the hatching of the scale insect and the
completion of the first scale covering. This allows a few days only
an d therefore is prohibitive of work on a large scale.

The lime-sulphur wash is undoubtedly the best of the control
methods to be used against this scale, but in the author's experience
it has proven spmewhat of a disappointment. From observations
made upon hundreds of trees and shrubs, sprayed with a mixture
made by experienced men and applied thoroughly, it is apparent that
only when conditions are the most favorable are the results follow-
ing its use satisfactory. A slight dampness, such as light fog, at
the time of application; a somewhat weakened spraying mixture; an
extra case of infection where several scales are piled upon one an-
other; a temperature below 32 degrees; any of these unfavorable
Conditions is sufficient to give poor results.

In spraying trees that are deeply incrusted with the scale, the
mixture cannot be forced to penetrate underneath the outer layers
and frequently many escape, to multiply the ensuing year.

Sassafras and soft maple, both well .infested with this species,
were carefully sprayed under favorable conditions during the spring
of 1907, with scalecide and limoid. This scalecide was used in a 5
percent solution, and the limoid was prepared after the following
formula: Limoid, 30 Ibs., kerosene, 7/^ gal., water to make 50
gallons. In every instance the scale increased abundantly 'during
the ensuing season, indicating that little benefit had resulted from
the treatment.

Because of the power often possessed to withstand the action of
the most practicable of the stronger scale insecticides as a winter
treatment, and of the the impossibility of doing extensive work during
the summer period, the writer is almost ready to place the oyster
shell on a par for destructiveness with the San Jose species, when
it occurs under city conditions.

INSECTS AFFECTING OHIO SHADE TREES 175

„ , This species is almost well enough

The San Jose Scale, . . A A

AsptdwtusperniciosusVom*t. distributed and well enough known

to render a description unneces-
sary. However, it may be stated briefly that the individual
scales are very flatly conelike, with a whitish nipple at the apex; the
remainder of the scale is gray or blackish and the whole is about
the size of a pinhead. When occurring- in large numbers on a
branch it gives it a gray ashy, flaky appearance. Additional dis-
tinguishing features are that when a tree becomes badly infested,
pressure upon the limbs with a knife blade or similar flat instrument
causes a yellowish oily liquid to appear. Following infestation the
tree assumes a sickly appearance and ultimately dies if uncared for.
The length of the period between infestation and fatality depends
of course^upon the natural hardiness and the resources of the host.
Some trees and shrubs may withstand the burden of attack a con-
siderable number of years while others, less hardy, as the peach,
may succumb in as few as three years. According to Dr. W. E.
Britton, State Entomologist of Connecticut, a little over one-third
of the trees, shrubs, and vines grown for fruit and ornamental pur-
poses are subject to serious attack from this species, while an ad-
ditional third are occasionally or rarely infested. The more com-
mon of the plants suffering seriously are as follows: juneberry,
hawthorn, privet, poplar, Prunus spp., currant, apple, rose, wil-
low, ash, lilac, osage orange and elm.

The scale is well distributed throughout the State, there being
very few counties only from which it is not reported. It is rapidly
gaining headway each year, notably in the cities and towns, wrhere
as yet comparatively little systematic work has been attempted to
hold it in check.

In many parts of the country and particularly in the orchard-
ing districts annual spraying is being performed. Where such is
the case and thorough work is done the advance of the pest is being
checked and the damage reduced to a scarcely perceptible" amount.

A winter application of the lime-sulfur wash is the safest, most
effective and cheapest remedy for this pest. However, by way of
modification of the statement concerning the cost of the spray, it
should be said that this holds true only where the wash may be
purchased at a rate affording no more than a reasonable profit to
the maker, or where the area to be treated is sufficiently large to
warrant the expense of setting up the boiling plant. Where it is
impossible to purchase the wash or where it is impracticable to ar-
range a private plant for preparing it, then some of the commercial
insecticides may be resorted to. Among washes of this class

176 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION: BULLETIN 194

the Experiment Station has tried during: the past two or three years,
the one known as Scalecide has given the best results. This ma-
terial is a patent so-called soluble oil, in other words an oil emulsi-
fied so that when water is added the two combine, resulting- in a
milk-white, oily spray. This material is not excessively expensive
and serves most excellently the purposes of the householder who
has a small area to be treated, and who has not access to the public
sprayer or cannot hire the work done.

^70 r T~> 7 r This insect appears in the adult stage

The Scurfy Bark Louse, ,, . ,., _ •

Chionasfrs furfura Fitch. as flat whlte sPecks uP°n the bark or

fruit of the host. The female is about

1-10 inch in diameter and shaped after the outline of a pear, while
the male is about one-third as large and more elongated. (Plate 1,
Figs. 4 and 5.) With both sexes there is a yellow pellicle at the
tip end of the scale. The winter is passed in the egg- stage under
the protecting mother scale, hatching1 occurring- during- the latter
part of May or in early June.

Some closely allied species occur in great numbers at times on
park trees and shrubs, but for the most part they have life histories
that are similar to the common species and in g-eneral the same
remedies will apply. The red-twig1 dogwood, willows and some cf
the rosaceae are particularly subject to such infestation.

The lime-sulfur wash applied during- the winter is effective, as
are also contact sprays applied at hatching- time. However the
same difficulty arises here that is encountered in connection with
summer applications against the oyster shell bark louse, i. e.\ the
brood appears en masse and the time for effective work is as a result
very brief.

*TV " r> . 0 j On account *of similarity in general

The Putnam Scale, , ' . . x

Aspidiotus ancylus Putnam. form thls sPecies 1S frequently mis-
taken for the San Jose Scale, especially

when the infestation is slig-ht and the scales immature. The super-
ficial distinguishing features however are as follows: the scale is
slightly darker in coloration; the nipple reddish; the spread less
rapid; the in jury less severe, and lastly the young exhibit a stronger
tendency to settle about the mother, resulting in a somewhat ir*
regular infestation.

This insect occurs more commonly in the towns than in the
country, and the trees most generally attacked are hard maple and
linden. Tl?e maples in the parks and upon the streets in Cleveland
suffer severely from this pest.

The lime-sulfur is effective against this pest. Applications o£
limoid and scalecide gave fair returns.

INSECTS AFFECTING OHIO SHADE TREES 177

„ <~ , This species resembles the scurfy bark

7 he Rose Scale. . ,

Aulacaspis rosae Bouche lousf » thou^h the ^eneral. appearance of

the infestation as a rule is of a whiter,

fluffier nature. ("Plate 2, Fig-. 1.) The life history is practically
the same as that of the scurfy scale, and the winter applications of
the lime-sulfur wash are effective. Scalecide in 5 percent solution
was not successful.

Roses, blackberries and raspberries are most commonly at-
tacked. Rosa rugosa is irore severely attacked than other roses, but
even with this variety, the writer has observed very few instances
where the plants were killed.

f 0 7 This species occurs upon the elms

The Elm Scurfy Scale. A , ,. - T .,

Chionas-pis Americana Johns. and the lindens. It resembles very

closely the scurfy bark louse, in fact

it is quite likely that for many years it was confused with this insect.
The life history is the same. In the writer's observation, however,
the elm scurfy scale is not so evenly distributed over the host plant
as is the scurfy, the lower side of the branches being" more subject
to infestation.

Lindens moderately infested with this scale were sprayed with
lime-sulfur, April, 1907. Observations made during- the ensuing
season indicated that the results of the application were all that could
be desired. In the vicinity of the lime-sulfur sprayed trees, other lin-
dens were sprayed with 5 percent scalecide. Little good seemed
to result from this treatment, as the scale developed in abundant
quantities during- the following- season.

Contact sprays applied at hatching- time are effective against
this species, but as has been indicated in the case of other scales
with a similar life history, they are hardly practicable.

TO yvj ^/o/ During the early summer months

The Cottony Maple Scale, ... *" 1 . -1 j .

Pulvinaria innumerabilis Rathv. thls scale 1S easlly detected by the

presence of a white, cottony mass

which the insect exudes from beneath the covering scale. (Plate 2,
Fig. 2.) Within this mass may be found the eggs, the number
varying from a few hundred to two thousand. Hatching occurs
during the early summer and the young migrate to the leaves or to
the tender young growth, where they settle and begin feeding upon
the sap of the tree. Meanwhile a thin scale covering forms over
each individual, which with the growth of the insect enlarges and in
time turns brown. Before the leaves fall most of the insects migrate
to the branches and trunk, where they settle preparatory to passing
the winter in their partially grown condition. With the coming of
spring maturity is soon reached and the cottony mass already de-
scribed appears.

178 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION: BULLETIN 194

The species prefers soft maple, though a cumber of other trees
are subject to slight attack, among: the more common being- hard
maple, honey locust, elm and grapevine.

Two species very closely resembling the one just described

attack the hard maple: the maple leaf scale, Pulvinaria acericola

Walsh and Riley, and the maple Phenacoccus, Phenacoccus acericola

King. The former is found upon the leaves and the latter upon

"either the leaves or branches.

Natural parasites play an important part in the economy of this
insect, in most seasons being sufficiently numerous to prevent serious
damage. However, for some reason the natural enemies are not
always successful in developing and considerable harm is done by
the scale. When the insect becomes sufficiently troublesome to
require attention, winter spraying with kerosene emulsion, contain-
ing from 1.2% to 25 percent kerosene, is the remedy most commonly
recommended.

The tests of the value of different spraying materials that have
been performed by this department against the insect under con-
sideration have been conducted upon trees only slightly infested,
so that the Jesuits were not as conclusive as they might have been.
A clump of soft maples was divided into plots and sprayed during
the latter part of March and early in April, 1907. The following were
the mixtures applied: Scalecide, 5 percent solution; Scalecide, 3 per-
cent solution; Limoid, 15 percent kerosene; Limoid, 7% percent
kerosene; Kerosene emulsion, 12% percent kerosene.

The kerosene-limoid, containing 15 percent kerosene, killed
practically all of the scales; the kerosene emulsion sprayed plot
came next in order of cleanness and the value of the remaining ma-
terials is indicated in the following order: Kerosene-limoid, 7% per-
cent, acalecide 5 percent and scalecide 3 percent. The weaker
solution of scalecide was of little value.

Ip another section the merits of the lime-sulfur wash and of 17
percent limoid were compared, resulting favorably toward the limoid
and in practical failure for the lime-sulfur solution.

TL *s-*r'i* ^- 07 / This insect is sharply hemispherical

The Ma-file Terrapin or Black . r ,, .. 1A £ , .

_, _ 7 „ , z-, , . in form, the adult female is about

Banded Scale, Eulecamum . ... ,, - . , . ...

• . one-sixteenth of an inch in diameter

mgrofasctatum Perg. j *i. i • 1,1 • r

and the color, though variable, is of

a general reddish tone with a more or less distinct blackish band
near the border. One of the most distinctive characteristics, how-
ever, is the peculiar sickening odor that is especially noticeable when
the well grown scales are crushed.

Soft and hard maples suffer most commonly from this pest.

INSECTS AFFECTING OHIO SHADE TREES 179

The winter is passed in a partially grown condition, maturity
being- reached and egg- development completed early in June.
Usually about the middle of June the young- appear.

In the author's experience winter applications of the strong-er
insecticides commonly used ag-ainst scale insects have proved un-
successful in furnishing- a control, in fact the insects seemed to be
little harmed by the applications. It may be found, however, that
kerosene emulsion containing- 20 to 22 percent kerosene will bring-
about the desired results. This, however, cannot be given as an
authoritative statement. The emulsion used in the experiments
against the pest was only 14 percent kerosene, as it was not deemed
safe to use a stronger mixture. Subsequent trials have demon-
strated, however, that a hard maple will stand, during the dormant
period, applications of an emulsion containing 20 percent kerosene
and in some instances will recover from the effect of applications
containing 40 percent kerosene. See Plate 4, Fig 2. The hard
maple is more liable to injury from the application of strong emul-
sion than is the soft maple.

The adult females of this insect are

1 lie ±Llm J^ark l^otise, . . f /TH A

Gossyparia spuria Modeer. the most conspicious forms. (Plate

3, Fig. 2.) The following description

is taken from Memoir 8, N. Y. State Museum. "They may be seen
clustered along the under side of the smaller limbs, usually beside
a crack or crevice in the bark, and presenting a general resemblance
to a growth of lichens. The full grown viviparous females are about
1-10 inch long just before giving birth to their young, oval in out-
line and with slightly pointed extremities. Each is surrounded
with a white, woolly secretion, which also extends partly over the
insect and thus renders its segmentation more apparent." The
females become full grown in early spring and the young appear
during the month of June.

This insect occurs upon the elms in Marietta and according to
Burgess in Columbus is not known to occur in any other portions of
the state. According to Dr. Felt it is present in the following parts
of the Union: Vermont, Massachusetts, District of Columbia, Michi-
gan, Nevada, Colorado and New York.

In June, 1906, the writer made a careful study of the condition
of the city of Marietta. The insect was found to occur in various
parts of the city, the vicinity of the chair factory being seemingly
the center of infestation. It is not known definitely when it was
first introduced, nor is there any plausible theory as to how the in-
troduction was made. The trees were not in a serious condition,

180 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION: BULLETIN 194

though some of the limbs were dying-. The majority of the scales
were upon the lower limbs, though many specimens were found as
high as 46 feet from the ground.

What is known as the bitter elm is most subject to attack. The
water elm is rarely attacked and, if so, very slightly, even when
growing beside infested specimens of the former species.

The progress of the insect will be watched with considerable
interest as it is considered a serious pest in some of the localities
before mentioned.

June 28, 1906, while the young scales were emerging, an appli-
cation of kerosene emulsion containing 7 percent kerosene was made
to a small elm badly infested. The tree was very thoroughly
sprayed, special care being taken to follow out the under side of
the limbs. The treatment was successful in destroying the young
insects already emerged, but did not seem to affect the females nor
the young beneath the mother scale, as the young were noticed
emerging in considerable quantity an hour after the conclusion of
the treatment.

Prof. R. H. Pettit, of the Michigan Agricultural College, reports
success from the use of the lime-sulfur wash upon the elms located
upon the college grounds. It is quite likely that this is the most
practicable and satisfactory spray to be used.

~ ,., ^ r . The tulip tree lecanium is one of the

1 ultp Iree l^ecamum,

Eulecanium tulipiferae Cook. scales (*ulte' frequently received by

the entomological department, not

that it is especially common, but because it is easily detected. In
cases of severe infestation the branches on which it occurs appear
irregularly knotted.

Occasionally, fatal results are reported to follow its attack, but
in the writer's experience he has never seen a tree killed or severely
injured by it. However, the large fleshy scales surely consume con-
siderable of the tree's sap and thus harm it to a certain extent.
Applications of control methods are in no wise misplaced. As the
scales are so large and so easily detected, probably removing them
with a stiff wire brush is the most practicable remedy.

~7 rt. 7- Y- o / This is a small, elongated, snow-white

The Pine Leaf Scale, ,, *,_•,_•

Chionaspis -pinifolae Fitch. scale» at the narr°w end of which is

attached a small yellow pellicle. It is
found attached to the leaves of the pine. (Plate 3, Fig. 1.)

The winte,r is passed in the egg stage. Two broods occur an-
nually, one in- early summer and the other during the fall.

During the spring of 1903 the pines on the Experiment Station
grounds were badly infested by this insect, some of the trees being

INSECTS AFFECTING OHIO SHADE TREES 181

in a dying- condition. A weak kerosene emulsion was applied at the
time the first brood was emerging- and a very dilute solution of
whale oil soap at the time the smaller fall brood appeared. As a
result the trees were almost completely cleared of the pest, and
additional treatments have not been found necessary thus far.
However, the scale is again obtaining- a rather strong foothold and
will soon need attention. The insect is illustrated, natural size, in
Plate 3, Fig. 1. There is also shown in the illustration an adult of
the twice-stabded ladybird Chilocorus bivulnerus Muls., a natural
enemy of the scale which does considerable towards holding it in.
check.

n ^ TJ /-» 2: o 7 This scale was recorded at Men-

The Golden Oak Scale, XT „ .

Asterolccamum varwlosum Ratz. tor b? Newe11 m 190° and was

also received from Glendale in

1907. An infested tree stood in a lawn adjoining Edgewater Park,
Cleveland, in 1906, and on it, July 19, the young were appearing in
immense quantities. The scale is easily determined on account of
a yellowish-green golden color and because it causes a slight ab-
normal growth upon the twig, thus presenting the appearance of
being partially imbedded in the bark. Although alive, the trees
infested were not healthy, the bark being very rough and uneven
and seemingly only partially able to fulfill its duties.

Kerosene emulsion is an effective remedy when applied during
the hatching period.

^7 r . j-. 7 . , , . , Though not a scale, this insect may
The Pine Bark Aphid.

Chermeslinicorticis Fitch, Really be considered here, as it's ap-

pearance is much the same as that of

some of the scales and the control methods are similar. The adults
are illustrated in Plate 3, Fig. 3, where they may be seen as collected
in thick, white, floculent masses upon the base of the pines. The
pest has been noticed for the past two seasons upon certain trees in
the Experiment Station gardens, and the writer has observed it in
lesser quantities than those shown in the illustration upon pines in
the Cleveland parks.

The foliage of the trees that are worst infested upon the Experi-
ment Station grounds is beginning to loose color, indicating the
vitality of the trees is becoming weakened.

The pest is subject to the action of contact sprays, according
to Dr. E. B. Southwick, Entomologist of the New York parks, the
stiff sprays being effectual.

182 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION: BULLETIN 194.

THE LEAF EATING INSECTS.

^/ XT// -v M z. j T 7 This insect undoubtedly heads the

The White Marked Tussock .. , • .

• ,, J7 rr 7 list of leaf-eating- pests found in Ohio.

Moth, Hemerocampa leu- . . . . • ,-,,•

o o A «« It is easily distinguished during- all

costtgma Sm. & Abb. . .;;, ,.. , r ,

stages of it's life history. See Plate 5.

Two broods cccur each season, the young larvae of the first appear-
ing soon after the leaves are well out upon the majority of the shade
trees. The winter is passed in the egg stage.

The eggs are deposited upon the discarded cocoon of the female
moth, in a white frothy mass from Y-Z to 1 inch in length and varies
from 200 to 400 in number. The frothy aspect results from the
brittle material that binds the mass together.

The larva upon first hatching is a hairy caterpillar about >6
inch in length and, while young, has the power of spinning a silken
thread with which it lowers itself if the tree is jarred or suddenly
shaken by wind. Currents of air, swinging it, may deposit it upon
the nearby trees and this is one of the means by which the spread
of the insect is effected.

The newly hatched larva feeds for a time upon, the epidermis
of the lower side of the leaf but as it grows older and stronger more
of the leaf is eaten until by the time it is full grown all but the
midrib and larger veins are devoured.

The grown larva is one of the most beautiful caterpillars occur-
ing in Ohio. The head is coral red; extending longitudinally along
the back is a broken black line bordered by narrower lines of
yellow. The yellow bands are bordered by broader ones of drab.
Below, the caterpillar is yellow. Projecting forward like horns
just above the head are two black tufts of hair Y$ or more the length
erf the body, and extending from the opposite end is a single tuft of
the same texture, though not quite so long. On the dorsal side of
the 4th, 5th, 6th and 7th segments are compact tussocks of pure
white hair and on account of this the insect is called the Tussock
Moth. The larval stage is of a little over a month's duration. Upon
the completion of larval growth the caterpillars become abnormally
active, crawling about, seeking a suitable place to pupate. During
their wanderings they may travel considerable distances and it is
mainly at this time that the advance from tree to tree is
effected.

After a satisfactory place has been found in which to pupate,
the larva constructs for itself a cocoon, mainly from the hairs of its
own body. About two weeks are spent in the pupal stage at the
the termination of which the adults appear. The adult female is

198 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION: BULLETIN 194.

CONTROL INSECTICIDES.
Thelimt- Lime .............. ...... .................. 20 Ibs.

The lime is placed in the boiling- receptacle and water added.
(preferably hot) in small quantity until slacking- is well under way.
The sulfur is then thrown on either dry or in the form of a paste,
and water is added as necessary to keep the mass sloppy. Upon
the completion of the slacking- process, water to make 15 g-als. is
added and the whole is boiled for an hour. At the end of the boiling
period water, hot or cold, is added to make 50 gals, and application
is made as soon as possible. A steam cooker is more satisfactory
than a kettle over a fire, as less stirring during the boiling- process is
necessary and the mixture thus made is more even in quality.

For more detailed instruction concerning- the preparation of
this wash, the reader is referred to bulletin 169 of this station.

It may be safely said of the lime-sulfur wash that it is the
most generally employed of the scale-destroying- sprays. In its
use, however, care must be taken that the cooking: is done thor-
oughly lest the lime and sulfur fail to combine properly, and
conditions must be favorable at the time of application. The spray
should not be applied when the temperature is below freezing:.

Kerosene ............................... 2 gals.

Kerosene Emulsion Soap _____ ................................. # lb.

Water ..... . ....... . ..................... 1 gal.

Heat the water and dissolve the soap in it. While boiling- hot,
pour into a convenient receptacle into which has previously been
placed the kerosene, and agitate thoroughly until a thick creamy
mass results from which the oil does not separate. A spray pump
serves admirably for this purpose, as the mixture may be pumped
back into itself. Where the sprayer is not available an old churn
and dasher serve the purpose admirably.

After the emulsion is perfect, it may be diluted with water to
the consistency desired which varies with the insect to be combatted.

TT.7 , ., This is a very convenient spray to use where it

Whale oil soap . . .

solution 1S n convenient to prepare kerosene emulsion.

It is made by merely dissolving the soap in hot
water in the proportion desired.

Tr T • -j The principle involved in the preparation of

Kerosene-Lsimota ' . . . ,

this emulsion is practically the same as in kero-

sene emulsion, the difference being that a very fine lime is used as
the emulsifying- agent instead of soap. A special kind of lime con-
taining- about */>> magnesia is prepared by the Chas. Warner Co.,
Wilmington, Del., and is called Limoid. Prof. C. P. Close of the
Delaware Experiment Station reports that any dry-slacked, finely
powdered lime is good for the purpose.

INSECTS AFFECTING OHIO SHADE TREES 197

A power sprayer, such as either of the ones illustrated, is capable
of supplying three lines of hose, and with the proper attention, of
distributing- 700 to 1000 gallons of mixture per day.

However, it is not always possible to take a large spraying outfit
to the scene of operations, and in such an event a smaller machine is
desirable. The outfits illustrated (Plate 19, Figs. 1 and 2) supply
such a need very well.

Aside from the difficulty of application in cities, another obstacle
is the matter of the preparation of the sprays. Insect outbreaks are
liable to occur in widely separated districts, so that it is impossible to
have a central spray-house easily accessible from all points. The
difficulty is especially emphasized in the work with the lime-sulfur
wash, or in fact, in the preparation of any spray requiring consider-
able apparatus. The problem has been largely solved by the city of
Cleveland by mounting a steam boiling plant on wheels.
Plate 18, Fig. 2. This rig is taken to the scene of operations and
stopped near a water plug. A plant of this kind with its four bar-
rels for boiling the mixture and heating water is easily capable of
furnishing material for one power sprayer.

The rig was also used to excellent advantage in the preparation
of kerosene eimulsion. Plate 18, Fig. 1. The soap and water were
placed in a barrel and the steam turned on until the soap was dis-
solved. The kerosene was then thrown in and the steam, rushing
out, formed a perfect emulsion in an exceedingly short time. Such
a rig is capable of furnishing emulsion for three or four power
sprayers.

SPRAYING FORMULAE.

In the general application of insecticides, the materials divide
themselves into two classes according to the manner in which they
affect the insect. The first includes the contact sprays which are used
against insects possessing mouth parts constructed for piercing the
covering tissue and taking out the sap of the plant. Of this class
the lime-sulfur wash, kerosene emulsion, etc., are well known illus-
trations. The idea in their application is to cover the body of the
pest with the spraying mixture.

The second class of sprays is used against insects that bite
out portions of the plant. The active element in them is some
poisonous substance such as arsenate of lead, Paris green, etc.
They are applied to the surface upon which the insect feeds.

196 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION: BULLETIN 194

The newly hatched larva bores through the outer layer of bark
and rests in the white layer next the wood through the winter. With
the advent of spring feeding is resumed, and the larva eats its way
well into the body of the tree. If the tree is small the trunk may be
almost severed and a slight wind may blow it over. See Plate 17,
Fig. 2.

The full grown larva is a creamy, club-shaped, footless grub,
about Y\ inch in length. See Plate 16, Fig. 2.

The pupal stage is passed within the burrow, the adult emerg-
ing at the time previously stated. There remains to be found a
practicable, effective, combative measure for this pest. Spraying the
trunks of the trees with a repellant just previous to the time the
females deposit their eggs is of some value, though not wholly effec-
tive. Whale oil soap and white-wash were applied to adjoining rows
of trees in the Station planting, resulting in a slightly lessened injury
during the season following. Injecting carbon bisulphide into the
tunnels, by the use of an engineer's oil can, previous to the appearance
of the adults and closing the tunnels with grafting wax was also par-
tially successful in controlling the pest.

_7 T . ^ • & The presence of this insect in yellow

The Locust Twig Borer, 1 . . ... •

Ecdytolotha imiticiana Zell. • locust groves is quite easily detected

by its work upon the twigs of the tree.

The smaller twigs become swollen and after a time white, sawdust-
like material commences to drop from an opening in the enlarged
section (Plate 16, Fig. 1.) The injury is the work of a lepidopterous
larva, which, upon the completion of growth, drops to the ground and
pupates among the dried leaves. In this position the winter is passed.
Although not exceptionally injurious it harms the tree to a certain
extent. It is a question, however, whether combative measures are
worth while. Should action be considered necessary, the affected
twigs may be cut and burned while the larvae are still present in
them, or the leaves containing the hibernating pupae may be collected
and destroyed during the winter.

SPRAYING APPARATUS.

Power sprayers connected with large mixture tanks are the
most practicable for general operations against shade tree pests, as
only a strong pump is able to elevate the mixture to the top of tall
trees, and the work in doing so is enormous if it is attempted by
hand. The city of Cleveland has two of these sprayers, driven by
small gasoline engines, which are giving very good satisfaction. See
Plate 20, Figs. 1 and 2. One of these sprayers has a platform built
above the pump and engine upon which the men stand when spray-
ing the tops of large trees. The sides of the platform are closed,
thus protecting the machinery from the spraying mixtures.

INSECTS AFFECTING OHIO SHADE TREES 195

Spraying- with arsenate of lead, used at the rate of 5 pounds to
50 gallons of Water, as soon as the young leaves are well developed
is the most satisfactory remedy for combatting- this pest. If the
application be made at that time, many of the adult beetles will be
destroyed and egg-laying prevented.

The banding process undoubtedly does considerable good, but
the labor involved in watching the bands renders the cost out of
proportion to the good accomplished. See Plate 15, Fig. 2.

_ . ,,. This insect has occurred in destructive

The Locust Leaf Miner, « f . .~ , .

Odontotaaorsalh Thumb, numbers for several years m Ohio, the

.most severe attacks being upon yellow

locust, both in plantings and in the wild hillside growth along the
southern border of the state. It may be found in the vicinity of
Wooster, but very scatteringly. Along the section bordering the
Ohio River, the locusts suffer so severely as to cause the browning and
shedding of the leaves, large areas appearing as if scorched by fire.

The adult is a flattened beetle about Y\ inch in length. The
general color is red, broken by a medial line, with head, appendages
and under surface black. The wings are deeply dotted with fine
punctures.

The winter is passed in the adult stage under trash in the vicinity
of the feeding ground. In the spring the beetles emerge soon after
the leaves of the locust are well grown. Eggs are deposited upon
the surface of the leaves, and the young larva makes its way out
through the under side of the egg-shell into the tissue of the leaf,
feeding until grown and pupating between the two layers of epider-
mis. The adults feed upon the leaves and may be found in the groves
throughput the summer. The most satisfactory method of combat-
ting the pest is spraying thoroughly with arsenicals as soon as the
locust leaves are out, that the beetles may be killed before egg laying
is accomplished. This of course is impracticable for forest plantings.

^j T , ,-, So destructive is the work of this insect

The Locust Borer, . , , .

Cyllene robtniae Drury. uPon locust trees that m some Places the

growing of a perfect tree is an im-
possibility. The adult belongs to that class of insects known as the
long-horned borers. It is a black beetle, brilliantly marked with yellow
lines; the long antennae and the legs are dull yellow and the length
varies from 1% to 1^4 inches.

At the time the golden rod blossoms the adults appear .and egg-
laying commences. The female hurries about over the trunk of the
tree, and when a crevice is found which suits her fancy she deposits a
single white egg, then continues her search for another place. The
eggs are shown much magnified in Plate 17, Fig. 1.

194 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION: BULLETIN 194

The Elm Leaf Beetle, This insect was first discovered within
Galerucella luteola Mull, the borders of this state by Mr. G. A.

Runner of the State Nursery and Or-
chard Inspecting- Department. It was found during- the summer of
1904 feeding- upon the elms located in the grounds of the National
Cash Register Co., Dayton, Ohio. Subsequent examinations re-
vealed its presence in a number of parts of the city.

In July, 1907, the writer made a visit to the city, and found the
elms in some sections to be in very bad condition. At that time, as
far as the writer was able to learn, work of combatting' the insect
had been commenced in three places only, one being- on the grounds
of the Cash Register Company, where arsenical sprays had^been
applied, and the remaining- two were near the center of the town,
where some work in banding- had been executed by Mr. C. F. Harbi-
,son in cooperation with the Agricultural Experiment Station.

Because of the absence of the chief gardener, in whose charg-e
the work had been placed, the writer was unable to obtain a very
definite idea of what had been accomplished towards controlling1 the
insect on the grounds of the Cash Register Company.

The plan worked upon by Mr. Harbison was to band the trees
with tanglefoot and burlap when the larvae first began to descend,
and to examine the bands at frequent intervals throughout the
season, destroying- all larvae or pupae that collected on or under the
bands or at the base of the tree. Although most carefully executed,
the banding- process was only partially successful in controlling- the
pest.

The elm leaf beetle is well distributed in the eastern states, and
now annually ruins great numbers of shade trees. The green and
black striped beetles, not over ^ inch in length, pass the winter in
the adult stage in some sheltered place. With the coming of spring
they leave their shelters and begin feeding upon foliage of the elm.
Soon the eggs are deposited on the under sides of the leaves and
within a few days the larvae appear. They feed upon the under-
sides of the leaves, leaving the vein work and epidermis above. Soon
the injured portions of the leaf die and the leaves appear as illus-
trated in Plate 15, Fig. 1.

The grubs become full grown in from 2 to 3 weeks, or possibly
longer, depending upon the weather conditions. At the conclusion
of larval development the insects crawl about and either pupate in
the crevices of the bark or in some nearby shelter. Often they may
be seen lying helpless in considerable quantities at the base of the
tree.

It is quite likely that only two generations occur annually in Ohio.
Elms only are attacked.

INSECTS AFFECTING OHIO SHADE TREES 193

, The work of this insect upon the catalpa was first
Bud Gnat mentioned in Bui. 7, Ohio Department of Agricul-
ture, Division of Nursery and Orchard Inspection.
During- the early summer, the tender growing- tips of the catalpa be-
come swollen and in time blacken at the point of injury. During
the early part of the season the injury is usually found 3 or 4 inches
below the tip, an*d at a lesser distance during late summer when the
tree is growing less rapidly. The tip above the injury dies. Fol-
lowing the death of the tip in early summer, the next node below
develops one or more branches and frequently a cluster of leaves,
giving the tree a bushy growth. Plate 24. The ultimate result
after continued topping is a stunted, crooked, forked, growth — Plate
13. Fig. 2.

An examination made last spring of all the twigs upon 15 three-
year-old catalpa trees revealed the fact that 49 percent of the tips
of the twigs had been injured by the bud gnat.

If one of the injured twigs is examined by being cut open, small,
footless, yellow or white larvae will be found. If one of these is
placed on a smooth surface, it has the power to jump several inches
in the air. This is accomplished by raising both ends of the body
so that they almost meet above, and then with a sudden motion
straightening out.

The insect has been under observation on the Experiment
Station farm since the summer of 1904. From observations made
in the field there appear to be two broods per annum, one in
early and another in late summer. The pupal stage is probably
passed under the surface of the soil, as the author was unable to
secure adults by placing twigs infested with the larva in cages that
did not contain moist soil.

With so little understood concerning the pest it is difficult to
plan remedial measures. It has been suggested in Bui. 7, Ohio State
Department of Agriculture, Division of Nursery and Orchard In-
spection, that cutting the infested twigs and destroying them would
be of value during the summer.

The Station plantings at Wooster indicate that the pest is less
serious in cultivated groves than in sodded ones. However, this ob-
servation can only be considered as an indication, as the cultivated
groves are younger than the sodded ones and the insect has thus
been unable to become so well established.

192 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION: BULLETIN 194

mass to cast their skins and after the completion of the operation
pass back along their well marked trail to their feeding grounds.
A considerable quantity of the cast skins remains attached to the
tree at the point where the cluster of larvae rested. They again
travel en masse when they pass to the ground to pupate.

The insects may be destroyed in great quantity while they are
settled upon the trunk of the tree during their molting period, or
the crop of insects for the following season may be considerably les-
sened by thoroughly working the ground beneath the tree during
the winter months to destroy the hibernating pupae.

~ . . This insect has been known to occur in

1 he Catalfia iSp/mix, ~. . P e Tl .

Ceratomia catalpa Ko\*. Ohio for a number of years. It is only

since the catalpa has become so popular

as a tree for forestry purposes that the catalpa sphinx has attracted
very much attention. Its ravages are confined mainly to the south-
ern part of the state.

The insect, as represented in the different stages of its develop-
ment by Plate 12, is most easily detected by its work upon the leaves
during the larval stage. The tiny worms may be observed feeding
in rows or clusters upon the epidermis of the leaf. Later the whole
leaf is eaten and in case of bad attacks the entire tree is defoliated,
as represented in Plate 13, Fig. 1. The larva is first of a pale
yellowish-green color and bears a black horn or spine at the rear of
the body. When full grown it resembles the large green tomato or
tobacco worm, with the exception that the color, instead of being
solid green, is green with broken black bands extending lengthwise
of the body. The worms may be observed in Ohio at least twice
each season — once in June and again in late summer. Possibly there
are more than two broods.

The larva pupate under the surface of the soil, the pupa proper
being reddish brown, and somewhat smaller than that of the tobacco
sphinx. It also lacks the peculiar "jug handle" common to the
other species.

The moth is of the regular sphinx type; pointed body, narrow,
strong wings, large eyes, and is of a gray ashy color. The eggs
are deposited in pearly masses on the under sides of the leaves. The
winter is passed in the pupal stage. v_

Three methods of control are practicable to be used against the
pest. The first is collecting the egg-masses or clusters of newly
hatched larvae. The second method is spraying with arsenicals.
The third, recommended in Bui. 7, Ohio Department of Agriculture,
Division of Nursery and Orchard Inspection, relates to the control
of the species in nurseries or plantations and consists in deep plow-
ing at the time the insects are in the pupal stage.

INSECTS APAFECTING OHIO SHADE TREES 191

"The caterpillars prefer to hide during- the daytime, and ad-
vantage may be taken of this habit to tie burlap bands in the middle
around the tree trunks and then turn the upper portion of the bur-
lap down over the string. The bands can be lifted daily and the
caterpillars beneath killed. This method proved of such great value
in the work against the gypsy moth that thousands of trees were
banded during the latter part of the caterpillar season."

"The larva is quite resistant to arsenical poisons, and it re-
quires a large dose to kill it, especially when the caterpillar is nearly
grown. There is probably no better poison for this pest than
arsenate of lead, using- at least 5 pounds to every 50 g-allons. The
application should be made as soon as the leaves are well grown, and
then the caterpillars will be poisoned while young- and most sus-
ceptible to the insecticide."

cu • cv r* 4 ^-77 T\/I - The adult of this species is one

bpiny rLlm Laterfiillat or Mourning ,. ,

ri T. & I* jj r- °f the butterflies quite com-

Cloak Butterfly, Evanessa _ .

... T . monly seen flying about. It is

anttopa Linn. ^ .. :

strikingly marked by the g-en-

eral dark-brown color of the wings being bordered by a margin of
broken yellow, the whole g-eneral appearance being that of black
bordered with white.

The eggs are deposited in rings around the twigs of the food
plant, which for Ohio is usually willow, though elms are sometimes
attacked. The full grown larva is black with a row of red spots
down the back. It bears numerous long spines which in turn bear
shorter branches. It measures about two inches in length. The
pupal stage is passed as an unprotected chrysalid attached to some
portion of the food plant. The winter is passed in the adult stage
in some sheltered nook.

Control methods consist in spraying- with poison, or in collect-
ing- the larvae and destroying them as they feed in clusters.

IT/ / 4 ^ 4 ^ -77 n The general body color of the

Walnut Caterpillar. JJatana ., r ,. .

integerrima Grote & Robinson. larva of this lnsect vanes from

dark brown to black, and it is

clothed in long, white hairs. When disturbed it suddenly raises
both ends of the body to a vertical position, holding- only with the
body legs. This peculiarity, in combination with its g-eneral color,
renders the insect comparatively easy to distinguish. The full
grown larva is about 2 inches in length. It has been observed by
the writer feeding- on black walnut only, though it is reported
from other states as feeding upon butternut, hickory and others.

The larvae feed in clusters on the leaves and at certain intervals
travel to the trunk or larger branches of the tree for the purpose
of molting, leaving a silken path as they go. They settle in a large

190 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION: BULLETIN 194

"The larvae transform to pupae during the month of June, the
moths appearing- from the latter part of June till the latter part of
July. In exceptional cases these dates may be considerably ex-
tended. Males emerge in advance of the opposite sex, and
shortly afterwards the females appear, pairing: takes place and egg
deposition begins. The embryos are frequently well developed with-
in the egg in two or three weeks after oviposition, but as a rule the
caterpillars do not emerge till the next spring. A case is on record
of eggs hatching- in early September, 1895, at Woburn, Mass., but
the round of life was not completed, and in this northern latitude at
least, there need be little fear of two g-enerations annually."*

The insect feeds upon the foliag-e of practically all of the shrubs
and plants grown for economic and ornamental purposes.

Concerning- recommendations for combatting this pest, Dr. Felt
has the following- to say:

"Investigate anything- that arouses a suspicion that it may be the
gypsy moth, but be in no undue haste to identify the insect. It will
be much more satisfactory to submit the specimens to an entomolo-
gist than to arouse unnecessary fears. There have already been
several false alarms occasioned by persons with more enthusiasm
than discretion, who have attempted to identify an insect with which
they were unacquainted.

"It would undoubtedly pay to exterminate a small colony, but
in the course of time this will be impracticable. We must learn
to control it on our own land. The inability of the female to fly andt
the conspicuousness of the v egg-masses make this task relatively
easy, unless the pest is allowed to escape to the woods. There, a
private individual could hardly cope with the insect. The point of
establishment in this state is almost bound to be near some dwell-
ing, and therefore the species need not be allowed to establish itself
in wild land, at least for some years.

"One of the most effective methods of keeping this pest under
control is the careful collection and burning of the conspicuous egg-
masses. This can be done most effectually in the fall, during the
winter and in early spring. No ordinary fire running over the
ground can be relied on to kill the eggs. The only safe way is to
put them in a stove or similar fire and burn them. Creosote oil
applied to the egg-mass will soak in and kill the eggs. The follow-
ing preparation was used in the work against the gypsy moth:
Creosote oil, 50 percent; carbolic acid, 10 percent; spirts of turpen-
tine, 20 percent, and 10 percent of coal tar. The latter was added
to color the compound and thus show at a glance what clusters had
been treated."!

*Insects Affecting Park and Woodland Trees. N. Y. State Museum Memoir 8.
tlbid.

INSECTS AFFECTING OHIO SHADE TREES 18*

larly of limbs and fence rails. The nearly globular, pale yellowish
or salmon-colored egg's are about one-twentieth of an inch in diam-
eter, and there are usually 400 to 500 eggs in a cluster, though oc-
casionally 1000 may be found in an egg mass.

"The young caterpillar is slightly over one-tenth of an inch
long just after it emerges from the egg. It has a black head, the
body is brownish yellow and well clothed with long hairs. There is
a prominent hairy tubercle on either side of the segment next the
head; this gives the caterpillar a peculiar broad-headed appearance,
especially in its early stages. The markings become plainer as it
increases in size, and when full grown it is from 2 to 2>^ inches
long. This caterpillar has a double row of conspicuous warts or
tubercles down its back, the eight anterior blue, the 12 remaining
red, not counting the four blue ones iust behind the head. Similar
tubercles also occur on the sides.

"The somewhat conical, dark brown pupa ranges from 24 to
1>2 inches long. It is usually found lying among a few threads and
securely attached to them by its terminal spine.

''The male and female moths differ markedly. The former, a
slender, olive brown, black-marked creature with feather-like anten-
nae and having a wing spread of about 1>£ inches, may be seen flying
in the late afternoon and early evening in considerable numbers.
The female is much heavier and lighter colored. She has a wing
spread of about 2 inches and is a white or buff white color with more
or less distinct black markings. The abdomen is tipped with buff.
The female moth does not fly though she apparently has well de-
veloped wings.

"The winter is passed in the egg-mass, which is remarkably
resistant to atmospheric and other agencies. Experiments have
shown that even when the egg clusters were broken up and freely
exposed to the elements, the eggs were apparently not harmed, and a
normal proportion of the caterpillars appeared at the usual time,
which, in the vicinity of Boston, is from the last of April until the
middle of June. The feeding period extends from the first of May to
about the middle of July, a caterpillar requiring from about 9 to 11
weeks to complete its growth and enter the pupal stage. The young
caterpillars remain on the egg clusters from one to five or more days
and then commence feeding on the leaf hairs. Soon they eat out
small holes in the leaves and, after the third or fourth molt, about
as many feed on the edge of the leaf as eat out holes. The cater-
pillars are largely nocturnal, remaining in clusters on limbs and
trunk, or hiding in some crevice during the day, and beginning be-
tween 7 and 8 o'clock in the evening leisurely to ascend the tree,
where they feed on the foliage at intervals during the night, descend-
ing about 3 o'clock in the morning.

188 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION: BULLETIN 194

"When full grown the caterpillars are 1>2 inches long-. They
are dark brown with a sprinkling- of orange. Long, fine, red-
dish hairs cover the body, and a row of conspicuous white hairs
runs along each side. Like the caterpillars of the tussock and
gypsy moths, they bear bright red eversible tubercles on the top of
the sixth and seventh abdominal segments."*

Besides doing great in jury to the trees in badly infested dis-
tricts, the caterpillars are equally obnoxious because of the poison-
ing effect the spines trom the hairs of their bodies have upon human
flesh. Contact with the insect's body, with cast skins as they are
blown about, with the cocoons or with clothing- in which the spines
have gained access, may cause the characteristic irritating eruptions.

The cocoons are placed upon the leaves or in some sheltered
position. They are lightly covered with the brown hairs from the
tip of the female abdomen.

As to food plants, according to Dr. Felt, the insect feeds upon
such fruit trees as the pear, apple, plum, and cherry, and upon the
following forest trees: oak, maple and elm.

The remedial measures are comparatively simple, con-
sisting of the collecting and destroying- of the conspicuous winter
nests. Spraying with arsenicals is also to be relied upon, but the
former is preferable because of the smaller expense involved.

rr ^ j. **• n This, as with the preceding: insect, is

The Gypsy Moth, „. .

Porlhetria disbar Linn. one that Ohioans may happily say does

not occur within the borders of the state.

It was introduced into Medford, Mass., in 1868 or 1869, but did not
develop in excessive numbers until 1889, when the attacks became
very severe in the locality of its introduction.

At that time the state of Massachusetts began making- annual
appropriations for the purpose of combatting- the pest and during-
the nine years following over $1,000,000 was expended. During that
time the insect spread slowly, and since 1899, when the appropria-
tions were discontinued, more rapidly, so that at the present time a
considerable area of Massachusetts is infested, and the infestation
has spread to at least one of the neighboring states (Rhode Island.)

"The eggs of this insect are deposited usually in round or oval
patches on a piece of bark and then covered with the buff-colored
scales from the underside of the female's abdomen. A completed
egg-mass looks very much like a small piece of sponge. The egg-
mass may be found on stones, in tin cans, and in fact on almost any
fixed object near at hand, preferably on the under surface, particu-

*Bul. 108, Maine Agricultural Experiment Station.

INSECTS AFFECTING OHIO SHADE TREES 187

Probably the simplest and most effective of the methods to be
used in combatting- this pest is the collecting of the conspicuous
bags during the winter, thus destroying- the eggs; followed by the
application of mechanical barriers, placed around the trunk of the
tree, to prevent it from being- reinfested by larvae wandering- from
other sources.

Another remedy applicable during- the summer season when
the larvae are feeding- is spraying: with arsenicals. See Plate, 10
Figs. 1 and 2, and Plate 11, Fig. 1.

The Bro^n Tail Moth, ™S °pec|e8. °'C"rS °Dfly in thf6

Euproctis chrysorrhaea Lina. New En^land States at Present'

but unless something unforeseen

happens it will be only a matter of time until it spreads to this state.
The following description is taken largely from Memoir 8, New
York State Museum, and is herewith given that the pest may be
recognized and prompt measures be taken to stamp it out when it
reaches our borders.

The insect has two features peculiar to it which render its
separation from other insects comparatively easy. The first is the
presence of a tuft of brown hair on the tips of the abdomens of the
moths of both sexes, and the second is the position in which the
webs are spun, namely, upon the tips of the branches.

The female moth is white in color with the exception of the
brown marking- already described, and measures 1^ inches across
her spread wings. The male is smaller, having- a wing- expanse of
lX inches, and the general white of the wings is broken with a few
black spots. The brown tuft on the abdomen is smaller and darker
in color than that of the female.

The moths fly during- July, and during this season the eg-gs are
deposited in masses on the under sides of the leaves. From 200 to
300 are clustered together and are then covered with the brown
hairs from the tip of the abdomen of the female.

Upon hatching, the young feed gregariously upon the surface of
the leaf, spinning a covering web as they go. They soon begin the
preparation of their winter nest by drawing a few leaves together
and lining them with silk, and binding the whole tightly to the
twigs. The winter is passed in the immature larval condition with-
in the protection of the soil.

"Early in the spring the caterpillars emerge and, if the leaves
have not started, begin feeding upon the swelling buds. During
the spring they continue their work, completely stripping the
tree in cases of severe attack. One brood occurs annually.

186 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION: BULLETIN 194

softer portions of the leaves causing- the remainder to die. Occas-
ionally, as the larvae approach maturity, the food supply is exhausted
within the web and they wander to adjoining- twigs. The pupal
stage is passed in a thin cocoon, usually located in trash on the sur-
face of the ground or just below the surface.

Both sexes are winged moths, white, or white dotted with black.
The eggs are deposited upon the leaves.

Because of the conspicuous web, one of the common methods
used in combatting this pest is clipping the twigs from the tree to
which the masses are attached and destroying them. This, however,
involves a loss of a part of the tree and for this reason it is preferable,
where possible, to spray with arsenicals when the young caterpillars
are known to be emerging. This occurs during the month of June.
See Plate 9, Fig. 2.

„ 7 , , ' Insects of the class to which the one

The Bag or Basket Worm, - ... . , t

,_. . j , under present consideration belongs,

Thyndopteryx ephemerae- , . , . . r

. ~_ derive their popular name from the

formts Haworth. . , Li i.- u •

curious bag or basket which is con-
structed during the larval stage. Soon after the larva is hatched it
contructs for itself a silken sack, smooth inside, while to the outside
are attached portions of bark, leaf tissue, leaf petioles, etc. From
the open end of the bag- the larva protrudes its head and fore legs*
and thus walks about at will, dragging its home with it. Toone un-
accustomed to the sight it is indeed a surprise when the curious
semi-shapely bundle of trash that has attracted his attention, sud-
denly develops life and moves away.

As the enclosed larva grows, the bag is enlarged from time to
time by additions to the open end. Upon reaching- maturity the
larva binds its case to a limb and pupates. At the end of the pupal
stage the males emerge and fly about, while the females, being-
wingless, oviposit within their old cases and afterwards wriggle out
to fall upon the ground and die.

The winter is passed in the egg stage..

A number of bag-constructing insects occur in Ohio: one, a small
species, and quite common, covers its bag with portions of grass
stems, and the empty cases may be found attached to fence posts,
etc. The one under discussion is a comparatively large species,
the completed bag varying in length from l/^ to 2 inches. It was
observed doing considerable damage to shade trees during the past
season in the central and south-western portions of the state.

A large number of trees and shrubs serve as food plants, the
ones most commonly found during the past season being sycamore,
horse chestnut, hard maple and willow. The most severe case of
attack coming to the author's attention was upon hard maples in
Cincinnati. See Plate 11, Fig 2.

INSECTS AFFECTING OHIO SHADE TREES 185

The Forest Tent Caterpillar, P"™?* the last *?* Centt"T Kthe,re
Malacosoma disstria Hubn. have been occasional severe outbreaks

of this insect in widely separated sec-
tions of the United States, the hard maple being: the principal suf-
ferer in the north.

The eggs are deposited in late summer, usually upon the lower
branches of the tree, though they sometimes may be found upon
the topmost twig's. They are placed in belts of about 150 each sur-
rounding- small twig's. After the egg- is deposited, the larva de-
velops within the eg-g-shell, but does not break through until the
following spring, about the time the leaves are appearing. As the
larvae feed and develop, they do not spin a sheltering web as do some
of the other leaf-feeding caterpillars, but, as they pass up and down
the limbs of the tree, they spin a silken thread behind them, which
after many passages becomes a silken path. . When not feeding up-
on the leaves they rest in clusters upon the limbs and trunk of the
tree. They also take this position to shed their skins.

The full grown caterpillar is about two inches in length and is
characteristically marked with a blue head and a row of diamond
shaped spots down the middle of the back.

The cocoons are spun in any sheltered position, such as among
crumpled leaves on or under the tree, in crevices of the bark and of
fence-posts, etc. They are composed of the hairs from the insect's
body, silken threads, and a liquid which the caterpillar ejects, the
latter giving the mass a yellow, powdery appearance.

The adult is a brown moth, bearing a darker colored band
across each fore-wing, almost parallel to the outer border. They
fly mostly at night.

Concerning remedial measures, as with the tussock moth, much
good may be accomplished by collecting and destroying the egg-
masses during the winter months. However, this method is not as
fully applicable in the present instance as the egg-masses are not
so conspicuous. Probably the best method of control is spraying
with arsenicals at the time the larvae appear. As with the tussock
moth it will probably be of advantage to band to prevent reinfes-
tation.

The distinguishing characteristic of
The Fall Web Worm, ,, . , . . ,

Hyphantria textor Harris. thls msect 1S seen m the lar^e un~

sightly webs occurring most commonly

upon wild cherry during the late summer. Upon critical examina-
tion, it is seen that the webs contain a quantity of hairy larvae
which feed upon the more or less browned leaves of the twigs en-
closed. This discoloration results from the insect's eating the

'184- OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION: BULLETIN 194

paper. Ses Plate 7, Fig. 1. At the time of the treatment, the first
brood of larva was beginning- to give evidence of its presence by its
work upon the leaves.

Both sprays killed the feeding larvae and the trees were prac-
tically free from the insect during the entire season, whereas, their
untreated neighbors were partly defoliated. The sticky materials
upon the bands was replenished once during the summer with a
coating of Thum's tree tanglefoot.

The third measure looking toward control that was tried ex-
perimentally, was the application of strong kerosene emulsion at the
time the first brood of larvae was transforming to the pupal stage.
Horse chestnuts that had been defoliated by the first brood were
heavily sprayed with strong kerosene emulsion July 20. The trees
were located in front of 2236 84th St. SE. Directly adjoining these
trees were other horse chestnuts that were left unsprayed for com-
parison. The comparison however was not a fair one as the un-
treated trees had in no wise suffered as severely as had the others.
An idea of the appearance of the tree at that time of treatment may
be had from Plate 6, Fig. 1.

August 30, the tree was again photographed as shown in Plate
6, Fig. 2. At the later date scarcely a single, larva could be seen
upon the treated trees and a small crop of new foliage had grown.
meantime; while enough larvae had escaped the parasites on the
untreated trees to do considerable harm. A comparison between
the treated and untreated trees may be drawn from Plate 7, Fig. 2.
It may also be seen where some larvae from the untreated tree had
gained access by means of the interlocking branches to the treated
tree, and had destroyed a portion of the second crop of foliage.

As a general specific measure to be used in combatting this
pest, the author believes there is nothing more effective and prac-*
tical than collecting or treating the egg masses during the wintei
months and keeping the trees banded with tanglefoot from the
middle of June until the first killing frost. This measure is es-
cially commendable for individual operations as the cost would not
be excessive to hire nimble workmen to climb the trees and destroy
the egg-masses. It would only remain to keep the bands in good
working order. If the work of destroying the cocoons is thoroughly
done and the trees so treated are not close enough to neighboring
trees so that the young caterpillars are able to span .the distance
with their webs, there is no reason why careful banding alone should
not keep the trees free of this pest.

If impossible to collect the egg masses, spraying with arsenicals
is next in order but it too should be supplemented with banding and
the mixture should be applied while the larvae are young.

INSECTS AFFECTING OHIO SHADE TREES 183

wingless and never leaves her cocoon until her eggs are deposited
as previously described. With the completion of oviposition she
dies and usually falls to the ground.

The male has feathery antennae, hairy legs and a wing ex-
panse of nearly an inch. The wings and body are rather definitely
marked with varying shades of gray.

For several seasons previous to that of 1907 the insect appeared
to be gradually increasing in numbers and in destructiveness in the
city of Cleveland. During the early part of the season of 1907, the
first brood, which was an unusually large one, was beset by an army
of parasites, resulting in a very small second brood of larvae.

A consignment of larvae and pupae placed in the breeding cages
gave forth a large quantity of Hymenopterous and Dipterous para-
sites. In addition to the parasites just named, Heteropterous
nymphs, the adult form of which we were unable to obtain, were
observed clustered about the cocoons with their beaks inserted into
the chrysalid or larva, as the case might be, that was contained
therein.

The principal hosts for this species in Ohio are lindens, horse
chestnuts and elms.

During the season of 1907, three methods of combatting this in-
sect were given trial. The first consisted in clearing the egg-
masses from small elms on Euclid Ave. See Plate 8, Fig. 2. The
collecting was done during the spring months. The trees were in
a small park removed some little distance from other trees. As a
result of the treatment they were unaffected by theinsect during the
entire summer following. However, as before stated, the trees
were small, and the work of clearing them could be very thoroughly
done. This is one of the standard methods to be used against the
pest.

When the infested trees are very tall, thus rendering collecting
impossible, dampening the masses with creosote is sometimes sub-
stituted. The operation is performed with a sponge dipped in cre-
osote tied to the end of a long pole. Where trees that have been
cleared of the egg-masses are situated in the vicinity of other plant-
ings it is well to supplement the collecting process by banding the
trunks of the trees with mechanical barriers, such as rings of
cotton batting or bands of sticky material, such as Thum's tree
tanglefoot.

The second method given trial during the summer of 1907 was
spraying lindens with kerosene emulsion containing 5 percent kero-
sene and with arsenate of lead, 3 pounds to 50 gallons of water; sup-
plementing- the treatment in each case with bands of tanglefoot fly-

INSECTS AFFECTING OHIO SHADE TREES 199

The kerosene and lime are mixed in the proportion of one gal.
kerosene to 41bs. lime, or in other words, the lime is added to the
kerosene until all the kerosene is absorbed. It requires from 3 to 5
minutes to thoroughly mix the mass. When the emulsion is
complete, it is diluted with water and applied. For scale insects,
upon which the mixture is most commonly used, the following- are
the proportions: kerosene 12/^ gal., lime 50 lb., water 34 /^ gal.

Materials of this class require dilution with water
S:alectae ana only; usually 5 percent mixtures are recommended
ot/ier so-called . ,+ f f , •*':*•

Soluble Oils y manufactures for scale applications.

In the experience of Prof. P. J. Parrott of the .

New York Experiment Station, mixtures containing 7 to 10 percent
of oil applied to trees infested with the San Jose scale, gave results
slightly inferior to those obtained from the use of boiled lime-
sulfur sprays.

POISON SPRAYS.

The poison sprays in most general use at the present time
are Arsenate of Lead and Paris Green. Of the two, the lead is the
mcst expensive but the extra expense is usually justified by reason
of its superior adhesive qualities and consequently longer period
of efficiency after the application. The Paris green is more quickly
effective than the lead.

r r j This material is manufactured by a number of
Arsenate of Lead . . . . •

companies and is placed on the market under

varying trade names. It is paste-like in consistency, requiring only
the addition of water before use. Some brands are with difficulty
dissolved, and for these the author has found the work of the
process of preparation much lessened by placing the paste in a
small burlap sack and, with frequent dippings in the spraying
mixtures, work the materials through the cloth.

For most leaf-eating insects three pounds of material to 50 gal.
is sufficient, while for others 5 to 7 Ibs. to the same amount of water
is more desirable.

Where it is impossible to obtain the manufactured article or
for any reason undesirable to do so, arsenate of lead may be
prepared after the following formula:

Acetate of lead 11 oz.

Arsenate of soda 4 oz.

Water 50 gal.

Dissolve the acetate of lead and arsenate of soda separately in
2 quarts of water each. Pour the two together and add the desired
amount of water.

*Bulletin 28, New York Agricultural Experiment Station.

200 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION: BULLETIN 194

p . ~ Paris Green is mixed with water at the rate of one

pound to 100 or 150 gal. of water. Two or three
pounds of lime are added to prevent burning-. The mixture settles
readily to the bottom of the sprayer, rendering frequent agitation
necessary.

REMARKS.

As stated at the outset, the problem of the control of shade tree
pests is one to be encountered to the greatest extent in cities and
towns, and is largely a municipal matter. Already steps are being
taken in some cities, Cleveland being the most advanced in the matter
in this state.

The city of Cleveland has authorized the Department of Forestry
to extend its operations to the combatting of the shade tree pests, and
to this end has commenced the purchasing of suitable apparatus for
the purpose.

The personnel of the department consists of a Forester, Assist-
ant Forester, clerks, and a number of "tree wardens." To the
latter are assigned certain sections of the city. Besides their duties
of planting, trimming, etc., as far as possible each is supplied with
a spray pump mounted on wheels which he uses to the best of his
ability. The two large power sprayers, before mentioned, travel
about over the city to the points where the work is most needed.

At present the work of the department is confined to the street
and park plantings. It is very necessary, however, that the Depart-
ment be allowed to expand, until it is able to care for trees on private
grounds as well, as it loses much of the good effects that should
follow the work, because treated trees are reinfested by adjoining
untreated ones. Possibly a fair sum could be charged the property
owners for the service rendered.

It is evident that all cities and towns cannot afford such an in-
stitution as the Cleveland department, but it is the author's opinion
that the public sprayer most nearly approaches the solution of the
shade. tree insect problem for the cities and towns of our state.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.

The author wishes to express his appreciation to Prof. H. A.
Gossard, Entomologist of the Station for his suggestions and approval
of plans for work; to Mr. M. H. Horvath, former City Forester of
Cleveland, and to Mr. John Boddy, the present Forester, for their co-
operation with the Experiment Station in the conducting of experi-
mental work, and to Mr. C. R. Neillie, of the same department, for
being accorded the opportunity from time to time to examine the
records of the work done by the power sprayers; and to Mr. W. H.
Goodwin for preparation of one or two of the illustrations, among
them the cover cut.

202 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION: BULLETIN l£

EXPLANATION OF PLATE I.

Fig-. 1. The oyster shell bark louse much enlarged.

Fig-. 2. The oyster shell bark louse enlarged two diameters.

Fig-. 3. Branch of horse chestnut defoliated by oyster shell bark louse.

Fig. 4. Scurfy bark louse much enlarged.

Fig. 5. Scurfy bark louse, enlarged two diameters.

INSECTS AFFECTING OHIO SHADE TREES

PLATE I.

203

Fig. 1.

Fig". 2.

Fig. 4.

Fig 5.

Fig. 3.

204 OHTO EXPERIMENT STATION: BULLETIN 194

EXPLANATION OF PLATE H.

Fig-. 1. The rose scale, natural size.

Fig. 2. The maple cottony scale, natural size.

Fie. 3. Lombardy poplar on the campus of Buchtel College, Akron,
Ohio. This tree is badly infested 'with oyster shell bark louse.
The horse chestnut is badly infested at the base; the next in
order a little less so; the next one a little less, etc., down the
l:ne. It is a most striking- illustration of how scale insects
spread from a badly infested center.

INSECTS AFFECTING OHIO SHADE TREES

205

PLATE II.

Fig 1

Fig. 3.

206 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION: BULLETIN 194

EXPLANATION OF PLATE III.

Fig-. 1. The pine leaf scale", natural size, with the twice-stabbed lady
bird, Chilocorus bivulnerus Muls., feeding- upon the scales-

Fig-. 2. AdiO.t females of the elm bark louse.

Fip 3, The pine bark aphid upon the base of a pine,,

INSECTS AFFECTING OHIO SHADE TREES 207

PLATE III.

Fig. 1.

Fig. 2.

Fig. 3.

208 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION: BULLETIN 194.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE IV.

Fig. 1. Hard maple sprayed during- the early spring- with kerosene
emulsion containing- 40$. kerosene. The tree was severely ir-
juiecl.

Fig. 2, Hard maple sprayed with kerosene emulsion containing- 2\)Jo
kerosene. Uninjured.

INSECTS AFFECTING OHIO SHADE TREES

PLATE IV.

209

be
E

210 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION: BULi^i^,

EXPLANATION OF PLATE V.

Fig-. 1. Egg- mass of white marked tussock moth.

Fig. 2. Adult female moth about to oviposit upon her empty cocoon.
Slightly reduced.

Fig. 3. Full grown larva.

Fig. 4. Mass of cocoons spun in a cavity on the underside of a branch
of horse chestnut.

INSECTS AFFECTING OHIO SHADE TREES
PLATP: v.

211

Fig. 1.

Fig. 3.

212 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION: BULLETIN 194

KXPLANATION OF ~'LATB VI.

Fig. 1. Horse chestnut photographed July 20, 1906, after it had been
defoliated by the first brood of tussock moth larvae. The larvae,
at the time the photograph was taken, were transforming to
the pupal stage, many having already completed the operation.
The tree was sprayed with strong kerosene emulsion and banded
with tanglefoot.

Fig. 2. The same tree, as above described, 40 days later. Evidently
most of the larvae were destroyed by the treatment, as the tree
had grown a partial second crop of foliage. Compare with
Fig. 2, Plate VII.

INSECTS AFFECTING OHIO SHADE TREES

213

PLATE VI.

214 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION: BULLETIN 194

EXPLANATION OF PLATE VII.

Fig-. 1. Elms protected from tussock moth by spraying- with arsenicals
supplemented with banding-.

Fig. 2. Elm growing- beside the one represented in Plate IX, Fig-. 2.
Untreated, Photo Aug. 30, 1906.

INSECTS AFFECTING OHIO SHADF, TREES

215

PLATE VII.

216 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION: BULLETIN

EXPLANATION OF PLATE VIII.

Fig. 1. An ash tree perfectly sprayed with lime-sultur wash.

Fig. 2. An elm protected from tussock moth by collecting the egg-masses
during the winter.

INSECTS AFFECTING OHIO SHADE TREES

PLATE VIII.

217

218 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION: BULLETIN 194

EXPLANATION OF PLATE IX.

Fie. 1. Elms located in "Washing-ton Park, Cincinnati, Ohio, defoliated
by tussock moth July, 1907.

Fig. 2. Sycamore near Howard Street Station, Akron, defoliated by fall
web worm.

INSECTS AFFECTING OHIO SHADE TREES

PL ATP: ix.

219

220 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION: BULLETIN 194

EXPLANATION OF PLATE X.

Pig". 1. Bag's of bag- worm on arborvitae. Photo by New?1:.

Fig-. 2. Branch of hard maple badly injured by bag worm. July, 1907.

INSECTS AFFECTING OHIO SHADE TREES

221

PLATE X.

222 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION: BULLETIN 194.

EXPLANATION OP PLATK XI.

Fig. 1. Sycamore injured by bapf worm. Columbus, Ohio, July. 1907.
Fijr. 2. Hard maple, Cincinnati, Ohio, injured by bag worm, July, 1907.

INSECTS AFFECTING OHIO SHADE TREES

PLATE XI.

223

'-.

224 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION: BULLETIN 194.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XII.

The Catalpa Sphinx: a, egg-mass; b, newly-hatched larvae; c, a larva one-
third grown; d, dorsal view of one its joints; e, f, h, differently marked larv?e;
g, dorsal view of one of the joints of f ; i, do. of h; j, pupa; k, moth, natural Size;
1, egg enlarged. (From Riley, Kept. Q. S. Commissioner of Agriculture, 1881.)

INSECTS AFFECTING OHIO SHADE TREES

PLATE XII

225

226 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION: BULLETIN 194.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIII.

Fig-. 1. Young- catalpa on the farm of Mr. ,Clymer, Chillicothe, Ohiov
defoliated by Catalpa Sphinx July 2, 1906.

Fig-. 2. A catalpa tree illustrating- the characteristic stunted growth
following- the successive injuries to the tips of the twigs by the
Catalpa Bud Gnat.

INSECTS AFFECTING OHIO SHAD™, TREES

PLATE XIII.

227

228 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION: BULLETIN 194

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIV.

The top of a yoi^ng" catalpa tree illustrating- the characteristic bushy growth
which follows injury by the Catalpa Bud Gnat to the growing- tip.

INSECTS AFFECTING OHIO SHADE TREES

229

PLATE XIV.

230 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION: BULLETIN 194.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XV.

Fig". 1. Elm leaves injured by the Elm Leaf Beetle.

Fig-. 2. Elm tree infested with the Elm Leal Beetle during- the season
of 1906.' The tree was banded with burlap and tanglefoot and
the larvae collected and destroyed at frequent intervals. Photo-
graphed July, 1907.

INSECTS AFFECTING OHIO SHADE TREES

PLATE XV.

231

Fig. 1

232 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION: BULLETIN 194

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVI.

Fig", lo The Locust Twig Borer, showing- larvae in boring-, and the
characteristic swollen twig.

Fig"0 2. Larva of the Locust Borer in the body of a young- locust tree.

INSECTS AFFECTING OHIO SHADE TREES

PLATE XVI.

233

Fig-. 2.

234 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION: BULLETIN 194

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVH.

£ ig. A. &ggs ol Locust Borer, mucn
Fig. 2. Young locust tree injured by the Locust Borer, and subsequently
broken by the wind.

INSECTS AFFECTING OHIO SHADE TREES

PLATE XV I.

235

Fig. 1,

Fig. 2.

236 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION: BULLETIN 194

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVIII.

Fig1. 1. Preparing1 kerosene emulsion by the use of a steam boi ling-
pi ant, capable of preparing- 3000 to 4000 gallons of first-class
emulsion per day.

Fig-, 2. Same rig- as above, being- used for boiling- lime sulfur wash.
Used by the Department of Forestry, Cleveland, Ohio.

INSECTS AFFECTING OHIO SHADE TREES 237

PLATE XVIII.

Fig-1.

Fig. 2.

238 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION: BULLETIN 194

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIX.

Figs, land 2. Hard sprayers used by the Department of Forestry,
Cleveland, Ohio, Fig1. 2 represents a most excellent rig,
durable, easily portable and capable of furnishing- good
pressure.

[NSECTS AFFECTING OHIO SHADE TREES

PLATE X^X,

239

Fig-. 1.

240 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION: BULLETIN 194

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XX.

Power sprayers used by the Department of Forestry, Cleveland, Ohio.
i. 2 is the better of the two iig^.

INSECTS AFFECTING OHIO SHADE TREES

PLATE XX.

241

Fiff. 1.

Fig.

242 OHIO XPEERIMENT STATION: BULLETIN 194.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXI.

Fig-. 1. An elm tree, Cleveland. Ohio, in bad condition, resnUinp- likelv
from g-as poisonirig-.

Fig-: 2. An Ailanthus tree, Cincinnati, Ohio. The Ailanthus is a most
excellent tree for street planting- as it is almost immune from
insect attack and thrives even thoug-h the roots are completely
paved over as was the case of the tree illustrated. Smoke seems
to have little effect upon this species.

INSECTS AFFECTING OHIO SHADE TREES

243

PLATE" XXI

'-/-.
u

THE CATALPA MIDGE.

Cecidomyia catalpac Comstock.

OHIO

Agricultural Experiment
Station.

WOOSTER, OHIO, U. S. A., OCTOBER, 1908.

BULLETIN 197.

Photo by Good-unit.

The Bulletins of this Station ate sent free to all residents of the State
who request them. Persons who desire their addresses changed should
give both old and new address. All correspondence should be addressed to

EXPERIMENT STATION, Wooster, Ohio

ORGANIZATION OF THE

OHIO AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

BOARD OF CONTROL.

JOHN COURTRIGHT, President AshvSlle

D. L. SAMPSON, Secretary Cincinnati

CARY W. MONTGOMERY, Treasurer Newark

DR. W. I. CHAMBERLAIN Hudson

GEORGE E. SCOTT Mt. Pleasant

STATION STAFF.

DEPARTMENT CHIEFS.

DEPARTMENT

CHARLES E. THORNE, M. S. A., Director Administration. Soils

WILLIAM J. GREEN Horticulture. Forestry

AUGUSTINE D. SELBY, B. S Botany

C. G. WILLIAMS Agronomy

JOHN W. AMES, M. S Chemistry

H. A. GOSSARD, M. S. Entomology

B. E. CARMICHAEL, B. S A nimal Husbandry

E. B. FORBES, Ph. D Nutrition

L- H. GODDARD, C. E Cooperative Experiments

ASSISTANTS.

WILLIAM H. KRAMER. Bursar Administration

F. A. WELTON, B. S \ Agronomy

GAIL T. ABBOTT, A. B Agronomy

THOMAS F. MANNS, M. S Botany

TRUE HOUSER .Botany

W. F. PATE, B. S Chemistry

L. L. LASHELL, B S Chemistry

E. W. GAITHER, B . S Chemistry

L. T. BOWSER, B. S Chemistry

M. O. BUGBY, B. S Cooperative Experiments

H . C. GEORGE, B. S Cooperative Experiments

W. H. GOODWIN, B. S Entomology

EDMUND SECREST, B. S Forestry

F. H. BALLOU Horticulture

Jos. H. GOURLEY, B. S Horticulture

A. C. WHITTIER, B. S Nutrition

R. C. E. WALLACE, B. S Soils

FOREMEN AND CLERKS.

WILLIAM HOLMES, Farm Foreman Agronomy

CHARLES A. PATTON, Meteorological Observer Agronomy

ORA FLACK, Foreman of Orchards Horticulture

W. E. BONTRAGER, Foreman of Grounds Horticulture

CHAS. G. LAPER, Foreman of Greenhouses Horticulture

ANTHONY Russ, Herdsman Animal Husbandry

CARY WELTY, Mechanic A dministration

F. W. GLASS, Printer Administration

FAYE BLAYNEY, Mailing Clerk Administration

MARY M. LEE, Stenographer Administration

VALERIA RILEY, Stenographer Forestry

Z. McCAMMON, Forestry Foreman (Stationed at Lancaster ) Forestry

IN CHARGE OF TEST FARMS.

EDWARD MOHN, Supt. Northeastern Test-farm, Strongsville Administration

HENRY M . WACHTER, Supt. Southwestern Test-farm, Germantown ..'... Administration

LEWIS SCHULTZ, Supt. Southeastern Test-farm, Carpenter Administration

The Bulletins of this Station are issued at irregular intervals. They are
paged consecutively and an index is included with the Annual Report, whick
constitutes the final number of each yearly volume.

BULLETIN

OF THE

Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station

NUMBER 197. OCTOBER, 1908.

THE CATALPA MIDGE.

Cecidomyia catalpae Comstock.

BY H. A. GOSSARD.
CHARACTER OF DAMAGE AND IMPORTANCE.

Three distinct forms of injury are chargeable to the larvae of the catalpa midge.

1. To the leaves, causing a form of leaf spot.

2. To the terminal buds and ends of the branches.

3. To the seeds in the pods.

1. The adult midges must appear in late May and early June in
•dinary seasons. About June 22, 1908, my assistants found injury
pronounced on many trees and numerous larvae were in the
terminal buds. A close examination of the material brought in from
•the field soon discovered larvae on the leaves as well as in the buds,
and a few hours observation of hundreds of larvae on collected
leaves, as well as on leaves still on the trees, established their con-
nection with the leaf-spot trouble. In the center of many of the
spots could be found a larva with its head end inserted into a small
hole in the center of the spot from which it imbibed its nourish-
ment. Apparently the damage was caused by the removal of the
plant juices from the spot, as there seemed to be no separation of
the upper and lower epidermal surfaces over the injured area, nor
did the larva seem to bury the front part of its body between the
surfaces after the manner of some leaf-miners. Some spots just
commencing- to form could be found with young larvae feeding in
their centers. Hundreds of these spots could often be found on
single leaves, and large fruiting trees are sometimes so badly

(1)

2 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION: BULLETIN 197

attacked that from one-third to one-half the leaves wilt, turn brown
and die from this cause. After the larvae disappear from the leaves,
the resemblance of these spots to some of the fungous leaf-spot
maladies is so great that for one or two seasons our botanists examined
the spots very carefully at intervals with the compound microscope,
the only result being to strengthen the suspicion that they were in
some way caused by insects. The spots are generally about three-
sixteenths of an inch in diameter, but vary from mere points of
brown to more than one-fourth inch in diameter, and sometimes by
the coalescence of numerous spots large irregular patches of dead
tissue are formed. Late in the season many of the spots break
through or fall away, leaving the leaf full of holes and torn and
ragged in appearance. That the larvae causing this trouble are
identical with those which work in the bud seems quite certain by
their similar appearance of form and coincident period of
attack, but we have not yet bred leaf larvae from adults known to
have developed from bud-inhabiting larvae, or vice versa, so the
proof of their supposed identity is not perfect. But few larvae have
been found on the leaves of old trees in the fall, the attack being
apparently concentrated on the seed pods; but young trees have
many larvae on their leaves in mid September, and probably until
the leaves fall.

2. The most conspicuous form of injury due to the midge and
the one which has been the subject of most inquiry at the Station is
that done to the terminal buds. Mr. Cotton writes thus of his
observations in 1905: "At several points in southwestern Ohio,
injury to the tender tips of vigorously growing two-and three-year-
old catalpa trees in nursery rows was observed during August and
September, 1905. Usually two or three inches of the tips began to
wither and turn brown, finally becoming much shrunken and black.
When opened they were found to contain several small, yellow,
footless maggots, similar to the catalpa pod Diplosis, and having th<
same power of leaping. The eggs were apparently deposited in th<
stem at the base of a leaf petiole or in the petiole base itself, and th<
stem began to die at this point."

"In one small block of two-year-old catalpas, about twenty-five
percent of the trees had been injured. They had been cut back t<
the ground the previous spring and as a consequence had made a
very vigorous growth. Many of them had been injured while still
quite small, and in nearly every case all three of the lateral buds, at
the last joint below the point of injury, had attempted to produce a

THE CATALPA MIDGE.

Figs. 1 and 2.

Dead tips due to
midge larvae
working in buds
and tender wood.

Photo by IT outer.

OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION: BULLETIN .97

Fig. 3. Forking
caused by repeated
destruction of leaders.

Fig. 4. Injury
to seed pods.

FIG. 4.

Photo by ffou er

THE CATALPA MIDGE. s

leader which resulted in a crooked, forked stem. This insect seems
likely to assume considerable economic importance to nurserymen
and others growing catalpa trees." *

Mr. Houser in Bulletin 194 of this Station says: "During the
early summer, the tender growing tips of the catalpa become swollen
and in time blacken at the point of injury. During the early part
of the season the injury isusually found three or four inches below the
tip, and at a lesser distance during late summer when the tree is
growing less rapidly. The tip above the injury dies. Following
the death of the tip in early summer, the next node below develops
one or more branches, and frequently a cluster of leaves, giving the
tree a bushy growth. The ultimate result, after continued top-
ping, is a stunted, crooked, forked growth."

"An examination made last spring (1906) of all the twigs upon
15 three-year-old catalpa trees, revealed the fact that 49 percent of
the tips had been injured by the bud gnat."

These blackened tips are generally full of larvae, the whole
presenting the same general appearance as does the interior of the
pods later in the season. It seems probable that injured spots in
the skin of the twigs are used as points of entrance, where these are
available, but it seems certain that entrance is often gained into
uninjured twigs.

In July 1907, a circular letter accompanied by a small folder of
illustrations, entitled "Three Catalpa Troubles," was sent out from
the Department of Entomology of the Ohio Experiment Station to
several hundred catalpa growers in Ohio, requesting reports on the
kinds of injury described and illustrated. Two of the forms of
injury due to the catalpa midge, viz., terminal bud damage and
leaf-spot were among the subjects of inquiry. Of the growers
reporting, 119 had not suffered from either form of injury, so far
as they were able to discover, while 107 had observed one or both
forms. About one-third of these reporters (37) had noticed the
terminal injury without finding any leaf-spot; 33 found leaf-spot
conspicuous without any injury to the buds, while 37 found both
forms of damage occuring conjointly.

3. Professor Comstock's description of the third form of
damage is as follows: "In the early part of August the unripe and
normally green pods of the Indian bean ^Catalpa bignonoides) upon
the Department grounds, at Washington, were noticed in many
cases to have partly turned brown in a strange manner; one-half or
more of the pod remaining green, while the remainder appeared to

* Bulletin 7 of Div. Nursery and Orchard Inspection, Ohio Department of Agriculture.

6 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION: BULLETIN 197

be dry and of the color which it usually has when ripe. Upon open-
ing one of these abnormal pods, the mass of seeds was found to be
fairly filled with active, footless, little yellow maggots, none of them
more than 3.25 mm. long. When disturbed they wriggled from the
pod and fell to the ground, or bringing the two ends of the body
together and suddenly straightening with a jerk, they would
jump to a distance of several inches. The seeds themselves
and the whole contents of the pod were, in every case, in a decaying
condition. The larvae were of very different sizes, some apparent-
ly being nearly full grown, while others were evidently very young.

"Some ten days after the pods had been placed in a breeding
jar, the adult flies began to appear — minute yellow midges with
dusky wings. From that time on through the fall, occasional exam-
ination of the pods showed larvae of all sizes still at work, many of
the pods becoming entirely brown and dry before the middle of
September. It was often a puzzling thing in examining these pods
to find the point where the larvae made their exit, for the pupa
state is passed underground. Usually one, two or three small
orifices would be found through which all the inhabitants of the pod
must have issued. The manner in which this hole is made is a
mystery. Examined from the inside, it shows marks of gnawings
around its edge, and frequently spots are found where attempts to
pierce the pod have evidently been made, but unsuccessfully. Yet
as cecidomyid larvae have no horny masticating jaws, how have they
then made these orifices? In pods which had evidently been
attacked earlier in the season, while younger and tenderer, the
holes were much larger and more abundant. Occasionally the pod
will have become so dry that it will have cracked, and in such cases,
of course, no other hole would be neccesary."

On July 27th, an examination of the seed pods of the hardy
catalpa, Catalpa speciosa, was made and injury to them by the
midge was just commencing. At intervals on the pods small
blackish spots were found which, when examined with a lens, were
seen to be minute holes surrounded by a small area from which the
skin had been eaten or torn away.- Inside the bean, near the open-
ing, a few very young midge larvae were found. Whether the
gnawed surface and hole through the wall of the pod were made by
the larvae or adults, it is not possible to state with certainty, but in
all probability the newly hatched larvae are wholly or chiefly
responsible for it. Probably in some cases they take advantage of
injured places in the skin and complete openings already started by
other agencies.

•••• Annual Report, U. S. Dept. Agr. 1880, pp. 266-267.

THE CATALPA MIDGE.

Fig. 5. Eggs of the midge
much enlarged. Photo-
micrograph.

Fig. 6. Larvae
of the midge
muc h e n -
larged.

Fig. 7. Adult female midge
much enlarged. Photo-
micrograph.

FIG. 7.

by Goodwin.

8 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION: BULLETIN 197

DESCRIPTIVE.

Egg: The egg is elongate with rounded ends, being about .35 mm,
long and from one-fifth to one-fourth as wide as Jong. It appears trans-
lucent greenish or whitish, probably depending somewhat on the de-
gree of development reached. The eggs are laid in masses, a single
mass sometimes containing upwards of 80 eggs. Many of these
eggs are curved into a bow shape, and their sides adhere to each
other somewhat. The masses found were laid on the inner sur-
faces of the tiny young leaves just formed in the terminal buds.
Whether the larvae found on the older leaves come from eggs
scattered promiscuously over them, or if they disperse from egg-
clusters, deposited in the manner observed when the leaves are
young, we do not yet know; nor do we know where the eggs are laid
from which hatch the larvae found in the pods.

Larvae: The full-grown larva is about one-eighth of an inch
long and about one-fifth as broad as long. The color varies from
pale whitish to orange. Those working most in the open, as upon
the leaves, seem, generally speaking, to be the deepest colored; yet
deep colored specimens may often be found in buds and also in
seed-pods. With a good magnifying glass the body is seen to be
segmented transversely, a compound microscope showing fourteen
segments. The larva possesses a peculiar habit. It brings the
two ends of the body together and by suddenly straightening itself
with a jerk, is enabled to jump several inches.

Adult: The female is a minute, two-winged fly, about one-six-
teenth of an inch long and has a light yellow body and dusky wings
that show a bluish iridescence under a magnifying glass.
SUMMARY OF LIFE HISTORY AND HABITS.

The adult flies must first appear in May, since the spots on the
leaves appear in that month or early in June. On June 22, 1908,
larvae could be found in abundance on the leaves and also in the
terminal buds. Adults could be seen here and there on the leaves
and could be captured in abundance by sweeping catalpas with a
net. Egg-masses, freshly laid, could be found in the terminal buds.
Cuttings of catalpa, containing hundreds of larvae, were sunk into
moist sand and placed in breeding cages. Adult flies appeared in
these cages July 4th, and for several days thereafter. It was
difficult to find a mass of eggs, part of which had not hatched at the
time of discovery, thus evidencing the shortness of the incubation
period. As nearly as we could determine from eggs laid by midges
in our cages, the young larvae begin to emerge within 24 hours or
less after the eggs are laid. As nearly as could be judged from our
breeding work, the life of a complete generation in mid-summer is

THE CATALPA MIDGE.

FIG. 8.

Fife. 8. Point of
entrance into seed
pod.

FIG. 9.

Fig. 9. Spots
on leaves.

Negatives by Goodwin.

10 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION: BULLETIN 197

from three to four weeks. While most of the larvae descended into
the sand to pupate, some did not, but transformed wherever they
happened to be. Some midges were obtained in each of three glass
tubes, containing1 nothing but cuttings harboring the larvae. The
pupa, to casual observance, seemed to differ but little from the
larva, except that it had become somewhat shorter. The larvae
were seen to disengage themselves from the leaves by their jerking
habit and drop to the ground. In the latter part of June the upper
layer of earth to the depth of one-fourth to one-half inch was
removed from beneath an infested catalpa tree and put into a glass
covered case in the laboratory. This earth was kept spread out,
the depth being not more than one-half inch, and it was moistened as
often as necessary. In early July adult midges appeared in the
cage, thus proving that the pupal stage is ordinarily passed in the
ground. These midges were confined on catalpa slips taken from
trees grown in the insectary and which had never shown signs of
infestation. July 16th, three or four larvae were found on the
leaves of one of these slips. No eggs or larvae could be found in
the bud of this slip. A different slip, that was put into a jar con-
taining midges that hatched from buds on July 4th, had new larvae
in the bud July 15th. Some adults, that had issued some time after
July 4th, were still living in the cage at the time of this observation.
The average life of the fly is probably from three or four datys to a
week or ten days. Sometime in late June both adults and larvae
disappeared from the groves outdoors and were not again found
until July 16th. In the latter part of summer, the larvae seem
chiefly confined to the leaves and seed pods in groves of trees that are
of considerable size, but, as before recorded, Mr. Cotton observed
them attacking the tender tips of growing nursery stock in August
and September. Mr. Houser noted, July 30, 1906, that the
"terminal borer" was more abundant than ever at Wooster. The
dates at which Mr. Houser obtained midges were August 7th and
8th and September 3rd. September 12, 1908, larvae were found on
leaves and adults were captured from catalpa by sweeping. Prof.
Comstock obtained flies about the middle of August from larvae
taken in the seed pods. We found larvae in seed pods as early as
July 27th, and they still inhabited these pods in mid-September,
showing a much longer life cycle than the earlier generations work-
ing in the buds. From all the evidence we possess, we infer that
there is an indefinite number of generations, the rate of develop-
ment probably depending on conditions of heat, moisture and food
supply. In the early season the broods are probably distinctly
separated, but by the latter part of July all semblance of broods

THE CATALPA MIDGE. H

seems to be lost and after this time every stage of the insect can
be found on any date before late autumn if search is made in the
right place. So far as known, all varieties of catalpa cultivated in
Ohio are attacked.

IDENTITY.

The specimens reared by Mr. Houser were submitted to Mr.
Coquillett, of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, and to Dr. K. P.
Felt, State Entomologist of New York, both specialists in diptera,
and both agreed they were near C. catalpae Comstock, but could
not be sure they were identical with it without comparing them
with the original types. Abundant material, representing all stages
of development, taken from both leaves and buds, was sent to Dr.
Felt the past summer and after studying this he provisionally refers
the insect to Comstock's species, but has not yet had access to the
types for comparison. A close scrutiny of our breeding records
and field observations, together with the microscopic examinations
made by Messrs. Felt, Coquillett and the writer, leave scarcely a
doubt that the different forms of injury herein described are due to
the same species of Cecidomyia, though* the leaf and bud maggots
have not been actually bred from flies hatched from pods and then
isolated. From a practical standpoint, the catalpa grower is most
interested to know that the maggots causing all three forms of
damage are to be dealt with in the same way.

PAST HISTORY AND LITERATURE.

This insect was first described by Prof. J. H. Comstock in the
Annual Report of the U. S. Department of Agriculture for 1880. It
was called the Catalpa Pod Diplosis, because the maggots were
observed working in the 'seed pods and the adult was referred to
the genus Diplosis. In 1890, Packard, in the Fifth Report of the
U. S. Entomological Commission, on "Forest Insects," quoted
Comstock's article in full, but added nothing thereto. In 1906, Mr.
E. C. Cotton referred to it in Bulletin No. 7, of the Division of Nurs-
ery and Orchard Inspection, Ohio Department of Agriculture, and
expressed the belief that it not only injured the seed of catalpa, but
that it also attacked the growing tips of the branches, causing them
to blacken and die back for several inches. He only inferred the
identity of the insect from an examination of the maggots, being
unable to rear the adults. In 1907, a circular, accompanied by a
small folder of illustrations, exhibiting different phases of injury
caused by the insect, was circulated among the Ohio catalpa
growers by the Department of Entomology of the Ohio Experiment
Station. A few notes were, presented by the author at the
twentieth meeting of the Association of Economic Entomologists^

12 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION: BULLETIN 197

these being: published in Vol. I, p. 181, Journal of Economic Ento-
mology. In Bulletin 194, p. 193, Ohio Experiment Station, Mr. J. S.
Houser devotes a few paragraphs to it.

NATURAL ENEMIES.

I have observed lacewing larvae feeding1 with great avidity on
the leaf-feeding-larvae of the midge. In July, 1905, and also 1906,
Mr. Houser so frequently obtained a chalcid from the damaged tips
that, for awhile, we were uncertain whether it was not itself
responsible for some form of damage to the branches. Subsequent
observations led to the conclusion that, in all probability, it subsist-
ed on the midge larvae, but this supposition has never been
definitely proved. Mr. J. C. Crawford, of the U. S. Department of
Agriculture, has described this chalcid as Zatropis catalpae*
Adults were obtained July 14, 20, 23, 24, 25 and August 14th.

REMEDIES.

Cultivation: Young cultivated groves do not suffer so much as
older uncultivated ones. The larvae fling themselves to the ground
when full grown and pupate very near to the surface. The fragile
adult flies cannot make their way to the surface, if plowing has
buried the immature stages under several inches of earth. Plowing
in late fall or early spring will accomplish most, but cultivation
throughout the summer will help.

Fertilizing: Three or four pounds of kainit scattered under a
tree over a circle approximating that of the spread of the limbs
will in all probability destroy the larvae in the soil as well as
stimulate the tree. Small trees will not need more than half this
amount. It may be applied in May to prevent the first brood from
issuing and if necessary can be. repeated in late June to catch the
large July hatching. Stir lightly into the soil with a garden rake.
Sulphocarbonate of potash, applied at the rate of thirty kegs per
acre, has been found effective against the pear midge in the soil by
Dr. Marchal of France.

Drenching ground with insecticides: If, in early spring, the
leaves, grass and trash beneath the trees are raked together from a
wide circle around the trunks and burned, and these cleared circles
are then drenched with kerosene emulsion diluted with eight to ten
parts of water, the hibernating stages of the insect will be
destroyed.

Close planting: While methods of planting probably have
little or no effect on the multiplication of the midge, it seems to
have a direct relation to correction of injuries caused by the midge.
If the trees are planted not more than four to eight feet apart each

*Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash. Vol. IX Nos. 1-4.

THE CATALPA MIDGE. 13

way, a straight skyward growth is forced and, although the young
trees start off with crooked trunks due to successive forkings,
caused by terminal injury, after a few years the trunks will have
become quite straight. After the trees have attained an age of five
or six years alternate trees can be cutout, if necessary, and the
trees may be trusted after this age to grow fairly straight.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.

I am indebted to Messrs. Howard, Felt, Coquillett and Craw-
ford for examinations and reports on various specimens of insects
submitted to them during the progress of the investigation; to
Messrs. J. S. Houser, W. H. Goodwin and H. T. Osborn for numer-
ous field observations and laboratory records; to the Department of
Cooperative Experiments of this Station for assistance in collecting
data from the Ohio growers of catalpa; and to Messrs. Goodwin and
Houser for the illustrations given. To all of the foregoing, I
express my thanks.

The Agricultural College

EXTENSION BULLETIN

VOLUME VI. DECEMBER, 1910 No. 4

Our Conebearers and Evergreens

By C. H. GOETZ, Instructor in Forestry.

Spite of winter thou keepest thy green glory.— Lowell.

PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY

COLUMBUS

.Entered as Second-class Matter, November 17, 1905, at the Postoffice at Columbus, Ohio, under

Act of Congress, July 16, 1894

LITTLE EVERGREENS, GROW!

Young- Spruce.

Hey ! little evergreens,

Sturdy and strong!
Summer and autumn time,

Hasten along.
Harvest the sunbeams, then,

Bind them in sheaves,
Range them and change them

To tufts of green leaves.
Delve in the mellow mold,

Far, far below,
And so,

Little evergreens, grow !
Grow, grow !

Grow, little evergreens, grow !

Up, up so airily

To the blue sky,
Lift up your leafy tips

Stately and high ;
Clasp tight your tiny cones,

Tawny and brown;
By and by, buffeting

Rains will pelt down,
By and by, bitterly

Chill winds will blow.
And so,

Little evergreens, grow !
Grow, grow !

Grow, little evergreens, grow

Gather all uttermost

Beauty, because —
Hark, till I tell it now—

How Santa Claus,
Out of the northern land,

Over the seas,
Soon shall come seeking you,

Evergreen trees !
Seek you with reindeer, soon,

Over the snow.
And so,

Little evergreen, grow
Grow, grow !

Grow, little evergreens, grow

What if the maple flare

Flaunting and red,
You will bear waxen-white

Tapers instead.
What if now, otherwhere

Birds are beguiled,
You shall yet nestle

The little Christ-child !
Ah, the strange splendor

The fir trees shall know.
And so,

Little evergreens, grow !
Grow, grow !

Grow, little evergreens, grow !

— St. Nicholas.

Pine tree in winter -robe.

OUR CONEBEARERS AND EVERGREENS
How to Know Them and What Use to Make of Them

By C. H. GOETZ.

INTRODUCTION

Since the coming of man, trees and forests have entered into his
life, throughout his rise from the savage state up to the present
time.

Without trees and forests, the 'high state of civilization to which
man has attained, and the comforts of life that surround him could
not have been possible. The forests were his early home; they
furnished him with food and shelter, and though for a period in the
history of man the forests, because of their extensiveness, were

A Wind-break of Norway Spruce.

looked upon as hindrances to the advancement of agriculture, the
time has come when the true worth of this, the highest expression
of our vegetable kingdom, is receiving its due credit and consid-
eration.

Trees are an ever interesting subject for study and wonder to
the little child, to the youth, and to the man. He sees so many
things around him made of wood, from the cradle to the coffin, that
he thinks he never gets out of the woods.

The love of the child for all things pertaining to the vegetable
world can readily be seen when one observes children eager for the
possession of a flower, a blade of grass, or a leaf of a tree.

The following pages are intended to furnish an opportunity for
our boys and girls to get a little better acquainted with some of our
conebearers and evergreens.

To many of our young people a needle-leaf tree is simply a pine-

or an evergreen, and sometimes it is known only as a Christmas
tree. We venture to state that not one out of a hundred of our
children know, that, as a rule, the Christmas trees are spruce trees,

or that these trees loose their
leaves one by one but never all
of them at once.

The conebearers or conifers as
botanists call them, and especially
our evergreen conebearers, are of
great value, not only for ornament,
but also for protection. In the
winter when the cold winds are
blowing and all the other trees
have lost their leaves, these ever-
greens form fine protection and
sheltering belts against the cold,
biting winds. Who has not seen
cattle and horses standing for
protection near these trees or
hedges? Perhaps we ourselves
have found out that it is more
comfortable when we have some
of these trees between us and the
wind.

Let us consider the tree which
interests both young and old
about the time Santa Claus comes
around, namely the Norway
spruce. While this spruce is not
a native of America or found it)
over-abundance in this country,
yet because it is so extensively
planted for Christmas trees and is
perhaps the most numerously
planted spruce in the State of Ohio,
we ought all to be acquainted

Norway Spruce. with it.

The Norway spruce has several American brothers, the red, the
white, the blue, and the black spruce. It is, however, easily dis-
tinguished from the rest of our spruces, by its slender cones, which
are the longest of all spruce cones, sometimes reaching the length
of seven inches. There they swing on the ends of the top branches,
like the pendulums of clocks, till the wind and the sun dry them

and open the scales to let out the small winged seeds which are
then carried away by the wind to find a good place to sprout and
bring forth other spruce trees, or until some squirrel comes along
and with its sharp teeth cuts off the little branches on which the
cones hang, allows them to drop to the ground, and gathers them in
its winter storehouse.

From Keeler's "Our Native Trees," published by Charles Scribner's Sons.
Branchlet and Cone of Norway Spruce.

This spruce is one of our most stately trees, very symmetrical in
growth, and when loaded down with Christmas presents, burning
candles, etc., is the delight of young and old.

To find out that we have a spruce and not a fir tree, which is a
cousin to the spruce, we must examine the cones. The cones of
the fir stand upright on the branches, and when mature fall to pieces,

while the cones of the spruce are not deciduous and do not come apart
on shedding their seeds. If the ends of the needles of the spruce are
touched with the bare hands it is found that they are sharp like a

needle, while those of the fir are
blunt and wider. The needles in both
are of about the same length but in
the spruce they are scattered clear
around the branches, while on the
fir they are in two rows, one on
each side of the little branch. Even
on looking at the two trees from a
distance one can tell them apart;
the spruce is more conical than the
fir, which is like a spire pointing
skyward.

In the countries where the
spruces are plentiful they are ex-
tensively used for making paper
pulp because the wood is soft and
white and has a long fiber.

Pitch Pine Needles,
sheath.

Three in a

If Mother Nature patches
The leaves of trees and vines,
I'm sure she does her darning
With needles of the pine.

They are so long and slender,
And sometimes, in full view,
They have their threads of cobwebs,
And thimbles made of dew.

— Wm. H. Hayne

THE WHITE PINE

This tree ought to be one of our
best known trees. When we see it
growing in the open we recognize it
at once by the cluster of fine,
bluish-green leaves situated near
the ends of the branches. The
leaves are generally from three to
four inches in length, five in a
sheath, and somewhat grayish on
the underside. They are soft, like
grass, to the touch and make fine
beds for the woodsman and hunter.
We see on the very young trees a

quite different bark from that Branch of White Pine. Five needles

which is found on the old trees.

The bark of the former is thin and of grayish green, while that of the
latter is divided into large, flat ridges with shallow openings between.

White Pine.

The cones are slender, open, and from four to six inches long. They
are matured only after two seasons.

We find the white pine on moderately high places and in moist, sandy
but fertile soil. It is a very desirable tree for lawn planting, because
it has such a delicate appearance and is, as a rule, a fast grower.

"There is a quiet spirit in the woods; with what a tender and im-
passioned voice it fills the nice and delicate ear of thought."

Scotch Pine.
8

THE SCOTCH PINE

We might think because of the name that this pine came from Scot-
land, and that Scotland was its home, while in fact it is found all over
Europe. This tree resembles in general appearance our white pine,
but upon closer examination we find that the needles are only two in
a sheath, are coarse and of a bluish tint, also somewhat shorter than
the white pine needles. The cones are very much shorter, and re-
semble those of the scrub pine, for which it is sometimes mistaken.

We have adopted this European tree because it is very hardy and
can stand variations of climatic conditions. It is also a rapid-growing
tree, and since it is not particular as to soil and moisture, it can be
used almost anywhere both for windbreaks and for ornamentation.

THE PITCH PINE

To this pine the name of pitch pine was given because it has always
a large amount of resin upon its buds and branches making them very
pitchy. Another peculiar thing about the tree is that it has many short
branches on the ends of which the needles, three in a sheath and from
three to fine inches long, are arranged in groups, having the appearance
of needles growing on the large branches.

The cones, from one to three inches long, and comparatively broad,
are often found in clusters, and their sharp spined scales distinguish
this pine from the Jack pine and the Scrub pine as well as from the
Scotch pine. These cones stay on the trees, as do also the cones of its
brothers, the Jack pine and the Scrub pine, for ten or twelve years,
even after the seeds have long escaped.

There is not much symmetry or beauty about the tree. It is, how-
ever, planted or left standing for the protection of the soil, or for
windbreaks. Another reason for allowing it to stand or for planting it
is that it occupies ground of a sandy and sterile nature on which
hardly any other plant will grow.

Fire may sweep through the forest of pitch pine and destroy the
old trees, and yet a new crop will spring up, because many of the cones
retain their seeds for a number of years, and open them only by going
through extreme heat or on account of old age. The heat of the fire
opens the cones and sets free the seeds, which then fall on fertile soil
that has been enriched by the ashes from the old trees.

Pitch Pine.

"Arborvitae stretch their palms like Holy Men in Prayer."

THE ARBORVIT^:

Arborvitae. Leaves are flat as though
they had been pressed.

The Indians used to call this tree
the feather tree, because it has
flattened branches, with flattened
leaves. The leaves are very small
and look as if they had been
pressed; they appear somewhat
like a fan or feather. We often
hear the arborvitae spoken of as the
cedar or the tree of life, because it
looks somewhat like that tree. On
close examination, however, we
find that the arborvitae has leaves,
larger, flatter and more spreading
than the cedar. The cedar has no
cone, but a berry-like fruit of a
brownish-purple color, which we
call cedar berries or Juniper berries,
while the arbovitae has very small,
true cones of a light brown color.

We generally see the arbovitae
grown in hedge rows and very
often in cemeteries. The name of
this tree means the tree of life (ar-
bor, tree; vitae, of life). The flaky,
stringy bark is another good sign
for recognition. The leaves and
wood have a charactertistic odor
which is very pleasing to man, but
not to the moth, and so it is used
for making chests and closets.

Its native home is in cool, moist
areas and it is therefore often
found in swamps, but it will do well
in drier soils. The arborvitae can be
well recommended as a hedge plant
and as an ornamental tree. If
properly treated it will grow from
cuttings.
11

THE COMMON JUNIPER

THE RED JUNIPER OR RED CEDAR

The common or dwarf juniper and its brother the red juniper, are
often called red cedars, because their heartwood is red, and their leaves
look somewhat like cedar leaves. The red juniper grows into a tree

form, while the dwarf juniper, as
its name indicates, is generally a
shrub. The leaves of the red
juniper are not all of the same
kind; some are flat like those of
arborvitse for part of their length,
with a point at the end ; others are
needle shaped and pointed. The
needles of the dwarf juniper are
shaped more like a shoemaker's
awl. This tree has two sets of
leaves in its younger shoots, one
very much shorter and flatter than
the other.

These trees are abundant in reg-
ions where limestone is found,
which seems most suitable for their
growth. In their home climate they
appear very much like stately over-
grown columns. Every one has
heard of the juniperberry and per-
haps has seen and tasted it. Many
of our birds that stay with us over
winter, feast on these berries, and
then drop the seeds here and there,
in this way distributing the trees
over a large area. This is one of
Nature's ways of plant distribution.
Sometimes we find on these juni-
pers large, fruit-like growths,
which are commonly called cedar
apples or juniper apples; these,
however, are not fruits with seeds in them, but fungus growths which
take unto themselves this form. They are very detrimental to the life
of the tree. How many boys and girls know that the wood of their
lead pencils is the wood of the juniper?

The wood is very durable and was in times past used by the farmers
for fence posts, shingles, and poles, and whereve- durability in contact

Juniper

Spray of Arborvitae. Its leaves are
very fiat

Spray of Juniper, which much
resembles cedar.

with soil was required, but now the wood has become too valuable for
such use and is only employed in the making of lead pencils, cigar
boxes, chests and closets ; it is used for the latter purposes because the
odor of the wood makes it very obnoxious to moths.

The tree and the shrub forms of these junipers are very ornamental
and also make fine windbreaks.

A variety of Juniper used for ornamental planting:. It STOWS much more

dense than the one on the opposite page.

•

AMERICAN LARCH OR TAMARACK

The Tamarack or Larch is, as a rule, called by every one an ever-
green tree because it looks very much like the other conifers that are
ever green, having cones very similar to them. How often, however,

have we noticed some places in the
woods, especially the swamps,
where there were many of these
trees standing throughout the whole
winter as if dead, and, perhaps we
have counted them with the dead
and dying when they were only
sleeping and resting, like most of
our broad-leaf trees, awaiting the
coming of the spring.

The Larch is, then, one of our
conifers or needle-leaf trees which
shed their leaves in the fall of the
year. It- is not difficult to recognize
this cone bearer from the rest of
the needle-leaf trees. In the spring
and in the summer the very light
pale green leaves, short like the
spruces and firs, but borne in
clusters of ten or more on the tips
of very short branches, give to the
foliage and the whole tree an ap-
pearance distinct from that of any
other conifer; while in the winter
its nakedness, with the cones on the
limbs, gives it a prominence unlike
any other tree.

In the State of Ohio and in the
Nortfo the Tamarack is generally
found in what are known as Tama-
rack swamps. The long fibrous roots are often seen in the water, great
distances from the base of the tree. These roots were used by the
Indians to bind their canoes together.

Longfellow mentions this in his "Hiawatha" :

"Give me of your roots, O Tamarack !
Of your fibrous roots, O Larch tree !
My canpe to bind together,
So tb";t)ind the ends together
fe~~ That the waters may not enter,
That the river may not wet me."
14

A Tamarack, or Larch. Sheds its
leaves in October.

The Tamarack is a rapid growing tree and on account of its spiral
shape and its beauty of foliage during spring and summer, it makes a
fine tree for ornamentation.

"The evergreens are of peculiar beauty during the winter season
when all things seem desolate and dreary and the ground is covered
with a white mantle of snow. Then it is that they remind us not only
of the life to come with returning spring, but also of the endless life
hereafter."

PLAY AND RECREATION THE SALVATION OF A NATION

Play and recreation are as essential to the proper development of
man as is work. Work alone with no allowance for unproductive ef-
fort, prevents the normal growth of the body and a sweet-spirited

mental develop-
ment. Real hard
work is absolute-
ly necessary to
perform our
function in this
world, but work
alone sours the
individual.
Proper alterna-
tives of work
and play make
middle aged peo-
ple young and
old people sym-
pathetic with the
children.

A nation's or a community's decay is in part shown by the absence
of play at school, and games and pastimes at home. The father who
makes cornstalk fiddles, little water wheels, whirligigs, spool tops, and
hot-air paper spirals to hang over the old cook stove, is getting pretty
close to the "happy corner" in the home; and the mother who plays
"I Spy," and "Fly away Jack, Fly away Jill" with spool labels, and
who assists with doll dressing and taffy pulling, helps to add to the I
word "mother" much that will make it a dearer word in the home.

The teacher who enters into the games at school makes his school a
more potent factor for good citizenship. Character will be developed
in truth telling, a respect for the rights of others, the performance of
duty, and an obedience to the will of the many. No new-fangled nor
greatly modified games are needed — just common, old fashioned "two

Game of Fox and Geese.
(From "On the Farm." Used by permission D. Appleton Co.)

or three cornered cat," "fox and geese," prisoner's or dare base," and
others requiring much action, that have been handed down for genera-
tions or perhaps for centuries.

Let us help to keep the old young and the young gay by prolonging
the pleasures of youth as far as possible. Mind and body will be
plastic and "thoughts of youth will be long, long thoughts."

A. B. G.

O EVERGREEN.

V — N

FOLKSONG.

1. O ev - er - green, O

2. O ev - er - green, O

3. O ev - er - green, O

ev - er-green, How are thy leaves so ver-dant;
ev - er - green, Thou dost af«ford me pleasure ;
ev - er-green, Thy dress will something teach me ;

Thou art as green in winter's tenow, As in the sum-mer's richest glow, O
How oft hast thou our Christmas treat En-no-bled by thy verdure sweet, O
En-jurance, joined with cheerfulness, Will always cause us hap-piness, O

J+rf^* I

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ev - er-green, O ev • er-green, How are thy leaves so ver • dant.
ev - er-green, O ev - er-green, Thou art a re - al pleas -ure.
ev - er-green, O ev - er-green, Thy fol-iage this shall teach me.

EEE

Gantvort's Music Reader. Used by permission of the American Book Company,

Cincinnati, Ohio.

PRESS BULLETIN

OK THK

Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station

NUMBER 326 WOOSTER, OHIO SEPTEMBER 18, 1911

BEWARE OF SPURIOUS CATALPA STOCK

DO NOT PURCHASE SEED OR TREES THIS FALL OR NEXT SPRING

UNLESS YOU ARE SURE YOU ARE GETTING

THE RIGHT KIND

The catalpa speciosa seed crop during the spring of 1910 was almost com-
pletely destroyed by late frosts. Very few trees of this species throughout
Ohio bore seed, and reports from the sections of Indiana, Illinois and Missouri
where these trees are native indicate that the crop there also is very limited.
In consequence one-year-old seedlings of the tree will be difficult to obtain
next spring.

Unscrupulous individuals purporting to represent reliable nursery firms, or
those representing firms of unknown or unstable reputation, have in the past
canvassed the state, distributing stock of the spurious or common catalpa, unfit
for commercial use, at exorbitant prices. The investigations of the Ohio
Experiment Station indicate that a great percentage of catalpa stock distributed
in the past has been spurious, and on account of the shortage in seed last year,
this practice may be expected to assume much greater proportions.

The common catalpa (bignoni aides} bears seed much more prolirtcally than
the commercial speciosa, and the crop of the former was good last year, making
this species easy to obtain and substitute for the speciosa.

Prospective planters next spring certainly need every assurance possible
before being justified in purchasing seed or trees of the 1910 seed crop.

THE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE

EXTENSION BULLETIN

VOLUME IX

JANUARY, 1914

No. 5

TREES FOR SHADE, SHELTER
AND ORNAMENT

By WILLIAM R. LA ZEN BY
Professor of Forestry

From the blossoiny dells

Where the violet dwells,

The cattle came with their clanking bells,

And rested under my shadows sweet.

—FRANK L. STANTON

PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY

COLUMBUS

Entered as Second-Class Matter, November 17, 1905, at the Post Office at Columbus,
Ohio, under act of Congress, July 16, 1894

"It gave little thought to the future,
Just reveled in summer's glad day,

Nor dreamed of the bleik winds of winter
When its leaves would be all swept away."

"This publication can be secured by writing A. B. Graham, Superintendent
of Agricultural Extension, Columbus."

Trees for Shade, Shelter, and Ornament

WILLIAM R. LAZENBY

Trees are universally desired about the home. They have many
and varied uses. By their grateful shade they screen us from the too
fervid heat of the sun. They abate the winds and protect us from
the chilling blasts of winter. Their leaves prevent the spread of germ-
laden dust and help to purify the air in other ways. They encourage
the birds that charm us by their song and save our crops from many
an insect injury. They lend a grace and beauty to every homestead
and to every roadway that they border. In short, trees around and
about the home make for health, comfort, and happiness.

Where shall we plant, what shall we select, and how shall we care
for these trees?

Where to plant. Trees should be planted for shade wherever a
shield from the hot rays of the summer sun is desired. They should
be planted for shelter wherever we wish protection from the wind.
They should be planted for ornament wherever we desire to beautify
the home and adorn the landscape.

Genuine happiness as well as comfort centers in the home. Trees
add to the attractiveness of the home. They should be planted around
the house, the barn, and other buildings. -They should find an appro-
priate place in permanent pastures. Nearly all public roads, private
drives, lanes, walks, and pathways should be bordered with suitable
trees.

Along the banks of streams and open ditches, about the borders
of ponds and lakes, upon rough knolls and steep hillsides, trees may
be planted for ornament as well as use. We hear much of the beauty
of the scenery of our mother country, England. The commanding
feature of this scenery is trees. They are the glory of every English
landscape. There is scarcely a farm, scarcely a rural or suburban
home that is not beautified by them. Grand individual specimens,
picturesque groups, sometimes stately rows, and often pretty groves
are everywhere visible. These trees are found in cultivated fields and
pastures as well as on lawns and in parks and pleasure grounds. They
are not the long-trunked, shadeless specimens often seen in this country.
They are widespreading and hospitable.

Some of these sturdy oaks, beeches, lindens, and plane trees must
have braved the winds and storms of several centuries. They seem
to be a permanent part of every outdoor scene, and without them the
sullen skies and level lines of much of England would be almost dreary.

A few years ago I visited Salt L,ake City and was wonderfully
impressed with the beauty, restfulness, and value of trees for shade and
ornament. I had spent a month just previous to this on the treeless
plains of North Dakota and Montana. To pass from such a region
into a city where every street was bordered and every home belted
with stately, graceful trees was like coming to an oasis in a desert.

What to plant. When we begin to study a good shade tree we
learn that it should meet certain demands, or should have certain

Shade for Man and Beast.

qualities or characteristics. Of these, the following are the most
essential:

1 i ) An agreeable shade

(2) A pleasing appearance

(3) Easy to transplant

(4) Vigorous and long-lived

(5) Free from insect enemies, disagreeable odors, and objection-
able litter.

Agreeable Shade. Not all shade is agreeable. The shade of some
trees is too dense and that of others too light. A heavy woolen blanket
properly suspended will make a shade; so will mosquito netting, but we
would not care to use either. Trees with a close, compact head, and
large heavy leaves may make too dense a shade. On the other hand
trees with small leaves and open, spreading branches may make too
light a shade. So far as shade alone is concerned, the beech is nearly
ideal. Its leaves are about the right size, they are well distributed, and
so attached that a slight breeze causes them to rustle, giving a sense of
refreshing coolness. The branches of the beech are widespread and

its trunk is neat and graceful. It is comparatively long-lived and free
from insect enemies. The bark is more attractive than that of almost
any other tree. Unfortunately, it is a more or less exacting tree as to
soil and light conditions, and for this and other reasons it is difficult to
transplant. The elm and maple are also examples of trees that give
an agreeable shade.

Pleasing Appearance. Whether or not a tree is ornamental is
largely a matter of individual taste. Every tree may be said to have a
beauty of its own. A tree that is ornamental in one place may not be
ornamental in another. The surroundings must always be taken into
account. A weeping willow may be beautiful along the bank of a
stream or the shore of a pond, but out of place and unattractive on a
high, dry lawn.

It is a mistake to combine or contrast the strictly useful or econo-
mic tree with the purely ornamental tree. Such combination violates
the principles of unity and harmony. An apple tree may have all the
requisites of an ideal shade tree, but the primary purpose of an apple
tree is fruit and we associate this tree with the orchard and garden and
not with the lawn. Fruit and nut trees may be planted along certain
roadsides, lanes, etc., because here utility and not beauty alone maybe
the governing feature. In fact this practise has much to commend it
and should be more general than it is.

Some Essential Features. A tree may have all other good qualities,
and yet if it be difficult to propagate and transplant it will not come
into general use for shade and ornament. The beech, as has been said,
is one of our most beautiful trees, yet it is seldom used. It is so diffi-
cult to propagate and transplant that it is not generally grown by
nurseryman, and is rarely taken from the woods.

In a climate like that of Ohio, hardiness should always be taken
into account. Some good shade trees are not perfectly hardy when
planted in exposed situations. Many fine ornamental trees and shrubs
have the same weakness. Only such as will withstand the severities of
the climate should be generally planted. L/ongevity is an important
requisite. We value old trees not alone for what they are, but for the
associations connected with them.

Freedom from Disease and Insect Injuries. This is an essential
that must not be overlooked. Some trees are quite subject to disease,
and others are liable to attacks by insects. Other things being equal,
it is better to select varieties that are not predisposed to these troubles.
It is well to know, however, that diseases and insect attacks are often
one of the effects, not a primary cause, of a sickly and enfeebled condi-
tion. There can be no doubt that these troubles are largely incited

by the weakness of our trees, caused by bad treatment and un-
sanitary conditions. The vitality of our trees is lessened by careless
transplanting, bad soil, lack of moisture, etc., and thus they beome a
ready prey to fungi and insect foes. This is especially true in our towns
and cities. Here a lack of light, sour and poorly aerated soil, smoke
and dust in the air, so weaken many trees that they have little power
of existence and are speedily overcome. When these conditions can-
not be corrected, the most resistant trees should be selected. Those
of vigorous habit, with smooth, shining leaves, are best. The Caro-
lina poplar and the silver maple will often thrive and do well where
the white elm and the sugar maple will drag out a feeble, sickly exist-
ence.

Neatness in trees. This is a quality of no little importance. We
all like a neat tree. There are trees, with large, coarse leaves which
begin to drop early in the season and make an annoying litter upon
the lawn. The cotton woods are of this class. They drop their
leaves unseasonably and many small self-pruned branches fall from
these trees and add to their untidiness.

The male or staminate form of the Ailanthus, often, called the
"Tree of Heaven", is objectionable on account of the disagreeable odor
of its flowers.

Some trees have rather brittle wood so that branches are likely to
break off in time of storm. The silver maple and some of the willows
may be cited as examples. The persistent pods or beans of the
catalpa fall from the trees and disfigure the lawn in early spring.

Other trees have the bad habit of sending up shoots or suckers
from the roots. The silver poplar and some forms of the European
elm have this disagreeable tendency.

A good habit of foreign trees. Most of the introduced trees and
shrubs commonly grown in Ohio hold their foliage longer than native
species of the same class. So marked is this peculiarity that late in the
fall nearly all foreign trees can be recognized as such. As a rule the
European maple, ash, and elm hold their leaves for at least two weeks
later than the American species of these respective sorts. The same
is true of the horse chestnut when compared with the Ohio buckeye
and the oriental plane tree when compared with our sycamore.

How to Plant. Planting a tree is usually regarded as a very
simple matter sucn as building a fire and a few other things every-
body knows all about. The fact remains, however, that there is much
careless tree planting, and even worse lack of care after planting.
Many have told us just how planting should be done. It may be
well to know what should not be done.

The following are some of the things to be avoided:

1. Do not plant trees that are more than from four to six years
old. An older, larger tree may look better at first, but it will soon
be overtaken by the younger tree. Large and quite old trees can
be moved, but this is an operation that usually costs more than it is
worth and, unless done just right, should not be done at all. Plant-
ing large trees for "immediate effect" is usually a failure.

2. Do not overcrowd your trees. This mistake is frequently
made in roadside planting and on small lots. Too many trees shou7d

"Too many trees should not be planted close to the house."

not be planted close to the house. This impedes the circulation of air
and cuts off sunshine. Dampness in the house "spells doctor bills".

3. Do not plant trees in straight lines where there is room to plant
in groups, or clumps, or in graceful curves. Where straight rows are
necessary, plant the trees in perfect lines but remember that the curve is
the line of beauty.

4. Do not forget that, if you plant a tree for shade you may have
some of the disadvantages of shade. The lawn, flower beds, and gar-
den may suffer therefrom unless ample space is reserved for them.
Shade-loving plants should be used in the near vicinity of a shade tree.

5. Do not defer the planting of trees until spring if you have
more time for this work in the fall. Early spring planting may be
best, but the time is a matter of small moment. It is many times
more important that good trees be selected, the soil properly prepared,
the transplanting well done, and the trees carefully cared for.

Showing preparation of large tree for transplanting. The trench should be dug
a year before transplanting and rilled with rich soil.

6. Do not plant shade or ornamental trees in anything except
good soil. If the soil is not good, try to make it so. No soil is
good that is habitually soaked with stagnant water. "Wet feet" in-
jure and often kill trees. Large, deep holes in a heavy cla}^ soil are
a poor substitute for underdraining.

7. Do not plant a tree in a bowl-shaped hole that is deeper in the
center than els3where. The bottom of the hole should be as wide as the
top, and the good soil at the bottom should be in the shape of a flat
cone. The tree should be planted only a little lower than it was in
the ground from which it was taken, and the earth should be well
firmed about the roots.

8. Do not forget to cut off all mangled or broken roots. Skilful
amputation of an arm or leg will often save life. So the cutting off
of broken or diseased roots may save the life of a tree. Likewise
all mis-shapen or injured branches should be trimmed or removed.
The amount of top pruning will depend upon the condition of the tree

1. A good hole. Roots well distributed. 2. Hole to narrow. Roots
bent upward. 3. A very poor hole. Roots badly crowded.

and the balance that should be maintained between the roots and the
top.

9. Do not fail to apply a mulch to a transplanted tree if there is
the slightest danger of a drought. Frequent stirring of the soil may be
better than any mulch, but this is apt to be neglected. Never forget
that a lack of moisture at a critical time or an excess of moisture most
of the time destroys many transplanted trees.

10. Do not allow your shade trees to be used as hitching posts.
If the stupid or thoughtless will permit horses to come within their
reach, and vehicles and implements to come in contact with them, you
can prevent injury by the use of a wooden or wire guard. Neglect in
this matter has caused the disfigurement and even death of numerous
shade trees.

11. Do not overlook the planting of some evergreens if your
grounds are large enough to permit. They may often serve a useful
purpose as a screen, a hedge, or a windbreak. In this way they will
conduce to the privacy and comfort of the lawn in summer and mollify
and cheer the dreariness of winter.

12. Do not forget that hardy, thrifty, vigorous-growing trees,
even though less ornamental, are better than feeble growing, diseased
specimens of finer varieties. Fine trees are desirable, but healthy,
thrifty trees are much better than sickly ones.

13. Do not forget that good shade trees are the result of intelli-
gent choice and care. The better the choice and care, the better the
tree and the greater the reward for your labor.

A tree should not be used as a hitching post

14. Do not forget that a few choice trees old enough to be trans-
planted cost but a trifle. Whoever plants them judiciously and guards
them faithfully has provided a source of healthful pleasure and signal
enjoyment for generations yet to be.

15. Do not forget that the whole family should be interested in
the selection and planting of trees about the home. Each member of
the household should do some part of the work. The father can dig
the holes, the mother can hold the tree in position, and the boys and
girls can assist in covering the roots and replacing the soil. When

planted in this way, trees form a strong bond of attachment to the
home and strengthen associations that will become increasingly dear
in after years.

Suggestive List of Trees.

For dry and thin soils:

Black Locust

The Mulberries

Kentucky Coffee Tree

Box Elder or Ash Leaf -Maple

For rich and moist soils:

American or White Elm
Sycamore or Buttonwood
Sugar or Hard Maple
American Linden
Tulip Poplar

For wet soils:

The Willows

Red or Scarlet Maple

The Alders

Red or White Birch

Chinese Tree of Heaven
Red or Common Cedar
Norway Spruce
Scotch Pine

Northern Magnolia
Scarlet Oak
White Birch
Austrian Pine

Bald Cypress
European Larch
Hemlock Spruce

For city streets and avenues, where conditions of growth are un-

favorable:

Norway Maple

Silver Maple

Sycamore or Buttonwood

5. For country or suburban planting:

American Elm
Sugar or Hard Maple
American Linden
Sycamore or Buttonwood
Western Catalpa

Gingko or Maidenhair Tree
Chinese Tree of Heaven
Carolina Poplar

Scarlet Oak
Pin Oak
Tulip Poplar

Cucumber or Northern Mag-
nolia

6. Trees of rapid growth for quick results:

Carolina Poplar Black Locust

Western Catalpa Chinese Tree of Heaven

Silver Maple Sycamore or Buttonwood

American White Ash European Larch

7- For windbreaks, screens and hedges:

Osage Orange
Russian Mulberry
Honey Locust
Norway Spruce

Trees with showy flowers:
Horsechestnut
Northern Magnolia
Black Locust
Western Catalpa
Empress tree ( Paulo wnia)
Tulip Poplar

Trees with colored autumn leaves:
Red or Scarlet Maple
Flowering Dogwood
Scarlet Oak

-!*—,

Flowering Dogwood

Hemlock Spruce
Austrian Pine
American Arborvitae

Flowering Dogwood

Crab Apple

Hawthorne

Yellow Wood

June berry or Serviceberry

Sweet Gum

Black Gum or Tupelo

Sassafras

Juneberry or Serviceb

TREES IN WINTER
H. E. Eswine

Trees are one of the most interesting objects in Nature, and one
of the most valuable too. No treeless country can become^great. No
man, unless compelled to do so, builds his house far away from them.
No artist paints a landscape without them. They are our servants in
many ways. At the mention of trees, memory is apt to picture them
to us as donning their new dress of leaves in the springtime, or clothed
in the leafy fulness of summer, or decked out in autumn in gorgeous
apparel. We seldom think of trees in their winter aspect, yet they

may be quite as interesting to us then as at any other season of the
year. The reason why they usually are not, however, is because we
have been associated with them only during their season of growth.
We have observed them leafing out in the spring. We have noted
their form and shape. Perhaps we have gathered their leaves or flow-
ers, or plucked their fruit, or maybe we have enjoyed their hospitable
shade. All these things have widened our interest in the summer life
of trees. Then we learned to recognize them chiefly by some charac-
teristic of shape, or of foliage, or maybe of bark. We may learn to
recognize the trees just as accurately in winter as in summer for
the unmistakable marks of indentification are there. Even though

Slippery or Red Elm

The American or White Elm

the foliage is gone, the shape remains, and the frame-work is distinct
and conspicuous. The method of branching can be plainly observed,
and the bark not only on the trunk, but on the limbs as well, is in
plain view.

Look at the tree as it prints its outline against the sky. After
looking at several kinds of trees, it is apparent that they differ in meth-
ods of branching. Some have the trunk continuing almost to the
top. Others divide into a few main branches. Some have limbs that
.are straight; others, long and sweeping. In looking at any one par-
ticular tree, we note first, perhaps, its height, then the size and shape
of the top, then the number of branches, how they are arranged on
the trunk, their direction with reference to the trunk, whether they are
set almost at right angles, obliquely, or extend almost parallel with it,
and lastly, whether the twigs are few or many, crooked or straight.
After observing these points in any one tree, compare one kind of a
tree with another. Note how they agree or differ. Observe for in-

stance, how the oak and the elm differ. The oak has short, crooked or
gnarled limbs. The limbs of the elm are long, more nearly straight
and, in the American elm, inclined to bend toward the ground in
graceful curves. Carry the comparison further as between the beech
and the walnut, the maple and the hickory, the apple and the peach
tree.

After having done this, compare those of the same species, as the
different kinds of elms, of oaks, of maples. (Noting the difference be-
tween the varieties of the same kind of fruit trees in an orchard is a
valuable exercise and will show some interesting contrasts. ) For ex-
ample, note the difference between the American or white-elm, and the
slippery or red elm. Which has the straighter limbs? The shorter
branches? Note the difference between the shagbark hickory and the
pignut hickory, the soft maple and the hard or sugar maple. Fruit
trees also often show dissimilarity. What difference in branching have
you observed between the sweet and the sour cherry ? How does the
Keifer pear differ from most other varieties of pears in its shape and
method of branching? The Yellow Transparent and the Maiden Blush.

The character of the bark of different trees is worthy of notice.
Have you observed that in the same kind of trees, the young ones
will have smooth bark, while on the larger and older ones it will be
rough and furrowed? Why is this? Only the inner layers of bark
are alive and as the tree increases in size by adding new layers of wood
on the outside of those already formed, the bark has to split and
furrows are formed. This is called bark sculpturing, and it forms
one of the most reliable means of tree identification. Some trees have
a different method of bark behavior in caring for the annual increase
in size. For example, the beech has smooth bark, even though the
tree be old. The reason for this is that the bark of this tree is able to
expand as the new layer of wood is formed. In some cases the bark
comes off in large strips, as with the birch for instance. What pecularity
have you noticed regarding the bark of the hickory tree? The cherry
tree? The sycamore? Name some trees which have bark that is very
deeply furrowed.

Trees have the power of suggesting thoughts and feelings. These
thoughts and feelings are attributes of people. In other words, we
sometimes think of trees as being possesssd of some of the same
characteristics that belong to persons. The oak tree because of its
size and shape of limbs suggests strength. The elm tree symbolizes
grace and beauty. One of our poets called the birch "The Lady of
the Forest". What qualities of the birch makes this a fitting nick-
name? Some trees are weeping, some gay, some quiet and retiring.
Some, as the sycamore, are ghostlike. Others such as the honey-locust,
because of their great array of thorns appear war-like. The Lombardy
poplar, which grows so tall with all its limbs so closely drawn to the
trunk, suggests precision. One of these trees standing by itself, like
a lone sentinel, is one of Nature's most impressive sights.

Beech

Birch

Shagbark Hickory

Sweet Cherry

Sycamore

Sassafras

From "Handbook of the Trees of the Northern United States and Canada" by Romeyn B.
Hough. Courtsey of the author.

And when a snowflake finds a tree,
"Good-day," it says; "Good-day to thee,
Thou art so bare and lonely, dear,
I'll Test'and call my comrades here."

OHIO AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION

AT
WOOSTER, OHIO

CHAS. E. THORNE, Director
EDMUND SECREST, Forester

In Cooperation with the

FOREST SERVICE
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

HENRY S. GRAVES, Forester

WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES
OF OHIO

NOV 2 0 1914

Division of Forestry
University of California

CARROLL W. DUNNING,

U. S. Forest Service
1912

EXPERIMENT STATION PRESS

CONTENTS.

PAGE

INTRODUCTION ?

Forest Conditions 7

Purpose of Study 9

Forest Improvement Necessary 11

KINDS OF WOOD 15

Woods grown in Ohio 19

Oaks 19

Yellow Poplar 21

Ashes 22

Elms 23

Maples 25

Hickories 26

Bass wood 28

Beech 29

Chestnut 30

White Pines 31

Sycamore 32

Black Walnut ' 33

Buckeye 34

Cucumber Tree 36

Birches 36

Gums 37

Cherry , 38

Red Gum 38

Cottonwood 39

Hackberry 40

Hemlock 41

Black Willow : 41

Butternut 42

Locust 42

Cedars 44

Spruce 45

Yellow Pines 45

Cypress 46

Douglas Fir 47

Sugar Pine 48

Redwood 49

Tamarack * 49

Foreign Woods 49

INDUSTRIES 50

Planing Mill Products 53

Boxes and Crates 54

Sash, Doors and Mill work 58

Vehicles and Parts 61

Car Construction 65

Furniture 66

Agricultural Implements 68

Handles . . 72

4 CONTENTS

Matches 74

Fixtures 74

Bungs 76

Dairymen's, Poulterers' and Apiarists' supplies 77

Musical Instruments 81

Tanks, Vats and Silos 82

Caskets, Coffins and Outer Cases 83

Woodenware and Novelties 84

Refrigerators and Kitchen Cabinets 81

Chairs 88

Machine Construction 90

Cigar Boxes and Tobacco Cases 90

Plumbers' Woodwork 93

Trunks and Valises 93

Laundry Appliances 94

Ship and Boat Building 95

Frames and Moldings *. 96

Brushes 98

Pumps 99

Playground Equipment 100

Patterns and Flasks 101

Pulleys and Conveyors . 101

Sporting Goods 102

Instruments, Professional and Scientific .... 103

Elevators 104

Saddles and Harness 104

Miscellaneous 106

USES OF WOOD IN OHIO 108

DIRECTORY OF MANUFACTURERS 118

APPENDIX 129

Lumber, Laths and Shingles 129

Cooperage Stock... 130

Veneers 131

Pulp Wood and Wood Distillation 132

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

FIGURE PAGE

1 A representative of the original forest 8

2 Production of lumber, veneer, cooperage stock, cross-ties, etc., in

Ohio that are not included in this study but are referred to in
• the appendix of the report 12

3 Group of young hickories ready to take the place of old ones

recently cut for vehicle stock 13

4 Showing the development of white ash planted in central Ohio

in 1875 14

5 A white oak and a fine stand of reproduction 21

6 Elm logs cut in Ohio waiting to be manufactured into barrel

hoops 24

7 Soft maple and white elm logs in the yard of a basket factory.

(Statistics included under Box Industry, page ) 25

8 Shagbark and bitternut hickories growing in Ohio 27

9 A bitternut hickory growing in southern Ohio 27

10 Ohio buckeye tree (Aesculus glabra} ... 35

11 Black locust development in Ohio nearly three feet in diameter,

age about 80 years 43

12 Cypress (Taxodium distichum) planted in 1860 in Hamilton

county 47

13 A lumber wharf on Lake Erie showing the white pine and hard-

woods that are shipped from the Lake States and Canada to
northern Ohio to be manufactured into planing mill products . 55

14 A nailing machine of an Ohio box maker 56

15 Interior view of factories listed as Sash and Doors and General

Mill Work 60

16 A small carriage maker who has converted his business to

making automobile bodies 62

17 Showing the importance of wood- working machinery in building

freight cars 64

18 Mop handle and chair dowels and mill waste from which they

are manufactured 72

19 Lumber yard of a manufacturer of bee keeper's supplies 78

20 Machinery setting for making brooders and incubators 79

21 Assembling room of a pipe organ manufacturer 80

22 Piling staves in Ohio 85

23 Chair stock and the squares from which they are turned. The

squares were bolted from slabs , 83

24 Cigar mould made of poplar, beech and maple. (Statistics

included under Miscellaneous 91

25 Evolution of the shoe last. Rough block partly turned and

finished product 105

26 Showing the raw material and the products of an umbrella

handle and cane factory 106

27 Tapping hard maples for making sugar '.. 114

28 An old time evaporizer for making maple sugar still in use

in Ohio 114

29 A scene in yard of an Ohio stave factory. Mostly elm bolts but

also some ash, maple, red oak, hickory, sycamore and
buckeye 130

30 Coiling patent barrel hoops made from white elm. Ohio in 1911

leads all other States in the production of this commodity 132

ANNOUNCEMENT

The study upon which this report is based was undertaken by
the Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station in cooperation with the
Forest Service, the work being- done under the direction of Edmund
Secrest, Forester of the Experiment Station, and O. T. Swan, In
charge Office of Industrial Investigations, Forest Service, United
States Department of Agriculture. The Statistics were compiled
from data collected in the summer of 1912, covering1 a period of one
year from January 1 to December 31, 1911, inclusive. By the terms
of this cooperative agreement, the Ohio Agricultural Experiment
Station is authorized to publish the findings of the investigation.

Woob=u*ing Sntmstrtes; of

University of California
INTRODUCTION

With her many rail and water transportation facilities, and
vnxh her vast resources of soil, forests, coal, oil, gas, iron, stone and
clay, Ohio stands high as a manufacturing- State. In 1910 the
value added to the raw material by the varied manufactures of
the State amounted to considerably more than $600,000,000. For the
same period the Bureau of the Census report shows that the sale of
farm products reached a value of $216,000,000, and that the minerals
prod aced, exclusive of clay products, an estimated value of
$159,000,000. Manufacturing-, therefore, is preeminently Ohio's
leading- industry. The present report deals with a sing-le class of
factories, those manufacturing- commodities from wood. They form
one of the most important divisions of Ohio's enterprises, and nearly
every State in the Union as well as many foreign countries send
some portion of their forest material to Ohio for utilization in manu-
facture. The commodities turned out by these wood-using
factories, together with the value of the rough forest products like
lumber, shingles, cross-ties, etc., in 1909, amounted to nearly
$156,000,000. Compared with the value of farm products and the
mineral resources, the part the forests and their related industries
are taking in the commercial development of Ohio is thus clearly
indicated.

In the early days of lumbering the eastern States, closer to the
markets, were plentifully supplied with hardwoods similar to those
growing in Ohio, and in consequence there was little incentive to
ship the rough lumber to outside points. At the same time, in com-
parison with the softwoods needed by the rapidly growing popula-
tion for building purposes, there was noMemand for hardwoods at
home. In order that the magnificent hardwood forests could be
profitably exploited, the necessity of developing a home market was
soon realized, and resulted in the establishment of industries like
those concerned in this investigation.

FOREST CONDITIONS

When the pioneers crossed the Appalachians and began to
settle in Ohio, the entire State with the exception of the north-
western corner was covered with a magnificent forest. The

(7)

WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES

eastern and northeastern part held valuable stands of white pine.
Hemlock, too, was scattered on the high hills. The remainder of
the State was a forest of deciduous growth. Probably in no section
of the United States were there finer hardwoods than in the Ohio
valley, particularly in the central and southern portions of this
State. Magnificent specimens still to be seen standing* here and
there confirm this and make one realize the almost inconceivable
wealth Ohio had in her timbered lands. For a long- time, and even
today, manufacturers making- hig-h grade products specify woods
cut in Ohio and Indiana, considering- their quality superior to similar
growth in other States. On the uplands forests the principal trees
were the oak, hickory, sug-ar maple, white ash, yellow poplar, black
walnut, black cherry, basswood, and beech. In lower areas grew
the elm, soft maple, black ash, sycamore, willow, red g-um, bur oak,
hackberry, cottonwood and red g^um.

Fig. 1. A representative of the original forest.

OP OHIO 9

To the early settlers only the rich soil had a potential value.
The vast forests were of no worth. In fact, owing- to the expense
of clearing-, tree growth was a factor to decrease land values.
Annually many hundreds of acres of the finest hardwoods in the
world wrere cut and burned, and later, when the early lumbermen
started their mills, the farmer, anxious to get the trees out of his
way, voluntarily rendered assistance in felling- and logging- them
without thought of remuneration for his labor or timber.

For many years there was no demand for timber products.
The first market, it has been stated, was found at New Orleans, and
a few rafts were floated down. Before there was any considerable
transportation development, Cincinnati became the center for tan-
bark. To supply the demand gig-antic oaks, valuable at that time
only for their bark, were cut down and afterwards rolled tog-ether
and burned.

With the influx of new settlers came the towns. This
necessitated the sawmills, and from 1820 until the present time
Ohio has held an important place among- the States in the production
of roug-h lumber. There were more than 1,900 sawmills operating
in Ohio in 1860. This number was steadily maintained for several
decades, when the failing- timber supply beg-an to be felt and the
larg-er mills were compelled to move to other regions. In 1910,
1,532 mills were still operating- in Ohio. These were mostly
portable mills of small capacity. Their combined cut in 1910 was
542,000,000 feet as ag-ainst 990,000,000 feet sawed in 1900, a decrease
of more than 45 percent.

The present forest lands of Ohio are found mainly in farm
woodlots except in the southern part where there are roug-h and
sterile lands more valuable for growing- timber than crops. The
woodlots vary in size and condition and only comparatively recently
have the farmers beg-un to show interest in the proper manag-ement
of them. The northeastern part of the State, as already noted, is
where the pine and hemlock now grow; in the north, hard maple,
ash, and oak predominate; in the southern portions the woodlots
contain mostly oak, beech, elm, sycamore, chestnut and poplar.
Those of the greatest commercial importance are the oaks, ashes,
beech, maples, yellow poplar, the hickories, chestnut and elms.

PURPOSE OF STUDY

The study of the wood-using- industries of Ohio presents data
on a subject and along- lines not heretofore attempted in the State,
althoug-h similar studies haye been made in other States. Eventually

10 WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES

the information from all the States will be correlated in a national
study, and a series of publications relating" to the wood using* indus-
tries and the commercial woods of the United States will be issued
by the U. S. Forest Service.

The Ohio investigation has been conducted under the same
plan followed in other States. Cards indicating the information
desired, particularly the amount of each wood employed and the
exact use of each wood, were mailed to all the wood-using- manu-
facturers of the State. Inquiries were also included as to the form
in which the raw material was desired at the factory and the
methods now followed in the utilization of factory waste. To study
the processes of manufacturers of certain commodities and special
waste problems at close range, agents traveled through the State.
They also solicited data from manufacturers who had not sent in
reports by mail. The manufacturers cooperated willingly. Both
the Ohio Experiment Station and the Forest Service appreciate the
aid and consideration given them.

No attempt was made to ascertain the amount of lumber cut by
the sawmills of the State or the quantities of wood going into rough
products like veneer, lath, shingles, cross-ties, cooperage stock,
posts, telegraph and telephone poles, and paper pulp. For a num-
ber of years such information has been collected and reported
annually by the Bureau of the Census. A copy of a part of the last
Census Bulletin, to the extent to which it refers to Ohio, is presented
in the appendix of this report.

Apart from the industries making the above-named products,
there are scattered through Ohio over 1,600 factories using lumber
as their raw material. The question as to what becomes of the
lumber produced by the sawmills is answered by this and similar
reports. For instance, the amount of white oak demanded for
furniture, together with all the other furniture woods, is shown;
likewise the amount demanded for making flooring, wagons, farm
implements and machinery, automobiles, pianos boxes, railroad
cars, sporting goods, matches, etc. The form of the raw material
from which to make the many commodities, the prices paid, and the
different sources of the material are also given.

The Ohio Experiment Station and the Forest Service are con-
stantly receiving inquiries from points throughout Ohio and nearby
States concerning markets for various kinds of timber and lumber,
and for advice on profitable utilization of mill and factory waste.
This report will answer many of these questions. A directory of
the names and addresses of all manufacturers supplying the rlata

OF OHIO 11

supplements the report. It is classified in the order corresponding
to the tabulated information. For example, Table XLIV,
gives information on match manufacturers, while under the same
heading- in the directory appear the names of the firms making
matches and buying the various woods listed. Similarly from the
"List of Uses of Woods," one can find commodities best suited for
the material he has to sell. Information concerning the industry
including the selected products can be ascertained from the table of
contents and then from thedirectory the names of the manufacturers
making them.

The farmer, the timber owner, and the sawmill man will be
instructed by this report in the information it gives of the kinds of
wood the manufacturers use, in what form they want it, and approx-
imately the prices paid. It also gives the names and addresses of
the consumers. The manufacturers in turn are benefited in the
added opportunities for buying raw material and occasionally in
finding in the waste of other factories suitable material for making
their wares. The report may also suggest to manufacturers sub-
stitutes of cheaper woods for the more costly ones they are using,
besides pointing out the chief regional sources from which the
industries procure their raw materials. Dealers handling wooden
commodities in other States can learn what the Ohio manufacturers
have to sell, and those outside of Ohio who are in position to furnish
raw material can find what the manufacturers demand. The
bulletin also contains data useful to those concerned in the
work of outlining the policies of the State for forest protection and
development.

FOREST IMPROVEMENT NECESSARY

From the Census Report we learn that over 63,000 wage
earners in Ohio are dependent upon the wood-using industries and
the sawmills. These establishments, aside from the sale of the raw
material, add to the wealth produced in the State each year
$96,000,000. At present the home-grown timber is far short of the
two hundred million feet of lumber required for the maintenance of
the wood-working factories. Small tracts of valuable hardwoods are
still to be found in the western part of the State, but it will not be
many years before these have been consumed. The business men
of Ohio should therefore appreciate the economic importance of the
forests and lend every aid and encouragement to the work the State
is carrying on in protecting and developing them.

Ohio first began to recognize the importance of forestry in 1885,
when the Legislature authorized a Bureau of Forestry. This was
largely due to the influence and work of the Ohio State Forestry
Society together with the assistance of the Ohio Horticultural Society,

WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES

which organizations have done much towards promulgating- right
ideas and fostering a sentiment in favor of conservation. Later on
the Bureau of Forestry was made a department under the super-
vision of the Board of Control of the Ohio Agricultural Experiment
Station, and as soon as practicable was placed in charge of the State
Forester, technically trained on all subjects pertaining to scientific
forestry. A careful survey of the forest conditions of the State is
being conducted, the Forester having already finished the field work
in thirty counties, and presented the results in annual reports.

Fig. 2. Production of lumber, veneer, cooperage stock, cross-ties, etc., in

Ohio that are not included in this study but are referred to in the

appendix of the report.

Cooperative work is being carried on with owners of woodlots
throughout the State. In 1911, 50,000 acres of private forest land
were being managed by the State Forester under cooperative agree-
ment to improve or conserve the productive capacity. On a number
of reservations set aside by the Commonwealth for the use of public
institutions, small areas of woods or sections that are untillable
have been turned over to the care of the Agricultural Experiment
Station for forestry purposes. Eight of these are already under
forest management, and upon six others the work has been started
or working plans formulated. Several municipalities of the State
have set aside areas for park purposes, and have turned them over
to the supervision of the Agricultural Experiment Station for forest
management. Cincinnati has acquired 600 acres for this purpose,

OF OHIO

and Cleveland and Oberlin smaller parks. These areas afford
excellent opportunities for demonstration in planting: and the
practice of forestry.

In addition to the work of wood lot management, considerable
progress has been made with planting-. Already 3,000 acres of land
privately owned and a few small areas of State land have been given
over to forest plantations. A large portion of the nursery stock
used in this work was taken from the nurseries maintained by the
State for the distribution of seedlings, the annual output of which
at present amounts to about 375,000, and the capacity of 1,500,000
seedlings and transplants.

Fig. 3. Group of young hickories ready to take the place of old ones recently

cut for vehicle stock.

At the recent Constitutional Convention an amendment was
adopted empowering the State to purchase lands and likewise to use
tax-reverted lands for timber reserves. In various parts of the
State there are areas not suitable for farming. Some of these in the
southern part, previously referred to are contiguous lands covered
with more or less valuable second growth. If these and smaller
areas are converted into State forests they will prove to be of con-
siderable economic importance, first, as a factor in forestry educa-
tion; second, in the advantage of the State having an income from

WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES

Fig. 4. Showing the development of white ash planted in central Ohio in 1875

OF OHIO IS

lands heretofore non-productive; and third, a constantly growing
supply of timber at home would benefit the wood-using- factories and
other industries of the State.

Equitable taxation of forest lands and fire protection are prob-
ably the most important factors in the practice of forestry and in
influencing the success of a State wide forest policy. The late
Constitutional Convention considered the subject of forest taxation
in Ohio and adopted an amendment permitting- the enactment of
laws separately classifying- forest lands for taxable purposes. This
will doubtless be followed in the near future by the Legislature
establishing a system of timber land assessment based on the income
or yield.

Considerable interest has been shown in the subject of the
State adopting a policy of fire protection for Ohio timberlands and
it is believed that the necessary legislation providing- for it will soon
follow. It is no less imperative for the woodlot State to control
forest fires than for the timbered State. This policy does not
entail the provision of sufficient funds for fire fig-hting-, but the
maintenance of an organized fire patrol and fire observation stations
throughout the danger season. The experience of other States has
proved this system more economical not only in fig-hting- fires but in
lessening property loss. It was to encourag-e the States to recog-
nize the importance of such measures that Congress enacted Section
2 of the Weeks Law, providing- Federal aid for any State that
established and -actively maintained a paid forest fire org-anization.
A number of the States have availed themselves of this opportunity
with generally gratifying- results.

KINDS OF WOOD

Table I brings together all woods purchased by the manu-
facturers according- to species, irrespective of their use, and listed
in the order of their amounts. There are sixty of them, all promi-
nent in the lumber market. Eight grew in foreign countries. They
are: Mahogany, Spanish cedar, Circassian walnut, padouk, English
oak, teak, ebony, and rosewood, and they are all hig-h-priced. It is
interesting to note the larg-e amounts of western wood that the Ohio
manufacturers demanded. Seven came from forests of the Pacific
Coast States, amounting- to more than 14,000,000 feet. Douglas fir
was the principal one, followed by sug-ar pine and western white
pine, which were imported to compete with Michigan and Minnesota
white pine. Others from the same region reported in quantities of
less than 1,000,000 feet were: Redwood, western red cedar, western
white pine and Sitka spruce. Of the shipped-in material the southern

Grown out
of Ohio
Feet b. m.

.s a

Tot
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WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES

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"g^Ss-e F-C-ES.* F.^;F

iS 111]

|| U

l IS

WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES

states supply more, both in quantity and kinds, than an}' other
region. Yellow pine — long-leaf and shortleaf in nearly equal quan-
tities— heads the list, but the oaks, cypress, red gum, chestnut,
cottonwood, hickory and poplar furnished a large percent of the
demand. The Lake States region contributed the largest part of
the white pine, which, in amount, constituted over 40 percent of all
the woods going into further manufacture. Most of the sugar maple
reported came from this region, and also the beech and hemlock.
Michigan furnished the most and Minnesota next. Only four woods
were supplied entirely by Ohio-cut timber. They were: Cucum-
ber, hackberry, applewood and pitch pine. Western larch sent in
from Rocky Mountain regions and sweet magnolia from Louisiana
are included in the list. The proportion of the total of the different
woods listed as grown in or out of the state is also shown. In every
instance where a species was reported as partly grown within the
state, the average price of the home-grown wood was less than the
cost of the material coming from outside.

*TABLE II. Home grown woods used and amount and percent of each
shipped in from other States.

Kind of wood

Grown in Ohio

Grown out of Ohio

Feet b. m.

Percent

Feet b. m.

Percent

24,000
4,797,322
16,497,876
7,692,077
6,510,582

228,898
533 000
79,500
279,599
2,587,708

240,600
521,800
6,831,570
9302 119
314,500

266,919
200,000
100000
12,021,589
6JOOO

2^403,599
12438925
889,000
22,962 781
46,374,342

115,000
25,000
9,308,846
784,250
678,390
157,000

100.00
78.36
67.31
33.69
34.93

2.73
57.25
96.36
29.50
13.79

1.43

100.00
92.17
66.91
46.63

.97
100.00
.62
33.75
50.00

25.77
42.89
86.65
37.58
45.96

24.57
.02
6.69
86.92
23.22
92.35

2L64
32.69
66.31
65.07

97.27
42.75
3.64
70.50
86.21

98.57

'i'.ti

33.09
53.37

99.03

99138
66.25
50.00

74.23
57.11
13.35
62.42
54.04

75.43
99.98
93.31
13.08
76.78
7-65

Ash (black)

1,324,987
8,013,505
15,141,290
12;i27i302

8,165,665
397,992
3,000

668 282
16,182,675

16,590,424

'"580 '666
4,600,365
360,000

27,342,740

16,' 064 ,'964
23,599,742

ejooo

6,924,615
16,561,136
137,000
38,133 492
54,517,312

353,000
120,315,930
129,785 937
118,000
2,243,650
13,000

Ash (white)

Beech

Birch

Chestnut • . •

Gum (black)

Hackberry

Hickory

Maple (silver)

Oak (bur)

Oak (red)

Oak (white)

Pine (white)

Poplar (yellow)

Walnut (black)

Willow

Total

165,172,792

24.10

520,272,005

75 90

^Discussion of table on following- page.

OF OHIO 19

WOODS GROWN IN OHIO

Table II is a summary of State grown woods, and offers a com-
parison of the amounts of the same woods shipped in from the
producing" regions of other States. Different from Table I, this
summary groups the species alphabetically as to genus instead of in
their numerical order. Sixty woods were reported by the Ohio
manufacturers and a part of or all of 31 of them were cut in the
State. The oaks were the most important as to quantity demanded,
followed by the ashes then the elms, maples and hickories mentioned
according- to the quantity used. (See Table II on page 18).

To correct any inaccuracies in separating- the information
according" to species as they appear in the summary and the industry
compilations, Tables III to XXXIX present the data according" to
kinds of wood. For example, the white elm and cork elm have been
combined and are shown under a single heading- — "elm" — likewise
the oaks, the gums, the cottonwoods, etc. The principal home-
grown woods and a few domestic and foreign woods important as to
distribution were the ones so treated and a brief account of them and
their apportionment among" the industries are as follows:

OAKS

The oak is the most abundant tree growing- in Ohio. In trade
there are two general classes, white oak and red oak, but botani-
cally they are about equally divided among more than twenty species.
The most important are: White oak ( Quercus alba) red oak ( Quercus
rubra), bur oak (Quercus macrocarpa\ chestnut oak (Quercus prinus},
pin oak ( Quercus palustris), black oak (Quercus velutind), and scarlet
oak (Quercus coccinea). Among the others are chinquapin oak, post
oak, overcup oak and black jack oak. The wood of the white oaks
ranks first in general utility and is superior to any of the red oaks.
They are, however, slow growing species and on account of the long
time rotation will probably not be extensively planted when the
present supply is exhausted. Red oaks, on the other hand, are fairly
rapid growers. The total amount of oak consumed in Ohio is more
than 163,000,000 board feet reported by thirty different industries.
They form the largest part of the home-grown woods of any of the
species, representing nearly one-half of all the woods that were
reported as cut in the State. The industries making planing mill
products, flooring, wainscoting and other interior finish, alone
required over 37,000,000 feet of oak or 22.7 percent of the total, and
furniture makers 14.2 percent of the total. These industries,

WOOD-USING INDUSTIES

together with vehicles, car construction, sash, doors, and general
mill work, demand a sufficient amount to equal nearly 73 percent of
the total consumption of the wood. The remaining 27 percent is
divided among 25 other industries in varying small amounts as
follows:

TABLE III. Oaks

Industry

Planing- mill products 37,024,682

Furniture ZS^Oil

Vehicles and vehicle parts 22,862,012

Car construction 22,106,292

Sash, doors, blinds and general mill work 14,558,697

Agricultural implements 11 ,225,700

Boxes and crates 6,199,945

Fixtures 5,482 , 305

Chairs 3,495,000

Plumbers' woodwork 3,175,000

Miscellaneous 2,558,000

Handles 2,325,372

Refrigerators and kitchen cabinets 1,724,056

Ship and boat building 1,262,000

Machine construction 1,207,500

Equipment, playground 1,100,000

Dairymen's, poulterers' and apiarists' supplies 767,000

Frames and molding 547,325

Instruments, musical.... • 425,000

Caskets and coffins 402 , 000

Tanks and silos , 400,000

Woodenware and novelties 280,000

Laundry appliances ..'. 210,000

Bungs and faucets 165 000

Sporting and athletic goods 110,000

Pulleys and conveyors 100,000

Saddles and harness 87,000

Brushes 75,000

Elevators 29,000

Total 163,013,927

Quantity used annually

Feet b. m.

Percent

22.71
14.18
14.03
13.56
8.93

6-91
3 80
3.36
2.14
1.95

1.57
1 43
1.05

.78
.74

.67
.47

.25

.25
.17
.13
.10
.07

.05
.05
.02

A verage
cost per
1,0000 ft.

$39.16
40.53
37.07
26.39
41.70

25.64
14.93
45.37
34.26
33.15

30.35
29.14
29.99
39-31
35.93

14.09
13.76
49.11
28.16
54.43

85.00
16.79
34.29
16.55
60.23

33.00
22.86
25.00
35.86

100.00

$35.08

OF OHIO

Fig. 5. A white oak and a fine stand of reproduction.

YELLOW POPLAR

According to the quantity used, ,the manufacturers demand
more yellow poplar than any other wood. Nearly 140,000,000 feet
were consumed in 1911. Of this amount Ohio furnished nearly 7
percent. Its usefulness can be determined by its distribution among
the industries. Thirty out of 35 call for yellow poplar and next to
sugar maple it entered into more uses than any other wood pur-
chased by the Ohio manufacturers. Its most exacting use is
probably for barrel bungs and for that purpose nearly 7 percent of
the total used in Ohio is annually required. The planing mills use
the greatest amount of it, followed by the box makers, who, accord-
ing to the prices shown in the table following, use only the low
grades. They paid less than $16 per thousand feet, which was the
lowest average price reported for yellow poplar by any of
industries. The percent going into each class can be noted in the

table following.

In Ohio the yellow poplar tree next to oak is probably the moe
important. It is found in all parts of the State standing on rather
moist soils along streams. It grows to very large dimensions and
in no way related to the true poplars, cottonwood, aspen, etc. Yellow
poplar is probably the most common name that the wood bears in the
market, but in different localities it goes as tulip tree wood, tulip
poplar and whitewood.

WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES

TABLE IV. Yellow poplar

Industry

Quantity used annually

Feet b. m.

Percent

Average
cost per
1,000 ft.

Planing- mill products 43,394,080

Boxes and crates 38,779,666

Sash, doors, blinds and general mill work 20,324,206

Bungs and faucets . 9,620,000

Vehicles and vehicle parts 8,918,884

Car construction 4,598,715

Furniture 3,086 703

Miscellaneous 2,135,000

Agricultural implements 1,530,700

Fixtures l,421,m

Pumps 988,000

Refrigerators and kitchen cabinets 894 , 987

Instruments, musical 823 , 000

Plumbers' woodwork 650,000

Caskets and coffins 340,000

Pulleys and conveyors 280,000

Frames and molding 271,251

Dairymen's, poulterers' and apiarists' supplies 253,000

Cigar boxes 246,491

Machine construction 175,000

Patterns and flasks 90 , 000

Sporting and athletic goods 80,000

Laundry appliances 40,000

Chairs 40,000

Ship and boat building 50,500

Brushes 30 000

Elevators 15,000

Trunks and valises 10,000

Woodenware and novelties 8,000

Total 139,094,783

31.20

27.88

14.61

6.92

6.41

3.31

2.22
1.53
1.10
1.02

.71
.64
.59
.47
.24

.20
.19

.18
.18
.13

.06
.03
.03
.04

.02
.01
.01
.01

$31.71
15.94
35.66
27.30
52.92

43.50
30.43
21.53
37.38
37.42

48.86
22.41
45.41
17.31
26.76

22.71
34.47
30.30

82.85
37.71

35.00
22.63
25. 0&
35.50
45.25

40 00
32.67
32.00
40.00

100.00

$29.42

ASHES

Nearly 50 percent of the white ash and more than 60 percent of
the black ash is demanded annually in Ohio for handles. It goes into
long- tool handles such as rakes, hoes, shovels, forks and D handles.
The vehicle makers and the car builders come next in demanding
this wood, the latter industry uses it for interior finish of cars,
especially trolley cars, for which purpose its handsome figure,
strength and ability to hold its shape makes it well adapted. Fur-
niture makers use it for cheap grades such as kitchen safes and cab-
inets, and for butter tubs it is the favorite of all woods because it is
considered less liable than any wood to impart a taste to the contents.
There are five species of ash growing in Ohio, but it is difficult to
distinguish them in the wood. A number of manufacturers use ash
indiscriminately, as many of the individual reports indicate, while
not a few separate them into two general classes known on the
market as white ash and black ash. Twenty-two of the 36 industries
in Ohio report using this wood. They are:

OF OHIO

TABLE V. Ashes

Industry

Quantity used annually

Aver a ere
cost per
1,000 ft.

Feet b. m.

Percent

Handle*

16,961,322
.7,786,828
2,579,700
1,049,100
861,000

506,000
369000
289,000
274 640
222,000

203,000
180,000
IJO.OOO
76,000
50,000

23,000
20,000
20 000
20,000
12,000
12,000
9,000

52.10
25.42
8.42
3.42
2.81

1.65
1.20
.94
.90
.72

.66
.59
.36
.25
.16

.08
.07
.07
.07
.04
.04
.03

$31.24
43.81
47.83
33.70
43.40

32.65
34.13
44.89
25.03
14.28

35.22
17.20
30.00
50.71
30.00

34.35
36.00
38.00
30.00
30.00
38.00
47.58

Dairj-nien's, poulterers' and apiarists' supplies

oaoaies ana na t^

Chiirs •

•

Total

30,633,690

100.00

$35.61

ELMS

Four elms are found in Ohio, the white or American elm {Ulmus
americana), the red or slippery elm ( Ulmus pubescens), the rock or
cork elm ( Ulmus racemosa) and the winged elm ( Ulmus alata). The
white elm and the slippery elm are more frequent and more widely
distributed, the former being- the most important commercially but
on the market rarely any distinction is made. The trees are usually
distinguished by the bark and the leaf; the inner bark of the slippery
elm being* mucilaginous and nutritious and has a leaf with a very
rough upper surface, whereas the white elm leaf has a smooth sur"
face and the outer bark, like all of the other elms, is deeply furrowed.
Elm wood has properties which fit it for a number of special uses.
In some respects it is one of the best American woods, its elasticity,
for instance, is exceeded only by hickory. Bicycle rims have been,
largely made of it on account of its resiliency and tensile strength,
the same qualities that have made it preeminently the best wood for
patent barrel hoops. Its scarcity prevents its use for many articles
where it would be of exceptional value. Generally a large 'supply of
elm goes into the manufacture of farm implements, slack barrel
staves for flour barrels, bent parts of chairs and vehicle bodies,
banjo rims, piano case parts, etc. The principal uses in Ohio are
indicated by the industries calling for it, which are:

WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES

TABLE VI. Elms

Industry

Quantity used annually

Average,
cost per
1,000 ft.

Feet b. m.

Percent

7,284,878
7 074 ,109
1 095 000
3,083,307
870.000

760,000
548 260
536,000
510,500
460,000

253, COO
250,000
172 000
140,000
70,000

65,000
50,000
30,000
25,000
25,000
12,000

34.18
33.19
5.13

5.08
4.08

3.57

2.57
2.51
2 40
2.16

1.19
1.17
.81
' .66
.33

.30
.23
.14
.12
.12
.06

$18.40
24.35 !
22 73
22.06
26.02

23.91
22.00
20.99
27.40
23.74

26 80
18 80
22.47
28 25
24.00

30 00
16.00
25.00
20.00
22.48
40.00

Dairymen's, poulterers' and apiarists' supplies

Chairs

Total

21,314,054

100.00 $22.03

Fig. 6. Elm logs cut in Ohio waiting to be manufactured into barrel hoops.

OF OHIO

Fig. 7. Soft maple and white elm logs in the yard of a basket factory,
included under Box Industry.)

MAPLES

(Statistics

Five maples grow in the State of Ohio. They are the silver
maple (Acer saccharinuni), the red or scarlet maple (Acer rubrum),
the sugar maple (Ace? saccharum),-iht black maple (Acer sacchanim
nigruni), and the ash-leaf maple or box elder (Acer negundo). The
b]ack maple is found only in the southern part of the State. The
red maple prefers moist soil but it also grows on slopes and ridges,
and is found generally throughout the State. The silver maple is
usually found following the rivers and streams and on the edges of
swamps. The red and silver maples contribute the soft maple
lumber, the former being more abundant, and hard maple is from
the sugar maple tree. The sugar maple is commercially the most
important in the State and grows in all localities except swamps. It
supplies practically all of the maple sugar produced in Ohio and its
wood next to white oak is called on for by a greater number of users
than any lumber the Ohio manufacturers demand. Today, the
maples with the oaks lead in the manufacture of hardwood flooring.
It goes into various kinds of furniture, especially hidden work of
case goods like drawer sides, bottoms, mirror backs, etc., and is used
for finish in upholstered furniture where it is stained in imitation of
expensive cabinet woods. The occurrence of curly or bird's eye,
mostly in the hard maple, makes it extremely valuable in the manu-
facture of highly artistic furniture usually for bed rooms. Its less

WOOD-QSING INDUSTRIES

common uses are for machine parts, saddle trees, stirrups, ox-yokes I
clothespins, whipstocks, shoe lasts, peg's and lamps. Vehicle
makers employ both maples extensively for various purposes and
for turnery, the two with beech are the principal woods. They also
serve for staves chiefly for sugar barrels and to a larg-e extent for
veneers. In the distillation of hardwoods for charcoal, wood alcohol
and the acetates the maples are held in high favor. Soft maple is
lighter than hard maple, and is hard, strong, brittle, close-grained,
compact, easily worked. The color of the wood is light brown
tinged with red and has lighter sapwood.

TABLE VII. Maples

Industry

Quantity used annually

Feet b. m.

Percent

Average
cost per
1,000 ft.

Boxes and crates '8,007,396

Planing- mill products 5,814,910

Furniture.... 4,526,201

Agricultural implements 4,270,500

Handles 3,835,496

Vehicles and vehicle parts 2 , 536, 701

Instruments, musical 2,369,000

Fixtures i.^OO

Woodenware and novelties 715,000

Miscellaneous 610 , 000

Car construction 517,295

Machine construction 514,000

Chairs 509,000

Sash, doors, blinds and general mill work 493,000

Refrigerators and kitchen cabinets 335 , 209

Plumbers' woodwork 320,000

Pulleys and conveyors 25o,000

Elevators 250,000

Laundry appliances — 220,000

Instruments, professional and scientific 130,000

Dairymen's, poulterers' and apiarists' supplies 97,000

Brushes SP,'417

Patterns and flasks 32,500

Saddles and harness 30, 000

Ship and boat building 10,000

Frames and molding 250

Total. • 38,328,275

20.89
15.17
11.81
11.14
10.01

6-18
4.82
1.87
1.59

1.35
1.34
1.33
1.29

.87

.83
.67
.65
.57

.21
.08
.08
.03

$14.61
27.89
26.85
28.04
22.71

43.91
28.44
25.62
20.50
41.43

34.18
23.13
25.31
32 37
22.21

25.31
23.31
30.00
29.54
27.23

19.37
28.46
25.23
30.00
30 00
36.00

100.00

$24.72

*Less than .01 of 1 percent.

HICKORIES

The mockernut {Hicoria alba), the pig-nut {Hicoria glabrd}, the
bitternut {Hicoria minima), the shag-bark {Hicoria ovata], the shell-
bark {Hicoria laciniosa), and the small fruited hickory {Hicoria
microcarpa) are found in Ohio. The species grow more or less
generally throughout the State. The woods of the different
hickories are very similar, thus making- it difficult to distinguish
them. Consequently, the lumber dealers and manufacturers make
no attempt to keep the species separate and little information is

OF OHIO

Fig. 8. Shagbark hickories growing in Ohio.

Fig. 9. A bitternut hickory growing in southern Ohio.

YvrOOD-USING INDUSTRIES

available as to the quantity of each kind cut within the State. An
early use was for tool handles and this probably more than a.ny
other today distinguishes hickory from other woods. On shipboard
and in ship building- it is used, but in the latter case only for parts
entirely submerged. Belaying pins, oars and pegs are other boat
parts usually made of hickory. The hoop pole business has drained
the forests of the hickory sapling to a great extent, but in late years
sawed hoops made from other woods have begun to replace it to a
marked degree. Nearly half of the manufactured hickory goes into
the production of spokes and other vehicle parts. Owing largely to
variety of special uses to which this wood is put great waste has
been occasioned, and it is probable that its waste has exceeded that
of any other valuable tree. The wood of hickory is heavy, very
hard and strong, tough, close-grained, compact and flexible. The
medulary rays are numerous and thin, color brown, sapwood nearly
white.

TABLE VIII. Hickory

Industry

Quantity used annually

Average
cost per
1,000 ft.

Feet b. m.

Percent

Vehicles and vehicle parts

29,324,100
3,435,935
1,691,500
511,000
178,000

125,000
105,000
103,000
63,000
30,000

18,296
14,000
10,000
10,000
2,000
500

82.32
9-65
4.75
1.43
.50

.35
.29
.29
.19
.08

.05
.04
.03
.03
.01

$44.34
24.14
43.87
81.14
25.31

32 80
24.52
24 68
59.28
50.00

36.13

28.57
38.00
40-00
37.50
26.00

Sporting1 and athletic goods

Planing1 mill products

Instruments, professional and scientific . .

Machine construction

Sash, doors, blinds and general mill work
Ship and boat building

Total .

35,621,331

100.00

*42.67

"Less than 1-100 of 1 percent.

BASSWOOD

Two species of basswood grow in Ohio; they are the basswood
( Tilia americana) and the white basswood (Tilia heterophylla}. The
former is the more important, more widely distributed throughout
the State and is the wood found in commerce under the name of
linn. Practically all makers of wooden wares find use for basswood,
and Ohio builders demand it to a limited extent for interior and
exterior construction work, and sometimes for siding. I^arge quan-
tities in the form, of thin lumber goes into furniture, for the unex-
posed parts like drawer bottoms, backs of case goods, etc., while in

OF OHIO

the same form it is a favorite for trunk boxes and the best trunks are
made from it, usually 3-ply stock. Twenty-three of the 36 industries
reported using- basswood in large quantities. Among- them the
vehicle manufacturers use it for bodies, and pyrographers favor it
ahead of any wood for their art.

TABLE IX. Basswood

Industry

Quantity used annually

Feet b. m.

Percent

Average
cost per
1,000 ft.

Boxes and era tes 4 , 333 , 000

Woodenware and novelties 3,914,000

Trunks and valises 3,038,340

Dairymen's, poulterers' and apiarists' supplies 2,270,000

Furniture 1,558,500

Sash, doors, blinds and general mill work 1,140,000

Planing mill products 1, 110,660

Instruments, musical 1,013,000

Fixtures 762,300

Handles 708,385

Agricultural implements 683,000

Miscellaneous 630,000

Frames and molding 572,200

Vehicles and vehicle parts 427,000

Car construction 177,982

Instruments, professional and scientific 150,000

Refrigerators and kitchen cabinets . 134 , 000

Laundry appliances 70,000

Saddles and harness 41,000

Chairs 40 , 000

Caskets and coffins 25,000

Machine construction 25 , 000

Patterns and flasks 10,000

Total 22,833,367

18.98
17.14
13.31
9.94
6.82

4.99
4.86
4.44
3.34
3-10

2.99
2.76
2.51

1.87
.78

.31

$20.13
22.69
24.73
26.55
27.17

27.66
26.68
38.34
25.53
23.39

28.15
24.13
35.72
28.53
27.91

25.86
22.80
30.00

28.00
26.00
35.00

100.00

$25.27

BEECH

Beech grows throughout Ohio on well-drained situations, mixed
with oak, maple, ash and hickory. This tree seems disposed to
decay in its later stages and much of the mature timber in the State
is not sound. It is quite tolerant of shade and reproduces readily
from seed and by sprouts. This as well as the fact that until within
comparatively recent years beech was not valuable as timber and
was therefore left standing accounts for its presence in nearly every
woodlot in Ohio and often to the exclusion of many other more
important hardwoods. Some trees are found having a large percent
of sapwood which is whitish in color, hence the name in commerce
white beech, while the red heart-wood answers to red beech. On
account of its dense shade and freedom from disease and insects,
beech is a desirable tree for ornamental purposes. Probably its
first commercial use was for charcoal, more on account of its abund-
ance than any special quality that it possesses, Beech furnishes

WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES

more material for wood distillation than any species, though birch
and maple have been considered equally as suitable. In recent
years it has been growing in favor as a flooring wood. It takes a
high polish, is very hard, tough, strong close-grained. Since pre-
servative treatment has developed, beech has been found to be an
admirable wood for outdoor use when treated. This accounts for
its recently going into railroad ties, fence posts, etc. Where tough-
ness is not considered beech is almost equal to hickory. Automobile
and vehicle parts, plane stocks, turned chairs, cog wheels, wedges,
faucets, veneer, clothespins and broom handles are among the many
uses it is called to meet. The wood is fairly difficult to season and
if great care is not exercised it is liable to warp and check.

TABLE X. Beech

Industry

Quantity used annually

Feet b. m.

Percent

Average
cost per
1,000 ft.

Boxes and crates 7, 338 , 629

Brushes 2,383,694

Vehicles and vehicle parts. 2,260,000

Handles 2,075,916

Planing mill products 1,199,000

Agricultural implements 833,000

Sash, doors, blinds and general mill work 500,000

Woodenware and novelties 450,000

Machine construction 402 , 000

Miscellaneous : 318,350

Instruments, musical 144,000

Chairs 130,000

Equipment, playground 100,000

Instruments, professional and scientific 100 , 000

Pulleys and conveyors 100,000

Furniture 95,000

Saddles and harness 90,000

Ship and boat building 51,500

Laundry appliances 40 , 000

Fixtures 20,000

Car construction 4 , 200

Dairymen's, poulterers' and apiarists' supplies 2,000

Frames and molding 595

Total... 18,637,884

39.37
12.79
12.13
11.14
6.43

4.47
2.68
2.41
2.16
1.71

.77
.70
.54
.54
.54

.51

$14.24
18.02
19.70
20.43
21.67

22.18
19.76
13.34
17.99
19.00

18.50
18.92
20.00
22.00
20.00

20.79
30.00
20.29
21.00
25.00

20.00
10.00
30.25

100.00

$17.52

'Less than 1-100 of 1 percent.

CHESTNUT

The chestnut is found extensively in the woodlots of north-
eastern, eastern and southern Ohio and is especially common on the
glacial drift. Chestnut does hot usually occupy the richest soil, but
ridges and slopes where soil is thin. It is a fast growing tree, and
reproduces exceptionally well and for that reason a few years ago it
began receiving attention in woodlot management. Lately, however,
the fungus disease {Dia^oetha parasitica} has made great inroads on

OF OHIO

the standing chestnut of the country, and until the control of the
blight is assured, the advisability of using- it as a planting tree
must be passed over. In the days of wood fences chestnut was used
more than any other tree for fencing. It is durable in exposed
situations and underground, which accounts for its being a favorite
for telephone and telegraph poles, railroad ties, shingles, coffiins and
caskets. Chestnut was late coming into general use as lumber, and
it might be said that it did not come into commercial prominence
long before 1900. Since that time its cut per annum has increased
four or five fold. The manufacturers of furniture and pianos had
much to do with bringing it into favor, demanding it above any wood
for veneer backing or cores. Being cheaper than oak and having an.
attractive figure, chestnut has become a leading wood for exterior
trim and store and office fixtures. It yields more tanning extract
than any other wood and with the growing scarcity of tan bark
every year more chestnut will go to the extract plants. The wood
of the chestnut is light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained and liable to
check and warp. The layers of annual growth are marked by many
rows of large, open ducts. The color is brown with lighter sapwood.

TABLE XI. Chestnut

Industry

Quantity used annually

Average
cost per
1,000 ft.

Feet b. m.

Percent

6,343,739
3 128000
2 257,100
1,666,000
1,581,475

1,413,000
968,445
406,000
350,000
240,000

110,000
100,000

80,000
52,224
25,000

24,000

23,400
2,000

33.80
16.66
12.02
8.88
8.43

7.53
5.16
2.16
1.86
1.28

.59
.53
.43
.28
.13

.13
.12
.01

$13.85
19.55
20.92
18.19
29.51

31.37
22.31
18.47
18.00
18.00

22.64
35.00
27.75
24.09
48.00

20.71
41.03
22.00

C a.^kets ana co ns

Sash, doors, blinds and general mill work

Dairymen's, poulterers' and apiarists' supplies

v^h'4^11 rUfi u'-i

Chairs

Total •

18,770,383

100.00

$19.68

WHITE PINES

Though the lumber cut shows that thirteen mills cut white pine
in only limited amounts it is not possible to ascertain whether the
logs were brought in from other states to the Ohio mills or whether
they were cut in the extreme northeastern part of the State where

WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES

in a limited area white pine appears. The manufacturers report
using- but 25 M feet of home grown white pine and import more of
it than any other wood. Next to yellow poplar more of it goes into
manufacturing in Ohio than any of the sixty woods reported.

Table XII following represents three different species because
they appear on the market indiscriminately under the name white
pine. They are in order of their importance, white pine (Pinns
strobus} growing in the Lake states; Norway or red pine (Pinus
resinosa) which grows associated with white pine, and usually sold
mixed with it, and western white pine (Ptnus monticola) that comes
from Idaho, Montana and Washington. The last named is similar
to the eastern pine but the wood is a little more brittle, harder and
heavier. The average cost of the western white pine being $20 per
M feet above the eastern wood can be accounted for in that most of
the former was purchased in the upper grades, while a larger part,
24 percent, of the latter was bought at low prices to be used only
for packing boxes and crating.

TABLE XII. White pines

Industry

Quantity used annually

Averag-e
cost per
1,000 ft.

Feet b. m.

Percent

46,357,393
35,949,790
24,250,000
18,972,500
4,258,739

3,615,000
2 350,000
1,024,700
878,000
480,000

344,000
262,000
202,000
199,425
147,000

57,000
50,000
40,000
37,000
35,000
10,800

33.23
25.77
17.38
13.60
3.05

2.59
1.68
.73

.25
.19
.14
.14
.11

.04
.04
.03
.03
.02
.01

$31.97
16.59
34.75
34.99
30.98

28.82
30.00
56.37
30.28
33.83

40.06
47.08
38.12
19.60
47.45

40.00
32.00
22.50
18.00
35.00
39.63

Dairymen's, poulterers' and apiarists' supplies
Patterns and flasks • ....

Total

139,520,347

100.00

$28.99

SYCAMORE

Sycamore grows most abundantly in Ohio on the bottom lands
of the streams and on areas bordering swamps and marshes.
It grows perhaps to be the largest of any of the common

OF OHIO

trees in the State. It is easily distinguished by the striking- white-
ness of its bark and by the fact that it holds its button balls through-
out the winter. It is valuable for the protection it affords river
banks and islands against washing. The sycamore's ability to grow
on wet lands has had a great deal to do with its preservation for the
present market supply. It was formerly used almost entirely for
butcher blocks and refrigerator linings, but these special uses are
not so important as its demand for veneer in built-up lumber.
Quarter-sawed sycamore is ra'pidly growing in popularity. It has a
striking grain and goes into sewing machines, furniture, cabinet
work and interior finish. Plain sycamore serves for farm imple-
ment parts, washing machines, wooden bowls, tool handles and
wooden screws and blocks. The uses it serves in Ohio can be dis-
cerned from the industries calling for it. The wood is heavy, hard,
not strong, very close grained, compact, difficult to split and work.
The medullary rays are numerous and conspicuous. Heartwood is
brown tinged with red, and sapwood is lighter colored.

TABLE XIII. Sycamore

Industry

Quantity used annually

Average
cost per
1,000 ft.

Feet b. m.

Percent

324,750
200 000
150,000
85 000
62.500

40,000

15 000
15,000
4,000
3,000

2,000

liooo

36.00
22.17
16.63
7.42
6.93

4.43
1.66
1.66
.44
.33

.22
.11

$25.72
14.25
18.00
31.76
38.43

32.00
35.00
15.00
35.00
16.00

20.00
12.00

Sash, doors, blinds and general mill work

Dairymen's, poulterers' and apiarists' supplies
Handles

Total

902,250

100.00

$23.58

BLACK WALNUT

Ohio is one of the first states in the production of walnut lumber
but the fact that the lumber was manufactured there does not neces-
sarily mean it grew in Ohio, though it is found throughout the State.
Owing to its value as lumber and its ability to grow fairly rapidly it is
a favorite tree for planting. Walnut lumber in earlier days was not
appreciated as much at home as in European countries and up to the
present time more high grade walnut is sent abroad than is used in
America. It has long been used for gunstocks — its most exacting
use — because it is strong, handsome, and shows stains less than any

WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES

other available wood. It is called on for a great number of uses, but
principally for sewing- machines, furniture, cabinets, caskets, pews,
pulpits and other ecclesiastical furniture. Also for cabinet and pipe
organs, parts of automobile bodies, billiard tables, clock cases, etc.
In Ohio fourteen industries report buying black walnut. They are
listed in the following table:

TABLE XIV. Black Walnut

Quantity use

d annually

Average

Industry

Feet b. m.

Percent

cost per
1,000 ft.

2 103 500

71.99

$ 69 05

'350'000

11 98

134 29

Instruments, musical

167 '800

5 74

103 50

Vehicles and vehicle parts • • • •

80*850

2 77

50 06

Sash, doors, blinds and general mill work

54;000
51 000

1.85
1 75

51.57
30 15

50 '900

1 74

67 88

20' 000

74 00

Fixtures

12'600

59 §4

lo'ooo

38 00

Plumbers' woodwork

10 000

.34

80 00

g'OOO

90 00

l'390

38 80

Chairs

I'OOO

70 00

Total

2 922 040

100 00

$ 77 29

BUCKEYE

The horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum), and the buckeye
(Aesculus glabra), the former being probably the more common,
both grow in Ohio. Lumbermen and manufacturers make no dis-
tinction between the wood of the two species. Buckeye, like cucum-
ber, often loses its identity and goes to market mixed with yellow
poplar. It is called for separately, however, by the manufacturer
of artificial limbs to meet its most exacting use and occasionally by
turneries and makers of novelties and athletic goods. Together
with yellow poplar it goes for weather boarding, siding and casing
and other uses in building for which yellow poplar is required.
Buckeye is light, soft, close-grained, compact and difficult
to split. The color of the wood is creamy white and quite uniform
as the sapwood is hardly distinguishable.

TABLE XV. Buckeye

Industry

Quantity used annually

Average

cost per
1,000 ft.

Feet b. m.

Percent

Boxes and crates

561,992
214,000
75,000
60,000
20,000

60.36
22.99
8.06
6.44
2.15

$14.36
35.61
21.00
35.00
12.50

e P

Total

930,992

100.00

$21.07

OF OHIO

Fig. 10. Ohio buckeye tree (Aesculus glabrd).

WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES

CUCUMBER TREE

The cucumber {Magnolia acuminata) is quite common in Ohio,
growing- along the banks of rivers and streams. In the extreme
southern and southwestern part of the State in timber situations
elkwood {Magnolia .tri^etala), its relative, is found in occasional
stands. Cucumber usually passes on the market as yellow poplar
or whitewood, and as such enters into manufacture for uses similar
to yellow poplar. It is considered the best wood for pump logs and
water pipes, and this special use gives it the special recognition it
receives in consuming markets. The wood is light, soft, durable,
not strong, close-grained, compact, satiny. Color is yellow-brown,
sapwood lighter, often nearly white.

TABLE XVI. Cucumber

Industry

Quantity used annually

Average
cost per
1,000 ft.

Feet b. m.

Percent

Woodenware and no

500,000
20,000
1,000
800

95.82
3.8H
.19
.16

$17.00
7 00
20.00
40.00

Dairymen's, poulter
Agricultural implei

ers' and apiarists' supplies

Total

521,800

100 00

$16.66

BIRCHES

Three species of birch grow in Ohio but none very extensively.
Sweet or cherry birch (Betu/a lento) grows sparingly throughout the
State, while yellow birch {Betula lutea) is found only in the
extreme northeastern part. Black birch {Bettda nigra) of little com-
mercial importance grows scatteringly on the lowlands in the
southern part of the State. Considering the importance of birch as
a cabinet wood the amount the Ohio manufacturers use is surpris-
ingly small. The largest part is probably sweet birch and goes into
commodities where it frequently is stained in imitation of mahogany.
So well does it serve for this purpose that the imitation finish is
difficult to discern from the real mahogany. Eighteen industries
report birch in various amounts, but "sash, doors, blinds and general
mill work," "planing mill products," and "store and office fixtures"
were the ones which called for the largest quantities and together
used 60 percent of all that was reported.

OF OHIO

TABLE XVII. Birches

Quantity use

d annually

Average

Industry

Feet b. m.

Percent

cost per
1.000 ft.

Sash doors blinds and general millwork. . .'

1 918 990

22.86

$ 43.19

1 717 000

20 45

36.79

1 443 844

17 20

37.80

'877*996

10.45

30.82

765 000

9 11

14 10

358 000

4 27

43 55

350*000 .

4.17

13.00

252*106

3.00

30 13

235*000

2 80

28 91

125*000

1 49

30 48

105 200

1 25

87 64

Handles • • •

100*000

1 19

26 00

91 ' 000

1 08

44 95

54*927

39 67

1*500

.02

114.67

Total •

8 394 563

100 00

$35 15

GUMS

Black gum is a common name given in various localities to the
three gum trees, cotton gum or tupelo (Nyssa aquatica), water gum
(Nyssa biflora}, and black or sour gum (Nyssasylvatica). Red gum,
though it bears the name, botanically is not a relative of these
species and therefore has been treated under a separate heading.
Two of the above named species, cotton and black gum, are used in
Ohio, but only the latter {Nyssa sylvatica) grown within the State.
It is found frequently in wet lowlands, but also thrives on slopes.
Its bright green foliage attracts attention in the summer and in the
fall it yields clusters of two or three oblong berries of black color
and sour in taste. The wood of the black or sour gum has an inter-
laced fibre and is difficult to split and work, which makes it valuable
for particular uses, as for vehicle hubs, pulleys, mine rollers, mauls
and mallet heads and cogs. In the form of veneer it goes into
wooden dishes, berry cups, fruit baskets and veneer boxes. None
of these uses were shown for it in Ohio, the entire quantity, as lum-
ber, was reported for boxes and crates. Tupelo too was used for
boxes and box shocks, but its greatest demand was for cigar boxes
in the form of veneer. As lumber it went into cistern pumps,
furniture and kitchen cabinets.

TABLE XVIII. Gums (black and cotton)

Quantity use

d annually

Average

Industry

Feet b. m.

Percent

cost per '
1,000 ft.

Cigar boxes ...

1 810 000

57 93

$43 71

Boxes and crates

'850*000

27 20

16 96

Pumps

300*000

9 60

40 00

Furniture ...

150*000

4 80

16 00

Refrigerators and kitchen cabinets

14*500

.47

14.97

Total

3 124 500

100 00

34 51

WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES

CHERRY

Numerous species of cherry are found in Ohio but the black
cherry (Prunus serotina) is the only lumber tree and its wood is
reported by the Ohio wood-using- industries. It is found quite
g-enerally throughout the woodlots and forests of the State but is
never abundant. The principal demand for cherry has always
been for furniture and finish. It goes into expensive furniture
mostly as veneer and is seldom seen in any other form. It does not
warp readily and the quality gives it a place in the manufacture of elec-
trical appliances, musical instruments, and commends it above any
wood electro type backing. The wood is light, hard, strong, close-
straight-grained, compact, easily worked. Medullary rays are
numerous and thin. Color is red, growing darker with exposure.

TABLE XIX. Cherry

Industry

Quantity used annually

Averagre
cost per
1,000 ft.

Feet b. m.

Percent

613,581

62,000
55,000
47,500
46,500

41,000
26,000
25,600
12,000
8,000

5,700
5,000

64.73
6.54
5.80
5.01
4.91

4.33
2.74
2.70
1.27

.84

.60
.53

$76.24
58.31
38.00
82.59
50.32

51.95
88.46
41.17
62.50
25.50

89.12
74.00

Instruments, musical

Total

947,881

100.00

$69.68

RED GUM

Twenty-two industries call for red gum and the quantity
demanded equals more than 3 percent of the total of all woods-
manufactured in Ohio. The several industries and the amount of
red gum they consume are listed in the following table, tat the
specific use for which the wood is demanded and the qua1lcies com-
mending it are referred to later on in the discussion of the individual
industry tables. Red gum {Liquidambar styraciflud} is of ten called
sweet gum. In Ohio it grows only in the southern part in the wet
soil of bottomlands and is easily identified by its beautiful star-
shaped leaves and the characteristic wing-like projection of the
bark from its smaller branches. Compared with other woods it is
not an important lumber tree, though in 1910 the sawmills in the
State cut one and one-half million feet.

OF OHIO

The wood is fairly soft, straight and close-grained. The sap-
wood is light in color, almost white, and the heartwood a light red
brown. Users frequently report the sapwood under the name sap
gum, and the figured heartwood, which sometimes resembles the
color and markings of Circassian walnut, as hazel wood or hazel.
In foreign countries the term satin walnut is often given it, believing
the name will add to its prestige as a cabinet wood. The growing
demand for quarter sawed red gum is meeting the expectations of
manufacturers, especially when sawed one inch thick as the grain
markings of the transtangential cut is notably effective. Next to
oak and maple red gum is demanded in Ohio for more uses than any
other wood. It appears in 36 of the 41 industries listed and besides
is the leading material for slack staves and for veneer.

TABLE XX. Red gum

Quantity use

d annually

Average

Industry

Feet b. m.

Percent

cost per
1,000 ft.

9 016 000

09 a*;

5*623*025

on 'yj

$fis.43

2*766*300

in 09

17.06

1*798*270

6IM

ZD.zl

1*633*064

501

17.77

1 221 000

A 40

£O.Uy

1*117*000

4 OK

46 W

1*006*000

3R4

20-60

1*005*000

Q fi4

a&'Ot

'960*000

34ft

420 000

1 *i9

£d.bl

265*000

zy.4o

Chairs

243*000

175*000

fi3

oU.Uo

145*000

85 000

39D.ID

75*000

22*500

2l'OQO

li.SM

8*000

'03

3 500

40.UU

1*000

40.00

Total

27 609 659

100 00

$99 RQ

Less than 1-100 of 1 percent.

COTTONWOOD

Cottonwood (Populus deltoides) belongs to the willow family and
is the species most largely cut into lumber. Its relatives growing
in Ohio are the large-tooth aspen (Populus grandidentato), and the
Balm of Gilead (Populus balsamifera). The latter is not frequent
and the former does not often grow to a size large enough for lum-
ber. Owing to the difficulty in seasoning cottonwood it is better

WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES

adapted for veneer than lumber. It is popular with the manu-
facturers of built-up lumber and in this form is a favorite with the
vehicle makers as a body wood and with the trunk makers for trunk
boxes, while in furniture making- it serves as mirror backing- and
drawer bottoms, veneer boxes and other hidden parts of case goods.
The implement makers find many places for this wood as lum-
ber but the largest quantities g-o into boxes and crates and particu-
larly for receptacles for shipping- meats and other food stuffs. The
wood is very light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, liable to warp
and is dark brown in color except the sapwood, which is nearly
white. Like yellow poplar it is easily worked and takes paint well
and in many uses, being- cheaper, it is often substituted for it.

TABLE XXL Cottonwood

Industry

Quantity used annually

Averag-e
cost per
1,000 ft.

Feet b. m.

Percent

9,851,816
4 805,000
l' 297 ,108
302,000
271 600

130,000

78,500
30,000
30,000

25,000
10 000

58.53
28.55
7.71
1.79
1.61

.77
47
.18
.18

.15
.06

$24.04
38.94
36.77
32.55
25.36

28.62
32 11
40.83
24.00

25 00
32.00

Refrigerators and kitchen cabinets
Fixtures

Dairymen's, poulterer's, and apiarists supplies

Total ....

16 831 024

100.00

$29.56

HACKBERRY

It is surprising- that more hackberry was not reported by the
Ohio manufacturers than is shown in this report. The tree ranges
from New York to Idaho and from the.Great Lakes to the Gulf of
Mexico but it reaches its best development and is abundant in the
Ohio and Mississippi Valleys. The largest specimens are found
growing- on the rich bottom lands. The wood is heavy and strong
and is g-enerally used for furniture, vehicles and agricultural
implements, but in Ohio it was reported for saddle stirrups, boxes
and flooring-. It is sometimes sold mixed with ash.

TABLE XXII. Hackberry

Industry

Quantity used annually

Averag-e
cost per
1,000 ft.

Feet b. m.

Percent

150,000
25,000
25 000

75.00
12.50
12.50

$14.00
25.00
20.00

Saddles and harness

Total

200 000

100.00

$16 13

OF OHIO

HEMLOCK

Twelve industries of this report demanded over 16,000,000 feet
of hemlock in 1911. Table I shows that all but 100,000 feet came
from the producing- regions of other states. This is probably true
as the hemlock tree grows only in certain restricted areas through-
out Ohio, principally in the hilly country. Its principal use is for
construction purposes as rough lumber and planing mill products
like sheathing and roofing. In the country at large it follows yellow
pine and white pine as a valuable wood for boxes and crates.

TABLE XXIII. Hemlock

Industry

Quantity used annually

Average
cost per
1,000 ft.

Feet b. m.

Percent

13,675,000
1,267,175
260,000
2oO,000
207,000

202,000
100 000

65,789
48 000
30,000

30,000
30,000

84.60
7.84
1.61
1.55
1.28

1.25
.62
.41
.30
.18

.18
.18

$18.89
16.22
17.50
11 35
16.22

17.40
30.00
16.66
21.56
22.00

21.67
23.33

Furniture •

Sash, doors, blinds and general millwork

Total

16,164,964

100.00

$18.58

BLACK WILLOW

Black willow is not only abundant in Ohio but it attains large
dimensions. It is usually found in wet situations, readily repro-
duces, and is one of the most rapidly growing- of the native trees in
the Ohio valley. The wood is light and soft, without figure, checks
badly and is not in wide demand. Its. chief uses are excelsior,
boxes, artificial limbs, charcoal, wooden ware and fuel but in Ohio
the makers of artificial limbs and boxes were the only industries
reporting this wood.

TABLE XXIV. Black Willow

Industry

Quantity used annually

Average
cost per
1,000 ft.

Feet b. m.

Percent

150,000
20,000

88.24
11.76

$ 14.00
125.00

Total

170,000

100.00

$27.06

WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES

BUTTERNUT

Butternut is frequently found growing- in Ohio usually asso-
ciated with the beech, elms and maples. It is a species of walnut
not infrequently called white walnut. The difference in size and
shape of the rough shelled nuts from those of the black walnut
easily distinguishes the tree. The butternut is elongated and
smaller than the round black walnut. In the wood the color of the
heartwood differentiates the two species; the butternut being- a light
gray-brown. The popularity of Circassian walnut, a foreign wood,
for exterior of furniture, piano cases, store and office fixtures; gun
stocks, interior finish, vehicle bodies, etc., has recently brought
butternut into greater demand as much of the figured wood
resembles that of Circassian walnut and therefore can be made to
imitate it. The use of this wood in the following table, for patterns
in foundry work and for boxes, is worthy of note.

TABLE XXV. Butternut

Industry

Quantity used annually

Averagre
cost per
1,000 ft.

Feet b. m.

Percent

30,000
16,000
10,000
8,000

?;ooo

6,000
5,000
500

36.36
19.39
12.12
9.70
8.49

7.27
6.06
.61

$35.00
49.63
45.00
62.50
16.43

22.50
32.00
70.00

Patterns and flasks ...

Instruments, musical

Total... 82.500

100.00

$39.26

LOCUST

Stands of honey locust ( Gleditsia triacanthos] are occasionally
found in Ohio. Black locust {Robinia pseudacacia), which botani-
cally bears no relation to the former, is more important and more
widely distributed. It is a rapid grower and therefore desirable
and is being largely used in woodlot management. The wood
generally is most widely used for fence posts and then for insulator
pins and brackets. The vehicle makers call on it for hubs, the
ship builders for kevels, bits and treenails, and Maxwell writes that
infrequently the manufacturers turn it into police clubs, castor
wheels, and parts of farm implements.

TABLE XXVI. Locust

Industry

Quantity used annually

Averagre
cost per
1,000 ft.

Feet b. m.

Percent

10,000
2 000

83.33
16.67

$35.00
40.00

Total ...

12 000

100.00

$35.83

OF OHIO

Fig. 11. Black locust development in Ohio nearly three feet
in diameter, age about 80 years.

WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES

CEDARS

Two of the cedars shown in the report grow in Ohio. They are
red cedar (Juniperus virginiana), and the white or arborvitae
( Thuja occidentalis). The stand of the latter is limited and mostly
to the northeastern part of the State where the growth is small and
its occurrence infrequent. The red cedar ranges throughout the
State. It too is generally a small tree except in the southern tier of
counties where it develops large enough occasionally to be cut into
lumber. A small quantity was reported as home grown but with
that exception the supply of both of these woods come from other
States. The best development and the largest supply of the red
cedar is towards the south in Virginia, Tennessee and Missouri,
and that of the arborvitae in northern Michigan, Wisconsin, and
Canada. From the slim trunks of the arborvitae more than any
other wood in the Lake and New England states, are cut fence
posts, telephone poles and crossties. Red cedar in the south is the
best for fence posts but its most valuable and exacting use is for
pencils and to a less extent for caskets and coffiins, utility boxes,
furniture and wardrobe lining. Western red cedar ( Thuja -plicata)
known as giant arborvitae abounds only in .the Pacific northwestern
states, and is different from the eastern cedars just described in
that the trees grow very large. The wood resembles the southern
red cedar and it is that species in the northwest that furnishes the
cedar shingles that are marketed throughout all the states even in
the east. The principal use of the wood in Ohio was first, ship
building and then for cornice and porch work and cases in house
construction. The superior durability of western red cedar like that
of the other cedars mentioned in damp situations and in contact with
the soil are, together with the characteristic cedar fragrance, their
distinguishing features.

TABLE XXVII. Cedars

Industry

Quantity used annually

Average
cost per
1,000 ft.

Feet b. m.

Percent

1,046,540
345,000
335,660
199,400
175,000
126 750
105,000
50,000
25;000

43.45
. 14.32
13.94
8.28
7.27
5.26
4.36
2.08
1.04

$18.11
20.18
40.09
13.04
35.00
44.77
46.43
18.00
51.60

Furniture •

Total

2,408,350

100.00

$25.71

OF OHIO

SPRUCE

Nine industries show the use of spruce lumber. The eastern
wood is listed as spruce because in trade the spruces are not
separated. That cut in the Lake states is mostly white spruce as
the black spruce in that section is so small that it seldem grows
larg-e enough for lumber. The red spruce predominates in the
Southern Appalachian region and in the New England states.
Sitka spruce is a western tree abounding- principally in Washing-ton
and Oregon. On account of the growing- scarcity of the eastern
woods it is finding- more and more its way into the eastern markets.
The Ohio piano makers use the larg-est amount of Sitka spruce
reported for sounding- boards.

TABLE XXVIII. Spruce

Industry

Quantity used annually

Averagre
cost per
1,000 ft.

Feet b. m.

Percent

1,758,750
750 000
260,000
240,000
210,000

166,000
153 000
36,000
30,000

48.80
20 81
7.21
6.66
5.83

4.61
4 25
1.00
.83

$16.70
20.00
37.58
39.52
16.97

36.02
37.05
28.00
24.00

M'ltches

Total

3,603,750

100.00

$22.38

YELLOW PINES

There are four species of yellow pine demanded in large
quantities by the wood using- industries of Ohio. They are long--
leaf pine, shortleaf pine, loblolly pine, and pitch pine. Twenty-two
different industries consume a total of 145,230 973 board feet. The
manufacture of planing- mill products alone uses over 42 percent of
the total; sash, doors, blinds, and general mill work 21 percent; car
construction over 13 percent; and boxes and crates over 9 percent.
These four industries demand 124,789,000 board feet or 85 percent
of the total. The remaining- 15 percent is divided among- 18 other
industries in varied amounts. The average cost for all industries
is $25.99 per thousand feet b. m. Only a very small percentage of
the total yellow pine used was grown in the State probably not more
than 100,000 board feet and that was all pitch pine. The other three
species were shipped into the State from the South. The long-leaf
pine was used more for construction work while shortleaf pine and
loblolly enters into the manufacture of planing- mill products*

WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES

Loblolly pine probably comprises a larger percentage of the total
than the returns show, since it is thrown on the market mixed with
shortleaf. It is due to the confusion of the common names of species
on the market that the information of the individual woods can not
separated except by an arbitrary division.

TABLE XXIX. Yellow pines

Industry

Quantity used annually

Feet b. m.

Percent

Average
cost per
1,000 ft.

Planing mill products. 61,444,594

Sash, doors, blinds and general millwork 30,381,903

Car construction 19,361,640

Boxes and crates 13,580,713

Agricultural implements 9,903,500

Tanks and silos 5,994,000

Machine construction 1,064,351

Vehicles and vehicle parts 819,000

Refrigerators and kitchen cabinets 409 , 542

Fixtures 407,000

Pumps 323,230

Laundry appliances 275,000

Elevators 264,000

Ship and boat boat building 247,500

Dairymen's, poulterer's and apiarist's supplies 210,000

Trunks and valises 200,000

Patterns and flasks 130,000

Pulleys and conveyors 80,000

Frames and molding 50,000

Miscellaneous 50,000

Furniture 20,000

Instruments, musical 15,000

Total 145,230,973

4231

20.92

13.33

9.35

6.82

4.13
.73
.56
.28
.28

.22
.19
.18
.17
.15

.14
.09
.06
.04
.04

01
.01

$26.45
28 67
2708
15.22
28.16

24.70
21.93
28.59
30.18
21.29

23.72
30.00

33 95
16.25

30 00
27.12
30.00
30.00
22 50

35.00
24.00

100.00

$25.99

CYPRESS

The cypress occupies swampy lands. It is found in its greatest
abundance in the lowlands of Louisiana where it forms almost
exclusive forests. In the other southern Mississippi Valley States
and in the southeastern costal regions its frequent occurrence
makes it an important lumbering tree, but in nowise as much so as
in Louisiana. Wherever it has been planted in Ohio, it has shown
remarkable development and is being recommended for planting
operations. Large quantities each year are brought from the south
to meet the demands of the manufacturers. Sixteen industries
purchased this wood for innumerable uses. The available statistics
are as follows:

OF OHIO

TABLE XXX. Cypress

Industry

Quantity used annually

Average
cost per
1.000 ft.

Feet b. m.

Percent

17,149,966
11,217,796
3,084,000
2,824,308
1,730,000

1,035,000
342,000
226000
151,000
80,000

70,000
50,500
41,000
30,000
5,000
2,000

45.09
29.49
8.10
7.42
4.55

2.73
.90
.59
.40
.21

.18
.13
.11
.08
.01
.01

$37.98
39.30
28.78
19.46
49.70

26.74
32.93
18.12
32.02
32.50

47.86
30.30
57.32
60.00
40.00
75.00

V h'^' f\ r h° 1 rt

Total

38,038,570

100.00

$36.33

Fig. 12. Cypress (Tax odium distichum} planted in 1860 in Hamilton county.

DOUGLAS FIR

Xext to yellow pine more Douglas fir is cut in the United States
than other lumber trees. Most of it is sawed in Washing-ton and
Oregon but also it abounds in California and the Rocky Mountain

WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES

states. The tree attains to great size. Comparatively a short time
ago it was unknown to the Ohio manufacturers but its low price in
the regions where it is produced and the excellent quality of its
lumber opened a market for it in this State and in the states further
east. In many ways its wood is similar to longleaf pine and in Ohio
it competes with it and also with oak being eminently suited for
construction purposes, for flooring and for inside finish. Nine
industries report Douglas fir, the amounts and percent of each are
as follows:

TABLE XXXI. Douglas Fir

Industry

Quantity used annually

Average
cost per
1,000 ft.

Feet b. m.

Percent

Planing- mill products

3,170,000
1 021 000
600,000
431,000
413,000

102,000
32,733
30,000

20; ooo

54.47
17.54
10.31
7.41
7.10

1.75
.56
.52
.34

$31.62
35.24
36.00
36.43
50.60

35.00
34.98
40.00
45.00

Sash, doors, blinds and general millwork
Agricultural implements

Ship and boat building-

Machine construction ...

Laundry appliances . . .

Car construction ... . ...

Instruments professional and scientific. ....

Instruments, musical

Total

5,819,733

100.00

$34.60

SUGAR PINE

The sugar pine tree attains fairly large proportions. The
height varies from 160 to 180 feet and the diameter from 4 to 7 feet.
Like redwood it is found growing in only two states, California and
Oregon, the greatest abundance is in the former, extending from the
northern to the southern border on the sides of the Sierra Moun-
tains. Botanically it bears no relation to western white pine and for
that reason the statistics appear under a separate heading. In the
wood sugar pine both as to appearance and qualities resembles the
western white pine and the white pine from the Lake states and its
uses are about the same. The making of sash, doors, blinds and
general mill work demanded the largest amount of this wood in
Ohio, equal to over 87 percent of all.

TABLE XXXII. Sugar pine

Industry

Quantity used annually

Average
cost per
1,000 ft.

Feet b. m.

Percent

Sash, doors, blinds and general millwork

4,726,891
515,000
90,000
50 000
15,000
15,000

87.34
9.52
1.66
.92

.28
.28

$46.13
46.10
61.64
30.00
90.00
60.00 .

Planing- mill products

Patterns and flasks .

Agricultural implements

Instruments, musical . . . .

Instruments, professional and scientific

Total

4 411 891

100.00

$46.45

OF OHIO

REDWOOD

Redwood lumber is the product of one state, California. Sixty-
seven mills reported cutting it and in the lumber cut for 1910 accord-
ing" to quantity produced it stands twelfth in the list. It is often
called big" tree owing" to its great size, the diameter varying" from 6
to 12 feet and the height between 180 to 270 feet. The wood is light,
soft and fairly strong" which with its even straight grain makes it
easy to work. The color of the wood is light to dark red except the
thin sapwood which is almost white. Its usefulness and popularity
of redwood with the Ohio manufacturers is indicated in the follow-
ng table:

i TABLE XXXIII. Redwood

Industry

Quantity used annually

Averag-e
cost per
1,000 ft.

Feet b. m.

Percent

Dairymen's, poulterer's and apiarists' supplies
Planing" mill products

518 000
180,000
75 000
33,000
30 000
24,000
16,000

59.13
20.55
8.56
3.77
3.42
2.74
1.83

$32.10
41.06
36.00
50.00
38.00
60.00
54.00

Instruments, musical ...

Instrumental, professional and scientific

Tanks and silos ....

Miscellaneous ....

Total..

876,000

100.00

$36.73

TAMARACK

Tamarack is occasionally found in Ohio growing in swamps.
The wood is heavy, hard, very strong, coarse-grained, compact, and
very durable. Color is light brown, and nearly white sapwood.
It is used to some extent for fence material on account of being
fairly durable, which also recommends its use for cross-ties. The
box makers use all that was reported for this report.

FOREIGN WOODS

Foreign woods are usually shipped to this country in log form
or in flitches and are manufactured here into lumber and veneer.
They are high priced woods and serve principally in cabinet and
furniture work on account of their handsome and durable finish.
Mahogany is the principal one and annually the Ohio manufacturers
use almost 5 million feet. This does not, however, include the large
amount of mahogany veneer that each year is cut in this State and
sold in that form. Like the domestic oaks there are many species
of mahogany. The manufacturers usually take no account of the
kind they buy nor .do they concern themselves from what country
the wood comes. In consequence a good deal of African and Phil-
ippine material is sold that is not real mahogany nor of the mahogany

WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES

family. The true mahoganies shipped to this country come from
Mexico, West Indies, Central and South America. Mahogany is
not only consumed in large amounts in Ohio but it is quite widely
distributed among the industries as is shown in the following table:
TABLE XXXIV. Mahogany

Industry

Quantity used annually

Average
cost per
1,000 ft.

Feet b. m.

Percent

Car construction .... ...

1,089,472
1,046 828
845,000
643,364
337^000

296,294
261,300
60,000
49 000
26,340

22,000
15,000
10 250
10,000
500

23.12
22.21
17.93
13.65
7.15

6.29
5.55
1.27
1.04
.56

.47
.32
.22
.21

.01

$109.12
121.82
143.35
142.54
166.45

141.93
108.30
83.58
108.16
138.83

143.64
141.34
115.02
100.00
150.00

Furniture

Planing mill products ....

Fixtures. . .

Chairs

Sash, doors, blinds and general millwork

Ship and boat buildingr

Vehicles and vehicle parts

Plumbers' woodwork . .

Frames and molding"

Trunks and valises ....

Total

4,712,348

100.00 $128.85

Spanish cedar in quantity, nearly one-half million feet, follows
mahogany. Except a small amount reported for boat building all
went to the cigar box manufacturers, the supply usually comes
from Mexico, Central America, and the West Indies. It is a broad
leaf tree in no way resembling our domestic cedars.

Circassian walnut was reported by six industries in varying
small quantities. Owing to its high cost it was used principally in
veneer. In 1911 more Circassian walnut veneer was cut in this
country than ever before. It is a native tree of Russia, growing in the
Circassian Mountains and in adjoining countries near the Black Sea.

Padouk is better known as vermillion wood and is so named from
its natural bright red color. Like ebony and teakwood it is shipped
from Oriental Countries.

English Oak is cut in the territory surrounding the Caspian
Sea. It is the highest priced of any of the foreign woods reported
by the Ohio manufacturers. Rosewood is a product of the forests
of Central America and the northern States of South America.

INDUSTRIES

The various woods demanded by the Ohio manufacturers
irrespective of their uses are listed and discussed on the preceding
pages. The industries and the extent that they call for these differ-
ent woods, their uses, and the qualities which make them valuable
will next be considered. There are thirty-six industries in Ohio.
The following table shows them in the order of the quality of wood
they consume.

OF OHIO

TABLE XXXV, Summary of woods by industries in Ohio

Industry

Quantity used
annually

Av.
cost

f,000
feet

Total
cost
f. o. b.

factory

Grown
in
Ohio
ft. b. m.

Grown
out of
Ohio
ft. b. m.

Feet b. m.

Per-
cent

249,296,495
153,417,273
110,447,792
85,691,735
56,200,885

41,226,909
39,509,200
30,486,733
25,000,000
13,974,448

10,084,000
9,771,000
8,583,101)
8,440,000

7;94o;ooo

7,749,350
7,076,000
5,757,900
5,333,500
4,850,851

4,733,186
4,698,000
4 187340
4,001,000
3,322,660

2,809,961
2,697,111
1,656,230
1,469,200
1,450,000

892,500
811,000
604,000
588,000
555,000

27.24
16.76
12.07
9.36
6.14

4.50
4.32
3.33
2.73
1.53

1.10
1.07
.94
.92

.87

.85
.77
.63
.58
.53

.52
.51
.45
.44
.36

.31
.29
.18
.16
.16

.10
.09
.07
.06
.06

$31.51

16. «U
35.32
39.62
31.69

36.90
29.43
27.65
34.31

41.28

26.98
25.94
34.12
33.45
26-42

31.88
22.82
27.50
40.40
30.01

42.47
30.56
25.23
29.24
39.43

42.01
19.88
41.21
51.47
15.31

28.84
66.39
33.14
25.47
27.73

$ 7,854,691
2,591,034
3,901,146
3,395,115
1,780,986

1,521,463

22,772,780
15,990,577
7,932 000
32, 912; 657
17,730,496

7 830 480

226,523,715
137,426,696
102,515 792
52,779,078
,38|470;389

33 396 429

Sash, doors, blinds and general millwork. .

Furniture • • •

1,162,823

842 991
857,750
576,800

272,062
253,422

292,875
282,293
209 , 740

247,028
161,440
158,321
215,932
145,560

201,034
143,555
104,636
117,000
130 i 997

118,057
53,622
68,256
75,627
22,200

22,166
53840
20,010
14 976
15,388

7 048IOOO
24,838,733

'5,'i86,'979

161,000
3,338,000
665,500
200,000
460,000

5,170,350
3,276 000
1,009,500
3,122,000
2,106,500

630, '660
461,500
65,000
317,500

397,740
180 000
10,000
108,000
325,000 '

242,500
55,000
259,000
114,000
358,000

32', 461 1 200
5,648,000
25,000,000
8,787,479

9,623,000
6433 000
7,917,600
8,240,000
7,480,000

2,579,000
3,800 000
4,748,400
2,211,500
2,744,351

4,733,186
4,068,000
3,685,840
3,936,000
3,005,160

2,412,221
2,517,111
1,646,230
1,361,200
1,125,000

650,000
756,000
345,000
474,000
297,000

Bung's and faucets
Dairymen's, poulterers' & apiarists' sup...

Refrigerators and kitchen cabinets

rus es ..

Sporting- and athletic goods
Instruments, professional and scientific...

Total

915,272,369

100.00

$30.47

$27,884,839

165,174,792

750,097,577

To maintain uniformity in the reports, the same classification is
here followed that has been used in preparing- similar reports for
other States. Whenever more than three manufacturers in the
State specialize in the making- of a certain commodity, or closely
related commodities, their specialty is classed as an industry. For
instance, the cigar box manufacturers make one kind of container,
the trunk manufacturers another, and the casket manufacturers, in
their outer cases or roug-h boxes, still another. Instead of listing-
these several products as "Boxes," they are classified under separate
titles. The same rule accounts for separating manufacture of chairs
from furniture making, but in several cases the classifications run
so closely together that a distinction is difficult to make. Because
of this fact, an arbitrary division of the data was sometimes unavoid-
able. These cases will be pointed out later on under the discussion
of the individual industry tables. In many cases, the information

WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES

given by a single manufacturer relates to the making of products
listed under several different industries. This explains the frequent
appearance in the directory of this report of the names of the same
manufacturer under more than one industry heading. Several
small industries, in which no more than two establishments
reported, are grouped together under the caption "Miscellaneous."

Over $124,000,000 a year is paid by the Ohio wood users for their
raw material. Less than 15 percent of this is paid for home-grown
woods. This leaves more than $43,000,000 as the sum which Ohio
thus pays out each year to other states. In not a few instances this
purchase money is expended for material which might be produced
in the State and will be if more of the people awake to the impor-
tance of a broader and more thorough application of the principles
of forestry to the present timber stand in the State.

Ohio stands nineth in the list of States as to the amount of wood
going into final form through the processes of manufacture. The
following illustration shows the consumption and also production of
rough lumber in the States in which studies similar to this have
been completed, arranged in the order of the number of industries
which indicates the diversity of manufactured wood products.

States

Consumption of rough lumber

Production of rough
lumber, 1910

Number of
industries

Feet
board measure

Illinois

52
49
42
39
37
35
35
29
27
26
26
25
25
25
24
23
23
22
22
22
21
21
20
19
18
17
]7
17
15
14
14
13
12
12
11
11
10
8
8

1,782,000,000
1,740,000,000
1,800,000,000
915000,000
1,283,000,000
662 000,000
652,000,000
895,000,000
423,000,000
110,000,000
443000,000
256,000,000
676,000,000
930,000,000
550,000,000
263,000,000
958,000,000
727,000,000
410,000,000
297,000,000
245 000,000
414,000,000
260,000,000
338,000,000
555,000,000
1,361 000, 000
762,000,000
207,000,000
28,000,000
51,000,000
284 000 000
42,000,000
1,355,000,000
618,000,000
521,000,000
6,000,000
61,000,000
19,000,000
6,000,000

114,000,000
506,000,000
1,241,000,000
490,000,000
1,681,000,000
1,255,000,000
423,000,000
1,652,000,000
444,000,000
155,000,000
502000000
37,000,000
1,825 000,000
1,891,000,000
239,000,000
75,000,000
1,458,000,000
1,466,000,000
754,000,000
2,085,000,000
860,000,000
1,016,000,000
377,000 000
< ,097,000,000
042,000,000
,844,000,000
,884,000,000
285,000,000
165,000,000
47,000,000
155,000,000
14,000,000
3,744, 000 000
2,122,000,000
992,000,000
319,000 000
1,000,000
746,000,000
16,000,000

New York

Ohio..

California

New Hampshire
Connecticut

North Carolina

Massachusetts.

Iowa

Kentucky .

Maine

Tennessee

West Virginia
Washington

Georgia ....

Arkansas "...

Texas

Vermont . . : .

Oklahoma

Delaware ...

Maryland ....

Rhode Island

Louisiana

Mississippi

Florida

Montana ... . ...

Xansas

Idaho

South Dakota

OF OHIO S3

PLANING MILL PRODUCTS

In Ohio, as in other states, the output of the planing1 mills forms
the largest percentage of lumber used by the various industries.
Over a quarter of the total consumption in the State can be accounted
for in this line, and the average price paid for the various woods
ranks high above that of similar industries in other states.

There are but a few large sawmills in Ohio where, as in the
southern states, planing mills are operated in connection, making
flooring, ceiling, siding, stock, mouldings or finish, etc. A number
of portable mills have planers, but as a rule their production is small
and only for local consumption. The largest portion of the material
represented by the following table has been taken from the reports
of planing mills operating in cities and towns to the extent to which
they manufacture the above named products, but the material used
for general mill work turned out according to specifications or
special orders has been listed under the industry called "sash, doors,
blinds and general mill work."

The northern counties in Ohio bordering along the lakes, where
the excellent water transportation from Canada and Wisconsin plays
an important part, do not use southern pine for manufacturing
building materials but substitute hemlock, Norway pine and white
pine. In Cleveland and Toledo the large planing mills bring in these
woods in the rough, put it through the machines and produce
planing mill products shipped for sale in central Ohio, Indiana and
Pennsylvania.

Further to the south in Ohio yellow pine soon enters into com-
petition, until along the Ohio river very little white pine is used by
the planing mills, except the higher grades, which find service for
sash and doors. Norway pine was seldom reported in central and
southern Ohio as in the market Norwray is generally sold mixed with
white pine. A large quantity of material, principally yellow pine,
such as finish, flooring, siding, ceiling, etc., is manufactured in the
south and shipped north ready for use. This stock was not included
under this industry in Ohio but was accounted for in the report of
the State where it was manufactured.

Owing to its durability cypress forms one of the principal woods
used for 'siding, although white pine, especially in the northern
parts of the State, ranks high for this purpose. Yellow poplar
finish was formerly used extensively in this State, but the increasing
price of this wood renders substitution necessary. Very little
hardwood, such as beech, maple and oak, is manufactured into floor-
ing in this State. Small quantities were reported by planing mills
operated in connection with small sawmills, but most that is used in
Ohio was brought from adjoining states already manufactured.

WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES

TABLE XXXVI. Planing mill products

Kind of wood

Quantity used
annually

Average
cost per
1,000 ft.

Total
cost f . o. b.
factory

Grown in
Ohio
Feet b. m.

Grown our
of Ohio
Feet b. m

Feet b. m.

Percent

43,394,080
35 763 000
33,696,393
25 666,594
20,591,856

17,149,966
16 402,826
13,675,000
12 010,000
9,016,000

5 622,910
3,170,000
2 103,500
1 717000
1, 413, 000

1,199,000
1,110,660
924 100
845,000
548,260

515,000
400 000
324,750
271,600
270,000

251 000
200,000
192,000
180,000
178,000

125,000
125,000
75 000
62,000
30,000

25,000
20 000
15,000
10,000
8,000

17.41
14.34
13.52
10.30
8.26

6.88
6.58
5.49
4.82
3.62

2.25
1.27

.84
.69
.57

.48
.44
.37
.34
.22

.21
.16
.13
.11
.11

.10
.08
.08
.07
.07

.05
.05
.03
.02
.01

.01
.01
.01

*
*

$31.71
25.27
35.53
28.10
37.84

37.98
40.83
18.89
22.24
22.43

28-00
31.62
69-05
36.79
31.37

21.67
26.68
33.70
143.35
22.00

46.10
17.00
25.72
25.36
16.30

43.06
16.07
24.48
41 06
25.31

24.20
40.00
34.00
58.31
37.00

25.00
12.50
30.00
35.00
62.50

$1,376,061
903 640
1,197,226
721 161
779,097

651 290
669,718
258 385
267,160
202,272

157,460
100 250
145,257
63,170
44; 327

25,980
29,630
31,144
121,130
12,059

23,740
6,800
8,354
6,888
4,400

10,808
3,213
4 700
7,390
4; 506

3,025
5,000
2,550
3 615
1,110

625
.250
450
350
500

2,468,250

40,925,830
35 763,000
33,696,393
25 666 594
12,863,856

17,149,966
10,359,076
13 675 000
12,010,000

9; on ,000

3,639,000
3 170 000
2,003.000
1,691,000
893,000

270,000
391,000
210 000
845,000
70,000

515,000
300,000
50,000
170 000
270 ; 000

251,000
200,000
40,000
180,000
30,000

'i25,'66o

75.000
" 5,000

Longleaf pine
White pine
Shortleaf pine
Red oak

7,'728"666
6^043 J50

"'5,' 000
1,983,910

"io6|5oo

26,000
520,000

929,000
719,660
714| 100

478^260

lOO^OOO
274,750
101,600

White oak

Rirrh

Beech . . • •

Sugrar pine ,

Sycamore

Red cedar
Western white pine

i52^6o6

14^000
125,000

'62;000
25,000

25,000
20 000
15,000

8|000

Redwood

Black ash

Western yellow pine

Cherry ....

Pitch pine

10,000

Butternut

Total

249,296,495

100.00

$31.51

$7,854,691

22,772,780

226,523.715

''Less than 1-100 of one percent.

BOXES AND CRATES

• In nearly all other states box making stands near the head of the
list of industries in the amount of material consumed. In Ohio, it is
second, using- over 150 million feet in 1911. It is interesting to note
that in different parts of the State various woods predominate. In
the northern portion white pine is more largely used, the central
part reported cottonwood and shortleaf pine, while through the
southern portion yellow poplar and shortleaf were called for in large
quantities.

OF OHIO 55

It is an admitted fact that there is a surplus of low-grade lumber
in all parts of the country, and here is where the box industry plays
such an important part in the closer utilization of wood. Grades of
lumber that could be used in no other way find their places in boxes
and cratings.

Fig. 13. A lumber wharf on Lake Erie showing the white pine and hardwoods

that are shipped from the Lake States and Canada to northern

Ohio to be manufactured into planing mill products.

It should not be understood in reviewing- the table that most of
the lumber reported under this head enters into box manufacture.
An equal amount, if not more, is required for crating purposes.
There has been a tendency within the past few years to crate prac-
tically everything, whether infrangible or not. Even construction
stone, stoves and ranges and some steel girders are frequently
crated. The carriage builders require large amounts of lumber
annually for this purpose; sheet steel and tin plate are marketed in
wood crates, and the furniture factories, even those making a cheap
article, have given up the old method of wrapping the furniture in
burlap and excelsior pads for the improved system of crating.

WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES

Fig. 14. A nailing machine of an Ohio box maker.

OF OHIO 57

Yellow poplar and white pine surpass all other woods in fur-
nishing a supply for this industry, the two composing- 58 percent of
the total. The large amount of yellow poplar employed can be
accounted for in the fact that the states bordering- on the Ohio valley
constitute the yellow poplar center of the country. Freight rates
prohibit the shipment of this low-grade material to any great dis-
tance, hence it must be utilized near the producing markets. While
perhaps in some respects not as well suited for certain kinds of boxes
as one or two of the other 35 woods reported, yellow poplar can
nevertheless be classed generally as an excellent box and crating-
lumber. It is light in weight and color, and strong, nails well, and
is odorless and tasteless if needed for containers requiring those
qualities, low grades being used, its price is still within the limit of
this class of work.

White pine has long been one of the leading box woods, and
owing to Ohio's accessibility by water to the white pine forests it is
used in numerous industries that would perhaps employ other woods
if the price were higher. This wood enters largely into boxes of all
kinds, particularly those intended for food containers like locked
cornered starch and confectionary boxes where woods of odorless
and tasteless qualities are demanded. White pine is well suited for
printed matter since it dresses smooth and white. The entire
amount use'd was obtained without the State.

Shortleaf pine, beech and elm make excellent woods for crating
purposes. The two latter are obtained partly in the State, the
remainder coming from adjoining states. They answer with the
hardwoods, oak, ash, chestnut, etc., for purposes where a strong
wood is needed and one difficult to split, like the boxes in which steel
plate and tin plate are shipped, and where the weight of the wood is
not a considerable factor. Cherry and butternut are employed only
in small amounts and for the manufacture of special boxes, such as
are required for jewelry and silverware.

Most of the material is obtained in 4-4 inch stock, but some is
bought in 1-2, 5-8 and 3-4 inch lumber. For the wire-bound box,
which is rapidly coming into use, thin stock is required, ranging
from 1-8 inch to 1-2 inch in thickness. Red gum and cottonwood
furnishes the bulk of the supply of veneer for veneer boxes.
Veneer boxes are made not only with a single layer and wire-bound,
but of two and three-ply stock according to the size of the box and
the use for which it is intended.

WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES

TABLE XXXVII. Boxes and crates

Kind of wood

'Quantity used
annually

Average
cost per
1,000 ft.

Total cost
f. o. b.
factory

Grown in
Ohio
Feet b. m.

Grown out
of Ohio
Feet b. m.

Feet b. m.

Percent

38,779,666
35,896,790
11,429,613
9,851,816
7|338,629

7,074,109
6 343 739
6,094,795
5,623,025
4,468,945

4,333,000
2,824,308
1,912,601
1 758 750
1,731,000

1,702,100
1,267,175
765,000
688,820
660,000

600,000
561 992
449,000
200,000
199,400

190,000
155,000
150,000
150,000
105,000

53,000
25,000
20,000
8,000
7,000

25.28
23.40
7.45
6.42
4.78

4.61
4.13
3.97
3.67
2.91

2.82 .
1.84
1.25
1.15
1.13

1.11
.83
.50
.45
.43

.39
.37
.29
.13
.13

.12
.10
.10
.10
.07

.03
.02
.01
.01

•

$15.94
16.60
14.97
24.04
14.24

24.35
13.85
13.75
17.06
14.76

20.13
19.46
17.36
16.70
15.35

16.11
16.22
14.10
17.13
16-55

17.00
14.36
18.32
14.25
13 04

18 42
14.35
14.00
. 14.00
24.52

13 58
17.20
7.00
25.50
16.43

$618,100
595824
171,073
236,880
104,501

172,232

87,834
83,827
95 928
65,978

87,231
54,972-
33 198
29,365
26,567

27,418
20548
10,785
11,800
10,920

10,200
8,069
8 225
2,850
2,600

3,500
2 225
2,100
2,100
2; 575

720
430
140
204
115

2,984,000

'"25,'m
1,622,616

4,666,552
356,739
1,350 000
165,232
819,837

1,318,000

"so^eoi

336;600

ioo'.'ooo

20,000
300, 'OOO

35,795,666
35,896,790
11,429,613
9,826,816
5,716,013

2,407,557
5,987,000
4 744,795
5,457,793
3,649,108

3,015,000
2 824 308
1,105,000
1 758,750
1,395,000

1,702 100
1.1B7.175
745,000
688,820
360,000

600,000
262,992
449,000

199; 400
190,000

White pine

Beech

White elm .

Chestnut ....

Red oak . .

Spruce
White oak

Longrleaf pine
Hemlock

Birch

Balm of Gilead

Tamarack

299,000

2o6,"6o6
i55,'6o6

150,000
150 000
105,000

Red cedar

Black ash . . .

Willow

Hickory .

53,000

White ash

25,666

20.000

8;ooo

7,000

Cherry

Total

153,417,273

100.00

$16.89

2,591,034

15,990,577

137,426,696

"Less than 1-100 of 1 percent.

SASH, DOORS AND MILL WORK

Allied so closely with this industry that it is often difficult to
distinguish between them, are the products classified under planing
mills and those grouped under fixtures. Planing- mill products are
the more universal commodities which are kept in stock, such as
flooring, siding, ceiling, stock, moulding, etc. Under fixtures higher
priced woods including- many expensive cabinet woods are utilized
for specific purposes like show cases and other movable furnishings
not considered furniture, while the sash, door, etc., industry includes
sash, doors, frames, blinds, stairwork, built-in cupboards, mantels,
colonnades, grills, panels, wainscoting and all exterior and interior
finish worked according to special designs. From the average price
reported for the wood used it is evident that material required for
the products of this industry are the upper grades. Within recent
years the establishment of factories specializing in sash and door

OF OHIO

manufacture has already induced the general planing mill located,
as in Ohio, in nearly eyery city and town to abandon the making- of
these products because they can be bought in the open market more
advantageously than they can be manufactured in small quantities.
Many of the operators grouped under this industry, therefore, make
sash, doors and blinds only in special sizes, while most of the material
they used went for building purposes, known in trade as general
mill work. The tendency to manufacture building materials close
to the source of supply of raw material, in other words, close to the
sawmills, is largely on the increase and it is well inasmuch as it
undoubtedly' makes for economy for all concerned, including the
consumer. The available statistics showing the kinds of wood used
in the order of their importance as to quantity are presented in the
following table.

TABLE XXXVIII. Sash, doors, blinds and general mill work

Kind of wood

Quantity used
annually

A verag-e
cost per
1,000 ft.

Total cost
f. o. b.
factory

Grown in
Ohio
Feet b. m.

Grown out
of Ohio
Feet b. m.

Feet b. m. | Percent

Shortleaf pine

22,616,217
20,324,206
14 613,500
11,217,796
8,640,697

7,765,686
5,918,000
4,726,891
3,950,000
1,918,990

1,581.475
1,140,000
1,021,000
1,006,000
7«3,540

500,000
460,000
409,000
296,294
289,000

275,000
240,000
200,000
130,000
75,000

63,000
62 500
54,000
46500
33,000

30,000
25,000
15,000
• 10,000
10,000
500

20.48
18.40
13.23
10.16

7.82

7.03
5.36
4.28
3.58
1.74

1.43
1.03
.93
.91
.71

.45
.42
.37
.27
.26

.25
.22
.18
.12
.07

06
.06
.05
.04
.03

.03
.02

$29.05
35.36
37.20
39.30
43.48

27.56
39.05
46.13
25.00
43.19

29 51
27.66
35.24
32.29
13.17

19.76
33.24
52.66
141.93

44.89

46.73
39 52
32.00
28.62
36.00

35.29
38-43
51.57
50.32
20.15

21.67
22.48
333 33
410.00
40.00
70.00

$ 656,938
724,781
543,598
440,894
375,980

213,996
231.114
218,359
98,750
82,883

46,660
31,536
35,985
31 307
10,317

9,880
15292
21,536
42,054
12,972

12,850
9485
6,400
3 720
2,700

2,223
2,402
2,785
2 340
665

650
562
5 000
4 100
400
35

i;o75^6oo

2"954'506
2^496',6o6

22,616,217
19,249,206
14 613,500
11,217,796
5,686,197

7,765,686
3,422,000
4 726,891
3,950,000
18»;900

1,336,475
619,000
1,021,000
1,006,000
783540

450,000
286 000
409 000
296,294

147; ooo

275,000
240,000
200 000
95,000
75iOOO

63,000
23,000
10,000
23 000
3,000

30,000
15,000
15,000
10,000

io;ooo

White pine

White oak

Long-leaf pine
Red oak
Sutfar pine

""92 ,'666

245,000
521,000

Birch
Chestnut

Doug-las fir

Northern white cedar ....
Beech

50,000
174,000

142 ^ 000

35,'66o

39'; 500
44,000
23 500
30,000

io, "600

'500

Western white pine

White ash

Western 3'ellow pine
Spruce
Western red cedar
Cotton wood

Red cedar

Sycamore '.
Black walnut
Cherry

Hemlock
White elm

Circassian walnut
Eng-lish oak
Hickory
Butternut

Total

110 447 792

• 100.00

$35.32

$3 901 149

7,932,000

102 515,792

*Less than 1-100 of one percent.

WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES

OF OHIO 61

VEHICLES AND PARTS

In contrast with the rapid increase in the automobile industry
there has probably been a decline in the consumption of wood for the
manufacture of horse-drawn vehicles, and a number of firms priorly
specializing: in building: buggies and wag-ons have added to their
business the making- of auto-vehicles, either pleasure cars or com-
mercial trucks. The chang-e has not materially affected the relative
standing* of the manufacture of horse-drawn vehicles as this industry
is still a very important line of manufacturing in the State and in the
number of vehicles turned out is one in which Ohio leads all other
States.

It was deemed advisable in segregating the industries to include
vehicle "parts" under this table, since some firms devote their
entire plant and equipment to the manufacture of component parts,
such as spokes, rims, hubs and poles. Often carriag-e manufacturers
are practically nothing more than assemblers of parts and enter into
production merely as finishers. The southern States, with their
comparatively large supplies of hickory and oak, the two important
woods of this line of manufacture, are the sources of the main supply.
Club turned spokes, rim strips, and g-ear woods, partly finished, are
shipped into Ohio in large quantities trom this section. These
semi-finished products were not taken into account when collecting
information for this report since the wood used has already been or
will be credited to the States producing- them. Likewise it was
impractical in collecting- statistics for this report to include materials
used by the small wheelwrig-ht or country blacksmith, who in the
aggregate would not consume a great amount and g-enerally buys
what he does use in a partly finished condition.

The large amount of hickory consumed, mainly, 29,324,100 feet,
indicates that it is the premier wood in vehicle making. Its use is
confined mainly to the production of spokes and bent rims for bug-gy
wheels, and to a larg-e extent for g-ear parts. In the manufacture of
heavy wagons white and red oak, the latter to a much less extent,
have been the favorite woods. They answer for felloes, hubs,
spokes, • axlesL, hounds, bolsters, poles, etc., and are the standard
wagon-woods of the country. Mortised wag-on hubs are larg-ely
made of elm, both white and rock, and woods for gear parts other
than the hickories and oaks are sug-ar maple, white ash, beech, black
locust, etc.

Yellow poplar, which comes third in the list, indicates the high
grades of this class of manufacture, since only the best carriag-es,
delivery wagons and automobiles could afford this wood, on -account
of the hig-h prices demanded. Formerly yellow poplar was used for

WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES

wag-on boards, but of late years it has been replaced with cotton,
wood, red gum and yellow pine. It is the principal paint
wood for fine vehicle bodies and in the early stages of auto-
mobile manufacture was almost entirely the only material used for
limousine and other style motor car bodies. Its affinity for paint
and capacity for taking- a high polish, together with its width and
clear grades gave it the preference over other woods. Manufacturers
of bodies, which is practically a distinct industry, now report that
metal has almost entirely supplanted wood in this respect, being-
more satisfactory because the hidden defects of the former are apt
to show with each change of temperature. Ash and maple are
g-enerally used for body frames, where great strength is required.
All of the richer cabinet woods reported were employed by the
automobile maker, the windshield and steering- wheel especially
requiring- woods of beautiful grain and capable of hig-h finish.

Fig. 16. A small carriage maker who has converted his business
to making automobile bodies.

Beech is largely used for the felloes of heavy vehicles, and a
considerable amount is noted; but all of this wood does not enter into
felloes; indeed the larg-er part of it is converted into wheelbarrows.
Although beech is a strong and stiff wood and wears well and long,
it is more likely to break under a sudden jar or strain than whfte oak.

"White oak is preferred for skeined axles. Red oak and sugar

OF OHIO

maple are also used but some object to maple because it is said that
where the iron skein is clamped to maple the axle will not last as long-
as with the oaks, owing- to dry rot caused by contact with the metal.
In many parts of the country steel axles are replacing oak, this being
especially true in the Mississippi valley and eastern states. Statis-
tics show that this change has been very rapid, having reached an
average of about seventy-five percent during the past decade. The
average cost of the steel axle is about $10 per set more than wood.
Besides wagons, carriages and automobiles, there are included
under this industry such vehicles as warehouse trucks, push carts,
sleighs and cutters; but it is unnecessary to mention in detail the
woods that enter into their manufacture, because the requirements
are the same as for other vehicles. No doubt not a little of the hard
maple reported is utilized for bobsleds and cutter sleighs, owing to
its strength and rigidity, as well as its lower price.

TABLE XXXIX, Vehicles and vehicle parts

Kind of wood

Quantity used
annually

Average
cost per
1,000 ft.

Total cost
f. o. b.
factory

Grown in
Ohio
Feet b. m.

Grown out
of Ohio
Feet b. m.

Feet b. m.

Percent

29,324,100
19 701,012
8,918,884
6 182841
6,083,570

2,556,000
2,518,081
2,260,000
1,633,064
1,603,987

1,297,108
1,201,308
605,000
• 587,000
427,000

358,000
232,000
80 850
26,340
25,000

18,620
12,000
10,800
10,000
10,000

4 000
3,170
2,000

34.22
22.99
10.41
7.22
7.10

2.98
2.94
2.64
1.91
1.87

1.51
1.40
.71
.69
.50

.42
.27
.10
.03
.03

.02
.01
.01
.01
.01

$ 44.34
37.07
52.92
43.81
17.55

35.33
44 00
19.70
26.09
39.08

36.77
22.66
41.94
28.46
28.53

43.55

28.92
50.06
138.83
48.00

30.93
62 50
3963
35.00
45.00

35.00
200 00
75.00

$1,300,352
730,335
471,987
• 270,847
106>1

90,315
110,801
44530
42,612
62i 682

47,700
27,218
25375
16,704
12; 183

15,591
6,710
4,047
3,657
1>0

576
750
428
350
450

140
634
150

8,271,400
9,925,000
414,000
2,367,000
5,668,570

1,678,000
939,500
755,000
14,187
992,000

22,000
1,090,000
573,000

159 ', 000

ia.'ooo

i2,'666
5,'666

10,000
4,000

21,052,700
9,776,012
8,504,884
3,815,841
415,000

878,000
1,578581
1,505,000
1 618877
611,987

1,275,108
111,308
32,000
587000
268,000

358,000
232 000
67,850
26,340
25,000

18620

i6,"800
5,000

3"i70
2,000

52,779,078

White oak

White ash..

Sugar maple
Beech

Black ash

Cottonwood
White elm

Birch

Black walnut

Mahogany
Chestnut

Silver maple
Cherry

White pine

Locust —

Sycamore

Circassian walnut

Total

85,691,735

100.00

$39.62 $3,395,115

32,912,657

"Less than 1-100 of one percent.

WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES

OF OHIO 65

CAR CONSTRUCTION

'Ohio, with its vast network of railroads and trolley lines, is an
advantageous location for car building industries. As indicated,
however, in table following-, the manufacture of high-class cars, such
as parlor, sleeping, diners and observation cars, which require
expensive cabinet woods, is not a factor of this industry. To the
contrary, the material reported goes largely into building and
repairing freight cars, locomotive cabs and pilots, passenger coaches
and the building of electric cars for street railway and interurban
service. Grain door material is included in this table and lumber
demanded for the construction of mine cars and contractors' dump
cars.

In Ohio as in most of the other States already studied for wood
consumptioH, longleaf pine heads the list of woods in quantity for
car building. It meets many uses but principally for structural
parts where great strength is required like sills, brake beams, body
posts, dead blocks, bolsters, plates, draft timbers, etc., and in this
respect is a competitor of red and white oak and Douglas fir.
Douglas fir, possessing qualities similar in strength, durability and
adaptability, to the other woods for car building, is consumed only
to a limited extent, owing to its relatively higher price delivered to
Ohio points. If there is a reduction in the rate of transportation
possible after the opening of the Panama Canal, it may lessen the
price and bring Douglas fir, which is already held in high favor, into
greater prominence in Ohio and other eastern markets. This wood
is not only suitable for framing and other parts of freight cars but
for interior finish of passenger and trolley cars where the high polish
it takes and its conspicuous figure make it sufficiently ornamental
to be used for this purpose. The finish woods reported' by Ohio
car builders are white ash, red oak, white oak, red gum, mahogany,
birch and cherry, also padouk and black walnut in small quantities.
Shortleaf pine, longleaf, Norway pine and cypress were used mainly
in the superstructure of box cars. They supplied the material for
carline, ridge poles, roof ribs, belt rails, outer sheathing or siding,
lining, inside roof, roof boards and many other parts of both
passenger and freight cars. Yellow poplar meets many uses for
interior work of passenger cars but its chiefest use, with limited
quantities of cottonwood and basswood, is for outside panel work.

WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES

TABLE XL. Car construction

Kind of wood

Quantity used
annually

Average
cost per
1,000 ft.

Total cost
f. o. b.
factory

Grown in
Ohio
Feet b. m.

Grown out
of Ohio
Feet b. m.

Feet b. m.

Percent

16,599,615
13,404,535

8,481,757
4,598,715
3,629,322

2,762,025
2,450,700
1089 472
629,417
613,581

517,295
302,000
220,000
213,000

177i 982

129,000
80,000
65,789
54 927
52,224

32,733
30,000
18296
14,000
12,000

9,000
8,000
4,200
1,300

29.54
23.85
15.09
8.18
6.46

4.91
4.36
1.94
1.12
1.09

.92
.54
.39
.38
.32

.23
.14
.12
.10
.09

.06
.05
.03
.02
.02

.02
.01
.01

$27.33
28.31
23.25
43.50
32 29

25.35
47.83
109.12
23.42
76.24

34.18
32.55
30.73
22.50
27.91

65.00
32.50
16.66
39.67
24.09

34.98
24.00
36.13
125.00
40.00

90.00
26.00
20.00
250.00

$453,710
379,459
197 193
200,030
117,206

70,028
117,219
118,887
14,742
46; 782

17,679
9,830
6,760
4 792
4,968

8,385
2,600
1 096
2,179
1J258

1,145
720
661
1,750

480

810
208
84
325

16,599,615
3,091,830
2,367,413
4,593,219
3,629,322

2,762,025
1,725,024
1,089,472
629 417
556,782

396,529
300,000

2' is ',666

45,750

129,000
80 000
65,789
54,927
40,200

32 733
30,000
8,042
14,000
7,000

MOO

i,'306

White oak

10,312,705
6,114,344
5,496

Red oak ...

725; 676

'56,'799

120,766
2,000
220,000

13" 2-; 232

iz'.m

16 | 254

'5,'m

9,000

'4,266

White ash

Norway pine

Cherry

Sugar maple

Bur oak

Western larch.

Black ash

Birch . .

Chestnut

Douglas fir .

Padouk

White elm
Black walnut

Red grum
Beech
Circassian walnut

Total

56,200,885

100.00

$ 31.69

$1,780,986

17,730,496

38,470,389

*Less than 1-100 of one percent.

FURNITURE

The manufacture of furniture is one of the oldest industries in
the State, and at the same time one of the most important, twenty-
seven woods being- required to meet the demand. Chairs and kitchen
cabinets are not a part of this industry, but have been considered
under separate classifications. Commodities grouped in the follow-
ing- table are bedroom furnishings, chiffoniers and bureaus, dining-
tables and buffets, parlor outfits, including frames for upholstered
furniture, hall racks, desks, china closets and bookcases. Many of
the woods reported are used only in parts that are not visible, such
as cores for veneering, frames, and brackets and table slides. In
such places beauty of finish is not required, and the cheaper woods
are employed. The other woods are selected for show and must be
of high grade without defect, having- a pleasing figure and capable of
polish. The use of veneer in this line of manufacture and the artful
staining- of inferior woods enable the furniture makers to turn out
the attractive products at much lower prices than they could other-
wise afford. Indeed it is a rare occasion when the expensive woods,

OF OHIO 67

such as mahogany, Circassian walnut and black walnut are used in
solid pieces. Veneer is bought from the veneer mills in surface
measure, the sheets ranging- from 1-24 inch to 1-8 inch in thickness.
As a rule, the expensive foreign woods are obtained in the former
thickness. Cores, or the backing- to which veneer is glued, are made
of solid lumber or built-up lumber. The latter is purchased already
made built of several layers of cheap veneers glued with the grains
transversing. Built-up lumber is rapidly growing in favor every-
where with furniture makers. It has the qualities of not warping
and being light with exceptional strength.

In Ohio white oak is the principal furniture wood and next to it
red oak, which furnishes about one-half as much as white oak. With
these two, over 52 percent of the total of the furniture material can
be accounted for. A large amount of the oak reported is quartered
oak, for this industry absorbs the largest amount of quartered stock
reported by any other class of manufacture in Ohio. It costs con-
siderably more than the plain sawed oak, owing to the fact that only
prime logs are used, the waste in quarter sawing is greater, and
more skilled labor, and time are required in producing it. The
enhanced beauty of quarter-sawed wood is due to figures and waves
of the grain caused by sawing tangentially across the medullary rays.

Sugar maple and yellow poplar are employed in about equal
amounts. Part of the maple is required for the outside or finish,
especially the bird's-eye or mottled wood, but the main portion is
made into drawer sides and bottoms, couch frames, table slides,
tops, legs, etc. Yellow poplar, although greatly in demand for
backing, the bottoms of drawers and coring, is used also for the
exterior of furniture in painted or enameled work.

Red gum is of great service in two ways, now that the difficulties
of seasoning the wood have been fairly well overcome, which hereto-
fore prevented its extensive use. It goes, like yellow poplar, into
hidden work and besides is a favorite wood for finish, either in natural
color, where sometimes its richly mottled wood resembles Circassian
walnut, or it can be stained so as to be a close imitation of mahogany
and other cabinet woods. It is not uncommon for furniture makers
to call products made from red gum resembling Circassian walnut
hazel wood. The idea of giving new names to this wood likely
originated abroad, where it is called satin walnut and where it was
used for cabinet work before its adaptability was considered in this
country.

Hemlock and buckeye went for backs of case goods and drawer
sides, but were reported only in small quantities. Basswood was
the favorite for interior work, especially shelving, and it also served

WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES

for matress frames, bed slats and table rails. Chestnut was the
chief wood for veneer backing, serving- for tops of tables and case
goods, drawer fronts and other panel work. Parlor furniture
frames were made from sugar maple, birch, ash and mahogany,
while davenport and couch frames were of yellow pine, maple, red
gum, yellow poplar and oak. Black walnut answered for wardrobes
and bedsteads. The large amount of mahogany indicates the
popularity of this finish. It was reported to a large extent as veneer.

TABLE XLI. Furniture

Kind of wood

Quantity used
annually

Average
cost per
1,000 ft.

Total
cost f. o. b.
factory

Grown in
Ohio
Feet b. m.

Grown out
of Ohio
Feet b. m.

11,620,601
6,104,059
2,603,400
2 884 703
2,766,300

2,055,600
895,000
1,046 828
750,700
846,098

785,000
274,640
202,000
150,000
1051000

102,000
75,000
60,000
27i500

20,000
15,000

'5,5W
500

500
500

Feet b. m.

Percent

White oak ....

15,704,982
7 415 059
3,603,400
3,086,703
2;766;300

2,257,100
1,558,500
1,046,828
922 801
876,996

870,000
274,640
202 000
150,000
105,000

103,000
95,000
60,000
50,900
SOiOOO

20,000
15,000
5,700
5,500
' 500

500
500

38.09
17.99

8.74
7.49
6.71

5.48
3.78
2.54
2.24
2.13

2.11
.67
.49
.36
.25

.25
.23
.15
.12
.07

.05
.04
.01
.01

*
*

$ 40.84
39.86
26.72
30.43
25.21

20.92
27.13
121.82
27.35
30.82

26.02
25.03
17.40
16.00
46.43

24.68
20.79
35.00
67.88
35.00

35.00
35.00
89.12
281.82
240.00

350 00
360.00

$ 641,452
295,550
96298
93,930
69,751

47,219
42285
127,524

22,640
6,874
3 514
2,400

4,875

2,542
1,975
2,100
3,455
1,050

700
525
508
1,550
120

175
180

4,084,381
1 311 000
1,000,000
202*000

201,500
663,500

Red oak

Chestnut ...

Basswood

Mahogany

Silver maple

172,101
30,898

85,000

Birch .

White elm. ..

White ash

Hemlock

1,000
20,000

23 i 400
30,000

5J700

Cotton Rum. .

Red cedar.

Hickory

Beech

Black walnut

Shortleaf pine

Sycamore

Cherry

Circassian walnut.

Ebony

Rosewood .

Padouk

Total

41,226,909

100.00

$ 36.90

$1,521,463

7,830,480

33,396,429

*Less than 1-100 of one percent.

AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS

Ohio is one of the leading agricultural states, and with the
propaganda of scientific farming gaining converts each year the use
of agricultural implements in place of the old makeshift methods of
farming has greatly advanced. The growing cost and scarcity of
farm labor has aided in this industry. Ohio is now among the fore-
most in this manufacture, consuming 38,659,200 board feet annually.
All kinds of farm machinery are produced, from a threshing machine
to a hand hay rake. Such implements as hoes, pitchforks, garden
rakes, etc., have been excluded because they consume wood only for
handles and this material has been considered under Table XXVI.

OF OHIO 69

Twenty-seven woods were employed for implements, of which
more than four-fifths were shipped into the State, the home market
supplying only 6,488,000 board feet. The tendency to substitute
metal for wood in this line of manufacture is growing rapidly.
Some implements are entirely of steel where formerly they were
mostly of wood. Plows, whiffle and singletrees, horse rakes and
eveners are examples. Shortleaf and longleaf pine, red and white
oak, cottonwood, maple, hickory, yellow poplar and basswood are
the main woods employed, and the average cost, $29.30, signifies that
a fairly high grade of lumber is used. This is the only industry in
which red oak is employed in greater amounts than white oak.
These two woods are used in larger quantities than any other two,
furnishing over one-fourth of the total. The strength and hardness
of these woods render them most important and they enter into a
variety of uses.

Shortleaf and longleaf pine, which comprise nearly one-quarter
of the total, are almost ideal material for farm implement manu-
facture. They are lacking in toughness, which unfits them for
certain purposes, but next to the oaks they are demanded ahead of
any other woods.

Cottonwood, basswood, red gum and yellow poplar are well
suited, like the pines and maples, for certain parts. Their weight
in proportion to strength, ease of working, and the fact that they
take paint readily, make them well liked. The use of yellow poplar
is decreasing, however, because the manufacturers cannot afford to
pay the price for the grades desired. Red gum and cottonwood are
the principal substitutes.

Where hardness or the quality to wear smooth is desired, maple
and beech are used. Ash was employed largely in competition with
oak, while hickory entered into parts where elasticity with shock
resisting and strength tendencies were demanded. Six hundred
thousand feet of Douglas fir were used by the implement makers.
This wood has all the desirable qualities of longleaf pine and is a
strong competitor of it in every way except price, which, on account
of the freight rates, is much higher. The uses of the various woods
reported by the implement makers are as follows:

ASH Separator parts

Animal pokes Threshing machine parts
Cider mill cylinders BASSWOOD

Cultivator beams

Hand corn planters Fans (bodies)

Handles (drill plow) Frames (fan screen and hopper)

Handles (cultivator) Seed huller parts

Handles (scraper) Slats (fan mills)

Rake heads Threshing machine parts

WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES

BEECH

Braces (wheelbarrow)
Ensilage cutters
Frames (shelter)
Handles (wheelbarrow)
Handles (scraper)
Neck yokes

Posts (cider mill, corn shelter, feed cutter)
Sills (fan mills)
Wheelbarrow sides

CHESTNUT
Levers (feed grinder)

Posts (cider mill, corn shelter, feed cutter)
Tables (feed cutter)

COTTONWOOD
Ensilage cutters
Fan mill boxes
Feed boxes
Grain drill hoppers
Swath boards
Wheelbarrow sides

CUCUMBER
Hay rack beams

CYPRESS

Separator (interior parts)
Threshing- machine (interior parts)

ELM

Feed cutters
Frames (wheelbarrow)
Handles (scraper)
Platforms (reaper and mower)
Rollers for mowers
Separator or threshing- machinery parts

RED GUM
Beater bars
Divider boards
Paddles (manure spreader)
Tables (manure spreader)
Rye dividers

HEMLOCK
Potato sorter parts

HICKORY
Doubletrees
Eveners
Hitches
Huller parts
Levers

Pitman's mowers
Pitman's threshers
Revolving horse rakes
Shaft bars
Separator parts
Silage cutter parts
Singletrees
Teeth (hand rake)
Tongues
Wagon jacks

MAPLE

Beds (manure spreader)
Doubletrees
Eveners (harrow)
Feeder cutters
Frames (cleaner)

Frames (ensilage cutter)

Frames (manure spreader)

Frames (pulley)

Frames (shelter)

Frames (wheelbarrow)

Hand corn planters

Corn huller boxes

Legs (fan mills)

Neck yokes

Poles (mower, reaper, binder)

Poles (cultivator)

Posts (cider mill)

Posts (corn shelter)

Rakes

Rakes (revolving hay)

Separators (interior parts)

Frames

Singletrees

Sling sticks

Stubs

Swath boards (binders and mowers)

Threshing machines (interior parts)

Wheelbarrows

Pulley frames (hay loader)

OAK, WHITE AND RED

Animal pokes

Belt slats

Bobsleds

Bottoms (manure spreader)

Brake beams

Cider mills

Corn shelters

Cross bars (hay loaders)

Cross pieces (manure spreaders)

Doubletrees

Ensilage cutters

Eveners

Feed cutters

Frames (drag harrow)

Frames (com shelter)

Handles (cultivator)

Handles (plow)

Harrows

Harrow bars

Hullers

Levers

Neck yokes

Plow beams

Rakes

Reel arms (binders)

Rims (clover huller and motor truck)

Scraper parts

Separator parts

Sills (corn grinder)

Singletrees

Sling hay carriers

Stanchions

Stoneboats

Thresher parts

Tongues

Potato sorter frames and legg

Trucks (silage cutter)

Wagon jacks

Wheelbarrows

Whiffle trees

OF OHIO

YELLOW PINE, LONGLEAF

AND SHORTLEAF
Beds (wagon)
Boxes (feed mill)
Crushers
Cultivators

Drags for handling1 grain
Draw bars (harrow)
Elevator heads
Frames (wagon)
Lids (grain drill hopper)
Pole stock

Poles (potato digger)
Poles (sled and roller)
Poles (cultivator, disc harrow, land roller)
Rakes (side delivery)
Seed boxes (grain drill)
Separator parts

Sides and side sills (manure spreaders)
Spreader boxes
Sweeps (feed mill)

Thills (manure spreader)
Threshing machine parts
Tongues (rollers)

SUGAR PINE
Separator (interior parts)
Threshing machine (interior parts)

YELLOW POPLAR
Bodies (fan mills)
Cider mill parts
Corn sheller sides
Feed cutter tables
Frames (hopper)
Hopper boxes (grain drill)
Separator parts
Panels (boxes)
Sled cultivators
Potato sorter parts
Compartments (drill hopper)

SYCAMORE
Threshing- machine parts

TABLE XLII. Agricultural implements

Kind of wood

Quantity used
annually

Average
cost per
1,000 ft.

Total
cost f. o. b.
factory

Grown in
Ohio
Feet b. m.

Grown out
of Ohio
Feet b. m.

Feet b. m.

Percent

Shortleaf pine

6,370,500
6,362,100
4,822,600
4,805,000
4,187,000

3,533,000
1,691,500
1,530.700
1,117,000
883JOOO

833,000
600,000
465 000
413,000
406; 000

350,000
243,000
207 000
148,000
126;000

105,000
85,000
83 500
50,500
50,000

41,000
800

16.12
16.10
12.21
12.16
10.60

8.94
4.28
3.87
2.83
2.23

2.11
1.52
1.18
1.05
1.03

.89
.61
.52
.37
.32

.27
.22
.21

:ii

.10

$24.51
16 50
37.36
38.94
27.98

34.88
43.87
37.38
20 60
29.70

22.18
36.00
33.11
27.10

18.47

13.00
31.17
16.22
28.04
44.21

24.62
31.76
30.99
30.30
30.00

74.39
40.00

$156,147
105,004
180 166
187,130
mi 138

123,242

74,205
57,214
23,007
26i 224

18,473
21,600
15395
11,191
7;500

4,550
7,575
3 357
4,150
5; 570

2,585
2,700
2 588
1,530

i,m

3,050
32

6,370,500
5907000
2,483,000
4,805000
2,155,000

3,533,000
1,185000
1,434,700
1 117000
671,000

475,000
600,000
465,000
413,000
130,000

350,000
21,000
207,000

Red oak

455,100
2,339,600

2', '63' 2; 666

White oak .

Cotton wood
Sugar maple

Longleaf pine

Hickory.

506,500
96,000

2i2,'666

358,000

Yellow poplar
Red gum \

Basswood

Beech

Douglas fir

Norway pine

White pine

276;666

Chestnut

Birch ,

Black ash.

222,000

Hemlock

Cork elm.

148,000
126;000

85,000
85,000
65;000

41,000
800

White ash

White elm

20,000

is.'soo

50500
50,000

Sycamore

Silver maple
Cypress

Sugar pine

Bur oak.

Cucumber

Total

39,509,200

100.00

$29.43

$1,162,823

7,048,000

32,461,200

*Less than 1-100 percent.

72-

WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES

HANDLES

Handles manufactured in Ohio can properly be divided into four
classes: First, garden tool and fork handles, like hoe, rake, spade
and D shovel, long- handle shovels, pitch and hay fork handles, etc.
In the quantity of wood consumed the making- of this class in Ohio
is far more important than the others. Ash is .the principal wood,
white ash being- preferred, but black or gray ash is quite suitable
and largely demanded. Stiffness and strength without weight are
qualities of ash which fit it preeminently for this line of manufacture.
Other woods serve with ash, but according to quantity they are
relatively unimportant. They included sugar maple, beech and
elm, for garden tools, and the two first named with basswood for
fork and shovel handles.

Fig. 18. Mop handle and chair dowels and mill waste from which
they are manufactured.

Second are track tool, sledge and axe handles. Besides excep-
tional strength these tools require handles with the important
quality of stiffness and shock resisting ability, which is found in
hickory in a greater degree than any other wood. A small quan-
tity of young second growth white oak is reported for pick handles
but aside from that hickory alone in Ohio is used for making com-
modities of this class.

The third class are broom, mop and miscellaneous handles.
Large quantities of sugar or hard maple squares are required each
year in Ohio for brooms and according to amounts this wood is the

OF OHIO

most important. It is not, however, the only suitable broom, handle
wood and does not hold relatively the important position in this as
ash does in the first and hickory in the second class described
above. Beech, basswood, ash and sycamore were the other broom
handle woods, hickory being- called on for street and stable broom
handles and sugar maple for handles of carpet sweepers. Mop
handles are made of the same woods only of little lower grades. In
Illinois red gum is extensively used for them.

A variety of handles not yet mentioned and belonging to each of
the three classes have been listed together with the woods from
which they are made. They are:

CLASS

(i)

(2)

(3)

•2}
(33

KINDS WOODS

Cant hook handles .................................................... j Hickory

I Sugar maple

Jack lever handles ......................................... . ......... i %&££>*

( Hard maple
Mi-handles ............. ............

Ash
Tinware handles ................................................... .. . J g^ maPle

\ Soft maple

f Sugar maple
Spoon, dipper and other utensil holders and handles ................ I Beech

) Red gum
I Basswood

Pump handles.

j White oak

• White ash

( Sugar maple
Fence wire stretcher handles j Hickory elm

I Rock elm
Brush poles for long- handle brushes J Basswood

/ Oak

TABLE XLIII. Handles

Kind of wood

Quantity used
annually

Average
cost per
1,000 ft.

Total
cost f. o. b.
factory

Grown in
Ohio
Feet b. m.

Grown out
of Ohio
Feet b. m.

Feet b. m.

Percent

White ash

12,195,000
3,811,998
3,766,322
3,435,935
2,255,372

2,075,916
1,020,000
960,000
708,385
100,000

63,307
40,000
30,000
23,498
1,000

40.00
12.50
12.35
11.27
7.40

6.81
3.34
3.15
2.32
.33

.21
.13
.10

.08
*

$31.24
22.76
30.81
24.14
29.37

20.43
21.91
23.67
23.39
26.00

24.39
20.00
24.00
13.36
12.00

$380,974
86 773
116,040
82 931
66,232

42,410
22 350
22,725
16,566
2,600

1,544
800
720
314
12

11,415,000
3,206,998
3,263,322
2,710,935
2,240,372

1,295,916

i;oi5;ooo

"553';385

780,000
1,605,000
503,000
725,000
15,000

780,000
5,000
960,000
155,000
100,000

'26,'666

Sugrar maple

Black ash.

Hickory
White oak

Beech

Cork elm

Red gum

Birch.. .

White elm

63,307
20,000
30,000
23,498
1,000

Red oak.

Bur oak

Silver maple

Total

30,486,733

100.00

$27.65

$842,991

24,838,733

5,648,000

*Less than 1-100 of one percent.

WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES

MATCHES

The manufacture of matches is not a common industry in Ohio,
although a considerable amount of wood is utilized for this purpose.
White pine, the principal wood employed, constitutes 97 percent of
the total. Not a single foot of this wood was obtained in the State.
Within recent years Canada has supplied a large amount, and the
remainder is brought from California, Oregon and the Rocky
Mountain States.

It will be noticed that spruce is another wood appearing in the
table following. It was not used for matches but was converted into
match cases. The Virginia report shows that yellow poplar, bass-
wood and soft maple supplied the match stick material. New York,
Pennsylvania, Maine, and Wisconsin factories consume white pine
and some of them a little basswood, while lawson cypress, usually
called Port Orford cedar, and sugar pine in large quantities are the
woods out of which the California-made matches are manufactured.
In Europe poplar, more often called cottonwood in this country, is
extensively used, and it makes an excellent match, many of them
being shipped to this country.

Wood for match making should be straight-grained, easily
worked, and readily ignited and inflammable. A very important
consideration is to get a wood that will not retain the glowing ember
after the flame has been extinguished. A white, soft and long fibre is
also desirable. All match stock is obtained either in 2 inch or 3 inch
plank, or in blocks averaging 2x2 3-8 inches and any length. An
exceptionally good grade of stock is demanded. The veneer match
is growing in popularity but none of them were reported as being
made -in Ohio. They are cut from thin sheets and made into match
books used mainly as an advertising novelty. Soft maple is the
principal wood used.

TABLE XLIV. Matches

Kind of wood

Quantity used
annually

Averag-e
cost per
1,000 ft.

Total cost
f. o. b.
factory

Grown in Grown out
Ohio of Ohio
Feet b. m. Feet b. m.

Feet b. m.

Percent

White pine
Spruce

24,000,000
750,000
250,000

96.00
3.00
1.00

$34.74
20.00
35.50

$833,875
15,000
8 875

| 24,000,000
750 000

Western white pine

250,000

Total

25,000,000

100.00

$34.31

$857 750

25,000,000

FIXTURES

The classified products under furniture, sash, doors and general
millwork and fixtures are closely related and so of ten overlap that the
lines separating the industries are difficult to define. Fixtures

OF OHIO 75

properly include equipment for offices, stores, lodge rooms, saloons,
banks, hotel lobbies, court houses, churches and cabinets for dentists
and surgeons, account registers, cash registers and index files, besides
other special work of similar character too varied to mention. These
are distinguished from the class of material going into high grade
inside finish, mantels, and house cabinet work, included in general
millwork by the fact that when in place the latter are stationary, while
fixtures are movable. They are separated from furniture accord-
ing to the uses of the finished products. Office and store desks,
tables and book cases belong under the heading fixtures, while simi-
lar commodities for the residence are put in the furniture class.
Practically the same woods and grades are employed for fixtures as
for furniture, and they are generally speaking of two classes, one
for outside work, the other for interior parts not intended to show.
For the former veneer stock is largely used and rapidly growing in
favor, chestnut being the favorite wood supplying the backing or
core material. Solid woods for finish are probably given preference
over veneer work, which largely accounts for the high average price
as shown in the table.

White oak furnishes 30.30 percent of the total fixture woods and
about one-third of the supply is obtained in the State. In every
state oak is a great favorite in this line and will always be one of
the principal woods for exterior work. Included with the amounts
of this wood is a large quantity of quartered oak. For high-grade
fixtures quartered material is preferred to plain wood, since the
beauty of the grain can be shown to a better advantage. In price,
however, quartered oak averages about $12 to $20 per thousand feet
higher.

Birch is ahead of any wood for imitating mahogany, which
accounts for its use among the finishing woods. While yellow pop-
lar in considerable quantity is made into panels for painted and
enameled work, the greater part, with basswood and maple, is
utilized for backing, shelving and hidden work. The average cost of
red oak is lower than white and a notable difference is found in the
quantity used. It being more porous, requires a greater amount
of filler in the finishing, which, in part, tends to offset the variation
in price. Three foreign woods are included in the requisition
of the fixture makers. They are mahogany, Circassian walnut, and
teakwood. Practically all the Circassian walnut is used in veneer
form, and is lower in average price than that shown in the other
industries reporting it. The small amount of teak used comprises
the entire amount returned for the State. It is a very hard wood

WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES

and a large portion of the supply shipped to this country comes
from India. This is one of the industries that calls on the State for
a good portion of its raw material, about three-eighths of the total
amount being grown in Ohio.

TABLE XLV. Fixtures

Kind of wood

Quantity used
annually

Average
cost per
1,000 ft.

Total cost
f. o. b.
factory

Grown in
Ohio
Feet b. m.

Grown out
of Ohio
Feet b. m.

Feet b. m.

Percent

White oak

4,234,305
1,829,400
1 443 844
1,421,600
1,248,000

968,445
762,300
643 364
536,000
322,000

151,000
145000

85,000
57,000
30,000

25,600
20,000
20 000
12,600
12,000

6,000
1,000

30.30
13.09
10.33
10.17
8.93

6.93
5.46
4.60
3.84
2.30

1.08
1.04
.61
.41
.22

.18
.14
.14
.09
.09

.04
.01

$ 46.97
25.65
37.80
37.42
39.96

22.31
25.53
. 142.54
20.99
30.23

32.02
26.79
30.00
40.00
40.83

41.17
25.00
22.50
59.84
38.00

225.00
250.00

$198,872
46,933
54 573
53,199
49;876

21,605
19 464
91,702
11 253
9|734

4,835

3,885

1^225

1,054
500
450
754
456

1,515,534
] 759400
10,000
297 100
578,000

118,445
347,300

2,718,771
70,000
1,433,844
1 124 500
670,000

850,000
415,000
643 364
36,000
322,000

151,000
145,000
85,000
57,000
25;000

2,000
20,000

Sugar maple

Birch..

Red oak

Chestnut

Bas swood

White elm

500,000

Shortleaf pine.

Cypress .

Red gum.

Longrleaf pine
White pine.

Cottonwood

5,000
23,600

'26 ,'666

12,600

Cherry.

Beech

Silver maple
Black walnut

White ash

Circassian walnut
Teak

12,000

6,000
1,000

Total

13,974,458

100.00

$ 41.28

$576,800

1,186,979

8,787,479

BUNGS

The Forest Service has made studies similar to this in thirty
states. So far Ohio leads in the production of bungs and their
manufacture is centered in the city of Cincinnati. When this
industry started probably the raw material was obtained within a
radius of twenty-five miles. At present nearly the entire amount
of material needed is obtained without the State, mainly in Tenn-
essee, Kentucky, and West Virginia, and the manufacturers are
searching over a wider extent of territory each year to satisfy their
demands.

These commodities are essentially products of but one wood, yel-
low poplar. The table shows it furnished over 95 percent of the total,
which indicates that its suitability for this line of manufacture is
superior to any other wood that has been tried up to date. Yellow
poplar is straight-grained, soft, easily worked, strong, and it does
not shear easily and contracts evenly, having a very uniform
structure, all important considerations in driving the bung. Fur-
thermore, its tendency to swell on coming in contact with liquids

OF OHIO

makes the bung- fit tightly, which is also a valuable characteristic.
The pines can not be utilized as well for this purpose, because of
the alternating: hard and soft structure of the wood. Other woods
for bungs, reported only in small quantities, are white oak, walnut
and red gum. Cotton gum or tupelo has not been given an oppor-
tunity to demonstrate its suitability for this service, but as its
qualities become better understood it doubtless will be called on to
substitute for yellow poplar especially as it is lower in cost and more
easily obtained. The red grim is comparatively a new wood in this
industry which from the amount consumed indicates that it
measures up to requirements fairly successfully. A good grade of
material is required for bung's, being- obtained in the form of rough
lumber or planks, full 4-4 inch in thickness. Spilers of vent
plugs were principally made from yellow poplar, but also from,
white pine and spruce.

TABLE XLVI. Bungs and faucets

Kind of wood

Quantity used
annually

Average
cost per
1,000ft.

Total
cost f. o. b.
factory

Grown in
Ohio
Feet b. m.

Grown out
of Ohio
Feet b. m.

Feet b. m.

Percent

Yellow poplar

9,620,000
175 000
165,000
51 000
37,000

36,000

95.40
1.73
1.64
.50
.37

.36

$27.30
20.00
16.55
30.15
18.00

28.00

$2tis,b20
3,500
2 730
1,538 .
666

1,008

9,e20,000
1 5 000
25,000
30 000
37,000

36,000

White oak

140,000
21,000

White pine

Spruce

Total

10,084,000

100.00

$26.98

$272,062

161,000

9,923,000

DAIRYMEN'S, POULTERERS' AND APIARISTS' SUPPLIES

Advance toward more scientific management in the occupations
of dairymen, poulterers, and apiarists has created a wide demand
for special equipments of the new methods involved and in conse-
quence factories manufacturing- these commodities have sprung- up
in several states. These establishments and their products are dis-
tinct industries and have been combined statistically in this report
under one heading- for convenience, because it was not possible to
present them in individual tables. In dairymen's supplies Ohio
manufacturers report making- churns of various sizes and kinds
from the small domestic churn propelled by hand to the large barrel
churns used in creameries and also dash churns. In all the States
in which studies similar to this have been made, white ash is pre-
eminently the leading- wood for churns. In Ohio close to half a

WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES

million feet a year is used for this purpose and this wood is chosen
not only for the staves but also for the paddles because more than
any other wood it is considered less liable to affect the taste of the
contents. For the same reason ash is the leading- wood for butter
tubs. Cheese boxes are the only other dairy products made in
Ohio. The raw material is purchased in the log- and cut into veneer
for the sides and the rims of lids, while the head and the bottom of
these boxes are made of a little thicker material, about quarter-inch
lumber. A number of woods answer for making' cheese boxes;
maple leads all others followed by basswood, soft elm, and yellow
poplar; the others were cottonwood, beech, ash, and cucumber,
reported in only nominal quantities.

Fig. 19. Lumber yard of a manufacturer of bee keepers' supplies.

The manufacturers of poulterers' equipment require over a
million feet of lumber annually. Redwood is the principal species
which with cypress goes mainly into incubator cases. , For eg-g
trays and other inside work yellow poplar is used and yellow pine,
ash, and shortleaf pine for the tops and bottoms of the incubators.
Brooder cases are made from yellow poplar and basswood with the
bottoms and platforms of shortleaf pine and chestnut, the latter
being preferable. In making- portable poultry houses the roof is
frequently of chestnut and yellow pine with the sides and frame
parts of pine, shortleaf being- the species reported.

OF OHIO

Beehives are made of three kinds of wood in Ohio. White pine
answers for the sides and tops, cypress for the bottoms and frames,
and basswood for honey boxes, with a small amount of sycamore for
other interior parts.

TABLE XLVII. Dairymen's, poulterers', and apiarists' supplies

Kind of wood

Quantity used
annually

Average
cost per
1,000 f.t

Total
cost f . o. b.
factory

Grown in
Ohio
Feet b. m.

Grown out
of Ohio
Feet b. m.

Feet b. m.

Percent

Whitf pine
Basswood

2,350,000
2,120,000
1,095,000
1,035,000
861,000

518,000
480,000
287,000
253,000
240,000

210,000
175,000
52,000
45,000
25,000

22,000
2:000
1,000

24.05
21 70
11.21
10.59

8.81

5-30
4.91
2.94 .
2 59
2.46

2.15
1.79
, .53
.46
.26

.22
.02
.01

$30.00
25.71
22.73
26.74
28.05

32.10
15.92
10.16
30.30
18.00

16.25
35.00
10.27
29.89
25.00

19.09
20-00
20.00

$ 70,500
54,510
24,890
27 680
24,147

16,630
7,640
2,917
7,667
4,320

3,412
6 125
534
1,345
625

420
40
20

2,350,000
1,030,000

iioss^oco

405,000

518,000
230,000
1,000
219,000
240,000

210,000
175,000

'"26;666

1,090,000
l| 095, 000

White elm
Cypress
White ash

456,000

"256^666

2M> 000-
34,000

'"&,m

25,000
25)000

22 000
2,000
1,000

White oak

Red oak

Yellow poplar
Chestnut..

Shortleaf pine.

Western red cedar

Silver maple ...

Sugrar maple
Cotton wood

Beech

Sycamore

Cucumber.. ....

Total

9,771,000

100.00

$25.94

$253 422

3 338,000

6,433,000

Fig. 20. Machinery setting for making brooders and incubators.

WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES

§.

'p«

•s

W
<

OF OHIO 81

MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS

Pianos and organs are the only products reported under this
heading1, but the industry is an important one in Ohio and the
aggregate quantity of wood used is quite large. A large majority
of the manufacturers make only certain parts and purchase a por-
tion of their material already to put in place from factories special-
ing in these lines. Only a few makers today manufacture the piano
or organ complete. Spruce is the essential wood for piano sounding
boards. It must be carefully seasoned and manufactured, and since
they are made from wide stock, trees that are suitable are sought
after over great distances, until now many are shipped from the
northern Pacific Coast states and British Columbia, where Sitka
spruce meets the demand. Trees obtained from high -altitudes,
where the rate of growth is slow and the annual rings closer together,
are preferred for sounding boards and ribs, and bring higher prices.

Chestnut is the first wood on the list for piano shells or cases, to
which is glued an overlay of veneer of some expensive cabinet wood
which gives the finish. The light weight, combined with strength,
durability and gluing properties put chestnut ahead of any wood for
this purpose. White ash being stronger and less liable to warp
than chestnut probably accounts for the tops of grand pianos being
made from it. Sugar and silver maple, elm, ash and sycamore, are
the woods going into posts and back casing. Owing to its hardness
and strength, sugar maple also finds service for wrists, pin blocks,
action parts and other mechanical pieces in the piano. It is almost
an exception when other woods than this are used for action parts.
Piano legs are of a variety of woods, red oak probably being the
foremost, because of its great strength and being porous it holds
veneer well. It is interesting to note that neither ebony nor white
pine, the principal key woods, were reported, which indicates that
piano keys are manufactured elsewhere and shipped to the Ohio
manufacturers. Basswood to a limited extent was used in other
states for piano keys but in Ohio with sugar maple and black walnut
it serves for organ keys.

Action chests in organs are of a strong wood, usually red oak or
some other species of oak, white pine, sugar pine, redwood and
cherry all answer for organ pipes, while for organ bellows, wind-
chests and swell boxes white pine, basswood, Sitka spruce, and red
spruce were the ones reported. These woods are employed owing
to their being fairly strong, light in weight, free from pitch, and
holding their shape well. Redwood has begun to be used by the
eastern manufacturers for parts of organ framework, and being a
suitable wood and in high favor with the manufacturers for that
purpose, will probably be used more extensively in the future.

WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES

White and red quartered oak, mahogany, black walnut, red
gum, cherry, and Circassian walnut, are employed chiefly as veneer
for exterior finish of pianos and organ cases.

TABLE XLVIII. Instruments, musical

Kind of wood

Quantity used
annually

Aver a ere
cost per
1,000 ft.

Total
cost f. o. b.
factory

Grown in
Ohio
Feet b. m.

Grown out
of Ohio
Feet b. m.

Feet b. m.

Percent

1,666,000
1 307 000
1,062,000
1 013 000
823,000

460,000
420,000
271 000
• 261300
245,000

167,800
154,000
144 000
125,000
117,000

76,000
48 000
47,500
40,000
33,000

30,000
20,000
15,000
15,000
15,000

6,000
1,500

19.41
15.23
12.37
11.80
9.59

5.36
4.89
3.16
3.04

2.86

1.96
1.80
1.68
1.46
1.36

.89
.56
.55
.47
.38

.35
.23
.17
.17
.17

.07
.02

$ 18.19
27.33
29.79
38.34
45.41

23.74
29-43
33.25
108.30
37.13

103.50
19.19
18.50
30.48
50.90

50.71
21.56
82.59
32.00
50.00

34.00
45.00
24.00
45.00
90.00

22.50
250 00

$ 30,310
35,723
31,640

38,835
37,372

10,920
12 360
9,012
28,298
9,098 .

2', 664
3,810
5,955

3,854
1,035
3 923
1,280
1,650

1,020
900
360
675
1,350

135
375

30,000
24,500
7,000
40,000
5,000

300,000
i34,'566

1,636,000
1,282,500
1,055,000
973,000
818,000

160,000
420 000
136,500
261,300
245,000

95 300
152,000
144.000
125 000
117,000

76,000
48,000
13,500
30,000
33,000

30,000
20,000
15,OCO
15,000
15,000

'"1,566

Sug-ar maple

Yellow poplar

White oak

Mahog-any

72,500
2,000

Black walnut

Beech

Birch

White pine
White ash

'34';666

10,000

Hemlock

Sycamore
Redwood

Shortleaf pine
Sitka spruce
Sugar pine

6,000

Circassian walnut

Total

8,583,100

100.00

$ 34.12

$292,875

665,500

7,917,600

TANKS, VATS AND SILOS

Although within the past ten years metal tanks have for a num-
ber of purposes replaced the wooden ones such as those on wind-
mills and elevated by factories for storage of water, it is generally
conceded that the demand for wooden tanks has greatly increased*
The brewery and distilling vats of necessity have to be of wood,
while silos, which the farmer finds almost indispensible, with the
exception of a small percent built of concrete and brick, are entirely
made of lumber.

L/ongleaf yellow pine, cypress, white pine, and redwood from
the Paciifc Coast region, are the principal silo regions. Vat staves
are made from cypress and white pine as these woods are less liable
to affect the taste of food stuff contained in them from which the
beverages are being made.

Water tanks and also cisterns which are placed in attics of
suburban and rural residences, were made from cypress, yellow
pine, and white pine, the last being the western white pine cut

OP OHIO

largely in the Rocky Mountain, and also in the Pacific Coast states.
Experiments have been tried within the past year to substitute
cheaper and less durable woods in tank-making- by means of preserv.
ative treatment, but it has been found that the oils and salts used for
impregnating the wood imparted a taste to the water. It was suc-
cessful, however, in tanks for water storage for mechanical pur-
poses as along railroads and for factory consumption, and along
these lines the demand for treated staves will probably increase.
The manufacture of silos, vats and tanks, requires the best grades,
usually clear stock, which accounts for the average price of the tank
woods being nearly at par with the furniture and implement
materials.

TABLE XLIX. Tanks and silos

Kind of wood

Quantity used
annually

Averag-e
cost per
1,000 ft.

Total
cost f. o. b.
factory

Grown in
Ohio
Feet b. m.

Grown out
oiOhio
Feet b. m.

Feet b. m.

Percent

Longrleaf pine

5,984,000
1,730,000
400,000
162,000
100,000

30,000
24,000
10,000

70.90
20.50
4.74
1.92
1.18

.36
.28
.12

$24.71
49.70
85.00
. 55.00
34.25

23.33
60.00
18.00

$147,888
85 990
34,000
8910
3,425

700
1,200
180

200 000

5,984,000
1,730,000
200,000
162,000
100,000

30,000
24,000
10,000

White oak-

Western white pine

White pine

Hemlock

Redwood

Total

8,440,000

100.00

$33.45 ; $282,293 : 200,000 8,240,000

CASKETS, COFFINS AND OUTER CASES

Table L following, concerns the woods used in making caskets,
coffins and burial or outer cases and shipping cases sometimes
called rough boxes. The last named are usually made of softwoods
and in Ohio white pine was practically the only wood used, though a
small amount of hemlock was reported. Some of the lumber is
obtained dressed and matched, but the most of it is ordered in the
rough and preferably in a medium grade, as rough boxes require
considerably better stock than that employed in the manufacture of
boxes and shipping cases. Chestnut was called on in greater
amounts than all other casket and coffin woods combined and only
for cloth covered caskets. Long ago this wood was found especially
durable underground, and this together with its quality of lightness,
strength and its susceptibility for holding glue that fastens the cloth
accounts for its being the principal wood for this purpose. Disinter
ments after 30 years have been made and the chestnut caskets found
sufficiently sound for reburial. Inasmuch as black broadcloth is
used for the outside finish the sound wormy grade has proved thor-
oughly practical and is the one usually employed. The other woods

WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES

competing- with chestnut are yellow poplar, white oak, red oak,
mahogany, basswood and red cedar. The last named wood comes
from the Pacific Coast and is graining- in popularity with eastern
casket makers. It resembles and is quite similar to the southern
red cedars which years ago were extensively employed for making-
coffins on account of their excellent durability. The absence of
cypress is somewhat surprising, as this wood in a number of states
is quite prominent in this line of manufacture. The hig-her price
caskets are not cloth covered but are finished naturally with a high
polish like that used for pianos and in cabinet work and some are
richly carved. Red and white quartered oak, mahog-any and black
walnut were the woods used.

Only two factories in Ohio reported the manufacture of coffins.
They do not make all of the coffins used in Ohio, because man^y are
made by hand by the cabinet makers throug-hout the State, statis-
tics of which are not included because it was impracticable to
g-ather them. Yellow poplar is the principal coffin wood throug-h-
out all the states. It takes stain readily and is finished in imitation
of more expensive woods, principally mahog-any. Walnut and
mahogany are sometimes used for hig-her grade coffins, while per-
haps the cheapest coffin is made from chestnut with only a varnish

finish.

TABLE L. Caskets and coffins

Kind of wood

Quantity used
annually

Average
cost per
1,000 ft.

Total
oost f. o. b.
factory

Grown in
Ohio
Feet b. m.

Grown out
of Ohio
Feet b. m.

Feet b. m.

Percent

White pine

3,615,000
3 128 000
340,000
250,000
232,000

170,000
75,000
60,000
25 000
25,000

20,000

45.53
39.40
4.28
3.15
2.92

2 14
.95
.76
.31
.31

.25

$28.82
19.55
26.76
11.35
55.22

53.35
27.49
83.58
28.00
51.60

74.00

$104,220
61 154
9,100
2 837
12,812

9,070
2,062
5,015
700
1,290

1,480

258, '666
70,000

ii2|666

10,000

3,615 000
2,870,000
270 000
250,000
120,000

160,000
75000
60,000
25,000

25; ooo

10,000

Chestnut

Hemlock

White oak

Red oak...

Red gum.

10,000

Red cedar
Black walnut

Total.

7,940,000

100.00

$26.42

$209,740

460,000

7,480,000

WOODENWARE AND NOVELTIES

Woodenware is the caption selected to cover articles useful to
the household, such as chopping- bowls, biscuit boards, - potato
stompers, pails and buckets, ice cream freezers, step ladders, roll-
ing- pins, ironing- boards, etc. The Ohio manufacturers report
making- only pails and buckets, ice cream freezers, mop wring-ers
and wring-er tubs, hose reels and ladders. A portion of the pails

OF OHIO

made in Ohio are used as packages for the shipment of candy and
tobacco, and for their manufacture cypress and white cedar or
juniper shipped from the South Atlantic States were the woods
used. Pails and buckets for miscellaneous purposes were made
from basswood and white pine, and to a less extent from beech and
soft maple. The two latter woods answered as the chief material
for freezers and pails. Cypress shipped from Louisiana was
imported in large quantities to be converted into ice cream freezers.
The manufacturer buys his material for these and also for pails, in
the form of bolts of the required length ready to go directly to the
stave saws. In New England and the Lake States white pine alone
answers as the wood for ice cream freezers, while in Virginia and
North Carolina southern white cedar, locally called juniper, served
with cypress in almost equal quantities in meeting the demand.
Only recently in Ohio has cypress answered as a substitute for
white pine as a freezer wood due perhaps not so much to the
superior durable quality of cypress, a white wood being preferred,
as to the poor grades of the northern white pine now available at a
price which justifies its use. The dasher scraper in freezer cans
when of wood is made from sugar maple and the handle of the
crank used in revolving the can is made of beech or maple.

Fig. 22. Piling staves in Ohio.

WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES

The only wooden parts of mop wringers are the rollers. They
are made mainly of sugar maple, and some of beech, purchased in the
form of squares 17-16x8 inches long. The buckets and tubs to
which the wringers are attached are sometimes of metal, but
mostly of wood and cypress is the wood most often demanded.

Reels for garden hose are extensively manufactured in Ohio and
each year large quantities of lumber are called for in this line of
manufacture. Oak, both red and white, purchased in log-run grades,
furnished the principal material. Ladders, especially the sides or
uprights, were made of various woods, both hard woods and soft
woods. The rungs were entirely of hickory purchased in the form
of squares 11-4x1 1-4, 16 to 22 inches long.

Novelties include so many different kinds of articles that it is
difficult to define, and especially to draw the line separating them
from woodenware. The general distinction may be made by stat-
ing that commodities entitled woodenware are strictly useful and
handy around households, while novelties are more or less orna-
mental including advertising specialties and products turned out by
variety works. Spheres made from basswood and used for
geographers globes are among the products of this class in Ohio,
likewise coat hangers, necktie rings, carvings, batons, gavels, flag
pole tops and emblems, pen racks, etc. Usually hardwoods in
expensive grades were required for this line of manufacture.

TABLE LI. Woodenware and novelties

Kind of wood

Quantity used
annually

Average
cost per
l.OCO ft.

Total
cost f. o. b.
factory

Grown in
Ohio
Feet b. m.

Grown out
of Ohio
Feet b. m.

Feet b. m.

Percent

Basswood

3,914,000
506,000
500,000
450,000
370,000

345,000
275,000
226 000
200;000
91,000

63,000
50,000
50,000
21,000
8,000

5,000
2,000

55.24
7.28
7.06
6.35
5.22

4.87
3.88
3.19
2.82
1.28

.89
.71
.71
.29
.11

.07
.03

$22.69
32.65
17.00
13-34
12.38

29.20
16.45
18.12
38.00
44.95

59.28
16.00
18 00
25.71
40.00

35.00
50.00

$ 88,810
16,595
8,500
6,000
4,580

10,075
4 525
4,095
7,600
4^90

3,735
800
900
540
320

175
100

1,454,000
256,000
500,000
450,000
350,000

115,000
25,000

63,000
50,000

' '8,' 666
5,000

2,460,000
250,000

'20,'666

230,000
250,000
226,000
200000
91,000

'5o,'666

21,000

"2";666

White ash

Cucumber.. ....

Beech

Silver maple.

Suarar maple
Red oak

Cypress.

.Norway pine

Birch

Hickory.

White elm
Southern white cedar

Red iru in.

Yellow poplar

White oak ......

White pine.

Total

7,076,000 ! 100.00

i I
$22.82 $161,440 .; 3,276,000 3,800,000

OF OHIO

REFRIGERATORS AND KITCHEN CABINETS

The products represented by Table LII include the manu-
facture of kitchen cabinets and cupboards and refrigerators for
home use and built-in refrigerators or coolers used by butchers and
others doing1 business requiring1 cold storage equipment. The com-
bination kitchen cabinet having compartments providing a handy
place for all the accessories for cooking necessary to be kept in the
kitchen has in late years come into popular demand and many
factories specialize in making them. Because they are sold at a low
price cabinets and cupboards are made of lower grades of woods
than furniture. The outside work is largely made of plain oak
both white and red and to a limited extent from chestnut and hard
maple. Soft maple, yellow birch and red gum enter into backs,
while the shelving and drawer sides and bottoms and compartments
are made from yellow poplar, basswood, sycamore, and- red gum.
Soft elm and cypress went into frame work.

In the manufacture of refrigerators cypress is the leading wood
selected because of its durability where it is damp, and is employed
for ice pans and inside lining. White pine and spruce are also
used but in less quantities. Pan joists, framing, and reinforce-
ments are of yellow poplar and white pine, while yellow poplar with
shortleaf pine answers for door parts. The built-in refrigerators
and cooling rooms used in hotels and business houses are made of
a number of woods which accounts for the long list, shown in the
following table.

TABLE LII. Refrigerators and kitchen cabinets

Kind of wood

Quantity used
annually

Average
cost per
1,000 ft.

Total
cost f . o. b.
factory

Grown in
Ohio
Feet b. m.

Grown out
of Ohio
Feet b. m.

Feet b. m.

Percent

Red gum

1,221,000
903,000
894,987
811,056
389,542

342,000
311 209
252,106
150,000
134,000

78,500
70,000
50,000
50,000
24,000

24,000

20, QUO
15,000
14,500
3,000

21.21
15.68
15.54
14.09
6.76

5.94
5.40
4.38
2.60
2.33

1.36
1.22

.87
.87
.42

.42
.35
.26
.25
.05

$23 40
27.69
22.41
32.54
32.31

32.93
22.22
30.13
37.00
28.29

32.11

24.00
32.00
56.00
20.71

22.08
20.00
15.00
14.97
40.00

$ 28,574
25 001
20,059
26 395
12,587

11,262
6 916
7,596
5,550
Si 791

2 521
1,680
1 600
2,800
479

530
400
225
217
120

1 221 000

'4<i«;000
864,987
521,056
'389,542

342,000
241 209
252 106

150 000
89,000

78,500

'56;666

50,000
4,000

4,000
20 000

White oak
Yellow poplar

435,000
30,000
290,000

Red oak
Shortleaf pine..

Cypress . . !

'76;666

Sugar maple

Birch
Spruce.

"45,'666
'76|666

Cotton wood

White elm

Norway pine

Western yellow pine .

Chestnut ..

20,000
20,000

'i5,m

14,500

Silver maple.

Longleaf pine
Sycamore
Black gum.

Sitka spruce

3,000

Total

5,757,900

100.00

£27.50

$158,321

1,009,500

4,748,400

WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES

CHAIRS

In Table LIII, fourteen woods are reported as entering into the
production of chairs, and a total of 5,333,500 board feet is required
for this purpose. Possibly it is the opinion of some that this
industry should be consolidated with furniture, but in Ohio, as in
other States, the manufacture of chairs is essentially a separate
industry. The average price paid for the raw material indicates
that a fairly good grade of chairs is turned out, but the products
made include every kind from a cheap office stool or a kitchen
chair to highly carved ecclesiastical and lodge room chairs. In com-
parison with the price for wood shown in the furniture table, chair
makers pay $10.74 per thousand feet more. This does not indicate,
however, that better grades of lumber, comparing species with
species, is used, but that the large proportion of furniture materials
are cheaper woods, employed for veneer backings and other hidden
work, while the expensive exterior woods being mostly thin sheets
of veneer make up only a small percentage of the total and there-
fore do not tend to aid much in raising the average price.

Fig. 23. Chair stock and the squares from which they are turned.
The squares were bolted from slabs.

Dimension stock is utilized in the chair industry to a greater
extent than any other. A number of both the large and small saw-
mills and a few factories throughout the State as a side

OF OHIO

line turn and rip thin low grades and culls into rough turned and
dimension stock. Frequently small, crooked log's, tops, wind
shakes, cut offs, etc., which could be worked in no other way are
thus disposed of. It is interesting- to notice that the chair makers
report obtaining two-thirds of their stock in the State and that the
waste is relatively quite small.

Chair dimensions include principally sizes for all parts of many
kinds of chairs and nearly every wood is included. The sizes of the
dimensions vary from seat stock andbacks 4 to 6 1-4 inches wide down
to the dowel 7-8 x 7-8 and 14 inches long. The above dimensions
are seasoned before used, so the producer must take care that
allowance is made for shrinkage and checking when cutting from
green stock. Chair makers desire material to be straight grained,
free from defects and cut accurately to the dimension, and that the
squares be bundled.

Oak both red and white together are according to quantities the
most important woods. The large amount of mahogany reported
in comparison with the other woods indicates that it is a popular
wood with the Ohio chair makers. Unlike other industries, this
wood is largely bought in the form of lumber instead of veneer, and
the price paid, 166.45, signifies a good grade. The red gum, which
will undoubtedly come more' into use, is employed in the cheaper
chairs, either as imitations of the more expensive woods notably oak
and mahogany, with which it can be used until it is difficult to tell
the difference, or finished in its natural color to resemble Circassian
walnut. The other woods listed in the table are used for various
designs, basswood and yellow poplar going as seats and backs of
cheap chairs or as cores for veneer work.

TABLE LIII. Chairs

Kind of wood

Quantity used
annually

Aver asre
cost per
1,000 ft.

Total
cost f . o. b.
factory

Grown in
Ohio
Feet b. m.

Grown out
of Ohio
Feet b. m.

Feet b. m.

Percent

White oak
White elm

3,180,000
510,500
339,000
337,000
315,000

243,000
170,000
130,000
40,000
40 i 000

14,000
12,000
2,000
1,000

59.62
9.57
6.36
6.31
5.91

4.56

§:8
:8

.26
.22
.04
.02

$ 34.37
27.40
26.35
166.45
33.31

33.06
23.24
18.92
30.00
35.50

28.57
30.00
22.00
70.00

$109,223
13 976
8,932
56 100
10,492

7,305
3 950
2,460
1 200
1,420

400
360
44
70

2,180,000
162,000
238)000

iiQ.m

1 000,000
348,500
101,000
337 000
145,000

243,000
10,000

'25,'6o6

Sugar maple
Mahogany

Red oak.

Red gum .

Silver maple
Beech . . .

160,000
130,000
40,000
15,000

14,000 i
12,000

"i,'666

Basswood
Yellow poplar...

Hickory
White ash

"2, 666

Chestnut
Black walnut

Total

5 333,500

100.00

$ 40.49

$215,932

3,122,000 2 211,500

WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES

MACHIINE CONSTRUCTION

All machinery that does not belong- to electrical equipment or
agricultural machinery and that requires wood for making- some of
its parts is grouped under a separate classification. Table L/IV
therefore represents parts of sawmills, steam shovels, cranes, hoists,
well machinery, folding- machines, dredges, attrition mills and
crushers, brick presses, engine skids, etc. Nineteen species are
reported and the total amount gives this industry a standing- next to
the groups of chair makers and ahead of ship builders and trunk
manufacturers.

White oak takes the lead, furnishing: 23.38 percent of the total
of the -woods called for. Red oak in the other industries can com-
pare favorably with white oak as to the amount used, but here it is
reported in only a minor amount. A larg-e part of the material
listed g-oes for construction of frames, braces, platforms, skids, etc.,
where great strength, toughness and durability are the important
factors, and which accounts for white oak being the leading wood.
The other species are listed in the table in the smaller amounts
but for a variety of uses in connection with machinery of all kinds.

The available statistics are as follows:

TABLE LIV. Machine construction

Kind of wood

Quantity used
annually

Average
cost per
1,000 ft.

Total
cost f . o. b.
factory

Grown in
Ohio
Feet b. m.

Grown out
of Ohio
Feet b. m.

Feet b. m.

Percent

White oak

1,134,000
575,000
514,000
489,351
413) 000

402,000
320 000
260,000
175 000
160,000

140,000
73,500
70,000
55,000
25,000

20,000
JO.OOO
10,000
5,000

23.38
11.85
10.60
10.09
8.51

8.29
6.60
5.36
3.61
3.30

2.89
1.51
1.44
1.13
.51

.41
.21
.21
.10

$36.70
16.33
23.13
§8.51
50.60

17.99
25.44
17.50
37.71
50.63

25.28
24.01
47.86
38.00
26.00

38.00
38.00
38.00
32.00

$ 41,616
9,390
11 890
13,950
2i; 020

7,230
8 140
4,550
6 600
8,100

3,539
1,765
3 350
2 090
650

760
380
380
160

874,000
447^666

260,000
575,000
67,000
489 351
413,000 /

Shortleaf pine
Sugar maple
Longleaf pine

Douglas fir
Beech

402,000

Norway pine
Hemlock

320,000
260 000
115,000
160,000

'76; 666

15,000

'eo'iooo

140,000
73,500

'40,'666

25,000

20,000
10,000
10,000
5,000

Yellow poplar

White pine
White elm . .

Red oak
Cypress.

Cherry

Basswood

Black ash

Black walnut. . .
Hickory.

Butternut

Total

4,850,851

100.00

$30.01

$145,560

2,106,500

2,744,351

CIGAR BOXES AND TOBACCO CASES

Distinct from the firms manufacturing crates and boxes, as
noted under that heading, are those engaged in the cigar box
industry. Ohio stands well up in the list of states engaged in this

OF OHIO

line, consuming: 4,733,186 board feet annually and requiring1 eight
separate woods for the purpose. Florida, with Tampa and Key
West as its leading cities, has long- been noted for its fine cigaas, and
the advantages of being near the source of supply and requiring the
best wood for that class of products, enables the manufacturers to
use Spanish cedar entirely. But it is radically different in Ohio and
neighboring states. Here the cigar makers are satisfied with a
cheaper box, because their grade of product as an average cannot
afford a more .expensive one. Practically all the cigar boxes made
in the State are constructed of two-ply stock, a cheaper wood over-
laid with Spanish cedar veneer.. Cotton grum, red gum, and yellow
poplar are the principal low-priced domestic woods used for this
purpose, preference being given to the gums, because the increas-
ing high price of old yellow poplar is likely taking it out of reach.
It is difficult now to find even a few mills that are turning out thin
yellow poplar for cigar box material, and no doubt within the next
few years this wood will practically cease to be a factor in this line
of manufacture.

Fig. 24. Cigar mold made of poplar, beech and maple. (Statistics
included under Miscellaneous.)

Tupelo or cotton gum and red gum are both admirable woods
for this purpose, they work easily and with the improved methods of
kiln-drying veneer there is little difficulty in their twisting and
warping after manufacture. The custom of stamping these woods,

WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES

so as to imitate Spanish cedar is quite prevalent and of late the
improvement in this line often makes it difficult without close
inspection to separate the imitation from the cedar. Care must be
taken in selecting the proper wood for cigar boxes, because when the
cigars are packed in tight and moist, some woods are apt to impart
a taste or odor. Spanish cedar, it is claimed, gives a delicate odor
to the cigar which is found in no other wood. This accounts for the
fact that sometimes when other woods are employed as in two-ply
stock, with Spanish cedar, the latter is put on the inside in contact
with the contents.

Where the domestic woods are independently used, most often
the inside of the box is covered with lithe paper advertising the
name of the cigar and the maker. There is little waste in cigar
box manufacture, as the ends can be made from what is left after
tops, bottoms and sides are made.

For tobacco boxes like containers for plug, smoking, and chew-
ing tobacco, sycamore and red gum are the favorites. Both of these
woods are eminently suited for the purpose and in order to prevent
the liquor and moisture on the inside causing them to warp, they
are usually used in the form of three-ply veneer. The entire sup-
ply of these woods comes from outside the State.

TABLE LV. Cigar boxes

Kind of wood

Quantity used
annually

Average
cost per
1,000 ft.

Total
cost f . o. b.
factory

Grown in
Ohio
Feet b. m.

Grown out
of Ohio
Feet b. m.

Feet b. m.

Percent

Cotton grum

1,810,000
1,798,270
477 250
246491
199,425

75,000
66,750
60,000

38.25 .
37.99
10.08
5.21
4.21

1.58
1.41
1.27

$ 43.71
17.77
124.41
82.85
19.60

12.00
58.05
30.00

$ 78,800
31,956
59,374
20,420
3,909

900
3,875
1,800

1,810,000
1 798 270
477,250
246,491
199,425

75,000
66 750
60,000

Red g"um ...

Spanish cedar..

Yellow poplar
White pine- ...

Sweet magnolia.-
Red cedar.

Northern white cedar

Total .

4,733,186

100.00

$ 42.47

$201 034

' 4,733,186

All cigar box lumber is bought by the superficial foot. In order
to conform to the other tables of this report, it was necessary to
reduce the surface feet to board measure; and by the same factor to
change the price. This will perhaps make the price of the material
appear somewhat high, since the cost of manufacture has not been
eliminated nor any allowance made for waste. The following list
will give the reader some idea of the average prices paid by cigar
box manufacturers according to surface measure:

Spanish cedar $30.00

Cotton or tupelo gum 17.00

Redgum 18.00

Yellow poplar 20.00

OF OHIO

PLUMBERS' WOODWORK

The manufacturers of plumbers' supplies report the use of
4,691,000 feet of wood for their product. White oak easily heads
the list, furnishing- over sixty-seven percent of the total amount.
In Ohio this industry is confined entirely to the manufacture of
water closet seats and tanks, and woods with considerable figure
and susceptible of taking a fine finish, like those used for fixtures
and furniture, are the ones reported. Naturally plain and quar-
tered white and red oak lead the lists and are followed by others for
exterior work such as ash, sweet birch, cherry, mahogany, sugar
maple and black walnut. Quantities of sweet birch were demanded
because better than any other wood it can be finished to imitate
mahogany, while soft maple and yellow poplar answered for painted
or enameled work. Chestnut and yellow poplar and red gum, prin-
cipally yellow poplar, served as tank backing. Only fifteen percent
of the wood used in this industry was home-grown. The greater
part of the incoming lumber was shipped from the south.

TABLE LVI. Plumbers' woodwork

Kind of wood

Quantity used
annually

Average
cost per
1,000 ft.

Total
cost f . o. b.
factory

Grown in
Ohio
Feet b. m.

Grown out
of Ohio
Feet b. m.

Feet b. m.

Percent

White oak

3 175,000
650,000
260 000
235,000
110,000

85,000
60,000
50,000
41,000
22,000

10,000

67.58
13.84
5.53
5.00
2.34

1.81
1.28
1.07
.87
.47

.21

$ 33.15
17.31
23.46
28.91
22.64

24.47
33.33
30.00
51.95
143.64

80.00

$105,250
11,250
6 100
6,795
2J490

2,080
2,000
1 500
2,130
3,160

800

350,000
'56^666

loolooo

60,000
50,000

i6;666

10,000

2,825,000
650,000
260 000
185,000

io;ooo

25,000
10,000
50 000
31,000
22;000

Yellow poplar
Silver maple.

Birch . . .*.
Chestnut

Red gum

Sugar maple
White ash

Cherry
Mahogany

Black walnut

Total

4,698,000

100.00

$ 30.56

$143,555

630,000

4,068,000

TRUNKS AND VALISES

The manufacture of trunks is one of the less important indus-
tries in this State, The trunk makers are located in the large cities,
so as to be in touch with the greatest demand. Basswood, the
favorite wood for trunk boxes, furnishes about three-fourths of all
the material the Ohio trunk makers use. It works easily, holds its
shape well, and the fact that it is quite strong for its weight more
than any other quality enhances its value for this line of manu-
facture. It is very white but inasmuch as little, if any, of the wood
is visible in the finished product, being covered with leather, cloth
or metal, the figure or color of it is not essential. Veneers are now

WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES

largely employed in this industry for the better grades of trunks
and are growing in favor. They are used three or four ply, secur-
ing strength in many cases great enough to do away with slats and
at the same time reducing the weight below that of solid lumber.
The trunk manufacturer does not buy veneer and make the panels.
He buys them already glued together and when lumber is used it is
purchased already resawed to proper thickness.

White elm and white and black ash are utilized for slats because
they are strong, will resist abrasion and add stiffness and protection
to the box so that it will stand hard knocks. For the trays and inside
compartments a light wood is required, and basswood, cottonwood,
and yellow poplar were the ones called for. Birch and mahogany in
small quantities only find service for the exposed parts of wardrobe
trunks which are used as an article of furniture when not in transit.

TABLE LVII. Trunks and valises

Kind of wood

Quantity used
annually

Average
cost per
1,000 ft.

Total
cost f . o. b.
factory

Grown in
Ohio
Feet b. m.

Grown out
of Ohio
Feet b. m.

Feet b. m.

Percent

Basswood

3,038,340
760,000
200,000
100,000
23,000

10,000
10,000
3,500
1,500
500

500

73.26
18.33
4.82
2.41
.56

.24
.24
.08
.04
.01

.01

$ 24.73
23.91
30.00
35.00
34.35

32.00
32.00
34.86
114.67
26.00

150.00

$ 75,149
18,175
6,000
3,500
790

320
320
122
172
13

18,000
SIO^OOO

3,020 340
450,000

200; ooo

White elm

Shortleaf pine
Chestnut

100,000
23;000

10,000

White ash

Cottonwood.

10,000
3 500
1,500

Red firum
Birch..

'"566

Hickory

Mahogany.

Total

4,147,340

100.00

$ 25.23

$104,636

461,500

3,685,840

LAUNDRY APPLIANCES

Ten woods, aggregating 6,271,000 feet are reported for the
manufacture of washing machines and washboards. None of
the other laundry accessories were found being made in Ohio.
The largest portion of the material required was for washing
machines going into both the kinds used for domestic purposes
and those forming the important part of steam laundry equipment.
The most modern domestic machines are propelled by electric
power, purchasable with a small motor attached and ready to con-
nect with any electric light socket convenient. But those propelled
by hand costing less are manufactured in the greatest numbers.
Washing machines are of various designs and shapes, some in box
form, some are made with staves like a wash tub and conical shape,
and others are cylindrical. The last named are the design of those

OF OHIO

used in laundries, and of late in their manufacture metal has begun
to replace wood. All washers are lined with a corrugated surface
called rubs. Though these are often made of wood, glass and
metal are sometimes used. Cypress and cottonwood are con-
sidered best adapted for this purpose. More than any other wood
cypress answers for the washing machine bodies because it is less
liable to warp in situations of alternating moisture and dryness,
Clothes are turned over in the washers by beaters or agitators that
are made of some strong hardwood, usually beech or maple. For
the supports or legs, cottonwood, cypress and longleaf pine served.
For washboards the manufacturers require woods that are
white or light in color suitable for stenciling the upper part called
print boards. Basswood, cottonwood and yellow poplar met this
use in Ohio, and went also for the top pieces. The sides or posts
and backs were made from beech and cottonwood. The rubbing
surface was at one time made of wood, but now metal or glass has
entirely taken its place. For the grooved pieces holding the rubs,
beech supplied the demand.

TABLE LVIII. Laundry appliances

Kind of wood

Quantity used
annually

Average
cost per
1,000 ft.

Total
cost f • o. b.
factory

Grown in
Ohio
Feet b. m.

Grown out
of Ohio
Feet b. m.

Feet b. m.

Percent

Cypress

3,084,000
275,000
220 000
135,000
102,000

75,000
40,000
30,000
20,000
20,000

77.08
6.87
5.50
3.37
2 55

1.-88
1 00
.75
.50
.50

$28.78
30.00
29.54
36.67
35.00

30 00
25.00
24 00
28 00
22.00

$ 88,760
8,250
6,500
4,950
3,570

2,250
1,000
720
560
440

3,084,000
275,000
210,000
135,000
102,000

75,000
20,000
15,000
10,000
10,000

Longrleaf pine

Sugar maple

10,000

20 ,'666
15,000
10,OoO
10,000

White oak..

Douglas fir

Red oak
Yellow poplar .

Cottonwood

Basswood

Beech

Total 4,001,000

100.00

$29.24 ! $117,000

65,000 3.936.000

SHIP AND BOAT BUILDING

Ohio, with its many miles of lake frontage on the north, and
along the Ohio River on the south, strange to say requires relatively
little lumber for boat building. Although there are large ship
yards at the main harbors on the lake, very little wood enters into
the construction of lake steamers, steel having almost entirely
replaced wood. The boats along the Ohio River are largely built
of wood, but the demand for lumber in Ohio, except for repair work,
is very light. It can well be said that with the exception of a small
amount of material for canvass skiffs, launches and sail boats,
the principal wood consumption is for cabin and deck work on the
lake boats, and for tugs, barges and scows for river transportation.

96 WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES

At one time Ohio relied mainly on its waterways for transpor-
tation. Before the railroads traversed the State north and south,
which was long- after lines running- east and west b-c" been in opera-
tion, there were two canals, one running- from Toledo to Cincinnati
in the western part of the State, and the other connecting- the river
and lake in the eastern part. These two canals established direct
water transportation from the Great Lakes to all points on the Ohio
and Mississippi Rivers. During that period the occupation of boat
building- in the number of establishments and the amount of wood
used was one of the important enterprises in the State; and althoug-h
navig-ation is not so active now as formerly a few establishments
remain along- the Ohio River that are still important industries and
are in active operation.

Table LIX shows 22 woods were employed to meet the demands
of the boat builders. The long list is due to the large number of
uses they serve, which often requires wood of special qualities and
and in some cases of extra long dimensions. White oak leads the
list and furnished over one-quarter of the total. A major portion
of the boat material went for building -steam packets, barges and
other river crafts. For the framework of hulls, such as keelsons,
keels, keel blocks, rails and head logs, besides guards, carlings, and
bulkheads, white oak, yellow pine and Douglas fir furnished the
material. The latter was. employed principally for keelsons in
large boats where long lengths were necessary, combined with
strength and stiffness and for which longleaf yellow pine and white
oak in sufficient lengths were difficult and probably too expensive to
secure. For certain barges the keelsons are ordered unspliced and
as much as 60-foot timbers were required.

Sugar maple is employed for deck flooring because it is hard
and close-grained and also it can be holly-stoned and made to appear
whiter than almost any other domestic wood. White pine was the
principal siding wood for large boats and it also served with yellow
pine, Douglas fir, white oak, and yellow poplar for parts of the
superstructure and decking. Yellow poplar and oak were the prin-
cipal woods for the interior finish of cabins, the former for painted
work and the latter in the natural finish. Cypress is not as important
a species for ship building in Ohio as in other states. It went prin-
cipally for boat boards in motor boats and skiffs. Hickory's only
demand was for fenders and spuds, while locust was called on owing
to its strengh and durable qualities for kevels, bits, tree nails and
tillers of sail boats. Red cedar, southern white cedar from Virginia
commonly known as juniper, and white cedar or arborvitae from
Wisconsin, were purchased for canoe and skiff siding and in this

OF OHIO

respect served with spruce. Oak and mahogany met the demand
for trim, guards and rails of canoes. In canvas folding boats the
framework was of white ash,' the floors of cypress and spruce.
Cherry and mahogany were reported for pitot wheels and white ash
and spruce were used for boat oars and canoe paddles.

TABLE LIX. Ship and boat building

Kind of wood

Quantity used
annually

Averagre
cost per
1.000 ft.

Total
cost f. o. b.
factory

Grown in
Ohio
Feet b. m.

Grown out
of Ohio
Feet b. m.

Feet b. m.

Percent

White oak

1 012,000
431,000
344,000
235,000
229 500

203,000
166,000
150,000
100,000
100,000

51,500
51,000
50,500
49,660
49,000

41,000
26 000
18,000
10,000
2,000

2,000
1 500

30.46
12.97
10.35
7.07
6.91

6.11
5.00
4.51
3.01
3.01

1.55
1.54
1.52
1.49
1.48

1.23
.78
.54
.30
.06

.06
.05

$ 40.10
36.43
40.06
27.45
34.49

35.22
36.02
40.00
30.00
30.00

20.29
99.71
45.25
38.68
108.16

57.32

88.46
27.00
30.00
40-00

37.50
95.33

$ 40,648
15703
13,780
6,450
7,916

7,150
5 980
6,000
3,000
3,000

1,045
5,085
2,285
1,921
5,300

2,350
2 300
486
300
80

75
143

88,000

924,000
431 000
344,000
235,000
229,500

i64";666

150,000
100 000
100 000

50,000
51 000
40,500
49660
49,000

' 41,000
25000
18,000

'i',666

1,000
1,500

White pine. . . .

Western red cedar
L/ongleaf pine

White ash

203,000
2,000

Red oak

Hemlock

Beech

1,500

White cedar (northern)
Yellow poplar

10,000

Mahogany

Cypress
Cherry

1,000

Shortleaf pine

10,000
1>0

1,000

Locust

Hickory

Total

3,322,660

100.00

$ 39.43

$130,997

317,500

3 005,160

FRAMES AND MOLDINGS

In segregating the industries care was taken not to include
under this table the woods employed in the manufacture of house
moldings as turned out by planing mills, so this industry deals
entirely with the manufacture of moldings for picture frames, highly
carved moldings for high grade cabinet work, show cases, etc. The
fourteen woods included in the list in the following table, represent-
ing a total of 2,809,961 board feet, were carefully selected by the
manufacturer for special purposes, depending upon the desirability
of the wood; and the average price paid per thousand feet, $42.01,
indicates that the best grades of lumber are desired and that cheap-
ness is not one of the prime considerations. The lowest average
price paid was for yellow poplar and chestnut, and the highest,
$115.02, for mahogany strips, which, strange to say, is the only
foreign wood reported. With the advanced methods of kiln drying
lumber, red gum formerly unheard of in this line of manufacture is
now a satisfactory material and leads the list according to amounts.

WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES

When finished in its natural color red gum has a beautiful appear-
ance, but it also takes stain well and a large part of it is finished to
imitate mahogany , oak or walnut. For gilt and burnished gold finish
and other enameled moldings yellow poplar and basswood are
employed because %f their quality to hold paint and retain their
shape. Buckeye also was used for this purpose. White and red
oak, ash and chestnut were as a rule finished in the natural color
with oils and varnish. Birch, like red gum, goes into imitation
mahogany unless it has a burly or mottled figure, when it goes
into the natural finish.

TABLE LX. Frames and molding

Kind of wood

Quantity used
annually

Averagre
cost per
1,000 ft.

Total
cost f . o. b.
factory

Grown in
Ohio
Feet b. m.

Grown out
of Ohio
Feet b. m.

Feet b. m.

Percent

1,005,000
572 200
389 325
271 251
214,000

158,000
105 200
50,000
23 400
10,250

9,100
1 390
595
250

35.77
20.36
13.86
9.65
7.62

5.62

ll
1

.33
.05
.02
.01

$40.15
35.72
49.05
34.47
35.61

49.25
87.64
30.00
41.03
115.02

47.58
38-80
30.25
36.00

$40,350
20 441
19,098
9350
7,620

7,782
9 220
1,500

1,179

433
97
18
9

1,005,000 .
522,200
258 325
271,251

Basswood

50,000
131 1 000

White oak

Yellow poplar

Buckeye

214,000

1,100
1,390

"250

Red oak

158,000
105,200
50,000
23,400
10,250

8,000
"595

Birch

Shortleaf pine

Chestnut

White ash

Black walnut

Beech . .

Total

2,809,961

100.00

$42.01

$118,057

397,740

2,412,221

BRUSHES

Of the 2,383,694 feet of wood utilized for brush blocks, beech
constitutes much the larger part, the percentage being 88.38 of the
whole. Being perhaps the cheapest hardwood, it is admirably suited
for this purpose because it bores well without splitting, is strong,
and does not check or warp easily, besides, being light in color, it
bears a pleasing appearance. Maple is equally as suitable and in
quantity follows beech but it is higher priced. Very little of the
woods reported were obtained in Ohio. The principal supplies
came from Michigan and Pennsylvania. This industry is confined
mainly to the production of cheap brush blocks, such as are used for
making scrubbing, dustpan, feather dusters, stable and street
brushes, also whitewash or kalsomining, and small brushes for
cleansing the hands and nails. No high priced woods were reported,
such as holly, ebony, mahogany or dogwood, which are used elsewhere

OF OHIO

for hair brushes, hat and jewelry brushes, but those demanded
other than beech and maple were white oak, yellow poplar, cypress,,
sycamore, hickory and elm used as follows:

TABLE LXI. Brushes

Kind of wood

Quantity used
annually

Averagre
cost per
1,000 ft.

Total
cost f. o. b.
factory

Grown in
Ohio
Feet b- m.

Grown ot»t
of Ohio
Feettx m.

Feet b. m.

Percent

Beech

2,383,694

88.38
2.99
2.78
2.41
1.11

1.11
1.11
.11

$18.02
28.46
25.00
30.00
60.00

50.00
40.00
16.00

$42,960
2,289
1 875
1,950

i;soo

1,500
1,200
48

12,000
75 000
75,000

2.371,694
5,417

Sugar maple

80 417
75,000
65000
30,000

30,000
30,000
3,000

White oak
White elm

65,000
30,000

15,000
30,000

Hickory

15,000

Yellow poplar

30,000

Total

2,697,111

100.00

$19.88

$53,622

180,000

2,517,111

PUMPS

The substitution of galvanized and metal pumps for wooden
ones has reduced the demand for wood to only a small portion of
what formerly was used in this line of manufacturing1. The kinds
of pumps manufactured are well, cistern and barrel pumps. Five
woods were called for in their making, yellow poplar supplying more
than one-half or 59.65 percent. This is one of the few woods that is
suitable for the liquor logs. Cucumber, similar to it, is probably
most largely used, but not reported in Ohio. The compact fibre of
these woods, the straight grain, and their quality of softness enable
them to be bored easily, and not being as heavy as other woods are
more desirable when hung in place in the well. For barrel pumps
poplar was the only material reported, but its exact use was not
mentioned. Shortleaf pine, cypress and white pine were made into
pump boxes for chain and bucket pumps. For well pump stocks,
cotton gum or tupelo was the principal wood and for pump poles,
longleaf pine. Pump handles made from hickory, ash and maple
have been referred to under the handle industry.

TABLE LXII. Pumps

Kind of wood

Quantity used
annually

Averagre
cost per
1,000 ft.

Total cost
f. o. b.
factory

Grown in
Ohio
Feet b. m.

Grown out
of Ohio
Feet b. m.

Feet b. m.

Percent

Yellow poplar
Shortleaf pine.

988,000
323,230
300,000
40,000
5, COO

59.65
19.52
18.11
2.42
.30

$48.86
21.29
40.00
22.50
40.00

$48,274
6,882
12,000
900
200

10,000

978,000
323 230
300 000
40,000
5,000

Cotton grum
White pine
Cypress.

Total

1 656 230

100.00

$41.21

$68,256

10,000

1,646,230

100

WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES

PLAYGROUND EQUIPMENT

Lawn and porch swings are the only products listed under this
heading-. Four woods are reported at an average cost lower than in
any industry table of this report. The oaks, both red and white,
furnish over three-fourths of the wood because their inherent
qualities of strength, hardness and durability when exposed fit them
for this line of manufacture. White elm is usually used for the bent
parts and beech in small amounts for the bottoms or platforms of
lawn swings.

TABLE LXIII. Equipment, playground

Kind of wood

Quantity used
annually

Average
cost per
1,000 ft.

Total cost
f. o. b.
factory

Grown in
Ohio
Feet b. m-

Grown out
of Ohio
Feet b. m.

Feet b. m.

Percent

White oak

600,000
500,000
250,000
100 , 000

41.38
34.48
17.24
6.90

$15.00
13.00
18.80
20.00

$9,000
6,500
4,700
2,000

100,000

500,000
500,000
125,000

Red oak.
White elm

125,000

ioo;ooo

Beech

Total

1,450 000

100.00

$15.31

$22,200

325,000

1,125,000

PATTERNS AND FLASKS

Table L/XIV represents the lumber required by foundries for
castings. Flasks, templets and patterns indicate the uses to which
this material is put. Foundry flasks are rough boxes or frames
holding the molded sand into which the hot liquid metal is poured.
It would be naturally expected that this lumber should be as fire
resisting as possible, but in Ohio the foundrymen apparently lay
little attention to this detail. The table shows that a variety of
woods, usually those to be gotten near at hand are the kinds employed,
with the result that the hot metal heats the sand to a temperature
where the wood blazes. Notwithstanding the fact that water is
dashed on the blaze as soon as it is discovered, owing to frequent
firing the flask is soon made unfit for use, thereby requiring the
foundrymen to consume quite a large amount of wood for this pur-
pose. If the flask material could be treated or coated with a fire
proofing chemical, or if the wood used were redwood, which is the
most difficult of all domestic woods to ignite, the additional cost
would doubtless prove an economy. White pine is used in larger
quantities in Ohio than any other wood for flask material and it
serves with shortleaf pine, longleaf pine, hemlock, elm and silver
maple.

For patterns white pine is probably superior to any other wood.
Its suitability is due to its being more easily worked, close-grained
with obscure figure, and not liable to warp or shrink. The increas-
ing cost of this wood, especially in the upper grades and for wide

OF OHIO

101

stock, usually desired for patterns, long- ago created a demand for a
substitute, but so far none have been found thoroughly practical.
It is quite surprising to 'note the small quantity of western white
pine called on for patterns, that is the true white pine cut in the
Rocky Mountain states, and the large amount of sugar pine used
which in most of its qualities closely resembles the white pine. When
durable patterns are required to stand the wear, like those tha tare
used over and over again, a harder wood than white pine, not liable
to warp or check, is adopted. Mahogany, cherry and butternut are
the most widely used. When this kind of pattern is quite large, the
entire pattern is not made of the expensive wood, only the outside,
the filler being of a cheaper wood like white pine, yellow poplar,
basswood or red gum. Sugar maple in many of its qualities is a
suitable hardwood, but owing to its tendency to shrink and curl its
use is limited to only small quantities.

The material upon which the pattern rests before being removed
from the flasks is called templets. Like the flasks, lower grades of
lumber are required for these than are used for patterns, and in
Ohk) white pine and yellow poplar answer for this purpose.

TABLE LXIV. Patterns and flasks

Kind of wood

Quantity used
annually

Average
cost per
1,000 ft.

Total cost
f. o. b.
factory

Grown in
Ohio
Feet b. m.

Grown out
of Ohio
Feet b. m.

Feet b. m.

Percent

White pine

1,024,700
90,000
90,000
75,000
55,000

30,500
30,000
25 000
16,000
15^000

10,000
5,000
2,000
1,000

69.74
6.13
6.13
5.10
3.74

2.08
2.04
1.70
1.09
1.02

.68
.34
.14
.07

$56.37
61.64
35.00
29.00
24.54

21.31
22.00
20.00
49.63
141.34

35.00
74.00
85.00
45.00

$57,761
5,550
3 150
2,175
1,350

650
660
500
794
2,120

350
352
170
45

25,000
30,000

25;666

13,000

10,000
3,000
2^000

999,700
90,000
90,000
75,000
55)000

500
30,000

'MOO

15,000

'2"666
i^ooo

Sugar pine
Yellow poplar

Shortleaf pine
Longleaf pine

Sugar maple

Hemlock
White elm

Butternut

Cherry.

Total

1,469,200

100.00

.$51.47

$75,627

108,000

1,361,200

PULLEYS AND CONVEYORS

Belt pulleys have a number of parts, but only two woods, yellow
poplar and sugar maple, were called on to supply the material. The
former answered for the rim pieces and the latter for hubs and
braces. The rope pulley is a one-piece product, and hard maple
and beech, the first in larger quantities, were the woods reported.

102

WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES

In grain and other conveyor apparatus the rollers or pulleys were of
red gum and ash and the numerous other parts accounted for the
rest of the woods listed in Table LXV.

TABLE LXV. Pulleys and conveyors

Kind of wood

Quantity used
annually

Average
cost per
1,000 ft.

Total cost
f. o. b.
factory

Grown in
Ohio
Feet b. m.

Grown out
of Ohio
Feet b. m.

Feet b. m.

Percent

280,000
255,000
100,000
100,000
80,000

35,000
22 500

31.37
28.57
11.21
11.21
8.96

3.92
2.52
2.24

$22.71
23.31
20.00
33.00
30.00

35.00
14.93
30.00

$6,360
5,945
2,000
3 300
2,400

1,225
336
600

166; 666

100,000

280,000
155,000

.Sugrar maple
Beech

100,000
80,000

35,000

22,500
20,000

Black ash

20| 000

892,500

100.00

$24.84

$22,166

242,500

650,000

SPORTING GOODS

The shafts of golf sticks and pool and billiard tables are the
only commodities made in Ohio that come under the classification of
sporting- goods. Resiliency, shock resisting quality and strength
are the prime considerations for the golf stick material and hickory
having them combined to a greater degree than any other wood was
the only one demanded by the Ohio manufacturers. Rough squares
1x1 inch x 36 to 44 inch was the form in which the material was pur-
chased. The heads of driving clubs used in playing golf are made
of wood, principally persimmon and to a less extent of dogwood.
These heads are manufactured at mills in other States who make a
specialty of them and brought to Ohio manufactured and ready
to be assembled.

Billiard and pool tables are made of a variety of woods. The
frames are of yellow poplar and chestnut. The latter is probably
more of a favorite in that it combines the qualities of moderate
strength, light weignt, cheapness and a special affinity for glue.
The finish is usually veneer, quarter-sawed oak, birch, mahogany
and other expensive cabinet woods. The rail to which the rubber
cushions are attached is subjected to great strain and therefore
should be a wood that holds its shape well and that has remarkable
strength. Ash excellently fulfills these conditions and was the only
material called for. The massive legs of billiard tables, like piano
legs, are largely red oak, owing to the strength of the wood and its
suitability as a backing for veneer.

OF OHIO

103

TABLE LXVI. Sporting and athletic goods

Kind of wood '

Quantity used
annually

Averagre
cost per
1,000 ft.

Total cost
f. o. b.
factory

Grown in
Ohio
Feet b. m.

Grown out
of Ohio
Feet b. m.

Feet b. m.

Percent

Hickory

511,000
80,000
80000 .
80,000
30,000

20,000
10,000

63.01
9.86
9.86
9.86
3.70

2.47
1.24

$81.14
27.75
67.81
22.63
40.00

36.00
100.00

$41,465
2,220
5,425
1,810
1,200

720
1,000

55,000

456,000

80,000
HO, 000
SO, 000
SOJOOO

20,000
10,000

Chestnut •

White oak

Yellow poplar
Red oak.

White ash

Mahogany

Total

811,000

100.00

$66.39

$53,840

55,000

756,000

INSTRUMENTS, PROFESSIONAL AND SCIENTIFIC

Besides tables and the straight-edge rulers used by draftsmen
the other products manufactured by the factories considered under
this heading- are confined principally to tools used by carpenters,
paper hangers, tinners and foundrymen. Eight woods were
reported, totaling 604,000 board feet. Basswood was listed in the
greatest amount, and was employed largely for the manufacture of
tops of drawing tables, and paste boards for paper hangers. The
trestle parts or the collapsible stands upon which these boards rest
were made of sugar maple and Douglas fir, the latter shipped from
Wyoming. -Hickory and applewood were turned into mallets for
tinners and foundrymen, including the handles. The mallet
material was obtained in rough squares 3x3 inch or 4x4 inch, random
lengths. Beech, on account of its close grain and its susceptibility
to wear smooth, went into plane stocks. It served with applewood
employed onJy in small amounts. The latter was reported in no
other industry of this report. Carpenters' hand screws called for
sugar maple and hickory, the former for the jaws and the latter for
the screws or spindles, while bench screws for carpenters' vises
were made of sugar maple. It will be of interest to notice that two
of the eight woods listed in Table L/XVII were brought from the
Pacific coast, redwood and sugar pine. They were selected and
used in this industry for making straight edges, because they do
not warp or twist and are easy to work.

104

WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES

TABLE LXVII. Instruments, professional and scientific

Kind of wood

Quantity used
annually

Average
cost per
1,000 ft.

Total cost
f. o. b.
factory

Grown in
Ohio
Feet b. m.

Grown out
of Ohio
Feet b. m.

Feet b. m.

Percent

150,000
130,000
125,000
100,000
30 i 000

30,000
24 000
15,000

24.83
21.52
20.70
16.56
4.97

4.97
3.97

2.48

$39.00
27.23
32.80
22.00
40.00

38.00
20.00
60.00

$5,850
3 540
4,100
2 200
1,200

1,740
480
900

150,000
80,000
15,000
25 000
30,000

30,000

i5,'666

Sugar maple

50,000
110 000
75,000

24i666

Hickory

Beech

Douglas fir

Redwood

Total

604,000

100.00

$33.14

$20,010

259,000

345,000

ELEVATORS

Next to the last in the list of industries, from the standpoint of
lumber used, are elevators. The manufacturers report 583,000
board feet, six woods representing- the amount. Steel to so large
an extent has replaced wood in elevator construction that wood is
not an important factor compared to what it used to be. It is an
exception today to see the old time wooden elevator car in operation.
The woods the Ohio manufacturers demand go into dumb waiters,
hand elevators and the wooden parts of power 'elevators, both
passenger and freight. Long-leaf pine answers principally for
guides, hard maple for the platforms and tracks, shortleaf pine for
the gates, and white oak and maple for bottoms or flooring-. One-
fifth of the wood reported was obtained in the State.
TABLE LXVIII. Elevators

Kind of wood

Quantity used
annually

Average
cost per
1,000 ft.

Total cost
f. o. b.
factory

Grown in
Ohio
Feet b. m.

Grown out
of Ohio
Feet b. m.

Feet b. -m.

Percent

Longleaf pine. .

264,000
250000
30,000
24,000
15,000
5,000

44.90
42.52
5.10
4.08
2.55
.85

$19.68
30.00
25-00
37.08
32.67
30.00

$5,196
7,500
750
890
490
150

so] 600

30,000
24,000
5 000
5,000

264,000
200,000

Sugar maple :

White elm

White oak

Yellow poplar

10,000

Red oak

Total

588,000

100.00

$25.47

$14,976

114,000

474,000

SADDLES AND HARNESS

Stirrups are the principal commodity included in the table under
this heading. Elm, red and white oak, basswood and hackberry
were the woods furnishing the raw material, purchased in form of
bolts. Elm was the favorite as to quantity, but red, white and bur
oak were used for the better grades of stirrups. Basswood served
principally for the upper part called the head or neck blocks while

OF OHIO

105

hackberry went for stirrups of boys' and for cheaper grades of
men's saddles. Hames were the only product reported to be
included in this classification. About 350 M feet of material is
annually demanded, purchased in squares the size of which were
2^x2^x30 and 2^x2^x32. In Ohio as in other states ash is the
most popular hame wood. Other species contributing were beech,
sugar maple and white oak.

TABLE LXIX. Saddles and harness

Kind of wood

Quantity used
annually

Average
cost per
1,000 ft.

Total cost
f. o. b.
factory

Grown in
Ohio
Feet b. m.

Grown out
of Ohio
Feet b. m.

Feet b. m.

Percent

Cork elm

160,000
90 000

61,000
60,000
50,000

41,000
30,000
26 000
25 000

12,000

28.83
16.22
10.99
10 81
9.01

7.39
5.41
4.68
4.50
2.16

$22.50
30.00
18.15
50.00
30.00

22.80
30.00
33.92
20.00
22.00

$3,600
2,700
1 107
3,000
1,500

935
900
882
500
264

160,000

20,000
10 000
60,000
20,000

7,000
10,000
10,000

Beech
Red oak
Black ash

70,000
51,000

30 | 666

34,000
20,000
16,000
25,000
12,000

White ash
Basswood

White oak
Hackberry

White elm

Total

555,000

100.00

$27.73

$15,388

258,000

297,000

Fig. 25. Evolution of the shoe last. Rough block partly turned
and finished product.

106

WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES

MISCELLANEOUS

When collecting1 the data for this report the Forest Service
assured the Ohio manufacturers that in the compilations, informa-
tion of individual concerns would not be revealed. To make this
rule effective when there were less than three manufacturers making-
the same or similar commodities, they were not grouped into a
separate industry as was the case when there were three or more.
Instead of discarding the data in these cases the reports were
grouped indiscriminately under a general heading-. "Miscellaneous"
and Table LXX following presents these statistics.

Fig. 26. Showing the raw material and the products of an
umbrella handle and cane factory.

Artificial limb manufacturers used only one wood, willow, and
the entire supply was cut outside the State. Umbrella racks made
mostly of metal have wooden frames; ash and white oak supplied the
material. Hard maple answered for looms of silk and textile mills,
the sapwood of red gum for curtain poles and black walnut for gun
stocks. The making1 of coffee mills required yellow poplar and red
gum, and money drawers, yellow poplar and white oak, the former
for the inside compartments, and the latter for the exterior. In the
breweries to clarify and filter beer, chips cut from beech are fre-
quently employed and are called brewers' shavings. The manufac-
ture of these in Ohio is not a large industry but is worthy of mention.

OF OHIO i

107

On the dilier band, the making of cigar molds, c%ar makers' boards
and presses is quite an extensive line of iKianufacturing in the
quantity of wood reported. The molds are made of yellow poplar,
basswood, maple and be*dfa, while for presses and cigar boards,
high grade hard maple alone supplied the demand. A large
amount of wood in Ohio is converted annually into shoe lasts, trees
and forms. The two fcKrmer were practically all made from sugar
maple and high grades were used, for the latter bassw9od and to a
small extent yellow poplar met the demand. The only other product
to be mentioned is farm gates made from red and white oak.

TABLE LXX. Miscellaneous.

Kind of wood

^Quantity weed
annually

Average,
cost per
1,000 ft.

Total cost
f. o. b.
factory

Grown in
Ohio
Feet b. m.

Grown out
of Ohio
Peet b. m.

Feet Ibu m.

Percent

Yellow .0 lar

2 135,000
1,608,000
950 000
630,000
610)000

350,000
350,000
318000
265,000
222;000

150,000
75,000-

50,000
20,000
16,000

27.55
20.75
12.26
8.13

7.87 ,

4.52
4.52
4.11
3.42
2.86

1.93
.97
.64
.26
.21

$21.53
33.41
25.16
24.13
51.43

134.29
18.00 .
19.00
20.83
14.28

18.00
21.00
23.50
125.00
54.00

$45,975
53 725
23,900
15 200
31,375

47,000
6300
6,049
5520
3,180

2,700
1,575
1 175
2,500
864

1,500,000
1,508,000
850,000
250000
100,000

350,000
350 000
103,350

"2, 666

150,000

635,000
100,000
100 000
380,000
510,000

Red oak --

Black: walnut

Chestnut

215,000
265,000
220;000

Buckeye

75,000
50,000
13,000
16,000

Shortleaf pine • • • -

Willow

7,000

'Redwood •

'Total

7,749,350

100.00

$31.88

$247,028

5,170,350

2,579,000

108

WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES

USES OF WOOD IN OHIO

ARBORVITAE (WHITE CEDAR)

Boat parts (row)

Boxes

Crating

Mallets

Boxes

Canoes

Oars

Pails

Planes

Siding- (motor boats/
Shingles

APPLEWOOD

BALM OF GILEAD
Crating:

BASSWOOD

Agricultural implements (hullers) Desks (school)

Altars

Apparatus parts (electric)

Backing's (furniture)

Backs (organ)

Baseboards

Baskets (fruit and vegetable)

Bellows (organ)

Bookcases (inside work)

Boxes

Breadboards

Bureaus Unsidework)

Cabinets (kitchen)

Candy pails

Car construction

Car repairing

Casings (building)

China closets (interior work)

Church pews

Circus seats

Cigar boxes

Cleats (organ)

Clothes bars

Commodes

Coops (poultry)

Cornice

Corn shelters

Couches (box)

Crating

Cupboards

Agricultural implements (parts)

Backs (washboard)

Basket parts

Beds (folding)

Boats

Barges

Bookcases (interior)

Boxes

Box shocks

Bottoms (pails)

Braces

Brush backs

Brush blocks

Candy pails

Car repairing

Chairs (rockers)

Chair stock

Seats (water closets)
Tanks (water closets)

Agricultural implements
Automobile frames
Box shocks
Car repairing
Colonial columns
Churns

Furniture (interior)
Furniture (exterior)

Boat parts

Drawer bottoms

Fans (electric)

Feed mills

File cases

Fixtures (bar)

Fixtures (barber shop)

Fixtures (store and office)

Flag poles

Frames (couches)

Frames (davenports)

Frames (hand mirror)

Frames (lounges)

Furniture (church)

Furniture (interior)

Gameboards

Games of chance

Go-carts

Grain separators (agricultural

implements)
Guitars
Handles

Hayloader parts
Hoppers (fruit and vegetable)
Incubators (bodies)
Ironing boards
Interior finish (building)
Ladders (extension)
Laundry machinery
Lodge furniture

BEECH

Cider mills

Churns

Crating

Drills (farm implements)

Ensilage cutters

Feed cutters

Fixtures (office)

Furniture (interior work)

Frames (grindstone)

Hames (wood)

Handles

Handles (barrow)

Handles (broom)

Handles (lawn mower)

Handles (machinery)

Handles (wrench)

Heading

BIRD'S EYE MAPLE
Furniture

BLACK ASH

Handles (garden tools)
Handles (smal1 +ools':
Hayloader parts
Mirrors
Piano tops
Plane bodies
Rims (truck)
Refrigerators

BLACK LOCUST

Wagon hubs

Machinery construction

Millwork

Moldings (casket)

Music cabinets (interior)

Organ cases (folding organ)

Organ frames

Parlor furniture (frames)

Patterns

Pasteboards

Picture molding

Pipe organs (interior parts)

Refrigerators

Sample cases

Seeder boxes (farm implements)

Sheathing (building)

Siding (house)

Signboards

Staves

Stirrups (head blocks)

Stirrups (neck blocks)

Swing seats

Tables

Threshing machines

Toys

Trunks

Vehicle bodies

Veneer cases (piano)

Washboards

Washing machines

Interior finish

Neck yokes (farm implements)

Neck yokes (wagon)

Piano chairs

Piano stools

Planing mill products

Press parts

Rat traps

Rockers (chair)

Seeders (farm implements)

Sideboards (interior)

Sills

Singletrees (farm implements)

Skids

Toys

Trunks

Fixtures

Sides (washboards)
Sills (vehicle)
feu.* lc*-e*»s
Trunk slate.
Vehicle bodie-
Wagon cleafc
Wheelbarrows
Wheels

OF OHIO

109

Crating

Altars (church)
Cabinet work
Church furniture

BUCKEYE
Picture molding

BUTTERNUT

Fixtures (store and office)

Fixtures

Lodge furniture

Signboards

Machinery construction

Patterns

Piano cases

Brick molds

Cabin parts

Cabinet work

Car repairing

Car construction (interior finish)

Fixtures (bar)

Fixtures (display windows)

Fixtures (store and office)

Agricultural implements (parts)

Backs (piano)

Barber furniture

Bar fixtures

Boxes

Box shocks

Car construction (backing)

Car repairing

Case recorders (physicians)

Cases (veneer)

Cabinet work
Car repairing
Furniture

CHERRY

Flooring
Furniture
Furniture (church)
Interior finish
Lodge furniture
Machinery construction
Motor boats (deck trimmings)
Organs (cabinet)

CHESTNUT

Cash registers

Casings

Caskets

Crating

Doors

Drawer sides

Feed cutter tables

Fixtures (bank)

Fixtures (barber shop)

Frames (upholstered furniture)

CIRCASSIAN WALNUT

Fixtures
Parlor rockers
Piano cases

Organs (pipe)
Patterns
Piano parts
Picture moldings
Pilot wheels
Planing mill products
Seats (water closets)
Tanks (water closets)

Furniture

Mantels

Panel cores (veneer doors *

Panels (veneer)

Piano cases

Piano parts

Picture moldings

Sideboards (built in)

Trunk trays

Piano veneer

Tables (parlor)

Wind shields (automobile)

Agricultural implements

Backs (washboards)

Baskets

Berry boxes

Bevel siding

Bookcases (inside work)

Box boards (heavy vehicles)

Boxes

Boxes (manure spreaders)

Box shocks

Buggy backs

Car construction (rafters)

Car repairing parts

Carts

China closets

Clothboards

Commodes

Corn binder parts

Corn shelters

Cornice

COTTONWOOD

Cultivator parts

Cupboards (kitchen)

Crating

Drawers

Drill boxes (farm implements)

Drills (farm implements)

Dropsiding

Egg cases

Ensilage cutters

Eyeners (harrow)

Fixtures (bar)

Fixtures (store and office)

Fodder shredders

Frames (canopy)

Furniture (inside work)

Interior trimmings

Ironing-boards

Kitchen cabinets

Manure spreaders (beds)

Millwork

CUCUMBER

Agricultural implements (parts) Staves (pail)
Crates (fruit and vegetable)

Altars

Baseboards

Boat floors

Boat parts (sail)

Blinds

Cabinet work (unerposed)

Carvings

Caskets

Cisterns

Colonades

Columns (porches)

Cornice

Door frames

Doors

Drawer bottoms

Drawers (ends and sides)

Dressers

Electric cars (interior trimmings)

CYPRESS

Exterior trimmings

Finish (boats)

Fixtures (banks)

Fixtures (soda fountain)

Fixtures (store and office)

Flooring

Frames

Frames (window tents)

Hay baler parts

Ice pans

Incubator parts

Lodge furniture

Mantels

Millwork

Motor boats

Pails

Panels (delivery wagon)

Planing mill products

Music cabinets (inside work)

Packages (fruit and vegetable)

Panels (light vehicle bodies)

Panels (spring wagon bodies)

Piano cases (veneer cases)

Samples cases

Seeders, boxes (farm implements)

Self-feeders (threshing machines)

Separator sides (threshers)

Shelving

Shipping cases (butter)

Siding ^washboards)

Stacker parts (farm machinery)

Tables

Trunks

Vehicle bodies

Vehicle seat backs

Wheelbarrows

Doors

Porch work

Pumps

Refrigerators

Sash

Screen doors

Siding (heavy vehicle bodies)

Silos

Skiffs

Stairwork

Store fronts

Tanks

Threshing machine parts

Turnings

Washing machines

Window frames

Window screens

WOOD-USING INDUSTIES

Sash framed (automobiles)
Agrfcufcural machinery

(porches)
1563? frames

parts
Musical instruments
Stirrups

Barges

Boats (parts) .
Boxes
Box shocks
Building- material
Car repairing
Car construction

DONCELLA

DOUGLAS FIR v

Frames (machinery parts)
Frames (outside trimming^)
Interior finish
Ladders (extension)
Machinery construction.
Millwork
Organ bellows
Organ pipes

EBONY

HACKBERRY

HEMLOCK.

Crating

Farm implements

Flasks

Framing

Piano cases

Refrigerators,

HICKORY

Agricultural implements (hullers)Hay baler parts
Axles (light vehicles) Hay loader parts

Binder parts

Bottoms (wagon boxes)

Cabinet work

Calking hammers

Car repairing

Car construction

Carvings

Chairs

Corn binder parts

Crossbars (light vehicles)

Cultivator handles

Doutletrees

Eveners (farm implements)

Felloes

Freight cars

Gear woods (light vehicles)

Golf sticks (handles)

Hammer handles

Handles

Handles (broom)

Handles (edge tools)

Sheathing

Boxes
Cases

Agricultural implements (parts;

Balusters

Barges

Baseboards

Beef hoist beams

Boats

Bottoms (vehicles)

Boxes (tool)

Box shocks

Brackets (cornice)

Brackets (interior trimmings)

Cabinet work

Car construction (decking)

Car construction (flooring)

Car construction (framing)

Car repairing

Carriage timber

Ceiling

Colonades

Prawfcwork
R*foig.enators

^6aij stringers

Washing machines
Windmill parts

Siding

Signboards

Skidding

Tanks

Well machines (frames)

Wood conductors

Revolving rakes

Rims (automobile wheels)

Rims (vehicle wheels)

Road-scrapers

Shafts (vehicle)

Singletrees

Sledge handles

Small tool handles

Spokes (automobile)

Spokes (light and heavy vehicles)

Spring bars (light vehicles)

Threshing machines

Tongues (light vehicles)

Tongues (wagon)

Tongues (wheel scrapers)

Trapeze (gymnasium)

Trucks

Trunk slats

Turnings

Wagon stock

Wagon jacks

Whiffletrees (vehicles)

Header parts

Ladders

Ladder rungs

Machinery handles

Mallets

Manure spreader parts

Maul handles

Moulds (brick)

Neck yokes (implem.en.ti

Neck yokes (plows)

Neck yokes (vehicles)

Patterns

Pins

Picture moulding

Pick handles

Pitmana (farm implements)

Plow beams

Plow handles

Poles (light vehicle)

Rake teeth

JACK PINE

LOBLOLLY PINE

Crating Window frames

Doors

LdNGLEAF YELLOW PINE

Columns (porch)

Corn husker parts '

Corn pickers

Cotton pickers

Cranes (flooring)

Crating

Cultivator parts

Derrick beams

Disc harrow parts

Door frames

Doors

Doors (railway box cars)

Drill boxes (farm implements)

Elevator guide posts

Elevators

Eveners (harrows)

Feed mills

Fixtures (laboratory)

Fixtures (offiice» cafe/

Flasks

Flooring

Flooring (scale platforms)

Frames (box cars)

Frames (.saw mill)

Gears (heavy wagons)

Grain elevators

Hayloader parts

Hayracks

Hayrake parts

Heads (washing machines)

Hydaulic jacks (parts)

Inside finish

Ladders (extension)

Machinery construction

Millwork

Manure spreaders

Neck yokes

Panels, (veneered)

OF OHIO

111

Platforms (tank towers)

Planing mill products

Plow parts (gang)

Poles (farm implements)

Poles (wagon)

Posts (stairwork)

Press parts

Refrigerators

Screen doors

Seed-corn driers

Seeder boxes farm implements)

Automobiles

Boats.

Boat parts (row)

Bookcases (exterior work)

Bureaus (exterior work)

Cabinets

Cabinet work

Cabin parts

Cash registers

Car construction (finish)

Car repairing

Case recorders (physicians)

Caskets

Chair frames (upolstered)

Chairs (dining room)

Chairs (office)

Chairs, official (lodge room)

Chairs (rockers)

Coffins

Consoles

Furniture

Boats

Cabinet work
Canoes
Cigar boxes
Chests (clothes)
Coffins
Cornice
Decking

Agricultural implements

Automobiles

Bentwood (vehicles)

Crating

Boxes

Doubletrees (plow and harrows)

Eveners (plow and harrow)

Feed cutters

Bottom boards (piano)

Boxboards (dump carts)

Boxes

Box shocks

Bottoms (vehicles)

Cabinet backs

Cabinets

Car construction (gear cases)

Car construction (finish)

Caskets

Carvings

Chairs

Cigar boxes

Corn graders

Crating

Cultivator handles

Dining tables

Drawer bottoms

Ensilage cutter tables

Agricultural implements (parts)
Barber furniture
Barrow boxes
Baskets

Shoveling boards (farm wagons)

Sideboards (built in)

Side delving rakes

Signboards

Signs (advertising)

Silos

Stairwork

Staves (washing machines)

Sweeps (feed mills)

Tanks (acids)

Tank coverings

MAHOGANY

Desks

Doors

Finish (automobiles)

Finish (boats)

Finish (furniture bodies)

Fixtures (bank)

Fixtures (bar)

Fixtures (laboratory)

Fixtures (soda fountain)

Fixtures (store and office)

Furniture

Guitar bodies

Hallraoka

Interior finish

Leaves, (table)

Mirror cases

Organ cases

Patterns (machine parts)

Piano cases

PADOUK (VERMILLION)
Interior finish

RED CEDAR

Flasks

Frames

Furniture (exterior)

Interior trimming

Mop wringers

Organs

Patterns

CORK ELM

Handles

Hay loader parts

Hounds (vehicles)

Hoppers

Hubs (light vehicle wheels)

Interior finish

Machine handles

Platforms

RED GUM

Farm implements

Fixtures (bank)

Fixtures (soda fountain)

Fixtures (store and office)

Furniture (church)

Furniture (exposed)

Furniture (interior work)

Guitar bodies

Handles

Hay-baler parts

Interior finish

Kitchen cabinets

Kitchen cabinets (backing)

Manure spreaders

Neck yokes (cultivator)

Pianos

Piano benches

Panels (veneered)

Threshing machines

Tongues (binders)

Tongues (cotton planters)

Tongues (manure spreaders)

Tongue (plows and cultivators)

Tongues (wagon)

Wagon dumps

Washing machines (hand)

Washing machines (hydraulic)

Well machinery

Window frames

Piano chairs

Piano parts

Piano veneer

Picture mouldings

Plate racks

Pool tables

Rocker frames (upholstered

furniture)

Seats (water closet)
Shells (drums)
Showcases
Stands
Tables (card)
Tables (dining)
Tables (extension)
Tables (library)
Tables (parlor)
Tanks (water closets)
Trunks

Car construction

Planing mill work

Planking (boat)

Pianos

Siding

Sheathing

Shingles

Washing machines

Posts (seat)
Rims (trucks)
Rockers (chairs)
Singletres
Stirrups
Trunks
Trunk slats
Wheelbarrows

RED OAK

Beams (ph )
Beds
Bentwood
Billiard tables

Picture mouldings -

Planing mill work

Organs

Seats (water closets)

Self feeders (threshing machines)

Sewing machines parts

Singletrees (cultivators)

Tables

Trunk bodies

Trunk trays

Tanks (water closets)

Thresher parts

Turnings

Vehicle bodies

Wardrobes (exterior work)

Wardrobes (interior work)

Wheelbarrows

Window screens

Bob sleds
Bottoms (wagon)
Boxes
Bucket staves

112

WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES

Buggy bows

Cabinets

Cabin parts

Car construction

Cars (mine)

Car repairing

Casing (building)

Caskets

Chair frames (upholstered

furniture)
Chairs

Chairs (office)
Chair stock
China closets
Church pews
Clothes props
Corn shelters
Cornices
Crating

Cultivator handles
Decking-
Disc harrow parts
Doors

Double doors (farm implements)
Drags (farm implements)
Dresseirs
Dressang tables
Elevtor flooring
Eveners (farm implements)
Pile cases
Fixtures (bank)
Fixtures (barber shop)

Fixtures (display window)

Fixtures (soda fountain)

Flooring (hardwood)

Flag staffs

Folding beds

Folding machines

Frames (couches)

Frames (davenport)

Frames (light and heavy vehicle

bodies)
Frames (upholstered parlor

furniture)
Furniture
Hallracks
Hay-loader parts
Interior finish
Kitchen cabinets (exterior)
Lodge furniture
Mantels

Manure spreaders
Mission furniture
Moulding (stairwork)
Organ (pipe) cases
Organ actions
Organs

Parquetry flooring
Piano bencnes
Piano cases
Piano parts
Piano stools
Piano tops

Picture moulding

Planing mill products

Platforms (stairwork)

Plow beams

Plow handles

Plow parts (gang)

Plow rounds

Pokes (animal)

Porch work

Refrigerators

Rocker frames (upholstered

furniture)
Sash

Sheathing
Showcases
Sideboards (built in)
Sideboards (exterior work)
Sling crossbars
Stirrups

Sulky plow parts
Table legs
Tables (extension)
Tables (library)
Tables (writing)
Tabourets

Tanks (water closets) ,
Trucks
Toys
Veneer
Wainscoting
Washstands

RED SPRUCE
Car construction Piano boxing

NORWAY PINE

Agricultural implements (hullers) Framing

Bu ilding material Frames (carriage)

C a r construction Floorings

Ceiling Handrails

Derricks Ladders (extension)

Doors Ladders (fire department)

Columns (porch)

Cornice

Frames

REDWOOD

Framework (organs)
Incubators
Porch work

Piano parts

Machinery construction

Pedal pipes

Patterns

Siding (railway cattle cars)

Threshers

Siding
Tanks

Furniture (exterior)

ROSEWOOD

Musical instruments

SHORTLEAF YELLOW PINE

Agricultural implements (hullers) Columns (porch)

Agricultural implement parts

Barges

Baseboards

Beef hoist beams

Boats

Bottoms (heavy vehicle bodies)

Bottoms (light vehicle bodies)

Blinds

Boxes o

Boxes (cern planters)

Boxes (fed mills)

Box shooks

Car construction
Car repairing
Ceiling

Cornices
Corn busker parts
Corn sheller parts
Corn shredder parts
Corn planter parts
Crating
Door frames
Doors

Fixtures (bank)
Fixtures (store and office)
Flasks
Flooring

Flooring (scale platform)
Furniture
Interior finish (building)

Ladders (step)

Mouldings
Newels (stairwork)
Pump boxes
Planing mill products
Sash

Sheathing
Showcases
Sills

Stairwork
Sweeps (feed mills)
Tanks (water closets)
Threshing machines
Vehicles
Wagon boxes

Boat floors

Braces

Canoes

Crating

Door frames

Doors

SITKA SPRUCE
Fixtures
Frame work
Furniture
Grand pianos
Keyboards (pianos)
Organ parts

Organ pipes
Refrigerators
Sash

Store fronts
Window frames

OP OHIO

113

SOFT MAPLE (SILVER MAPLE)

Action parts (pianos)

Backing: (veneer)

Boxes

Cabinets (kitchen)

Candy pails

Crating

Egg cases

Fixtures

Flasks

Furniture

Kitchen chairs

Packages (fruit and vegetable)

Patterns

Pulley frames
Planing: mill products
Seats (water closet)
Tables (kitchen)
Tanks (water closet)
Toys

Boats

SPANISH CEDAR
Cigrar boxes

SUGAR MAPLE (HARD MAPLE)

Agricultural implements (hullers)

A gricultural implement parts

Automobiles

Backs (washboard)

Bearing boxes (farm implements)

Bobsleds

Bolsters (wagon)

Bottoms (delivery wagons and

trucks)

Bottoms (heavy vehicle bodies)
Box boards (wagons)
Boxes
Brush rolls
Brush blocks
Cabinets (kitchen)
Carvings
Car construction
Car repairing
Chairs

Chairs (folding)
Chairs (opera)
Chair legs
Chair parts
Cider mills

Controller boards (motor cars)
Church furniture
Corn binder parts
Corn grinder parts
Corn husker parts
Corn shelter parts
Crating

Drags (farm implements)
Dredge parts
Electric car (matting)
Electric construction
Elevator flights
Elevator guides

Elevator platforms

Ensilage cutter frames

Eveners (farm implements)

Feed cutters

Flasks

Flooring (hard wood)

Flooring (heavy trucks)

Floors (platform trucks)

Floor mats

Fodder shredder parts

Frames (grindstone)

Frames (light vehicle)

Frames (spring beds)

Framing (sawmill)

Furniture

Go-carts

Grain separators (agricultural)

Guns

Games of chance

Hand cars

Hand corn planters

Handles

Handles (broom)

Handles (duster)

Handles (lawn mower)

Hangers (garment)

Hayloader parts

Hay rakes

Hoops (embroidery)

Ladders

Lasts

Looms

Machinery construction

Match boards

Motor car parts (railway)

Neck yokes (cultivator)

Organ cases (reed)

Organ cases (pipe)

Organ keys

Planing mill products

Piano actions

Piano benches

Piano cases (finish)

Piano cases (unexposed)

Piano parts

Piano stools

Picture, molding

Poles (farm implements)

Press racks

Posts (seat)

Pulleys

Pulleys (hay)

Ribs (washing machines)

Rims (trucks)

Rollers

Self-feeders (threshing machines]

Sheathing

Sheaves

Sill sides (washboards)

Singletrees (cultivator)

Sleds (farm implements)

Stanchions (cow ties)

Tables

Threshers

Trestles

Trucks (warehouse)

Turnings

Vehicle bodies

Vehicle gears

Wardrobes (extension)

Washing machines

Wheelbarrows

Doors
Millwork

SUGAR PINE

Organ pipes
Patterns

Sash

Threshing machine parts

Automobiles

Balusters

Ba^by perambulators

Ba seboards

Biliard tables

Boats

Bookcases (interior)

Boxes

Brush blocks

Buffets (bar fixtures)

Bureaus (exterior)

Cabinet work

Car construction

Car repairing

Cases (medicine)

Caskets

Carvings (coffins)

Crating

Doors

Dressers

Dressing tables

Parm implement parts

BIRCH

Farm machinery parts
Fixtures (bank)
Fixtures (bar)
Fixtures (laboratory)
Fixtures (soda fountain)
Fixtures (store and office)
Flooring
Furniture
Frames (couches)
Frames (davenports)
Furniture (church)
Handles
Hall racks
Headlining
Hoops (embroidery)
Interior fininsh
Mantels
Mill work
Mouldinr
Novelties

Organ cases (pait .x
Parlor rockers

Pedestals

Piano benches

Piano chairs

Pianos

Picture mouldings

Planing mill products

Pulley stiles

Refrigerators

Sample cases

Sash (window)

Seats (water closets)

Sewing machines

Show cases

Sideboards (exterior)

Sofa frames (parlor furniture)

Stair work

Tables

Tanks (water closets)

Trunks

Turnings

Vehicles

Wainscoting

114

WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES

Fig. 27. Tapping hard maples for making sugar.

Fig. 28. An old time evaporizer for making maple sugar still in use in Ohio.

OF OHIO

115

Boxes

Boxes (cigar)
Brush blocks
Cabinet work
Crating

Crating

Eoxes
Cigar boxes

Altar (church)

Barber chairs

Car repairing

Caskets

Chairs (ecclesiastical)

Doors

Fixtures (store and office)

Furniture (church)

Furniture

Gun butts

Columns (porch)
Door frames

SYCAMORE

Doors
Handles

Handles (broom)
Interior finish
Planing mill products

TAMARACK

Car construction

COTTON GUM

Crating

WALNUT (BLACK)

Gun forearms
Lodge furniture
Machinery construction
Mill work
Organ actions
Organ (reed) cases
Organs (interior work)
Panels (veneered)
Patterns
Piano benches

WESTERN WHITE PINE

Dressers
Millwork

WHITE ASH

Automobiles (rim boards)

Bars (vehicle)

Baseball bats

Bent panelsdight vehicle bodies)

Beam (cultivators)

Baby perambulators

Bobsleds

Bows

Butter tubs (heading)

Boxes

Butter tubs (staves)

Cabinet work

Car construction (framing)

Car repairing

Chairs

Church pews

Churns

Churn li-is

Corn planters

Cylinders (cider mill)

Automobile parts

Boxes

Cabinets (kitchen)

Car repairing

Chair frames (upholstered

furniture)
Chairs (kitchen)
Chair stock
Crating

Flooring

Frames (automobile bodies)

Frames (buggy and carriage

bodies)

Frames (light vehicle seats)
Frames (wagon boxes)
Furniture (interior)
Gears (coach)
Handles

Handles (edge tool)
Hames (wood)
Harrows
Hoe handles
Hose truck bodies
Hounds (vehicles)
Interior finish (house)
Machinery (construction)
Kitchen cabinets
Mouldings
Piano parts

WHITE ELM

Electric cars

Elevators

Flasks

Folding machines

Furniture

Interior finish

Machinery construction

Piano benches

Piano backs

WHITE OAK

Agricultural implements (hullers)Bob-sleds

Agricultural implements (parts) Bolsters (heavy vehicles)

Ax handles Booms

Backs (brushes) Bottoms (baggage trucks)

Barber chairs Bottoms (delivery wagon)

Barber furniture Brake beams (heavy articles)

Bar fixtures Bucket staves

Barrow boxes Buffers

Barges Cabinet finish

Baskets Cabinets (kitchen)

Beams (plow) Cabinet work

Beds Cabins (boats)

Bentwood Car repairing

Billiard (tables) Cars (mine)

Boats Car construction (framing)

Boat parts (row) Car construction (decking)

Sides (vehicle)

Sash

Threshing machinery

Piano backs

Tobacco boxes

Furniture

Piano cases

Piano veneer

Piano parts

Picture mouldings

Sash

Showcases

Tables (dining)

Tables (parlor)

Wind shields (automobile)

Tanks

Planing mill products

Plow beams

Pokes (animal)

Poles (heavy vehicles)

Posts (vehicles)

Rails

Rake heads

Rake (garden) handles

Rims (vehicle)

Refrigerators

Rosts

Sash

Shovel handles

Staves

Tools

Vehicle bodies and parts

Yokes

Wagon parts

Well-digging machines

Pillars
Press racks
Refrigerators
Rockers
Toys

Trunk slats
Trunk boxes
Wheelbarrows

Carvings

Case recorders (physicians)

Cash registers

Casing

Caskets

Casks

Ceiling

Chairs (opera)

Chair stock

Chiffoniers

Churns

Church pews

Circus seats

Cleats (wagon boxes)

Coffins

Columns (porch)

116

WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES

Cooperage
Corn binders
Corn grinders
Corn shelters
Counters (bar)
Counters (store)
Crating

Cultivator handles
Desks (house)
Desks (office)
Disc drill parts
Disc harrow parts

Doubletrees (farm implements)
Doubletrees (vehicle)

Srags (farm implements)
redges
Dressers
Dressing1 tables
Drill parts (farm implements)
Edge-tool handles
Elevator cages
Ensilage cutters
Eveners (farm implements)
Feed cutters
Felloes
File cases
Finish (inside)
Fixtures (bar)
Fixtures (bank)
Fixtures (barbershop)
Fixtures (display window)
Fixtures (laboratory)
Fixtures (soda fountain)
Fixtures (store and office)
Flooring- (hardwood)
Floors (tipple)
Framing-
Frames (auto)

Frames (light vehicle bodies)
Frames (machinery)
Frames (window)
Furniture
Furniture (church)
Gear woods (light vehicle)
Guitar bodies
Hammer handles
Handles

Handles (broom)
Harrow bars
Harrows

Hay baler parts
Hay rake parts
Hounds
Hubs

Hubs (heavy vehicle wheel)
Interior finish
Kitchen cabinets (exterior)
Kitchen cupboards
Kitchen safes
Lawn swings
Ladders
Lodge furniture
Machinery construction
Mantels

Manure spreaders
Mill work
Mine car bodies
Mission furniture
Moulding (house trimming)
Music cabinets
Neck yokes
Organ bellows
Organ cases
Organ pipes
Panels (veneered)
Parlor cabinets (exterior)
Parlor rockers
Piano benches
"Piano cases
Piano chairs
Piano finish
Piano parts

Piano players (exterior)
Piano stools
Piano tops
Picture mouldings
Planing mill products
Platforms
Plate racks
Plow beams
Plow handles
Plow rounds
Plow parts (gang)
Plows

Pokes (animal)
Poles (vehicle)

Poles (agricultural implements)
Pool tables
Posts (stairwork)
Posts (wagon)
Press parts

Pump patterns

Registers (cold air)

Reels (electric light wire)

Refrigerators

Rims (heavy vehicle wheels)

Rocker frames (upholstered

furniture)
Sash

Seats (water closet)
Sections (wheel-scrapers)
Seeder parts (farm implements)
Serving tables
Settees

Sideboards (exterior)
Sills

Singletrees (cultivators)
Singletrees (vehicles)
Skids

Sling cross bars
Spokes (heavy vehicles)
Stacker parts (farm machinery)
Stairwork

Staves (water tanks)
Stirrups

Sulky plow parts
Sweeps (farm machinerjr)
Tables (extension)
Tables (library)
Tables (parlor)
Tables (typewriter)
Tables (writing)
Tanks (water closets)
Threshing machines
Tongues (wheel scrapers)
Trucks
Truck bodies
Trunks
Turnings
Vehicle bodies
Veneer
Wagon boxes
Wagon reaches
Wagon tongues
Wall cases
Wardrobes (exterior)
Washing machines
Weather boarding
Well-digging machinery
Wheelbarrows
Window screens

Agricultural machinery

Actions (piano, organ)

Beehives

Blinds

Bookcases (inside)

Bottoms (wagon boxes)

Boxes

Box shocks

Cabin parts (boats)

Car construction

Car construction (patterns)

Car repairing

Carvings

Caskets

Casting patterns

Ceiling

Coffins

Cornices

Crating

Door frames

Doors

WHITE PINE

Flooring

Fixtures

Foundry flasks

Furniture

Keys (piano)

Incubators

Machinery construction

Matches

Mess tables

Mill work

Organ pipes

Packing tubs

Patterns (cars)

Patterns (machine parts)

Patterns

Planking (boats)

Planing mill work

Porch work

Pumps

Rolling globes

Sash

Sash (storm)

Screen doors

Shelving

Shipping cases

Siding (barn)

Siding

Signboards

Silos

Storm sash

Tanks (water closet)

Tank bottoms

Trunks

Templets

Tobacco boxes

Vehicles

Wainscoting

Window frames

Window sash

Window screens

Sounding boards

WHITE SPRUCE

Artificial limbs

WILLOW

OF OHIO

YELLOW POPLAR

Actions (piano players)

Doors

Agricultural implements (parts)

Elevators

Automobiles

Elevators (corn)

Backs (washboards)

Exterior finish

Barber chairs

Facia

Baseboards

Evaporator pan sides

Baskets (fruit)

Feedcutter tables

Bevel sidings

Filler pieces

Blinds

Fixtures (bank)

Bookcases
Boxboards (heavy vehicles)
Boxes (veneer)

Fixtures (bar)
Fixtures (display windows)
Fixtures (laboratory)

Box shocks

Fixtures (store and office)

Brush blocks

Flooring-

Carvings

Frames (windows)

Cabinets

Furniture

Car repairing-

Handles

Car construction

Hoppers

Cart beds

Interior finish

Cases (medicine)

Ironing-boards

Casing

Ladders

Caskets

Laths

Ceiling-
Church furniture

Machinery construction
Moulding- (piano oases)

China closets (inside)

Mill work

Cider mills

Organ chests

Cigar boxes

Organ parts (interior)

Churns

Organ pipes

Coffins

Panels (automobile bodies)

Cornice

Panels (vehicle bodies)

Corn shelters

Panels (veneered)

Crates (fruit and vegetable

Piano finish

Crating

Piano parts

Desks (inside)
Drawer bottoms (furniture)

Picture mouldings
Planing- mill products

117

Pipe organs (interior parts)
Pool tables
Pumps
Refrigerators
Roofing-
Sash

Screen doors
Seats (automobile)
Seats (buggy)
Seats (carriages)
Seats (water closets)
Sewing- machine parts
Sideboards (built in)
Sidings

Sidings (err a in grinders)
Sidings (Ry. refrigerator cars)
Sidings (washboards)
Sidings (wagon beds)
Signboards
Sheathing
Sled cultivators
Swing- seats
Table (cafe)
Tables (dining)
Tanks (water closet)
Trunks
Turning's
Vehicle bodies
Veneer cores (organ cases)
Veneer cores (piano)
Washing- machines
Wardrobes (inside)
Window screens
Wood pumps

118

WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES

DIRECTORY OF MANUFACTURERS

AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS
NAME TOWN

Akron Cultivator Co Akron

Whitman & Barnes Mfg. Co Akron

Hoover Mfg. Co A very

Ohio Cultivator Co Bellaire

Thornburg Mfg. Co Bowling: Green

Bryan Plow Co Bryan

Buckeye Handle Wooks Canfield

V.'L. Ney Co Canton

The Ney Mfg. Co Canton

Bucher & Gibbs Plow Co Canton

Stark Lumber Co Canton

Joseph Dick Canton

The Deerlick Oil Stove Co Chagrin Falls

Empire Plow Co Cleveland

New Idea Spreader Co Cold Water

InternationalMfg. Co Crestline

Ohio Rake Co Dayton

Sieberling & Miller Co Doylestown

Lehr Agricultural Co Fremont

Hughes & Smythe Galena

Long- & Allstatter Co Hamilton

Panning- Brothers Hamler

Campbell Corn Drill Co Harrison

C. S. Bell Co Hillsboro

Eagle Machine Co . . .' Lancaster

Hocking Valley Mfg Lancaster

Brown-Manley Plow Co Malta

Aultman-Taylor Machinery Co Mansfield

Roderick Lean Mfg. Co Mansfield

Huber Mfg. Co .. .Marion

Ohio Tractor Mfg. Co '. Marion

W. R. Harrison & Co Massillon

Russell & Co Massillon

Blair Mfg. Co Newark

The Star Mfg. Co New Lexington

N. L. Shoup . • . . New Springfield

The Silver Mfg. Co Salem

American Steel Scraper Co Sidney

Sidney Steel Sera per Co Sidney

The Phillip Smith Mfg. Co Sidney

Slusser & McLean Scraper Co Sidney

Buckeye Div. American Seeding; Mch. Co.

Springfield

International Harvester Co Springfield

Mast Foos & Co Springfield

The E. W. Ross Co Springfield

Superior Drill Co Springfield

American Seeding Mch. Co Springfield

Thomas Mfg. Co Springfield

The A. D. Baker Co Swanton

The Toledo Plow Co Toledo

Brown Mfg- Co Zanesville

BOAT AND SHIP BUILDING

Riverside Mill Co Antiquity

Barrett Mill & Lumber Co Cincinnati

American Ship Bldg. Co Cleveland

John E. Lyon Higginsport

J. M. Hammitt Marietta

Acme Folding Boat Co Miamisburg

S. L. Malin & Son Painsville

Mathews Boat Co Port Clinton

TheW. H. Mullins Co Salem

Davis Boat Works Sandusky

Lake Erie Dry Dock & Mill Co Sandusky

Stryker Boat Oar & Lumber Co Stryker

West Unity Mfg. Co- • • West Unity

BOXES AND CRATES

American Sewer Pipe Co ,. Akron

Diamond Rubber Co-* Akron

Firestone Rubber Co.* Akron

Goehring Mfg. Co Akror

Goodrich Rubber Co.* Akron

Hillgreen Lane Co.* Alliance

McCaskey Register Co..* Alliance

Atwater Basket & Veneering Co Atwater

The B. L. Marble Chair Co.*. , Bedford

Taylor Chair Co.* Bedford

Buckeye Carriage Body Co.* Bellefontaine

Cleveland Stone Co Berea

Berlin Fruit Box Co Berlin Heights

Scott & Ewing Co.* Bluff ton

Thornburg Mfg. Co.* Bowling Green

Bryan Show Case Co.* Bryan

TheRichland Handle Works* Butler

Adams Carriage Co.* Canal Dover

American Sheet Metal Co.* Canal Dover

Canfield Mfg. Co.* Canfield

Berger Mfg. Co Canton

Canton Box & Crate Co Canton

Canton Buggy Co.* Canton

The John Danner Mfg. Co.* Canton

Joseph Dick* Canton

Gibbs Mfg. Co Canton

Havard Co Canton

Knight Mfg. Co Canton

F. E. Kohler Co Canton

The Ney Mfg. Co Canton

Ames Bending Co* Celina

Wm. CronSonsCo Celina

Mersman Bros. Brandts Co.* Celina

The Deerlick Oil Stone Co.* Chagrin Falls

A man & Sandman Cincinnati

The Acorn Buggy Co.* Cincinnati

American Carriage Co. . . .' Cincinnati

American Laundry Machine Mfg. Co . . Cincinnati

Anchor Box Co Cincinnati

The A. Armstrong Co Cincinnati

John H. Bade Cincinnati

P. T. Baker & Son. Cincinnati

Beck & Mueller* Cincinnati

Eugene Berninghause Co Cincinnati

Betts-Street Furniture Co .Cincinnati

Chas. Bolt Co Cincinnati

Brumwell Brush & Wire Goods Co Cincinnati

Case Crane Co Cincinnati

Allis Chalmers Co.* Cincinnati

Champion Tool Works* Cincinnati

Eincinna ti Wire Bound Box Co . Cincinnati

C. A. Conkling Box Co Cincinnati

Columbia Show Case Co.* Cincinnati

E. Crane & Co Cincinnati

Crooks Pattern Works* Cincinnati

Dana Mfg. Co Cincinnati

J. F. Deitz Co Cincinnati

J. Dornette & Bro. Co* Cincinnati

John Douglass* Cincinnati

Enger Motor Car Co.* Cincinnati

Ficks Reed Co Cincinnati

Globe Wernicke Co.* Cincinnati

Hickory Carriage Co Cincinnati

Fred Kenker & Sons Cincinnati

Lion Buggy Co Cincinnati

Lobnitz Co Cincinnati

Louis Lipp Co Cincinnati

A- Lukenheimer & Co.* Cincinnati

Me Williams & Schulte Cincinnati

Miller, DuBrul & Peters Mfg. Co.* Cincinnati

National Billiard Mfg. Co.* Cincinnati

Ohio Pattern Works* . Cincinnati

Queen City Box Co Cincinnati

Ratterman & Luth • — Cincinnati

A. Renesch & Co Cincinnati

Reuhl Moulding Mfg. Co.* Cincinnati

Sagers & Scoville Cincinnati

Schirmer Furniture Co Cincinnati

Sechler & Co Cincinnati

Sextro Mfg. Co Cincinnati

Steinman & Meyer Furniture Co.* Cincinnati

The S. F. Street Mfg. Co.* Cincinnati

I . Strpble Co.* Cincinnati

Superior Box Co Cincinnati

Frank Unnewehr Co Cincinnati

Ward-Brook Sash & Door Co.* . Cincinnati

OF OHIO

119

NAME

TOWN

Wildberg Lumber Co Cincinnati

Withrovv Mfg. Co Cincinnati

Acme Box & Lumber Co Cleveland

American Box Co Cleveland

Buckeye Stereopticon Co Cleveland

Buckeye Bv>x Co Cleveland

Cleveland Box Co Cleveland

James Dunn Co Cleveland

Forest City Box Co Cleveland

The Gebs Moulding & Mfg. Co Cleveland

J. N. Hahn Co Cleveland

Theo. Ktindts* Cleveland

National Fixture Co.* Cleveland

D. T. Owen Co.* Cleveland

Peerless Motor Car Co Cleveland

Fred Pollard Cleveland

Saginaw Bay Box Co Cleveland

Smeed Box Co Cleveland

Standard Sewing Machine Co.* Cleveland

Star Box Co Cleveland

C. E. Taft* Cleveland

The Zimmerman Co Cleveland

Buckeye Steel Casting- Co.* Columbus

Case Crane Co Columbus

The Columbus Bug"gy Co Columbus

The Henry Holtzman & Sons* Columbus

The Jeffrey Mfg. Co Columbus

Ohio Carriag-e Mfg-. Co Columbus

Peters Buggy Co -Columbus

R. A. Rood Columbus

Scioto Box Co Columbus

The Seng-rove Co Columbus

Wm. Sebold Columbus

Sun Mfg. Co.* Columbus

Wildermuth Bending- Co.* Columbus

Columbiana Mfg. Co Cclumbiana

H. O. Beech Co Coshocton

Coshocton Glass Co Coshocton

Holcher Bros. Buggy Co.* Crestline

C. E. Cottrell Curtice

Falls Clutch & Machinery Co....Cuyahoga Falls

Walsh Milling Co Cuyahoga Falls

Crawford, McGregor & C anby Co Dayton

Buckhardt Furniture Co.* Dayton

Davis Sewing Machine Co.* Dayton

Gondert & Lienesch Day t on

L. W. Keyer Dayton

Mutual Mfg. Co Dayton

National Cash Register Co.* Dayton

National Sign Co.* Dayton

Ohio Rake Co Dayton

M. Ohmer's Sons Co Dayton

The Shieble Toy & Novelty Co Dayton

P. T.Coffield & Son* ....Dayton

Defiance Box Co Defiance

Sun Ray Stove Co.* ' Delaware

Oak Mfg. Co Edgerton

J. G. Haury Bending Works* Erkhart

Bryant Basket Co Findlay

Findlay Carriage Co Findlay

Cunningham Mfg. Co.* Fostoria

Peabody Carriage Co Fostoria

Fremont Furniture Co.* Fremont

Gallia Furniture Co.* Gallipolis

Ohio Valley Furniture Co Gallipolis

The Potter Mfg. Co.* Geneva

Glenford Mfg. Co Glenford

Hoo Hoo Kitchen Cabinet Co.* Greenfield

Gem Incubator Co.* Greenville

The Anderson Tool Co.* Hamilton

The H. P. Deuscher Co.* Hamilton

The Long & Allst atter Co Hamilton

Sanitary Mfg. Co.* Hamilton

Campbell Corn Drill Co.* Harrison

TheC. S. Bell Co.* Hillsboro

L. B. Miller Hillsboro

Jackson Mfg. Co Jackson

The Lima Locomotive and Machine Co Lima

Philip Carey Mfg. Co*. Lockland

Snider Mfg. Co.* Logan

Baxter Stove Co.* Mansfield

John A. Halter Mansfield

Humphrey Co.* Mansfield

Roderick Lean Mfg. Co.* ; Mansfield

The Becker Mfg. Co.* Marietta

NAME TOWN

Marietta Fruit Package Co Marietta

Marietta Mantel Co* Marietta

Stevens Organ Works* Marietta

Marion Steam Shovel Co.* Marion

McMurry Sulky Co.* Marion

LaBelle Box Co Martin's Ferry

The Martin's Ferry Box & Barrel Co.,

Martin's Ferry

Davis Chair Co.* Marysville

The A. I. Root Co Medina

Enterprise Carriage Mfg. Co Miamisburg

Middlefield Basket Co Middlefield

Middletown Buggy Co Middletown

Philps Sheet & Tin Plate Co Steubenville

C. T. Daniels Minerva

W. C. Heller Co.* Montpelier

Hydraulic Press Mfg. Co Mt. Gilead

Barnard Bros Mt. Vernon

The Heller- Alter Co.* Napoleon

Newark Ohio Furniture Co.* Newark

The Ward Stilson Co New London

Enterprise Planing Mill Co New Waterford

The Koch Bros. Co.* New Waterford

Deforest Sheet & Tinplate Co.* Niles

A. B. Chase Co.* Norwark

Gordon Lumber, Basket & Mfg. Co Oakharbor

S. L. Malin & Son* Painesville

The Harrison Basket Co Painesville

F. A. Witzler Perrysburg

The King Mfg. Co.* Piqua

The Piqua Furniture Co.* Piqua

Sprague Smith Co.* Piqua

Port Clinton Lumber & Coal Co Port Clinton

Portsmouth Steel Co.* Portsmouth

Buckeye Chair Co.* Ravenna

Oscar Chase & Sen Rutland

Crane & McMahoii* St. Mary's

Clinton Mfg. Co.* Sabina

American Case & Register Co.* Salem

Buckeye Engine Co Salem

The Deming Co Salem

The Silver Mfg. Co.* Salem

The W. H. Mullins Co Salem

American Crayon Co Sandusky

Germania Basket Co Sandusky

One Minute Washer Co.* Sandusky

The Sandusky Lumber & Bex Co Sandusky

The Sebring Cooperage Co Sebring

Alderfer Crate Co Sharon Center

The Bimel Buggy Co.* Sidney

Sidney Mfg. Co.* Sidney

Sidney Tool Co Sidney

Wagner Mfg. Co.* Sidney

The Henry Prarse Co South Euclid

The Hardman-Potters Crate & Box Co.,

Zanesville

Buckeye Division (American Seeding Machine

Co.)*. Springfield

American Seeding Machine Co.* Springfield

The Bauer Brcs. Co.* Springfield

Internatianal Harvester Co.* Springfield

TheE. W. Ross Co.* Springfield

Superior Drill Co. . . ; Springfield

Thomas Mfg. Co Springfield

Ford Glass Co.* Toledo

Gendrcn Wheel Co.* Toledo

Milburn Wagon Co.* Toledo

Phoenix Box Factory Toledo

Schauss Parlor Frame Co Toledo

J. M. Skinner Bending Co.* Toledo

The Trledo Screen Co.* Toledo

Geo. Wilson & Sons Co Toledo

The Yesbera Mfg. Co.* Toledo

The Troy Carriage Sunshade Co.* Troy

The Star Storm Front Co.* Troy

The Central Ohio Buggy Co.*. ..Upper Sandusky

The Advance Glass Co.* UtSca

The Licking Window Glass Co.* Utica

The Utica Glass Co.* Utica

The New Wapakoneta Wheel Co.*. ..Wapakoneta

The Western Reserve Furniture Co.* Warren

Geo. W. Hoffman Wellington

Rippe Mfg. Co West Lafayette

Carnegie Steel Company* Youngstown

Gibson Mattix Mfg. Co Youngstown

120

WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES

NAME

TOWN NAME

TOWN

W. H. Taylor Zanesville

BRUSHES

The Whitman & Barnes Mfg. Co Akron

Bromwell Brush & Wire Goods Co Cincinnati

The Mercer Brush Co Cincinnati

Geo. Keyer Co Cincinnati

Osborn Mfg. Co Cleveland

The Ames Bonner Co. Toledo

BUNGS AND FAUCETS

The American Bung- Mfgr. Co Cincinnati

National Bung- Mfg. Co Cincinnati

Queen City Bung- Mfg. Co... Cincinnati

United States Bung Mfg-. Co Cincinnati

CAR CONSTRUCTION

Caldwell Mining- Car Mfg-. Co Caldwell

The Fulton Pit Car Co Canal Fulton

Cincinnati Car Co Cincinnati

Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicag-o & St.

Louis Ry Cincinnati

The Cincinnati Traction Co Cincinnati

Interurban Ry. & Terminal Co Cincinnati

Atlas Car Mfg-. Co Cleveland

Cleveland Railway Co Cleveland

G. C. Kuhlman Car Co Collinwood

Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Ry . . Collinwood

Ralston Steel Car Co Columbus

Hocking- Valley Ry Columbus

The Barney Smith Car Co Dayton

Tri-State Railway & Electric Co.,

East Liverpool

Detroit, Toledo & Iron ton Ry Jackson

Lima Locomotive & Machine Co Lima

Mineral Ridge Mfg Co Mineral Ridge

Cleveland Akron & Columbus Ry.. . . .Mt. Vernon

Star Mfg-. Co New Lexington

The Jewett Car Co Newark

Erie R. R New York. N. Y.

The Niles Car & Mfg. Co Niles

Pennsylvania Line Pittsburg, Pa.

Wabash R. R St. Louis, Mo.

Illinois Car Co Urbana

Acme Handle Co Warren

The Cleveland, Painesville & Eastern

_ R. R. Co Willoughby

Youngstown Car Mfg. Co Youngstown

CASKETS AND COFFINS

Belmont Casket Mfg. Co . . .Bellaire

Scioto Valley Casket Co. & Bonner Bros.

Chillicothe

Cincinnati Coffin Co Cincinnati

Crane & Breed Mfg. Co Cincinnati

Cleveland Burial Case Co Cleveland

The Columbus Coffin Co Columbus

Ohio Casket Co Columbus

Fmdlay Casket Co Findlay

B. F. Briggs Pomeroy

The Springfield Coffin & Casket Co. . ..Springfield

Stoll Casket Co Upper Sandusky

The Muskingum Coffin Co * .Zanesville

CHAIRS

Baltic Bending Co Baltic

The B. L. Marble Chair Co ... Bedford

Taylor Chair Co Bedford

Hardesty Mfg. Co Canal Dover

Standard Furniture Co Cincinnati

Cincinnati Chair Co Cincinnati

B. Klinker Co Cincinnati

H. Closterman Cincinnati

Ficks, Reed Co Cincinnati

£ red S. Lubke Sons Cincinnati

The Henry Holtzman & Sons Co Columbus

Marble and Shattuck Chair Co Cleveland

Delaware Chair Co Delaware

&L J -Peter-man Fredericksburg

The Galhpolis Chair Co . Gallipolis

Globe Chair Co Hillsboro

Marietta Chair Co Marietta

Davis Chair Co Marysville

The Buckeye Chair Co Ravenna

Shilling & Son Tiro

Williams & Co Toledo

T. J. Collins & Co Toledo

Glendron Wheel Co Toledo

Waldcutter & Kahlenburg Toledo

Warren Mfg. Co Warren

The Washington Mfg. Co Washington C. H.

J. H. White Williamsburg-

Williamsburg Furniture Co Williamsburg-

Wayne Lumber & Mfg. Co Wooster

CIGAR BOXES

E. J. Hutchison Barnesville

Aman and Sandmann Cincinnati

Bastian Cigar Box Co Cincinnati

The Samuel W. Frost Co Cincinnati

R. H. Brenner & Co Cincinnati

Geese Cigar Box Co Cincinnati

Queen City Box Co. Cincinnati

Frank Unnewehr Co Cincinnati

L. Richensburgs Sons Cleveland

Scioto Box Co Columbus

L. W. Keyer Dayton

H. B. Tenzer Lumber Co Defiance

W. H. Potter Delaware

Levi K. Basore Farmersville

The Benner Lumber Co Greenville

John Fluispach Bros Germantown

Globe Cigar Box Co Lima

Superior Cigar Box Mfg. Co ^ . .Minster

Standard Box Co Sandusky

Horace P. Keyes Waynesville

DAIRYMAN'S, POULTERERS' AND APIAR-
ISTS' SUPPLIES

The Cardington Cabinet Co Cardington

The Dana Mfg. Co Cincinnati

Defiance Box Co Defiance

McKenzie Lumber Co Delaware

The Gem Incubator Co Greenville

B. F. Hook Holmesville

H. J. Ryan Lagrange

Huber Mfg. Co Marion

The A. I. Root Co Medina

The Beell Handle Co New Bremen

Fuller & Kirkton New London

A. Cook & Co New Knoxville

G. W. Stafford & Co Novelty

The Easy Washing Machine Co St. Marys

The Buckeye Churn Co Sidney

The Buckeye Incubator Co Springfield

American Woodenware Mfg Co Toledo

The M. Brown Co Wapakoneta

The Standard Churn Co Wapakoneta

ELEVATORS

James Curran Elevator Co Cincinnati

H. J. Reedy Elevator Co Cincinnati

Warner Elevator Mfg. Co Cincinnati

Sidney Elevator Co Sidney

FIXTURES

Ada Coal & Lumber Co Ada

Star Planing Mill Co Akron

McCaskey Register Co Alliance

Ashley Lodge & Church Furniture Co Ashley

The Hardwood Finish Co Athens

Harvard Co Canton

The John Danner Mfg. Co Canton

Chas. H. Lind Canton

Scioto Valley Casket Co. &Bonner Bros.Chillicothe

Cincinnati Butchers Supply Co Cincinnati

P. T. Baker & Son Cincinnati

Allis Chalmers Co Cincinnati

Beck & Mueller Cincinnati

The Amercian Billiard Table & Saloon

Fixture Co Cincinnati

OF OHIO

121

NAME

TOWN

NAME

TOWN

Huss Bros. Mfg. Co Cincinnati

The Thos. Kelsall Co Cincinnati

Hyde Park Lbr. Co Cincinnati

Geo. Keyer Co Cincinnati

KloakBros. & Co Cincinnati

The H. Kruse Show Case Co Cincinnati

Columbia Show Case Co Cincinnati

Male.y Bros. & Co Cincinnati

M. Marcus Bldg. Co Cincinnati

The C. Schmit Co Cincinnati

Oscar Onken Co Cincinnat i

M. Ottman & Co Cincinnati

Schmitt Show Case Co , Cincinnati

J. F. Deets & Co •„ . .Cincinnati

The J. Dornette & Bro. Co Cincinnati

A. Claus Cleveland

Cleveland Desk Co Cleveland

Cleveland Store Fixture Co Cleveland

Diamond Show Case Co Cleveland

Theo. Kimdtz Cleveland

W. B. McAlester Co Cleveland

Marcus A. Monaghan Cleveland

National Fixture Co Cleveland

Fred Pollard Cleveland

Wm. Russ & Co Cleveland

Model Show Case Co Columbus

Modern Show Case Co Columbus

Columbus Bar Fixture Co Columbus

J. S. McLean Columbus

Wm. M. Taylor Mantel & Grate Co. . . .Columbus

C. T. Nelson Co Columbus

Sun Mfg. Co Columbus

M. Ohmers Sons Co Dayton

National Cash Register Co Dayton

Herman Ricker & Sans Delphos

Woodenware Ventilator Co E. Palestine

Edon Furniture Mfg. Co Edon

The Waddell Woodenware Works Co. . .Greenfield

Harrison Seating- Co Harrison

West Side Lumber Co Lancaster

Smith & Sherrich Lima

Adam Gross Mansfield

A. L. Rhinr Massillon

W. C. Heller & Co. Montpelier

Fridman Seating Co New Richmond

American Case & Register Co Salem

The Tiffin Mfg. Co Tiffin

T. J. Collins & Co Toledo

The Yesbera Mfg. Co Toledo

Hein Furniture Co Toledo

FRAMES AND MOLDINGS

Pape Bros. Molding Co Cincinnati

Queen City Marine Ry. Co Cincinnati

Reuhl Molding Mfg. Co Cincinnati

L. A. Stroble Co Cincinnati

The Gebs Molding & Mfg. Co Cincinnati

Wm. Schaber Cleveland

The Zimmerman Co Cleveland

TheGoodsell Mfg. Co Toledo

FURNITURE

F, M. Shaffer Applecreek

Goehring Mfg. Co Akron

Kauff man Mfg. Co Ashland

B. L. Marble Chair Co Bedford

Bryan Show Case Co Bryan

Mersman Bros., Brandts Co Celina

Scioto Valley Casket Co.&Bonner Bros.Chillicothe

Art Joinery Co Cincinnati

J. F. Dietz & Co Cincinnati

Ballman Cabinet Co. Cincinnati

Beck & Mueller Cincinnati

Dexter Lbr. Co Cincinnati

Eugene Berninghause Co Cincinnati

Betts-Street Furn. Co Cincinnati

Geo. Keyer & Co „ Cincinnati

The Robert Mitchell Furniture Co Cincinnati

Closterman Cincinnati

Modern Furniture Co Cincinnati

. J. Dornette & Bros. Co Cincinnati

Oscar Onken Co Cincinnati

Ficks-Reed Co Cincinnati

A. Renesch & Co Cincinnati

Globe Wernicke Co Cincinnati

Fred S. Lubke Sons Cincinnati

Meyer Bros. Furn. Co Cincinnati

Joseph Scheid Sons Co Cincinnati

Schirmer Furn. Co Cincinnati

Schmit Furniture Co Cincinnati

Sextro Mfg. Co Cincinnati

Steinman & Meyer Furn, Co Cincinnati

Stille & Duhlmeier Co Cincinnati

The S. F. Streit Mfg. Co Cincinnati

Withrow Mfg. Co Cincinnati

Beelman Cabinet Co Cleveland

Champion Bed Spring Co Cleveland

Theo. Kuntz Cleveland

D. T. Owen Co Cleveland

E. M. Hulse Co Columbus

The Hildreth & Martin Lbr. Co Columbus

Sun Mfg. Co Columbus

Burkhardt Furn. Co Dayton,

F. A. Requarth Co Dayton

Mutual Mfg. Co Dayton

Delaware Chair Co Delaware

Edon Furniture Co Edon

Findlay Mfg. Co Findlay

Freemont Furn. Co Freemont

J. J. Schellkop Freemont

The Gallia Furn. Co Gallipolis

Ohio Valley Furn. Co Gallipolis

West End Planing Mill Gallipolis

The Geyler Furn. Mfg. Co Hillsboro

Kunkle Mfg. Co Kunkle

The Logan Mfg. Co Logan

Snider Mfg. Co Logan

The Manchester Furn. Co Manchester

Ohio Valley Furn. Co Manchester

Adam Gross Mansfield

Roderick Dean Mfg. Co Mansfield

A. L. Rhinr Massillon

Marietta Chair Co .Marietta

Marysville Cabinet Co Marysville

Newark Ohio Furn. Co Newark

The Ward-Stilson Co New London

Geo. S. Stewart Co Norwalk

The Cron, Kills & Co Piqua

The King Mfg. Co Piqua

The Piqua Furn. Co Piqua

Sprague Smith Co Piqua

Breece Mfg. Co Portsmouth

Wait Furn. Co Portsmouth

The Sutter Mfg. Co Shelby

The Reed Mfg. Co Springfield

The Tippecanoe Furn. Co Tippecanoe

The Ames Bonner Co Toledo

Schauss Parlor Frame Co Toledo

Hein Furniture Co Toledo

Toledo Desk & Fixture Co Toledo

The Barlow & Kent Co Urbana

Groll Bros Waldo

The M. Brown Co Wapakoneta

The King Furn. Co Warren

The Western Reserve Furn. Co Warren

C. L Kraig Mfg. Co Washington C. H.

The Zanesville Furn. Co Zanes villa

HANDLES

Geo. H. Kephart & Son Ada

The Baker McMillan Co Akron

Whitman & Barnes Akron

Ashland Handle Mfg. Co Ashland

F. E. Meyers & Bro Ashland

Winchester "D" Handle Co. ... Attica

T. & A. Rogers Barnesville

S. G. Wright Bergholtz

Hunter Brush Mfg. Co Blanchester

Ash & Mills Bryan

The Richland Handle Works Butler

Buckeye Handle Co Canfield

Canfield Mfg. Co Canfield

F. E. Kohler Co Canton

TheNeyMfg. Co Canton

H. C. Long Handle Factory Cardington

Carey Bending Co Carey

W. H. Snyder Carey

The Ober Mfg. Co Chagrin Falls

122

WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES

NAME

TOWN

NAME

TOWN

Valley Mfg. Co Chillicothe

National Handle Co Cleveland

C. E. Taft Cleveland

The Kilbourne & Jacobs Mfg-. Co Cleveland

Columbiana Mfgr. Co : • • . Columbiana

Creston Handle Co Creston

Dayton "D" Handle Co Dayton

McKenzie Lbr. Co Delaware

John C. Shaffer Delphos

Lloyd Bros Doylestown

National Handle Co Findley

Galion Handle & Mfg. Co Galion

The Weaver Bending Co Galion

The Potter Mffir. Co Geneva

Delk Mfg-. Co : Greenville

F. E. Schumacher Co Hartville

Wood Novelty Co Harrod

Crook, Son & Co Hicksville

Miller Mfg. Co Hicksville

TheF. E. KohlerCo Louisville

Middlefield Basket & Veneer Co Middlefield

Hawkins Co Minerva

Ving-ling- Bros. & Co Monroeville

Napoleon Lbr. & Handle Co Napoleon

Clark, AUen & Co New Bremen

The Bell Handle Co New Bremen

The Columbia Mfg-. Co New Philadelphia

The Gallup Ruffin Hdl. Co Norwalk

The McGrillis Handle Co Norwalk

Geo. S. Stewart Co Norwalk

J. W. Vickes& Son Piedmont

Piqua Handle & Mfg-. Co Piqua

Dalk Bros Prospect

Sandusky Tool Co Sandusky

C. R. Benjamin & Son Sidney

E. E. Gilbert Smithville

F. F.Kohler South Zanesville

Summerfield Lbr. Co Summerfield

W. S. Fulton Sugar Creek

A. R. Criddle Tiro

The Hicksville Hdl. Co Toledo

H. A. Bollz Wapakoneta

Acme Handle Co Warren

Warren Handle Works Warren

The Washington Handle Co. ..Washington C. H.

The Wauseon Handle Co Wauseon

The Neverslip Wire Stretcher Co. . W. Farmington

The Rippe Mfg. Co W. Lafayette

Chancelor Bros Wilmington

Wayne Lbr. & Mfg. Co Wooster

LAUNDRY APPLIANCES

Monarch Mfg. Co Bascom

The Cardington Cabinet Co Cardington

American Laundry Mch. Mfg. Co Cincinnati

The Atlas Laundry Mch. Co Cincinnati

Art Joinery Co Cincinnati

Washing Mch. Co Cincinnati

Dana Mfg. Co Cincinnati

Eagle Woodenware & Mfg. Co Hamilton

The Easy Washing Mch. Co St. Mary's

The Buckeye Churn Co Sidney

The A. I. Root Co Medina

American Woodenware Mfg. Co Toledo

MACHINERY CONSTRUCTION

Bellefontaine Fdy. & Mch. Co Bellefontaine

Bean Spray Pump Co Berea

Knight Mfg. Co Canton

Case Crane Co Columbus

The Jeffery Mfg. Co Columbus

Seagrove Co Columbus

Enterprise Mfg. Co Columbiana

Turner-Vaughn Taylor Co Cuyahoga Falls

W. C. Freece & Co Findlay

C.S.BellCo Hillsboro

The Lim a Locomotive & Machine Co Lima

Aultman-Taylor Mchy. Co Mansfield

The Fairbanks Steam Shovel Co Marion

Marion Steam Shovel Co Marion

Russell & Co Massillon

Hydraulic Press Mfg. Co Mt. Gilead

The Arnold-Greagor Co New London

Cyclone Drilling Co Orrville

Buckeye Engine Co Salem

The Bauer Bros. Co ... Springfield

Mentger Folding Machine Co Sidney

Loomis Machine Co Tiffin

McMyler Interstate Co Tiffin

MISCELLANEOUS

Davis & Siehl Cincinnati

Dexter Lumber Co Cincinnati

Allis-Chalmers Co .Cincinnati

American Cigar Mold Co Cincinnati

Miller, DuBrul & Peters Mfg. Co Cincinnati

Rebhun Last Co Cincinnati

Cincinnati Artificial Limb Co .Cincinnati

Buckeye Stereopticon Co Cleveland

P. A. McHugh Cleveland

Cleveland Artificial Limb Co. Cleveland

Sun Mfg. Co Columbus

The Jeffery Mfg. Co — Columbus

Coshocton Glass Co Coshocton

National Sign Co Dayton

Buckeye Lumber Co East Li verpool

Self-Lifting Piano Truck Co Findlay

Geo. J. Mulzer Galena

O. H. Burdette & Co New Athens

The Burk Gol: Shaft Co Newark

The W. J. Clark Co Salem

Sandusky Tool Co Sandusky

Wagner Mfg. Co Sidney

The Reed Mfg. Co Springfield

Phoenix Box Factory Toledo

MATCHES

Reliable Match Co Ashland

Diamond Match Co. Barberton

The Pan-American Match Co.. -North Baltimore
Ohio Match Co • Wadsworth

MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS

Hillgreen, Lane & Co Alliance

The Baldwin Co Cincinnati

Krell Piano Co Cincinnati

F. L. Raymond & Co Cleveland

Henry Holtzman & Sons Co Columbus

H. W. Worley Columbus

Compton-Price Piano Co Coshocton

Stevens Organ Works Marietta

Ackerman & Lowe Piano Co Marion

Meister Piano Co Monroeville

The A . B. Chase Co Norwalk

A. J. Schantz Orrville

The Carl Barkhoff Co Pomeroy

Wirsching Organ Co Salem

PATTERNS AND FLASKS

McMyler Interstate Co Bedford

Bellefontaine Foundry & Mch. Co — Bellefontaine

Bucyrus Steel Casting Co Bucyrus

The Fulton Pit Car Co Canal Fulton

Chas. H. Lind Canton

Allis Chalmers Co Cincinnati

Cincinnati Car Co. ... Cincinnati

Cincinnati Steel Casting Co Cincinnati

The Crook Pattern Works Cincinnati

The Cincinnati Traction Co Cincinnati

Eagle Mfg. Co Cincinnati

A. Lukenheimer & Co Cincinnati

Ohio Pattern Works Cincinnati

Cleveland Steel Casting Co Cleveland

Melvin Bros Cleveland

Otis Steel Co Cleveland

Peerless Motor Car Co Cleveland

Ralston Steel Car Co ... Cleveland

The Kilbourne & Jacobs Mfg. Co. Cleveland

The Jeffery Mfg. Co Cleveland

The Seagrove Co Cleveland

Hocking Valley Railway Columbus

Turner-Vaughn Taylor Co Cuyahoga Falls

OF OHIO

123

NAME TOWN

Motznick Broe Cuyahoga Falls

The Barney E. Smith Car Co Dayton

Davis Sewing- Machine Co Dayton

Dayton Body Co Dayton

Gebhart Wuichet Lbr. Co Dayton

The H. P. DeuseherCo Hamilton

The Long- & Allstatter Co Hamilton

Lima Locomotive & Machine Co Lima

Humphrey Mfg-. Co Mansfield

Ohio Tractor Co Marion

The Fairbanks Steam Shovel Co Marion

Marion Steam Shovel Co Marion

The Marion Lumber Co Marion

Russell & Co Massillon

Cyclone Drilling1 Co Orrville

Portsmouth Steel Co Portsmouth

Buckeye Engine Co Salem

The Silver Mfg-. Co Salem

Wagner Mfg. Co Sidney

Sidney Tool Co Sidney

The Bauer Bros. Co Spring-field

Carnegie Steel Co Youngstown

Youngs town Steel Tube Co Young-stown

PLANING MILL PRODUCTS

Ada Coal & Lbr. Co Ada

G. V. Kern Adamsville

Akron Lbr. Co Akron

Clements* Allen Akron

Fisher & Bro Akron

Goehring- Mfg. Co Akron

Star Planing- Mill Co Akron

Summit Lumber & Building- Co i Akron

TheF. H. Weeks Lbr. Co Akron

White Lumber Co Akron

I. G. Tolerton & Son Alliance

C. S. Westover Alliance

J. T. Weybrecht's Sons Alliance

The Amherst Supply Co Amherst

Riverside Mill Co Antiquity

E. P. Gerber Applecreek

Gatshall Bros Archbold

S. T. Hoover Armstrong Mills

J. G. Laird Lbr. Co Ashtabula

J. E. Strubbe Ashtabula

Athens Lbr. Co Athens

Rardin Bros. Lbr. Co Athens

Bemendefer & Co Attica

W. R. Lynn Atwater

A. H. Regula & Co Baltic

J. E. Doudna Bannock

Etling-Lbr. & Mfg. Co Barberton

Mathie & Lutz Barberton

T. & A. Rogers Barnesville

Beach City Lbr. Co Beach City

E. L. Miller. Bedford

Dubois & McCoy Lbr. Co Bellaire

J. W. Neff & Son '. Bellaire

A. Lesourd & Sons. Bellefontaine

Gross Lbr. Co Bellevue

J.M.Gordon Belmont

Ira Stanley Beloit

W. H. Wittenmyer Benton Ridge

J. E. Crabs Bergholtz

John W. Kimmel Bluffton

Bremen Mill & Lbr. Co Bremen

J. W. Stiger Bradner

Colter & Co Bucyrus

White Lbr. & Coal Yard Bucyrus

C. H. Johnson Burton

W. E. Winkler Butler

Byesville Planing- Mill Co Byesville

J. H. Mills Caldwell

The West Side Planing Mill Co Caldwell

C. W. Forney Cambridge

Hoy le & Scott Cambridge

W. A. Hunt Cambridge

Collier & Boer Canal Dover

Wagner Lumber Co Canal Dover

C. Gilcher Canal Fulton

Canfield Lumber Co Canfield

Brumbaugh Lbr. Co Canton

David Hinton Canton

NAME TOWN

Holwick Lbr. Co Canton

W. H. Snyder Carey

P. Kuntz & Herr Lbr. Co Celina

Chardon Bldg. Sup. Co Chardon

A. J. Rhodes . . Chardon

Chesterland Bldrs. Sup. Co Chesterland

Beelman Mfg. & Supply Co Chicago

NolzeLbr. Co Chillicothe

Beck & Mueller Cincinnati

Bentel Bros Cincinnati

Cincinnati Floor Co Cincinnati

M. B. Farrin Cincinnati

Chas. Ferris Lbr. Co Cincinnati

Hyde Park Lbr. Co Cincinnati

Meador Interior Work Co Cincinnati

Chas. Rosentiel & Son Cincinnati

Clarington Planing- Mill Co Clarington

Advance Lbr. Co Cleveland

The Barner-Mead Lbr. Co Cleveland

The Cleveland Lbr. Co Cleveland

The Cuyohoga Lbr. Co Cleveland

Fisher & Wilson Co Cleveland

Gray Lumber Co Cleveland

Lake Erie Lbr. Co Cleveland

Uake Shore Saw Mill & Lbr. Co Cleveland

Lakewood Lbr. Co Cleveland

Mills-Carlton Co Cleveland

Potter, Teare & Co Cleveland

Reaugh & Son Cleveland

Rocky River Lbr. Co Cleveland

SaginawBay Co Cleveland

Otis Still Co Cleveland

The Willson A ve. Lbr. Co Cleveland

Collinwood Lbr. Co Collinwood

F. Bairman Lbr. Co Columbus

Buttles A ve. Lbr. Co Columbus

The Doddington Co Columbus

The East Side Lbr. Co Columbus

The C.T. Nelson Co Columbus

J. J. Snider Lbr. Co Columbus

Pond Lumber Co Conneaut

S. W. Gray Coolville

Thomas Colopy Coshocton

E. S. Heestand Damascus

Davis Sewing: Machine Co Dayton

Hiestand & Co Dayton

McKenzie Lbr. Co Delaware

E. S. Firestone Dellroy

Herman Ricker & Sons .Delphos

H. L. Niles Delta

LytleLbr. Co Deshler

Dresden Lbr. Co Dresden

Buckeye Lbr. Co East Liverpool

C. Nease & Co East Liverpool

W. A. Cheney ^ East Orwell

Elyria Lbr. & Coal Co Elyria

Parsch Lbr. Co Elyria

"H. H. Fassett Estate Findlay

M. D. Neff & Co Findlay

Parker Bros Findlay

J. C. Elaine Frazeysburg-

A. J. Peterman Fredericksburg1

McMath& Kelly -..Freeport

Freemont Lbr. & Sup . Co Fremont

Price Lbr. & Mfg. Co Fremont

Galion Lbr. Co • Gallon

A. C. Gledhill Galion

O.A. Odell Gallipolis

P. J. Sherman Gates Mills

F. H. Hopkins Ghent

The Athens Lumber Co Glouster

J. Guttensohn Gradenhutten

Geo. E. Hersh Grand Rapids

W. H. PommerMfg-. Co Greenfield

The Banner Lumber Co Greenville

H. L. Wright Greenwich

Gilbert Lbr. Co Groverhill

East Ave. Planing- Mill Hamilton

Panning- Bros Hamler

Clemmer & Johnson Hicksville

Chas. H. Goller Hicksville

Enterprise Planing- Mill Co Hillsboro

Holgate Lbr. Co Holg-ate

Gross Bros Homeworth

124

WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES

Abele-Kimmels Lbr. Co Ironton

W. E. Dawkins Lbr. Co Ironton

Fearon Lbr. & Veneer Co Ironton

Yellow Poplar Lbr. Co Ironton

Ward Lumber Co Ironton

Buckeye Mill & Lbr. Co Jackson

Jackson Mill & Lbr. Co Jackson

Steinman Bros ; • • • Jenera

J.B. Hodges. Johnstown

JohnCallam & Co Kenton

Robinson-Gag-e Lbr. Co. . . - ^ Kenton

JohnC. & W.Duncan Killbuck

Joseph Kuhn & Bro Kuhn

John Darf us Lancaster

Edward Delancy Lancaster

OrmanBros Lancaster

West Side Lbr. Co Lancaster

Jos. A. Slauser Lbr. Co Larue

John Armstrong: Laurelville

Monroe & Johnston Lebanon

The James McDonald Lbr. Co Leipsic

Ruhlen & Miller Lima

P. McGirr Little Hocking-

Lockland Lumber Co Lockland

C. E. Stockwell Lockwood

The Lorain Lbr. & Mfg-. Co Lorain

The Louisville Lbr. Co Lorain

The Wood Lbr. Co Lorain

M. O. Sherer Louisville

Loveland Lbr. & Mfg-. Co Loveland

Lowell Planing- Mill Co Lowell

M. C. True & Co Lower Salem

Jones Lumber Co McConnellsyille

A.N.Benjamin - Madison

Malta Mfg-. Co Malta

Fred Buel & Son Malvern

Constance Lbr. Co Mansfield

S. N. Ford & Co Mansfield

Mansfield Lbr. Co Mansfield

A. L. Jeffrey Mareng-o

Central Mfg-. Co Marietta

The H. C. King- Lbr. Co Marion

The Marion Lbr. Co Marion

The Slouser Lbr. & Coal Co Marion

Marysville Wire Fence & Lbr. Co Marysville

Brown Lumber Co Massillon

Jacob Horr . . Mechanicsburg-

Stoker Bros McComb

Caldwell & Iseming-er Middletown

Chas. E. Denny Middletown

Geo. Dome, Jr Middletown

E. I. Harlan Middletown

Middletown Lbr. Co Middletown

Adams, Marchland & Co Millersburg-

Millersburg- Lbr. Co Millersburg-

C. T. Daniels Minerva

Emerson Cox Minerva

Mowrytown Lbr. Co Mowrytown

Minster Lbr. Co Minster

John Leonhart Napoleon

Napoleon Lbr. & Handle Co Napoleon

Robert Hug- Navarre

M. A. Kreig- & Co Nelsonville

Orwiler & Armstrong- Nevada

E. H. Cochlan Newark

Nutter & Sons Newark

Heinfeldt Mfg-. Co New Bremen

ReebeMfg-. Co New Bremen

John L. Noble New Concord

Andrew Kraiss New Milford

The John Nag-ley Lbr. Co New Philadelphia

Wm . M. Thompson New Philadelphia

Union Lbr. Co New Philadelphia

Fridman Lbr. Co New Richmond

Peifer & Son , New Rieg-al

William May New Spring-field

Andrew Reesh New Springiield

Newton Falls Basket Co Newton Falls

C. W. Wager Newton Falls

New Washing-ton Lbr. & Mfg-. Co..N. Washing-ton

Chas. Fieldner Ney

Henry J . Everett North Baltimore

H. H. Lynn North Jackson

Wm. Himberg-er & Co Norwalk

The S. M. Cole Co Oberlin

The Oberlin Lbr. & Coal Co Oberlin

Fred Kinney & Son Orrville

E. A. Sellers = . . . . Orwell

Cramer & Johnston Oxford

Thomas C. Lloyd Oxford

S. L. Malin & Son Painesville

Laroo Company. . • Painesville

Brooke Lumber Co Pataskala

H . F. Steffens Pemberville

W. A. Clay Piedmont

American Wag-on Stock & Walnut Mfg-. Co..Piqua

C. L. Wood Piqua

Nimmons & Nimmons Plymouth

. John Genheimer '. Pomeroy

Pomeroy Lumber Co. Pomeroy

Port Clinton Lbr. & Coal Co Port Clinton

E. M. Funk Portsmouth

H . Leet Lumber Co Portsmouth

River City Lumber Co Portsmouth

D. L. Webb Co Portsmouth

Prospect Lumber Co Prospect

A. Cochran Co Quaker City

L. J. Hath .' Randolph

J . P . Hoffman Randolph

P.L.Frank Ravenna

O. E. Sig-ler Richmondale

The Ripley Mill & Lbr. Co Ripley

G. G. Meyers Rising- Sun

Brown Van Orman Co Rock Creek

Lewis Bros. Lbr. Co Rockford

The Peoples Lumber Co..- Salem

The Salem Lumber Co Salem

Sandusky Sash, Door & Lbr. Co Sandusky

Schoepfle Mfg-. & Lbr. Co Sandusky

Peterson-Hiss Co Sandusky

S. Wilcox Sciotoville

C. L. Matteson Seville

Buckeye Churn Co Sidney

B . Worts South Euclid

Spring-field Planing- Mill & Lbr. Co.. .Spring-field

Walter Ellis Stockport

J. H. Good Struthers

Stryker Boat Oar & Lbr. Co. Stryker

St. Mary's Planing- Mill Co St. Marys

Jenkins & Davenport St. Marys

Sug-ar Creek Lumber Co Sug-ar Creek

Mast Bros Sug-ar Creek

Jenkins & Davenport Summerfield

A. Laux Swanton

J. A. Petty Sycamore

Lease & Collier Tiffin

Seneca Lumber Co Tiffin

Shilling- & Son Tiro

Gotshall-Goodyear Co Tole-lo

J. G. Kuehnle & Co Toledo

Witker Mf g-. Co Toledo

The C . H. Schroeder Co Toledo

Empire Lumber Co Toledo

Campbell Lumber Co , Toledo

Goulet & Company Toledo

Kelsey & Freeman Toledo

The Guy Johnston Contracting- Co Toronto

J. O. Goodwin & Son Toronto

The Francis & Clemm Co Troy

W. A . Pearson Troy

W. H. Snyder Vanlue

C. Bachman Vermillion

Wadsworth Lumber & Mfg-. Co Wadsworth

John J. McMann Wakeman

Warren Lumber Co. Warren

Western Reserve Lumber Co Warren

The West Side Lumber & Coal Co Warren

Coffman Lumber Co Washington C. H.

Parker & Wood Mfg-. Co Washing-ton C. H.

Oliver Lumber Co Waterford

H. H. Williams & Co Wauseon

Gehres Bros Waverly

Phelps Bros- & Co Wellington

The Cellar Lumber Co Westerville

Oswald Bros Weston

West Unity Mfg-. Co West Unity

A. E. Baker Wharton

John J. Berg-. , Whjpple

OF OHIO

125

NAME

TOWN

Shepherd & Son Whipple

Chas. C. Jenkins Willoug-hby

Fisher Mfg. & Fuel Co Wilmington

Winchester Lumber Co Winchester

John Burghbacher Lumber Co Woodsfield

The D. C. Curry Lumber Co Wooster

Geo. H. Dingledy Lumber Co Youngstown

The Heller Bros. Co Youngstown

Fred Hoffman's Sons Youngstown

Huffman Bros Youngstown

The Jacobs Lumber Co Youngstown

The Ma honing- Lumber Co. Youngstown

Scheetz Lumber Co Youngstown

The B. C. Tibbits Lumber Co Youngstown

The Youngstown Lumber Co Youngstown

The Thos. Drake Lumber Co Zanesville

The Herdman Sash, Door & Lbr. Co... .Zanesville

F. L. Israel .Zanesville

John Groetziner ' Zoar

PLAYGROUND EQUIPMENT

P. E. Myers & Bros Ashland

Baltic Bending- Co Baltic

Thornburg- Mfg. Co Bowling- Green

Withrow Mfg-. Co Cincinnati

The Robinson Curry Co. . Marysville

Hardman Potters Crate & Box Co.

South Zanesville

PLUMBERS' WOODWORK

Buckej-e Tank & Seat Co Canton

John Douglass Co Cincinnati

Louis Lipp Co Cincinnati

Pfau Mfg-. Co Cincinnati

Buckeye Lumber Co East Liverpool

Sanitary Mfg. Co Hamilton

The Backer Mfg. Co Marietta

PROFESSIONAL AND SCIENTIFIC
INSTRUMENTS

Wagoner Mfg. Co Sidney

The Ridgeley Trimmer Co Springfield

Sandusky Tool Co Sandusky

PULLEYS AND CONVEYORS

The Whitman & Barnes Mfg-. Co Akron

F. E. Myers & Bros Ashland

The Ney Mfg. Co Canton

Meader Interior Work Co Cincinnati

The Columbiana Mfg-. Co Columbiana

Keasey Pulley Co Toledo

PUMPS

Bean Spray Pump Co Berea

Cincinnati Pump Co. Cincinnati

Rich Pump Co Cincinnati

Clinton Mfg. Co.... Sabina

Sabina Pump Co Sabina

H. M. Balletine Springfield

Mast Foos & Co Springfield

The Consolidated Pump Co Toledo

REFRIGERATORS AND KITCHEN
CABINETS

Beck & Mueller Cincinnati

The Betts-Street Furniture Co Cincinnati

Cincinnati Butchers' Supply Co Cincinnati

Cincinnati Fly Screen Co Cincinnati

H. T. Kemper Cincinnati

National Screen & Mfg. Co Cincinnati

The C. Schmidt Co Cincinnati

Tottenborn & Co Cincinnati

Jf m. Russ & Co Cleveland

The Hildreth & Martin Lumber Co .... Columbus

Hoo Hoo Kitchen Cabinet Co Greenfield

Lockland Lumber Co Lockland

Klanke Furniture Co New Bremen

gutter Miff. Co Shelby

Biederman Mfg. Co Spencerville

The Tipp Bldg. & Mfg. Co Tippecanoe

TheB. A.Stevens Co Toledo

The Barlow & Kent Co Urbana

Kuhn Bros Warsaw

SADDLES AND HARNESS

Bellefontaine Hame & Tool Co Bellefontaine

Star Hame Co Blanchester

Whirret Bros Delphos

Fort Recovery Stirrup Co Fort Recovery

SASH, DOORS, BLINDS AND GENERAL
MILLWORK

Ada Coal & Lumber Co Ada

Akron Lumber Co Akron

Clements & Allen Akron

Dietz Lumber Co. Akron

Fisher Bros Akron

GoehringMfg. Co Akron

Lyman-Hawkins Lumber Co Akron

Star Planing Mill Co Akron

Summit Lumber & Building Co Akron

The F. H. Weeks Lumber Co Akron

I. G. Talerton & Son Alliance

C. S. Westover Alliance

J. T. Weybrechts Sons Alliance

F. H. Gifford Amesville

The Amherst Supply Co Amherst

GotshallBros Archbolo

Shearer, Kagey & Co Ashland

Ashley Lumber Co Ashley

Fuller-Dodge Lumber Co Ashtabula

The J. G. Laird Lumber Co Ashtabula

J. E. Struble .' Ashtabula

Athens Lumber Co Athens

The Hardware Finish Co Athens

Radin Bros Lumber Co Athens

A. H. Begula & Co Baltic

Buckeye Planing Mill Co Baltimore

J. E. Doudna Bannock

Etling Lumber & Mfg. Co Barberton

D. S. Cook& Co Basil

Beach City Lumber Co Beach City

J. F. Dowler Bedford

Dubois & McCoy Lumber Co Bellaire

John W. Neff & Son Bellaire

A. Lesourd & Sons • Bellefontaine

Gross Lumber Co Bellevue

Belpre Mfg. Co Belpre

John W. Kimmel Bluffton

JohnBigelow. Bowling Green

Bremen Mill & Lumber Co Bremen

Stine & Ervin Lumber Co Bryan

Colter & Co Bucyrus

New Roehr Co Bucyrus

White Lumber & Coal Yard Bucyrus

C. H. Johnson Burton

Byesville Planing Mill Co Byesville

E. M. Long & Sons Cadiz

J. H. Mills Caldwell

The West Side Planing Mill Co Caldwell

W. A. Hunt Cambridge

Kittinger & Stock. . . Canal Fulton

CanfieldMfg. Co Canfield

Brumbaugh Lumber Co Canton

Holwick Lumber Co Canton

P. Kuntz & Herr Lumber Co Celina

C. A. Hertstentein & Co Chilhcothe

Nolze Lumber Co Chillicothe

C. D. Schwartz Chillicothe

Boercherding & Co Cincinnati

G. J. Brethauer Planing Mill Co Cincinnati

Bromwell Brush & Wire Goods Co Cincinnati

Joseph Buschle Cincinnati

Cincinnati Cabinet Co Cincinnati

Cincinnati Fly Screen Co Cincinnati

Clifton Stair Bldg. Co Cincinnati

Evans & Co Cincinnati

Evans-Rendigs Co Cincinnati

M. B. Farrin Lumber Co Cincinnati

James Griffith & Son's Co • • Cincinnati

Hyde Park Lumber Co Cincinnati

Geo. Kes-er Co - Cincinnati

Linwood Lumber Co Cincinnati

Lobnitz Co Cincinnati

126

WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES

NAME

TOWN

NAME

TOWN

M. Marcus Elder. Co .............. " ..... Cincinnati

Wm. Mayer Co ..... ................... Cincinnati

Meader Interior Work Co ............... Cincinnati

National Screen & Mfg-. Co ....... ...... Cincinnati

Henry Portman & Co ............. . . . : . Cincinnati

Chas. Rosensteil & Son ................ Cincinnati

Chas. W. Short ......................... Cincinnati

The Standard Mill Work Co ............ Cincinnati

Snook- Veith Lumber Co ................ Cincinnati

C. F. Thauwald & Co .................. Cincinnati

John C. Thorn Co ..................... Cincinnati

Ward-Brock Sash & Door Co ........... Cincinnati

Wilborg- & Hanna Co ............... ' ---- Cincinnati

Advance Lumber Co .................... Cleveland

Earner-Mead Lumber Co ............... Cleveland

The Cleveland Lumber Co .............. Cleveland

Cleveland Window Glass and Door Co. . Cleveland
Diamond Glass Co ...................... Cleveland

Fisher & Wilson Co ..................... Cleveland

Gray Lumber Co ........................ Cleveland

Lake Erie Lumber Co .................. Cleveland

Lake Shore Saw Mill & Lumber Co ..... Cleveland

Lakewood Lumber Co ................... Cleveland

Marquard Sash & Door Mfg-. Co ........ Cleveland

Osborn & Flinkers ...................... Cleveland

Peters Mill Work & Lumber Co ......... Cleveland

C. J. Pf iel Co ........................... Cleveland

Reaugrh & Son ........................... Cleveland

Saginaw Bay Co ........................ Cleveland

Sing-letary Lumber Co .................. Cleveland

Trebing-Mfg-. Co ........................ Cleveland

Wm. Zeitz & Son Co .................... Cleveland

JamesForsythe. .......................... Clyde

Earl Andrew ............................ Columbus

TheDoddington Co ................... Columbus

The East Side Lumber Co .............. Columbus

The Hildreth & Martin Lumber Co ____ Columbus

E. J. Jones & Co ........................ Columbus

Jos. J. Know Lumber Co ................ Columbus

Linkenheil Planing- Mill Co ............. Columbus

J. S. McLean ............................ Columbus

C.T. Nelson Co ......................... Columbus

A. C. Sag-er ............................. Columbus

J. J. Snider Lumber Co ................. Columbus

New Steelton Lumber Co ............... Columbus

Yardley Screen & Weather Strip Co .... Columbus

Pond Lumber Co ..... ................... Conneaut

Thos.Colopy. ........................... Coshocton

^ W. Spring: ........................... Crooksville

W. H.Stevens ....................... Cumberland

Hopkins Lumber Co ................ Custar

Falls Lumber Co ................. Cuyahog-a Falls

Motznick Bros .................... Cuyahoga Falls

Heibner & Clapper ............ Daltnn

Dayton Lumber & Mfg- Co ............... '.'.Dayton

Gebhart Wuichet Lumber Co ............. Dayto"

Gem City Planing- Mill & Lumber Co ..... Dayton

.Heistand & Co ................. nairtnn

F.F.RequarthCo... ....... " ": I^ggS

JohnRouser Co .....................

Cheney Lumber Co .................... V Defi2S

Diamond Glass Co...: ................. .'.DefSSS

H. B. Tenzer Lumber Co .............. Defiance

Clark &Battenfield ..................

JVicJtenzie Lumber Co ..............

H.C Thatcher & Co. ............. i'.

DreASd^JtUmberC°- ...................... Dresden

j . A. urtn ................................ Dunkirk

Robt. Hall Lumber Co ............. East Liverpool

C.Nease&Co ..................... East Liverpool

Geo. W. Gallant ..................... Flrnnrp

Elyria Lumber & Coal Co ............... . . SJ£

JohnB. HalpinCo ...... . ........... Evr a

H.H.Fassett Estate ......... FindTa?

M.D.Neff&Co ................... ;.. Pndtv

Parker Bros. & Co ..................

Wilson Lumber Co ................... Ft Recover?

Eureka Planing Mill Co .............. ™ ^ SJS

The Koss & German Co ......... Fostori a

Price Lumber & Mf*. Co ............... .'.Fremont

T. H. Hopkin Ghent
U. A. Odell

Gallipolis

T. L. Collier Gibsonburg-

Glenford Mfg-. Co Glenford

J. Guttensohn Gradenhutten

W. H. Pommert Mfg-. Co Greenfield

The West End Planing- Mill Greenfield

The Banner Lumber Co Greenville

P. Kuntz & Wright Lumber Co Greenville

H.L.Wright Greenwich

The Bender Co Hamilton

East Ave- Planing- Mill Hamilton

Panning- Bros Hamler

F. E. Schumacher Co Hartville

Clemmer & Johnson Hicksville

Chas. A. Goller Hicksville

Abele-Kimmels Lumber Co Iron ton

W. E. Dawkins Lumber Co Ironton

Ward Lumber Co Ironton

Buckeye Mill & Lumber Co Jackson

Steinman Bros Jenera

J. B. Hodges Johnstown

John Callam Co Kenton

Kenton Lumber Co Kenton

Joseph Kuhn & Bro Kuhn

John Darfus Lancaster

Edward Delancy — Lancaster

Orman Bros Lancaster

Jos. A. Slauser Lumber Co Larue

Acme Lumber Co Latham

J. F. Mellinger Leetoma

Monroe & Jonnson-. Lebanon

James McDonald Lumber Co Leipsic

C. A. Metz Lewisville

H. S. Moulton Lima

Ruhlen & Miller , Lima

Smith & Sherrick Lima

L. Blicker & Son Lindsay

Caldwell & Neigh Lisbon

Lockland Lumber Co -..Lockland

Albert E. Lyons '. Lockland

The Logan Mfg-. Co Logan

The Lorain Lumber Mfg-, Co Lorain

The Wood Lumber Co Lorain

Loveland Lumber Mfg-. Co Loveland

Lowell Planing- Mill Co Lowell

Rechsteiner Bros Lowell

Malta Mfg-. Co. . . . : Malta

Valley Mantel Co. « Malta

Fred Buel & Son Malvern

S. N. Ford& Co Mansfield

Constance Lumber Co Mansfield

Mansfield Lumber Co Mansfield

Marietta Mantel Co Marietta

Central Mfg-. Co Marietta

The Marion Lumber Co Marion

Robinson & Curry Co Mary syille

Brown Lumber Co Massillon

Marysville Wire Fence & Lumber Co. .Marysville

A. I. Root Co Medina

Chas. Willoughby McClure

Stoker Bros McComb

The Grove & Weber Co Miamisburg-

The Jones Lumber Co McConnelsville

Caldwell &Iseming-er Co Middletown

Geo. Dome, Jr Middletown

Milford Planing- Mill Co Milford

Millersburg- Lumber Co Millersburg-

Emerson Cox Minerva

Mount Sterling- Lumber Co Mt. Sterling-
Minster Lumber Co Minster

Thiesen& Hildred Napoleon

Robert Hug- Navarre

M. A. Kreig- & Co Nelsonville

E. H. Cochlan Newark

Heinfeldt Mfg-. Co New Bremen

Reebe Mfg-. Co New B remen

John L. Noble New Concord

A. Cooke & Co New Knoxville

Snider-Flautt Lumber Co New Lexington

J. A. Flaig- New Madison

John Nagley Lumber Co New Philadelphia

Union Lumber Co New Philadelphia

Fridman Lumber Co New Richmond

Peifer & Son New Rieg- al

The Western Reserve Lumber Co Niles

OF OHIO

127

NAME

TOWN

NAME

TOWN

Henry J. Everett North Baltimore

Wm. Himberger & Co Norwalk

Goodsell & Bostwick Norwalk

D. C. Shank Co Pandora

S. L. Malin & Son Painesville

Paulding- Lumber Co Paulding

H. F. Steffen Pemberville

Pomeroy Lumber Co Pomeroy

H. Leets Lumber Co Portsmouth

Prospect Lumber Co Prospect

A. Cochran Co Quaker City

Trares Bros Ravenna

The Ripley Mill & Lumber Co Ripley

Lewis Bros. Lumber Co Rockford

The Peoples Lumber Co Salem

The Salem Lumber Co Salem

Schoepfle Mfg. & Lumber Co Sandusky

Sandusky Sash, Door & Lumber Co Sandusky

G. D. Spiker & Son Scio

S. Wilcox Sciotoville

The Buckeye Churn Co Sidney

Shelby Lumber Co Shelby

E. E. Gilbert . Smithville

C. J. Miller & Co Smithville

Snider-Flautt Lumber Co Somerset

Biederman Mfg. Co ., . .Spencerville

"Springfield Planing- Mill & Lbr. Co Springfield

John C. Fitzsimmons Lumber Co Steubenville

W. McDowell & Son Steubenville

St. Marys Planing Mill Co. St. Marys

Jenkins & Davenport St. Paris

F. Weber Planing Mill Co Strasburg

McFeely Bros Steubenville

Walter Ellis Stockport

The Pilliod Lumber Co Swanton

J. H. Good Struthers

Mast Bros Sugar Creek

J. A. Petty Sycamore

The Enterprise Mfg. Co Tiffin

Lease & Collier Tiffin

Seneca Lumber Co Tiffin

The Booth Column Co .Toledo

Campbell Lumber Co Toledo

The Goodsell Mfg. Co Toledo

Goulet & Co - Toledo

Kelsey & Freeman Toledo

C. H. Schroeder Co Toledo

Toledo Trimming Co Toledo

Witker Mfg. Co Toledo

The Toledo Screen Co Toledo

Trotter Lumber Co Toledo

Western Mfg. Co Toledo

Stephen Lumber Co Toledo

The Wadsworth Lumber & Mfg. Co Toledo

Murphy Lumber Co Urbana

Warren Lumber Co Warren

The Western Reserve Lumber Co Warren

The West Side Lumber & Coal Co Warren

Coffman Lumber Co Washington C. H.

Parker & Wood Mfg. Co Washington C. H.

Gehres Bros Waverly

Bert Leighminger West Lafayette

Oswald Bros Weston

West Unity Mfg. Co West Unity

A. E. Baker Wharton

Shepherd & Son Wilmington

Fisher Mfg. & Fuel Co Wilmington

Winchester Lumber Co Winchester

John Burgbacher Lumber Co Woodsfield

Geo. H. Dingledy Lumber Co Youngstown

Huffman Bros Youngstown

The Heller Bros. Co Youngstown

The Jacobs Lumber Co Youngstown

The Mahoning Lumber Co Youngstown

Scheetz Lumber Co Youngstown

The B. C. Tibbits Lumber Co Youngstown

The Thos. Drake Lumber Co Zanesville

The Herdman Sash, Door & Lbr. Co. . .Zanesville
F. L. Israel Zanesville

SPORTING AND ATHLETIC GOODS

Am. Billiard Table & Saloon Fixtures Co.

Cincinnati

National Billiard Mfg. Co Cincinnati

Columbus Bar Fixture Co Columbus

Crawford, McGregor & Canby Co Dayton

International Golf Shaft Co Dayton

The Burke Golf Shaft Co Newark

TANKS AND VATS

Ada Coal & Lumber Co Ada

Bean Spray Pump Co Berea

Hauser, Brenner & Fath Co Cincinnati

J. A. Orth Dunkirk

Buckeye Lumber & Bldg. Co East Liverpool

J. C. Blaine. Frazeysburff

The Anderson Tool Co Hamilton

The Bender Co Hamilton

East Avenue Planing Mill Hamilton

John Callam Co Kenton

J. P. Ridge Marietta

W. R. Harrison & Co Massillon

The Heller-Aller Co Napoleon

R. T. Arrowsmith, Jr Scio

The E. W. Ross Co Springfield

Wm. F. Dahlmeyer Tank Co Toledo

Meek Cistern Co Toledo

TRUNKS AND VALISES

Geo. H. Kephart & Son Ada

N. Drucker & Co Cincinnati

Mendel & Co Cincinnati

Schneider Bros Cincinnati

Jas. Dunn Co Cleveland

Likly & Rockett Trunk Co Cleveland

John R. Hughes Co Columbus

F. A. Stallman Columbus

Wood Novelty Co Harrod

John B. Duguid Toledo

ThelGotshall Mfg.ICo Toledo

VEHICLES AND VEHICLE PARTS

Akron-Selle Co Akron

Geo. A. Collins & Sons Akron

Anna Spoke Works Anna

Athens Lumber Co Athens

J. B. Heiser Atwater

Baltic Bending Co Baltic

J. E. Doudna . Bannock

Buckeye Carriage Body Co Bellefontaine

A. J. Miller & Co Bellefontaine

Sheets Mfg. Co Botkins

Bryan Mfg. Co Bryan

Buckeye Bending Co Bucyrus

Bucyrus Bending Co Bucyrus

Carey Bending Co Carey

The Cardington Cabinet Co Cardington

Ames Bending Co Celina

Valley Mfg. Co Chillicothe

Ahr & Rost Co Cincinnati

American Wagon Co Cincinnati

O. Armleder Co Cincinnati

Bellvue Planing Mill Co Cincinnati

Bode Wagon Co ..Cincinnati

Buschle & Wuest Cincinnati

Cincinnati Panel Co Cincinnati

Crane & Breed Mfg. Co Cincinnati

Haberer & Co Cincinnati

Highland Body Co Cincinnati

Geo. Keyer Co , Cincinnati

James Kidney Co Cincinnati

Philip Klopp & Son Cincinnati

Mill Creek Wagon Co Cincinnati

Ohio Seat Co Cincinnati

Sayers & Scoville Co Cincinnati

C. B. Vandervort Cincinnati

The Welland Co Cincinnati

Withrow Mfg. Co Cincinnati

Wm. Gaberail Co Cleveland

Theo.Kuntz Cleveland

Olstyn Carriage Co Cleveland

Peerless Motor Car Co Cleveland

The Rauch & Lang Carriage Co Cleveland

Gustave Schafer Carriage & Wagon Co.. Cleveland

Winton Motor Carriage Co Cleveland

The Columbus Buggy Co Columbus

128

WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES

NAME

TOWN

Excelsior Seat Co Columbus

Kilbourne & Jacobs Mfg. Co Columbus

The Seagrave Co Columbus

United States Carriage Co Columbus

Wildermuth Bending Co Columbus

Shultz Wagon Co Dalton

Borchers Carriage Co Dayton

S. N . Brown & Co Dayton

Buckeye Wagon & Motor Co Dayton

Chas. H. Cook Dayton

Dayton Body Co Dayton

Otto Grau Dayton

Meeker Mfg. Co Dayton

Dayton Electric Car Co Dayton

Pinneo & Daniels * Dayton

Pioneer Wagon Works Dayton

Speedwell Motor Car Co Dayton

M. Weber & Co Dayton

Weber Bros Dayton

Zwick & Greenwald Co Dayton

Defiance Box Co Defiance

Defiance Carriage Co Defiance

Turnbull Wagon Co Defiance

Delphos Bending Co Delphos

Oak Mfg. Co Edgerton

J. F. Haury Bending Works Erkhart

D. E. Heisey Farmersville

Findlay Carriage Co Findlay

M. D. NefE & Co Findlay

Self Lifting Piano Truck Co Findlay

Bimel Spoke & Aute Wheel Co Fort Recovery

Cunningham Mfg. Co ' Fostoria

Koss & German Co Fostoria

J . C. Blaine Frazeysburg

A. J. Peterman FreJericksburg

G. A. Berger Fremont

Lauth-Juergens Motor Car Co Fremont

West Wood Turning Co Fremont

The Weaver Bending Co Gallon

F. M. Arnold Grand Rapids

JohnDonges & Co Hamilton

Panning Bros Hamler

L.B. Miller Harrod

The M. F. Carroll & Sons Co Hiilsboro

Ketter Buggy Co Ironf on

Southern Wheel Stock Co Ironton

J. W. Taiga Ironton

Joseph Kuhn & Bro Kuhn

Edward Delancy < Lancaster

The Cass Hardwood Lbr. Co Lima

The Louisville Lbr . C Louisville

Madison Wheel Co Madison

Ohio Valley Wagon Co Marietta

Cook Wagon Co Marion

The Houghton Sulky Co - . . . -Marion

McMurray Sulky Co Marion

W. R. Harrison & Co Massillon

Bookwalter Wheel Co Miamsburg

Enterprise Carriage Mfg. Co Miamsburg

Mitchell Wheel Co Miamsburg

Milford Planing Mill Milford

Adams Marchland & Co Millersburg

Napoleon Lbr. & Handle Co Napoleon

The Burke Golf Shaft Co Newark

Newark Gear Wood Co Newark

Blair Mfg. Co Newark

TheWyethCo..- Newark

SpicerMfg. Co New Philadelphia

S. L. Malin & Son Pamesville

F A.Witzler Perrysbur*

Port Clinton Buggy Co Port Clinton

BreeceMfg. Co Portsmouth

E. M. Funk Portsmouth

NAME TOWN

Riddle Coach & Hearse Co Ravenna

Crane & MacMahon St. Mary's

The W. H. MullinsCo Salem

G. N. Galbreath Sherwood

Pioneer Pole & Shaft Co Piqua

Sidney Mfg. Co Sidney

Sidney Tool Co Sidney

The Tucker Wood Work Co Sidney

E. E. Gilbert Smithville

P.P. Kohler S. Zanesville

Zanesvilie Gearwood Co S. Zanesville

Jas. Workman & Sons Steubenville

Rome Spoke Works Stout

W. S. Fulton Sugar Creek

Shilling & Son Tiro

The Tiffin Wagon Co Tiffin

Gendron Wheel Co Toledo

Milburn Wagon Co Toledo

The J. M. Skinner Co Toledo

The Toledo Bending Co Toledo

Toledo Carriage Woodwork Co Toledo

Toledo Wheelbarrow Co Toledo

Bickel & Null Trotwood

E. H. Brandenburg Trotwood

J. W. Devers Trotwood

Pioneer Pole & Shaft Co Troy

The Star Storm Front Co Troy

The Troy Carriage Sunshade Co Troy

Troy Mfg. Co Troy

The Ohio Mfg. Co Upper Sandusky

Wertz Buggy Co Wadsworth

Stevenson Buggy Co Wadsworth

The New Wapakoneta Wheel Co. ... Wapakoneta

Warren Handle Works Warren

Winchester Lbr. Co Winchester

Wayne Lbr. & Mfg. Co Wooster

Brown Mfg. Co Zanesville

The Andrew Kimble Co Zanesville

H. J. Kimble Est Zanesville

The Zanesville Gear Wood Co Zanesville

The Youngstown Carriage & Wagon

Co Youngstown

WOODENWARE AND NOVELTIES

Ashtabula Pail Co Ashtabula

J. E. Doudna Bannock

Gibbs Mfg. Co Canton

Cardington Cabinet Co Cardington

Cincinnati Turning & Carving Co Cincinnati

Scioto Box Co Columbus

The Seagrave Co Columbus

Novelty Advertising Co Coshocton

F. A. RequarthCo Dayton

Mutual Mfg. Co Dayton

Tettenborn & Co Dayton

Hughes & Smith Galena

The Weaver Bending Co Galion

Wood Novelty Co Harrod

Crook, Son & Co Hicksville

The Wood Lumber Co Lorain

The A. J. Root Co Medina

Ohio Pail Co Middlefield

The Ward Stilson Co New London

N. L. Shoup New Springfield

The Newton Falls Mfg. Co Newton Falls

G. S. Stewart Co Norwalk

The King Mfg. Co Piqua

Consolidated Pump Co Toledo

John Nagley Toledo

Phoenix Box Factory • Toledo

The Lyman Mfg. Co Warren

The Rippe Mfg. Co West Lafayette

OP OHIO

129

APPENDIX

Several wood-using: industries of Ohio were not included in this
special study because they are covered by the annual reports of the
Bureau of the Census. In considering- wood consumption in Ohio these
industries are of much importance and with a view ef making1 this
report more complete to the extent with which Bureau of Census
statistics refer to Ohio, they have been copied and presented in the
following: compilations:

LUMBER, LATH AND SHINGLES

There were 1,148 sawmills in operation in Ohio in 1910. The
cut, 490,000,000 feet, gave the State the rank of twenty-five among
41 lumber producing States. The increase was 9.7 percent over
1909, and 28 percent over 1908. The lumber cut according to kinds
of wood reported by the sawmills was as follows:

Softwoods

Species

Number
active mills

Sawed lumber
M feet b. m.

Yellow pine ..

2568

252

Hemlock . .

2,845

176

Cedar . .

Total softwoods

6 889

490,039

Hardwoods

Species

Number oi
active mills

Lumber sawed
M feet b. m.

Oak ,

1076

224,676

Maple

'775

Tulip poplar

634

*f i22

Red gum ....

131

1*634

Chestnut • • • •

400

14 576

Beech. !

765

39 498

Birch

930

Basswood

447

)[5 116

755

20'022

Elm

650

24)199

Ash ....

673

22815

Cottonwood ....

162

2 245

Tupelo • •

Sycamore. . . «

277

4,139

Walnut

320

6915

AD other

3,085

Total

483,150

Of the total sawed hardwood lumber, oak comprised approxi
mately 46 percent, tulip poplar 15 percent, beech 9 percent, maple
7 percent, elm 5 percent, and the other woods in varying small
amounts constituted the remainder. It is interesting to note that

130

WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES

Ohio stood first in the production of walnut lumber, though walnut is
by no means the most important species of those manufactured in
the State.

Shingles are manufactured principally from white pine, cedar,
spruce and chestnut, and had in 1910 an average value at the mill of
$2.98 per thousand. The total number of shingles manufactured in
1910 was 1,339,000, with a total value at the mill of $3,990.

The species used for lath are white pine, hemlock and yellow
pine. The average value per thousand in 1910 was $3.57 at the mill
and 14,737,000 were manufactured.

Fig. 29. A scene in yard of an Ohio stave factory. Mostly elm bolts but also
some ash, maple, red oak, hickory, sycamore, and buckeye.

COOPERAGE STOCK

Two kinds of cooperage stock, slack and tight, are produced.
Slack cooperage stock is the term applied to the materials essential
in making- barrels to contain apples, flour, cement, nails, etc.
Tight cooperage stock is distinguished from slack by the fact that
it is made usually to contain liquids or articles requiring a strong
container.

Twenty-three kinds of wood were used for making slack staves
in 1910, and red gum, pine, beech and elm were the woods used in
greatest quantities. For heading the same woods were reported as
were reported for staves except that maple takes the place of elm.

OF OHIO 131

The total production of heading- was 969,000 sets. Hoops, which are

the coiled or patent hoops, are made of elm and in the quantity
manufactured Ohio leads all states, the total being- 92,494,000.

Species

Staves produced
Thousands

Pine • •

Beech

1 771

Elm • • •

11*479

Chestnut

'296

Maple. • • •

1 973

'719

Oak

1 626

Cottonwood • • •

'596

All other • •

9 567

28 123

VENEERS

The manufacture of veneers in Ohio has shown a steady increase
in the last decade, due to the widening- range of uses. Formerly
veneer making- was confined to a few hardwoods selected for beauty
of grain and used as an exterior finish for hig-h-grade furniture and
cabinet work. The improvement of veneer machinery and methods
of drying- has developed a large demand for veneers made of cheap
woods which are used for packing- boxes, berry cups, fruit baskets,
veneer barrels, drawer bottoms and filling- in three-ply lumber*

Due to the increasing price of hardwood, built-up lumber of
three-ply veneer has been extensively substituted for making- fur-
niture, fixtures and cabinets. Woods which have a tendency to
twist and warp when sawed into boards can be used to advantag-e in
the manufacture of this built-up lumber.

There are three principal methods of manufacturing veneer:
rotary cutting-, slicing- and sawing. Rotary cutting is the method
most extensively used, and by it all the cheap veneers are cut.
Veneers made by slicing and rotary cutting are less expensive than
by sawing, and the last method is therefore largely confined to the
manufacture of high-grade finish veneers. Ohio is one of the unim-
portant states for manufacturing high-priced cabinet veneers.
These not only include oak veneer, but mahogany and other foreign
woods that are shipped in in the form of logs and veneer flitchesc

In 1910 the wood consumed for veneers in Ohio was 11,832,000
feet log scale, which is more than twice the amount used in 1907 for
the same purpose.

132

WOOD USING INDUSTRIES

Ffg. 30. Coiling patent barrel hoops made from white elm. Ohio in 1911 leads
all other States in the production of this commodity.

Year

Wood consumed
M feet, log scale

1907

5 821

1908 ...

7*873

1909.

10'985

1910

' ll'832

PULP WOOD

The consumption of pulp wood in Ohio from 1907 to 1910 shows
a decided decrease. The following1 table illustrates this fact:

Year

Number of
mills

Wood
consumed
cords

Pulp
produced
tons

1907.

59 110

31 205

1908 .. .

46*183

1909...

55 '275

26*977

1910 ....

38' 693

16*932

OF OHIO

133

The average yield per cord of pulp wood for 1910, irrespective
of the kind of wood or process used, was 1,238 pounds. The average
approximate yield per cord by the ground wood process is 2,000
pounds, and by the sulphate and soda process 1,000 pounds.

The following table shows the consumption of Ohio pulp wood
by kinds:

Kind of wood

Consumption
in cords

S ruce

3 000

Hemlock •'

rjopiar ^^^ •

cji -U n'W?°'ii* •••'"'

Total

38.693

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY

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