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Title: Pennsylvania vegetable growers' news, v. 15
Place of Publication: State College, Pa.
Copyright Date: 1945

Master Negative Storage Number: MNS# PSt SNPaAg058.16

PENNSYLVANIA
VEGETABLE GROWERS' NEWS

PUBLISHED— JANUARY, MARCH, MAY, JULY AND DECEMBER

Vol. XV

state College, Pa., January, 1945

No. 1

A Publication of The Pennsylvania Vegetable Growers' Association

Annual dues are $1.00, 80 cents of which is for subscription to the

Pennsylvania Vegetable Growers' News.
Single Copy — 25c

President Louis Orient, Bridgeville

y^^f'^i®"^®**^ K- H. Hostetter, Sinking Spring

Sec y-Treas Jesse M. Huffington, 625 Holmes St., State College

Directors — Ray W. Wenker, Bustleton.
Mark S. Ladd, Waverly.
K. S. Philp, Pittsburgh (16).
Walter E. Peeling, Williamsport.
A. C. Thompson, Morrisville.

Ten-Ton Tomato Club Committee
H. W. Huffnagle, Quarryville, Pa.
J. A. Benedict, Waynesboro, R. ^, Pa.
B. Snavely Garber, Willow Street, Pa.
Herman G. Heuscher, Ivyland, Pa.
Parker Lerew, York Springs, Pa.
R. C. Smozinsky, Lewisburg, Pa.
Myron Whitenight, 816 Market St., Bloomsburg, Pa.

Processors Participating

Adams Apple Corporation, C. Glenn Taylor, Aspers, Pa.
Burgoon & Yingling, J. I. Burgoon, Gettysburg, Pa.
Campbell Soup Company, E. W. Montell, Camden, N. J.
Chef Boy-Ar-Dee Quality Foods, Inc., J. R. Keiser, Milton, Pa.
G. L. F. Cooperative Cannery, James Crolle, Bloomsburg, Pa.
Hanover Canning Co., Alan R. Warehime, Hanover, Pa.
H. J. Heinz Co., L. D. Fero, Chambersburg, Pittsburgh, Pa., Salem. N. J.
Edgar J. Hurff Co., Swedesboro, N. J.
Hungerford Packing Co., Wm. A. Free, Hungerford, Pa.
The Juniata Cannery, Luther K. Bowman, Newville, Pa.
Keystone Grape Cooperative Association, E. F. Spiegel, North East, Pa.
Gibbs & Co., Inc., W. R. Cameron, Quarryville, Pa., (Baltimore, Md.)
Keystone Canning Co., Walter R. Knippel, Mt. Holly Springs, Pa
Mifflm County Packing Company, J. Keene Saulsbury, Reedsville, Pa.
. G. B. Morrow, Roxbury, Pa.
The C. H. Musselman Company, K. S. Alwine, Biglerviile, Pa.
Penn's Manor Canning Co., A. E. Ennis, Bristol, Pa.
The B. F. Shriver Co., John Burgoon, Littlestown, Pa.
Shirley Ayr Cannery, L. M. Hutchison, Mt. Union, Pa.
Standard Brands, Inc., The Loudon Division, Earl Gratzer, Liti+z Pa
Charles G. Summers, Jr., Inc., Charles O. Roller, New Freedom. Pa
Welch Grape Juice Comnay. R. Morgenstern, North East, Pa.
D. E. Winebrenner Co., J. B. Winebrenner, Hanover Pa.

OR'

i4ll

I) '

Contents

Pennsylvania Ten-Ton Tomato Project 5

Annual Financial Statement, Ownership and Management 6

1945 Outlook for Canning Peas and Tomatoes 7

Largest Yields and Highest Quality Tomatoes, 1944 8

Pennsylvania Ten-Ton Tomato Growers, 1944 9

Ten-Ton Tomato Production Practices in 1944,

Jesse M. Huffington 23

Tomato Variety Demonstrations 31

Growing Tomatoes in Allegheny County, Louis Orient 33

Double Quick Fertility, George D. Scarseth 35

Soil Fertility Practices That Pay, F. E. Bear 42

Tomato Variety and Strain Trials in 1944, M. L. Odland 50

Direct Seeding of Tomatoes, Roscoe Fraser 53

Controlling Tomato Insects, J. O. Pepper 58

Better Tomato Plants and Production Practices, V. A. Tiedjens . . 62

Controlling Diseases in Southern Grown Tomato Plants,

C. M. Haenseler . . ., 67

Pennheart Tomato in Early and Interplanting, M. L. Odland ... 71

Mechanical Tomato Harvesting, G. E. Miller 76

Delivery of Tomatoes by Appointment, E. W. Montell 82

How Well Supplied with Vegetables Are We? W. B. Mack 85

Index to Advertisers 89

How About It?

Is the NEWS giving you full dollar value?
Does it contain what you like to read?

Do you want, as suggested at the Annual Meeting, a full-time
(grower) secretary?

The Market Growers Journal will not be included in your $1 mem-
bership, after 1945. Will you be willing to pay 25c additional for
this?

Pennsylvania Ten-Ton Tomato Project

PURPOSE

Theproduction of high quality tomatoes with large yields oer acrP
and efficient use of labor and cash in growing, harvestinTand mi-ket
growers""'' " ^"^ g^<^ ^y reporting actual practicesT^SSsSl"

MEMBERSHIP AND AWARDS
.,r^i^ ton^ato growers in Pennsylvania producing one or more acres
whose receipts for tomatoes sold from these acres to the Snne?^ or
m the open market, show a production of 10 or more tons neT^cre

Recording production practices is encouraged by awarding cert.i

S ?A Tf«'*".'' ^' ''-' °' ^-' *° g^°^«^« ^h? presL^Tuch a?ecord"
Class A certificates are awarded to growers who delivered an averaVp
of over 60 per cent U. S. grade number one tomatoes dSnJ thlse!
son, and class B certificates to growers who sold on an ungraded bS
or whose average grade for the season was less than 60 p£ cent US
number one tomatoes. Record forms, as printed in tWs report mav
be obtained from the County Agricultural ExtensSn Agent S
should be retarned to him by November first. FielZen also kssS
m assembling these records. "i"eii, aiso, assist

«nH^fl"^^ T^'"'^^ ^""^ presented to the highest three, in yield 2 to 7

'^^l^'ZV, ZZt^^r '"' ^"^'*^' ''''-' ' *° ' '"^^ *^-' ^ -

tee^nVSgTsUo^a?: ^^^^S^ ^^ '^ -^-^ ^^ the commit-

ORGANIZATION
The Pennsylvania Vegetable Growers' Association sponsors th^
project, issues certificates of merit, presents awards for Se best
quality and the largest yields per ac?e, publishes this report and

Sf/arnSb^g. '''-''' "^^^*^"^^' ^-^^-^-^^ t^' Annual

n T,*** A9"^^*"'al Extension Service of The Pennsylvania State
Col ege. through County Agricultural Extension AsSons dem
onstrates better production and harvesting practices ass sts in o^'
taimng and summarizing records of practices folWd by growet"
and presents educational information. ^ growers,

Canners assist by supplying lists of their ten-ton tomato growers
purchasing reports for distribution and contributing cash to cZer
awards and other expenses. Fieldmen assist in obtafning records S
production practices, acreage, yield and grade percentages

t'K

I'f

il<

I! •*

I
I

Annual Financial Statement for 1944

The Pennsylvania Vegetable Growers' Association
December 15, 1943 — December 15, 1944

Receipts

Memberships $1,594.00

Advertisements 1,866.04

Ten-Ton Reports 784.96

Contributions 165.25

Total $4,410.25

Expenditures

Annual Meeting $ 113.52

Ten-Ton 1,511.98

News 2,359.46

Miscellaneous 611.45

Total $4,596.41

Excess of expenditures over receipts $186.16

Opening balances: Bank $ 890.04

: Cash 9.07 899.11

Balances 12/15/44 Bank $ 705.62

Cash 7.33 $712.95

(Signed) W. B. NISSLEY

Chairman, Auditing Committee

STATEMENT OF THE OWNERSHIP. MANAGEMENT. CIRCULATION. ETC., REQUIRED
BY THE ACTS OF CONGRESS OF AUGUST 24, 1912, AND MARCH 3, 1933

Of Pennsylvania Vegetable Growers' News published Quarterly at State College, Pa., for
October 3, 1944.

State of Pennsylvania \
County of Centre ) ^^•

Before me, a Notary in and for the State and county aforesaid, personally appeared
Jesse M. Huffington, who, having been duly sworn according to law, deposes and says that
he is the Editor of the Pennsylvania Vegetable Growers' News and that the following is to
the best of his knowledge and belief, a true statement of the ownership, management, etc.,
of the aforesaid publication for the date shown in the above caption, required by the Act of
August 24. 191.?, as amended by the Act of March 3. 1933, embodied in section 537. Postal
Laws and Regulations, to wit:

1. That the names and addresses of the publisher, editor, managing editor, and business
manager are: Publisher— The Pennsylvania Vegetable Growers' Association, State College
Pa.; Editor— Jesse M. Huffington, State College, Pa.; Managing Editor— Jesse M. Huffington.
State College. Pa.; Business Manager— Jesse M. Huffington. State College, Pa.

2. That the owner is : The Pennsylvania Vegetable Growers' Association, State College,
Pa.; Louis Orient, Bridgeville, Pa., President; N. H. Hostetter, Sinking Spring, Pa.. Vice-
President; Jesse M. Huffington, State College, Pa.. Secretary.

3. That the known bondholders, mortgagees, and other security holders owning or hold-
ing 1 per cent or more of total amount of bonds, mortgages, or other securities are: None.

4. That the two paragraphs next above, giving the names of the owners, stockholders,
and security holders, if any. contain not only the list of stockholders and security holders
as they appear upon the books of the company but also, in cases where the stockholder or
security holder appears upon the books of the company as trustee or in any other fiduciary
relation, the name of the person or corporation for whom such trustee is acting, is given;
also that the said two paragraphs contain statements embracing affiant's full knowledge
and belief as to the circumstances and conditions under which stockholders and security
holders who do not appear upon the books of the company as trustees, hold stock and
securities in a capacity other than that of a bona fide owner; and this affiant has no reason
to believe that any other person, association, or corporation has any interest direct or
indirect in the said stock, bonds, or other securities than as so stated by him.

JESSE M. HUFFINGTON
Affirmed to and subscribed before me this 3rd day of October, 1944. Mrs. Elinor Eckert
State College, Pa. (SEAL) My commission expires June 5, 1947.

*V^

The 1945 Outlook for Canning Factory Tomatoes

and Canning Factory Peas

Kenneth Hood and R. B. Donaldson*

12 months. Military needs may beTomeXt less'^^Si mfiffr
European phase of the war should be ovrby harvest timf T f
Lease purchases will be at least three fourths asTe^/T.^"^"
qugt.^ns of last year. Liberated areas ^l^ed 7,!^!^^^:.:^;

Government support prices for canning vegetables in 1945 will
accordmg to present plans, be limited to the fonlracted acrea J of

per onTeaf auSr'"%^* ^'^^^'"^ ^^^^^ corTitlo^'S e
SuppoS prKes for oth^f ''^" " ^""^ '"^^ ^^^"^ ^^ ^^^ ^^'^ P^^" ton.
not^Lenfrranged fort 19^^^^^^ "°^^ ^"' "^^'^^ ^^^^^^''^^ have

io5 rfsn''™"'"? "'"^ °* 2'««2,000 tons is obtainelln 1944 there were

^c-duct-r 194^4 tir/oS ttZbtS di--;>e ro-e-ars

acreage goal, however, will be 37 per cent above average SJl^
hnr^nV''*'"!' ''°^*^ "^"^ continue high during the coming year La

are suppSed to V;: mtf' ''^' ^ ^^'^ ^^'^'"-^ anS'eq'uJment"
are Kn.. tI° l"^ "^Z^^ plentiful but production schedules

are laggmg. There is about the same supply of fertilizer with W
nitrogen, more potash and about the sam'L^';>lume of pLphat
T>,J^K ^"^^J^ °u ^^^^^ ^""^ '"^t^l containers is apparently sufficient
^^^^iSr:^:^''- -' --' — - and^c^nTd^

igfsTouldT,?.^^ *^'*°'^ ^T^^°^' ^"^ P«^^ that are contracted in
vS o k! * '." reasonably favorable returns to growers of good

revail '''"'^ "'"' '^"^"^ P^°^"^«°" ^"d good management

• Agricultural Economics Extension, The Pennsylvania State College.

» :

Largest Yields of Tomatoes Produced in 1944

Two to Seven Acres

Name Address

Class
Cert.

Acres
Grown

Tons
per A,

U. S. Grade %
Vs 2*s Culls

First — York County
Miller, H. W., York, R. 3

Second — Lancaster County
Armstrong, Clifton,
Quarryville, R. 2

Third — Lancaster County
Brown, Arthur & Wilfred,
Nottingham

Fourth — Chester County
Buck waiter, P. L., Atglen

Fifth — Lancaster County
Lyon, Arvil, & Brown,
Nottingham, R. 2

B-1

B-1
B-1

B-1

4
2

4.5

19.82

18.9

18.01
17.7

17.4

Seven or More Acres

First — Cumberland County
Rice, Harold C, Gardners, R. 2

Second — Lancaster County
DeLong, Walter, Quarryville

Third — Lancaster County
Esbenshade, Aaron M., New
Holland, R. 2

Fourth — Bucks County
Kitten, Harry B., Ivyland

Fifth — Bucks County
Shoemaker, E. H., Bristol

A-1

9.5

13.51

B-1

13.30

A-1

13.13

A-1

12.73

A-1

12.57

First — ^Allegheny County
Orient, Louis, Bridgeville

Market Garden Class

B-1 6

13.6

Highest Quality Tomatoes Harvested in 1944

Two to Seven Acres

Name

Address

Class Acres Tons
Cert. Grown per A

U. S. Grade %
Vs 2's Culls

First — Snyder County
Herman, Albert S.,

Selinsgrove, R. 1 A-1

Second — Northumberland County
Schmidt, Dietrick, Muncy, R. 3 A-1

Third — Montour County
Labach, Warren W., Danville, R. 2 A-1

Fourth — Columbia County
Bolinski, Joseph, Bloomsburg, R. 3 A-1

Fiph — Northumberland County
Mangle, C. E., Sunbury, R. 1 A-1

2
2
2
3
2.25

12.45

11.66

12.76

11.9

10.5

96
95
90
90
90

5
10
10
10

0
0
0
0
0

Seven or More Acres

Name

Address

First— Bucks County
Doan, Duane & Marcus Doan
Yardley *

Second — Snyder County
Bolig, E. R., Selinsgrove

Third— Bucks County
Gancarz, John & J. S.,
Morrisville

Fourth— Bucks County
Fink, Mathias, Newtown

Fifth — Lancaster County
Frey, Armor P., Conestoga, R. 2

Class Acres Tons U.S. Grade %
^g^' Grown per A. Vs 2's Culls

' ' " ' *

A-1
A-1

A-1
A-1
A-1

10
10

30
8
20

10.73 91 9 0

10.85 84 16 0

10.75 83 17 0

12.82 80 20 0

11.82 80 20 0

Pennsylvania Ten-Ton Tomato Growers— 1944

Name

Address

Class
Cert.

ADAMS COUNTY— 42
Beamer, Francis, Aspers
Black, John Wm., Aspers
Blue Ribbon Orchard, Biglerville
Bream, Ernest, Gardners, R. 1
Bream, Raymond, Gardners, R. 1
Brough, George, Gardners
Cashman, Elmer & Horner

York Springs, R. 1
Davis, Harold, Aspers
Dunlap, Harry, Biglerville
Funt, Harry A., Biglerville
G. M. W. Orchard, Gardners
Griest, Fred, Flora Dale
Guise, John W., Gardners
Harbold, Ervin, York Springs, R. 1
Harbold Wm. H., York Springs, R. 1
Hutton & Motter, Bendersville
Inskip, Granville L., Hampton
Johnson Lewis, York Springs, R. 1
Keefer, Lloyd, York Springs
Kmg, Charles W., York Springs
J^^^*^' Parker & Son, Gardners
Leer, William, York Springs
Lerew, Parker, York Springs
Lobaugh, Adam & Guy, Gardners
Lobaugh, John, Gardners, R. 1
Lobaugh, Raymond, Gardners
Marks, Gilbert, Gardners
Pitzer, Paul G., Biglerville
Reservoir Orchard, Gardners, R. 2
Rupp, Lloyd J., York Springs
Schnver & Showers, Bendersville
Shank, D. W., York Springs
Showers, Edward, Aspers
Showers, Ray, Biglerville, R. D.
Smith, Wm., Aspers

Acres Tons U. S. Grade %
Grown per A. Vs 2's Culls

A
A
A

A-1
B-1
A

A-1

A-l

A-1

B-1

A-1

3.23

1.88
2

6.06
2
3

2.6
1.74
2.65
2.82
5

1.82
5.44
1.78
2.89
2
2

4.92
3.37
2.37
1.6
2

2.02
10.
3.7
4.18
2.25
2
4
2.15

10.06

10.00

10.54

10.28

13.05

11.22

10.58

14.86

11.49

13.11

11.63

10.02

14.51

10.50

13.60

13.07

10.01

11.83

13.42

13.07

12.3

10.22

14.08

11.47

13.16

11.19

10.46

13.4

10.47

10.95

10.68

13.15

10.00

12.99

13.72

2
2
1
2

0
0
0

1
1
1

0
0
0

III

Name

Address

Class
Cert.

Acres Tons
Grown per A.

Sowers, H. W., York Springs A

Spangler, Harry, York Springs A-1

Taylor, Mrs. Annie, Biglerville A-1

Taylor, Gerald, Biglerville A-1

Tuckey, Burton & Jesse, Biglerville A-1

Tuckey, E^ory, Biglerville A-1

Wagner, Bruce, York Springs A

ALLEGHENY COUNTY— 3

Orient, Louis, Bridgeville, R. 2 B-1

Pagliai, Dominic, McDonald, R. 2 B-1

Skokut, Frank, Monongahela, R. 1 B-1

BEDFORD COUNTY— 3
Beach, Harry B.,

xloaring Springs, R. 1 A-1

Detwiler, C. H., Woodbury A-1

Sell, J. Clyde, Martinsburg, R. 1 A-1

BERKS COUNTY— 2

Beiler, Isaac K., Elverson, R. 2 A-1

Stauffer, Wm. B., Douglasville, R. 2 A-1

BLAIR COUNTY— 2

Claar, William, Roaring Springs, R. 1 A-1
Heltzel, Humphrey, Martinsburg, R. 2 A-1

BUCKS COUNTY— 22

Brooks, George E., Yardley
Campbell, Walter L., Bristol
Cornell, Leigh P., Feasterville
Doan, Duane & Marcus Doan,

Yardley
Fink, Mathias, Newtown
Gancarz, John & J. S. Gancarz,

Morrisville
Guzikowski, Marjan, Yardley
Heppe, Raymond, Davisville
Ivins, Hector C, Morrisville
Jackson, Andrew, Yardley
Jackson, John G. & Andrew J.,

Yardley
Kirk, Amos K., Newtown
Kirk, Leslie F., Newtown
Kitten, Harry B., Ivyland
Lojeski, Julius, Bristol R. 2
Lovett, H. L., Bristol
Luff, Clyde M. & Linford G.,

Newtown
Potter, Laurence, Bristol
Shoemaker, E. H., Bristol
Vargo, Jr., Stephen, Newtown
White, William & William B.,

Cornwell Heights
Wink, Willis W., Bristol, R. 1

CARBON COUNTY— 1

Steigerwalt, Jr., Ralph R.,
Lehighton

A-1

A-1
A-1
A-1
A-1
A-1

A-1
A-1
A-1
A-1
A-1
A-1

A-l
A-1
A-1

A-1

A-1
B-1

A-1

1.53
2.05
1.58
3.99
10.59
3.84
2

6
5
5

4.0

3.75

3.0

10
4

3.75
3.5

12
2.8

10
8

30
25.5
14
10

13
12
13

7
21

5.6

6.5
9.1
7
9

9
13.5

4.5

14.3

11.78

14.09

16.29

10.12

10.52

10.05

13.6

14.73

12.83

10.0
10.0
10.25

10.0
10.2

11.36

14.5

10.96

10.73
12.82

10.75
11.30
10.23
11.11
11.01

10.21
10.08
10.53
12.73
10.63
11.45

11.81
10.23
12.57
10.66

11.39
11.53

13.5

U. S. Grade %
Vs 2's Culls

80
82
65
70
66
86
61

78
79
83

10.26 76
11.78 77

81
84

91
80

83
67
16
76
86

78
69
64
79
69
83

78
73
73
79

74
48

21
20
17

23
22

18
16

73 26
68 31

9
20

17
32
23
23
14

22
29
34
20
29
17

21
27
26
21

25
49

64 36

1
1
0

1
1

1
0

0
0

0
1
1
1
0

0
2
2
1
2
0

1
0
1
0

1
3

Name

Address

Class Acres Tons
Cert. Grown per A.

CHESTER COUNTY— 22

Bartlett, L. & Comer C, Osford, R. 2
Bentley, Norman N., Lincoln

University
Brown, E. H., Honey Brooks, R. 1
Buchanan, Marshall A., Oxford, R. 3
Buckwalter, P. L., Atglen
Candell, Leff, Cochranville, R. 2
Coates, G. H., Oxford, R. 2
Coates, John T., Cochranville, R. 2
Goodwin, E. H., West Grove, R. 1
Hansen, L. O. & Leon, Lincoln

University
Johnson, Charles, Oxford, R. 1
Kimble, John W., Nottingham, Box 12
Lemons, Wiley, Oxford, R. 1
Mackey, Raymond S.,

West Grove, R. 1
McClellan, Latta E.,

Cochranville, R. 2
Reisler, Malcolm P., Oxford, R. 3
Schapansky, H. D., Cochranville, R. 1
Sloan, Thomas C, Oxford, R. 3
Stoltzfus, Amos E. & Stephen B.,

Elverson R. 2
Stoltzfus, Emanuel, Elverson
Yamell, Joseph M., Cochranville, R. 2
Yerkes, Harry H., Oxford, R. 3

COLUMBIA COUNTY— 18

Bolinsky, Joseph, Bloomsburg, R. 3
Bredbenner, Samuel,

Bloomsburg, R. 3
Breisch, Berha, Bloomsburg, R. 3
Cherrington, Archie,

Bloomsburg, R. 3
Davis, John D., Zions Grove
Correll, John, Bloomsburg, R. 4
Eroh, Roy, Nescopeck, R. 1
Howell, Raymond,

Bloomsburg, R. 4
John, Harry, G., Bloomsburg
Miller, Robert L., Catawissa, R. 3
Pfahler, Frank J., Catawissa
Rarig, John W., Elysburg, R. 1
Ryman, Ross, Bloomsburg, R. 3
Ryman, Walter S., Nescopeck, R. 1
Schultz Jos. R., Bloomsburg, R. 1
Whitenight, L. Lee, Bloomsburg, R. 1
Whitenight, Myron, Bloomsburg, R. 4
Ziesloft, J. M., Jerseytown

CUMBERLAND COUNTY— 7

Berkheimer, Jacob,

Mechanicsburg, R. 2
Hock, Eber J., Shippensburg, R. 1
Karper, Ezra, Shippensburg, R. 1

B-1

A-1

U. S. Grade %
Vs 2's Culls

7.5

11.9

B-1

12.01

A-1

11.10

10.32

B-1

4.5

17.57

12.71

B-1

11.05

10.19

15.66

10.41

12.12

10.28

11.43

11.53

11.78

B-1

11.15

16.37

10.59

A-1

10.67

4.5

11.90

B-1

10.04

12.09

75 24

78 21

3.0 11.9

90 10

1.5

12.44

5.0

14.7

1.0

15.6

A-1

3.0

12.1

12.2

13.6

12.1

A-1

2.0

11.1

12.6

A-1

2.0

13.55

2.5

14.3

4.0

11.8

11.0

3.5

10.8

11.6

4.0

11.3

A-1

8.0

10.3

A-1

3.0

10.6

A-1

3.0

10.17

•■•I

.'«•

Name

Address

Class Acres Tons
Cert. Grown per A.

Mains, Norman, Newville, R. 1 A-1
McLaughlin, Kenneth,

Shippensburg, R. 2 A-1

Rice, Harold C, Gardners, R. 2 A-1

Shettel, Randall, Mechanicsburg, R. 3 A-1

ERIE COUNTY— 14

Ahrens, Fred, North East B

Bemiss, Smith L., North East B

Crabb & Son, Mrs. Wm. H., Erie B

Grimshaw, H. & Sons, Girard, R. 1 A-1

Knepp, A. S., North East B

Moorhead, J. M., North East B

Near, K. L., North East B

Nelson, Nels A., Harbor Creek A-1

Olson Estate, August, Harbor Creek B

Phanco, Lee B., North East B

Ripley, W. N., Harbor Creek B

Rose, William Donald, Fairview, R. 1 A-1

Shattuck, J. H., Erie R. 5 A-1

Swanson, Lewis, Harbor Cre«k B

FAYETTE COUNTY— 3

Brown, Paul, Vanderbilt, R. 1 B-1
Lynn & Son, J. Espy,

Vanderbilt, R. 1 B-1

Rittenhouse, O. W., Smock B-1

FRANKLIN COUNTY— 11

Andrews, Chas., Chambersburg, R. 2 A-1

Benedict, Glenn, Chembersburg, R. 1 A

Benedict, Jesse, Chambersburg, R. 1 A

Cook, A. C, Chambersburg, R. 1 A

Dayton, Garnet, Chambersburg, R. 1 A-1

Dehart, Wm., Mt. Alto B

Eby, Ira L., Fayetteville, R. 1 A

Kann, Edwin, Shippensburg, R. 3 B-1

Lehman, Guy, Fayetteville, R. 1 A-1

Musser, Harvey, Chambersburg, R. 1 A-1

Wingert, Solomon, Fayetteville, R. 1 B

INDIANA COUNTY— 2

Hicks, Ralph, Punxsutawney, R. 1 B-1
Stonebraker, Kenneth M.,

Indiana, R. 1 B-1

JUNIATA COUNTY— 5

Auker, S. Merrill, Thompsontown
Musser & Stuck, Oakland Mills
Sausman, John, Bunkertown
Sieber, Jos. W., McAlisterville, R. 2
Van Horn, C. N. McAlisterville

LACKAWANNA COUNTY— 2

Hopkins, Harry W., Clarks Summit
Wiggans, A. W., State Hospital,
Clarks Summit, R. 2

A-1
A-1
A-1
A-1
A-1

B-1
B-1

3.0

3.0
9.5
3

1
3
14
1
3
1
2

3.5
2
4
2
5
1

4.5
4.35

2.7

3.0

5.0

3.7

1.0

3.0

2.2

6.0

2.75

' 2

1
2
5
1
2

4.3
6

10.3

10.57
13.51
13.0

10.00

16.9

10.5

12.5

10.3

12.33

10.9

11.0

10.68

11.8

10.05

11.2

11.58

15.8

2.35 10.53

12.37
11.72

10.1

11.07

11.09

10.17

10.14

11.14

10.0

11.3

10.0

11.2

13.0
15.16

12.66

10.52

11.6

10.11

10.4
10.47

U. S. Grade %
Vs 2's Culls

68 31

68
65
75

72
69
73
75
71
57
76
60
66
72
54

70
77
71
68

32 0
34 1
23 2

72 27

77 17
76 24

28
31
26
24
28
42
24
39
33
28
44

28
22
27
29
22

0
0

1
1
1
1

1
1

0
2

2
1
2

(

Name

Address

LANCASTER COUNTY— 232

Armstrong, Clifton, Quarryville, R.
Bard, Ephraim G., Columbia, R. 1
Bare, Earl S., Leacock
Baum, D. S., Elizabethtown, R. 3
Becker, Walter T., Mt. Joy, R. 2
Beiler, Elias R., Gordonville, R. 1
Beiler, John M., Ronks
Beiler, Moses M., Bird-in-Hand, R. 1
Bender, Maurice R., Lancaster, R. 2
Bernhard, Howard, Florin
Bleacher, Norman, Conestoga, R. 2
Boll, David O., Manheim, R. 2
Bollinger, Edward K., Lititz, R. 1
Bomberger, A. Z., Lititz, R. 2
Breneman, John A., Willow St., R. 1
Brenneman, J. Roy, Mt. Joy, R. 2
Breneman, Mark, Manheim, R. 2
Brown, Arthur & Wilfried,

Nottingham
Brown, Veryl, Peach Bottom
Brukaber, Henry, Mt. Joy, R. 1
Brubaker, Isaac, Lititz, R. 2
Brubaker, Jacob, Manheim, R. 1
Brubaker, J. N., Lancaster, R. 2
Brubaker, John G., Lancaster, R. 1
Brubaker, John H., Manheim, R. 1
Brubaker, Levi, Manheim, R. 2
Brubaker, Paris, Mt. Joy, R. 2
Brubaker, Roy G., Manheim, R 2
Bruckhart, John F., Manheim, R. 1
Buchen, Benj., Manheim, R. 1
Bucher, Raymond N., Lititz, R. 1
Burkholder, Aaron Z., Ephrata, R. 3
Burkholder, Eli O., Ephrata, R. 2
Burkholder, John D., Lititz, R. 3
Burkms, Andrew, Drumore, R. 1
Bushong, H. Ray, Lititz, R. 1
Charles, Amos B., Lancaster, R. 2
Charles, Ivan N., Lancaster, R. 2
Clymer, John M., Quarryville, R. 1
Dagen, Charles L., West Willow
Delp, Robert H., Lititz, R. 1
DeLong, Walter, Quarryville
Deitz, Samuel, New Providence, R. 1
Diffenderfer, Warren W.,

Lancaster, R. 1
Drager, Walter, Columbia, R. 1
Eberly, Harvey O., Lititz, R. 1
Eberly, Fark, Mt. Joy
Ebersole, Clarence, Bainbridge
Ebersole, Levi, Elizabethtown, R. 1
Eichelberger, Jacob, Manheim, R. 1
Enders, J. Harry, Lancaster, R. 1
Erb, Roy B., Lancaster, R. 3
Esbenshade, Aaron M.,
New Holland, R. 2

Class
Cert,

2 B-1
A-1
A-1
A-1
A

A-1
A-1
A
A
A
A

A-1
B

A-1
A-l
A
A

B-1
B-1

A-l

B-1

A
A-1

A-1

B-1

A-1

B-1

A-1

B-1

A-1

Acres Tons U. S. Grade %
Grown per A. Vs 2's Culls

2.5

2.75

2.5

3
2
5

7.5

5.75

1.5 .

2.67

3.5

4.5

2.5

2.1

3
5
3
2
3
2
3
3
3

18.9

12.02

13.02

12.5

10.0

14.32

12.39

10.59

11.9

10.4

10.25

12.21

10.78

12.34

12.10

10.7

10.0

18.01

11.7

12.9

10.86

10.18

12.9

10.70

10.71

10.3

13.3

12.42

10.91

10.42

10.76

11.08

12.42

10.06

11.58

13.21

12.21

12.63

10.6

13.04

11.71

13.84

10.01

10.02

11.24

15.25

12.2

10.0

13.5

10.59

10.26

10.97

68
69
72
68
66
72
63
73
62

27
28
40
17
22
29
25
20
22
40
31
27

37
22
31
27
26
32

31
30
28
29
32
28
36
27
37

13.13 75 24

0 '

0
2
2

0
0

1
1
1
1

0
3
2
0
1
0
1

!*i,J

4
il

Name

Address

Eshelman, A. N., Mt. Joy, R. 2
Fisher, Jacob K., Lititz, R. 1
Fisher, John S., Lancaster
Fisher, Stephen U., Strasburg, R. 1
Flick, Roy G., Rohrerstown
Forry, Benj., Manheim, R. 2
Forry, Irvin, Manheim, R. 2
Frank, H. B., Quarryville
Frank, Irvin, Elizabethtown, R. 1
Frey, Armor P., Conestoga, R. 2
Frey, Fred F., Conestoga, R. 2
Frey, Harold, EUzabethtown, R. 3
Funk, Mrs. M. M.,

Washington Boro., R. 1
Gable, C. H., Farm 3, Mountville
Gable, C. H., Farm 5, Mountville
Garber, Robert H., Mt Joy, R. 2
Garber, Monroe, Elizabethtown, R. 1
Garber, Snavely, Willow St., R. 1
Gehman, Allan, Ronks, R. 1
Gehman, Isaac H., Ephrata, R. 1
Geib, Elmer S., Manheim, R. 3
Ginder, Joseph H., Manheim, R. 1
Gibble, Graybill G., Manheim, R. 1
Gingrich, Wm. H., Elizabethtown, R. 3
Gish, Martin, Elizabethtown, R. 1
Glick, Samuel Roy, Narvon, R. 1
Good, Elmer V., Lititz, R. 1
Graybill, Hiram M., Lititz, R. 2
Groff, Landis S., Strasburg, R. 1
Grube, Rufus, Rothsville
Habecker, Chas. S., Lancaster, R. 2
Hackman, Willis H.,

503 S. Broad St., Lititz,
Harrison, Howard C, Kirkwood, R. 1
Harnish, Clarence H.,

Lancaster, R. 4
Harnish, J. Clarence,
Lampeter, Box 128
Harnish, John H., Lancaster, R. 4
Heagy, Paul, Manheim, R. 3
Heisey, Laban W., Lancaster, R. 1
Heisey, Leroy, Mt. Joy, R. 1
Heistand, C. J. Jr., Bainbridge
Heller, Ira D., Mt. Joy, R. 2
Herr, Frank S.,

Washington Boro, R. 1
Herr, Musser S.,

246 Miller St., Strasburg
Herr, Glenn C, Lancaster, R. 4
Hershey, A. Frank, Lititz, R. 1
Hershey, D. P., Lititz, R. 1
Hershey, Graybill, Manheim, R. 1
Hess, Henry R., Willow Street, R. 1
Hess, Joseph H., New Providence
High, Levi, New Holland, R. 2
Hoffer, Edna, Manheim, R. 1
Hoffman, Roy, Mt. Joy

Class

Acres

Tons

U. S. Grade %

Cert.

Grown

per A.

2's

Culls

A-1

1.25

12.0

A-1

3.25

12.69

B-1

2.5

10.88

A-1

15.52

B-1

2.25

10.79

4.0

10.3

2.0

11.2

10.69

A-1

3.0

13.6

A-1

20.0

11.82

1.0

11.81

2.0

11.46

A-1

10.0

11.95

2.0

11.2

3.0

12.2

13.11

3.0

11.6

B-1

10.2

A-1

10.34

A-1

10.60

A-1

13.59

B-1

12.42

A-1

13.55

A-1

1.0

14.5

A-1

4.0

10.0

A-1

11.88

A-1

3.25

10.70

A-1

12.66

A-1

12.78

A-1

11.29

A-1

2.0

10.0

A-1

13.28

A-1

10.37

A-1

11.62

A-1

11.43

A-1

10.4

A-1

10.40

A-1

10.79

A-1

3.5

11.7

5.0

11.2

2.0

10.4

A-1

11.0

10.24

A-1

12.79

A-1

3.5

10.03

10.69

B-1

13.40

B-1

12.64

A-1

13.82

B-1

13.5

A-1

10.00

A-1

12.37

15.6

Name

Address

Class Acres Tons
Cert. Grown per A.

Holbein, Walter B., Lancaster, R. 1
Hostetter, Harvey M. & Harold M.,

Lancaster, R. 2
Hoover, Ammon, Lititz, R. 3
Hoover, Harry O., Bareville, R. 1
Huber, Ammon, Peach Bottom
Huber, Ross N., Lancaster, R. 4
Hynicker, Irvin, Manheim, R. 2
Hunt, Isaac T., Millersville, R. 1
Irvin, Paul, Manheim, R. 3
Kauffman, Sr., John A.,

Columbia, R. 1
Kauffman, John G., Columbia, R. 2
Keener, Henry, Sheridan, R. 1
Keener, Allen G., Sheridan, R. 1
Keener, Roy, R. 3.,- Elizabethtown
Keller, A. Rohrer, Lititz, R. 2
Keller, A. Rohrer, Lititz, R. 2
Kendig, Clinton B.,

Washington Boro., R. 1
Kline, Howard F., Lititz, R. 2
Kline, E. Samuel, Lititz, R. 1
Kreider, A. Roy, Drumore, R. 1
Kreider, Clayton E., Quarryville, R. 1
Kreiner, Herman G., Elizabethtown
Landis, Ira D., Lititz, R. 3
Landis, Phares B., Lancaster, R. 5
Lapp, John S., Ronks, R. 1
Lapp, Moses, Gap, R. 1
Lapp, Jr., Samuel, Gap, R. 1
Leaman, Daniel, Leacock
Lenox, Daniel L.,

Washington Boro, R. 1
Liehty, William M. & Walter B. Gantz

Columbia, R. 2
Longenecker, Howard,

Elizabethtown, R. 1
Longenecker, J. S.,

Elizabethtown, R. 1
Longenecker, P. B.,

Elizabethtown, R. 1
Lutz, Henry E., Mt. Joy, R. 1
Lyon, Arvil, & Brown,

Nottingham, R. 2
McCowin, Willie, Marietta
McNiss & Stewart, Kirkwood
Mann, Ira C, Mt. Joy, R. 1
Martin, Aaron A., Lititz, R. 3
Martin, Aaron N., Lititz, R. 1
Martin, Carpenter W.,

Bird-in-Hand, R. 1
Martin, Eli W., New Holland, R. 1
Martin, Jacob N., Lancaster, R. 2
Martin, Ralph S., Lancaster, R. 3
Martin, Samuel H., Lititz, R. 1
Mastle, Martin, Sheridan, R. 1
Melhorn, John, Mt. Joy
Metzler, Clyde Z., Lititz, R. 1

A-1

17. S. Grade %
Vs 2's Culls

1.5

11.14 78 22

A-1

11.13

A-1

10.44

A-1

2.5

11.36

B-1

3.25

12.19

A-1

12.85

1.5

14.0

A-1

12.86

A-1

10.05

A-1

10.20

2.5

12.11

A-1

1.5

12.97

B-1

10.45

A-1

3.17

12.14

A-1

10.16

A-1

10.16

10.01

A-1

15.50

A-1

7.33

10.11

A-1

3.5

10.9

B-1

12.40

A-1

1.5

10.08

A-l

4.5

12.03

A-1

11.26

A-1

10.59

B-1

10.78

10.14

17.35

A-1

10.11

A-1

12.29

10.2

10.5

10.2

10.34

B-1

17.4

B-1

10.88

A-1

10.15

10.6

B-1

2.5

10.53

A-1

11.10

A-1

11.66

A-1

10.32

16.8

A-1

11.09

A-1

4.5

10.58

A-1

13.40

12.95

A-1

10.90

Name

Address

Class Acres Tons
Cert. Grown per A.

U. S. Grade %
Vs 2's Culls

Miller, Andrew N., Manheim, R. 2
Miller, Edwin, Quarryville
Miller, Graybill, Manheim, R. 1
Miller, Mervin, Bainbridge, R. 1
Miller, Paul, Bainbridge, R. 1
Musser, Elias, Mt. Joy, R. 1
Musser, A. K., Columbia, R. 2
Musser, Harry, Mt. Joy, R. 2
Myers, Enos, Quarryville
Mylin, Clyde K., Willow Street, R. 1
Newcomer, Paul, Mt. Joy, R. 1
Nissley. J. B., Mt. Joy, R. 1
Nolt, Eli O., New Holland, R. 1
Nolt, Paul, Quarryville
Pollock, Wilbur, Holtwood, R. 2
Risser, Jacob W., Lititz, R. 1
Rohrer, Jacob N., Lancaster, R. 4
Rohrer, B. Frank, Columbia, R. 2
Rohrer, Wilmer O., Lancaster, R. 5
Roland. Elmer (Est.),

Elizabethtown, R. 1
Royer, Enos R., Lancaster, R. 3
Sangrey, J. Clayton, Lititz, R. 2
Sauder, Amos H., Ephrata, R. 2
Sauders, Willis W., Columbia, R. 2
Seitz, Howard B., Rohrerstown
Sensenig, Geo., Millersville, R. 1
Sensenig, Ira M., Lititz, R. 3
Shank, Walter L., Lancaster, R. 6
Sheaffer, A. R., Lancaster, R. 2
Sheetz, John D., Peach Bottom, R. 2
Shenk, Clayton R.,

Washington Boro, R. 1
Shertzer, Robert L., Lancaster, R. 4
Shirk, Amos M., Columbia, R. 2
Shirk. Herman, Quarryville, R. 1
Siegrist, J. Henry, Manheim, R. 1
Siegrist, Norman H., Columbia, R. 1
Sigman, J. Daniel M., Mt. Joy, R. 1
Sloan, Thomas C, Oxford, R. 3
Smucker, Benuel, Lancaster, R. 5
Snader, Jacob Z., East Earl, R. 1
Snavely, Harry H.. (Snavely Garber),

Willow Street, R. 1
Snyder, John B., Columbia, R. 1
Snyder, Melvin H., Lititz, R. 2
Stager, Henry, New Providence, R. 1
Stoltzfus, Amos E., Elverson, R. 2
Stoltzfus, Ben. F., Elverson, R. 2
Stoltzfus, David G., Lancaster, R. 3
Stoltzfus, D. M., Talmage
Stoltzfus, Emanuel, Elverson
Stoltzfus, Fred K., Elverson, R. 2
Stoltzfus, Israel, Kirkwood, R. 1
Stoltzfus, Job, Elverson, R. 2
Stoltzfus, John E., Narvon, R. 1
Stoltzfus, Levi E., Narvon, R. 1
Stoltzfus, Moses P., Elverson, R. 2

A-1

11.92

10.48

4.5

10.59

A-1

12.8

A-1

11.0

A-1

4.25

10.44

A-1

12.5

A-1

4.5

10.0

12.69

A-1

12.55

A-1

11.3

A-1

. 11.3

B-1

11.25

11.80

15.71

A-1

11.95

13.56

2.5

10.0

A-1

2.5

12.33

11.2

A-1

3.25

10.59

A-1

14.97

A-1

12.37

10.51

B-1

2.25

10.80

10.4

10.16

A-1

10.02

A-1

10.93

B-1

12.8 .

12.85

A-1

1.75

12.10

10.38

B-1

11.00

A-1

3.5

11.27

A-1

11.51

A-1

10.8

10.59

A-1

11.96

B-1

2.1

11.40

A-1

10.2

A-1

13.7

A-1

11.07

12.11

A-1

10.13

A-1

3.5

15.51

A-1

10.25

A-1

10.56

B-1

12.0

A-1

10.03

B-1

10.49

A-1

13.75

11.6

A-1

12.96

A-1

11.08

Name

Address

Class Acres Tons
Cert. Grown per A.

Stoltzfus, Paul S., Leola
Stoltzfus, Samuel F., Morgantown
Stoltzfus, Stephen E., Elverson, R. 2
Stoltzfus, Urie, Elverson, R. 2
Stoltzfus, Wm. Bareville, R. 1
Stoner, R. Henry, (no address)
Thuma, B. E., Marietta, R. 1
Trimble & Bro., John S.,

Peach Bottom, R. 2
Wagner, John, Mt. Joy, R. 1
Walk, Earl, Conestoga, R. 2
Warfel, Arlene & Geniveve,

Drumore, R. 1
Warfel, B. S., Drumore, R. 1
Weaver, Harmon, Peach Bottom, R. 2
Weaver, Harry H., Ephrata, R. 2
Weaver, Paul, Quarryville
Weaver, Roy, Strasburg, R. 1
Weaver, Willas, Mt. Joy, R. 1
Wesley, Hazel, Holtwood, R. 2
Wilson, Earl F., Lancaster, R. 6
Witwer, Walter S., Gordonville, R. 1
Wolf, Abram, Quarryville, R. 1
Wolgemuth, C. M., Mt. Joy, R. 1
Wolgemuth, Jos, Mt. Joy, R. 1
Wolgemuth, L. H., Mt. Joy, R. 1
Zimmerman, Harvey M.,

Ephrata, R. 3
Zook, Joel, Gap, R. 1

LEBANON COUNTY— 17

Arnold, Moses S., Lebanon, R. 1
Balsbaugh, Paul A., Myerstown, R. 2
Bomberger, Mark, H., Lebanon, R. 1
Bucher, Miles K., Lebanon, R. 1
Burkholder, Clarence M.,

Myerstown, R. 2
Copenhaver, Klein, Annville, R. 1
Fisher, Frank S., Robesonia, R. 1
Hartman, Philip, Lebanon, R. 1
Heisey, Mark W., Lebanon, R. 5
Hershey, Mark C, Lebanon, R. 5
Houser, Miles H., Lebanon, R. 5
Krall, Warren A., Myerstown, R. 2
Nolt, Phares S., Lebanon, R. 1
Runkel, Claude E., 109 S. 9th St.,

Lebanon
Shaak, Leroy R., Sheridan, R. 1
Snyder, Robert J., Lebanon, R. 1
Weaver, Ivan, G., Lebanon, R. 5

LEHIGH COUNTY— 3

A-1

George, William D., Coplay, R. 1
Swartzentruber, Allen,

Mertztown, R. 1 A-1

Wotring, Warren T., Mertztown, R. 1 A-1

U. S. Grade %
Vs 2's Culls

13.12

A-1

11.56

A-1

10.91

A-1

14.62

2.5

12.21

A-1

2.5

10.64

A-1

3.0

11.6

B-1

11.2

A-1

10.3

A-1

10.04

B-1

10.12

•

B-1

12.00

B-1

15.14

10.96

B-1

13.5

10.7

10.5

B-1

2.7

12.1

A-1

3.5

10.28

A-1

2.5

10.48

2.5

11.16

14.48

. 1

A-1

11.2

6.5

12.45

11.41

12.96

A-1

3.5

10.34

A-1

11.79

A-1

10.14

A-1

14.40

B-1

10.88

A-1

10.38

A-1

11.08

A-1

13.28

A-1

12.11

A-1

11.30

A-1

10.39

A-1

10.11

A-1

11.30

A-1

2.5

11.52

B-1

10.18

A-1

14.40

A-1

10.09

10.40 60 38

8.5

10.30
11.18

75
81

24
18

1
1

Name

Address

Class Agres Tons
Cert, Grown per A.

U. S. Grade %
Vs 2's Culls

Name

ill

LUZERNE COUNTY— 13

Betterby, Kenneth, Drums
Bronson, Alfred, Sweet Valley
Fenstermacker, W. A.,

Nescopeck, R. 1
Hess, Elmer, Nescopeck
Hilliard, Archie S., Sugarloaf
Kauffman, Carl W., Drums
Miller, Claude, Sugarloaf
Oaks, George, Drums, R. D.
Slusser, Floyd C, Nescopeck, R. 1
Tressler, Frank, Conyngham
Tressler, John, Sybertsville
Walp, Fred, Drums
Zehner, Warren F., Sugar Loaf

LYCOSlING COUNTY— 7

Bair, J. D., Montgomery
Bastian, W. M., Muncy, R. 3
Jarrett, Emery, Linden, R. 1
Luckenbill, Elwood G.,

Allenwood, R. 1
Shipman, B. L., Muncy, R. 4
Snyder, Kenneth, Muncy, R. 1
Stryker, E. E., Montgomery, R. 2

MONTOUR COUNTY— 4

Derr, John F., Danville, R. 2
Lobach, Edwin L., Danville, R. 3
Lobach, Warren W., Danville, R. 3
Ranck, Howard G., Danville, R. 2

NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY— 8
Guinter, Bruce D., Milton, R. 1
Hoffman, Cline, Muncy, R. 3
Keller, C. C, 622 N. 4th St., Sunbury
Lahr, John H., Sunbury, R. 3
Lahr, Truman E., Sunbury, R. 3
Masser, John, Pitman
Mengle, C. E., Sunbury, R. 1
Schmidt, Dietrick, Muncy, R. 3

SCHUYLKILL COUNTY— 5
Gerber, Carl New Ringgold, R. 1
Leiby, Claude, Tamaqaa, R. 1
Moser, George, Ringtown
Shellhamer, Woodrow, New Ringgold
Teter, Guy, Zions Grove

SNYDER COUNTY— 5

Bailey, Ernest F.. Winfield, R. 1
Bolig, E. R., Selinsgrove
Herman, Albert S., Selinsgrove, R. 1
Mauerer, Murray N., Winfield, R. 1
Rhoads, S. B., Selinsgrove

UNION COUNTY— 2

Rhone, William E., Allenwood, R. 1
Stahl, William, Lewisburg, R. 1

Address

Class
Cert.

10.3

3.5

10.5

13.3

10.0

14.77

10.0

12.84

4.0

10.8

1.0

14.57

11.35

10.07

10.73

A-1

3.5

11.2

A-1

3.25

10.61

11.1

13.07

A-1

15.3

A-1

4.5

13.13

11.0

A-1

10.13

10.1

10.05

A-1

12.76

12.67

A-1

11.35

12.81

1.5

10.0

10.56

11.96

A-1

12.68

2.25

10.5

A-1

11.66

B-1

12.09

B-1

10.05

A-1

10.1

10.65

10.0

10.88

A-1

10.85

A-1

12.45

11.58

10.54

12.42

11.1

YORK COUNTY— 107

Anderson, Richard, Dallastown * A

Arbogast, A. R., Dillsburg a
Bankert, Daniel P.,

Spring Grove, R. 3 a l

Bankert, Elwood, Hanover, R. 2 A-1

Bentzel Arthur J., York, R. 4 A-1

Black, Howard, Glen Rock B-1

Boeckle, Wm., Spring Grove, R. 1 A-1

Bowman^ Vertie, Freeland, Md. A

Brown, Claude P., Hanover, R. 2 A-1

Burkms, John, Red Lion, R. 1 B-1

Bush, Earl, Stewartstown, R. 3 A

Cool, J. E., Spring Grove, R. 2 A-1

Craumer, Barto, Gren Rock, R. 1 a

Dietz, David, York a 1

Diehl, Ervin P., Felton, R. 1 B-1
Diehl, Harry L., Stewartstown, R. 2 B-1

Diehl, Kenneth, New Freedom, R. 1 B

Dubs, Harold, Hanover, R. 3 A-1

Dusman, J. W., Hanover, R. 2 A-l

Feigler Bros., Red Lion b-1
Flmchbaugh, Clair, Red Lion, R. D. 1 B-1

Frantz R. P., Spring Grove, R. 1 A-1

Fritz, Steward J., Glen Rock a

Gable, L T Dallastown, 9. D. A

Gable, Paul, York, R. 2 a

Grove, Emory, Glen Rock, R. 1 B-1

Cxrove, L. B., Stewartstown, R. 2 B

Haar, Al en W., Spring Grove, R. 2 A-1
Hain, Ralph Nochols, Mrs. James

New Freedom, R. 1 3

Harman, Charles C, New Freedom A

Hartman, Paul B., York, R. 2 B-1

Heniy, Spencer E., Red Lion, R. 2 A
Hersh, Stewart L.,

Seven Valleys, R. 1
Hildebrand, Elwood,

New Freedom, R. 1 g
Hildebrand, C. H., Stewartstown, R. 2 A

Hoke, Spurgeon, York, R. 4 A-1
Hoshall, J. M., Tracey, J. Earle

Freeland, Md. ^

Jenkins D wight, Stewartstown B-1
Kaltreider, Mahlon,

Spring Grove, R. 2 a-1

Keeny, Mark, York, R. 2 £

Kline, N A., New Freedom, R. 1 B-l

Kohler, Albert, Felton a

Leber, Milton, Glen Rock, R. 1 a

Leiphart, Harry T., Hallam, R. 1 A

Leppo, William B., Hanover, R. 1 A

Lerew, Smnuel A., New Freedom, R. 1 B-1

Markey, R. E., York, R. 2 B

^arkle David H., York, R. 6 A-1

Michael, S. W., Felton, R. 1 £

Miller, Allen A., Hallam, R. 1 a

Acres Tons U. S. Grade %
Grown per A, Vs 2's Culls

f'i

3
2.14

1.08
2.02
2.90
1

1.80

4.40

1.5

1.06

2.5

1.75

2.5

1.2

4.5

2.5

1.25

2.25
5

1.5

11.37
11.23

11.42

10.73

10.47

11.32

10.18

12.04

10.17

11.96

11.40

10.27

11.02

13.49

16.26

14.75

13.69

10.83

12.66

11.12

15.34

10.11

12.11

11.86

11.92

10.40

12.70

12.16

11.40
12.52
10.12
16.28

68
67

83
65
78

94
85
76

79
66
78

61
70
70
80

67
86

1
1.94

1.5
1.5

1.75

2.5

1.33

9.1

2.1

2.5

11.53
17.85
12.53

13.13
10.46

10.47

11.76

14.06

12.76

11.23

11.04

13.39

14.06

13.2

11.31

16.59

11.54

70
80

79
74
79
80

74
80

30
33

17
33
22

6
14
23

20
33
20
30

18
29

38
29
29
19

79 21

32
13

A-1 3.75 11.28 80 20

29
20

70 25

20
25
21

23
19

2
0

0
2
0

0
1
1

1
1
2
0

0
0

1
1
1
1

1
1

63 36 1

1
1
0
0

Name

Address

Class Acres Tons
Cert. Grown per A.

Miller, H. W., York, R. 3
Miller, Levi E., Spring Grove, R. 1
Miller, Malcolm G., Red Lion, R. 2
Miller, Paul M., Thomasville, R. D.
MiUer, Ralph Wilbur,

New Freedom, R. 1
Mundis, T. R., Stewartstown, R. 2
Myers, Ernest A., Spring Grove, R. 1
Myers, Harry S., Spring Grove, R. 1
Orwig, David, New Freedom, R. 2
Prall, E. E. & Lester, New Freedom
Reever, Clarence, Red Lion, R. 2
Rohrbaugh, C. B., Seven Valley, R. 2
Rohrbaugh, Earl, Spring Grove, R. 2
Rudisill, Ralph E.,

Spring Grove, R. 3
Runkle, Archie, Red Lion, R. 1
Ruth, Wm. A., Spring Grove, R. 1
Sanders, Clarence A., Red Lion, R. 2
Sanders, Wilbur, Miller's, Md.
Schoomaker, James, Red Lion, R. 1
Seaks, Mrs. Annie,

Stewartstown, R. 2
Shaffer, Edman, Spring Grove, R. 2
Shaub, Alvin, New Freedom
Shaull, E., Felton, R. 1
Sheaffer, M. R., Dillsburg
Shearer, Edwin B.,

Spring Grove, R. 1
Shearer, M. J., Spring Grove, R. 1
Sheneberger, Geo. H., York, R. 4
Shettle, Geo. D., York, R. 4
Shorb, Paul, Hanover, R. 2
Shue, John, Hanover, R. 2
Smeltzer, Emory, Windsor, R. 1
Smith, Robert W., Felton, R. 1
Smith, Russell, Shrewsbury
Stambaugh, M. L., Spring Grove, R. 1
Stauffer, Harry W., Hellam, R. 1
Sterner, Burnell, Spring Prove, R. 3
Strewig, Clarence, Glen Rock
Stough, C. Paul, York, R. 4
Sunday, W. P., York, R. 4
Swartz, Chas., New Freedom, R. 2
Snyder, M. L., York
Snyder, Charles, 514 Linden Ave..

York
Thomas, Lester, Spring Grove, R. 3
Trout, Roy H., Stewartstown, R. 3
Tyson, John L, Red Lion, R. 1
Wagner, C. E., Spring Grove, R. 2
Wagner, G. H., New Freedom, R. 1
Walteradorf, J. M., 714 S. Queen St.,

York
Wineka, Eli, Red Lion, R. 2
Wolf, Geo. Alfred, New Freedom, R. 1
Workinger, Edward, Windsor, R. 1

17. S. Grade %
Vs 2's Culls

B-1

19.82

A-1

2.20

11.25

1.75

12.40

A-1

10.26

10.56

B-1

12.65

A-1

10.51

A-1

10.40

1.25

10.44

11.34

B-1

13.36

1.5

11.00

A-1

10.10

A-1

1.99

11.00

1.5

14.63

A-1

10.62

2.5

10.55

1.5

12.97

15.04

1.5

15.76

10.01

10.31

11.14

l78

12.2

A-1

2.95

10.54

A-1

2.95

10.58

A-1

12.37

A-1

1.25

17.25

A-1

3.56

10.60

A-1

10.46

11.44

17.91

13.35

A-1

1.96

13.69

B-1

12.13

A-1

1.75

10.61

1.5

15.87

A-1

1.1

13.56

A-1

11.28

2.5

10.09

A-1

2.25

12.70

13.64

•

A-1

1.7

10.08

15.24

10.16

A-1

11.03

10.64

•

A-1

1.98

10.01

10.97

12.59

18.40

Name

Address

Class
Cert.

Acres Tons
Grown per A.

U. S. Grade %
Vs 2's Culls

Workinger, W. C. Joseph, Red Lion B
Ymghng, H. E., Spring Grove, R. 3 A-1
Young, Gilmore, Spring Grove, R. 1 A-1
Zellers, Daniel E., Felton, R. 1 A

Ziegler, Chas. & Thomas, Harry,

Freeland, Md.
Ziegler, Chas., Freeland, Md.

1.9

10.51
10.07
12.23
15.14

74
71

28
26
28

0
0
1

Foliage Protection on Fertile Soils Improves Quality. Long Rotations
Manure Application, Legume-Grass Sods, Cover C?opl and "
Liimmg for Clover are Good Practices.

'PM

■'*-'.,

•^:>;-

%.,.. "V,

t\' ^

'^'^m

Sunscald Due to Lack of Foliage Protection Shows Up First in Soils
Z ?,?;^%"'^^^"^'- Particularly in Dry Seasons. Erosion^^Due
to Lack of Cover Crops and Coutour Farming, Hastens the

Loss of Organic Matter.

RUTGERS or MARGLOBE

Send to. WooSimH
^ ^ependaUe Seed

Whatever your preference of varieties for your 1 945
crop, you will profit by planting Woodruff seed. For
instance, our special strain of Rutgers (Certified) was
bred to maintain the productiveness of the parent
stock yet produce with greater uniformity. On all
varieties we can take care of your requirements.
Now is the time to place your order.

F.H

lUOODRUFF

&SQns inc.

MILFORD, CONN.
ALSO AT : ATLANTA - DALLAS- SACRAMENTO - TOLEDO

^ V

Ten-Ton Tomato Production Practices in 1944'

JESSE M. HUFFINGTON^

The records of 542 Pennsylvania tomato growers show yields of
ten tons or more per acre in 1944, as compared to 911 in 1943. Poor
quality plants and unfavorable weather were the principal causes of
a lower average yield per acre than in 1943.

While "nothing can be done about the weather," the following pro-
duction practices increase tomato yields:

(1) Using only well-grown tomato plants, set in a well-prepared,
fertile soil, handling them speedily upon arrival.

(2) Selecting well-drained, productive soil.

(3) Including in the rotation winter cover crops (25 lbs. ryegrass
per acre in August or September at the last cultivation, of 2 bu. of
rye after late harvested crops) and clover-grass sods once in four
years with sufficient lime worked deeply into the soil for clover.

(4) Applying a good coat of manure before plowing. An additional
light application after plowing, if practicable and not too strawy
or coarse, helps to conserve moisture in dry seasons. Where manure
is not available, it may be necessary to include green-manure crops
m addition to sod in the rotation, particularly on the lighter soils.

(5) Using sufficient complete fertilizer (such as 3-12-6), 800 to 1200
pounds per acre, drilled deeply or plowed down in the furrow bot-
tom, followed by row application (250-300 lbs.) to give a good start
and promote continued growth until frost.

(6) Plowing early and deeply enough to cover undecayed vege-
table matter and to allow deep setting of the plants, followed by
harrowing to kill germinating weed seedlings and make it possible
to drill fertilizer deeply. Avoid working the soil when too wet.

(7) Obtaining a good stand in May by setting the plants deeply (4
inches), allowing 14-16 square feet per plant in ordinary soils with at
least 4 feet between the rows, and using water with plant starter in
a dry season.

(8) Avoiding competition from weeds by early and careful cultiva-
tion.

(9) Carefully training and supervising pickers.

(10) Hauling large loads to save time.

The records show that most of the tomato growers planted about
3 acres. The farm family did most of the picking. A large number
used both home and hired labor. A very few hired all the help.

* Assistance by W. B. Nissley and G. J. Stout, Vegetable Garden Extension,
The Pennsylvania State College, is acknowledged.

Vegetable Gardening Extension, The Pennsylvania State College.

-I

, '1 '

If!

The ground was plowed mostly in May, on account of the wet
April, and at a depth of 6 inches or more.

Corn was the crop preceding tomatoes in most cases with sods
taking second place.

The use of winter cover crops, particularly preceding tomatoes, is
mcreasmg but only a few growers used a cover crop to follow to-
matoes. In the Southeastern counties, a popular practice is to disc
down the vines and seed to wheat followed by clover-grass sod.

Ten-tons or loads of manure were applied to the acre on most
fields and 90% of the 10-ton growers used manure.

Only 10% of the 10-ton growers applied lime for tomatoes.

The fertilizer analysis used mostly was 3-12-6, with 4-12-4 second,

foJ^-^ °*'^®^^ following. The rate of application was mostly 800 to
1200 pounds per acre.

+ PrTto^/^®""^^^"^ ^^ *°"^ °^ tomatoes per acre applied an average
total of 184.3 units of plant food per acre, or 830 pounds of a 21-unit
fertilizer (such as a 3-12-6); 11 tons-197.5 units or 940 pounds; and
12-17 tons— 233 units or 1100 pounds.

Plants grown in the South were used to produce 71% of the 10-
ton yields, local greenhouse seedlings transplanted and transferred
to frames— 17%, and frame seedlings— 12%. Four 10-ton yields were
produced from seed sown directly in the field.

cn^^L^^ ^°, ^^ ^^ *^® P®^*°^ ^^^" "^°st 10-ton fields were planted, or
59%; May 1-15-19% (particularly in the Bucks County area), May
25 to June 5—18% and after June 5— only 6%.

Fourth-fifths of the fields were set out with transplanting equip-
ment and one-fifth by hand, f & H F

Rutgers was the variety used by 83% of the growers, Marglobe by
8% and other varieties by 9%. Other varieties included particularly
Early Canner, Stokfisdale, Garden State and No. 178.

Fourteen to 18 square feet per plant were allowed in 56% of the
fields; 12-14-32%; less than 12-9^^ and more than 18-3%. Wider
rows are being used more and more in order to avoid injury to the
vines in picking. ^ -^

■ ^fJ *^^", ^.°^" ^^^"'^ ^^s obtained in 45% of the fields: 90 to 95%
in 41%; and 95 to 100% in 13';;. This reflects the poor condition of
plants and unfavorable planting season in 1944. ,>

Cultivating 3 to 5 times was sufficient to control weeds in most
fields and about a fifth of the fields required hand hoeing or weeding.

About half the growers were required to haul the crop 5 to 15
and the other half 15 or more miles.

Payment for picking was by the basket by 69% of the growers; by
the hour-26%; and by the day or month-only 5%.

Continued on page twenty-six

PROFITS
PLUS

4«

ith

A UniAfAV

r% MM M WWHk I

The Band- Way method of fertilizer
placement makes up the bed, sows
fertilizer and plant, and covers the
seed— all in one operation. Com-
pare this method with the old

fashioned method of broadcasting
fertilizer in the furrow and you get
—Consistently GREATER YIELDS
per DOLLAR INVESTED — BIG-
GER PROFITS with LESS TIME,
LABOR and COST in the planting
and fertilizing operation. Study
these three Band-Way methods.

SEED

FERTILIZER

REGULAR BAND -WAY is
the most widely used system
of fertiUzer distribution. It
places the plant food far
enough from seed to prevent
danger of injury, close enough
to be available for young
plants as soon as they begin
to put down roots.

25%
FERTILIZER

FERTIUZER

HI-LO BAND -WAY places
fertilizer on one side slightly
below seed and on the other
side, much deeper, allowing
the lower band to contact
more moisture when most
needed. This gives young
plants greater nourishment at
a later stage of growth.

HI-LO UNEQUAL QUAN-
TITY BAND-WAY places 25%
of fertilizer on one side slight-
ly below seed and 75% on the
other side, much deeper. Thi?
method is especially recom-
mended for dry soil and those
crops which require the great-
est amount of moisture.

Ask any IRON AGE user — TODAY

!•« iitp ^tin

A.B.FARQUHAR COMPANY, YORK, PA

3402 DUKE ST.

YORK, PENNSYLVANIA

Continued from page twenty-four

XT'

Poor Stands Look Bad at the Start and Worse on the Bank Account.

If Plants Must be Heeled In, This is the Way to Space Them. It is
Better to Set Plants Out at Once After Arrival.

«W"

The Difference between 500 and 1,000 lbs. of Fertilizer per Acre. (Left
500, drilled; right 500 plowed down, 500 drilled).

Extension (arrow) on Cultivator, Built by Local Blacksmith, Saves

•' Time in Cultivating Wide Rows.

i.>:

Continued from page twenty-four

Poor Stands Look Bad at the Start and Worse on the Bank Account.

• • •

!»* •

The Difference between 500 and LOOO lbs. of Fertilizer per Acre. (Left
500, drilled; right 500 plowed down, 500 drilled).

.*■;#<;

•Xv ,i#^.

Jl^S^

: /H %

f- ^

• ;^vv,.>-r-t

If Plants Must be Heeled In, This is the Way to Space Them. It is
Better to Set Plants Out at Once After Arrival.

•* <

Extension (arrow) on Cultivator, Built by Local Blacksmith, Saves

Time in Cultivating Wide Rows.

INTENTIONAL 2ND EXPOSURE

MAKE EVERY JICIIC

DO Its

,'~^l} "*■'

FOR LARGER, FINER CROPS

Armour's can help you realize greater yields of
finer vegetables. It can also help to build up
your soil so that it will go on producing year
after year. Fit Armour's BIG CROP into your
rotation program, use it with cover crops, add
to manure for maximum benefits. But be sure
you get Armour's, the fertilizer of successful
vegetable growers! See your Armour Agent.

ABMOUB FERTILIZEB WORKS

BALTIMORE, MARYLAND

■^■~"~"~^y

</-

^ V

O.V

•1 >

( ' 'i

Showing a New Picker How to Use Both Hands, Remove
the Stems and Pick Between Two Rows.

-4ii<^pife#if^»

Drive-Rows, Conveniently Located in the Field, Save Time. Note
the Man Carrying Baskets to the Drive-Row, While Women

and Children do the Picking.

MAKE CVCRY ACRE

DO ITS BEST

FOR LARGER, FINER CROPS

ARMOUB FEBTILIZER WORKS

BALTIMORE, MARYLAND

-M>

< . *

>'.

»• V

v \»

*,*

•i ►

1 '

Showing a New Picker How lo Use Both Hands, Remove
the Stems and Pick Between Two Rows.

Drive-Rows, Conveniently Located in the Field, Save Time. Note
the Man Carrying Baskets to the Drive-Row, While Women

and Children do the Picking.

INTENTIONAL 2ND EXPOSURE

ATTENTION VEGETABLE GROWERS!

Conserve precious manhours — transplant with a HERSHEY
tractor mounted two row transplanter. Three men plant two rows
in practically the same time formerly required to plant one. Used
and approved by hundreds of growers for planting vegetable and
field crops.

The HERSHEY transplanter is easily attached on all row crop
type tractors and can be used with either power or hand lift. Few
working parts and strong, electrically welded frame provide for
true and accurate operation. Spacing on the row and between
rows fully adjustable. Corn planting and fertilizer attachments
available at small additional cost. Investigate today.

Transplant the modern way — use the

Hershey Tractor Mounted Transplanter

Manufactured by

N. G. HERSHEY

MANHEIM

PENNA.

V -'^^

'-f «^ t

--* #

— -■*

«i

^ > 4

-^ ►

T-

A Sturdy Handle on the Basket is Easy on the Hands and Saves Time.

CANNING TOMATO VARIETY DEMONSTRATIONS

Rutgers is still the leader in tomato varieties for canning, but Mar-
globe ripened earlier in demonstrations conducted by County Agents
in Huntingdon, Blair, Indiana, Fayette and Allegheny Counties.

No. 178, from D. R. Porter, Campbell Soup Company Research
Farm, Riverton, N. J., looked good in Eastern Pennsylvania on ac-
count of its freedom from "green top" and uniformly deep red color.

Early Canner was the preferred early maturing variety for can-
ning in Lancaster, Adams, Franklin and Indian Counties. It does
best only when planted early, on well drained soil, using well-grown,
disease-free plants.

Garden State was very productive and excellent in quality on fer-
tile soil in Allegheny County, where the plants were mulched with
straw. — J. M. H.

EARLY TOMATO VARIETY DEMONSTRATIONS

Early Market ranked first in early yield, July 1 to 22 and in the
percentage of marketable tomatoes in a demonstration with staked
tomatoes conducted by Amos Funk, Millersville, Lancaster County.
Other leading varieties of early tomatoes were Scarlet Dawn and
Stokesdale.

ATTENTION VEGETABLE GROWERS!

Transplant the modern way — use the

Hershey Tractor Mounted Transplanter

Manufactured by

N. G. HERSHEY

MANHEIM

PENNA,

"► ^

« «<•

-^ #

\ -

-• ^

-* #

♦ 4

* -^

•> » -Hi
I

!
<

A Sturdy Handle on the Basket is Easy on the Hands and Saves Time.

CANNING TOMATO VARIETY DEMONSTRATIONS

Rutgers is still the leader in tomato varieties for canning, but Mar-
globe ripened earlier in demonstrations conducted by County Agents
in Huntingdon, Blair, Indiana, Fayette and Allegheny Counties.

No. 178, from D. R. Porter, Campbell Soup Company Research
Farm, Riverton, N. J., looked good in Eastern Pennsylvania on ac-
count of its freedom from ''green top" and uniformly deep red color.

Garden State was very productive and excellent in quality on fer-
tile soil in Allegheny County, where the plants were mulched with
straw. — J. M. H.

EARLY TOMATO VARIETY DEMONSTRATIONS

INTENTIONAL 2ND EXPOSURE

BEAN

FOR 1945 BEAN WILL BUILD:

Bean Potato Sprayers
Bean Rubber Spool Potato Graders
Bean Rubber Roll Potato Cleaners

WE DISTRIBUTE:

American Bunch Vegetable Washers

with

BEAN High Pressure Pumping Unit

Send for Catalogs

John Bean Mfg.

Div. Food Machinery Corp.

^>-^

». ? *

LANSING 4, MICH.

4'.

J-

Growing Tomatoes in Allegheny County

LOUIS ORIENT*

Our tomato seed is sown March 1 in flats 16 x 24 x 4 inches, in
rows 2 inches apart, using 8 to 10 seeds per inch. The soil used is a
mixture of compost and sandy loam with lime and phosphate added.
This mixture is steam sterilized to kill weed seeds and soil born dis-
ease.

When true leaves appear the tomatoes are transplanted in flats,
li inches each way. The soil is kept rather dry to keep the plants
from growing soft. Until plants are set in the field they are sprayed
at weekly intervals with a mixture of oxy-cloride. Lead arsenate is
added to the last spray to control field insects at the time of trans-
planting.

When plants are 2i inches tall they are again transplanted in cold-
frames 4 inches apart each way. Sash are placed over the plants until
roots take hold, then removed, except for frost protection.

Soil Preparation

The soil is plowed April 1 if sod is turned down, and May 1, if it is
in cover crop. Manure is applied during the winter or early spring at
the rate of ten tons per acre. Lime is applied to the soil the year
before tomato production. Three hundred pounds of super phos-
phate and 400 pounds of ammonium nitrate per acre is applied be-
fore plowing. Immediately after plowing the soil is disced and culti-
packed and worked at weekly intervals until planting time.

Approximately May 15 the tomato plants are ready for the field.
Before plants are pulled the soil is loosened with a fork leaving as
much soil on the roots as possible. The plants are packed in bushels,
taken to the field and planted immediately. A mixture of water and
starter solution (5-10-10, 5 lbs. to 50 gal. water) is used at the rate
of i pint per plant. Five hundred pounds of f^tilizer, (8-16-16), is
placed in bands on each side of the row. The plants are set 48 inches
apart in the row and 52 inches apart between the row.

A week after plants are set a light cultivation is given, followed by
a deep cultivation in 10 days. Two weeks later another shallow culti-
vation and a hand hoeing is given to control weeds. The tomato
fields are inspected at intervals for horned worm and plant lice in-
jury. Nicotine dust is used to control plant lice.

♦Bridgeville, Pa.

Continued on page eighty-seven

SAVE

TIME

LABOR TWINE

with FEUNS Marketing Equipment

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Cut Flowers ....
Nursery Stock .

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FELINS

Milwaukee 6, Wisconsin

Roscoe Fraser, the Hoosier Tomato Specialist,

Gets Instructions on Double-Quick

Fertility from ''Doc'' Scarseth

Lafayette, Indiana
Fall of 1944

Can't Make Something from Nothing

As you and I have many times discussed in the past it does not
make sense to attempt to grow high quality tomatoes by giving the
tomato plant only half a chance to do what the tomato breeders and
God have designed for the plant to do.

Haven't we been asking too much from our Indiana tomato plants?
We have asked these tomato plants to give us big yields and extra
fine Hoosier quality by growing them on soils just fair to middling
corn land. Roscoe, a soil that is good for a 100-bushel corn crop is
still not good enough for the kind of tomatoes we ought to be growing
in Indiana.

Tomato Plant is Different Than a Corn Plant

Let us just think a minute on fiow a tomato plant differs from a
corn plant in doing its job of producing its fruit.

In the early stages of growth of the two plants I do not see any
great fundamental differences in the two. After the corn plant has .
its ear pollinated, it has merely one job to do and that is to let its
leaves soak up the sunshine which makes sugar which is carried from
the leaf into the ear and is laid down as starch. If the mineral and
nitrogen supply is good up to the stage where the plant is making
the ear there is likelihood of being adequate quantities of these
materials present so that the ear can make its necessary proteins,
to balance out the starch that is being made. If the fall with its
sunny days and cool nights is free from frost until a reasonable date,
the corn plant merely has to continue soaking up sunlight to make
sugar that is packed into the ear as starch. The longer the corn is
permitted to grow in the fall, the greater will be this starch-making
process and the longer will be the kernel and the heavier will be
the ear. If there are any shortages in the minerals or nitrogen nutri-
ents it reflects itself in a small plant, weaker processes in the leaf
for making sugar and shortages in proteins and phosphates in the
ear to develop it properly with a result that the ear is small and
the yield is low.

In the tomato plant after the blossom is set, and here the problem
of having a good set is somewhat similar to having a good pollination
in the corn, the tomato plant unlike the corn plant continues to
make additional leaf and stem growth. The early set blossoms pro-
ceed to make fruit. The tomato plant is thus called upon to do sev-

Assure ten ton
tomato crops

WITH NIAGARA FUNGICIDES

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Tomatoes are subject to attack by numerous insects and diseases.
Pennsylvania growers find blight and leaf spot the most common.
Frequently they cause great damage.

Experimental work and general use has proved that Niagara C-O-C-S
(Copper Oxychloride Sulphate) is a safe and very effective copper
fungicide. C-O-C-S Dust mixtures are prepared for special use on
different crops. They are exceedingly popular with growers because

they may be used for daytime dusting,
since moisture is not required for
toxic action. Special information with
respect to dust mixtures and uses
can be secured from your local Experi-
ment Station. Or write direct to:

GgWlHYOUBU)'

man

BUY PROTt?

NIAGARA SPRAYER
AND CHEMICAL CO., INC.

Middleport, New York

WB ALSO MAKE ALL TYPES OF CROP AND FRUIT DUSTING MACHINES . . . WRITE FOR CATALOG

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Equipment for

Plow Sole

Ferlilization

This picture was taken August IL 1942, at the time of the first picking. Plot
3/ which received one ton of 10-10-10 on plow sole and 200 lbs. of 2-16-8 per
acre in the row, yielded 15.2 tons of good quality tomatoes. Plot 8 received
600 lbs. of 2-16-8 per acre in the row (a common fertilizer recommendation
for this area) and yielded only 8.7 tons of poor quality tomatoes. Plant-
tissue tests indicated high nitrates in plot 3 at this date. Late August second
growth foliage after the early blight infestation, protected the ripening fruit.
Plot 8, which had been badly nitrogen- starved since July 22, produced prac-
tically no second growth of leaves. The unprotected fruit sun-burned and
cracked badly.

From article in "Better Crops with Plant Food/' reprint 5/4/43, American
Potash Institute, Washington, D. C.

Assure ten ton
tomato crops

WITH NIAGARA FUNGICIDES

Tomatoes are subject to attack by numerous insects and diseases.
Pennsylvania growers find blight and leaf spot the most common.
Frequently they cause great damage.

GTwtHYOU BUY

fiagan

NIAGARA SPRAYER
AND CHEMICAL CO., INC.

Middleport, New York

W£ ALSO MAKE ALL TYPES OF CROP AND FRUIT DUSTING MACHINES . . . WRITE FOR CATALOG

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Equipment for

Plow Sole

Fertilization

This picture was taken August \\, 1942, at the time of the first picking. Plot
3, which received one ton of 10-10-10 on plow sole and 200 lbs. of 2-16-8 per
acre in the row, yielded 15.2 tons of good quality tomatoes. Plot 8 received
600 lbs. of 2-16-8 per acre in the row (a common fertilizer recommendation
for this area) and yielded only 8.7 tons of poor quality tomatoes. Plant-
tissue tests indicated high nitrates in plot 3 at this date. Late August second
growth foliage after the early blight infestation, protected the ripening fruit.
Plot 8, which had been badly nitrogen- starved since July 22, produced prac-
tically no second growth of leaves. The unprotected fruit sun-burned and
cracked badly.

From article in "Better Crops with Plant Food," reprint 5/4/43, American
Potash Institute, Washington, D. C.

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NEW SWEET CORN HYBRIDS

LINCOLN — a most popular new hybrid for home or market grower.

WILSON— a late yellow hybrid of Stowells Evergreen

Also Spancross, Marcross, Carmelcross, Old Hickory and

Golden Cross Bantam.

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Owned and Controlled by Pennsylvania Farmers

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eral things at once; it makes new vegetative growth, it fills and ripens
fruit and prepares to start new fruit through blossoming. It seems
unreasonable to me to expect all of these processes to go on at its
utmost potentiality by drawing upon minerals and nitrogen nutri-
ents that are already in the plant. This indicates that the tomato
plant must draw exceedingly heavily upon the soil during its fruiting
period to maintain the demand it has for these necessary substances
from the soil. If these substances are abundantly available at this
particular time, the process of making an abundant quantity of fruit
can go on without any handicap until frost.

Roscoe, all this in mind adds up to the fact that tomatoes should
have a soil that is just rich enough during its early non-fruiting
period to make a reasonable healthy vegetative plant and from
there on the nutrient supply should be greater than ever before in
its life period. I can see that if the nitrogen supply is too high in the
period before setting of the blossoms that there will be too much of
a tendency for the plant to continue vegetative and to have difficulty
in establishing "set blossoms."

Ideal Fertilization

What then does all this add up to with respect to a sensible method
of fertilization? Well, Roscoe, it just calls for the kind of thing I
have been squealing about the last several years until my throat is
dry.

When nitrogen in the form of some ammonium compound, pre-
ferably ammonium sulfate, cyanamid or urea, is placed on the plow
furrow, it will not support the plant with excessive nitrogen in the
early season for two reasons: 1, It is deeply placed where the roots
are slow to contact it, and 2, As ammonium nitrogen it will stay
deeply placed and be there in the late summer when the crop is
starting to form and will be there to feed it in the fall when it is so
badly needed.

The reasons for placing the phosphate and potash down on the
plow furrow are not so complex but it is largely a matter of keeping
the phosphate from being too closely mixed with the soil so that it
will combine with the soil particles to become unavailable and be-
cause of this deep placement they are down in the moist soil during
the drier seasons of late July and early August to do a better job of
feeding the plant when it needs it.

A Row Starter Is Needed

I look upon this fertilizer placed on the plow sole as the food in the
cupboard to feed the plant when it is really needing a lot of it dur-
ing the fruiting period but on most of our soils there is a need for a
little fertilizer in the row to start the seedling ofE well at first. Such a

fertilizer, in my mind, should be high in phosphorus and contain only
small quantities of nitrogen and potash. 200 to 300 pounds of such a
fertilizer as 2-16-8 or 3-18-9 seems almost ideal.

How Much Fertilizer Should Be Plowed Under?

To really make a crop I cannot see very favorably any rate that
adds on the plow furrow less than 100 pounds of nitrogen per acre
for most any soil and 200 pounds of nitrogen on the light colored soils
that have neither clover nor manures, and about 200 pounds of
P2O5 and 200 pounds of K2O. This is the same as saying plow under
one ton of a 5-10-10 fertilizer or one ton of a 10-10-10. Of course at the
present time only 8-8-8 is available so it would be the next choice.

Cordially yours for more and

better Hoosier tomatoes,

GEORGE D. SCARSETH

Director of Research

American Farm Research Association

C^rhnn^l^J^.^^^^^^^^ ^^^^ S"* L°^"*' ^^^'^^ Aydelolt Farm,

r^i ♦ w • ^"^'.?^ Related to a Common Fertilizer Application, Plot No 8
P?ow Sole""""' ^^^*"'^^ °^ Nitrogen, Phosphate, and Potash Applied on ihe

Marketable yields"-

Fertilizer
Treat- added in bands
ment —on plow sole — Row fertilizer
number Mixture Lbs./A. Lbs./A. Kind

North
— replicates —

Tons
Tons increase
per over
acre! No. 8»

South
— replicates —

Tons
Tons increase
per over
acre* No. 8^

2
3

4
5
6
7

0-10-10
5-10-10
10-10-10
5-10- 5
5-10- 0
5- 0-10
5-10-10
None

2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000

— Average* —

Tons
Tons increase
per over
acre* No. 8*

Significant difference

200: 2-16-8 7.92

200: 2-16-8 10.86

200: 2-16-8 12.00

200: 2-16-8 11.58

200: 2-16-8 9.29

200: 2-16-8 9.50

None 10.41

600: 2-16-8 7.29

2.72

.63
3.57
4.71
4.29
2.00
2.21
3.12

• • •

2.72

8.52
15.39
15.17
14.36
13.47
12.56
12.65
8.76
2.72

-0.24
6.63
6.41
5.60
4.71
3.80
3.89

• • •

2.72

8.22
13.13
13.58
12.97
11.38
11.02
11.52
8.03
1.92

0.19
5.10
5.55
4.94
3.35
2.99
3.49

• • •

1.92

The rainfall was excessive in the early summer
Cyanamid nitrogen used for the plow-sole fertilizers
Ammonium sulphate nitrogen used for the row fertilizers

The average number of plants which had green fruit at frost time Seotemhi^r ?« f,.r
treatments 1-8 respectively were: 2.0. 8.8. 15.8%.5. 5.3. 5.3. 9.5.Tnd oTplfnts p^? p'^^ot
» Average of two replications.

I ^I?* f^°' ® ''^''^^''^^ *^^ fertilizer treatment that is commonly recommended for this area
rr rjP^^ tomato plants on the two south replicates were transplanted in the evening of Judp

?o bo^^eTy hoVsinn? da/^^^^^^^^^^ ^^M"" *^^ "^.^^"^"^ °* '^"^ 8. whTc^h tTrned^ ou?

lo DC a very not. sunny day. The plants set m the morning wilted badlv and annparf^rt in h*»

ffino^f^ ^ ^.l^^ °'' "'.^'^ ^" contrast to those set in the evening We believe ^It the
l^vf/r-^]?^Sfu^^ morning-set plants was due to the effect of the hot summer dav^howlve-
other conditions such as overnight storage of ths seedlings might also have been aTactor'
, n* ^®w^§? °^ *J^® four replicates (includes the two "morning set" replicates which hart
Jl^li^fl.^^^^^ ^"? were physiologically upset [see footnote No .3], as weU as the two "even-
ing set replicates which appeared to have good early growth)
Experiment conducted in 1942 by Purdue University scientists.

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Soil Fertility Practices That Pay

FIRMAN E. BEAR*

There is an art and a science of agriculture. The art dates from
prehistoric man. The science did not have its beginning until the
early years of the seventeenth century. Previous to that time, ex-
perience guided practice. During the last 300 years science has gradu-
ally assumed the leadership. In soil management it has pointed the
way to improved practices by which it is now possible to transform
even the most barren soil into one that is suitable for a garden. But
the art of agriculture still flourishes. Many well-established prac-
tices are as yet unexplained. They challenge science to the best it
has to offer.

Farmers are applying heavier doses of lime, using better fertilizers,
makmg greater efforts to stop erosion, and checking up more closely
on the soil than ever before. But both farmers and soil scientists
are puzzled by many thing they see but don't quite understand. We
need to know more about the soil in relation to the plants we want
to grow. And we must know more about the soil as a source of sub-
stances required by man. In other words, we must not only learn
how to grow bigger yields for economy's sake, but better quality for
the benefit of those who are to eat the crops we produce.

Soil Organic Matter Must Be Digested

Organic matter, as such, is of little value to soil or crops until
it has undergone microbial digestion. Thus fresh manure, straw from
the combine, grass sods, rye in the headed stage and similar crude
materials, when plowed under, often do more damage than good.
That does not mean that such materials should never be worked into
the soil. It means merely that, if they are, something must be done
to speed up the rotting process. If a crop is planted before the or-
ganic matter is well rotted, the bacteria that feed on it will compete
with the young plants for the available nitrogen in the soil with the
result that the crop is stunted. Plants that get off to a bad start sel-
dom recover from the set-back.

To effect the rapid rotting of organic matter, the bacteria re-
sponsible for it must be supplied with moisture, air, nitrogen, lime,
and warmth. Given adequate amounts of all of these and everything
goes well. But if any one of them is lacking, the process slows down
and trouble sets in. Soils that are in a high state of fertility may
digest the added organic matter without interference with the crop
even though no special effort is made to meet the needs of the soil
microorganisms causing the rotting. But in a "worn-out" soil, crude
organic matter may remain in an undigested state for a long time.

^*^^^^' Soils Department, Agricultural Experiment Station, New Bruns-

,^>1'«»

^^.

Extra nitrogen may not have to be added if the organic matter is
of the high-nitrogen type. Thus legume cover crops and young green
rye usually rot readily when plowed under. But cornstalks, straw,
and timothy sod need extra nitrogen for rapid decay. In doubtful
cases it is best to apply extra nitrogen to the material before it is
plowed under. Where a very large amount of coarse material is
available for plowing under it may be best to leave it lie on top of the
ground for a while before turning it under. A still better procedure
would be to disc such material into the soil a week or more in ad-
vance of plowing. The supplemental use of lime and superphos-
phate as well as nitrogen aids greatly in spreading up the rotting
process.

Organic matter from some plants is much more valuable that that
from others. As an illustration, we have had excellent results with
snapbeans and carrots from blowing under cornstalks, peat, and mix-
tures of straw and alfalfa, but we have experienced marked reduction
in yield as a result of plowing under sweet clover, pine shavings, and
sorrel, even though extra nitrogen had been applied to speed up the
rotting process. The good effects from the first three are believed
to have been due to the rate at which they rot and liberate the sub-
stances they contain for reuse by the next crop. The bad effects from
the last three materials are believed to have been caused by the
coumarin, resins, and oxalic acid, respectively, which they contained.
All of these substances are known to be toxic to plants.

In this connection it may be well to point out that there is constant
warfare between the several groups of soil microorganisms, some of
which are disease-producing microbes that attack plants, whereas
others serve the highly useful purpose of "selective disinfection."
This term is applied to a cleaning-up process in the soil by which
some or all of the parasitic types of microbes are destroyed. Thus
it is conceivable that by the right choice of organic matter one could
favor the beneficial types over the disease producers. Penicillin,
streptothricin, and similar antibiotic agents are by-products of micro-
organisms that have been isolated from the soil and put to work
in this manner for the benefit of mankind. Under carefully control-
led conditions they produce large amounts of microbe-destroying
substances that are being employed in the control of human diseases.
It seems probable that plant diseases could likewise be effectively
controlled if we knew how to select our organic matter on the basis
of its stimulatory effects on these curative types of microorganisms.

The continued interest in organic fertilizers, or those carrying part
of their nitrogen in the form of animal tankage, fish scrap, and seed-
meals, cannot be lightly shoved aside. It is difficult to believe that
they are worth the price if used on soils that are in a high state of
fertility. Thus a good soil should contain at least 3 per cent organic

matter, or 60,000 pounds in the plow depth of an acre. If one adds a
ton of fertilizer containing 200 pounds of tankage he will have in-
creased the organic-matter content of such a soil from 60,000 to 60,200
pounds per acre. On the face of it, this seems hardly worth while.

If a soil is in a low state of fertility, however, there may be some-
thing to this practice. Thus if one drives out onto a poor piece of
land with a manure spreader and applies a light dressing of manure,
he will have little difficulty seeding just where he went, even though
the rate of application was only 5 or 6 tons per acre and the manure
was 75 per cent water. Possibly equally good effects could have been
produced by the use of fertilizer carrying the same amounts of nitro-
gen, phosphoric acid, and potash as was contained in the manure but
this is doubtful. What we are dealing with in such a case is a soil
that has been robbed of most of its organic matter and is now down
to rock bottom, only the highly resistant residue remaining in it. A
little well-rotted manure adds a touch that stimulates the soil mi-
crobes to renewed activity. Similarly a little animal tankage along
the row at planting time may put new life into such a soil and a
little extra pep into the seedling plant that is growing on it. It may
be well to add, however, that the man who is cropping that kind of
soil needs a new outlook on farming? Why allow a soil to get into
such a state?

We are still of the opinion that for those vegetable growers who
have no livestock and are unable to obtain adquate amounts of ma-
nure, something more than a winter cover crop that is put in late in
the fall and plowed under early in the spring will be required. It is
our belief that in such cases the land could be operated to advantage
on the basis of a once-in-four year's resting program, this to consist
in the growing of a grass-legume mixture over an entire summer,
allowing it to fall back on the land for plowing-under purposes. It
seems probable that a late-summer discing program should be fol-
lowed to facilitate the more rapid disintegration of the crude organic
matter and to permit of the reseeding of the cover crop for plowing-
under in the young green stage early the following spring.

Calcium Supply More Important Than pH Value
If on testing a soil and learning that its pH value is 5.0, for example,
one decides to add enough lime to raise this value to 6.8, he may find
that 500 pounds of pulverized limestone, or its equivalent in some
other form of lime, is enough for the plow depth of a sand, but that
more than 10 times that amount may be required for a silt loam or
clay loam soil. Within recent years many men seem to have come
to the conclusion that the pH value is the important thing, whereas
it seems quite probable that we are equally if not more concerned
with the calcium supply in the soil. In other words, lime has two

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functions in the soil; one to destroy acid and the other to supply cal-
cium, a very necessary element in plants.

Less lime is required to maintain a loam soil at a high pH level,
once it has been brought to that state, than to maintain a sand at
the same level. It may take a lot of lime to raise the pH value of a
loam to 6.8, but the lime lasts in such a soil. In a sand, however, the pH
value tends to drop back quickly to where it was and, therefore, lime
must be applied much more frequently to such a soil. In fact, it is
very difficult to keep enough lime in a sandy soil to prevent the lack
of calcium from being a limiting factor in crop production.

This means that the man who is farming the sandier types of soil
has to be concerned about several matters that need not disturb
the farmer of loam soils. He must make every effort to add more
organic matter to his soil as a means of increasing its storage capa-
city for calcium and for other elements as well. He must also avoid
the use of highly concentrated fertilizers, because the highest con-
centration is arrived at by entirely eliminating calcium from the
fertilizer materials. One ton of 5-10-10 fertilizer will supply more
than twice as much calcium as the one-half ton of 10-20-20 that may
be used to replace it. This may be of very little significance on a
loam soil but it becomes increasingly important as the soil becomes
more and more sandy.

So far as we are aware, nothing is gained by adding more lime to
a soil than is required to bring it up to a pH value of around 6.8 and
to maintain it there. Something additional is gained, however, by
raising the pH value of a second plow depth to that level. And
enough lime should be applied to vegetable soils to maintain about
14 inches of soil at approximately those levels. On the loam types
of soil, the lime applications may not need to be repeated every year,
but on the sandier soils yearly applications are essential, and prob-
ably the land should be limed for each successive crop. It is con-
ceivable that limestone screenings would be very useful for lime-
storage purposes in such soils.

Surface Application of Fertilizer Positionally Unavailable

Our concepts of row placement of fertilizer originated in the Cen-
tral West where the rate of application was 100 to 200 pounds per acre
for crops like corn, and wheat, necessitating an along-the-row loca-
tion if the fertilizer was to produce adequate results. But in this
part of the United States men who know their business are approach-
ing the point where they "saturate" the soil with both lime and
fertilizer. This does not mean, however, that a little fertilizer might
not well be placed along the row to rive the young seedling a quick
start, push it ahead of the weeds, and get its roots down deep where
they can obtain what they need out of the soil.

When we think of vegetables and of corn and small-grains that are
grown for certified seed the question arises as to where to place the
extra fertilizer we need to use over and above the small amount we
can place along the row. Thus the tomato planter, the corn planter,
and the wheat drill do not meet the requirements for heavy applica-
tions for these crops, and much of the along-the-row-fertilizer-dis-
tributing machinery for vegetables is quite inadequate, except for
the small amount of fertilizer required to start the seedlings off. The
general tendency, therefore, is to place a good part of the fertilizer on
top the plowed ground and disc it in, using the remainder of the
fertilizer by this side-dressing procedure. Much of the fertilizer that
is placed on top the ground and disced in becomes positionally un-
available once dry weather sets in. The amount of fertilizer so ap-
plied should be restricted to the quantity required to get the plants
off to a quick start and, if possible, this fertilizer should be placed
along the row. Subsequent side-dressings should be placed as deeply
as possible, unless the soil is quite sandy and irrigation practices
are being employed.

More recently a great deal of interest has been aroused in three
other fertilizer placements:

1. Broadcasting the fertilizer on top the ground before plowing.

2. Banding it on the bottoms of the furrows at plowing time.

3. Placing it in bands about 4 inches deep and 1 inches apart with
a disc drill.

Our experience to date is in favor of the disc-drill procedure.
Fertilizer dropped on the bottom of the furrow seems to be a little
too far removed from the roots of young plants to give quick-grow-
ing vegetables the boost required. Applying the fertilizer on top
the ground before plowing has so much to commend it both from the
point of view of convenience and of its final location, once the plow-
ing has been done, that it seems likely to become a widespread prac-
tice. It is our opinion, however, that plowed-under, furrow-bottom,
and deep disc-drill placements will tend to even-up in effectiveness
on deeply-limed loam soils, if heavy rates of application of fertilizer
are employed year after year.

If the fertilizer is plowed under or placed on the bottom of the
furrow at plowing time, it seems advisable to make an especial point
to plow extra deeply from time to time in order to get the fertilizer
residues that have been carried below the furrow bottom by the soil
water back up into the seedbed. That's good practice, no matter what
kind of placement is used. On very sandy soils, however, the best
procedure so far discovered is to divide the total amount of fertilizer
up into about half as many doses as there are weeks in the period of
growth of the crop. If all of the fertilizer is put on at the start, the

crop suffers from alternate periods of gluttony and starvation. The
only known means of evening up the supply of plant food on such
soils is either by increasing the amount of organic matter in the
soil to provide buffer and storage effects, or to make use of repeated
small applications. In the latter case, irrigation is of special im-
portance, since otherwise the material may lie too near the surface
where it is not within reach of the roots. In lieu of irrigation the
fertilizer should be placed in furrows the depth of which will de-
pend on the distribution of the root system of the crop in question.

More Than NPK Required by Plants

The old NPK system of meeting the nutrient requirements of
plants is coming under more critical scrutiny every year. A few
years back almost everyone who was interested in fertilizers was
concerned with the problem of testing out "double-strength" ferti-
lizers against the old single-strength types. In many cases the
double-strength grades were superior, especially on the heavier
soils, on those that had been liberally limed, and on those that were
in a high state of fertility, either naturally or as a result of the use
of manure and fertilizers.

Increased concentration in fertilizers finally arrives at the point
that nothing remains except the N, P, and K, associated with the
hydrogen and oxygen which enter into the formation of the mole-
cules containing these elements. Thus one can use ammonium ni-
trate instead of ammonium sulfate and eliminate the sulfur. Am-
monium phosphate can be substituted for superphosphate with the
elimination of both calcium and sulfur. Use of the 60-per cent grade
of muriate of potash will do away with such impurities as sodium
and magnesium salts. The final step consists in using potassium ni-
trate or potassium phosphate and getting rid of the chlorine in the
fertilizer. Each of these refinement processes tends to reduce the
amounts of such elements as calcium, sulfur, magnesium, manga-
nese, boron, copper, and zinc in the mixture. As the years have gone
by, soils have grown older and fertilizers have become more con-
centrated and, as a result, certain deficiencies have begun to show
up, especially in the more badly leached soils in the eastern and
southern states that are being intensively farmed. The substitution
of the horse for the tractor, with the resulting loss of both manure and
sod crops, has speeded up the process of exhaustion of the secondary
elements in soils. The problem is now very troublesome on the
sandier costal-plain soils that have very little storage capacity for
the fertilizer elements.

In our opinion, the following possibilities merit careful considera-
tion:

1. Inclusion of not less than 5 pounds of borax in every ton of

fertilizer.

2. Use of 40 to 50 pounds of soluble Mg per acre in all low pH soils
growing potatoes more or less continuously.

3. Use of 50 pounds manganese sulfate on all heavily-manured, in-
tensively-farmed market-garden soils.

4. Inclusion of a substantial amount of ordinary superphosphate
or of calcium sulfate in most fertilizer mixtures.

5. Testing of dilute solutions of boron, manganese, and magne-
sium in spray form on suspected crops and soils.

6. Occasional check-up on such elements as copper and zinc.

G. L. F. Columbia Farm
Products Cooperative, Inc

Canning Plant

Bloomsburg,

Pennsylvania

A FARMER-OWNED — OPERATED, AND — CONTROLLED

COOPERATIVE, ENGAGED CHIEFLY IN THE

MARKETING OF PRODUCTS

OF ITS PATRONS.

HARRIS SEEDS

ARE GROWN BY

PROGRESSIVE MARKET GARDENERS

Have you a copy of our 1945 Market Growers and Florists Price List?

It contains accurate descriptions of the newest and

best vegetables and flowers.

Send for it today

JOSEPH HARRIS CO., Inc.

MORETON FARM

ROCHESTER Ih N. Y.

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season

Have a

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sweet corn and all row crops thrive mightily under Overhead Irriga-
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benefits of brisk markets and high prices.

Write us for Full Information and the name of your nearest dealer.

California Corrugated Culvert Co.

7th & PARKER STREETS

BERKELEY, CALIF.

Tomato Variety and Strain Trials at
State College — 1944

M. L. Odland*

New Varieties. — The trials at State College included many new,
un-tried, and in some cases un-named varieties as well as the varie-
ties that are usually referred to as the **standard varieties." Early
Red Cross, Alaska, and an un-named variety have been developed
in Canada where the short season requires an extra-early variety.
They proved interesting in that they produced a great number of
fruit, in one instance, not unlike clusters of grapes. They are not,
however, suited for commercial production in Pennsylvania.

Volunteer, Sioux, Red Cloud and an un-named variety developed at
the Massachusetts State College give promise as early varieties. Some
of these are uniform ripening, that is, they do not have the dark green
stem end which may remain green somewhat longer than the rest of
the fruit. The three first named were developed in the mid-West.
Tokalon, introduced from Birmingham, Alabama is a late high-yield-
ing variety that was rated rather high in 1944. None of the above
named varieties are being produced in quantity as yet, however, it
is quite possible that certain of these will find a place in the list of
recommended tomato varieties.

Included in the trials were No. 170 and No. 178, two of D. R. Porter's
selected strains. They produced a very good crop of good-sized to-
matoes. These strains are uniform ripening and appear better as
such than many of the uniform ripening varieties.

The Standard Varieties. — In the late maturity class Rutgers has
not been surpassed. It invariably produces greater yields of market-
able fruit than other varieties. Its strong vine growth promotes pro-
duction and tends to cut down the effects of certain diseases. A point
in favor of Marglobe is the fact that it is slightly earlier. It cracks
badly as a rule, otherwise, produces a good crop. Early canner, a
recent introduction, has been found by some growers to be a good
variety. It is in a maturity class between Rutgers and Marglobe, the
color is good and production has been good. Garden State in a
maturity class with Rutgers has produced well in the trials. The
Pennred, a new late variety, was exceptionally free from fruit crack-
ing in the trials, producing a good crop of stemless tomatoes.

Stokesdale, Scarlet Dawn, Valiant, and Pritchard continue to
perform very satisfactory, in a maturity class somewhat earlier than
Marglobe. Early Market, in this same class, is being grown as a
market tomato.

* Associate Professor, Department of Horticulture, The Pennsylvania State
College.

Hybrids. — A few years ago it was difficult to find anyone even in-
terested in hybrid tomatoes, but today a real interest is shown by
both growers and seedsmen. The writer has included a few hybrids
in the trials each season. Invariably they have looked in comparison
with standard varieties. In the 1944 trial 47.38, a hybrid between
Rutgers and Scarlet Dawn, gave the best performance of anything
in the test. Spartan hybrid did not do as good as the standard varie-
ties. It should be pointed out that this last named hybrid was pro-
duced for greenhouse use, where it performs very well, and it is not
surprising that it is not suited for field production. As a matter of fact,
there is a great difference between hybrids and experimental work
will be required to determine which varieties, when crossed, will
produce the superior hybrids. Such work is under way at The Penn-
sylvania State College at the present time. Fairly complete hybrid
test plots were conducted in 1944 and considerable information was
obtained. Further study will be made in 1945.

Only a very small amount of hybrid seed is available this season
and this commands a good price. Production of hybrid seed is ex-
pensive and this factor will determine, largely, whether or not grow-
ers will be able to turn to hybrids for commercial large scale pro-
duction.

For Greater Profits

PLANT CLICK'S Tomato Seed a Plants

IMPROVED STRAINS — PENNSYLVANIA CERTIFIED

Rutgers — Marglobe — Grothens — Pritchard
Pan America and Colco (Pink) Globe

SPECIAL MENTION OF A NEW LEADER

EARLY CANNER Matures about a week earlier than Rutgers. When
planted very early from well-grown plants it has produced large yields be-
fore the rush of harvest season. Bushy, vigorous foliage protects the closely
set clusters of fairly large, deep, firm, scarlet tomatoes. Small seed cavities
and excellent flavor make it well suited to canning, especially strained prod-
ucts. Has shown up particularly well in dry weather.

ONLY A LIMITED SUPPLY AVAILABLE

Advise quantity needed. Particulars free.

CLICK'S SEED FARMS CLICK'S PLANT FARMS

SMOKETOWN. LANCASTER COUNTY. PENNA

specialization is the Key to Efficiency

1945 Calls for tomatoes of high production and high
quality. These factors start with finely bred tomato
seed. Tomato Plants grown from Stokes Tomato seed
offer an assurance of production and quality. Our two-
generation-per-year breeding program is at your service.

FRANCIS C. STOKES, LTD

Breeders and Growers of Fine Tomato Seed

VINCENTOWN, NEW JERSEY, U.S.A.

TMI MARK. Of TMI BliT

STORES
TOMATO
^EEiy

PRODUCING SINCE 1882

VALIANT STOKESDALE MASTER MARGLOBE RUTGERS

Direct Seeding of Tomatoes

ROSCOE FRASER*

For the last fifteen years canning tomatoes have been grown in
Indiana commercially by planting the seed directly into the field
where the tomatoes are to be grown. Each year direct seeding is
becoming more popular because many yields have equaled or sur-
passed those on fields grown with transplants.

Last year William Stubblefield, won the Indiana U. S. Tomato
Club Championship by growing twenty tons per acre on 5.18 acres
which tested 86.3% U. S. No. I's. His tomatoes were direct seeded
on a clover sod which had been heavily manured and fertilized with
400 pounds of 2-16-8 put on with a corn planter ahead of the two
small seed drills fastened to the planter.

Tomato growers who have successfully used the direct seeding
method claim the following advantages: (1) Generally lower cost per
acre; (2) less trouble with disease; (3) deeper tap root system; (4)
saves long transportation (which is detrimental to the plants); (5)
generally better stands; (6) quite often higher yield and better
quality; (7) the grower is not dependent upon others to grow and
transport plants; (8) seeding finished before corn planting time; (9)
the tomatoes crack less in wet weather; (10) plants stand dry
weather better; (11) the vines seem to hold their leaves longer and
are freer of blight, as is also usually the case with late-set fields; (12)
fresh plants can be taken from the direct seeding for replants in the
same field if replanting is necessary; (13) very desirable source of
plants for setting late field or replanting; and (14) saves hauling of
plants and planters from factory.

Observations of growers and fieldmen indicate the principal dis-
advantages of direct seeding to be: (1) Difficulties in getting the
plants up; (2) competition of weeds; (3) the work of blocking out the
plants; (4) lack of seeding equipment to properly place both seed
and fertilizer; (5) lack of experience on part of the growers; (6) dis-
couragement of growers because plants are only one to two inches
high at the time six to ten inch transplants are being set out; (7) ne-
cessity of thinning plants at proper time; and (8) not suitable for
soils of poor fertility or hard clay soils.

Best results have been obtained on fields with a high percentage
of organic matter so that there is as little tendency to crust over as
possible. Clover sod, deep fall plowed has given the highest yields.
To help avoid diseases the field should not have been in tomatoes for
at least four years.

♦Tomato Specialist, Puidue University, Layafette, Ind.

READING BONE FERTILIZER CO.

READING. PA.
Manufacturers of "QUALITY FERTILIZERS"

for Vegetable Crops

Distributors of "DOW Spray Materials"

"There is no place like HOLMES for SEEDS"

Write for free catalog —

a complete list of vegetable and flower seeds,
including special strains.

The Holmes Seed Company

SEED GROWERS

Dept. T

Canton 2, Ohio

Courtesy

GREENCASTLE PACKING CO,

GREENCASTLE

PENNSYLVANIA

B. MEIER & SON, Inc.

FOOD BROKERS

Representing some of America's finest canners.

REPRESENTATION FOR ONE OR TWO REPUTABLE

ACCOUNTS SOLICITED

209 Bronx Terminal Market
New York 5L New York

Most growers drill one pound of high germinating seed per acre,
one-half to three-fourths inch deep. Seeds should be about one inch
apart. Seeding should be done from April 25 to May 10.

The most satisfactory method of sowing the seed is the use of two
garden seeders, fastened behind a corn planter in order that the
seed may be planted directly above fertilizer which the corn planter
applies in bands. The fertilizer should be placed three to five inches
deep in the soil.

Many growers are using furrow openers on the corn planter, in
dry seasons, so that the seed will be in contact with moist soil and
still permit shallow planting. Special tomato seed plates for corn
planters have been developed and are sometimes used; however with
this method failures are more common. Where fertilizer is put on
at the same time, the tendency is to get the seeds too deep because
fertilizer should be drilled in a single band three to five inches below
the surface of the ground.

Four or five hundred pounds of fertilizer to the acre applied with a
corn planter can be used with safety if it is placed deep in the soil.
If you have a fertilizer attachment for a corn cultivator, a 200-pound
application of fertilizer can be made a week or two after the plants
are blocked out.

The fertilizer analysis to be used can best be suggested by the
soil analysis and crop history of the field. The soil testing can be
made by your County Extension Office or a fertilizer company.

Cultivate with a rotary hoe or a harrow to kill weeds when tomato
seeds begin to sprout. Use the rotary hoe again to break the crust
if plants cannot get through the ground.

Cultipackers will also break the crust and in addition, in dry sea-
sons will improve the stand by compacting the soil around the seeds.
Many successful growers have cultivated the tomatoes with a rotary
hoe until the plants get three or four inches high. If an extra heavy
stand of plants is secured, set the rotary hoe deep to help thin out
plants. As soon as possible the plants should be cultivated with a
corn cultivator. Use a beet-type side hoe next to the row until the
final thinning.

Shallow cultivation is the best for direct seeded tomato plants,
for deep cultivation will injure roots and reduce the yield. Many
growers cultivate the plants twice with a corn cultivator before
blocking out.

An even stand of plants may be thinned by cross cultivation with
a corn cultivator — then finished with a hand hoe. In any event, plants
should be blocked out by the time they are six to eight inches high.
This gives the plants plenty of air circulation and helps prevent dis-
ease. Plants should be spaced 3i feet apart in the row.

NO WORRY ABOUT STAND

WITH

THIS RUNNER-TYPE PLANTER

If you want a runner type
Planter that will plant rows of any
particular spacing RIGHT UP TO
THE END OF THE FIELD— then
you want to try an Oliver 1095
Mounted Planter on that new lit-
tle "world of power," the Oliver
"70" Tractor.

You will find the Oliver method
of midship mounting a real ad-
vantage. Your Planter is right in
front of you where, without turn-
ing or twisting out of your form-
fitting cushion seat, you can watch
every operation.

Oliver Planters follow the con-
tour of the ground — plant accu-

rately at an even depth on uneven
as well as level ground, even in
tough soil.

THINK of the sort of job you
want YOUR planter to do — of the
sort of field it is going to have to
operate in. Talk to Oliver Owners
and find out how Oliver Planters
are performing for them.

This Planter can be equipped
with both the regular corn and
cotton planter and the planter
with twin inclined plates in each
hopper for special planting of sor-
ghum, Mio Maize, peas, various
types of beans, peanuts, etc.

THE OLIVER CORP

HARRISBURG, PENNA.

If there are plants missing in the direct seeded field, use fresh
plants taken from the thick places for resetting. When these plants
are used, take as much soil as possible with the roots in order to get
as many undisturbed roots as possible.

If flea beetles are present it is best to delay thinning until the
plants are at least five inches high. Flea beetles can be controlled by
a Cryolite dust. A fairly large acreage can be handled by small hand
garden dusters.

After plants are blocked out, handle them the same as set plants,
but never cultivate them deeply.

An experienced Indiana Canner says "Have patience and faith
with direct seeding and you will be handsomely rewarded. Do not
worry if you do not get a stand until June 1. Seed will remain in the
ground six weeks and still come up when moisture is sufficient."

Dusting

with a

Knapsack

Duster

Suggestions for Controlling Tomato Insects

J. O. Pepper*

Insect control is an important factor in the production of tomatoes
on a commercial scale. Only a small number of insects attack this
crop but they can cause considerable damage when left go uncon-
trolled.

Cutworms

Several species of cutworms occur in Pennsylvania. They are most
abundant in sod land or fields that have a heavy weed growth. The
most practical control is the use of poison bran bait before the plants
are set in the field.
Formula

Coarse flaked bran 100 pounds

Paris green or white arsenic or

Sodium fluosilicate 4 pounds

Cheap molasses 2 gallons

Water about 15 gallons

Mixing directions: (1) Mix thoroughly while dry the poison and
the bran (2) dilute the molasses in about 10 gallons of water (3) and
slowly the liquid mixture to the poison bran mixture while stir-
ring continuously. The mixture should finally be a flaky, crumbly
mass. Do not add an excess of water to make the mixture sloppy.

Time to apply bait: The field should have been plowed and left
idle for a few days. The bait should then be applied 2 or 3 days be-
fore the plants are to be set in the field. The application should be
made in the late afternoon so that the bait will remain moist and
attractive over night. Cutworm activity is greatest during night
time.

Method and amount to use: The most practical method of apply-
ing the bait is to broadcast it by hand. The average person will
use 20 or more pounds to cover one acre of ground.

Care of bait: It is poisonous to man and animals. If it should be
necessary to store the bait for a few hours before using, place it
where children, irresponsible persons and animals cannot get hold
of it. When properly made and thinly broadcast over fields the bait
has not proven harmful to birds or large animals that may happen
to be in such fields.

Fleabeetles

The adults of fleabeetles are tiny dark colored beetles that jump
like fleas when disturbed. They can severely injure newly set to-
mato plants by their feeding on the foliage.

* Extension Entomologist, The Pennsylvania State College.

Control: (1) Home grown plants produced in flats can be sprayed
in the flats 2 or 3 days before transplanting and this will give the
plants some protection after they are set in the field. Use 4 pounds of
either lead arsenate or calcium arsenate or 6 pounds of cryolite in
each 100 gallons of spray. When an insecticide is usee;! alone some
kind of a wetting and sticking agent should be used. Such materials
ar6 sold under several trade names or soybean flour can be used at
the rate of i pound in 100 gallons of spray. The arsenicals may be
combined with fungicides but the cryolite should not be combined
with any material that requires lime in the combination. (2) for ship-
ped plants or those that have been pulled for a few days and have
not been treated, a dust application on the foliage at planting time
is suggested. A good dust is one containing equal parts of lime and
either calcium or lead arsenate. Also a 50 per cent cryolite dust has
given good results. The plants should be spread apart as much as
possible so that a good coverage of the foliage can be obtained. Lime
cannot be used as a diluent with cryolite. (3) The adult fleabeetles
usually exist over a long period of time. After the plants are set in
the field 5 to 7 days usually new growth can be seen. If fleabeetles
are still abundant the plants should be dusted with either a calcium
or lead arsenate dust or a 50 per cent cryolite dust to protect them
from injury. (4) direct seeding of tomatoes in the field seems to be
gaining in popularity. Fleabeetles usually start feeding on the plants
when they are in the two leaf stage. As soon as the plants are up
they should be dusted with a calcium or lead arsenate dust or a 50
per cent cryolite dust and the application repeated at 5 to 7 day in-
tervals until the heavy fleabeetle attack is over.

Aphids

For the past few years spotty infestations of aphids on tomatoes
have appeared usually during the month of July. It is the same aphid
that occurs on roses and potatoes. It is definitely not the same one
that occurs on peas. Aphid populations increase rapidly and severe
damage can occur on plants within a few days time.

Control: A spray containing 1 pint of nicotine sulphate and 2 pounds
of potash fish oil soap in 100 gallons of water has proven very effec-
tive.

Tomato Hornworm

This insect has caused injury in some sections of the state. The
worms usually go unnoticed until they are almost fully developed
and have done most of their damage. Some tomato growers have
kept this insect under control by hand picking them. A dust using
calcium arsenate undiluted has given good control. A spray using
10 pounds of lead arsenate plus some wetting agent in 100 gallons of
water has proven effective. Ripening fruits that have been either
dusted or sprayed should be washed before they are consumed.

Difficulties in controlling tomato insects: It is almost impossible to
use large dusters or sprayers in tomato fields due to width of rows.
Therefore in dusting the material is usually applied by hand dusters
or airplane. Some growers have used large sprayers. In such cases
fairly long leads of spray hose are used so as to cover good distances
of area on each side of the machine. A multiple type nozzle is used
mostly for applying the spray material.

Compliments

INDEPENDENT MANUFACTURING CO

FERTILIZERS

WHEATSHEAF LANE

FRANKFORD
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

GROWER TO CONSUMER

Our policy for over fifty years

The consumer is quality and grade conscious and
through our 2000 stores we offer a desirable out-
let and a direct connecting link between the
grower and the consumer for quality products.

WE ARE IN THE MARKET FOR GOOD QUALITY, WELL
GRADED PENNSYLVANIA FARM PRODUCTS—

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424 North 19th St., Philadelphia 30, Penna. Telephone LOCust 4000

A Beautiful Field of Staked Tomatoes

This field of tomatoes was grown here in New England; a sight to
warm the heart, so clean, orderly and prolific it was.

The grower was proud of it, and we felt that we could share his
pride, for the variety was Scarlet Dawn which we bred some years
ago and which received the All America Gold Medal. It is an
early variety, earlier than either of its parents, which were Clark's
Early and Marglobe. The fruits are medium large, globe-shaped
smooth, meaty, and very attractive in color and appearance in the
lug, as they run quite uniform under proper growing conditions.
Scarlet Dawn seed, like all Asgrow Seeds, is sold through local
dealers. If you cannot easily get supplies, let ue know and we shall
be gldd to send you the name of the nearest source.

ASSOCIATED SEED GROWERS, INC.

Breeders and growers of vegetable seeds since 1856

MILFORD. CONN.

Better Tomato Plants and Production Practices

V. A. TIEDJENS

Tomato plants grow best on sandy to light loam soils which are
well drained, contain a liberal supply of lime and organic matter
and are underlain with an open subsoil that will permit ready pene-
tration of roots to depths of 3 feet or more. This is a big order since
many of our soils do not meet those qualifications in their present
state. Many of the soils that lack certain characteristics can be made
desirable by cultural practices.

The first problem is to have good plants. If you buy southern-
grown plants you usually take what you can get. Some years they
are better than you can grow. Other years they are not very good.
Southern-grown plants are usually taller than is necessary and in
good soil they should be set at least 2 inches deeper or even more
than they were in the plant bed. They should be set with a trans-
planting solution. If you use a high analysis fertilizer, mix 2 to 3
pounds in 50 gallons of water. If you use a regular fertilizer you may
have to use 5 to 6 pounds.

If you grow your own plants, strive to grow the ideal plant. Such
plants should be stock with strong leaves, dark green in color, which
do not wilt easily. Such plants can be grown in flats. The soil, pref-
erably a sandy loam that drains readily, should be supplied with
limestone to give a liberal supply of calcium. Don't use too much
water or they will grow too fast and get spindly and soft. Grow them
slowly with as little water as possible to keep the stems firm. Feed
them with a transplanting solution if they stop growing or if the
leaves turn yellow. Three days before you set them in the field,
soak the soil in the flat with a transplanting solution.

Field soil preparation depends on what you start with. Animal ma-
nure can do your plants much good.

If you have limestone soil you may not need lime. A half ton
after plowing is usually enough. Acid soils need liming material,
and part of this lime should be put on before plowing. It will help to
condition the subsoil so that the roots will penetrate the subsoil. If
the soil is strongly acid at least a ton of pulverized limestone or hy-
drated lime should be plowed under and a ton of limestone should
be put on after plowing. It is better to use limestone on the top after
plowing.

The fertilizer should be broadcast before plowing if you use more
than 800 pounds per acre. Or if you have a disc drill it can be put
on after plowing, but it should be placed as deep as possible. The
kind of fertilizer depends on whether you use manure or not. A
fertilizer that has a 1-2-1 or 1-3-1 ratio is usually better to use with

QUALITY ALWAYS PAYS!

For extra yields and^
quality^ use Agrico— ^
specially formulated
for each crop. And^
when you need Super-]
phosphate, ask for 18%^
NORMAL — it's more
economical. Manufac-j
tured only by The
American Agricultural
Chemical Co.

Baltimore, Md.
Buffalo, N. Y.
Carteret, N. J.

7ac AGRICO <utcc 18% NORMAL

THE NATION S LEADING FERTILIZER

SUPERPHOSPHATE

J. KEENE SAULSBURY, President
A. ROLAND THOMPSON, Secretary A. REED HAYES, JR., Treasurer

MIFFLIN COUNTY
PACKING CO.

PENNSYLVANIA PACKED VEGETABLES

REEDSVILLE, PA.

manure. Without manure, the 1-2-2 or 2-3-3 ratio may be better,
particularly on the lighter soils.

Problem Fields

Growers who have been in the Ten Ton Club probably do not have
problem fields. If you haven't been getting profitable yields, you
may have soil that requires special treatment. If the soil is too heavy
you are at the mercy of the weather, although a liberal use of lime
will do a lot of good. If you have a sandy loam soil that doesn't drain
readily after a heavy rain, you cannot grow tomatoes unless you
correct the condition that causes the poor drainage. Such soils are
not well aerated and roots remain in the surface soil. This may be
caused by insufficient lime in the subsoil. Plowing under both lime
and fertilizer will go a long way toward improving conditions which
will support deeper rooting. It will take several years to correct
this condition unless you resort to deep tillage practices and apply
limestone and superphosphate 6 inches below the bottom of the
furrow. This improves drainage and encourages deeper rooting.

There are other practices which also help to obtain larger yields.
These have been discussed in past years but will bear emphasis.
Tomatoes will do better in New Jersey following a corn crop than
when they follow a sod. Some sort of crop rotation should be fol-
lowed. Cover crops and succulent green manure crops are always
good preceding a tomato crop. If you plow under a heavy green
manure crop the yield can be increased several tons by applying
300 pounds of a nitrogenous fertilizer when the crop is plowed under.
An application of 500 pounds of a 10-6-4 in place of the 300 pounds
will prove a good investment. It helps tomato plants to withstand
hot weather and may reduce sunscald.

Early planting will mean larger yields 9 out of 10 years in good
soils. Control of weeds, particularly in dry years means more to-
matoes at harvest time. Cultivation should be adequate to get rid of
weeds.. Distance of planting can adversely affect yields. The more
vigorous varieties like Rutgers and Marglobe when grown on good
soils, should have at least 20 square feet of ground. Some growers
are planting at even greater distances and claim they get more
sound tomatoes than at closer distances. It reduces leaf and fruit
diseases. It also reduces the cost of growing an acre. Vine injury
during harvest is greatly minimized.

Under New Jersey conditions frequent picking reduces loses from
fruit rots. As much as 5 tons per acre may be left in the field dur-
a rainy season if the fruits are not picked as soon as ready. Frequent
picking keeps the vines in a more vigorous condition even though it
may cost a little more to harvest the crop.

A side-dressing of fertilizer solution on our light soils after the
first good picking may help to carry the'harvest season to frost.

Applying Fertilizer in the Bottom of the Furrow.

TOMATO GROWERS! . . .

You Can Now Eliminate Blossom End, Dry or Black Rot

"SOILEX"

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Quarryrille, Pa«

Manufacturers of 'Xonestoga Brand'' fertilizers

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loana Hybrid Sweet Corn

SEEDS

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Bag lots (100 lbs.) — 41c per lb. Freight paid.

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TAPPERSON SEED COMPANY

ALLENTOWN, PA.

40 NORTH SEVENTH STREET

PHONE 2-1762

Controlling Diseases of Southern-Grown Tomato

Plants: In the Seed Bed, During Shipment

and After Arrival At Your Farm

C. M. Haenseler*

Certification of plants guarantees the following items which are of
vital importance as far as diseases are concerned. (1) The fields
from which the seeds were harvested were officially inspected and
pronounced free from diseases which might be carried inside the
seed; (2) the seeds were chemically treated to remove all disease-
producing organisms which might be carried on the surface of the
seed. (3) the fields were selected, before planting, for relative free-
dom from nematodes, bacterial wilt and other soil-born diseases; (4)
the seedlings were sprayed several times to reduce the develop-
ment of diseases on the seedling; (5) the fields were inspected shortly
before harvest and the plants certified only if they were found totally
free from bacterial wilt and relatively free from other diseases.
Certified plants are admittedly not always wholly free from disease
and occasionally are badly infected, but imagine what might happen
if this safeguard against diseases should be let down. I feel sure that
the disease problems in southern-grown plants will greatly increase
unless certification, or something comparable to certification is con-
tinued and even increased in effectiveness. The southern plant grow-
er might get along very well without certification but the northern
tomato grower cannot, so it depends upon us in the north to insist
on plant certification and to strongly support every move to im-
prove the certification system.

There are three important changes that take place during the pack-
ing and transportation period and all have a bearing on how the
plants should be handled after they are received by the northern
grower. (1) improper packing may cause excessive drying of the
plants; (2) overheating during transit may cause abundant spread of
the collar rot and blight disease; and (3) the long lapse of time be-
tween harvesting in the south and setting in the north gradually
uses up the food reserves in the plant which are needed for re-root-
ing. All of these factors affect the readiness with which a southern
plant starts to grow after transfer. Some of them can be partially or
wholly controlled by careful mossing and packing and by proper
icing and ventilating of the cars, procedures which are largely in the
hands of the packer and shipper but some of the other factors must
be taken care of by the grower after the plants arrive. A lot of
thought has been given to the best method of packing and mossing

* Associate Plant Pathologist, New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Sta-
tion.

and in recent years great progress has been made in icing and veni-
lating of cars to get the plants through in the best possible condition
but up to the present time little has been done to determine how the
plant should be handled to best advantage after arrival.

Southern-grown plants must be packed tightly in the package for
best shipping. This means lack of air. Lack of air in turn encourages
heating and the development of collar rot and other diseases if these
diseases persist long enough. It is important, therefore, from the dis-
ease standpoint, to open the packages at the earliest possible moment
after receipt and to loosen them by the removal of one bundle from
each basket. The removed bundles should be loosely packed in extra
baskets. It is not advisable to unwrap the individual bundles as
this may cause undue drying before setting.

The more promptly the plants are set after arrival the greater the
food reserves in the plant and consequently the better the chance for
a quick growth start. The plant disease problems, particularly col-
lar rot, are also greatly reduced by such prompt setting. It is known
that the weaker, slowly starting, starved plants are injured much
more severely by collar rot than plants with sufficient food reserves
to give them a quick start.

Plants upon arrival at their destination in the north are usually
dry enough so that they are greatly improved by dipping the base
of the baskets in approximately 4 inches of water. The paper wrap-
per should be punctured with the finger, while the bundles are be-
ing loosened, so that the water may penetrate into the moss packing.
The tops should not be wet, however, as this encourages spread and
development of diseases. This supply of water to the plant before set-
ting encourages a quick start and further reduces the danger of losses
from collar rot.

Collar rot (and bacterial wilt) cause much less serious trouble on
plants which start off promptly after transplanting on account of
favorable growing conditions. This means that anything that can
be done to encourage the newly set plant to start growing immedi-
ately and vigorously will decrease the possible danger from the dis-
ease. A well prepared plant bed; retention of the soil moisture in
the plant bed by timely discing and harrowing; careful handling of
the plants to prevent undue drying and root killing just prior to set-
ting; cautious use of fertilizer to avoid close contact with the roots
of the plants; careful planting and proper firming of the soil about
the roots; and use of starter solutions in soils where the use is known
to be beneficial.

If plants are "Heeled in" carefully they can be held for a much
longer time than in the basket but if the delay is no longer than three
or four days heeled-in plants are often weak and in poorer condi-
tion than plants that have been properly loosened, ventilated, root
dipped and left in the basket.

^Y-

CHEF BOY- AR- DEE
QUALITY FOODS, Inc.

MILTON. PA.

Producing Fighting Foods
For Fighting Men

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THE 1945
LANDRETH
m^m^ GARDEN

GUIDE

If you have not already received our
nevi^ illustrated 1945 Garden Guide,
request one today. It contains Stan-
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. . .Landreth's specialties. . .a host of
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Lawn Grass Seed . . . Gardening Sup-
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photographic illustrations. Each class
of Seed has detailed cultural notes.

Request the Landreih Tomato

Circular. Exclusively for

Tomato Growers

Write to Dept. TT

D. Landreth Seed Co.

Canal Street Bristol, Pa.

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7J RIENS TILLER meets all requirements of the vegetable grower,
«. and can be operated in wet or dry season. The perfect all-purpose
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and insect life are chopped up and destroyed, leaving a perfect mois-
ture-retaining dust mulch. 3 models to meet
your requirements. Catalog and name of
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ARIENS
TRACTOR-
TILLER

Ariens Tractortiller, illustrated here, is decidedly an
implement for vegetable growers. It harrows, discs,
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Ordnance banner awarded to us for merltoHous production

October 30, 1943

Made standard
in two sizes —
4 ft. and 5 ft.

The Value of the Pennheart Tomato in Extra
Early Plantings and in Interplanting

With a Late Variety

M. L, Odland*

The Pennheart tomato, developed and introduced by Dr. C. E.
Myers (1) of The Pennsylvania State College, is an extra early, large
fruited variety with a determinate (self-topping) vine. The fruits
are firm and of good color. It has been included in the variety trials
at State College (3) for several seasons where, as an early variety,
its performance has been very good.

The market price of tomatoes is, as a rule, high in the early har-
vest season as compared with the late harvest season and not in-
frequently the early season tomatoes bring extremely high prices.

In 1944 a study was made to determine further Pennheart's value
as an extra early tomato and also to learn something about the feasi-
bility of planting such a variety interspaced between a late ma-
turing variety such as Rutgers or Pennred.

A study of the meteorological records of the Experiment Station for
the past fifty-six years, giving data relative to the last killing frost
occurring in the spring, has been made by Dr. C. E. Myers (2). Con-
sidering the data from a statistical point of view he came to the fol-
lowing conclusions:— "A killing frost may occur at State College as
late as May 8, one year in five; as late as May 13, one year in ten;
as late as May 15, one year in fifteen; as late as May 16, one year in
twenty; as late as May 18, one year in thirty." Taking this informa-
tion into consideration, plans were made to make plantings on May
8 and May 15, however, rains delayed plantings until May 16 and 20.
Provision was made to use hot caps but this was not necessary as
there were no injurious frosts after May 6. Well grown potted
plants from seed sown in mid-March were used. Plants for the in-
terspacing study, including a late variety as well as Pennheart, were
procured similarly.

The planting plan was as follows: In plot 1 Pennheart was spaced 3
ft. (between rows) x 2 ft. (in the row); in plot 2 Pennheart and the late
variety were planted alternately at a distance of 2 ft. apart in the row
with rows 4 ft. apart; in plot 3 the late variety was spaced 4 ft. x 4 ft.

Harvest began on July 3 when a small picking of Pennheart was
made. Weather during the early summer was somewhat wet and
rather cold; the plants developed rapidly, however, producing vig-
erous vines and setting fruit freely. Towards the last of August the
weather turned hot and dry, consequently, the Pennheart season

Colltir^^^*^ Professor, Department of Horticulture, The Pennsylvania State

was terminated on August 28. The late variety began to produce
late in July at which time the vines looked very good and an abun-
dant crop was setting; however, the unfavorable August weather
ruined the chance of obtaining a crop and, therefore, the yield rec-
ords from August 28 on will not be considered in this report.

The weekly harvests in pounds per acre are given in Tables I. and
II. Discussion will be based primarily on the data from the first
planting although the results from the second planting were similar
to those obtained from the first. The total first harvest for Pennheart
was 504 pounds, with subsequent pickings of 3175 pounds, 3335 pounds
etc., until a total harvest of 29795 pounds or 14.9 tons was obtained. It
was estimated that approximately 75 per cent of the harvest was
marketable. These estimations are given in the table. The local mar-
ket price of tomatoes is given, at the bottom of the table, for each
harvest date. These price figures while high are nevertheless the
actual prices obtained by certain growers near State College. Start-
ing off at $0.25 a pound on July 3, the market held good until well into
August when only $0.03 a pound could be obtained.

The estimated value per acre for each harvest is obtained by multi-
plying the marketable yield at each harvest by the local market price
per pound.

When Pennheart was interplanted with the late variety (plot 2)
the average yield per plant was not quite so great as when planted
alone as in plot 1. The yields, however, were very satisfactory as a
total of 10198 pounds per acre (5.1 tons) was obtained. This yield rep-
resents production from one-half as many plants as grown in plot 1.

The late variety came into production in the latter part of July.
The first production was satisfactory, but the unfavorable weather
caused considerable blossom end rot and the crop was not satis-
factory as a whole. It can only be pointed out that had favorable
weather prevailed during the growing season, the plot that was inter-
planted would no doubt have produced very favorably.

In 1943 a gardener in State College obtained the following results
from four plantings of Pennheart:

6/30 to 7/14

7/15 to 7/27

7/28 to 8/12

Total-^

Date • No. of

Ave,

Ave.

Lbs.

Plot

planted plants

Yield Price

Value

Yield

Price Value

Yield

Price Value

Wt. Value

lbs.

5/ 8 42

24 $.20

$4.80

$.14 $9.80

$.11

$6.16

150 $20.7fi

5/17 42

1.00

7.29

««

9.62

141 17.92

5/24 42

6.86

10.78

147 17.64

5/28 42

5.16

7.27

93 12.43

Total

204

298

531 $68.74

The crop was grown on fairly fertile soil, fertilized moderately
and with irrigation available. Well grown potted plants were set
out in lots of 42 on May 8, May 17, May 24, and May 28. Harvest be-
gan in late June when the local price was high.

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Discussion and Conclusions

In trials at State College, Pennheart has yielded very heavily;
especially in the early season. Reports indicate that it has been pro-
ductive as an early variety elsewhere in the state. At times, how-
ever, growers have found production to be rather poor and the fruit
to be mis-shaped. In general, the reports suggest that the variety
required fertile soil and certain growers are of the opinion that
nitrogen supply is important. This may be due partially to the fact
that the plantings are usually set out early when nitrogen tends to be
unavailable to the plants. It would seem advisable to test the variety
out in a small way and then if it proves suitable to increase the size
of the planting. The returns obtained at State College are, probably
in excess of what would be expected as a rule; the data indicate, how-
ever, that under the right conditions, especially when planted early,
it may prove to be a very profitable variety. It is not a canning
variety.

The variety appears to be finding a place in other states as well
as Pennsylvania, namely, California and the New England states.

The interplanting of Pennheart and a large vined main crop variety
gives promise as a method of increasing yields per acre. In a trial in
Virginia (4), Rutgers produced when interplanted as well as when
planted alone, and the yield on the interplanted plots were sixty-one
percent greater than on plots planted to Rutgers alone. Since weather
conditions were unfavorable, the tests at Sate College, relative to in-
terspacing, are inadequate for definite conclusions.

Literature Cited

1. Myers C. E.—The Pennheart Tomato. The Pennsylvania State College.
Bui. 438. January 1943.

2. Unpublished data. The Pennsylvania State College.

3. Odland, M. L., and Others. — Tomato Variety and Strain Trials. Paper No
1203. Journal Series, Pennsylvania State Agricultural Experiment Station.

4. Parker, M. M. and Ridgway, H. W.— Interplanting Early and Late Toma-
toes. Mimeo. No. 25601. Va. A. & M. Col. and Poly. Inst.

OUR HYBRID SWEET CORN SEED IS BRED AND PRODUCED
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1945 FARM AND GARDEN SEED CATALOGUE READY
JANUARY Ist. WRITE FOR YOUR COPY TODAY.

New designs, new pumps, many
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buyers of Myers Sprayers. Ask your
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THE F. E. MYERS & BRO CO.
Dcpt. A-124. Ashland. Ohio

Mechanical Tomato Harvesting

G. E. Miller, Assistant County Agent
Before the year 1943 closed, John Gibble,, Myerstown R-2, was
making plans to increase his tomato acreage to 18 for the coming
year. He had a good yield of tomatoes on his 12-acre field in '43—153
tons, but the cry for more tomatoes was being echoed through the
Lebanon Valley to supply the growing demand for food; so Mr.
Gibble planned to increase his acreage. Now, growing 18 acres of
tomatoes brings up a lot of problems— distributing baskets, supply-
ing the pickers with drinking water, supervising the pickers, getting
the full baskets out to the truck and loading them for transportation.
Oh, yes, what about pickers? School children, ranging in age from
10 to 16, seemed to be the only available help, and for them to lug
the heavy baskets of tomatoes was just too much to expect.

These problems were in John's mind when I met him one after-
noon last January to discuss plans for building a tomato harvester.
After considering various designs we decided to build a double-
conveyor type of harvester as pictured above.

Starting with a stripped, long wheel-base truck, the jack shaft
was shortened and an extra four-speed transmission, with power-
take-off unit was installed. A T channel iron, 7' long was bolted across
the under side of the truck frame to support the conveyors, elevators,
and mast posts. Each conveyor is IT long and is of "box" type con-
struction. The front board is 12" wide, the rear 8", the center board
6" and the bottom 8". A 5 J" two ply elevator belt with flights spaced
33" apart runs on 3i" diameter wooden pulleys on each end of the
conveyor. The pulley on the outer end is adjustable to take up the
slack of the belt. The pulley shaft on the end nearest the truck turns
in long bearings which also act as a hinge to permit the raising and
lowering of the conveyors. At the truck end of the conveyors, eleva-
tors of similar construction with sides 12" high and flights 6" apart
and 3" high are used. The belt adjustment is made on the lower end
of each elevator. A padded, metal, basketing chute is placed be-
tween the upper ends of the two elevators. The truck box is 7' x 12'
and has side boards designed for pyramid type loading.

The main drive sprocket is mounted on an extension shaft at the
power take-off unit and roller chain goes from this point under
the right side of truck frame to right conveyor sprocket then up
along the side of the right elevator to the elevator sprocket and down
to the drive sprocket. The power take-off shaft has a speed of 34
R.P.M. and no gear reduction is necessary. The two elevators are
held apart at the top by a sheet of metal plate on which is
mounted a gear cluster to drive the left elevator and conveyor
in a counter direction. A gear is mounted on each elevator shaft

Double Conveyor Type Tomato Harvester Operating in 18-Acre
Field on John Gibble's Lebanon County Farm.

Conveyors are Easily Adjusted to Meet Transportation and

Picking Conditions.

with two idler gears between them. A roller chain from the
top left elevator shaft runs to a sprocket on the left conveyor shaft
and returns. The mast pipes are T high with a sheave in the top. A
1 cable runs from a wench mounted on the side of the pipe over the
sheave and out to a bale located 4' from the outer end of the convey-
or. This cable carries the weight of the conveyor and permits raisins
or lowering. ^

The bumper was removed from the front of the truck and in its
place a 5" channel iron T long was bolted. A "pull'' pipe with a
swiyeled connection was bolted to the end of the new bumper and
angled outward so that the other end of the pipe could be connected
to the front side of the conveyor about 8' from the truck. The point
of connection on the bumper must be on a level with the conveyor
arive shaft and the same distance from the center of the truck.

Women and Children Like the Picking Machine Because it

Eliminates Heavy Lifting.

Tomatoes from Both Elevators are Emptied Into One Basket. Uniform
Quality is Insured with One Supervisor for All Pickers.

The generator pulley was replaced with a much smaller one so
that the generator would charge at idle speed. The harvester travels
15' per minute at its lowest gearing, which we feel is too fast for

•i

heavy pickings and the installation of a transmission with more
gearing will replace the extra one now in the harvester.

Now we have it built— How does it work! Mr. Gibble sets his
plants 3' apart in the row with rows 5' apart. The truck straddles one
row and the conveyors spread over four rows on each side of the har-
vester. Four pickers walk behind each conveyor, pick the ripe fruit
and place it on the conveyor belt. That's all! The conveyors carry
the tomatoes to the elevators, the elevators take them up on the
truck and they roll down the chute into the basket. When the basket
is full it is on the harvester! When the harvester is full the "hauling"
truck is backed up to the endgate and the baskets transferred. In
heavy pickings two extra pickers were placed ahead of each con-
veyor.

Let's go back to those problems and see how well this machine
solved them. There was no problem of basket distribution — they
were all on the harvester. The water jug was on the harvester so
there was no need of running all over the field from picker to picker
to quench thirsty mouths. No carrying of full baskets across the
vines and boosting them up on the truck, when they were full they
were on the truck. Children were used as pickers and they were all
in one place picking— not throwing. The biggest problem of all-
supervision— was very easily handled. Mr. Gibble was on the har-
vester basketing the tomatoes and from that position he could see
every picker and the quality of tomatoes he was picking. That
meant something — no culls.

What happened to the row the truck straddled? The tomatoes were
picked ahead of the harvester in the usual manner. You may also
want to know why we chose a double-conveyor type harvester; two
reasons (1) The truck is balanced arid can get over wet soil conditions
better. (2) More convenient to handle. (Telephone wires, poles
fences, trees, etc. still exist.)

Because of unfavorable tomato growing weather, John's yield
averaged about half that of last year but his grade was better and no
culls. The pickers liked this new way of picking the tomatoes and
averaged between seven and eight baskets per hour. Remember
these were school children.

To transport the tomatoes from the harvester to shipping station
a truck with a bed design d for pyramid type loading is used. The
bed IS 7 X 12' with sides 8" and 8" flare boards— same design as the
one used on the harvester. The loading starts with 60 baskets on the
bottom tier (6 wide and 10 long) with 18 baskets on the flares. Second
tier 45 baskets— 5 wide and 9 long with 20 baskets on the flares. The
bottoms of the second tier of baskets resting on the top rims of 4
lower baskets. Third tier 40 baskets, 4 wide and 10 long, with 18 on
flares. Fourth tier 27 baskets, 3 wide and 9 long, with 20 on flares.-

Gear Cluster at Top of Elevator Provides Counter Rotation for Elevator
and Conveyor of Left Side of Harvester. Roller Chain on Left is

Main Drive. Shield is Removed,

i^^j0 jf '"''^^^

Pyramid Type Loading Saves Time and Labor.

Fifth tier 20 baskets 2 wide and 10 long, with 18 baskets on flares-
making a total load of 286 baskets. With this type of load no boards
are needed between tiers and no side racks are needed. The truck
can be pulled along side of the car door and there is no carrying of
baskets from front to back as in endgate unloading.

iiia

LUMBER AND LABOR SCARCE!

PROTECT WOOD

duc/reDUrf^JJf/^' ^^f'^^^-l'^a* **•*"» ^"^ Cuprinol to stop rot and re-
yefrs amo,^o"?i^r'^ "P"'"' f-Prinol has a successful rewrd of many
IslM ^"°«9™"Jtet growers and nurserymen in Denmark and the British

coHeges here ^''^^""^^ly »««*«d a«d it^ value proven by agrf~ltu«l

wo Jd nrr.2^"^'"'"''*xl ""** '*''<»' «'^«'<:e' Cuprinol meets a demand for a
M snrf J r ^■'"'f .'*''*''°"* *°'''<= *"'««* *hat is easily applied byWh dip
or spray. Cuprmol treated wood is completely harmless to plant^ l^il^^Z

When painting, use Cuprinol as a
priming coat for it gives protection
which paint alone cannot give, be-
cause Cuprinol penetrates the fi-
bres and leaves a lasting metal
residue — non visible but effective.
Averages 400 sq. ft. of wood to the
gallon, brush applied. Write for
information, prices, and names of
distributors.

CUPRINOL, Inc.. 33 Spring Lane. Boston 9. Mass.

V'M

I i

Gear Clusler at Top of Elevator Provides Counter Rotation for Elevator
and Conveyor of Left Side of Harvester. Roller Chain on Left is

Main Drive. Shield is Removed.

Pyramid Type Loading Saves Time and Labor.

LUMBER AND LABOR SCARCE!

PROTECT WOOD

With

du« «tul?f^' "V^' s*fkes-treat them with Cuprinol to stop rot and te-
years amon^Z?!^?"'' '^P''"' C^P^nol has a successful record of many
Isles irh=f ^ *?'**'?'*7 '"** nurserymen in Denmark and the British
coUeges htle extensively tested and its value proven by agricultural

vfoIdtlLZ'^V'"^^^ ^""* ^=''«" ^'^^'ce- Cuprinol meets a demand for a
OT snrf J r ^■**''f .'^**''°V* *°''''= *""'es that is easily applied by brush dip
or spray. Cuprmol treated wood is completely harmless to plant^s aSei^

CUPRINOL. Inc., 33 Spring Lane. Boston 9, Mass.

Delivery of Tomatoes by Appointment

E. W: Monteir

There is no cure-all which will enable a grower to deliver all of
his tomatoes just as they ripen and just when he chooses to deliver
them. If a plan is offered whereby through a little trouble and ex-
pense, sufficient time and money can be saved to more than off-set
the effort and expense, then it is worthwhile.

How is the appointment plan operated?

1. Deliveries are estimated one and two days in advance and divid-
ed into the number of hours the cannery will operate.

2. As growers apply for appointments by phone or when making
deliveries, they are given a time for delivery nearest that which |
they request. Advantage can be taken of night telephone rates as I
clerks are on duty from opening time in the morning until 8:00 p. m. f

2. Time is allowed in every hour for those who fail or do not care I
to schedule deliveries. The system is voluntary and if there are i
those who prefer to deliver without scheduling, they may do so. I

4. By not scheduhng each hour fully, it is also possible in most
cases to take care of those who have had difficulty in keeping ap-
pointments and who have phoned in asking for a new time. I

5. Growers' truck license numbers are used for identification a'
grower can use as many trucks as he likes but appointments for the I
same truck can be made only at intervals that round trips can be
made. J

What are the benefits to the tomato grower of the appointment •
plan? J

1. The grower saves time. Some growers claim that on the average,'
their trucks took one-half the time to make deliveries as in former ^
years. j

2. The growers save gasoline and wear and tear. One grower who'
kept records stated that in previous years he had allowed 20 gal-
lons of gas per trip for his truck, while last year it took only 9i gal-
lons. The starting and stopping in a long line of trucks causes severe
wear on truck clutches and gears.

3. Those growers who drive their own trucks have more time at
home when delivering on schedule, to direct the activities of their
farms.

4. Better utilization of the trucks for hauling other produce or
commodities can be made when full use of the appointment plan is
made.

Ney^Jer^^^' Agricultural Department, Campbell Soup Company, Camden,

Is the appointment plan helpful to the processor?
We say yes and the following are our reasons:

1. Dehveries can be spread more uniformly during the hours
when the plant operates.

2. The processor is better able to predict the heavy and light de-
livery periods.

4. Improved Grower and Processor relations.
What are the faults of the system?

1. It is difficult for the grower to determine when his load will be
ready. Rain and labor are sometimes unpredictable.

2. The rate of ripening is governed by weather conditions, and
often the grower has more or less than he anticipated.

3. It isn't always possible to get appointments at the most con-
venient time.

4. When the glut occurs it may not be possible to deliver as many
loads of tomatoes per day as the grower wishes.

5. Sometimes through break-downs or other conditions which
cause slow-down of factory operations, it is impossible to keep up
with the schedule.

6. If the quality of the tomatoes is such as to require more trimming
than was expected when the schedule was set up, delay will occur.

The purpose of this article has been to point out the good and bad
points of the appointment plan for the delivery of tomatoes to the
canning plants. If the plan is approached with the proper viewpoint
and not considered as something magical that will cure all the dis-
appointments which are inherent with the marketing of any perish-
able crop, then it will be realized that it is helpful and a step in the
right direction.

Compliinents of

F. W. TUNNELL & COMPANY, INC.

15 North Fifth St., Philadelphia, Pa.
Manufacturers of

ANIMAL

FERTILIZERS

MATTLR

*7Jie ^^uhnced Aalicn plan/ lood

■-\\
%
• 1

.'t

"■'II

'."I

I89S

Jllk^

b^:^j-j

1945

• • • ■ ■ ^

An N 1 V E rsa^

DURING the last half century, V-C
scientific research and V-C cre-
ative enterprise have constantly-
tested and developed new methods
and new materials to bring more and
more crop-producing power to the
farms of increasing thousands of V-C
customers. Today V-C Fertilizers
contain 48% more plantfood than in
1895. They are more economical . . .

more efficient. They are produced
with one aim— to make farming a bet-
ter-paying business. Today V-C Fer-
tilizers are helping to grow Victory
Crops. Tomorrow, when Victory is
won, V-C experience and V-C mod-
ern pioneering will continue to pro-
vide a better and better V-C Fer-
tilizer for every crop on every soil on
every farm.

1
•

VIRGINIA-CAROLINA CHEMICAL CORPORATIOIP

Baltimore, Md.

Carteret, N. J.

^■.

> ii

FLEX-O-SEAL

Portable

Pressure Tight Irrigation Pipe

• • •

Protects and Improves High,
Value Crops

Reinforced
Male End

Heavy Pipe

Coupling

Showing
Flexibility

of
Pipe Joint

Distributed by

EDWARD J. FLEMING. ANDALUSIA PA

How Well Supplied With Vegetables Are We?

Warren B. Mack*

During the war years, nobody has been very greatly concerned by
annual forecasts of crop production which will set new records. The
commercial grower has looked amiably upon the home gardener,
and in many instances has served as chairman of the local or county
Victory Garden committee, with the expectation that Victory Gar-
dens would increase the consumption of vegetables and thereby en-
large the market for them after the war ends. Most vegetable growers
and dealers, moreover, have noted that city and suburban dwellers
who have home gardens usually are larger users and better purchas-
ers of vegetables than are those who have not developed an appre-
ciation of these products through first-hand experience with their
production.

Some commercial vegetable growers, however, look upon the home
gardener as a competitor in a limited market, and fear that great
surpluses of vegetables will prevail after the war, if present produc-
tion, both commercial and home, continues. They remember that,
even during the war, certain markets have been glutted at the peak
of the season. They point out that the doubling of national vegetable
acreage during the interval between the two World Wars resulted
in many marketing problems.

They should remember, however, that most of these marketing
problems met with reasonably satisfactory solutions, and along with
increased acreage came a greater consumption of health-giving vege-
tables.

How Great is Our Capacity for Vegetable Consumption?

If we consider the relations of vegetable consumption and price
during the period between wars, we may conclude that a further
increase in consumption might readily be brought about through
increased output, though it might be necessary to reduce prices
through greater efficiency and economy in production. This judg-
ment, however, would necessarily be based on economic conditions
which prevailed during a period which has ended. Probably a better
basis for our estimate of the ultimate capacity for vegetable con-
sumption is to be found in our requirements for good nutrition,
rather than past economic experience.

Evidence from Pennsylvania Mass Studies in Human Nutrition

The Ellen H. Richards Institute of The Pennsylvania State Col-
lege, a Department of the College devoted to research on human

* Head, Department of Horticulture, The Penni^lvania State College.

I I

nutrition, clothing, and shelter, has accumulated observations on
tne tood habits and nutritional status (health, physical and physio-
iogical functions related to nutrition) of more than 10,000 persons
Chosen by a sampling method to represent proportionately the vari-
ous age, income, occupational, educational, racial, and geographical
groups in the state, studied during the past 10 years. In general, in-
dividuals or families were not among the best in their nutritional
status unless their dietaries included, among other food groups the
servings listed below. s H , "it;

TABLE I

Pennsylv(mia Mass Studies in Human Nutntion Show That Each

Person Needs Daily for Best Health These Fruit

and Vegetable Servings
1 Tomato or Citrus Fruit

1 Green or Leafy Vegetable (greens, broccoli, lettuce,
celery spinach, green beans and peas, cabbage, mus-
tard, etc.)

1 Yellow Vegetable (carrots, yellow sweet corn, sweet

potatoes, winter squash and pumpkin, yellow tur-
nips, rutabagas, wax beans, etc.)

2 other Fruits or Vegetables, apples, peaches, cucum-
bers, melons, onions, white turnips, and others)

V '^^'^ Jist differs only a little from the recommendations of the
Food and Nutrition Board of the National Research SuncTnameW

ot'o^anXr ''''-' '' ''''' "^^ ^^"- vegetabtTatkerTht

Doubtless each vegetable grower has seen such a list before and

£rt aTpltTeTr^m -?- t^^^^^^^^

r- sare^p-i^^^ ~- Of

in''t:^s'oi7:^:',:l^^^^^^^^ °f Pennsylvania,

and with estimated S?i"d i'sST^^^^^^^ '''"'''

preparation for eating Acrea Js fo^^qil f ' ^'^^"bution, and

including vegetables both f!./ ^''^ ^'"°'" ^''OP forecasts,

ng vegetables both for canning and for fresh market

lo summarize, if each person in our state atP aii +v,^ 1 , ,

and fruits he should for best health more thL tf ^ vegetables
be needed than are produced in the state O? r^ ^" ""^"^ ^°"'^
ported from other spates, but "some lo.- pariTcuirrWTh: '" '";
products, are marketed elsewhere. Panicuiarly the canned

In other words, surpluses which have occurred in times past are
market surpluses, and not excesses above our basic needs. Their
elimination is a problem in distribution, and should be solved by
improvements in distribution, not by restrictions on production

TABLE II
Pennsylvania Acreages in Certain Groups of Fruits and Vegetables
Compared With Those Needed for Best Nutrition of Her Population

Group of Fruits
OR Vegetables

Green and Leafy

Vegetables
Yellow Vegetables
Tomatoes

Other Vegetables
Pennsylvania Fruits
Potatoes
Total '

Pennsylvania* Acres^
Acreage, 1944 Required

For Serving^
Each Person

41,500
27,500
37,000

7,000
196,000
176,000
485,000

155.000

100,000

65,000

25,000

130,000

360,000

230,000

1,065,000

Once daily
Once daily
Juice bi-weekly
Fruit bi-weekly
Once daily
Once daily
Daily

' Estimated.

* Computed from present yields of most important crops of each type and

from estimated percentages of waste in distribution and preparation for

the table.

'Servings are the usual portions (3 to 5 ounces) allowed by nutritionists
per person, except tomato juice, where 6 ounces were taken as a portion.

GROWING TOMATOEsIn ALLEGHENY COUNTY—

Continued from page thirty-three
About July 1 the tomato fields are mulched with wheat straw, using 2 to
fn iuT ?^^^^u- ^^^ ^^^^^ ^^ ^P^^^^ evenly over ground and packed close
U„?u^i ^^- The advantages of mulching are as following: Vigorous plant
growth because of moisture conservation in dry weather. Less root damage
Dy late cultivation to control weeds as weed growth is smothered under straw
J-ess tomato cracking because of evener moisture content of soil.

_, Harvesting

f ^wilf J^Tf ^"^ ^^^^^ ^/?i ^'^^^ at weekly intervals, in h bu. baskets. Care is
tfi^^ H?,f 1 f/'^^^^.u ^^I^^!' ^t^^Sed fruit is removed from stalks at picking
v^L^Lfn.lV^^ w"^- The tomatoes are hauled to packing house and
flifif • ^^^^\ baskets according to size and degree of ripeness. The rioe

iruit are ring packed m bushel baskets and sold to the home trade as canners

T^^^^*^ u'® ^^^^^y "^®^^ °* P^»"* ^ood- Chemical analyses of the plant
aen /^'li.K;^ ^^t "''''® P"*"^?^ ^* "«^^ **^*" phosphoric acid and nitro-
us^H VZ combined. When more than 600 pounds of fertilizer per acre are
Kn^^'h^JiH'**!* ^^*'* half before plowing. The balance should be applied
Sess^iS^ ^Sf ® it® 7"^? ^* planting time. On soils of medium fertility. Tside-
feViiliff,. •/" *^® J'"^ '? beginning to set U recommended. High-potash
lerniizers, if properly applied, insure large yields of high-quality tomatoes.

AMERICAN POTASH INSTITUTE. INC.

1 155 Sixteenth Street, Washington 6, D. C.

i «

SEEDS

Of High. Quality

Specialties —

Golden Treasure Celery
Golden Plume Celery
Summer Pascal Celery

1945 Seed Annual
Free on Request

132 - 138 Church Si.
New York, N. Y.

TODAY—

Send your $1 membership

THEN—

Receive the NEWS
January, March, May, JUly;
December

YOUR NEIGHBOR—

Send his membership in, loo.

RUSH—

Don'l wail.

The Pennsylvania Vegetable
Growers' Association

625 Holmes Slreel
Stale College Pennsylvania

YOU CAN CONTROL

TOMATO BLIGHT

WITH

Copper Hydro

spot. NEEDS NO LIME— combines with all insecticides.
There is no time or labor wasting with Copper Hydro. It mixes readily
with water and stays in suspension. Doe. not clog nozzles or pump
screens. Makes an excellent dust that really sticL to foliage "S
Copper Hydro this yearl Also available in ready-mixed dusts

CHIPMAN I^ITA^^^ f^riie for Circula

Bound Brooke New Jersey .

INSECTICIDES

FUNGICIDES

WEED KILLERS

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56

Index to Advertisers

Canners

Chef Boy-Ar-Dee Quality Foods, Inc 69

Cx. Li. F. Columbia Farm Products, Inc 48

Greencastle Packing Company *. 54

Mifflm County Packing Company

Charles G. Summers, Jr., Inc

Farm Equipmenl

Ariens Company

A. B. Farquhar Company

N. G. Hershey '.....'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'..[

The Oliver Corporation

Fertilizers

The American Agricultural Chemical Company „^

The American Potash Institute, Inc 87

Armour Fertilizer Works 28

American Soil Builder Company .... 24

Independent Manufacturing Company gn

Lancaster Bone Fertilizer Company ... fjK

Reading Bone Fertilizer Company ... ^a

F. W. Tunnell & Co., Inc 03

Virgmia-Carolina Chemical Corporation 84

Food Brokers

B. Meir & Son, Inc k^

Food Stores

American Stores Company

Insecticides and Fungicides

Chipman Mfg. Co «,.

Niagara Sprayer & Chemical Company. '.'. oS

Pennsylvania Farm Bureau Cooperative Association' '.'.'.'..'. 33

Insurance

Irrigaiioniu^pH^s^''^^"'''^^'''^^''^' ^^'^ Department Inside Back Cover

Buckner Manufacturing Company ^o

California Corrugated Culvert Company aq

Chicago Metal Mfg. Co j2

Hamilton & Company J;

Preservatives ^^

Cuprinol, Inc

Seed and Plants ol

Associated Seed Growers, Inc

W. A. Burpee Company VUV;^' ' n^ ' ' V X

Glick's Seed & Plant Farms ...... .V. ^""^'"^^ ^^°"^ ^^^er

Joseph Harris Company 5o

Holmes Seed Company ^^

Huntington Brothers ^^

D. Landreth Seed Company ^^

Robson Seed Farms ^^

Schell's Seed House ^- ' \" ' "^^

Francis C. Stokes, Ltd -^^ck Cover

Stump & Walter Company ...'.!! 52

Tapperson Seed Company ^^

F. H. Woodruff & Sons .....'.'.'.'.'. 66

Sprayers 22

John Bean Manufacturing Companv

The F. E. Myers & Brother Company ^2

Washers 75

John Bean Manufacturing Company
Felins

PENNSYLVANIA
VEGETABLE GROWERS' NEWS

PUBLISHED—JANUARY, MARCH, MAY, JULY AND DECEMBER

Vol. XV

State College, Pa., March, 1945

No. 2

A Publication of The Pennsylvania Vegetable Growers' Association

Annual dues are $1.00, 80 cents of which is for subscription to the

Pennsylvania Vegetable Growers' News.

Single Copy — 25c

President Louis Orient, Bridgeville

Vice-President H. H. Hostetter, Sinking Spring

Sec y-Treas Jesse M. Huffington, 625 Holmes St., State College

CONTENTS
Annual Meeting 4

President Appeals for Help in Producing Food 9

Your Association Offers You 10

Growing Snap Beans in Indiana County H

Lawrence County Beans 13

Ohio Bean Growing Tips 13

Snap Bean Trials 17

The Grower Picks His Own Beans 23

Growing Henderson Bush Lima Beans 27

The Mexican Bean Beetle and Its Control 34

Some Important Bean Diseases 37

The Cabbage Maggot 44

Control of Vegetable Diseases in War Time 47

4-H Tomato Club Work ..,.[. 49

The Role of Boron in the Production of Vegetables 51

Finding New Facts for Vegetable Growers 55

Home Freezers— Present and Future 62

The Great Opportunity gg

Recent Developments in Irrigation ' 69

Post-War Adjustments 77

Garden Management 30

Fertilizer Suggestions 34

Index to Advertisers 36

— 3 —

( ■ 11

IRREGULAR PAGINATION

i
i

Resolutions Passed at the Annual Meeting

Harrisburg, Pa., January 10,. 1945

Price Ceilings

BE IT RESOLVED, that the Pennsylvania Vegetables Growers'
Association is opposed to price ceilings on vegetables, and requests
their suspension whenever adequate supplies are being offered on
the market.

Our association also requests Congress to exempt vegetables from
inclusion in the Price Control Act if it is renewed after June 30, 1945
when the present law expires.

Where the grower performs the service of wholesale distribution to
the retail store we request that the grower continue to be allowed
the regular mark up given the dealer for this service.

Minimum Wage Law

BE IT RESOLVED that the Pennsylvania Vegetable Growers As-
sociation is opposed to the enactment of legislation establishing mini-
mum wages for farm labor since labor makes up a large part of the
production cost which would greatly increase the cost of living to the
consumer.

Support Prices

BE IT RESOLVED, that the Pennsylvania Vegetable Growers As-
sociation is opposed to support prices for vegetables since they en-
courage over production and surplusses and disrupt normal pro-
duction based on the law of supply and demand.

Farm Machinery
BE IT RESOLVED, that the Pennsylvania Vegetable Growers'
Association realizes more keenly than ever the importance of ma-
chinery in maintaining production in the face of the acute labor
shortage, AND THEREFORE, requests that the War Production
Board allots sufficient materials and steel to manufacturers of agri-
cultural machinery equipment and tractors so that necessary repairs
fmd replacements will be made for the coming season.

Farm Labor
BE IT RESOLVED, that our government continues to take an ac-
tive part in supplying and transporting the various kinds of migrant
workers, prisoners of war, and foreign workers for service on farms
wherever there is sufficient demand and it is practical to use them.

Draft Deferment

BE IT RESOLVED, that the Pennsylvania Vegetable Growers' As-
sociation that in view of the recent announcement by our govern-
ment to draft farm workers between the ages of 18 and 26 years of
Age in the face of the present farm labor shortage, we earnestly re-
quest that draft boards grant deferment to all full time and bona fide

— 4 —

farm workers in this age group.

BE IT RESOLVED, that the Pennsylvania Vegetable Growers' As-
sociation request from the Department of Agriculture that a Bureau
of Markets be set up in Pennsylvania with adequate funds for such
a bureau comparable to services supplied by our neighboring States.
The Vegetable Growers deem the present set up inadequate.

BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED, that a copy of this Resolution be
sent to the Honorable Secretary Miles Horst and to all members of
legislature.

BE IT RESOLVED, that the Pennsylvania Vegetable Growers' As-
sociation appeals to the Pennsylvania Agricultural Experiment Sta-
tion to continue research on vegetable production, varieties, insect
control by means of natural enemies, and such matters advantageous
to agriculture.

WE, the members of the Pennsylvania Vegetable Growers Associa-
tion, pause in deep respect for the memory of our late brother and
member, Howard N. Dudley, Sr., who was very active in our Associa-
tion and was one of the organizers of this group.

BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED, that a page be set aside in the
minute book in his memory.

MINUTES OF THE BUSINESS MEETING

The Annual Meeting was held in Chestnut Street Hall, Assembly
Room, Harrisburg, Pa., Jan. 9, 10, 11, 1945, with a total attendance of
approximately 600 persons. The business session was conducted by
the President, Louis Orient, the afternoon of January 10.

Resolutions on price ceilings, minimum wage law, support prices,
farm labor and draft deferment were approved and passed upon
motion by R. W. Wenker and seconded by Wm. Yerkes.

A report on the V. G. A. of A. meeting in Rochester, N. Y. was
made by E. J. Fleming.

Approval of the "News" and the need for a full-time Secretary
were emphasized in a report by Gilbert S. Watts, Chairman of the
Publications Committee.

The need for organized action and affiliation with allied regional
and national organizations was stressed by R. W. Wenker, Chair-
man of the Committee to represent the Association with N. E. V.
and P. Council, V. G. A. of America, and the legislative committee.

An expression of the friendly relationship existing between vege-
table growers and canners was expressed by Luther Bowman, repre-
senting the Pennsylvania Canners' Association.

The re-election of all officers of the Association was moved by E.
J. Fleming, seconded by A. C. Thompson and passed.

Office expenses of $250 for 1945 were requested for the Secretary

Continued on page ten

■' \

III

Vegetable Growers Association of America

The Vegetable Growers Association of America declared itself
opposed to both support and ceiling prices, at its annual convention
in Rochester, Dec. 5-7. It affirmed its opposition to price ceilings on
fresh vegetables on the basis that they cannot be administered prop-
erly and cause higher prices to the consumer. O.P.A. was asked to
take steps to prevent produce dealers from depressing prices to
growers below ceilings and then selling at ceiling prices. Another re-
quest to O.P.A. was to remove ceilings on perishable fresh vege-
tables as soon as they are in sufficient supply. Support prices were
opposed because they tend to promote over production. Extension
of social security to seasonal farm labor was opposed because of the
complexity of complying with the regulations, especially for tran-
sient help. Sentiment expressed was that they favored social security
for permanent farm help.

■ The W.P.B. was urged to authorize production of as much farm ma-
chinery as possible and restrict foreign shipments until home needs
were met.

Leo J. Hagemann, Peoria, 111., was re-elected President; Milton C.
Allen, Waban, Mass., Vice-President; H. D. Brown, Ohio State Uni-
versity, Columbus, O., Secretary; and A. J. Dreisbach, Lyndon, Ky.,
Treasurer.

The Association is expanding its activities in 1945 and contacts
members frequently to keep them informed in all matters pertain-
ing to the vegetable grower.

Report of Marketing Committee

The Committee urged that research work pertaining to the dis-
tribution of our crops be started and continued over a period of
several years. We want facts about market facilities, and types of
packages. Growers in many sections of the State are asking if the
auction method in the producing area has a place in Pennsylvania.

We urge every vegetable grower to be alert to changes in distribu-
tion methods— all surveys and reports for the post-war period point
out that there are sure to be constant changes all along the line, from
the grower to the consumer. It is your Committee's hope that our
Pennsylvania agencies will keep the vegetable growers properly in-
formed.—The Marketing Committee, Rowland R. Comly.

Winning with Affiliated Organizations

RAY W. WENKER

The very backbone of agriculture was based on rugged individual-
ism. The ability of our producer to grow, pack and distribute a bet-

ter product than his neighbor. He took special pride in his farm, his
home, stock and machinery. All these things he could do without
interference from Government controlled regulations, organized in-
dustrial and labor groups and Washington lobbyists.

Due to the present War conditions, the Economic and political
changes in the past decades, the American people have come to
realize many changes from the Old American way of living, and
have been obliged to readjust their own way of livelihood and inde-
pendence.

In several cases the alphabetical agencies and regulations have
been a fine thing for some people, especially organized groups, but
for the farmer, the reverse is true in most cases.

Does this man that the grower must continue under such conditions
or is he going to get his share of the spoils. If so, it must come through
well planned organization. Not organization as we sometimes think
of it or read about it in terms of mass mobs, strikes, work stoppages,
curtailment of War production. Agriculture has never and I hope
never will be guilty of such practices, but I speak of organization in
the American way, the course that is the very foundation upon
which agriculture was created and has been maintained, through-
out this country. No organization can be successful unless it can
render a service and accomplish results for the best interest of the
majority of its members in a mutual and cooperative way. This or-
ganization should be divided into four parts: first, local; second, state;
third, regional; and fourth, national.

The Local organization should deal with policies, production, and
particular problems concerning their community; and the State or-
ganization with problems pertaining to each individual State As-
sociation material collected through community organization and act
as an advisory committee to the local groups.

The Northeast Vegetable and Potato Council has performed an
outstanding job as a regional organization. It's territory extends
from Maine to Virginia and is one of the few organizations of its
Kind. The Council meets the 2nd Saturday of each month where
htate problems are discussed, advance price ceilings announced, wage
-md hour regulations, War Food Administration programs are
threshed pro and con, marketing, distribution, quick freezing and
processing and many other problems, too numerous to mention at
this time. Many price ceilings have been increased through the
effort of the Council and regulations moderated by their efforts.

Advanced information, changes in laws, new regulations, and
many other problems confronting agriculture is tabulated in Wash-
ington through the National Association known as the Co-operative
Fruit and Vegetable Association.

'• \

— 6 —

— 7 —

Farm Machinery Prospects Short

Latest estimates indicate the farm machinery supply for this sea-
son will fall considerably short, in the face of stepped-up crop goals.

Actual production is running behind schedule. Reasons include la-
bor shortages, difficulty in obtaining castings and other critical com-
ponents, and the fact that essential war production has highest pri-
orities.

Total production is expected to be at least 25 per cent below sched-
ule.

On Feb. 8, WPB took notice of the situation by announcing that
manufacturers who have available labor and excess plant capacity
may apply for permission to make more than their quota of farm ma-
chinery, as "one way to relieve this situation."

Spray Material Situation Tight

Buy early is the advice on insecticides and fungicides.

DDT production for the next four or five months will be almost ex-
clusively for military use, with only small allocations for experi-
mental work and research.

The nicotine situation continues very tight with a reduction ex-
pected because of uncertain raw material. Little improvement is ex-
pected in rotenone supplies. All better grades of pyrethrum again
will go to military needs; small amounts of poorer material will be
allocated for a limited list of special agricultural uses (leafhoppers
on beans); cabbage loopers on cabbage, broccoli and cauliflower;
leaftiers on celery, and mushroom flies.

Calcium arsenate supply is adequate; lead arsenate, probably ade-
quate; parisgreen, tight to adequate; mercurials, adequate.

What One Grower Thinks

Just a note to express my appreciation toward what I consider the
**best job" of a Pennsylvania Vegetable Growers News. A good
sermon never attempts to cover too much ground but is well filled
with the subject. Certainly the subject is not slighted here and the
fact that it is discussed by various "gospel writers" does not leave
the reader wondering "are my conditions the same as his?"

The book itself is as attractive as a seed catalogue but does not
carry the deceit that many catalogues do.

Best of all is the health article which reminds us that the farmers
work is definately essential and that he too has a gospel mission.
This is not by any means the only good book Vegetable Growers
published but for one reason or another the first one I read as
rhorougly as I did this one.

Yours for many more! — H. F. HOUSER

President Appeals for Help in Producing Food

In view of the urgency of food production in this critical period,
President Roosevelt issued the following statement on January 22:
During the past three years every American who has played a part
in the job of growing, conserving, harvesting, distributing and pro-
cessing our food supply has done a magnificent job.

As we enter a new year, the demands for our food at home and
abroad are so great that it is essential for every man and woman to
do everything to help in the huge task of getting the food produced
and seeing that it is conserved and shared. Many of our favorite
foods are scare.

To this end, I ask the people in cities, towns and villages to assist
our farmers in every possible way to reach the food goals which have
been set for this year.

I call upon the millions of victory gardeners who have done so
much to swell the nation's food supply in these war years to continue
their good work.

I ask those people who can spare the time to assist the nation's
food processors in the task of preparing the food for our armed
services, our civilians and our allies.

I ask the millions of women who have preserved food at home so
that our armed services could have the fruits and vegetables they
need, to carry on until the war is won.

I ask every American to share our available food by observing
the rules of rationing and by cooperation with food merchants in the
observance of food price ceilings.

I know I can count on the American people to respond to these
calls to action, so that we can all truly continue to say when the war
is won that our food has played an important role in the fight for
freedom.

' \

I I

• '

A promising field of snap beans on the Fred Brehm Farm.

I I

— 8 —

9 —

MINUTES OF THE BUSINESS MEETING

Continued jrom page jive

upon motion by A. C. Thompson, seconded by H. H. Hostetter, and
passed.

Frank Chestnut, member of the program committee, explained
how the program had been planned in response to the requests of
various members during the year. He urged members to make their
suggestions during the year for the Annual Meeting program.

A. C. Thompson, chairman of the membership committee, outlin-
ed the activities of the Association and organized the membership
committee.

The business session was then adjourned to proceed with the regu-
lar sessions of the Annual Meeting, as planned by the program
committee.

JESSE M. HUFFINGTON, Secretary

Our Former President Reports

I am enclosing a check for $1.00 in payment of my dues.

I think you are doing a wonderful job with the Association. The
''News" is a neat little book.

It has been impossible for me to get to the Annual Meeting owing
to a shortage of help.

We are still growing a few vegetables down here. I have a wonder-
ful farm for vegetables, but labor has been a big problem for the
past several years.

About two years ago we quit all small vegetables, started in the
hog and cattle business and confined our vegetables to row crops.
Last year we had about 20 acres in vegetables. This year I have
seed and fertilizer for the same acreage but as things look now I
might come through with 15 acres.

JOHN M. WILSON,
Fayette City, R. 1, Pa.

Your Association Offers You

Your membership in this Association gives you big value for your
money, and remember it 'is just as strong and as valuable as we
make it. *:

Please send in two or three new memberships to:

The Pennsylvania Vegetable Growers' Association

625 Holmes Street, State College, Pa.

$1 for 1 year or $5 for 5 years.

— 10 —

Growing Snap Beans in Indiana County

F. C. BREHM*

A good loam soil, containing organic matter, well drained, will
grow a good crop of snap beans.

We plow the land early for the early crop and on through the sea-
son for the midseason and late crop. The ground is fitted with an 18-
inch disc harrow first after plowing, keeping the land level to con-
serve moisture, with a meeker harrow. This harrowing, also, kills
germinating weeds.

Where the soil is fairly fertile we use 500 pounds of 3-12-6 fertilizer
per acre; and on poorer soil about 700 pounds of 5-10-5. All soils are
tested for lime requirement.

A two-row planter, with special plates for beans, applies the ferti-
lizer in bands each side of the row, two inches away from the seed
and two inches below the level of the seed.

The first cultivation is done as soon as the rows can be followed,
close to the row. Thereafter, if weeds are not a problem, we do not
cultivate. After beans have gotten their third true leaves I have
found feeding roots in the middle of the row, only one to two inches
deep. More harm than good is done when cultivating, unless it is to
control weeds.

Dusting for beetles is done with a four-row power duster mount-
ed on a Ford Model A chassis. In the past season we had to dust only
two acres out of 25. If we get the first brood of Mexican bean beetles
in the spring, we have them licked for the rest of the season.

The big job of picking beans is done with boys and girls of nearby
towns. The pickers are hauled out to the farm each morning in our
trucks and back in the evening. One field foreman keeps them on
their rows, and also watches, to see that they pick all beans that are
the proper size and none missed. The picker brings the beans to
the checker to be weighed, being paid by the 100 pounds.

In picking our beans we get them when fit to eat, not tough and
woody. If we must lose some on the second and third picking by be-
ing too old, we do so, instead of putting poor quality on the market.
The buyers soon learn to know your beans.

Our new bushel baskets, holding 30 lbs. of beans, with a label, are
always identified by the trade. After the beans are packed in bas-
kets they are hauled to a shed to keep them cool and fresh.

The variety most used is Asgrow Black Valentine, with some Sure
Crop Wax.

In addition to the 25 acres of snap bean^; another 20 acres is used
for pickles, tomatoes, sweet corn and lima beans.

— 11 —

I .

I I

DUSTS & SPRAYS

Hi-T«st Uad Ari«nate

Calcium Arsenate

Paris Green

Air-Flo Green

Calgreen

Cubor (Rotenone) Dusts

Alorco Cryolite

P-C-H-'*20" Dust

Copper Hydro
Copper Hydro Dusts

Wettable Sulfur

Dry Lime Sulfur

Bigger yields can be obtained with thorough
and timely use of dependable dusts and sprays

the kind that don't give insects or diseases

a chance "to get going".

A good example is Chipman Insecticides and
Fungicides. These high quality products are
manufactured under the most careful chemical
control and supervision. Check analysis of
raw materials and finished products assure
maximum toxicity. All are field-tested for
actual results, which have to be good before
they arc offered to you.

This season — protect your vegetables or fruits
with Chipman Dusts and Sprays!

Writ, for CHIPMAN CHEMICAL CO.

Lfferofure Bound Brook, N«w Jersey

CHIPMAN

INSECTICIDES
& FUNGICIDES

Lawrence County Beans

J. L WEINSCHENK

Planting:— Here in Lawrence County we begin our plantings of
snap beans the last of April. The first planting will comprise 35 to
45 acres, since there is nb previous crop to require a second picking.
Weather permitting, successive plantings of 10 to 12 acres takes place
every two or three days until about August 7 to 10th. Double crop-
ping takes place on all our Beaver River bottom land, which is quite
frost-proof in late fall. The varieties are mostly Black Valentine,
Bountiful, Tendergreen, Plentiful and Sure Crop. Planting of Ford-
hook Limas takes place May 15th to June 10th.

Fertilization:— Practically all of this acreage has been planted in
rye grass cover crop. Plantings of beans are made with an Iron Age
Planter, which applies the fertilizer the two depth band method-
one band 2i" to 3" deep, the other 5" to 6" deep. We usually use ap-
plications of 3-12-6 at the rate of 600 to 700 pounds to the acre.

Dusting:— Rotenone, which is applied with a six row tractor duster,
is used principally for insect control.

Harvesting:- The picking is done piece work. Both snap beans and
limas are run over belts to eliminate bad beans, leaves and dust. Since
harvesting costs have more than doubled, much concern must be
given to the selling price of beans today.

Ohio Bean Growing Tips

ANDREW H. ROSBAUGH

In answer to the most popular question of today— "fertilizer on
beans for fresh market"— in gravel soil put fertilizer 2 to 3 inches
away from each side of bean row just a little deeper than the seed,
on sandy soil fertilizer can be somewhat closer and on rough clay
soil can be even closer, in some cases very close.

Too little attention is given to the study of what is in your soil.
Analyze your soil for lime, study the fertilizer needs of that soil
and put on the proper kind in bands. Plowing under of all the
fertilizer for beans is not so good.

Watch the bean seed situation. There is a lot of poor seed and
someone will get some of it.

Watch the reaction to consumer-type bean packages this year
in some of the leading markets.

— 13 —

PROFITS
PLUS

ith

ANUYVAI

The Band- Way method of fertilizer
placement makes up the bed, sows
fertilizer and plant, and covers the
geed — all in one operation. Com-
pare this method with the old

fashioned method of broadcasting
fertilizer in the furrow and you get
—Consistently GREATER YIELDS
per DOLLAR INVESTED — BIG
GER PROFITS with LESS TIME
LABOR and COST in the planting
and fertilizing operation. Study
these three Band-Way methods.

FERTILIZER

fertiuze:^

2b%
FERTILIZER

FERTILIZER

REGULAR BAND -WAY is
the most widely used system
of fertilizer distribution. It
places the plant food far
enough from seed to prevent
danger of injury, close enough
to be available for youn?
plants as soon as they begin
to put down roots.

HI-LO UNEQUAL QUAN-
TITY BAND-WAY places 25«i
of fertilizer on one side sligm-
ly below seed and 75% on tne
other side, much deeper. Tltf
method is especially recom
mended for dry soil and tl-«ose
crops which require the great-
est amount of moisture.

Ask any IRON AGE user — TODAY

R<w (••» Spx

Vr^rUbU PUnlf"

OiiKjid Sp>4»»n *"' '"<! 'ol''o W<iiim tuHMHtx Psitto W«nl»n

A.B.FARQUHAR COMPANY, YORK, PA

3402 DUKE ST.

YORK. PENNSYLVANIA

A Good Slart with Snap Beans.

The soil was plowed a month before planting and harrowed before plant-
ing to kill germinating weed seedlings. It was well-drained and li«ed. Only
one inch was the planting depth and planter was carefully checked to ob-
?Sn uniform spacing (2 inches) without cracking the seed. Rows, 28 to 32
inches apart. Check the planter for seed spacing and cracking. Special
plates will be required.

• \

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I •■

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Clean, Careful but shallow cultivation to control weeds.

— 15 —

' m

PROFITS
PLUS

ith

BANDWAY

The Band- Way method of fertilizer
placement makes up the bed, sows
fertilizer and plant, and covers the
seed — all in one operation. Com-
pare this method with the old

fashioned method of broadcasting
fertilizer in the furrow and you get
—Consistently GREATER YIELDS
per DOLLAR INVESTED — BIG-
GER PROFITS with LESS TIME
LABOR and COST in the planting
and fertilizing operation. Study
these three Band-Way methods.

FERTILIZER

fertiuze:^

25'o
FERTILIZER

FERTILIZER

HI-LO BAND -WAY places
fertilizer on one side slightly
below seed and on the otho.r
side, much deeper, allowing
the lower band to contact
more moisture when most
needed. This gives young
plants greater nourishment at
a later stage of growth.

HI-LO UNEQUAL QUAN-
TITY BAND-WAY places 25'^(
of fertilizer on one side slight-
ly below seed and 75% on tne
other side, much deeper. Tni'
method is especially reconi'
mended for dry soil and tl-«ose^
crops which require the great-
est amount of moisture.

Ask any IRON AGE user — TODAY

^£ayiCand Sp/uuj thz IRON AGE Wxu^

(«» Cxxi Sp"«r

Vrgfl^Mf Plii^lf

OnhjiJ Sp'Ofx «ivl fffd Coljlo 'l.ni.'v »ul~«.l,. Po(«lo >l«nlfi'

A.B.FARQUHAR COMPANY, YORK, PA.

3402 DUKE ST.

YORK, PENNSYLVANIA

A Good Start with Snap Beans.

The soil was plowed a month before planting and harrowed before plant-
ing to kill germinating weed seedlings. It was well-dramed and l^^J^^d- Only
onV inch was the planting depth and planter was carefully checked to ob-
tain uniform spacing (2 inches) without cracking the seed. Rows, 28 to 32
inches apart. Check the planter for seed spacing and cracking. Special
plates will be required.

Clean, Careful but shallow cultivation to control weeds.

— 15 —

I HI

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INTENTIONAL 2ND EXPOSURE

HERE'S THE WAY

to Better Crops

MAKE EVERY ACRE
PO If S BEST

Use Armour's BIG CROP Fertilizers under
vegetables to produce bigger crops of finer
quality. Use Armour's also in your soil con-
servation program and to reinforce manure.
BIG CROP is complete, economical, dependable
over many years. Place your order with your
nearby Armour Agent.

ARMOUR FERTILIZER WORKS

BALTIMORE, MARYLAND

Snap Bean Trials

Nine varieties of snap beans were planted in the 1944 tests at Am-
herst Massachusetts. Each variety was planted in ten foot rows that
were replicated ten times and randomized in the field so that there
were ninety plots in all.

The plots were located on a fertile Merrimac fine, sandy loam soil
which was prepared in the usual manner and fertilized previous to
planting with a 5-8-7 fertilizer applied broadcast at the rate of 750
pounds per acre. The seed was planted on May 25 about three m-
ches apart in rows that were spaced three feet apart. Ramfall was
adequate during the growing season and a very satisfactory crop
was produced.

Pertinent data obtained from these trials are presented in the

table, page 19.

It is to be noted that Bountiful produced a greater yield than any
of the other varieties. This is not a new experience, as Bountiful
generally is a good cropper. Of the newer beans, Logan is outstand-
ing in appearance and quality. It may be a little too light in color
for some markets, however. Stringless Green Pod produced some
flattened pods that lowered the appearance and grade of this variety.
Tendergreen and New Long Tendergreen were rather outstanding
in both appearance and quahty although Tendergreen averaged only
4.6 inches in pod length. New Long Tendergreen appears to be a
valuable addition to the list of bean varieties in that it is a longer edi-
tion (5.7 inches) of the standard Tendergreen. Streamliner did not
appear to give much promise as a market bean. Stringless Valentine
would be classed as a fair to good, all round variety of green snap
bean. Kestonian is a new bean that may or may not find a place m
the recommended list.— William H. Lachman.

Food has once more appeared on the front pages of newspapers
as a realization has developed that the product of American farms
cannot be expanded indefinitely to feed the world.

Today is the tomorrow you were doing so much

worrying about yesterday.

ALBERT C. ROEMHILD

COMMISSION MERCHANT

Wholesale Fruits and Vegetables

Phone, Lombard 1000 122 Dock Street, Philadelphia 6, Pa.

i»l

I ll

For Greater Profits

PLANT CLICK'S Tomato Seed & Plants

IMPROVED STRAINS — PENNSYLVANIA CERTIFIED

Rutgers — Marglobe — Grothens — Pritchard
Pan America and Colco (Pink) Globe

SPECIAL MENTION OF A NEW LEADER

THE EARLY CANNER Matures about a week earlier than Rutgers. When
planted very early from well-grown plants it has produced large yields be-
fore the rush of harvest season. Bushy, vigorous foliage protects the closely
set clusters of fairly large, deep, firm, scarlet tomatoes. Small seed cavities
and excellent flavor make it well suited to canning, especially strained prod-
ucts. Has shown up particularly well in dry weather.

ONLY A LIMITED SUPPLY AVAILABLE

Advise quantity needed. Particulars free.

GLICK'S SEED FARMS CLICK'S PLANT FARMS

SMOKETOWN, LANCASTER COUNTY. PENNA

) 1895

I945T

DURING the last half century, V-C
scientific research and V-C cre-
ative enterprise have constantly
tested and developed new methods
and new materials to bring more and
more crop-producing power to the
farms of increasing thousands of V-C
customers. Today V-C Fertilizers
contain 48% more plantfood than in
1895. They are more economical . . ,

VIRGINIA-CAROLINA CHEMICAL CORPORATION

Baltimore, Md.

Carteret* N. J.

0) u

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— 19

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• It

The Leaders . . .

ASGROW STRINGLESS GREENPOD (TENDERGREEN)
above, winner of the All-America Gold Medal and now the most
extensively grown variety. Round pods.

ASGROW STRINGLESS BLACK VALENTINE, below, win-
ner of the All- America Silver Medal. Oval pods, dark green, of
attractive appearance and quality.

Sold Through Local Dealers

ASSOCIATED SEED GROWERS: MILFORD, CONN.

Children like to pick beans in a field like this (Brehm Farm).

Fertile soil, early plowing, thorough soil preparation, deeply applied
broadcast and row applications of fertilizer in bands not in contact with
the seed, good seed carefully planted, close and clean cultivation as soon
as the plants have appeared and a continued weed and insect control pro-
gram through the season usually results in large yields, high quality and
easy picking.

Picking beans before the seed are full size, while the pods are
tender and smooth, increases the yield and income per acre.

— 21 —

The Leaders . . .

ASGROW STRINGLESS GREENPOD (TENDERGREEN)
above, winner of the All- America Gold Medal and now the most
extensively grown variety. Round pods.

ASGROW STRINGLESS BLACK VALENTINE, below, win-
ner of the All-America Silver Medal. Oval pods, dark green, of
attractive appearance and quality.

Sold Through Local Dealers

W•vA^VIr >,(.v-s-*i*

ASSOCIATED SEED GROWERS: MILFORD, CONN.

Children like to pick beans in a field like this (Brehm Farm).

Picking beans before the seed are full size, while the pods are
lender and smooth, increases the yield and income per acre.

— 21 —

• X

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INTENTIONAL 2ND EXPOSURE

^>'

> . «H

•H

What About

INSECT ^
PESTS •

One of the major problems in
the growing of a profitable
crop is to prevent insects from
destroying quality and yield.

Black Leaf 40 is unusually efficient in the control of certain insects. It can
be used alone in proper mixture or can be mixed with any standard spray
material that does not cause injury to plants when used alone.

Black leaf 40 kills by contact and by fumes. It leaves no poisonous residue

and is easy to apply. ^ . ^ i , . •+ i

Use Black Leaf 40 — Get the most from your investment of labor and capital.
Full information will be furnished on request.
Insist on Original Factory-Sealed Packages for Full Strength.

TOBACCO BY-PRODUCTS AND CHEMICAL CORPORATION

Incorporated — Louisville, Kentucky

QUALITY ALWAYS PAYS!

For extra yields and
quality, use Agrico —
specially formulated
for each crop. And
when you need Super-
phosphate, ask for 18%
NORMAL — it's more
economical. Manufac-
tured only by The
American Agricultural
Chemical Co*

Baltimore, Md.
Buffalo, N. Y.
Carteret, N. J.

tUc AGRICO and 18% NORMAL

THE NATION S LEADING FERTILIZER

SUPERPHOSPHATE

The Grower Picks His Own Beans

WILSON C. DICKSON. JR.

The past several years our canning company has been picking
beans for any farmer who would put out five or more acres at one
time. This year we are reversing the procedure, but not because
of the lack of pickers.

The supply of pickers is almost as good as it ever was for those who
are able to get to town to pick them up. There are any number of
elder children from twelve to sixteen years old who are glad to get
out and earn some money. The better the beans are to be picked, the
less trouble there is getting them picked. We know from experience
the children will do a good job if they are not worked more than six
or seven hours with good supervision by someone who knows how
to handle people.

The ideal system would be to work out a schedule of planting so
that a gang of pickers could start picking the second week of July
and work straight through, if the weather would permit, until Sep-
tember.

The main reason that we are not picking for farmers is that their
planting schedule is always mixed up so by weather conditions that
we either have no beans to pick or twice as many as we can handle.
When we have twice as many as we can pick, too many get old and
tough with considerable loss in quality.

With the farmers picking their own, and with us buying them on
a graded basis according to size, we hope to raise our total percentage
of good quality beans considerably and still maintain and increase
the amount we pay for the beans. On grade, the beans about the
thickness of a lead pencil are the best quality provided they are not
injured, insect-bitten, or hollow. As the size goes on up, the quality
drops.

The growers can change their plantings in any way, according to
weather conditions, to fit their picking plans.

We hope the spirit of the growers to pick their own beans con-
tinues on the upswing.

•

* Hanover Canning Company.

More food is needed by our armed forces and at home. More
vines and higher production per acre is the answer. Plant now for
more food.

23 —

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NO WORRY ABOUT STAND

WITH

THIS RUNNER-TYPE PLANTER

If you want a runner type
Planter Ihal will planl rows of any
particular spacing RIGHT UP TO
THE END OF THE FIELD— then
you want to try an Oliver 1095
Mounted Planter on that new lit-
tle "world of power/' the Oliver
"70" Tractor.

Oliver Planters follow the con-
tour of the ground — plant accu-

rately at an even depth on uneven
as well as level ground, even in
tough soil.

THINK of the sort of job you
want YOUR planter to do— of the
sort of field it is going to have to
operate in. Talk to Oliver Owners
and find out how Oliver Planters
are performing for them«

THE OLIVER CORP

HARRISBURG, PENNA.

A Good Stand of Lima Beans.

Plants should be uniformly 4 to
8 inches apart in rows 28 to 32
inches apart, depending upon the

variety and soil fertility.

Planting lima beans with a four-row bean planter.

Cultivating beans after they are well above the grounds showing
the shallow cultivation and adjustment of cultivators,

— 25 —

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NO WORRY ABOUT STAND

WITH

THIS RUNNER-TYPE PLANTER

You will iind the Oliver method
of midship mounting a real ad-
vantage. Your Planter is right in
front of you where, without turn-
ing or twisting out of your form-
atting cushion seat, you can watch
every operation.

Oliver Planters follow the con-
tour of the ground — plant accu-

rately at an even depth on uneven
as well as level ground, even in
tough soil.

THINK of the sort of job you
want YOUR planter to do — of the
sort of field it is going to have to
operate in. Talk to Oliver Owners
and find out how Oliver Planters
are performing for them.

THE OLIVER CORP

HARRISBURG, PENNA.

A Good Stand of Lima Beans.

Plants should be uniformly 4 to
8 inches apart in rows 28 to 32
inches apart, depending upon the

variety and soil fertility.

\
I

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Planting lima beans with a four-row bean planter.

Cultivating beans after they are well above the ground, showing
the shallow cultivation and adjustment of cultivators,

— 25 —

, ti

INTENTIONAL 2ND EXPOSURE

• •(

III

MAXIMUM

CROPS

iov more profit per acre

The market grower's fight against insects and
diseases-the deadly enemies of his crops-
is a constant one and he must have the best
weapons to wage a winning war against these
foes if he hopes to realize a maximum profat
per acre.

Experienced market growers place confidence
in Niagara crop dusting machines. And for
deadly ammunition they load them with re-
liable Niagara insecticides and fungicides.
It is a combination that assures the greatest
amount of even coverage with the least in-
secticide or fungicide poundage.

For complete information about Niagara Crop
Dusters, insecticides and fungicides, consult
your Niagara dealer or write direct to:

NIAGARA SPRAYER
AND CHEMICAL CO., INC

MIDDLEPORT, NEW YORK

Growing Henderson Bush Lima Beans for

Quick-Freezing

FRANK APP*

Henderson Bush Lima Beans, properly grown, are a desirable cash
crop "or southeastern Pennsylvania farms. They ^^^^"7^^^"^;.^^-
Snal investment for farm equipment and not a great amount of
fiJT These Sans can be grown successfully on many different
fp's of Sso long as the fafmer provides sufficient lime and mam-
tains an ample amount of organic matter m the soil.

Place in the Rotalion for Lima Beans
Growers who produce peas usually follow with lima beans _ the
same yeS Ss provides two cash crops from the same land. Further
m^rethSe two cash crops can be grown with one plowing and one
ScatSn oT fertilizer and lime. When the soil is properly limed
JSilized plowed and fitted for peas, we provide the conditions
that produceTgood bean as well as a good pea crop. As soon as the
neas are hS-vesfed a good sharp disk harrow behind a tractor should
be use?to diskthe fifld thoroughly- If the land is left several days
»fter harvesting the peas, it may become too hard to prepare by disk-
f/£e and require plowing. For those growers who are not grow-
n| peas' Uma beans should follow corn. The Preceding corn crop
Siould have a good cover crop seeded at the last cultivation or after
the corn is harvested.

Fertilizers and Lime
When the soil is limed and fertilized sufficiently for a crop of peas
the residue remaining after the pea crop is grown is sufficient to
Sow a good crop of Ihna beans. When the beans follow corn, how-
fZ It fs probably necessary to add enough lime to make available
at least 1500 lbs. of calcium per acre and a pH m f « «oil of 6 o 6.5^
The amount and kind of fertilizer will also depend upon the kind of
cover crop and whether manure is used. If the cover crop is a legume
such as vetch, less nitrogen is needed. When manu^^X^^^d a^^^^^^^^^
amount of nitrogen is needed. Consequently the f^^Ulizer should be
selected to meet the conditions of the soil both m kind and amount^
For a soil which has had a good application of manure, a fertilizer
formula having 3-12-6 should furnish ample ^^f f.^; ..«°^^j^^;:
when no manure is used and no legume crop is used, a fftJiz^r hav-
ing an analysis of 4-12-8 would be preferable. The ^n^oum of ^ ertiliz^^
varies from 300 to 700 lbs. per acre depending upon the type of cover
crop and whether or not the land is manured The best results will
be obtained when the lime and fertiUzer are plowed under. This en-

* Deerfield Packing Corporation, Bridgeton, N. J.

— 27 —

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courages deep rooting and furnishes plant food for the beans during
periods of dry weather. When lime and fertilizer is well distributed
in soil to the bottom of the furrow, the bean plant roots more deeply
and can obtain sufficient plant food during periods of dry weather
to feed a good crop of beans.

Time of Seeding

Lima beans can be planted any time beginning the middle of May
until the tenth of July. When they follow peas they are planted
shortly after the pea crop is harvested. Growers who plant large
acreages should not plant more in any one week than they can har-
vest in one week. The planting can be spread over a period of about
eight weeks. This distributes the labor of growing and harvesting
the crop.

Rate of Seeding

The amount of seed we find should be between 35 to 45 lbs. per acre.
Soils that are inclined to be sandy should have the righer rate of
seeding.

Cultivation

The first cultivation should take place when the beans are up and
have their first leaves. The cultivator should be set shallow and ad-
justed so the ground can be worked close to the rows without cover-
ing the beans. Later cultivation should follow at intervals of ten
days to two weeks so as to prevent the start of a growth of weeds.
Three to four cultivations usually are ample. For the last cutivation,
it is permissible to throw a slight ridge along the rows. This will help
cover any weeds that may appear and also help in harvesting. Culti-
vation should not continue after the beans begin to bloom.

Yields of Beans— 1944

The yield of beans for Pennsylvania averaged 1,200 lbs. per acre.
This yield can be greatly increased if the grower provides for the
best growing conditions which include the proper amount of lime,
fertilizer, soils with ample organic matter and a good seed bed. The
five highest growers had the following yields. They provided for a
good crop and were well rewarded.

Acreage

Lbs. for Acre

Value

2,786

$203.06

2,305

177.35

1,917

133.06

1,916

139.66

1,895

125.75

— 28 —

• > ••• •••

* •!

New designs, new models, new
methods of application are in store
for buyers of Myers Sprayers. Ask
your Myers dealer about the
stepped-up speed and coverage
and saving in manpower that will
be offered by Myers. Also talk with
him about your present sprayer
needs and the many advancements
included in the complete Myers
line of orchard and row crop
sprayers now available.

NEW TYPES

MORE SPEED

GREATER COVERAGE

LESS MANPOWER

\
\

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EXCLUSIVE FEATURES

IMPROVED PUMPS

HIGH PRESSURES

INCREASED CAPACITY

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A field of lima beans in full bloom.

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♦ H

Lima bean harvesting attachments on a tractor— two rows.

— 30 —

FOR 1945 BEAN WILL BUILD:

Bean Potato Sprayers
Bean Rubber Spool Potato Graders
Bean Rubber Roll Potato Cleaners

WE DISTRIBUTE:

American Bunch Vegetable Washers

with

BEAN High Pressure Pumping Unit

Send for Catalogs

John Bean Mfg. Co

Div. Food Machinery Corp.

LANSING 4, MICH.

1 1

■M. f I

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Harvesting lima beans for the viner.

Using a heavy duty loader for lima beans.

LANCASTER BONE FERTILIZER CO., Inc.

Quarryville, Pa.

Manufacturers of ''Conestoga Brand'' fertilizers

Made in Pennsylvania for Pennsylvania soils.

— 32 —

SAVE

SAVE SAVE
LABOR TWEVE

TIME

with. FELINS Marketing Equipment

TORRENT BUNCH
VEGETABLE WASHER

• - I

for Washing all varieties
of Bunch Vegetables.

Over 1800 bunches
an hour.

FELINS

FELINS BUNCH TYER

for Bunch Vegetables , .
Cut Flowers . . . . .
Nursery Stock . . . ;

>-A

FELINS ROOT CROP
WASHER

for Washing all varieties
of Bushel Crop.

10 bushel capacity
— ^3 tons an hour.

Milwaukee 6, Wisconsin

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The Mexican Bean Beetle and its Control

J. O. PEPPER*

The Mexican bean beetle is the most serious insect enemy of beans
in Pennsylvania. Where control measures are not practiced the
foliage and pods of beans are seriously damaged. The overwintering
adults emerge in early summer and the first generation, develops
on early plantings of beans. It is usually completed in four to seven
weeks. The second generation occurs in late summer and early fall.
The second generation usually causes much more damage than the
first because of increased population and by attacking both snap and
lima beans.

Control by Cultural Means: — The destruction of all trash, debris,
and overwintering quarters in the vicinity of last year's late crop
of beans will destroy many of the adult beetles surviving the winter
in such places. As soon as the early crop of beans is harvested in
the summer the old vines should be immediately plowed under or
destroyed. This procedure kills large numbers of immature forms
feeding on the plants, which in turn lessens greatly the number of
second generation beetles. The destruction of the vines of late crops
of beans likewise kills many immature forms and greatly reduces the
number of maturing beetles to go into overwintering quarters. The
benefits of bean beetle control by these measures should not be under
estimated by growers.

Control by Use of Insecticides: — Chemical insecticides can be used
as sprays or dusts. Undoubtedly any material applied as a spray to
bean plants will stick to the foliage better and over a longer period
than a dust. However, most growers prefer dust materials due to
simplicity of handling. It is also true that the availability of water
in a number of cases is a big problem and would limit spray applica-
tions.

Materials: The dust material that has given best control of the
bean beetle and leaves no harmful residue is a 0.75 per cent rotenone
dust. Since we have been in war with Japan our supply of rotenone
has been greatly reduced and limited. Therefore, the percentage of
rotenone in dust form has been reduced as much as possible, and
still does a good job of killing insects. In order to obtain good bean
beetle control use a dust mixture containing at least 0.5 per cent ac-
tual rotenone.

There are several rotenone dusts on the commercial market that
have other insecticide materials added to help increase the insect
killing power of the dust mixture. These materials should be used
according to manufacturers directions.

♦ Extension Entomologist — Pennsylvania State College.

— 34 —

Since rotenone is scare some growers are substituting other insec-
ticides into their control program at certain times. The one we hear
most about is cryolite. This material leaves a poisonous residue,
therefore, on snap beans it cannot be used after pods start to form.
It can be used throughout the season on lima beans since the. hull
of the pod is discarded and this would eliminate the residue prob-
lem. A 50 per cent cryohte dust is most commonly used. (Never use
lime with cryolite).

Time, Amount, and Method of Applying Materials: On the early
crops of beans the first application of material should be appUed
when adult beetles and egg masses can be found on the foliage. This
is usually when the plants show 4 to 6 leaves. On late snap bean
crops and lima beans the fields should be closely watched and the
first apphcation made when adults and egg masses are found on the
foliage. In all cases the application should be repeated at 7 to 10
day intervals until the insect is well under control.

The amount of dust material required per acre will vary from 20
to 40 pounds according to size of plants and distance between rows.

The apphcation of dust mixtures can be applied anytime during
the day. However, the preferred time is early morning, late after-
noon and early evening. At these times we usually have a small
amount of moisture on the foliage and encounter less wind. A 25 foot
length trailer curtain behind the dust machine helps increase cov-
erage. This is especially true if there are any wind currents at time
of applications. The nozzles of the duster should be so adjusted as to
direct the material to the undersides of the foliage, since this is
where the various stages of the bean beetle mostly feed. Bean beetle
control is dependent upon the coverage of the f ohage with the correct
dust mixture.

Specialists for Fertilizers for

CANNING CROPS

PEAS — BEANS — SWEET CORN — TOMATOES
Insure your crops this year with UNION Field tested fertilizers

UNION FERTILIZER CORPORATION

Main Office— Pikesville. Maryland Factory— Baltimore, Maryland

, 1

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-35 —

If .- -S^^-^C -^T-

from

laboratories

come

les

The fight against insect attack on vegetables starts in chem-
ical research laboratories.

The Dow Chemical Company, for example, has devoted al-
most half a century in a constant effort to find new chemicals
and new combinations that can successfully cope with in-
secticide problems of growers all over the country.

The products of this research are subjected to further ex-
perimentation and tests by experts and state experiment
stations. Ultimately, a proven insecticide is available to
control a specific type of insect.

The use of Dow insecticides helps to promote better crops
at less expense. Write for our free manual on spraying and
dusting.

THE DOW CHEMICAL COMPANY

MIDLAND MICHIGAN

New York • Chicago • St. Louis • Houston

Complete
Control

Dow

for the
Season

Some Important Bean Diseases

L. O. Weaver*

Both snap and lima beans are subject to several destructive dis-
eases. The losses due to disease vary from year to year and depend
on such factors as humidity, temperature and on the source of the
seed. Practicmg measures to prevent the introduction and spread of
disease will pay large dividends to the grower.

Anthracnose

The most striking symptom of anthracnose is the black sunken
spots on the bean pod. These spots may be so numerous as to ruin
a crop of beans. In addition, anthracnose reduces yields by killing
the leaves and stems. Sunken dark cankers, similar to those on the
pods, develop on the stems and leaf petioles. Narrow reddish spots
are to be found on the veins on the underside of the leaves.

The organism causing anthracnose is carried on the seed or it may
overwinter on the bean refuse. It does not Hve in the soil longer than
two years. When infected seed is planted, the organism is carried
above ground and is spread to all parts of the field by splashing rain
or by tools or pickers.

Control measures. The most effective measure of control is to
plant seed that is free of the organism. Bean seed from the Marys-
ville area of California called "Cal-approved" and seed from the Twin
Falls region in Idaho is usually free from anthracnose.

Supplementary control measures consist of practicing a three year
rotation and refraining from working in the fields when the plants
are wet. Seed treatment is not practical for the control of anthrac-
nose.

Bacterial Blight

Three symptoms are usually evident to distinguish bacterial blight
from anthracnose. Large brown blotches with a yellowish halo are
produced on the leaves. When bacterial blight is severe, the leaves
are destroyed. Cankers on the pods turn from a greenish water-
soaked spot to a rust-brown indefinite area. Girdling of the main
stem, usually at one of the lower joints, is the third symptom. The
plant usually wilts or falls over.

The bacteria causing this disease are carried in the seed. The
method of infection of young plants and the spread through the fields
are the same as for anthracnose.

Control measures. Purchase disease free western bean seed as
recommended for anthracnose. In twelve demonstrations which were
conducted in different sections of the State, the plants produced from

* Plant Pathology Extension, The Pennsylvania State College

— 37 —

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western seed were free of anthracnose and blight. In adjacent rows,
the plants grown from seed of unknown source (presumably eastern
grown) had from 3 to 16 per cent of the crop destroyed by these
diseases.

Lima Bean Diseases. — Damping off or Seed Decay.
Poor germination of lima bean seed is almost the rule. The seed is
often destroyed by decay organisms in the soil before the plants are
produced. This loss is most severe in cool wet soil.

A seed treatment is required to protect the seed from decay in the
soil. Cover the seed with Spergon dust at the rate of i teaspoonful
per pound or 2 ounces per bushel. The seed and dust are shaken to-
gether in a closed container to obtain a uniform covering of dust.

Downy Mildew

Downy mildew is recognized by the white downy mold which cov-
ers part or all of the bean pods. The pods finally turn black and the
fungus grows through the pod wall into the beans. The young shoots,
the flowers and the leaves are also attacked. The mold covers all
diseased organs.

The fungus is carried in the seed and in decaying vines. Early in-
fection is probably due to the planting of diseased beans. Infection
may also come from the fungus living in old vines. Wind and rain
are important agencies in spreading the disease in the field. Cool wet
weather is favorable for the rapid spread of downy mildew.

Control measures. 1. Practice at least a four year rotation. 2. Des-
troy all bean refuse by plowing. 3. Use disease free seed; western
grown seed is usually free of downy mildew. 4. Spray with 4-4-50 bor-
deaux mixture as soon as the blossoms have set and apply 3 or 4
more sprays at 7 to 10 day intervals.

Pod Blight on Lima Beans

Large brown patches are produced on the leaves. The dead tissue
finally falls out leaving ragged holes. On the older pods brown dead
areas may be formed. Small black pimples are usually present in
the brown leaf spots and in the dead areas on the pods. Young pods
rarely are infected.

Pod blight is much more prevalent on the pole beans than on the
bush limas.

The fungus lives in the seed and in the old refuse in the soil. It
may be introduced into a field with seed and once established it is
spread by splashing rain.

Control measures. The same control measures as given for downy
mildew also prevent pod blight.

— 38 —

SEEDS

Bred for the critical grower

SPECIALTIES
FOR 1945

Guaranteed to be genuine
originator's strains.

MARKETER CUCUMBER All-American Winner 1943. Color of fruits-a
nch dark green. Size-Eight inches long, medium slendM. Season--65 d^
Vines are vigorous and very productive. Rapidly becoiiiino the rfand»%
variety because of its high quality and productivness. ^ •tandard

Ounce— 35c i Pound— $1.10 Pound— $3.25 Postpaid.

come^ltShJ^a^^ff,"^ ^^^^^ All-American Winner 1940. loana has be-
e?^t it^ii I °™o"? I«a<l>n9 growers as the best. Ear Size— 12 to 14 rows
sf«o« ?7 !i •°"ff- Color-Attractive light-yellow with fresh «een huJks

Pound-55c 3 to 24 lbs. per lb.-48c 25 to 99 lbs. per lb.-44c

Bag lots (100 lbs.)— 41c per lb. Freight paid.
RED CORE DANVERS CARROT A vastly improved strain of Danvers Mor«
vSof if ^ *^"i'1; "* •'*"*' ^"l"' •"»* "tainiag the stroSg top ^owih ani
pSw * **" ^'"'^"•- ^*" *"•»*' bunching'or busheling we fnvUe elm

Ounce— 35c J Pound— $1.20 Pound— $3.50 Postpaid

Our 1945 Market Grower catalog is now ready.

Write for your free copy now.

TAPPERSON SEED COMPANY

ALLENTOWN, PA.

40 NORTH SEVENTH STREET p„oNE 2-1762

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Fertilize in Bands to
Avoid Injury
When fertilizer is placed in the
soil it dissolves at a rate de-
pending upon the amount of
moisture present. Only when
dissolved are they available as
plant food. Then, they move
very little sideways but to a
greater extent up and down.
Upward movement occurs in
dryer soil and downward
movement in moist soil when
the fertilizer goes into solu-
tion. The phosphates move
slowly, being fixed or held by
the soil to a great extents-
potash salts move somewhat
faster, while soluble nitrogen
compounds move most rapidly
of all.

Drawings on the opposite
page show the movement of
fertilizer when placed under
and to the side slightly below
the seed.

25 7o„ ]kv^

T5%

Fertilizer, properly applied, is a profitable investment.

I .

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— 40 —

— 41 —

ii??*

Jjj^;; ....... ■■ .■.*»V;-.-: ...^x''*''"^;ax ■w; .

..^.. . . ,;,*, . -^-^y :.,,. f^ M- '■y^ v,.^-ww

z**^

. . ,A^^ ..,-.. ..v^.^. ,

i^]p\

Drawings on the opposite
page show the movement of
fertilizer when placed under
and to the side slightly below
Ihe seed.

UPPER 5^>AO

LOoER £»Awo

257o„ }
Upper 6ano ^iW

75%

I •

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Fertilizer, properly applied, is a proHlable investment.

— 40 —

— 41 —

INTENTIONAL 2ND EXPOSURE

Vegetable Planter Equipment for Banding Fertilizer.
Furrow opener is equipped with shield to ride trash down and prevent
clogging; furrow opening discs are adjustable for depth; fertilizer is applied
the full depth of the furrow; depth of seed planting is adjustable; and soil
directly over the seed is not packed — a feature particularly desirable for
beans.

HARRIS SEEDS

For men who appreciate and grow vegetables of fine
quality there are no better seeds than those offered by

JOSEPH HARRIS COMPANY, INC

MORETON FARM

ROCHESTER 11, N. Y.

— 42

STOKES TOMATO SEED

Specialization is the Key to Efficiency

FRANCIS C. STOKES, LTD

Breeders and Growers of Fine Tomato Seed

VINCENTOWN, NEW JERSEY, U.S.A.

THE MARK OF THE BEST

STOKES
TOMATO
ySEEDy

PRODUCINC SINCf 1882

VALIANT STOKESDALE MASTER MARGLOBE

RUTGERS

• M

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Vegetable Planter Equipment for Banding Fertilizer.
Furrow opener is equipped with shield to ride trash down and prevent
clogging; furrow opening discs are adiustable for depth; fertilizer is applied
the full depth of the furrow; depth of seed planting is adjustable; and soil
directly over the seed is not packed — a feature particularly desirable for
beans.

HARRIS SEEDS

For men who appreciate and grow vegetables of fine
quality there are no better seeds than those offered by

JOSEPH HARRIS COMPANY, INC.

MORETON FARM

ROCHESTER 11, N. Y.

— 42 —

Specialization is the Key to Efficiency

FRANCIS C. STOKES, LTD.

Breeders and Growers of Fine Tomato Seed

VINCENTOWN, NEW JERSEY, U.S.A.

TH[ MAKKOF THE BEST

STORES
TOMATO
ySEEDy

PRODUCING SINCE I8S2

VALIANT STOKESDALE

MASTER MARGLOBE

RUTGERS

* <

INTENTIONAL 2ND EXPOSURE

«l

. 1

The Cabbage Maggot

The cabbage maggot attacks early crops of cabbage, cauliflower,
Brussel sprouts, broccoli, turnips, and radishes. Late crops of these
vegetables usually escape injury in the field although radishes and
turnips may be injured late in the season. This insect is also a serious
pest in seedbeds of cauliflower and late cabbage.

The cabbage maggot overwinters in the soil mainly as a pupa. The
flies appear about the time sweet cherries begin to bloom and begin
to lay eggs within 5 to 10 days after their appearance. The first gen-
eration flies lay most of their eggs during warm sunny days in May.

The eggs are laid in cracks of the soil close to the base of the plant,
normally within J inch of the surface of the soil. Small white mag-
gots emerge in about one week and begin feeding on the stem and
roots of the plant. As the maggots increase in size they channel out
grooves in the stem or burrow into the larger roots. Infested plants
become lighter in color and wilt quickly during the heat of the day.
Later the injured plants may turn yellowish in color, wither, and
die.

Control.— A number of methods have been developed for control-
ling cabbage maggots in seedbeds and on young plants growing in
the field. Mechanical methods of preventing injury include screen-
ing seedbeds with cheesecloth and the use of tar-paper discs on plants
in the field. These mechanical methods, although quite effective if
properly applied, have been generally replaced by insecticidal treat-
ments with corrosive sublimate or calomel.

Mechanical Control Methods.— Screening the seedbed with a mod-
erately coarse grade of cheesecloth, about 20 threads to the inch, is
effective in excluding the maggot flies. Very fine cheesecloth will
keep out too much light and cause the plants to be spindly and
coarser cloth will allow fleabeetles to enter and riddle the plants. A
three-inch tar-paper disc applied to the plants when they are set out
will prevent egg laying by the flies close to the plants and thus re-
duce maggot injury. These discs should be applied so that they are
flat and in close contact with the soil to be effective.

Insecticidal Control. — The most effective treatments for the con-
trol of cabbage maggot is by the use of corrosive sublimate solutions
or a calomel dust. These treatments are made directly to the base
of the plant, or along the row of plants in the seedbed, and kill the
eggs deposited by the fly on the plants or in the soil near the plants.

Corrosive sublimate solutions. — Dissolve one ounce of powdered
commercial corrosive sublimate in hot water and dilute to 10 gallons
of solution. Use a wooden or earthenware container to do this since

— 44 —

■i

this solution corrodes metals. Pour this solution along the row of
plants in the seedbed or use half a cupful at the base of each plant in
the field. One gallon of solution will treat about 30 feet of row in
the seedbed. The application can be made by means of a watering
pot with a sprinkler removed or with a sprayer from which the noz-
zle has been removed. The first treatment should be made when
sweet cherries or pears are in full bloom. A second treatment of
the same material should be made within eight days on all plants
f.nd a third treatment may be needed in the seedbed especially during
wet seasons. Corrosive sublimate is readily dissolved by rain and in
wet seasons it is not as effective as calomel which does not dissolve in
water. Corrosive sublimate is highly poisonous and precautions
should be taken to keep it away from children, animals, and unin-
formed persons.

Calomel Dust.— One application of calomel dust to plants in the
field is enough if made carefully, thoroughly and on time. The proper
time for this application is when sweet cherries or pears are in full
bloom or within three days of planting if plants are set out later. Care
must be taken to force the dust into the soil cracks at the base of the
plant and in the opening between the plant and the soil. From 50 to
75 pounds of calomel dust will be needed for each acre of plants set in
the field. In seedbeds the soil should be whitened close to the rows
cf plants.

To make a calomel dust, mix thoroughly one pound of very fine
ground calomel with 24 pounds of talc or ground-limestone. Many
distributors of insecticides carry commercially mixed calomel dusts
which are suitable for immediate use.

Effectiveness of Control for Cabbage Maggot. — Failure to control
cabbage maggots with insecticidal treatments are due to improper
timing or lack of adequate care in applying the materials. They
must be made early enough to kill the eggs before they hatch. To do
this the first application of insecticide should be made about the time
that sweet cherries or pears are in full bloom. A more exact date for
your location can be obtained by calling on your local Agricultural
County Agent. When a repeat application is needed with corrosive
sublimate, it should be made 7 or 8 days after the first application to
give effective control.

After either corrosive sublimate or calomel treatment, close culti-
vation should be avoided. If close cultivation is needed to destroy
weeds, cultivate before treatment is applied. Disturbing the soil
next to the plants after treatment reduces the effectiveness to such an
extent that a repeat application may be needed for adequate protec-
tion.—H. Menusan, Jr., March, 1945.

— 45 —

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Lumber is Scarce
Save the Wood wi

Time to replace wagon boards? When you do, treat the wood with
Cuprinol. It is the new practical way of stopping rot, decay and insect
borers. Easily applied by brush, spray or dip, and you can treat the
boards of an entire wagon with Cuprinol for about $2.50.

Use Cuprinol too for flats-not only to preserve the wood but because
it keeps root concentration from Vi' to V away from the bottoms and
sides instead of between the soil and wood. And because Cuprinol gives
off no toxic fumes it is endorsed for preserving benches and other

greenhouse lumber.

Cuprinol treated wood is harmless to seeds, plants, ensilage, poultry

and animals.

When painting, use Cuprinol as a prim-
ing coat for it gives protection which
paint alone cannot give, because Cup-
rinol penetrates the fibres and leaves a
lasting metal residue— non visible but ef-
fective. Averages 400 sq. ft. of wood to
the gallon, brush applied. Write for in-
formation, prices, and names of distribu-
tors.

CUPRINOL, Inc., 33 Spring Lane, Boston 9, Mass.

Control of Vegetable Diseases in War Time

L. O. Weaver

The control of plant diseases is an important factor in vegetable
production. In 1945, vegetable growers will again be expected to
produce maximum yields and the goals must be met in spite of a
shortage of help and machinery. The failure to take steps in a dis-
ease prevention program may result in severe crop losses. No grower
can afford to cultivate a poor stand of vegetables and he certainly
does not wish to lose 30, 20, or even 10 per cent of his produce due
to the presence of certain diseases. Vegetable diseases can be con-
trolled effectively by using a disease prevention program. Many of
the methods require only a minimum of Labor. Let us consider some
of the effective, non-labor requiring methods of disease control.

L The Use of Disease Resistant Varieties.

During the hot summer of 1944, cabbage yellows caused serious
losses. In some cabbage fields as many as 50 per cent of the plants
failed to produce a head. The fungus responsible for this disease
lives in the soil indefinitely and a rotation is of little value. In those
areas where yellows has occurred, it will pay big returns to plant
cabbage varieties with resistance to yellows. The following varie-
ties are yellows-resisting: Resistant Golden Acre, Jersey Queen, De-
troit Resistant, Racine Market, Marion Market, Wisconsin All Head,
Select, Globe, Wisconsin Ballhead, Wisconsin All Seasons, Wiscon-
sin Hollander No. 8 and Bugner.

2. The Use of Disease-Free Seed.

To control bean anthracnose and reduce bacterial blights, obtain
bean seed from the Marysville area in California or from the Twin
P'^alls region in Idaho. The organisms causing these diseases are car-
ried in the seed.

3. Treat Seed Before Planting or Buy Treated Seed.

Seed are treated for two purposes: (1) to destroy disease producing
fungi and bacteria on or in the seed, thereby preventing these dis-
eases from being introduced into the soil; and (2) to protect the seeds
from decay and the young seedlings from damping-off.

4. The Use of Disease-Free Plants.

Whenever possible, obtain plants from a source where it is known
that seed treatment and other disease prevention practices are fol-
lowed. It is very important that vegetable plants be grown where all
weeds are eradicated for many weeds and even some flowers have
diseases that are spread to vegetable crops. Weeds of the mustard
family and milkweeds, nightshade, ground cherry, catnip, and moth-
erwort should be destroyed. Petunias are the source of mosaic virus
which may spread to tomatoes and the cucumber family.

In order to have healthy plants for transplanting, dusting or spray-

— 47 —

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ing with a fixed copper material is required for the seedlings. Toma-
to, eggplant, pepper, and celery seedlings should be sprayed every
week or ten days in the seed bed.

5. Rotation.

Most disease organisms can live in the field for at least a year or
two on diseased plant parts, while some organisms may live for a
much longer time. Diseases therefore are usually most destructive
where vegetables are planted on ground which contains diseased
refuse from the same or related crops. A big step in disease control
is accomplished by rotating the fields with unrelated crops.

FOR BIGGER, BETTER CROPS

3b • Vegetables

• Fruits • Berries

r ^i

.. ^ H^

• Tobacco • Grains
• Pasture

NO GAMBLE ON
THE WEATHER

With Atlas Portable Overhead Irrigation

As shown by picture above, you can end drought threat and insure ample
irrigation for the growing season. This simple, inexpensive equipment is
easily installed, easily operated and portable. For use on hilly or flat land for
controlled moisture . . . when and where you want it. Write today for litera-
ture and prices. Attractive Territories Open For Dealers.

Manufactured and Distributed by the

ATLAS SUPPLY DIVISION
Jones & Laughlin Supply Company

418 N. Main Street

Muskogee, Oklahoma

"There is no place like HOLMES for SEEDS"

Write for free catalog —

a complete list of vegetable and flower seeds,
including special strains.

The Holmes Seed Company

SEED GROWERS

D«pt.T

Canton 2« Ohio

4-H Tomato Club Work in Beaver and

Allegheny Counties

C. D. MORELY^

One thing most 4-H Club members have at the end of the season
is an accurate record of the total yield of tomatoes. A summary of
these records showed an average yield of around 10 pounds to the
plant in Allegheny and Beaver Counties. Most of the plants were
set 4 X 4 feet apart. The average yield was 13i tons per acre. These
tomatoes were grown on everything from a rich home garden soil to
a run-down vacant lot covered with sour grass.

What are the factors which made it possible for these members to
produce a large yield under varying degrees of soil fertility? Prob-
ably of chief importance was the plants themselves. All the plants
used in the two counties were grown by two commercial vegetable
growers. Both growers used only certified Rutgers seed, and treated
all seed before planting, and kept the plants in the frame covered
with a metallic copper dust up to time of field transplanting. The
plants are kept in an active growing condition from the time they are
seeded until they are set in the field. They receive no shock, such as
that caused by withholding water or limiting the fertility of the cold
frame soil. Our schedule is arranged so that most of the plants are set
in the field either the day they are pulled or the day following.

As disease control was one of the main factors in producing good
plants in the frame, so I believe it was one of the main factors in in-
suring good results in the field. None of these plants were sprayed
in the field. However, a majority of them were planted in soil where
tomatoes either had never been grown or had not been grown for
several years. Most of these homes had never grown potatoes, which
meant that the tendency of a carryover from a potato planting was
eliminated.

One of the reasons for the success of this project is the attention
to detail given to the operation of planting by these members. All
club members were given an illustrated lecture on the individual
steps which they should follow in setting out their plants. Briefly,
these steps were as follow:

(1) Set out your plants the day you receive them.

(2) Take the plants to the field in a bucket of mud.

(3) Set your plant deep — 2 to 4 inches deeper than it was in the
plant bed.

(4) Give each plant at least one cup of water, this practice to be
followed even if it is raining when you are doing the planting.

(5) Apply one-half cupful of a 5-10-5 or 4-12-4 commercial fertilizer

* Assistant County Agent, Allegheny County.

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three inches from the plant, three or four inches deep.

(6) Keep your patch absolutely free of weeds.

Many families, who heretofore had good records of completion
along this Hne, fell down during the past year. I believe this was be-
cause Mother and Dad were too busy with their war activities on the
home front to give the necessary attention to the boys and girls.

One of the ambitions of every good gardner or good farmer is to
have the farm taken over by one or more of his boys. One way to
help him realize this ambition is to keep youngsters actively inter-
ested in the operations of the farm. It is easy to send the boy out
to the field to do that job of plowing, harrowing, cultivating, or what-
ever it may be, and forget that he is still a youngster and not a hired
man. There is a certain amount of glamour in going to the mill, but
few people can see glamour in the average farm job. The more you
can impress upon your boy the importance of his job and your ap-
preciation of his efforts, the more likely he will be to stick by you in
the end. Have him take part in young people's community activities,
like the 4-H Club. He can add a lot to the program of these groups.
Their meetings will give him some organized recreation to look
forward to. We have a job to do, and as the tempo of our war effort
decreases and we have a little more time, we should endeavor to
work with, understand, and appreciate the feelings and wishes of
the farm youth.

J. KEENE SAULSBURY. Presidenl
A. ROLAND THOMPSON, Secretary A. REED HAYES, JR., Treasurer

MIFFLIN COUNTY
PACKING CO.

PENNSYLVANIA PACKED VEGETABLES

.-T

REEDSVILLE. PA.

The Role of Boron in the Production

of Vegetables

E. M. KITCHEN*

Several vegetable crops have shown a need for applications of
borax to the soil to supply sufficient boron for normal plant growth.
The reason for this need is because most of the soils in the eastern
part of the country have been heavily cropped over a long period of
time, and the boron supply has been reduced by this and leaching.
Borax is generally used for correction of boron deficiency because
it is cheap and carries 11.347c boron. Many soils are suspected of
being on a borderhne of a boron deficiency. No deficiency symptoms
are apparent, yet, an application of borax will give response in the
form of increased yields, better quality crops, improved seed set,
longevity of stand or increased vigor of the plant.

Boron deficiency has been found on all types of soils from light,
sandy soils to acid mucks. The more numerous cases have been re-
ported on lighter soils and those that are on the alkaline side.

The general symptoms of boron deficiency in some vegetable crops
will be given:

Broccoli — (2) The leaves exhibit a curling and rolling and the older
ones fall. Swellings appear on the stem and petiole, which later
become corky. Longitudinal craks appear on the leaf petiole,
more frequently on the under side. A flat top may develop and
the head becomes irregular and of poor quality.

Brussels Sprouts — (2) Swellings occur as on Broccoli. Chlorosis is
common, progressing from the leaf margin inward and accom-
panied by a reddish discoloration on the under surface. The
sprouts may be small and loosely formed.

Cabbage — (15) The external symptoms of boron deficiency takes the
form of abnormally dark green leaves, which are thicker than
usual growth. There is a mottling effect on the margins of the
older leaves and cross-hatching on the upper surface of the
petioles and mid-rib. The internal symptoms develop in the pith
of the stem. Water-soaked spots develop first and, as the trouble
progresses, a break-down follows which eventually forms a
cavity. 10-20 lbs. of borax per acre is generally sufficient.

Carrots — (8) Symptoms on this crop took the form of yellowing
around the margins of the leaflets. This was followed by a pink-
ish to reddish coloring which extended toward the base of the
leaf. The affected tissue finally dying and turning brown. Wide,
deep splits may be observed on affected carrots.

* Pacific Coast Borax Company, New York, N. Y.

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Cauliflower — (5) External symptoms are observed as a deformed and
stunted growth of leaves around the curd. The curd becomes
brown with streaks extending through the flesh. The internal
symptoms may show as a cracking of the pith of the stalk or as
a hollow stem. 10-15 lbs. of borax per acre corrects this trouble.

Celery — (12) This crop shows boron deficiency by a brittleness of
stem and brown stripes which appear on the stalk. The stalk
tissue becomes cracked, curls outward and eventually turns dark
brown in color. 10 lbs. of borax per acre, applied as a spray or
15-25 lbs. per acre, as a soil application, overcomes the deficiency.

Chinese Cabbage — (2) The symptoms exhibited take the form of a
curling and rolling of the leaves. Transverse cracks may ap-
pear on the inside of the midrib. Leaves may become chlorotic.

Eggplant — (11) No deficiency symptoms have been noted. Response
was in the yield, when 10-30 lbs. of borax per acre was applied.

Lettuce (9) — Deficient plants show a burning of the leaves and death
of the growing tip. Leaves may become thick, brittle, reduced in
size and cup-shaped. 5-20 lbs. of borax per acre have given yield
responses.

Lima Beans — (17) No apparent symptoms of deficiency have been ob-
served. Low rates of boron application have given increased
yields.

Peppers (11) — A yellowing of the tips of the older leaves were ob-
served. This was followed by an apparent granulation and de-
composition of the internal structure of the conducting tissue
of the leaf stems. Borax applications up to 20 lbs. per acre gave
only limited increase in yield.

Radish — (13) Boron deficiency manifests itself on this crop by pale,
chlorotic leaves. Some of the older leaves curl downward. The
younger leaves at the crown are small, thick, curled and brittle.
Death of the terminal growth and cessation of further top
growth is a common symptom. The symptoms in the roots (16)
show a reduction in the intensity of color in the colored varie-
ties. The white varieties have a yellowish caste. The top of the
radish was rough and scaby. White flecks, not those which ap-
pear as the radish matures, and becomes pithy, appear as irregu-
lar, isolated spots.

Spinach — (7) Deficient plants are small and stunted. The leaves are
deformed in the center and many plants turn yellow and die be-
fore harvest. Increased yields have been obtained from borax
applications up to 20 lbs. per acre. (3). The applications of borax
may cause some "bolting" on the spring or summer spinach but
may not effect the late crops.

— 52 —

Squash— (1) It has been observed that the leaves of boron deficient
plants were dark green, stiff and brittle. The younger leaves had
thickened and contorted veins. These leaves exhibited a yellow
and chlorotic condition in the area between the veins, stem tips
were dead. Growth responses were obtained (11) from applica-
tions of borax up to 20 lbs. per acre.

Swiss Chard— (16) Was observed to be reduced in size and that there
was cross-hatching of the petioles and deformation of the young-
er leaves.

Table Beets— (14) Internal symptoms are observed as black spots, ir-
regular in size, shape and location. These are hard or corky in
texture. External symptoms (10) occur as dark spots on the root.
These may enlarge, as the root grows, and develops into growth
cracks and cankers. Borax applied at rates of 35-50 lbs. per acre
has controlled the trouble.

Tomatoes— (6) Deficient plants are dwarfed and present a compres-
sed appearance. The upper leaves gradually turn an orange yel-
low and some purplish browning appears on the leaf margins.
The fruit may exhibit a scurfiness or roughness which may de-
velop into a brown or blackish cork-like area around the stem
end. 5-10 lbs. of borax per acre is used in several tomato areas.

Turnips— (4) The symptoms are dark, water-soaked areas in the
central part of the root. The areas may vary from small scat-
tered spots to large water-soaked areas, and may develop into
a hollow center. 15 to 30 lbs. of borax per acre are the usual rec-
ommendations for this crop.

The easier way to apply borax is to have it included in the fertilizer.
It can also be applied broadcast by means of a hand cyclone seeder or
as a spray.

Literature Cited

1. Alexander, Taylor R.— Anatomical and Physiological Responses of Squash
to Various Levels of Boron Supply. Botanical Gazette, 103:3 March 1942.

2. Chandler, F. B.— Mineral Nutrition of the Genus Brassica with Particu-
lar Reference to Boron. Main Agric. Exp. Sta. Bull. 404 March 1941.

3. Cook, R. L. and Miller, C. E.— Effect of Borax on the Yield, Appearance
and Mineral Composition of Spinach and Sugar Beets. Soil Sci. Soc of
America. Vol. 4, 1940.

4. Davis, M. B. and Ferguson, Wm.— Certain elements affect the Growth of
Turnips. Better Crops with Plant Food. Dec. 1937.

5. Dearborn, C. H., Thompson, H. C, Raleigh, C. J.— Cauliflower Browning
Resulting from a Deficiency of Boron. Amer. Soc. for Hort. Sci. Vol. 34,

6. Ferguson, Wm. and Wright, L. E.— Micro-Element Studies with Special

Reference to the Element Boron. Sci. Agric. 20:8 April 1940.

7. Hartman, John D.— Boron Deficiency of Cauliflower and Spinach on Long
Island. Amer. Soc. for Hort. Sci. Vol. 35, 1937.

— 53 —

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8. Hill, H. — Malnutrition Symptoms and Plant Tissue Tests of Vegetable
Crops. Better Crops with Plant Food. May 1943.

9. McHargue, J. S. and Calfee, R. K.— Effect of Boron on the Growth of Let-
tuce. Plant Physiology, 7:161-164, 1932.

10. Powers, W. L. — Use of Boron in Controlling Canker of Table Beets.
Oregon Agric. Exp. Sta. Bull. 195, Jan. 1939.

11. Purvis, E. R. and Hanna, W. J. — Vegetable Crops Affected by Boron De-
ficiency in Eastern Virginia. Va. Truck Exp. Sta. Bull. 105, Oct. 1, 1940.

12. Purvis, E. R. and Ruprecht, R. W. — Borax as a Fertilizer for Celery.
Florida Agric. Exp. Sta. Bull. 478, Aug. 1935.

13. Skok, John — Effect of Boron on the Growth and Development of the Rad-
ish. Botanical Gazette, 103:2, Dec. 1941.

14. Walker, J. C— Internal Black Spot of Garden Beet. Phytopathology 29:2:
120-128, Feb. 1939.

15. Walker, J. C, McLean, J. G., Jolivette, J. P. — The Boron Deficiency Dis-
ease in Cabbage. Jour, of Agr. Research, 63-10, May 1941.

16. Walker, J. C, Hare, W. — Boron Deficiency Studies. Wisconsin, 1942 — (un-
published).

17. Wester, R. E., Magruder, R. — Effect of Size, Condition and Production Lo-
cality on Germination and Seedling Vigor of Baby Fordhook Bush Lima
Bean Seed. Amer. Soc. for Hort. Sci., Vol. 36, 1938.

Order Your 1945 Dusts Now

Perfect

Blend

Insecticide: —

Chewing Insect (50 'a Kryocide)
Corn Borer (4% Fixed Nicotine)
Organocide (0.4% Rotenone

2% Lethane 60)
Pea Aphis (14% Lethane B-71)
Talc-Calcium Arsenate

Fungicide: —

Cuprotrol 6 (Neutral Copper 6%

Met.)
Lime-Mono-Copper Sulphate 80-20

Dual Purpose: —

Cucumber-Melon 6-10 (Neutral
Copper 6% Met. 10% Calcium
Arsenate)

Lime -Copper -Arsenate 60-20-20
(60% Lime— 20% Mono-Copper
Sulphate — 20% Calcium Arse-
nate)

Kryocide-Copper 50-6 (Neutral
Copper) Sulphur-Lead Arsenate-
Lime 80-10-10

All dusts, except Lime, contain Walnut Shell Flour & Loomkill Talc.

"Double Mixed and High Speed Blended"

PENNSYLVANIA FARM BUREAU
COOPERATIVE ASSOCIATION

3607 Derry Street Harrisburg, Pa.

Owned and Controlled by Pennsylvania Farmers

— 54 —

Finding New Facts for Vegetctble Growers

F. F. LININGER*

^'i'^c"/.-^^ u^"" r^""^ ^^^ ^^^^* °^J^^t of the Agricultural Experi-

!!!.n!i Lf? T?^' ^^^^ K^^^^^ ^^^^"^^ *" maintaining maximum
production The aim has been to increase the efficiency of agricul-
ture through the apphcation of science. This means more products
per unit of labor. The principle is especially significant when war-
time demands for products are coupled with manpower shortage.

To be most useful, research must reach beyond the present, an-
ticipate needs and have results ready when they are called for in
the future. This is always difficult. Neverthless, the research staff
is ever conscious of its obligations in the post war period.

Different members of the Agricultural Experiment Station staff
have provided brief reports dealing with various phases of vege-
table research under way at the College. These reports have been
used freely in the preparation of this statement. The activities are
grouped under five main headings:

1. Vegetable variety and strain trials.

2. Cultural practices.

3. Insect and disease control.

4. Storage and marketing investigations.

5. Fundamental research.

Vegetable Variety and Strain Trials

Many varieties and strains of the more important vegetable crops
are tested in the trial grounds at State College. One objective is to
determine the relative merits of varieties so that recommendations
can bemade relative to the most desirable variety to grow. Testing
of strains is another objective. For example, six or more strains of
Golden Cross Bantam sweet corn have been included in the trials
each year for several years. Considerable variation has been noted
inis niay be due to improper seed production methods or it may be
tliat other strains have been used as substitutes. Likewise, strains
of beans tomatoes, and other crops have been tested. This work
helps to bring better strains into the seed trade and to direct growers
to good seed sources.

A recently added feature of variety testing at State College is the
inclusion of the "All-America" entries in the trials. New varieties
may be entered in open trial-ground competition for recognition as
Demg outstanding in their class. Eighteen or more "All America"
judges pass on performance at a similar number of trial grounds
Professor M. L. Odland has been selected as a judge to conduct such
a trial ground at State College. ,„

* Pennsylvania Agricultural Experiment Station *5^' ' ' ■-

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Tomatoes

Dr. C. E. Myers, widely known in Pennsylvania as well as nation-
ally, with 36 years of productive service to his credit as a plant breed-
er at Penn State, is still active though on the retired list since Febru-
ary 29, 1944. Two new varieties of tomatoes, the Stemless Penn-
orange and the Stemless Pennred, are his most recent releases. Doubt-
less many of you have read the description of these varieties given
by Dr. Myers in the January 1944 Seed World under the title "Some-
thmg new in tomatoes." The stemless characteristic may be a most
significant marketing feature in these two varieties. Professor Od-
land reports promising results from selections of these.

Four strains from each of four different varieties of tomatoes, Rut-
gers, Marglobe, Stokesdale and Pritchard were tested by Dr. Larson
]n three different locations. Preliminary results indicate a variation
among the Rutgers strains but considerable uniformity of the strains
of the remaining three varieties.
Cabbage

The breeding work carried on with Penn State Ballhead cabbage
for many years under the direction of Dr. C. E. Myers has not been
expended during the past year. However, stock seed of this variety
has been maintained by Professor M. T. Lewis under the plan long in
effect whereby seed growers may secure their stock seed from the
Experiment Station each year. By this means it is possible to carry
on continued plant selection and to thus maintain the high standards
of type characteristic of this variety. Pennsylvania vegetable farm-
ers who purchase their cabbage seed from commercial outlets which
obtain their stock seed from this Station are thus assured of true-to-
type seed for their crop. Current reports are that the 1944 cabbage
seed crop on the West coast was good, insuring ample supply for
1945 demands for this variety.
Sweet Corn

In the production of hybrid sweet corn it is first necessary to de-
velop and test a great number of inbred lines which may be used
later in various combinations to produce desirable hybrid varieties.
The work of Professor Lewis over a period of years at the Experi-
ment Station has resulted in the establishment of ten inbred yellow
lines which are uniform, true-breeding and desirable as parents in
crosses. Small amounts of hybrid seed were secured by cross pollina-
tion of these parent lines in many combinations in 1943. These hy-
brids were then grown in 1944 in preliminary tests to determine their
desirability in comparison with the standard hybrid varieties now
on the market. From approximately 50 hybrids under test only 5
proved to be worthy of further attention. Of these 5 hybrids, 4 have
promise as commercial varieties while one is a home-garden type. All

— 56 —

are uniform and of high quality. This year hybrid seed of these varie-
ties will be produced on the College farm in quantity sufficient for
growers' trials in 1946.

Work with White sweet corn is confined to the narrow grained ever-
green types and has only recently been undertaken. A similar pro-
gram of inbreeding is being conducted with the expectation of mak-
ing experimental hybrids later.
Lettuce

The progress of the lettuce breeding work under the direction of
Professor Lewis has been reported to the Pennsylvania Vegetable
Growers Association in their NEWS for July 1943 and July 1944
Readers of these articles will understand the nature of the work be-
ing carried on. As a result of repeated trials at State College the
present recommended varieties are Cosbia 40, Imperial 44 or 847
and Imperial 456 or Great Lakes, all now available from commercial
sources New hybrid varieties have been developed at Penn State
and will be introduced as soon as seed stocks have been built up.

Cultural Practices
Irrigation

Weather records for Pennsylvania show that dry seasons are not
unusual. Informal survey indicates a growing interest in irrigation
Many growers have obtained irrigation equipment, or have extended
the area already under irrigation, and others are considering such
installations. Accurate information is lacking, however on the
quantities of water to apply, frequency of applications, and modifica-
tions of fertilizer practice. Experiments at State College were de-
signed to meet this need. To date it has been found that increases in
yield of certain crops went as high as 200 per cent, and in many in-
stances the quality is better on irrigated areas. This is not always
he case, however. This year carrots tended to split where irriga-
tion water was applied. These experiments must be continued for
a number of years before accurate and conclusive data are available
Fertilizer Placement Tests

In tests at Lancaster, Erie and State College conducted by Dr Lar-
son the largest total marketable yields of tomatoes were obtained
When three-fourths of the fertilizer was applied in the plowsole and
one-fourth banded at time of setting the plants.

The results of fertilizer placement treatments on yields of peas in-
dicate no superiority of one over the other. Yields were essentially
the same from the "drilled," "plowsole," and "check" plots.

The effects of different rates of seeding peas were pronounced In-
creasing the rate from 3 to 4J bushels per acre of the Pride variety
resulted m an increase of 750 pounds of shelled peas per acre. Seeding
at six bushels per acre showed no further increase in yields.

— 57 —

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Insect and Disease Control
New Insecticides Sought

During the past two years extensive laboratory and field tests
were conducted for the control of vegetable insects. Dr. Dills and
Dr. Frear have been testing a large number of different materials
in a search for new insecticides.

The summary of the field tests in connection with this work has
been published in the Vegetable Growers' NEWS with a more com-
plete account appearing in the last issue of the Journal of Economic
Entomology. During the past season 20 different treatments for mag-
got control were applied in radish plots. Five of these were different
concentrations of DDT. In cooperation with Extension, DDT tests
for cabbage caterpillars were made in Indiana county. Extensive
greenhouse tests with the Mexican bean beetle have been made, with
approximately 70 different kinds of material during the past two
years. No results are yet available on these tests.
Disease Control

The damping-off disease has been investigated in relation to the
percentage of moisture and soluble matter and the degree of acidity
of the soil. The results indicate the importance of maintaining soil
pH that is optimum for various crops in order to check damping-off.
There are indications that excess soluble matter in soil tends to
further damping-off. Fungicides usually give the greatest degree of
control when the percentage of soil moisture is intermediate.

Storage and Marketing Investigations
Farm Storage

A low cost refrigerated farm storage has been installed in the vege-
table storage cellar, with Professor Sprague in charge of installation.
This equipment has been developed to provide practical storage
facilities for vegetables and small fruits. The short-time storage of
perishable products should decrease marketing losses and make it
possible to better distribute labor by extending the harvest period
and time in which to prepare products for market. Observations in-
dicate that the equipment developed meets many of the requirements
which were set up.

The construction of a 600 cu. ft. insulated storage room by local
mechanics is both feasible and practical. It can be installed in an ex-
isting building. It is built on a base 10" thick of special insulating con-
crete made of expanded mica, portland cement, asphalt emulsion and
water. Ordinary 2" x 6" lumber is used for framing. Asphalted
paper with hot asphalted lap joints forms the vapor barrier. The
sheathing both inside and outside is 3/16" asbestos cement board.
Rock wool and expanded mica are used for insulation. The floor sur-

face is ordinary concrete. Other materials could be used with satis-
factory results. The three most important points in the construction
of such a room are:

1. A properly installed vapor barrier

2. Ample insulation

3. A tight-fitting insulated door

The refrigerating unit, especially designed and custom-built for
this study, meets many of the stipulated requirements. It is installed
by settmg m place and driving four lag screws. Plugging it in starts
It and the services of an erection engineer are not needed. It holds
the room temperature uniform and to T F. of the thermostat setting.
Defrostmg is automatic. Hygro-thermograph charts show that an
extremely uniform and high storage humidity is maintained. This ac-
curate control and small size of cooling coil is made possible by the
continuous operation of the fan. The resulting air movement helps
cool products quickly. Because the unit can be factory assembled
ready for installation by the user its cost should be less than equip-
ment which must be assembled on the job by skilled workmen.

The storage of spinach, cabbage, beets, cauliflower, turnips, car-
rots, etc. have been observed by Professor Sprague and Dr. Link
since October, 1944. The continued exposure of certain products to
the rapid movement of air in the storage affects their rate of wilting
or loss of weight. Exposed surface leaves of spinach showed visible
signs of wilting after several days storage, while protected leaves
beneath the surface in crates remained fresh in appearance for two
weeks. Carrots stored in emergency paper packing boxes were
found to lose weight less rapidly than those stored in slatted wooden
crates. At the end of nine weeks storage the loss of weight for each
was found to be 6.8 and llAVr respectively. Because of this problem
the continuous operation of the fan is not pre-concluded and con-
sideration is being given other cooling equipment. In general, how-
ever, observations indicate satisfactory conditions for the storage of
these and other products for the periods of time necessary to per-
mit decreasing labor peaks during harvest, and the holding over of
otherwise perishable products from one market day to the next.
Marketing

A study of the Scranton Night Farmers' Market was made by Pro-
fessor Whitacre during 1944 at the request of members of this As-
sociation to obtain information which would aid growers in the de-
velopment of their market. The 46 farmers who were members of
the association and sold on the market were interviewed. In addition
information was obtained from 12 farmers who did not sell their pro-
duce on the market. Through the cooperation of the League of Wom-
en Voters data were obtained from 82 consumers who had bought

I I

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produce on the Night Market and from 7 who had not.

The market has grown in popularity and amount of patronage. In
1943 the farmers estimated that sales per farmer averaged about
$1,960 during the four months that the market was in operation,
compared with $1,800 in 1942, $1,593 in 1941 and $1,220 in 1940. Total
Market Sales were $103,000 in 1943. Incomplete reports from grow-
ers indicate that sales in 1944 exceeded those of any previous year.

There was considerable sentiment in favor of the purchase of a
permanent site by the farmers and the eventual erection, or acquisi-
tion of a building in which a year-round market could be housed. A
majority of farmers were in favor of obtaining a permanent site and
31 out of 46 members interviewed expressed a willingness to help
finance the project.

Thirty-two farmers out of the 46 members expressed satisfaction
with the present site or a nearby area. On the other hand buyers
were less enthusiastic over the present location, especially for a year-
round market. There were 13 consumers that indicated the location
was inconvenient and 59 of the 81 buyers reporting indicated that
they reached the market by automobile. The present location was
satisfactory for consumers who had cars but much less convenient
for those who used bus and trolley.

Freshness and quality of produce were the chief advantages of the
market mentioned by consumers while difficulty of reaching the mar-
ket was the disadvantage listed most frequently mentioned.

The sentiment of the majority of buyers was in favor of a year-
round market. Forty-four of the 46 farmer members interviewed in-
dicated that they would have produce to sell during winter and
spring months if a year-round market were established.

Additional information concerning the wholesale produce market
in Scranton will probably be obtained during 1945, as a part of a
larger study which will provide data concerning the sources of sup-
ply of fruits and vegetables sold in Pennsylvania cities, where and
how it is obtained, and the methods by which it is handled. This basic
information is needed in planning for postwar marketing develop-
ments. Professor Whitacre returned to the College in December,
after an eight-month leave with the War Food Administration in
Washington. Therefore, intensive work on the regional aspects of
fruit and vegetable marketing is actually getting under way.

Fundamental Research

While the various practical studies are of immediate interest, pro-
jects in the field of fundamental research must not be neglected.
Basic work of interest to vegetable growers is found in different de-
partments of the School of Agriculture.

— 60 —

Experimental Greenhouses

haye'bienlsSL'rr"'!'^" ''""" experimental greenhouses
are Lsined fminf n.^ .J**^'"'. ^'^ contemplated. These houses

SraTm;th^Hrif ^r *^'"^f;- u *l'* ^^^'^""^ types of insulating
glass and methods of glazmg. With the cooperation of commercial

equipment companies it is planned to test the value of heaTSlorb

mg and of msulating glasses for greenhouse construction Because of

Hybrid Vegetables

The occurrence of hybrid vigor is well known in many crop plants
but little has been done to promote its use except in hybrid corn A
program of hybrid vegetables research has been started with ^m
phasis on tomatoes, cucurbits, and asparagus
Frozen Foods i- & .

The extensive vitamin studies under Dr. Dutcher at Penn State
for many years, have produced a reservoir of information and ex
perience applicable to various special fields. For seTrawLrs bask
studies, by Professor Nicholas, in the techniques of the frozen fooH
industry have attracted wide attention. Rates of free2^ng reauSd
temperatures, and the inter-relation of quality and nutritive ?aues

e'SnomtL:"'""^^""" '^ ' ""'"^^^ °' --' -t^' ^^^n/^Zl

Vegetable research, therefore, requires and receives the service of
scientists from a variety of fields, since much work L under wav in
departments other than Horticulture. The program i^oLInfzPH

Jte^^p^a^^LtS-S^^^^^^^

SStaT;^^*^'^^ ^^°"^^^' ^^^°^^^^^- loca^Tin"diffi;e':t?a"S

Best Hybrid Sweet Com Varieties

Our Seneca Dawn, Seneca Golden and Golden Cross hybrid seed
corn planted at the same time mature over a period of several

Swe? r T r^'^ ^°"^ ^"^^^'"^^^ -t*^ th« niost delldou
Sweet Corn they have ever eaten. Send today for your copy of our
1945 catalogue of vegetable and flower seeds. ^

ROBSON SEED FARMS, Box P, Hall, N. Y.

— 61 —

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• Home Freezers— Present and Future

DONALD K. TRESSLERt

Prior to 1937, all of the home freezers in use were either home-
made or custom-built. In the three years before the war, factory-
built models were available but the public was slow to accept them.
However, acceptance mounted to a substantial demand during the
war years when foods were scarce. To meet this demand, many ice-
cream holding cabinets were converted for freezing and storage of
foods, although ill-adapted for the purpose because of inadequate
temperature control and poor insulation.

Some of these home-made, custom-built and factory-built freez-
ing cabinets have been in use for several years now. The users of
these cabinets have found that frozen foods of high quality can be
produced therein and, further, that the frozen products remain in
excellent condition for many months, provided they are properly
prepared and packaged. Many of the earlier models have not been
convenient to use since it has been difficult to find quickly any de-
sired product stored therein. More attention needs to be given to
the design of the freezers so that the contents will be readily ac-
cessible.

Most of the freezing cabinets thus far have been used to maintain
a temperature of zero F., although some models have freezing com-
partments which may be turned down to minus 20** F.

Foods cannot be "quick frozen" in home freezers as none will freeze
foods as rapidly as they can be frozen in commercial quick-freezing
equipment. However, there is not the necessity for quick freezing
in home freezers, especially for foods packed in small containers.
What is important is to chill the food rapidly down to below 50" F,
the point where micro-organisms grow very slowly and chemical
actions are markedly retarded.

The greatest hazard in home freezing is overloading, since in such
a case food may actually spoil before it is frozen.

Two simple means of accelerating freezing have been suggested;
the placing of a small fan in the freezer in such a position to cause
a rapid movement of air over the product being irozen; placing the
food on a metal plate in which a refrigerant is being circulated.

Adequate storage temperatures, approximately zero F., are just
as important as proper freezing temperatures. If storage tempera-
ture is maintained much above zero, the fat of meats soon turns
rancid, fruits gradually discolor, and both fruits and vegetables lose

* Abstract of paper delivered before the Pennsylvania Vegetable Growers'
Association, January 10, 1945, at Harrisburg, Pa.

t Manager, General Electric Consumers Institute, Bridgeport, Conn.

**** "*" _ ■ 111, ,

— 62 —

vitamin C rapidly. In a temperature as high as 15° F. vegetables lose
both color and flavor.

The average quality of the food frozen in home freezers now in use
is excellent. Home freezers enable a person to carefully select the
food to be frozen. If directions for preparing, packaging, and freez-
ing are followed carefully, a product can be produced equal to or
superior to that of commercial products.

The more available we make the information concerning the cor-
rect methods of preparing and freezing foods, the better will be the
average quality of the product. We now have a wonderful opportunity
to see to it that every home freezer and every locker plant operator
learns how to prepare and freeze foods of superior quality.

It has been stated that 192 manufacturers are planning to make
freezers in the postwar era. Undoubtedly there will be many two-
temperature household refrigerators made which will have a large
compartment for cool storage and a relatively small compartment for
freezing of foods and the storage of frozen foods. It is probable that
most of those frozen food compartments, designed primarily for the
storage of frozen foods, may be ill-adapted for the freezing of foods.

There will undoubtedly be the lift-top chest type freezers of vari-
ous sizes and shapes manufactured in the postwar era. Some manu-
facturers will try upright or side-opening freezers. Many will also
make large walk-in freezers. Undoubtedly, there will be novel types
different from anything yet offered.

Some persons are confident that the great demand will be for 4 and
6 cu. ft. home freezers. Since these will be offered at a relatively low
price, when compared to larger models, it is probable that the im-
mediate demand will be for such small freezers.

In recent years, the size of the best selling model refrigerator has
increased materially. It is likely to be the same with heme freezers.
There is even greater reason why the public will soon turn to the
larger sizes. A 4 cu. ft. freezer will hold only 100 to a maximum 200
pounds of food. This quantity is small even lor the small family. If
a person purchases a home freezer and has a farm or large garden,
he will soon find that a 4 or 6 cu. ft. freezer is entirely inadequate. It
is my opinion that the farmers will want freezers of 24 cu. ft capacity
or greater. Further, it is evident that the farmer will have more use
for a freezer than anyone else. Because of these facts, we can count
on a very large demand for the relatively large size freezers.

From the foregoing consideration, it will be seen that in the post-
war era much larger quantities of vegetables will be frozen com-
mercially, in the locker plant and in the home. If the increase in
vegetable freezing grows to large proportions, it will result in a re-

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duction in home canning of vegetables and in the sale of fresh vege-
tables out of season. Eventually, there may be some reduction in the
quantity of vegetables grown for canning.

Since frozen vegetables are somewhat better in color, flavor and
texture, the more general use of frozen vegetables should result in
a greater consumption of vegetables. We can expect a greater de-
mand for green peas, lima beans, green beans, sweet corn, asparagus,
broccoli and spinach, the most popular of the frozen vegetables.

The vegetable grower should follow the trend from canning to
freezing. He should keep up-to-date on the latest information con-
cerning the varieties which freeze best. He should know the optimum
maturity of vegetables for freezing. If vegetables are not marketed
immediately after harvest, they should be cooled down to a tem-
perature of 40° F. or even lower. This helps to retain the fresh
quality of vegetables, and, consequently, helps to increase their
popularity.

DETERMINING NUTRIENTS IN
PLANT TISSUE

Drop a Line

While the soil may contain an adequate nutri-
ent supply, yet at times the plant may not be
capable of assimilating it. This condition can
be detected quickly by a tissue test. For prac-
tical purposes tissue tests for determining the
presence of nitrogen, phosphorus and potash
are sufficient.

With the LaMotte Combination Soil Testing
Outfit illustrated above, the relative concen-
tration of these three elements can be made.
The outfit contains all necessary equipment,
with exception of the knife for preparing tissue
section, together with full instructions. Price
$30.00 f.o.b. Towson.

LaMotie Chemical Products Co.
Dept. VGN Towson-4« Baltimore* Md.

Just a postcard will do. Let
us know ^vhat you like to
read in the

NEWS

The next issue is in May;
then conies July and Decem-
ber contains the program for
the Annual Meeting.

The

Pennsylvania Vegetable

Growers' Association

625 Holmes St.,

State College. Penna.

— 64 —

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In Appreciation . . .

When writing advertisers
please be sure to mention
the Pennsylvania Vegetable
Growers News, because
they make this publication
possible.

A buyers directory will be
found on page 86 of this
issue.

A "Where to Buy" and
"Where to Sell" column has
been requested. All adver-
tisers would be listed in this
column.

Rates for new advertisers,
from whom you buy, are
available upon request,
from:

PENNSYLVANIA

VEGETABLE GROWERS

NEWS

625 Holmes Street
State College, Penna.

SEEDS

0/ High Quality

Specialties —

Golden Treasure Celery
Golden Plume Celery
Summer Pascal Celery

1945 Seed Annual
Free on Request

132 - 138 Church St.
New York, N. Y.

BETUK IRRIGATION

WHh

LESS
WATER

PATENTED

For Farm, Or^
ond quickly
H«avy duty
for long ••rvl
t«r lubricatod]
quir«d. No
woor out. M<
button.

Wrife.

A Model ^or
Every Pressure

jrd or Truck Oordtn. Easily
|nt«d on any irrigation pip*.
|t« and bronzo construction
Sand and dirt proof. Wa-
irings— no oil or gr«as« rt-
moving parts to rapidly
lum cov«rag«— tvon dlstri-

ifure and pric^i.

BUCKNER SPRINKLERS

'11

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The Great Opportunity

Shakespeare tells us somewhere that * There is a tide in the affairs
of men which, taken at the flood, leads on to fortune." "Market gar-
deners of Pennsylvania and other states within commercial reach
of the great markets may well consider whether this great tide in
their affairs is not due in the season of 1945. There will certainly be
a demand for fresh, high quality vegetables and, in all probability,
people will have more money to spend for necessities and luxuries
than ever before; but the market gardener has to produce and de-
liver the goods.

But another great poet, Robert Burns of old Scotland, has written:

"The best-laid plans o' mice and men
Gang aft agley."

True enough, as we all know. Especially it is true of plans for selhng
quantities of fruits and vegetables from carefully made spring plant-
ings, nursed along with care and labor through the sunny weeks of
June and dwarfed and withered in July and August by pitiless
drought. Many a field that is glowing with promise in early summer
is later found to be not worth the trouble of harvesting.

But there is a remedy — a remedy that has been tried in thousands
of places and not found wanting. This is overhead irrigation. Where
there is a dependable source in wells, ditches or streams, water can
be applied by this method just when and where it is needed.

Galvanized iron pipes, 10 feet long, and fitted with easy and rapid
couphngs, are laid out the length of the field and joined together.
The water at a pressure of 25 to 50 pounds is turned on, and the
revolving sprinklers, one of which is attached every 40 feet in the
length of pipe, are set in motion.

In a period ranging from one to two hours according to conditions
a strip 50 to 60 feet wide is thoroughly watered. Then the water is
shut off, the pipes uncoupled and moved over to repeat the process
on the adjoining strip. Thus the field is irrigated as a succession of
these strips running through its length. No special leveling of the
ground is necessary; the system operates very well not only on level
but on moderately hilly or rolling land.

Overhead irrigation has been completely successful on all kinds of
market garden crops, small fruits, potatoes and even occasionally
on alfalfa and clover. The cost of an outfit using an old auto or trac-
tor engine for power, is fairly serious; but many progressive farmers
have found this completely repaid by the added profits of two sea-
sons and some even in one season of operation. Both quantity and
quality of products are greatly improved.

— 66 —

^ »»*■«;»■, 5> !j

— CouHesy California Corrugated Culvert Co.

Lighl- weigh! pipe is easily moved and re -connected for

new lines across the field.

-Courtesy California Corrugated Culvert Co.

Portable overhead irrigation in operation.

Showing method of shifting A" irrigation pipe line in spinach field.

— 67

Make Rain While The Sun Shines

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And Make Money While the Making Is Good

1945 will afford the best markets for
Vegetables and Fruits that we have ever seen

INSURE YOUR CROP YIELDS

BY USING A

CALCO PORTABLE RAINMAKER

and stop watching the winds and clouds.

Write for Illustrated Catalog and the name of the
nearest Rainmaker Dealer

California Corrugated Culvert Co.

7th & PARKER STREETS

BERKELEY 2, CALIF.

Recent Developments in Irrigation
Equipment and Practices

ALVAN C. THOMPSON*
L Crop Failures Stimulate Unusual Interest in Irrigation

Crop failure resulting from extremely dry weather during the past two
years has caused heavy losses among many vegetable growers of North-
eastern United States. In many cases water has largely been the limiting
factor in crop growth. Dry soil may mean a serious setback in the growth
of a crop with reduced yields and poor quality. Many vegetable crops repre-
sent a high investment cost per acre, and growers feel they cannot afford to
lose them through lack of water.

Irrigation makes fertilizer and plant food in the soil available to crop roots
in a soluble form so the crop can make normal growth and development.
Therefore, hundreds of growers have become interested in a quick, easy, and
inexpensive way to rescue a crop from dry weather. That is why their at-
tention has been directed to the new lightweight portable irrigation pipe.

II. Construction and Features of the Portable Pipe System

The essential features of the portable pipe system are the light weight and
the patented quick coupling of the joint, and the use of the revolving type
of sprinkler. The pipe is usually made of 16 or 18 gauge galvanized sheet
metal, and the ends are quite often made of heavier metal, such as 14 gauge.
The pipe is usually made in 16 foot or 20 foot lengths. A 20 foot length of 4"
pipe made from 18 gauge sheet metal weighs about 48 pounds, 20 feet of 6" 18
gauge weight 85 pounds; and a 20 foot length of 8" 18 gauge pipe weighs
110 pounds. The pipe is usually equipped with handles located either at the
ends or in the middle of the pipe to facilitate handling. For the pipe that is
used for sprinkler line in the field it is well to have a flat foot-rest welded to
the coupling in order to automatically line up the sprinklers when the pipe
is laid out on the ground. This feature proves to be especially valuable in
night watering.

Water is sealed ofl? at the pipe joints by the use of a special rubber gas-
ket which in most styles of pipe does not seal the joint until the pressure
comes on the line. One type of pipe which uses a clamp making a tight joint
even before pressure from the water comes on, has been used extensively by
our Army for transporting fuel up to the fighting fronts. There are half a
dozen or more types or methods of coupling up the pipe joints, but with any
of them water spills out of the pipe when the joints are broken for shifting
across the field. A satisfactory type of coupling should not leak when the
pipe is in use. It should also be easily connected and disconnected, and
should be built sturdily enough to stand up under hard usage. Couplings
should also have a fair amount of flexibility in order to follow the contours of
rolling land. Under this last condition it may be well to leave off the
sprinklers in the low spots, since they may be supplied with enough water
by drainage from the high ground.

III. Estimating Requirements for Pipe, Pump and Power Unit

The first requirement before considering any irrigation system is to make
provision for an adequate supply of water for the areas to be irrigated. Water
may be obtained from running streams, reservoirs, lakes or wells.

With the portable system every different set-up is a new pumping prob-
lem since the elevation of the pump from the water may vary, and the
amount and size of pipe will vary according to the fields being watered.
Therefore, in selecting a power unit and pump, they must have capacity
enough to handle the biggest job of pumping they will be put to. On smaller
nelds, smaller pumps and engines and smaller pipe sizes will do the job.
Power may be supplied by gasoline, electricity or diesel. Electric power is
niore convenient and dependable, but maybe somewhat more expensive, and

• Production Manager, King Farms Co.. Morrisville, Pa.

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Irrigating carrots in 20" rows.

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Shifting sprinkler line in cantaloupe field.

Applying fertilizer in irrigation water, showing 1" hose connections to

discharge and suction side of pump.

may not always be available in all locations. Gasoline power seems to be the
most commonly used.

An idea of the portable set-up may be gained from a description of one
of the outfits used on our Farm, where we have six different pumping units,
and about thirty-five different pump locations. For an average pumping
job, we will usually have to elevate the water 15 to 20 feet, using 2,000 to
3,000 feet of 8" header pipe to conduct the water to the field, and sprinkler
lines m the field will rtm from 1200 to 1800 feet in length. Due to the friction
loss in the pipe causing a drop in pressure, we never use more than 800 feet
of 4" sprmkler pipe, and the balance of the line is either 5" or 6". We use the
large 8" header pipe almost entirely to reduce friction loss, and the headers are
sometimes a mile long. The discharge pressure at the pump is usually 75
to 90 pounds.

One on our typical irrigation units consists of a 65 horsepower motor
running a 5 x 4 inch centrifugal pump which delivers about 800 gallon of water
per minute, up to 90 pounds pressure. This unit will have 3,000 to 4,000 feet
of 8" header pipe, depending upon the distance of the field and 3,000 to 4,000
feet of sprinkler line to be used in the field. On the suction side of the pump
a screen or strainer must be used to prevent large objects, such as sticks of
wood from being sucked into the pump. Usually a foot valve is also installed
at the end of the suction line to prevent the loss of prime when the engine
is shut down, but an automatic priming device eliminates the need of a foot
valve. The pump and power unit are mounted on an old truck chassis for
convenience in shifting from one pump location to another.

In priming the pump, a hand pump such as a pitcher pump may be used,
or a priming device may be connected with the motor to draw up the water.
A home-made priming device may be made by using a glass jar, with a valve
each side of it, and two pieces of small copper tubing, one piece being con-
nected to the suction manifold on the engine. The purpose of the glass jar
is to know when the pump has been primed, and also to know when to shut
the valve off to prevent water from being sucked into the engine. There is
another type of self-primer on the market which works off the exhaust of the
motor by means of a special type of valve which is connected to both the
pump and the exhaust. The pressure of the exhaust gas creates a suction on
the pump and draws the water up into it. This is called an ''Exhaust Primer,'*
and is made by Gorman Rupp Company of Mansfield, Ohio.

Where water is pumped from streams or ponds, centrifugal pumps are com-
monly used because they have large capacities against a good working pres-
sure. However, for wells the turbine type of pump is common, and a battery
of wells may be connected to one large permanent main distributing line such
as an 8" or 10" pipe. Risers may be taken off of this main pipe at convenient
distances across the area to be irrigated.

In estimating the requirements for the size of pump, we first must know
the number of gallons of water per minute we want delivered, and also the
pressure on the delivery side of the pump. The capacity we determine by
multiplying the number of sprinklers in the field line times the gallons of
water delivered from each. The total feet of head or pressure required by
the pump is determined by adding the pressure needed to operate the last
sprinkler in the line plus the frictional losses in the suction and discharge
pipes, plus the difference in elevation between the water level and the field.
According to the engineers' formula the pounds pressure at the pump is
found by dividing the total feet of head by 2.3. A column of water 2.3 feet
nigh is equal to one pound of pressure. Suppose, for example, we are op-
erating 1600 feet of sprinkler line with sprinklers spaced 40 feet apart,
each drawing off 18 gallons of water per minute. The capacity required by
the pump would be 40 times 18, or 720 gallons per minute. Now suppose the
elevation of the field is 20 feet above the water. This gives us 20 feet of head
due to elevation. Then suppose the frictional loss in the suction and dis-
charge pipes adds up to an equivalent of 107 feet of head. Since it requires
1 P^H^^s of pressure to operate the last sprinkler satisfactorily, we multi-
ply this by 2.3 and get an equivalent of 80 feet of head required. Adding the

— 71 —

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Coupling up 8'' pipe.

'^ .'

Sprinkler head in operation showing 7/32" and 1/4" nozzles operating
under 35-40 pounds pressure with a capacity of 18 g.p.m.

Riser pipe is 1" x 12".

— 72 —

three figures together we get the total feet of head or 207 feet, which figure
divided by 2.3 gives us an answer of about 90 pounds of pressure required
on the delivery side of the pump.

The size of the power unit in horsepower required to operate the pump is
determined by multiplying the number of gallons per minute times 8.33,
which IS the weight of a gallon of water, times the total feet ot head, divided
by 33,000 foot pounds or 1 horsepower, times the efficiency of the pump, which
usually runs from 65% to 85 Vr.

Many farmers will use an old automobile engine or tractor to run the
pump, and in many cases they work out satisfactorily. Sometimes, however,
there may be a loss of power because the engine is not matched up with the
pump as to proper speed, and there may be a loss of efficiency because the
engine is not operated at the peak of the power curve. We have found out
from experience with large pumps that a direct connection between the
power unit and the pump eliminates a lot of lost power due to slippage, and
also lost time caused by belts breaking. There is one reason why we have
stuck to using a large-size gasoline engine rather than diesel power. It seems
that most centrifugal pumps operate at the highest efficiency at speeds of
1,750 RPM and greater. Up to the time of the war it was impossible to get
diesels which had a speed of over 1400 RPM. However, we understand that
after the war diesel units will be available having speeds as high as 2200
RPM. The use of these larger diesel units will not only result in a great sav-
ing of fuel cost over gasoline by the use of fuel oil, but it will also mean that
larger fields located more distant from the water supply can be watered, and
also larger sprinklers used, which will mean less labor needed for resetting
the line.

One of the problems which confronts the purchaser of portable pipe is
what size header pipe to buy for the main line. The size will depend largely
upon the distance of the field from the source of water, and also the size of
fields to be watered. The friction loss per hundred feet of 6" pipe for 800
gallon per minte is 4.8 ft. of head, while the friction loss for 100 ft. of 8" pipe
is only 1.2 ft. of head, or only one-fourth the friction loss of 6" pipe, and the
cost of the pipe is only about 25 percent more. Two thousand feet of 6" pipe
has a friction loss of 96 ft. of head, which divided by 2.3 gives us an equivalent
loss in the line of 42 lbs. in pressure. Two thousand feet of 8" line has only 24
ft. of head loss or an equivalent of about 10 lbs. loss in pressure. By using the
2,000 ft. of 8" pipe instead of the 6" in would save 32 lbs. pressure to be used
in the field sprinkler lines.

The revolving sprinkler may be one of various types, but generally speak-
ing the more simply it is constructed with fewer working parts such as
springs and screws the more durable it will be, and is usually less apt to get
out of order. Of course, the important thing with a sprinkler is that it will
be more or less sure to rotate unless it happens to be stopped up with a piece
of stone or weed.
IV. Operation of the Portable System

The time to start irrigating can be determined by digging down and ex-
amining the soil moisture content, and also the condition of the crop, as
well as considering size and maturity. An evaporation index meter may also
be used to determine when the soil is dried out enough to require water. In
hot windy weather watering must begin sooner than in cool cloudy weather.
The tendency is for most growers to wait too long before starting to irrigate.
With the portable system only a given amount can be covered each day, and if
the start is delayed too long some crops may suffer before they can be reach-
ed if the dry spell continues.

For transporting 20 ft. lengths of pipe over the road and distributing it in
the field, we find that a truck having a flat body about 16 to 18 ft. long is
convenient. In laying out sprinkler lines we usually find it is best to lay two
hnes across the middle of the field and alternately shift each line toward the
edge. In this way when watering is completed the pipe lines are on the out-
side of the field where they can be loaded onto the trucks on solid ground to
be shifted to the next field.

— 73 —

it-

I Ml
P

'*i

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' k

Tn nrdev to oDerate the field lines continuously, two large valves should be
inserted in tUSheade^^ to control the flow of water. Before one line
s shut off thl nexUine is turned on, thereby the pump is working continu-
oyKVnd'wate^is ging'onto the field'while the --^ i^^ V^ ^.^^^^^
and set up We usually have four men working in a F.^w carrying tnree or
?our lengfhs of pipe together and breaking only ^^VnLw 'w ?s checkid
The line is set over in 20 to 30 minutes, and then the new line is checKea to
see that all the sorinklers are revolving, and none are stopped up.

We usually operate a line in one spot for about an hour and a half, which
.r.nifpr<.HehUv m^^^^^ 1" of water. An acre inch of water equals 27,000

llf^ns Wher^ a T/4^' x 7/32'' nozzle sprinkler delivers 18 gallons of water per
S^e with ?5 pounds pressure and sprinklers -^^^P-.^.^^^^^i^i^^^^Vh '^^^
actually takes 1 hr. and 23 min. for the application of 1500 gallons, wf^^S^l^^
eSalent to an acre inch of water. Sometimes we run lines only 1-1/4 hrs.,
InZgaln as much as 1-3/4 hrs. A line of 18 sprinklers set 40 feet apart or
720 felfof sprinkler pipe equals one acre, when the lines are shifted 60 feet
lich t!me Tline of ^36^1prinklers set 40 feet apart or 1440 feet of sprinkler
pfpeeSs two acres. The 60 foot spacing of the lines provides a good oyer-
fafof the waTer from each sprinkler which seems to be necessary to get an
even application when the wind is blowing.

The length of time or period of watering varies with the type of soil the

kind and Ige of the crop, and the degree of f ^^f ^^;„fif .^^'e i^oLTu'^^^ the
idea is to apply enough moisture from the top to meet the moisture in tne
o?l below p'^netrating the entire root zone. Shallow hurried water^^^^^^
usually not advisable since it may encourage the development of a shallow
root system which would later be injured by dry weather in case the field
were not r^Wlte^^^^ at the proper time. Also it would not bring plant foods
^to solutLTfor use of the cro^P ^' lower depths Th^rate of applicati^^^ of
water should be somewhat slower than the soil will absorb it, in order to
prevLtTe possibility of puddling, run-off or erosion. The steepness of
Cs? and the nature of the soil will greatly affect the absorption and run-
off and also regulate the rate of application. Sprinkler water penetrates a
cultivated surface more readily than a hard crusted soil.

In operating the field lines there should be an adequate supply of valves,
teffittSy fittings,^ p^ size reducers, and end plugs in the line in order
to save ttae in connecting up the system. In turning water into field lines
the valve should be opened slowly so as to force out the air gradually. This
avoids ^he danger of building up a high pressure which ^^ break the lines^
The portable system can be readily used for applying fertilizer, and the
effect on the croup is usually immediately seen since it goes on in a soluble
form that is taken up at once by the plant. This is done by cutting in a valve
on the discharge side of the pump with a short piece of hose which runs water
into a barrel containing the fertilizer. After the fertilizer is dissolved by
stirring with a paddle, it is sucked up by another piece of hose connected to a
valve on the suction side of the pump. In applying fertilizer this way it
should be drawn out of the barrel slowly in order to get an even distribution
over the field. A table of application can be figured out for the use of work-
men For instance if we wish to apply 200 lbs. of fertihzer per acre, we .lUSt
tell the irrigator to use 100 lbs. for every nine sprinklers in the Ime, when
they are set 40 by 60 feet. To get 300 lbs. per acre he would apply 100 lbs.

for every six sprinklers. , . * i *^^

The valve and hose on the discharge side of the pump is also useful for
filling up spray tanks and plant-setters out in the field. However, if the hose
is to be used for this purpose it should be of rather large size in order to
fill the tanks up quickly.
V. Cost of Portable Irrigation Equipment.

The cost of large power pumping units such as we have will run from ^i,uuu
to $1,200. We find tfeat it pays to have the automatic thermostatic control
which shuts off the motor in case of low water supply or overheating in tne
circulation system, and which shuts off the engine when the oil level drops
low. Our engines are equipped with the "Motorguard,' made by the K. K.

— 74 —

Wilson Company, 10 Lock St., Buffalo, N. Y. This eliminates the necessity of
having a man to look after the pump while it is in operation except for peri-
odic refueling and greasing.

The cost of the 8" pipe runs about $1.25 per foot, and the 6" about $1,00
and the 4" about 75c. Sprinkler heads usually cost from $6.00 to $9.00 de-
pending upon the make, style and size. The gasket is usually included with
the cost of the pipe. A 5" x 4" centrifugal pump will probably cost about $300.

The following table will give some idea of the approximate cost of vari-
ous sized portable pumping systems, and the area that can be irrigated figur-
ing on watering once in every ten days. The approximate investment cost
will run from $30 to $50 per acre.

Horse-

Acres ir-

Length of

Pump Size

power

Total

Inv. Cost

rigated

Sprinkler Line

in G.P.M.

of Engine

Cost

per Acre

450 ft. of 3"

100 g.p.m.

10 H.P.

$ 500.00

$50.00

400 ft. of 3"
400 ft. of 4"

200 g.p.m.

20 H.P.

1,200.00

48.00

800 ft. of 4"

400 g.p.m.

30 H.P.

2,000.00

40.00

150

800 ft. of 4"
600 ft. of 6"

800 g.p.m.

70 H.P.

4,500.00

30.00

VL Results Obtained from Portable Irrigation

The results secured from the use of portable irrigation pipe for supplying
supplemental water to crops has proven to be entirely practical and eco-
nomical. Last season we estimated that it cost us an average of about $8.00
per acre per watering using expensive war time labor.

The speed of watering for one of our large 5" x 4" pumping units (800
g.p.m.) is about one acre per hour after set up and going. However, due to time
lost in shifting and setting up, our units only average about 2/3 acre per hour.

In New Jersey, a four year test by Mr. John C. Campbell of the New Jersey
Agricultural Experiment Station, with portable irrigation on potatoes, show-
ed an average increase in crop value of $40 per acre for all tests. In 1944 re-
sults showed an average increase of 88 bu. per acre of U.S. 1 potatoes. Mr.
Campbell uses a Tensiometer to tell when the soil is dry enough to irrigate.
He says this shows up a dry condition in the soil before the plant will show
wilting. The Tensiometer registers the amount of pull the plant has to over-
come in order to get water from the soil, and he says a plant can get water
easier from a sandy soil than from a heavier soil. The Tensiometer measures
the degree of vacuum in inches, and when it reads 25 inches they start to
water.

With the portable system it is not usually possible to get as even an ap-
plication of water as with the over-head permanent pipe-and-post system of
installation due to the fact that water spills out of the pipe lines when they
are broken for shifting, and this accumulates in the low spots in the field.
Also, there may be an occasional leak due to carelesness in coupling, by get-
ting a pebble under the washer, or due to damage to the pipe caused by han-
dling. However, for all practical purposes the pipe is entirely satisfactory.

Some of the main advantages from the use of portable irrigation pipe are
the comparative cheapness of applying water to a valuable crop which might
otherwise be lost by a drought, and to the fact that water can be put on the
crop which needs it most, or which my bring the greatest return in dol-
lars per acre watered.

While it is true that a certain amount of damage is done to the crop by
workmen stepping on the rows, and laying the pipe on the plants, still this
does not amount to much compared to the benefit of the water applied on
the crop. Another big advantage is the fact that there are no posts or ob-
structions left in the field when the watering job is done to cause inter-
ference with tillage operations, or the use of tractors in plowing, harrowing,
and planting the field to another crop, which can proceed even in dry weather.

— 75 —

I iiri'

ilip

Irrigation for all Crops and Orchards

i##

INSURE'

Crop Production
By Irrigating

W Jr^^^^^^n^ftM^Jfflffi

'^'(i^

^^^~:^^'"'>-^--^ ■■■■\^««^--"- ■■ ■-:

##1

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RAIN'

Where and When
You Want It

'«

COMPLETE PORTABLE IRRIGATION

SYSTEMS

Champion Portable Pipe and Valves
Skinner Revolving Sprinklers — sand proof
Transite Pressure Pipe for underground lines

"RAIN-O-MATIC" Portable Power Pumping Units

Sizes: 100 to 2,000 Gallons Per Minute

SPECIALISTS IN IRRIGATION

O. K. Champion Power Potato Diggers

Boggs Potato Graders and Equipment

Trescott Fruit and Vegetable Machinery

Peach Defuzzers, Graders and Conveyors

Apple Graders, Waxers and Cleaners

Tomato and Sweet Potato Graders, Washers and Waxers

Lima and Snap Bean Cleaners and Conveyors

HAMILTON & COMPANY

EPHRATA, LANCASTER COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

TELEPHONE 678 DISTRIBUTORS P. O. BOX 178

Penniylvania, Delaware, Virginia, North Carolina, Maryland, D. of C.

Post- War Adjustments

The following is an abstract of an article by Dr. H. C. Thompson, Head,
Department of Vegetable Crops, Cornell University, in the New York
State Vegetable Growers' Association News Letter, February 28, 1945.

Acreage and production of vegetables has been greatly expanded
during the war. The greatest expansion in production has been, in
general, in those crops that are processed. It seems likely that the
demand for vegetables will be as great immediately after the war
as it is now. Some drastic adjustments may be necessary in the
production of certain crops in which there has been the greatest ex-
pansion in the past three or four years.

During the past 30 years per capita consumption of vegetables has
increased about 40 per cent. However the present per capita con--
sumption is less that that required for good nutrition. The per capita
consumption of processed vegetables has increased much more than
has that of fresh vegetables, and the per capita consumption of po-
tatoes has markedly declined.

It is probable that there will be a decline in the production of vege-
tables for processing in the immediate post-war period. However,
the great expansion in quick freezing that is expected in the post-
war period may so stimulate consumption of vegetables that the
per capita consumption will continue to rise. The consumption of
luxury foods, including most of the vegetables, will be determined
to a considerable extent by the employment situation.

It seems unlikely that civilian consumption will increase enough
immediately after the war to absorb the large increase that has taken
place in the production of processed vegetables. Nearly one-third
of the canned vegetables, one-fourth of the frozen vegetables and
practically all of the dehydrated vegetables have been taken by the
Armed Forces and Lend-lease. In spite of this, civilian consumption
of canned vegetables has been higher during the war years than in
che immediate pre-war period.

Frozen Vegetables

The preservation of vegetables by quick freezing is one of the new
developments in recent years and, while it is still a relatively small
industry, it bids fair to become of great importance in the post-war
period. Production of frozen vegetables jumped from an average of
75 million pounds per year for the years 1937-39 to about 230 million
pounds in 1943, or approximately a three-fold increase. It seems prob-
able that only a few kinds of vegetables will be quick frozen in any
considerable quantity in the near future. In 1943 six crops consti-
tuted about 80 per cent of the total pack of frozen vegetables. These
are asparagus, snap beans, lima beans, corn, peas and spinach, with
peas accounting for about 34 per cent of the total. Broccoli, brussels

— 77 —

I M-j

< I.

sprouts, carrots, cauliflower, rhubarb, pumpkin and squash also were
frozen in small quantities.

Improvement in processing methods, especially quick freezing,
and the probable great expansion of preservation by quick freezing
after the war, may have a far-reaching effect on areas of production.
The quality of many fresh vegetables deteriorates so rapidly in the
channels of trade that the consumer is begging to substitute the
quick-frozen product for the fresh product. Furthermore, the short-
age of house servants is likely to increase the demand for products
that require the least labor to prepare for the table. Processed vege-
tables, especially the quick-frozen product, may take the place of a
large part of the fresh product of several kinds of vegetables. Such
a change may result in increase in demand for certain vegetables and
a lessened demand for the fresh product grown in distant areas.. Such
a change may result also in a decrease in demand for certain vege-
tables grown in New York. Crops whose average yields are low
in New York State are likely to be grown elsewhere.

The areas that can place the vegetables on any particular market
at the lowest cost, quahty considered, are the areas that should, and
probably will continue to supply that market. It is logical to con-
clude that the areas best adapted to the production of high quality
vegetables at low cost per unit will continue in production.

Even with a great development of quick freezing, there will still
be large demands for fresh vegetables since many of them are eaten
raw and others do not lend themselves to processing. It might be ex-
pected that practically all of the celery, lettuce, endive, radishes,
muskmelons and watermelons will be eaten in the fresh condition.'
Most of the potatoes, onions, peppers and several others will be mar-
keted without processing. Regardless of the development of proces-
smg there will still be demand for the fresh product of most kinds of
vegetables.

The consumption of vegetables per capita has increased steadily in
the past 25 or 30 years. Consumption per capita of fresh vegetables
has increased about 30 per cent since 1918 and consumption of canned
vegetables has more than doubled in the same period. From about
1918 to the present time the per capita consumption of vegetables has
increased about 40 per cent. The consumption of potatoes, however,
has decreased from about 200 pounds per person per year to around
125 to 130 pounds at the present time.

With vegetables, other than potatoes, there is possibility of further
increase in per capita consumption. This will likely take place if high
employment and high wiages are maintained. If, however, there is
much unemployment and if wages are lowered, it is probable that
there will be a decrease in per capita consumption of vegetables, ex-

--78 —

cept potatoes. In the period immediately after the end of hostilities a
decrease m demand for vegetables may be expected. But after that
the demand will depend to a large extent on employment and gen-
eral economic conditions. If conditions are good, the consumption
trends of the past few years should continue.

Competition will be keen and to be successful it will be necessary
to do a better job of production and marketing than they have done
m the past. Every effort should be made to keep down costs by ef-
ficient use of labor and equipment, and by following the best pro-
duction, handling and marketing practices.

READING BONE FERTILIZER CO.

READING. PA.
Manufacturers of "QUALITY FERTILIZERS"

for Vegetable Crops

Distributors of "DOW Spray Materials"

«■

I
P

NEW SWEET CORN HYBRIDS

LINCOLN— a most popular new hybrid for home or market grower.
WILSON— a late yellow hybrid of Stowells Evergreen

Also Spancross, Marcross, Carmelcross, Old Hickory and

Golden Cross Bantam.

Just drop a card for our descriptive list.

HUNTINGTON BROTHERS

Box H, Windsor. Conn.

B, MEIER & SON, Inc.

FOOD BROKERS
Representing some of America's finest canners.

REPRESENTATION FOR ONE OR TWO REPUTABLE

ACCOUNTS SOLICITED

209 Bronx Terminal Market
New York 5L New York

PLANT A GARDEN

.. •

■''i '^x.'^y^-

''.mi^mM

^^-

v^*5»:**i'

' i

liOM^I

Garden Fresh Vegetables Are Good to Eat.

For home use, local markets and processing^ only the best varieties of vege-
tables should be planted in well -prepared, fertile soiL according to seasonal
adaptations and family or market demands and harvested at their best
stage of maturity.

Prepare Vegetable Garden and Field Soils Carefully.

Work the ground only when it is dry enough. Prepare early. Weeds may be

controlled much more easily when the soil is prepared a month ahead of

planting and germinating weed seedlings are destroyed before the crop ii

planted.

Continued on page eighty-two

— 80 —

X'^

(

0^i>>

WORKING FOR YOU

Yes, these two men are in your employ. By your
incessant demand for only the best, WOODRUFF
maintains a staff of men whose job it is to produce,
and see that you get, the finest in vegetable seed.
Their painstaking activities, based on long years of
experience, assures you of DEPENDABLE SEED.

^" UIOODRUFF <^ sons inc.

•^•■••■f ■■•■■ ■ MILFORO. CONN.
ALSO AT : ATLANTA - DALLAS- SACRAMENTO - TOLEDO

•,

r "

» I

il >

I "

• k

Eificient Use of Fertilizer in the Garden

In addition to the broadcast application of fertilizer, applied deeply so that
the roots may take it up as it dissolves in the soil moisture, additional small
amounts may be applied deeply alongside the row to obtain a good start.

Careful Planting is Profitable.

Crop yields often may be predicted accurately by the time the plants have
become well established in the soil. Seed of the best strains, in a package
labeled with a guaranteed high percentage germination, planted in a well-
prepared soil and properly spaced, is the first requisite for profitable yields.
Cultivation in the home garden is easier when vegetables are planted in
rows, preferably straight, and along the hill rather than with the slope. In
the field, also, rows should be adjusted for efficient cultivation. Sweeps, for
shallow cultivation, are best. Early cultivation, as soon as the rows can be
seen, is important and should be followed shortly by the second cultivation
to keep weeds from getting a start and to avoid much laborious hand weed-
ing in the row.

— 82 —

GROWER to
CONSUMER

Our Policy for Over Fifty Years

The consumer is quality and grade conscious and
through our 2000 stores we offer a desirable out-
let and a direct connecting link between the
grower and the consumer for quality products.

WE ARE IN THE MARKET FOR GOOD QUALITY. WELL

GRADED PENNSYLVANIA FARM PRODUCTS—

Write, wire or telephone your offerings.

AMERICAN STORES CO.
ACME SUPER MARKETS

424 North 19th St., Philadelphia 30, Penna. Telephone LOCust

4000

«i

., •

.'•

Fertilizer Suggestions for Vegetable Crops

JESSE M. HUFFINGTON

Crop

Asparagus
Beets, Carrots

Beans, Snap, Edible Soy
Beans, Lima

Cucumbers
Muskmelon
Pumpkin, Squash

Cabbage, Broccoli
Cauliflower

Com, Sweet

Celery, Leaf Lettuce,
Spinach

Lettuce, Head

Onions

Peas

Potatoes, Sweet

Tomatoes

Medium Loam Soils

Manure or No Manure or
Clover Sod Clover Sod

1000 lbs.
5-10-10

1000 lbs.
4-12-12

500 lbs.

4-12-4 or

3-12-6

750 lbs.
4-12-4

200-400 lbs.

0-20-0 or

4-16-4

1000 lbs.
5-10-5

1000 lbs.
3-12-6

1200 lbs.
3-12-6

500-750 lbs.

4-16-4 or

4-12-4

800 lbs.
6-12-12

800 lbs.

4-16-4 or

3-12-6

1500 lbs.
5-10-10

750 lbs.

4-12-4 or

5-10-5

1000 lbs.

3-12-6 or

4-12-8

1000 lbs.

3-12-6 or

4-12-8

1000 lbs.

3-12-6 or

4-12-8

400-600 lbs.

3-12-6 or

4-12-8

1500 lbs.
5-10-5

1500 lbs.

3-12-6 or

4-12-8

1500 lbs.
4-12-8

750-1000 lbs.
4-12-4 or 3-12-6

1000 lbs.
3-12-15

1000 lbs.

3-12-6 or

4-12-8

Sandy Loam
Soils

2000 lbs.
5-10-10

1000 lbs.

5-10-5 or

4-12-8

1250 lbs.

4-12-8 or

5-10-10

1250 lbs.

4-12-8 or

5-10-10

1250 lbs.

4-12-8 or

5-10-10

600-800 lbs.

3-12-6 or

4-12-8

2000 lbs.
5-10-5

2000 lbs.
5-10-10

2000 lbs.
4-12-8

1000-1200 lbs.
5-10-5

1200 lbs.
3-12-15

1500 lbs.
5-10-10

The Choice oi Canners and Growers

VHPF

Soluble Fertilizer with Soluble Hormones

for

TOMATOES . TOBACCO - EGGPLANT - PEPPERS - CABBAGE

and other transplanted and seed sown crops,

VHPF is not an ordinary starter fertilizer.

It is the result of extensive research work.

It leaves practically no sediment in the tank or bucket.

Speeds root growth — especially in cold soils.

Starts plants quickly — increases their vigor.

Does not burn.

Annlications of 7-7-7, or similar fertilizer in the plow sole or drilled before
DlowCmTb^^ ^or beans, cucurbits, cabbage, sweet corn and tomatoes

at the rat^ of 750 or more pounds per acre, but should a ways be foUowed by
f row Application of high phosphorous fertilizer to ob am early root develop-
ment for absorption of the deep applications of fertilizer.

— 84 —

Only a small quantity VHPF is required.

2 to 3 pounds for each 100 gallons water.

Can be applied with a transplanter, or with a sprayer,

or a bucket.

Maryland Experiment Station says "VHPF significantly outyielded
other starter solutions used."

Delaware Experiment Station says "the tomato plants receiving
VHPF held more green fruit at the end of the season."

INCLUDE VHPF IN YOUR GROWING PROGRAM

It will pay you w^ell

Secure your supply from your local dealer
or write us at once

o— —

MILLEB CHEMICAL & FERTILIZER CORP.

1000 S. Caroline Street
BALTIMORE - 31 - MARYLAND

'l '\\

I •

Index to Advertisers

Canners en

Mifflin County Packing Company "^^

Farm Equipment

A. B. Farquhar Company 24

The Oliver Corporation

Fertilizers

The American Agricultural Chemical Company ^^

Armour Fertilizer Works ^^

Lancaster Bone Fertilizer Company ^^

Miller Chemical and Fertilizer Corporation oo

Reading Bone Fertilizer Company '^

Virginia-Carolina Chemical Corporation ^0

Union Fertilizer Corporation ^^

Food Brokers ^q

B. Meier & Son, Inc '^

Food Stores r^o

American Stores Company ^'^

Insecticides and Fungicides . »

Chipman Mfg. Company ti

Dow Chemical Company ^°

Niagara Sprayer and Chemical Company ^0

Pennsylvania Farm Bureau Cooperative Association 0^

G. L. Booker, Superintendent, Hail Dept Inside Back Cover

Irrigation Supplies '

Atlas Supply Company ^°

Buckner Manufacturing Company ^o

California Corrugated Culvert Company oo

Hamilton & Company

Preservatives ^g

Cuprinol, Inc

Seed and Plants

Associated Seed Growers, Inc V ' • j* ' ^ " ; V^ ir

W. A. Burpee Company Inside Front Cover

Glick's Seed and Plant Farms ^°

Joseph Harris Company J^

Holmes Seed Company ^°

Huntington Brothers 'j

Robson Seed Farms • • • • • • •_ "^

Scheirs Seed House Back Cover

Francis C. Stokes, Ltd t'i

Stumpp & Walter Company ^^

Tapperson Seed Company '^^

F. H. Woodruff & Sons ^^

Soil Testers

LaMotte Chemical Products Company o4

Sprayers and Washers

John Bean Manufacturing Company 31

Felins ; • • ;^ oq

The F. E. Myers & Brother Company ^^

— 86 —

PENNSYLVANIA
VEGETABLE GROWERS NEWS

PUBLISHED.-JANUARY. MARCH, MAY, JULY AND DECEMBER

Vol. XV 625 Holmes St., State College, Pa., May, 1945 No. 3

A Publication of The Pennsylvania Vegetable Growers' Association

Annual dues are $1.00, 80 cents of which is for subscription to the

Pennsylvania Vegetable Growers' News.

Single Copy — 25c

President . L^^ig ^^-^^^^ Bridgeville

Vice-President h. H. Hostetter, Sinking Spring

Sec y-Treas Jesse M. Huffington, 625 Holmes St., State College

^^^«<^*<»^s Ray W. Wenker, Bustleton

Mark S. Ladd, Waverly

w u* -^S^^S' ^1^^ Morrison Dr., Pittsburgh 16
y^3J^^?- Peeling, R. 1, Williamsport
A. C. Thompson, R. 1, Morrisville

COMMITTEES*
Exhibit Prooram

^ RTaT'^Ivvland"'^''' "^'"'''°" ?' «i H°«tetter, Sinking Spring

Fa?m Show ^^"''^''' ^"'"^*°» George H. Gaugler, R. 2. Port

Emei^^on W. Kane, Washington wX°Hastings, Box 675. Harris-

'■ Lan^casti''' ^^ '^'''''^'^ ^*- "< B^ieynolds. West Chester

A H MenL Rrictni ^^^^ SutliflF, Shickshinny

LAsfative and „ 'J' Weinschenk, R. 1. /ew Castle

AHiliated Organizations Publications
Ray W. Wenker, Bustleton 2,^ ^- Watts, Bellwood

F. H. Garrahan, 100 S. Thomas 5^^' 9; King, Morrisville

Ave., Kingston "• ' • Houser, R. 4, Lancaster

J. J. Styer, Concordville Ten-Ton Tomato. Pea, and

Marketing other Keystone Clubs
Rowland S. Comly, Bustleton 5' Yf- Huffnagle, Quarryville

Noah Hershey.Parkesburg °- Snavely Garber, Willow Street

Wm. H. Yerkes, Jr., Buckingham W. E. Grove, 120 N. Sixth Street,

Membership r, CJjambersburg

Alvan cVompson, R. 1, Morris- L^h^l^^^j^Xor^.^^NSX

R. Bruce Dunlap, 3125 Chestnut ^'bS^g^' ^human. R. 3, Blooms-

CariD^ hJ.H^^'r 1 T itif, Lee Smeltzer, Bellefonte

^'EBZ^^— - - --• -"college

M.''s.'La'^^cl!'wa'& "^^ T. Wentz, Ambler

W. E. Peeling, R. 1, Williamsport "

T • ?■ ,?,'^''P- Pittsburgh, 16 * The first named member of each

L.. J. Wagner, R. 5, North East committee is the chairman.

— 3 —

•

IRREGULAR PAGINATION

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Timely News Articles

Local Organizations Affiliate 5

Canning Companies Honor Growers 5

Hanover Canning Company to Receive "Star" Award 5

Snap Bean Support Price Restored 5

Philadelphia Vegetable Growers Coop. Assn 6

Retention of Vitamin C in Green Vegetables 7

Replies to Resolutions Committee 8

Scranton Farmers' Market 8

Keeping Up To Date 9

Some Post War Problems of Producers 12

Vegetable Growers Post War Problems 14

Better Merchandising of Fruits and Vegetables 16

Spinach in Ready to Use Package 19

Chemicals Tested to Control Weeds 21

Consumer Purchases of Vegetables During Wartime 23

Marketing by Air Transport 26

Why Consumers Buy at Farmers' Markets 28

Sweet Corn Production (Illustrated) 31-46

Sweet Corn Varieties and Strains 32

Spacing Sweet Corn for Maximum Yields 34

Offers Program for Corn Borer Control 42

Plow Attachments Aid in Corn Borer Control 44

An Opinion on "Green Wrap" Tomatoes 48

Tomato Fertilizer Placement 48

Four-H Club Work is Beneficial 50

Pea Growers Urged to Watch for Aphids 50

Effect of Seed Spacing on the Yield of Snap Beans 52

Wood Preservatives for Vegetable Farms 54

Commercial Tomato Plants Need Care 59

Using Idle Soils Profitably 60

Questions and Answers 66

Index to Advertisers 70

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Local Organizations Affiliate

Luzerne County leads local organizations which have a 100%
member representation in The Pennsylvania Vegetable Growers'
Association. Last year the Wilkes-Barre Association, with F. H.
Garrahan, President, first enrolled the entire membership. The
dues of the local organization are $2.00 a year, $1.00 of which goes
to the State Association.

This year the Bloomingdale Vegetable Growers' Association, in
the Shickshinny section of which Dana Sutliff is President enrolled
its entire membership. In April, the Carverton Association orga-
nized to cover the Wyoming section and enrolled its members. John
Lord was elected President of this Association.

Canning Companies Honor Growers

The honor of 100% membership among canning crops growers
goes to Hanover Canning Company, at least, to all of their contrac-
tors to April. Other contractors for crops for processing include
honor growers in the membership list. These include the following:
Campbell Soup Company, Consumer Packing Company, Deerfield
Packing Company, Chef Boy-Ar-Dee Quality Foods, Inc., H. J. Heinz
Company, Edgar J. Hurff Company, Hungerford Packing Company,
Gibbs and Company, Inc., Standard Brands, Inc. (The Loudon Divi-
sion), and Charles G. Summers, Jr., Inc.

Hanover Canning Company to Receive

''Star'' Award

In recognition of continued outstanding performance in food pro-
cessing, the Hanover Canning Company of Hanover, is being award-
ed the War Food Administration's "Star" award. This plant is
among the first nine approved for this recognition, and the first one
in Pennsylvania. Performance records of other plants are under
review.

This plant was awarded WFA's Achievement "A" award a little
over a year ago, given on the basis of the plant's meeting high per-
formance records for a period of a year or a processing season. The
*'Star" is the second-year award.

Snap Bean Support Price Restored

Grower Support Prices for Round Pod Green and Wax varieties of
Snap Beans in Pennsylvania have been increased to $92.50 per ton.
The price for Flats and Black-seeded Rounds is $85.00 per ton.

The Pennsylvania Canners Association, on behalf of the growers
and canners of Snap Beans in Pennsylvania, led the movement.

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The Philadelphia Vegetable Growers
Cooperative Association

R. B. DONALDSON*

Twenty-four years of successful cooperation lie behind the present
program of the Philadelphia Vegetable Growers Cooperative As-
sociation, organized at Bustleton, Pennsylvania, on June 9, 1921, by
a group of vegetable growers from Philadelphia and lower Bucks
Counties primarily as a cooperative purchasing association. Its
activities have grown steadily until they now include a complete
purchasing and marketing program. Some of the men who helped
organize the cooperative and who comprised the first Board of Di-
rectors were Rowland R. Comly, William G. Wenker, Sr., Howard
N. Dudley, Sr., H. H. Humphries, T. Herman Fleming, Stanley Q.
Becker and Thomas F. Biddle.

A review of the early history of this cooperative shows that the
first activities of the association were confined to the purchase of
fertilizers, lime, spray materials and other supplies. It is interesting
to note that during the early 20's the association purchased five or
six carloads of seed potatoes each spring, whereas at the present
time no such purchases are made as vegetables have generally re-
placed potatoes in this section. At this time the volume of business
of the association usually amounted annually to more than $100,000.
During the early 30's commodity prices were lower and there did
not seem to be so much need for the association. For the next few
years only the faithful members stuck to the association.

During 1937, the association began a new life when members of
the Board saw an opportunity for the cooperative to fill a much
needed place in the marketing of locally grown vegetables. Rowland
R. Comly was elected President of the Board and shortly there-
after Ray W. Wenker was appointed manager, at first on a part-
time basis, operating his own farm in conjunction with his duties
as manager of the cooperative. He later discontinued farming and
took over the Association's activities as full time manager.

With the beginning of the 1942 season, the association started its
sales program by moving large quantities of pansies to markets
which had never been served by the individual grower. Since then
large quantities of rhubarb, spinach, beets, carrots, turnips, par-
snips, rutabagas, tomatoes, radishes and sweet corn have been sold

♦ Agricultural Economics Extension, The Pennsylvania State College.

Irrigation is an excellent insurance against variable soil
moisture and the resulting losses in quality on the market.

through the cooperative and shipments have been made as far south
as Florida and as far north as Boston.

A rather unique and successful sweet corn marketing program has
been carried on for the past three years. This program was con-
ceived and developed for the purpose of supplying the consumer
with daily deliveries of garden fresh sweet corn. Deliveries are
made by the cooperative direct to the retail store by nine o'clock in
the morning, the corn having been pulled that same morning. In
order to guarantee high quality fresh corn the association maintains
constant field supervision and an adequate system of inspection on
all shipments of corn.

In the fall of 1942, the Association purchased a 25 acre site of land
located at Street Road and Old Lincoln Highway in Trevose, and
erected a modern warehouse and sales office. The volume of business
of the Association has increased from $20,000 in 1938 to over $500,000
in 1944. Membership has greatly increased and the list of satisfied
customers is comprised of independent buyers as well as chain store
operators from all parts of the eastern United States.

As a further step in obtaining satisfactory market outlets for its
members, the Philadelphia Vegetable Growers Cooperative Associa-
tion plans to operate a wholesale auction block beginning the early
part of May and being held on the present location in Trevose.
Fruits, vegetables, berries and potatoes will be sold through this
cooperative auction, which will be patterned somewhat after the
New Jersey fruit and vegetable auctions. The present officers of the
Association include Rowland R. Comly, President; Oliver P. Dud-
ley, Vice President; Elmer F. Meyers, Secretary; Ray W. Wenker,
Manager and Treasurer and D. W. Maxheimer, Assistant Manager.

Retention of Vitamin C in Green Vegetables

in a Retail Market

A report of the effect of snow-ice on the retention of vitamin C in
green vegetables displayed in a retail market is contained in the
Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station Quarterly Bulletin, Vol.
27, No. 3, February 1945.

For periods of eight hours, leaf lettuce, green beans, and spinach
were displayed in a retail grocery store in two ways: on a conven-
tional sheet-iron rack and in a Belshaw Vitamin-sealed Snow-ice
System display unit.

Ascorbic acid was lost rapidly from all these vegetables when dis-
played without ice at room temperature; ascorbic acid was retained
better in the same vegetable when displayed on snow-ice.

The quahty and appearance of the vegetables displayed on snow-
ice were better than those vegetables held at room temperature.

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SCRANTON FARMERS' MARKET

This market started with 13 members, operating as a retail market, 3
mghts a week from 6 to 10:30 p.m., and is still 95% retail. The 5th year was
completed Nov. 24, 1944, with 58 stalls, no transients. At the annual meet-
ing It was voted unanimously to locate in a more permanent site.—(M. S.
Ladd).

Replies to Resolutions Committee

Hon. Miles Horst, Secretary, Penna. Department of Agriculture

"I have already taken the matter up with members of the Legis-
lature and with the Administration and hope we can get under way
at least some of the things you people are interested in."

Hon. D. Emmert Brumbaugh, House of Representatives,
Congress of the U. S.

"I am pleased to have the viewpoint of the organization expressed
on the various issues of national moment as they are contributing
factors in the future success of the Pennsylvania Vegetable Grow-
ers' Association and in Agriculture in general."

— 8 —

Keeping Up To Date

A. R. JUNINGER*

Every day new rnethods in growing vegetables are in the process
of being tested at the various experiment stations, both federal and
state, throughout the country. Some of these methods will be dis^
carded as unsatisfactory; some will be retained and the information
passed on to you growers. As soon as this information is passed out
to the agricultural field in general it is up to you to compare the
new methods with what you already have in practice. That is gqod
business, and we like to think of the vegetable growers as good busi-
nessmen. Much of the material that comes out of the experiment
stations will not apply to your particular locality, but it is entirely
possible that the basic ideas or method can be altered to fit your par-
ticular situation. •' ^

As iniportant as your colleges are the county agents. They never
ire m their efforts to help you with your problems-they have the

latest information and are always glad to help you in your work.
Keep Up to Date" with your local county agent, he always is ready

with useful information as it applies to your particular situation.

then, too, you cannot overlook the information that comes from

your state department of agriculture.

But an important item that I want to stress, and one which I am
sorry to say many growers overlook, is the market situation. Far
too many growers haul their produce to the local market, whether it
be an auction market, city market or what have you, without first
determining what the market situation is on a particular item Gluts
on i^any items are the result of this oversight. Too many growers
are hauling their vegetables both ways, to market and back, when
there is no sale for their particular commodity. Keep posted on the
current market situation, find out if the market can absorb your
produce before you haul it to town. You cannot make money haul-
ing produce both waj-.s.

I am well aware of the fact that all of you as vegetable growers
nave problems now such as labor, supplies, transportation, etc. These
are problems that probably seem as hard to solve as any you will
nave. Don't be fooled, these will seem like minor problems when
you are confronted with the big postwar problem. Let me impress
upon you the big problem that is going to confront you when the
nnal peace is signed, DISTRIBUTION. DISTRIBUTION is going to
oe the major problem of the post war world for the vegetable grow-
er. Distribution of your product, both to the commission man and
through retail outlets.

* Editor, MARKET GROWERS JOURNAL, Louisville. Ky. . . : ^

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It is important that you as growers keep up to date on every little
detail that will tend toward better distribution of your produce. If
I were to list the most important things that will play a factor in
distribution I believe I would head my list with "a good consumer
package." Some of you will say that this is not your problem, but
the problem of the retail outlet and the commission man. Don't fool
yourself — this is your problem, and one that you must face eventu-
ally. The commission men and the retailers are going to expect the
grower to do something about a consumer package for several rea-
sons. First, because it will mean less waste produce for them; sec-
ondly, it will help to establish an individual grower's product and
help create a consumer demand; third, it will be the means of forc-
ing the grower to produce quality produce if he wants to find a
market; fourth, it will mean easier selling, and handling, a big item
in these days of super markets where merchandise must be moved
in a hurry. The retailer is going to demand that his produce is
packaged.

Many experiments are being conducted along these lines. The
A & P food stores are conducting an experiment with consumer
packages in a Columbus, Ohio store of their chain. Recently, while
in Cleveland I saw a package of leaf lettuce that was being put on
the market. This is a new departure in consumer packages, but it
shows that some grower is keeping up to date on what the market
demands — this is thinking in the right direction.

"Keep up to date" on the latest in package design; know what
package will appeal to the consumer — know what is the latest in
labels — "keep up to date" on the latest in labels that will sell your
product, and you will be ready to enter the battle of distribution
when this war is over. Keep abreast of the times and be ready with
your package when the mad scramble for markets comes, and it is
bound to come.

To sum up the importance of "keeping up to date" I want to im-
press upon you all that your big market after the war is your own
country — the idea that we will export much of our farm produce is
ridiculous — many of the liberated countries are already producing
their own farm products, and as the war draws to its slow close
many more countries will again regain their agricultural indepen-
dency. Your market is going to be right here at home, and if we
neglect to keep informed as to the latest methods of distribution we
will soon find agriculture where it was twenty-five years ago-
large crops, surpluses and no method of marketing or disposing. We
have had this costly experience once, and we certainly do not want
it to happen again. Agriculture as a whole, and the vegetable in-
dustry in particular, must do all in its power to prevent a repetition
of the glut markets that featured the 1920's.

— 10 —

GROWER to
CONSUMER

Our Policy for Over Fifty Years

«i

The consumer is quality and grade conscious and
through our 2000 stores we offer a desirable out-
let and a direct connecting link between the
grower and the consumer for quality products.

WE ARE IN THE MARKET FOR GOOD QUALITY, WELL

GRADED PENNSYLVANIA FARM PRODUCTS-

Write, wire or telephone your offerings.

AMERICAN STORES CO.
ACME SUPER MARKETS

«fr

424 North 19th St„ Philadelphia 30, Penna. Telephone LOCu»t

4000

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Some Post War Problems of Producers^

ROGER B. CORBETT^

The basis of any forecasting is of necessity past experience. After
every major war affecting the United States there have been two
serious price and economic adjustments. One has come within a
comparatively few months after the close of the war and the other
has some several years after the close of the war.

After World War I these depressions occurred approximately one
and one-half years and eleven years after hostilities ceased. Dur-
ing the first there was quite a serious slump in business activity; a
sharp decline in prices and the beginning of the long agricultural
depression which continued through 1939. This was the one that
rocked the economic foundations of our nation.

In all the planning that is being done on national, state and county
levels, attention is concentrated on the adjustment period immedi-
ately following the war. Virtually no thought is being given to the
big slump which historically has come later. For example, the
War of 1812 was followed by such a drop within a few years after the
close of the war. Following the Civil War the famous depression of
the 70s prostrated the country.

In spite of all that has been done to control prices we have had
a very real measure of inflation during World War II. In general
inflation is not as great, taking all factors into consideration, as in
previous wars. However, it seems that the only wise thing for us to
do is to anticipate that price slumps and serious economic disloca-
tions will occur.

It is to be expected that there will be a period of real prosperity
while shortages are being made up in industrial goods and housing.
We will have many predictions that we are in a new era and that

1 Abstract of a talk given at the Annual Meeting of the Coooerative Fruit
and Vegetable Association, Hotel New Yorker, New York, April 13, 1945.

2 Secretary, American Farm Bureau Federation.

B. MEIER & SON, Inc.

FOOD BROKERS
Representing some of America's finest canners.

REPRESENTATION FOR ONE OR TWO REPUTABLE

ACCOUNTS SOLICITED

209 Bronx Terminal Market
New York 51, New York

— 12 —

prices wii; never again decline. Such predictions were very common
among outstanding business men, bankers and economists in 1929
before prices broke.

. i!lS °^'^°K^f' ""^J^^"' ^"^ equipment, agriculture has done
a magnificent job of production. As soon as possible after the war
closes, Europe will throw itself into full production. If some of the
proposed plans of the Allies are carried out the production of Ger!
many wil be agricultural rather than industrial. Everything in the
situation mdicates that after the first scramble for food to prevent
starvation and for seed to begin planting again, there will be a tre

Z^r.fnrt"lT °' '°°.^ ^"^ accompanying price declines and
.,?K I '• 7,^^ ""^^ ^°P^ ^^ that the "expanding economy"
which IS being talked by certain of our economic leaders can beTea-
hzed to a greater degree than most of us can imagine at the oresent
time. To meet this situation the American Farm Bureau Federation
has placed on the statute books the Steagall Amendment whScaSs
lor the support of a number of agricultural crops at 90% of parity

90<V cS IT"! "''"' '^' ''°'' °' '^^ ^"^- '' "^"^t be emphasized tha^t
90 /c of parity means a very real drop in the total income of the

American farmers. The latest figures place the agricultural price
level at around 114% of parity. With some reduction irproduct'on

come'of ^h' A °^ '" ""''r '" ''^^ °* P^^^^y- '' '' ^1«- that the n-
come of the American farmers will be drastically cut

There are many persons who doubt that prices can be supported

tec fhif ^ t^Y''^P^"°^- " ^°^« '^^^ reasonable to pro-

tect the farmers who have been called upon again and again for in-
creased production from the full effects of a drastic price decline for

on?twt1 W the' r '' ^\' "^" "^"^ ^" "^ --'^--- tht is'the
fli i .^ the farmers have as a protection for their prices We

feel that every effort should be made by Government and by the

ftn /o^n"f ^"^' *° P"°*^"t th^ f^^'" people who have worked 70
80, and 90 hours per week; who have stayed on farms when better
mcomes were available in cities and who saw their neigTbo^s leave
the farm to receive these increased incomes

vJi^ ^T"''^" ^f"? ^"'^^" Federation is sponsoring a large de-
velopment m rural electrification as a service to farmirs and as a
post-war project of benefit to the nation

A National Fertilizer Program, which is exceedingly far reaching
n Its affects upon the fertility of American soils and whir-h in itsSf

reraK^rlaTmTroupr ^"^^^" ^^'^^^^"°" ^" ^'^^P^^"- ^^^^

A stable price level is important to American agriculture and a

stable agriculture is essential to the welfare of all groups in Jh^

— 13 —

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(4)
(5)

V (6)

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(7)

(8)

(9)

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Vegetable Growers Postwar Problems

R. B. DONALDSON

(1) Following the war we will need greater mechanization in
vegetable farming if we are to keep pace with competition.

(2) We will see a great development in consumer packages. (The
consumer has become acquainted with the small package, and
will demand it.) Cellophane will undoubtedly be more im-
portant following the war for consumer packages. (Spinach
now packed by this method.) Package must be trademarked or
branded.

(3) Will see development of quick freeze units on farms and cold
rooms for storing vegetables. (Growers should look into pos-
sibilities of holding rooms. Produce can be held over glut
periods and deliveries can be made in better condition.)
Marketing facilities must be improved in many eastern cities.
Will see the development of small local cooperatives, working
through a large central sales organization.
Vegetable growers must pattern after industry— ''must pro-
duce more at less cost."

Air transportation may be a real competitive factor for highly
perishable commodities following the war.

Vegetable growers may be forced into commercial quick freez-
ing.

Must get back to better grading after war. (Grading in gen-
eral has sHpped during war due to strong demand. Following
war growers must sell quality, rather than quantity.)

(10) Centralized grading will become a more important factor in
the vegetable industry.

(11) Must find some method of utihzing off grades.

(12) Following war, produce will go more direct to consumers than
now, direct to chain store warehouses, etc.

READING BONE FERTILIZER CO.

READINa PA.
AIniiiifactiirers of "QUALITY FERTILIZERS"

for Vegetable Crops

Di8trilMitor8 of "DOW Spray Materialfi''

— 14 —

loana Hybrid Sweet Corn

SEEDS

Bred for the critical grower

SPECIALTIES
FOR 1945

Guaranteed to be genuine
originator'! strains.

^c1;^fk^SeS."|^^#4,1»;H^^^^^^^^^^ 1943. Colo, of ,n.U_

Vines are vigorous Bntl^ly'^ptodn^^'^^^^iSi^'^"- S-^-n-SS day.

variety because of its high qualify a;frproduWefs.^*"""*' '^* •*•"«*•«*

Ounce-35c i Pound-$1.10 Pound-$3.25 Postpaid.

L°4^1tEh"J?aSYea^?„?^gr^^e^^^^^^^^^^ "«' ^^ -a. be-

eight inches long. Color!!.AMf a!:^?^ u l.*^*,?"*- ^.'" Si««— 12 to U rows.

Season_87days. Stalkr^vi"™Tf -"5 ."^ ''•-'*'' *'*•** S'**" »"»*«^
in extreme heat knd drou"ht.^ " "** "*'**"^ '''**' "^""^ *«» «•''. a crop

Po«nd-55c 3 to 24 lbs. per lb._48c 25 to 99 lbs. per lb_44c

Bag lots (100 lbs.)-41c per lb. Freight paid.

Sfm ?«"= s'?.1^?J'^?|5^e?'^o°iIr ^^^11^?"?^'^ •*'"» »' ^-— More

Tigor of the old^Danver,. Fo? either bunch?„'S^^^^^^^ 'l'^'?^ '^P 3"'^*»' •»«»
parison. °' *""•' bunching or bushebng we invite com-

Ounce_35c i Pound-41.20 Pound-^3.50 Postpaid

Our 1945 Market Grower catalog is now ready.

Write for your free copy now.

TAPPERSON SEED COMPANY

ALLENTOWN, PA.

« NORTH SEVENTH STREET

PHONE 2.17S2

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BMfef IS^ercTiaMising of Fruits and Vegetables'

BEN B. VAIL^

The National Association of Retail Grocers recently established
a Produce Division, and we firmly believe this action represents
one of many steps that will be taken by all factors having an interest
in fresh fruit and vegetable distribution. Certainly there never has
been a better time, nor have better conditions ever existed, for
united promotional activity, than at present.

Factors Focusing Attention on Retail Fruit and Vegetable Sales:
In the overall picture of fresh fruit and vegetable distribution, there
have been many trends that have led to this step by NARGUS, and
these same factors will influence you and others to interest them-
selves in the retail level of distribution of these products.

Genefally speaking the fresh fruit and vegetable industry has gone
through a period of several good years, because national income has
been high and crops have been good.

It is quite probable that when our war economy ceases, a slacken-
ing-of demand will bring lower prices. The degree to which this
process can be arrested will depend greatly on the steps taken by
the industry on the whole.

t:iietaii food distribution is generally divided into three major
classifications. These are meats, groceries and produce.

In total annual dollar volume, these three groups stack up this
way— 1st groceries— $3,000,000,000; 2nd fresh fruits and vegetables—
$1,000,000^000; 3rd meats— $600,000,000.
-Fresh Suit a^:d vegetable sales run $400,000,000 annually greater
than sales of meats, and $200,000,000 annually greater than sales of
clothing.

In the'^'grofcery department of this retail store, practically every
product on display has a background of extensive consumer adver-
tising and sales promotional endeavor. For example, California
Packittf'Cbmpany does not close the doors on a carload of Del Monte
products and say to its distributors: "Our job is done. The quality
and grade, and the preparation for shipment are the best we can put
into it. Not it's your baby." No, they have a much broader viewpoint
than that. They know that for their success it must move from the
retailers' shelf. And that same picture applies in one degree or an-
other to every product that is sold in the grocery department.

1 Abstract of a talk given at the Annual Meeting of the CooP^^J^^Yf, J^^^*
and Vegetable Association, Hotel New Yorker, New York, April 13, 1945.
'^ Manager, Produce Division National Retail Grocers Association.

— 16 —

In the meat department we have much the same picture. The pack-
ing industry for years has conducted extensive advertising cam-
paigns and consistent sales promotion work on practically all meat
products.

However, in the fresh fruit and vegetable department of this retail
store, the picture is definitely different. With a few very notable
exceptions, and these exceptions stand as a shining example of what
can be accomplished, practically none of the commodities sold here
have any advertising or sales promotion support, other than that
given by the retailer in his store.

Now it is evident to people who have a primary interest in retail
distribution, and NARGUS is one of them, that here is a BIG busi-
ness, the development of which has really only begun. This field can
expand more than any other part of food distribution. In this field,
no major changes have taken place in the past two decades, but
there has been a constant expansion and growth along the same
general lines. Merchandising methods have remained basically the
same, but we believe they are headed for great changes in the com-
paratively near future.

The wide spread acceptance of self-service selling of foods in the
grocery department of the retail store is making its effect felt on
the sales of fresh fruits and vegetables. There is a scattered but
steadily growing interest in packaging produce in consumer sales
units. There is every reason to believe that this type of produce
merchandising is due for rapid expansiori,,ar)d finally, air transporta-
tion of perishables will have a very definite effect on retail sales of
produce.

Certainly there is no other group of food that has more appeal
that fresh fruits and vegetables. Their color, life, freshness and
health properties are dramatic values that have no equal in other
foods. If, for example, through advertising and sales promotion, the
cigarette industry can saddle such a habit on the general public— a
product that has no natural appeal whatever— think of what can be
done with your product.

So again, the retail level of distribution is a funnel through which
flows the endeavor of the producer, wholesales and retailer. There-
fore, ALL have a vital interest in this channel.

Let my close with this pledge— that the National Association of
Retail Grocers will cooperate to the fullest extent with all of the
means at our disposal, with producers and wholesalers to the end
that distribution of fresh produce shall reach maximum efficiency.

— 17 —

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')>

BEAN

<^'f'>v>K»<mim'^

FOR 1945 BEAN WILL BUILD:

Bean Potato Sprayers
Bean Rubber Spool Potato Graders
Bean Rubber Roll Potato Cleaners

WE DISTRIBUTE:

American Bunch Vegetable Washers

with

BEAN High Pressure Pumping Unit

Send for Catalogs

John Bean Mfg. Co

Div. Food Machinery Corp.
LANSING 4. MICH.

«ti

Courtesy Du Pont Company

Slaled for expansion after the war^ is this type of ready-to-use vegetable
package — a self-service item that eliminates waste and saves work for the
cmisumer. Header is clipped or. if thermoplastic coatedr can be heat-sealed.
The package offers possibilities also for shelled peas, salad mixes, kale,
chard, etc.

(Trade name used is fictitious.)
— 19 —

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It's the know-how that counts

To COMMEMORATE the 50th anni-
versary of V-C Fertilizers, the
esteemed wife of one of our long-
time V-C customers recently sent us
the finest birthday cake we ever re-
ceived. As we enjoyed each delicious
slice, the thought occurred to us that
— in making a better cake, growing a
better crop, or manufacturing a bet-
ter fertilizer — it's the know-how that
counts!

Give two people or two companies
siiiiilar facilities and equipment, the
same recipe or formula and equally-
good ingredients — one will develop a

quality product, while the other
produces a disappointing result.

When it comes to manufacturing
better fertilizers, V-C has the know-
how. During the last 60 years, V-C
Fertilizers have brought more and
more crop-producing power to the
farms of increasing thousands of
V-C customers. Today V-C Fertil-
izers are helping to grow Victory
Crops. Tomorrow, when Victory is
won, V-C know-how will continue to
provide a better and better V-C
Fertilizer for every crop on every
soil on every farm.

VIRGINIA- CAROLINA CHEMICAL CORPORATION

Richmond. Va. • Norfolk. Va. • Greensboro. N.C. • Wilmington, N.C.
Columbia. S.C. • Atlanta. Ga. • Savannah. Ga. • Montgomery. Ala.
Birmingham. Ala. • Jackson. Miss. • Memphis, Tenn. • Shreveport. La.
Orlando.Fla. • E.St.Louis.lii. • Baltimore. Md. • Carteret.N.J. • Cincinnati. 0.

liil

Chemicals Tested to Control Weeds in

Vegetable Crops

JESSE M. HUFFINGTON

Because of the enormous amount of hand labor required in weed-
ing certain vegetable crops, such as carrots, onions and parsnips pre-
hmmary tests have been made at a number of experiment stations
m the use of certain selective sprays for the control of weeds

In Massachusetts, for example, carrots and parsnips were sprayed
with Savasol No. 5 (Standard Oil Co.) and a mixture of Savasol No
75 with two parts of kerosene as a substitute for the light stove oil
used in California, which is unobtainable in the Northeast A flat
fan-shaped spray from Monarch nozzle No. 59 (0.059-inch orifice)
was found to be 60% more effective than the usual cone spray A
bright morning when the weeds were 2-3 inches high was the best
time for spraying, which took 80 gallons per acre and cost $15 to $20
One-inch pipe was generally used in building the spray boom The
length of the boom is dependent on the number and spacing of the
nozzles, all of which are dependent on the capacity of the spraver
pump. The nozzles should be spaced along the boom so that there
IS one centered directly over each crop row. Then, the height of
the boom IS adjusted so that the edges of the spray fans meet half-
way between the crop rows.

It is most advantageous, according to reports, to apply the spray
m the early stages of weed growth, particularly when not more than
2 to 3 inches high and growing rapidly. One appHcation of oil is
made when the carrots have 2-4 *'fern" leaves. The New York re-
port states that carrots should have at least two true leaves before
oil sprays can be safely used and that the toxicity of oils is increased
by applying them when the foliage is wet. It is suggested that car-
rots should not be sprayed after they have developed four leaves if
the risk of an oily taste is to be avoided. No odor of oil could be
detected in either the raw or cooked products two months after
spraying.

White, green and common pigweeds, lamb's quarter, galensoga,
fall grass and purslane were controlled "with no particular diffi-
culty," in Massachusetts, provided the sprays were applied when the
weeds were small. In the New York tests, dandelion, lamb's quarters,
purslane, red root, sorrel and most grasses were most easily con-
trolled by oil sprays; while galensoga, poison ivy, ragweed, and a
few grasses were tolerant. Members of the Umbelliferae— carrots,
celeriac, turnip-rooted parsley and, to a less extent, celery were
tolerant to oil sprays; while beet, cabbage, Chinese cabbage, cu-
cumber, kohlrabi, lettuce, muskmelon, onion, pea, potato, snap bean,
spinach, sweet corn, and tomato were severely injured.

— 21 —

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, I

STOKES TOMATO SEED

Specialization is the Key to Efficiency

1945 Calls for tomatoes of high production and high
quality. These factors start with finely bred tomato
seed. Tomato plants grown from Stokes Tomato seed
offer an assurance of production and quality. Our two-
generation-per-year breeding program is at your service.

FRANCIS C. STOKES, LTD.

Breeders and Growers of Fine Tomato Seed

VINCENTOWN, NEW JERSEY, U.S.A.

IMl MARK Ol IMl B(iT

STORES
TOMATO

-■HOOUCmG ilNCr 18h;

VALIANT

STOKESDALE

MASTER MARGLOBE

RUTGERS

Consumer Purchases of Vegetables*

During Wartime*

M. p. RASMUSSEN

Data were taken from records furnished by a large New York
City chain grocery system and show actual sales of each kind of
vegetables in 42 stores (about one-tenth of the total in the chain
system) during the year July 1941 to June 1942, inclusive.

Tonnage of Each Vegetable Purchased

The average unit, among the 42 stores included in this study, sold
slightly more than 42,000 pounds of vegetables of all kinds during
the year July 1941 to June 1942, and handled 48 different vegetables,
although about a dozen were merchandised in relatively small quan-
tities. Out of over 21 tons of vegetables handled per store during
the year, white or Irish potatoes alone accounted for 23,678 pounds
or over 56 per cent.

The vegetable which ranked second in sales was the onion, which
accounted for almost 6 per cent of the tonnage. Cabbage ranked third
with about 5 per cent. Lettuce with 4.3 per cent, and carrots and
tomatoes with 4 per cent each were sharp competitors for fourth
place. Many growers would have expected lettuce to outrank all
vegetables except potatoes. Only 14 oi the 48 vegetables made up as
much as 1 per cent or more of the total tonnage, and these 14 leading
vegetables accounted for almost 95 per cent of the total tonnage sold.
Such small quantities of 18 vegetables were handled that no one
of them made up as much as one-tenth of one per cent of the total
tonnage.

Dollars Spent for Vegetables

The number of pounds of a given vegetable consumed is not a re-
liable measure of the manner in which the housewife spends her
money for vegetables. Although potatoes accounted for over 56 per
cent of the total tonnage they absorbed less than one-third of the
dollars spent for vegetables in these 42 stores. Although tomatoes
ranked sixth in tonnage sold, it ranked second in the number of
dollars spent for vegetables. Out of each dollar spent for vegetables,
potatoes absorbed about 33 cents, tomatoes slightly more than 11, let-
tuce almost 9, onions about 7, snap beans slightly more than 6, car-
rots about 6 cents, cabbage about 4, peas 3i spinach about 3 and as-
paragus 2i cents. These ten vegetables accounted for slightly more
than 84 cents of the average dollar spent for vegetables. Celery,
sweet potatoes, turnips, cauliflower, sweet corn, and broccoli ac-
counted for an additional 10 cents, so that 16 out of the 48 vegetables
took all but 6 cents of the average dollar spent.

* Farm Economics, Cornell University, No. 144, February, 1945.

— 23 —

I III

< ,if

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K I

Prices Charged Consumers

Only two other vegetables, celery root and pumpkins (both of
which are handled in very small quantities), sold for as low a price
as potatoes at 2.9 cents per pound. The price per pound was only one
of the factors which determined what consumers bought. Onions
ranked second in tonnage purchased but it was far from ranking
second in cheapness. As a matter of fact, it ranked 23rd. Lettuce
ranked fourth in tonnage and 32nd in price. Tomatoes ranked sixth
in tonnage and 38th in price. The lowest average price was paid for
celery root, at 2.7 cents per pound, and the highest for chives, at 57
cents per pound. The average sales of celery root were only 2 pounds
per store per year and of chives only 1 pound. The weighted average
price for all vegetables was 5 cents per pound, but it must be kept
in mind that potatoes at 2.9 cents per pound accounted for over 56
per cent of the weight.

Effect of Income on Purchases

The average family income in the neighborhood where the store
was located seems to have been definitely related to the number of
vegetables offered for sale, the tonnage purchased, and the dollars
spent.

In the lowest-income neighborhoods, the number of vegetables of-
fered for sale in any one month ranged from 17 in July to 27 in May
and averaged 23 for the year. In the highest-income areas, the range
was from 28 in August to 39 in April, with an average of 35 for the
year. Generally speaking, the higher the average family income,
the wider the choice was in number of vegetables available for pur-
chase. It would be erroneous to conclude, however, that patrons of
this chain system in the lowest-income areas were suffering from
lack of access to enough vegetables to constitute a well varied diet.
All of the vegetables which were sold in largest quantities in the
highest-income stores were also merchandised in largest quantities
in the lowest-income stores. The vegetables not reported as handled
m low and medium-income-area stores were chives, celery root, chic-
ory, dandehon greens, endive, escarole, kohlrabi, okra, oyster plant,
pumpkins, squash, and mint.

For a number of years, chain store systems in many metropolitan
areas have been reducing or ehminating their outlets in low-income
areas and concentrating their efforts in medium- and high-income
neighborhoods. Many chain systems frankly admit they cannot de-
velop enough business per store in lowest-income neighborhoods to
warrant the operation of units in such areas.

— 24 —

Irrigation for all Crops and Orchards

INSURE

Crop Production
By Irrigating

'#1

r/'

RAIN^

Where and When
You Want It

COMPLETE PORTABLE IRRIGATION

SYSTEMS

Champion Portable Pipe and Valves
Skinner Revolving Sprinklers — sand proof
Transite Pressure Pipe for underground lines

"RAIN-O-MATIC" Portable Power Pumping Units

Sizes: 100 to 2,000 Gallons Per Minute

SPECIALISTS IN IRRIGATION

Hamilton & Company has designed and sold Irrigation Systems
for many different crops grown on over 100,000 acres. We invite
your irrigation problems and our Irrigation Engineering Service
IS always available to you. We will gladly plan your complete
Irrigation System, including necessary pipe, valves, fittings, pump,
sprinklers, engine or mounted portable power pumping unit and
furnish you with an estimate. Write us today.

O, K. Champion Power Potato Diggers

Boggs Potato Graders and Equipment

Trescott Fruit and Vegetable Machinery

Peach Defuzzers, Graders and Conveyors

Apple Graders, Waxers and Cleaners

Tomato and Sweet Potato Graders, Washers and Waxers

Lima and Snap Bean Cleaners and Conveyors

HAMILTON & COMPANY

EPHRATA, LANCASTER COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

TELEPHONE 678 DISTRIBUTORS P. O. BOX 178

Pennsylvania, Delaware, Virginia, North Carolina, Maryland. D. of C.

mi
«* .1

' I

' a

Marketing by Air Transport

A special study of lettuce marketing with particular attention to
the possibilities of post-war marketing by air-transport resulted in
the following conclusions: (1) Lettuce from the Salinas Valley of
California could be flown to the Detroit market in the post-war
period at a cost approximately 33 cents per pound above that of the
rail-borne product. The ton-mile cost would be 6.55 cents. The speed
in transit by air would be about 17 times greater than by rail. (2)
These costs are based on the assumption that the same aircraft
used to transport lettuce on the West-to-East route would also trans-
port manufactured goods on the East-to-West route, using the San
Francisco air gateway as a point for West coast distribution or ex-
port. Air carrying-cost for such back-haul traffic are estimated at
9.08 cents per ton-mile. (3) To achieve these favorable ton-mile costs,
a hypothetical contract-carrier service is contemplated, to operate
on an extremely economical basis, employing a fleet of eight Doug-
las C-54A cargo planes at a total cost of 58.25 cents per plane-mile,
including a 10-per cent margin for the operating company. A planers
initial cost does not greatly influence its ton-mile cost of operation.
(4) Air-borne Iceberg lettuce from the Salinas- Watsonville area can
be marketed in quantity in Detroit at a differential of 5 cents a head
over surface-borne lettuce. The number of consumers willing to
pay such a differential is sufficient to justify the use of air transport
for lettuce. (5) Although lettuce has as low a density per cubic foot
as any major perishable agricultural product except flowers, the
weight limit of the C-54A plane was reached before the limit of the
stowage capacity. In the transportation of perishables the density of
the product is of secondary consideration.

Transparent Packages for Self-Service

Regarding more recent developments in the field of vegetables
and packaging, the American Airlines last September delivered
spinach from the Culver City section of California to retail markets
in Louisville, Dayton and Cincinnati less than twenty-four hours
after the vegetable was picked. The flight was arranged as a scien-
tific experiment to determine the practicability of transporting
perishables long distances by air.

The test was by way of weighing the post-war possibilities of such
a service and seemed to meet with the complete approval of Ameri-
can Airlines, the Southern California Spinach Growers Association
and the Kroger Food Foundation, joint sponsors.

Surveys indicate that a great portion of both meats and vege-
tables consigned to retail markets post-war will be placed in trans-
parent packages before delivery to stores for self-service and speed
of handling.

— 26 —

PROFITS
PLUS

M^r T

ith

MnUfAV

The Band- Way method of fertilizer
placement makes up the bed. sows
fertilizer and plant, and covers the
seed — all in one operation. Com-
pare this method with the old

fashioned method of broadcasting
fertilizer in the furrow and you get
— Cfonsistently GREATER YIELDS
per DOLLAR INVESTED — BIG-
GER PROFITS with LESS TIME,
LABOR and COST in the planting
and fertilizing operation. Study
these three Band-Way methods.

FERTILIZER

SEED

'%^::^-^-'^^

fERTILIZER

FERTILIZER

FERTIUZER

75^
FERTIUZER

HI-LO BAND -WAY places
fertilizer on one side slightly
below seed and on the otbt-r
side, much deeper, allowing
the lower band to contact
more moisture when most
needed. This gives young
plants greater nourishment at
a later stage of growth.

HI-LO UNEQUAL QUAN-
TITY BAND- WAY places 25%
of fertilizer on one side slight-
ly below seed and 75% on the
other side, much deeper. Thip
method is especially recom-
mended for dry soil and those
crops which require the great-
est amount of moisture.

Aik any IRON AGE user — TODAY

_ ^ "pJeuiC and SbAM^ tfu IRON AGt Wtup

A.B.FARQUHAR COMPANY, YORK, PA

3402 DUKE ST.

YORK, PENNSYLVANIA

(«

t(j

« «

I '

I' I

Why Consumers Buy at Farmers' Markets

WILLIAM R. WHIT ACRE*

Freshness of produce and the wide selection of foods offered were
the major advantages of purchasing on a farmers' retail market ac-
cording to a group of Lackawanna County housewives. This infor-
mation was obtained in a recent survey of the Scranton Farmers'
Night Market made by the Pennsylvania Agricultural Experiment
Station. Availability of produce for processing and reasonable prices
were listed as of next importance. Other conditions which attracted
the buyers to the market were the courtesy displayed by the farm-
ers and their families and the general atmosphere of good fellowship
which prevailed. It is probable that customers in other sections of
Pennsylvania would give similar reasons if they were questioned.

Groups of growers who are contemplating the development of a
farmers' market will find that accessibility is necessary if the mar-
ket is to be successful. The majority of customers purchasing on
the Scranton market reached the market by automobile. However,
there were a considerable number who traveled from their homes
to the market by buses and trolley cars. Gasoline rationing made
it difficult for some customers to reach the market. Assuming that
an accessible site has been located, it should be kept clean and free
from dust. Customers like to know the names of farmers with whom
they are doing business and the Scranton survey indicated that it
is helpful to have the farmer's name displayed at the stand.

Vegetable and fruit growers are interested in the effect that
rationing has had on the consumption of their crops. This study in-
dicated that rationing increased home canning of fruits and vege-
tables. Removal of rationing controls after the war will probably
reduce the quantity of fresh produce purchased by consumers for
home canning, but it is likely that it will not be reduced to the
level prevailing before the war. Many housewives who had not
canned previously were well pleased with home processed foods and
reported that they would continue to can after rationing controls
were removed. A majority of the housewives who were interviewed
in this study stated that their purchases of fruits and vegetables
other than those for processing would continue at about the same
rate as before the war.

More people will HAVE to eat fresh fruits and vegetables this
year, with the shortages of meat, fish, chicken and eggs. Home
gardens are still practical.

Collegl^^^^^^ Professor, Agricultural Economics, The Pennsylvania State

— 28 —

MAKE EVERY ACRE

FOR LARGER, FINER CROPS

III
i* ,

ABMOUB FEBTILIZEB WORKS

BALTIMORE, MARYLAND

< \

llll

NEW TYPES

MORE SPEED

GREATER COVERAGE

LESS MANPOWER

EXCLUSIVE FEATURES

IMPROVED PUMPS

INCREASED CAPACITY

MtR^

MYERS & BRO CO.
124. Ashlond. Ohio

fO^^*

"$proy«r$.— Wottr Systems — Pumps — Hay Unloading TooU

(
1

J. R. Stuart Farm, Somerset, Pa.

ROW FERTILIZER IS REQUIRED FOR A GOOD START
Row on the left received 500 pound of fertilizer along the row; while that
on the right had 500 pounds plowed down before planting. For best results*
it is suggested that at least 750 pounds per acre be plowed down and 200 to
300 be applied along the row, near the seed. With little or no manure and
on light soils of low fertility a 1-1-1 ratio, such as 10-10-10, be used; with
manure and more fertile soils the amount of phosphoric acid in relation to
nitrogen and potash should be increased^ with a 3-12-6 or 4-16-4 (when and
if available) along the row.

Farm of William, Yerkes, Buckingham., Pa.

PLANTING FOUR ROWS OF SWEET CORN WITH TRACTOR PLANTER
Planters mounted on the tractor are adjusted to tractor speeds, while
horse-drawn tractors are not adjusted for proper operation at high tractor
speeds. Also, it is highly important that the plates be selected for broad-
flat, round or other kernels and tested on a bam floor or road before using.

— 31 —

^^^"^"^m^

Ill

I
I

Sweet Corn Varieties and Strains

M. L. ODLAND*

Sweet corn is increasing in importance in Pennsylvania, both as
a market gardener's crop and as a canning crop. In the production
of a good crop the grower must use good judgment when selecting
seed. Poor seed stock or mislabeled seed may ruin the chance for
a profitable crop.

Most of the "standard" or "tried" varieties and hybrids were in
the trials at State College in 1944, as well as in 1942 and 1943. In
the very early class, Spancross, North Star, Seneca Dawn, and Early
Golden are to be recommended since they combine good yield with
ears of fair size and with quality better than that of most early corn.
Spancross is the earliest of these, with Seneca Dawn almost as early,
followed by North Star and Early Golden; Earligold and Burpee-
cross may also be included in this group. Marcross is early and
usually satisfactory. Carmelcross is early mid-season corn of good
quality and yield. Old Hickory may prove a satisfactory hybrid in
this class also. Lincoln is gaining in favor as a mid-season hybrid.
It yields a very good crop of good-quality, rather heavy ears. Ten-
dergold, another good hybrid in this class, is fairly heavy-stalked
and tends to produce a high per cent of tender kernels. Golden
Cross Bantam is the most important late mid-season hybrid in the
state at the present time. Its quality is unsurpassed, and it holds
its quality in the field better than many varieties or hybrids do.
Illinois Golden No. 10, which gave an excellent performance in
1942 and 1943, did not look as good as expected in 1944. There are
several very promising late hybrids. loana is becoming increasingly
important. It is a vigorous growing corn with fair-sized ears of
good quaUty. Magnagold has given a good performance in tests. It
produces a good-sized ear, good yield and is of good quality. Golden-
grain was probably the outstanding late hybrid in the trials in
1944. The ears were thick and the plants were vigorous and uni-
form. Yield was excellent. This hybrid should be given further
test as it may be a desirable addition to the list of sweet corn hy-
brids. In trials in Ohio, the hybrids Ohiogold 1 and Ohiogold 2 have
been giving very favorable performance. These may be given fur-
ther trial in this state. Several Bantam Evergreen types of corn
were in the trials in 1944. They looked very good and will be given
further trial. Sweet corn trials are being conducted again in 1945
and the growers of Pennsylvania are as always, welcome to visit
these trial grounds.

'•Associate Professor, Department of Horticulture, The Pennsylvania
State College.

— 32 —

^AHCHOSS

ChRN\EU
CROSS

SELECT GOOD SEED AND THE BEST VARIETY
Golden Cross Bantam leads for all purposes/ fresh, quick freezing, can-
ning and home use. Carmelcross is really the best early, although North-
ern Cross and certain others are similar. loana is drought resistant and
dependable for the fresh market. Special selections are being made for
drought resistant canning varieties. (Golden Hybrid and Tendermost are
now used.

iiii

I *

Farm of Noah Hershey, Parkesburg, Pa.

BREAKING SOIL CRUST AND CULTIVATING BEFORE GERMINATION
Weed control starts with soil preparation for planting and is most effec-
tively accomplished at that time with the usual tillage implements — harrow,
cultipacker or similar tools. The weeder or spike -tooth harrow, as shown
above, will be neededr usually the week the sweet corn is planted and again
the following week. The first regular cultivation is by far the most im-
portant. It should be shallow* but close to the plants to eradicate all com-
peting weeds and grass.

— 33 —

I
I

' \

I
I
I

•"

Sweet Corn Varieties and Strains

M. L. ODLAND*

Most of the "standard" or ''tried" varieties and hybrids were in
the trials at State College in 1944, as well as in 1942 and 1943. In
the very early class, Spancross, North Star, Seneca Dawn, and Early
Golden are to be recommended since they combine good yield with
ears of fair size and with quality better than that of most early corn.
Spancross is the earliest of these, with Seneca Dawn almost as early,
followed by North Star and Early Golden; Earligold and Burpee-
cross may also be included in this group. Marcross is early and
usually satisfactory. Carmelcross is early mid-season corn of good
quality and yield. Old Hickory may prove a satisfactory hybrid in
this class also. Lincoln is gaining in favor as a mid-season hybrid.
It yields a very good crop of good-quality, rather heavy ears. Ten-
dergold, another good hybrid in this class, is fairly heavy-stalked
and tends to produce a high per cent of tender kernels. Golden
Cross Bantam is the most important late mid-season hybrid in the
state at the present time. Its quality is unsurpassed, and it holds
its quality in the field better than many varieties or hybrids do.
Illinois Golden No. 10, which gave an excellent performance in
1942 and 1943, did not look as good as expected in 1944. There are
several very promising late hybrids. loana is becoming increasingly
important. It is a vigorous growing corn with fair-sized ears of
good quahty. Magnagold has given a good performance in tests. It
produces a good-sized ear, good yield and is of good quality. Golden-
grain was probably the outstanding late hybrid in the trials in
1944. The ears were thick and the plants were vigorous and uni-
form. Yield was excellent. This hybrid should be given further
test as it may be a desirable addition to the list of sweet corn hy-
brids. In trials in Ohio, the hybrids Ohiogold 1 and Ohiogold 2 have
been giving very favorable performance. These may be given fur-
ther trial in this state. Several Bantam Evergreen types of corn
were in the trials in 1944. They looked very good and will be given
further trial. Sweet corn trials are being conducted again in 1945
and the growers of Pennsylvania are as always, welcome to visit
these trial grounds.

* Associate Professor, Department of Horticulture, The Pennsylvania
State College.

— 32 —

SELECT GOOD SEED AND THE BEST VARIETY
Golden Cross Bantam leads for all purposes, fresh, quick freezing, can-
ning and home use. Carmelcross is really the best early, although North-
ern Cro£s and certain others are similar. loana is drought resistant and
dependable for the fresh market. Special selections are being made for
drought resistant canning varieties. Golden Hybrid and Tendermost are
now used.

Farm of Noah Hershey, Parkesburg, Pa.

BREAKING SOIL CRUST AND CULTIVATING BEFORE GERMINATION
Weed control starts with soil preparation for planting and is most effec-
tively accomplished at that time with the usual tillage implements — harrow,
cultipacker or similar tools. The weeder or spike-tooth harrow, as shown
above, will be needed^ usually the week the sweet corn is planted and again
the following week. The first regular cultivation is by far the most im-
portant. It should be shallow, but close to the plants to eradicate all com-
peting weeds and grass.

— 33 —

INTENTIONAL 2ND EXPOSURE

till

Spacing Sweet Corn for Maximum Yields

That thickness of stand from seed planted at varying distances has
an effect on the yield, maturity, and plant characters of sweet corn
;is shown in the results of tests reported in a bulletin from the New
YorV Experiment Station, at Geneva. In a four-year test, Seneca
Golden, an early variety, Tendergold, a second early sort, and Golden
Cross, a main season variety, were used for comparison, each planted
in six different spacing arrangements.

All three varieties produced the most two-eared plants when
grown in 36-inch check rows, while the rate of maturity for all varie-
ties was most rapid when the corn was planted in 36-inch rows with
the plants 12 inches apart and in 36-inch check rows. A table is in-
cluded in the bulletin for determining the amount of seed required
per acre for a given spacing practice, according to the size of the
seed and the percentage germination. This will aid in conserving
seed and in insuring a satisfactory stand for the desired planting

distance.

Based on the average yields for the four years, Seneca Golden
gave the highest return, 5.05 tons per acre, when planted in rows 30
inches apart with the plants 9 inches apart. Tendergold gave the
best average yield, 5.18 tons per acre, when planted either in 30- or
36-inch rows with the plants spaced 12 inches apart. The highest
average yield for Golden Cross was 5.56 tons per acre when planted
in 36-inch rows with the plants 12 inches apart. Planting Golden
Cross in 30-inch rows with the plants only 9 inches apart in the row
significantly decreased the yield.

Productive capacity ol the soil should govern the number of field
corn plants per acre, and planters should be adjusted accordingly,
points out Robert R. Copper, Extension Agronomist, The Pennsyl-
vania State College.

Soils with a productive capacity of not much over 40 bushels per
acre should have not over 9,000 plants to the acre, or 42 inches be-
tween rows with a stalk every 16 to 17 inches in the row. Where
rows are 36 inches apart there should be 19 inches between stalks
in the row. Where the yield is expected to be greater, or less, the
rate of planting can be adjusted accordingly.

Before going to the field with the corn planter farmers should de-
termine the proper adjustment and plate for the grade of seed used.
Running the planter on the barn floor, or on a blacktop road are
ways to check the adjustment of the planter.

The 7th War Loan started May 14. Americans as individuals
are taking on their biggest quota to date — 7 billion dollars, 4 bil-
lions in E Bonds alone.

— 34 —

"Small, Narrow" is marked on this
plale for large, flat sweet corn ker-
nels— graded for size.

One foot between plants is re-
quired for standard varieties, such
as Golden Cross Bantam, on fertile
soils; 14 inches is better with me-
low fertility — for well developed,
dium fertility, and 16 inches with
marketable ears. Fertilizer is banded
on the sides of the seed and placed
deeper.

•(,(

— Somerset County, Ag. Ext. Dem.
Four tons of sweet corn per acre ready for harvesting. •-

— 35 —

— Farm of William Yerkes, Buckingham

At daybreak the job of harvesting "dew-kissed" sweet corn for several
thousand dinner tables is done^ while another crew has already graded and
packed the entire day's supply.

— Blair County

EFFICIENCY AND SPEED IN CANNING OPERATIONS.
Sweet corn, after being pulled and loaded in the truck, is dumped from
the truck to the conveyor at the processing plant.

— 36 —

Courtesy Du Pont Company

Wrapping garden produce in cellophane and freezing it at locker plants
will provide fresh, flavorsome food to approximately a million American
families this year. Household rolls are available for this purpose, but one
should make sure of getting the moisture-proof variety of film.

— 37 —

,> ♦ - . ^^ , * . '♦*. . *.

— Farm of William Yerkes, Buckingham

At daybreak the job of harvesting "dew -kissed" sweet corn for several
thousand dinner tables is done^ while another crew has already graded and
packed the entire day's supply.

— Blair County

EFFICIENCY AND SPEED IN CANNING OPERATIONS.

Sweet corn, after being pulled and loaded in the truck, is dumped from
the truck to the conveyor at the processing plant.

— 36 —

Courtesy Du Pont Company

Wrapping garden produce in cellophane and freezing it at locker plants
will provide fresh.. Ilavorsome food to approximately a million American
families this year. Household rolls are available for this purpose, but one
should make sure of getting the moisture-proof variety of film.

— 37 —

INTENTION AT , 2ND EXPOSURE

•PftSVfSr

t 'Ml

— Bucks County
HARVESTING SWEET CORN BEFORE BREAKFAST
Lights, attached to batteries^ enable growers to harvest in the cool morn
ing hours before daylight.

'J<r^r^M >Wd4^(MM^«»j

w^^^mmtmK^Ass^^

—Farm of William Yerkes, Buckingham

Designed for speed, this new hook-up of conveyors, lights, and trailer
makes it possible to pick a large acreage of sweet corn "before the cock

— Bucks County

THE FIRST STEP TOWARD A TASTY MEAL.

Hooked to Wm. Yerkes' newly invented harvesting machine, is a trailer,
which unloads the fresh ears of nutritious golden sweet corn to be packed
into baskets.

crows.

—William Yerkes Farm. Bucks County

BASKETS HELP TO IDENTIFY AND HOLD QUALITY.
Each ear is inspected for quality, freedom from worms and other defects
before it goes into the basket.

»li,i

— 38 —

— 39 —

"«1

■:l

— Bucks County
HARVESTING SWEET CORN BEFORE BREAKFAST
Lights, attached to batteries, enable growers to harvest in the cool morn-
ing hours before daylight.

—Farm of William Yerkes, Buckingham

Designed for speedy this new hook-up of conveyors, lights, and trailer
makes it possible to pick a large acreage of sweet corn "before the cock
crows."

— 38 —

— Bucks County

THE FIRST STEP TOWARD A TASTY MEAL.

Hooked to Wm. Yerkes' newly invented harvesting machine, is a trailer,
which unloads the fresh ears of nutritious golden sweet corn to be packed
into baskets.

lii

«^

li^Himmi. . I J--

—William Yerkes Farm. Bucks County

BASKETS HELP TO IDENTIFY AND HOLD QUALITY.
Each ear is inspected for quality, freedom from worms and other defects

before it goes into the basket.

— 39 —

INTEPmONAL 2ND EXPOSURE

li!

)■ ■■)

J. KEENE SAULSBURY, President
A. ROLAND THOMPSON, Secretary A. REED HAYES, JR., Treasurer

MIFFLIN COUNTY
PACKING CO.

PENNSYLVANIA PACKED VEGETABLES

REEDSVILLE. PA.

LaMOTTE COMBINATION
SOIL TESTING OUTFIT

(Alto used for plant tissue test)

For pH, potash, phosphorus and nitrate, all
assembled in carrying case with complete
apparatus, reagents and instructions: price
$35.00 f.o.b. Towson. Same unit is used for test
on plant tissue sample.

LaMotte Chemical Products Co.
Dept. VGN, Towson 4 Baltimore, Md.

SEEDS

Of High Quality

Specialties —

Golden Treasure Celery
Golden Plume Celery
Summer Pascal Celery

Sawco Super White Boston Let-
tuce— A large and improved strain
of White Boston, oz. 40c, I lb.
$1.25, 1 lb. $3.50.

1945 Seed Annual Free on Request

132 - 138 Church St.
New York 8, N. Y.

*rv

♦

GOLDEN CROSS BANTAM

The introduction of Golden Cross Bantam by Purdue University and
the U S. Dept. of Agriculture was a milestone in agriculture. This
fact was recognized last year by the American Seed Trade Associa-
tion in the presentation of a plaque to Glenn M. Smith, who was
responsible for the program of breeding and selection which pro-
duced this splendid hybrid.

Golden Cross Bantam secured and holds its leadership because of
unusually wide adaptation, resistance to wilt, and the high quality
of its large, handsome ears.

For the grower it is important that hybrid seed be secured from a
competent and reliable source. Utilizing the experience gained in
more than 20 years of inbreeding and production, we maintain and
annually cross the parent inbreds with great care, and the Asgrow
strain is renowned.

ASSOCIATED SEED GROWERS, INC

MILFORD, CONN.

iiii

• I

I I

f I

J. KEENE SAULSBURY, President
A. ROLAND THOMPSON, Secretary A. REED HAYES, JR., Treasurer

MIFFLIN COUNTY
PACKING CO.

PENNSYLVANIA PACKED VEGETABLES

REEDSVILLE. PA.

LaMOTTE COMBINATION
SOIL TESTING OUTFIT

SEEDS

of High Quality

Specialiies —

Golden Treasure Celery
Golden Plume Celery
Summer Pascal Celery

(Also used for plant tissue test)

For pH, potash, phosphorus and nitrate, all
assembled in carrying case with complete
apparatus, reagents and instructions; price
$35.00 f.o.b. Towson. Same unit is used for test
on plant tissue sample.

LaMotte Chemical Products Co.
Dept. VGN, Towson 4 Baltimore^ Md.

Sawco Super White Boston Let-
tuce— A large and improved strain
of White Boston, oz. 40c, I lb.
$1.25, 1 lb. $3.50.

1945 Seed Annual Free on Request

132-138 Church St.
New York 8, N. Y.

)

GOLDEN CROSS BANTAM

Golden Cross Bantam secured and holds its leadership because of
unusually wide adaptation, resistance to wilt, and the high quality
of its large, handsome ears.

For the grower it is important that hybrid seed be secured from a
competent and reliable source. UtiUzing the experience gained in
more than 20 years of inbreeding and production, we maintain and
annually cross the parent inbreds with great care, and the Asgrow
strain is renowned.

ASSOCIATED SEED GROWEBS, INC

MILFORD, CONN.

'( i

.<•)

INTENTIONAL 2ND EXPOSURE

„i :

it,

Offers Program for Corn Borer Control

A practical program for control of the European corn borer is of-
fered by J. O. Pepper, extension entomologist of the Pennsylvania
State College.

The following suggestions, if practiced and put into effect by all
farmers, will aid greatly in keeping the corn borer population in
field corn at a low level.

1. Plant hybrid corn. Most hybrids stand up better than open-
pollinated corn when infested by corn borer.

2. Cut field corn low and early.

3. Put all corn possible into the silo.

4. Shred or cut finely all stover, or burn unused portions of the
plant.

5. Plow all short stubble under 4 to 6 inches in fall or spring.

6. Pole down high stubble and standing stalks when ground is
frozen and bare. In the early spring rake and burn, or plow
under all refuse 4 to 6 inches.

7. Clean up and burn or plow under all corn refuse before May 1.

8. Shell ear corn and burn the cobs before May 1.

9. Farmers carrying over a large amount of ear corn in cribs may
catch many moths emerging from cobs by screening the crib
tightly with ordinary fly screen.

10. Get rid of early sweet cornstalks in the fields or gardens im-
mediately after the ears have been harvested. This can be done
by putting them in the silo, feeding, or plowing them under.

11. Home and commercial ornamental flower growers should des-
troy the old stalks or parts of plant above ground of all pithy,
thick-stemmed plants. This can be done by collecting such ref-
use and plowing it under or destroying it by burning before
May 1.

12. Community effort is necessary for the above-mentioned control
practices to be most helpful. Encourage and help your neighbor
in the work.

HARRIS SEEDS

For men who appreciate and grow vegetables of fine
quality there are no better seeds than those offered by

JOSEPH HARRIS COMPANY, INC.

MORETON FARM

ROCHESTER 11, N. Y.

— 42 —

Keep a Gallon Handy

(It will not deteriorate)

STOPS ROT

Apply Like Paint with a Brush

Brush the surface and daub the ends— Cuprinol will protect the wood by
penetrating the fibres and eliminating the nourishment on which rot
fungus and insect borers feed. It is non-toxic for greenhouse and other
horticultural use. Wherever you hove wood replacements or new con-
struction, use Cuprinol.

But you won't use Cuprinol if you don't hove It handy, so keep a gallon

or two always ready. Its use will reduce future
repairs and replacements, whether you apply
it by brush, spray or dip.

Cuprinol treated wood is harmless to seeds,
plants, animals and poultry. Use it as a priming
coot or by itself, and the greater the dampness
the greater the need for Cuprinol. It overages
400 sq. ft. of wood treated to the gallon. In
gallon, 5 gallon and 50 gallon drums.

CUPRINOL, Inc., 33 Spring Lane, Boston 9, Mass.

Kll
N

.HI

^ il

i in
p •l

^l'-^?»J^*

-L

— Lancaster County
Domestic Ryegrass, seeded at the last cultivation, at the rate of 20 to 30
pounds per acre, holds the valuable fertility necessary for future crops.

—Clinton County
Sweet corn fodder is a valuable green -manure crop, Tjrhen plowed down
promptly and completely after harvest.

— 46 —

For Outstanding Strains

SWEET CORN

YELLOW or WHITE HYBRIDS
and OPEN POLLINATED Varieties

Ask for

s E ED s

Grown by

WOODRUFF
of MiUord

"lUOODRUFF

isons inc.

MILFORO. CONN.
ALSO AT : ATLANTA - DAL LAS - SACRAM ENTO - TOLEDO

«;

r t

— Lancaster County
Domeslic Ryegrass, seeded at the last cultivation, at the rate of 20 to 30
pounds per acre, holds the valuable fertility necessary for future crops.

— Clinton County
Sweet corn fodder is a valuable green-manure crop, when plowed down
promptly and completely after harvest.

— 46 —

For Outsfanding Strains

SWEET CORN

YELLOW or WHITE HYBRIDS

and OPEN POLLINATED Varieties

Ask for

SEEDS

Grown by

WOODRUFF
of Milford

■^UIOODRUFF

&5ons inc.

MILFORD, CONN.

ALSO AT : ATLANTA - DALLAS- SACRAMENTO - TOLEDO

INTENTIONAL 2ND EXPOSURE

Ill H

l!>

|)' I

An Opinion on "Green Wrap Tomatoes

DONALD ROBINSON*

We do hear a lot about "green wrap" tomatoes these days and
one of the main questions is, "How long will this demand for green
wraps last?" Of course one man's guess may be as good as anothers,
but I feel that until some other method of deUvering a good firm
slicing tomato for salads and sandwiches is found, we will have a
market for good quality green wraps. I do feel that quality cannot
be stressed too strongly, especially if one is building for the future.
It is easy to sell any grade on a sellers market which we have to-
day but as conditions change, which they are going to do soon, it
will be the "Survival of the Fittest," and the outfit that has a reputa-
tion for quahty will find the road quite well paved for future sales.

Dehydration and canning as well as green wraps have their sepa-
rate places in the tomato industry, but I feel that we fellows in this
dairy section where tomatoes are grown as a side cash crop, not re-
quiring special farm equipment and their harvest time not interfer-
ing with other farm crops, can do better with "green wraps" than
handling them in other ways.

* Tunkhannock, Pa.

Tomato Fertilizer Placement

Various methods of apphcation were compared with the common
practice of drilling fertilizer before planting for the tomato crop by
specialists of the University of Maryland Agricultural Experiment
Station. The standard treatment was 1,000 pounds of a 5-10-5 ferti-
lizer per acre. The lowest yields, 26% below that of the standard
treatment, resulted from broadcasting and disking the fertilizer
into the soil. Drilling the fertihzer on the surface and plowing un-
der in the preparation of the land resulted in a 157r increase at
Ridgley, Maryland, and 9% at College Park, Maryland, over the
drilled applications. Applying the fertilizer in a single band in the
bottom of the furrow increased the yield 32% at Ridgley and 16%.
at College Park. Apphcation in 2 bands 5 inches from the plants
and 4 inches deep resulted in increases 33% at Ridgley and 27% at
College Park. In the plow-under method, increasing the fertilizer
from 500 to 1,000 pounds per acre gave increases in yields of 15';{:
at Ridgley and 13% at College Park. Increasing the fertilizer from
1,000 to 1,500 pounds gave increases of 27% at Ridgley and 6% at
College Park. Yield increases due to both rate and method of ap-
plication were greater on the light soil at Ridgley than on the heavy,
fertile soil at College Park. An increase in the potash from 5% to
10% in the 1,000 pounds per-acre plow-under application at Ridgley
gave an increase in yield of 27%.

— 48 —

SAVE

TIME

LABOR TWINE

with FELINS Marketing Equipment

FELINS BUNCH TVER

for Bunch Vegetables .
Cut Flowers ....
Nursery Stock . . .

TORRENT BUNCH
VEGETABLE WASHER

for Washing all varieties
of Bunch Vegetables.

Over 1800 bunches
an hour.

FELINS ROOT CROP
WASHER

for Washing all varieties
of Bushel Crop.

10 bushel capacity
— 3 tons an hour.

FELINS

Milwaukee 6, Wisconsin

■ I

i 'I

I I

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I 1

Four-H Club Work is Beneficial

EARL S. SHENOT*

Having completed 4 years as 4-H Club Leader, I have made a few
observations on this work. Our club has always had from 7 to 10
members growing tomatoes as their project with 3 or 4 growing
other vegetables. The most successful tomato club members have
grown from 100 to 150 plants. Soil preparation, planting, fertilizing,
and cultivating is done according to recommendations of the Agri-
cultural Extension Service in our County. Most of the members
used a mulch of straw for their tomatoes.

When the tomatoes begin to ripen, the members are taught how to
pick, grade and pack them. Most of these boys can now pack a very
attractive basket of tomatoes.

Yields for the past season ranged from 14 to over 20 pounds per
plant — quite a lot more than 10 tons per acre.

The people who are busiest of all are the ones who find time to
have their children take part in 4-H Club Work. This work is some-
times very trying and often exhausts one's patience, but surely
nothing can be more beneficial to our Nation in its future than the
clean healthful training its boys and girls receive in 4-H Club work.

Would it not be better for farmers and vegetable growers, in par-
ticular, to become more interested in this work? We would be doing
far more by helping this work along than by complaining about war
regulations and criticizing our Government and it's heavily burden-
ed leaders.

♦ Wexford, Allegheny County, Pa.

Pea Growers Urged to Watch for Aphids

J. O. PEPPER

Commercial plantings of peas must be watched carefully in the
next few weeks for aphids, sometimes called "plant lice." Pea aphids
are capable of becoming extremely numerous in a very short time.

When pea aphid infestations reach the stage where dusting or
spraying is deemed necessary, it must be done before any pods are
set on the plant. All pea growers should keep a constant watch on
their own fields for special conditions. The aphid population at
present is not alarming, but he cautions against the "rapid build-
up" possible by aphids. Late crops may be more subject to attack.

— 50 —

PROTECT YOUR VEGETABLE CROP

with

FARM BUREAU COOPERATIVE'S

Perfect Blend Dusts

NONE

SUPERIOR

INSECTICIDAL and FUNGICIDAL

Order Today From Your Local
Farm Bureau Co-op or Service Agency

PENNA. FARM BUREAU COOPERATIVE ASSN.

3607 Derry Street Harrisburg, Penna.

For Greater Profits

PLANT CLICK'S Tomolo Seed a Ptai

IMPROVED STRAINS - PENNSYLVANIA CERTIFIED

Rutgers — Marglobe — Grothens — Pritchard
Pan America and Colco (Pink) Globe

SPECIAL MENTION OF A NEW LEADER

THE EARLY CANNER Matures about a week earlier than Rutgers. When
JtwpH vVrv earlV from well-grown plants it has produced large yields be-
f^theS of harvesT season. Bushy, vigorous foliage protects the closely
«tcluftCTS of fairly large, deep. firm, scarlet tomatoes. Small seed caviUes
l^dexcelllnt flaw make it weU suited to canning, especially stramed prod-
S?ts.HS shown up particularly well in dry weather.

ONLY A LIMITED SUPPLY AVAILABLE

Adyise quantity needed. Particulars free.

GUCK'S SEED FARMS GUCK'S PLANT FARMS

SMOKETOWN. LANCASTER COUNTY. PENNA

\yi

1 1

The Effect of Seed Spacing on the
Yield of Snap Beans

WILLIAM H. LACHMAN*

The yields of crops are closely associated with the stand of plants.
Verv close spacing of some crops, however, sometimes leads to a
Jeduc^on in yTelcl^ro^ competition for light and air, not enough
room to develop properly or unbalanced water and nutritional re-

'InTn Sort to study the effect of seed spacing on the YJf ^^ o^^-P
h^on<! <;eed of the variety Tendergreen was sown at hve dittereni
soacTngs tn the row and were as fSllows: Two, three, four, six and
n^neSes The distance between rows was kept constant which
was three feet apart in all instances. Each of the planting distances
were replicated ten times in plots located at random, making fifty

^^?rowine conditions were ideal and 86.5 per cent of the seed
ge?m3d. The Sop was picked three times and the treatments
with their respective yields were as follows:

Seeds spaced 2 inches apart 63.42
Amount of Seed Sown Yield of Beans

Pounds per Acre Tons per Acre

63.5 4.37

42.3 4.21

31.7 3.57

21.1 2.63

14.1 2.24

To be of any practical significance it has been determined that the
viJlds mustS by more' than 0.45 ton. This -- that th Y^^a
"at the two inch spacing, 4.37 tons, was not enough greater than the
vield at the three inch spacing, 4.21 tons, to make it profitable to
n ant more seed The yields at the four, six, and nine inch spacings
were sTgnificant y less than the yields at the three inch spacing.
" Fror:.'ttse data we can say that under the condil^ns « th
periment the three inch spacing was the most profitable of the treat
ments used.

Seed Spacing
Inches

2
3
4
6
9

*Mass. Ag. Expt. Station. ^

By putting every dollar over rock-bottom expenses into the pur-
chase of War Bonds, you deliver a body blow to wartime inflation-
Ihus putting a lid on the cost of living and maintaining mtact the
ourchasing power of the dollar. At the same time too, you msure the
IZtiTY-ldYOurseU against the catastrophe of a possible post-war
deflation— with its depression, unemployment, misery, and heart-
ache.

— 52 —

DUSTS & SPRAYS

Hi-T«st Uad Arsenate

Calcium Arsenal*

Paris Green

1ftir-Flo Green

Calgreen

Cubor (Rotenone) Dusts

Alorco Cryolite

P-C-H-"20" Dust

Xopper Hydro
topper Hydro Dusts

Wettable Sulfur
Dry Lime Sulfur

Bigger yields can be obtained with thorough
and timely use of dependable dusts and sprays

the kind that don't give insects or diseases

a chance "to get going".

A good example is Chipman Insecticides ahd
Fungicides. These high quality products are
manufactured under the most careful chemical
control and supervision. Check analysis of
raw materials and finished products assure
maximum toxicity. All are fiield-tested for
actual results, which have to be good before
they are offered to you.

This season— protect your vegetables or fruits
with Chipman Dusts and Sprays!

Wilt, for CHIPMAN CHEMICAL CO.

Lifrafuf Bound Brook, Now Jersey

INSECTICIDES
& FUNGICIDES

CHIPMAN

iT-

l,H I

Wood Preservatives for Vegetable Farms

"We never missed the water till the well went dry,
And we never missed the wood till it got so hard to buy."
Most vegetable growers were never aware of the great depend-
ence which they placed on wood materials, and the varied purposes
for which they used wood until recent months. Now, not only is
lumber difficult to obtain, but only the poorer and less desirable
kinds are obtainable at all and then only in limited quantities at
very high prices. The construction of plant growmg flats, cold
frames and hot-beds and the sash to cover them, greenhouse sills,
gutters, and sash bars, storage room and packing house equipment,
and celery blanching boards, are only a few of their essential uses.
There are as yet very few if any satisfactory substitutes for the
wood of which these are made. Consequently, not only are growers
having to make their present equipment last as long as possible but
many realize that the days of cheap lumber may be gone forever
and that replacements will always be expensive.

On a recent visit to a market garden, the coldframe sash were
seen all stacked in neat piles. The corners of most of these sash
were so badly rotted that they were nearly ready to fall apart. Those
sash had been used several years. However, the actual vakie of the
wood which goes into such a sash is only part of the story. The wood
may cost not over half a dollar, but much labor has gone into the
construction of a sash and all that is lost too when the wood decays.
A single sash probably represents an investment of about five dol-
lars and its useful life may be 10 years. By the use of proper wood
preservative treatment when the sash were made, another five or
10 years could have been added to their life. Sash which have been
used for a time but are still in good condition will last much longer
if given a preservative treatment. Such an application would cost
not over 10 cents for materials and 15 or 20 cents for the labor for
each sash. At this rate, the treatment would return from 1000% to
2000% on the investment. One may justifiably ask, then, why isn t
the treatment of all lumber which comes into contact with water
or damp soil, or is exposed to the weather constantly, a regular
routine practice with vegetable growers?

There are several reasons for this situation. The older types of
wood preservatives did not give sufficient protection from decay or-
ganisms, or if they did so for a time, the material gradually vola-
tilized leaving the wood unprotected. Also some of the older types
of preservatives could not be used in fiats or greenhouse benches
because they were injurious to plants which came in contact with
lumber so treated. In some cases, objectionable od«|rs were given

— 54 —

Make Rain While The San Shines

And Make Money While the Making Is Good

1945 will afford the best markets for
Vegetables and Fruits that we have ever seen

INSURE YOUR CROP YIELDS

BY USING A

CALCO PORTABLE RAINMAKER

and stop watching the winds and clouds.

Write for Illustrated Catalog and the name of the
nearest Rainmaker Dealer

•

California Corrugated Culvert Co.

7th 8i PARKER STREETS

BERKELEY 2. CALIF.

_- VST

€■

if '

off by the preservative and this "tainted" the product, as when used
on celery bleinching boards.

Certain soluble copper compounds have been used for many years
by European fishermen to rot-proof their ropes, fish nets, and the
wood in their fishing boats. Only recently have such materials been
introduced into the United States and still more recently have
these been found useful for many other agricultural purposes. Forin-
erly the mushroom growers used cypress lumber almost exclusively
for the sides and bottoms of their mushroom beds because this wood
is highly resistant to rot. Cypress is practically off the market now
but the mushroom growers have found that ordinary lumber, it
treated with Cuprinol, a soluble copper wood preservative, gave
them a very satisfactory substitute. The greenhouse men who
formerly used cypress for beds and benches, and for hot-bed, cold-
frame and other construction, are having to depend on similar treat-
ment of substitute woods. Evidence at this time indicates that they
save considerable money by making this change. Cuprinol treat-
ment is very simple. It is applied with a paint brush and the cost
is only about §c per board foot for the material.

There are many other uses for Cuprinol which will result in sub-
stantial savings. One case which should not be over-looked is in the
vegetable storage room. The humidity in such a room must be main-
tained very high, otherwise the root crops or leafy vegetables will
wilt and shrivel and soon become unmarketable. This high hu-
midity condition results in ideal growing conditions for decay or-
ganisms in the floors, walls, and partitions of the storage room. In
one noteworthy case, the entire inside of the storage had to be
treated with Cuprinol to stop growth of the molds and mildews
which were growing so profusely on the lumber of which the in-
terior was constructed. Such treatment is much less expensive than
would be the replacement of all this interior woodwork.

LANCASTER BONE FERTILIZER CO., Inc

QuarryvlUe, Pa.

Manufacturers of ''Conesioga Brand** fertilizeri

Made in Pennsylvania for Pennsylvania soils.

FOR BIGGER, BETTER CROPS

• Vegetables

• Fruits • Berries

• Tobacco • Grains

• Pasture

NO GAMBLE ON
THE WEATHER

With Atlas Portable Overhead Irrigation
As shown by picture above, you can end drought threat and insure ample
irrigation for the growing season. This simple, inexpensive ^qj^PJ^^"* ^^
easily installed, easily operated and portable. For use ^J^^^^T^^^'J^^^^^^
controlled moisture . . . when and where you want it. Write today for Ulera-
lure and prices. Attractive Territories Open For Dealers.

Manufactured and Distributed by the

ATLAS SUPPLY DIVISION

Jones & Laughlin Supply Company

418 N. Main Street Muskogee, Oklahoma

THE ONLY COMPLETE LINE OF
ROTARY TILLAGE

ARIENS TRACTORTILLER

It harrows, Discs,
Packs, and Levels the
soil in one operation
— Made in 2 sizes, 4 ft.
and 5 ft. — motor driv-
en or power take-off.

— 56 —

A complete job of fitting the soil
after plowing. It leaves no wheel
tracks on the field. The revolving
tines thoroughly mix and aerate the
soil evenly, leaving it in a uniformly
tilled condition throughout. Depth ot
operation is up to 12 inches under
favorable conditions. It's decidedly
an implement for market vegetable
growers. Send for details now.

ARIENS COMPANY, BRILLION, WISCONSIN

t »

!*!

pi !

'I*
It')

ill

We mean protection against the inroads of crop insects and
diseases through the use of Niagara insecticides and fungicides
and dusting machines.

Niagara pioneered the development of the dusting method
and Niagara dusters embody the principles of dust application
essential to the success of the dusting method. Experienced
market growers are familiar with the reliability and effective-
ness of Niagara fungicides and insecticides. They know that

with Niagara products they
secure the greatest amount of even
coverage with the least poundage
and cost. Consult your Niagara
Dealer for detailed information
or write us direct.

NIAGARA SPRAYER
AND CHEMICAL CO., INC.

MiddUpoxt, New York

IS*

Commercial Tomato Plants Need Care

Give tomato plants a good start on receiving word that plants are
arriving for commercial plantings. These plants need special han-
dling and care at the time of transplanting.

For successful yields, use only plants that are free from disease,
not less than 3/16th of an inch thick, have well-developed stems
from 6 to 9 inches tall, strong, fairly straight, firm but not soft or
woody, and having a healthy green-colored foliage and a well-
developed root system.

Soil should be prepared well in advance of the arrival of the
plants, so they may be planted immediately— provided it is not too
wet. Plants should be protected from intense sunlight and drying
winds while being delivered.

Remove lids from all baskets at time of arrival on farm. Remove
from the middle of each basket about a quarter to a half of the
plants or one bundle if the bundle contains 100 plants— or two bun-
dles if each contains 50 plants. Place these bundles in extra baskets,
adjusting bundles in all baskets to permit free circulation of air.

Do not open bundles packed in moss or other water-absorbent
material until immediately before transplanting. If the plants are
wilted, place baskets in water not over 3 inches deep— for 5 minutes.
Do not wet the stems or leaves of the plants. Tear a hole in the bot-
tom of the paper wrapper around each bundle before dipping in
water, to permit rapid absorption and immediate drainage after re-
moval from water. Do not stack the watered baskets."

If the plants must be stored, the best temperature is between 50
jmd 60 degrees and in a dry, well-ventilated cellar, on an outdoor
shed Plants must be protected from intense sunlight and drying
winds After the bundles are opened for transplanting, keep roots
damp and then set the plants deeply, applying water to the roots
and covering roots firmly with dry soil.

Quickly soluble, commercially prepared plant starter may be
used to good advantage in the water applied to the roots. If that is
not available, then a 4-12-4 or similar fertilizer can be prepared by
Dlacing 50 pounds in one or two burlap bags, soaking overnight m a
50-eallon barrel. From 5 to 10 gallons of this mixture in the tank
can be used on the transplanter. Or a 20 per cent superphosphate
may be used instead of the 4-12-4.

By Investing in the 7th War Loan, the patriotic American is safe-
guarding his own future. Ws country's future.

— 59 —

'»>

'll

•I

Using Idle Soils Profitably

WmD.y. GRAU^

■ 'l;

Every day we are learning ji^w things about how_to produce^ mpre food
and feed from a given area of land through improved varieties, better seed,
more Ifficiem placement and use of fertilizers, irrigation, improved meth-
X of^ltivation, lower costs of production, and the use of trace elements
?hl lack of which has in many cases limited efficient production. "Greater ef-
ficiency" seems to be the keynote of future operations in all agricultural
fields "PrTper balance" also may be applied to the over-all picture in
aericiilture This implies balance in everything which includes fertilizers,
crop roTattons, and, above all, the very much neglected factor of organic

"^Regardless of* the reasons, when you are faced with the problem of "Using
Idle Soils Profitably," you are going to want in your hands some very con-
rrptp <!ueeestions on how to put your idle soils to profitable use. Througn
m^ve^ close"affiHation with many of the phases of Grassland Farming
you may find that my approach to a problem of this kind may have a sort
of green tinge— slightly colored, as it were— which is the color of GRAbb.
Others may believi that some other use of idle soils may be more profit-

^I^ shall make certain assumptions, state my premises and then proceed to
substantiate them, admitting that there is room for other opinions

First- Idle soils that are taken out of vegetable production should be
considered as only "resting" and should be planted to a crop which quickly
c^ be reconverted to thi production of food when the need arises. The

"fecond* Thl'ldle sofls'which'i?e^fken out of vegetable production should
be those that are least suited to continued food production by reason ^of low
organic matter content, poor physical condition, low productivity, and. con-
sequently, low efficiency of production.

Third- The greatest good which can accrue from any program of use of
idle soils is thi restoration of organic matter without which soils erode and
become lifeless and non-productive. Organic matter is built up under
GRASS faster than with any other crop. ** , ;„ *u» c^ii

Fourth- The crop which is best able to rebuild organic matter in the soil,
to prevent erosion, to restore productivity, to improve the physical condi-
tion of the soil, and to permit of profitable use of the soil at the same time,

^^ Fifth- Defining GRASS for our purposes as any true grass, any small-seed-
ed legume, or any combination of grasses and legumes, the best use of the
land is to grow on it a combination of a grass and a legume so as to utilize
forthe grass the nitrogen-gathering ability of the legume with its associated
bacteria for the purpose of stimulating a greater growth of the true grass.

Sixth ' The best use of a GRASS crop for idle soils is that which removes
the least and leaves the most on and in the soil for the Purpose of most
rapidly restoring the depleted organic matter, consistent with the most

profitable use. ' , , . n xu

Seventh and last: The harvesting of GRASS for seed, leaving all the
organic residue on the land, will remove the least from the soil, will build
organic reserves most rapidly, and at the same time, may prove to be the
most profitable use for idle soils in the long run, even though seed prices may
drop to a low level. Next to the seed crop, use of the land for pasture may
be the best. Removal of all growth fbr hay is the least desirable from the
standpoint of soil improvement but may be highly profitable. In substantia-
tion of the deductions made, allowing for other management systems of a
GRASS crop, let us examine some of the adapted grasses, legumes, and

' * Extension* Agronomist, the Pennsylvania State College, State College,
Pennsylvania. . •

— 60 —

combinations and see what their possibilities are. We should realize that
about 50 per cent of the total growth of GRASS is below ground m the root
system, a dense, finely-matted structure which holds the soil m place and
effectively reduces the leaching away of plant nutrients. Without going
greatly into detail we also will examine the probable profitableness of van-

^^Consfdering seed* crops for the moment, which of the grass and legume
seeds are in short supply and may be the more profitable to produce.' Ut
number one importance in Pennsylvania are medium red clover and hardy
adapted alfalfa. Both are so important that it is hard to differentiate. We
import six times as much red clover seed as we produce and, until this year,
virtually all of our alfalfa seed was imported from other seed-producing
areas. Mammoth red clover is a favorite on dry thin soils for its unquestion-
ed soil-improving value. Much more seed is needed. Alsike clover is in
heavy demand and there is not enough seed. Ladino clover seed has reached
the highest price since it has been introduced into Pennsylvania which
would indicate that there is not enough seed to meet demand. Birdsfoot tre-
foil is another that appears to have possibilities and seed is scarce. Among
the grasses, the one which is in heavy demand and which is giving profitable
returns is Orchard grass. Timothy seems to continue to be cheap and plenti-
ful Alta fescue is a newcomer which has not become widely popular for
forage but is in heavy demand for airfields and for Lend-Lease and at a
high price. Red fescue is in heavy demand for many kinds of turf, for road-
side develooment and for airfields. The price is higher than it has been for
many years' Smooth bromegrass is achieving a popularity for forage which
must be deserved. Less is known about it than about many other grasses in
the East but it deserves mentioning. Tall oatgrass is gaining m popularity
for forage and very little seed can be found. Ryegrass is a popular cover
crop and presents a distinct possibility.

One of the reasons why we are discussing seed crops is that on the live-
stock farm where a GRASS crop is being produced for forage and perhaps
for seed, the season may be such that the intended seed crop is grazed or is
cut for hay and, consequently, no seed is produced. Where seed crops are
planted for this sole purpose and it is made more of a specialty, we can be
better assured of the outcome.

We have briefly considered the seed crops which are in heaviest demand
and which may return the greatest profit both for soil improvement and for
monetary return. The next consideration is the duration of the enforced
idleness of soils. Some may be idle for only one year, others may be idle for
manv years. The choice of crop is an important one m this respect. The
short-term crops would include red clover, alsike clover and ryegrass. Long-
term crops would include the perennial species of grasses, together with
long-lived legumes like alfalfa. Ladino clover, birdsfoot trefoil and others.
Remembering that the best use of the land for soil improvement is to
have a grass and a legume growing together, it is essential to study the
compatability (or companionability) of the various species. At the same
time we might consider the soil requirements of the combinations. Good
combinations include:

Timothy-medium red clover— average soil conditions
Timothy-mammoth red clover— average to dry and low-fertility

soil conditions
Timothy-alsike clover— average to wet and acid soil conditions
Timothy-alfalfa— fertile, well-drained soils only
Timothy-Ladino clover— moist, fertile soil conditions
Timothy-birdsfoot trefoil— wide range of soil conditions
It is evident that the adaptation of a mixture to any particular set of
conditions is dependent upon the legume. Grasses in general have a much
wiSer adaptation^ is evident that timothy is widely adapted but may not
^ome of the other perennial grasses be used in place of timothy? Orchard
^?rsl tall o\tS A^^ fescue or brome-gra^s might be used with Alfalta.

tlvi

• t

Orchard grass with Ladino is one of the better combinations. Birdsfoot tre-
foil seemi to do well with any of the perennial grasses. Thus it can be seen
that a number of combinations are possible A choice will depend first upon
the soil conditions and upon the question of whether to select a crop to fit
the soil or to modify the soil to meet the requirements ot a particular crop.
The most exacting requirements are necessary for alfalfa necessitating the
use of lime, phosphate and potash and perhaps borax. Probably the least
exacting legume crop is mammoth clover. • + „4 o^„».

For large yields of legume seed it has been proven by experiments at Penn
State, in Ohio and elsewhere that honeybees are necessary for proper pol-
lination of the crop. One hive to the acre during the blossoming period
is considered a minimum. It has been reported that boron has been found
to be a limiting element in legume seed production on certain soils, par-
ticularly in the East. For high yields of grass seed, the chief requirement

seems to be for nitrogen. • _, 4. ^.u^ vv,^of

In these days of shortage of labor and hard-to-gat equipment, the most
popular seed crop undoubtedly will be the one which requires the least
number of man-hours per acre and which can be harvested by custom-oper-
ated machinery if necessary. With combines available, few are willing to
expend the energy of cutting, shocking or cocking, and then threshing a
crop. On this basis, the most popular crop is likely to be one which can be
cut only once in a season without any further details of management. Among
the legumes this narrows the field down to either mammoth red clover or
Alsike clover, both of which produce the seed crop in the first cutting, some-
times in late July. While both can be combined directly, it is known that
much better results will be obtained by first mowing and windrowmg the
crop to cure it, then threshing it with a combine equipped with a pick-up
attachment. Seed quality will be higher because the seed will be drier and
less likely to heat and mold in storage. If timothy is the grass selected to
be grown with either legume, it is to be expected that part of the threshed
crop will be timothy seed which largely can be separated from the legume
seed There is no choice in Alsike seed— commercial .seed only is available.
In mammoth red clover seed there are superior strains which have resulted
from natural selection in certain sections of the State. These better strains
are recommended. We would like to be able to recommend one of the leafy
improved strains of timothy but seed supplies are so small as to be practic-
ally unavailable.

Both mammoth red clover and Alsike clover are one-year propositions.
The associated grass, however, may be left indefinitely if the "idle soil is
not ready to be reconverted into food crops. A grass seed crop may then
be taken each year thereafter, replacing only the nutrient elements lost
through the removal of the crop and through leaching. Where this system
of management is to be followed, careful consideration should be given to
grasses such as Orchard grass, Alta fescue and tall oatgrass which, at pres-
ent, have higher acre-value potentials for seed than timothy. The limiting
factor is the oresence of quackgrass. Where quackgrass is present, the
larger-seeded grasses are mostly out of the picture because quack is a
noxious weed and cannot be separated completely from other grass seeds of
similar size and comoarable maturity. Where the soil is free from noxious
weeds, however. Orchard grass, Alta fescue and other tall grasses may be
grown in combination with legumes in place of timothy with the expecta-
tion of a reasonable profit. During the past two years growers in Pennsyl-
vania have produced as high as 400 pounds of clean Orchard grass seed to
the acre. The return has varied between 50 to 100 dollars an acre. A few
growers have selected the leafy, later, rust-resistant Brage orchard grass
from Sweden and the fine S-26 from Wales but these strains have produced
less seed to the acre than commercial. Here again, seed supplies of the im-
proved strains are virtually unobtainable. Alta fescue looks like a profitable
grass seed crop at present prices of 58c a pound, retail and a potential of
400 to 600 Dounds to the acre. Only a few thousand pounds of this seed was
available a' few weeks ago — the rest went to Russia on Lend-Lease.

— 62 —

>j ^

We have not said much about alfalfa and Ladino clover. There is so
much management tied up with the production of these and other similar
seed croDS that it is doubtful if they have a place on idle soils. They are
the more intensive crops which rightfully belong on good cropland under
skillful supervision.

Red fescue (Chewings or creeping red) may be made-to-order for idle
soils of low organic matter content and low productivity. The crop is valu-
able and the demand is high. Certain features about it, however, render it
one of those questionable crops until more critical work is done on it. it
falls into the more highly-speciahzed class.

Birdsfoot trefoil is mentioned because it is a perennial legume and may
fit in on those soils that are to remain idle for long periods. Not enough is
known about seed harvesting here to place it in the recommended class.
For the present its use should be restricted to relatively small test plots.

A worth-while thought when seed is considered as a crop for idle soils in
a given area is that the growers in that area, after a careful study of condi-
tions and adaoted crops, agree to grow the same strain. Two reasons justify
this suggestion: first, there will be less chance of crossing and mixing so
that a purer product can be produced, and, second, the larger quantity of
seed can be pooled for greater bargaining power.

Cleaning facilities must be studied and evaluated before launching a seed-
firowing project. Few seed crops can be cleaned properly on ordinary Clip-
pers or farm fanning mills. Buckhorn in clover seed, for example, can be
removed only by special sawdust machines. Some companies are willing
to buy seed 'in the dirt,' clean it on their own special machinery, and pay
the producer on the basis of dockage. These factors must be considered
prior to producing the seed.

There will be those among you who will decide to turn some of your idle
soil into pasture for beef cattle or for sheep, or even hogs or dairy cattle.
In this case you will select either the permanent or bluegrass pasture, or the
popular high-producing Triple-Purpose pasture. For the most part, each
field will be an individual proposition.

Some of you may decide to cut hav for sale on the Eastern markets. In
this case you will grow mainly alfalfa or a mixture heavy in alfalfa. The
requirements for this crop have been set out so well m station bulletins and
circulars that we will not dwell on them here. Where this crop is con-
templated, however, careful consideration must be given to the large
amounts of mineral nutrients which will be removed from the soil each year
chiefly calcium, phosphorus and potash. A three-ton crop of alfalfa will
remove from the soil the equivalent of 600 pounds of an 0-5-20 fertilizer.
Failure to replace these nutrients will result in a soil still further depleted
in fertility.

The establishment of the GRASS crop is a very critical period. Grass and
legume seeds are very small and require much more careful seed bed
preparation than larger seeds such as corn or beans. Moisture must be
adequate to insure establishment after germination. Covering the seeds
too deeply frequently results in failures or near-failures. This outline of
seeding methods may help to avoid some of the failures.

Spring seedings on winter grain.— Broadcasting the seeds on frozen ground
during freezing and thawing (honeycombing) generally produces best re-
sults because the young grass plants start to grow before the weeds Where
this cannot be done, the seed may be cut into the winter grain with a disc
drill Some farmers wait until the frost is out, then broadcast the seed,
scratch it in with a weeder, and finish with a cultipacker to press the seeds
firmly into the soil. In general, the later the seeding is made, the greater
chances one takes on a continued moisture supply.

— 63 —

i :

M-'t

fd^'^

III

Spring seedings wilh spring grain. — The important factors here are 1) a
well-packed, finely-pulverized seed bed, 2) placing the small seeds behind
the drills to avoid covering the seed too deeply and 3) following the drill
with the cultipacker to insure rapid germination. Large seeds which will
not flow through the grass seed box on a drill may be mixed with the small
grain or with the fertilizer and placed down the boot. Shallow drilling is
important to avoid covering the small seeds too deeply. Early planting will
bring best results. Another very important factor is the choice of a com-
panion crop and the rate of seeding. Short-strawed, early-maturing oats
like Vicland, Tama, and Boone are much better companion crops than late
types which tend to lodge and smother grass seedings. The lighter the
seeding of the companion crop, the better will be the GRASS crop. Four
to six pecks of oats to the acre are sufficient.

Seedings without a companion croo. The most successful 'clear' seedings
of grasses and legumes are generally made in late summer and early fall.
Weeds are much less a problem of competition with the grass seedlings at
this time than with spring seedings. On the other hand, the risk is greater
because of frequent drought periods. Good seed bed preparation and proper
method of seeding are important. Well-prepared seed beds draw moisture
from below by capillary attraction. Loose seedbeds dry quickly on the sur-
face and germinating seedlings die. In order of their preference, these meth-
ods of seeding are successful:

Alfalfa disc seeder (seed mixed with fertilizer)

Disc grain drill (seed mixed with fertilizer)

Cultipacker-seeder

Seed broadcast, weeded in, and then cultipacked

Seedings in a standing crop. — The practice of sowing ryegrass as a cover
crop at the last regular cultivation of a cash crop may be enlarged. This is a
cheap method, feasible because the seed bed is already prepared at no extra
cost. Other grasses and legumes may be seeded in similar manner. The
method can be improved upon if some method could be devised for covering
or pressing the seed into contact with the soil.

Some growers regularly establish the GRASS crop simultaneously with
a crop of canning peas. Peas occupy the ground only a short time which
gives the grass a good chance. One disadvantage is that of wet weather
during pea harvest. In this case the ground may be left too rough for sub-
sequent operations.

A few farmers have established successfully grasses in rows by mixing
the grass seed with the fertilizer at the time of planting a regular cash crop
like com. Shallow flat cultivation avoids covering the young grass in the
row. The desired legume has been established later by seeding it at the last
cultivation. This is a short cut which needs careful consideration and plan-
ning. The value lies in the fact that no extra cost of operations is involved —
only the cost of the seed. Additional testing is involved to determine the
possible effect of the growth of the grass on the main crop.

The question has been asked if manure is necessary in establishing grass
seedings. The answer is "No" but it helps. Manure is valuable for the
growth-promoting substances which it contains, for its moisture-holding
capacity, and for the organic matter content. The plant nutrients in manure
may be Durchased more cheaply in the fertilizer bag unless manure is a by-
product "as it is on livestock farms. This is not true on most vegetable
farms today.

We have discussed the use of GRASS as a crop for idle soils. Whether this
crop is to be utilized for seed, for pasture or for hay depends upon a num-
ber of factors which deserve careful study. Regardless of the decision, it re-
mains a fact that idle soil so occupied will be a more productive soil when
the period of idleness is over by reason of the increased organic matter, re-
.duced leaching and erosion, and improved physical condition. With care-
ful planning and reasonably good management, this use of idle soils should
be a profitable one.

— 64 —

QUALITY ALWAYS PAYS!

For extra yields and
quality, use Agrico—
specially formulated
for each crop. And
when you need Super-
phosphate, ask for 18%
NORMAL — it's more
economical. Manufac-
tured only by The
American Agricultural
Chemical Co.

Baltimore, Md.
Buffalo, N. Y.
Carteret, N. J.

^ AGR ICO ctW 18% NORMAL

THE NATIONS LEADING PERTIUZER

SUPERPHOSPHATE

Most any man can do a lot of talking — but watch
out for the fellow who says something!

ALBERT C. ROEMHILD

COMMISSION MERCHANT
Wholesale Fruits and Vegetables

Phone, Lombard 1000 122 Dock Street, Philadelphia 6, Pa.

Dept. T

'There is no place like HOLMES for SEEDS"

Specializing

in select strains
for Greenhouse and Truck Growers

The Holmes Seed Company

SEED GROWERS

Canton 2, Ohio

r:-s^^^^!^^mm-

Questions and Answers

Peas

Q. How can you treat your soil so as to raise crops of peas and
beans year after year? Ed. W., Avondale.

A No satisfactory method has been found. It is still necessary
to rotate with sod crops to maintain soil fertility as well as to avoid
severe disease losses.

Q. Is there a pick-up type loader available to mount on the front
of a truck for loading peas? J. M. G., Mohnton.

A. No, but there is a pea harvesting machine which loads them
on a truck driven alongside.

Q. What is the best method of controlling pea aphids? R. A. A.,
Quarryville.

A. Read your Dec. 1944, News, pp. 72-77 and consult your County
Agent for more recent information.

Q. Plant early or late? C. K. H., Quarryville.

A. Plant as early as soil and weather conditions permit.

Q. Is it advisable to drill both lime and fertilizer on top before
plowing? What will be the result? C. M. G., Oxford.

A Lime and fertilizer usually are not applied at the same time,
because lime may cause a reduction of available phosphates and a
loss of nitrates in ammonium salts. It is preferred to mix the lime
with the soil before applying fertilizer. However, small amounts
of dolomite limestone are commonly used in fertihzer mixtures in
the place of filler to produce a non-acid forming mixture and to
add calcium and magnesium.

Q Will 5 bushels of seed per acre be better than 4 to keep peas
from falling over in the field? Will certain fertilizer produce a
stiffer stalk? D. B. B., Lampeter.

A. Yes. Phosphoric acid in superphosphate stiffens the tissues
(stems), hastens maturity and aids root development.

Q. Why do not the manufacturers develop a pea combine for
the field? B. S. G., Willow Street.

A Too much weight required, and cleaning and washing to pre-
vent loss of quality is an objection, but the matter is being consid-
ered.

— 66 —

Tomatoes

Q. Do greenhouse or southern-grown plants give best results?
C. A. B., Lancaster.

A. No statistical difference has been recorded. There are ad-
vantages and disadvantages to both. Conditions, as to disease, condi-
tion of growth and size, can be controlled rather well locally, but
it may be rather expensive and the average grower and canner does
not appear to be equipped or prepared either in experience, capital
or facilities to grow a really good plant locally. The South has a
natural soil and climate for growing plants, but it is necessary to
try to adjust our operations to their weather and to insist that they
do the very best job in growing, controlling disease and handling in
shipment.

Q. Do shipped plants do as well as home-grown plants? W. R. C,
Quarryville.

A. No average difference has been recorded. It depends upon
the particular kind of "shipped plants" and "home-grown plants."

Q. How to secure the right kind of plants at the proper time? J.
E. W., Quarryville.

A. Prepare your field early, tell your fieldman you are ready,
and accept only good plants.

Q. Is it practical to irrigate field tomatoes? A. N. M., Lititz.

A. Yes, if you have the water in sufficient quantity. See the
March issue.

Q. The dry rot? W. Mc. G., New Providence.

A. Maintain an even supply of soil moisture and promote early
root development. Include sod crops in the rotation, apply stable
manure and avoid excessive amounts of nitrogen fertilizer or poultry
manure, particularly early in the season. High phosphoric acid con-
tent in complete fertilizer stimulates deep root development in a
well-prepared soil containing sufficient lime and organic matter.
Mulching, although rather expensive, helps.

Q. How to grow ten tons per acre? H. L. H., Quarryville, and
H. J. H., Lititz.
A. Read the 1944 ten-ton tomato report.

Q. Are real certified seed used in direct seeding? B. B. S., Lititz.
A. Yes.

Q. Is it advisable to plow lime under or apply it on top after
plowing? C. D. M., Quarryville.

A. Since lime is only effective in correcting soil acidity in that
portion of the soil in the immediate vicinity of the lime particle,
it should be mixed well with the entire soil. It may be applied be-
fore plowing or just after and harrowed deeply.

— 67 —

Q. What time of the year is best to apply lime to a tomato field?

A. G. W., Lancaster.

A. Before or right after plowing before the soil has been har-
rowed, preferably before. v

Q. /Will too much nitrogen affect the set of fruit in the tomato r

B. S. G., Willow Street.

A. Yes, particularly when applied early and alongside the row.

Q. Relative increase in yield to increase in fertilizer used?

A. See 1944 ten-ton tomato report. One grower applies 1,000
lbs. per acre for an anticipated 10-ton crop and adds 100 lbs. for
each additional ton he hopes to get, up to 15. In lighter soils, grow-
ers use more.

Q. What is the best method of applying fertilizer— side dress

or broadcast?

A. Part plowed down or drilled deeply and another part (about
300 lbs.) along the row, or at least plant starter in the row.

Q. Is it advisable to use plant hormone and quickly available
fertilizer in water when planting? F.L.W., Bird-in-Hand.

A. Yes, particularly the quickly available fertilizer.

Q. Have any experimental data been secured showing the re-
lation between the number of plants set per acre and yield per
acre? Will 3,500 or 4,000 plants per acre yield more than 3,000?
J. W. S., Wernersville.

A. Complete, detailed data is not available. Varying soil, cli-
m.atic conditions and varieties would have to be considered. Gen-
erally, 3,000 plants per acre, on average soils, are considered ade-
quate fo£ optimum yields. The largest group of ten-ton tomato
growers have always used about 3,000 plants per acre.

Q. Is there any advantage in ridging or hilling? A. R. L., Mohn-

ton.

A. Hilling may help in controlling weeds; otherwise, there is
no proven advantage in our soils. Shallow cultivation saves the
roots. If sweeps are used hilling is safe.

Q. How often should tomatoes be cultivated? W. S. K., Quarry-

ville.

A. Often enough to prevent weeds from getting a start, starting
as soon as possible after planting and going very close to the plants
the first tim^e.

Q. Why must No. 1 be perfect? P. P. H., Lititz.

a; a No. 1 tomato must be 90% red and 90% usable without the
stem if it is delivered for strained products.

Q. Controlling bottlenecks at receiving stations? L. H., Holtwood.

A. See manager, try to schedule deliveries to avoid rush hours.

— 68 —

NEW SWEET CORN HYBRIDS

LINCOLN — a most popular new hybrid for home or market grower.

/WILSON — a late yellow hybrid of Stowells Evergreen

Also Spancross, Marcross, Carmelcross, Old Hickory and

Golden Cross Bantam.

Jutt drop a card for our descriptive list.

HUNTINGTON BROTHERS

Box Hi Windsor, Conn.

Specialists for Fertilizers for

CANNING CROPS

PEAS — BEANS — SWEET CORN — TOMATOES
Insure your crops this year with UNION Field tested fertilizers

UNION FERTILIZER CORPORATION

Main Office — Pikesville, Maryland Factory — Baltimore, Maryland

What About

INSECT ^
PESTS •

One of the major problems in
the growing of a profitable
crop is to prevent insects from
destroying quality and yield.

Black leaf 40 kills by contact and by fumes. It leaves no poisonous residue
and is easy to apply.

Use Black Leaf 40 — Get the most from your investment of labor and capital.

Full information will be furnished on request.

Insist on Original Factory-Sealed Packages for Full Strength.

TOBACCO BY-PRODUCTS AND CHEMICAL CORPORATION

Incorporated — Louisville, Kentucky

Index to Advertisers

Canners

Mifflin County Packing Company 40 ^

Farm Equipment ,

Ariens Company 57

A. B. Farquhar Company 27

Fertilizers

The American Agricultural Chemical Company 61

Armour Fertilizer Works 29

Lancaster Bone Fertilizer Company 56

Reading Bone Fertilizer Company 14

Virginia-Carolina Chemical Corporation 20

Union Fertilizer Corporation 65

Food Brokers

B. Meier & Son, Inc 12

Albert C. Roemhild 61

Food Stores

American Stores Company

Insecticides and Fungicides, Dusters and Sprayers

Chipman Mfg. Company 53

Dow Chemical Company 45

Niagara Sprayer and Chemical Company 58

Pennsylvania Farm Bureau Cooperative Association 51

Tobacco By-Products and Chemical Corporation 65

Insurance

G. L. Booker, Superintendent, Hail Dept Inside Back Cover

Irrigation Supplies

Atlas Supply Company 57

Buckner Manufacturing Company 44

California Corrugated Culvert Company 55

Hamilton & Company 25

Preservatives

Cuprinol, Inc 43

Seed and Plants

Associated Seed Growers, Inc 41

W. A. Burpee Company Inside Back Cover

Glick's Seed and Plant Farms 51

Joseph Harris Company 42

Holmes Seed Company 61

Huntington Brothers 65

Schell's Seed House Back Cover

Francis C. Stokes, Ltd 22

Stumpp & Walter Company 40

Tapperson Seed Company 15

F. H. Woodruff & Sons 47

Soil Testers

LaMotte Chemical Products Company 40

Sprayers and Washers

John Bean Manufacturing Company 18

Felins ............ 49

The F. E. Myers & Brothers Company*. . . . . . '. '. ' ' * * . '. '. '. '. 30

— 70 —

lr?5

I/m

-y^

M ^

PENNSYLVANIA
VEGETABLE GROWERS NEWS

PUBLISHED— JANUARY, MARCH, MAY, JULY AND DECEMBER

Vol. XV

625 Holmes St., State College, Pa., July, 1945

No. 4

A Publication of The Pennsylvania Vegetable Growers' Association
Annual Membership — $1.00, Single Copy — 25c

Entered as second-class matter March 28, 1942 at the post office at State College,
Pennsylvania, under the Act of March 3, 1879. Annual dues are $1.00, 80 cents of
which is for subscription to the Pennsylvania Vegetable Growers' News. Published
January, March, May, July and December.

IN THIS ISSUE

N. E. Veg. and Potato Council. . . 4

Penn Fruit Managers Join 4

V. G. A. of A. News Letter 5

Constitution and By-Laws 7

Our Advertisers 9

Officers and Directors 10

Exhibit Committee H

Farm Show Meeting 12

Legislative Progress 13

Marketing Problems 15

Membership 17

Program Plans 19

Research Needs 19

Publication Plans 21

Tomato and Pea Clubs 23

Vegetable Gardening Extension. 25

Dean Fletcher 27

Penn State Teaching and
Research

Dean Watts Encourages 33

Luther Burbank's Plant Con-
tributions 34

Lettuce Breeding 35

Weed Control 37

Liming Suggestions 38

Vegetables Need Water 41

Tomato Defoliation 41

Profitable Tomato Picking 43

DDT 49

Sprays Reduce Tomato Blight . . 49

Sow Ryegrass 51

War Veterans Want Land 51

Grow Your Own 53

Storage Requirements 57

Squash Storage 59

Refrigerated Storage Rooms ... 61
Small Vegetable Storage Room . 63
Selling Home Frozen Foods ... 65

That Home Built Freezer 67

Prices Following Wars 71

Membership List— 1945 73

Advertisers Index 90

Front Cover: Old Main* The Pennsylvania Stale College.

3 —

IRREGULAR PAGINATION

Northeastern Vegetctble and Potato Council

Final arrangements concerning an organization to deal with the
problem connected with the Terminal Markets were scheduled to
be made at the July 14th meeting of the council in the Hotel New

Yorker

Philadelphia Local 929 issued an order effective as of May 15,
1945 that all trucks arriving in the Philadelphia wholesale produce
market must carry a paid-up union driver or the produce will not
be unloaded or handled. Only bona fide farmers, or their sons, are
exempt from this regulation. It is expected that the same order will
be applied to Newark, New York and all Atlantic seaboard terminals.

Plans for New Produce Terminal at
New York Announced

Mayor LaGuardia outlined the plans for the remodeling of the
Washington Market Terminal at a meeting of the wholesale trade
on June 26 when he announced that the Federal Works Administra-
tion had approved an allowance of funds to develop the full plans
based upon the preliminary study of the market which had already
been made. However, the arrangement in no way obligates the Fed-
eral Government to assist in the financing of the final construction
although it is expected that the project will be eligible for Federal
postwar financing. The project would occupy 57 acres bounded by
Vestry street on the north, Murray street on the south, Greenwich
street on the 6ast and the Hudson River piers on the west. The city
now owns 17 acres of this area. The market is to be built in sections
and the work should be completed in two years after the work starts.
The handling of produce will be made much more efficient by the
design of the new buildings and piers, the use of labor-saving ma-
chinery, and of adequate space lor truck loading and unloading.

Penn Fruit Managers All Join Association

Since our association has no trade membership, as most grower
associations, Penn Fruit Company has voluntarily submitted the
membership of their entire list of managers and the administrative

staff in Philadelphia.

It is hoped by the Membership Committee that this action will be
followed by other industrial concerns since vegetable news is not
only to assist the grower but also to follow through all the way to
the consumer.

— 4 —

Vegetable Growers' Association of America

The following message has been received from Dr. H. D. Brown,
Secretary, Vegetable Growers' Association of America, Horticulture
Department, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio:

"In order to keep the subscription on an annual basis, we are
quoting the following prices for the remainder of the year: news
letters once a month plus the annual report, $4.50, and news letters
twice each month plus the annual report, $9.50."

This news letter contains information and developments on labor,
markets, research developments, regulation and legislation. The
June 15 issue, for example, contains the following headings: "Agri-
culture and Labor," "Proposed New Washington Street Market in
New York City," "Weed Control," "O.P.A.," "Crop Conditions," and
"War Food Administration."

The July 1 letter is abstracted as follows:

CULTURAL OBSERVATIONS
The wet, cold weather which followed the warm March in many
states has been favorable for cool season vegetables. Only a few
reports of severe cabbage maggots infestations were received. A re-
cent inspection of the University summer cabbage crop revealed
many maggot eggs. Prompt treatment with a 1 to 1000 corrosive
sublimate solution has effectively killed the eggs and young maggots.

The cabbage worms were also almost non-existent early in the
season. However, they are now getting a good start on the summer
crop. A rotenone dust will take care of this pest on cabbage and
related crops.

Warm season vegetables have not fared so well. Millions of tomato
plants were lost because they were shipped lorm the south when
the ground was too wet for planting in the north. As a result, the
fields were set late and this almost always means reduced yields.

The wet weather has also given the tomato foliage disease, Alter-
naria, a good start. This is a year when the use of a 7% fixed copper
dust would very likely pay dividends.

The wet weather has also caused the tomato roots to form near
the surface of the soil. If dry weather should come quickly, the
leaves are sure to curl. This so-called dry weather curl is likely to
be aggravated by deep cultivations which kill the roots and thus
further reduce the water supply. Blossom-end-rot, as well as leaf
curl, are both brought on by dry following moist growing condi-
tions. Leaf curl can also be caused by several other agencies. The
removal of large amounts of above-ground foliage frequently causes
leaf curl.

— 5 —

• r

Another warm season crop, i.e., beans got off to a poor start in
many sections. Early planted seed was largely destroyed by the
seed corn maggot. At present leaf hoppers are more prevalent than
for several years and they are causmg much damage Sulphur-
rotenone dusts and sprays should be applied without delay. Leaf
hoppers are perhaps the worst insect the bean growers have to

contend with. , :*„„-„„

Heavy rainfall in many areas have washed available nitrogen
away Surface applications fo nitrogenous fertilizers such as sul-
phate of ammonia, nitrate of soda, ammonium nitrate, etc., have

paid dividends this year.

Veqetable Production and Marketing, by Paul Work, P/ofessor of
vegetable crops at Cornell University; 559 pages, $2.75, John Wiley
& Sons Inc , New York. Prepared primarily for students and teach-
ers of agriculture, but also for actual farmers, home gardeners, and
those in businesses serving vegetable growers. The author recog-
nizes that no volume can adequately cover all vegetable crops, nor
all variations in lands, climates, markets, etc., therefore shows the
reader how to seek and find special information among the wealth
of State, Federal and other often little-known Uterature. Attention
Is paid to diseases and insects.

BETUR IRRIGAJIOH

. With

LESS
V/AUR

PATENTED

For Farm, Or!
«nd quickly
HMvy duty
for long tervl
ttr lubricated]
quirod. No
wtar out. M<

A Model «=or
Every Pressure

Rd or Truck Gardtn. Easily
|nt«d on any Irrigation pipt.
Us and bronzo construction
Sand and dirt proof. Wa-
irings— no oil or groaso r«-
moving parts to rapidly
lum covoragt— tvtn distri-

What
Time
Is

^bution.

Write Jot ill9twfuf9 and prfcM.

BUCKNE:!! IVIFG. CO,

^.v^jv^.'^.-x*x>,y>j'ic«->:->rWSS:«<i

./r-V^^

It?

It is time NOW to JOIN
your Association for 1946. Tell
your Neighbor.

BUCKNER SPRINKLERS

Read
Page
17.

6 —

Constitution and By-Laws, The
Pennsylvania Vegetable Growers' Association

1926

Article 1. Name

Section 1. The name of this organization shall be The Pennsyl-
vania Vegetable Growers' Association.

Article II. Objects
Section 1. The objects of this association shall be:

(a) To serve as an educational medium to disseminate informa-
tion leading to a better understanding of vegetable growing
and its several problems.

(b) To initiate, guide, and direct the efforts of Pennsylvania Vege-
table Growers along the lines of economic production, re-
search and investigation, grading and standardization of pro-
ducts, advertising, and such other functions as may aid in the
development of the industry in Pennsylvania.

Article III. Membership

Section 1. Any person engaged in vegetable growing or pursuits
relating to this business may become an annual member by paying
$1.00 to the Secretary, such membership to expire on the first day
of the following annual meeting unless renewed.

Section 2. Persons of distinguished merit in Vegetable Production
may be elected to Honorary Membership for the current year by a
majority vote of the members present at any regular meeting.

Section 3. Members of County or Local Vegetable Growers' As-
sociations shall be granted membership in the State Association
under the following conditions.

(a) The County or local association shall have at least five
paid up members, and shall hold at least one meeting a year.

(b) The Secretary of the County or local Association shall remit
to the Secretary of the State Association annually one dollar
for each member before January 31st of each year which
shall be their dues in the State Association for the year.

mit to the Secretary of the State Association annually at the
call of the State Secretary a list of its officers and members,
together with a brief report of its work.

(d) The State Association shall publish these reports in its Pro-
ceedings which shall be distributed to the membership of
those County or Local Associations which have complied with
these provisions.

— 7 —

• Article IV. Officers

Section 1 The officers of this Association shall consist of a Presi-
ded a Vice-President, a Secretary-Treasurer; and these with seven
other members shall constitute a Board of Directors of ten members,
all of whom shall be elected by ballot at the annual meetmg.

Section 2. The President shall

(a) Preside over all meetings of the Association and of the Board

of Directors. , - ^i. o j «*

(b) Call special meetings of the Association and of the Board ot

Directors.

ecutive and presiding officer. . , . ^u tt- ^

Section 3. In the absence or disability of the President the Vice-
President shall preside and perform the duties of the President.
Section 4. The Secretary-Treasurer shall , , . ,. ,

(a) Keep a complete record of all meetings of the Association and

of the Board of Directors. u u td •

(b) Sign as Secretary-Treasurer all checks, and with the Presi-
dent all notes, deeds, and other instruments on behalf of the
Association.

(d) Receive and disburse all funds and be the custodian of all
property of the Association.

(e) Keep a complete record of all business of the Association and

make a full report of all matters and business pertaining to
this office to the members at their annual meeting and make
all reports required by law.

(f) Perform such other duties as may be required of him by the

Association or the Board of Directors.

Section 5. The Board of Directors shall have general supervision
of the affairs of the Association, determine its policy, and carry out
the wishes of the Association.

Section 6. In case of vacancy in any office such vacancy shall be
filled by the Board of Directors and the officer filUng such vacancy
shall hold office until the next annual meeting of the Association.

Article V. Quorum

Section 1. At any regular meetings of the Association twenty-five
members present shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of
business.

Section 2. At all meetings of the Board of Directors five members
present shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business.

Section 3. At all meetings of special or standing committees a
majority of the members present shall constitute a quorum for the
transaction of business.

— 8 —

Article VI. Standing Committees

Section 1. The following standing Committees shall be appointed
by the President to serve during his term of office:

(a) Exhibitions and Programs.

(b) Standardization of varieties and varietal names.

(d) Grading practice and quality products.

(e) Research and investigation.

(f) Membership.

(g) Legislative.

Article VII. Meetings

Section 1. The annual meeting of the Vegetable Growers' As-
sociation shall be held each year in Harrisburg at the time of the
State Farm Products Show.

Section 2. Meetings of the Association may be held from time to
time at such times and places as may be designated by the Board of
Directors.

Section 3. Special meetings of the Board of Directors may be
called at any time by the President upon request in writing for the
same by ten members of the Association.

Section 4. A summer meeting and tour of the Association shall be
held at such time and place as may be designated by the Board of
Directors.

Section 5. The Secretary shall be responsible for the sending of
meeting notices to all members of the Association.

Article VIII. Amendments
The Constitution and By-Laws of this Association may be amend-
ed by a two-thirds vote of the members present at any annual meet-
ing provided that notice of such proposed amendment is included in
the call for such meeting.

Our Advertisers' Messages

An index to advertisers is found on the page facing the inside
back cover for your convenience in looking up sources of equipment
and supplies, and also dependable outlets for your produce. Fer-
tilizer manufacturers, seed dealers, insecticide and fungicide manu-
facturers have been loyal to our association. We accepted these ad-
vertisers because they had something worth while for us and are
dependable in their dealings. Later advertisers include canners,
farm equipment, food brokers, food stores, insurance, irrigation
supplies, preservatives and soil testers. It will be well to check the
advertisers in your own News when considering the market.

— 9 —

Word from an
Association Director

Even though it takes a battle with insects, diseases and the ele-
ments, it should not only be a great joy. but a «« ^^ "J/^/^^SaWe
tion to be producing to our utmost, the very ^^^^ "^^^^^^^^^^
prnn<? as Dart of our share in helpmg our nation at this time, vv nue

SnSng'the seemingly impos^ble task ^^ working wo wee^^^^^^^
nparlv everv one let each of us formulate his plans for the luiure,
XXwe'wm\ot only strive to grow better veg^^^^-^-^^^^^^^
but be able to plan some time for recreation and rest for our bodies
when the time comes that food is not so urgently needed Until then
let everv Pennsylvania Vegetable Grower continue to do his utmost,
let every rennsyivdi g Walter E. Peeling, Director

* * *

THE OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS
Louis Orient, Bridgeville, is President of the Association with a
reputation for ability to work, to grow high quality and to supply
continuing customers. For this reason he apparently has not had
time to send a message to the editor for this issue. Be on th^ lookout
for this 100 per cent vegetable grower at the next Annual Meeting
or the Vegetable Growers' Association of America meeting. The
Vice-President job is held by H. H. Hostetter, Sinking Spring, who
also has ben appointed Chairman of the Program Committee

The job of the Secretary-Treasurer is to carry out the wibhes ot
the officers, directors, committees and members,
sible disturbance to his regular work and his home duties.

The directors include the following: Ray W. Wenker, Bustle-
ton; Mark S. Ladd, Waverly; K. S. Philp, 682 Morrison Drive, Pitts-
burgh 16; Walter E. Peeling, R. 1, Williamsport, and A. C. Thomp-
son, R. 1, Morrisville.

— 10 —

Farm Show Exhibit

Planned After

War Ends

"There will be vegetables exhibited at the Pennsylvania Farm
Show when the time comes for the show to carry on" is what
N. A. Alburger, Ivyland, Bucks County, Chairman of the Associa-
tion's Exhibit Committee, states. Since the last Pennsylvania Farm
Show, Norwood Alburger has changed farms. His fertile farm in
Philadelphia County, where he lived with his father for more than
25 years, was taken from him in 1942 for an airplane assembly plant.
This was just a few months after he had taken over the farm opera-
tions from the Estate of A. D. Alburger.

Selecting, purchasing, moving and starting operations in the month
of June would seem impossible lor most vegetable growers, but
Norwood did plant carrots, late beets, sweet corn, rutabagas, turnips
and parsnips that first year, and had many thousands of bushels of
root crops to market the following winter. This year he is growing
18 acres of carrots, 12 acres of sweet corn, 6 acres of parsnips, 5 acres
of rutabagas, 4 acres of turnips and a few acres of tomatoes and mis-
cellaneous vegetables; also he plans to harvest several pounds of
rutabaga seed.

The remainder of the 80-acre farm is in either alfalfa or grass for
hay purposes. These two crops are mostly in strips of approximately
two acres, which are used primarily to hold the vegetable-growing
soil in place. The alfalfa strips will grow alfalfa as long as it con-
tinues to be a uniform stand; then they will be planted to vegetables

— 11 —

During the three years that Mr. and Mrs. Alburger have he^n n«

A ,»r.io„ Of .he bS,^:"'^ conC^el fZ f;^Z:i7^S-
washing and packing room practical root-

chairman ffthlSh^SVcL^Hl^T'^^^^"^^ ^«™ Show, and as
with their exhS ^''"^"^^^^^^ ^e urges all growers to be ready

* * *

Assisting Norwood A. Alburger a« ChairTYian r.t ,u-
are Oliver P. Dudley Torresdalfon^ w i^l t,/ *^^ committee
Both have been acW in etf. ' ^^^°^^ ^- Zenker, Bustleton.
in HarilburrrSs CoZSii ^,"P-'^^^^^ ^^ ^'^^ Farm Show

regarding pafk^i^TeraS t^dfnf staTIa^ ""^^^ ^^°^°-^^

Farm Show Committee Plans Meeting Place

busy'Sr^o wrrus'tl^nfr^ ^T^^^^ ^^ ^-" *-

den[ of the WaSi'ngton Boro Tomato r^''^^ ^T""'^ ^^ ^' ^^^^i-
tomatoes himself, id l^a^eldraffo^Te"^^^^^^^ ?°-

pany. After last January's annual meeting in w.?^ k "^ ^°'"-

of suggestions were made re^i^g the miSr f "'^ ' """^^"^
and program. These should be addressed to h! """°T°^^*'°"^
forwarded to Mr Kane for ht ZT f J° ^^^ secretary to be

the Farm Show CoStteencSderc Tot" r °*^'^. "^'"'^^^ °^
Mende, Bristol. Mr Long renret^nfc .V.' ^' ^^"^^^^^er, and A. H.

he should be consulte^hlnTer; ans%rSe" to ^"'

industrial friends and processors at the annuS feting " °"

* « «

Membership Committee

fonowTng^R^ree'^Du^^^^^ S. Membership matters are the

Huber. R 1 LUUz C?arie?k 4? ^^f *""* St., Camp Hill; Carl D.
Waverly; W E Pe'eW R fwT^^"^^'' ^orresdale; M. S. Ladd,
16, and^L. J Wagnt | 5 klT^TTl "^^ ^^ ^^"P' ^^^^burgh
various sections oh^n^y^^^nT^S^efpagen] "'"'^" ^^^^^^^"^

— 12 —

Legislative Progress

RAY W. WENKER*

Much can be said regarding legislation for agricultural stability
in the near future. It is high-time that the vegetable industry make
plans for their own welfare. With the rapid changes now taking
place and the gaining momentum with which certain groups are
endeavoring to deprive us of our freedom and liberty, and the right
to conduct our business in a lawful manner, it is time we took excep-
tion to such tactics. Local 929 Teamsters Union of Philadelphia,
through their president, Mr. Goldberg, served notice to all concerned
that after May 15, 1945, no trucks coming into the Philadelphia Mar-
ket would be unloaded unless by a Union driver. The only exception
was trucks driven by bona-fide farmers or their sons. On that same
date, the same order was made effective in New York City and in
Newark, New Jersey. Also Philadelphia and other Eastern Terminal
Markets, in recent weeks have generally adopted the 5-day week. No
sales after Friday until Monday. Growers generally must stop har-
vesting Thursday afternoon to get their produce in for the Friday
market, and resume Sunday if they can. In the meantime, the pro-
duce piles up in the terminals and on the farms— so that on Monday
morning the accumulation frequently knocks the bottom out of the
market. Union and distributors worked together to get the 5-day
week now effective. It has been shown that receivers have caused
this, equally with the unions, or more so. There is no remedy in law.
Men cannot be forced to work certain hours by law, but it seems to

* Chairman, Legislative Committee.

— 13 —

I I

me in a time of shortages, when food is so essential to help win the
War that farmers should break their necks to produce while other
groups think only of hours and personal gains and leave greatly
needed food to rot. Growers at the May 9th meeting of the North-
east Vegetable and Potato Council in New York, partially aroused
set up a 'Steering Committee' of one to two men from each ten
states along the Atlantic Coast from Maine to the Carolinas- and
empowered this committee to proceed to set-up the necessary ma-
chmery to combat some of these perplexing irregularities It is the
duty of all growers and their organizations in this state to help fi-
nance this movement before the entire agricultural industry be-
comes unionized under incompetent leadership.

Much has been said in regards to an efficient and worthwhile
Bureau of Markets in this State. At our annual meeting in January
a resolution was passed to see that a Bureau be set-up in this State
comparable to those of our neighboring States. As yet nothing has
been done in regards to this matter. If we, the Members of the Vege-
table Industry of this State, do not demand action in cooperation with
all branches of agriculture, we will keep drifting along from year to
year with an inefficient Bureau of Markets or probably none at all
Contact your Governor, your Secretary of Agriculture, and Sena-
tors, regarding this matter. Let us see that this State, of which we
are proud, has the finest marketing set-up in the Eastern Seaboard
I regret to hear the rumor that Don James is leaving the depart-
ment and I sincerely wish him success in his new field

F. H. Garrahan, 100 S. Thomas Avenue, Kingston, is another mem-
ber of the Legislative Committee and J. J. Styer, ConcordviUe, is
a third member of the Legislative Committee which also represents
the association with affiliated organizations.

Discuss, but don't argue — it is the mark of superior
minds to disagree and yet be friendly.

ALBERT C. ROEMHILD

COMMISSION MERCHANT
Wholesale Fruits and Vegetables

Phone, Lombard 1000

i> >

122 Dock Street, Philadelphia 6, Pa.

Marketing Presents
Many Problems

Rowland S. Comly, Chairman of the Marketing Committee, is a
busy man. His wife, Mrs. Frances F. Comly, kindly mailed a photo-
graph of Rowland and her daughter Verna, taken the day she was 21.

Rowland is active in the Philadelphia Vegetable Growers' Co-
operative Association and has shown unusually good judgment as a
director of that organization. Also, he has instructed the officers of
the Association in taking action at the annual meeting on various
marketing proposals and problems. Other members of the commit-
tee are Noah Hershey, Parkesburg, and William H. Yerkes, Jr.,
Buckingham.

DepLT

There is no place like HOLMES for SEEDS

Specializing

in select strains
for Greenhouse and Market Growers

The Holmes Seed Co.

SEED GROWERS

Canton 2, Ohio

Mil

i< 'I

— 14 —

15 —

GROWER to
CONSUMER

Our Policy for Over Fifty Years

The consumer is quality and grade conscious and
through our 2000 stores we offer a desirable out-
let and a direct connecting link between the
grower and the consumer for quality products.

WE ARE IN THE MARKET FOR GOOD QUALITY, WELL
GRADED PENNSYLVANIA FARM PRODUCTS—

Write, wire or telephone your offerings.

AMERICAN STORES CO.
ACME SUPER MARKETS

424 North 19th St., PhUadelphia 30, Penna. Telephon« LOCuit 4000

After the Japs

Are Licked

We Vegetable

Growers Will Have

Our Post War

Problems

A. C. THOMPSON*

Keen competition will force production of better quality vege-
tables at lower cost to consumers. Some growers who think they
can afford to be careless will fail and go out of business. Others who
realize they must struggle will meet the changing conditions. They
will try to meet competition by:

1. Greater efficiency through the use of labor-saving machinery

in both the field and packing shed.

2. Improved cultural practices and better quality.

3. Use of quick freezing and cold storage facilities for holding
vegetables.

4. Better marketing organizations and facilities.

5. Joining and supporting local, state and national vegetable
grower organizations which supply information vital to our
business, and which represent growers' interests with our
government.

We need your membership and support, and you need the help of

* Chairman Membership Committee.

< I

'•.m

— 17 —

our Association to stay in business in the post war period.

Membership in the Pennsylvania Vegetable Growers' Association
entitles you to five issues of the Vegetable Growers' News which
supplies valuable information to growers, also the Annual Ten-Ton
Tomato, Pea Club and other reports. For 25c additional twelve issues
of the Market Growers' Journal will be mailed to each member.
For $5.00 the News and Journal will be included in your four-year
membership.

If you are not a member, send in your dollar subscription now to
Jesse M. Huffington, 625 Holmes St., State College, Pa.

If you are a member we ask you to help our Association by send-
ing in a dollar subscription for your neighbor.

I wish to express my thanks and appreciation for the past efforts
of all those on our Membership Committee, and especially for the
untiring efforts of our able Secretary-Treasurer, Jesse Huffington,
and I hope our Membership Committee will continue to work hard
in building up a stronger vegetable growers' organization in Penn-
sylvania.

J. KEENE SAULSBURY, President
A. ROLAND THOMPSON, Secretary A. REED HAYES, JR., Treasurer

MIFFLIN COUNTY
PACKING CO.

PENNSYLVANIA PACKED VEGETABLES

REEDSVILLE, PA.

— 18 —

^•^art'w.'Sfl

Suggestions Requested by Program Committee

Chairman of the Program Committee is H. H. Hostetter, Sinking
Spring. Mr. Hostetter is busy managing two farms near Reading.
Mr. Hostetter is Vice-President of the Association and during his
travels gets to know the thinking of the members.

Frank K. Chestnut R. 1, Morris ville, is personnel manager at King
Farm and is well acquainted with the personnel of various educa-
tional and other institutions as well as the leaders in various phases
of the vegetable industry. George H. Gaugler, R. 2, Port Trevorton,
grows peas and tomatoes lor canning and takes special interest in
equipment needed for the vegetable grower. W. Ray Hasting, Box
675, Harrisburg, is a vegetable variety specialist and devotes his
energies to the All-America trials from which worthy new varieties
are introduced. J. B. Reynolds, West Chester, grows tomatoes, peas,
squash and sweet corn for canning and the fresh markets. Dana
Sutliff, Shickshinny, is president of his local vegetable growers'
association which is developing its own brand of green wrap toma-
toes for special markets. J. I. Weinschenk, R. 1, New Castle, repre-
sents the vegetable forcing industry since he is associated with one
of the largest forcing establishments in the state.

Research Committee Emphasizes Need for Study

E. J. Fleming, Chairman of the Research Committee, Andalusis,
suggests many and varied problems to be studied in producing and
marketing the highest quality vegetables most efficiently. Data on
the water requirements of plants, he suggests, should be compiled
and completed. The best time in the growth period to apply water
for various crops is information needed.

Other members of this committee include Amos Funk, Millers-
ville, Harry Hopkins, Clarks Summit, and D. C. Paschke, North East.

LANCASTER BONE FERTILIZER CO., Inc.

Ouarryville, Pa.

Manufacturers of ''Conestoga BrantT^ fertilizers

Made in Pennsylvania for Pennsylvania soils.

— 19 —

fertilize wit/i AG RICO

AND SEE THE DIFFERENCE IT MAKES IN

Better Vield and Ctualtty

It will pay you to use Agrlco, on its record for outstanding
crop results in every vegetable producing section, from
Maine to Florida. Use Agrico on your next crop and see for
yourself the all-important difference it makes in yield,
quality and earlier maturity. And when you need Super-
phosphate, use 18% NORMAL...W% more economical per
unit of available phosphorus. Manufactured only by The
American Agricultural Chemical Co., Baltimore, Md.,
Buffalo, N. Y., Carteret, N. J.

Use

18% Normal

—it's more

economical

There's an

AGRICO

for each

Crop

Future Plans

of the

Publications

Committee

GILBERT S. WATTS*

As Chairman of the Publications Committee, I want you to know
that the monumental progress in size and quality ol the News is
due solely to the heroic efforts of the Secretary, both directly and
through his eminent success in enlisting the support of commercial
organizations, particularly suppliers and processor. In honesty, all
this Committee has done has been to keep the green light burning.
We have not whipped the horse that pulls. He just keeps going.

Now this is not to be interpreted as a plug for anyone. It is plain
truth. The business of growing vegetables in Pennsylvania has ex-
panded into a vast industry. Matters within our state and local area
organizations, governmental contacts and public relations demand,
for our own good, far more attention than they can ever be given
without a full-time paid secretary to represent us. And he must be
a top notch man.

Without such representation we may lose much of what we have
gained; with it we can protect our interests and progress further.
Strong and wise organizational functioning will be fully as im-
portant to our welfare in the years ahead as adequate fertilization
and timely planting. It is high time we think and plan ahead, not
merely let circumstances catch up with us.

*Chairman, Publications Committee

Continued on page twenty-four

— 21 —

'J
',11

r? ,1

M\i

PROFITS
PLUS

ith

DIAfAV

D A

The Band- Way method of fertilizer
placement makes up the bed, sows
fertilizer and plant, and covers the
seed — all in one operation. Com-
pare this method with the old

FERTIUZER

FERTILIZER

SEED

^^ %

FERTILIZER

2iX
FERTIUZER

FERTILIZER

HI-LO BAND -WAY places
fertilizer on one side slightly
below seed and on the othe.r
side, much deeper, allowing
the lower band to contact
more moisture when most
needed. This gives young
plants greater nourishment at
a later stage of growth.

HI-LO UNEQUAL QUAN-
TITY BAND-WAY places 25«^f
of fertilizer on one side slight-
ly below seed and 75% on tne
other side, much deeper. Thip
method is especially recom-
mended for dry soil and those
crops which require the great-
est amount of moisture.

Ask any IRON AGE user — TODAY

^Pi^ imd Sp^uui thz IRON AGE nXhu^

I frr^ totals PlMtm liftMiutK ^atjla PlMtrti TfMiialMtfo Ntjto Dismci

lr« C>«» Sfty*'

V«4«I<W« *\t*\*<\

(VilU'4 Spxyttt tut frrd ^e4<l« n*«*r<i lotciMtK ^edle PlMtrti

A.B.FARQUHAR COMPANY, YORK, PA.

3402 DUKE ST.

YORK, PENNSYT-VANIA

A Word
from the

Tomato and
Pea Club

Committee
Chairman

Nine years ago H. W. Huffnagle was appointed Chairman of the
Ten-Ton Tomato Club Committee by R. R. Brader, President of the
Association at that time. Mr. Huffnagle assumed full responsibility
for the publication of the Ten-Ton Tomato Club Report for that
year and many of the following years. Whenever it became neces-
sary to purchase outright a portion of an annual issue Mr. Huffnagle
did so without asking before-hand the cost. The Association is deeply
indebted to Mr. Huffnagle for his sincere interest in the Ten-Ton
Tomato and Pea Clubs projects which have been sponsored by the
Association to improve cultural practices for greater profit per acre
and higher quality to the processor and consumer. Mr. Huffnagle is
too busy making hay at present but sends the following message:

"I would like to convey my appreciation to the vegetable growers
and all those who assisted in making possible the recognized success
of the Ten-Ton Club, and in stimulating a live interest in tomato
growing.

'1 am also cognizant of the fact that membership in the Vegetable
Growers' Association is a constructive privilege to the vegetable
growers of Pennsylvania.

"Last, but not least, the Vegetable News, its timely topics and
constructive layout, together with the editor, merits a thorough

— 23 —

a iJiy

--' - - '^

Ill* 1

perusal of a busy farmer, who will find his time well compensated
for by adding to his knowledge the experience of other growers.

"H. W. HuFFNAGLE, Chairman
''Ten-Ton Tomato Cluh Committee"

B. Snavely Garber, Willow Street, was chairman of one section
of the Lancaster Tomato and Pea Day this year and is the inventor
of the tomato-picking machine. W. E. Grove, 120 N. Sixth Street,
Chambersburg, is an extensive grower of various crops for process-
ing and is also active in the fruit and vegetable commercial field.
Parker Lerew, York Springs, is interested in growing more and
better tomatoes and other crops for processing per acre and also has
a desire to see the farmer express his own views in this organiza-
tion. John E. Melhom, R. 1, Mt. Joy, has grown tomatoes for pro-
cessing since the first acreage was contracted in his community and
has many successful crops recorded to his credit. He assists in plan-
ning local programs so that the grower may have the very best
information. Frank A. Shuman, R. 3, Bloomsburg, grew the highest
quality peas produced in Pennsylvania last year, according to rec-
ords. Lee Smeltzer, Bellefonte, grows and assists other farmers in
growing peas for processing. Walter Solly, Ivyland, represents one
of the oldest and best tomato areas in Pennsylvania. He not only
grows large yields and high quality tomatoes but is active in plan-
ning educational programs so that other growers will be able to
obtain latest information and also growers and processors will be
able to get together to work out the best solutions of many problems
faced by growers and processors together.

E. G. Wasson, State College, grows sweet corn and peas for pro-
cessing and has kept in touch with the information on profitable
production practices since he began growing these crops. He is
particularly interested in this matter — dollars and cents for the
grower.

Harry T. Wentz, Ambler, is one of the Wentz boys who have
worked closely with persons and organizations in a position to iron
out some of the wrinkles associated with tomato growing. These
boys recognize that we have just begun to adjust our practices to
achieve the most dependable and profitable yields year in and year
out with vegetable crops.

Publications —

Continued from page twenty-one
Karl C. King, Morrisville, and H. F. Houser, R. 4, Lancaster, are
members of the Publications Committee.

Vegetable
Gardening
Extension

Pennsylvania

W. B. NISSLEY*

Vegetable Extension activity in Pennsylvania as a part of the
general Agricultural Extension Program had its beginning during
World War L Mr. J. R. Bechtel at that time assisted with the War
Garden Program which was largely of a home garden nature. At
the close of World War I Mr. Bechtel accepted a position with the
H. J. Heinz Company as supervisor in pickle production and is still
with the company.

On August 1, 1919 Mr. W. B. Nissley began his duties as specialist
in Vegetable Extension and broadened the field to include commer-
cial vegetable growmg, and vegetable forcing as well as home gar-
dening. By 1924 the work developed to the point that Mr. G. R. Mason
was added to the staff. Mr. Mason had excellent experience in both
college teaching and on his own farm in Blair County. After two
years of Extension work Mr. Mason accepted a position with the
Francis Stokes Seed Company in Florida.

In 1927 this vacancy was filled by Mr. J. M. Huffington, at that time
County Agent in Anne Arundel County, Maryland, with headquar-
ters at Annapolis. Mr. Huffington is a native of Maryland, a graduate
of University of Maryland, and did graduate work at Clemson, South
Carohna, a fine background for Extension Teaching. Mr. Huffington

ColWe^^^^^^ o^ Vegetable Gardening Extension, The Pennsylvania State

— 24 —

— 25 —

is now devoting a large part of his time to canning crops. Practically
every grower of canning crops and, of course, every canner in Penn-
sylvania knows him personally as the man with the answers.

In 1943 Dr G J. Stout of the Department of Horticulture at State
College temporarily took over most of the Victory Garden Program
and quick freezing and cold storage program which is developing
rapidly After July 1, 1945, Dr. Stout (known also as Jerry) will
devote his entire time to refrigeration research. Best wishes, "Jerry.

Specialists for Fertilizers for

CANNING CROPS

PEAS — BEANS — SWEET CORN — TOMATOES
Insure your crops this year with UNION Field tested fertilizers

UNION FERTILIZER CORPORATION

Main Office— Pikesville, Maryland Factory— Baltimore. Maryland

What About

INSECT ^
PESTS •

One of the major problems in
the growing of a profitable
crop is to prevent insects from
destroying quality and yield.

Black leaf 40 kills by contact and by fumes. It leaves no poisonous residue
and is easy to apply. ^ , ^ , ...

Use Black Leaf 40— Get the most from your investment of labor and capital.

Full information will be furnished on request.

Insist on Original Factory-Sealed Packages for Full Strength.

TOBACCO BY-PRODUCTS AND CHEMICAL CORPORATION

Incorporated — Louisville, Kentucky

— 26

Dean Fletcher

Waiting for

Appointment of

Successor

The best wishes of the whole vegetable and fruit growing frater-
nity were extended to S. W. Fletcher upon his retirement as Dean
of the School of Agriculture, The Pennsylvania State College, on
June 30. The Board of Trustees, however, have asked him to remain
at his post until a sucessor can be found.

Dr. Fletcher appears to have another job planned, and doubtless
Pennsylvania farm life will benefit as a result. He has had an
abiding interest in the history of Pennsylvania agriculture and has
collected a vast store of information in this field.

Dr. Fletcher is a native of Massachusetts and a graduate of Massa-
chusetts State College. Early in his career, he taught horticulture
at Washington and West Virginia State Colleges. He was a member
of the New York Agricultural Extension Service staff for a brief
period, served as Professor of Horticulture at Michigan State Col-
lege, and as Director of the Agricultural Experiment Station at
Virginia Polyte(5hnic Institute. He came to The Pennsylvania State
College in 1917 as Professor of Horticulture, in 1927 was made vice
dean and director of research, and was named Dean of the School
in 1939. He always has emphasized that the first obligation of the
School was to the students, and all who enrolled under him found
a wise counsellor and a kind friend.

— 27 —

'■'ii

1;
: I

wr m

Woodruff Qrows

1 1

III*

T X r OODRUFF has en-
joyed an enviable
reputation as a producer
of all varieties of corn.
Growers have learned
they can depend on us
for yellow and white hy-
brids of outstanding
quality. Growing seed
corn is not difficult — but we find painstaking effort required to
produce GOOD seed corn. You will find satisfaction when you
depend upon Woodruff f©r hybrid or open-pollinated varieties
of corn.

i I

F.H

UJOODRUFF

&sons inc.

MILFORD, CONN.

ALSO AT : ATLANTA- DALLAS- SACRAMENTO - TOLEDO

— 28 —

Penn State Revises

Research and
Teaching Program

W. B. MACK*

The Department of Horticulture aims to meet the requirements
for research and instruction of a great horticultural industry which
is rapidly increasing in importance in this commonwealth, by ex-
tending its research program and revising the courses offered for
the students who will come when the war ends. Research on vege-
table crops grown for canning and other processing has been in-
augurated, by Dr. Russell E. Larson, associate professor of plant
breeding, with experiments on varieties, spacing, and fertilizer
placement. Breeding and nutrition studies on the leading vegetable
crops are in progress at State College, under the leadership of Dr.
M. L. Odland, professor of olericulture, and Prof. M. T. Lewis, as-
sociate professor of plant breeding, with the help of Mr. Frank W.
Haller, assistant in vegetable gardening. Dr. Gerald J. Stout re-
turned on July 1 as associate professor of horticultural manufactur-
ing, to resident work from the extension service, where he has
been doing wartime service, and is developing research studies on
farm refrigeration as an aid in vegetable marketing, on farm freez-
ers for the vegetable grower, and on other processing methods of
interest to vegetable growers. He is also developing and present-
ing courses on vegetable and fruit processing and manufacturing for

* Head, Department of Horticulture.

— 29 —

Ji-
ll

Vegetable growers throughout the country have learned to depend on the Dow
line of insecticides available for practically every spraying and dusting need.

• Dow's Special Potato Spray protects vines from potato bugs« leaf hopper
and blight. Can be used on any plants with hardy foliage.

• Dow Calcium Arsenate quickly kills bugs and worms attacking potatoes,
tomatoes, beets and cabbage.

• Dow Arsenate of Lead controls leaf eating and chewing insects.

• Dow Paris Green has a long and favorable record in combating potato
beetle, grass hoppers, cut worms, army worms and sugar beet worms.

• Dowspray No. 9 is a recognized corn- ear worm control.

• Dowspray No. 66, a potato vine killer, minimizes blight loss and prevents
clogging of digger by potato vines.

• DN-Dust No. 5 fights leaf hopper on beans and potatoes.

• Dow Special Garden Spray is
effective against eating insects
and such fungous growth as
scab, blotch, potato blight, etc.

Consult your dealer or state ex-
periment station for complete in-
formation on the advantages of
using these Dow insecticides.

Dow

THE DOW CHEMICAL COMPANY

MIDLAND

MICHIGAIT

SAVE

TIME

LABOR TWINE

with. FELINS Marketing Equipment

TORRENT BUNCH
VEGETABLE WASHER

for Washing all varieties
of Bunch Vegetables.

Over 1800 bunches
an hour.

FELINS

FELINS BUNCH TYER

for Bunch Vegetables . .

Cut Flowers

Nursery Stock ....

FELINS ROOT CROP
WASHER

for Washing all varieties
of Bushel Crop.

10 bushel capacity
tons an hour.

Milwaukee 6, Wisconsin

ill?

'i I,

r ;

3=ZK

both two- and four-year students interested in food technology and
horticultural manufacturing.

New Courses of Study

New courses which have been introduced for students of vegetable
production are designed to acquaint both practically and profession-
ally interested students with the important varieties and kinds of
vegetable and other horticultural crops, their climatic and soil adap-
tations, their structure and nutrition, as well as newest information
on their breeding, seed production or propagation, culture, handling,
grading, packing, and marketing.

A brief statement of the newly approved requirements for gradu-
ation in a four-year course in horticulture follows. These require-
ments are in addition to the common freshman year in agricultural
science, which includes six credits in English composition, eight
credits in botany, ten credits in chemistry, three credits in ento-
mology, and a brief general course in general agriculture.

A revised two-year course in Fruit and Vegetable farming has
been introduced during the past year.

Major in Horticailture

A minimum of 30 credits in the biological sciences, to include the
following or their equivalents, respectively: Agr. Biochem. 1, Or-
ganic Compounds of Biological Importance; Agr. Biochem. 2, Gen-
eral Agricultural Chemistry, and Agr. Biochem. 2a, Elementary
Quantitative Analysis; Bact. 1 and 2, General Bacteriology; Bot. 14,
Classification of Plants; Bot. 22, Genetics; Bot. 10, Crop Diseases, or
Bot. 25, Diseases of Ornamental Plants; Bot. 406, Plant Physiology;
Ent. 406, Fruit and Vegetable Insects.

A minimum of 9 credits in English Composition, English Litera-
ture, or Speech, to include at least 3 credits in Enghsh Literature.

A minimum of 9 credits of social studies, to include Econ. 14, Prin-
ciples of Economics, and Pol. Science 4, Government of the United
States.

A minimum of 19 credits in Horticulture, to include Hort 7, Plant
Breeding; Hort 43, Plant Propagation; Hort 105, Fruit Crops; Hort
113, Vegetable Crops; Hort 137, Plant Materials, or Hort 156, Flower
Crops; one course in the Upper-Class and Graduate series; and Hort
117, Horticultural Practice. (One season, Vegetable Farm or at the
College).

A minimum of 12 credits in the physical sciences, agricultural
engineering, and soil technology, to include Geol. 31, Physical Ge-
ology, and Agro. 1, Soils and Soil Fertility.

A minimum pf 25 elective credits, in addition to required physical
education and R.O.T.C. courses, to make a total of 140 credits in
eight semesters.

— 32 —

Dean Watts

Encourages

Association

Activities

The Pennsylvania Vegetable Growers' Association has a warm
spot in my heart. I recall with special interest the day it broke away
from the parent organization, the Pennsylvania Horticultural Asso-
ciation. We were beginning to feel big then, but in spite of the old
war horses. Bob Garahan, Robert Walton, and others, it was tough
going for a good many years. Now, the association has really grown
up, is a going concern, and is of inestimable value to the vegetable
interests of our state. It is a privilege to extend my heartiest con-
gratulations to the officers, past and present, and to all who have
had a part in building such a strong and useful organization.

R. L. Watts

* ♦ «

Since his retirement as Dean of the School of Agriculture, The
Pennsylvania State College, in December 1938, R. L. Watts has had
three consuming interests: wildlife research with emphasis upon
the improvement of Pennsylvania trout fishing, his grandchildren,
and improvement of agricultural relations between the United States
and China. As a trustee of Lingnan University, formerly at Canton,
he is active in the promotion of a plant exchange which promises to
be helpful to the agriculture of both countries.

Dean-Emeritus Watts is a prime example of a man who retired
to enjoy his work. He always has been in the thick of things, and to
list his interests even after retirement under three main headings
may be a little presumptious. While serving as Dean, a position

— sa-

III

-^^ - - -■--»-

) «.

1.1 i

which he held for 26 years, he found time to write or aid in writing
several books, and to serve on many important outside committees.
He was very active in the support of the Penn State Christian Asso-
ciation and was Superintendent of the Presbyterian Sunday School
at State College for many years.

When R. L. Watts enrolled at the College in 1887, there were only
three other students in agriculture. His home was in Clearfield coun-
ty where he had attended a one-room country school and a country
high school. He served as Professor of Horticulture and Secretary of
the Agricultural Experiment Station at Tennessee University from
1890 to 1899 when he resigned to engage in market gardening at
Scalp Level, Pa.

During the years in which he helped guide the activities of the
Pennsylvania Agricultural Experiment Station, he was able to en-
courage the development of many improvements in vegetable varie-
ties and to promote better growing practices. As president of the
Vegetable Growers' Association of America, his opinions were a
real influence in shaping the vegetable growing industry of the
country.

Luther Burbank's Plant Contributions

A historical study entitled "Luther Burbank's Plant Contribu-
tions," according to W. L. Howard, Professor of Pomology, Universi-
ty of California, is now available and will be sent free to all that
request it as long as the supply lasts. Application asking for Bul-
letin 691 should be made to:

Publication Secretary,

Agricultural Experiment Station

Berkeley 4, California
The book, "A Factual Study of Luther Burbank," is to be pub-
lished by Chronica Botanica Company, Waltham 54, Massachusetts,
($3.75) , late in the summer or early fall.

NEW SWEET CORN HYBRIDS

LINCOLN — a most popular new hybrid for home or market grower.

WILSON— a late yellow hybrid of Stowells Evergreen

Also Spancross, Marcross, Carmelcross, Old Hickory and

Golden Cross Bantam.

Juii drop a card for our descriptive list.

HUNTINGTON BROTHERS

Box H. Windsor, Conn.

— 34 —

Lettuce Breeding at State College

M. T. Lewis*

The progress of lettuce breeding work at the Pennsylvania Ex-
periment Station has been reported for the past two years in the
July issues of the News. For this reason a report for this year ap-
pears to be in order. The first of the Penn State strains of head let-
tuce to be released for trial in Pennsylvania were put out this year.

By crossing Cosberg and Imperial 44 and after 6 generations of
selection a type named Pennberg 4465 has been developed. This is a
good dark green, well savoyed plant with a medium-sized round,
solid head of good quality and early in maturity. It has done well
in trials where it could be cut before hot weather. It is remarkably
uniform in all its characters.

The second Penn State strain under trial has been named Penn-
lake 4473. It is a fifth-generation selection of a cross of Great Lakes
by Imperial 847. This new strain has shown up well in all the trials
and appears to be well suited to late spring and summer culture.
The typical head is rather conical in shape, well enclosed by wrap-
per leaves in a somewhat spiral arrangement. The heads are uniform
in appearance, very solid and relatively free from tipburn. Under
conditions favorable to the growth of either Imperial 456 or Great
Lakes, Pennlake 4473 has turned in a good record in the limited
trials so far conducted.

Seed of these new varieties will not be available lor general use
in 1946. Under State College conditions it is difficult to obtain seed
in any quantity from selected plants. For this reason seed for com-
mercial purposes must be increased on California seed farms where
we are now producing a limited amount of Pennberg 4465 and Penn-
lake 4473 seed.

In addition to these two strains, we are watching the performance
of two similar lines in our breeding plots, Pennlake 4486 and a selec-
tion of Great Lakes, both of early maturity, uniform and solid.

A visit to central and eastern Pennsylvania vegetable farms made
in June shows that the present extensive use of Imperial 456 is well
justified and that at the present time it is a more desirable variety
than most strains of Great Lakes because of its greater uniformity.
Imperial 456 has been bred to produce marketable heads throughout
the entire season and if seeded between July 20 and August 1 may
be expected to produce a fall crop. Seeding can be made directly in
the field with plants thinned later to stand about 15" in the row.
A small planting handled in this way is worthy of trial.

* Associate Professor of Plant Breeding, Department of Horticulture The
Pennsylvania State College.

— 35 —

!^^SSLuMMtt.K_MJ

Protects Vegetables . . .

P-C-H

DUST

it>

Contains PIPERONYL CYCLOHEXENONE, New Organic Insecticide

NEW AND DIFFERENT

Kills By Contact

Mexican Bean Beetle
Cucumber Beetle
Cabbage Looper
Cabbage Worm

Potato Leaf Hopper
Tomato Flea Beetle
Bean Leaf Hopper
Garden Webworm

Also Certain Other Insects

/.eaves No Poisonous Residue

P-C-H Dust "20" gives excellent control of many
insects for which pyrethrum and rotenone have
been used. Tests prove that it is as effective for
these insects as a pyrethrum dust containing
0.2% pyrethrum. In many cases P-C-H •*20" Dust
has definitely proved MORE effective. Wide com-
mercial use of this new dust confirms these test
results.

Write for Circular

CHIPMAN CHEMICAL COMPANY

Dept. G, Bound Brook, New Jersey
INSECTICIDES • FUNGICIDES • WEED KILLERS

Weed Control in Carrots

From Victoria, Australia, comes word that many hundreds of
acres of carrots were sprayed successfully with kerosene for weed
control last season, but the method is still new to them— and the
quality of kerosene there would probably not be the same as here
Improvements are expected from observations on earlier sprayine'
persistence of taint strength, method of application and other fac-
tors The following directions are given for the successful control of
weeds in carrots: Cultivating as much as possible; destroying the
remaining weeds by spraying with the special "Kerosene Weedi-
cide"; using the weedicide "neat"; spraying when the carrots are in
the 1 to 4 fern-leaf" stage; avoiding later spraying; not spraying
the same crop twice; not spraying in very hot weather; using a fine
misty spray; and being economical with the weedicide.

Nozzles for Applying Weed Sprays

In several articles that have appeared recently in the Commercial
Grower (Waltham, Mass.) we have recommended the use of nozzles
that deliver flat, fan-sprays when applying materials for weed con-
trol. This type of spray concentrates the material better than the
conventional cone type of spray and gives a very uniform coverage

1 ii^ flat fan-spray is recommended for use in spraying with Sova-
sol No. 5, Stoddard Solvent, Sun Spirits as well as Ammate, 24D and
Smox.

A number of nozzles are available that deliver the fan spray the
oldest and perhaps best known of which is the Bordeaux nozzle" We

y^ ii.°\^/'^ ^^ ^"""^ ""^^"^^^ ^^*^ *^^ Bordeaux nozzle, however as
with the Monarch. Various sized discs are available so that the sorav
may be applied at different rates. Our best results have been ob-
tained when using discs with orifices of .046 to .059 inch diameter

We have recently found that the Skinner greenhouse irrigation
nozz e No. SS50 is well suited to the application of oil sprays This
2rm ^ !f • ^^f ^f ^.^ V" ^"«"t"ies. The pipe for the boom may • be
drilled direct, ^-inch drill, tapped 24 threads per inch. The orifice
of the nozzle is about .049 inches in diameter and it delivers about
./a gallon per minute or 45 gallons per hour using a pressure of 100

L?"" fo .^ ^'^} ^^ ^"""'^ *^^* ^^^ t^^^tor will have to move at the
rate of 2.5 miles per hour to apply 100 gallons of oil per acre with
this nozzle.— William H. Lachman

niS^i^i ^-f^u^": ^'',-, ^2^ °" "Weed Control on Carrots and Pars-
aid dlf^S^-^^'fi^^'''^^^.^ interested. This is just off the press
%^t ^ t^ obtained by writing to the Mailing Room, Extension
Service, Massachusetts State College, Amherst, Mass. '''''^"^'°"

— 37 —

X.,

<lll

'II

Liming Suggestions for Vegetable Crops

Kenneth Hankinson*

Table I, on page opposite, shows part of the pH scale (from 4.5 to
7.5) , also a listing of vegetable crops and the pH range at which each
will produce good growth. This table is a combination of evidence
from several Agricultural Experiment Stations, plus the writer's
observation. Certain of the crops may grow either at lower or higher
pH values, but the ranges shown are conservative and have been
proved to be successful.

As shown in Table I, pH 7 is neutral, neither acid nor alkaline, and
higher values are alkaline — those lower are acid. Because of the
equal spaces and the smallness of the numbers used to express the
degree of acidity, one is likely to conclude, hastily, that there is only
slight difference in amount of acidity present at different pH levels.
However, the difference may be great because the figures of the scale
are logarithmic and denote only a tenth of the actual variation. For
example, pH 6 has an active acidity of 10, with 100 being the value
at pH 5, while pH 4 has an active acidity of 1000.

Vegetable crops on the whole require a well-limed soil for best
growth. Referring to Table I, it will be seen that most of them grow
well at pH 6.5 to pH 6.8, the soil reaction which many soil chemists
state is the most desirable for best soil functioning and highest effi-
ciency. Texture, availability of the different plant foods, bacterial
population, and moisture relationships, will be best and toxic ele-
ments will be least at this reaction.

The amount of liming material needed to change the soil from a
given pH to a higher pH varies with the type of soil and its content
of organic matter. In general, Table II will serve as a guide.

TABLE II

Approximate pounds of lime oxides required to raise reaction 1.0 pH

(acre basis).

Low Medium High

Type of Soil Organic Matter Organic Matter Organic Matter

Clay loams and silt loams 1500 1750 2000

Loams 1000 1250 1500

Sands and sandy loams 500 750 1000

It will be noted that the figures are in "pounds of lime oxides."
These are used because the Lime Law requires the manufacturer to
guarantee the minimum amount of calcium and magnesium oxides
and the State Chemist reports his findings in such manner.

Table II may be used as follows: If it is desired to raise the re-
action of a soil from pH 5.4 to pH 6.8 the difference between these
two numbers, or 1.4 multiplied by the amount of oxides required to

♦ Quality Lime Institute, Philadelphia.

TABLE I.
The pH Scale and Range for Good Growth of Vegetable Crops.

Neutrality

Acidity

4.5

I !

5.5

Very Strong

Al-
kalinity

I '

6.5

Strong

Asparagus

Beans, Snap

Beans, Lima

Beets

Broccoli

Brussel Sprouts

Cabbage*

Carrots

Cauliflower

Celery

Corn, Sweet

Cucumber

Egg Plantt

Kale

Kohlrabi

Lettuce

Muskmelon

Onion

Parsnip

Peas

Pepper

Potato, Whitet

Potato, SweetJ

Pumpkin

Radish

Rhubarb

Spinach

Strawberries

Squash

Swiss Chard

Tomato

Turnip, White

Rutabaga
Watermelon

1 1

7.5

Medium

Slight

t ?if.!?i'^ used for club root control.

t Low pH used for wilt control.

I Low pH used for control of scab, pox and scurf.

*^J?^",^f u^^ reaction 1 pH, will be the total amount of oxides that
Should be applied. Thus, if the soil happens to be a sandy loam with
a high content of organic matter, the total amount of lime oxides
requured will be 1000 x 1.4 = 1400 pounds.

In order to determine the amount of liming material required to
supply 1400 pounds of lime oxides, divide 1400 by the percentage of

— 38 —

— 39 —

■*ll

lilt

total lime oxides contained in the material to be used and multiply
by 100. Thus, if hydrated lime of 70% total oxides is used, the amount
required will be 2000 pounds; if finely ground pulverized limestone
of 50% total oxides is used, the amount required will be 2800 pounds.
With respect to the carbonate forms of liming materials it is im-
portant to give attention to the fineness of the material as particles
too large to pass the 60-mesh sieve will be of slight value the first
season.

READING BONE FERTILIZER CO.

READING, PA.
Manufacturers of "QUALITY FERTILIZERS'*

for Vegetable Crops

Distributors of "DOW Spray Materials'*

LaMOTTE COMBINATION
SOIL TESTING OUTFIT

SEEDS

Of High Quality

Specialties —

Golden Treasure Celery
Golden Plume Celery
Summer Pascal Celery

Sawco Super While Boston Let-
tuce— A large and improved strain
of White Boston, oz. 40c, i lb.
$1.25, 1 lb. $3.50.

(Also used for plant tissue test)

fs°semh^;»rF°f^^^;oP^?^P^°'"^® ^^^ nitrate, all
assembled in carrying case with complete

Sffnftf J^?; reagents and instructions; price
^5.00 f.o.b Towson. Same unit is used for test
on plant tissue sample.

LaMotte Chemical Products Co.
Dept. VGN, Towson 4 Baltimore, Md.

1945 Seed Annual Free on Request

132 • 138 Church St.
New York 8. N. Y.

Vegetables Need Water

When you plant a vegetable crop set up your irrigation system
and leave it there until the crop is harvested, is the advice of Paul
W. Dempsey, at the Waltham Field Station, Massachusetts.

From 300 to 700 gallons of water are said to be required in order
to make one pound of plant tissue; and the water is needed riffht
straight through the season.

The soil acts as a reservoir for the storage of water. A sandy or
gravelly soil makes a poor storage and it takes a lot of manure or
cover crops to improve conditions. Organic matter acts as a sponge
to absorb water and release it gradually as the plant roots need it
Water should be available throughout the entire season, especially
when the soil organic matter is low.

These are the reasons Mr. Dempsey gives for having water avail-
able throughout the growing season:

1. Seeds or plants get off to a good start.

2. Plants have a steady supply of water regardless of the weather.

3. To protect plants from excessive heat and drying winds.

4. To wash in fertilizer and get it to vwrk immediately.

5. Steady growth produces larger crops of better quality.

For best growth vegetable plants need about an inch of rainfall
a week. Crops that are watered should receive at least this much
dunng periods of no rainfall. It usually is necessary to run overhead
sprmklers several hours to apply this much water. A straight-sided
tin can or pan, placed where the crop is being watered, will enable
the grower to measure the amount of water applied in a 'gJ^en period

— 40 —

Tomato Defoliation Studied

When conditions are favorable for early blight in tomatoes, ac-
cording to O. C. Boyd, reporting in the Massachusetts Commercial
Vegetable Grower, spraying or dusting has only slight effect on its
control. Research work in New Hampshire indicates that there is a
direct relation between the progress of the disease and (1) the fruit-
ing season of the variety and (2) the amount of foliage present dur-
ing the yielding season. The greater amount of foliage during the
iruitmg season, particularly during the ripening period, the less
subject the plant is to Alternaria attack. Determinate varieties, such

«f.il!? T' ^""^ ^^^"""y defoliated during the yielding season; also
staked plants containing a high ratio of fruit load to foliage. Increased
early blight infection resulted from plucking off some of the leaves.

— 41 —

Make Rain While Hie Son SJiines

And Make Money While the Making Is Good

1945 will afford the best markets for
Vegetables and Fruits that we have ever seen

INSURE YOUR CROP YIELDS

BY USING A

CALCO PORTABLE RAINMAKER

and stop watching the winds and clouds.

•

Write for Illustrated Catalog and the name of the
nearest Rainmaker Dealer

•

California Corrugated Culvert Co.

7ih ft PARKER STREETS BERKELEY 2. CALIF.

Plan for Profitable Tomato Picking'

Much time and money will be saved and the quality of tomatoes
improved this year if prospective pickers are properly prepared
and taught how to make every movement count in harvesting this
valuable crop. Following this, constant, but friendly, supervision
in the field will enable the grower to encourage the better pickers
and to weed out the poor ones.

Each picker should know exactly what to pick before starting to
do the job. For canning tomatoes this information is given, with a
color chart, in Leaflet 100, "Picking Tomatoes for the Cannery, a
copy of which may be obtained from the County Agent.

First, the picker should learn to carry the hamper forward with
an easy movement of one hand, using a handle on it made of stiff
wire, about l/5th inch in diameter, with a comfortable handpiece.
Carry the hamper with the arm and back kept straight, lifting with
the strong leg muscles, to avoid becoming tired quickly.

More tomatoes can be picked when both hands, preferably close
together, are used at the same time. Standing with the knees slight-
ly bent, or in a squatting position, is much btter than kneeling on
one knee.

Time is saved if as many tomatoes as possible are picked in each
hand before moving the hands to the hamper. First, pick one tomato
in each hand; then, shift the tomatoes back into the palms of the
hands; and, pick a second tomato in each hand; then, move the full
hands to the hamper.

Much injury to the vines usually is avoided and fewer miles are
traveled m the day's work, when the two rows are picked across
the field With the hamper always kept in front and within easy
reach of the picker.

Mil

Greenhouse Tomato Varieties Studied

Qf^. *°/^^,^° ^*'"^'" *®^* conducted by R. E. Larson, The Pennsylvania
btate College, with the 1945 spring crop indicates that Spartan Hy-
brid (an Fl hybrid of the Michigan State Forcing type) is a heavy
yielder and has good average fruit size (4.2 ozs.); and that Rutgers
X vetomold IS also a good yielder with a much better fruit size than
Spartan Hb-r^' ^^ ^°"'P^''^'^ ^° ^.6 ozs.), maturing earlier than

— 43 —

!■

feS ■*" ■

Plllt

itr

Constant, friendly supervision pays well. These high school chil-
dren picked a 10-ton per acre crop in after-school hours. Baskets
were distributed by supervisors and, when filled, were taken to
the driveway by regular help and supervisors. Special rewards
were given for finishing a field on time, such as ice cream in the
shade, or other refreshments.

Note that all pickers are either in a standing or squatting posi-
tion, not kneeling; and have the baskets in front of and near them
and the plant, which is being picked with both hands.

A drive- way made every 15 rows is convenient. Simply turn
the vines before the first picking and straddle the row in driving
through the field.

Large loads save time, money and vital materials. The pyramid
type of load makes for convenience in loading and unloading.

— 44 —

ri^"i^ ^'uf'" "*^ '""y ^ adapted to hauling tomatoes. Slats
14 X l-inch) are nailed together to separate each layer of hampers.

— 45 —

Jill' I

** I

ilM'

Conslant, friendly supervision pays well. These high school chil-
dren picked a 10-ton per acre crop in after-school hours. Baskets
were distributed by supervisors and, when filled, were taken to
the driveway by regular help and supervisors. Special rewards
were given for finishing a field on time, such as ice cream in the
shade, or other refreshments.

Note that all pickers are either in a standing or squatting posi-
tion, not kneeling; and have the baskets in front of and near them
and the plant, which is being picked with both hands.

.. i:

11)

A drive-way made every 15 rows is convenient. Simply turn
the vines before the first picking and straddle the row in driving
through the field.

— 44 —

1 I

Large loads save time, money and vital materials. The pyramid
type of load makes for convenience in loading and unloading.

/.^"K*'"f^« «^ay easily be adapted to hauling tomatoes. Slats
It X l-inch) are nailed together to separate each layer of hampers.

— 45 —

INTENTIONAL 2ND EXPOSURE

It ,

III"'

Good culture precedes profitable picking.

Ill

N '

A Penn State specialist shows what to pick. Following this each
picker is given a test to make sure he knows.

— 46 —

Showing what and how to pick and avoid vine damage.

'M'll

A hamper handle made of heavy wire (l/5th inch, 4-6 gauge).

"'I

ltl<'

Good culture precedes profitable picking.

A Penn State specialist shows what to pick. Following this each
picker is given a test to make sure he knows.

— 46 —

Showing what and how to pick and avoid vine damage.

• 1
I

A hamper handle made of heavy wire (1/Sth inch. 4-6 gauge).

INTENTIONAL 2ND EXPOSURE

;()l»

BEAN

■-i«»r»''^«^'«»»^i>.^^np'^v* <

-■

¥0k 1945 BEAN WILL BUILD:

Bectn Potato Sprayers
Bean Rubber Spool Potato Graders
Bean Rubber Roll Potato Cleaners

WE DISTRIBUTE:

American Bunch Vegetable Washers

with

BEAN High Pressure Pumping Unit

Send for Catalogs

John Bean Mfg. Co

Div. Food Machinery Corp.

LANSING 4. MICH.

DDT

DDT comes from the chemical name Dichloro-Diphenyl-Trichloro-
benzene. It is a white powder practically odorless, insoluble in water
but soluble in some petroleum solvents similar to those used for
rotenone and pyrethrum. The effectiveness of DDT is greatly in-
fluenced by solvent and carrier.

DDT was compounded by a young German chemist in 1874 as a
routme part of preparing a thesis. It was first used to destroy a
severe mfestation of Colorado potato beetle in 1939 in Switzerland
after bemg prepared in 1928 by a Swiss entomological research com-
pany m search of a powerful insecticide.

In addition to its use to protect troops in Africa and Italy and in
preventing a serious typhus epidemic in Naples, DDT has shown a
remarkable killing power against certain crop pests. However it
« Mf" T" t° be practically useless against some insects, such
as Mexican bean bettle. Its effect upon beneficial insects, plants
(such as the tomato , and people (externally and internally) must
Jllv^DT "^ °°*''^ into before its use can become general. Eventu-
ally, DDT promises to become an important insecticide.

Sprays Reduce Tomato Blight

Because of the prevalence of alternaria early blight on tomatoes,
reported increasing rapidly in some fields and threatening defolia-
tion If wet weather continues, R. S. Kirby and L. O. Weaver, Exten-
sion plant pathologists, urge commercial growers to spray their
plants. (Early July).

be'^u^sln ?/ f ^"""^ ?"7.^^ ^^'' *^'"^' ^^^y ^^Pl^i"' is a fixed copper to
be used at the rate of 2 pounds of metallic copper per 100 gallons of

ISoTalLt.'""'^ '' ' '' P^^ ^^"^ ^^^^ -PP- f^idSe'tTach

(6l,oun^H,'n?Kf^ *^* "o" ^^ "'^^ '' ^ ^-3-100 bordeaux mixture
(6 pounds of bluestone, 3 pounds of lime, and 100 gallons of water) .

Either of these sprays should be applied at 7- to 10-day intervals.

of ^oml"o earlvtfZ'K Tl'^ 1° "^"'''^" ^' '^'^^ ^°^ '^' ^«"trol
their nl^nfco^^ . ^ *' ^'"^ ^^'^ ^""^^ gardeners who wish to dust
thS diiease. ^°"*^^"i"g ^ per cent metallic copper will reduce

— 49 —

»' '

(11

.T^S^^J^

llll'

I 'I

tt.

Tl^*«

Off

tou»

Hl^t

pO>Nt»

o«^

HA^^

llM^'^i

THE F. E. MYERS & BRO CO.
Ocpt. A-124, Ashland. Ohio

$pray«r$ — Watar Systems — Pumps — Hay Unloading Toolj

Sow Ryegrass for Cover Crop

A cover crop of ryegrass, effective for controlling erosion and de-
sirable from the standpoint of improving fertility of the land, can
be seeded to good advantage in fields planted to vegetable crops at
the last normal cultivation.

Sowing about 20 pounds of ryegrass to the acre is especially de-
sirable on slopmg fields where winter washing is likely to be serious
It is most worthwhile where some other cultivated crop is to follow

Ryegrass seed is cheaper and in fair supply this year. While rye-
grass seed can be purchased, it is still quite profitable to harvest the
seed where good, clean stands of ryegrass have not been turned
down. Combmmg without previous cutting generally results in
serious shattering losses and often a problem of drying the threshed
seed satisfactorily. Yields run from 400 to 800 pounds per acre

To make sowing ryegrass seed more convenient, some growers use
a seeder attached to the tractor cultivator. Several of these attach-
ments have been constructed by home mechanics. Two types of
seeders can be used. The simplest is a cut-down grass seed box from
an old grain drill and geared to drive from the tractor wheel or
from a ground wheel which is raised with the cultivator gangs' for
turning. A fluted or force feed of some sort is necessary to make
light seed, such as ryegrass, to feed properly.

Another type of seeder is a hopper feeding on to a revolving plate
which throws the seed around among the corn plants. This device
sows part of the seed ahead and part behind the shovels. If drv
weather follows the seeding then covering the seed gives a better
1?. u^^l 'covering should be shallow. The last cultivation should
never be deep or root damage to the crop wUl be serious. If rain
falls soon after sowing, the seed which falls on the loose soil behind
the cultivator will be covered just about right.

War Veterans Want Land

me^brnl^ every war, there has been a back-to-the-land move-
V B H^rf ?u "^^ ^^^^ ^^^" *" '"""^^y s^^^i'^e," according to
SomeSunHTn ^P"^ ^^^^ ^^"^ Economics, Cornell University,
veterans ;^^r'> '^ ^''''" " °"^^' *° "^°^^ ^"""^^ *^°"^ "-^turning
™v?vV^^^^^^^^ -P-^--' -<^ this Will apply tf

DersL^nJ??™'."^/^*^''^" "^^^ ^^"t« to get i"to farming can be
Smake^lnoH^'^.r;'^^"^ ^' ^ ^""^^ '"^^ «" « successful farm
of oj? suc.£fni ? ^^* capacity, he is on the road toward being one
aCef to S lff«, °'^"^'' ^" the future," says Dr. Hart. If he i!
more embitterpH If "^"^^ '? ^"^ abandoned farm, it may mean one
"le embittered veteran and one more family on relief."

— Si-

lt'

SEEDS OF MERIT

ilW

Bred to satisfy the needs of the most critical market
garden trade.

Slocks for Summer and Fall planting are ample and
immediately available. We solicit your inquiries. Ours
are outstanding strains of turnip, spinach and ruta-baga.

We are now in a position to quote on seed stocks for
delivery out of 1945 seed crop. Send us a card and we
shall have our representative call and describe the
types and strains of vegetable seed we offer.

Write for 1946 Market Gardener's Catalog to be sent
as soon as available.

'Ill

TAPPERSON SEED COMPANY

ALLENTOWN, PA.

40 NORTH SEVENTH STREET

PHONE 2-1762

Grow Your Own and Be Well Fed

The summer is half over, but often the highest score is made in
the last few innings of the game. More favorable weather to frost,
and we hope it will be a late one, is certainly to be expected. In these
few months there is still a chance to grow vitally needed food to
help round out our daily meals and to store vitamins, minerals and
healthful vegetables at home and commercially.

Tendergreen snap beans, for example, may still be planted and
they are excellent either fresh or canned, although Kentucky Won-
der is said to have more flavor and firmness than other varieties
after quick freezing.

Broccoli, Early Calabrese variety, is especially good for freezing
and may be canned. This vegetable is particularly rich in vitamin!
A and C. Purple cauliflower, an early strain, also is coming to be
known and liked.

A few pickles have an appetizing effect, but it is better to grow a
picklmg variety, such as Association Pickling. The dark-skinned
varieties, such as Straight 8, Ace, Burpee Hybrid and others are
good for slicing but the pickling varieties usually have a tender skin.

For greens, Popeye's old friend, spinach, probably leads and seed
may be planted late m July or early August for fall use. Long Stand-
ing Bloomsdale, and other strains of this variety, such as Summer
bavoy, Dark Green Bloomsdale, and others, produce dark green
succulent leaves, full of vitamins and minerals, if spaced 4 inches
r^ . i^ u ^"""^^ well-limed soil, with sufficient water. However
Giant Nobel and Hollandia produce large, smooth, succulent leaves'
which are easy to clean of silica.

Green peppers are rich in vitamin A and red peppers are reported
to be an excellent source of vitamin C (three to four times as rich
as orange juice) . This high vitamin content, also, does not seem to

for c!f ^^f T'^^ ^y ^^""^"S °' freezing. Peppers can be stored
for several weeks in a cool place about the home.

cn^nni''^' ^^r^^^ 'V'^' "^"^ P^"^"'^^ attractive salads with a delicate

a^P «ll fv? °u L^^'' "'^ *" *^^ ^^" '"^"ths but, with proper stor-
age, all through the winter.

forms^^/n'r^''' smooth-leaved Batavian type, Florida Deep Heart
ml^!J ^ T'^ compact head. Green Curled endive is said to
Silv ?f ^^hat earlier than the broad-leaved type. The very
tTZ 4 r^^' "^^^^ *^^ '^^^ds become blanched in the center
range from deep green to light yellow in color and are very attrac-

— 53 —

ii!i

Vegetable growers
are fulfilling

their responsibility

nlf

In accepting the responsibility of producing our vast and essential
food crops, the objective of vegetable growers is to make each acre
produce a maximum crop. This means elimination of damage from
insects and diseases — always threatening to extract their toll.

The Niagara Organization— specialists in these problems— is prepared
to assist your every effort in solving insect and disease problems to

achieve maximum production at mini-
mum cost. Niagara is ready to serve
you with dust or spray, as well as the
mechanical apparatus for applying it.

Consult your Niagara dealer on any
insect or disease problem or write to:

NIAGARA SPRAYER
AND CHEMICAL COo, INCo

Middleport, New York

Endive is seeded like lettuce and transplanted about 12 inches
apart. Plants also may be set in a coldframe, about 8 inches apart,
and stored there for winter use. Another way to store them is to lift
the plants out of the soil just before freezing and set them in shal-
low boxes with soil adhering to the roots. They keep longer where
there is light and the temperature is near freezing. Water is applied
only to the soil to prevent wilting.
I Celery may be handled much the same as Endive. Summer Pascal

a Pennsylvania introduction, is as free as any variety from stringi-
ness and most people like it nearly green.

For information on storing vegetables, ask your County Agent for
a leaflet on this subject.

Detroit beets are particularly good for storage. Purple Top White
and Yellow Globe varieties of turnip may be seeded late in summer
Carrots increase in carotene content the longer they grow and
should be started early to become well-filled with this vitamin
Danvers Supreme, Chantehay and Nantes are choice varieties.

Cabbage may be stored in a barrel pit, or in the root cellar Where
the cellar tends to be dry the heads may be wrapped in paper to
prevent wilting, and the roots may be left on and set in moist soil
or water. The outer leaves are removed. In addition to the Short-
Stemmed Danish variety, Chieftain Savoy also is liked for its crisp-
ness in salads and other dishes.

Yellow squash, such as Butternut, Golden Cushaw, and Golden
Delicious, are said to be high in carotene and may be stored in a
dry, moderately cool place where moisture is never allowed to form
on the fruits from sweating. Buttercup is a small squash, sweet and
dry, but has a tender skin and must be handled carefully.

Onions frequently start decaying before they are placed in winter
s orage quarters. They require a cool, dry, well-ventilated place,
starting with the time they are pulled.

HARRIS SEEDS

For men who appreciate and grow vegetables of line
quality there are no better seeds than those offered by

MORETON FARM

COMPANY,

ROCHESTER 11, N. Y.

— 55 —

tIN'l

• i;

' t J

I *

\-M

«»

IM»

THE BIRTH OF A NEW IDEA

THE FIRST V-C Fertilizers were
delivered to the farm in 1895.
These fertilizers were the beginning
of a new idea in the manufacture
and distribution of commercial plant-
food. For economy and convenience,
V-C factories were to be located near
the farms they served and yet each
factory was to benefit from the sci-
entific research, experience, skill and
facilities of a national organization.
Today, through its network of 34
fertilizer factories, its phosphate
rock mines, its 20 sulphuric acid
plants, its 26 superphosphate pro-
ducing units, its chemicals division

and its analytical and research labo-
ratories, the V-C organization serves
farmers in every state from the
Rocky Mountains to the Atlantic and
from Canada to the Gulf of Mexico.

Today more V-C customers are
using more V-C Fertilizers than ever
before in history . . . their total crop
production is greater than ever be-
fore in history . . . and their cash
farm income b higher than ever be-
fore in history.

It is fitting and proper that V-C's
50th anniversary should find V-C
Fertilizers rendering their greatest
service to the American farmer.

VIRGINIA-CAROLINA CHEMICAL CORPORATION

Baltimort, Md.

Cartertt, N. J.

Recommended temperature, relative humidity, and approximate
length of storage period for the storage of various vegetables*

Commodity

Asparagus
Beans:
Green or snap
Lima
Beets:
Topped
Bunched
Broccoli
Cabbage
Carrots:
Topped
Bunch
Cauliflower
Celery

Corn (green)
Cucumbers
Eggplant
Endive
Garlic (dry)
Horseradish
Jerusalem artichokes
Leeks (green)
Melons:
Watermelons
Muskmelon (cantaloupe)
Honey Dew & Honey Ball
Casaba and Persian
Onions and onion sets
Parsnips
Peas (green)
Peppers:
Chili (dry)
Sweet
Potatoes
Pumpkins
Radishes (winter)
Rhubarb
Rutabagas
Salsify

Spinach

Squash (winter)
Sweet Potatoes
Tomatoes:
Ripe

Mature green
Turnips

Temper-
ature

32
32

32
32
32
32

32
31-32
31-32
50-60
50-60

32
31-32

50-55
50-55
50-55
50-55

36-50

55-60

50-55

55-70

Relative

Humidity

Per cent

•

85-90

85-90
85-90

90-95
85-90
85-90
90-95

90-95
90-95
85-90
90-95
85-90
80-85
85-90
90-95
70-75
85-90
90-95
85-90

75-85
75-85
75-85
75-85
70-75
90-95
85-90

70-75
85-90
85-90
70-75
90-95
90-95
90-95
90-95
90-95
70-75
80-90

80-85
80-85
90-95

• Rose, Wright and Whitman. U.S.D.A. Circ. 278.

— 57 —

Approximate

Length of
Storage Period

3 to 4 weeks

3 to 4 weeks
3 to 4 weeks

1 to 3 months
7 to 10 days
10 to 15 days

3 to 4 months

2 to 4 months
7 to 10 days

2 to 3 weeks
2 to 4 months

4 to 8 days
6 to 8 days
10 days

2 to 3 weeks
6 to 8 months
4 to 6 months
2 to 5 months
1 to 3 months

2 to 3
lto3

3 to 4

4 to 6

5 to 6
2 to 4
lto3

weeks

months

weeks

6 to 9 months
4 to 6 weeks
4 to 6 months
2 to 6 months
2 to 4 months
2 to 3 weeks
2 to 4 months
2 to 4 months

7 to 10 days

2 to 6 months
4 to 6 months

7 to 10 days

1 to 6 weeks

2 to 4 months

Average
Freezing
Point
op

29.80
29.74

26.90

29.20
31.18

29.57

30.08
29.73
28.95
30.50
30.41
30.90
25.40
26.40
27.50
31.20

29.20
29.00
29.00

30.09
28.90
30.03

30.09
28.92
30.15

28.40
27.10
48.40
30.64
29.30
28.44

30.38
30.40
30.33

:j ,

liHll

i , f

' . I'j

Stokes Field Day

Saturday^ August 11^ 1945

Our friends are cordially invited to Vincentown, New
Jersey on the above date. Our Breeding Plots, our grow-
ing fields and our Tomato Plant will be open for inspection.
There will be items of interest to any one connected with
the tomato industry. Lunch will be served to our guests
at our Company Restaurant.

FRANCIS C. STOKES CO.

TOMATO BREEDERS

Serving the Industry Since 1881

VINCENTOWN, NEW JERSEY

Squash Storage Requires Dryness and

Temperature Control

Variations in the amount of decay of squash in storage, according
to E. F. Guba, Waltham, Mass., are due to weather conditions and
location of plantings, which influence the population and infecti-
ousness of molds, the prevalence of the striped cucumber beetle and
the amount of decay from bacterial wilt rot. Seed disinfection, crop
rotation and careful handling are key points. '

Spraying or dusting with bordeaux, waxing to provide a barrier
to the mold, and treating the squash at harvest with chemical dis-
infectants, are not recommended. "Losses from decay in storage
result from insufficient changes of air with the outside and lack of
heat. The squash must not be allowed to sweat, and the storage room
atmosphere must be kept dry. Continuous drying and shriveling of
the stem is important, and this requires heat from the time the
squash is placed in the storage room. The least molding of the squash
stems in storage is a dangerous sign and should be prevented with
heat and ventilation."

The following recommendations by A. F. Yeager, New Hampshire
based on three years' storage trials, are made for the handling and
storage of Blue Hubbard squash:

1. Move the squash directly from the field to the storage. Do not
leave them in the field to cure.

2. Remove both the mature and marketable-immature squash
before frost occurs.

3. Remove the stems completely. This will prevent stem end
infection from black rot and Fusarium dry rot.

4. Handle squash carefully. "Clean" cuts in the fruits often heal
over. Bruises do not, especially if the skin is broken.

5. Drying the squash thoroughly during the first two weeks of
storage is essential to good keeping. This can be done by heat-
ing the storage to 80° F. and circulating the air in the storage.

6. Blue Hubbards do not keep well in storages where the tem-
perature IS below 45° F. even with humidity as low as 20 per

7. Liquid and dust fungicides applied to the fruits have not
proved of value in controlling storage rots. Fumigation of the
iruits by gasses was not tried.

8. Do not store squash near apples as the squash skins bleach
and turn orange-yellow in color.

— 59 —

! ■»'

I 5 r''

,1,1

*•

PROTECT YOUR VEGETABLE CROP

with

FARM BUREAU COOPERATIVE'S

Perfect Blend Dusts

NONE

SUPERIOR

INSECTICIDAL and FUNGICIDAL

Order Today From Your Local
Farm Bureau Co-op or Service Agency

PENNA. FARM BUREAU COOPERATIVE ASSN.

3607 Derry Street Harrisburg. Penna.

For Greater Profits

PLANT CLICK'S Tomolo Seed & Ploi

IMPROVED STRAINS — PENNSYLVANIA CERTIFIED

Rulgen — Marglobe — Groihens — Priichard
Pan America and Colco (Pink) Globe

SPECIAL MENTION OF A NEW LEAL...

THE EARLY CANNER Matures about a week earlier than Rutgers. When
?i5r Ik ^®1 ^^^^ ^°"^ well-grown plants it has produced largi yields be-
i^fnwIiL /•* harvest season. Bushy, vigorous foliage protects the closely
^H i^^^P of fau-ly large, deep, firm, scarlet tomatoes. Small seed cavities
and excellent flavor make it well suited to canning, especially strained orod-
ucts. Has shown up particularly well in dry weather. "ramea proa

ONLY A LIMITED SUPPLY AVAILABLE
AdylM quantity needed. Particulars free.

CLICK'S SEED FARMS GLICK'S PLANT FARMS

SMOKETOWN, LANCASTER COUNTY. PENNA

' Small Refrigerated Storage Rooms

G. J. Stout*

Large cold storages are useful and practical on fruit and vegetable
farms which are extensive enough to make such a storage economi-
cal. The chief disadvantage of a cold storage is its initial cost Even
at less than $1.00 per cubic foot of capacity, a storage of 10,000 bushels
capacity is too expensive for the majority of small enterprises on
farms in Pennsylvania. Many small gardeners, as well as the general
farmers who supply our small city markets with small fruits vege-
tables, and poultry, could make excellent use of a cold storage if one
could be constructed at a reasonable price.

It has been estimated that as much as 50 per cent of the perishable
produce is lost through spoilage or otherwise between the farmer's
field and the consumer's table. Cold storage will reduce this to some
extent. Produce left over from market today need not be "dumped"
at very low price to salvage it. A better distribution of labor is pos-
sible if harvesting does not have to be completed in as short a period
of time. The item of convenience should not be overlooked, especial-
ly if the grower is catering to a roadside market or other market the
demands of which are unpredictable. '

A satisfactory storage can be built for considerably less than $1000
provided the producer does not need too large a storage and does not
need to store produce for a long time. However, in order to build a
practical storage room, one which will be low in cost, low in oper-
ating cost, and still provide good storage conditions, certain essentials
must be met. These are:

1. The room should be built large enough but no larger than ac-
tually needed. Small size means lower first cost and lower cost
of operation, as well as requiring

2. Small refrigeration machinery. While satisfactory cooling is
essential, it is not necessary to provide machinery to cool the
entire roomful of produce in a few hours because rarely will
the room be loaded to this extent.

3. Adequate insulation. The smaller the storage room, the greater
IS the amount of wall surface in proportion to the cubic con-
tents of the room. In a large storage, there may be only 0 7

l?nrT f °f "^^R l"""^^"^^ ^""^ ^"^h^^ °f capacity, but in a small
storage of only 300 bushels capacity, the wall surface may be as
great as 1.75 square feet per bushel. Therefore, it is necessary
*o_insuiate the small storages particularly well. This requires:

• Associate Professor of Horticultural Manufacturing. Penna. State College.

— 61 —

Mil

1 I 'I

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4. Cheap insulation. While in large storages the highest priced
types of insulation may be used because the overall cost per
bushel of capacity will not be increased inordinately, this is not
true in smaller storage rooms. If very inexpensive materials, as
for example planer shavings or buckwheat hulls, are used, the

Continued on page sixty-five

Refrigerated Storage Room Constructed at The Pennsylvania
State College for experimental purposes.

B. MEIER & SON, Inc?

FOOD BROKERS
Representing some of America's finest canners.

REPRESENTATION FOR ONE OR TWO REPUTABLE

ACCOUNTS SOLICITED

209 Bronx Terminal Market
New York 5L New York

— 62 —

Small Vegetable Storage Room

Charles K. Hallowell*

Recent investigations at agricultural experiment stations indicate
small storage rooms maintaining a 32° to 40° F. temperature are
practical, the size being 200 to 1,000 bushel capacity, the holding
period being overnight to a few days.

Mechanical refrigeration for such rooms has been impossible to
obtain since the war; therefore, ice will have to be the cooling
medium. Correct insulation is the same for ice as for mechanical
cooling. If storage rooms are built correctly now, mechanical refrig-
eration may be installed later.

Location of Storage Room:

Farm storage rooms should be located where they will be easy to
fill, and convenient for loading a truck when the product is removed.
Size:

Two and one-half to three cubic feet per bushel of storage capacity
should be allowed in a small storage room. A room of 1500 cubic feet
is about the limit in size for ice cooling.

Building Materials and Their Use:

It is possible to use a number of materials, but the way they are
used is important. There should be two walls, an outer wall, and an
inner wall. It is important that the outer wall should be lined with
a moisture barrier (vapor seal) . Usually this is done by placing a
layer of 35-lb. (or 2 layers of 15-lb.) asphalt paper on the inside
surface of the outer wall, sealing all laps with hot (melted) asphalt.
If this is carefully done, it will make very little difference from a
moisture standpoint, whether matched lumber, cement wall-board,
metal, masonry, or something else is used as outer wall. Either the
cement wall-board or matched lumber will make a very satisfactory
inside wall. Framing can be done the conventional way, usually with
2 X 4's.

Insulating Materials:

Not less than 9 inches of rock wool, glass wool, redwood bark,
vermiculite or cork could be used. Twelve inches of planer shavings
are satisfactory, and will be the least costly insulation.
Floor Construction:

Insulation is just as important in the floor as on the sides and top,
but it must be waterproofed, and a floor drain provided.
Door Opening:

An insulated door can be built at home or purchased, with frame,

•Philadelphia County Agent, 303 Drexel Building, Philadelphia 6, Pa.,
Phone LOMbard 3578. i- » ,

-63 —

" 1

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Continued on page sixty-five

»*>

Refrigerated Storage Room Constructed at The Pennsylvania
State College for experimental purposes.

'11

-!*»*r "^v-fiv^

B. MEIER & SON, Inc.

FOOD BROKERS
Representing some of America's finest canners.

REPRESENTATION FOR ONE OR TWO REPUTABLE

ACCOUNTS SOLICITED

209 Bronx Terminal Market
New York 5L New York

— 62 —

Small Vegetable Storage Room

Charles K. Hallowell*

Recent investigations at agricultural experiment stations indicate
small storage rooms maintaining a 32° to 40" F. temperature are
practical, the size being 200 to 1,000 bushel capacity, the holding
period being overnight to a few days.

Location of Storage Room:

Farm storage rooms should be located where they will be easy to
fill, and convenient for loading a truck when the product is removed.
Size:

Two and one-half to three cubic feet per bushel of storage capacity
should be allowed in a small storage room. A room of 1500 cubic feet
is about the limit in size for ice cooling.

Building Materials and Their Use:

It is possible to use a number of materials, but the way they are
used is important. There should be two walls, an outer wall, and an
inner wall. It is important that the outer wall should be lined with
a moisture barrier (vapor seal) . Usually this is done by placing a
layer of 35-lb. (or 2 layers of 15-lb.) asphalt paper on the inside
surface of the outer wall, sealing all laps with hot (melted) asphalt.
If this is carefully done, it will make very little difference from a
moisture standpoint, whether matched lumber, cement wall-board,
metal, masonry, or something else is used as outer wall. Either the
cement wall-board or matched lumber will make a very satisfactory
mside wall. Framing can be done the conventional way, usually with
2 X 4's.

Insulating Materials:

Insulation is just as important in the floor as on the sides and top,
but it must be waterproofed, and a floor drain provided.
Door Opening:

^^ insulated door can be built at home or purchased, with frame,

♦Philadelphia County Agent, 303 Drexel Building, Philadelphia 6, Pa.,
Phone LOMbard 3578.

-63 —

.. .*

• 'I

I ' '.i

INJENTIONAL 2ND EXPOSURE

iir

M»

Irrigation for all Crops and Orchards

i/#

INSURE'

Crop Production
By Irrigating

##1

r##

RAIN'

Where and When
You Want It

COMPLETE PORTABLE IRRIGATION

SYSTEMS

Champion Portable Pipe and Valves
Skinner Revolving Sprinklers — sand proof
Transite Pressure Pipe for underground lines

"RAIN-O-MATIC" Portable Power Pumping Units

Sizes: 100 to 2,000 Gallons Per Minute

SPECIALISTS IN IRRIGATION

O. K. Champion Power Potato Diggers

Boggs Potato Graders and Equipment

Trescott Fruit and Vegetable Machinery

Peach Defuzzers, Graders and Conveyors

Apple Graders, Waxers and Cleaners

Tomato and Sweet Potato Graders, Washers and Waxers

Lima and Snap Bean Cleaners and Conveyors

HAMILTON & COMPANY

EPHRATA, LANCASTER COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

TELEPHONE 678 DISTRIBUTORS P. O. BOX 178

Pennsylvania. Delaware, Virginia, North Carolina, Maryland, D. of C.

from a refrigerator door company, and will cost approximately $100
with at least 4 inches of cork.

Ice Shelf or Bunker:

This should be placed as near the top of the room as possible on
one or both sides. This may be constructed of sheet iron, turning the
edges up to form a pan, and putting in a drain pipe to carry away
the waste water.

Refrigerator Pipes:

An opening 1" x 3" will provide space for the pipes to go through
the wall. Insulation will be put around the pipes, and the opening
sealed until ready for use.

The above information is a summary from data prepared by G. J.
Stout of the Agricultural Extension Service of The Pennsylvania
State College. If any grower wants assistance, or more information
about this, call on us.

Selling Home Frozen Foods

Many Association members enjoyed the talk given by Mr. Grant
Noll of Lancaster at our January meeting, in which he described
the evolution of his business in home frozen foods. This enterprise
showed plenty of imagination and was an inspiration to listeners
to take advantage of other "Acres of Diamonds'^ opportunities in
their own back yard or front yard. It has been assumed quite gen-
erally that the processing and selling of frozen fruits and vegetables
is possible only where large organizations and factory equipment
are available. Mr. NolPs farm industry which in 1944 processed
and packaged seven tons of food to sell on the Lancaster retail mar-
ket shows that this is not true. It is interesting also because it shows
such a radical departure from the usual methods of disposing of
farm produce. For the benefit of readers who were unable to at-
tend the Harrisburg meeting, we hope to bring you a more com-
plete story of this unique industry in a forthcoming issue of the
News.

Small Refrigerated Storage Rooms-
Continued from page sixty-two

cost will be much reduced and many growers can afford this
storage. These cheap materials have proven effective provided
certain essentials in construction, particularly the vapor bar-
rier, are observed when the storage is built. In some cases as
much as 12 to 18 inches of wall thickness of insulation has been
used, which makes the operating cost of the storage very low.

— 65 —

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SWEET AS HON^^.^,,, season

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putted v''**;,^ CO. ^ ^^_^..

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That Home Built Freezer

The March, 1944, issue of the "News" carried an article on home-
built freezers and a picture of such a piece of equipment. During
the months that have elapsed since that time, many home freezers
have been built on farms in Pennsylvania. Experiences with this
freezing equipment and the growers who built them have indicated
that some of the uses for farm freezers which were prophesied in
that article have already materialized. This is particularly true
concerning some commercial uses for the freezing of fruits and
vegetables at home, these products to be sold later on the retail
markets.

However, the situation today is somewhat different from what it
was a year ago. Most of the priorities have been lifted from refrig-
eration equipment for home freezers and also there are indications
that it may not be too long before factory-built freezers are on the
market. It would seem that certain experiences gained from use of
a home-built freezer and observing the construction of several others
in the meantime, might be useful to others who are in the market
for a freezer.

The freezer should be large enough to serve the purposes for
which it is intended. Rarely will a freezer smaller than 50 cubic feet
suffice, and it is advisable to build one of 70 cubic feet or larger size
if any frozen products, such as fruits, vegetables, or poultry are to
be stored for later sale. The 40 cubic-foot size described and pictured
was too small for farm use.

Most refrigeration mechanics are capable of making a good in-
stallation in a freezer, provided they know what is wanted, but some
are still insistent that the "dry coil" will not work and that the
"flooded coil" must be used. The dry coil is perfectly satisfactory
as has been proven by many satisfactory installations.

Many mistakes have been made in constructing the box but prac-
tically all of these have been due to either the owner or the car-
penter insisting on carrying out his own ideas rather than following
the instructions. Most of these errors have to do with the arrange-
ment of the lids and thickness of the insulation on the top. It is not
necessary to have more than 6 to 8 inches of insulation in the top
of the freezer but even with this amount, it is awkward to reach
down over this insulation to the bottom of a freezer which is 30
inches or more deep inside. It was for this reason that the openings
were made flush with the top of the inside compartment and brought
as far forward as possible.

While very few builders have used planer shavings for insulation,
those who have report satisfactory performance in every respect.

— 67 —

'. 6

«4i

• ' »

TIGHT BINDING

>. ,

GOLDEN CROSS BANTAM

The introduction of Golden Cross Bantam by Purdue University and
the U. S. Dept. of Agriculture was a milestone in agriculture. This
fact was recognized last year by the American Seed Trade Associa-
tion in the presentation of a plaque to Glenn M. Smith, who was
responsible for the program of breeding and selection which pro-
duced this splendid hybrid.

Golden Cross Bantam secured and holds its leadership because of
unusually wide adaptation, resistance to wilt, and the high quality
of Its large, handsome ears.

ASSOCIATED SEED GROWEBS, INC.

MILFORD. CONN.

The cost of higher priced insulating materials should not prevent
anyone from building a freezer.

Some people still have the idea that a zero temperature storage
box cannot produce a satisfactory frozen product because no "quick
freeze" is provided. Experience has shown that excellent results
may be secured without any "quick freeze" arrangement and it is
not thought worth while to attempt to provide any compartment
with temperatures below zero for freezing purposes. The most im-
portant consideration in producing a high quality product is to freeze
good products and package them so they do not dry out in the freezer.
Proper blanching of vegetables is essential.

Farm people should give serious consideration to the construction
of a "walk-in" refrigerated storage room (35° F) around the freezer,
this outer room to be used for the chilling of meats, holding poultry
over night before marketing, storing butter, eggs, cheese, and perish-
able produce. If such a storage room is built first and the freezer
installed within it, both can be operated from the same h or i horse-
power compressor and at a cost for electricity very little if any above
that required for the freezer alone. The initial cost of this complete
structure should not be more than $600 to $700 and some people have
paid more than that for a factory-built freezer of only 25 cubic feet
or less capacity.

Home-built locker in G. J. Stout's Home, State College, Pa.

— 69 —

*\\

' • ♦

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4i

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GOLDEN CROSS BANTAM

Golden Cross Bantam secured and holds its leadership because of
unusually wide adaptation, resistance to wilt, and the high quality
of Its large, handsome ears.

Asgix)

ASSOCIATED SEED GROWERS, INC

MILFORD, CONN.

The cost of higher priced insulating materials should not prevent
anyone from building a freezer.

Farm people should give serious consideration to the construction
of a "walk-in" refrigerated storage room (35° F) around the freezer,
this outer room to be used for the chilling of meats, holding poultry
over night before marketing, storing butter, egg^, cheese, and perish-
able produce. If such a storage room is built first and the freezer
installed within it, both can be operated from the same h or f horse-
power compressor and at a cost for electricity very little if any above
that required for the freezer alone. The initial cost of this complete
structure should not be more than $600 to $700 and some people have
paid more than that for a factory-built freezer of only 25 cubic feet
or less capacity.

Home-built locker in G. J. Stout's Home, State College, Pa.

— 69 —

•It

* ••

< •

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•i

INTCrmONAL 2ND EXPOSURE

<!• ,

Fruit storage room treated with Cuprirtol,
Pennsylvania State College.

»„
«»'"

Stops Mildew

Produce Storage

u II

The rooms cf the Apple Storage Building at Pennsylvania State College
were treated during the Summer of 1943 with Cuprinol.

Filled with fruit that Fall, there has been no evidence of mildew in
these rooms since the Cuprinol treatment. Consequently no mildew re-
moval has been necessary, no white washing or painting called for.

You, too, can prevent mildew in storage rooms by Cuprinol treatment
cf all wood walls, ceilings and floors. Easily applied by brush or spray
. . . and the Cuprinol treated wood, which eliminates mildew, has no
harmful effect on the stored produce.

Also recommended is Cuprinol treatment
for flats and greenhouse benches. New
York State Agricultural College reports that
Cuprinol is an exception among wood pre-
servatives tested by them in that it has
proven non-toxic for greenhouse use.

With brush application in storage rooms,
allow 1 gallon for 400 square feet.

For prices, names of distributors, and
other information, write

CUPRINOL, Inc., 33 Spring Lane, Boston 9, Mass.

1 \

Prices Following Wars

"In his role of producer," it is suggested by Pearson, Myers, and
Lorie, in an analysis of the current price and wage situation (March
10, 1945), Farm Economics, May, 1945, Cornell University, "the farm-
er should be a pessimist, assuming that the war will be long and
continuing to strive for maximum production. In making his finan-
cial plans, however, the farmer should be an optimist, assuming that
the war is about over."

Our major wars have been accompanied by rising prices and have
been followed by deflation, although there have been many varia-
tions in the general pattern. It is concluded from the evidence that
prices may decline for three to six months after the war, that it may
be followed by some postwar inflation, and that there may be a
subsequent deflation during the period of adjustment to peacetime
production. The extent of the inflation and deflation, it is suggested,
will be influenced by the activities of OPA, the Federal Reserve
System, the Treasury, and other agencies. Hope is expressed that
this period of deflation will be followed by a long period of stable
prices so that there will be jobs for about 55 million fully employed
and highly paid laborers. If there should be a continued slow decline
in prices, there will not be jobs for 55 million.

The historical evidence indicates that farm and urban wage rates
will be high both in dollars and exchange value. War decreases the
supply of and increases the demand for labor, not only during the
war but also in the postwar period. During the war the drafting of
millions of men decreases the supply of labor while the need for
fighting equipment, clothing and food increases the demand. After
the war the labor lorce is depleted because millions of young men
who otherwise would have swelled the labor supply have been
killed or wounded. The demand for this depleted supply of labor
will be high because of the deferred fulfillment of our needs for
clothing, automobiles, and shelter. However, rising wages accom-
pany increased efficiency and new production techniques. If the in-
creased efficiency is very great, as was the case after World War I,
wages will be very high; but if it is only slight, as was the case of
England after the Napoleonic Wars and the United States after the
War of 1812, wages will not be so high. From the standpoint of labor,
management, and the consumer a hope is expressed that the upward
trend in the efficiency of labor continues, for it means a higher
standard of living for all.

"Farmers, if they are to operate profitably," according to the au-
thors, "must increase the efficiency of their own and of hired labor
to meet increased wages."

— 71 —

lt>

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HERE'S THE WAY

to Better Crops

/•

MAKE CVCRY ACRE
DO ITS BC$T

ARMOUR FERTILIZER WORKS

BALTIMORE, MARYLAND

Membership List — 1945

Abbott & Cobb, 4655 Paul St., Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania

Adam, Alfons, Strasburg, R. 1, Pa.

Adams, Andrew, Sweet Valley, Pa.

Adams Apple Products Corp., Aspers,
Adams Co., Pa.

Adams County Fruit Packing & Distribut-
ing Co., Inc., Biglerville, Pa.

Adams, Robert L., Spring Grove, R. 2, Pa.

Aden, Joseph, York, R. 6, Pa.

Agricultural Library, The Pennsylvania
State College, State College, Pa.

Ake, Walter, Box 113, Camden, Del.

Albright, Eber, Roaring Spring, R. 1, Pa.

Alburger, Norwood A. Jacksonville Road,
Ivyland, Pa.

Aldinger, Malcolm S., York, R. 6, Pa.

Alexander, M. W., Cochranville, Box 53, Pa.

Allaman, R. P., Harrisburg, R. 1, Pa.

Allen, W. B., Brier Hill, Pa.

Allen, William, Churchville, Pa.

Allen Company, Agricultural Chemicals,
Pittstown, N. J.

Altland, Elmer, Spring Grove, R. 3, Pa.

Altland, Emory, Spring Grove, R. 1, Pa.

Aitland, Norman, Spring Grove, R. 3, Pa.

Alwine, Robert H., Hanover, R. 2, Pa.

Ambrosius, Arthur, Brodbecks, R. 1, Pa.

American Can Co. (Earl Able), 212 W. Wis-
consin Ave., Milwaukee, Wis.

American Can Co. (Dr. F. W. Geise), Chi-
cago, 111.

American Cyanamid Company, Director of
Agr. Research, 30 Rockefeller Plaza, New
York 20, N. Y.

American Cyanamid Company (M. V. Bail-
ey), 30 Rockefeller Plaza, New York 20.
N. Y.

American , Potash Institute, Inc. (Cather-
ine M. Schmidt, Librarian) , 1155 Sixteenth
St., N.W., Washington 6, D. C.

Anders, H. K., Court House, Hollidaysburg,
Pa.

Anderson, Charles, Oxford, R. 2, Pa.

Anderson, Richard, Dallastown, Pa.

Anderson, William, 244 Hillcrest Ave., Mor-
risville. Pa.

Andrews, Charles, Chambersburg, R. 2, Pa.

Ankeny, M. R., Shelocta, R. 1, Pa.

Anstine, J. L., Spring Grove, R. 2, Pa.

Ardiere, Ralph, Plymouth, R. 1, Pa.

Armstrong, Cheflon, Quarryville, R. 2, Pa.

Armstrong, Willard, Dallas, R. 3, Pa.

Armstrong, William, Box 115, Berwyn, Pa.

Arnold, J. Harold, Vanderbilt, Pa.

Arnold, Harry, Beaver Falls, R. 1, Pa.

Arnold, J. P., Beaver Falls, R. 1, Pa.

Arnold, Moses S., Lebanon, R. 1, Pa.

Ashton, James, Shickshinny, R. 1, Pa.

Asper, Charles A., York Springs, R. 2, Pa.

Asper, John R., York Springs. R. 1, Pa.

Artley, Larue, 339 Cherry St., Montours-
ville. Pa.

Aten, Robert I., Macungie, Lehigh Co., Pa.

Athens Canning Co. (Wesley Pahl) , Athens,
Wis.

Auchey, John, Spring Grove, R. 2, Pa.
Auchey, Norman, Hanover, R. 1. Pa.
Auckland, Herbert. Second St. Pike, South-
ampton, Pa.
Auker. T. R., Mifflintown, Pa.
Baer, Charles, Bair, Pa.
Baer, Mervin, Carlisle, R. 6, Pa.

Bailey, Ernest F., Winfield, R. 1, Pa.

Bair, Clifford, Cochranville, Pa.

Bair, Daniel S., Hanover, R. 3, Pa.

Bair, E. S., Thomasville, R. 1, Pa.

Bair, George E., Spring Grove, R. 3, Pa.

Bair, J. D., Montgomery, Pa.

Bair, Luther C, Hanover, R. 1, Pa.

Bair, Raymond, Smullton, Pa.

Baker, Chester, Market St., Lititz, Pa.

Baker Bros., Bristol, R. 1, Pa.

Baker, George, Jr., Bristol, R. 1, Pa.

Baker, Harry, South Langhorne, Pa.

Baker, John C, Dillsburg, R. 1, Pa.

Baker, O. W., Commodore, Pa.

Balderston, Edward T., Morrisville, Pa.

Ball, W. B., Room 2, Court House, Easton,
Pa.

Balsbaugh, Amos J., Lebanon, R. 1, Pa.

Balsbaugh, Paul A., Myerstown, R. 2, Pa.

Banes, C. R., 205 Old Country Rd., Mineola,
N. Y.

Bange, Aaron N., Hanover, R. 4, Pa.

Bange, Edward L., Brodbecks, R. 1, Pa.

Bankert, Daniel P., Spring Grove, R. 3, Pa.

Bankert, Elwood C, Hanover, R. 2, Pa.

Bankert, George H., Hanover, R. 3, Pa.

Bankert, John P., Hanover, R. 2, Pa.

Bankert, Paul M., Hanover, R. 3, Pa.

Bankert, Raymond, Thomasville, R. 2, Pa.

Bankert, Raymond C, Hanover, R. 3, Pa.

Bard, Ephriam G., Columbia, R. 1, Pa.

Bare, Charles N., York, R. 1, Pa.

Bare, Earl S., Leacock, Pa.

Barker, Herbert C, Malvern, Pa.

Barnard, C. C, c/o Blue Mountain Can-
neries, Inc., Martinsburg, Pa.

Barnard, J. D., c/o Minnesota Valley Can-
ning Company, Le Sueur, Minnesota

Barney, William, 140 Main St., Kingston, Pa.

Barr, Morris Abner, Phoenixville, R. 2, Pa.

Bartlett, L. & Comer. C, Oxford, R. 2, Pa.

Bash, Walter S., Spring Grove, R. 3, Pa.

Bastian, W. M., Muncy, R. 3, Pa.

Baublitz, Noah, Spring Grove, R. 3, Pa.

Bauer, Allen H., Botany Bldg., State Col-
lege, Pa.

Baugher, Paul, Brodbecks, R. 1, Pa.

Baum, D. S., Elizabethtown, R. 3, Pa.

Baum, E. L., Dillsburg, R. 2, Pa.

Baumgardner, Elmer J., Spring Grove, R. 3,
Pa.

Baxter & Bros., H. C. (Donald W. Reed),
Lock Box 81, Hartland, Maine

Beach, Harry B., Roaring Spring, R. 1, Pa.

Beaver, A. D., Vicksburg, Pa.

Beaver, Charles L., Mifflinburg, R. 1, Pa.

Beccari, Peter, Hickman. Box 61, Pa.

Beck, Glenfall, New Britain, Pa.

Becker, Clarence Y., Hanover, R. 3, Pa.

Becker, Mervin L., Abbottstown, R. 1, Pa.

Becker. Norman E., 846 York St., Hanover,
Pa.

Becker, N. T., Seven Valleys, R. 1, Pa.

Becker, Ralph, Spring Grove, R. 3, Pa.

Becker, H. Stanley, Route 132, Croydon, Pa.

Becker, Stanley Q., Route 132, Croydon, Pa.

Becker, Walter T., Mt. Joy, R. 2. Pa.

Beckert, Elmer G., Mt. Troy Road Ext.,
R.D. 8, Box 771B, Pittsburgh 15, Pa.

Beiler, Aaron E., Gap, R. 1, Pa.

Beiler, Elias R., Gordonville, R. 1, Pa.

Beiler, Isaac K., Elverson. R. 2, Pa.

Beiler, John M., Ronks, R. 1, Pa.

To June 15. Subscribers without membership, omitted.

73 —

,.i

lll> ll

•

Bell Dan, Pittston, R. 1. Pa.
lemiss. A. C. North East. Pa
Bender. L. J.. Allentown. R- 4.JPa.
Bender Maurice R.. Lancaster. R- 2. Pa.
ilnedict Glenn. Chambersburg. R. 1. Pa.
Spnedict Irvin P.. Waynesboro, Pa.
Einldlcf; Jesse Chambersburg. R- l^.^^a
Benham. J. F.. Penna. R.R. Sta.. Rlchmona.

B^ns^coter. Mrs. Freas W.. Berwick. R. 1.

Bi^^scoter. Isaac. Hunlock Creek^ R. 1. Pa.
ilnscotlr! Ralph. Shickshinny. Pa
Benscoter. Wrighter. Hunlock Creek. R. i.

Brntley. Norman. Lincoln University. Pa.

ilntz! Earl W. L Dillsburg. R. 1. Pa.

Bentzel, Arthur J.. York. R. 4. Pa.

•Rpr? Richard. Eddmgton. Fa. ocm

Rprlh Pvt Margery Ann, A3 1950 5. 3610
SCU-WAC Det., Percy Jones Gen and
Conv Hospital Annex. Fort Custer Mich.

Berkheimer. Jacob M.. Mechnicsburg. R. 2.

B^rlew. George. Dallas. R.l.Pa^

IfA^^^a'n ^h"o.' NanfnXtrnCorpora-
^tlon sTl'so. Wolfe St.. Baltimore 31 Md.
Berth. William. Hunlock Creek, R. 1. Pa.

he^^^^^^S^^^^-^ Mt. Holly.
Bidd^e. T^as F.. 8700 Bustleton Avenue.
Birkman^'a Joh"^^^^ Frankford Avenue.

BimnV'er'.' wIlU^^^^ Hanover R. 3 Pa.
Black. Glenn W.. Gettysburg R. 1, Pa.
Black, Howard, Glen Rock fa
Bleacher, Norman, Conestoga, K 2, ^a-
Blenko. Mrs. Walter J.. Middle Rd.. Aiiison

Park Pa. t»

Rlocker Horace B., Hanover, R. 2, Pa.
EJoomsburg Packing Company, Blooms-

burg. Pa. ^ .^ o c t3q
Bock. Walter. Crafton. R. 5. Pa
Boehler. Jacob. Brodbecks. R^ 1 . Pa.
Boeckel. William. Sprmg Grove. R. 1, Pa.
Boettcher. Ernst, York. R. 4. Pa.
Bolig, E. R., Selinsgrove, Pa.
Bolinski. Joseph. Blopmsburg Pa.
Bollinger. Edward. LititzR. 1. Fa.
Bomberger. Mark H.. Lebanon. R. 1, Fa.
Bonham. Boyd. Hunlock. R. 1, Fa.
Bonner. Joseph A.. 9301 Bustleton Avenue.

Philadelphia 15, Pa.
Book, D. B., Lampeter. Pa.
Book. John H.. Lancaster. R. 4, Pa.
Bortner. Ervin M.. ThomasviUe, R. 1. Fa.
Bortner, John L., Hanover. R. 2. Pa.
Bowes. H. J.. Sunshine Packing Corpora-
tion of Pa., North East. Pa.
Bowman, David, ThomasviUe, R. 1. Pa.

Bowman. Jason T.. Red Lion Road, Torres-
dale. Philadelphia, Pa.

Bowman, Luther K.. The Juniata Cannery,
Newville. Pa.

Bowman, Minor, Freeland, Md.

Boyd, Robert, North East, Pa.

Boyd. William I., Wyoming, Del.

Boyek, Michael, Shickshinny. R. 1, Pa.

Boyer, George H.. Spring Grove. R. 2, Pa.

Boyer, Ira C, 212 N. Broad St., Selinsgrove,

Pa.
Bozeman Canning Co., P.O. Box 311, Mount
Vernon. Wash.

Brackbill. Harry G., Malvern. Pa.
Brackbill. Moses H., Lancaster, R. 1, Pa.
Braucher, Samuel W.. Fleetwood. R. 2, Pa.
Bream. A. F.. Gardners. R. 1. Pa.
Bream. Ernest. Gardners, R. 1. Pa.
Bream, Luther. Gardners, R. 1. Pa.
Bream. Sylvester. Gardener. R. 2. Pa.
Bredbenner. Samuel L.. Bloomsburg, R. 3,

Pa
Brehm, F. C. Dilltown, Pa.
Brehm, Raymond, Johnstown, R. l. tsox Bd,

Pa
Breiner. Fred J.. Tamaqua, R- 1. Pa.
Breiner. F. W., 435 Sharpless St.. West Ches-

ter Pa
Breisch. Bertha. Bloomsburg. R. 3, Pa
Breneman. J. W., Willow Street, R. 1. Pa.
Brenneman. Mark. Manheini. Pa.
Brenneman. Ray. Seven Valleys R. 2. Fa.
Brenneman. Roy J.. Mt. ^27' .S'^^^'
Breon. Harold T.. Spring Mills Pa
Bricker. H. E.. Brodbecks. R. 1. Pa.
Bricker. Henry M.. Sprmg Grove R. 1. Pa.
Bricker. J. R.. Brodbecks. R. 1, Fa.

Karf ^Ge^org^%^.%^pl^nrGrove. R. 2.

Br^nton. Henry Coatesville Pa.
Brodbeck. Paul. East Berlm. R. 2. Fa.
Brode. P. E.. Hyndman. Pa
Bronson. Alfred Sweet Valley Pa
Brooks. Frank. Bellefonte. R 2. Pa.
Brooks. George E.. Yardley. Pa.

Brown. Henry. Bethel. R. 1; Pf . McCar-
Brownsville Canning Co. (Harold Mccar

thy). Brownsville. Wis.
Bruan. Walter W.. R. 5. York. Pa.
Brubaker, Daniel A. Ephrata. R 1. Pa.
Brubaker. Henry E..Mt. Joy. R. 1. Pa.
Brubaker. Isaac M.. Lititz. R. 2. Fa.
Brubaker. John G.. Lancaster. ^-^J'^'
Brubaker. J. N . Lancaster. R. 2. Pa.
Brubaker. Levi. Manheim, R. 2. Pa
Brubaker, Paris, Mount Joy. R. 2. Fa.
Brubaker, Spencer. Lititz, R^., Fa.
Brvfogle's Flowers. Muncy, Pa. ^ „ _^
Buchanan, Marshall A., Oxford. R. 3. Pa.
Bucher. J. B.. Lititz, R. 2, Pa
Bucher. Miles K.. Lebanon. R.l. Fa.
Bucher, Raymond N..R. 1- lititz. Pa.
Buchman. R. V.. Brodbecks. R. 1. Pa.
Buckwalter. P. L^ Atglen. Pa.
Bull. L. H., Agr. Extension Assoc. Erie. Fa.
Bundy. Albert. Croyden. R. 1. Pa.
Bunting. R. H.. 1103 North Davison Street.

Salisbury. Md. ^ ^ . ^ td«
Bunting. W Scott. Oxford Pa.
Burch and Son. H. C- North East. Fa.
Burcess B. H.. Tunkhannock. Fa.
iSrioon, John W., Littlestown. Pa^
Burgoon & Yingling, Gettysburg Pa.
Burkett. George S.. Claysburg RD. Pa.

Burkholder. Aaron Z'^P^TjfJf ' ?o^n r. 2.
Burkholder. Clarence M.. Myerstown. rv.

Burkholder. Ell O.. Ephrata. R. 2 Pa^

ing Park Avenue at 18th s>treei. r-nii

B,?r1-cV'se?d Growers Co.. D, V.. Hocky
Ford, Colorado

74 —

Bush, Benjamin H., 1428 First Ave., York,

Pa
Bush Earl, Stewartstown, R. 3, Pa.

Butterwick. R. A.. 523 N. Leh St., Allen-
town, Pa.

Caldwell. W. A., Lancaster, Box 213, Pa.

California Spray-Chemical Corp., Elizabeth,
New Jersey

Calumet-Dutch Packing Co. (Gordon Ver-

hulst) . Sheboygan, Wis.

Cameron. W. R., Quarryville, Pa.

Campbell Soup Co. (Dr. D. R. Porter) , Riv-
erton, N. J.

Campbell, L. Graham, 354 Stockton Street,
Hightstown, N. J.

Campbell, Walter, Lampeter, Pa.

Campbell, Mrs. Wilson A.. 211 Creek Drive,
Sewickley, Pa. .„ „ „ „

Candell, Leff, Cochranville, R. 2, Pa.

Capone, Frank J., 157 S. Main Ave., Scran-
ton 4, Pa. „ . „

Carr. B. R., North East, Pa.

Carrere, Miss A. M., Havre de Grace, R. 2,
Maryland

Carter, Russel F., Yardley, Pa.

Cashman, Elmer and Homer, York Springs,
R 1 Pa.

Cassel, Jeremiah, Manheim, R. 1, Pa.

Central Wisconsin Canneries, Inc. (Warren
Clark), Beaver Dam, Wis.

Chapman, Harry, Bristol, R. 1, Pa.

Charles, Amos B., Lancaster. R. 2, Pa.

Charles. H. Raymond. Lancaster, R. 1, Pa.

Charles. Ivan N., Lancaster, R. 2, Pa.

Chase. Mrs. Clement E., Ashokan, N. Y.

Chase. E. Harvey. Oxford. Pa.

Checchia Bros., Bristol, R. 2, Pa.

Cherrington, Archie, Bloomsburg, R. 3. Pa.

Chestnut, Frank K., Morrisville, R. 1, Pa.

Chronister, Ivan E.. Dillsburg, R. 2, Pa.

Claar, William, Roaring Spring, R. 1, Pa.

Clapper, Dewey, Dillsburg, R. 2, Pa.

Clark Company, W. N., Holcomb, N. Y.

Clark Company, W. N. (William Frey) , Hol-
comb, N. Y.

Clark Company, W. N., Caro, Mich.

Clark Company, W. N., 10 Gibbs St., Ro-
chester 4, N. Y.

Clark, Roy, Eldred, Pa.

Clarke, Fred C, Gibsonia, R. 1, Pa.

Clarke, William S., Jr., P.O. Box 167, State
College, Pa.

Clemson, Leonard G., Halifax, Pa.

Clugston, G. S., East Waterford, Pa.

Clymer, Samuel H. M., Chalfont, Pa.

Coates, G. H., Oxford, R. 2, Pa.

Coates, John T., Cochranville, R. 2, Pa.

Cobb Canning Co. (George C. Johnson),
Cobb. Wis.

Cole, Ray M., 710 E. Second St., Blooms-
burg, Pa.

Coleman, B. L., Court House, Easton, Pa.

Coles, Walter L., West Chester, R. 1, Pa.

Collins. Charles E., 301 Cherry St., Dun-
more 12, Pa.

Comly, J. Byron, Bustleton, Grant Avenue,
Philadelphia 15, Pa.

Comly, Rowland R., Bustleton, Pa.

Comstock Canning Corp. (S. J. Scutt),
Newark, N. Y.

Conklin. Kenneth, Pittston, R. 1, Pa.

Conley, Harry F., Etters, R. 1, Pa.

Consumers Ice & Coal Co. (C. L. Snavely),
Plum & Liberty Sts., Lancaster, Pa.

Cook, A. C, Chambersburg, R. 1, Pa.

Cook, Wayne, Dillsburg, R. 1, Pa.

Cool, J. E., Spring Grove. R. 2, Pa.

Coolbaugh, Arthur, Pittston, R. 1, Pa.

Coolbaugh, Perry. Dallas, R. 3, Pa.
Coolbaugh, Wm.. Clarks Summit, R. 2, Pa.
Coon, F. H. Clarks Summit, R. 2, Box 106,

Pa.
Coon, John, Wyoming, R. 1, Pa.
Copeland Bros., Bristol, R. 2, Pa.
Copenhaver, Klein. Annville, R. 1, Pa.
Copp, Maurice E., Spring Grove, R. 1, Pa.
Corkins, C. E., Middleburg, Pa.
Corl, Fred, Bellefonte, R. 2, Pa.
Corman, Harry. Bellefonte, Pa.
Corman, Ray E., Bellefonte, R. 2, Pa.
Cornell. J. Nelson, Southampton. Pa.
Cornell, Leigh P., Grand View Farm, Feas-

terville, Pa.
Cornell, Norman S., Warrington, Pa.
Coughenour, Woodrow P., Chalfont, Pa.
Coulson, Frank A., Gardners, R. 1, Pa.
Coulson, John H., Gardners, R. 1, Pa.
Craumer, Barto, Glen Rock, R. 1, Pa.
Creasy, Luther P., Catawissa, Pa.
Cremard & Son. Louis, 71 S. Foote Avenue,

Pittston, Pa.
Cremer, Victor H., Brodbecks, R. 1. Pa.
Cross. William, Bellefonte. R. 1, Pa.
Crouthamel. A. W., 315 S. Franklin Street,

Allentown. Pa.
Crowl, Joseph, Hanover, R. 1, Pa.
Crust, William E., Bellefonte, R. 2, Pa.
Culver, P. L., 2921 Harvard Ave., Camp Hill,

Pa.
Cunningham, J. Wilbur, Indiana, R. 1, Pa.
Curtice Brothers Co. (C. P. Lathrop), 20

Curtice St., Rochester 5, N. Y.
Cyphers, C. H., Wyoming, R. 3, Pa.
Daegan, Jesse, Hanover, R. 3, Pa.
Dagen, Charles L., West Willow, Pa.
Dam Canning Co., Albert, Verona Station,

New York
Damms, A. J., Clear Spring Farms, Sweet

Valleys, R. 1, Pa.
Danenberger, Elmer P., Huntingdon Valley,

Pa.
Davenport, H. B., Hunlock Creek, R. 1, Pa.
Da vies, James R., and Son, 519 Northamp-
ton St., Kingston, Pa.
Davis, George W., Dillsburg, R. 1, Pa.
Davis, John D., Zions Grove, Pa.
Davis, Marvin. Fallsington. Pa.
Dayton, Garnet, Chambersburg, R. 1, Pa.
Dean, Vance O., 636 Sheldon St., Madison 5,

Wis.
De Angelis, Frank, 9801 Bustleton Avenue,

Bustleton, Philadelphia 15, Pa.
De Gillio, Vito, Avoca, R. 2, Pa.
Dehart, William, Mt. Alto, Pa.
DeLashmutt, W. F., King Supply Company,

Morrisville, Pa.
DeLong, Walter, Quarryville, Pa.
Delp, Robert, Lititz, R. 1, Pa.
Demy, Meade, 915 S. 17th St., Harrisburg,

Pa.
de Rocha, V. J., Bristol, Rhode Island
Derr, John F., Danville, R. 2, Pa.
Derstine, Chester H., Hilltown, Bucks Co.,

Pa.
Dettling, Mrs. Bertha K., Venetia, R. 1, Pa.
Detwiler, C. H., Woodbury, Pa.
Detwiler, C. L. & Son, Hatboro, R.D., Pa.
De Witt, Elmer, Wyoming, R. 3, Pa.
Dickson, Wilson, 99 George St., Hanover, Pa.
Dick. Scott A., Dillsburg. R. 1, Pa.
Diehl, Ervin P., Felton, R. 1, Pa.
Diehl, Harry L., Stewartstown, R. 2, Pa.
Diehl, John B., York, R. 4, Pa.
Diehl, Kenneth, New Freedom, R. 1. Pa.
Diehl, LeRoy D., Spring Grove, R. 1, Pa.
Dletz, David. York, R. 4, Pa.

I
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iff

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Diffenderfer, Warren W., Lancaster, R. 1.

Di^ev R. F., 317 E. New St., Lancaster, Pa.
Di Gi^olamo; EuGene. Eddington, Bucks

County, Pa. „ ^ „ ,. t> i t>o

Divel, Harry L., East Berlin, R.l. Pa.

Doan, Duane D. & Marcus P. Doan, Yard-
ley, R. 1, Pa- „ „ «

Dohl. Hoke, Shickshinny, R. 2. Pa.

nnnovan Francis, Bellefonte, R. 2, Pa.

DoSglk^; John, Dept. of Commerce & Agri-
culture, 263 Castlereagh St., Sydney. Aus-

Dowde^ll. R. W.. 148 E. Curtin St., Bellefonte,

Pa
Drager, Walter. Columbia, Pa. ,,„. „

Draper Canning Co. (H. C. Draper) , Milton,

Delaware
Dreemer, Harry, Shickshinny, R. 3, Pa.
Drlhs^ W. F., 543 Court St., Reading, Pa.
Dreibelbis, Albert, Pennsylvania Furnace,

Di^tbelbis, Walter. Pennsylvania Furnace,

Drews. John F.. Langhorne, R. 2. Pa
Dubble, Nathan G.. Myerstown, R. 2, Pa.
Dubs, Robert H., Spring Grove. R. 2, Pa.
Dubs, Roy, Hanover. R. 3, Pa. rp^-^^^.

Dudley. Oliver P., Red Lion Rd.. Torres-

Du'fa^^y^'a'n^'tr JohA^H" (Ralph O. Du-

nS^'a^d^Kota H. (G. P. Lipplncott)

Dun^n!^A^Dudley, Southampton, Bucks

niinkplbercer. George A., Bemville, Pa.
EunlapB Bruce, 3125 Chestnut St.. Camp

Hill Pa
Dunla'p. William B.. Coatesville. R. 2. Pa.
Dunnick, Furman, Parkton, R. 2. M<^
Dusman, George H., Hanover, R. 2. Pa.
Dusman. J. W., Hanover, R. 2, Pa.
Dusman. Leroy, Hanover, R. ^, fa.
Dutwiner. Ira K., 36 No. 8th St.. Lebanon,

Pa.
Dym'ond, Ben, Falls. R. 1, Pa.
Dymond Bros., Dallas, R. 3, Pa.
Dymond, Ernest. Falls. R. 1, Pa.
Dymond. Graydon, Shickshinny, RD.. Pa.
Dymond, Lawrence, Falls, R. 1. Pa.
Dymond. Stanley. Pittston. R. 1. Pa.
Eastern Shore Canning Co., Inc. (L. Leath-

erbury), Machipongo, Va.
Eastern States Farmers' Exchange (Erma

Richmond, Librarian). P.O. Box 1482.

Springfield. Mass.
Eberly, Harvey O.. Lititz, R. LP?- „
Eberly, Milton, Elizabethtown, R. 3, Pa.
Eberly, Park, Mt. Joy. Pa.
Ebersole, Clarence. Bainbridge. Pa.
Ebersole. Levi. Elizabethtown, R. 1, Pa.
Eby, Henry R., 2 Court House. Pittsburgh.

Eby, Ira L., Fayetteville. R. 1, Pa.

Eck. Bernard, Thomasville. R. 1. Pa.

Eck. Howard A.. 313 E. Seventh Avenue. So.
Williamsport. Pa.

Eck's Sons, J. J.. 327 Church St.. So. Wil-
liamsport. Pa.

Eckert, Harold L.. Elizabethtown, R. 1, Pa.

Eckert. P. C, Christiana. R. 1. Pa.

Edwards. Harold E.. 422 So. State Street,
darks Summit, Pa.

Edgerton, Charles. King Farms Co., Mor-
risville, Pa. ^ , ^

Edwards, Russell, 1213 Pond St., Bristol, Pa.

Edwards, Russell K., Ivyland, Pa.

Eichelberger, Jacob, Manheim. R. 1. Pa.

Eisenhart, Luther W.. 218 W. Main Street.
Heller town. Pa. _ „

Eisenhart, P. E., York, R. 1, Pa.

Eiserman, Paul E., 145 Baltimore St., Han-
over, Pa. ,..»,.

Ellenberger, E. E.. Pennsylvania Furnace,

Elwyn Training School. Elwyn, Pa.

Emig. John M.. York. R. 5. Pa.

Emmi, Joan A.. Clarks Summit. R. 1, Pa.

Enders, J. Harry, Lancaster. R. 1, Pa.

Erb, James M., Pequea, R. 1, Pa.

Erb, Roy B.. Lancaster, R. 3, Pa.

Eroh. Roy, Nescopeck. Pa. „ „ , „ «

Esbenshade, Aaron M., New Holland, R. 2,
Pa

Eshe'hnan, A. N., Mount Joy, R. 2, Pa.

Evans. H. J., Georgetowii, N. Y.

Evans, W. H.. Plainsville, Box 5, Pa.

Eyet, Stanley. Falls. R- 1. Pa.

Fagen. F. M., 410 Market St., Oxford, Pa.

Fair. David, Harrisburg, R.D. 1. Pa.

Fairman, Milton, Creekside, R. 1, Pa.

Fairmount Canning Co. (H. A. Blesi) , Fair-
mount, Lock Box 341. Minn.

Farver. Harland, Benton. R. 1. Pa.

Farver, Irven, Stillwater, R. L Pa.

Farver. Joseph, Huntington Mills. Pa.

Farver, Otis, Sweet Valley, Pa.

Faux, Frances, Falls, R. 1, Pa.

Fay, Joseph, 22 Harrington St., Courtdale.

Pa
Feaster, Donald B., Lewisburg, R. 2, Pa.
Feeser, Roy R., Hanover, R. 3, Pa.
Feigler Bros., Red Lion, Pa.
Fellenbaum, Ellis H., 120 New Haven St.,

Mount Joy, Pa. ,„ „ ^ ^ r> i

Fenstermacher, John W., Mertztown, R. l.

Pa
Fenstermacker, W. A.. Nescopeck, R. 1. Pa.
Ferguson, Cyrus B., Oxford. Pa.
Ferry Bros., 798 Third Ave., Bristol. Pa.
Fetrow. J. Gilbert. Etters, R. 1, Pa.
Fetterman, J. Gordon, Commercial Trust

Bldg.. Philadelphia 2. Pa.
Fetterman. Lorenzo. Catawissa. R. 2, Pa.
Fetterolf. Raymond A., 240 Penn Street.

Bloomsburg. Pa.
Fickel, C. W., Gardners. R. 1. Pa.
Fiedler, Edwin, Bellefonte, R. 2, Pa.
Findley, H. Steele. Cramer, Pa
Fine Foods of Canada, Limited (Att.: Mr.

B. Ormseth), Tecumseh, Ont.
Fine Foods of Canada, Limited (Att.. Mr.

Henri Rondot), Ste. Martine, Que.
Fink. Albert, Shickshinny. R. 1. Pa.
Fink. Mathias. Newtown. R. 2. Pa.
Firebaugh. S. B.. New Freedom, Pa.
Fisher. Frank S., Robesonia, R. 1. Pa.
Fisher, John S., Lancaster, R. 4, Pa.
Fisher, Stephen U., Strasburg, R. L Pa-
Fleming, Charles, Dillsburg, R. 1. Pa.
Fleming, E. J., Andalusia. Pa.
Fletcher. F. S.. Farm Manager. U. S. Feni

tentiary, Lewisburg. R. 3, Pa.
Flick, Roy G., Rohrerstown. Pa.
Flickinger, Charles, 14 Pleasant St

over. Pa. «,•!-,

Flinchbaugh, Clair. Felton, R. 1. Pa.

Floyd. K. B., King Ferry. NY

Fohringer, Charles, Spring Mills, Pa.

Folcomer, Harry C, Seven Valleys, R. 1. t^a.

Food Packer, The (Newell L. Clark. Edi-
tor). 139 N. Clark St.. Chicago 2, 111.

Forrey. Daniel S., Columbia, R. 2, Pa.

Forry, Alvan D., Hanover, R- 3. Pa.

Forry. Benjamin, Manheim. R. 2. Pa.

Forry, Harry, Spring Grove. R. 2, Pa.

Forry. Harry, Jr., Spring Grove, R. 2, ra.

Han-

— 76 —

Forry, Irvin, Manheim, R. 2, Pa.

Fox. John J.. Ivyland, Pa.

Fox William A., York. R. 3, Pa.

Fox Valley Canning Co. (Walter Schroder) ,

Hortonville. Wis.
Frank. H. B.. Quarryville, Pa.
Frank Irvin W., Elizabethtown. R. 1. Pa.
Frank. W. C. Bellefonte. R. 2, Pa.
Franklin, Edmund, Shickshinny, R. 2, Pa.
Frantz, Raymond P., Spring Grove. R. 1, Pa.
Frecon, Richard, Boyertown, R. 2, Pa.
Free. William A., Hungerford, Pa.
Freed, Mrs. Marie R. H., 7024 Chew Street,

Philadelphia 40, Pa. „ „ „

Frey, Armor P., Conestoga, R. 2, Pa.
Frey, Fred F.. Conestoga, R. 2, Pa.
Frey' Harold L., Conestoga, R. 2, Pa.
Frey, Harold T., Elizabethtown, R. 3, Pa.
Frey', John E., Abbottstown, R. 1, Pa.
Frey, Samuel A., Hanover, R. 2, Pa.
Friday Canning Corporation (C. A. Friday,

President), New Richmond, Wis.
Friedling, Edward, Star Route, Biglerville,

Pa.

Fritz, Steward J.. Glen Rock, R. 3, Pa.

Fry. Miles W.. Ephrata. R. 3, Pa.

Fugh. Arthur J.. 140 Kittsbbing Pike. Pitts-
burgh 15. Pa.

Fuhrman. Robert C. Hanover. R. 3. Pa.

Fulmer, Elmer E., 1818 Fulmer St.. Bustle-
ton, Philadelphia, Pa.

Funk, A. H., Millersville, Pa.

Funk, B. Milton, Washington Boro, Pa.

Funk, Mrs. Mildred M., Washington Boro,

R 1 Pa.
Funk,'Weiker W., King Farms Co., Morris-

ville, Pa. , ... w 1 J

Furman Cannery, S. W., Northumberland,

R 1 Pa.

Furman, N. J., Montandon, Pa.

Fuzzydele Farms, Elverson, Pa.

Fye, Roy G., Richland Greenhouses, Johns-
town, R. 7, Pa.

Fyock, D. A., Evans City, R. 2, Pa.

Fyock, J. I., Indiana, R. 3, Pa.

Fyock, John S., Clymer, R. 1, Pa.

Gable, Paul, York. R. 2, Pa.

Gable Farm No. 5, C. H., Mountville, Pa.

Gable Farm No. 3. C. H., Mountville. Pa.

Gable, Isaac T., Dallastown, R. 1, Pa.

Gabriel. Eugene A., Glen Moore, Pa.

Gademan. Lee P., Danville, R. 5, Pa.

Gaenzle. L. E., Fleetwood, R. 1, Pa.

Galbreath, M. B.. Director. The N. Y. State
Agricultural & Technical Institute. Mor-
risville. N. Y.

Gallagher, Paul, Spring Grove, R. 3, Pa.

Gamse Lithographing Co., Inc., Gamse
Bldg.. 419-421 E. Lombard St., Baltimore
2, Md.

Gancarz, John & J. S. Gancarz, Morrisville,
Pa.

Gantz, John H., R. 2, Mt. Joy, Pa.

Garber, Monroe, Elizabethtown, R. 1, Pa.

Garber, Robert H., Mt. Joy, R. 2, Pa.

Garber, Snavely, Willow Street, R. 1. Pa.

Gardner, Chas. W.. York Springs, R. 1, Pa.

Gardner. John O., York Springs, R. 2, Pa.

Gardner. Park, Gardners, R. 1, Pa.

Garfield, C. W., Harbor Creek, Pa.

Garr, Thomas J., Southampton Rd., Somer-
ton, Philadelphia 16. Pa.

Garrahan, F. H., 100 S. Thomas Ave., Kings-
ton, Pa.

Garrett. Charles J.. West Chester. R. 3. Pa.

Garrett. Ralph, Spring Grove, R. 3, Pa.

Garretson, Donald, Aspers, R. 1, Pa.

Garrison, H. J., 204 E. Holly Ave., Pitman.
New Jersey

Gaugler, George, Port Trevorton, R. 2. Pa.

Gearhart, Jacob. Antrim Township School
District. Chambersburg, R. 5. Pa.

Gebhart, G. L.. Hanover. R. 1. Pa.

Gebhart, H., Dallas, R. 3. Pa.

Geesey, Glenn S.. York, R. 5, Pa.

Geesey, Harold L., 827 Philadelphia Street.
York, Pa.

Gehman, Allen, Ronks, R. 1. Pa.

Gehman, Isaac H.. Ephrata. R. 1, Pa.

Geib, Elmer S., Manheim, R. 3, Pa.

Geiman. Edward O., Hanover. R. 2. Pa.

General Foods Corporation. Birds Eye-
Snider Division (Att.: Mr. W. O. Joos),
Hillsboro, Oregon

Gentzler, Melvin C. York, R. 1, Pa.

George. John. Jr., Spring Grove, R. 3. Pa.

George. William D., Coplay, R. 1, Pa.

Gerber Products Co. (Frank Gerber), Fre-
mont. Mich.

Gerberack, John L., York. R. 1, Pa.

Gerbrick, S. L.. Glen Rock. R.D.. Pa.

Germick, Andrew, Wyoming. R.D.. Pa.

Gersch. August T., Second St. Pike. South-
ampton, Pa.

Gessner, Norman A., Box 269, Paxinos, R. 1,

Pa.

Getz, Rohrer. Mt. Joy, R. 1, Pa.

Gibble, Graybill G.. Manheim, R. 1. Pa.

Gibble, J. H.. Myerstown, R. 2, Pa.

Gibbons, John A.. Hanover, R. 2, Pa.

Gibson. Mrs. J. Whitton, Conshohocken. R.
1, Gulp Mills. Pa.

Gilbert, A. F., Millersburg, Pa.

Gillan. C. Frank, St. Thomas, Pa.

Gingrich, Clayton C, Hershey, R. 2. Pa.

Gingrich. William H., Elizabethtown, R. 3.
Pa.

Gish, Martin. Elizabethtown, R. 1, Pa.

Givler. Kenneth, 1716 Wayne St., Harris-
burg. Pa. „ « „

Gladfelter. Charles E.. Hanover, R. 3. Pa.

Gladfelter. Ralph E.. Spring Grove. R. 1. Pa.

Glass, Lester A., Roaring Spring, R. 1. Pa

Glatfelter. Harry A.. Spring Grove, R. 1, Pa.

Glenn, Donald. Box 9. Franklin, Pa.

G.L.F. Columbia Farm Products Co-opera-
tive, Inc., Bloomsburg, Pa.

Glick. Daniel. Smoketown, Pa.

GUck. Samuel Roy, Narvon, R. 1. Pa.

Gobrecht, William D.. Hanover, R. 2. Pa.

Gochnauer. Ivan H.. R. 1. Lancaster, Pa.

Godfrey, C. N., Chadds Ford, R. 1, Pa.

Godshall, Oliver C, Box 22, Barnesville, Pa.

Golden, Ralph, York Springs, R- 2, Pa

Gold Medal Baking Co.. 324-26 E. Locust
Street, Scranton 5. Pa.

Goll Fred M.. Academy & E. Comly Koads.
Torresdale. Philadelphia 14. Pa.

Golomb. Edmund. Box 95 A.R.D.. Berwick.

Pa
Golomb. Henry. Box 123. Plainsville. Pa.
Gonseski. Alex, Shickshinny, R. 2, Pa.
Good Brothers, 325 Frederick St., Hanover,

Pa
Good. Elmer V.. Lititz, R. 1, Pa.
Good Co., James. 2111 E. Susquehanna Ave.,

Philadelphia 25. Pa.
Goodling. George A., Logan ville. Pa.
Goodman. Earl M.. Washington Boro, R. 1.

Pa.
Goodwin, E. H., West Grove, R. 1, Pa.
Goodwin, L. M.. American Can Co.. First

National Bank Building. Baltimore 2. Md.
Goodwin. P. W.. North Girard, Pa.
Goughnour, W. D., Indiana, R. 4. Pa.
Gradwohl. Adam. Kelly Station. Pa.
Graham, Harold, Elkins Park 17, Pa.

77 —

mum:^

$t I

1=1

•I

Grajewski, Richard, Shickshinny, Star

Route, Pa. „ , . ^ .^.x t^

Gratzer, Earl G., West End Ave., Lititz, Pa.
Gray, Charles W., Jr., Davisville, Pa.
Gray, Ray W., Hanover, R. 3, Pa
Graybill, J. Homer, Manheim, R. 1, Pa.
Graybill, J. Mervin, Mohnton, R. 2, Pa.
Green, W. Howard, Kennett Square, R. 1,

Pa.
Greenbaum, Raymond, Allentown State

Hospital, Allentown, Pa.

Greenleaf, C. Martin. Oxford, R. 2, Pa.

Greiner, H. S., Manheim, R. 3, Pa.

Griest, Joel R., York Springs, R. 1, Pa.

Griest, John L., New Oxford, R. 1 Pa.

Griest, Peter J., York Springs, R. 1, Pa.

Griffen, Howard, North East, Pa.

Grim, Dr. B. H., Hampton, Pa.

Grimshaw, H., N. Girard, Pa.

Groff, Earl L., Strasburg, R. .1, Pa.

Groff, Elias H., Lancaster, R. 6, Pa.

Groff, Landis S., Strasburg, R. 1, Pa.

Groover, Calvin S., Harrisburg, R. 1, Pa.

Gross, George, Hunlock Creek, R. 1, Pa.

Gross, Israel. 130 N. 32nd St., Camp Hill, Pa.

Gross, Maurice, Narvon, R. 2, Pd.

Grote, A. E., Brodbecks, R. 1, Pa.

Grove, Clyde, Dillsburg, Pa.

Grove, C. C, Bellefonte, R. 2, Pa.

Grove, Emory, Glen Rock, R. 1, Pa.

Grove, L. B., Stewartstown, R. 2, Pa.

Grove, Norman. Bellefonte, R. 2, Pa.

Grove, Russell, Gardners, R. 2, Pa.

Grove, W. E., York Springs, Pa.

Grove, W. E., 120 N. 6th St., Chambersburg,
Pa.

Grumbine, Lee J., Myerstown, R. 2, Pa.

Guinn, Harper J., P.O. Box 333, Narberth,
Pa.

Guinter, Bruce D., Milton, R. 1, Pa.

Guise, John W., Gardners, R. 1, Pa.

Guise, Willis J., York Springs, R. 2, Pa.

Gunton, Kenneth, Falls, R.l, Pa.

Guyton, T. L., 2310 Chestnut St., Harrisburg,
Pa.

Guzikowski, Mar j an. Yardley, R. 1, Pa.

Gyadosh, Joseph, 1568 Shoemaker Avenue,
W. Wyoming, Pa.

Gyadosh, Peter, 36 Poland St., Swoyerville,
Pa.

Haar, Allen, Spring Grove, R. 2, Pa.

Haar, George L., Spring Grove, R. 2, Pa.

Haar, Harvey S., Menges Mills, Pa.

Haase, Alfred H., Narrowsburg, R. 1, N. Y.

Haas, William F., Overlook Orchards, Cop-
lay, Pa.

Habecker, Charles C, Lancaster, R. 2, Pa.

Habinyak, Nick, Central City, Pa.

Hafer, George H., Yellow House, Pa.

Hafer & Son, Roy, Fayetteville, R. 1, Pa.

Hahn, Robert, Pittston, R. 1, Pa.

Hain, Ralph, New Freedom, R. 1, Pa.

Haist, Matthew M., Byberry Road, Torres-
dale, Philadelphia, Pa.

Hake, Spurgeon, R. 4, York, Pa.

Haldeman, Charles K., Croydon, R. 1, Pa.

Hall Planetary Co., The, Fox St. & Abbots-
ford Ave., Philadelphia, Pa.

Hallowell, C. K., 303 Drexel Bldg., Phila-
delphia 6, Pa.

Hallowell, Joseph, Ivyland, Pa.

Hamilton & Co. (R. J. Hamilton, Jr.) , Eph-
rata. Pa.

Hamme, Irvin, Thomasville, R. 1, Pa.

Hamme, Walter S., 468 Atlantic Ave., York,
Pa.

Hancock, Arthur, 26 Swetland Ave., Wyo-
ming, Pa.

Handwork, Wayne, Oak Park Rd., Lans-
dale Pa.

Hankey, D. L., York Springs, R. 2, Pa.

Hankey, Glenn C, York Springs, R. 2. Pa.

Hankey, Kenneth L., York Springs, R. 2, Pa.

Hankey, Kenneth M., York Springs. R. 1. Pa.

Hankinson, Kenneth, 125 King George Rd.,
Pennington, N. J.

Hann, Jesse, Hunlock Creek, R. 1, Pa.

Hansen, L. O. & Leon, Lincoln University,
Pa.

Harbold, Ervin, York Springs, R. 1, Pa.

Harbolt, William H., York Springs, R. 1, Pa.

Harman, Charles S., New Freedom, R.D., Pa.

Harned, John, Shickshinny, R. 1, Pa.

Harned, Raymond, Shickshinny, R. 1, Pa.

Harner, Paul, Branch Road, State College,
Pa.

Hamish, Clarence H., Lancaster, R. 4, Pa.

Harnish. J. Clarence, Lampeter, Box 128, Pa.

Hamish, Reuben, Lancaster, R. 4, Pa.

Harris, Chester, Pittston, R. 1, Pa.

Harris, W. T., 4644 Richmond St., Philadel-
phia 37, Pa.

Harrison, Howard C, Kirkwood, R. 1, Pa.

Harrison, Jasper, Shickshinny, R. 1, Pa.

Harrison, T. H., Westtown School, West-
town, Pa.

Harrold, Paul, Spring Grove, R. 1. Pa.

Harsh, Wilkes, Morgantown, Pa.

Harter, Allen, Bellefonte. R. 2, Pa.

Hartman, Paul B., York, R. 2, Pa.

Hartman, Philip, Lebanon, R. 1, Pa.

Hartman, T. A., Stillwater, R. 1, Pa.

Hartz, Amos, Elverson, Pa.

Hartz, Ira, Elverson, R. 2, Pa.

Harvey, Foster, Shickshinny, R. 2, Pa.

Hastings, Paul, Cochranville, Chester Co.,
Pa.

Hastings, W. Ray, Harrisburg, Box 675, Pa.

Haug, Mrs. Frank M., Williamsport, R. 1, Pa.

Haug, James H., 1017 Sheridan St., Williams-
port, Pa.

Hawkins, William J., Southampton, Pa.

Hawkins, W. Leroy, Southampton, Pa.

Haxton Canning Co., Inc. (S. H. Haxton),
Oakfield, N. Y.

Haxton Canning Co., Inc. (Gerald F. Britt),
Oakfield, N. Y.

Heagy, Paul, Manheim, R. 3, Pa.

Heagy, William, Coatesville, R. 2, Pa.

Heebner, Curtis, Worcester, Pa.

Heffner, Norman K., Pine Grove, R. 2, Pa.

Hefft, Sherman, Wyoming, R. 3, Pa.

Heinz Company, H. J. (L. D. Fero), Cham-
bersburg, Pa.

Heisey, David Z., Middletown, R. 1, Pa.

Heisey, Howard H., Linden St., Lititz, Pa.

Heisey, Laban W., Lancaster, R. 1, Pa.

Heisey, Leroy R., Mt. Joy, R. 1, Pa.

Heisey, Mark W., Lebanon, R. 5, Pa.

Heistand, G. J., Jr., Bainbridge, Pa.

Heller, Ira D., Mt. Joy, R. 2, Pa.

Heller, Lloyd B., Narvon, R. 2, Pa.

Heltibridle, G. Thurman, Westminster, R. 2,
Maryland

Heltzel, Humphrey, Martinsburg, R. 2, Pa,

Henry, Spencer E., Red Lion, R. 2, Pa.

Hepler, Ray, Pitman, Pa.

Heppe, Raymond, Davisville, Pa.

Herb, Ray, Orwigsburg, Pa.

Herhold, J. C, Girard, Pa.

Herman, Albert S., Selinsgrove. R. 1, Pa.

Herold, Ray, Box 164, Wilkes-Barre R. 1, Pa-

Herr, Daniel H., Peach Bottom, Pa.

Herr, Frank S., Washington Boro, R. 1, "a*

Herr, Glenn C, Lancaster, R. 4, Pa.

Herr, I. H., Lancaster, R. 6, Pa.

— 78 —

Herr, John H., Lancaster, R. 4, Pa.

Herr, John R.. Millersville, R. 1, Pa.

Herr, Musser S., 246 Miller St., Strasburg,

Pa.
Herrick, Clyde W., Cambridge Springs, R. 2,

Pa.
Hersh, Claude E.. Menges Mills, Pa.
Hersh, Henry, Spring Grove, R. 2, Pa.
Hersh, Jesse. Codorus. Pa.
Hersh, Stewart, Seven Valleys, R. 1, Pa.
Hershey, D. P., Lititz, R. 1, Pa.
Hershey, Ezra, Kirkwood, R. 1, Pa.
* Hershey, Graybill, Manheim, R. 1, Pa.

Hershey, J. Harry, Lititz, R. 2, Pa.
Hershey, Mark C, Lebanon, R. 5, Pa.
Hershey, Milton L., Manheim, R. 3, Pa.
Hershey, N. G., Lititz, R. 2, Pa.
Hershey. Noah, Parkesburg. R.D., Pa.
Hertzler, David M., Elverson. R. 2, Pa.
Hess. D. Avery, Washington Boro. R. 1, Pa.
Hess, Doyle F., Orangeville, R. 2, Pa.
Hess, Elmer, Nescopeck, Pa.
Hess, Elmer E., Nescopeck, R.D., Pa.
Hess, F. M., 601 E. Main St., Waynesboro,

Pa.
Hess, Harry W., Benton, Pa.
Hess. Henry, Lititz, R. 1, Pa.
Hess, Henry R., Willow Street, R. 1, Pa.
Hess, Jacob G., Lancaster, R. 6, Pa.
Hester, Dr. J. B., Campbell Soup Co., Riv-

erton, N. J.
Heston, Isaiah Y., Heston Hall, Woodside,

Pa.
Hetrick. Cletus E., Lineboro, R. 1, Md.
Hetrick, Edward J., Brodbecks, R. 1, Pa.
Heuscher, Herman G., Ivyland, Pa.
Heuscher, Phillip, Ivyland, Pa.
Hiestand. Paul, Marietta, R. 1, Pa.
High, Levi G., Reinholds, R. 1, Pa.
Hikes, E. H., Gardners, R. 1, Pa.
Hildebrand, C. H., Stewartstown, R. 2, Pa.
Hildebrand, Elwood, New Freedom, R. 1,

Pa.
Hildebrant, John, Dallas, R. 3, Pa.
Hileman, Beecher, Lightstreet, Columbia

County, Pa.
Hill, David, Plymouth, R. 1, Pa.
Hill, David R., Home, R. 2, Pa.
Hill, I. P., Seven Valleys, R. 1, Pa.
Hillborn, Mrs. Agnes, Box 25, Woodside, Pa.
Hilliard, Archie S., Sugarloaf, Pa.
Hinkel, Morris, Spring Grove, R. 2, Pa.
Hinkle, John L., York Springs, R. 1, Pa.
Hinkle, W. O., Aspers, R. 1, Pa.
Hipke & Sons, Inc., A. T. (Gilbert Hipke),

New Holstein, Wis.
Histand, Paul W., Doylestown, Pa.
Hobaugh, Frederick, York, R. 4, Pa.
Hock, Eber J., Shippensburg, R. 1, Pa.
Hockman, John H., Bellefonte. R. 2, Pa.
Hoffman, A. E., East Berlin, R. 2, Pa.
Hoffman, Cline, Muncy, R. 3, Pa.
Hoffman, C. P., York, R. 6, Pa.
Hoffman, Michael R., Sr., Maytown, Pa.
Hoffman, Roy. Mt. Joy, Pa.
Hoffman, Vernon L., West Chester, Pa.
Hoffmaster, John, Lancaster. R. 2. Pa.
Hofheimer, Daniel. 46 N. Ashmead Place,

Philadelphia, Pa.
Hoguet. A. W., Jr., 312 Clearbrook Avenue,

Lansdowne, Pa.
SSu®* S?F®^' Spring Grove. R. 3, Pa.
u?.i^' 5?,i^*°"' Spring Grove, R. 3, Pa.
HoiKo^HYr^^w^' Quentln, Lebanon Co.. Pa.
Ho hem, Walter B., Lancaster, R. 1, Pa.

l?rf.''jA?-' American Can Company,
New Yo"A ^^"""^ ^^""^ ^^'^^•' ^oc^ester,

Hollabaugh, Charles, York Springs, R. 2, Pa.

Hollinger, Noah, Goodville, Pa.

Holmes Seed Co., 224 Cleveland Ave., N.W.,
Canton, Ohio

Homan, Charles T., State College, R. 1, Pa.

Homan, Earl, Pennsylvania Furance, Pa.

Homan, John C, State College. Pa.

Hoover, Claude E.. Spring Grove, R. 3, Pa.

Hoover, Harry O., Bareville, R. 1, Pa.

Hoover, N. K., Vocational Agriculture,
Chambersburg, Pa.

Hoover, William, East Berlin, R. 2, Pa.

Hopkins, Edward C, Clarks Summit, R. 2,
Pa.

Hopkins, Harry W., Clarks Summit, R. 2, Pa.

Hopkins, Robert E., Dalton, Pa.

Horner, Harry W., Mlllheim, Pa.

Hostetter, Harvey M. & Harold M. Hostet-
ter, Lancaster, R. 2, Pa.

Hostetter, Henry, Washington Boro, R. 1,
Pa.

Hostetter, H. Herman, P.O. Box 83, Sinking
Spring, Pa.

Houck, E. M., Bellefonte, R. 3, Pa.

Houder, John, Atglen, Pa.

Houser, H. F., Lancaster, R. 4, Pa.

Houser, H. J., Lancaster, R. 4, Pa.

Houser, J. Wilbur, Lampeter, Pa.

Houser. Miles H.. Lebanon, R. 5, Pa.

Houtz, Edward, Centre Hall, Pa.

Hovis. E. C, York, R. 6, Pa.

Howard, H. C, Hummelstown, Pa.

Howell, Raymond, Bloomsburg, R. 4, Pa.

Huber, Carl D., Lititz, R. 1, Pa.

Huber, George. Ivyland, Pa.

Huber, Landis L., Lancaster, R. 3, Pa.

Huber, Ross N.. Lancaster, R. 4, Pa.

Hubler, Montgomery J., Boalsburg, Pa.

Huff, George, Town Hill, Pa.

Huffington, Jesse M., State College, Pa.

Huffnagle, H. W.. Quarryville, Pa.

Hufnagel, U. A., 9 Creek Road, McKees
Rocks, Pa.

Hull, Fern D., Hanover, R. 3, Pa.

HuUinger, Carl D., Eastern Manager, Cu-
prlnol. Inc., 45 West 45th St., New York
19, N. Y.

Hummel, C. E., 3112 Derry St., Harrisburg,
Pa.

Humphreys. Charles H., Byberry Rd., Som-
erton 15, Pa.

Hunsberger, William K., Norristown, R. 2,
Pa.

Hunt, J. O., Swedesboro, N. J.

Hunter Bros. (Earle W. Hunter), 125 Dock
St. through to 238 So. Front St., Philadel-
phia, Pa.

Hurff, Co., Edgar F., P.O. Box G, Swedes-
boro, N. J.

Hurst, Oliver, Washington Boro, Pa.

Hutchinson, J. B., 909 Radcliffe St., Bristol,
Pa.

Hynicker, Irvin, Manheim, R. 2, Pa.

Hutchison, J. D., Agricultural Extension As-
sociation, Wllkes-Barre, Pa.

Ibach. Bumell B., Lititz, R. 4, Pa.

Ide, Howard, Trucksville, R. 1, Pa.

Inskip. Granville L., Hampton, Pa.

Interboro Garden Supply Co. (C. R. Rigby),
Box 326, Prospect Park, Pa.

International Harvester Co. (J. F. McCaf-
frey), 1017-1033 Maclay St., Harrisburg,
Pa.

Ivicic, Matt, Bellefonte, Pa.

Ivins, Hector C, Morrisville, Pa.

Jackson, Andrew, Yardley, Pa.

Jackson, John G. & Andrew J., Yardley, Pa.

Jackson, R. Walker, Woodbourne, Pa.

.• .

I V

Jacobs, Albert I., Spring Grove, R. 1, Pa.
Jacobs, Ernest E., Abbottstown. Pa.
Jacob, H. R., 205 E. Lancaster Ave., Ard-

more. Pa.
Jacobs. Lester M., 118 Fourth St.. Hanover,

Pa.

Jacobs, William B.. Narvon, R. 2, Pa.

Jaman, John, Bethlehem, R. 1, Pa.

James, D. M., 1808 High St., Camp Hill, Pa.

Jarrett, Emery, Linden, R. 1. Pa.

Jehle, Ed.. Girard, Pa.

Jehle, E. H., North Girard, Pa.

Jenkins, Dwight, Stewartstown, Pa.

Jersey Package Co., Inc. (James M. Faulk-
ner) . Bank St., Bridgeton, N. J.

John, Harry G., Bloomsburg, R. 3, Pa.

Johnson, Mrs. Alfred H., 436 Woodland Rd.,
Sewickley, Pa.

Johnson, Charles. Oxford, R. 1, Pa.

Johnson, John, Star Route, Shickshmny,

Pa.

Johnson. Lewis, York Springs, R. 1, Pa.

Jones, Daniel D., Phoenixville, R. 1, Pa.

Jones, S. D., Westminster, R. 2, Md.

Jones, Wallace M., 1939 Park St., Harris-
burg, Pa. ^ ^

Julius, R. E., Spring Grove, R. 1, Pa.

Junginger, A. R.. Editor, Market Growers
Journal, 112 E. Cheslnut St., Louisville,
Kentucky

Junkins, Benton C, Mount Wolf, R. 1, York
County, Pa. ^ „ „ t,

Kaltreider, Mahlon, Sprmg Grove, R. 2, Pa.

Kaltreider, Paul, Brodbecks, R. 1, Pa.

Kaltreider, Woodrow M., Spring Grove, R.

2 Pa
Kane, Emerson W., Washington Boro. Pa.
Kann, Edwin, Shippensburg, R. 1, Pa.
Karper, Ezra, Shippensburg, R. 1, Pa.
Karsok, Albert J., Zion Grove, R. 1, Pa.
Kauffman, Carl W., Drums, Pa. „ , „
Kauffman, John A., Sr., Columbia, R. 1, Pa.
Kauffman, John G., Columbia, R. 2, Pa.
Kauffman, Ralph M., Lancaster, R. 2, Pa.
Kayser, Jacob, Gettysburg, R. 5, Pa.
Keating, Miss Elizabeth, Wawa, Delaware

County, Pa. ^ _

Keck, Harold M., Bethlehem, R. 4, Pa.
Keck, Minnie M., Bethlehem, R. 4, Pa.
Keebler's Feed & Farm Supplies. Montours-

ville. Pa.
Keefer, Guy L., Hanover, R. 2, Pa.
Keefer, Lloyd L., York Springs. R. 2, Pa.
Keener, Clayton A., York, R. 6, Pa.
Keeney, Mark E., York, R. 2, Pa.
Keener, Ralph E., Gladfelter Station, Pa.
Keener, Roy, Elizabethtown, R. 3, Pa.
Keiser, Allen L., Hanover, R. 2, Pa.
Keiser, John P., Gettysburg, R. 5, Pa.
Keiser, J. R.. Field Superintendent. Chef
Boy-Ar-Dee Quality Foods, Inc., Milton,
Pa.

Keller, A. Rohrer, Lititz, R. 2, Pa.

Keller, C. C, 622 N. Fourth St.. Sunbury. Pa.

Kellett, Harold J., Long Pond, Monroe
County, Pa.

Kelly. Ira L., Indiana, R. 3, Pa.

Kemper, WiUiam, Littlestown, R. 2, Pa.

Kendall, John, North E:ast, Pa.

Kendig, Benjamin, Willow Street, R. 1. Pa.

Kendig, Chester, Lancaster, R. 1, Pa.

Kendig, Clinton B., Washington Boro, R. 1,
Pa.

Kendig. Irvin, Littlestown, R. 2, Pa.

Kenid. John, Clarks Summit, R. 2, Pa.

Kennel, A. M., Honey Brook Manor Farm,
Honey Brook, Pa.

Kerstenn, Herman, Benton, R. 1, Pa.

Kerstetter, Lewis, Belief onte, R. 2, Pa.

Kerstetter, Paul, Bellefonte, R. 2, Pa.

Kessler, Charles E., Spring Grove, R. 2, Pa.
Kessler, George A., Spring Grove, R. 1, Pa.
Kessler, Jesse, York, R. 6, Pa.
Kessler, Ralph D., Brodbecks, R. 1, Pa.
Kettering, Lester H., Lebanon, R. 1, Pa.
Kimble, John W., Box 12, Nottingham, Pa.
Kimble, Leroy, Williamsport, R. 1, Pa.
Kincaid, S. C, Blawnox, Pa.
Kindig, Irvin R., Littlestown, R. 2, Pa.
King, Charles W., York Springs, R. 1, Pa.
King, Emery D., Malvern, R. 2, Pa.
King, Harold and Donald, York Springs, R.

1 Pa.
King, Karl C, King Farms Company, Mor-

risville Pa.
King, Paul E., Bellefonte, R. 1, Pa.
Kirby, R. S., Buckhout Laboratory, State

Collese Pa
Kirby, John, 255 E. Union St., Bethlehem,

Pa.
Kircher, G. H., c/o Christ's Home, Warmins-

ster (Bucks County), Pa.
Kirk, Amos K., Newtown, Pa.
Kirk, Leslie F., Newtown, Pa.
Kissinger, H. S., Homer City, Pa.
Kistler, Fred, Bloomsburg, R. 2, Pa.
Kitchen, Ed., 51 Madison Ave., New York

City, N. Y.
Kitten. Harry B., Ivy land. Pa.
Klapp, Mrs. Wilbur P., Jr., Box J, Paoli, Pa.
Klenk, Howard H., Southampton, Bucks

County, Pa.
Klenz, W. M., North East, Pa.
Klimkowski, Joseph, Ashton Rd., Holmes-
burg, Pa. (36) ^ „ , «
Kline, Clarence, Spring Grove, R. 1. Pa.
Kline, H. J., Kintnersville, Pa.
Kline, Ida, Myerstown, R. 2, Pa.
KUne, N. A., New Freedom, R. 1, Pa.
Kline, Samuel E., Lititz, R. 1, Pa.
Kline. S. Lloyd, East Texas, Pa.
Klock Gardens, Easton, R. 2, Pa.
Klunk, Joseph C, Hanover, R. 4, Pa.
Knauss, Joseph A., 550 Anderson Rd.. Pitts-
burgh 15, Pa. ^ . ^
Knippel, Walter E., Keystone Canning Com-
pany, Mt. Holly Springs, Pa.
Knode, J. H.. Agricultural Extension Assn.,

Chambersburg, Pa.
Knupp. Harvey, Jr., Oil Research Labora-
tory, Hamilton Watch Co., Lancaster. Pa
Kobel, Nick, Comly Rd., Torresdale. Phila-
delphia 14. Pa.
Kohler, Albert, Felton, Pa.
Koller, Charles O., New Freedom Pa.
Koller, William H., Koller Fertilizer Com-
pany, Room 50, Hartman Bldg., York, Pa.
Koller, William H., 145 Irving Rd., York. Pa.
Konkle & Son. George A., Montoursvillc,

Koontz, Harry J., 405 E. King St.. Littles-
town, Pa. . ^ t ^ r>^
Koser, Clarence A., Bellevlew Canning U).,

Carlisle. R. 4. Pa. ^ , w » i

Kostenbader, Jacob H., New Columbia, R. i.

Koster, A. E., 728 Lynn, Moscow, Idaho.

Kozenchak Bros., Dallas, R. D., Pa.

Kraft, Ira, Spring Grove. R. 3. Pa.

Krakayskas, Joseph, Box 208, Clarks Sum-
mit, Pa. „ « «

Krall, Warren A., Myerstown, R. 2, Pa.

Kramlick, George J., Dover, R. 2, Pa.

Kreider, Abram S., Mt. Joy, R. 2, Pa.

Krelder, J. Lloyd, Strasburg, R. 1, Pa.

Kreidler. E. H., Spring Grove, R. 2, Pa.

Kreiger, Stanley, Drums, Pa.

Krelner, Herman G., Elizabethtown. Pa.

Krenzer. Charles, Hanover, R. 3, Pa.

Kresge. Ralph D., Falls, Pa.

— 80 —

Krleger & Naunczek, Drums, Pa.

Krout, Daniel M., Glen Rock, R. 2, Pa.

Krout, John, Bellefonte, R. 3, Pa.

Krumrine, Bruce, Pleasant Gap, Pa.

Kulp, C. Rudolph, P.O. Box 122, R. 1, Potts-
town, Pa.

Kunkel, George E., Orwigsburg, R. 1, Pa.

Kurtz, Isaac H., Elverson, R. 2, Pa.

Kurtz, Omar A., Oley, R. 1, Pa.

Ladd, M. S., Waverly, Pa.

Lahr, John H., Sunbury, R. 3, Pa.

Lahr, Truman E., Sunbury, R. 3, Pa.

Lamantia, John, Clymer, R. 2, Pa.

Lamoreux, George. Dallas. R. 2. Pa.

Lancaster County National Bank, c/o A. G.
Bucher, Mgr., Farm Relations, Lancaster,
Pa.

Landis, A. Roy, Mohnton, R. 2, Pa.

Landis, Ellas N., Harleysville, Pa.

Landis, Elvin M., Lancaster, R. 5, Pa.

Landis, Mrs. Frank E., Hamburg, R. 1, Pa.

Landis, Harry, Brodbecks, R. 1, Pa.

Landis, James R., Lancaster, R. 5, Pa.

Landis, Phares B., Lancaster, R. 5, Pa.

Landreth, Charles H., Bristol, Pa.

Landsldel, C. W„ Dalton, R. 2, Pa.

Laning, E. Roland, 1109 Morgan Ave., Pal-
myra, N. J.

Lapp. John K., Myerstown, R. 2, Pa.

Lapp, John S., Ronks, R. 1, Pa.

Lapp, Moses, Gap, R. 1, Pa.

Lapp, Norman, New Britain, Pa.

Lapp, Samuel, Jr., Gap, R. 1, Pa.

Larson, Leo, North East, Pa.

Larson, R. E., Hort. Bldg., State College, Pa.

Laskowski, Allan L., Carsonville Farms.
Halifax, R. 2, Pa.

Lau. Norman, Spring Grove, R. 1, Pa.

Lau, Paul, Seven Valleys, Pa.

Lau, R. M., Spring Grove, R. 2, Pa.

Lauchman, Harry A., East Berlin, R. 2. Pa.

Lauer, Kurv W., Dept. of Agriculture, Har-
risburg. Pa.

Laughman, Milton, Hanover, R. 1, Pa.

Lay, George B., York Springs, R. 2, Pa.

Leaman, Daniel, Leacock, Pa.

Lease, Daniel B., East Berlin, R. 3, Pa.

Leber. Milton, Glen Rock, R. 1, Pa.

Lecrone, John A., Spring Grove, R. 1. Pa.

Leer. Raymond, York Springs, R. 1, Pa.

Leese. H. C, Brodbecks, R. 1, Pa.

Lehigh. Samuel M., Hanover, R. 3, Pa.

Lehman. Guy, Fayetteville, R. 1, Pa.

Lehman, Paul. York Springs, Pa.

Lehman. Ralph E., York, R. 2. Pa.

Lehman. Stewart, Dlllsburg, R. 1, Pa.

Lehman. Wayne, Dillsburg. R. 1, Pa.

Leiby, Daniel F., Tamaqua, Pa.

Leiphart, Harry T., Hallem. R. 1, Pa.

Lemmon. Walter. East Berlin. R. 2, Pa.

Lemons, Harry, 252 Sterner Ave., Blooms-
burg, Pa.

Lemons, Wiley, Oxford, R. 1, Pa.

Lengel, Paul H., Pine Grove, Pa.

Lenox, Daniel L., Washington Boro, R. 1. Pa.

Lentz, Erney, York, R. 6. Pa.

Leo, Orlando, Monongahela, R. 1, Pa.

Lerew. Frank L., York Springs. R. 1. Pa.

Lerew. Paul B., York Springs, R. 1, Pa.

Lerew, Samuel A., New Freedom, R. 1, Pa.
/« ®y;^y®^s Mfg. Co.. Commerce St.,
(Box 246), Hanover, Pa.

Lesher, H. v., Northumberland, R. 1, Pa.

Lewis, Edward W., 1200 Almond St., Wll-
liamsport. Pa.

Lewis, Harold, Wyoming, R. 3, Pa.

VtZW ^' '^••,?°/^- ^1^«- State College, Pa.
burg p"^^" ^- 132 W. 13th St., H^rrls-

Llbby, McNeill & Libby, General Labora-

l?^^^' A^^' Research Dept., Blue Island,
Illinois

Llehty, William M. and Walter B. Gantz,

Columbia, R. 2, Pa.
Lightner, William, Spring Grove, R. 3, Pa.
Lindner, Frank J., Ringtown, Pa.
Lminger, Fred, State College, Pa.
Liszewski, Henry, Rogers Rd., R. 2, Bristol,

i^a.

Little, John R., Hanover, R. 3, Pa.
Little, John R., Jr., Hanover, R. 3, Pa.
Littlestown Canning Co. (Melvin B. Weh-

ler), Littlestown, Pa.
Livingston, A. E., York Springs, R. 1, Pa.
Livingston, Donald, Thomasville, R. 1, Pa.
Livingston, Ottis, Abbottstown. R. 1, Pa.
Lloyd, Ernest S., Pottstown, R.D., Pa
Lobach, Edwin L., Danville, R. 3, Pa.
Lobach, Warren W., Danville, R. 2, Pa.
Lobaugh, Adam F., Gardners, R. 1, Pa.
Lober, John C, King of Prussia Rd. Radnor,

Pa.

Lockner, Harvey, Hanover, R. 3, Pa.
Logan, Robert R., Eddlngton, Pa.
Lohoskl, Felix, Shickshlnny, R. 1, Pa.
Lojeskl, Julius, Bristol, R. 2, Pa.
Lojeski, Walter, Hatboro, Pa.
Loller, Roy, Johnsviile, Pa.
Long, Carl H., Spring Mills, Pa.
Long Charles I., Royersford, R. 1, Pa.
Long, J. C, 340 E. Liberty St., Lancaster, Pa.
Long, Victor, Shickshlnny, R. 2, Pa.
L(mgnecker, Howard, Elizabethtown, R. l.
Pa.

Longnecker, J. S., Elizabethtown. R. 1. Pa.
Longnecker, P. B., Elizabethtown, R. 1. Pa.
Lord, John, Wyoming, R. 3, Pa.
Lord, Wheeler, Jr., P.O. Box 92, Flourtown,
Pa.

Lord-Mott Co. (E. Mills) , Urbana, Va.

Lory, L. E., York Springs, R. 2, Pa.

Lott, R. C, Bear Mountain Orchards, As-

pers, R. 1, Pa.
Lott, William M., Gardners. R. 1, Pa.
Lovett, H. L., Bristol, R. 1, Pa.
Lovett, William, Bristol, R. 1, Pa.
Lowery, Sherlock, Bellefonte. R. 2. Pa.
Lucas, Edward, Shickshlnny, R. 3, Pa.
Lucas, R. W.. Bellefonte, R. 2. Pa.
Luckenbaugh. Harry. Hanover, R. 2, Pa.
Luckenbaugh, John W., Hanover, R. 3, Pa.
Luckenbaugh. Lester. Hanover, R. 2. Pa.
Luckenbill, Elwood G., Allenwood, R. 1. Pa.
Luff, Clyde M., and Llnford G. Luff, New-
town, Pa.
Lute, H. S., Barnsboro, R. 2, Box 46, Pa.
Lutz. Henry E.. Mt. Joy. R. 1. Pa.
Lynch. Elwood E.. Frankford. Delaware
McAllister, Mrs. J. Howard, Box 137, Paoli,

Pa.
McCauslin, Theodore R., York Springs, R. 1,

Pa.
McClellan, Latta E., Cochranville, R. 2, Pa,
McClintock, Mrs. A. R., Greensburg, R. 2,

Pa.
McCloskey, Glenn, Stone Boro. R. 1, Pa.
McComb. Pfc. G. L., 1307th SCU PW Camp,

Tobyhanna Military Reservation, Toby-

hanna. Pa.
McCoury, D. E., Spring Grove, R. 3, Pa.
McCowin, Willie, Marietta, Pa.
McCue, Harold, Avondale, Pa.
McDougall, R. H., Agricultural Extension

Association, Butler, Pa. '

McDuffee, Mary, Sayre, R. 2, Pa.
McEvoy, Dr. William J., E. State St., Doyles-

town. Pa.

4i|

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McEwen, R. K., R. 9. Box 99. Pittsburgh 16.
McGravey. John Pittston R. 1^ Pa.

M?^Srien'*°Je^riJl"S..'^"mbridge springs.
Mc Jujhlin, Kenneth. Shippensburg. R. 2.

MrMillan Bros. La Conner. Wash
McMillan, Charles. PittstonR.l. Pa.

SJ^eS"BerMlrsrifcYn^nS'g Co . OsKa-

loosa, Iowa ^ «,.o t? i Pa

McNew. George. Gardners R^ l^Pa.

^Ssrrc Whe^^^^^^^^^^ Bridge-

McPhers^on. Hugh. Bridgeton Pa^
McWilliams. H C.. Ebensburg. Pa.
Mark W B.. State College, fa.
Macke^ Raymond S . West Grove^R. l^Pa.

^J^^ %l ?d^^i?5'w:; 3«^School

House'Lane. Germantown. Pa.
Madison. F. K.. Spring Grove. R 1. Pa.
Mains. Norman NewvillcR.l.Pa^
Malin. George G.. Malvern. R. 2. Pa.
Mammoth Spring Cannmg Co.. Sussex, wis

Mann^'lra C. Mt. Joy. R. 1. Pa.

ulnn, Paul. Washington Bo^9^^,-^l'c^t?eets

Mannk Seed Co., J.. Forrest & Ensor Streets.

Mfnire.loy. P^trlcK Fans H. i. Pa.
KIJ: R^E'^Y^ork^R'i OrV^aVy Farm.

MarWe. Charles W York R 6 Pa.
Markle. David H.. York. R. 6, pa.
Markle Jacob H., Seven Valleys. R. 1. Pa.
Markle. John W . York R 6. Pa
Marlowe. Mrs. A. L.. Media. R. 3. Box a (A.

Marshall Canning Co. (Luke Bakka) . Cam-

Marlhlu Canning Co. (Peter Cordt). Wav-

MfrlLuTlnning Co. (V. S. Filbert). Mar-

MiXTcVninI CO. (Fred Harding) . Mar-

MlrlhaT&nS Co. (F. S. Harrington).

MarshaUCaiTning Co. (Joe Schinko) . McAl-

Ml^rshJlfclnning Co. (A. M. Sels). Pella.

Mi^stfall Canning Co. (C. E. McFadden),

MSau'Sanntag'co. (Ben McNeil) , Oska-

ML°rshan°*anning Co. (G. I. Peterson),
Grundy Center, Iowa „. , ox

Marshall Canning Co. (C. V. Pickard).
Hampton. Iowa _, , , j \

Marshall Canning Co. (George Thornblade)

Mar^shall.' William J.. Jr., Lionville, Chester

County, Pa. •Di^^^^\

Marshfield Canning Co. (M. H. Binzel),

Marshfield, Wisconsin
Martin. Carpenter W.. Bird-in-Hand. R. l.

Pa
Martin, Clayton M., East Earl. R. 1. Pa.
Martin, Earl W., Hanover. R. 1, Pa.
Martin, Eli W., New Holland. R. 1. Pa.

Martin Elwood, Spring Grove. R. 3. Pa.
MtrtS; Mi^ E. Owen, 139 Bethlehem Pike.
Philadelphia 18. Pa. « t? ^ r»^

Martin, Hershey L., Sprmg Grove, R 3, Pa.
Martin, Jacob N.. Lancaster. R. 2. Pa.
Martin. J. Wilbur. Lancaster. R. 2. Pa.
Martin. Lester C. East Earl. R. 1. Pa.
Martin. Paul F . Hanover. R. 2, Pa
Martin. Ralph S , I-ancaster R. 3, Pa.
Martin. Stanford. ThomasyiUe. R. D., Pa.
Martin. W. H., Menges Mills Pa.
Martin W. S., Thomasville, R. 1. Pa.
Mlrtinelli. Matthew. 180 Parsonage Street.

Pittston. Pa. ...... -d o r»o

Martz J Dewey. Shickshinny. R. 2, Pa.
Mlrtz! Homer H KDKA. Westmghou^^^

Radio Station, 1"^., Pittsburgh 19, Pa
Marvil Package Co., P. O. Box 111, Laurel,

M?sem'^?e.%ohn. Freeland Maryland
Masemer, Maurice H., Hanover R. 2 Pa^
Masemer. Mervin. York Springs R.l. Pa
Masland. Mrs. Virginia S-' Carlisle R 6 Pa
Mason. William Clarke. 123 S. Broaa btreei,

Philadelphia 9. Pa.
John Masser. Pitman. Pa.
Mast. C. Z.. Elverson, R. 2. Pa.
Mast Samuel K.. Boyertown R. 2, Pa.
Masters. Charles Sweet Valley. R. 1 . Pa.
Mattie. Andrew J.. Wyoming. R. 3. Pa.
Maurer. Murray N.. W infield R.l. Pa.
Maxheimer. Dan.. Perkasie. R- 3. Pa.
Maver L. W.. Lancaster, R. 4. Pa.
Sll^vi^w State Hospital MayviewPa^
Mead. Earlis R.. Louisburg, R. 2 Kansas

Meckley. D. F.. Hanover R. 3. Pa.

Meckley. Paul A., Spring Grove. R 2 P^

Meirs Mrs. Richard Wain, 79 t.. tseiis miu
Road Chestnut Hill. Philadelphia, Pa.

Melhorn. John. Mt. Joy. P^.

Melhorn. J. E.. Mt. Joy. «• 1- p^' , p_

Mende. A. H.. & Son. Croydon. R. 1. Pa.

Menges. William. Spring Grove, R. 3, Pa.

Mpnele C E., Sunbury. R. 1. Pa.

M^nfzer, Edwin. Martinsburg. R. 2 Pa

Menusan. Henry. Jr.. 204 Ag. Ed. Buiiaing,

Mfr?lckTrbeneral Chemical Company,
^'fz S mh St.. PhUadelphia. Pa^
Merwarth. R. Bernard. Easton.R 2. i-a.

^sSlSl: «-S^rerv^aW, VI

MMsersmith. Russell J.. Spring Grove. R. 1.

Mey4r, C. L., 3668 Celina Place. Corliss Sta..

Mfc'l^^'l^a'i^syickshinny. R^ 1. Pa.

rkSh«nSy: ?i«it^n. H. 3. Pa-
Mikolaichik, Ed.. Dallas. R. 3, Pa.
Mikolaichik. Joe. Pittston. R. 1. Pa.
Millard. H.E..Annville. Pa.
Miller. Allen A.. Hallam R. 1. Pa.
Miller, ainton. Brodbecks. R. L Pa.

SJillfr: gha^rlefrS^.r2S^^Br^oaL^a^y . Hanover.

Milfer, Charles W.. 1228 Sherman St.. Wil-

MiUe'^.^ciair G^.', Spring Grove, R. 2. Pa.
Miller. Claude. Sugarloaf. Pa
Miller, Curvin J.. Brodbecks. R. L Pa.

Kf; D^ W^; io^^lI^T.'trnal Winchester

MilleV^ Earl A.. Seven Valleys Pa.
Miller. Edward. Quarryville, Pa.

— 82 —

Miller, Emory S., Spring Grove. R. 1, Pa.
Miller! Dr. Fred D., 1122 Twelfth Avenue,

Altoona. Pa.
Miller. G. E., York Springs. R. 2, Pa.
Miller. George R.. Spring Grove. R. 2, Pa.
Miller. Herbert. Richfield. Pa.
Miller. H. W., York, R. 3, Pa.
Miller, Joseph, Clarks Summit. R. 2, Pa.
Miller Marvin. Clarks Summit, R. 1, Pa.
Miller. Max, Hublersburg. Pa.
Miller, Melvin R., Dalton, Pa.
Miller, Mervin. Bainbridge. R. 1, Pa.
Miller, Paul. Bainbridge. R. 1. Pa.
Miller, Paul H.. Spring Grove. R. 2. Pa.
Miller Paul M.. Thomasville, R. 1, Pa.
Miller. Ralph, New Freedom, R. 1. Pa.
Miller, Raymond. Glen Rock. Pa.
Miller. Raymond N.. Lancaster, R. 1. Pa.
Miller. Ross B.. York, R. 3. Pa.
Miller. Russel, Falls. R. 1, Pa.
Miller. S. R.. Spring Grove. R. 2, Pa.
Miller Walter. Williamstown, N. Y.
Miller. Wilbur. New Freedom, R. 1, Pa
Milner. William H., Jr., Bath Road, Bristol.

Pa
Minriich. R. S., York. R. 6, Pa.
Mitchell. A. H.. Madison. Ohio
Mitesser. John U., Jr., R. 8, Pittsburgh, 15,

Pa
Mitman. Herbert A.. 1540 Northway Road,

Williamsport, R. 1, Pa.
Moffett Company, S. A. (S. A. Moffett) , 5138

Arcade Building, Seattle 1, Washington
Molison, Glenn. Hanover. R. 3, Pa.
Moll. Frank. Chalfont. R. 1. Pa.
Montell. E. W.. Riverton, N. J.
Morris. Albert, Sweet Valley. R. 1. Pa.
Morris, Miss Mary W., 2129 St. James Place.

Philadelphia 3. Pa. „ ^ „

Morris. Reynold. Sweet Valley. R. D.. Pa.
Morris. Mrs. William Paul. "Hawthorne.

Berwyn, Pa. „, , ^

Morristown Canning Co. (Garnett Fleming)

Morristown, Ind.
Morton, M. C. Central Chemical Corpora-
tion. Hagerstown, Md.
Mosebrook. James. Spring Grove. R. 2, Pa.
Moser. George. Ringtown. Pa.
Moser, R. L., Ringtown, Pa.
Moul, Carl E.. York. R. 6. Pa.
Moyer, Earl H.. Alburtis, R. 1. Pa.
Moyer. Edwin H. & Edwin O. S.. Box 182,

Center Valley. Pa. « « .,,

Mummert. Glenn W.. East Berlin. R. 3, Pa.
Mummert. Leroy J., Hanover. R. 2. Pa.
Mummert, Nelson. Hanover, R. 3, Pa.
Mummert. S. L.. Glen Rock, R. D., Pa.
Mundis, T. R., Stewartstown, R. 2. Pa.
Mundry. John, 292 Logan St.. Doylestown,

Pa.
Murphy. John. Riegelsville. Pa.
Murren, Francis J.. Hanover, R. 4, Pa.
Musselman Company, The C. H., Biglervllle,

Pa.
Musser, A. K.. Columbia. R. 2. Pa.
Musser, Charlotte R., Bellefonte, R. 2. Pa.
Musser, Elias Z.. Mount Joy, R. 1. Pa.
Musser. Elmer S.. Lancaster, R. 1, Pa.
Musser, Harry, Mt. Joy. R. 2, Pa.
Musser, Harvey, Chambersburg. R. 1, Pa.
Musser. J. Foster. State College, R. 1, Pa.
Myer. Aldus N., Lititz, R. 3, Pa.
Myer, S. M., Lititz. R. 3. Pa.
Myers. Albert, Spring Grove, R. 1, Pa.
Myers. Allen E.. Spring Grove, R. 1. Pa.
Myers. Amos, Spring Grove, R. 1. Pa.
Myers. Clarence. Spring Grove, R. 1, Pa.
Myers. C. E., State College, Pa.

Myers, Allen M., Hanover, R. 3, Pa.

Myers. Enos, Quarryville. Pa.

Myers. Ernest A.. Spring Grove. R. 1, Pa.

Myers. Ernest R., Gettysburg, R. 5. Pa.

Myers. Gerald E., East Berlin, R. 1, Pa.

Myers, Guy, Seven Valleys, Pa.

Myers, Harry S., Spring Grove, R. 1. Pa.

Myers. Irvin, Hanover. R. 2. Pa,

Myers. Luther S.. New Oxford. R. 1, Pa.

Myers, Ralph N.. Hanover. R. 2, Pa.

Myers, T. A., Gettysburg, R. 5. Pa.

Myers. Wilfort. Brodbecks, R. 1, Pa.

Myers, William A.. York. R. 1. Pa.

Mylin. Clyde K.. Willow Street. R. 1. Pa.

Nace. Aaron. Hanover. R. 3. Pa.

Nace. John A.. Spring Grove, R. 1, Pa.

Nace, Oscar F.. Hanover. R. 2. Pa.

Nace, R. G.. Hanover, R. 2, Pa.

Nace, Valentine. Hanover. R. 2. Pa.

National Canners Assn. (Dr. C. G. Wood-
bury). 1739 H St.. N.W., Washington. D.C.

National Lime Association. 927 15th Street,
N.W., Washington 5. D.C.

Neff. Harry K.. Lancaster. R. 4, Pa.

Neff, John O.. Lampeter. Pa.

Neff. J. Ralph. Oak Hall Station. Pa.

Neill. H. E., Bellefonte. R. 2, Pa.

Nejako. Frank. Star Route. Shickshinny. Pa.

Nesbitt. Charles M.. 606 Bendermere Ave.,
Interlaken. Asbury Park. N. J.

Nester. Lyman. Dillsburg, R. 1, Pa.

Nevill, James S.. Loyalsock Ave.. Montours-

ville. Pa. „ ^ X

New. John. Jr. (Starkey Farms Company),

Pocono. Pa. , ^

Newbold. J. Russell. Langhorne, Pa.
Newcomer. Paul. Mt. Joy. R. 1. Pa.
Newcomer, Paul K., Spring Grove. R. 3. Pa.
Newcomer, Paul R., Mount Joy, Pa.
Newhall, Mrs. D. A., Old Gulph Rd.. Nar-

berth. Pa. « o -d

Newswanger, David S.. Narvon. R. f. Pa.

Niagara County Preserving Corp. (J. W.
Stone) . Wilson. N. Y.

Nicodemus. V. Ross. Martinsburg. Pa.

Niner, David E., P. O. Box 244. Sewickley,
Pa.

Nissley, J. B., Mt. Joy, R. 1, Pa.

Nissley, W. B.. State College. Pa.

Nitchman, Firman. Dillsburg. R. 1, Pa.

Noll, Grant H., Lancaster, R. 1, Pa.

Nolt. Eli O.. New Holland. R. 1, Pa.

Nolt. Phares S.. Lebanon. R. 1, Pa.

Northriip, Wellington C. Dalton, R. 2, Pa.

Null. C. A., Hanover. R. 1. Pa.

Null. C. F., New Oxford, R. 2, Pa.

Oaks. George. Drums, R. D., Pa.

Oaks, I. J.. 518 Raymond St.. Highville. Pa.

Ober. M. B.. Lititz. R. 3. Pa.

Oberholtzer, C. S., Lititz, R. 1, Pa.

Oconomowoc Canning Co. (Anthony Del-
wiche). Paynette. Wisconsin

Oconomowoc Canning Co. (Leo Weix), Oc-
onomowoc. Wisconsin ^^ ^ ^ i

Odland. Martin L.. Hort. Bldg.. State Col-
lege. Pa.

OHearn. Leo J., Dalton. Pa. ,„ ^ _ ^

Oliveri. James. 750 Slocum St.. West Exeter.

Pa
Olne'y & Carpenter. Inc. (W. B. Olney),

Wolcott, N. Y. _, ^ ^^, ^

O'Malia, Martin, Box 16, Plainsville. Pa.

O'Neill, Mrs. W. Charles, Huntingdon Val-
ley, Montgomery County, Pa.

Onley Canning Company. W. T. (W. T. On-
ley). Snow Hill, Maryland

Oostburg Canning Company (Ellsworth
Van Driest) . Oostburg, Wisconsin

— 83 —

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4 «

Ore Hill Orchards (Charles L. Packard),
R. D. 124M, Roaring Spring, Pa.

Orient, Louis, Bridgeville, Pa.

Orr, Boyd, Shickshinny, R. 2, Pa.

Orton, H. S., North East, Pa.

Orton, M. F., North East, Pa.

Orwig, David, New Freedom, R. 2, Pa.

Osseo Canning Co., Osseo, Wisconsin

Osthoff, Oscar W., Bridgeville, R. 2, Pa.

Overdorff, Charles, Indiana, R. 4, Pa.

Overdorff, Paul R., Brush Valley, Pa.

Overdorff, Virgil, Indiana, R. 4, Pa.

Page and Son, Merle, North East, Pa.

Paschke, D. C, North East, Pa.

Patton, Rufus F., Harrisburg State Hospi-
tal, Harrisburg, Pa.

Patton, Thomas H., 209 Agric. Bldg., State
College, Pa.

Payne, James, Brodbecks, R. 1, Pa.

Pearson, L. J., Hidden Valley Farm, New-
town, Pa.

Pedano, Anthony, 104 N. Woodland Avenue,
Aldon, Delaware County, Pa.

Peeling. W. E., Williamsport, R. 1, Pa.

Penn Valley Packing Co. (Fred Nardini),
Tamaqua, Pa.

Pennsylvania Industrial School, Hunting-
don, Pa.

Pentz, John R., York Springs, R. 1, Pa.

Pepper, Mrs. Franklin, Orefield St.. Phila-
delphia 18, Pa.

Pepper, Mrs. G. W., Devon, Pa.

Pepper. J. O., State College, Pa.

Perkowski, Walter, Benton, R. 1, Pa.

Perry, Joseph, Dallas, R. 3, Pa.

Peters, Wayne, Manheim, R. 2, Pa.

Pew, Mrs. John G., P.O. Box 23, Moylan.
Pa.

Pf abler, Clarence, Honey Brook, R. 1, Pa.

Pfahler, Frank J., Catawissa, Pa.

Pfahler, William, Catawissa, Pa.

Phanco, Lee, 66 East St., North East. Pa.

Phelps, Mrs. E. C, 2 Rydal Rd., Jenkintown,
Pa.

Philp, Kenneth S., 682 Morrison Dr.. Pitts-
burgh 16, Pa.

Phillips, J. Richard, Jr., & Sons, Berlin, Md.

Phillips Packing Co., Inc. (Charles Fuller,
Director), Department of Agriculture,
Cambridge, Md.

Piatt, George, Shickshinny, R. 2, Pa.

Pick, Charles W., Dalton, Pa.

Pierce Frank, North East, Pa.

Piper, Z. A., Dry Run. Pa.

Pitcher, B. L., Beechnut Packing Company,
Canajoharie, N. Y.

Pitzer, N. E., New Oxford, R. 2, Pa.

Pitzonka, Walter W., Pitzonka's Pansy
Farm. Box 211, Bristol, Pa.

Podehl. J. M., Box 115, Plainsville, Pa.

Poetker, W. A., Landon St., Lititz, Pa.

Pollock. G. B., Wyoming, R. 3, Pa.

Pollock, Walter. Holtwood, R. 2, Pa.

Polowchak, Mike. Berwick, R. 2, Pa.

Poorbaugh, H. J., Agricultural Extension
Assn.. Pottsville. Pa.

Poorbaugh, Ray A., Quakertown, Pa.

Portland Packing Co., Albion, Maine

Portland Packing Co., Canton, Maine

Portland Packing Co., Leeds Center, Maine

Portland Packing Co., Newport, Maine

Portland Packing Co., Norway, Maine

Portland Packing Co., Oakland, Maine

Portland Packing Co., Portland, Maine

Portland Packing Co., Unity, Maine

Portland Packing Co., West Minot, Maine

Portland Packing Co., Winthrop, Maine

Potter, Lawrence, Bristol, R. 2, Pa.

Powell, E. L., Jr., Omega Plant Farms, Inc.
Omega, Ga. '

Powell, Frank, Bellefonte, Pa.

Powell, Mrs. Humbert Barton, Willowdale
Farm, Devon, Pa.

Powell, Lawrence, Tyburn Rd., Morrisville
Pa.

Poyner, Ernest R., 4117 Kathland Avenue,
Baltimore, Md.

Prall, Elmer E., New Freedom, Pa.

Prebola, Andrew, Pittston, R. 1, Pa.

Pressler, C. D., Woodward, Pa.

Preston, Sam D., 448 W. Leicester St. Win-
chester, Va.

Price, Louis, 94 S. Landon St., Kingston, Pa.

Price, Sterl, Millheim, Pa.

Price, Victor, 432 Northampton St., Kings-
ton, Pa.

Price & Son, William J., 1405i Wyoming
Ave., Forty Fort, Pa.

Prock, Harry A., Camp Hill Road, White-
marsh, Pa.

Producers Co-op. Exchange, P. O. Box 168,
Coatesville, Pa.

Prosser, E. C, York Springs, R. 1, Pa.

Prutzman. C. R., Trucksville, R. 1, Pa.

Puglia Bros.. Bristol, R. 2, Pa.

Quinn, T. D., North Girard, R. 1, Pa.

Rahn, Robert M., Geigertown, Pa.

Ranck, Howard G., Danville, R. 2, Pa.

Ranck, Wenger, Lancaster, R. 4, Pa.

Rapp, David B., Easton, R. 3, Pa.

Rarig, John W., Elysburg, R. 1, Pa.

Reath, Mrs. Thomas, Haws Lane, Chestnut
Hill, Philadelphia 18, Pa.

Rebennack, John, Dallas. R. 2, Pa.

Reber, Mrs. Vena R., New Oxford, R. 1, Pa.

Reed, Frank, 85 Fairview Ave., Morrisville,
Pa.

Reed, Guy S., Summit Station, R. 1, Pa.

Reeder, Joseph T., Catawissa, R. 2, Pa.

Reese, C. G., 1158 Broadway, Hanover, Pa.

Reever, Clarence, Seven Valleys, R. 2, Pa.

Reich, John D., Bellefonte, R. 1, Pa.

Reichard, Eben B., Fredonia, Pa.

Reid, Murdoch & Co. (M. S. Canaday), P.O.
Box 888, Rochester, Minn.

Reigle, R. M., 366 Philadelphia Ave., Cham-
bersburg. Pa.

Reinecker, C. D., York Springs. R. 2. Pa.

Reinhart Brothers, Wild Hyacinth Farms,
Norristown, R. 4, Pa.

Reininger Farms, D. J., Stony Creek Mills, Pa.

Reisler, Malcolm P., Oxford, R. 3, Pa.

Renold, Charles H., Spring Grove, R. 3, Pa.

Renoll, Robert. Spring Grove, R. 2, Pa.

Resser, R. W., Spring Grove, R. 3, Pa.

Rex, E. G., Rutgers Alumni House, New
Brunswick, N. J.

Rexrode, D. L.. York, R. 4. Pa.

Reynolds.A.Brinton, West Chester, R.4, Pa.

Reynolds, M. Cloud, Kennett Square, R. 1.
Pa.

Rhoads, S. B., Selinsgrove, Pa.

Rhone, William E., Allenwood, R. 1, Pa.

Rick, John. West Leesport, Pa.

Ridall, William, Town Hill, Pa.

Rife, Vernon, New Oxford, R. 2, Pa.

Rinehart, Lewis E., Spring Grove, R. 2, Pa.

Rinehart. L. M., Brodbecks, R. 1. Pa.

Rinehart, Maurice, Hanover, R. 3, Pa.

Rinehart, Paul, Gardners, R. 1, Pa.

Rinehart, William G., Spring Grove, R. 2,
Pa.

Rinker, Dave, East Berlin, R. 2, Pa.

Ripley, W. N., Harbor Creek, R. 1, Pa.

Ripple, Fred M., 93 Cedar St., Mt. Union, Pa.

Rishel, Edward E., York, R. 4, Pa.

— 84 —

Risser, Jacob W., Lititz, R. 1, Pa.
Ritter, Ernest E., Winfield, R. 1, Pa.
Rivinus, Mrs. E. F., 416 West Moreland Ave.,

Chestnut Hill. Philadelphia, Pa.
Roberts, Byron T., Marlton, N. J.
Robinson, Mrs. A. B., North East, Pa.
Robinson, Donald R., Sr., Altoona, R. 1, Box

111, Pa.

Rockview, Western Penitentiary (Library) ,
Bellefonte, Pa.

Rodale, J. I., Editor, Organic Gardening,
Emmaus, Pa.

Rodes. Arthur B., York Springs, R. 2, Pa.

Roemhild, Albert C, 122 Dock St., Philadel-
phia, Pa.

Roever, W. E., W. Atlee Burpee Co. Ford-
hook Farms, Doylestown, Pa.

Rogers, Gerald, Bellefonte, Pa.

Rohrbach. A. C, Catawissa, R. 2, Pa.

Rohrbaugh, Aaron D., Brodbecks, R. 1, Pa.

Rohrbaugh, C. B., Seven Valleys, R. 2, Pa.

Rohrbaugh, C!urvin L., Brodbecks, R. 1. Pa.

Rohrbaugh, D. A., Spring Grove, R. 3, Pa.

Rohrbaugh. Earl. Spring Grove. R. 2. Pa.

Rohrbaugh, Edward, Hanover, R. 2, Pa.

Rohrbaugh, J. A., Spring Grove, R. 3. Pa.

Rohrbaugh, Samuel S., Brodbecks, R. 1, Pa.

Rohrer, B. Frank. Columbia, R. 2, Pa.

Rohrer, Jacob H.. Lancaster, R. 4, Pa.

Rohrer, Jacob N., Lancaster, R. 4, Pa.

Rohrer, P. L., Smoketown, Pa.

Rood, Carl, Sweet Valley, R. 1, Pa.

Rosbough, A. H., Engle Rd., Berea. Ohio

Rosenberger, Henry G., Chalfont, R. 1. Pa.

Ross. B. C, Lewisburg, R. 2, Pa.

Ross, P. A., 140 W. Corydon St., Bradford.
Pa.

Rosotti, Charles C, Executive V. President,
Rossotti Lithographing Co., 8511 Tonelle
Avenue. North Bergen, N. J.

Roth, John A., Jr., Spring Grove, R. 1, Pa.

Rothsville High School, Rothsville, Pa.

Rowe, D. G., Boonsboro, R. 2, Md.

Howe. Edgar W., Selinsgrove, R. 1. Pa.

Rowe. Paul, 206 Miller St., R. 1, Strasburg,
Pa.

Royer. E. R.. Lancaster, R. 3, Pa.

Rubincam, I. N., Jamison. Pa.

Ruby. John, Menges Mills, Pa.

Ruck, George, Huntingdon Valley, Pa.

Rudisill, Ralph, Spring Grove. R. 3, Pa.

Rudisill, Worley F., 1634 W. Market Street,
York, Pa.

Rudisill, W. S., Spring Grove. R. 1. Pa.

Rudolph. Joseph R., West Chester, Box 12,
Pa.

Ruhls Plant Farm, Lancaster, R. 5, Pa.

Rulland. J. A., Brodbecks, R. 1, Pa.

Runk, George A., Spring Grove, R. 1. Pa.

Runkel, Claude E.. c/o Arthur Fasnacht.
Lebanon. R. 5, Pa.

Runkle. Archie, Red Lion, R. 1, Pa.

Kunkle, Franklin, Gregg Twp., R. D., Spring
Mills. Pa.

Runninger. Ralph E., 71 S. Pearl St., Lan-
caster. Pa.

Runyan, Fuller S., 425 Walnut St., Milton,
Pa.

Rupp. L. J., York Springs, R. 1. Pa.

Ruppert, John L., Spring Grove, R. 3, Pa.

Rutecki, William, Bristol, R. 2, Pa.

Ruth, John F., Stouchburg, Pa.

Ruth. William A., Spring Grove, R. 1, Pa.

Ryan, William H., York, R. 1, Pa.

Ryman, Ross. Bloomsburg, R. 3, Pa.

Sa^atme, Mike, 420 Washington St., Bristol.

Sampsel, Harold, Bellefonte, R. 2, Pa.

Sanders, Guy S., Gettysburg, R. 5, Pa.

Sanders, Wilbur, Millers, Md.

Sanger. Paul E., Myerstown, R. 2, Pa.

Sansoni. Romano, Hatboro, Pa.

Sapitowicz, John J., 279 Plains Rd.. Milford,
Conn.

Sarandrea, Joseph, Hulmeville Rd., Croy-
don, R. 1, Pa.

Sauder, Amos H., Ephrata, R. 2, Pa.

Sauders, Willis W., Columbia, R. 2, Pa.

Saulsbury Bros., Inc. (O. Saulsbury), Ridge-
ly, Md.

Saylor, Samuel, Hellertown, R. 1, Pa.

Schaefer. George E., York, R. 5, Pa.

Schantz, Louis, Orefield, R. 1, Pa.

Schapansky, H. D., Cochranville, R. 1, Pa.

Schell, Inc., Walter S., 10th & Market Sts.,
Harrisburg, Pa.

Schlegel, Paul N., Boyertown, R. 2, Pa.

Schmidt, Charles M., Virginia-Carolina
Fertilizer Co., Carteret, N. J.

Schmidt, Dietrick, Muncy, R. 3, Pa.

Schmitt, R. P., Dunsville, Va.

Schock, Isiah. Washington Boro, R. 1, Pa.

Schock, John M., Washington Boro, R. 1, Pa.

Schoomaker, James, Red Lion, R. 1, Pa.

Schrope, John, Hegins, Pa.

Schultz. A. A., Box 232. Reading. Pa.

Schultz. John, North East, Pa.

Schultz, Joseph R., Bloomsburg, R. 1, Pa.

Schultz. Roy, Willow Street, R. 1, Pa.

Schuman, Ralph D., Hanover, R. 3, Pa.

Schwartz, John W., Littlestown, R. 1. Pa.

Sciford, William, E. Middle Rd., North East,
Pa.

Scouller, James, North East, Pa.

Seaks, Mrs. Annie. Stewartstown, R. 2, Pa.

Seamans, Kenneth, Factoryville, Pa.

Seaton, H. L., 4645 West Grand Ave., Chi-
cago 39, 111.

Sechrist, William, Brodbecks, R. 1, Pa

Sehlmeyer, Alex E., 90 Jackson Ave., Rock-
ville Centre, L. I., N. Y.

Seitz. Howard B.. Rohrerstown, Pa.

Seitz, John B., Rohrerstown, Pa.

Sell, J. Clyde, Martinsburg, R. 1, Pa.

Seniowski, John, Mapledale Ave., Orange,
Conn.

Sensenig, George, Millersville, R. 1, Pa.

Sergent, A. S., Pikesville. Md.

Sermarini, Caspar, Stevenson Lane, Torres-
dale, Pa.

Shaak. Leroy R., Sheridan. R. 1, Pa.

Shaffer, David H., West Point, Pa.

Shaffer, Edman, Spring Grove, R. 2, Pa.

Shaffer, H. B., Box 42, Utica, Pa.

Shaffer, Herbert W., Hanover, R. 1, Pa.

Shaffer, I. M., Line Lexington. Pa.

Shaffer. Milton R., Dillsburg, R. 1, Pa.

Shaffer, Raymond J., Seven Valleys, R.l.Pa.

Shaffer, R. E., Hanover, R. 3, Pa.

Shaffer, Vernon L., Brodbecks, Pa.

Shallcross, Clarence, Bustleton Ave.. Frank-
ford, Philadelphia, Pa.

Shank, Amos, Hanover, R. 3, Pa.

Shank, D. W., York Springs, R. 1, Pa.

Shank, Jacob D., Hanover, R. 3, Pa.

Shank, Walter L., Lancaster, R. 6, Pa.

Sharp, E. F., York, R. 6, Pa.

Sharp, Raymond J., York, R. 6, Pa.

Shaltuck, J. H., R. 5, Erie, Pa.

Shaub. Alvin, New Freedom, Pa.

Shaull, E. E.. Felton. R. 1, Pa.

Shaw Manufacturing Co. (S. W. Shaw, Gen-
eral Manager), Galesburg, Kansas

Sheadle, John E., Williamsport, R. 1, Pa.

Sheaffer, Abram R., Lancaster, R. 2, Pa.

Shearer, Edwin B., Spring Grove, R. 1, Pa.

— 85 —

'i *

I' I

Shearer, Elmer, Mt. Joy, R. 1, Pa.

Shearer, John E., York, R. 1, Pa.

Shearer, M. J., Spring Grove, R. 1, Fa.

Shearer, J. Warren, 426 W. Penn Ave., Wer-
nersville. Pa.

Shelly, Ephriam S., Manheim, R. 1, Pa

Shelmire, Howard, New Britain, Pa.

Shenberger, George H., York, R. 4, Pa.

Shenk, Amos, Masonic Home, Elizabeth-
town, Pa.

Shenk, Clayton H., Lancaster, R. 6, Pa

Shenk, Clayton R., Washington Boro, R. 1,

Shenk, D. W., Conestoga Terrace, Lancas-
ter, R. 6, Pa.

Shenk, Henry E., Manheim. R. 1, Pa.

Shenk, John S., Lancaster, R. 6, Pa.

Shenk, Robert, Lancaster, R. 6, Pa.

Shenot, Earl S., Wexford, Pa.

Sheppard, R. H., Hanover, Pa.

Sherman, O. M., c/o The Arlington, Oil City,
"a.

Shertzer, Richard W., Lancaster, R. 2, Pa

Shertzer, Robert L., Lancaster, R. 4, Pa

Shettel, Randall, Mechanicsburg, R 3 Pa

Shettle, George D., York, R. 4, Pa. * '

Shifriss, Oved, W. Atlee Burpee Co., Doyles-
town, Pa.

Shipman, B. L., Muncy, R. 4. Pa.

Shirk Amos M.. Columbia, R. 2, Pa.

Shirk, Harry J.. East Earl, R. 1, Pa.

Shisler Bros., General Delivery, Glen Olden,

Shive, Martin L., Seven Valleys, R. 1. Pa
Shive. Theodore, Spring Grove, R. 2. Pa *
Shoemaker, E. H., Bristol, Pa.
Shoemaker, Ralph E., Littlestown, R. 1, Pa
Shorb, Harry, Hanover, R. 2, Pa.
Shorb, Paul. Hanover, R. 2, Pa.
Shue. John. Hanover, R. 2, Pa.
Sh^Jer, Jack, 237 Centennial Ave., Hanover,

Shultz, Henry H., Catawissa, R. 2, Pa
Ik !?^il' 5°^^' Maryland Line. Md. *
tuY\\' ?• ?-|^5 York St.. Hanover. Pa.
Shutt. G. LeRoy. Chalfont. Pa.
Sickler. Cecil, Dallas, R. 3. Pa
Sidebotham, Frank. State Road. Andalusia,

Siegrest, Norman H., Columbia, R. 1, Pa

JT.'^^'i^i^^^ ^^■'^'••'..^"ig^ts Rd.. Torres-
dale. Philadelphia, Pa.

IlITi?^?"' /^i^^'/^'^^^yville. R. 1, Box 33. Pa.

n?,,!''^'^^?'^^^- Riverside, R. 1, Box 60B,
Club Road, Conn.

Singer, Amos, Lancaster, R. 6, Pa

Sipe, M. L., McClure. R. 1, Pa.

Second St., Philadelphia 6, Pa.
S aymaker, Clyde J., Strasburg, R. 1, Pa.
Segel, Harry W., Birdsboro, R 1, Pa.
Sloan, Thomas C. Oxford, R. 3, Pa.
Slusser. Floyd C. Nescopeck. R. 1. Pa

N\ j^^' ^" S^^^^^ook Farms, Bridgeton.

Smeltzer Emory, Windsor, R. 1, Pa
Smith, Clemon A., Nescopeck, R d' Pa
Smith, Edgar J., York Springs R 2 Pa
Smith, Edward T., New Oxford R 2 Pa
Smith. Francis P., Hanover R 3 Pa '

im Ih' S«^" B^A»^lehem r: ?Pa^
t^Wu' S^^'Per. Gardners, R. 1, Pa.

1^ fH' ?l''''y^" Bellefonte, R. 2rPa
Smith, John, York Springs R 2 Pa^

?on^'R.tDer^^'^^"^^^^^^^^^

lm!J^ J^^""^ ^«' Y°^^' R- 6. Pa.
bmith, Oscar H., Myerstown R •? T^a

Smith, Peter. ShicksWnnT R. 1. Pa

Smith, Philip S., Laughlintown, Pa.
Smith, R. B., 1001 Mt. Vernon Ave , Hunt
ingdon, Pa. ' ""^'

^ m'Jjefte^Pa'^^'""""''^^ ^^'^^'ion Assn,
Smith, Ray W., Lebanon, R. 5, Pa.
Smith, Robert W., Felton, R. 1, Pa.
Smith, Russell, Shrewsbury, Pa
Smith, Timothy. Hanover, R. 3, Pa.
Smith, W. H Spring Grove, R. 3, Pa.
Smith Canning Co., Pendleton, Ore.
Smozmsky, R. C, Lewisburg, R. 3, Pa
Smucker, Benuel, Lancaster, R. 5, Pa'
Snader, Jacob Z., East Earl, R. l, Pa.
Snavely, Harry H., Willow Street, R. 1 p.
Sneeringer, Paul, New Oxford. R. 2. Pa

/S^^T.P^cP,^*'^^ ^i^- General Foods Coro
(H. W. Slocum) , Mt. Morris, N. Y. ^'

NY ^^^^'^^ ^^^- (Walter Enzie) , Albion.
Snyder, Carl, Elysburg, R. 1, Pa.
Snyder, Charles, 514 Linden Ave.. York Pa
Snyder. George H., Dallas, R. 3, Pa.
Snyder, Guy. Lehighton, R. 2, Pa.
Snyder, John B., Columbia. R. 1, Pa.
Snyder. Kenneth, Muncy. R. l, Pa.
Snyder, M. Luther, York, R. 6, Pa.
Snyder. Robert J., Lebanon, R. l, Pa.
Snyder, Roy. Lewisburg. R. 2, Pa.
Snyder, Victor C, Pitman, Pa.
Solly, Walter J., Ivyland, Pa.
Sorber, William, Shickshinny, R. 1, Pa
Southampton Nurseries. Southampton. Pa
Southern Packing Co., Inc. (W. E. Lamble.

Jr ), Fell St.. Baltimore 31. Md.
Spahr Morgan E., Thomasville, R. 1, Pa.
Spangler John M., Spring Grove, R. 3. Prf.

^^.^J^^^L.P^^^^' Byberry Road, Torresdale

14, Philadelphia, Pa.
Specca, Romeo, Byberry Road, Torresdale,

Philadelphia, Pa.
Spencer. C. J., Dalton. R. 2, Pa.
Spertzel, Ernest, Gardners, R. 2, Pa.
Spertzel, Paul, York Springs, R. 1. Pa.
Sprenkle, Harry, Menges Mills. Pa.
Spruance. Preston Lea. Greenville Del.
Spruance, Mrs. W. C, 2507 West 17th St..

Wilmington 73, Del.
Spyker, Robert N., Reading, R. 2, Pa.
Sray, William, McDonald, R. 2, Pa.
Stackhouse, Arthur H., Yardley. Pa
Stafford, Edward E., 6419 Pinehurst Road,

Baltimore 12, Md.
Stahl. William, Lewisburg. R. 2, Pa.
Stalder, Anna, Ivyland, Pa.
Stambaugh. Fred, Alum Bank. Pa.
Stambaugh, Herman, Thomasville, R. 2, Pa.
Stambaugh, M. J., Spring Grove, R. 1. Pa.
Stanton, J. Laird, Pttston, R. 1. Pa.
Stanton, Lee, Pittston. R. 1, Pa.
Stare, Paul, Woodbury, Pa.
Stamer, A. H., Gardners, R. 2, Pa.
Starr. Chester, Three Springs, Pa.
Starry. N. D.. York Springs, R. 1, Pa.
States Trucking. Croydon, R. 1. Pa.
Stauffer, Harry W., HeUam, R. 1, Pa.
Stauffer, Phares B., New Holland, R. 2. Pa.
Stauflfer, R. C. Hanover, R. 3, Pa.
Stauffer, William B., Kutztown, R. 3. Pa.
Steigerwalt, Ralph R., Lehighton, R. 2, Pa.
Sterner, Curvin G., Spring Grove, R. 3, Pa.
Sterner. Gordon M.. Hanover. R. 2, Pa.
Sterner, Maggie T., Spring Grove. R. 2, Pa.
Sterner. Mrs. Sadie T., Hanover, R. 2, Pa.
Sterns, Guy, Bellefonte, R. 1. Pa.
Stevenson, H. F., Waverly, Pa.
Stewart, M. M., 1701 N. Front St., Harris-
burg, Pa.
Stine. John H.. Seven Valleys, Pa.

— 86 —

Stitzel, G. Vance, Gardners, R. 1, Pa.

St. Marys Packing Company, The (Paul
Korn), Delphos, Ohio

St. Mary's Packing Co. (J. J. Reynolds) ,
Holgate, Ohio

St. Mary's Packing Co. (J. Swanger) , Ohio
Bldg., Sydney, Ohio

Stock, John, Martinsburg. R. 2. Pa.

Stokely Foods, Inc. (W. C. Pressing) , Cel-
ina„ Ohio

Stokely Foods, Inc., Norwalk, Ohio

Stokely Foods, Inc.. Plain City, Ohio

Stokely Foods, Inc., West Jefferson, Ohio

Stoker, William, Red Lion Rd., Torresdale,
Philadelphia 14, Pa.

Stoltzfus, Amos E., Elverson, R. 2, Pa.

Stoltzfus, Amos E. & Stephen B. Stoltzfus,
Elverson, R. 2, Pa.

Stoltzfus, Benjamin F., Elverson, R. 2, Pa.

Stoltzfus, David G.. Bird-in-Hand, Pa.

Stoltzfus. Emanuel. Elverson, Pa.

Stoltzfus. Fred D., Elverson, R. 2, Pa.

Stoltzfus, Israel, Kirkwood, R. 1, Pa.

Stoltzfus. Job, Elverson, R. 2. Pa.

Stoltzfus. John E., Narvon. R. 1. Pa.

Stoltzfus, John J., Elverson. R. 1, Pa.

Stoltzfus, Levi E., Narvon, R. 1, Pa.

Stoltzfus, Moses, Elverson. R. 2. Pa.

Stoltzfus, Paul S., Leola. Pa.

Stoltzfus. Samuel F.. Morgantown. Pa.

Stoltzfus. Stephen E., Elverson. R. 2, Pa.

Stoltzfus. Urle. Elverson. R. 2, Pa.

Stoltzfus, William, Bareville, R. 1. Pa.

Stone. Harry E., Burnside Ave, Norristown,
R. 1. Pa.

Stonebraker. Kenneth, Indiana. R. 1. Pa.

Stonerook. D. I., Martinsburg. R. 1. Pa.

Stoppard, Russell L., Dover, R. 1, Pa.

Stottlemyer. A. B., Paradise, R. 1, Pa.
Stouck. Wilford. York. R. 1. Pa.
Stough. C. Paul. York, R. 4, Pa.
Stough, Ivan, Glen Rock, R. 2, Pa.
Stough, Richard S.. Dover. R. 2. Pa.
Stough. W. H., York. R. 1. Pa.
Stough. William J., Thomasville. R. 1. Pa.
Stout, C. F. C, Room 601, 1600 Arch Street,

Philadelphia 3, Pa.
Stout. G. J., State College, Pa.
Stover, Allen, Spring Grove, R. 1, Pa.
Stover, Harry, Hanover, R. 3. Pa.
Stover, Kermit F., Smullton. Pa.
Stover. J. Philip, Bellefonte. R. 2, Pa.
Stradzus. Walter, Shickshinny. R. 2, Pa.
Strausbaugh, George S.. Hanover. R. 3. Pa.
Strausbaugh, Norman H., Hanover. R. 2. Pa.
Strayer. Dale. New Oxford, R. 1. Pa.
Stremmel, Joseph, Spring Grove. R. 2. Pa.
Strewig. Clarence, Glen Rock. R. D.. Pa.
Strock. Clark S.. Springtown. Pa.
Strong. Samuel Z.. Mechanicsburg. R. 3. Pa.
Strong. W. O.. Farm School. Pa.
Struble. Jay. Bellefonte, Pa.
Stryker, E. E.. Montgomery, R. 2, Pa
btutzman, Guy, Indiana, R. 4. Pa.
Mutzman. Louis D.. Homer City. R. 1. Pa.
Stutzman, R. B.. Cramer. Pa.
budds R. H.. Dept. of Horticulture. Mor-

gantown. W. Va.
Sunday. W. P., York, R. 4, Pa.
Qyr,^«"l,^'^°s- Freehold, R. 3, N. J.
l!!H!5' S- °^"^' Shickshinny, R. 1, Pa.
Snt 5' Sr^nk Shickshinny. R. 2, Pa.
^utiiff, Willard, Shickshinny, Pa.
gutter. John, 470 Orange St., Forty Fort. Pa.
qu,l5i' *^°lV"' ^'^ Owens St., Forty Fort. Pa.
^wartley. Howard H.. Blooming Glen, Bucks

County. Pa.

^^rS^^J?^' Morris, Dalton, R. 2. Pa.
i>wartz. Charles. New Freedom, R. 2, Pa.

Swartz, C. M., Gardners, R. 1, Pa.
Swartz, John, Spring Grove. R. 3, Pa.
Swartzentruber. Allen. Mertztown, R. 1. Pa.
Sweitzer. Carroll H.. New Freedom, R. 2, Pa
Sweitzer Clayton A., Marietta. R. 1, Pa.
Swemly, Willis J., Hanover, R. 3, Pa.
Switzer, John. Pittston. R. 1. Pa.
Sytnik. Carl, Yardley. R. 1. Pa.
Szklenski, Frank, Harbor Creek, Pa.
Szolack, Joseph, Twin Maple Farm, New-
town, Pa.

Taylor & CaldweU, Inc. (H. P. Taylor) . Wal-

kerton. Va.
Taylor. Ferman, Shickshinny, R. 2, Pa.
Taylor. Lloyd. Homer City, R. 2, Pa.
Tebbs, Fred, Jr., Montgomery. R. 1. Pa.
Teter, Guy, Zions Grove, Pa.
Thoman, Earl. Spring Grove. R. 3, Pa.
Thomas & Company (E. F. Thomas) . 71 E.

South St., Frederick, Md.)
Thomas & Company (G. F. Thomas), 71 E.

South St.. Frederick. Md.
Thomas. A. L., East Berlin, R. 2, Pa.
Thomas, Charles E.. 558 Grove Ave., Johns-
town, Pa.
Thomas, Clayton N., Lancaster, R. 6, Pa.
Thomas, D. E., Orangeville. R. 1, Pa.
Thomas, Earl. Spring Grove, R. 3, Pa.
Thomas, Lester. Spring Grove, R. 3. Pa.
Thomas. William A., Y.M.C.A., Tyrone. Pa.
Thompson, Alvan C. Morrisville. R. 1, Pa.
Thompson. John C, Richboro Road, R. D. 2,

Newtown. Pa.
Thompson. Nelson H., Williamsport, R. 1, Pa.
Thompson, Robert, Clarks Summit, R. 2, Pa.
Thompson. W. R. & H. X. Williamjsport, R. 1,

Pa.
Thuma, B. E.. Marietta. R. 1. Pa.
Tomlinson. Robert K., Westtown School,

Westtown, Pa.
Tomlinson, Samuel F., Newtown. R. 1. Pa.
Topper. Paul H., Gettysburg, R. 4, Pa.
Torsch Canning Co. (F. A. Torsch), Balti-
more. Md.
Tracey, J. Earle, Freeland, Md.
Trask, Mrs. John E. D., 2024 Spruce Street,

Philadelphia 3, Pa.
Trauger, H. A., Torrance, Pa.
Trax & Sons, R. L., Library, Pa.
Tressler, Dean. Bellefonte. R. 2. Pa.
Tressler, Frank, Conyngham. Pa.
Tressler, Harrison, Bellefonte, R. 2, Pa.
Tressler. John. Sybertsville. Pa.
Tri-State Packers' Assn., Inc. (Frank M.

Shook), Box 738, Easton. Md.
Trone, Arthur H., Spring Grove. R. 2, Pa.
Trone. John C, Spring Grove. R. 2, Pa.
Trostle, Harry E., York Springs. R. 1, Pa.
Trout, Roy H., Stewartstown, R. 3. Pa.
Tunnell & Company. Inc.. F. W. (G. R. Mar-
shall, Jr.), 15 North Fifth St.. Philadel-
phia 6. Pa.
Turnbach, Charles. Sugarloaf, R. D.. Pa.
Twining, N. Stanley, Newtown, R. 1. Pa.
Twins, Motor, 240 S. Main St.. Wilkes-Barre,

Pa.
Twist, Frank S., 464 Third St., Northumber-
land. Pa.
Tyson. Edwin C, Flora Dale, Pa.
Tyson, Henry, Lititz. R. 3, Pa.
Tyson, John I., Red Lion, R. 1, Pa.
Ulrich, William. 923 S. 17th St., Harrisburg,

Pa.
Umberger, P. W., 199 Walnut St., Lebanon,

Pa.
Underwood, F. O., Garden Seed Service Co-
operative, G.L.F. Mills, Inc., 1001 W. Sen-
eca St., Ithaca, N. Y.
Updyke, Fred, Hunlock Creek, R. 1, Pa.

— 87 —

I (

I*.

• 1

■f

Utz. Harold R., Hanover, R. 2, Pa.
Vandenberg, G. B., Rohm & Haas Co., Bris-
tol. Pa. „ , „
Van Tuyle, Harold, Pittston, R. 1. Pa.
Van Tuyle, Leon C, Pittston, R. 1, Pa.
Van Tuyle, Jack, Pittston, R.'l, Pa.
Vargo, Stephen, Jr., Newtown, R. D.. Pa.
Vaughan's Seed Store (C. F. Keegan). 47-49

Barclay St., New York 7, N. Y.
Veith, Adam, Falls, Pa.

Vogelear, Martin, River Ridge Farm, Frank-
lin, Pa.
Voight, M. J., 613 East Main St., Waupun,

Wis.
Vonada, Miles, Bellefonte, R. 2, Pa.
Vosler, E. B., Hunlock Creek, R. 1, Pa.
Wagaman, Maurice L., Abbottstown. R. 1.

Pa.
Wagaman, Philip J., Abbottstown, R. 1, Pa.
Wagner, Bruce, York Springs, R. 1, Pa.
Wagner, Carl D., York Springs, R. 1, Pa.
Wagner, Clark, Dillsburg, R. 1, Pa.
Wagner, Curvin E., Spring Grove, R. 2, Pa.
Wagner, G. H., New Freedom, R. 1, Pa.
Wagner, Harry, Spring Grove, R. 2, Pa.
Wagner, John, Mt. Joy, R. 1, Pa.
Wagner, L. S., North East, Pa.
Wagner, R. K., New Florence, Pa.
Wagner, Woodrow W., Hanover, R. 2, Pa.
Walk, Earl, Conestoga, R. 2, Pa.
Walker, Eugene, Harris Twp., R. D.l, Spring

Mills, Pa.
Walp, Fred, Drums, Pa.
Walsh, James, Spring Grove, R. 1, Pa.
Walter, Carl M., Claysburg, R. 1, Pa.
Walters, Woodrow W., Seven Valleys, R. 2,

Pa.
Waltersdorff, Norman W., Menges Mills, Pa.
Waltersdorf, M. J.. Mt. Wolf, R. 1, Pa.
Waltz, R. G., Norristown , Pa.
Wandel, Blaine, Shickshinny, R. 1, Pa.
Warehime, Alan, Hanover, Pa.
Warfel, B. S., Drumore, R. 1, Pa.
Warfield, Edwin, Jr., Woodbine, Md.
War Manpower Commission, 1835 N. Third

St., Harrisburg, Pa.
Warner, Clarence E., Hanover, R. 3, Pa.
Warner, Clark, Hanover, R. 2, Pa.
Warner, George A., Hanover, R. 2, Pa.
Warner, Milton M., Brodbecks, R. 1, Pa.
Warner Ralph, Brodbecks, R. 1, Pa.
Warren State Hospital (Library), North

Warren, Pa.
Wassell, Mrs. William S., 133 Old Gulph Rd.,
Wynnewood, Pa.

Wasson, E. G., State College, R. 1, Pa.

Wasson, James E., Box 26, Madisonburg, Pa.

Watkins, R. G., Box 128, Wilkes-Barre, Pa

Watts, Gilbert S., Bellwood, Pa.

Watts, James M., Woodville State Hospital,
Woodville, Pa.

Watts, R. L., 225 E. Foster Ave., State Col-
lege, Pa.

Waupun Canning Company, Waupun, Wis.

Way, Charles H., Bellefonte. R. 2, Pa.

Weaver, Frank L., Bird-in-Hand, Pa.

Weaver, Harry H., Ephrata, R. 2, Pa.

Weaver, Ivan G., Lebanon, R. 5, Pa.

Weaver, James E., New Oxford, R. 2, Pa.

Weaver, Lewis, York, R. 1, Pa.

Weaver, L. O., Buckhout Lab., State Col-
lefie Pa

Weaver, Levi A., 362 West Main St., New
Holland. Pa.

Weaver, Levi M., Lancaster, R. 3, Pa.

Weaver, Merril, Bellefonte, R. 2, Pa.

Weaver, Mervin, Littlestown, R. 2, Pa

Weaver, Paul. Quarryville, Pa.

Weaver. Stanley J„ laO S^i oiut »i,, fl|4|,

sauqua. Pa. ^

Weaver. WiUas, Mt. Joy. M t. I'd
Weber, Charles E, Hullui.N (uu i k \ \h^
Weber, George G,, Feiinirtl MUtw , V. ! \\
Weber. Stanford. BtJUelwni^, H a, V^
Weichel. John H.. m W, WttlmU «!,, U»\

caster Pa
Weight, George E.. BeUefnntt*. 1\, I. IM|.
Weigle. Meade, Met'l\anu ima, ||. I, Pa
Weikert, M. D.. Get! n Imm ii rt, P|, "
Weinschenk, J. I , IMpw VrtsHt^, U 4, p|,
Weitzel, Harry M., MeuhanUhihuri, Ail^i
Welch Grape Juice Cqn Vf\^ (fj J'

Morgenstern). Weatfleia, N Y,
Wenger. Allen W., Lebanon H 1 T*«
Wenker, Harold 12., Wulhi* UJ , IMiilJetttH

Philadelphia 15, Pa.
Wenker. Ray W., BustlPtPn, fhtUflPlpWn

Wenker! WilUam. Welwh no«d, t^UN)t«tAn.

Philadelphia 15, Pa. '

Wenner, John, HuntinfltPn MlllH. t*«,
Wentz Bros., Ambler, Ft,
Wentz, George A.. LlntborOi Md,
Wentz, Jesse M.. H«nQV#r, II. I, Fa,
Wentz, Walter E., Jr.. 10 W, laUfmoro Av«,,

Media, Pa.
Wentzel. Foster E., ll9Unigr0V«i Fii
Werner, Ralph F., BroclbPPl||, fi,
Wert, Harry E., Lewlshurtf. H, 1, Fi,
West Salem Canning Co (Mr MHPlTlflflWfl^

ey). West Salem. Wlw,
Wetzel, Harry, Hanovw, K. I, Fit
Wetzel, Leroy W., Hanover, n %, Fit
Wheeland, Chester C„ UUU Nui Uiwav XoMI.

Wllliamsport, Pa.
Whitacre. WilUam R . Hort, AldK., lillf

College, Pa.
Whltaker. Tristram CQ(f\n, Ortipn TrPd

Flower Gardens, 6.34.'l Qrfffmi ii,, dar>
mantown. Philadelphia 4li FA
Whitcomb, Paul H., Yoijl, |l, 4, Mtt

White. Don W., Cedarhurnt l^ani*, MWtuti

Conn.
White, Epley, Beljefonti, R, 1. Fi.
White. William L WiUUm M„ Comw*-!!

Heights, Pa.

White, W. R., 734 M(!K«« ii„ MiiU GdWm,
Pa.

Whltecraft. George W„ Iddlngton, f'tt
Whitenlght, Harold A., IwomiliMlg, A,

Pa.
Whitenight. Myron, 0ia M«rk«*t 0t„ ■loemi*

burg, Pa.
Whiteside, Norman E , OKfoirt, H, i, Fl
Wiggins. A. W.. Clarks HmimH, H I Fi-
Wiggins, Charles g., Albion, Pa,
Wildasin, Charlea h., Ilttuover, R, %, Fi*
Wildasln, Ezra, Hanovi^r, R, i, P$,
Wildasin, Henry. 28a W WalnMi if, ffin-

over. Pa.
Wildasin, J. Earl, Hanavtir, H 8, Pa,
WilheUn, H. W.. AbhotNIo d, (,>!,
Wilkinson, Harold, Uniukkhmngj n, t f*,
Wilkinson, Robert R., 70» Ih, Mih •Ifiti-

Harrisburg. Pa.
Williams. A. B. C. York •prlnfi, Fi,
Williams, L. A., York BriiiO««,R, UFi
Williams. Lewis, li <k
Williams, Oliver, V^imtm'

165, Pa.

Williams, Percy S . Cttmp MMI, H h ^A',
Williams, Dr R. W , &7ft7 If, Hh §i., P»^<<«'

delphia 20, Pa.
WiUits, James H„ MimrftuUmn, M,i'
WUlaon, John U., VaytttUt CHf, % h Fi/
Wilson, Earl W, l4^WHNHSf, %, $, PB*

Crittk, ^. h p'

— 88 —

WlliOlli Irvln L.. Hanover, H. a. Pa.
WtlirtS! Dr. J. J., H. J. Htlni Co.. PitUburifh,

WItBOh, WlUlatH H., Agricultural Extenilon
omce. Doylpstown, T>«.

Wluohester CanninK Co. (Norman Spain),
V(km\ WinchPHttM'. Ohio

Wlnebret\nrr i\)n\pany. D. K., Hanover, Fa.

WInpkft. Kll F.. Ued ia(»n. R. ?»?«;,„

Wlnupti, Solomon, FayottevlUe, n. 1. Pa.

Wink. WiUlB W.. Bristol. R. I. Pa,

WInkelblech. P. M.. Aaronsburg. Pa.

Wmorr Canning Company, The (C, R. Barn-
hart), Orclevlllr. Ohio

Wlnorr Cimnlng (\)n\pany. The (Howard
Mull). WauL'Pon. Ohio

Wintera, Oscar. 99H Carlisle St.. Hanover.

wWonstn Canneri Aaan.. (Marvin P. Ver-

hulst), 1003 Tenney Bldg.. Madlion, WU.
Wine. J. Harvey. Cononodore. Pa.
Wliherlie. Rubin, Hcllefonte, R. a. Pa,
Wlttennoldner, Louis, McKnlght Road. Mill-

viile, R. 4, Pa.
WItwer. Walter 8.. Qordonvtlle, R. 1. Pa.
Wohla^ituith. Rlohard, North Olrard. Pa.
Wohleber, Stephen. 'MWi Mt. Troy Road,

f^ fl , IMtUburuh 12. Pu.
Wolf, Alfred, New FriHMiom, R. 1. Pa.
Wolf, Mrs. Bltai. Spring Run Farm, Dreah-

pi, Pfl.
Wolf. Oeotge, New Freedom, R. 1. Pa.
Wolf. Ilnrold ».. York Springs, R. 1, Pa.
Wolf, Hniold and Wayne. York Springs, R.

1, Pn.
Wolf, Wllmer H., Qardners, R. a. Pa.
Wo
Wo
Wo
Wo
Wo
Wo
Wo
Wo
Wo
Wo

fe, ClBtence, ShickNhinny. R. 1. Pa,

ff>, Dorman E., DallaH, R. %, Pa.

fe, .lonai H., MHinpton, Pa.

fe, M triiKene, Spring Mills, Pa.

fe, WhIUm, DnllAN. R. 2, Pa.

fe, Wpodell R , MIfllinburg. R. 1, Pa.

gemuth, C. M., Mt. Jov, R. l, P«.

«emoth, .foseph M., Nit. Joy, Pa.

Heiouih, Joseph M., Mt. Joy, R. 1, Pa,

gemuth, L. H,, Mt. Joy, R. f, Pa.

Wonder, Oeotge k., Hanover, R. 3, Pa.
Wonder, Ralph H., Hanover, R. 3, Pa.
Wood, Mm. Richard D., 2100 Locust Street,

t'lilifolplphlH :\, Pa.
WooflnifT k Sons, F H , Inc., Mllford. Conn.
Wood^ ( Mins (banning Co. (V. E. Moss), Box

m. Clearn(>ld, IMah
Woods, K. Wllmer, R. D. 2, Box 23a-A, Con-

nejlsvllle. Pa.
Worcester Salt Company (Herman J. Fir-

stln). n.in No. Delaware Ave., Phtladel-

^ hia 2:1. Pa.

brk, Dr. Paul, 310 Elmwood Ave., Ithaca,

New V(»rk
Worklnger, Edward, Windsor, R. 1, Pa.
Worklnger, Joaeph, Red Lion, Pa.
Worklnger, W. (?.. Red Lion. Pa.
Wurley, Charles H., Hanover, R. 4, Pa.

WorralL Miss Harriet E., 3415 Race Street,

Phlladalpl\ia 4, Pa.
Woraaami Frank H., 124 Leon Ave., Nor-
wood, Pa.
Wotring. Warren T., Mertztown, R. 1, Pa.
Woinock, Andrew R., Berwick, R. 1, Pa.
Wright, Dr. F. W., 113 Elchelberger Street,

Hanovar, Pa.
Wright, Jaaptr H., Star Route, Huntingdon,

Pa.
Wright, Sidnay, 517 Northampton Street.

Kingston. Pa.
Wriltr, Richard. McAlisterville, Pa.
Wybla, Albert, Mlllersville, R. 1, Pa.
Yallok Bros., aSO Union St., Luzerne, Pa.
Vanoaik, William. Shickshinny, R. 2, Pa.
Yamall, Joaeph M.. Cochranville, R. 2, Pa.
Yaagla, John P., Bristol, R. 2, Pa.
Yaagla. Walter, Bristol. R. 2. Pa.
Yaagy, Ralph E., York Springs, R. 2, Pa.
Yaagy. R. E., York Springs, R. 2. Pa.
YearicK, Nevln A., Howard. Pa.
Yerger, Claude R., Apollo, R. 3, Pa.
Yerkea, Harry H., Oxford, R. 3, Pa.
Yarkea, Morris H., Southampton. Pa.
Yarkaa, William H., Jr., Buckingham. Pa.
Yottar, J. P., Buckingham Valley P. O..

Burks Countv. P«
Ylngllng, H. E.\ Spring Grove, R. 3, Pa.
Yodar, Harold O., Mechanlcsburg, R. 2. Pa.
Yoder, Ira L., Box 117, Middleburg, Pa.
Yodar, Jonaa, Boyertown, R. 2, Pa.
Yoder, Rufua W., P. O. Box 374, Salem, N. J.
Yohe, William J.. Spring Grove, R. 3, Pa.
Yohn, S. H., Dillsburff, R. 1. Pa.
Young, Clarence E., Lancaster, R. 2, Pa.
Young, Reader M., Washington Boro, Pa.
Yurlsn. Andrew. Pittston. R. 1, Pa.
Yurko nnd Martushck, 484 Church Street,

Swoyorvllle, Pa.
Zartman. Ervin, Spring Grove, R. 2, Pa.
Zehner, Warren F.. Sugar Loaf, Pa.
Zelbel, A. G., Ambridge, Pa.
Zelgler, Charles H., Freeland. Md.
Zeigler, Ralph R., Mlllheim, R. 1, Pa.
Zelgler, William G., Spring Grove, R. 1. Pa.
Zelecki, Walter, Benton, R. 1, Pa.
Zellari. Daniel E., Felton, R. 1, Pa.
Zepp, John. Jr., York Springs. R. 2, Pa.
Zerby, Henry, Mlllheim, Pa.
Zeveney, Al, Shickshinny. R. 2, Pa.
Zlealoft, J. Mm Jersey town. Pa.
Zimmerman, b. F., RIngtown, Pa.
Zimmerman, Harvey M.. Ephrata, R. 3, Pa.
Zlnk, George D., 432 Horace Ave.. Palmyra,

New Jersey
Zinn, Cheater A., York, R. 6, Pa.
Zook. Jacob. Oley, Pa.
Zook, Joel. Gap, R. 1, Pa.
Zook, Morris, Honey Brook, Pa.
Zook. Omar, Manatawny, Pa.
Zuber, Charles, Shickshinny, R. 1, Pa.
Zumbrum, Raymond H , Hanover, R. 2. Pa.

Are Your Ready?

Membership for 1946 is now acceptable: $1.00 a year or $1.25 with
the News (S issues) and 12 issues of the Market Growers Journal.
To avoid a lapse in the Market Growers Journal, send $5.00 for a
4-year membership with both the News and M. G. J., continuously.

Start now for 10*000 members in 1946.

— 89 —

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I'li

Ore Hill Orchards (Charles L. Paqkard),
R. D. 124M, Roaring Spring, Pa.

Orient, Louis. Bridgeville, Pa.

Orr, Boyd, Shickshinny, R. 2, Pa.

Orton. H. S., North East, Pa.

Orton. M. F., North East, Pa.

Orwig, David, New Freedom, R. 2. Pa.

Osseo Canning Co., Osseo, Wisconsin

Osthoff. Oscar W.. Bridgeville, R. 2, Pa.

Overdorff, Charles, Indiana, R. 4, Pa.

Overdorff, Paul R., Brush Valley, Pa.

Overdorff, Virgil. Indiana. R. 4. Pa.

Page and Son, Merle, North East, Pa.

Paschke, D. C, North East, Pa.

Patton, Rufus F., Harrisburg State Hospi-
tal Harrisburg, Pa.

Patton, Thomas H., 209 Agric. Bldg., State
Collese Pa

Payne, James, Brodbecks, R. 1, Pa.

Pearson, L. J., Hidden Valley Farm, New-
town, Pa.

Pedano, Anthony, 104 N. Woodland Avenue,
Aldon, Delaware County, Pa.

Peeling, W. E., Williamsport, R. 1, Pa.

Penn Valley Packing Co. (Fred Nardini),
Tamaqua, Pa.

Pennsylvania Industrial School, Hunting-
don, Pa.

Pentz, John R., York Springs, R. 1, Pa.

Pepper, Mrs. Franklin, Orefield St.. Phila-
delphia 18, Pa.

Pepper, Mrs. G. W., Devon, Pa.

Pf-pper, J. O., State College, Pa.

Perkowski, Walter, Benton, R. 1, Pa.

Perry, Joseph, Dallas, R. 3, Pa.

Peters, Wayne. Manheim, R. 2, Pa.

Pew, Mrs. John G., P.O. Box 23. Moylan.
Pa.

Pfahler, Clarence, Honey Brook, R. 1. Pa.

Pfahler. Frank J.. Catawissa, Pa.

Pfahler. William. Catawissa. Pa.

Phanco, Lee, 66 East St.. North East. Pa.

Phelps, Mrs. E. C. 2 Rydal Rd.. Jenkintown,
Pa.

Philp, Kenneth S., 682 Morrison Dr., Pitts-
burgh 16, Pa.

Phillips, J. Richard, Jr., & Sons, Berlin, Md.

Phillips Packing Co., Inc. (Charles Fuller.
Director), Department of Agriculture.
Cambridge, Md.

Piatt, George, Shickshinny, R. 2, Pa.

Pick, Charles W., Dalton, Pa.

Pierce Frank, North East, Pa.

Piper, Z. A., Dry Run, Pa.

Pitcher, B. L., Beechnut Packing Company,
Canajoharie, N. Y.

Pitzer, N. E., New Oxford, R. 2, Pa.

Pitzonka, Walter W., Pitzonka's Pansy
Farm, Box 211, Bristol, Pa.

Podehl. J. M., Box 115, Plainsville, Pa.

Poetker. W. A., Landon St., Lititz, Pa.

Pollock, G. B., Wyoming, R. 3, Pa.

Pollock, Walter. Holtwood. R. 2, Pa.

Polowchak, Mike, Berwick, R. 2, Pa.

Poorbaugh, H. J., Agricultural Extension
Assn., Pottsville. Pa.

Poorbaugh, Ray A., Quakertown, Pa.

Portland Packing Co., Albion, Maine

Port and Packing Co., Canton, Maine

Pnrt «!Jh o^'^tl^^ S°- t««^* Center. Maine
Port and Packing Co., Newport. Maine

SS^ ^"2 S^^^^i"^ ^O" Norway, Maine
S^^ ^^^5 g«^^ '^S Co., Oakland, Maine
Port and Packmg Co., Portland, Maine

?or 2!Jh S^'^ti"^ S°- U'^^^y- Maine
Pnri SSh S^^'t '^^ £°- W^s^ Minot. Maine
pSftiS"? Packmg Co.. Winthrop, Maine
Potter, Lawrence, Bristol, R. 2, Pa.

Powell, E. L., Jr., Omega Plant Farms, Inc.
Omega, Ga. '*

Powell, Frank, Bellefonte, Pa.

Powell, Mrs. Humbert Barton, Willowdale
Farm, Devon, Pa.

Powell, Lawrence, Tyburn Rd., Morrisville,
Pa.

Poyner, Ernest R., 4117 Kathland Avenue,
Baltimore, Md.

Prall, Elmer E., New Freedom, Pa.

Prebola, Andrew, Pittston, R. 1, Pa.

Pressler, C. D., Woodward, Pa.

Preston, Sam D., 448 W. Leicester St. Win-
chester, Va.

Price, Louis, 94 S. Landon St., Kingston, Pa.

Price, Sterl, Millheim, Pa.

Price, Victor, 432 Northampton St., Kings-
ton, Pa.

Price & Son, William J., 1405i Wyoming
Ave., Forty Fort, Pa.

Prock, Harry A., Camp Hill Road, White-
marsh, Pa.

Producers Co-op. Exchange, P. O. Box 168,
Coatesville, Pa.

Prosser, E. C, York Springs, R. 1, Pa.

Prutzman, C. R., Trucksville, R. 1, Pa.

Puglia Bros., Bristol, R. 2, Pa.

Quinn, T. D., North Girard, R. 1, Pa.

Rahn, Robert M., Geigertown, Pa.

Ranck, Howard G., Danville, R. 2, Pa.

Ranck, Wenger, Lancaster, R. 4, Pa.

Rapp, David B., Easton, R. 3, Pa.

Rarig, John W., Elysburg, R. 1, Pa.

Reath, Mrs. Thomas, Haws Lane, Chestnut
Hill, Philadelphia 18, Pa.

Rebennack, John, Dallas, R. 2, Pa.

Reber, Mrs. Vena R., New Oxford, R. 1, Pa.

Reed, Frank, 85 Fairview Ave., Morrisville,
Pa.

Reed, Guy S., Summit Station, R. 1, Pa.

Reeder, Joseph T., Catawissa, R. 2, Pa.

Reese, C. G., 1158 Broadway, Hanover. Pa.

Reever, Clarence. Seven Valleys, R. 2, Pa.

Reich, John D., Bellefonte, R. 1, Pa.

Reichard, Eben B., Fredonia, Pa.

Reid, Murdoch & Co. (M. S. Canaday), P.O.
Box 888, Rochester, Minn.

Reigle, R. M., 366 Philadelphia Ave.. Cham-
bersburg. Pa.

Relnecker, C. D., York Springs, R. 2, Pa.

Reinhart Brothers, Wild Hyacinth Farms,
Norristown, R. 4, Pa.

Reininger Farms, D. J., Stony Creek Mills, Pa.

Reisler. Malcolm P., Oxford, R. 3, Pa.

Renold, Charles H., Spring Grove, R. 3, Pa.

Renoll, Robert, Spring Grove, R. 2, Pa.

Resser, R. W., Spring Grove, R. 3, Pa.

Rex, E. G., Rutgers Alumni House, New
Brunswick, N. J.

Rexrode, D. L., York, R. 4. Pa.

Reynolds.A.Brinton. West Chester, R.4, Pa.

Reynolds, M. Cloud, Kennett Square. R. 1,
Pa.

Rhoads, S. B., Selinsgrove, Pa.

Rhone. William E., Allenwood, R. 1, Pa.

Rick, John, West Leesport, Pa.

Ridall, William, Town Hill, Pa.

Rife. Vernon, New Oxford, R. 2, Pa.

Rinehart, Lewis E., Spring Grove, R. 2, Pa.

Rinehart, L. M., Brodbecks. R. 1. Pa.

Rinehart. Maurice, Hanover, R. 3. Pa.

Rinehart, Paul. Gardners, R. 1, Pa.

Rinehart, William G., Spring Grove, R. 2,
Pa.

Rinker. Dave, East Berlin, R. 2, Pa.

Ripley. W. N., Harbor Creek, R. 1, Pa.

Ripple, Fred M.. 93 Cedar St., Mt. Union, Pa.

Rishel, Edward E., York, R. 4, Pa.

— 84 —

Risser. Jacob W., Lititz, R. 1, Pa.
R tter Ernest E., Winfield, R. 1, Pa.
Rivinus Mrs. E. F., 416 West Moreland Ave.,

Chestnut Hill. Philadelphia, Pa.
Roberts, Byron T., Marlton, N. J.
Robinson, Mrs. A. B., North East, Pa.
Robinson, Donald R., Sr., Altoona, R. 1, Box

111 Pa.
Rockview. Western Penitentiary (Library),

Bellefonte, Pa. . ^ ^ .

Rodale, J. I.. Editor, Organic Gardenmg,
Emmaus, Pa.

Rodes, Arthur B., York Springs, R. 2, Pa.

Roemhild. Albert C, 122 Dock St., Philadel-
phia, Pa.

Roever, W. E., W. Atlee Burpee Co. Ford-
hook Farms, Doylestown, Pa.

Rogers, Gerald, Bellefonte, Pa.

Rohrbach. A. C Catawissa, R. 2, Pa.

Rohrbaugh, Aaron D., Brodbecks, R. 1, Pa.

Rohrbaugh, C. B., Seven Valleys, R. 2, Pa.

Rohrbaugh. (?urvin L., Brodbecks, R. 1. Pa.

Rohrbaugh. D. A.. Spring Grove, R. 3, Pa.

Rohrbaugh, Earl. Spring Grove. R. 2, Pa.

Rohrbaugh. Edward. Hanover, R. 2. Pa.

Rohrbaugh. J. A., Spring Grove. R. 3. Pa.

Rohrbaugh. Samuel S., Brodbecks, R. 1, Pa.

Rohrer, B. Frank, Columbia, R. 2, Pa.

Rohrer, Jacob H.. Lancaster, R. 4, Pa.

Rohrer. Jacob N., Lancaster, R. 4, Pa.

Rohrer. P. L., Smoketown. Pa.

Rood. Carl. Sweet Valley, R. 1, Pa.

Rosbough, A. H., Engle Rd., Berea. Ohio

Rosenberger, Henry G., Chalfont, R. 1. Pa.

Ross. B. C, Lewisburg. R. 2. Pa.

Ross, P. A., 140 W. Corydon St., Bradford.
Pa.

Rosotti, Charles C, Executive V. President,
Rossotti Lithographing Co., 8511 Tonelle
Avenue, North Bergen, N. J.

Roth, John A., Jr., Spring Grove, R. 1, Pa.

Rothsville High School, Rothsville. Pa.

Rowe, D. G., Boonsboro, R. 2, Md.

Rowe, Edgar W.. Selinsgrove, R. 1, Pa.

Rowe, Paul, 206 Miller St., R. 1, Strasburg,
Pa.

Royer, E. R.. Lancaster, R. 3, Pa.

Rubincam, I. N., Jamison. Pa.

Ruby, John. Menges Mills, Pa.

Ruck, George, Huntingdon Valley, Pa.

Rudisill, Ralph, Spring Grove, R. 3. Pa.

Rudisill. Worley F.. 1634 W. Market Street.
York. Pa.

Rudisill. W. S.. Spring Grove. R. 1. Pa.

Rudolph. Joseph R., West Chester. Box 12,
Pa.

Ruhls Plant Farm, Lancaster, R. 5, Pa.

Rulland, J. A., Brodbecks, R. 1, Pa.

Runk, George A., Spring Grove, R. 1. Pa.

Runkel, Claude E., c/o Arthur Fasnacht,
Lebanon, R. 5. Pa.

Runkle. Archie. Red Lion. R. 1. Pa.

Runkle. Franklin, Gregg Twp., R. D., Spring
Mills, Pa.

Runninger, Ralph E., 71 S. Pearl St., Lan-
caster, Pa.

Runyan, Fuller S., 425 Walnut St., Milton,

Rupp. L. J., York Springs. R. 1, Pa.

Ruppert, John L., Spring Grove, R. 3, Pa.

Rutecki, William, Bristol, R. 2, Pa.

Ruth, John F., Stouchburg, Pa.

Ruth, William A.. Spring Grove, R. 1, Pa.

Ryan, William H., York, R. 1, Pa.

Ryman, Ross, Bloomsburg, R. 3, Pa.

5>abatme, Mike, 420 Washington St., Bristol,
r^a.

Sampsel, Harold, Bellefonte. R. 2, Pa.

Sanders, Guy S., Gettysburg, R. 5, Pa.

Sanders, Wilbur, Millers, Md.

Sanger, Paul E., Myerstown, R. 2, Pa.

Sansoni, Romano, Hatboro, Pa.

Sapitowicz, John J., 279 Plains Rd., Milford,
Conn.

Sarandrea, Joseph, Hulmeville Rd., Croy-
don, R. 1, Pa.

Sauder, Amos H., Ephrata, R. 2, Pa.

Sauders, Willis W., Columbia, R. 2, Pa.

Saulsbury Bros., Inc. (O. Saulsbury), Ridge-
ly, Md.

Saylor, Samuel, Hellertown, R. 1, Pa.

Schaefer, George E., York, R. 5, Pa.

Schantz, Louis, Orefleld, R. 1, Pa.

Schapansky, H. D., Cochranville, R. 1, Pa.

Schell, Inc., Walter S., 10th & Market Sts.,
Harrisburg, Pa.

Schlegel, Paul N., Boyertown, R. 2, Pa.

Schmidt, Charles M., Virginia-Carolina
Fertilizer Co., Carteret, N. J.

Schmidt, Dietrick, Muncy, R. 3, Pa.

Schmitt, R. P., Dunsville, Va.

Schock, Isiah, Washington Boro, R. 1, Pa.

Schock, John M., Washington Boro, R. 1, Pa.

Schoomaker, James, Red Lion, R. 1, Pa.

Schrope, J .m, Heglns, Pa.

Schultz, A. A., Box 232, Reading, Pa.

Schultz, John, North East, Pa.

Schultz, Joseph R., Bloomsburg, R. 1, Pa.

Schultz, Roy, Willow Street, R. 1, Pa.

Schuman, Ralph D., Hanover, R. 3, Pa.

Schwartz, John W., Littlestown, R. 1, Pa.

Sciford, William, E. Middle Rd., North East,
Pa.

Scouller, James, North East, Pa.

Seaks, Mrs. Annie, Stewartstown, R. 2, Pa.

Seaimans, Kenneth, Factoryville, Pa.

Seaton, H. L., 4645 West Grand Ave., Chi-
cago 39, 111.

Sechrist, William, Brodbecks, R. 1, Pa

Sehlmeyer, Alex E., 90 Jackson Ave., Rock-
ville Centre, L. I., N. Y.

Seitz, Howard B., Rohrerstown, Pa.

Seltz, John B., Rohrerstown, Pa.

Sell, J. Clyde, Martinsburg, R. 1, Pa.

Seniowskl, John, Mapledale Ave., Orange,
Conn.

Sensenig, George, Millersville, R. 1, Pa.

Sergent, A. S., Pikesville, Md.

Sermarinl, Caspar, Stevenson Lane, Torres-
dale, Pa.

Shaak, Leroy R., Sheridan, R. 1, Pa.

Shaffer. David H., West Point, Pa.

Shaffer, Edman, Spring Grove, R. 2, Pa.

Shaffer, H. B., Box 42, Utica, Pa.

Shaffer, Herbert W., Hanover, R. 1, Pa.

Shaffer, I. M., Line Lexington, Pa.

Shaffer, Milton R., Dlllsburg, R. 1, Pa.

Shaffer, Raymond J., Seven Valleys, R.l,Pa.

Shaffer, R. E., Hanover, R. 3, Pa.

Shaffer, Vernon L., Brodbecks, Pa.

Shallcross, Clarence, Bustleton Ave.. Frank-
ford, Philadelphia, Pa.

Shank, Amos, Hanover, R. 3, Pa.

Shank, D. W., York Springs, R. 1, Pa.

Shank, Jacob D., Hanover, R. 3, Pa.

Shank, Walter L., Lancaster. R. 6, Pa.

Sharp, E. F., York, R. 6, Pa.

Sharp, Raymond J., York, R. 6, Pa.

Shattuck, J. H., R. 5, Erie, Pa.

Shaub, Alvin, New Freedom, Pa.

Shaull, E. E., Felton, R. 1, Pa.

Shaw Manufacturing Co. (S. W. Shaw, Gen-
eral Manager), Galesburg, Kansas

Sheadle, John E., Williamsport, R. 1, Pa.

Sheaflfer, Abram R., Lancaster, R. 2, Pa.

Shearer, Edwin B., Spring Grove, R. 1, Pa.

— 85 —

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• I

• .

•

Shearer. Elmer, Mt. Joy. R. 1. Pa.

Shearer. John E.. York. R. )., Pa.

Shearer, M. J.. Spring Grove. R. 1, Pa.

Shearer, J. Warren, 426 W. Penn Ave., Wer-
nersville, Pa.

Shelly, Ephriam S., Manheim, R. 1, Pa.

Shelmire, Howard, New Britain, Pa.

Shenberger, George H., York, R. 4, Pa.

Shenk, Amos, Masonic Home, Elizabeth-
town, Pa.

Shenk, Clayton H., Lancaster, R. 6, Pa.

Shenk, Clayton R., Washington Boro, R. 1,
Pa.

Shenk, D. W., Conestoga Terrace, Lancas-
ter, R. 6, Pa.

Shenk, Henry E., Manheim, R. 1, Pa.

Shenk, John S., Lancaster, R. 6, Pa.

Shenk, Robert, Lancaster, R. 6, Pa.

Shenot. Earl S., Wexford. Pa.

Sheppard, R. H.. Hanover. Pa.

Sherman. O. M.. c/o The Arlington, Oil City,
Pa.

Shertzer, Richard W., Lancaster, R. 2, Pa.

Shertzer, Robert L., Lancaster, R. 4, Pa.

Shettel, Randall, Mechanicsburg, R. 3, Pa.

Shettle, George D., York. R. 4, Pa.

Shifriss, Oved, W. Atlee Burpee Co., Doyles-
town. Pa.

Shipman, B. L., Muncy, R. 4, Pa.

Shirk Amos M., Columbia, R. 2, Pa.

Shirk, Harry J., East Earl, R. 1, Pa.

Shisler Bros., General Delivery, Glen Olden,
Pa.

Shive, Martin L., Seven Valleys, R. 1, Pa.

Shive, Theodore, Spring Grove, R. 2, Pa.

Shoemaker, E. H., Bristol, Pa.

Shoemaker, Ralph E., Littlestown, R. 1, Fa.

Shorb, Harry, Hanover, R. 2, Pa.

Shorb, Paul, Hanover. R. 2. Pa.

Shue, John, Hanover. R. 2, Pa.

Shuler, Jack, 237 Centennial Ave., Hanover,
Pa.

Shultz, Henry H„ Catawissa, R. 2, Pa.

Shuman, Dora, Maryland Line, Md.

Shutt, H. B., 315 York St.. Hanover, Pa.

Shutt, G. LeRoy, Chalfont, Pa.

Sickler, Cecil, Dallas. R. 3, Pa.

Sidebotham, Frank, State Road, Andalusia,
Pa.

Siegrest, Norman H., Columbia, R. 1, Pa.

Simons, John W.. Jr., Knights Rd., Torres-
dale, Philadelphia, Pa.

Simpson, John, Finleyville, R. 1, Box 33, Pa.

Sinclair, John S., Riverside, R. 1, Box 60B,
Club Road. Conn.

Singer, Amos, Lancaster, R. 6, Pa.

Sipe, M. L., McClure, R. 1, Pa.

Slamp, H. S., Thomas Roberts & Co., 135 So.
Second St.. Philadelphia 6. Pa.

Slaymaker, Clyde J., Strasburg, R. 1, Pa.

Slegel, Harry W., Birdsboro, R. 1, Pa.

Sloan. Thomas C, Oxford. R. 3. Pa.

Slusser. Floyd C. Nescopeck. R. 1. Pa.

Smalley. L. R., Seabrook Farms, Bridgeton,
N. J.

Smeltzer, Emory, Windsor, R. 1, Pa.

Smith, Clemon A., Nescopeck, R. D., Pa

Smith. Edgar J., York Springs, R. 2, Pa.

Smith, Edward T., New Oxford, R. 2. Pa.

Smith, Francis P., Hanover, R. 3. Pa.

Smith, G. E., Bethlehem, R. 4, Pa.

Smith, Harper, Gardners, R. 1, Pa.

Smith, Harry M., Bellefonte, R. 2, Pa.

Smith, John, York Springs, R. 2, Pa.

Smith, John Brady, "The Patch," Wilming-
ton, R. 1, Del.

Smith. Karl A., York, R. 6, Pa.

Smith, Oscar H., Myerstown, R. 3, Pa.

Smith, Peter, Shickshinny, R. 1, Pa.

Smith, Philip S., Laughlintown, Pa.
Smith, R. B., 1001 Mt. Vernon Ave , Hunt.

ingdon. Pa.
Smith, R. M., Agricultural Extension Assn

Tionesta, Pa.
Smith, Ray W., Lebanon, R. 5, Pa.
Smith, Robert W.. Felton, R. 1, Pa.
Smith, Russell, Shrewsbury, Pa.
Smith, Timothy, Hanover, R. 3, Pa.
Smith, W. H., Spring Grove, R. 3, Pa.
Smith Canning Co., Pendleton, Ore.
Smozinsky, R. C, Lewisburg, R. 3, Pa.
Smucker, Benuel, Lancaster, R. 5, Pa.
Snader, Jacob Z.. East Earl, R. 1, Pa.
Snavely. Harry H., Willow Street, R. 1, Pa.
Sneeringer, Paul. New Oxford. R. 2, Pa.
Snider Packing Div., General Foods Corp

(H. W. Slocum) , Mt. Morris, N. Y.
Snider Packing Div. (Walter Enzie) , Albion.

N. Y.
Snyder, Carl, Elysburg, R. 1, Pa.
Snyder, Charles, 514 Linden Ave., York, Pa
Snyder, George H., Dallas, R. 3, Pa.
Snyder, Guy, Lehighton, R. 2, Pa.
Snyder, John B.. Columbia, R. 1, Pa.
Snyder, Kenneth, Muncy, R. 1, Pa.
Snyder, M. Luther, York, R. 6, Pa.
Snyder, Robert J., Lebanon, R. 1, Pa.
Snyder, Roy, Lewisburg, R. 2, Pa.
Snyder, Victor C, Pitman, Pa.
Solly. Walter J., Ivyland, Pa.
Sorber, William, Shickshinny, R. 1, Pa.
Southampton Nurseries. Southampton. Pa.
Southern Packing Co., Inc. (W. E. Lamble,

Jr.), Fell St., Baltimore 31. Md.
Spahr. Morgan E., Thomasville, R. 1, Pa.
Spangler. John M., Spring Grove, R. 3, Prf.
Specca, David, By berry Road, Torresdale

14, Philadelphia, Pa.
Specca, Romeo, Byberry Road, Torresdale,

Philadelphia, Pa.
Spencer, C. J., Dalton, R. 2, Pa.
Spertzel, Ernest, Gardners, R. 2, Pa,
Spertzel, Paul. York Springs, R. 1, Pa.
Sprenkle. Harry, Menges Mills, Pa.
Spruance, Preston Lea, Greenville Del.
Spruance, Mrs. W. C, 2507 West 17th St..

Wilmington 73, Del.
Spyker, Robert N., Reading, R. 2, Pa.
Sray, William, McDonald, R. 2, Pa.
Stackhouse. Arthur H., Yardley, Pa.
Stafford, Edward E., 6419 Pinehurst Road,

Baltimore 12. Md.
Stahl, William. Lewisburg, R. 2, Pa.
Stalder, Anna, Ivyland, Pa.
Stambaugh, Fred, Alum Bank, Pa.
Stambaugh, Herman, Thomasville, R. 2. Pa.
Stambaugh, M. J., Spring Grove, R. 1, Pa.
Stanton, J. Laird, Pttston, R. 1, Pa.
Stanton, Lee. Pittston. R. 1, Pa.
Stare, Paul, Woodbury, Pa.
Starner. A. H., Gardners, R. 2, Pa.
Starr, Chester, Three Springs, Pa.
Starry, N. D., York Springs, R. 1, Pa.
States Trucking, Croydon, R. 1, Pa.
Stauffer. Harry W., Hellam, R. 1, Pa.
StaufTer, Phares B., New Holland, R. 2, Pa.
Stauflfer, R. C, Hanover. R. 3. Pa.
StaufTer, William B.. Kutztown. R. 3. Pa.
Stcigerwalt. Ralph R.. Lehighton. R. 2, Pa.
Sterner. Curvin G.. Spring Grove, R. 3, Pa.
Sterner, Gordon M., Hanover, R. 2, Pa.
Sterner, Maggie T., Spring Grove. R. 2, Pa.
Sterner. Mrs. Sadie T.. Hanover. R. 2, Pa.
Sterns, Guy, Bellefonte, R. 1, Pa.
Stevenson, H. F., Waverly, Pa.
Stewart. M. M., 1701 N. Front St., Harris-
burg, Pa.
Stine, John H., Seven Valleys, Pa.

— 86 —

qtitzel, G. Vance, Gardners, R. 1. Pa.

St Marys Packing Company, The (Paul
korn), Delphos. Ohio

St. Mary's Packing Co. (J. J. Reynolds) ,
Holgate, Ohio

St Mary's Packing Co. (J. Swanger) , Ohio
Bldg.. Sydney, Ohio

Stock. John. Martinsburg. R. 2, Pa.

Stokeiy Foods. Inc. (W. C. Pressing). Cel-
ine., Ohio ^ ^ ._ ,, ^. .

Stokeiy Foods. Inc.. Norwalk. Ohio

Stokeiy Foods. Inc.. Plain City, Ohio

Stokeiy Foods, Inc.. West Jefferson. Ohio

Stoker. William, Red Lion Rd.. Torresdale,
Philadelphia 14, Pa. „ „ „

StolUfus, Amos E., Elverson, R. 2, Pa.

Stoltzfiis, Amos E. & Stephen B. Stoltzfus,
Elverson, R. 2, Pa. „ « ,^

Stoltzfus, Benjamin F., Elverson, R. 2, Pa.

Stoltzfus, David G., Bird-in-Hand, Pa.

Stoltzfus, Emanuel, Elverson, Pa.

Stoltzfus. Fred D., Elverson, R. 2, Pa.

Stoltzfus. Israel. Kirkwood. R. 1, Pa.

Stoltzfus. Job. Elverson. R. 2. Pa.

Stoltzfus. John E.. Narvon, R. 1. Pa.

Stoltzfus, John J.. Elverson. R. 1, Pa.

Stoltzfus. Levi E.. Narvon, R. 1, Pa.

Stoltzfus, Moses. Elverson. R. 2. Pa.

Stoltzfus. Paul S.. Leola. Pa.

Stoltzfus, Samuel F.. Morgantown. Pa.

Stoltzfus, Stephen E.. Elverson. R. 2, Pa.

Stoltzfus, Urie, Elverson. R. 2. Pa.

Stoltzfus. William. Bareville. R. 1. Pa.

Stone. Harry E., Burnside Ave, Norristown,

R 1 Pa.

Stonebraker, Kenneth. Indiana. R. 1, Pa.

Stonerook. D. I.. Martinsburg. R. 1. Pa.

Stoppard. Russell L.. Dover. R. 1, Pa.

Stottlemyer. A. B.. Paradise. R. 1, Pa.

Stouck, Wilford, York, R. 1, Pa.

Stough. C. Paul. York. R. 4. Pa.

Stough. Ivan, Glen Rock, R. 2, Pa.

Stough. Richard S.. Dover. R. 2, Pa.

Stough. W. H.. York, R. 1. Pa.

Stough. William J.. Thomasville. R. 1. Pa.

Stout. C. F. C, Room 601, 1600 Arch Street,
Philadelphia 3, Pa.

Stout, G. J., State College, Pa.

Stover. Allen, Spring Grove, R. 1, Pa.

Stover, Harry, Hanover, R. 3, Pa.

Stover. Kermit F., Smullton, Pa.

Stover. J. Philip, Bellefonte, R. 2. Pa.

Stradzus. Walter, Shickshinny, R. 2. Pa.

Strausbaugh. George S., Hanover. R. 3. Pa.

Strausbaugh, Norman H.. Hanover. R. 2. Pa.

Strayer. Dale, New Oxford. R. 1. Pa.

Stremmel. Joseph, Spring Grove. R. 2, Pa.

Strewig. Clarence, Glen Rock. R. D.. Pa.

Strock. Clark S.. Springtown, Pa.

Strong, Samuel Z., Mechanicsburg. R. 3, Pa.

Strong, W. O.. Farm School. Pa.

Struble. Jay. Bellefonte. Pa.

Stryker, E. E.. Montgomery. R. 2. Pa

Stutzman. Guy, Indiana, R. 4. Pa.

Stutzman, Louis D., Homer City. R. 1, Pa.

Stutzman. R. B.. Cramer. Pa.

Sudds. R. H.. Dept. of Horticulture. Mor-
gantown. W. Va.

Sunday. W. P., York. R. 4. Pa.

Surgent Bros.. Freehold. R. 3. N. J.

Sutliff, E. Dana. Shickshinny. R. 1, Pa.

Sutliflf, Frank. Shickshinny, R. 2, Pa.

Sutliff, Willard, Shickshinny. Pa.

Sutter, John, 470 Orange St.. Forty Fort. Pa.

Sutter. John. 47 Owens St.. Forty Fort. Pa.

5>wartley. Howard H., Blooming Glen, Bucks
County, Pa.

Swartwood, Morris, Dalton, R. 2, Pa.

owartz, Charles, New Freedom, R. 2. Pa.

Swartz, C. M., Gardners, R. 1, Pa.

Swartz, John, Spring Grove, R. 3, Pa.

Swartzentruber, Allen, Mertztown, R. 1, Pa.

Sweitzer, Carroll H., New Freedom, R. 2, Pa.

Sweitzer, Clayton A., Marietta, R. 1, Pa.

Swemly, Willis J.. Hanover, R. 3, Pa.

Switzer, John, Pittston, R. 1, Pa.

Sytnik, Carl. Yardley. R. 1, Pa.

Szklenski, Frank, Harbor Creek, Pa.

Szolack, Joseph, Twin Maple Farm, New-
town, Pa.

Taylor & Caldwell, Inc. (H. P. Taylor) , Wal-
kerton, Va.

Taylor, Ferman, Shickshinny, R. 2, Pa.

Taylor. Lloyd, Homer City, R. 2, Pa.

Tebbs, Fred, Jr., Montgomery, R. 1, Pa.

Teter, Guy, Zions Grove, Pa.

Thoman, Earl, Spring Grove, R. 3, Pa.

Thomas & Company (E. F. Thomas). 71 E.
South St.. Frederick. Md.)

Thomas & Company (G. F. Thomas), 71 E.
South St., Frederick, Md.

Thomas, A. L., East Berlin. R. 2. Pa.

Thomas. Charles E.. 558 Grove Ave., Johns-
town, Pa.

Thomas, Clayton N., Lancaster, R. 6, Pa.

Thomas, D. E., Orangeville, R. 1, Pa.

Thomas, Earl, Spring Grove, R. 3, Pa.

Thomas, Lester, Spring Grove, R. 3. Pa.

Thomas. William A., Y.M.C.A., Tyrone. Pa.

Thompson, Alvan C, Morrisville, R. 1, Pa.

Thompson, John C, Richboro Road, R. D. 2,
Newtown. Pa. ^ „

Thompson, Nelson H., Williamsport, R. 1, Pa.

Thompson, Robert, Clarks Summit, R. 2. Pa^

Thompson. W. R. & H. X, Williamsport, R. 1,
Pa.

Thuma, B. E., Marietta, R. 1, Pa.

Tomlinson. Robert K., Westtown School,
Westtown. Pa.

Tomlinson, Samuel F., Newtown, R. 1, Pa.

Topper, Paul H., Gettysburg, R. 4, Pa.

Torsch Canning Co. (F. A. Torsch), Balti-
more, Md.

Tracey, J. Earle, Freeland, Md.

Trask, Mrs. John E. D., 2024 Spruce Street,
Philadelphia 3, Pa.

Trauger, H. A., Torrance, Pa.

Trax & Sons, R. L., Library, Pa.

Tressler, Dean, Bellefonte, R. 2, Pa.

Tressler, Frank, Conyngham, Pa.

Tressler, Harrison, Bellefonte, R. 2, Pa.

Tressler, John, Sybertsville, Pa.

Tri-State Packers' Assn., Inc. (Frank M.
Shook), Box 738, Easton, Md.

Trone, Arthur H., Spring Grove. R. 2. Pa.

Trone. John C Spring Grove. R. 2, Pa.

Trostle, Harry E., York Springs, R. 1, Pa.

Trout, Roy H., Stewartstown, R. 3, Pa.

Tunnell & Company, Inc.. F. W. (G. R. Mar-
shall. Jr.), 15 North Fifth St., Philadel-
phia 6, Pa.

Turnbach, Charles, Sugarloaf, R. D., Pa.

Twining, N. Stanley, Newtown, R. 1. Pa.

Twins, Motor, 240 S. Main St., Wilkes-Barre,
Pa.

Twist, Frank S., 464 Third St., Northumber-
land, Pa.

Tyson, Edwin C, Flora Dale, Pa.

Tyson, Henry, Lititz, R. 3, Pa.

Tyson, John I., Red Lion, R. 1, Pa.

Ulrich, William, 923 S. 17th St., Harrlsburg,
Pa.

Umberger, P. W., 199 Walnut St.. Lebanon,
Pa.

Underwood, F. O., Garden Seed Service Co-
operative, G.L.F. Mills, Inc., 1001 W. Sen-
eca St., Ithaca, N. Y.

Updyke, Fred, Hunlock Creek, R. 1, Pa.

, f

i> ill

87 —

Utz. Harold R., Hanover, R. 2. Pa.
Vandenberg, G. B., Rohm & Haas Co., Bris-
tol, Pa.
Van Tuyle, Harold, Pittston, R. 1, Pa.
Van Tuyle, Leon C, Pittston, R. 1, Pa.
Van Tuyle, Jack, Pittston, R. 1, Pa.
Vargo, Stephen, Jr., Newtown, R. D., Pa.
Vaughan's Seed Store (C. F. Keegan), 47-49

Barclay St., New York 7, N. Y.
Veith, Adam, Falls, Pa.

Vogelear, Martin, River Ridge Farm, Frank-
lin, Pa.
Voight, M. J., 613 East Main St., Waupun,

Wis.
Vonada, Miles, Bellefonte, R. 2, Pa.
Vosler, E. B., Hunlock Creek, R. 1, Pa.
Wagaman, Maurice L., Abbottstown, R. 1,

Mills, Pa.
Walp, Fred, Drums, Pa.
Walsh, James, Spring Grove, R, 1, Pa.
Walter, Carl M., Claysburg, R. 1, Pa.
Walters, Woodrow W., Seven Valleys, R. 2,

Pa.
WaltersdorfT, Norman W,, Menges Mills. Pa.
Waltersdorf, M. J., Mt. Wolf, R. 1, Pa.
Waltz, R. G., Norristown , Pa.
Wandel, Blaine, Shickshinny, R. 1, Pa.
Warehime, Alan, Hanover, Pa.
Warfel, B. S., Drumore, R. 1, Pa.
Warfield, Edwin, Jr., Woodbine. Md.
War Manpower Commission, 1835 N. Third

St., Harrisburg, Pa.
Warner, Clarence E., Hanover, R. 3, Pa.
Warner, Clark, Hanover, R. 2, Pa.
Warner, George A,, Hanover, R. 2, Pa.
Warner, Milton M., Brodbecks, R. 1, Pa.
Warner Ralph, Brodbecks. R. 1, Pa.
Warren State Hospital (Library), North

^Varren Pa
Wassell, Mrs. William S., 133 Old Gulph Rd.,

Wynnewood, Pa.
Wasson, E. G., State College, R. 1, Pa.
Wasson, James E., Box 26, Madisonburg, Pa.
Watkins, R. G., Box 128, Wilkes-Barre, Pa

Watts, Gilbert S., Bellwood, Pa.

Watts, James M., Woodville State Hospital.
Woodvllle, Pa.

Watts, R. L., 225 E. Foster Ave., State Col-
lege, Pa.

Waupun Canning Company, Waupun. Wis.

Way, Charles H., Bellefonte. R. 2, Pa.

Weaver, Frank L., Bird-in-Hand, Pa.

Weaver, Harry H., Ephrata, R. 2, Pa.

Weaver, Ivan G., Lebanon, R. 5, Pa.

Weaver, James E., New Oxford, R. 2, Pa.

Weaver, Lewis, York, R. 1, Pa.

Weaver, L. O., Buckhout Lab.. State Col-
lege Pa

Weaver, Levi A., 362 West Main St., New
Holland, Pa.

Weaver, Levi M., Lancaster, R. 3, Pa.

Weaver, Merril, Bellefonte, R. 2, Pa

Weaver, Mervin, Littlestown, R. 2, Pa

Weaver, Paul, Quarryville, Pa.

Weaver, Stanley J., 139 Second St., Cata-
sauqua. Pa.

Weaver, Willas, Mt. Joy, R. 1, Pa.

Weber, Charles E., HoUidaysburg, R. l, Pg

Weber, George G., Federal Bldg., York Pa

Weber, Stanford, Bellefonte, R. 2, Pa.

Weichel, John H., 505 W. Walnut St., Lan-
caster. Pa.

Weight, George E., Bellefonte, R. 1, Pa.

Weigle, Meade, Mechanicsburg, R. 2, Pa

Weikert, M. D., Gettysburg, R. 5, Pa.

Weinschenk, J. I., New Castle, R. 1, Pa.

Weitzel, Harry M., Mechanicsburg, R. 3, pj

Welch Grape Juice Company, The (R. h
Morgenstern), Westfield, N. Y.

Wenger, Allen W., Lebanon, R. 1, Pa.

Wenker, Harold E., Welsh Rd., Bustleton
Philadelphia 15, Pa.

Wenker, Ray W., Bustleton, Philadelphia
15. Pa.

Wenker. William, Welsh Road, Bustleton
Philadelphia 15, Pa.

Wenner, John, Huntington Mills, Pa.

Wentz Bros., Ambler, Pa.

Wentz, George A., Lineboro, Md.

Wentz, Jesse M., Hanover, R, 2, Pa.

Wentz, Walter E., Jr., 19 W. Baltimore Ave..
Media, Pa.

W^entzel, Foster E., Selinsgrove, Pa.

Werner, Ralph F., Brodbecks, Pa.

Wert, Harry E., Lewisburg, R. 1, Pa.

West Salem Canning Co. (Mr. MacEldown-
ey). West Salem, Wis.

Wetzel, Harry, Hanover, R. 2, Pa.

Wetzel, Leroy W., Hanover, R. 2, Pa.

Wheeland, Chester C, 1400 Northway Road.
Williamsport, Pa.

Whitacre, William R., Hort. Bldg., State
College, Pa.

Whitaker. Tristram Coffin, Green Tree
Flower Gardens. 5343 Greene St., Ger-
mantown. Philadelphia 44, Pa.

Whitcomb, Paul H., York, R. 4, Pa.

White, Don W., Cedarhurst Lane. Milford.
Conn.

White. Epley. Bellefonte. R. 3. Pa.

White, William & William B., Comwell
Heights, Pa.

White, W. R., 734 McKee St.. State College.
Pa.

Whitecraft. George W.. Eddlngton, Pa.

Whitenight. Harold A.. Bloomsburg, R. 1.
Pa.

Whitenight. Myron, 816 Market St., Blooms-
burg, Pa.

Whiteside, Norman E., Oxford, R. 2, Pa

Wiggins, A. W., Clarks Summit, R. 2, Pa.

Wiggins. Charles S., Albion, Pa.

Wildasin, Charles L., Hanover, R. 2, Pa.

Wildasln, Ezra, Hanover, R. 3, Pa.

Wildasin, Henry, 286 W. Walnut St., Han-
over, Pa.

Wildasin, J. Earl, Hanover, R. 2, Pa.

Wilhelm, H. W., Abbottstown, R. 1. Pa.

Wilkinson, Harold. Shickshinny, R. 2. Pa.

Wilkinson, Robert R., 703 So. 25th Street.
Harrisburg, Pa.

Williams, A. B. C, York Springs, Pa.

Williams, L. A., York Springs, R. 1, Pa.

Williams, Lewis. Hunlock Creek, R. 1. Pa-
Williams, Oliver, Wilkes-Barre. R. 1. Bo.v
165, Pa.

Williams. Percy S., Camp Hill. R. 1. Pa.

Williams. Dr. R. W., 5757 N. 5th St., Phila-
delphia 20, Pa.

Wlllits, James H., Moorestown, N. J.

Wlllson, John M., Fayette City, R. 1. Pa-
Wilson, Earl F. Lancaster, R. 6, Pa.

— 88 —

Wilson, Irvln L., Hanover, R. 2, Pa.
Wilson, Dr. J. J., H. J. Heinz Co., Pittsburgh,

Pa.
Wilson, William H., Agricultural Extension

Office, Doylestown, Pa.
Winchester Canning Co. (Norman Spain),

Canal Winchester, Ohio
Winebrenner Company, D. E., Hanover, Fa.
Wineka, Eli F., Red Lion, R. 2, Pa.
Wingert, Solomon, Fayetteville, R. 1, Pa.
Wink, Willis W., Bristol, R. 1, Pa.
Winkelblech, P. M., Aaronsburg, Pa.
Winorr Canning Company, The (C. R. Barn-

hart), Circlevllle, Ohio
Winorr Canning Company, The (Howard

Moll), Wauseon, Ohio
Winters, Oscar, 998 Carlisle St., Hanover,

Pa.

Wisconsin Canners Assn., (Marvin P. Ver-
hulst), 1003 Tenney Bldg.. Madison, Wis.

Wise. J. Harvey. Commodore, Pa.

Witherite, Rubin, Bellefonte, R. 2, Pa.

Wittensoldner, Louis, McKnight Road, Mill-
vale, R. 4, Pa.

Witwer, Walter S., Gordonvllle, R. 1, Pa.

Wohlgemuth. Richard. North Girard, Pa.

Wohleber. Stephen. 3064 Mt. Troy Road,
N. S., Pittsburgh 12, Pa.

Wolf. Alfred, New Freedom. R. 1. Pa.

Wolf. Mrs. Elias, Spring Run Farm, Dresh-
er Pa.

Wolf. George. New Freedom. R. 1, Pa.

Wolf. Harold E.. York Springs. R. 1, Pa.

Wolf. Harold and Wayne, York Springs. R.
1 Pa.

Wolf. Wilmer H., Gardners, R. 2. Pa.

Wolfe, Clarence. Shickshinny, R. 1, Pa.

Wolfe, Dorman E., Dallas, R. 2, Pa.

Wolfe. Jonas H., Hampton, Pa.

Wolfe, R. Eugene, Spring Mills, Pa.

Wolfe, Walter, Dallas, R. 2, Pa.

Wolfe, Wendell R., Mifflinburg, R. 1, Pa.

Wolgemuth. C. M., Mt. Joy, R. 1, Pa.

Wolgemuth, Joseph M., Mt. Joy, Pa.

Wolgemuth, Joseph M., Mt. Joy, R. 1, Pa.

.Wolgemuth, L. H., Mt. Joy, R. 1, Pa.

Wonder, George E., Hanover, R. 3, Pa.

Wonder, Ralph H., Hanover, R. 3, Pa.

Wood, Mrs. Richard D., 2100 Locust Street,
Philadelphia 3, Pa.

Woodruflf & Sons, F. H., Inc., Milford. Conn.

Woods Cross Canning Co. (V. E. Moss). Box
127, Clearfield, Utah

Woods. E. Wilmer, R. D. 2, Box 232-A, Con-
nellsville. Pa.

Worcester Salt Company (Herman J. Fir-
stin), 939 No. Delaware Ave., Philadel-
phia 23, Pa.

Work. Dr. Paul, 310 Elmwood Ave., Ithaca,
New York

Workinger, Edward. Windsor. R. 1. Pa.

Worklnger, Joseph, Red Lion, Pa.

Workinger, W. C, Red Lion, Pa.

Worley, Charles H., Hanover, R. 4. Pa.

Worrell, Miss Harriet E., 3415 Race Street,

Philadelphia 4, Pa.
Worssam, Frank H., 124 Leon Ave., Nor-
wood, Pa.
Wotring, Warren T., Mertztown, R. 1, Pa.
Woznock, Andrew R., Berwick, R. 1, Pa.
Wright, Dr. F. W., 113 Eichelberger Street,

Hanover, Pa.
Wright, Jasper H., Star Route, Huntingdon.

Pa.
Wright, Sidney, 517 Northampton Street,

Kingston, Pa.
Writer, Richard, McAlisterville, Pa.
Wyble, Albert, Millersville, R. 1, Pa.
Yalick Bros., 250 Union St., Luzerne, Pa.
Yanosik, William, Shickshinny, R. 2, Pa.
Yamall, Joseph M., Cochranville, R. 2, Pa.
Yeagle, John P., Bristol, R. 2, Pa.
Yeagle, Walter, Bristol, R. 2, Pa.
Yeagy, Ralph E., York Springs. R. 2, Pa.
Yeagy, R. E., York Springs, R. 2, Pa.
Yearick, Nevin A., Howard, Pa.
Yerger, Claude R., Apollo, R. 3, Pa.
Yerkes, Harry H., Oxford, R. 3, Pa.
Yerkes, Morris H., Southampton. Pa.
Yerkes, William H., Jr., Buckingham. Pa.
Yetter, J. F., Buckingham Valley P. O.,

Bucks County, Pa.
Yingling, H. E.. Spring Grove. R. 3, Pa.
Yoder, Harold O., Mechanicsburg, R. 2. Pa.
Yoder, Ira L., Box 117, Middleburg, Pa.
Yoder, Jonas, Boyertown, R. 2, Pa.
Yoder, Rufus W., P. O. Box 374, Salem. N. J.
Yohe, William J.. Spring Grove. R. 3. Pa.
Yohn. S. H., Dillsburg. R. 1, Pa.
Young, Clarence E.. Lancaster, R. 2, Pa.
Young, Reeder M.. Washington Boro, Pa.
Yurish, Andrew, Pittston, R. 1, Pa.
Yurko and Martushek, 484 Church Street,

Swoyerville, Pa.
Zartman, Ervin, Spring Grove, R. 2, Pa.
Zehner, Warren F.. Sugar Loaf. Pa.
Zeibel, A. G., Ambridge, Pa.
Zeigler, Charles H., Freeland. Md.
Zeigler, Ralph R., Mlllheim, R. 1, Pa.
Zeigler, William G., Spring Grove, R. 1. Pa.
Zelecki, Walter, Benton, R. 1, Pa.
Zellers. Daniel E., Felton, R. 1, Pa.
Zepp, John, Jr., York Springs, R. 2, Pa.
Zerby, Henry, Millheim, Pa.
Zeveney, Al, Shickshinny, R. 2, Pa.
Ziesloft, J. M., Jerseytown, Pa.
Zimmerman, B. F., Ringtown, Pa.
Zimmerman, Harvey M., Ephrata, R. 3, Pa.
Zink, George D., 432 Horace Ave., Palmyra,

New Jersey
Zinn, Chester A., York, R. 6, Pa.
Zook. Jacob. Oley, Pa.
Zook. Joel. Gap, R. 1, Pa.
Zook. Morris. Honey Brook, Pa.
Zook, Omar, Manatawny, Pa.
Zuber, Charles, Shickshinny, R. 1, Pa.
Zumbrum, Raymond H , Hanover, R. 2. Pa.

Are Your Ready?

Membership for 1946 is now acceptable: $1.00 a year or $1.25 with
the News (5 issues) and 12 issues of the Market Growers Journal.
To avoid a lapse in the Market Growers Journal, send $5.00 for a
4-year membership with both the News and M. G. J., continuously.

Start now for 10«000 members in 1946.

— 89 —

. \\

Index to Advertisers

Canners „ i r.

Mifflin County Packing Company

Farm Equipment

A. B. Farquhar Company

Feiriilizeir

The American Agricultural Chemical Company 20

Armour Fertilizer Works {2

Lancaster Bone Fertilizer Company l»

Reading Bone Fertilizer Company 40

Virginia-Carolina Chemical Corporation ob

Union Fertilizer Corporation 26

Food Brokers ^«

B. Meier & Son, Inc ^j

Albert C. Roemhild ^4

Food Stores

American Stores Company
Penn Fruit Company

Insecticides and Fungicides, Dusters and Sprayers

Chipman Mfg. Company

Dow Chemical Company

Niagara Sprayer and Chemical Company

Pennsylvania Farm Bureau Cooperative Association
Tobacco By-Products and Chemical Corporation

16
66

36
30
54
60
26

Insurance _ ., t^ i ^^

G. L. Booker, Superintendent, Hail Dept Inside Back Cover

Irrigation Supplies ^

Buckner Manufacturing Company J

California Corrugated Culvert Company ^j

Hamilton & Company ^

Preservatives

Cuprinol, Inc.

Seed and Plants

Associated Seed Growers, Inc • • .... • • • • • • • • • • ^°

W. A. Burpee Company Inside Front Cover

Click's Seed and Plant Farms

Joseph Harris Company

Holmes Seed Company *5

Huntington Brothers

Schell's Seed House . . ." Back Cover

Francis C. Stokes, Ltd 5n

.... 40

; . . . . 52

Stumpp & Walter Company
Tapperson Seed Company .
F. H. Woodruff & Sons

Soil Testers

LaMotte Chemical Products Company

Sprayers and Washers

John Bean Manufacturing Company .

Felins

The F. E. Myers & Brothers Company

48
31
50

— 90 —

PENNSYLVANIA
VEGETABLE GROWERS NEWS

PUBLISHED— JANUARY. MARCH, MAY. JULY AND DECEMBER

I Vol. XV 625 Holmes St., State College, Pa., December, 1945

No. 5

A Publication of The Pennsylvania Vegetable Growers' Assodation
Annual Membership — $1.00. Single Copy — 25c

IN THIS ISSUE

An Urgent Message 4

Annual Meeting 5

New Oliver Plow 8

V. G. A. of A. Convention 8

H. S. Becker 8

Pea Club Winners 9

Processors Participating 9

Pea Club County Totals 10

10-Ton, 5 Acre Pea Yields 11

Fruit and Vegetable Fieldmens*

Conference 12

Quality-Yield Pea Growers 13

Penna. Spring Weather 21

Pea Production Practices 22

Cost of Producing Peas 30

Working Together 34

Good Pea Seed 37

Longreen Snapbean, All-
America 39

Wisconsin Pea Breeding Program 41

Wando Pea 44

Diseases of Peas in Penna .46

A Pea is Born 49

A Service to Growers 52

Skim-milk Peas 55

Pea Diseases in New York 61

High Quality Peas 64

Crop Service 66

Jefferson and Venango Pea

Growers 69

Taking Headaches out of Pea

Growing 72

Seeding 720,000 Alaska Peas per
Acre

Making Pea Growing Pay 76

Production Problems of Peas ... 79

Band Placement of Fertilizer for
Peas 82

Fighting the Weeds 84

Sinox for Peas 87

Controlling Weeds in Carrots . . 89

Yields of Market Peas, Factors
Influencing 91

Growing Peas in Pennsylvania —

A Record 92

The Pea Aphid 94

Pea Aphid Control in York
County 95

Aerosol Sprays for Pea Aphid . . 97

DDT, Some Facts About 100

Prepare for Speedy Harvest ... 101

Harvester for Speedy Cutting and
Windrowing 103

New Pea Harvesting Machine . . . 106

Feeding Value of Pea-Vine

Silage 106

Quality for the Keystone State. .107

Factors Affecting Pea Quality for
Freezing 109

Services to Pea Growers 110

Pea Grades for 1945 Ill

Rotary Tillage 112

Outlook for Processed Vege-
tables 113

Front Cover: Hume Pea Harvester and Green Crop Loader (Irv. Courtice).

— 3 —

• •

*•

IRREGULAR PAGINATION

' I

An Urgent Message to Pennsylvccnia

Vegetable Growers

Gilbert S. Watts*

In recent years our Association has grown until its numbers more
nearly represent the great vegetable growing industry of the State.
Our publication, the Pennsylvania Vegetable Growers News, has
advanced in size and quality until a circulation of 10,000 copies has
been attained. But we must go further. A strong Association mem-
bership and a high grade publication are absolutely essential to
serve with up-to-the-minute information and to represent us in
commercial and pubhc councils affecting our interests.

It appears now that the only sound, business-like basis for further
progress is through the employment of an able, full-time secretary.
He must be a first-class man, and being that kind will soon have
his hands full: membership to maintain, News to edit; advertising
to sell; grower groups to meet; commercial educational and govern-
mental conferences to attend; and general publicity to release.

Can all this be financed? Yes, definitely, with the right man.
Membership alone could do it and ought to for Pennsylvania with
its magnificent marketing opportunities. Half of the great con-
sumer population of the nation lives within trucking distance of our
borders. The State acreage of market and processing vegetables is
large enough that only a dime an acre would support our organiza-
tional needs.

Change is right ahead, lots of it. No group of growers has a greater
opportunity than those of this Keystone State. We need a big and
strong organization to serve and to lead growers in hundreds of
ways as change perplexes us and to cooperate with distributors
and processors. In helping them to compete we will be helping our-
selves.

Honestly, does it not seem ridiculous or penurious, that we never
have had a full-time man to head up our industry?

Your thoughts and specific suggestions are needed. Write or
phone them to your officers. Talk it out with grower neighbors and
come to Harrisburg in January with ideas for our advancement.

* Bellwood, Pa.

Act Now! Send your 1946 dollar membership dues to

The Pennsylvania Vegetable Growers' Association*

625 Holmes Street, State College, Pennsylvania

Add two or three neighbors' dollars, too.

— 4

The Pennsylvania Vegetable Growers'
Association Annual Meeting

January 22. 23 and 24, 1946
Chestnut Street HalL Assembly Room, Harrisburg. Pa.

Tuesday. January 22

Morning: Research and Extension Education.
Chairman: E. J. Fleming, Andalusia, Pa.
9:45 a.m. An Inviation, A. C. Thompson, Chairman, Membership

Committee, Morrisville, Pa.
10:00 a.m. Recent Research for Vegetable Growers, W. B. Mack,

Head, Hort. Dept., The Pennsylvania State College.
10:45 a.m. Extension Education with Vegetable Growers, W. B.

Nissley, Vegetable Gardening Extension, The Pennsyl-
vania State College.

Demonstrating Extension Teaching: Growing Cabbage
Efficiently (Movie), J. W. Warner, County Agent, Indi-
ana Co., Pa., and Guy Stutzman, Indiana, Pa.

Controlling Weeds by Spraying, C. K. Hallowell, County
Agent, Philadelphia County, Pa., and Stanley Q. Beck-
er, Route 132, Croydon, Pa.

Four-H, Ten-Ton Tomato Club, J. H. Knode, County
Agent, Franklin County, Pa., Path Valley 4-H Tomato
Club Leader and winning members.
11:45 a.m. Planning the Future in Education and Organization, Gil-
bert S. Watts, Bellwood, Pa.

12:00 Noon— Lunch.

Afternoon: Soil Fertility, Weed Control and Equipment.
Chairman: H. H. Hostetter, Sinking Spring, Pa.

1:30 p.m. Announcements.

1:45 p.m. The Life of the Soil (Sound Movie in Color), Robert H.
Engle, Agronomist, National Fertilizer Association,
Washington, D. C.

2:30 p.m. Improved Methods of Controlling Weeds, R. D. Sweet,
Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y.

3:15 p.m. New Developments in Farm Machinery (Illustrated), D.
C. Sprague, Agricultural Engineering, The Pennsyl-
vania State College.

4:00 p.m. Discussion.

— 5 —

i *

♦»' ,»

« I

« J

. ^t

Wednesday. January 23

Morning: Business, Disease and Insect Control.
Chairman: Louis Orient, Bridgeville, Pa.

9:45 a.m. Announcements.
10:00 a.m. Business Meeting.

10:30 a.m. Farm Safely, W. E. Stuckey, Pennsylvania Rural Safety

Committee.

10:45 a.m. DDT, Ryanex and Other New Insecticides, J. O. Pepper,

Entomology Extension, The Pennsylvania State Col-
lege.

11:15 a.m. Controlling Tomato Diseases, L. O. Weaver, Plant Path-
ology Extension, The Pennsylvania State College.

11:45 a.m. Discussion: A program for cucumber production, and

disease and insect control.

12:00 Noon— Lunch.

Afternoon: Marketing.
Chairman: Noah Hershey, Parkesburg, Pa.

1:30 p.m. Announcements.

1:45 p.m. Growing and Marketing Sweet Corn (Movie), Jesse M.
Huffington, Vegetable Gardening Extension, The Penn-
sylvania State College.

2:00 p.m. Prepackaging, C. W. Hauck, Ohio State University, Co-
lumbus, Ohio.

2:45 p.m. Direct Marketing, R. B. Donaldson, Agricultural Eco-
nomics Extension, The Pennsylvania State College.

Discussion: Wm. H. Yerkes, Buckingham, Pa.

Ray W. Wenker, Bustleton, Pa.
L. D. Reilly, Jr., Harrisburg, Pa.

3:30 p.m. What's Ahead in Green Wrap Tomatoes.

E. Dana Sutliflf, Shickshinny, Pa.
Peter Fulton, Wilkes-Barre, Pa.
Willard Sutliff, Shickshinny, R. D., Pa.

4:00 p.m. Discussion.

— 6 —

Thursday, January 24

Morning: Beans, Peas and Sweet Corn.
Chairman: T. Stran Summers, New Freedom, Pa.
945 a.m. Announcements.
10-00 a.m. Groundwork, Ray W. Wenker, Bustleton, Pa.

Pea Seed Breeding and Production (Movie) Irving J.

Courtice, Rochester, N. Y.
Quality Pea Production (Movie), Clare Allison, Hanover,

Pa.

10:45 a.m. Discussion: Questions and Answers.

Sweet Corn, James Shriver, Westminster, Md.

Beans, C. O. KoUer, New Freedom, Pa.

Peas, Wirt Winebrenner, Hanover, Pa.

Quick Freezing, C. L. Snavely, Lancaster, Pa.

Answers on Peas and Beans, Floyd Winters, Milford,

Connecticut.
Answers on Sweet Corn— A. D. Taylor, P. O. Box 165,

Clinton, 111.
11:30 a.in. Awards to Winning Pea Growers, J. R. Stuart, Somer-
set, Pa.
12:00 Noon — Lunch.

Afternoon: Tomatoes.
Chairman: Luther Bowman, Newville, Pa.
1:45 p.m. Announcements.
2:00 p.m. Facing Todays Problems, E. W. Montell, Camden, N. J.,

and J. J. Wilson, Pittsburgh, Pa.
3:00 p.m. Discussion: Questions and Answers.
Seed: K. V. Lauer, Harrisburg, Pa.
Hybrid Varieties: Oved Shifriss, Doylestown, Pa.
Plants: D. R. Porter, Riverton, N. J.
A. B. Winters, Camden, N. J.
Wilson C. Dickson, Hanover, Pa.
L. D. Fero, Chambersburg, Pa.
Inspection: E. R. Pheil, Harrisburg, Pa.
Acreage Competition and Contracts: Alan R. Warehime,
Hanover, Pa.
3:30 p.m. Ten-Ton Tomato Awards, Hon. Miles Horst, Harrisburg,

Pa.

Acknowledgements: The Pennsylvania Canners Associa-
tion
H. J. Heinz Company
Campbell Soup Company
Hanover Canning Company
Chef Boy-Ar-Dee Quality Foods, Inc.

— 7 —

• ' ,1

I I
) I

New Oliver Plow Demonstrated

Oliver P. Dudley

On November 7, 1945, the Oliver Corporation demonstrated a n^^^^
nlow at the Willow Brook Farms, Catasauqua. Pa. The plow was ot

S^entionaUype with a share and -o^^f °-^ ^^-J^^rn Sd^n
which is carried on wheels, has a second sma ler Pj^^ «^°^"*^^^^^
back of the large one. This smaller plow consists of a share which
is interchangeable with the one on the l^rge plow and a small
mouldboard It can be adjusted to operate two three, or four
inches below the large plow and follows three inches to the right
of the laS plow- In this operation the small plow breaks and pul-
verfzes any hard pan or clay formation under the plow bottom with-
out throwing it on top of the furrow.
It appeaSd that the draft was no greater and perhaps not as

great as that of a conventional plow Plow-g.^V^^^.^^Ldtm
It is claimed that this plow will always maintain its depth and will
stay 'n hie Reports from experiments with this plow last season
wSe very favorable. Perhaps this is the answer for the grower
who washes deep tillage but still wishes to leave the subsoils under-

"'?resent at the demonstration were Oliver Corporation representa-
tives, block salesmen, dealers, growers and representatives from
several papers.

37th Annual Convention V. G. A. of A.

The delayed 1945 convention will be held at Cinfnnati FebrW
3, 4 and 5, 1946, in cooperation with the Ohio Vegetable and Potato
Growers Association, the National Association of Hot House Vege
tlble Growers and the Ohio Hot House Association Headquarters
for all but the Ohio Vegetable and Potato Growers Association will
be in the Hotel Gibson.

H. S. Becker

It is with deep regret that we learned of the sudden
death of H. S. Becker, of Croydon, Bucks County, on
September 8th. Mr. Becker was associated with his
father, Stanley Q. Becker, in operating Becker Farms.
He had served on numerous committees of th,e Penn-
sylvania Vegetable Growers' Association.

WE ARE COUNTING ON YOU
lo attend the Business Meeting. Wed. Jan. 23, 1946. 10 a.m..
Chestnut Street Hall. Assembly Room. Harrisburg. ?»•' *f|
elect new officers and. particularly, a NEW FULL-TIME
SECRETARY.

— 8 —

PENNSYLVANIA PEA CLUB WINNERS IN 1945

Three, or more. Acres. 1.25. or more, tons per acre

HIGHEST QUALITY— SWEET VARIETIES

r'-,,,^*,. Acres Tons

"Z^T?^ Address Gro«,n per Acre

First— Columbia , t, i a i 44

Kahler, Harry, Nescopeck, R. 1 ^ ^•'*^

Second— Adams ^ , t, « ^ 1 60

Bream, Sylvester, Gardners, R. 2 3 i.ou

Third — York , „ « r i 'i4

Miller, Ross B., York, R. 3 5 1.54

Fourth— Lancaster n r> o i-^r 151

Wright, W. Horace, Quarryville, R. 2 13.6 i.oi

^ NkiiJX'bert, Bellefonte, R. 2 6 1.91

HIGHEST QUALITY-ALASKA VARIETY

Honor--County rZfnn ryeracre

Name and Address Grown per acre

First— Lancaster „ ^ n -d i 79 1 S2

Kreider, Stanley E., Quarryville, R. 1 v.z i.o^

Second — Adams . « ^ a 1 o*!

Brough, Paul, York Sprmgs, R. 1 4 i.zo

Third— Adams ^ ^ j « « q 1 47

Sneeringer, Paul, New Oxford, R. 2 ^ a.^/

Fourth— York , „ « « 1 40

Innerst, Amos L., York, R. 2 6 1.4^

Fifth — Lancaster « „ ^ ^.r

Wood, Norman, Peach Bottom •J-^ ^-"^

Fancy
100
99
99
99
98

%
Ex. Std.

95
94

90
90
87

PROCESSORS PARTICIPATING IN THE 1945 QUALITY-

YIELD PEA CLUB PROGRAM

Bloomsburg Packing Company, Bloomsburg

Campbell Soup Company, Camden, N. J.

Consumer Packing Company, Lancaster •

Cooperative G.L.F. Columbia Farm Products, Inc., Bloomsburg

Deerfield Packing Corporation, Bridgeton, N. J.

Gibbs and Company, Baltimore, Md.

Hanover Canning Company, Hanover

Mifflin County Packing Company, Reedsville

Somerset Canning Corporation, The, Somerset

Summers, Jr., Charles G., New Freedom

Winebrenner Company, D. E., Hanover

— 9 —

' n

, I ;

>. i n^»

LARGEST YIELD WITH QUALITY-SWEET VARIETIES

Honor— County
Name and Address

Acres
Grown

First— Lancaster . in

Eckert, P. C, Christiana

Second— Centre „ „ , . „ « 5

Corman, Ray, Bellefonte, R. 2

Third — Lancaster o

Warfel & Son, F. F., Drumore ^

Fourth— Chester , .,, 5

Keller, Paul, Cochranville »

Fifth— Chester „ „ , , ^ u 1 5

Mendenhall, W. E., Parkesburg, R. 1 ^

Tons
per Acre

3.06
3.06
2.82
2.77
2.65

%
Fancy

70
80
70*
70*

T^^^r more. Fancy sweet varieties or Extra Standard Alaska.
* Exact % above 70 not given by processor.

LARGEST YIELD WITH QUALITY-ALASKA VA^^^^

Acres
Grown

Honor— County
Name and Address

First — York ,^ ^t -do 4 5

Dusman, George H., Hanover, R. 2 ^^

Second — Lancaster ^ g

Cameron, Herman G., Peach Bottom «J.o

Myers, Elmer and Frank Miller, Seven

Valleys, R. 2

Fourth— York a

Dusman, J. W., Hanover, R. 2 «

Fifth— Lancaster . ^ „ . qo

Shuler, C. W., Nottingham, R. 1 ^-^

per acre Ex. Std,

2.50
2.34

2.20
2.18
2.18

71
86

77
76
70

70%, or more. Extra Standard.
QUALITY-YIELD PEA RECORDS BY COUNTIES IN 1945

Adams

Berks

Bucks

Blair

Centre

Chester

Columbia ^^

Dauphin ^^

Lancaster

15
9
1
1

22
75

Lebanon

Lehigh

Mifflin

Montour

Northumberland

Snyder

Union

York

11
4
4
4
1
1

27
52

Pennsylvania (Total) 327

— 10 —

Ten Tons of Peas per Five Acres, or More

Any Variety

Acres Tons
^'ffe and Address Grown per Acre

^ Murren, Paul, Hanover, R. 4 7 2.27

^Krill, John, Myerstown^ R. 3 15 2.26

Schaeffer, Charles H., Oley, R. 1 7.25 z.io

^Corman, Roy, Bellefonte, R . 2 5 3.06

Decker and Reist, Centre Hall 12 ^u

Frankenberger, Orvis Millheim 6 ^.^^

Grazier, Russell, Millheim . » ^-^^

Barter, Allen, Bellefonte, R 2 7 2.19

Miller, J. Maurice, Spring Mills 14 ^-U

Smith, Harry M., Bel efonte, R . 2 8 2.29

Tressler, Harrison, Bellefonte, R. 2 8 ^- a^

Vonada, Miles, Bellefonte, R. 2 0 ^-^^

^ E^?ng, Wm. B., Jr., West Grove 15 2.33

Fulton, Sarah I., Oxford, R. 3 . . 8 ^M

Funderwhite, Bryan, Cochranville 8 ^-^^

Halsey. Chas. G., West Grove 8 ^.u/

Handy, Fannie M., West Grove 8 z.i»

Hill, M. v., Landenburg ^ ^-^^

Hood. B. L., West Grove 10 2.18

Keller, Paul, Cochranville . . . » ij/ '

Lindsey, J. Hayes Oxford R. 2 5 2.U5

McClellan, J. Parke, Cochranville 25 ^.^o

McCue, Harold P., Avondale 13 ^.^'

Maccabees Home Farms, Chatham 12 ^-^^

Maple Hedge Farms, Kelton 12 ^^^

Mendenhall, W. E., Parkesburg, R. 1 5 ^.b^

Prange, Walter, Oxford, R. 1 I ^'\i.

Pyle, Leland, Cochranville » ^'^'

Reefers, Howard N., West Grove o ^.^^

Shivery, Taylor, Cochranville Ij ^"^

Spotts, W. M., Cochranville 6 z.oy

Thompson, T. Phillips, Parkesburg 8 ^.^»

Wagoner, J. Oscar, Oxford, R. 1 6 ^.^^

Webster. Clarence C. Cochranville 7 ^.o'

Whiteside, Irwin. Oxford, R. 1 J ^^^

Wilhams, Paul G.. Cochranville 7 ^.1^

Williams, Paul T., Oxford, R. 1 13 ^f^

Worth, Joseph B., West-Grove o -^.i^

Columbia - 9 or|

Creveling, Sam, Orangeville » 919

Getty, Ralph, Catawissa. R. 2 5 ^-^^

Lancaster -^ 94ft

Best, Joseoh W., Kirkwood 10 ^.^o

Brinton, Loran, Kirkwood • ^ ^^S

Bunting and Anderson. Oxford. R. 2 10 z.z^

Cameron, Herman G., Peach Bottom 3.b -^.^^

Eckert, P. C, Christiana, R. D. 10 ^"^

Fckman, Marion, Conowingo, R. 1, Md ^.b ^-^J

Ferpuson. Cyrus B., Oxford. R. 1 10 . ^'^%

Garber, Snavely, Lancaster, R. 4 8 ^-^^

— 11 —

(59)

■

Fancy

^^^^H

Ex. Std.

^^^1

\mm

y H

'^1

1 ^^^^1

4 ^^1

**l

' ^^1

70*

" ' P

70*

•

70*

■

70*

' ^1

70*

' 1 .

70*

N ;1

70*

•

70*

■

70*

(

70*

« I'

!!'

Lancaster County— (Continued)

County ^ . ,, ^^^ Grown

Name and Addross ^ _, ^ a

Herr, Richard, Lancaster, R. 6 "

Hershey, Jacob R., Quarry viUe, R. 1 5-^

Landis, James R., Lancaster R. .^ ^

Latham, Edgar, Oxford, R. 1 ...••• ^g

Warfel & Son, B. F. D^^^^^^'p^o^ i^

Whiteside, Norman E., Oxford, R. 2 i^

Lebanon . «, . S

Krall, Warren A., Myerstown »

^Feaster, Donald, Lewisburg, R. 2 5

Miller, L. Dice, Lewisburg, R. 1 ^

Dusman, J. W., Hanover, R- f 8

Hostetter, Irwin, Thomasville, R. 1 ^^

Tons
per Acre
2.14
2.20
2.53
2.02
2.82
2.18

2.37

2.01
2.07

2.18
2.39

%
Fancy
Ex, Std.
10*
92
70*
70*
80
70*

75
72

Wilson C. Dickson

Field Service Department
Hanover Canning Company

Acknowledgement is given for
promptness, accuracy and com-
pleteness of field records.

Fruit and Vegetable Fieldmens' Conference

Nittany Lion Inn, State College, Penna.
Starting at noon January 29 and continuing to

noon January 31, 1946

Subjects:

Jan. 29 —Research Reports.

Jan. 30 a.m.-Inspection Service, Quality Improvement, Fruit.

p.m.— Soil Fertility, Equipment.

Evening— Banquet, Service Salesmanship.
Jan. 31 a.m.— Tomato Plants.

— 12 —

Pennsylvania Quality-Yield Pea

Growers in 1945^

County, Name and Address

^B^tm, Sylvester, Gardners, R. 2
Brough, Paul, York Springs, R. 1
Forney, P. N. and Wagner, W.,

Gettysburg, R. 4
Frey. John E., Abbottstown, R. 1
> Griest, John L., New Oxford, R. 1
Groft, William J. and Sisters of St.

Joseph, Hanover, R. 4
Grove, Russell, Gardners, R. 2
Grove, W. E., York Springs

Harbold, Ervin L., York Springs, R. 1
King, Charles W., York Springs, R. 1
Murren. Paul, Hanover, R- 4 ,

Reber, Vena R., New Oxford, R. 1
Sneeringer, Paul. New Oxford, R. 2
West, Opie and John R. Bellamy,

Littlestown, R. 2
Wolf, Wilmer H., Gardners, R. 2

Dunkelberger, George, Bernville
Hertzler, David K. and Norman,

Elverson, R. 2
Krill, John, Mverstown, R. 3
Kurtz, C. J., Elverson, R. 2
Levingood, Daniel S., Oley, R. 2
Schaeffer, Charles H., Oley, R. 1
Stoltzfus, John S., Elverson, R. 2
Strunk, John D.. Barto, R. 1
Yoder, David N., Manatawny

Bucki^l

Geissinger, Clarence L.,
Quakertown, R. 2

Blair —1
Watts, Gilbert S., Bellwood

Centre— 22 ^^.,,

Bailey, Edward, Spring Mills
Bair, Raymond, Smullton
Brennan, Russell, State College
Breon, Harold T., Spring Mills
Brooks, Frank A^ Bellefonte, R. 2
Brooks, Guy R., Centre Hall
Gorman, Ray, Bellefonte, R. 2
Decker and Reist, Centre Hall
Frankenberger, Orvis, Millheim
Grazier, Russell, Millheim
Barter, Allen, Bellefonte, R. 2
Houck, E. M., Bellefonte, R. 3
Miller, J. Maurice, Spring Mills
Musser, Charlotte, Bellefonte, R. 2
Nielle, Hubert, Bellefonte, R. 2

Variety Acres

Tons

per Fancy
Acre Ex. Std.

Sweet
Alaska

Alaska
Alaska
Alaska

Sweet

Alaska

Sweet

Alaska

Sweet
Alaska

Sweet

Sweet
Sweet
Sweet
Sweet
Sweet
Sweet
Sweet
Sweet

Sweet

3.5

5
10
12

6
3

11
15

7.25
13

4
5
4

23
3

20
5

12
6
8
7
6

14
5
6

1.60
1.25

1.93
1.86
1.39

1.27
1.25
1.46
1.66
1.67
1.85
2.27
1.86
1.47

1.64
1.39

1.46
2.26
1.41
2.23
2.16
1.41
1.87
1.79

1.39

1.5

1.76

2.25

1.51

1.98

1.75

3.06

2.0

2.25

2.19

1.66

2.0

1.99

1.91

99%
93

73
82
76

79
91
71
73
70
72
76
71
90

4.5 1.39 79

86
71
75
74
82
77
80
92

1.71 71

X 3 or more acres. 1.25 or more tons per acre. 70% or more Fancy Sweets or Extra Standard
Alaslcas.

— 13 —

. ■

. •

Pennsylvania Quality- Yield
Centre County — (Continued)

County, Name and Address

Smith, Harry M., Bellefonte, R. 2
Strouse, John, Spring Mills
Thompson, Paul W., Millheim
Tressler, Harrison, Bellefonte, R. 2
Vonada, Miles, Bellefonte, R. 2
Weber, Stanford, Bellefonte, R. 2
Yearick, Nevin, Howard

Chester— 75

Abernethy, J. C, West Grove
Allright, Rhea J., Cochranville
Andrews. O. M., Cochranville
Bacchetta, Vincent, Avondale
Beitler, J. H., West Grove
Bentley, Norman, Lincoln University
Bertrando Bros., Toughkenamon
Broadwater, L. H., Avondale
Brown, Lewis P., West Grove
Bryson, Howard, Cochranville
Buffington, Edward, Oxford, R. 3
Chase, E. Harvey, Oxford, R. 2

Pea Growers in 1945

Tons

per

Fancy

Variety

Acres

Acre

Ex. Std,

Sweet

2.29

Sweet

1.25

Sweet

1.5

Sweet

2.13

Sweet

2.40

Sweet

1.55

Sweet

1.35

Sweet

1.53

70*

Sweet

4 •

1.78

70*

Sweet

1.34

70*

Sweet

1.71

70*

Sweet

1.71

70*

Sweet

1.66

70*

Sweet

1.59

70*

Sweet

1.78

70*

Sweet

1.77

70*

Sweet

1.38

70*

Sweet

1.39

70*

Sweet

1.85

70*

• 70% or above, according to contractor, exact figure unknown.

J. KEENE SAULSBURY, President

A. ROLAND THOMPSON. Secretary

A. REED HAYES, JR.. Treasurer

MIFFLIN COUNTY
PACKING CO.

PENNSYLVANIA PACKED VEGETABLES

REEDSVILLE. PA.

— 14 —

Pennsylvania Quality- Yield Pea Growers in 1945

County y Name and Address
Chester County — (Continued)

Cheek, John C, Oxford
Clark, Chas. B., Cochranville
Cochran, D. F., Cochranville
Crowell, A and T., Avondale
Cullen, George S., Elkview
Dale, John C, Oxford, R. 1
Dayton, S. S., Cochranville, R. 1
Errett, Wm. C, Chatham
Ewing, Wm. B., Jr., West Grove
Pagan, Frank M., Oxford
Fulton, Sarah I., Oxford, R. 3
Funderwhite, Bryan, Cochranville
Gamble, Bluine, West Grove
Goodwin, E. H., West Grove
Halsey, Chas. G., West Grove
Handy, Fannie M., West Grove
Hitt, M. v., Landenberg
Hood, B. L., West Grove
Hood. Roland P., West Grove
Hubler, Frank, Cockranville
Hutchison, Wm. G., West Grove
Janney, Lee B., Oxford
Jones, Gordon P., Avondale
Keller, Paul, Cochranville
Kelley, Harry C, Cochranville, R. 1
Light, David H., Cochranville
Lindsey, J. Hayes, Oxford, R. 2
McClellan, J. Parke, Cochranville
McCue, Harold P., Avondale
Maccabees Home Farms, Chatham
Maple Hedge Farms, Kelton
Mendenh'all, W. E., Parkesburg, R. 1
Michner, Maurice H., West Grove
Moore, Harold C, West Grove
Moore, Lawrence W., West Grove
Prange, Leary H., Oxford
Prange, Robert O., West Grove
Prange, Walter, Oxford, R. 1
Pyle, Leland, Cochranville
Rogers, Howard M., West Grove
Rosazza, Clarence. Avondale
Schaefer, Earl, West Grove
Sharpless, Jr., R. E., West Grove
Sharpless, Jr., R. E., Kennett Square
Shivery, Taylor, Cochranville
Shoun, Fred, Avondale
Speakman, John E., Chatham
Spencer, Lawrence, Avondale
Spotts, W. M., Cochranville
Stively, Chas. F., West Grove
Street, Louise H., Chatham
Stoltzfus, John J., Elverson, R 1
Thompson, John D., Oxford, R. 2
Thompson, T. Phillips, Parkesburg

— 15

per

Fancy

Variety

Acres

Acre J

Ex. Std

Sweet

1.99

70*

Sweet

1.45

70*

Sweet

1.95

70*

Sweet

1.57

70*

Sweet

1.87

70*

Sweet

1.37

70*

Sweet

1.53

70*

Sweet

1.34

70*

Sweet

2.33

70*

Sweet

1.37

70*

Sweet

2.43

70*

Sweet

2.54

70*

Sweet

1.41

70*

Sweet

1.38

70*

Sweet

2.07

70*

Sweet

2.18

70*

Sweet

2.20

70*

Sweet

2.18

70*

Sweet

1.60

70*

Sweet

1.31

70*

Sweet

1.44

70*

Sweet

1.85

70*

Sweet

1.88

70*

Sweet

2.77

70*

Sweet

1.83

70*

Sweet

1.89

70*

Sweet

2.05

70*

Sweet

2.25

70*

Sweet

2.37

70*

Sweet

2.22

70*

Sweet

2.15

70*

Sweet

2.65

70*

Sweet

1.58

70*

Sweet

1.63

70*

Sweet

1.56

70*

Sweet

1.44

70*

Sweet

1.94

70*

Sweet

2.11

70*

Sweet

2.17

70*

Sweet

2.29

70*

Sweet

1.29

70*

Swcot

1.88

70*

Sweet

1.76

70*

Sweet

1.76

70*

Sweet

2.07

70*

Sweet

1.77

70*

Sweet

1.31

70*

Sweet

1.82

70*

Sweet

2.59

70*

Sweet

1.84

70*

Sweet

1.51

70*

Sweet

1.31

Sweet

1.77

70*

Sweet

2.38

70*

» (

4 '

Pennsylvania Quality- Yield Pea Growers in 1945

County, Name and Address
Chester County— (Continued)
Wagoner, J. Oscar, Oxford, R. 1
Walton & Sons, J. J., Kennett Square
Webster, Clarence C, Cochranville
Whiteside, Irwin, Oxford, R. 1
Williams, Paul G., Cochranville
Williams, Paul T., Oxford, R. 1
Wollaston, Howard C, Toughkenamon
Worth, Joseph B., West Grove
Yeatman & Son, A. P., Avondale
Columbia— 22

Creveling, Sam, Orangeville
Fairchild, J. A. and W. D., Berwick, R.
Fetterman, Lorenzo, Catawissa, R. 2
Getty, Ralph, Catawissa, R. 2
Grimes, M. J., Catawissa
Hess, Doyle F., Orahgeville, R. 2
Hess, Edward, Orangeville, R. 2
Hess, Elmer E., Nescopeck, R. 1
Ikeler, Alfred, Bloomsburg, R. 5
John, Harry G., Bloomsburg, R. 3
K abler, Harry, Nescopeck, H. 1
Krum, Myron, Catawissa, R. 2
Layos, Paul, Bloomsburg, R. 3
Mellick, Claude, Bloomsburg, R. 4
Raup, Reuben D., Catawissa, R. 3
Reeder, Joseph T., Catawissa, R. 2

Variety

Sweet
Sweet
Sweet
Sweet
Sweet
Sweet
Sweet
Sweet
Sweet

Sweet
2 Sweet
Sweet
Sweet
Sweet
Sweet
Sweet
Sweet
Sweet
Sweet
Sweet
Sweet
Sweet
Sweet
Sweet
Sweet

Tons

per

Fancy

Lcres

Acre 1

Ex. Std

2.34

70*

1.68

70*

2.57

70*

2.45

70*

2.19

70*

2.24

70*

1.71

70*

2.15

70*

1.52

70*

2.30

1.80

1.79

2.12

1.52

1.82

1.65

1.99

1.68

1.85

1.84

100

2.44

2.03

5.5

1.55

1.64

4.5

1.86

Clarence Bruce Gray. Bloomsburg, Pa.. A Pioneer in Canning

High Quality Pennsylvania Peas.

— 16 —

Cmnty, Name and Address

Columbia County— (Conlinued)
Rhodes, Claude, Catawissa, R. 3
Shuman, Homer E^, Bloomsburg, R. 3
Tobias, William, Bloomsburg R. 3
Welkom, Frank, Catawissa, R- 2
Whitenight, Bruce, Bloomsburg, R. 3
Zeisloft, Joseph W., Jerseytown

^^Aklinger, Harry E., Elizabethtown, R. 2
Brandt Roy S., Hershey. R. 2
Ebersole, Elmer E., Elizabethtown, R. 2

Lancaster— 75 ^ . j t, «

Anderson, Chas., Oxford, R. -i

Anderson, R. C.

Bachman, John I., Lancaster, K. b

Best, Joseph W., Kirkwood

Bradley, B. Frank

Brinton, Loran, Kirkwood ^ ^ ^ _

Bunting and Anderson, Oxford, K. Z

Burkholder, Titus, Lancaster, R. 4

Brown, Jerry, Conowingo, R. 1, Md.

Campbell, Walter, Lancaster

Cameron, Herman G., Peach Bottom

Charles, Jacob L., Lancaster, R. 1
Eckert, P. C, Christiana, R. D.
Eckman, Marion, Conowingo, R. 1, Md.
Espenshade, Milton A. , „ .
Ferguson, Cyrus B., Oxford, R. 1

Gable, C. H. , . . „ t^ i

Gamber, Frank, Washington Boro, R. 1

Garber, Snavely, Lancaster, R. 4

Gleisner, Wm. C.

Graver, Harry, Jr. . , x^ «

Greenleaf, C. Martin, Oxford, R. 2

Heisey, John P.

Herr, Henry H., Lancaster, R. 6

Herr, Richard, Lancaster, R. 6

Hershey, Ezra, Kirkwood

Hershey, Jacok R., Quarryville, R. 1

Hess, D. Avery, Washington, R. 1

Hess, Jacob G. Lancaster, R. 6

Houser, H. Robert, Lancaster, R. 4

Holloway, Clifford P.

Hurley, T. A., Peach Bottom
Jackson and Harris, Quarryville. R. 2
Jackson and Levering
Kauffman, Ralph, Lancaster, R. 2
Kirk, Howard T., Peach Bottom, R. 1
Kreider, J. Everett
Kreider, Leon

Kreider, Stanley E., Quarryville, R. 1
Landis, James R., Lancaster, R. 3
Latham, Edgar, Oxford, R. 1
Leaman, Ross, Ronks, R. 2

— 17 —

per Fancy *

Variety Acres

Acre Ex. Std*

■

Sweet

1.93

Sweet

1.65

Sweet

1.83

Sweet

1.75

Sweet

1.94

Sweet

1.83

'' H

v|,H

Sweet

1.42

75 i

i 1

Sweet

3.25

1.29

91 1

1 H

Sweet

1.64

71 1

I'l

Sweet

1.83

70* i

■;■

Sweet

3.2

1.31

91 ^

Sweet

1.73

70*

Sweet

2.48

70*

Sweet

1.38

Sweet

2.08

70*

Sweet

2.23

70*

Sweet

1.46

70*

Alaska

3.6

1.58

Sweet

1.41

70*

Sweet

5.2

1.92

Alaska

3.6

2.34

■

Sweet

1.59

70*

^^M

Sweet

3.06

70*

■

Sweet

3.6

2.06

■ ^H

Sweet

3.2

1.58

Sweet

2.38

70*

Sweet

4.8

1.46

Sweet

1.39

70*

Sweet

2.35

70*

Sweet

3.2

1.88

' ^1

Sweet

7.2

1.35

1
1

Sweet

1.48

70*

Sweet

1.88

• H

Sweet

1.53

70*

Sweet

2.14

70*

Sweet

1.35

70*

Sweet

5.2

2.20

1
1

Sweet

2.38

70*

■

Sweet

1.52

70*

Sweet

1.61

70*

Sweet

3.2

1.28

Alaska

7.7

1.65

Alaska

3.6

1.71

% 1

Alaska

1.65

Alaska

1.45

Sweet

1.61

70*

Alaska

3.2

1.95

I '

Alaska

5.2

1.45

i '

Alaska

5.6

1.76

Alaska

7.2

1.52

Sweet

2.53

70*

Sweet

2.02

70*

* ^

Sweet

1.54

70*

. 1

l< »

Pennsylvania Quality- Yield Pea Growers in 1945

County, Name and Address ^

Lancaster County— (Continued)

Leaman, Sannford, O., Conestoga, R. 1
Lefever, C. H., Quarryville, R. 2
McCrabb, Frank, Quarryville. R. 2.
Mann, Paul, Washington Boro, R. 1
Martin, Noah N., Narvon, R. 2
Miller, Amos N., Strasburg, R. 1

Moore, L. E. -do

Newswanger, David S., Narvon, R. 2

Null, M. S., Holtwood, R. 1

Pyle, Ernest, Oxford, R. 2

Ressler, Charles

Rice, Silas, Kirkwood .

Sauders, Aaron, 67 W. Frederick, Millers

Schock, Isaiah M., Washington Boro

Shank, Ralph

Shuler, C. W., Nottmfiham, R. 1

Smucker, Samuel B., New Holland, R. 2

Stauffer, B. G., Lancaster, R. 2

Stauffer, Wilhs W., New Holland, R. 2

Steele, E. A., Conowingo, Md.

Stoltzfus, Melvin R., Ronks, R. 2

Summers, Jacob H.

Thomas, Clayton, Lancaster, R. 6

Tollineer, Raloh, Peach Bottom, R. 1

Van Cleve, Paul E.,

Warfel and McCarty, B. F.,

Drumore, R. 1
Warfel and Son, B. F., Drumore, R. 1
Whiteside, Norman E., Oxford, R. 2
Whiteside, S. Milton, Oxford, R. 2
Whyte, George E., Oxford, R. 3
Witmer, Arthur C, Lancaster, R. 6
Wood, Norman
Wright, W. Horace

Lebanon — 11

Behney, Guy R., Myerstown, R. 3
Gibble, John H., Myerstown, R. 2
Gibble, Mark K., Myerstown, R. 2
Kline, Walter, Lebanon, R. 2
Krall, Warren A., Myerstown
Miller, Ernest K. and Miles Horst,

Lebanon, R. 1
Miller, Henry C, Myerstown, R. 2
Sonnen, Glenn, Rishland, R. 1
Kleinfelter, Luther R., Annville, R. 1
Risser, Harold W., Lebanon, R. 4
Ziegler, Jesse H., Annville, R. 1
Lehigh — 4

Kerschner, William A.,

Breinigsville, R. 1
Keystone Farms, Inc., Macungie
Lichtenwalner, Charles and Benjamin

Macungie, R. 1
Ziegler, Paul N., Rexlertown

— 18 —

Tons

per Fancy 1

Variety Acres

Acre Ex.Std. 1

Sweet

1.68

3f 1

Alaska

3.2

1.81

71 1

Alaska

1.67

70 1

Sweet

1.78

70* "

Sweet

2.01

Sweet

1.29

70*

Alaska

7.2

1.34

Sweet

1.24

Alaska

3.2

1.86

Sweet

1.74

IT 1

Sweet

4.8

1.44

Sweet

1.87

70*

Sweet

1.77

70*

Sweet

1.58

70*

Sweet

3.2

1.42

Alaska

3.2

2.18

Sweet

1.66

Sweet

3.2

2.06

Sweet

1.47

Sweet

1.34

70*

Sweet

3.5

2.61

70*

Sweet

3.2

1.57

Sweet

1.76

70*

Sweet

3.2

1.89

80 1

Sweet

4.8

1.78

80 1

Sweet

1.81

96 1

Sweet

2.P2

80 1

Sweet

2.18

70* 1

Sweet

1.62

70*

Sweet

1.76

70*

Sweet

1.63

70*

Alaska

3.2

1.65

Alaska

1.68

Sweet

13.6

1.51

Sweet

1.32

Sweet

4.5

2.02

Sweet

1.61

Sweet

1.82

Sweet

2.37

Sweet

1.36

Sweet

1.65

Sweet

1.46

Sweet

4.25

1.64

Sweet

1.73

Sweet

6.75

1 1.72

Sweet

1.68

Sweet

1.31

Sweet

5.5

1.67

Sweet

1.51

County, Name and Address

Mifflin— 4
King Roland, Allensville
Peachey, Jacob J., Mill Creek
Peachey, Josiah H., Allensville
Yoder, J. Martin, Reedsville

Montour — 4
Kashner, Harry, Danville, R. 4
Pursel, Bruce W., Danville, R. 4
Styer, Leonard, Danville, R. 4

Northurcberland — 1
Brouse, Homer R., Milton, R. 1

Snyder — 1
Ritter, R. R.. Winfield, R. 1

Union— 27
Baker, Warren D., Lewisburg, R. 3
Bechtel Brothers, Lewisburg
Bilger, Arthur S., Millmont, R. 1
Bingaman, Lear H., Winfield, R. 1
Clouser, H. Osborne, New Columbia
Erdley, G. Asher, Lewisburg, R. 1
Erdley, Guy R., Lewisburg, R- 2
Erdley, Harold R., Mifflinburg, R. 2
Everitt, Dean, Lewisburg, R. 2
Feaster, Donald, Lewisburg, R. 2
Fry, W. Elmer, Millmont
Gessner, Clarence W., Lewisburg, R. 3
Hubler, Robert H., Lewisburg, R. 1
Huntington, Glenn O., Lewisburg, R. 1
Kline, John P., Winfield, R. 1
Kling, Robert M., Lewisburg, R. 3
Lytle, Ralph, Lewisburg, R. 2
Miller, C. L. & Sons, Lewisburg, R. 3
Miller, L. Dice, Lewisburg, R. 1
Musser, C. Lee, Lewisburg, R. 2
Snider, Roy, Lewisburg, R. 2
Snook, G. A., Millmont, R. D.
Stahl, Frank B., Lewisburg, R. 2
Stahl, William, Lewisburg, R. 2
Wagner, George H., Vicksburg, Box 83
Walter, Royal R., Lewisburg, R. 1
Walter, Dallas, A., Lewisburg, R. 3

York— 52
Bisker, Frank and Vincent,

Freeland, Md.
Cramer, Victor H., Brodbecks, R. 1
Diehl, John B., York, R. 4
Dusman, George H., Hanover, R. 2
Dusman, J. W., Hanover, R. 2
Fair, Russell G., Glen Rock, R. 1
Frey, Samuel A., Hanover, R. 2

—19 —

Tons

per Fancy
Variety Acres Acre Ex.Std,

Sweet
Sweet
Sweet
Sweet

Sweet
Sweet
Sweet

Sweet

4
4
6
3

3
5

1.5
1.25
1.33
2.0

1.72
1.54
1.63

1.64

1.27

79
74
75
72

86
96
87

Sweet

1.68

Sweet

6.25

1.29

Sweet

1.36

Sweet

1.28

Sweet

1.38

Sweet

1.47

Sweet

1.74

Sweet

16.5

1,62

Sweet

5.5

1.56

Sweet

2.01

Sweet

1.46

Sweet

1.55

Sweet

1.99

Sweet

1.40

Sweet

1.30

Sweet

4.25

1.80

Sweet

1.73

Sweet

10.5

1.90

Sweet

2.07

Sweet

1.31

Sweet

2.19

Sweet

5.5

1.86

Sweet

4.5

1.24

Sweet

1.87

Sweet

1.49

Sweet

1.89

Sweet

1.87

Alaska

1.71

Alaska

1.33

Sweet

1.56

Alaska

4.5

2.50

Alaska

2.18

Sweet

1.58

Alaska

1.64

•*i

1 1

i '

■^

Pennsylvania Quality-Yield Pea Growers in 1945

County, Name and Address

York County — (Continued)
Herr, Charles, and H. C. Moul, Hanover
Hersey, Wilson, Stewartstown, R. 3
Hoke, Casper, Spring Grove, R. 3
Horner, Addison and DeLone Estate,

Hanover
Hostetter, Irvin, Thomasville, R. 1
Hyson, Robert J., Stewartstown, R. 3
Keagy, Dr., & Smith, Hanover, R. 3
Lauer, H. W. and Albert Brenneman,

York, R. 1
Lentz, Chauncey, York, R. 2
McClung, J. Samuel, Stewartstown, R. 1
Markle, David H., York, R. 6
Markle, Jacob H., Seven Valleys, R. 1
Martm, Hershey L., Spring Grove, R. 3
Meckley, D. F., Hanover, R. 3
Miller, C. C, Brodbecks, R. 1
Miller, Paul M., Thomasville, R. 1
MiUer, Ross B., York, R. 3

Moul, W. Ray, Hanover, R. 3
Mummert, Paul E., Glen Rock, R. 2
Myers, Elmer and Frank Miller,

Seven Valleys, R. 2
Myers, Robert L., 1285 W. King St., York
Nace, Burnell, and E. E. Nace,

Hanover, R. 1
Nace, Ralph C, Glen Rock, R. 3
Payne. E. W. Stewartstown, R. 3
Prall, E. E. and Lester, New Freedom
Rinehart, M. and Paul Forry,

Hanover, R. 3
Rishel, Edward, York, R. 4
Roth, John A., Spring Grove, R. 1
Rudisill, Ralph E., Spring Grove, R. 3
Ryan, Wm. and Nace, John, York, R. 1
Schaeffer, Paul E., Freeland, Md.
Schaffer, Herbert W., Hanover, R. 1
Shaull, E. E. and Louis Walker,

Laurel, R. 1
Shearer, John E., York, R. 1
Slyder, Frederick, New Freedom
Strausbaugh, Richard C. and J. C.

Bollinger, Hanover, R. 3
Stough, Eli, York, R. 6
Strewigh, Clarence, Glenn Rock,
ToUinger, A. Colgan, Bridgeton, R. 1
Veach, Wm., Jr., Red Lion, R. 2
Wetzel, Howard, Hanover R. 3
Wilson, Irvin L.. Hanover, R. 2
Winters, Oscar C. and Howard Slagle,

998 Carlisle St., Hanover
Zeigler, William G., Spring Grove, R. 1
Ziegler, William and Harvey Masemore,
Glen Rock, R. 3

— 20 —

Tons

per Fancy
Variety Acres Acre Ex, Std,

Sweet

5.5

1.38

Alaska

1.32

Alaska

1.43

Sweet

20.6

1.60

Alaska

3.69

Sweet

1.74

Alaska

1.87

Sweet

1.88

Alaska

2.10

Alaska

1.60

Alasks

4.5

1.43

Alaska

1.62

Alaska

1.84

Sweet

1.84

Alaska

1.30

Alaska

4.5

1.43

Sweet

1.54

Alaska

1.37

Sweet

1.31

Alaska

2.14

Alaska

2.20

Alaska

10.5

1.46

Sweet

4.25

1.98

Alaska

4.5

1.56

Sweet

1.78

Alaska

1.54

Sweet

4.5

1.53

Alaska

1.25

Alaska

1.65

Alaska

1.91

Alaska

1.41

Alaska

1.77

Sweet

1.54

Alaska

1.54

Alaska

1.88

Alaska

1.94

Sweet

1.87

Alaska

1.82

Sweet

1.77

Alaska

7.5

1.65

Alaska

1.85

Sweet

1.44

Alaska

3.5

1.79

Sweet

7.5

1.87

Sweet

1.53

Sweet

1.37

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— 21 —

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^■

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>!«>'

I ,

Profitable Pea Production Practices in 1945

Jesse M. Huffington*

Records from 120 pea fields were obtained in 17 counties.
The season was wet and cool, making it difficult to plant peas
satisfactorily but providing favorable growing weather.

The average acreage planted by 137 growers was 4.66. The largest
group of growers, 50, planted an average of 1.91 acres; 44, 3.54; 33,
617 and 10 averaged 18.53 acres. From the standpoint of better
quality control and better field service it would seem that the aver-
age acreage per grower might be increased.

Records on the Alaska variety were obtained in Adams, Cumber-
land, Chester, Delaware, Franklin, Fulton, Lancaster, Somerset and
York Counties, while the sweet variety records were obtained in
the above counties and, also, Berks, Dauphin, Erie, Lehigh, Lebanon,
Snyder, Venango, and Union counties.

The amount of Alaska pea seed planted per acre was an average of
4.95 bushels per acre as shown by 37 records. With the sweet varie-
ties the average amount of seed used per acre was only 3.7 for the
growers (17%) obtaining less than a ton of peas per acre (1934 lbs.
av.) while 4.7 bushels were sown per acre by growers obtaining a
yield of a ton or more per acre (3577 lbs., Av.)

Pea crops following sod were equally as productive as those fol-
lowing cultivated crops in this wet season. Sods, preferably with
manure, in the rotation are highly desirable in maintaining soil
organic matter.

Crops most generally following peas were corn, wheat, clover, al-
falfa, beans and soybeans. Peas are now used quite generally as a
cover crop for clover or alfalfa. The soil fertility is maintained more
effectively when peas are followed with clover-grass sod and this
is an increasing practice excepting in the Southeastern Counties.
There, a popular practice is to sow wheat in the fall following a
sweet corn or bean crop planted after early peas.

Lime was applied in the rotation by some of the growers in prac-
tically all pea growing counties. In potato growing counties a pre-
ferred practice is to use only a light application, preferably of hy-
drated lime, disked into the soil after plowing. This leaves the soil
sufficiently acid to follow with a crop of potatoes. However, peas
are known to do well after a well fertilized potato crop.

Manure is not generally considered desirable for peas. Yet, of
89 growers, 57 who applied manure in the rotation obtained over

• Vegetable Gardening Extension, The Pennsylvania State College, State
College, Pa.

— 22 —

A Large Yield of Peas on Well-Drained. Fertile, Carefully Prepared Soil

Ton SAVE by Taking Early Delivery

Open

^^JSSti^

iear:

y^ss^

Formula

COOPERATIVE CFS FERTILIZERS

Special Discounts for December, January and Febru-
ary deliveries on next Spring's grades: — 10-10-10, 10-6-4
(Fruit Tree), 8-16-16, 5-10-10, 5-10-5, 4-16-8, 4-12-4,
3-12-6, 0-20-20, 0-14-7, 0-12-12 and 0-12-12 with 80 lbs.
borax.

Order Now From Your Farm Bureau, Co-op or Service Agent

PENNSYLVANIA FARM BUREAU
COOPERATIVE ASSOCIATION

3607 Derry Street

Harrisburg, Pennsylvania

Owned and Controlled by Pennsylvania Farmers

4 ' I

— 23

•I l"»

Profitable Pea Production Practices in 1945

Jesse M. HuHinglon*

Records from 120 pea fields were obtained in 17 counties.
The season was wet and cool, making it difficult to plant peas
satisfactorily but providing favorable growing weather.

The average acreage planted by 137 growers was 4.66. The largest
group of growers, 50, planted an average of 1.91 acres; 44, 3.54; 33,
6.17 and 10 averaged 18.53 acres. From the standpoint of better
quality control and better field service it would seem that the aver-
age acreage per grower might be increased.

The amount of Alaska pea seed planted per acre was an average of
4.95 bushels per acre as shown by 37 records. With the sweet varie-
ties the average amount of seed used per acre was only 3.7 for the
growers (177r) obtaining less than a ton of peas per acre (1934 lbs.
av.) while 4.7 bushels were sown per acre by growers obtaining a
yield of a ton or more per acre (3577 lbs., Av.)

Crops most generally following peas were corn, wheat, clover, al-
falfa, beans and soybeans. Peas are now used quite generally as a
cover crop for clover or alfalfa. The soil fertiUty is maintained more
effectively when peas are followed with clover-grass sod and this
is an increasing practice excepting in the Southeastern Counties.
There, a popular practice is to sow wheat in the fall following a
sweet corn or bean crop planted after early peas.

Manure is not generally considered desirable for peas. Yet, of
89 growers, 57 who applied manure in the rotation obtained over

* Vegetable Gardening Extension, The Pennsylvania State College, State
College, Pa.

— 22 —

A Large Yield of Peas on Well- Drained. Fertile. Carefully Prepared Soil

You SAVE by Taking Early Delivery

Open

Formula

COOPERATIVE CFS FERTILIZERS

Order Now From Your Farm Bureau. Co-op or Service Agent

PENNSYLVANIA FARM BUREAU
COOPERATIVE ASSOCIATION

3607 Derry Street Harrisburg« Pennsylvania

Owned and Controlled by Pennsylvania Farmers

— 23

• I

INTENTIONAL 2ND EXPOSURE

• i

The Wet Spots Generally Result in a Loss, and. also, th^ "Bald
Spots" or Ridges that are Low in Organic Matter, Low in Water

Holding Capacity and Infertile.

MEMORANDUM

Harrif:' North Star Corn is bringing premium prices on
the market because of its earliness and superior quality.
Better grow some this year.

Send for Harris' Market Growers Catalog.

JOSEPH HARRIS COMPANY, Inc.

Moreton Farm Rochester 11, N. Y.

— 24

1.5 tons of peas per acre. Thirty-seven of these applied manure in
1945, and 18 in 1944. High organic matter content of the soil is an
important factor in growing peas. No doubt, the moisture helped
to decompose the manure.

Spring plowing was practiced by 103 out of 112 growers, recording
this practice. More fall plowing appears to be desirable for early
planting. Precautions should be taken, however, to avoid loss of
ftOil fertility from erosion as a result of fall plowing.

A mellow seedbed was reported by 131 out of 137 growers. The
most common practices reported in soil preparation by 178 growers
producing 1.5 tons, or more, per acre was discing twice, harrowing
twice, cultipacking once or twice and rolling or dragging once.

Seed inoculated with nitrogen fixing organisms were used by
practically all the growers reporting, agar j el being the most com-
mon medium.

Spergon treated seed were used by about one-fourth of the

growers.
The fertilizer analysis most commonly used was 4-12-4, followed

by 3-12-6.

Poor coverage of the seed was a general complaint by growers in
1945. Hasty soil preparation, poor drill adjustment and speeding
with the disc type drill were given by growers as the reason for
poor seed coverage. Good seed coverage was reported by 60 per
cent of 127 growers, fair by 37 per cent and poor by only 2 per cent.

March was the planting date of the Alaska variety by 87 per cent
of the growers in the 1.5 tons or larger, yield class. The sweet variety
plantings with a yield of 1.5 tons or more per acre were planted late
March and early April (47 and 42%, respectively).

Only a fair stand was reported by 56 per cent of 105 growers, good
by 40 per cent and poor by 4 per cent. A fair stand meant one plant
every 3 inches of drill row, a good one, 2 inches and a poor one,
4 inches or more.

SENECA DAWN HYBRID SWEET CORN

A 65 day yellow Hybrid that produces as large an ear
as Golden Cross. Seneca Dawn has proven to be a real
money maker for many Pennsylvania Vegetable Growers.

Write today for our 1946 illustrated seed catalogue.

ROBSON SEED FARMS

Box P. Hall. N. Y.

[• '

i^ I

— 25 —

'f'l

m^ 1

The Wet Spots Generally Result in a Loss, and, also, the Bald
Spots" or Ridges that are Low in Organic Matter, Low in Water

Holding Capacity and Infertile.

MEMORANDUM

Harris' North Star Corn is bringing premium prices on
the market because of its earliness and superior quality.
Better grow some this year.

Send for Harris' Market Growers Catalog.

JOSEPH HARRIS COMPANY, Inc.

Moreton Farm

Rochester 11,

Spring plowing was practiced by 103 out of 112 growers, recording
this practice. More fall plowing appears to be desirable for early
planting. Precautions should be taken, however, to avoid loss of
*^oil fertiUty from erosion as a result of fall plowing.

Seed inoculated with nitrogen fixing organisms were used by
practically all the growers reporting, agarjel being the most com-
mon medium.

Spergon treated seed were used by about one-fourth of the

growers.
The fertilizer analysis most commonly used was 4-12-4, followed

by 3-12-6.

— 24 —

SENECA DAWN HYBRID SWEET CORN

A 65 day yellow Hybrid that produces as large an ear
as Golden Cross. Seneca Dawn has proven to be a real
money maker for many Pennsylvania Vegetable Growers.

Write today for our 1946 illustrated seed catalogue.

ROBSON SEED FARMS

Box P, Hall, N. Y.

V j

— 25 —

NTENTIONAL 2ND EXPOSURE

{•)

Showing How to Adjust a Drill to Sow the Proper Amount of Pea
Seed per Acre (Centre County Agr. Ext. Dem.)

Large Seeded Peas May Need All Obstructions Cleared in the

Drill Box to Sow Enough per Acre.

— 26 —

Manv driUs are reported to have insufficient seeding capacity for
neas and often special adjustments must be made in order to sow
fbushels per acre. Of 79 growers, 40 per cent reported their drills
having less than a 5-bushel per acre seeding capacity.

Whether or not to use a disc or ho6 drill is an argument not set-
tled bv the records, because 53 per cent of 107 growers used the disc
vne and 47 per cent the hoe type. Generally, however, preference
k expressed for the hoe drill on account of better coverage of the
ied and not disturbing the fertilizer-applied before seeding.
^ The soil was leveled after planting mostly with a plank drag (41%
of 68 growers) and roller (33%) but a harrow (spike tooth), also,

was used by many (26%). . '^ , i • +u«

Very little data was obtained on the practice of breaking the
crust after planting— only 6 growers reporting.

Clean fields were reported by 53 per cent of 117 growers, few
weeds by 42 per cent and many by 5 per cent. Mustard, thistle and
daisy were the most troublesome weeds. In a few sections con-
siderable thought must be given to a weed control program.

Moderate aphid infestation was reported by 34 growers, with 5
growers reporting a 10 per cent loss and 9 others reporting losses of

1 to 5 per cent. a i i.

Average harvesting dates reported by counties for the Alaska

variety are as follows:
June 10 — York. , ,. _ ,^ ,

June 19 to 25— Adams, Chester, Delaware, Franklin, Fulton and

Lancaster.
July 9 — Somerset.

Unfortunately the sweet varieties were not always separated in
reports but varieties in the Pride season appeared to be most com-
mon. Average harvesting dates for sweet peas were reported as
follows:
June 21 to 27— Adams, Berks, Dauphin, Franklin, Fulton, Lehigh,

Lancaster, Snyder and Union.
July 1 to 8— Erie, Northumberland, Somerset and Venango.
New growers are particularly vociferous in complaining about
difficulties encountered in harvesting peas. Almost all of them failed
to leave the ground sufficiently smooth and free from stones to
avoid damage to the mower. Special attention should be given to
this problem.

The records show a need for more hay loaders in speeding the
crop to the viner. Although 64 per cent of the growers (112) reported
using a windrowing attachment to the mower, only 33 per cent used
the hay loader,

— 27 —

■

:.!i

•

r '

Although many delays, break-downs, hard peas and losses oc-
currS due t^the over-taxed capacity, short hauls to the vmer ap-
pear to be the rule. A 2.97 mile average is shown for 72 per cent of
107 growers, 13.22 miles for 23 per cent and 23.57 m les for 5 per cent
TWvIraee time required for a round trip to the vmer was 3J
JoL or Sss, by 92 per cent of 48 growers. Usually, not over 2 truck
loads of peas were hauled from one acre to the vmer.

Special Pickup Reel and Windrower Attached to the Cutter Bar
fOT Speeding Up the Harveit and Improving the Quality of Peafc

— 28 —

Quick Cooling. Washing and Icing Peas at the Viner Station (above).
Loading Into Wooden Tubs on a Truck for Shipment to the Fac-
tory (below). (Hanover Canning Co., Pleasant Gap, Pennsylvania.)

— 29 —

I V

4 •

Although many delays, break-downs, hard peas and losses oc-
curred due to thLver-taxed capacity, short hauls to the viner ap-
pear to be the rule. A 2.97 mile average is shown for 72 per cent of
107 growers, 13.22 miles for 23 per cent and 23.57 miles for 5 per cent
The a^rag; time required for a round trip to the vmer was 3J
hours or less, by 92 per cent of 48 growers. Usually, not over 2 truck
loads of peas were hauled from one acre to the vmer.

Special Pickup Reel and Windrower Attached to the Cutter Bw
iot Speeding Up the Harvest and Improving the Quality ot Peas.

— 28 —

' i

Quick Cooling. Washing and Icing Peas at the Viner Station (above).
Loading Into Wooden Tubs on a Truck for Shipment to the Fac-
tory (below). (Hanover Canning Co., Pleasant Gap, Pennsylvania.)

— 29 —

••>

INTENTIONAL 2ND EXPOSU

<• }■.

Cost of Producing Peas

Monroe T. Armes*

Records of the cost of producing peas were ^ec^rf in 194^^^^^^
14 farms in Lycoming and Franklm Coun^ie^ , J^^'^i^^^^^^^
not selected in any way. They were ^J^^P^J^^^^^^^;'^^^^^^^^
to size of acreage or success in growing the crop. The acieage vaned
f?om 2 to 20 an^d the yield from 1,586 to 4,076 pounds per acre^ The
average acreage was 7 68 acres per grower and the average yield was

'IKllotfng f ^cTors were used in calculating the cost of pro-

^ "S^^'labor was charged at 40 cent per hour, horse labor at 15
centfper hour, and truck and tractor labor at 85 cents per hour^

Manure was charged to the crop at $1.00 per ton which is half
its eXated value The full cost of commercial fertilizer was
charged to the crop. Lime was charged at one fourth of its cost.

• * Agricultural Economics Extension, The Pennsylvania State College,
State CoUege, Pa.

Yellowing Pea Vines (foreground) were accompwued by
Poor Nodulation and Poor Soil Condition. — (J.M.M.)

— 30 —

Interest was charged at 5 per cent on the investment in land and
eauipment. The investment in general farm machinery used was
prorated on the basis of total crop acreage in the farm. Ten per
cent depreciation was charged on the investment in machinery.

The average investments per acre were $46.73 in land and $3.62 in
equipment. Many growers planted sweet corn or corn for silage
as soon as the peas were harvested. In such cases the pea crop was
charged with one half the taxes and interest on one half the value of
land This does not include the value of trucks and tractors since
their use was charged at the hourly rate. When another crop was
grown following peas only half the yearly tax and interest was
charged to peas.

The following table shows the man, horse, tractor and truck labor
used in the production of an acre of peas and the cost of these op-
erations calculated from the time required to perform them;

Man Horse Truck and

Hours Hours Tractor Hours Cost

Hauling manure 1.52 ... -81 $1-30

Hauling fertilizer .14 ... -09 i^

Plowing 1-90 ••• 1-30 i.H'

Discing -53 1.19 -53 -84

Harrowing 1-72 ... -70 1.28

Cultipacking 10 2.05 .11 -44

Rolling 32 .63 ... .22

Dragging 05 .03 .02 .05

Applying fertilizer .85 .97 .36 .79

Seeding 1-28 \X^ ^4 i^u*

Total growing 8.41 5,89 136 7.96

Cutting 2.09 TTi \f $2.40

Raking 1.62 .74 .05 .81

Loading 8.63 ... -47 3.85

Hauling to viner 45 ._^ i? J>^

Total htlFvesting 12.79 2,53 2,50 $7.62

Total growing and „_ „ . . *ikro

harvesting 21.20 8,42 6,86 $15.58

NEW SWEET CORN HYBRIDS

LINCOLN— a most popular new hybrid for home or market grower.

WILSON— a late yellow hybrid of Stowells Evergreen

Also Spancross, Marcross, Carmelcross.

Juift drop a card for our deicriptiye list.

HUNTINGTON BROTHERS

Box H. Windsor. Conn.

— 31 —

-•«

•:<l
i

.'i!

I I

The labor requirements for growing the pea crop are practicaUy
thisame as forVowing a crop of small grain with ^hese e^^^^^^^^^^
The fertilizer and seed for the pea crop must be sown separately or
Si inoculation will be killed and germination re arded. It is some-
times necessary to spray or dust peas to control aphids.

Considerable variation in method and wide range in cost was
found in Se harvesting of the crop. Several /-^^^^XaX
windrow attachments on the mower /^^ °f .^3^ J^*^^ ^ ^^''^
harvested the crop with a labor cost of around $3.00 per acre.

Rolling the land smooth after planting makes it much easier to
mow thf crop at harvest time. Some growers used a drag mstead
of roller after planting.

A few growers used the cultipacker after sowing instead of the
roUer ™s is not so satisfactory since it leaves small ridges m the
field and leaves the stones sticking up above the surface of the soil

^rfollowing table gives the total costs involved in Producing an
acre of peas in 1945. (If data from your farm were included in thi^
sur^mary the figures under "Individual Record" give your total
costs.)

Franklin
County

Number of records ]^

Total acreage ^c

Yield per acre ^^-^^^

Tons of manure nak

Pounds of fertilizer ^ Rd

Bushels of seed ^"^

Cost of seed $ ^I'ln

Cost of fertilizer

Lime

Cost of manure

Interest and depreciation

Growing labor:

Man

Horse

Tractor

Dusting --

Lycoming
County

57.5
2,900
1.92
631
4.09

All
Recordi

107.5
3,061
1.77
519
4.34

8.48

.39

1.88

5.52

3.52

.31

5.17

3.19

31.65

11.38

1.85

1.67

4.47

3.23

1.38

2.44

.34

31.69

10.03

1.17

1.77

4.96

3.37

.89

3.71

1.67

Total growing costs $ 60.21

$ 58.41

$ 59.26

Harvesting labor:

Man $ 5.76

Horse -jD

Tractor ^'^^

Cash hauling 10-21

Total harvesting costs $ 17.77

4.56

.49

1.77

1.17

$ 7.99

Total costs $ 77.98

Costs per ton $ 48.04

$ 66.40

$ 45.80

5.12

.38

1.87

46.91

— 32 —

wifhFELINS

MARKETING EQUIPMENT

FELINS BUNCH TYER

for Bunch Vegetables . . .

Cut Flowers .
Nursery Stock

• •

• • •

TORRENT BUNCH
VEGETABLE WASHER

for Washing all varieties of
Bunch Vegetables.
Over 1800 bunches an hour.

FELINS ROOT CROP WASHER

for Washing all varieties of Bushel
Crop. 10 bushel capacity —
3 tons an hour.

FELINS* Milwaukee 6, Wis.

» 1

• •»!

I,
1

■( I

Working
Together

CARLOS CAMPBELL*

Few industries have the close relations with the suppliers of the
raw products that exist between the canning industry and the grow
ers of canning crops. Some canners grow part or all of the crops
that thev process- the great majority, however, purchase their re-
q'^ eme^ntrbTcontra^s entered into with the individ-1 grower
^ This situation has arisen from the canner s need of an assurd
supply of raw materials on which to base his seasonal operat on

and from the grower's desire for an assured ;-i^^^^«.*, ^°^J^,te^
nroduces It was founded on a community of interest that has devei
oped far beyond the assurances of supplies and markets, respectivd^
V canner recognizes that the permanency and growth of h«
business depend upon his ability to produce foods that ^tisfy the
consumer. He knows that what comes out of the can or he glass J«
depends largely upon what goes into it. So he is interested not on Y
in the quality of crops grown for canning, but also in how that qual.
ty can be sustained and improved. ,„„„iar

On his part the grower realizes that the foundation for a regular,
dependable market for canning crops rests on his readiness anQ
ability to meet the canner's needs, in both variety and quality-

Herein is the incentive of the canner and grower to work ccj
operatively on such questions as seed selection plant diseases and
pSts, soils and fertilizers, and growing and harvesting practoes.
In part of this co-operative effort the canner and grower can worK

• Secretary of National Canners' Association.

— 34 —

Hirectlv with each other; in another part they can both work with
agencies such as Federal and State government organizations, edu-
cational institutions, trade organizations, etc.

The food processing industries are the means by which growers
of seasonal crops are provided a broader and bigger year-round
market for what they produce. In reaching and serving that market
the processor and grower are mutually dependent.

Each must operate at a profit to stay in. business. Neither can
nrofit at the other's expense without eventually crippling himself.
Thev cannot combine to exploit the consumer without narrowing or
destroying their market. These .facts call for policies and practices
that take the long look ahead atjd that are based upon honesty and
fairness to all concerned. 1,* , ^^

Such institutions as The Pennsylvania State College with its
research on canning crops improvement, and its Extension Service
that carries practical help to both growers and canners, are render-
ing a vitally important service that is deeply appreciated.

HUME

TRACTOB-BOWER

uil^i

' '7*?'V'-''^.j^

I.-t*'»C^

c^n

CUTS and ROWS IN ONE OPERATION

• ABOVE: HUME TRACTOR - ROWER harvesting peas.
Cuts and windrows gently— does not tangle or rope windrow.
Gets all the crop, even badly down, tangled fields. Consists
of draper conveyor, flexible floating cutter bar, lifter guards
and combination bat and tine reel. A crop saver. Write for
illustrated folder.

H. D. HUME COMPANY

Mendota, Illinois

— 35 —

>■

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Large - Medium - Small

Bean Builds Equipment For All

Small Model Rubber Spool Polalo Grader

Whatever your acreage— Bean builds for you. Row
Crop Sprayers give you modern, high pressure per-
formance for dependable and efficient protection agamst
insect pests and diseases . . . Vegetable V/ashing Equip-
ment and Vegetable Cleaning and Grading Equipment
help speed your harvest and produce a blue-ribbon pack.

Visit Your Nearest John Bean Dealer
or Write for Catalog

John Bean Mfg. Co.

(Division Food Machinery Corporation)
LANSING 4, MICHIGAN

Breeding and
Producing Good
Pea Seed

George W. Woodbury*

Prerequisite to the production of quality canned peas is the use
of good seed. The variety is important, of course, but seed stocks
within a given variety may by no means be identical. A seed slock
is ordinarily accepted as being the progeny of a single individual.
Thus there are many stocks of all varieties. So that their identity
may be maintained from one year to the next these stocks are
usually numbered.

Selection of stocks, then, should be no more difficult than selec-
tion of varieties and it is equally important. A good stock is the
final development of the plant-breeder's art. It is the breeding
which goes into the seed which determines the results.

What do we man by breeding? Almost anything which contri-
butes toward purity and performance of a particular stock may be
called breeding. Varieties are developed by breeding; that is, by
crosses between individuals, thus combining the good points of
both and frequently eliminating the bad. This is the first step m
many breeding programs, but it is by no means the most important.
For all practical purposes, peas are self-pollinated. They are pure
lines. But practical purposes do not suffice. In spite of their polli-
nating habits, peas do not remain pure unless vigilance is exercised
in seeing to it that they do so.

•Garden Seed Service, Cooperative G. L. F. Mills, Inc., Ithaca, N. Y.

— 37 —

.^t

.•

4 '

♦?

WP, '

» .

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rtl

'. ^1

There are atleast four r^^^^^^^^^^^

?er:nd f SetTr^i al^^^^^^^^^ of these\actors may be

f^^pttant Singly or collectively they may lessen the des.rab.hty

"^MuS^Ls often referred to as "sports," may occur in both plants
and anSs. Without going into a technict explana -^^^^^^^^^
that can be said is that they are unpredictable and their appearance
ollows no^eUe pattern'of inheritance; -r as far - .known is
'heir aopearance dependent upon any set of conditions whicn exist

Sr average growing conditions, ^^^f --^(.i^^eTefo^^^^^^^^
breed true; that is, produce their own kmd and will, theretore, in

crease in numbers from one year to the next. ..^^ubit-ear" or

One of the most common types of mutations is the rabbit-ear or
"skeleton vfne." This plant is characterized by a general y slender
4newnh narrow leaves and stipules. Most undesirable is the aa
that this plant bears narrow, tight pods which are out of season from
the rest ofthe stock. Thomas Laxton and similar types are among
the more important varieties to throw this type of rogue.

Field crossing is generally overlooked in production of seed peas^
The mechScs'of tL pea ffower are such that, by nature U^^^^^^^^^
hP nollinated within itself, without contamination by foreign pel
fen However since the pea weevil is common in seed-producing
Sionrsome' crossing must take place. The female weevn feed^
uDon the pea flowers before laying her eggs. In these travels from
r floweHo another, and in the mutilation o^ «-- f;^;,^;
must inevitably be some transfer of pollen thus ^««f ^mg a ^*^\^'^
Sosses In subsequent generations several types might show up as
a resJt of these crosses. This is a phase of pea seed Production
tS has not been investigated thoroughly and cone usive da^a
relative to the incidence of field crosses are not available. This
writer, however, is firm in the conviction that it can by no means,

be overlooked. . , , j • „ tuo

In regions where seed peas were grown, particularly during the
war years when both commercial and seed-pea production was ex-
panded to the limit, peas sometimes followed peas on the same land
?wo years in succession. When this is done there are sure to be some
volunteer peas from the first crop. As a matter of fact, even when
a crop like wheat is grown between, there are fo^ chances for
. volunteers. In fairness to the seed producers, it should be brough
out that these conditions are largely avoided, thus bnngmg the
number of volunteers in any stock to a mmimum. The fact that such
a thing can happen emphasizes the importance of securing seea
from reliable sources.

— 38 —

Finally, harvesting, milling and processing of several varieties
and lots of peas offer possibilities for mechanical mixtures. Re-
sponsible help is always placed at strategic points in these opera-
tions so that mixtures may be prevented. Since these operations
are always on a very large scale, it is usually impossible, even with
careful hand-picking, to keep a stock 100 per cent pure.

In the light of the foregoing statements, let us not despair at our
seed prospects. Good stocks are being produced and shall continue,
but not without untiring efforts on the part of the producers. Meth-
ods which are employed to produce and maintain a uniform stock

are somewhat as follows: . , , x i- u •

Each year the plant breeder will select typical plants from his
varieties. These plants are harvested separately and seed from
each plant is planted by itself the following year. There may be
a good many of these so-called "pure-lines." They will, of course, be
pretty much the same, but if for any reason one line is superior or,
perhaps, inferior to the variety it may be handled accordingly. It
will take from four to five years to bring a pure-line progeny up to
sufficient volume to produce it commercially. As the new lines are
built up, they supersede the old ones which are ultimately aban-
doned By careful management from one year to the next, quality
and purity need not be sacrified for want of a new line. These lines
are always carefully watched from year to year. If, somewhere,
along the way, too many off-types occur in a progeny or stock, that
particular stock is discarded. In addition to this process of "pure-
lining" as it is called, the seed producer goes further to maintain

his stocks by roguing. , . « . . -d ^^a

Roguing is merely the removal of off-types of rogues. Boys and
girls of high school age or above, supervised by well trained per-
sonnel, are employed for this work. They soon become accustomed
to any variations from the normal which may appear. These they
pull carefully and remove them from the fields. It should be re-
membered that neither pure-hning nor roguing will, by itself, in-
sure the best in seed stocks. A well-rounded program employing
both of these devices is the best assurance of a quality product.

The New Vegtable Winner

The only vegetable winner in the All-America Selections for
1946 is *Longreen' which gets the championship among the 1946 in-
troductions. , rr. 1 J TT

Longreen Snapbean is best compared with Tendergreen and Key-
stonian. Longreen makes a slightly larger and broader leaved plant.
The pods are the same attractive type, equal in finest quality, round,
stringless and fiberless, of the same maturity, but Longreen is an
improved strain of variety selection with pods averaging an inch
longer than Tendergreen and with that a heavier producer.

— 39 —

■t!

I'iV

■|i;»

(

1
1 •

i \

Prepare to use

* n

*;H

SPRAYS

. II

DUSTS

TESTED DDT PRODUCTS

LIQUID 30 DDT - ■ - -
WETTABLE DDT POWDER -
IMPREGNATED DDT DUST
DDT DUST with COPPER -

... 30% DDT
- 50% & 25% DDT
.... 1% DDT
3% DDT - 7% COP.

ALSO: 10% and 3% DDT DUSTS
and HOUSEHOLD SPRAY 5% DDT

NOTE- MILLER IMPREGNATED DDT DUST-
gave outstanding results against pea f^is f bbage
worms and many other pests m 1945 at about HALF
THE COST of Rotenone dusts.

One application of MILLAR LIQUID 30 DDT on
potatoes in Lancaster County INCREASED YIELUb
hi potatoes 99 bushels per acre in 1945 at a cost of only
$2.50 per acre. , .^,

Many other FAVORABLE TESTS were made with
MILLER DDT PRODUCTS on other crops.

COPPER — SULPHUR — ROTENONE DUSTS
STARTER FERTILIZER SOLUBLE VHPF

A FULL LINE of AGRICULTURAL SPRAYS. DUSTS and FERTILIZERS

Order from your daaler or write

yittn CHEHICU a FERTtUZEl GOBP.

1000 South Caroline Street
BALTIMORE - 31 - MARYLAND

Wisconsin Pea Breeding Program

E. J. Delwiche*

The Wisconsin Pea Breeding Program was begun in 1907. The
agricultural sub-Experiment Station, established in 1906 near Lake
Srior at Ashland on heavy clay soil, offered a site for research
on peas amongst other crops. The relatively cool summer climate
«nd fertile soil resembled the Eastern Wisconsin pea belt where
neas had been grown successfully for seed for some thirty or more
vears These tests with soup, field and canning varieties indicated
the desirability of pure lining for greater uniformity in maturity
and quality. The first work was based on the "mutation theory of
DeVries Soon after hybridizing was done, both from the prac-
tical standpoint of producing new varieties adopted to current
needs and research on the Mendelian lines. As far as the writer
knows the pure line work done at the Ashland station and the
utilization of Mendel's laws for producing new pea varieties were
the first done on those lines in America.

One of the demands of the time was for small seeded peas of
high quality for the production of French style canned peas known
at "Petit-pois," i.e. small peas. The Horal variety selected from a
cross between Horsford and Alaska was our answer to this request.
This was followed by Badger and a few others.

The disease factors which soon came to the fore with the extension
of pea growing, early came up for solution. Fortunately some of
the varieties produced in the early days had been consciously se-
lected for resistance to disease— notably root rots and blights, as
they were called in the early days. With the establishment of the
Department of Plant Pathology work on the isolation of disease
causing organisms such as Fusarium Wilt served as direct help m
testing the numerous varieties of peas then known and with them
a large number of new lines produced by breeding. This fortunate
relationship continues today. Quoting from our 1913 progress re-
port is the statement "Some 400 selections from crosses were planted
that appeared to possess points of superiority over common varie-
ties currently used for canning." The report also states "At Ash-
land station sufficient seed exists of pedigree Scotch and Green soup
Peas to plant twenty acres."

The objects in mind were then stated as production of varieties
(A) of greater producing capacity, (B) earlier maturity and (C) bet-
ter quality. „ , .,. x t *
Before then pedigree strains (as they were called then) out of
Alaska, Horsford's and Advancer had been released. Soon after

• Professor of Agronomy (Emeritus). University of Wisconsin, College of
Agriculture, Madison 6, Wisconsin.

— 41 —

'll«

, I

came the release of Alcross, Double Alaska (No. 19) and Hustler In

9?0 HorJ was found to be 100% ^-^f ^ *° Pf^"^"; ^clS As'
distribution, of this variety was done by the Wisconsin Canners As-

sociation.

Pure lines of old varieties and such as were obtained out of crosses
are as foSows:10452 Horsford; 13103 Alaska; Alcross Alaska; No. 19
Alaska; Horal, Badger, Acme and Ashford.

About 1928 or so the demand for midseason peas became evident
so work on such was added to our pea improvement program. The
92lprogram called for (1) Early types of sweet canning peaswuh
disease resistant quality. (2) Rogue free Alaskas (3) Pj^u^*^^^^^^^^^^
mid-season kinds. (4) Multiplication of varieties already released
S) Studies on off types and rogues in peas. An answer to point (1)
came Wisconsin Early Sweet. This was released m 1931.

About 1930 the following were the objects as a considerable in-
crease over the earlier work.

1 Uniformity of maturity and in quality of product.

2. Resistance to weather conditions, to Fusarium wilt, root rot and other

3 Suction ofearly types of sweet canning peas of good quality and
Kly resistant to unfavorable weather and fungous diseases

4. ProductTon of midseason strains to bridge-over gap between Alaska and

5. Produciron'of high class sweet canning varieties of Perfection type
possessing resistance to wilt.

6. Production of high quality large berried peas. ^

7 Maintenance of low rogue count in our established strains.

8*. S as ?ar as possible on conditions of our own introductions as grown

by seedsmen.
Wisconsin Wilt Resistant Perfection was produced from a rather
comphcated series of steps including Arthur, Perfection and sub-
sequent back crosses. Final crop before distribution to seedsmen
in 1932 was grown in Sonora, Mexico. This variety practically dis-
placed regular Perfection owing to its resistance to wilt. In itfjo
and 1937 our first large berried wilt resistant of medium early ma-
turity was introduced as Wisconsin Penin. The blood lines in this
include Alaska, Horsford and Prizewinner. In 1943 Early Badger
was issued, a very high quality Early canner of determinate vine
type similar to Perfection.

About this time, 1930, work was started on the development of
good quality freezer type peas— and an attack on the "near win
disease of peas. Results on "near" wilt culminated in 1945 with the
Commando variety, a strain in which some five varieties were used
in the breeding process. Work on this goes back some ten years.
Commando is resistant to pea wilt and "near" wilt.

— 42 —

440U COM^

dee U!

More than just the seeds, you are getting an unseen
quality obtained from personal care, with attention to
the smallest detail. At our various breeding stations,
the skilled fieldmen constantly cull over the stock-seed
crops, taking pride in our fine specimens and rightly so.

Get WoodruH's and you get the best

"UJOODRUFF

&sons int.

MILFORD. CONN.

bRANCHCS

rTOLEDOa- ATL ANTA.OA.- SACRAM E NTOXALI F.r M E RC E DE5.T EXAS

• '

Wando Pea, a Cold Resistant Variety

for Quick Freezing

Wando pea has been tried for two seasons by Amos Funk, MiUers-
vilTe^Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. He is f ^^^^^^^f ^ f .^f^^J
S it as a market garden variety because it is resistant to cold
weather anT can be planted very early. The pods are attractive,
Irk green in color, and about the size of Little Marvel.

Dr B L. Wade, Principal Geneticist, U. S. D. A Box 844, Charles-
ton, SC%ho produced the variety, gave the following report in a
letter, October 1, 1945:

"We find that aside from Austrian Winter types of peas that there
is a linkage between cold resistance and heat resistance. We have
found no peas having cold resistant pods or blossoms i.e. our cold
resrsfanceTconfined to leaves and stems. Only Austrian Winter
nnd WUlett Wonder have proved consistently more cold hardy here
San Wando Wando has been superior to Creole and very much
superior to all the commonly grown pea varieties here I have found
b^experience in Colorado and other places in the west that peas can
tolerate quite a bit of heat if the nights are cool.

"The Western Regional Laboratory basing its report on work in
Utah Washington and California found Wando at the top of its list
of frig peas for yield, appearance, and quality. The yield and
quality may both be influenced somewhat by the tolerance to heat
and cold since with cold tolerance the plantings can be made earher
with an opportunity for the plants to develop a very extensive root
system. Apparently this extra root system also comes m handy dur-
ing hot weather for we have several observations and some reports
of heat tolerance in Wando.

"Wando is slightly larger than Little Marvel both in bush and pod
size and a few days later under our conditions. It arose from a cross
of Perfection and Laxton Progress. The cold and heat tolerance are
apparently transgressive inheritance since neither parent has cold
or heat tolerance to any significant extent. We recommend it as a
home garden type for the South, as a market garden pea where a Lit-
tle Marvel type is acceptable but in our tests and those at the West-
ern Regional Laboratory it is apparently best suited for quick freez-
ing. In the seed growing sections of the north Wando is reported in
some cases to be as late as Perfection. This may be some day leng h
factor. The seed size is medium i.e. Perfection size. This probably
accounts in part for the yields since there is a negative correlation
between seed size and yield within a given group of peas."

— 44 —

While

\'\'

,•■'1'

And Make Money While the Making Is Good

1946 will afford the best markets for
Vegetables and Fruits that we have ever seen

INSURE YOUR CROP YIELDS

BY USING A

CALCO PORTABLE RAINMAKER

and stop watching the winds and clouds.

•

Wrile for Illustrated Catalog and the name of the
nearest Rainmaker Dealer

•

Califoinia Coiragoted Calvert Co.

7ih 8c PARKER STREETS

BERKELEY 2. CALIF.

-45 —

Diseases of Peas in Pennsylvania— 1945

L. O. Weaver*

Diseases are often a vital factor in limiting the yield of peas. The

Tnt T he rainfal for the months of April, May and June n the
Central and Eastern counties of the state was from one-half to one
and one-half inches above the normal.

Much has been accomplished to control diseases of field peas. In
voW 14 of the Pennsylvania Vegetable Growers' News, De-
etber, 1944 it was pointL out that seed t-tm-t wxth S^^^^^^^^^^
increased the average germination as much as 26^ per cent with
an average increase in yield of 546 pounds of shelled peas per acre^
Seed eftment is one step in the pea disease control program^ In
order that other control measures may be practiced, a constant
alertness s necessary. An effort must be made to prevent the in-
Sctfon of dSease'^rganisms on the seed and to examine cultural
practices with regard to soil organisms.

In 1945, three major diseases of peas were the cause of loss to
growers. There were seed decay, root rot and ascochyta bhght.

Seed Decay

Poor germination and poor stands are the result of seed decay^
Either the seed or young seedling may rot - ^he grou"ji. A poor
stand of peas or one where many weak plants develop can only
result in low yield. Wet, cool soils favor seed decay.

rontrol of seed decay has been obtained by the use of a chemical
du^t aDDlied to the surLe of the seed coat. Extension Pathologists
tomSLnd the use of Spergon at the rate of 2 ounces per bushel

of seed.

Root Rot

Root rots of peas are caused by soil fungi. There are a nurnber
of organisms which may individually cause the rot of pea roots^
Var examole root rot in some fields in Central Pennsylvania was
LuseTbTThiilavia basicola. In other instances, several organism
may be responsible for the disease. It is important to know that the
Sganisms present in the soil become destructive when peas are
plLted on the same ground oftener than once in four years.

• Extension Specialist in Plant Pathology. The Pennsylvania State College.

— 46 —

ThP diseased plants, regardless of the causal organisms usually

t SmUar svmptoms Rot occurs on the roots up to and slight-

r wf t^e soil SS The diseased tissue may first be seen on

itZ^lte^^iroo^or on the large main root. As the ro ad-

.nces all the tissue out side the central cylinder becomes black-

r^'nS and decayed. The plant parts above ground are dwarfed

:rd unproTuctte. 'The leaves become yellow and in many cases

'•"poirrottlre usually most severe when soils have a high moisture
t?nt therefore his disease is most prevalent in seasons with
Sgt rainlll Also, fields with low areas or with poor drainage
usually have a high percentage of diseased plants.

ConLl-It is advisable to select well-drained fields for peas. It
is aho ntessa y to avoid low-lying spots, heavy soils and springy
Lund A 3-year rotation helps reduce root rot. Spergon seed treat-
ment is not effective in control of root rot.

Ascochyta Blight
Thi« Hi<;ease has been on the increase in this State during the last
fel ^ears and was m^^^^^^ in 1945. It is characterized by

S'sh spots on stems, leaves and pods. On the stems, the lesions
Le elonga^te and are most abundant at the nodes. The spots on the
leaves may be small, numerous and irregular m shape^ Y"f die The
able conditions for the disease, the leaves may shrivel and die. The
^plts on the pods are similar to those on the leaves but are sunken.
The fungus may grow through the pods into the seed.

The fungus overwinters on the seed and on undecayed pea vines
whether af the vinery or in the field. The organism from diseased
seed infects the seedling and then spreads to neighboring plants
Controh-Growers and cannery field men should be on the alert
for this disease. Serious losses in yield may '^««"l\^"""5,f "^J! °^
heavy rainfall. The disease is prevented by planting only cl«a"
diseaLfree seed in ground free of the disease. Such seed may be
obtained from the dry western mountain states, where rainfall is

very low

The pea stubble should be plowed down and diseased Pea TJ^^s
should not be used on fields. At least a 3-year rotation should be

crdcticed

Bacterial blight:-A major important disease of peas has ako been
found in Pennsylvania fields. Water soaked lesions on pods, stems
and leaves are first noticed. On the leaves, the spots turn brown and
papery. On the pod, the spots are irregular, sunken and have a
watery appearance. The market value for canning or for direct sale
is much reduced.

— 47 —

' I

% i

,! . i

».

> t

The bacterial organism is carried over winter on the seed or in
vines in the field. Control measures are the same as for ascochyta

blight.

Pea Disease Control Program

1 Plant western grown seed. Healthy seed free from organisms
of ascochyta blight, bacterial blight, and other diseases may
be obtained from semi-arid western mountain states. Crop
failures may occur from use of eastern grown seed.

2 Plant treated seed or treat seed with a chemical dust to pre-
' vent seed decay. This treatment results in a high percentage

germination and strong vigorous seedlings.

3. Select well-drained fields for planting. Root rots are most com-
mon in poorly drained land.

4 Practice a 3-year rotation. If peas are cropped closely on the
same land, the fungi and bacteria continue to increase.

5. Plow down diseased pea stubble as soon as practical to destroy
the over wintering stage of the fungus.

WEATHER SERVICE

by Specialists

ELEVEN Years EXPERIENCE

SERVING PROGRESSIVE PEOPLE

7l has to he good to he soUV^

3 or 6 MONTHS in ADVANCE

For Details Without Obligation

KMCK WEATHER SERYKE

595 SO. LAKE AVE.,
PASADENA 5, CALIF.

Name.

Address.

A Pea is Bom

Ira Member

,„u , rv^aV*.^ nea seed a high-cost item? Just the same things that

^^l^H^fve stock good horses, and good machinery high-priced

!!:are'a:d attenttn 'to tt production of a high-quality product-

'TrcaTner is constantly asking for better varieties ^or h^^-^^^^

, f i\.i«v,t thprp A canner or several canners, sells the seeo-
Let's «tart right there. A c^^^^^^^^ ^_^^ ^^^^^.^ ^^^^.^^ ^^^

man on the idea that a new y Rgg^^rch and Plant Breeding

i,tics IS "«.^<^^f , J'^e^^^^^^ goes to work to figure out what

l;r£Lm"i;^esthirh'?a rie^Tto be the male parent and whieh

"I'r'neTplanting season the proper varieties are planted in
sufficient quantUies to have abundant breeding matenal.

jrrnnhTp?;^:tre"rrprorsCrb^»^^^^^

Tnffom the male parent is introduced on the blossoms of the
pollen from the maie Pfi*;"^ twPPT^ers These blossoms are

order to make sure that one or more of them will De iruix

Many of them are unfruitful.

From those blossoms which produce seed, the Pe««^^;!^Jf^^;;f;^t
riuui tiiv. ^UoiioH and the one or more peas resulting are

ed. One pea trom sucn ^ ^^^ j^^.

project, two or more are ot course Del lei.

" When"^s Sd"lX"er*e oSsprlng will have s„n,e of the
Za t"e *ste o/eachVent. The seed from this ^^^^-^'^^

— 49 —

48 —

11'

pigs from a white sow and a black boar.

Here the plant breeder begins his job of selecting individual
plants which come the nearest to being the thing the canner asked
for. Each individual plant selected is tagged and its identity
recorded. The product of each selection is developed as fast as

possible. i ■ ^.

It usually takes fifteen generations or more before characteristics
can be fixed, through repeated selection, so that they will con-
sistently come true to type every time the seed is planted.

After the material is fixed in characteristics and if it appears to
be the thing which was desired, building up its quantity begins with
the selection of a single plant which comes the nearest to being the
new variety desired by the canner and the seedman. The seed
produced from this plant is planted the next year to start the multi-
plication which will finally result many generations later m a
stock of seed large enough so the seedman can sell canners car loads
of the new item.

The canner is insured by the pedigree of this new variety which
has been kept with each successive generation. Any crop can be
traced back if the lot number is available.

It seems like almost a life-time job to produce a new variety of
peas, but devices are used to speed it up. During the period when
the material is segregating the use of greenhouse equipment and
moving the seed to southern climates will get an extra generation
or two. In the same manner the multiplication can be hastened
by moving a part of the seed South to get an extra generation dur-
ing the winter. , .. •

Even with these devices which have been developed it is easy
to see that it is a long process to fill the needs of a canner through

the breeding of a new variety. , -^ t

All this costs money, time and technical skill. Another item oi
cost in producing pea seed is the maintenance of purity within the
established varieties.

Reputable seed companies have large breeding and trial grounds
devoted entirely to improvement of their products. Here the cross-
bred materials which they are working on, for new varieties, are
planted and studied. Plantings are made of every variety they have
on hand so that they can be carefully observed and improved by
selection. Many of these trial grounds run into hundreds of acres
scattered over the canning areas.

This material is planted by hand in rows and grown on woven-
wire fence so that the research workers can study the plants— roots
and branches.

— 50 —

Every year thousands of single plant selections are made with

. fZ of keening the variety up to standard of purity and main-

iSfg^lietaTc^^^^^^^^^^ Each of the single plfnts, se ected

hv a"echnical worker, is tagged and the seed produced from it kept

separate in the files in the laboratory for multiplication into im-

nroved seed stocks. i 4. •

The product of the seed from each of these single plants is
Jdfed'n following years. The best, typiest and highest-yieldmg
^^f^rfals are propagated and multiplied as rapidly as possible, un-
m they have been built up to pure-lines to go out to seed growers
where they are multiplied up to sufficient quantities to become seed

stocks £

When a seed lot number of any variety begins to show signs of
ruling out in canner fields it is replaced by the best Pureline seed
S available from this system of improving varieties. The old
seed stock is then discarded never to be used again.
How would you like to buy an automobile today with the auto-
kT Tn^nanies having dor^e no research and development work
™°^ 1930^ P^a seed w^^^^^^ be worse than that had the seed com-
' HonP no breed^g and improvement work on their pea seed

rcri93rHad tiey S ^e prob'ably would have no canned peas in
Q4S The grower just simply couldn't make enough with seed
Sat had beeTaUowed to run down over that period of time to make

it worth his while.

Well-bred seed although high in cost is the best and most eco-
nomical in the long pull.

There U mtisfaction in doing good work, or giving

extra value, even though you gel no

more pay or credit.

ALBERT C. ROEMHILD

COMMISSION MERCHANT
Wholesale Fruits and Vegetables
Phone. Lombard 1000 "2 Dock Street, PhUadelphia 6, Pa.

rmt

— 51 —

•

4 '

•#?

A Service to Our Growers by the
Introduction of Sweet Peas

J. B. WINEBRENNER*

Sweet pea production has been on the up-swing in Pennsylvania
and with good reason. High yields, superior quality, improvement
in strains, new and better varieties adaptable to our section, and
early and late maturing varieties are a few of the factors that have
made sweets popular.

As pioneers in the State in sweet pea production, we have learned
to know the varieties best suited to our section. Fourteen years ago
our first fields of sweets only yielded 765 pounds per acre as com-
pared with 2212 pounds of Alaskas that year. Close co-operation
with the seedsmen and extensive work in our own trial plots with
new varieties greatly improved the sweets' yields. By 1942 our
sweets were out-yielding the Alaskas by more than 600 pounds.
Today we grow all sweets and obtained an average yield in 1945 of
3445 pounds per acre.

With these high yields, our growers normally get about 68% fancy
peas. Their Alaska crop seldom produced more than 20% fancy peas.
This has been an important factor to our growers selling us on a
graded basis.

The sweet varieties we use range in maturity from 58 to 67 days
(we found anything later than 67 days was usually uncertain in this
section) , permitting our growers to harvest a sizeable acreage during
a week or more without greatly affecting the quality or the price
per ton received on a graded basis. Also, texture meter readings in
certain fields of sweets this year did not increase more than 15
points in three days. Weather conditions control this factor a lot,
but it is evident that sweets will not lose their quality over night.

These are just a few of the reasons why our introduction of sweet
peas to our growers has met with such approval and made them a
profitable crop. The promotion of a new and better seed is just one
service we, as a canner, can offer our growers. We want to continue
to serve them. Their success is to our mutual benefit.

* D. E. Winebrenner Company, Hanover, Pa.

Read Our Advertisers' Messages

An index to advertisers is found on the page facing the inside
back cover for your convenience in looking up sources of equipment
and supplies, and also dependable outlets for your produce.

— 52 —

Early

Sweet

103

A service for

D. E. WINEBRENNER COMPANY

GROWERS

Have you availed yourself of the service of our NEW ^^^^
OFFICE, located at our plant under the direction of M. b.
"Chick" Webb?

"Chick" was born and raised on a York County Farm and is
a graduate of the School of Agriculture of the Pennsylvania
State College. He will be glad to help you or relay your prob-
lems to our local county agents or other members of the exten-
sion service.

Whether it be a sample of soil you wish him to take and have
analyzed by the county agent, or a farm machinery problem,
feel free to call or drop in at our FARM OFFICE and ask for
"Chick."

We aim to serve you in any way we can, especially with your
canning crop problems.

D. E. WINEBRENNER COMPANY

HANOVER. PENNSYLVANIA

I t.

— 53 —

•<

'.;

The Peas

21 Pods

Early Sweet 103

Grown on

Two Plants.

The 21 Pods

from

These Two

Plants.

Skim-Milk Peas

Ira Member
Twenty-five to thirty dollars per acre for seed is a lot of money^
PpJare about the only crop a farmer grows which costs that much
for seed If peas did not have the possibility of high return per
acre no one would invest that amount m seed.

Many growers who would not buy a good pedigreed calf and
brKim home to a diet of nothing but skimmed milk, will plant
S to five bushels of pea seed on an acre with little or no regard to
Seamount of fertilit/ there is in the soil to support this well-bred
crop Good pea seed is well-bred and deserves as good feeding as a
pure-bred dairy calf. .

Pea seed is like the calf in that the best is cheapest m the long
run if properly fed and cared for from birth.

The individual who will not feed, house and care for a dairy calf
properly might just as well have a scrub if he must have a calf. The
only difference between the livestock-man and the grower of can-
Sg peas is that the grower of peas does not have the choice of
"heiurce of seed supply. The canner chooses the «eed suppherjhe
result is that every grower of canning peas gets what his canner
feels to be the best-bred seed obtainable.

After the grower gets this well-bred pea seed, success lies in
his selection of the proper field, soil type, soil preparation, fertilizer
insect and disease control, and harvesting properly for a quality
product, and maximum profit.

Peas are not a rough field crop like rye, oats and barley. They are
a garden crop. They are a quick-growing crop requiring abundance
of available fertilizer from the start to the finish of the crop.

Peas should never be put on any questionable Aeld^ Fields with
low spots which do not drain well and badly eroded high spots
with very thin soil should be avoided. Seed peas are better in the
bag than in the soil until the soil is m proper ^^^^ition and has
been properly fitted. The nearer the seed bed can be to garden
condition the better it is for a pea crop.

Many peas are buried too deeply in the soil, dissipating all or
mTIt t'he energy in the seed before the seedling emerges rom
the ground where it is capable of taking care of itself. There is no
hard-fast rule for the depth of planting seed. It depends upon the
conditions. All we need to put seed under the ground for ^^ to|Yt
it the necessary moisture for germinating so that it can send its
root system down to water and fertility and its ^tem up to the air
where it can manufacture its own food in the sunlight. Why bury

— 55 —

, I

ii <
«

t I

.1 '«'

i. .'(.

»'./

1 1

■M

• )

I T

• i'U

0 I

The Peas

21 Pods

Early Sweet 103

Grown on

Two Plants.

The 21 Pods

from

These Two

Plants.

•'.,,•'

•'.*::■

ii<.

Skim-Milk Peas

Ira Member

Twenty-five to thirty dollars per acre for seed is a lot o^ money^
PoJare about the only crop a farmer grows which costs that much
for seed If peas did Lt have the possibility of high return per
acre no one would invest that amount m seed.

Many growers who would not buy a good pedigreed calf and

brSg him home to a diet of nothing but skimmed milk, will plant

Cr to five bushels of pea seed on an acre with little or no regard to

he amount of fertility there is in the soil to support this well-bred

crop Good pea seed is well-bred and deserves as good feeding as a

pure-bred dairy calf. • .u i «

Pea seed is like the calf in that the best is cheapest in the long
run if properly fed and cared for from birth.

The individual who will not feed, house and care for a dairy cait
uroperly might just as well have a scrub if he must have a calf. The
K d fference between the livestock-man and the grower of can-
nhig peas is that the grower of peas does not have the choice of
"he'source of seed supply. The canner chooses the ^^^^ supp hen The
result is that every grower of canning peas gets what his canner
feels to be the best-bred seed obtainable.

After the grower gets this well-bred pea seed, success lies in
his selection of the proper field, soil type, soil preparation fertilizer
insect and disease control, and harvesting properly foi a quality
product, and maximum profit.

Peas are not a rough field crop like rye, oats and barley. They are
a garden cVop They are a quick-growing -op requiring abundance
of available fertilizer from the start to the finish of the crop.

Peas should never be put on any questionable field./;^^J^%^J,\^^
low spots which do not drain well and badly eroded high spots
with very thin soil should be avoided. Seed peas are better in the
bag than in the soil until the soil is in proper ^o'^dition and has
been properly fitted. The nearer the seed bed can be to garden
condition the better it is for a pea crop.

Many peas are buried too deeply in the soil, dissipating all or
most o'f t'he energy in the seed before the seedling emerges rom
the ground where it is capable of taking care of itself. There is no
harl-fast rule for the depth of planting seed. It depends upon he
conditions. All we need to put seed under the ground foj^^ to give
it the necessary moisture for germinating so that it can send is
root system down to water and fertility and its «tem UP^^^ ^^^^^i^
where it can manufacture its own food in the sunlight. Why bury

— 55 —

(!'•!

INTENTIONAL 2ND EXPOSURE

^>:ti^M!^

iMi,.-

' f

that tiny seed so deeply in wet, soggy ground that if it ever does
get a stem up above ground it will be weak and inefficient — stunted?

There persists an old idea that deep-rooting of peas can be in-
duced by deep planting. Just ask yourself how much deeper the
root system will be on a pea planted three inches deep than one
plantd an inch and a half deep. Is li inches difference in depth
of root system going to make the difference between a good crop
and a poor crop in a dry year? Might not the poorer stand obtained
because of the death of many plants which could not quite make it
up to sunlight, make a greater difference in your total yield than
the depth of root system?

Deeper placement of fertilizer will do much more to induce deep
rooting of the crop than will burying the seeds deeply. Shallow ap-
plication of fertilizer induces the feeder rootlets to develop near
the surface where the food is. When drought strikes these shallow
feeder roots burn up. The crop is doomed.

Loading Peat Into Tanki Alter Vining. Paai Ar« Waah«d and Ic«d

for Long Haul to Cannary. Tank Holdi aboui

Six Tom of Shelled Peas.

— 56 —

Too many growers seem to have too much land. They spread the
seed which should plant eight acres of land over nine acres, not be-
cause of less bushels of seed per acre but because of the way they
run their drills. Far too many fields have a row of peas missmg
for every drill-lap. If a small eight-row drill is being used each
missing row means 12% of the land is not producing. If you are
using a 16-row drill it means 6% of the land is not being used. What
kind of a business can exist very long with a 6% to 12% annual

loss?

On a ten-acre planting this means from .6 to 1.2 of an acre of land
has been plowed, fertilized and fitted just to lie there and grow
weeds. Who would willingly pay for .6 of a bushel of seed which
he did not get?

Add to this the drill-skips resulting from lack of attention to the
flow of the seed through the drill and it puts the careless grower into
the class of gambling on the ponies.

Drilling peas is not a one-man job unless it is done with horses. A
good, observant man should be following the pea drill with the hop-
per cover open so that he can immediately stop bridging over of the
seed in the hopper, thus avoiding drill skips which are very costly.

A little work in levelling up a field and either picking the stones
after drilling or rolling them into the ground will pay big divi-
dends at harvest time. It will prevent the breaking of sections
in the sickle or guards on the cutter bar. Every row left in the field
at harvest time because of faulty equipment is worse than the un-
planted row we have just talked about because this unharvested
row has taken its share of water and fertilizer which might have
gone to its negihbors!

Don't wet the seed with inoculation, just moisten it. It will flow
through the drill better.

A crop high in cost of production and high in possible returns,
deserves efficient harvesting machinery. The profit on many a field
of canning peas has been left in the field in the form of uncut rows
and pods which were cut off and left on the ground. Figures of
actual count will show as much as 300 lbs. of shelled peas per acre
left on the field by faulty harvesting. At $90.00 per ton this is a
loss of $13.50 per acre. There are modern machines f^r harvesting
peas that will greatly reduce this gamble. Sixty acres at $13.50 per
acre will buy one of them.

— 57 —

, I

* 1

-:*

I ll'l

Tractor Used for Distributing Vines on Stack. Loading the Bucket.

Modern Pea Harvester at Work. Heavy Duty Hay Loader Loading

the Windrows Left by the Harvester. Speedy and

Efficient Harvesting Result.

II I

«\

I .

Hanover Canning Company Installation^ Pleasant Gap* Pa., Showing
Cleaner and Icing Shed and Refuse Disposal Machinery.

— SB-

Good Working Conditions of State Grader of Peas. Taking
Tenderometer Reading on Samples of Peas.

— 59 —

i' .'I I

ifmssm

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^^^H ^tV "A mP^i ^KUbpB]^^^^^ .3tL *:

5i-

» ♦

Modern Pea Harvester at Work. Heavy Duty Hay Loader Loading

the Windrows Left by the Harvester. Speedy and

Efficient Harvesting Result.

Tractor Used for Distributing Vines on Stack. Loading the Bucket.

Hanover Canning Company Installation, Pleasant Gap, Pa., Showing
Cleaner and Icing Shed and Refuse Disposal Machinery.

— 58 —

Good Working Conditions of State Grader of Peas. Taking
Tenderometer Reading on Samples of Peas.

— 59 —

' I t

INTENTIONAL 2ND EXPOSURE

NOT niANTICAIIY MEAD

SOUNDLY ON TIIIE

General Chemical Company, as a result of intensive laboratory
and field investigations aimed at produa dependability and
practical economy in grower use, now offers—

A Complete Line of DDT Products-

Including Advanced and Exclusive Formulaf ions -
For All Esfablished Horficulfurol >lpplicofions

General's DDT products— as all its agricultural chemicals
—are the result of thorough-going research and close, prac-
tical association with growers' needs. Into their develop-
ment has gone all of the skill, science, and experience
gained in almost half a century's production of inseaiddes
and fungicides . . • Orchard Brand, the nation's foremost.

/i^

G E N I T O X

DDl PRODUCTS

For full information, contact nearest General Chemical Sales & Technical Service Office

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ORCHARD
ilBlfiNDg

GENERAL CHEMICAL COMPANY

40 RECTOR STREET • NEW YORK 6, N. Y.

Sales and Technical Service Offices : Atlanta • Baltimore • Boston • Bridgeport
(Conn.) • Buffalo • Charlotte (N. C.) • Chicago • Cleveland • Deff»tr
Detroit • Houston • Kansas City • Los Angeles • Minneapolis • New York
Philadelphia • Pittsburgh • Providence (R. I.) • San FrancUco • Seattle
St. Louis • Utica (N. Y.) • Wenatchce (^sh.) • Yakima (Wash.)
In Wisconsin: General Chemical Wisconsin Corporation, Milwaukee, Wis.
!■ Caiatfa: Tht Niehals Ckaaical CaBipaaf. Llailtatf • Maatraal • Taraata • Vaaaaaftf

Pea Diseases in New York State
and Control Suggestions

W. T. Schroeder and O. A. Relnking*

Some pea diseases were very much in evidence in western New
York during the 1945 season. Root rot, a complex disease resulting
from infection by a number of organisms, particularly Aphano-
myces, Fusarium, and Ascochyta, ranged from mild to severe in
over 90 per cent of the fields visited at harvest time. In many of
these fields, the disease was not apparent on the above-ground parts
of the plant. In these same fields, Ascochyta foliage blight was
generally present and occurred on 75 per cent or more of the
plants. Other diseases such as bacterial blight, downy mildew,
anthracnose, near-wilt, Septoria blotch, and virus diseases were ob-
served in lesser amounts. Yield reductions, however, were not in
proportion to the amount of disease present, simply because in
most of the fields, root rot and Ascochyta blight did not develop early
enough in the season to be much of a factor.

Losses from diseases such as root rots, Ascochyta blight, and other
foliage diseases generally result from a gradual weakening of the
plant occasioned by a reduced root system that cannot get suffi-
cient nutrients or moisture to maintain a normal plant, or by an
impaired foliage system. It is quite possible, however, for some of
these diseases, especially root rot, to destroy an entire field when a
heavy infection occurs early in the life of the plant and the weather
and soil conditions are ideal for their continued development. Un-
fortunately, no resistance to these diseases has been found that
would enable one to grow peas successfully in spite of their presence.
The control of pea diseases like root rots and foliage blights in-
volves a system of rotation, sanitation, and cultural practices that
will enable plants to make a rapid, uninterrupted and normal
growth. Rotation is most important on soils that have not produced
diseased peas, because it prevents the causal organisms, especially
root rot from becoming heavily established in the soil. Foliage
diseases, and possibly a few of the root rots, that exist only as long
as the plant debris does, can be eliminated for all practical pur-
poses from the soil by a four-year rotation. The most important
root rot organisms, Aphanomyces and Fusarium, cannot be elimi-
nated by such a rotation. This was determined at the Geneva Station
in tests involving four years of fallow and four years of non-legume
crops between peas. The number of organisms as determined by

♦Plant Pathology Division, N. Y. S. Agr. Expt. Station, Geneva, New
York, October 17, 1945.

— 61 —

« I

••

> 4

disease severity, however, was reduced sufficiently to give a fair
crop when good fertilizer practices were followed, but the original
build-up of disease was too great to insure a good crop. Sanitation
involves the use of seed as free of disease organisms as it is possible
to get because contaminated or infected seed enables the disease to
became established early; thereby giving it more time for later
development. The use of viner stack trimmings on soil to be planted
to peas or in the vicinity of pea plantings should be discouraged for
the same reason. Good cultural practices mean the use of treated
seed to insure a uniform and quick emergence, the selection of well-
drained soils, the preparation of a good seedbed, and the use of
adequate fertilizer. It has been demonstrated at the Geneva Sta-
tion and elswhere that good yields of peas can be obtamed in spite
of root rot, providing the soil was not too heavily infested.

Although root rot and Ascochyta blight did not reduce yields in
western New York in proportion to the amount observed, neverthe-
less, the disease organisms have built up in the soil and on plant
debris in sufficient amounts to be a serious factor in 1946, should en-
vironmental conditions be favorable for their early development.
For this reason, it would be unwise to ignore the control measures
outlined above, especially rotation and sanitation.

Leader in the Field since 1 895

VIRGINIA-CAROLINA CHEMICAL CORPORATION

Bolfimore, Md.

Corteret, N. J.

— 62 —

AGRICULTURFS
MOST USEFUL
FORM OF
NITROGEN .^

The Time is

NOW

To Insure

YOUR OWN
Association's Future

Send YOUR Dollar Today

The Pennsylvania Vegetable
Growers Association

625 Holmes St.
State College, Penna.

#•

LAMOTTE MORGAN
SOIL TESTING OUTFIT

- >

This outfit makes it a simple matter to
determine accurately the pH value or to
know "how acid or how alkaUne your
soil is. It can be used on soils of any tex-
ture or moisture content except neavy,
wet clay soil. Complete with LaMotte
Soil Handbook. Price $10 f.o.b. Towson.

LaMotte Chemical
Products Co.

Dept. VGN.
Towson 4, Baltimore, Md.

— 63 —

[ ■ ■ * ' * . A.

i ']

Insuring High Quality
Pea Production

Earl De Hofi, Jr.*

To insure a high-quality production, one must of necessity start
at the source and follow diligently every stage until the production
is finally in its completed form. This is particularly true of canned

peas.

We find in the central part of Pennsylvania the best method of
growing peas is to use ground that has been in a cultivated
crop the year before, and one that is well drained, retains moisture,
free as possible from stones, and void of wet and doubtful crop
producing areas. Fall plowing is usually wise in order to secure
retention of moisture, and early planting.

In preparing the soil for planting, plow about seven to eight
inches deep, apply ten tons of manure, harrow the ground, and roll
about three times. Apply about 700 pounds of 4-12-4 fertilizer, get-
ting it in the ground three or four inches deep. Better results are
gotten by letting the fertilizer lay in the bands in the soil instead
of harrowing it through the ground. Sow about four and one-half
bushels of pea seed per acre, of the early varieties and five bushels
of the late varieties, getting them in the soil about one and one-
half to two inches deep, and under no consideration drill the peas
and the fertilizer at the same operation.

When sowing several varieties in the same field, it is very im-
portant to thoroughly clean the drill between each variety, and
also helpful to leave a 2 ft. or 3 ft. separating strip between each
variety.

♦ Field Supervisor, Mifflin County Packing Company, Reedsville, Pa.

— 64 —

■ «

RAIN-O-MATIC

REG. U. S. PAT. OFF.

Complete Portable Irrigation Systems

"INSURE"

Crop Production
By Irrigating.

'RAIN'

Where and When
You Want It.

Champion Portable Pipe and Valves
Skinner Revolving Sprinklers — sand proof
Transite Pipe for Underground Lines

RAIN-O-MATIC Portable Power Pumping Units

- •Vrrr'-Vihf.-MSi'l'-itffVV j

All
Capacitieg

Engineers in Irrigation

WRITE:

HAMILTON & COMPANY

EPHRATA, LANCASTER COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

TELEPHONE 678 DISTRIBUTORS P. O. BOX 178

PcmuylTaiiia, I>«lawar«, Virginia* North Carolina, Maryland, D. of C.

T^i

Crop
Service

E. W. Monlell*

Why do some growers ha-
bitually raise more peas, to-
matoes or other crops to the
acre than their neighbors?
Part of the answer lies in
job performance; in other
words, the successful men
are attentive to details.

Take peas for instance. There is no crop which responds more
profitably to painstaking care then they. It is presumed that most
pea growers are familiar with the various steps in the production of
peas for the cannery, which should produce the greatest yields, but
how many take the pains to follow each procedure carefully.

Here is where the crop service department of the canner enters
the picture. It isn't that the fieldmen are wizards at pea growing,
but they do know the pitfalls that beset the pea grower and by
constant reminders through meetings, by word of mouth and by
letter or bulletin can so impress the essentials upon the growers that
most of them will follow through. It is essential that the Crop

. 4

* Manager, Agricultural Department, Joseph Campbell Co., Camden, N. J.

— 66 —

qervice Department maintain the confidence of the growers by dis-
seminating only such information which is accurate and based upon
sound practices.

Most growers are eager to learn and to be reminded from year to
vear regarding the preferred practices, so a mutual trust develops
between the fieldman and grower which is proper and healthy for
the industry.

Another successful method of crop service is to send a circular
outlining the salient production practices just before the crop is
sown or planted. A sample pea circular is printed herewith; others
can be sent before tomato planting or harvesting, etc.

Pea Planting Pointers

A successful pea grower is careful and attentive to details. Listed
below are a few helpful hints:

1. Plant peas as early in the Spring as possible, but not before a
good seed bed can be obtained. Most growers disc 5 to 6 times.

2. Sow fertilizer separate from the pea seed. Use sharp teeth on
the drill spouts and set them to sow the fertilizer as deeply as
possible (4"). If using a drill, do not work the ground after
sowing the fertilizer.

3. Each can or bottle of inoculation is sufficient for four bushels of
peas. Mix the inoculation with a small quantity of water and
moisten the pea seed with the mixture. (This may be a little
difficult as the Spergon resists the coating.) Treat one drill box
full of peas ahead each time so as to give the peas a chance to
dry somewhat. Cover the treated seed so as to protect it from
direct sunlight and wind. DO NOT treat more seed than can be
sown within an hour. If the seed does not flow through drill
freely, use graphite.

4. Jack up one side of the drill, put a few peas in the hopper and
adjust flow for each variety of peas to sow 5 bushels per acre.
See that each spout is sowing the seed evenly. Adjust the drill
depth to sow the pea seed above the fertilizer at a depth of
between U" and 2". (Do not sow pea seed and fertilizer at the
same time.) Because of the packed earth, extra pressure should
be exerted on the drill shoes which follow the tractor wheels.

5. Roll the field with flat roller after seed has been sown.

6. If the soil crusts or bakes after planting, use a disc set straight
to break crust. This practice helps control weeds and assists
seed emergence.

— 67 —

i»H

Specializing in Fertilizers

for

CANNING CROPS

■«l

• •

Peas - Beans - Sweet Corn

Tomatoes

Insure Your Crops This Year

with

UNION
FIELD TESTED FERTILIZERS

Union Fertilizer Corporation

Main Office— Pikesville, Maryland
Factory — Baltimore « Maryland

Pea Growers in Jefferson and Venango Counties

Peas are a cash crop and must be given the attention expected of
.nv other garden crop. Prior planning before planting is very im-
Dortant Pea growers should first ask themselves, do I have the
proper equipment to take care of this crop; and then should satisfy
himself that he is thoroughly equipped or is willing to purchase
needed equipment to properly prepare his soil, plant and harvest

the crop.

Careful consideration for the selection of a suitable field for peas
and the location of this field should next be given attention. The
selected field should be fairly level, free from surface rocks, con-
taining a uniform soil texture with available deep top soil and good
drainage. When early and late peas are planted in the same field
on a sloping hill, the late varieties should be planted at the top of
the slope. Then if washing does occur it will be late varieties into
early and not early into late.

If the grower decides to grow peas and must equip himself with
additional equipment, he should look ahead far enough so his orders
are placed in sufficient time to be filled before needed.

Another important point that many growers fail to observe is
hauling. Their relationship with the viner's location, condition of
roads, numbers of acres can haul with own equipment and availa-
bility of commercial haulers or neighbors assistance should be looked
into before signing a contract. Growers should realize that peas
need to be taken care of immediately when ready for harvesting.
This is not true of some other garden crops. Tnerefore he should
plant only the quantity of acres that he can harvest and haul into
the viner himself unless previous arrangements have been made
for additional labor and trucks.

A new grower should follow instructions on the proper-method
of applying the inoculation and watch his drill very closely so it
does not plug or skip. Many growers failed to get in the ground
proper quantity of seed per acre. This in turn caused thin stands,
which reduced the yield per acre.

The Jefferson County growers experienced more difficulty than
usual in harvesting the crop. This trouble resulted from the im-
proper equipment on their mowers. Once the cutter bars were
equipped with pea-pick up guards and shorter cutter bars in many
instances. The trouble was eliminated.

Experience has taught these growers the values of rolling to
smooth the ground before planting. Peas that lodged were easily
recovered on smooth ground with the use of the proper equipment.

— 69 —

i '

»^

, '

'■*i f I.

.#i'

4 '

The best yield of peas were grown on good well drained soils
with an ample application of fertilizer. The best yields were grown
with an average of 800 pounds of a complete fertilizer.

With few exceptions our growers are confident they can grow
better yields another year with similar weather conditions.

JEFFERSON COUNTY GROWERS YIELDING OVER
1.25 TONS OF PEAS PER ACRE

1. H. E. Cochran; R. D. 3, Reynolds-
ville

2. Dale Corin, Reynoldsville, Pa.

3. Charles Daugherty, R. D. 2, Reyn-
oldsville, Pa.

4. Thomas O. Enterline, R. D. 5,
Punxsutawney, Pa.

5. A. E. Harriger, R. D. 5, Punxsu-
tawney, Pa.

6. Harry McClelland, R. D. 2, Reyn-
oldsville

7. W. P. McConnell, R. D. 1, Falls
Creek, Pa.

8. Walter Schuckers, R. D. 1, Reyn-
oldsville, Pa.

9. Arthur Smith, R. D. 2, Reynolds-
ville, Pa.

10. J. M. and Harvey Smith, R. D. 1,
Falls Creek, Pa.

11. Robert Steele, R. D. 1, Falls
Creek Ps

12. Victor Verbeke, R. D. 2, Reyn-
oldsville, Pa.

13. James H. Wingard, Box 132,
Brockway, Pa.

Disaster b1 Pea Harvesting Time is Seen in the Above Illustrations.

Stony Ground will not Permit the Pea Cutter Bar to Ride

Close to the Ground in Harvesting the Crop. — ( J.M,H.)

— TO-

BIG IMPROVEMENTS * * • MATCHED
TO "^(un SPRAYING JOB

NEW MODUS
NEW PUMPS
NEW FEATURES

No matter what your power
sprayer requirements are, you can profit handsomely by the
many new developments in the famous Myers line.
New models, new methods of application, new pumps are
included in a wide range of vital improvements for faster,
better spraying with the type and size of equipment best
suited to your spraying job. See your Myers dealer about the
greater speed, capacities and coverage offered by Myers Spray-
ers and ask him about his facilities for complete service.

THE F. L MYERS & BRO. COMPANY
Dept D-13S, Ashland. Ohio

't»i^

^>"

1 1

Taking the Headaches
Out of Pea Growing

Foster Furmari*

In growing peas, as well as any other crop, good seed is the
cheapest in the long run. To produce a good crop of peas, the
preparation and fertility of the soil play an important part. There
is always more money in growing a few acres of good peas than
a large acreage of poor peas. Peas rarely do well in sod. If sod is
used, it must be plowed in the fall. As a rule, peas should follow a
cultivated crop, such as corn, tomatoes, or potatoes. If the soil is in
proper condition, seeding the last of March or the first half of April
is the best. The seed should be planted within an hour after inocu-
lating, especially if Spergon is used. Peas need a good seed bed.
However, great care should be taken to see that peas are not
covered more than one or one and one half inches, even if it is
necessary to cultipack ahead of the drill.

Stony ground should not be used unless the larger stones are
picked off or the stones will result in a loss of peas at harvest, and
great damage to mowing equipment. Ground should always be
rolled after seeding.

The use of tractor mowers with lifting reels and the use of heavy
duty push bar hayloaders has taken a lot of headaches out of
harvesting peas.

Most Pennsylvania farmers are interested in producing first
quality peas. There are only two days that peas are fit for first
quality; the day before they are ready and the day that they are
ready.

* J. W. Furman Cannery, Northumberland, Pa.

— 72 —

Vegetable growers throughout the country have learned lo depend on the Dow
line of iniecticidei ayailable for practically every spraying and dusting need.

• Dow'i Special Potato Spray protect! yinei from potato bugs* leaf hopper
and blignt. Can be used on any plants with hardy foliage.

• Dow Calcium Arsenate quickly kills bugs and worms attacking potatoes,
tomatoes, beets and cabbage.

• Dow Arsenate of Lead controls leaf eating and chewing insects.

• Dow Paris Green has a long and favorable record in combating potato
beetle, grass hoppers, cut worms* army worms and sugar beet worms.

• Dowspray No. 9 is a recognized corn-ear worm control.

• Dowspray No. 66, a potato vine killer, minimizes blight loss and prevents
clogging of digger by potato vines. •

• DN-Dust No. 5 fights leaf hopper on beans and potatoes.

• Dow Special Garden Spray is
effective agaiiMt eating insects
and such fungous growth as
scab, blotch, potato blight, etc.

Consult your dealer or state ex-
periment station for complete in-
formation on the advantages of
using these Dow insecticides.

Dow

THE DOW CHEMICAL COMPANY

MIDLAND

MICHIGAN

. t,

Seeding 720.000 Alaska Peas Per Acre

CHARLES FULLER*

It may not be practical to count your pea seed, on the other hand
it may be as practical as some other practices used by some pea
growers. The point is, peas are rated a cash crop, a profitable cash
crop in areas where they are grown. Why then, should we have,
year after year, pea crop failures and unprofitable pea crops in good
pea-growing areas? Why should one grower produce one (1) ton
to one and a half (li) tons per acre while another grower on the
adjacent farm may have a complete failure? What of the grower
who produces a whopper of a crop on one field and has a failure on
the adjacent field? Many are the reasons advanced by both growers
and experts accounting for these divergencies in yields. However,
visiting in the fields with pea growers from the Eastern Shore of
Virginia and North up the Atlantic Coast into central Pennsylvania
there seems to be a few very pertinent practices or factors involved
in profitably producing Alaska peas. Among these, drainage, good
drainage is first. Peas will not tolerate wet feet, neither can a poorly
drained soil be made suitably fertile for profitable pea production.

Second is fertile, highly productive soil. Such soil must have a
high percentage of organic matter as a moisture holding factor.
Peas are heavy drinker? and top yields may be expected only from
soils capable of holding their moisture through the maturing period.

Preparation of land rates third. Soil must be well and timely fitted
with peas to be seeded as early as weather conditions will permit.

Good seed is of paramount importance. All other efforts may be
of no avail if the grower fails to use the best seed available. DonH
count your pea seed, but 720,000 peas per acre will be a satisfactory
rate of seeding.

Weeds are a factor. Cultivation with weeders, rotary hoes, and
spike drags are practiced as means of controlling weeds. Well
managed land, however, seldom has a weed problem.

Harvesting is a critical period. Successful growers cut and deliver
their peas as directed by the fieldman.

Commercial fertilizer on peas is the grower's own choice. Most
growers use some, a few don't. High yields are associated with
heavy applications of fertilizer, 1000 lbs. to 1200 lbs. per acre.

Attend your pea meetings.

Growers are successfully and profitably producing Alaska peas
from the Eastern Shore of Virginia to Central Pennsylvania. The
simple factors contributing most to this success are the use of well-
drained, fertile fields, good seed and common sense, practical soil
and crop management.

♦ Director Departnient of Agriculture, Phillips Packing Company, Inc.,
Cambridge, Md. ^ j^

— 74 —

21 pods grown on 2 plants at
Hanover, Pennsylvania, 1945

A tender, early sweet — ^heavy yielder —
favored from Maine to Maryland, New
Jersey to Washington •

H I

♦•*■

CRITES-MOSCOW GROWERS, INC,

Moscow, Idaho

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'I.
I f

Seeding 720.000 Alaska Peas Per Acre

CHARLES FULLER*

It may not be practical to count your pea seed, on the other hand
it may be as practical as some other practices used by some pea
growers. The point is, peas are rated a cash crop, a profitable cash
crop in areas where they are grown. Why then, should we have,
year after year, pea crop failures and unprofitable pea crops in good
pea-growing areas? Why should one grower produce one (1) ton
to one and a half (U) tons per acre while another grower on the
adjacent farm may have a complete failure? What of the grower
who produces a whopper of a crop on one field and has a failure on
the adjacent field? Many are the reasons advanced by both growers
and experts accountmg lor these divergencies in yields. However,
visiting in the fields with pea growers from the Eastern Shore of
Virginia and North up the Atlantic Coast into central Pennsylvania
there seems to be a few very pertinent practices or factors involved
in profitably producing Alaska peas. Among these, drainage, good
drainage is first. Peas will not tolerate wet feet, neither can a poorly
drained soil be made suitably fertile for profitable pea production.

Second is fertile, highly productive soil. Such soil must have a
high percentage ol organic matter as a moisture holding factor.
Peas are heavy drinkers and top yields may be expected only from
soils capable of holding their moisture through the maturing period.

Preparation of land rates third. Soil must be well and timely fitted
with peas to be seeded as early as weather conditions will permit.

Good seed is of paramount importance. All other efforts may be
of no avail if the grower fails to use the best seed available. Don't
count your pea seed, but 720,000 peas per acre will be a satisfactory
rate of seeding.

Weeds are a factor. Cultivation with weeders, rotary hoes, and
spike drags are practiced as means of controlling weeds. Well
managed land, however, seldom has a weed problem.

Harvesting is a critical period. Successful growers cut and deliver
their peas as directed by the fieldman.

Commercial fertilizer on peas is the grower's own choice. Most
growers use some, a few don't. High yields are associated with
heavy applications of fertilizer, 1000 lbs. to 1200 lbs. per acre.

Attend your pea meetings.

Growers are successfully and profitably producing Alaska peas
Irom the Eastern Shore of Virginia to Central Pennsylvania. The
simple factors contributing most to this success are the use of well-
drained, fertile fields, good seed and common sense, practical soil
and crop management.

* Director Department of Agriculture, Phillips Packing Company, Inc.,
Cambridge, Md. t- j^

— 74 —

21 pods grown on 2 plants at
Hanover, Pennsylvania, 1945

A tender, early sweet — heavy yielder —
favored from Maine to Maryland, New
Jersey to Washington

CRITES-MOSCOW GROWERS, INC.

Moscow, Idaho

llj.«rt"fgV t^'i'

INTENTIONAL 2ND EXPOSURE

W^^-^'

*■ ...

Making Pea Growing Pay

RALPH H. MAUN and H. BRINTON GERHART*

If one were to examine the case history of any high yielding pea
field, he would find a multitude of seemingly unimportant factors
which when put into practice in the proper sequence, adds up to a
high yield of good quality peas and money in the grower's pocket.

The first factor which should receive serious consideration is the
selection of the seed variety. All seed should be true to variety
characteristics, free from weeds and other foreign materials, viable
and free from seed-born diseases.

Pea growing is usually a more profitable crop in fields where
desirable soil conditions are found. Peas will tolerate slight soil
acidity, but like most other legumes, produce better crops if sulTi-
cient lime is applied to give the soil a neutral or slightly sweet
reaction. With a neutral to alkaline soil, in most cases, applications
of 500 to 800 pounds of 4-12-4 commercial fertilizer will put sufficient
plant food to the plant's disposal for good growth.
-^— — — — *

♦ Field Supervisor and Agricultural Specialist, The Greencastle Packing
Company, Greencastle, Pa.

What About

INSECT ^
PESTS •

One of the major problemi in
the growing of a profitablt
crop is to prevent insects from
destroying quality and yield

Black leaf 40 kills by contact and by fumes. It leaves no poisonous residue
and is easy to apply.

Use Black Leaf 40 — Get the most from your investment of labor and capital

Full information will be furnished on request.

Insist on Original Factory -Sealed Packages for Full Strength.

TOBACCO BY-PRODUCTS AND CHEMICAL CORPORATION

Incorporated — Louisville, Kentucky

— 76

Best results are obtained when peas are sown as early as the soil
can be worked into good condition. Seed sown with a grain drill on
the oats side to a depth of 1 to U inches gives best stands. Innocula-
tion of seed is also a necessary factor since this crop has the same
characteristics as any other leguminous plant, that of gathering
nitrogen from the air and storing it up in nodules on the roots.
Care must be taken that fresh innoculant of the proper type is used
so that sufficient amounts of these nitrifying bacteria are present
to do the job.

In most localities it is profitable to cultipac or roll the field after
planting to facilitate ease in cutting and harvesting. A clean job
of harvesting is always closely correlated with high yields and ad-
vantageous to the grower.

Following is a list of a few of our pea growers having a yield of
li tons of peas per acre or more:

Name
Edgar Burkholder

R.F.D. 4, Hagerstown, Md.
John S. Gayman

R.F.D. 3, Chambersburg, Pa.
H. J. Layman

R.F.D. 4, Waynesboro, Pa.
John McKenzie

R.D. 5, Chambersburg, Pa.

Acres Variety Lhs. per Acre
4 Pride 3981.5

Pride
Pride

4427
3852

5
4

J. M. SoUenberger

R.D. 2, Mercersburg, Pa. 5
John Stunkard

Wells Tannery, Pa. 2

Olive Anderson, Maddenville, Pa. 7

Walter Mellott, Hustontown, Pa. 4

Ralph Bergstresser, Laidig, Pa. 1

Robert Huston, Hustontown, Pa. 2

George Barnett, Waterfall, Pa. 2

Joel Knepper, Hustontown, Pa. 1

Super Alaska 3707
Early Harvest 3957

Pride

Topper

Pride

3811

4480
4791 '
5899
5475
4905

Super Alaska 4804
Alaska ^ 4946

"Mother Nature very nearly doubled our pea acreage," reported
Wilson C. Dickson, Hanover Canning Company, "this past season
by making weather conditions so ideal that vine growth was twice
as heavy as usual. In making plans for vining our acreage, we
thought we had more than enough viners. Our thoughts proved
pessimistic and when two to four loads of vines per acre began roll-
ing in, the total acreage could just not be handled fast enough."

— 77 —

• I

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INOCULATE YOUR
PEA SEED

EASY TO APPLY — AS ILLUSTRATED BELOW

Improves
Stand

Increases

Yield

Adjunct to

Quality

;>'.!

Used for

Past
Decade

Pennsyl-
vania

SHAKE. VIGOROUSLY

SPRlNKue
OVER

SEED

MIX THOROUGHLY
WITH SEED

Jelly Type

I '

PL A NX AT
ONCE

SUPERYIELD LABORATORIES

Insures a

quick catch

of nodules,

Gives sta-
mina and
resistance
to the
plants.

Adds

nitrogen

to the

soil.

Humus Jel

for treated

seeds*

FIFTEEN SOUTH GAY STREET

BALTIMORE, MARYLAND

Production Problems in
the Growing of Peas

ROBERT HIMINGWAY

The growing of peas entails much thorough planning before the
farmer attempts to raise peas for commercial canning purposes.
The important factor that the grower should keep in mind is that
he must not only have a good yield, but should also produce peas
of the highest quality as well.

Let us first consider the selection of the field to be used. From
the very beginning, a field which is fairly uniform in topography
should be selected. A field with many knolls and low spots may
result in a greater cost of harvesting for this reason. A field of this
type would necessitate either cutting off the knolls first and then
later cutting the low spots; or if the grower elects to harvest the
entire field at the same time, the more mature peas will result in
a lower average grade, while the peas in low spots may not be at
their best stage and will tend to reduce the yield per acre. For
example, there were some growers this last year (1945) who had
to go into the field with scythes and cut small areas in the fields to
keep these peas from lowering the grade of the remaining peas.
Other growers chose to harvest the entire fields when the peas on the
knolls were ready, thus losing a yield from the lower parts of the
fields. In either case it was an expense to the grower that might
have been avoided if a more suitable field could have been selected.

A grower should take into consideration the available equipment
and manpower; then plan accordingly so that he will be able to
harvest his peas when they are in prime condition. By this we do

* Fieldman, G. L. F. Columbia Farm Products Co-operative, Inc., Canning
Plant, Bloomsburg, Pa.

— 79 —

■%:

r:^::,--^

''mm

not necessarily mean that every grower should have to own a mower
with pea harvesting attachments, a green crop loader, and two or
three trucks, but he should be absolutely sure that they will be
available when his crop is ready to harvest.

In the cultural practices of growing a good crop of peas, there are
several factors of great importance, the first being preparation of
the seed bed. It is felt that the preparation of the seed bed is one
of the most important factors in producing a good crop of peas.

BRIMM

SWIFT'S TOP-QUALITY PLANT FOODS

VIGORO

Complete plant food used by more and more growers.
Increased yields, early maturity, full flavor, and ex-
cellent shipping quality are a few of the benefits vege-
table growers are attributing to Vigoro feeding.

Here's Swift's plus-value plant food formulated to
meet the specific needs of commercial truck crops.
Brimm has already an established reputation for pro-
ducing outstanding results for the grower.

Another Swift plus-value plant food made for your
benefit. Blenn contains that extra boost to produce
bigger yields . . . finer quality. It has proved profitable
to use.

THE AUTHORIZED SWIFT AGENT CAN SUPPLY
YOUR MANY PLANT FOOD NEEDS.

BLENN

G. L. F. COLUMBIA FARM
PRODUCTS COOPERATIVE, INC.

Canning Plant
Bloomsburg« Pennsylvania

A FARMER-OWNED AND CONTROLLED COOPERATIVE,
ENGAGED IN THE MARKETING OF PRODUCTS

OF ITS PATRONS.

— SO-

GOLDEN CROSS BANTAM

i\i

»,

Golden Cross Bantam secured and holds its leadership because of
unusually wide adaptation, resistance to wilt, and the high quality
of its large, handsome ears.

For the grower it is important that hybrid seed be secured from a
competent and reliable source. Utilizing the experience gained in
more than 20 years of inbreeding and production, we maintain and
annually cross the parent inbreck with great care, and the Asgrow
strain is renowned.

I •■

ASSOCIATED SEED GROWEBS, INC

MILFORD. CONN.

) '

Band Placement of Fertilizer Increases
Pea Yields in Maryland

Fertilizer placement experiments with Alaska peas were con-
ducted during 1938, 1939 and 1940, with supplementary tests later,
at the Ridgely Sub-Station in cooperation with the engineering
section of the Bureau of Agricultural Chemistry and Engineering.*
This division developed and used in three tests an experimental
machine from a standard seed drill which will place the fertilizer
in a single band at various distances to the side of and at dififerent
depths with respect to the seed. This machine can likewise drill
part of the fertilizer with the seed and the remainder in a single
band.

Greater yields of shelled peas were obtained when the fertilizer
was drilled in a single band li inches from the seed than when the
same quantity of fertilizer was either drilled or broadcast, or placed
in bands 2i or 3i inches from the seed. On the Eastern Shore of
Maryland soils (sandy and sandy loam) a fertilizer containing 8 or 10
per cent nitrogen applied at the rate of 500 pounds per acre gave
profitable returns over a 4 or 5 per cent ratio at the li-inch band
placement. The high nitrogen ratios produced higher yields when
placed near the seed than when drilled in bands 2J or 3i inches from
the seed. The source of nitrogen did not materially influence the
yield of peas in a fertilizer containing up to 5 per cent nitrogen.
When calcium cyanamid was the only source of nitrogen, better re-
sults were obtained when at least half the nitrogen was broadcast
or drilled ahead of planting.

Contrary to the results in Wisconsin and observations in Penn-
sylvania, in the light soils of the Eastern Shore, drilling fertilizer
or even superphosphate with the seed reduced the stand of plants,
the rate of emergence, and the yield of peas. Drilling only 125 pounds
of a 20 per cent superphosphate with the seed and the rest of the
fertilizer in a single band reduced the yield over 9 per cent, as com-
pared with placing all the fertilizer in the band, and likewise drill-
ing 375 pounds of superphosphate with the seed reduced the yield 38
per cent.

■:-:<<<-:':-:-;<->yAMv

♦Misc. Pub. 732 Md. Expt. Station, The Canner, April 19, 1941, C. H.
Mahoney, H. A. Hunter and Albert White, University of Maryland and G.
fe;ir,^"^T^5^^»- ^' ^- Schoeuleber and D. B. Eldredge, Bureau of Agric. Chem-
istry and Engineering, U. S. Department of Agriculture.

— 82 —

tJ.>.i<."

DON'T
FEED

FUNGUS

Don't let
YOUR

Cold Frames Rot!
Treat them ^th

Cold frames, celery boards, flats, stakes— all your lumber for next
year's crops— what condition is it in? What will it be like a year from
now? You know what Rot will do. Lumber is still scarce and costly.

But you can stop this rot right now with Cuprinol, the famous old
Danish formula so easily applied by brush, spray or dip, that pene-
trates the fibres and eliminates the nourishment on which rot, fungus
and insect borers feed.

Cuprinol is not costly, and one treatment does the work. Paint over
it if you wish, for coops, sheds, etc., but Cuprinol is the product that

stops the rot, and Cuprinol treated wood is
harmless to plants, poultry and animals.

But you won't use Cuprinol if you don't
have it handy, so keep a gallon or two al-
ways ready. Its use will considerably reduce
repairs and replacements. Cuprinol aver-
ages 400 sq. ft. of wood treated to the gal-
lon. In gallon, 5 gallon and 50 gallon drums.

>
CUPRINOL, Inc., 33 Spring Lane, Boston 9, Massachusetts

#•

1i '

Fighting the Weeds

Weed control in carrots by spraying with oil has been found to
save long hours of labor in many Pennsylvania fields this year. A
report of methods demonstrated in Philadelphia County this year, is
being planned at the Annual Meeting of this Association in January.

The Market Growers Journal gave an interesting summary of the
newer methods of weed control in vegetables in the October, 1945 is-
sue. An abstract of this article follows:

Oil for Carrots

Some years ago studies were made at the University of California,
at Davis, Calif., by Robbins, Raynor and Crafts and their associates
in the use of stove oil to kill the weeds in carrot rows. Stove oil
is not sold as such in the east, but it is not very different from kero-
sene.

California recommended the use of from 80 to 120 gallons of stove
oil per acre, according to spacing of crop and size and density of
weeds. They found that the material was more effective when the
foliage was wet than when dry, and that there was danger of taste
being imparted to the carrots if the spray was applied as near as six
weeks to harvest time. Small plants also suffered some injury. The
carrots should have two to four true leaves before spraying. At the
same time it is difficult to achieve adequate coverage when weeds
become too large.

Rod Root Weeds in a Carrot Row Wilting Almost Immediately after

the AppUcation of "Stoddard's Solvent/' (Philadelphia

County Agricultural Extension Demonstration).

— 84 —

The California workers describe the form of killing, traceable to
aromatic compounds, as acute since it is rather quick in its action.
Oils also damage the plants by suffocation. This injury is much
slower and it is described as chronic.

It was found that diesel oils kill most weeds and carrots, gasoline
is a good killer but too inflammable, and the stove oil (kerosene
group) is satisfactory.

Cleaning Fluid Comes Up

R. D. Sweet and associate, in New York have been experimenting
two years with weed killers. As a result of their work, perhaps
ninety per cent of the carrots in the State of New York were sprayed
for weeds in the 1945 season. Some of the worst weeds of carrots,
namely lamb's quarters (Chenopodium album), purslane (Portulaca
oleracea), red root (Amaranthus retroflexus) have proven quite sus-
ceptible to the oils. Ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia) and galin-
soga (Galinsoga parvi flora) seems to be somewhat tolerant.

Recent work in New York points to the wider use of cleaning fluids
instead of stove oils or kerosenes. This refers to the newer type of
safety cleaning fluids based on "Stoddard's Solvent." This has a flash
point of over 100, will burn but will not explode from a spark. Gaso-
lines have a flash point under 100, mostly in the neighborhood of 80
and are effective for weed control, but are dangerous to use. The
cleaning fluids show a minimum of flavor effect, any imparted taste
seems to disappear in two weeks after application during the sum-
mer. Observations are to be taken on this point as cooler weather ap-
proaches. As a matter of fact, most of the spraying for the season
1945 in New York has been with the cleaning fluids.

The rates of application range from 50 to 150 gallons per acre, de-
pending on size and stand of weeds and whether or not the space
between the rows as well as the rows is covered. The material costs
approximately 14 cents to 16 cents per gallon, compared with 10
cents to 12 cents for suitable kerosenes. The cost of application may
be expected to range from $1 to $5 per acre. It is not usual to make
more than one application.

For a small acreage a knapsack sprayer is satisfactory, and on
larger areas the usual potato sprayer or a garden tractor equipped
for spraying will serve well. Material is economized by using a fine
nozzle and some like a fan-shaped nozzle rather than the cone type.
The important point is 100 per cent coverage. Pressure and nozzle
are relatively unimportant.

— 85 —

«•

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-'^<"- J-

ONLY

HAS

, ... tf ' ■

BAND-WAY

Fertilizer Placement

Iron Age Two Row Potato Planter

. 1

Iron Age Two Row
Vegetable Planter

\\.

» I

YOUR BEST CROP YIELD
INSURANCE

• Band-Way requires less fertilizer
yet increases crop yield.

• Band-Way speeds seed growth and
plant growth.

• Band- Way placement is adjustable
for soil conditions.

• Band-Way protects seed and plant
. . . eliminates burning.

Iron Age POTATO PLANTERS

There's an Iron Age Potato Planter to
fit every need . . .one, two, three and
four row models with Band-Way ferti-
lizer placement for greater crop yields
per acre.

Iron Age VEGETABLE PLANTERS

For planting beans, com, peas, cotton,
etc., use Iron Age Band-Way Vege-
table Planters for lower cost and great-
er crop yields. Band-Way protects crop
profits under all soil conditions. Can be
converted quickly into Potato Planters.

Iron Age TRANSPLANTERS

Better crop yields are guaranteed plant-
ers using Iron Age Do-Mor Trans-
planters because of their flexibility and
accuracy. Iron Age places fertilizer
scientifically at the same time as plants
are set.

Write for Catalog — Today.
Iron Age Two Row Transplanter

A.B.FARQUHAR COMPANY. YORK. PA

2234 Duke Street

York, Pennsylvania

Sinox for Peas

Cannery peas are planted broadcast with a grain drill. Ragweed,
mustard and nightshade are sometimes serious weeds. Grigsby and
Barrons tried Sinox and found satisfactory results, but very care-
ful control is necessary. They diluted Sinox, 1 to 100, and used 100
gallons per acre. Applications should not be made after the plants
are six inches high. A new material designated at G-320, (Dow
Chemical Co.) applied at a dilution of 1 to 1,000 seemed better than

Sinox.

Sinox is the commercial name of sodium dinitro-ortho-cresylate
put out by Standard Agricultural Chemicals, Inc., and its value is
dependent on its sticking to weeds and not to peas, onions or grass.

In California, Westgate and Raynor found that peas were in-
jured by a concentration of one to sixty but not by the concentration
of one to 120. The method may prove useful for mustard, but they
do not yet recommend it. They confirm the Michigan warning that
it should not be used after the peas are from four to six inches high.

Sinox is to be applied only when the foliage is dry and the hu-
midity is low.

Canada Thistle, Mustard and Garlic in a Pea f ^^^f • Spol J^^^^^^
with certain new cheimcals, such as Sinox or 2, 4-D, is suggested.

Ref., The control of weeds in canning peas with chemical sprays. Reprint
from Mich. Agric. Expt. Sta. Quar. Bull.: 28,2, Nov. 1945.

— 87 —

* I

I '

Compiunents of

THE

AMERICAN

AGRICULTURAL CHEMICAL

COMPANY

Makers of

AGRICO and

* » '

AA QUALITY FERTILIZERS

and

18% Normal Superphosphate

Baltimore, Md.

Buffalo, N. Y.

Carteret, N. J.

Controlling Weeds in Carrots with Chemicals

M. L. Odland*

A considerable experimental work has been done on the use of
chemicals to control weeds. In California (3) it has been found that
store oil may be used as a spray to kill weeds in carrot fields. In
New York state (4) the cleaning fluid, "Stoddard's Solvent" has
proven of value as a selective spray for parsnips and carrots. Sovo-
sol No. 5 and Stoddard Solvent are being recommended in Massa-
chusetts (2). Certain materials were tested at State College on car-
rots to determine their value as selective weed killers.

Six plots of equal size were laid out and the five materials were
used on five of the plots, the sixth plot being given no treatment and
used as a check against the treated plots. The materials were ap-
plied in the form of a spray on July 11 when the carrots were ap-
proximately three inches high. There was an abundance of the
following species of weeds in all plots: Smartweed (polygonum per-
sicaria), common ragweed (ambrosia artemisiifolio), common pep-
per grass (pepidium apetolum), foxtail (setaria sp.), purslane (portu-
laca oleracea) and common plantain (plantago lanceolota).

Stoddard solvent gave a very promising control of the weeds
with very little injury to the carrots. Aromatic fraction 53877 and
safety solvent 53879 also gave a good control of weeds with very
httle injury to the carrot crop. Paraffinic fraction 53876 killed the
weeds but also injured the crop. Very little weed control was ob-
tained with naphthenic fraction 53878. In the no treatment plot the
weed growth practically ruined the carrot crop.

The Value of Certain Materials for the Control of

Weeds in Carrots

Treaiment^

Weed Control

Injury to Carrels

1. Stoddard Solvent
53817 (Control

Good

Very little injury to crop

2. Paraffinic fraction
53876

Good

Considerable injury to
crop

3. Aromatic fraction
53877

Good

Very little injury to crop

4. Napthenic fraction
53878

Practically no effect
on weeds

No injury to crop

5. Safety Solvent
53879

1
Good

Very little injury to crop

6. No treatment (Check) Weeds in number

sufficient to prac-
tically ruin crop

• All materials used were supphed by the Atlantic Refining Company,
3144 Passyunk Avenue, Philadelphia, Pa.

♦ Department of Horticulture, The Pennsylvania State College.

— 89 —

?m:^:;*;: •{

ifl

Discussion

Reports on experimental work on selective sprays (1), (2), (4) in-
dicate that chemicals can be used to eliminate much of the tedious
hand weeding of carrots and parsnips. Good control of weeds was
obtained with certain materials at State College in 1945. It is rec-
ommended that a flat nozzle, such as the skinner greenhouse irriga-
tion nozzle No. SS50, be used (2). In general, the carrots should have
two to four true leaves at spraying time. Some Pennsylvania grow-
ers have used selective weed killers on carrots with considerable
saving of labor. It appears that some injury occurs to carrots when
these sprays are used and the grower might find it advisable to
try the material in a small way to gain knowledge and experience
before using it extensively.

Literature

1. Crofts, A. S., and Reiber, H. G. — Toxicity of oils to carrots and weeds.
Calif. Agr. Col. Mimeo. Leaflet, p. 1-3. April, 1944.

2. Lachman, W. H. — The use of oil sprays as selective herbicides for carrots
and parsnips. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 45:445-448. 1944.

3. Raynor^ R. N. — Chemical weeding of carrots with stove oil sprays. Calif.
Agr. Mimeo. Leaflet. March, 1944.

4. Sweet, R. D., etal. — Oil sprays for the control of weeds in carrots and
other vegetables. Proc. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. 45:440-444. 1944.

FOR BIGGER, BETTER CROPS

DON'T GAMBLE ON
THE WEATHER

• •

Use

ATLAS

OVERHEAD
IRRIGATION
EQUIPMENT

Your annual rainfall may be ample, but does it come when you need it?
A few dry days (nearly every growing season has them) and bright pros-
pects fade. Quantity and quality of crops suffer.

Insure full production and top quality by using ATLAS PORTABLE
OVERHEAD IRRIGATION — light weight electrically welded, non-
annealed, hot-dip galvanized steel pipe equipped with the Horseshoe Latch
Coupling — the coupling with mechanical dignity.

Write today for literature and prices.

ATLAS SUPPLY DIVISION

Jones & Laughlin Supply Company

Muikogee* Okla.

P. O. Box 1548

—go-

Factors Influencing Yields of Market Peas

Why are yields of peas, grown for home use and the market, low,
especially in warmer areas? Why are stands poor? How is the best
way to apply fertilizer? Does it pay to treat pea seed? These were
the important questions which lead to a special study by W. C.
Barnes and C. N. Clayton in the Holly Hill area and at the Truck Ex-
periment Station in South Carolina. The results are reported in
Bui. 354, "Some Factors Affecting Production of Market or Garden
Peas," March, 1945, Agricultural Experiment Station, Clemson, S. C.

Seed Treatment Gives Better Stands

Significantly better stands and larger yields were obtained when

pea seed were treated with Semesan and Spergon. Considerable

protection was given against seed decay and diseased plants with

Semesan, Spergon and Arason in comparison with Cuprocede and

Spergon treatments and from no treatment.

It is suggested that li ounces of graphite be mixed with each
bushel of Semesan treated seed to increase the rate of flow in seed-
ing. Spergon treated seed tends to flow through the planter more
readily than untreated seed.

Band Application of Fertilizer Avoids Injury

Highly significant increases in yield were obtained by the applica-
tion of the fertilizer (600 and 1000 pounds of 5-10-5 per acre) in a

band on each side of the seed over that obtained from mixing the
fertilizer in the row. The 600-pound per acre gave as good yields as
did 1000 pounds.

Applying the fertilizer (1200 pounds of 5-10-5 per acre) in bands
or mixing it in the row eight days before planting resulted in signi-
ficantly better stands than were obtained from applying it in the
row at planting time. Some injury to the plants resulted from mix-
ing the fertilizer in the row eight days before planting, but the re-
duction in stand was not significant. Considerable injury to plants
was observed where the fertilizer was mixed in the row at planting.

In the rate of seeding tests with Laxton Progress, in three-foot
rows, increased yields were recorded with increases in rate of seed-
ing up to 1.5 bushel per acre.

With seeds planted 1-, 2-, and 4-inches deep there was some delay
in germination of the 4-inch seed, leading to a recommendation that
pea seed be planted from 1 to 2-inches deep.

— 91 —

'■■^A-.'M

>i1*^J

Growing Peas in Pennsylvania— A Record

FRANK APP*

In 1939, a few farmers from Pennsylvania came over to Seabrook
Farms Company and inquired whether Deerfield Packing Corpora-
tion, their affiliate, would not establish a pea processing plant in
Pennsylvania. At the time, Pennsylvania was felt to be of minor
interest in the quick-freezing operations. It was decided, however,
to place a few viners in Pennsylvania which would be a guide for
future developments. This original pilot acreage has continued to
expand into a sizeable operation. An examination of the yields since
1940 for these growers, compared to the yields of all the growers
in Pennsylvania and New Jersey as well as the yields of growers
of other pea producing States, shows a good record. The growers
are to be congratulated on their fine record of achievement.
Pea Yields in Pennsylvania for Deerfield Packing Growers,
All Growers and Growers of Other States 1940-1944 Compared

5-Year
Average 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945

Area

Deerfield Packing^

Penna. Growers J
Pennsylvania
Seabrook Farms |

Co. — New Jersey}
Delaware
Maryland ,.
Virginia .- - *
New York ;
Wisconsin
Washington
Oregon
United States

2,212
1,914

2,218
1,112
1,654
1,304
1,662
1,688
2,198
2,636
1,844

2,254 2,646 1,685 1,930 2,544 (3,562)
2,450 2,080 1,470 1,720 1,850

2,293 2,183 1,460> 3,114 2,038 (3,362)

900
2,000
2,040
1,700
1,750
1,610
1,420
1,854

950
1,510

940
1,410
1,800
2,680
3,440
1,915

1,100
1,200
890
2,080
1,760
2,300
3,800
1,953

1,230
1,650
1,590
1,210
1,690
2,410
2,600
1,858

1,380
1,910
1,060
1,910
1,440
1,990
1,920
1,640

• Deerfield Packing Corporation, Bridgeton, N. J.
Rainfall for pea season least of any on record.

The peas grown for Deerfield Packing Corporation are all of the
sweet variety. These respond well to the better farm practices that
should be followed to produce both quantity and quality. Probably
this is the reason for the higher yields for this particular group of
growers over and above that of the State as a whole. It also may
have some bearing on the comparative yields with other States.
But what is more important to the grower, it means favorable
response to good farm practices which include a selection of the
field, the proper amount of lime and ample quantities of fertilizers
and timeliness of seeding. When these conditions are all met, peas
become a stable farm cash crop,

— 92 —

.■■.■.■^^y^^^^^■■■ ■^^^.•w *. , .;iS;;^s^^.-. ^y ■•<«**

Ample Viner Capacity Helps to Ayoid Delays — (J.M.H.)
Peas are a good nurse crop with which to seed alfalfa, Ladino
clover and the pasture grasses. The conditions are the same for these
crops as those most desirable for peas. The crop can be grown
profitably with or without livestock.

Dusting Peas by Airplane Ayoids Injury to the Vines — Atomizing

Rotenone in Oil at Seabrook Farms.

— 93 —

r«tS;i<!

I .

-■^h^^'f^'^i

^ ■'■- ■^l'* i^''

'^f^mmi.

^^^wSJ^w*^

.<•;

■I ■ 1

The Pea Aphid

. J. O. Pepper*

The pea aphid in 1945 caused some injury to peas in localized
areas of the commercial pea growing sections of the state. However
it was not generally serious. Weather conditions caused the pea
crop to mature very rapidly which was against the build up in aphid
populations.

The pea aphid is a potential meance to the growing of peas and
it is very probable that in the coming years all growers will have
to be prepared to apply insecticides for the control of this insect.

Controls

There are no changes in suggested materials that was given last
year. A detail discussion of these materials will be found on Page
72 of the December 1944 issue of the Pennsylvania Vegetable Grow-
ers News. However, it is hoped that now the war is over that we may
have a more abundant supply of rotenone and other insecticide ma-
terials.

The new insecticide DDT has been used with fairly good results
against the pea aphid. It has been applied as a dust, a liquid spray,
and as an aerosol. There is some question about the use of this
material if the vines are used as animal food, due to the DDT resi-
due. It is hoped that we may have a definite answer on this point
before 1946 control measures are needed.

* In charge of Entcmolcgy Extension, The Pennsylvania State College.

ORDER FERTILIZER NOW

The shortage of labor and storage space makes it important that
you order your supplies of fertilizer for 1946 now. Trucking facili-
ties, also, make it very important to plan early deliveries.

READING BONE FERTILIZER CO.

READING. PA.
Manufacturers of "QUALITY FERTILIZERS

for Vegetable Crops

Distributors of "DOW Spray Materials"

Pea Aphid Control in York County

S. B. FIREBAUGH*

We made plans and secured the necessary equipment and materials
for effective aphid control in 1945, since aphid damage has been
severe during the last five years. Dusters, driven with a 5 h.p. gaso-
line motor, were mounted on a IJ-tcn truck with the outside tire
of the dual wheel removed. A 40-foot boom was used, with a 30-foot
trailing curtain.

In 1945 the crop received a good start with early planting and
ample moisture, so that good stands resulted. A careful watch was
maintained for aphids, and the worst fields were treated first. Some-
times two applications were considered necessary. A total of 650
acres were treated with quite satisfactory results. Subsequently, it
developed that a single dusting was sufficient, provided it was
applied at the right time. Best control was obtained by dusting at
full bloom stage. „ . . _.

In all tests we used approximately 50 pounds of dust to the acre.
The rate of dust per acre was controlled by the speed of the truck.
The boom was found most effective if carried one foot above the
plants, and the curtain should be not less than 30 feet in length.
Various dusting mixtures were used with the following approximate
control:

Mixture
.33 Rotenone and talc
.75 Rotenone and talc
.75 Rotenone and talc with 1% oil
1.00 DDT and talc with oil

Control

50%

60%

80%

100%

— 94

With the 30-foot curtain, wind was little or no factor. Dusting
during the day was found more effective than at early morning or
late evening. A low speed fan was better than high speeds for
dusting. Vine injury was less than 2% where dusting was done
before the pods had set; in fact, this injury was almost negligible
in many fields. Check plots plainly showed that dusting improved
quality and quantity. This was especially apparent in one field
where dust was applied to two-thirds and where one-third was
untreated. The untreated portion matured three days earlier with
a 25% lower yield and a 20% lower grade.

^ —

♦ Fieldman, Charles G. Summers, Jr., Inc., New Freedom, Pa.

— 95 —

:v;'.;,i.-;ia*%Aao#^-i»*i;:if!«r

l«?;i

r ■*■-'* fT'i ft * iT '■Ti'^'^M

Bean selfmixing duster as operated in pea aphid control work for nico-
tine dust application (22-ft. spread, 100-ft. trailer). In rotenone dust-
ing trailer ordinarily is reduced to from 20 to 40 feet in length.

CHARLES G. SUMMERS, JR., Inc.

Canners

Superfine Vegetables

NEW FREEDOM. PENNSYLVANIA

LANCASTER BONE FERTILIZER CO., Inc.

Quarryville. Pa.

Manufacturers of "Coneatoga Brand** fertilizers

Made in Pennsylvania for Pennsylvania soils.

— 96 —

Self Propelled Aerosol Sprays for Control

of the Pea Aphid'

F. F. Smith, U.S.D.A. Bureau of Entomology Plant Quarantine, L. P.

Ditman, University of Maryland, Lyle D. Goodhue, U.S.D.A. Bureau

of Entomology and Plant Quarantine and George Burkhardt,

Uniyersity of Maryland.

The term aerosol is applied to very fine dispersions of liquids and
solids in a gas. When insecticides are finely dispersed in air they
may be called insecticidal aerosols. There are several methods for
producing insecticidal arosols, the most convenient of which is to
dissolve the insecticide in a liquefied gas such as methyl chloride, or
dichlorodifluoromethane (Freon — 12) and allow this solution to
escape through a small orifice such as that of an oil burner nozzle.

Most gases when sufficiently compressed are liquids with low boil-
ing points: at room temperatures they must be held in strong closed
containers to prevent their boiling away. For example, methyl
chloride exists as a liquid at or below 10.6 degrees below zero Fahr-
enheit. When this liquid is confined in a metal container, as the
familiar carbon dioxide cylinder, and placed in an atmospheric tem-
perature of 75 degrees F. the methyl chloride in its confining cyl-
inder is 85.6 degrees above its boiling point and exerts a pressure of
65 pounds. This is quite sufficient pressure to force a spray through
nozzles. If a suitable insecticide is dissolved in methyl chloride, we
then have a self-propelling liquid spray. If spray nozzles are at-
tached to the cylinder in such a manner that the liquefied gas — in-
secticide solution — may escape through them, insecticidal treat-
ments can be applied without pumps or blowers.

The liquefied-gas method also has other advantages over ordinary
sprays in that the particle size of the spray may be controlled. When
a liquefied-gas insecticide solution is allowed to escape through a
small orifice, the liquefied gas boils off leaving very fine particles of
insecticide suspended in the air, the particles being so small they
cannot adhere to plant surfaces but fioat away in air currents. Re-
placing part of the liquefied gas with such nonvolatile solvents as
acetone and certain petroleum oils increases the size to the point
where they will readily adhere to plant surfaces.

* Reported as part of a cooperative project between the U.S.D.A., Bureau
of Entomology and Plant Quarantine and the University of Maryland. This
constitutes Miscellaneous Publication No. 41, Contribution 1989 of the Mary-
land Agricultural Experiment Station.

— 97 —

■ '.,1

, (

The general principle of concentrated spraying is to break up a
small amount of spray sufficiently fine to cover a large area of plant
surface. The finer the spray the more surface it will cover provided
the particles are not too fine to adhere to the plant. The particle size
produced by liquefied gas aerosol sprays can be controlled around
this point of minimum desirable size. In the work on pea aphid
excellent control is obtained by application of 8 to 10 pounds of
liquefied gas spray to one acre of peas. High kills have been obtain-
ed with even less than 5 pounds per acre.

The Place of Aerosols in Control of Crop Pests

The great advantage of the self-propelled aerosol sprays over
usual spraying and dusting methods for insect control in the field
is the simplicity and light weight of the machinery required. One
needs only a suitable spray boom, equipped with a line filter, valves,
and connections to the aerosol cylinder. For field application the
liquefied gas solutions are handled in the ordinary carbon dioxide
type cyHnder which has about 80 pounds capacity, enough for 5 to
10 acres of field crops.

The great disadvantage of the aerosol method at the present time
is that it cannot be effectively used to apply the usual fungicides.
Perhaps in the future satisfactory fungicides may be developed.

Liquefied gas aerosol dispenser designed for treating peas^ The boom
is 24 feet long and 3 feet wide and is equipped with 24 oil burner noz-
zles. The liquefied gas insecticide is carried in the cylinder just be-
hind the driver. One cylinder holds enough for 8 to 10 acres of peas.

Aerosols for the Pea Aphid

The liquefied gas aerosol holds great promise as a method of pea
aphid control. Fungicides are not applied to peas, and DDT which
is highly effective against this insect works well in liquefied gas aero-
sols. Experience indicates that rain does not interfere with the ef-
fectiveness of treatment and aerosols can be effectively applied
when it is too windy for dusting.

— 98 —

The cost of liquefied gas aerosol cannot be accurately foretold now
because they are not yet commercially manufactured for growers.
Judging from the cost of the ingredients aerosols should be no more
expensive than the i and 1 per cent rotenone dusts used in the past.
The cost of DDT has been reduced during the past year and progress
is being made in eliminating expensive solvents from aerosol
formulas. • - . .

Experimental Work on Pea Aphid Control

The work on development of aerosols for control of field crop in-
sects was begun in 1944 by the U. S. D. A. Bureau of Entomology and
Plant Quarantine and the University of Maryland The objects of
the first years work were to determine the effectiveness of aerosol
against the pea aphid and the effect of aerosols on the pea plant, to
determine approximate dosages and cost of materials, to formulate
satisfactory liquefied gas solutions and to observe and study neces-
sary apparatus for their application. In 1944 all applications were
made by hand-drawn equipment. In 1945 apparatus capable of
making commercial scale treatments was designed and built and
over 100 acres of peas were treated in experimental plots. Consider-
able information has been obtained on the effect of weather on the
results of treatment and on speed of application and dosage of in-
secticide; much progress has been made in overcoming nozzle stop-
page and container corrosion.

■ . ■ • '

Future of Aerosols for Pea Aphid Control

Not all problems concerned with the successful use of aerosols
against the pea aphid have been solved. Satisfactory formulations
of liquefied gas aerosols have been found for pea aphid control but
no doubt improvements will be made as new materials appear. Con-
siderable work has yet to be done on the design of apparatus for
aerosol application even though present equipment has been satis-
factory. Considerable work will be done along this line in 1946.

There will be no doubt a few aerosol machines built and used by
canners in Maryland this next year, but the investigators are not
encouraging them except where their construction and use can be
closely supervised. How popular the method will become will de-
pend on its effectiveness in the hands of growers and also on the
comparative effectiveness of DDT dusts and emulsions against the
pea aphid.

— 99 —

'^^

t.v

. ' ■.

Some Facts About DDT

Many questions are still unanswered about DDT but it has be-
come known as a powerful insecticide. One fisherman, for example,
treated his boat and clothes with DDT. A well-grown beard pro-
tected his face and he wore gloves on his hands. His bald spot, how-
ever, was unprotected from a piercing flock of mosquitos. He pro-
ceeded to coat his bald head with a solution of DDT in oil. The hos-
pital attendants finally brought him around to consciousness after
the DDT container was found.

The Market Growers Journal, October, 1945 has a story about
DDT. The following are important parts of this DDT news.

DDT in itself is not an effective insecticide and must be used in
conjunction with other materials. Many manufacturing companies
are combining DDT with talc, clay, sulphur and other agents. ^Hien
a wetting agent is added these powders may also be used as sprays.
As DDT is only slightly soluble in water it must be dissolved in vari-
ous petroleum oils or other solvents to make a spray solution.

Little Needed

Because of the high potency of DDT only small concentrations are
necessary in dusts and sprays; usually one-tenth per cent to ten per
cent. Its action against insects is usually slower than most insecti-
cides, but it has a longer residual effect. In some experiments it has
been found to remain effective as a contact poison against certain
insects for a much longer period than some other insecticides. As
yet the proper formulae for various insects have not been worked
out, but it is expected that more satisfactory results will be obtained
as soon as this is accomplished.

C. L. Fluke, University of Wisconsin entomologist has set up the
following precautions for using DDT:

1. In general, apply DDT to crops only where exposed parts are
not used for food. For example, it should be safe to use on potatoes
and sweet corn, but beans had better be treated only before they pod
and cabbage before it heads.

2. Do not use DDT on crops that are in flower, because honey bees
and other pollinating insects may be killed by it.

3. Do not come into contact with DDT more than necessary. Wear
a respirator fitted with a gauze fiilter when applying it. Since DDT
can be absorbed by the skin, particularly in oil solution, it is im-
portant to wash thoroughly with soap and water after using DDT.

4. Apply DDT in the right concentration and in the correct man-
ner for the purpose intended. If directions on the package are not
clear, find out exactly hov; to use the material before proceeding.

— 100 —

Prepare the Soil for
1 Speedy Pea Harvesting

J. R, Stuart'

The more or less recent developments in pea harvesting equip-
ment has accentuated the necessity of proper preparation of the
soil for pea planting. This condition, if no other reason, is sufficient
to again emphasize the importance of soil preparation.

Proper soil preparation for peas has always been a "Must" item
and its importance has been with us from the beginning. Recent
improvements in mechanical harvesting equipment has brought
this subject so forcibly to our attention that drastic improvement
is essential.

In nearly every instance where there is a decided mechanical im-
provement in equipment to increase the efficiency and production
of any machine or unit, there is a corresponding increase in the
manufacturing cost of the machine or unit. Naturally, the increased
manufacturing cost of any machine or implement must be offset
my increased efficiency and output. When this happens, "Lost Op-
erating Time" obviously becomes a highly important item.

In the case of horse-drawn or tractor-mower equipment of indi-
vidual growers, the investment chargeable to peas is relatively small
inasmuch as the same unit is used for other purposes. The output
or capacity of these units is also small in comparison with the pea
harvesting unit, consequently, loss of output from delays caused
by broken guards, sections, or dirt clogs loses some of its emphasis,
although important and expensive.

In the case of a pea harvesting unit, the capacity in relation to
horse-drawn equipment is at least five or six to one, therefore, one
hour's lost time with a harvesting unit represents at least five or

♦ Somerset Canning Corporation, Somerset, Pa.

— 101 —

TIGHT BINDING

• i

< . ■ '>v •

six hours lost time on the basis of horse-drawn equipment. The use
of pea harvesting units in this section is limited to harvesting of
green peas for c&nning. Therefore, the entire cost of such machines
which is considerable, is chargeable to peas which again emphasizes
the output per unit. It is generally admitted that modern pea har-
vesting equipment alleviates one of the greatest draw backs to
growing peas. The main prerequisite to efficient operation of these
machines is a smooth field surface (free from stones, trash, drill
ridges, etc.) at the time of harvest. As stressed many times before,
proper preparation of the seed bed before and after pea sowing is
highly important. In order to leave the field at sowing time in
proper condition for efficient harvesting, it is necessary to remove
stones and after peas are drilled, roll the ground to smooth out drill
ridges and press into the ground the remaining small stones. By
all means, this type of soil preparation should be in every grower's
program in order to reap full benefit from your soil as well as the
harvesting equipment. It is a very short-sighted poHcy NOT to pre-
pare properly your pea field at planting time simply because some-
one else is to harvest the crop. Your sins will find you out in one
form or another — your yields will be reduced and your harvesting
costs will be increased — you can't win unless you properly prepare
your seed bed. Peas still are a garden crop.

Harvester Used for Speedy Cutting

and Windrowing

The wartime demand for more food production brought an amaz-
ing number of equipment items into more general use, among them
the Hume Tractor-Rower in the pea growing areas of Pennsylvania.
Although this machine has been in use for a period of twelve years,
it was the need for all-out wartime production that made the Hume
machine practically a "must" item of equipment among canners
and growers.

One is almost flabbergasted to see this machine coming down the
field with the tractor operating in a backward direction. But the
inventor of the machine, H. D. Hume, found that ease of attachment,
better balance of the entire unit, and elimination of the tractor run-
ning over the crop when opening up a field— thus eliminating waste
-were all practical factors that made this method of "hitch" the
scientific one to use. In addition, the operator has a clearer view of
his work.

In a word, the machine cuts and windrows harvests of peas, soy-
beans, and other crops, getting all the crop and delivering it clean
and whole.

Bender Implement Company

McCormick'Deering
Sales and Service

Somerset. Pa

— 102 —

IGHT BINDING

Pea Harvester with the Tractor Operating in a Backward Direction
A Windrower is Attached to the Ordinary Mower when the

above Machine is not Available.

Specially Designed Stub Guards and Vine Lifters are Necessary in

Harvesting Peas. Spare Cutting Parts are Always a

"Must" in a Busy Pea Season. — (J.M.H.)

— 104 —

Specially designed stub guards make the unit dependable on
stony soil, since these guards permit the stones to rub off the guard.
The Tractor-Rower likewise is equipped with pickup lifter guards,
which are adjustable so they can be leveled with the ground.

The Hume flexible floating cutter bar is suspended by means of
a series of flat springs attached to shoes. This construction, plus

I the flexibility of the cutter bar itself, permits the crop to be cut ex-
tremely close to the ground, thus getting all the crop. The crop is
eft en cut within one inch of the ground. ^. -.

Another feature of the Hume machine is the use of the combina-
tion bat and tine pickup reel. Even with down crops, the bat and
tine action reel gently lifts the crop into the cutter bar. Crops
knocked flat by winds or rains are no barrier to this special har-
vesting reel. - ,

The crop is delivered clean onto a draper. Openings above the
cutter bar prevent rocks and soil from being carried onto the
conveyor. The crop is dropped into a neat windrow— all with a
minimum of handling. The leaves, grain, seed or pods stay on— does
not tangle or rope windrow. . * . ^

Many large canning companies in the East use this machine ex-
clusively in pea harvesting. The machine is easily and quickly
mounted to any standard make of cultivator type tractor, and the
manufacturer furnishes special flttings for quick attachment.

Very dramatic proof of the uncanny ability of the Hume-Tractor-
Rower to harvest all the crop under unusual conditions of terrain, is
found in the fact that the machine operates perfectly even on steep
hillsides. ,

Users report crop savings of 10% to 35% with this machine. This
may mean the difference between profit and loss in canning and
harvesting operations, many years. And under conditions of down
crops, the efficiency of the edgewise action bat and tine reel is
■ such that a machine is often paid for in just a few hours operation.
The manufacturer, H. D. Hume Company, of Mendota, Illinois,
anticipates a continued heavy demand for this machine among food
packers and growers. !' '

— 105 —

^:~^i.'i'..^im*2jf^iAt^wJ^'},i^i^^'.---\^\~

V+. *■ "^tf-

f/; ;'

Pea Harvester wilh the Tractor Operating in a Backward Direction
A Windrower is Attached to the Ordinary Mower when the

above Machine is not Available.

'']

Specially Designed Stub Guards and Vine Lifters are Necessary in

Harvesting Peas. Spare Cutting Parts are Always a

"Must" in a Busy Pea Season.— (J.M.H.)

— 104 —

The "business end" of the Tractor-Rower is the ingenious floating
cutter bar. This cutter bar is extremely flexible, conforming to the
lay of the land even on uneven terrain. The cutter bar drops down
into depressions or rides over ridges, "snaking" in conformance to
uneven ground. Thus it cuts the whole crop, close to the ground.
V Specially designed stub guards make the unit dependable on
' stony soil, since these guards permit the stones to rub off the guard.
The Tractor-Rower likewise is equipped with pickup lifter guards,
which are adjustable so they can be leveled with the ground.

The Hume flexible floating cutter bar is suspended by means of
a series of flat springs attached to shoes. This construction, plus
the flexibility of the cutter bar itself, permits the crop to be cut ex-
tremely close to the ground, thus getting all the crop. The crop is
cften cut within one inch of the ground.

The crop is delivered clean onto a draper. Openings above the
cutter bar prevent rocks and soil from being carried onto the
conveyor. The crop is dropped into a neat windrow — all with a
minimum of handling. The leaves, grain, seed or pods stay on— does
not tangle or rope windrow. .

Users report crop savings of 10% to 357r with this machine. This
may mean the difference between profit and loss in canning and
harvesting operations, many years. And under conditions of down
crops, the efficiency of the edgewise action bat and tine reel is
such that a machine is often paid for in just a few hours operation.

The manufacturer, H. D. Hume Company, of Mendota, Illinois,
anticipates a continued heavy demand for this machine among food
packers and growers.

— 105 —

^'^^-■^'■m^

INTENTIONAL 2ND EXPOSURE

0..f^

New Pea Harvesting and Loading Machine

A report comes from Mr. E. J. Smith, Box 123, King Ferry, New
York, that he has developed a machine that mows and loads pea
vines onto a wagon or truck. He says thfit his machine was de-
veloped to save labor, time, and to deliver the peas to the viner at
the time when they have reached their greatest weight and are
still of prime quality for canning.

' This particular machine was built to operate on an International
H tractor. However, it could be adapted to others of the Farm-All
type. The mowing mechanism was changed from that of the con-
ventional type to "push type" mower and cuts a wider swath. It
moves slowly around a field but, because of the die swath, cuts
about two acres per hour. The cutting bar being in front and wide
enough to clear all equipment, no peas are run down when opening
up a field.

The vines are moved up a short ramp from the cutting bar, much
the same as hay is moved up by a loader with the push type bar.
From this short ramp the vines are moved onto a narrow platform,
running the entire length of the cutting bar.

From this platform the vines drop to an elevator which takes them
back to the wagon or truck. The elevator is supported by castor
wheel on lower end of elevator is 12 feet, and it is 20 feet long. The
feed table, cutting bar and elevator are operated by the power take-
off of the tractor.

Feeding Value of Pea- Vine Silage

Pea-vine silage is used extensively in feeding dairy cattle, beef
cattle, horses, and other livestock. The following analyses are taken
from Morrison's "Feeds and Feeding":

Total

Dry

Digestible

digestible

matter

protein

nutrients

Ibf.

26.7

1.1

17.4

27.9

2.6

17.8

90.4

10.3

50.3

88.7

4.2

51.6

Com silage, well matured, fair in ears
Pea-vine silage
Alfalfa hay, good
Timothy hay, early bloom

When pea vines are applied directly to land from the viner, with-
out first going through stack or silo fermentation, there is danger of
spreading plant diseases. In any event, the vines will have a higher
fertilizing value if first fed to livestock and the manure applied to
the field. If the vines are put back on the land, these fields should
not be planted to peas for at least four years.

— 106 —

Quality— The Keynote for the Keystone State

H. L. SEATON^

Early in the development of the canning industry in the United
States most of the national pack of canned peas were grown and
processed in the northeastern and Atlantic Coast States. As the
industry expanded pea production shifted to the north central and
northwestern areas. Unlike most of the neighboring states, Penn-
sylvania's acreage and pack of peas has been increasing in recent
years. According to the statistical reports of the National Canners
Association for the period from 1930 to 1934, the average annual
pack was less than 200,000 cases, in 1944 the pack was 819,890 cases
and while data is not available for 1945, indications are that the
pack will be well over one million cases.

Many districts in Pennsylvania have favorable climatic and soil
conditions as well as a system of farming where good yields of
quality peas can be produced. Future expansion of pea growing may
be expected if both yields and quality are maintained at high levels.
During the war emphasis has been given to production and in some
cases quality has slipped. In the postwar adjustment period both
growers and canners should make Quality the Keynote in the
Keystone State,

The question may be asked, "Is quality the concern of the canner
or the grower?" From our contacts with large numbers of canners
and growers in the principal pea producing areas of the United
States, we are of the opinion that quality is largely determined by
the combined efforts of both parties working together toward the
same goal. In other words, good relationships between the canning
company and its growers are vital to the industry. Neither party
can prosper without the other. Few canners have been able to show
a profit by packing standard quality peas. The consuming public
demands and will pay a premium for fancy and extra standard peas.'
Where peas are purchased on grade it is much to the grower's
advantage to deliver the higher priced grades.

Canner-grower relations vary widely among different companies
and in the different districts. Our observations in the various states
strongly indicate that those companies with a progressive grower
policy and an adequate, active, intelligent and co-operative field
force to carry it to the growers, are the most effective. They make
i a point of getting the better farmers in the better farming com-
munities to contract for peas and as a result obtain higher yields,
better quality and have better satisfied growers. They supply the
best seed obtainable, fertilizer, inoculation, seed treatment and

♦ Chief Crops Consultant, Research Department, Continental Can Co., Inc.

— 107 —

■'•,.'.

TIGHT BINDING

1
I ■ '^

schedule plantings so that the crop will not bunch badly at the
viners and at the factory. In some districts the canner furnishes the
seed drills and machines and labor for harvesting the crop at the
"fleeting moment of perfection."

Success in pea growing and canning is not then a question of
more acres but rather one of better acres. Growers with low yields
or partial failures are dissatisfied with the crop and their returns
are absorbed largely by the relatively high charges for seed. On
the other hand, few complaints are ever heard from growers with
high yields. They like to grow peas as they have found them to be
a profitable cash crop which fits well in their farm rotation. Peas
are a good nurse crop for alfalfa and clover and in some areas they
are off the land in time for a second crop. Pea silage is a nutritious
food for their stock. As a crop, they have a definite place in Penn-
sylvania agriculture.

In conclusion, we are of the opinion that all companies contracting
for peas have the job of providing an adequate and competent field
force to make sure all of their growers know how to grow a good
crop of quality peas and thus make money from growing them. On
the other hand, it is equally important that the grower assume the
responsibility to follow closely the recommendations of the com-
pany's fieldman in the rotation of his crops, the selection of his
fields, their preparation and fertilization, planting and harvesting on
pre-arranged schedules so that the canning company can make the
greatest use of its investment in viners and factory equipment. With
such a program Quality can he made the Keynote for the Keystone
State.

Fancy Quality Peas of the Surprise type (above) and
Standard Quality (below).— (JMJi.)

— 108 —

Factors Affecting Pea Quality for Freezing

A study of the factors that affect quality in the freezing preserva-
tion of peas is reported by Western Regional Research Laboratory,
Albany, California, in The Canner, March 17, 1945, and The Food
Packer, April, 1945.

The tenderometer, according to the authors, is used extensively
in judging the harvest maturity of peas. The peas are brought to

certain temperature in water and then placed in the instrument,

hich measures the amount of force necessary to shear them. This
hearing force is closely related to the maturity or starch content
f peas.

The lack of a standard for the adjustment of the tenderometer is
eported to be the principal criticism, in order to assure the packer
hat his readings are comparable to those given by the instruments
sed by his competitors. Comparison of the instrument with an-
ther method of grading, they say, which has a fundamental basis
[such as starch content may prove to be the answer to this problem.

I The brine test, which measures the density of peas by the per-
centage of sinkers in brine, is reported to show large deviations in
correlations with tenderometer readings, starch contents and taste
tests. The method is simple, requires a small amount of equipment
and can be carried out at any time.

The starch content of peas has been proposed as a method of
^evaluating maturity in peas. It is less rapid than the tenderometer
and probably more rapid than the brine method, according to the
authors. As it measures starch, which gradually increases in peas
as they mature, the method rests on a fundamental basis which is
less subject to question than any other procedure that has been
proposed. The principal drawback at present is lack of sufficient
data on allowable limits of starch content for a given grade of
peas. Studies on the subject are under way.

Losses in quality of peas begin to occur as soon as they are vined.

Most of the loss in quality, after the first few hours of delay, is

caused by bacteria growing on the peas rather than by respiration

and other internal changes. Deterioration in quality becomes very

^marked when the bacteria begin to multiply rapidly.

The most satisfactory method of handling peas, if delay periods
kare anticipated, is to precool them in ice water, drain and mix them
fwith cracked or powdered ice. Since blanched. material is a more
favorable medium for bacterial growth than unblanched, blanching
to prevent spoilage due to delay is not recommended.

— 109 —

ill-:.:

TIGHT BINDING

-•^■i"-'fi.

Fancy Quality Peas of the Surprise type (above) and
Standard Quality (below).— (J.M.H.)

— 108 —

Factors Affecting Pea Quality for Freezing

The tenderometer, according to the authors, is used extensively
in judging the harvest maturity of peas. The peas are brought to
a certain temperature in water and then placed in the instrument,
which measures the amount of force necessary to shear them. This
shearing force is closely related to the maturity or starch content
of peas.

The lack of a standard for the adjustment of the tenderometer is
reported to be the principal criticism, in order to assure the packer
that his readings are comparable to those given by the instruments
used by his competitors. Comparison of the instrument with an-
other method of grading, they say, which has a fundamental basis
such as starch content may prove to be the answer to this problem.

The brine test, which measures the density of peas by the per-
centage of sinkers in brine, is reported to show large deviations in
correlations with tenderometer readings, starch contents and taste
tests. The method is simple, requires a small amount of equipment
and can be carried out at any time.

The starch content of peas has been proposed as a method of
evaluating maturity in peas. It is less rapid than the tenderometer
and probably more rapid than the brine method, according to the
authors. As it measures starch, which gradually increases in peas
as they mature, the method rests on a fundamental basis which is
less subject to question than any other procedure that has been
proposed. The principal drawback at present is lack of sufficient
data on allowable limits of starch content for a given grade of
peas. Studies on the subject are under way.

Losses in quality of peas begin to occur as soon as they are vined.
Most of the loss in quality, after the first few hours of delay, is
caused by bacteria growing on the peas rather than by respiration
and other internal changes. Deterioration in quality becomes very
marked when the bacteria begin to multiply rapidly.

The most satisfactory method of handling peas, if delay periods
are anticipated, is to precool them in ice water, drain and mix them
with cracked or powdered ice. Since blanched material is a more
favorable medium for bacterial growth than unblanched, blanching
to prevent spoilage due to delay is not recommended.

— 109 —

TIGHT BINDING

INTENTIONAL 2ND EXPOSURE

•i

Services to Pea Growers

The economic aspects of pea growing in Wisconsin are reported
by Walter W. Wilcox, P. E. MgNall and John B. Bowditch, of the
Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Wisconsin,
The Food Packer, June 1945.

In 1944 the reports indicate that in the eastern heavy pea grow-
ing area the companies did over 40 per cent of the harvest work
(cutting, loading and hauling). Forty per cent of these companies in-
dicated that they expected to do more of the harvest work (on a

fee basis) for their growers in 1945. The shortage of labor has in-
fluence the increase in company work.

Some companies grew a part of their peas on rented land in 1944
due to their inability to obtain enough increase in acreage on ac-
count of labor shortage and competition with other unusually
profitable farm enterprises. Most of these companies, however, look
forward to returning to contracting for their entire acreage as soon
as the war is over. It is their opinion that farmers can grow peas
at lower costs than the companies can grow them. One limiting

factor on company grown peas is the financial investment in con-
trast to risk of loss, in a bad year. With contract growers, this in-
vestment and risk is spread. It is difficult to rent good pea land,
and a canner must go into general farming if he is to maintain the
fertility of company owned land. Only 7 of the 15 companies grow-
ing some of their own peas carried livestock on their farms.

Grower Relations

Few complaints were made by growers with high yields. Growers
with low yields usually were dissatisfied. Grower relations varied
considerably with the policy of the company. A progressive grower
policy in the shape of active, intelligent, and cooperative field men
and an effort on the part of the canner to help the grower with his
problem and to fully explain price, grading and related matters
seemed, according to this study, to be effective. It appeared that
companies with the best field man service to growers had the higher
average yields. Companies contracting with the better farmers not
only had the higher yields but had better satisfied growers.

Over a third of the growers expressed dissatisfaction with present
grading methods but the greatest possibility for improvement in the
pea industry in Wisconsin appears to be in increasing acre yields.

— no-

Pea Grades for 1945

E. R. Pheir

The results of the 1945 pea grading by twenty-seven Federal-
State of Pennsylvania inspectors gave further proof that the most
satisfactory method of contracting peas for canning and freezing
is on the basis of official grades as interpreted by official inspectors,
rhe volume of graded peas increased from 11,500,000 pounds in
1944 to 25,000,000 pounds in 1945. This increase was due to a larger
acreage contracted on the basis of grades, and to a higher yield per
acre in 1945, when growing conditions were generally very favor-
able. Ateo, average grades showed an improvement in quality de-
livered in 1945 over 1944.

The second annual pea inspection school was held at Salisbury-
Fruitland, Maryland, a week prior to the start of the Pennsylvania
season. The school was conducted by past supervisor, Don James,
and his assistant, H. B. Trostle. The instructional work was also
capably handled by Jesse M. Huffington and Robert B. Donaldson of
the extension service. Also attending were inspection officials from
the States of Maryland, and New York, as well as from the United
States Department of Agriculture. At the present time, the United
States Department of Agriculture is formulating U. S. grades for
cannery peas, based largely on the grades established and used suc-
cessfully for the past few years in Pennsylvania and in adjoining
states. •

It was possible, in 1945, to make further check tests of the ac-
curacy of the pea grading work by comparing the grades of the raw
peas and the grades of the same lots after being processed.

Pennsylvania growers and processors of peas are fortunate to
have pea inspection developed to such a degree in the state. The
growers are enabled, through the inspection, to secure premium
prices for delivering peas of high quality, cut at the stage when
grade and yield per acre insure maximum return. Likewise, Penn-
sylvania processors are enabled to produce high quality goods which
is enjoying a high degree of popularity, both with the distributing
trade and the consuming public.

* In Charge Fruit and Vegetable Division, Bureau of Markets.

Quality means steady, dependable profits year by year. It means
careful planning in production, harvesting and delivery. Fancy peas
always sell. Extra Standards sell most of the time, but standards

Und sub-standards are headed for the "loss leader" counter in most

I seasons. ^ *

— 111 —

^S^^B

*^1'1(

,- — ,5_.,._.^--.,_,.^._-,^.,-

TIGHT BINDING

"v^-V

^^ESi?Ma

m^sjL±:j^2:iMM

I, \

KTr

Rotary Tillage

The first time the principle of
rotary tillage has been adapted to
multiple row cultivation of narrow
row vegetable crops, such as onion,
carrots, spinach, parsnips, beets,
etc. is in the "Tillivator," an imple-
ment just announced by the Ariens
Company, Brillion, Wisconsin.
Although it is a new implement, since 1940 the "Tillivator" has
been in the field cultivating crops from 4 to 9 rows, both in Dower
take-off and self-powered models.

According to the manufacturer, the "Tillivator" is an accurate
means of cultivating narrow row crops. It destroys all weeds, com-
pletely cutting and chopping them to prevent their growing again.
One man, a tractor and a "TiUivator" can do a thorough job of
cultivating at the rate of 1 to 2i acres per hour, depending on the
crop and the number of rows to be cultivated. The tiller units are
easily adjustable for various row spacings and adjustable in cut-
ting widths from 10" to 24" for a variety of row widths and crop
conditions.

Each unit in the "Tillivator" floats independently of the other so
that any number of rows can be cultivated, regardless of soil con-
tours. Depth control is adjustable and will always remain at the
adjusted depth. Uneveness of soil has no effect on the uniform depth
of operation.

Outlook for Processed Vegetables

In contrast with the moderate changes in acreage of most fresh
market vegetables, according to M. C. Bond of Cornell University,
the acreage for vegetables for processing has been increased sub-
stantially during the war years.

One of the most striking developments in recent years in the
vegetable industry is the marked expansion in the consumption of
frozen vegetables. If frozen vegetables, according to Dr. Bond, can
be sold at a reasonable level, not far above the retail prices of can-
ned vegetables, a much larger proportion of such vegetables as peas,
sweet corn, and spinach, will be processed and moved into consump-
tion in this form. Frozen vegetables, already prepared for the table
and with no wastage, are likely to provide stiff competition with
out-of-season winter production of fresh vegetables that have to be
shipped long distances to market, and are available to consumers at
relatively high prices.

The consumption of canned vegetables per person has increased
from about 15 pounds per person in World War I to almost 40 pounds
in 1942. Improvements in the quality of canned vegetables, which
are already partially cooked and in the service of which there is
no waste, has contributed to the expanding consumption.

There is no place like HOLMES for SEEDS

Specializing

in select strains
for Greenhouse and Market Growers

The Holmes Seed Co.

SEED GROWERS

Dept. T

Canton 2. Ohio

SERIOUS CROP SHORTAGEI

GUCKS

IMPROVED STRAINS
PENNA CERTIFIED
TOMATO SEED

Necessitating a pio-rata delivery.

RUTGERS - MARGLOBE - PRITCHARD • GROTHENS
PAN AMERICA - COLCO (Pink) GLOBE.

SPECIAL MENTION: TWO NEW LEADERS

THE EARLY MARKET: Leads in profits in early staked tomatoes.

THE EARLY CANNER: Heavy yielder of large, firm, scarlet fruits,

maturing a week or more earlier than
Rutgers.

(Only a very limited quantity available).

CLICK'S SEED FARMS

Smoketown, Lancaster Co., Penna.

112 —

113 —

.:LU^.-^\

TIGHT BINDING

iMmm3

Index to Advertisers

Canners

G.L.F. Columbia Farm Prod-
ucts Cooperative, Inc 80

Mifflin County Packing Co. . . . 14
Summers, Charles G., Jr., Inc.. 96
Winebrenner, D. E. Co 53

Commission Merchant
Roemhild, Albert C 51

Farm Equipment

Bender Implement Co '.

Farquhar Co, A. B

Hume Co.,. H. D

102
86
35

Fertilizer

American Agricultural Chem-
ical Co., The 88

American Cyanamid Co 63

Lancaster Bone Fertilizer Co. . . 96

Miller Chemical and Fertilizer
Corporation 40

Reading Bone Fertilizer Co 94

Swift & Co 80

Virginia-Carolina Chemical

Corporation 62

Union Fertilizer Corporation . . 68

Hail Insurance

G. L. Bucker, Supt.

Inside Back Cover

Insecticides and Fungicides,
Dusters and Sprayers

Bean Manufacturing Co., John 36

Dow Chemical Company 73

General Chemical Co 60

Myers & Bros. Co., The F. E.. . 71

Pennsylvania Farm Bureau
Cooperative Assn 23

. Tobacco By-Products and
^Chemical Corporation

Inoculum

Superyield Laboratories

Irrigation Supplies . •

Atlas Supply Co

California Corrugated Cul-
vert Co

Hamilton & Co

Preservatives

Cuprinol, Inc.

39
78

45
65

Seeds and Plants

Associated Seed Growers, Inc.. 81
Burpee Co., W. A

' Inside Front Cover

Crites-Moscow Growers, Inc . . 75

Glick's Seed and Plant Farms . . 113

Harris Co., Joseph 24

Holmes Seed Co 112

Huntington Brothers 31

Robson Seed Farms 25

Scheirs Seed House . .Back Cover

Woodruff & Sons, H. F 43

Soil Testing Equipment

La Motte Chemical Products
Company

Cleaning, Washing and
Tying Equipment

Bean Manufacturing Co., John 36
Felins 33

Weather Service
Krick Weather Service

— 114 —

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- :-.- -. ■ - ■ ■■ --r' ■p-yy.; '■y;r--at'"^^-.'*'?Ca«.".w'«'- u-ti

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