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M.    ANNAEI    LUCANI 


PHARSALIA 


(JTamlrrtoge : 

PRINTED    BY    C.  J.  CLAY,    M.A.    AND   SONS, 
AT  THE    UNIVERSITY    PRESS. 


(M.    ANNAEI     LUCANI-' 

PHARSALIA 


EDITED    WITH    ENGLISH    NOTES 


BY 


C.    E.    HASKINS,    M.A. 

FELLOW -AND   CLASSICAL    LECTURER   OE   S.T  JOHN'S   COLLEGE,   CAMBRIDG1 


WITH   AN   INTRODUCTION 


BY 


W.    E.    HEITLAND,    M.A. 

FELLOW    AND   TUTOR   OF   ST  John's    COLLEGE,   CAMBRIDGE. 


LONDON: 
GEORGE     BELL    AND    SONS. 
CAMBRIDGE:    DEIGIITON,    BELL    AND    CO. 

1887 


^ 


p/? 

I  ?i-7 


TO 


ARTHUR    GRAY    BUTLER, 

FELLOW   OF   ORIEL  COLLEGE,    OXFORD, 
FORMERLY    HEAD    MASTER    OF    HAILEYBURY   COLLEGE, 

THIS   VOLUME   IS   DEDICATED 

AS   A    TOKEN    OF   GRATITUDE 

BY    HIS   OLD    PUPIL, 

C.   E.    HASKINS. 


PREFACE. 

This  edition  of  Lucan  is  intended  to  meet  the  want 
which  is,  I  believe,  often  felt,  of  an  edition  with  English 
notes  suited  for  students  at  the  University  and  the 
higher  forms  in  Schools.  I  have  not  made  any  attempt 
to  produce  a  critical  text,  but  have  followed  for  the  most 
part  that  of  Weise  ;  the  references  in  the  notes  to  differ- 
ences in  the  readings  of  the  manuscripts  are  mainly 
drawn  from  the  edition  of  Oudendorp  (Leyden,  172S). 
I  have  also  had  constantly  before  me  the  editio  princeps 
published  at  Rome  in  the  year  1469,  of  which  there  are 
two  copies  in  the  Library  of  St  John's  College. 

My  thanks  are  above  all  due  to  Mr  W.  E.  Heitland, 
who  has  had  the  kindness  not  only  to  furnish  an 
Introduction  to  the  book,  but  also  to  look  through  and 
criticise  the  proofs  of  the  notes.  I  am  also  indebted  to 
the    Rev.  J.    E.    B.    Mayor,    Professor  of    Latin    in    the 


\ui  PREFACE. 

University  of  Cambridge,  for  many  valuable  references 
especially  on  the  sixth  book,  and  to  several  other 
friends  for  various  suggestions  for  which  I  heartily 
thank  them  ;  finally  I  desire  to  thank  the  Syndics  of 
the  Cambridge  University  Press  for  allowing  me  to 
make  use  of  the  notes  on  the  first  book  contained  in 
a  little  volume  edited  for  them  by  Mr  Heitland  and 
myself  in  1875. 

C.  E.   HASKINS. 
Cambridge,  May  9,  1887. 


INTRODUCTION 


r.  l. 


IOANNI      EYTON      BICKERSTETH      MAYOR 


HOC     OPVSCVLVM     DEDICAT 


GVILELMVS    EMERTON    HEITLAND 


AMICVS     AMICO 


LITTERATO     LITTERATOR 


TO    THE    READER 


When  Mr  Haskins  asked  me  to  write  the  Introduction  to  his 
edition  of  Lucan  I  gladly  consented  to  do  so,  moved  by  the  wish  to 
renew  our  former  association  in  a  small  edition  of  the  first  book. 
Little  did  I  think  to  what  a  size  the  work  would  grow,  or  how  great 
would  be  the  labour  of  producing  a  result  still  lamentably  crude  and 
incomplete.      TU<rl< 

The  literary  criticism  of  the  Pharsalia  is  an  eminently  interesting 
problem.  From  the  death  of  Ovid  to  the  birth  of  Lucan  is  barely 
a  quarter  of  a  century :  a  gap  of  fifty  years  or  less  is  all  that  parts 
the  literature  of  the  Augustan  epoch  from  the  Neronian.  The  few 
minor  poets  who  wrote  in  the  interval  have  left  but  a  few  small 
fragments :  and  the  modern  reader  of  Roman  poets  passes  over  this 
period  of  silence  and  finds  himself  at  once  in  the  literature  of  the 
Annaean  circle,  the  central  figure  in  which  is  the  younger  Seneca. 
It  is  indeed  a  startling  leap  :  we  are  surrounded  by  writers  whose  tone 
motives  ideas  and  canons  of  composition  differ  fundamentally  from 
those  current  in  the  company  we  have  just  left.  Into  the  nature  causes 
and  significance  of  this  remarkable  change  it  is  part  of  my  business  to 
inquire. 

In  doing  this  it  is  perhaps  unfortunate  that  so  little  help  is  to  be 
got  from  previous  writers.  The  work  of  Nisard,  faulty  in  parts  but 
on  the  whole  good,  stands  almost  alone  in  dealing  fully  and  directly 
with  the  problem  :  and  it  is  too  much  of  the  nature  of  popular  lectures 
to  serve  as  a  basis  for  serious  study.  For  Lucan's  life  and  writings 
Genthe's  dissertation  is  of  great  use.  How  miserable  may  be  the  result 
of  meritorious  exertions  is  shewn  by  Koerbcr's  paper  on  Lucan's  syntax. 


viii  TO    THE   READER. 

A  short  experience  of  Weber  is  enough.  Weise's  preface  is  surely  one 
of  the  worst  compositions  that  ever  made  pretence  to  judgment  and 
learning.  Most  of  the  remarks  on  Lucan  in  standard  histories  are 
vague  or  misleading;  and  the  fact  is  that  if  one  is  to  form  one's 
opinions  on  adequate  grounds  one  must  do  the  whole  drudgery  oneself. 

This  may  have  its  compensating  advantages.  But  it  necessarily 
increases  the  bulk  of  the  work  ;  for,  in  order  not  to  pretend  to  an 
authority  to  which  I  can  lay  no  claim,  I  feel  compelled  to  print  a  large 
mass  of  material  in  justification  of  opinions  expressed.  In  the  case 
of  two  crucial  questions,  (i)  who  is  the  hero  of  the  poem  (2)  what  is 
Lucan's  relation  to  Vergil,  I  have  ventured  into  considerable  detail, 
but  not  I  think  without  some  result. 

This  kind  of  work  brings  neither  money  nor  repute.  To  the  very 
few  who  will  read  these  pages  I  look  for  an  indulgent  reception.  I  have 
had  to  work  under  great  pressure  of  various  duties  and  charges,  and  a 
series  of  interruptions  tiresome  but  unavoidable.  At  the  same  time 
there  is  pleasure  in  working  at  literature  as  literature  :  and  the  study 
of  even  a  second-rate  author  is  not  without  its  reward. 

I  have  omitted  a  great  quantity  of  matter  as  irrelevant  to  my  purpose, 
and  have  passed  over  many  remarks  of  Nisard  and  Genthe  on  this 
ground.     Some  are  omitted  as  having  neither  authority  nor  probability. 

W  E  Heitland 


March   1887. 


TABLE    OF    CONTENTS 


A.  Ancient  Authorities. 

(i)  Life  of  Lucan  [Suetonius]. 

(2)  Life  of  Lucan  [Vacca]. 

(3)  Statius  on  Lucan's  birthday. 

(4)  Martial's  epigrams  relating  to  Lucan. 

(5)  Tacitus,  dialogue  de  oratoribus  §  20. 

(6)  Petronius§  118. 

(7)  Fronto  on  the  opening  lines  of  the  Pharsalia. 

(8)  Various  epigrams. 

B.  Life  of  Lucan. 

(9)  Table  of  dates. 

(10)  Pedigree. 

(11)  List  of  minor  works. 

(12)  Cordova. 

(13)  The  Annaei. 

(14)  Rome.     Early  life  and  education. 

(15)  Stoicism  and  Rhetoric. 

(16)  Literary  fertility. 

(17)  Nero. 

(18)  Lucan  in  favour. 

(19)  Jealousy.     Lucan  in  disgrace. 

(20)  Schemes  of  revenge. 

(21)  The  Pisonian  conspiracy. 

(22)  The  plot  fails.     Death  of  Lucan. 

(23)  Memory  of  Lucan  preserved. 

(24)  Concluding  remarks. 


k  TABLE    OF  CONTENTS. 

C.  General  view  of  the  Pharsalia. 

(25)  Sketch  of  the  several  hooks. 

(26)  Character  and  scope  of  the  poem. 

(27)  I  niUiencc  of  recitations. 

(28)  Difficulties  of  an  historical  poem. 

(29)  Publication  of  the  Pharsalia. 

(30)  Title  of  the  poem. 

(31)  The  rival  composition  of  Pctronius. 

(32)  Evidence  of  this  bearing  on  £  -9- 

D.  Matter  of  the  Pharsalia. 

Contemporary  relations 

(^})     To  Nero  and  the  Empire. 

(34)  To  Philosophical  systems. 
(a)     Stoic  training. 

(l>)  God  and  the  universe. 

(c)  The  heavenly  bodies. 

{(/)  Fate  and  divination. 

(c)  Human  soul  and  will. 

(/)  Virtue,  Good  and  Bad,  etc. 

(g)  Independence  and  social  instinct. 

(//)  Life  death  and  suicide. 

(z)  Non-Stoic  elements. 

(35)  To  Religion. 

{a)     State  of  Religion  at  Rome. 
{!>)     References  in  the  Pharsalia. 
(c)     Fortnna  and  fa tun 1. 
{d)     Lucan  and  Vergil. 

(36)  To  Learning  and  History. 

E.  Who  is  the  hero  of  the  Pharsalia  ? 

Claims  discussed  at  length. 

(37)  Caesar. 

(38)  Pompey. 

(39)  Cato. 

(40)  The  Senate. 

(41)  Conclusion  drawn  from  the  above. 

F.  Manner  of  the  Pharsalia. 

(42)  Touches  of  true  poetry. 

(43)  Sententiae. 

(44)  Specimens  of  good  lines. 

(45)  Speeches  and  apostrophes. 


TABLE    OF  CONTENTS.  xi 


(46)  Four  characteristic  defects. 
{a)     Excess  of  detail. 

(b)     Lists  and  enumerations. 
ic)     Narratives  and  discussions. 

(d)  Hyperbole. 

(e)  These  defects  accounted  for. 

(47)  Further  characteristics  in  detail. 

(a)  Forced  antitheses. 

(b)  Strained  emphasis. 

(c)  Involved  expression  of  notions. 

(d)  Certain  figures. 

(c)     Careless  repetition  of  words. 

(/)    Occasional  recurrence  of  phrases. 

(48)  Similes  and  metaphors. 
[Digression  on  cardines] 

(49)  Prosody  etc. 

(a)  Sameness  of  pauses. 

(b)  Monotony  of  rhythm. 

(c)  Sparing  use  of  elision. 

(d)  Sameness  of  endings. 
(c)     Assonance  of  endings. 
(/)    Sparing  use  of  alliteration. 
(g)    Sameness  of  collocation. 
(//)     Notes  on  quantities. 

(50)  Grammar  etc. 

{a)     Substantives  and  adjectives. 
{b)     Use  of  cases. 

(c)  Verbs  and  participles. 

(d)  Licenses  of  diction. 

(f)  Obscurity  and  order  of  words. 
(/)    Relative  clauses  and  parentheses. 

(g)  Subject  and  object. 
(//)     Miscellaneous  notes. 

G.     Relation  to  other  writers. 

(51)  To  Vergil  [detail]. 

(52)  To  other  Augustan  poets. 

(53)  To  earlier  poets. 

(54)  To  the  Senecas. 

(55)  Juvenal's  relation  to  Lucan. 


A.     ANCIENT    AUTHORITIES. 


(1)     Life  of  Lucan  attributed  to  Suetonius1. 

M  Annaeus  Lucanus  Cordubensis  poeta  in  Pisoniana  coniurationc  de- 

prehensus  brachium  ad  secandas  venas  medico  praebuit prima  ingenii 

experimenta  in  Neronis  laudibus  dedit  quinquennali  certamine,  dein  civile 
bcllum  quod  a  Pompeio  et  Caesare  gestum  est  recitavit,  ut  praefatione 
quadam  aetatem  et  initia  sua  cum  Vergilio  comparans  ausus  sit  dicere  '  et 
quantum  mihi  restat  ad  Culicem?'  hie  initio  adulescentiae,  cum  ob  infestum 

matrimonium  patrem  suum  ruri  agere  longissime  cognovisset revocatus 

Athenis  a  Nerone  cohortique  amicorum  additus  atque  etiam  quaestura 
honoratus,  non  tamen  permansit  in  gratia  ;  siquidem  aegre  ferens  recitante 
se  subito  ac  nulla  nisi  refrigerandi  sui  causa  indicto  senatu  recessisse  neque 
verbis  adversus  principem  neque  factis  extantibus  post  haec  temperavit, 
adeo  ut  quondam  in  latrinis  publicis  clariore  cum  strepitu  ventris  cmissi 
hemistichium  Neronis  magna  consessorum  fuga  pronuntiarit  '  sub  terris 
tonuisse  putes'.  sed  et  famoso  carmine  cum  ipsum  turn  potentissimos  ami- 
corum gravissime  proscidit.  ad  extremum  paene  signifer  Pisonianae  con- 
iurationis  exstitit2,  multus  in  gloria  tyrannicidarum  palam  praedicanda  ac 
plenus  minarum,  usque  eo  intemperans  ut  Caesaris  caput  proximo  cuique 
iactaret.  verum  detecta  coniuratione  nequaquam  parem  animi  constantiam 
praestitit;  facile  enim  confessus  et  ad  humillimas  devolutus  preccs  matrem 
quoque  innoxiam  inter  socios  nominavit,  sperans  impietatem  sibi  apud 
parricidam  principem  profuturam.  impetrato  autem  mortis  arbitrio  libero 
codicillos  ad  patrem  corrigendis  quibusdam  versibus  suis  exaravit,  epulatus- 
que  largiter  brachia  ad  secandas  venas  praebuit  medico,  poemata  eius  etiam 
praelegi  memini,  confici  vero  ac  proponi  venalia  non  tantum  operose  et 
diligenter  sed  inepte  quoque3. 

1  See  Genthe  p  3,  Teuffel  §  303  note  1.    It  is        cxtantia  of  Lucan.     So  too  Gcntho  p  4. 

now  generally  admitted  to  belong  to  Suetonius.  3  This  I  take  it  provesa  great  demand  fur  the 

2  This  is  nut  an  inference  from  the  P/uirsalia,         work, 
but  based  on  tradition  and  on  verba  and  facta 


x  i  v  INTR  OD  UC  T10N. 

(2)     Lucani  vita  ex  commentario  antiquissimo1. 

M  Annaeus   Lucanus  patrern  habuit  M  Annaeum  Melam  ex  provincia 
Baetica  Hispaniae  interioris  Cordubensem  equitem  Rom  illustrcm  inter  suos 
Dotum  Romae  et  propter  Senecam  fratrem  clarum  per  omnes  virtutes  virum 
et  propter  studium  vitae  quietioris;  ciuod  sequens  magis  a  turba  recedebat 
minus  latebat    matrem  habuit  et  regionis  eiusdem  et  urbis  Aciliam  nomine 
Acilii   Lucani  filiam  oratoris  operae  apud  proconsules  frcquentis  et  apud 
clarissimos  viros  non  nullius  ingenii  adeo  non  improbandus  ut  in  scriptis 
aliquibus  hodie  quoque  duret  eius  memoria ;  cuius  cognomen  huic  inditum 
apparet      natus  est    in   non    Novemb  C   Caesare   Augusto   Germanico  n 
L  Caesiano   I  coss.  sed   in  patria  sua  non  valuit  educari  ;   fatorum  credo 
decretis  ut  id  ingenium  quod  orbem  fama  sui  impleturum  cresceret  in  domina 
mundi  aleretur  urbe.     octavum  enim  mensem  agens  Romam  translatus  est. 
ac  ne  dispar  eventus  in  eo  narraretur  eius  qui  in  Hesiodo  refertur,  cum 
opinio  tunc  non  dissimilis  maneret,  cunas  infantis  quibus  ferebatur  apes 
circumvolarunt  osque  insidere  complures,  aut  dulcem  iam  turn  spiritum  eius 
inbaurientes  aut  fecundum  et  qualem  nunc  existimamus  futurum   signifi- 
cantes.     praeceptoribus  tunc  eminentissimis  est  eruditus  eosque  intra  breve 
temporis  spatium  ingenio  adacquavit ;  una  vero  studentes  superavit  profec- 
tibus.     declamavit  et  Graece  et  Latine  cum  magna  admiratione  audientiae. 
ob  quod  puerili  mutato  in  senatorium  cultum  et  in  notitiam  Caesaris  Neronis 
facile  pervenit  et  honore  vixdum  aetati  debito  dignus  iudicatus  est.     gessit 
autem  quaesturam  in  qua  cum  collegis  more  tunc  usitato  munus  gladiatorium 
edidit  secundo  populi  favore.     sacerdotium  etiam  accepit  auguratus.     equi- 
dem   hactenus   tempora  habuit   secunda.      quae   autem   sequuntur  mutata 
invidia  et  odio  Neronis  ipsi  exitium  domesticis  luctum  miserabilem  attule- 
runt.     inter  amicos  enim  Caesaris  quod  tam  conspicuus  fieret  profectus  in 
poctica  frequenter  offendebatur.     quippe  et  certamine  pentaeterico  acto  in 
Pompeii  theatro  laureis  recitante  Nerone  fuerat  coronatus  ;  et  ex  tempore 
Orphea  scriptum  in   experimentum   ingenii   ediderat  et  tres  libros  quales 
videmus.     quare  inimicum  sibi  fecit  imperatorem  quo  ambitiose  imitante 
non  hominum  tantum  sed  et  artium  sibi  principatum  vindicante  interdictum 
est   ei   poetica   interdictum   est    etiam   causarum    actionibus.     hoc   factum 
Caesaris  iuvenili  aestimans  animi  calore  speransque  ultionem  a  coniuratis 
in  caedem  Neronis  socius  assumptus  est  sed  parum  fauste.     deceptus  est 
enim  a  Pisone  et  consularibus  aliisque  praetura  perfunctis  illustribus  viris. 
dum   vindictam   expetit   in  mortem   irruit.     nam   sua   sponte   coactus  vita 
excedere  venas  sibi  praecidit  periitque  prid  kal  Maias  Attico  Vestino  et 
Nerva  Syllano  coss  xxvn  aetatis  annum  agens  non  sine  iactura  utilitatis 
cum  patriae  quae  tantam  immature  amisit  indolem  turn  studiorum  quoque. 
reliqui  enim  vn  belli  civilis  libri  locum  calumniantibus  tamquam  mendosi 
non  darent.     qui  tametsi  sub  vero  crimine  non  egent  patrocinio  de  iisdem 
dici  quod  in  Ovidii  libris  praescribitur  potest  'emendaturus  si  licuisset  erat' 

1  Attributed  to  Vacca,  a  grammarian  probably  of  the  6th  century.     Genthe  and  Teuffel, 


GENETHLIACON   OF  STATIUS  xv 

exstant  eius  et  alii  complures  ut  lliacon,  Saturnalia,  Catachthonion,  Silvarum 
X,  tragoedia  Medea  imperfecta,  Salticae  fabulae  XIV,  et  fhippamataf1: 
prosa  oratione  in  Octavium  Sagittam-  et  pro  eo,  de  incendio  urbis,  episto- 
larum  ex  Campania ;  non  fastidiendi  quidem  omnes,  tales  tamen  ut  belli 
civilis  videantur  accessio. 

(3)     Statius  in  preface  to  book  n  of  the  Silvac  says  cludit  volumen 
genethliacon  Lucani,  quod Polla  Argentaria,  clarissima  uxorum,  cum  hum 

diem  forte  cousccraremus,  imputari  sibi  voluil.  ego  non  potui  maiorem 
tanti  auctoris  habere  reverentiam  quant  quod  laudes  eius  dicturus  hexame- 
tros  meos  timui.    The  poem  [n  7]  is  as  follows. 

Lucani  proprium  diem  frequentct 
quisquis  collibus  Isthmiae  Diones 
docto  pectora  concitatus  oestro 
pendentis  bibit  ungulae  liquorem. 

ipsi,  quos  penes  est  honor  canendi,  5 

vocalis  citharae  repertor  Areas, 
et  tu  Bassaridum  rotator  Euhan, 
et  Paean  et  Hyantiae  sorores 
laetae  purpureas  novate  vittas, 

crinem  comite,  candidamque  vestcm  10 

perfundant  hederae  recentiores. 
docti  largius  evagentur  amnes, 
et  plus  Aoniae  virete  silvae, 
et  si  qua  patet  aut  diem  recepit 

sertis  mollibus  expleatur  umbra.  15 

centum  Thespiacis  odora  lucis 
stent  altaria  victimaeque  centum, 
quas  Dirce  lavat  aut  alit  Cithaeron. 
Lucanum  canimus,  favete  Unguis, 

vestra  est  ista  dies,  favete,  Musae,  20 

dum  qui  vos  geminas  tulit  per  artes, 
et  vinctae  pede  vocis  et  solutae, 
Romani  colitur  chori  sacerdos. 

felix  heu  nimis  et  beata  tellus, 
quae  pronos  Hyperionis  meatus  25 

summis  oceani  vides  in  undis 
stridoremque  rotae  cadentis  audis, 
quae  Tritonide  fertiles  Athenas 
unctis,  Baetica,  provocas  trapetis. 

Lucanum  potes  inputare  terris  ;  30 

hoc  plus  quam  Senecam  dedisse  mundo 
aut  dulcem  generasse  Gallioncm. 

Best  ms  tappamatat.     tepigrammatat  is  the  only  reasonable  emendation  suggested. 
2  Tac  ann  xm  44,  hist  iv  44. 


xvi  INTRODUCTION. 

attollat  refluos  in  astra  Pontes 

(iiaio  nobilior  Melete  Baetis. 

Baetim,  Mantua,  provocare  noli.  35 

datum  protinus  atque  humum  per  ipsam 
primo  murmure  dulce  vagientem 
blando  Calliope  sinu  recepit 
turn  primum  posito  remissa  luctu 

longos  Orpheos  exuit  dolores  4° 

et  dixit :   puer  o  dicate  musis, 
longaevos  cito  transiture  vates, 
non  tu  flumina  nee  greges  ferarum 
nee  plectro  Geticas  movebis  ornos, 

scd  septem  iuga  Martiumque  Tibrim  45 

et  doctos  equites  et  eloquente 
cantu  purpureum  trahes  senatum. 
nocturnas  alii  Phrygum  ruinas 
et  tarde  reducis  vias  Ulixi 

et  puppem  temerariam  Minervae,  5° 

trita  vatibus  orbita,  sequantur; 
tu  carus  Latio  memorque  gentis 
carmen  fortior  exseris  togatum. 
ac  primum  tcneris  adhuc  in  annis 

ludes  Hectora  Thessalosque  currus  55 

et  supplex  Priami  potentis  aurum, 
et  sedes  reserabis  inferorum. 
ingratus  Nero  dulcibus  theatris, 
et  noster  tibi  proferetur  Orpheus. 

dices  culminibus  Remi  vagantis  6o 

infandos  domini  nocentis  ignes. 
hinc  castae  titulum  decusque  Pollae 
iocunda  dabis  allocutione. 

'  mox  coepta  generosior  iuventa 
albos  ossibus  Italis  Philippos  65 

et  Pharsalica  bella  detonabis, 
quod  fulmen  ducis  inter  arma  divi, 
libertate  gravem  pia  Catonem 
et  gratum  popularitate  Magnum. 

tu  Pelusiaci  scelus  Canopi  70 

deflebis  pius  et  Pharo  cruenta 
Pompeio  dabis  altius  sepulcrum. 

'  haec  primo  iuvenis  canes  sub  aevo, 
ante  annos  culicis  Maroniani. 

cedet  musa  rudis  ferocis  Enni  75 

et  docti  furor  arduus  Lucreti, 
et  qui  per  freta  duxit  Argonautas, 


STATIUS  xv  ii 

et  qui  corpora  prima  transfigurat. 

quid  maius  loquor  ?     ipsa  tc  Latinis 

Aeneis  venerabitur  cancntem.  80 

nee  solum  dabo  carminis  nitorem, 

sed  taedis  genitalibus  dicabo 

doctam  atque  ingenio  tuo  decoram, 

qualem  blanda  Venus  daretque  Iuno, 

forma,  simplicitate,  comitate,  85 

censu,  sanguine,  gratia,  decore. 

et  vestros  hymenaeon  ante  postes 

festis  cantibus  ipsa  personabo. 

'  o  saevae  nimium  gravesque  Parcae  ! 
o  numquam  data  fata  longa  summis  !  90 

cur  plus,  ardua,  casibus  patetis  ? 
cur  saeva  vice  magna  non  senescunt  ? 
sic  natum  Nasamonii  Tonantis 
post  ortus  obitusque  fulminatos 

angusto  Babylon  premit  sepulcro.  95 

sic  fixum  Paridis  manu  trementi 
Peliden  Thetis  horruit  cadentem. 
sic  ripis  ego  murmurantis  Hebri 
non  mutum  caput  Orpheos  sequebar. 

sic  et  tu  —  rabidi  nefas  tyranni  !  —  100 

iussus  praecipitem  subire  Lethen, 
dum  pugnas  canis  arduaque  voce 
das  solatia  grandibus  sepulcris, 
o  dirum  scelus !   o  scelus !   tacebis.' 

sic  fata  est  leviterque  decidentis  105 

abrasit  lacrimas  nitente  plectro. 

at  tu,  seu  rapidum  poli  per  axem 
famae  curribus  arduis  levatus, 
qua  surgunt  animae  potentiores, 

terras  despicis  et  sepulcra  rides,  no 

seu  pacis  merito  nemus  reclusum 
felix  elysiis  tenes  in  oris, 
quo  Pharsalica  turba  congregatur, 
et  te  nobile  carmen  insonantem 

Pompeii  comitantur  et  Catones  : —  115 

tu  magna  sacer  et  superbus  umbra 
noscis  tartaron  et  procul  nocentum 
audis  verbera  pallidumque  visa 
matris  lampade  respicis  Neronem,  — 

adsis  lucidus  et  vocante  Polla  120 

unum,  quaeso,  diem  deos  silentum 
exores :   solet  hoc  patere  limen 


xviii  INTRODUCTION. 

ad  nuptas  rcdcuntibus  maritis. 

liacc  tc  non  tliyasis  procax  dolosis 
falsi  numinis  induit  figura,  I25 

ipsum  sed  colit  ct  frcqucntat  ipsum 
imis  altius  insitum  mcdullis, 
ar  solatia  vana  subministrat 
VultUS,  qui  simili  notatus  auro 

stratis  pracnitet,  incubatque  somno  f3° 

sccurac.     procul  hinc  abitc  mortes, 
haec  vitae  genitalis  est  origo. 
cedat  luctus  atrox  genisque  mancnt 
iam  dulccs  lacrimae,  dolorque  festus 
quidquid  flcvcrat  ante,  nunc  adoret.  T35 

(4)    Martial 

i  61 

duosque  Senecas  unicumque  Lucanum 

facunda  loquitur  Corduba. 
The  two  are  the  Senecas  father  and  son.     In  iv  40  the  three  sons  of 
the  elder  Seneca  are  meant. 

VII   21 

haec  est  ilia  dies  quae  magni  conscia  partus 
Lucanum  populis  et  tibi,   Polla,  dedit. 
heu  Nero  crudelis  nullaque  invisior  umbra, 
debuit  hoc  saltern  non  licuisse  tibi. 

VII   22 

vatis  Apollinei  magno  memorabilis  ortu 
lux  redit ;   Aonidum  turba,  favete  sacris. 
haec  meruit  cum  te  terris,  Lucane,  dedisset 
mixtus  Castaliae  liaetis  ut  esset  aquae. 

vii  23 

Phoebe  veni,  sed  quantus  eras  cum  bella  tonanti 
ipse  dares  Latiae  plectra  secunda  lyrae. 
quid  tanta  pro  luce  precer?   tu,  Polla,  maritum 
saepe  colas  ct  se  sentiat  ille  coli. 

x  64 

contigeris  regina  meos  si  Polla  libellos, 
non  tetrica  nostras  excipe  fronte  iocos. 
ille  tuus  vates  Heliconis  gloria  noslri 
Pieria  caneret  cum  fera  bella  tuba, 
non  tamen  erubuit  lascivo  dicere  vcrsu 
'si  nee  paedicor,  Cotta,  quid  hie  facio?' 
Genthe  pp  60 — 1  with  great  probability  conjectures  that  the  quotation  is 
from  Lucan's  Saturnalia. 


MARTIAL,  TACITUS,  PETRONIUS,  FRONTO        xix 

xiv  194  (Lucanus) 

sunt  quidam  qui  me  dicant  non  esse  poetam  : 
sed  qui  me  vendit  bibliopola  putat 

(5)  Tacitus  dial  20 

exigitur  enim  iam  ab  oratorc  ctiam  poeticus  decor  non  Accii  aut  Pacuvii 
veterno  inquinatus  sed  ex  Horatii  et  Vergilii  et  Lucani  sacrario  prolatus. 
horum  igitur  auribus  et  iudiciis  obtemperans  nostrorum  oratorum  actas 
pulchrior  et  ornatior  exstitit. 

(6)  Petronius  118 

multos  iuvenes  carmen  decepit.  nam  ut  quisque  versum  pedibus  in- 
struxit  sensumque  tencriorem  verborum  ambitu  intexuit,  putavit  se  continuo 
in  Heliconem  venisse.  sic  forensibus  ministcriis  excrcitati  frequenter  ad 
carminis  tranquillitatcm  tamquam  ad  portum  feliciorem  refugcrunt,  cre- 
dentes  facilius  poema  exstrui  posse,  quam  controversiam  sententiolis  vibran- 
tibus  pictam.  ceterum  neque  generosior  spiritus  vanitatem  amat,  neque 
concipere  aut  edere  partum  mens  potest  nisi  ingenti  flumine  litterarum 
inundata.  refugiendum  est  ab  omni  verborum  ut  ita  dicam  vilitate  et 
sumendae  voces  a  plebe  semotae,  ut  fiat  'odi  profanum  vulgus  et  arcco'. 
praeterea  curandum  est  ne  sententiae  emincant  extra  corpus  orationis  ex- 
pressae,  sed  intexto  vestibus  colore  niteant.  Homerus  testis  et  lyrici 
Romanusque  Vergilius  et  Horatii  curiosa  felicitas.  ceteri  enim  aut  non  vide- 
runt  viam  qua  iretur  ad  carmen  aut  visam  timuerunt  calcare.  ecce  belli 
civflis  ingens  opus  quisquis  attigerit,  nisi  plenus  littcris,  sub  onere  labetur. 
non  enim  res  gestae  versibus  comprehendendae  sunt,  quod  longe  melius 
historici  faciunt1,  sed  per  ambages  deorumque  ministeria  et  fabulosum 
sententiarum  tormentum  praecipitandus  est  liber  spiritus,  ut  potius  furentis 
animi  vaticinatio  appareat  quam  religiosae  orationis  sub  testibus  fides  ; 
tamquam  si  placet  hie  impetus,  etiam  si  nondum  rccepit  ultimam  manum. 

After  this  follows  the  fragment  on  the  civil  war,  smoother  and  more 
elegant  than  Lucan,  but  without  his  fire.  It  reads  like  a  fair  copy  written 
to  show  Lucan  how  to  do  it.     See  below  §  31. 

(7)  Fronto  [fragm  de  orationibus  ad  M  Antoninum,  Naber  pp  157 — 8], 
after  speaking  of  the  rhetoricians'  habit  [he  names  Annacus  Seneca,  the 
younger,  it  seems]  of  accumulating  incongruous  detail  and  wearing  a  topic 
threadbare,  goes  on  to  say 

unum  exempli  causa  poetae  prohoemium  commemorabo,  poetac  eiusdem 
temporis  eiusdemque  nominis  ;  fuit  aeque  Annaeus.     is  initio  carminis  sui 

1  So  Servius  ad  Aen  I  382  and  Dryden  in  pre-         sages  from  Mediaeval  writers  to  the  same  effect 
face  to  Annus  Mirabilis   reckon    Lucan   as  an        arc  collected  by  Genthe  pp  85-4. 
historian  in  verse  rather  than  a  poet.     The  pas-  0f 


xx  „  INTRODUCTION. 

septem  primis  versibus  nihil  aliud  quam  bella  filus  quam  civilia  intcrprae- 
tatus  est.  nu[nc  hoc]  rc]ilicot  quot  scntcntiis?  iusque  datum  sceleri:  una 
scntcntia  est.  in  sua  victrici  conversant  viscera:  iam  haec  altera  est. 
natasgue  acies:  tenia  haec  erit.  in  commune  nefas:  quartam  numerat. 
infestisque  obvia  signa:  [appel]lat  quoque  quintam.  signis  pares  aquilas: 
sexta  haec  Hcrculis  acrumna.  et  pila  minantia  pilis:  septima;  de  Aiacis 
scuto  corium.  Annacc,  quis  finis  erit?  aut  si  nullus  finis  ncc  modus  ser- 
vandus  est,  qur  non  addis  et  similes  li/uos?  addas  licet  ct  carmina  nota 
tubarum.  sed  et  loricas  ct  conos  et  enses  et  balteos  et  omnem  armorum 
supellcctilem  sequcre. 

A  truly  admirable  piece  of  critical  raillery,  worthy  of  Swift.  The  inter- 
change of  signa  and  signis  is  clearly  a  transcribers  blunder. 

(8)     Caesaris  [?  Domitiani]  de  libris  Lucani.     [Baehrens  IV  1 10] 
Mantua,  da  veniam,  fama  sacrata  perenni : 
sit  fas  Thessaliam  post  Simoenta  legi. 

Ricse  anthol  668,  Baehrens  v  p  386.  epitaph  on  Lucan.  (from  MS 
saec  ix.) 

Corduba  me  genuit,  rapuit  Nero,  proelia  dixi 

quae  gessere  pares  hinc  gener  inde  socer. 
continuo  numquam  direxi  carmina  ductu 

quae  tractim  serpant:  plus  mihi  comma  placet, 
fulminis  in  morem  quae  sint  miranda  citentur ; 
haec  vere  sapiet  dictio,  quae  feriet. 

The  first  couplet  is  certainly  very  ancient ;  the  first  line  is  in  a  MS  of 
the  eighth  century.  Whether  the  whole  is  of  the  same  date  has  been 
disputed  [Genthe  pp  32 — 3],  but  it  seems  now  generally  thought  that  it  is. 
Lines  1 — 2  are  an  imitation  of  the  epitaph  on  Vergil  Mantua  me  gciiuit  etc. 
As  a  description  of  Lucan's  style  lines  3 — 6  are  good. 


B.     LIFE    OF    LUCAN. 


(9)   Table  of  dates  bearing  on  the  life  of  Lucan 


Emperor 


m 

'3 

O 

39 
40 

4i 

p 
•5 

3 

U 

49 

5° 

51 

53 
54 

55 

57 

59 

60 


§         61 


62 

63 

64 


65 


Lucan  born  Nov  3. 

Mela  migrates  with  family  to  Rome. 

Seneca  sent  into  banishment. 

Claudius  marries  Agrippina. 

Seneca  recalled. 

Claudius  adopts  Nero. 

Nero  (just  14)  takes  toga  virilis  etc. 

Nero  marries  Octavia. 
?  Lucan  takes  toga  virilis  and  senatoria. 
?  Lucan  under  Cornutus. 

Poisoning  of  Britannicus. 
?  Lucan  goes  to  Athens. 

Murder  of  Agrippina. 
?  Lucan  returns  to  Rome. 

Nero  favours  Lucan. 

Festival  Ncpcuvcia. 

Lucan  praises  Nero. 

Nero  begins  to  hate  Seneca. 
?  Lucan  quaestor. 
?The  Pharsalia  begun. 
?  Lucan  famous  as  reciter  and  pleader. 

Disgrace  of  Seneca. 
? Pharsalia  I — III  published. 

Death  of  Persius. 
?Nero  begins  to  be  jealous  of  Lucan. 

Beginning  of  Pisonian  conspiracy. 

Fire  of  Rome. 
?  Lucan  marries  Polla  Argentaria. 

Nero  begins  the  Golden  House. 
?Nero  silences  Lucan. 

Pisonian  conspiracy  discovered. 

Death  of  Lucan,  April  30. 

[Festival  Nepwvcuz.] 


If.  I.. 


Wll 


INTRODUCTION. 


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Gallio,  and  took  his  n 

MINOR    WORKS.     CORDOVA 


win 


(11)     List  of  Lucan's  minor   works,  with  the  authorities  by  whom 
they  are  mentioned.     [X  =  Suetonius,  Y  =  Vacca,  Z  =  Statius.] 


Verse 
Laudes  Neronis  (XYZ) 
Iliaca  (YZ) 
Catachthonia  (YZ) 
Orpheus  (YZ) 
Saturnalia  (Y) 
tepigrammatat  (Y) 
Silvarum  libri  x  (Y) 
Medea  tragoedia  (Y) 
Salticae  fabulae  (Y) 
Carmen  famosum   in    Neronem 
(X) 


Prose 

De  incendio  urbis  (YZ) 
In  Octavium  Sagittam  (Y) 
Pro  Octavio  Sagitta  (Y) 
Epistulae  ex  Campania  (Y) 

Doubtful 

Allocutio  ad  Polbm  (Z) 


(12)  M  Annaeus  Lucanus  was  born  in  the  year  39  A  D  at 
Corduba1  in  Spain.  This  important  town,  centre  of  a  conventns, 
and  capital  of  the  province  Baetica,  stood  on  the  Baetis  [Guadal- 
quivir] at  the  head  of  the  navigable  part  of  the  river.  Some 
time  after  the  conquest  of  Spain,  a  colony  of  Roman  veterans 
was  planted  there  [in  152  BC]  by  the  consul  M  Claudius  Mar- 
ccllus.  Many  of  the  colonists  were  men  of  good  family,  and  the 
name2  given  to  the  new  town  was  Colonia  Patricia  or  Colonia 
Patricia  Cordubeiisis.  The  settlement  of  Corduba  was  the  first 
important  step  towards  Romanizing  Spain.  The  Latin  tongue 
soon  took  root  in  the  district.  In  62  B  C  we  hear  of  natives  of 
Corduba  writing  poems3  in  Latin,  though  Cicero  affects  to  detect 
a  certain  heaviness  and  provincialism  in  their  compositions.  In 
49  B  c,  after  Ilerda,  Caesar  made  the  town  his  headquarters. 
In  45  B  c  it  was  occupied  by  Sextus  Pompeius,  and  thus  dragged 
into  the  last  struggle  of  the  great  civil  war.  After  Munda  it 
fell   into  the  hands  of  Caesar,  whose  troops   made  a  terrible 


1  See  Strabo  m  2  §§  r — 3  [pp  141 — 2],  Pliny 
Oat  hist  111  S§  7 — 17,  Long's  Decline  of  the  Roman 
Republic  v  cc  6,  30  with  the  authorities  given, 
Marquardt  1  p  256. 

inscriptions    sec    index    to    Willmanns' 
I  pla  under  Corduba. 

J  Cicero  pro  Archia  5  26  etiam  Cordubat  natis 


poetis,  pingue  quiddam  sonantibus  atqiw  /■<■>;■- 
grinum,  a  criticism  referred  to  by  the  elder 
Seneca  suasor  6  §  27.  A  Corduban  poet  is  men- 
tioned unfavourably  by  Martial  xn  63,  years  after 
Lucan's  death.  Gcnthe  p  7  points  out  that  the 
literary  school  of  Cordova  lasted  on  into  the 
.Middle  Ages. 

C  2 


X\IV 


ROME.     EARLY  LIFE   AND   EDUCATION 


slaughter,  putting  to  the  sword  it  is  said4  not  less  than  22000 
men.  In  43  BC  Asinius  Pollio8  was  stationed  there  as  governor 
of  Further  Spain.  After  the  establishment  of  the  Empire"  by 
Augustus  rest  and  prosperity  returned  to  the  weary  world,  and 
the  Patrician  Colony  grew  and  throve  in  the  shadow  of  the 
Roman  Peace.  Among  its  citizens  it  numbered  many  families 
of  wealth  refinement  and  local  celebrity. 

(13)  One  of  the  most  distinguished  of  these  families  was 
that  of  the  Annaei.  Annaeus  Seneca  [about  53  BC — 39  A  D], 
commonly  called  the  Rhetorician,  had  passed  a  great  part  of  his 
life  at  Rome.  There  he  made  his  mark,  and  became  a  well- 
known  character  in  the  Roman  literary  world.  He  had  three 
sons  (1)  M  Annaeus  Novatus,  the  Gallio7  known  to  readers  of 
the  Acts;  (2)  L  Annaeus  Seneca,  commonly  called  the  Philo- 
sopher: (3)  M  Annaeus  Mela8.  The  last-named  took  to  wife 
Acilia,  daughter  of  Acilius9  Lucanus  a  Corduban  orator  of  some 
note :  and  their  son  Marcus  received  the  cognomen  of  his 
maternal  grandfather. 

(14)  Rome  was  just  becoming,  in  a  sense  and  degree  which 
we  can  never  fully  understand,  the  centre  of  the  civilized  world. 
The  fall  of  the  Republic  had  left  her  supreme  in  material  power: 
the  Empire  had  made  it  possible  for  a  capable  and  deserving 
provincial  to  attain  distinction  in  an  official  career,  or  to  rise 
to  eminence  in  the  capital  without  loss  of  self-respect.  The 
attraction  of  Rome  was  irresistible,  and  to  Rome  the  genius  and 
enterprise  of  the  Provinces  was  pouring  in  a  ceaseless  stream. 
The  elder  Seneca  had  made  his  name  there ;  the  younger  was 
now  there  following  his  father's  example :  and  thither  Mela  also 
removed  with  his  wife  and  child.  The  infant  prodigy — for  such 
no  doubt  the  parents  deemed  him — was  to  be  reared  under  the 


*  bell  Hispan  c  34.  It  is  curious  that  Seneca  in 
his  epigram  tie  se  ati  patriam  [19  Baehrens]  only 
says  terfunera  centum. 

5  His  letters  in  Cic  ad  fam  x  31,  32,  are  dated 
from  Corduba. 

6  In  the  first  century  of  the  Empire  Spain  pro- 
duced a  number  of  men  distinguished  in  litera- 
ture; for  instance  Seneca  [rhetor),  Seneca  [philo- 
sophus],  Columella,  Pomponius  Mela,  Quintilian, 
Herennius  Senecio,  Martial,  and  perhaps  Valerius 
Flaccus. 

7  He   was  adopted   by    L    Junius   Gallio   the 


rhetorician.  See  Acts  xvui  12 — 17.  Statius  silvae 
11  7  32  calls  him  ditlcis  Gallio.  The  prefaces  to 
the  books  of  the  elder  Seneca's  controvcrsiae  are 
headed  Seneca  Novato  Senecae  Melae  JiliU 
salutem. 

B  What  is  known  of  Mela  is  collected  by  Genthe 
pp  ii,  12.  From  Tac  ann  xvi  17  he  seems  to 
have  been  one  of  the  imperial  procuratorcs  Jisci, 
and  to  have  made  a  large  fortune,  which  was  his 
ruin. 

'■'  That  there  were  Acilii  at  Corduba  is  known 
also  from  inscriptions, 


STOICISM  AND   RHETORIC  xxv 

best  masters,  and  under  the  eye  of  his  uncle10  Seneca.  Seneca 
however  passed  the  most  part  of  the  next  ten  years  in  banish- 
ment. Before  his  return  to  Rome  in  49  A  I)  the  young  Lucan 
had  become  a  pupil  of  some  grammarian,  most  probably  of 
O  Rhcmnius  Fannius  Palaemon11  whose  school  was  then  much 
in  vogue.  Next  he  would  be  put  under  some  rhetorician.  When 
he  left  this  teacher  he  passed  into  the  hands  of  Cornutus1",  a 
highly  respected  expounder  of  the  Stoic  Philosophy.  While 
under  this  celebrated  master  he  is  said  to  have  formed  a  friend- 
ship with  his  fellow-pupil13  Persius,  who  in  his  satires  speaks  of 
Cornutus  with  admiring  love.  Among  the  many  promising 
pupils  in  these  schools  Lucan  is  said  to  have  been  the  one 
whose  precocious  cleverness  attracted  most  attention. 

(15)  Rhetoric  and  Stoic  dogma  were  an  essential  part  of 
Lucan's  family  heritage  ;  they  were  also  the  staple  of  his  mental 
training.  For  a  much-petted  quick-witted  youth,  plunged  into 
such  a  society  as  that  of  Rome  in  the  first  century  of  our  era, 
hardly  any  training  could  be  more  mischievous.  In  most  natures 
the  self-conscious  morality  of  Stoicism  tended  to  beget  an  un- 
warrantable arrogance  and  contempt  for  others :  while  the 
rhetoric  of  the  schools,  made  up  of  phrase-worrying  and  devotion 
to  tinsel  ornament,  was  well  suited  to  make  young  minds 
mistake  words  for  things  and  vitiate  a  man's  taste  through  life. 
In  an  old  man  perhaps  the  evil  might  have  been  found  cor- 
rected, his  taste  mellowed  and  his  pride  abased,  by  the  ex- 
perience  of   life   and   the    chastening   uses   of  the   world.      But 

10  Gcnthe  pp  16,   17  well  shews  that  we  have  are  Gallio  and  Seneca  himself  ]. 

two  references  of  Seneca  to  his  infant  nephew,  u  For  Palaemon  see  Mayor  on  Juvenal  vn  215. 

(i)  ad  Helviam  malrem  18  §§  4,  5  ab  his  [fratribus  The  Life  of  Persius  names  him  as  teacher  of  that 

meisj  ad  nepotes  quoque  respite;  Marcum  blau-  writer.     On  what  authority  the  statement  of  two 

dissimum  puerum,  ad  cuius  conspectum  nulla  of  the  later  Lives  of  Lucan,  that  lie  was  a  pupil 

potest  durare  tristitia.    nihil  tain  magnum  nihil  of  Verginius  Flavus  the  rhetorician,  may  rest,   I 

tarn  recens  in  cuiusquam  pectore  ftierit,  quod  know  not. 

nou  circumfusus  ilk  permulceat.     cuius  non  la-  '-  He  also  was  an  Annaeus.    For  his  honourable 

crimas  illius   hilaritas  supprimatl    cuius   non  boldness   and    refusal    to    flatter    Nero    see    epit 

contractual  sollicitttdine aniinum  illiits  argutiae  Dion  i.xn  29.     Conington  with  great  probability 

solvaut  <  quern  non  in  iocosevocabit  ilia  lascivia  !  suggests  that  he  was  a  freedman  of  the  Annaean 

que/11  non  in  se  convertet  et  abducet  inji.xum  family  (Lecture  on  Persius,  p  xvi). 

cogitationibus  ilia   neminem   satiatura  garni-  l;  vita   Persii — cognovit  per  Cornutum  etiam 

litiis!  (ii)  the  epigram  de  fratris  filio  parvolo  Annaewn    I.ucaunm,    aequaevtim    auditorem 

[51    llaehrens],   in  which,  after  praying   that   his  Coniuti.     A  statement  doubled  by  Gcnthe  with 

elder  and  younger  brother  may  outlive  him,  he  some  reason,  as  Persius  was  live  years  older  than 

add-,  sic  du/ci  Mai;  us  qui  nunc  ser/uoue  fri-  Lucan. 
tiunit  fai  undo  patruos  pravocet  ore  duos  [the  two 


Kxvi  LITERARY  FERTILITY.     XERO 


in  a  youth  at  least  this  was  wellnigh  impossible:  and  young 
Lucan,  puffed  up  with  presumed  merits  and  the  applause  of  the 

lecture-room,  became  a  shallow  rhetorician  'intoxicated  with 
the  exuberance'  of  his  own  fatal  fluency,  ready  to  write  and 
declaim  on  any  subject  in  verse  or  prose  at  the  shortest 
notice. 

(16)  Write  and  declaim  he  did,  and  of  such  honour  as  the 
Roman  audiences  could  confer  he  had  more  than  enough.  If 
we  are  to  believe  what  we  arc  told  of  his  fertility11,  it  was  simply 
portentous.  A  poem  on  the  story  of  Orpheus,  another  on  the 
fate  of  Troy,  another  on  the  nether  world  ;  plays  of  various 
kinds ;  lighter  works,  such  as  epigrams ;  prose  declamations  of 
the  type  common  in  the  schools  of  rhetoric,  an  account  of  the 
great  fire  of  Rome,  a  collection  of  letters : — such  were  the 
productions15  of  the  boyish  pen  of  this  youth  born  in  39  A  D 
and  destined  to  die  in  65.  And  these  in  addition  to  his  chief 
work  the  Pharsalia,  the  first  three  books  of  which  are  said  to 
have  been  written  early  in  his  brief  career.  Whether  he  prac- 
tised10 as  a  pleader  in  the  courts  must  remain  doubtful,  but  it  is 
at  least  probable  that  he  did  so.  Many  of  these  works  may  well 
have  been  not  inferior  in  merit  to  much  that  has  come  down  to 
us  from  the  writers  of  imperial  Rome  ;  but  the  loss  of  the  early 
crudities  of  the  author  of  the  Pharsalia  will  hardly  move  a  keen 
regret. 

(17)  The  upper  classes  in  Rome,  actual  or  prospective 
victims  of  tyranny,  looked  back  on  the  rule  of  Tiberius  and 
Gaius  with    horror :    even   a   reign    marked    by   prosperity   and 

v/u  conquest  had  left  Claudius  an  object  of  scoffing  and  contempt. 
The  advent  of  Nero,  the  pupil  of  Seneca,  was  a  moment  of  not 
wholly  unreasonable  hope.     For  about  five  years17  his  govern- 

H  The  few  fragments  that  remain  of  Lucan's  1;  For  the  quinquennium  Neronis  sec  Merivale 

miscellaneous  works  are  collected  in  Baehrens'  c  52.      The  way  in  which  Nero's  advent  was  re- 

FragmentaPoetarumli0matt0rum[Lei-psiciSZ6]  garded  is  best  illustrated  by  the  bucolics  of  Cal- 

PP   365 — 8.      The   fragments   of  Nero   come   on  purnius,  who  was  clearly  seeking  favour  at  court. 

pp  368 — 9.  The  Golden  Age  is  returning   in   peace   plenty 

16  Genthepp36 — 69  sums  up  all  the  very  meagre  grace  glory  justice  mercy  splendour  and  so  forth, 

evidence  relating  to  these  writings  and  the  dis-  See  in  particular  1  33 — 94,  iv  5 — 8,  46 — 9,  82—167, 

putes  of  scholars  concerning  them.     The  result  is  vn  4—84.     The  same  may  be  said  of  the  incerti 

very  small.  carmina  bucolica  [Baehrens  m  pp  60 — 4],  which 

u  It  is  attested  by  Vacca  alone,  who  records  seem  certainly  to  belong  to  the  same  period, 
that  he  was  forbidden  by  Nero  to  plead. 


LUC  AN  IN   FAVOUR 


\w  11 


ment,  if  not  all  that  could  be  wished,  was  at  least  tolerable: 
and  with  the  mob  of  Rome  the  young  prince  was  popular.  But 
after  the  murder  of  his  mother  Agrippina  he  seemed  to  throw 
off  all  restraint.  Among  the  many  enormities  by  which  he 
earned  the  hatred  and  loathing  of  Roman  society  none  more 
impressed18  his  contemporaries  than  the  vanity,  combined  with 
lack  of  dignity,  which  led  him  to  exhibit  himself  in  public  on  the 
stage  and  arena.  He  loved  to  appear  as  the  first  of  harpers  and 
chariot-drivers;  and  the  harpers  and  chariot-drivers  bowed  to  the 
necessity  of  submitting  to  the  claims  of  one  who  could  and  would 
enforce  them.  He  loved  also  to  write  verses  and  recite  them  to 
applauding  audiences  ;  and  here  he  became  the  rival  of  Lucan. 

(18)  Lucan,  the  pet  of  the  first  literary  circle  in  Rome, 
had  probably  attracted  the  notice11'  of  the  young  emperor  soon 
after  he  came  to  the  throne.  But  I  see  no  means  of  de- 
termining the  exact  date  of  the  honours  he  conferred  on 
Lucan,  the  quaestorship  and  the  augural  priesthood.  The 
quaestorship  and  entry  into  the  senate20  regularly  went  to- 
gether, and  the  legal  minimum  age  was  25  years.  This  would 
bring  Lucan's  quaestorship  to  AD  64,  which  is  too  late;  and 
besides  we  are  told  that  he  was  not  of  the  required  age. 
I  think  that  it  was  probably  soon  after  the  festival'21  Nercmia, 
first  held  in  60 ;  on  which  occasion  Lucan  made  his  first  appear- 
ance before  the  general  public  of  Rome  and  recited  a  panegyric 
on  Nero.  Therefore  I  incline  to  place  it  in  61,  and  I  find  that 
Gcnthe  had  already  arrived  at  the  same  conclusion.  Be  this  as 
it  may,  it  seems  clear  that  for  some  time  after  the  year  60  no 
open  rupture  took  place.  Indeed  we  should  rather  infer  that 
the  relations  between  Lucan  and  the  emperor  were  of  as  friendly 
a  character  as  circumstances  would  permit.  But  slowly  and 
surely  rivalry  was  leading  to  jealousy  and  jealousy  to  hatred. 


18  See  Merivale  c  53. 

19  From  the  Suetonian  Life  we  gather  that  he 
had  been  at  Athens,  and  was  sent  for  by  Nero. 
Unhappily  just  here  there  is  a  lacuna  in  the  text 
of  the  Life.  The  residence  at  Athens,  if  we 
accept  it  as  a  fact,  must  be  placed  about  A  D  57 — 8, 
as  1  ienthe  says.  Lucan  would  return  to  Rome  in 
59,  and  the  coliors  amicorum  would  be  the  same 
-is  that  described  in  Tac  ann  xiv  16. 

*"  See  Mommsen,  Rom  Staatsrecht  1  p  554,  11 


P516. 

-1  Merivale  c  53.  The  authorities  are  Tac  ann 
xiv  20,  21,  Suet  Nero  12,  epit  Dion  Cassius  lxi 
21.  It  was  quinquennial.  From  Tac  ann  xvi  2 
we  learn  that  it  was  held  again  in  the  year  65. 
Hence  when  Suetonius  Nero  21  says  Neroneum 
agona  ante  praestitutaut  diem  revocauit  he  must 

mean    Strictly    'before    the  anniversary*.      It   was 
after  Lucan's  death, 


XXV111 


JEALOUSY.     LUC  AN  IN  DISGRACE 


The  occasions  of  offence  were  such  as  the  peculiar  circumstances 
of  the  two  were  sooner  or  later  certain  to  create. 

(19;  Literal')-  rivalry  and  jealousy  as  between  ruler  and 
subject  can  hardly  be  serious  unless  the  subject  is  the  better 
man  and  knows  it.  Then  the  ruler  must  call  in  his  power  to 
make  up  for  the  shortcoming  of  his  genius,  and  this  must  be 
resented  by  the  subject.  Such  were  soon  the  relative  positions 
of  Nero  and  Lucan.  Even  the  servile  audiences  of  the  time 
must  now  and  then  betray  their  preference  for  the  gifted  young 
Spaniard.  They  remembered  how  Augustus  had  patronizx-d 
men  of  letters  ;  and  indeed  the  traditional  policy"  of  the  Empire 
had  been  to  leave  literature  free.  Claudius  may  have  been  a 
literary  pedant ;  but  at  any  rate  he  was  an  easy-going  one. 
It  could  hardly  be  foreseen  how  dangerous  it  would  prove  to 
dispute  the  palm  of  poetic  genius  with  Nero.  At  last  the  two 
met  as  rivals  in  a  great  public  contest,  and  the  prize  was 
adjudged23  to  Lucan.  This  Nero  could  not  endure:  he  began 
to  slight  Lucan24  by  various  acts  of  discourtesy  :  Lucan  replied 
by  ill-concealed  or  open  ridicule,  and  by  straining  himself25  to 
shew  off  the  fertility  and  variety  of  his  talent.  Then  Nero 
directly  interposed  by  forbidding  him26  to  publish  poems  or  recite 
them.  Such  arc  the  outlines  of  the  traditional  story,  which  I 
can  see  no  good  reason  for  doubting. 

(20)  The  prohibition  was  no  doubt  secretly  resented  by 
many  :  we  can  faintly  imagine  the  wounded  vanity  and  bitter 
rage  of  Lucan  himself.  In  an  enforced  retirement — probably  in 
the  stately  gardens27  spoken  of  by  Juvenal — he  brooded  over 
his  wrongs.  Unless  Nero  should  relent, — a  most  unlikely  con- 
tingency,— he  knew  that  the  career  for  which  he  had  prepared 


22  Merivale  c  54. 

2i  This  rests  solely  on  the  evidence  of  Vacca. 
Genthe  p  23  rejects  it  as  quite  improbable,  citing 
Martial  xi  33  as  evidence  of  the  way  in  which 
Nero's  will  was  law  even  in  the  Circus.  I  do  not 
agree  with  him.  Suetonius  Nero  23 — 4  shews 
that  Nero  himself  did  not  regard  victory  as  a 
matter  of  course. 

-J  How  jealous  Nero  himself  was  of  anything 
that  could  be  construed  into  a  slight,  is  seen  from 
Suet  Nero  23. 

26  It  was  jealousy,  not  Lucan's  free  tongue  or 
pen,  that  enraged  Nero.     At  least  Suet  Nero  3y, 


mirum nihil  cum  paticntius  quam  maledicta 

etconvitia  hominum  tulisse,  uci/nc  in  ullos  lenio- 
rcm  quant  qui  se  dictis  aut  carminibus  iacessis- 
sent  extitisse,  points  this  way.  Here  I  agree  with 
Genthe. 

-6  The  story  is  told  piecemeal  in  the  Lives  and 
Tac  ann  xv  49,  Dion  Cass  l.xn  29,  where  iicui- 
Kv6r)  Troiete  means  that  he  was  stopped  from 
publishing.  To  reconstruct  the  whole  accord- 
ing to  our  views  of  probability  is  outrageous. 
Evidence  so  definite  must  be  accepted  or  rejected. 

's  Juvenal  vn  79 — 80  contenlus  fama  iaceat 
L  ucanus  in  hortis  marmoreis,  with  Mayor's  note. 


SCHEMES   OF  REVENGE.     THE   CONSPIRACY      xxix 

himself  by  the  most  approved  methods,  the  career  to  which  he- 
was  devoted  alike  by  his  own  bent  and  by  the  traditions  of  his 
family,  was  closed.  It  seemed  that  his  only  chance28  lay  in  the 
death  of  the  emperor:  and  an  opportunity  soon  offered  of 
taking  part  in  a  scheme  which  appeared  to  promise  restoration 
to  public  life  and  the  gratification  of  revenge. 

(21)  To  write  a  narrative  of  the  Pisonian  conspiracy  of  AD  65 
is  not  my  purpose.  It  has  been  written  once  for  all29  by  Tacitus. 
It  seems  to  have  had  its  beginnings  as  far  back  as  the  year  62, 
and  the  loyalty  that  kept  secret  so  long  a  design  of  such  mag- 
nitude was  the  principal  merit  of  the  chief  conspirators.  Nero's 
conduct  had  meanwhile  become  more  than  ever  outrageous  and 
unbearable.  In  the  year  64  came  the  great  fire  of  Rome,  and 
suspicion  pointing  to  the  emperor :  then  the  still  more  sus- 
picious cruelties  against  the  Christians  and  other  innocent 
victims  :  and  lastly  the  building  of  the  Golden  House.  Early 
in  65  the  conspiracy  took  a  definite  form.  Its  leading  incidents, 
— the  weakness  of  its  head  Piso,  the  alleged  complicity  of 
Seneca,  the  combination  of  a  consul-elect  and  many  leading 
senators  and  knights  with  officers  of  the  Imperial  Guard,  the 
first  abortive  betrayal,  the  second  successful  one,  the  heroism  of 
the  freedwoman  Epicharis  and  the  soldiers,  the  various  the- 
atrical or  grovelling  deaths  of  the  rest,  the  alarm  of  Nero,  the 
number  of  innocent  men  and  women  on  whom  the  conspiracy 
brought  death  or  ruin, — all  these  are  told  by  the  author  of  the 
Annals  with  his  customary  graphic  vigour  and  telling  contrasts 
of  light  and  shade.  The  enterprise  was  indeed  as  he  forewarns3" 
his  readers  magna  moles  ct  inprospcra. 

(22)  Lucan  had  probably  been  engaged  on  the  later  books 
of  his  Pharsalia,  parts  of  which  betray  a  spirit31  such  as  must 
surely  have  possessed   him  now  more  than  ever.     Me  fed  his 

*8  Tac  aim  xv  49  ct  Lucanus  Annaeus  Plan-  to  whom  the  elegant  poem  known  as  latts  Pisonis 

tiusque  Lateranus  vivida  odui  intulere.     Luca-  [Baehrens  1  pp  225—36]  is  addressed. 

Hunt  propriae  causae  accendebant,  quod famam  Ann  xiv  65. 

tarminum  eius  premebat  Nero  prohibueratque  '    The   question   of    the    real    significance   of 

OS  ten  tare,  vanus  aemulatione.  Lucan's  utterances  is  discussed  below.     We  must 

-'    I'.ic  ami  xv  48 — 70,  Suet  Nero  36,  epit  Dion  remember  that  the  conspiracy  aimed  at  making 

lxii   24 — 7.     From  Tac  ann   xiv  65   we   gather  Piso  (or  perhaps  Seneca)  Emperor,  not  at  ab.> lish- 

that  the  origin  of  the  conspiracy  went  back  so  far  ing    the     Empire.      A    senatorial     Emperor    was 

as  the  beginning  of  63  or  even  the  end  of  62.     Its  enough, 
nominal  head  seems  to  have  been  the  same  I'iso 


PLOT  FAILS.     DEATH   OF  LUCAN 


soul  with  notions  of  a  Roman  constitutioiuand  a  Republican 
liberty  in  themselves  historically  untrue  and  which  even  as 
ideals  were  no  better  than  an  idle  tale.  And  while  he  thus 
inflated  his  self-conceit  and  nursed  his  wrath  he  lost  the  last 
traces  of  common  sense  and  power  of  self-judgment.  Blind  to 
his  own  inexperience  of  men  and  his  unfitness  to  conduct  a 
delicate  ami  momentous  enterprise,  he  plunged  into  the  con- 
spiracy with  hot  vehemence  and  became  one  of  the  leaders  of 
the  plot.  Hut  while  he  boasted  and  fumed  the  news  came 
upon  him  that  all  was  discovered  and  himself  betrayed.  Then 
followed  a  sad  scene  of  abasement  and  shame.  The  young 
Stoic  begged  for  his  life.  He  was  ordered  to  give  the  names 
of  accomplices.  At  first  he  refused  :  he  was  then  offered  his 
life  as  the  price  of  betrayal.  It  was  useless  to  question  the 
good  faith  of  the  offer,  which  could  only  be  tested  by  accepting 
it.  It  was  equally  useless  to  name  strangers  or  slight  acquaint- 
ances: for  his  previous  hesitation  would  not  be  accounted  for, 
and  further  inquiry,  probably  torture,  would  follow.  Lucan 
shewed  what  he  thought  of  his  own  position  when  he  accused 
his  mother  Acilia.  We  have  no  reason  to  think  that  the  charge 
had  any  foundation,  and  wc  are  told3'"  that  the  lady  was  not 
molested  in  consequence.  Lucan  however  did  not  escape  by 
means  of  an  act  almost  worthy33  of  the  matricide  Emperor 
himself.  When  he  received  the  order  to  die,  he  had  his  veins 
opened  in  the  approved  fashion34  and  died  the  theatrical  death 
of  a  Roman  Stoic  of  those  evil  days. 

(23)  So  perished  Lucan,  leaving  his  revenge  unattained,  his 
pretensions  to  Stoic  virtue  unjustified,  his  Pharsalia  incomplete. 
In  the  wreck  of  his  hopes  one  alone35  was  destined  to  fulfilment : 
the  Pharsalia  survived  and  among  his  own  countrymen  enjoyed 


32  Tac  aim  xv  71  Acilia  water  Annaei  Lucani 
sine  absolutione  sine  supplicw  dissimulata. 

Ilu;  malignant  suggestion  of  Suetonius,  that 
he  hoped  to  work  on  the  fellow-feeling  of  Nero, 
is  construction,  not  evidence. 

:;i  'lac  aim  xvi  17  quae  turn  promptissima 
mortis  via.  As  to  the  lines  recited  by  Lucan 
;ts  bis  life  ebbed  away,  the  reference  is  disputed. 
Three   1  are  suggested,  111  638—41,  vn 

608 — 15,  IX  811 — 4.  Each  has  its  claims,  but 
none  answers  exactly  to  the  description  of  Tac  aim 
XV  70.      1  am  quite  unable   to  decide  :  and    1   ob- 


serve that  Tacitus'  words  carmen  a  se  coviposi- 
tuin  do  not  prove  that  the  quotation  came  from 
the  Pharsalia  at  all. 

"-'  ix  985 — 6  Pharsalia  nostra  vivet  etc,  vn  209 
— 13.  I  shall  not  discuss  the  genuineness  of  the 
inscription  said  to  have  been  found  in  1403  by  an 
early  scholar,  M  •  ANNAEO  •  LVCANO  • 
CORDVBENSI  •  POETAK  .  BENEFICIO  ■ 
NERONIS  ■  CAESARIS  ■  FAMA  •  SER- 
VATA  [the  traditional  readings  vary],  defended 
by  Genthe  pp  30 — 2,  but  generally  suspected. 


MEM  OR  Y  PRESER  VED.     CONCL  UDING  REM.  I  A'A'S    xxxi 

a  great  celebrity.  Yet  its  title  to  the  name  of  a  poem  was 
questioned.  Hut  the  striking  vigour  of  its  best  passages,  the 
Roman  patriotism  it  breathes,  the  greatness  of  its  theme,  the 
untimely  death  of  its  author  and  the  remembrance  of  his  early 
popularity, — these  and  other  influences  combined  were  sufficient 
not  to  let  it  die.  It  was  freely  criticised  from  the  first,  as  we 
see  from  the  words  of  Petronius  Quintilian  Martial  Fronto  and 
the  Life  by  Vacca.  Tacitus  speaks  of  it  with  respect  as  a 
classical  work,  and  it  was  used  as  an  historical  authority  by 
Florus  and  Appian.  There  are  many  traces  in  the  later  poets 
of  a  more  or  less  conscious  imitation  of  his  lines.  In  Martial 
and  Statius  we  find  passages  directly  bearing  on  his  memory 
and  his  writings.  These  two  seem  to  have  been  intimate  friends 
of  his  widow36  Polla  Argcntaria,  and  to  have  kept  up  an  ob- 
servance of  his  birthday.  Statius'  poem  addressed  to  Polla, 
known  %.$  genetJUiacou  Lucani,  is  indeed  one  of  our  chief  sources 
of  information  in  regard  to  Lucan's  life  and  works. 

(24)  In  this  sketch  of  Lucan's  life  I  have  confined  myself 
to  matters  on  the  knowledge  of  which  as  it  seems  to  me  an 
intelligent  criticism  of  the  Pharsalia  must  primarily  rest.  It  is 
no  part  of  my  plan  to  speak  of  the  75  or  80  manuscripts37  (which 
I  have  never  seen)  or  describe  the  numerous  printed  editions 
from  1469  to  the  present  day.  Nor  do  I  propose  to  collect  the 
references  allusions  and  reminiscences  in  the  Mediaeval  writers 
and  in  most  of  the  great  authors  since  the  Revival  of  Learning, 
interesting  on  general  grounds  though  such  memorials  might  be. 
Suffice  it  here  to  say  that  from  Tacitus  and  Fronto  to  Macaulay38 
Lucan  has  never  lacked  admirers  and  critics.  One  fact  is  of 
special  significance  to  an  Englishman, — the  interest  taken  in  the 
Pharsalia  in  England  during  great  part  of  the  17th  century. 
The  historian  of  the  Long  Parliament,  Thomas  May,  wrote  a 
continuation39  of  Lucan's  work  in  Latin  verse  to  the. death  of 
Caesar.  He  also  translated  the  whole  into  English  heroic  cou- 
plets.    I  would  add  that  it  is  a  pity  we  have  no  good  English 

*  Genthe  places  the  marriage  of  Lucan   and  of  the  text  are  much  needed. 

Polla  in  ad  64.     The  story  of  her  subsequent  ^  See  Trevclyan's  Life  of  Macaulay  vol  I  pp  54, 

marriage  to  Statius  is   1   think   satisfactorily  dis-  466 — 7,  vol  II  p  437. 

posed  of  by  him  p  25.     It  rests  only  on  the  very  Leyden    1640,    London    1646,   according   to 

doubtful  testimony  of  Sidonius  Apollinaris.  Lowndes.    It  is  reprinted  in  Oudendorp's  edition, 

A  good  collation  of  these  and  a  critical  edition  Leyden,  1728,  and  is  a  work  of  some  merit. 


jocxii  GENERAL    VIEW 

version  that  renders  the  true  force  and  spirit  of  Lucan.  Mar- 
lowe's book  i  is  too  slow  and  dignified;  Sir  Arthur  Gorges  is 
too  weak  and  his  metre  too  lowly  ;  May  is  halting  and  often 
tame  ;  and  matters  are  not  mended  in  the  pompous  dilution  of 
Nicholas  Rowe.  We  may  wish  that  Dryden  had  turned  his 
talents  this  way  instead  of  to  proving  how  unlike  Vergil  a  strong 
translation  could  be. 


C.     GENERAL    VIEW    OF    THE    PHARSALIA. 

(25)  In  considering  the  poem  generally  it  is  well  first  to 
note  briefly  the  contents  of  the  several  books,  with  a  few  remarks 
on  the  structure  of  the  whole. 

I.  Down  to  66  there  is  nothing  to  call  for  special  remark,  but  thence 
onwards  to  182  we  have  a  mere  analysis  of  the  causes  of  the  war,  after 
which  the  action  of  the  poem  begins  abruptly.  To  me  it  seems  far  too  long 
deferred,  and  this  is  why  the  first  book  is  less  effective  than  some  of  the 
later  ones.  Besides,  at  the  very  beginning  of  the  action  we  are  con- 
fronted with  the  supernatural.  The  vision  of  Roma  is  strangely  incongruous 
here,  coming  just  after  the  cold  analytical  passage,  and  the  effect  very 
artificial. 

The  padding  of  this  book  consists  chiefly  of  392 — 465  (Gaul)  and  523 — 
695  (prodigies,  sacred  rites,  etc). 

II.  The  chief  figures  in  this  book  are  Cato,  whose  character  is  brought 
out  234 — 391,  and  Caesar  driving  Pompey  out  of  Italy.  Of  the  lesser  figures 
Domitius  is  important,  for  he  reappears  in  book  VI I.  This  book  is  an 
average  one. 

The  padding  consists  chiefly  of  67 — 233  (Marius  and  Sulla)  and  399 — 438 
(Italy). 

in.  The  main  points  are,  Caesar's  return  to  Rome  and  doings  there, 
and  the  siege  of  Massalia.  The  latter  of  these  episodes  is  so  spun  out  as 
to  break  the  general  course  of  the  action  in  a  miserable  manner.  There  is 
much  foolish  matter  in  the  book,  and  it  is  certainly  thejvorst  of  the  ten. 

The  padding  is  chiefly  169 — 297  [catalogue  of  Pompey's  allies]. 

IV.  The  fourth  book  is  a  book  of  action  ;  1 — 401  contain  the  campaign 
of  Ilerda,  402—580  the  affair  of  Vulteius  and  his  cohort,  661  -  824  the  fatal 


BOOKS   OF   THE    PHARSALIA  xxxiii 

expedition  of  Curio.     This  is  an  average  book  ;  the  apostrophe  at  the  end  is 
famous. 

Only  591 — 660  (story  of  Antaeus)  can  be  strictly  called  padding. 

V.  This  book  is  mainly  concerned  with  the  concentration  in  Epirus. 
The  senate  appears  in  dignity  and  power  ;  Pompey  is  hardly  heard  of  till 
the  end,  when  his  parting  with  Cornelia  is  well  described.  Caesar's  figure 
dominates  the  book,  at  one  time  quelling  a  mutiny,  at  another  facing  his 
rival  with  only  a  part  of  his  forces,  at  another  putting  to  sea  in  a  small  boat 
ami  defying  the  storm.  The  book  is  an  important  one,  and  in  spite  of 
the  absurd  description  of  the  storm  I  think  it  rather  above  the  average  in 
merit. 

The  padding  is  65 — 236  [Appius  and  the  Delphic  oracle]. 

vi.  The  movements  about  Dyrrhachium,  including  the  overdrawn  epi- 
sode of  Scaeva,  make  up  all  the  action  of  this  book.  Half  of  it  is  devoted 
to  the  affair  of  the  witch,  which,  though  irrelevant,  is  better  than  the  first 
half.     The  book  is  a  poor  one,  and  the  least  essential  of  the  ten. 

Padding  333—412  (Thessaly),  438 — 569  (witches). 

vil.  The  two  main  themes  of  the  seventh  book  are  {a)  the  different 
feelings  of  the  leaders  and  their  armies  at  the  approach  of  battle,  (l>)  the 
great  battle  and  its  result.  It  contains  a  great  deal  beside  this  ;  eg  the  fine 
lines  185 — 213  on  the  forebodings  of  the  battle,  387 — 459  and  632 — 46  - 
reflexions  on  the  greatness  of  the  disaster,  complaints  of  slavery,  indignation 
at  the  gods,  etc,  847 — 72  apostrophe  to  Thessaly, — all  famous  passages. 
In  spite  of  much  declamation  of  a  wild  sort,  irrational  remarks,  and  serious 
inaccuracy,  this  is  clearly  the  great  book  of  the  Pharsalia.  Lucan  is  elevated 
by  his  subject,  and  it  is  in  this  book  that  the  interest  culminates  and  the 
decision  of  fate  is  made  known. 

Padding  is  not  a  suitable  word  to  apply  to  the  digressions  of  this  book. 

VIII.  This  book  contains  little  of  action,  nothing  indeed  but  the  flight 
and  death  of  Pompey.  Caesar  disappears  for  the  present.  We  here  pass 
from  the  decision  of  fate  to  its  consummation,  and  at  the  close  of  the  book 
the  main  action  of  the  poem  is  ended.  The  extraneous  matter  is  plentiful 
in  this  book,  and  some  might  deserve  the  name  of  padding;  I  mean  eg 
541 — 60  [reflexions  on  Egypt  and  apostrophe  to  Ptolemy],  692—711  [re- 
flexions on  Pompey's  death],  793—822  [D°  on  his  burial],  823—72  [apo- 
strophe to  Egypt].  Such  passages  seem  much  more  laboured  here  than  when 
thrown  off  in  the  excitement  of  the  death-struggle  as  in  book  VII.  Much  of 
the  book  is  very  irrational  and  wild.  Still  it  has  a  distinct  interest  as  con- 
taining the  catastrophe,  and  some  passages  [eg  806—22]  are  really  fine. 

IX.  This  book  is  what  Greek  editors  might  have  called  Kdruvos  dpioreia. 
Cato  is  the  hero  of  the  book  :  he  is  especially  great  in  the  desert  and  at  the 
oracle  of  Hammon.  At  the  end  Caesar  reappears,  hastening  on  I'ompey's 
track.     The  book  has  in  it  some  fine  passages,  such  as  544—86  [Cato  at 


xxxiv       CHARACTER  AND   SCOPE.     RECITATIONS 

the  temple];  but  the  catastrophe  being  now  past  the  effect  of  the  whole  is 
tame.  Ami  we  are  dealing  with  historical  times,  and  we  know  that  Cato's 
expedition  does  not  affect  the  main  issue  of  the  war. 

i  If  padding  we  have  294  -318  [Syrtes],  348—67  [Tritonis,  garden  of  the 
Hesperides],  411—97  [Libya],  619—99  [Medusa],  700—33  [serpents,  with 
deaths  of  men  bitten  732—838]. 

x.  The  last  book,  so  far  as  action  is  concerned,  belongs  to  a  new  poem. 
Caesar  in  Egypt  is  the  subject,  and  Cleopatra  plays  an  important  part. 
There  is  a  striking  freshness  about  the  book,  and  some  parts  are  excellent, 
eg  353 — 98  I  message  of  I'othinus]. 

The  padding  is,  20 — 52  [Alexander],  192 — 331  [the  Nile]  both  which 
passages,  though  irrelevant,  are  of  no  mean  order.  The  poem  breaks  off 
abruptly. 

(26)  Such  is  the  incomplete  epic  of  Lucan,  rich  in  clever 
declamation,  which  now  and  then  rises  into  tones  so  lofty  that 
we  forget  how  unreal  are  the  motives,  how  artificial  the  senti- 
ment. Dealing  with  events  hardly  more  than  a  century  behind, 
it  ventures  into  the  domain  of  history  without  being  historical, 
and  treats  political  questions  under  the  influences  of  an  age 
and  a  society  in  which  practical  politics  had  ceased  to  exist. 
Its  flow  is  broken  and  its  action  hindered  by  tasteless  and  weari- 
some digressions.  To  judge  it  fairly  is  difficult  indeed,  for  besides 
its  defects  in  detail  the  mere  fact  of  its  incompleteness  is  a 
serious  obstacle.  As  it  stands  we  have  only  one  catastrophe : 
Lucan  clearly  intended  it  to  have  two.  It  was  to  have  been 
continued1  to  the  death  of  Caesar,  and  would  therefore  have 
included  that  of  Cato.  To  such  themes  as  these  we  may  be 
sure  Lucan  would  have  done  justice  with  all  the  resources  of 
his  growing  powers.  He  had  got  Pompey  off  his  hands,  and 
the  best  was  surely  yet  to  come. 

(27)  But,  however  much  Lucan  might  have  improved  upon 
his  earlier  work,  it  is  not  likely  that  he  would  ever  have  shaken 
himself  free  from  the  influence  of  the  recitations2  customary  in 

1  See  v  207,  vii  451,  596,  782,  x  339—42,  431.  death.    Thomas  May  held  the  same  view:   his 

The  references  to  Actium  v  479  and  the  loves  of  continuation  goes  down  to  Caesar's  death. 
Antony  and  Cleopatra  x  70  —  1   do  not  seem  to  -  Mayor  on  Juvenal  in  9  exhausts  this  subject, 

promise  actual  inclusion  of  those  matters  in  the  Drummond  of  Hawthornden  well  said  of  Lucan 

poem.     Genthe  would  not  [p  70]  go  further  than  that  he  was  'taken  in  parts  excellent,  altogidder 

to  admit   that   he   might    have   included   Cato's  naught'.     It  has  often  been  remarked  that  the 

death.       1    stick    to    my   opinion,    based    on    the  recitation  literature  found  its  natural  consumma- 

nature  of  the  references  to  Caesar's  death.     Any-  tion  in  the  epigram, 
how  vi  S14  points  to  an  interview  after  Cato's 


DIFFICULTIES.     PUBLICATION.     TITLE  xxxv 

Rome,  a  fatal  influence  and  one  mainly  instrumental  in  destroy- 
ing then  and  for  centuries  to  come  the  higher  forms  of  literary 
art.  To  these  recitations  is  due  that  which  all  critics  admit  to 
be  the  leading  characteristic  and  great  defect  of  the  Pharsalia, 
— the  sacrifice  of  the  whole  to  the  parts,  neglect  of  the  matter 
in  an  ovcrstudious  regard  for  the  manner,  a  self-conscious  tone 
appealing  rather  to  an  audience  than  to  a  reader,  venting  itself 
in  apostrophes,  scenes,  episodes  and  epigrams,  an  unhappy 
laboriousness  that  strains  itself  to  be  first-rate  for  a  moment, 
and  leaves  the  poem  second-rate  for  ever. 

(28)  It  is  clear  enough  that  Lucan  was  at  a  great  disad- 
vantage in  attempting  to  compose  a  poem  on  historical  events 
of  recent  occurrence.  Where  details  are  well  known,  there  is 
little  scope  for  imagination  save  in  deviation  from  truth.  Indeed 
it  is  far  easier  to  say  what  Lucan  ought  not  to  have  done  than 
what  he  ought  to  have  done.  The  plan  proposed  by  Petronius 
for  writing  a  poem  on  the  Civil  War  would  surely  produce 
something  radically  bad.  For  instance,  how  are  the  Gods  to 
take  more  part  than  Lucan  gives  them  ?  will  they  help  Caesar 
the  freethinker  or  Pompey  the  proved  failure  ?  The  composition 
must  have  been  a  literary  monster.  Criticism  of  the  Pharsalia 
must,  I  repeat,  be  negative  from  the  nature  of  the  case ;  and 
this  will  serve  to  explain  the  tone  of  much  that  will  be  said 
below. 

(29)  According  to  the  Life  of  Lucan  attributed  to  Vacca, 
only  the  first  three  books  were  published  by  himself:  it  is 
added  that  the  other  seven,  which  are  looked  upon  as  faulty, 
would  probably  have  been  corrected  by  him  had  he  lived  to  do 
it.  The  judgment  of  the  poem  implied  in  this  remark  is  one 
with  which  I  could  not  agree  if  the  quality  of  the  later 
books  were  concerned.  But  I  rather  take  it  to  refer  to  a  few 
roughnesses3  of  style  here  and  there  observable,  and  I  am  glad 
to  find  that  this  is  the  view  of  Teuffcl. 

(30)  The  title  of  the  poem  according  to  the  Lives  and  some 
good    MSS4   is  de  bcllo   civili.      Statius    silv    II  7  66   speaks  of 

3  See  in  particular  the  doubtful  lines  iv  251,  vi  cension,  and  not  (as  Grotius  thought)  a  trace  of 

152,  187,  207,  554—  5,  vii  154,  257 — 8,  796,  820 — 2,  two  editions. 

vm  124,  ix  83,  494,  664,  820—1,  x  8.     Some  of  *  SoGenthe.    Teuffel  simply  says,  'intheMSS*. 
these   may   be  cases  of  duplicates  awaiting   re- 


xxxvi  RIVAL    COMPOSITION  OF  PETRONIUS 

Pharsalica  bella:  but  the  title  Pharsalia  now  in  vogue  seems 
to  come  solely  fnnu  Lucatl's  own  words  IX  985  Pharsalia  nostra 
vivet  etc.  I  do  not  think  that  this  need  mean  more  than  '  my 
tale  of  Pharsalia  will  live,' and  therefore  I  cannot  adopt  Teuffel's 
bold  statement,  that  this  is  the  authentic  title,  without  reserve. 
The  other  name  seems  more  appropriate,  and  I  am  content  to 
remain  in  doubt  where  certainty  seems  out  of  reach.  I  should 
add,  though  without  laying  much  stress  on  the  fact,  that  Pe- 
t roii ius  $  1  iS  in  leading  up  to  his  poem  or  fragment  on  the  civil 
war  says  belli  chilis  ingens  opus;  and  the  words  arc  with  good 
reason  held  to  allude  to  the  poem  of  Lucan 

(31)  I  feel  bound  to  say  a  few  words  here  on  this  poem  of 
Petronius,  at  present  a  fragment  of  295  lines.  The  purpose  of 
it  is  unmistakeable :  it  is  thrown  off  half  in  rivalry  half  in 
imitation  of  Lucan,  in  fact  rather  like  our  well-known  '  Rejected 
Addresses '  though  less  definitely  intended  for  ridicule.  It  is 
smoother  and  perhaps  more  elegant  than  Lucan  ;  but  the  im- 
portance attached  to  mere  literary  tricks  and  supernatural 
machinery  is  very  remarkable,  as  Petronius'  own  words  shew  it 
to  have  been  very  conscious  and  deliberate. 

(32)  Now  Teuffel  [§  305]  remarks  that  the  reason  why  we 
do  not  find  Lucan's  name  mentioned  by  Petronius5  in  this  con- 
nexion is  that  Lucan  was  then  living.  With  this  I  fully  agree. 
But  a  new  point  has  now  to  be  considered.  The  poem  is  full  of 
obvious  reminiscences  of  the  Pharsalia,  chiefly  of  the  earlier 
part,  as  is  natural.  But,  if  there  be  also  reminiscences  of  the 
later  books,  then  we  must  believe  that  the  Pharsalia  was  pub- 
lished at  its  present  length  (or  nearly  so)  in  the  lifetime  of 
Lucan.  The  evidence  of  such  reminiscences  is  just  strong 
enough  to  make  me  incline  to  this  view,  but  not  enough  to 
produce  certainty.     It  is  as  follows  : 

Petronius  Lucan 

14—6     quaeritur  in   silvis  auro   fera   et  ix    706 — 7      [just    after    passage    about 

ultimus    Hammon    Afrorum   excuti-  Hammon]  sed  quid  erit  nobis  lucri 

tur,  ne  desit  belua  dente  ad  mortes  pudor?    inde  petuntur  hue  Libycae 

pretiosa.  mortes  et  fecimus  aspida  mercem. 

!'■  tronius  was  compelled  to  'Icath  early  in  66  ad,  Lucan  in  65. 


ITS  EVIDENCE 


xxxvn 


Petronius 

21 — 3  surripuere  viros  exsectaque  vis- 
cera ferro  in  venerem  fregere 

27 — 9  ecce  Afris  eruta  terris  ponitur  ac 
maculis  imitatur  vilius  auruni  citrea 
mensa 


64     Iulius   ingratam    perfudit    sanguine 
Romam. 


95 — 7  [Father  Dis  says  the  nether 
world  wants  some  deaths,  the  Furies 
are  thirsting  for  blood  ever  since 
Sulla] 

235 — 7     [in  a  storm  at  sea]  non  regimen 

prodest, hie  dat  vela  fugae    for- 

tunaeque  omnia  credit. 


Lucan 

X  133 — 4  ferro  mollita  iuventus  atquc 
exsecta  virum. 

IX  426 — 30     tantum   Maurusia  genti  ro- 

bora  divitiae  quarum  non  noverat 
usum,  sed  citri  contenta  comis  vive- 
bat  et  umbris.  in  nemus  ignotum 
nostrae  venere  secures,  extremoque 
epulas  mensasque  petivimus  orbe; 
and  x  144 — 5. 

X  338 — Q     isto  quoque  sanguine quo 

Fortuna  parat  victos  perfundere 
patres. 

vi  718  [Witch  addressing  the  powers  of 
the  nether  world]  si  bene  de  vobis 
civilia  bella  merentur. 

vn  125 — 7  navita dat  regimen  ven- 
ds ignavomque  arte  relicta  puppis 
onus  trahitur. 


My  own  view  of  the  probabilities  of  the  case  is  that  the 
words6  of  the  earlier  (or  Suetonian)  Life,  relating  to  Lucan's 
emendation  of  some  verses  just  before  his  death,  are  the  foun- 
dation of  the  notion  that  the  later  books  are  uncorrected.  There 
was  some  record  of  the  publication  of  three  books,  none  of  the 
rest.  Out  of  these  materials  the  story  in  the  later  Life  was 
made  up,  and  has  no  authority :  though  it  may  for  all  that  be 
true. 


D.     MATTER    OF    THE    PHARSALIA. 

(33)     Relation  to  Nero  and  the  Empire. 

In  order  to  understand  clearly  the  relation  of  Lucan  to  the 
political  circumstances  of  his  age  it  is  most  necessary  to  examine 
in  detail  his  own  utterances.  The  external  evidence  being 
meagre,  the  internal  is  all  the  more  important.      I    shall    first 


0  Or  perhaps  the  authority  from  whom  the  statement  is  taken. 


II.  L. 


d 


xxviii  RELATION  TO 

tre.it  of  his  relations  to  Nero  and  generally  to  the  Imperial 
government. 

In  the  opening1  of  the  poem  we  meet  with  the  famous 
passage  in  which  he  courts  the  favour  of  Nero  by  the  most 
grovelling  flattery.  All  the  horrors  of  the  civil  wars  may  be 
regarded  with  calmness  or  even  satisfaction  if  they  were  merely 
the  antecedent  conditions  of  the  advent  of  Nero.  Nero  is  in 
fact  a  god,  and  this  address  fills  the  place  of  the  invocations 
customary  in  epic  poems.  What  Apollo  or  Bacchus  were  to  the 
singers  of  old,  that  is  Nero,  the  centre  of  Roman  hopes,  to 
Lucan. 

The  next  topic  in  which  we  may  I  think  certainly  see  a 
reference  to  Nero  is  the  favourable2  handling  of  the  character 
of  L  Domitius  Ahenobarbus.  Nero  belonged  by  birth  to  the 
Domitian  house,  and  we  know3  that  the  connexion  was  not  for- 
gotten. This  Domitius,  great-great-grandfather  of  the  emperor, 
is  mentioned  in  connexion  with  the  affair  of  Corfinium  ;  as 
commanding  the  Pompeian  right  wing  at  Pharsalia  ;  as  defying 
with  his  latest  breath4  Caesar  who  had  before  given  him  his 
freedom  and  his  life.  He  is  indeed  the  most  fierce  and  im- 
placable foe  of  the  Caesarian  cause. 

Several  other  passages  have  been  supposed  to  bear  a  more 
or  less  direct  reference  to  Nero.  Such  are  the  following.  The 
description  of  the  amburbium  and  other  rites  is  taken  to  be 
drawn  from  the  ceremony  of  purification  performed5  by  Nero  in 
AD  56,  at  which  Lucan  would  naturally  be  present.  This  in- 
ference seems  to  me  probable  enough.  It  has  been  thought6 
that  in  the  passage  where  he  expresses  the  Roman  abhorrence 
of  the  incestuous  laxity  of  Orientals  Lucan  may  have  had  in 
his  mind  the  scandalous  stories  about  Nero  and  his  mother 
Agrippina.  This  conjecture  does  not  satisfy  me.  At  least,  if  I 
accepted  this,  I  should  find  no  difficulty  in  believing  that  when 
he  speaks7    of  the  Furies  pursuing  the  mother-slayer  Orestes 

1  I  33 — 66.  ceps  lustravit  ex  responso  haruspicum,  quod  Iovis 

2  11  479 — 525,  VII  219 — 20,  599 — 616.  ac  Minervae  aedes  de  caelo  tactae  erant.     Meri- 

3  Tacitus,  ann  xm  10  with  iv  44.  vale  c  52. 

4  The  account  of  his  death  and  the  unmanly  <•  vm  397 — 410.  See  Suet  Nero  28,  and  Meri- 
jeer  put  into  the  mouth  of  Caesar  are  utterly  vale  c  53  with  authorities  there  cited,  and  refer 
unhistorical.  back  to  the  general  remarks  in  c  47. 


1  592  foil.     See  Tac  ann  xm  24  urbem  prin-  '  vil  776  foil.   See  Merivalec  53  with  authorities. 


NERO  AND    THE  EMPIRE  xxxix 

he  is  really  thinking  of  the  similar  story  about  the  mother- 
slayer  Nero.  While  reading  in  the  spirit  of  allusion-hunting  I 
once  fancied  that  the  description8  of  the  veKvofxavreia  in  the 
sixth  book  was  inspired  by  Nero's  failure  in  a  like  enterprise : 
but  it  seems  that  the  attempt  of  Nero  was  after  Lucan's  death. 
The  notion  would  then  be  absurd,  and  the  introduction  of  such 
a  passage  simply  explained  by  its  being  drawn  from  a  common- 
place-book. Whether  the  samo  may  not  be  the  case  with  the 
passages  about  incest  and  matricide  I  must  leave  some  one 
more  competent  or  confident  to  decide. 

Much  greater  importance  attaches  to  the  question  whether 
the  digression  in  the  ninth  book9  on  the  site  of  Troy  is  in  any 
way  connected  with  Nero's  appearance  as  patron  of  the  I  Hans 
shortly  before  the  death  of  Claudius.  If  it  be  so  connected, 
then  it  not  only  renders  the  above-mentioned  doubtful  allusions 
quite  improbable,  because  a  return  to  complaisance  after  such 
hideous  insinuations  is  hardly  to  be  conceived, — but  it  will  also 
colour  our  views  as  to  the  full  significance  of  some  passages 
which  we  shall  presently  discuss.  If  it  be  not — and  such  is  my 
decided  opinion,  for  the  Ilian  origin  of  the  Julian  house  was 
devised  before  the  Aeneid,  and  the  matter  would  readily  suggest 
itself  to  a  writer  fond  of  digressive  description  and  steeped  in 
Vergil, — then  nothing  is  affected  by  it,  and  we  proceed  un- 
hampered on  our  way. 

I  pass  on  to  the  consideration  of  passages  where  the  refer- 
ence is  not  to  Nero  but  to  the  Empire  of  the  Caesars.     These 
ines  must  be  quoted  in  full. 

iv  691 — 2  Libyamque  auferre  tyranno, 

clum  regnum  te,  Roma,   facit. 

iv  821—3 

ius  licet  in  iugulos  nostros  sibi  fecerit  ense 
Sulla  potens  Mariusquc  ferox  et  Cinna  cruentus 
Caesareaeque  clomus  series. 

8  vi  619  foil.     See  Merivale  c  55.  with   me   that   the  account   probably  given   by 

9  ix  964  foil.     Merivale  c  50.     I  do  not  know  Curtius  [?  Lucan's  recent   predecessor]    has   not 
f  any  authority  for  Caesar's  visit  to  Troy.     But  survived.     I  strongly  suspect  that  this  passage  of 

jethe  story  in  Suetonius  Iul  79/ama viigra-  Lucan  is  a  mere  working  up  of  old  matter  relating 

■irum  AUxandream  vcl  Ilium  (note  the  alter-  to  Alexander  in  a  form  suited  to  the  circumstances 

ative,  and  refer  to  c  7  above).   Then  read  Arrian  of  Julius  Caesar. 


lab  1  11  ?S  7,  8  [of  Alexander's  visit],  and  regret 


d  2 


xl  RELATION  TO 

v  385—6 

namque  <  Mimes  voces  per  quns  iam  tempore  tanto 

iiimiir  dominis  baec  primum  repperil  aetas. 

[and  tin.-  Following  lines  down  to  402] 

vi  809       et  Romanorum  manis  calcate  deorum. 

v"  43*— 3 

quod  fugiens  civile  nefas  redituraque  numquam 
libertas  ultra  Tigrim   Rhenumque  recessit. 
[and  so  on  to  the  next  passage] 

vii  442— ,s 

felices  Arabes  Medique  Eoaque  tellus 
quam  sub  perpetuis  tenuerunt  fata  tyrannis  : 
ex  populis  qui  regna  ferunt  sors  ultima  nostra  est 
quos  servire  pudet. 

V11  455 — 9  cladis  tamen  huius  habemus 

vindictam,  quantam  terris  dare  nuniina  fas  est. 
bella  pares  superis  facient  civilia  divos : 
fulminibus  manis  radiisque  ornabit  et  astris, 
inque  deum  templis  iurabit  Roma  per  umbras. 

vii  638 — 46 

maius  ab  hac  acie  quam  quod  sua  saecula  ferrent 
volnus  habent  populi ;   plus  est  quam  vita  salusque 
quod  perit ;    in  totum  mundi  prosternimur  aevom  : 
vincitur  his  gladiis  omnis  quae  serviet  aetas. 
proxima  quid  suboles  aut  quid  meruere  nepotes 
in  regnum  nasci  ?     pavidi  num  gessimus  arma, 
teximus  aut  iugulos?     alieni  poena  timoris 
in  nostra  cervice  sedet :   post  proelia  natis 
si  dominum,   Fortuna,  dabas,  et  bella  dedisses. 

vn  694 — 6 

non  iam  Pompeii  nomen  populare  per  orbem 
nee  studium  belli,    sed  par  quod  semper  habemus 
libertas  et  Caesar  erunt. 

vm  835—9 

tu  quoque,  cum  saevo  dederis  iam  templa  tyranno, 
nondum  Pompeii  cineres,  o  Roma,  petisti : 
exsul  adhuc  iacet  umbra  ducis.     si  saecula  prima 
victoris  timuere  minas,   nunc  excipe  saltern 
ossa  tui  Magni. 

[and  so  on  to  end  of  book] 

IX  601 — 4 

ecce  parens  verus  patriae,  dignissimus  aris, 
Roma,  tuis ;   per  quern  numquam  iurare  pudebit, 
et  quern,  si  steteris  umquam  cervice  soluta, 
nunc  olim  factura  deum. 


NERO    AND    THE  EMPIRE  xli 

x  343—4 

in  scelus  it  Pharium  Romani  poena  tyranni, 
exemplumque  perit. 

In  a  few  passages  the  direct  reference  is  to  tyranny  or 
monarchy  in  general,  touching  the  Empire  indirectly. 

I  670  cum  domino  pax  ista  venit. 

11  61  uter  imperet  urbi. 

iv  575—9 

non  tamen  ignavae  post  haec  exempla  virorum 
percipient  gentes  quam  sit  non  ardua  virtus 
servitium  fugisse  manu ;   sed  regna  timentur 
ob  ferrum,  et  saevis  libertas  uritur  armis 
ignoratque  datos  ne  quisquam  serviat  enses. 

IX  566—7 

quid  quaeri,  Labiene,  iubes — an  liber  in  armis 
occubuisse  velim  potius  quam  regna  videre  ? 

IX  110S     o  bona  libertas.     [in  bitter  irony] 

X  26 — 8  non  utile  mundo 

editus  exemplum,  terras  tot  posse  sub  uno 
esse  viro. 

To  these  and  other  less  notable  lines  of  the  same  tone  add 
the  frequent  references  to  the  murder  of  Caesar  and  tyrannicide 
in  general,  and  our  body  of  evidence  is  pretty  complete. 

And  now — to  what  conclusions  does  this  evidence  lead  us  ? 
We  have  flattery  of  Nero  :  we  have  tirades  against  despotism  : — 
do  we  infer  (a)  that  he  began  by  liking  the  Emperor,  and  as  he 
went  on  grew  to  loathe  both  Emperor  and  Empire,  or  (b)  that  he 
hated  both  from  the  first,  and  praised  Nero  in  irony,  or  (c)  that 
he  is  content  with  the  Emperor  throughout,  but  loathes  the 
Empire  ?  For  my  part  I  cannot  see  any  direct  evidence  of 
personal  hostility10  to  Nero,  and  I  do  not  think  that  his  praise  of 
Nero  is  ironical.  But  I  do  think  that  bitter  loathing  of  the 
Empire  is  one  of  the  chief,  if  not  the  chief,  influences  that 
animate  the  poem.  Are  we  then  to  conclude  that  this  loathing 
of  the  Empire — Tyranny,  as  he  calls  it — means  that  Lucan 
seriously  desired  and  aimed  at  the  overthrow  of  the  imperial 
monarchy  and  the  reestablishment  of  an  aristocratic  Republic  ? 

1°  If  we  adopt  the  first  of  the  two  suppositions         on  the  contrary  still  in  book  IX  anxious  to  please 
as  to  the  Trojan  episode  (m.x  above),  Lucan  is        Nero. 


xlii  RELATION  TO  PHILOSOPHY 

I  think  not,  and  for  two  reasons.  If  there  is  one  thing  in 
which  he  does  believe,  it  is  Fate:  and  Fate  had  declared11  for 
a  monarchy.  Moreover,  crude  though  Lucan's  political  notions 
were,  he  does  shew  traces  of  having  learnt  that  without  a  manly 
self-respecting  aristocracy  and  a  patriotic  commonalty  no  Re- 
public was  possible.  Such  at  least  is  the  inference  I  draw  from 
his  references12  to  the  servile  Senate  and  mongrel  plebs  of  the 
Imperial  days.  He  had  caught  the  tone  of  the  Stoic  circle  in 
which  he  moved.  He  acquiesces  in  the  ordinance  of  Fate.  But 
Fate  might  soon  ordain  a  further  change.  Lucan  had  also 
caught  the  tone  of  the  reactionary  senatorial  cliques.  This 
tone  is  still  prevailing  in  Tacitus,  so  great  was  its  vitality. 
The  young  provincial,  writing  as  a  Roman  of  the  Romans, 
falls  into  this  tone  naturally  enough,  and  probably  he  is  carried 
away  by  the  flow  of  declamation  and  says  far  more  than  he 
seriously  means.  Of  course  he  had  no  real13  knowledge  of  the 
Roman  Republic,  and  whatever  genuine  hatred  of  the  Empire 
had  grown  up  in  him  from  personal  experience  was  probably 
no  more  than  a  youth's  impatient  desire  for  greater  oppor- 
tunities of  shining  in  a  literary  career. 

My  conclusions  therefore  are  very  nearly  the  same  as  those 
at  which  Dean  Merivale14  arrived  years  ago.  I  am  glad  to  find 
that  this  is  the  case  :  so  much  the  better  for  me.  But  I  cannot 
agree  with  him  in  thinking  that  Lucan  did  not  '  regard  the 
principate  as  a  tyranny ' :  the  evidence  to  the  contrary,  the  more 
I  examine  it,  seems  only  the  more  overwhelming. 

(34)     Relation  to  Philosophy. 

(a)  That  Lucan  was  brought  up  as  a  Stoic  we  know,  for 
he  was  the  nephew  of  Seneca  and  pupil  of  Cornutus.  It  is 
however  a  study  not  devoid  of  profit  or  interest  to  note  the 
traces  of  Stoic  influence  in  the  PJiarsalia.  This  I  proceed  to  do 
under  several  heads,  adapting  statements  of  doctrine  from  Zeller 

n  See  in  393  [Fortuna]  virion  toti  properans  frons  erit  ulla  scnatns.     For  plebs  see  in  54 — 8, 

imponere  mundo.     Merivale  c  54  well  remarks  vn   404 — 5,  539 — 43.     In  general   1   351,  670,   11 

that  Stoicism  became  a  consolation  for  inactivity,  314 — 22,  v  382,  IX  236 — 54,  261 — 75. 

not  a  stimulus  to  action.  '3   The    well   known    passage    1    160 — 82,   fine 

l-  For  Senate  see  §  40  and  in  particular  ix  194 —  though  it  is,  is  mere  book-work,  the  echo  of  the 

5  rectorgue  senatits  sed  rcgnantis  crat,  206 — 7  rhetorical  schools.     So  Nisard  11  p  33. 

non  iam  rcgnare  pudebit ;  nee  color  impei  ii  nee  u  Merivale  c  54. 


GOD  AND    THE    UNIVERSE  xliii 

[citing  by  chapters  from  the  English  translation],  and  annotat- 
ing from  Lucan. 

(b)  The  origin  of  all  things  is  found  in  a  primordial  fire  :  this  fire 
is  God,  Aether,  the  all-pervading  Soul  of  the  universe,  the  Universal 
Law,  Nature,  Providence,  Destiny ;  bearing  these  and  other  names 
according  to  the  various  points  of  view  from  which  he  is  at  this  or  that 
time  regarded.  He  is  the  founder  and  maker  of  the  universe.  Zeller 
vi  b — c,  VIII  B. 

ii  7  foil  sive  parens  rerum,  cum  primum  informia  regna  materiemque  rudem 
flamma  cedente  recepit,  linxit  in  aeternum  causas,  qua  cuncta  coercet  se  quoque 
lege  tenens,  et  saecula  iussa  ferentem  fatorum  immoto  divisit  limite  mundum,  x  265 
foil  [aquas]  quasdam  compage  sub  ipsa  cum  toto  coepisse  reor,  quas  ille  creator  atque 
opifex    rerum  certo  sub   hire   coercet.     Add  such   expressions  as  II   82   legibus  aevi, 

V  88—9  cursus  aeterni,  vn  1  lex  aeterna,  VIII  568 — 9  iussu  ordinis  aeterni,  VI  612 
causarum  series,  1  So  foedera  mundi,  644  si  fata  movent  [mundum]. 

The  universe  therefore  has  had  a  beginning  :  it  will  also  have  an 
end,  after  which  a  new  order  of  things  will  begin,  in  its  turn  also  to 
end.     Zeller  vn  a  2. 

1   72 — 80  sic  cum  compage  soluta  saecula  tot  mundi  suprema  coegeril  hora  etc, 

V  181  non  prima  dies  non  ultima  mundi,  VII  812 — 5  hos,  Caesar,  populos  si  nunc 
non  usserit  ignis,  uret  cum  terris,  uret  cum  gurgite  ponti ;  communis  mundo  superest 
rogus  ossibus  astra  mixturus.     Probably  VII  134 — 7  should  be  added. 

The  universe  or  at  least  the  Earth  has  already  been  well  nigh 
destroyed  by  a  great  deluge.     Zeller  vn  a  3. 

V  75 — 6  hoc  solum  fluctu  terras  mergente  cacumen  emicuit  pontoque  fuit  dis- 
criruen  et  astris,  6:2 — 4  cum  mare  convolvit  gentes,  cum  litora  Tethys  noluit  ulla 
pati  etc. 

The  one  great  all  pervading  God,  the  universal  Soul,  is  identified 
with  Zeus  or  Juppiter  and  clearly  distinguished  from  the  crowd  of 
inferior  gods,  except  in  so  far  as  they  are  regarded  as  manifestations  of 
the  One.     Zeller  vi  B  3,  xm  a  2,  b  2. 

V  93 — 6  forsan  terris  inserta  regendis,  acre  libratum  vacuo  quae  sustinet  orbem, 
totius  pars  magna  Iovis  Cirrhaea  per  antra  exit  et  aetherio  trahitur  connexa  Tonanti, 
i.\  578  foil  estque  dei  sedes  ubi  terra  et  pontus  et  aer  et  caelum  et  virtus,  super  OS 
quid  quaerimus  ultra?  luppiter  est  quodcumque  vides  quodcumque  moveris.  In 
v  86  foil  I  think  Apollo  is  really  a  manifestation  of  Juppiter. 

See  Manilius  11  60  foil. 

(c)  The  great  Sun  and  the  lesser  lights,  the  Moon  and  stars,  are 
fed  by  evaporation  from  the  sea  and  other  waters.     They  are  living 


xliv  HEAVENLY  BODIES 

and   divine,   animated   by   the   universal  Soul.      Zcller  vm   D    i,  xm 
a  3,  15  2. 

vii  5  contrary  to  custom  the  sun  attraxit  nuhes,  non  pabula  flammis,  IX  313  foil 
sed  rapidus  Titan  ponto  sua  lumina  pascens  etc,  X  258  foil  necnon  oceano  pasci 
Phoebumque  polumque  credimus  etc,  n  267 — 8  sicut  caelestia  semper  inconcussa  suo 
volvontur  sidera  lapsu  [compare  Manilius  1  279 — 80  sidereus  circa  medium  quern 
volvitur  orbis  aelheriosque  rotat  cursus  immotus] 

The  Earth  is  likewise  animate ;  she  is  a  globe  poised  in  air,  and 
round  her  the  heavenly  bodies  in  their  courses  steadily  revolve.  Zeller 
vm  c,  D  1. 

1  89- — 90  dum  terra  fretum  terramque  levabit  aer,  V  94  aere  libratum  vacuo  quae 
sustinet  orbem,  and  ix  495  foil,  VI  571 — 2  and  other  passages  imply  it.  We  may 
note  allusions  to  the  Antipodes  in  vm  159 — 61,  ix  877 — 8,  with  which  compare 
Seneca  ep  122  §  2.     See  Manilius  I  165 — 203. 

(d)     The  conception  of  Universal  Law,  the  absolute  necessity  on 

which    all    things  unconditionally  depend,   is   expressed  by  the   term 

Destiny  or  Fate  [elfxap/xevrj,  fatiun\  and  other  names,  as  said  above. 

Zeller  vn  b  i,  ix  b,  xiii  b  2,  c  2. 

When  a  work  is  so  thoroughly  penetrated  with  the  idea  of  Fate  as  is  the 
Pharsalia  it  might  seem  superfluous  to  support  my  remarks  by  citing  passages :  still 
I  think  it  well  to  do  this  in  order  to  give  some  illustration  of  Lucan's  phraseology  in 
dealing  with  the  notion  in  question. 

1  33 — 4  fata...invenere  viam,  70  invida  fatorum  series,  94  fatorum  exempla, 
264  rumpunt  fata  moras,  II  87 — 8  vir  ferus  et  Romam  cupienti  perdere  fato  suffi- 
ciens,  287  sed  quo  fata  trahunt  virtus  secura  sequetur,  544 — 6  [Caesar  perverts  his 
destiny],  581  (of  Mithradates)  indomitum  rege"m  Romanaque  fata  morantem,  651 
(Caesar  presses  on)  ne  quid  fatis  mutare  liceret,  m  303  causas  non  fata  sequi,  392  foil 
quantum  est  quod  fata  tenentur  quodque  virum  toti  properans  imponere  mundo  hos 
perdit  Fortuna  dies,  IV  351  nil  fata  moramur,  361  turba  haec  sua  fata  peregit,  496  foil 
nescio  quod  nostris  magnum  et  memorabile  fatis  exemplum,  Fortuna,  paras,  737 — 8 
leti  fortuna  propinqui  tradiderat  fatis  iuvenem,  v  41 — 2  fatorum  impellite  cursum, 
spem  vestram  praestate  deis,  48 — 9  et  Magno  fatum  patriaeque  suomque  imposuit, 
92 — 3  [of  the  god  of  the  oracle]  sive  canit  fatum,  seu  quod  iubet  ille  canendo  fit 
fatum,  204 — 5  et  adhuc  dubitantibus  astris  Pompeii  damnare  caput  tot  fata  tenentur, 
239 — 40  cum  prope  fatorum  tantos  per  prospera  cursus  avertere  dei,  292 — 3  quicquid 
gerimus  fortuna  vocatur :  nos  fatum  sciat  esse  suom,  482  quid  superos  et  fata  tenes, 
536  ne  cessa  praebere  deo  tua  fata,  729 — 30  quod  nolles  stare  sub  ictu  Fortunae  quo 
mundus  erat  Romanaque  fata,  VI  5  ...  fatis  debere  recusat,  530 — 1  fatis  debentibus 
annos  mors  invita  subit,  590 — 1  populis  quae  pandere  fata,  quaeque  suo  ventura  potes 
divertere  cursu,  603  quo  tanti  praeponderet  alea  fati  (cf  7  sup),  611 — 5  at  simul  a 
prima  descendit  origine  mundi  causarum  series  atque  omnia  fata  laborant  si  quicquam 
mutare  velis,  unoque  sub  ictu  stat  genus  humanum,  tunc  Thessala  turba  fatemur, 
plus  Fortuna  potest,  VII  46  fatisque  trahentibus  orbem,  51—2  sua  quisque  ac  publica 
fata  praecipitare  cupit,  85 — 6  sensitque  deorum  esse  dolos,  et  fata  suae  contraria  menti, 
88 — 9  nil  ultra  fata  morabor :  involvat  populos  una  Fortuna  ruina,  131 — 2  advenisse 


FATE   AND   DIVINATION  xlv 

diem  qui  fatum  rebus  in  aevum  conderet  humanis,  205 — 6  quorum  Fortuna  per  orbem 
signa  dedit,  quorum  fatis  caelum  omne  vacavit,  295 — 6  sed  mea  fata  moror,  333  per- 
mittunt  omnia  fatis,  505  fato  torrente,  544  et  fatis  datus  est  pro  Caesare  cursus, 
647  transisse  deos  Romanaque  fata,  686 — 7  iam  pondere  fati  deposito  securus  abis, 
719  rursusque  in  fata  redire,  VIII  21   foil  sed  longi  poenas  Fortuna  favoris  exigit  a 

misero fatisque  prioribus  urget,  31 — 2  quisquamne  secundis  tradere  se  fatis  audet 

nisi  morte  parata,  77  tua  cum  fatis  pietas  decertet,  138  fata  mihi  totum  mea  sunt 
agitanda  per  orbem,  215  Magno  quaerentem  fata,  332  una  dies  mundi  damnavit  fata, 
359  fato  celante  favorem,  361  iungere  fata  tecum,  533  cognita  fata,  544  sic  fata 
premunt  civilia  mundum,  568  fatorum  leges,  IX  143 — 4  injuria  fati....superis  baec 
criniina  dono,  410  invasit  Libye  securi  fata  Catonis,  883 — 4  omni  Fortunam  provocat 
hora  :  omnibus  unus  adest  fatis,  x  3 — 4  pugnavit  fortuna  ducis  fatumque  nocentis 
Aegypti,   88    si   tua   restituat    veteri  me  dextera  fato,   344  struit  audax   irrita  fatis, 

411    foil.... imperii  fatum  miserabile  nostri dat  scilicet  omnis  dextera  quod  debet 

superis,  nullique  vacare  fas  est  Romano ;  Latium  sic  scindere  corpus  dis  placitum. 

Everything  is  bound  together  by  an  unbroken  chain  of  cause  and 
effect.  There  must  then  be  signs  indicating  the  existence  of  causes 
from  which  result  certain  effects.  These  signs  the  divine  soul  of  man 
is  now  and  then  able  to  detect.  Hence  arises  Divination,  given  to 
man  by  the  benevolence  of  the  gods.     Zeller  vn  b  3,  xm  c. 

The  references  to  divination  are  frequent  in  Lucan 
General.  11  1 — 15,  vi  425 — 30,  615 — 8.  Note  that  in  II  4 — 6,  14—5  he  complains 
of  the  power  of  foreknowledge  and  holds  ignorance  preferable,  but  in  VI  596 
foil  he  makes  Sextus  say  mens  dubiis  percussa  pavet,  rursusque  parata  est  certos 
(erre  metus  :  hoc  casibus  eripe  iuris,  ne  subiti  caecique  ruant ;  vel  numina  torque, 
vel  tu  parce  deis  et  manibus  exprime  verum. 

presages  of  ill.     11  6,  vn  185  foil.     In  vn  7 — 24  he  finds  it  hard  to  explain  Pompey's 

dream,  but  in  in  9  foil  the  bearing  of  the  dream  is  evil, 
prodigies  and  signs.     1  522 — 83,  11  1  foil,  vn  151  foil. 
omens.     Ill  212,  IV  664,  VII  340 — 1. 

power  of  the  stars  and  Astrology.     VI  607 — 10,  I  639 — 72. 
haruspicina.     I  585 — 638. 

Thessalian  magic  and  veKvo/J-avreia.     VI  434 — 830. 
prophetic  instinct  of  frenzy.     1674 — 95. 
Sibyl,     v  137—8,  183—6,  viii  824. 

Oracles,  Delphi,     v  71 — 224. 

Ammon.     ix  544 — 86. 

Capacity  for  foreknowledge  is  not  the  lot  of  all :  the  god  will  only  tell  the  future 
to  those  fitted  for  it.  v  139 — 40,  ix  554  foil.  Manilius  more  strictly  assigns 
the  selection  of  the  fit,  minima  est  quae  turbo,  per  orbem  (11  144),  to  fate  \hoc 
quoque fatorum  est,  legem  perdiscere  fati,  II  149]. 

(e)  The  Soul  of  man  is  part  of  the  Universal  soul ;  both  are 
material,  and  as  the  latter  extends  through  the  whole  universe  so  the 
former  extends  through  the  whole  human  body.     Zeller  vi  A,  ix  a,  b. 


xlvi  THE   SOUL   AND    WILL 

This  Stoic  doctrine  probably  made  it  more  easy  for  Lucan  to  fall  in  with  the 
habit,  very  common  in  ancient  times,  "I  recognizing  a  body  and  soul  as  two  separate 
things  and  then  confusing  them  together.     This  confusion  as  it  appears  in  the  l'har- 

salia  is  indeed  particularly  harsh. 

In  vi  7 1 9 —  2 3  the  umbra  and  cadaver  are  present  separately  at  the  same  time. 
The  body  is  called  tin  of  the  umbra.     The  witch  compels  tin:  soul  unwillingly 

to  reenter  the  body,  and  after  its  message  has  been  delivered  she  in  822  reverses  the 
process  and  helps  the  fates  animam  sibi  reddere.  In  vin  759  loll  Cordus  begs 
1'.. mi iey  manis  animamque potentem  officiis  averte  meis,  and  it  seems  that  the  identity 
of  the  dead  man  is  bound  up  specially  with  his  body.  And  the  words  manes  umbra 
attima  seem  distinct  from  corpus  cadaver  cineres  in  such  passages  as  VII  770,  776, 
vin  4_>,2,  860,  [all  notable  lines],  ix  1  foil,  x  336.  The  soul  is  however  conceived  of 
as  material  throughout.  In  IX  640— 1  Medusa  is  described  as  congealing  the  anima 
or  umbra  in  the  human  frame.  In  VI  621—3  we  read  that  the  umbra  of  a  man 
newly  slain  can  speak  more  clearly  than  that  of  one  who  has  been  some  time  dead. 
This  well  illustrates  the  extension  of  the  soul  throughout  the  body.  In  vin  432 — 5 
Crassus'  umbra  is  supposed  to  tell  Pompey  that  it  has  long  hoped  for  his  coming 
to  avenge  the  cineres  of  a  nuda  umbra,  that  is,  the  ashes  to  which  the  umbra  belongs. 
In  a  number  of  passages  manes  and  umbra  are  really  in  sense  equal  to  corpus.  See 
for  instance  VIII  434,  696,  747,  751,  834,  837,  841,  S44,  ix  151,  963,  976,  1092  foil. 
And  in  VII  775  cadavera  perform  the  ghostly  function  of  manes. 

These  instances  of  Lucan's  usage  I  think  it  worth  while  to  give  here.  For  a 
poet  to  distinguish  clearly  between  a  soul  and  a  body  both  material  was  not  easy. 
Vergil  felt  the  difficulty  ;  see  Conington  on  georgics  IV  475.  And  Ovid  speaking  of 
the  Feralia  says  in  fasti  11  565 — 6  nunc  animae  tenues  ct  corpora  functa  sepulchrii 
errant;  nunc  posito  pascilur  umbra  cibo.  If  anyone  will  read  Lucian  irepl  irivOovs 
he  will  see  the  confusion  of  notions15  well  illustrated.  The  curious  will  see  that  it  is 
very  old  by  turning  to  Odyssey  XI  602  [see  Ameis'  note  on  1  207.  He  points  out 
that  identity  is  in  the  Homeric  poems  determined  by  the  body].  See  the  Druid  view 
as  stated  by  Lucan  I  454 — 7. 

For  the  connexion  between  the  soul  of  man  and  the  great  God  see  ix  573  foil. 
Compare  Manilius  11  105  foil. 

The  souls  of  the  great  and  good  find  a  place  among  the  stars  of  heaven,  as 
Pompey  in  IX  1  foil,  with  which  compare  Manilius  1  754 — 7  an  fortes  animae 
dignataque  nomina  caelo  corporibus  resoluta  suis  terraeque  remissa  hue  migrant 
ex  orbe  suumque  habitantia  caelum  aetherios  vivunt  annos  mundoque  fruuntur?  and 
the  list  of  heroes  758  foil. 

Though  all  things  are  bound  by  the  chain  of  necessity,  still  in  a 
certain  sense  the  will  of  man  is  free  ;  hence  there  is  moral  responsibility. 
Our  actions  are  the  product  of  universal  law  and  individual  character 
combined.     Zeller  vn  B  3. 

Lucan  clearly  recognizes  moral  responsibility  in  spite  of  destiny.  Though  fate 
decrees  victory  to  Caesar,  his  overthrow  of  the  Senatorial  oligarchy  is  none  the  less 
criminal  ;  though  Pompey  is  doomed  to  die  by  a  treacherous  murder,  this  does  not 

15  An  inscription  at  York  [CIL  vn   250]  well        post  lumina  vitae  c.viguus  cinis  et  simulacrum 
illustrates  my  words,  secreti  manes,  qui  regno.        corporis  umbra,  etc. 
Achcrusia   Ditis  incolilis,   quos  parva  petunt 


VIRTUE.     GOOD  AND   BAD  xlvii 

absolve  the  vile  wretches  by  whom  the  deed  is  done.  Fate  may  render  all  the  virtue 
and  bravery  of  Cato  fruitless,  but  Cato  is  in  the  right,  indeed  his  approval  of  the  lost 
cause  is  expressly  set  against  the  gods'  support  of  the  winning  one — victrix  causa  deis 
placuit,  sed  victa  Catoni. 

(/)  Virtue  is  rational  activity  conformable  to  Nature,  that  is,  to  the 
universal  law  of  the  world  and  the  essential  constitution  of  the  being, 
which  in  the  case  of  man  is  reason.     It  is  rational  self-control.     Zeller 

X  A   I,   B   2. 

The  Stoic  idea  of  virtue  is  of  course  expressed  in  the  character  of  Cato  n  380 
foil,  and  stray  touches  here  and  there.  Brutus  [11  239  foil]  admires  his  serenity,  but 
be  enters  into  the  war  not  under  any  delusion  as  to  Pompey's  ambition  [11  319  foil], 
and  after  Pompey's  death  he  takes  the  lead,  calm  unbiassed  undeceived  as  ever 
[IX  19  foil,  188  foil].  lie  is  unswayed  by  emotions,  the  personification  of  virtus 
dura  [ix  50,  445.  562]:  conquest  is  with  him  the  prelude  to  mercy  of  a  cool  con- 
temptuous kind  [ix  298 — 9].  He  knows  no  fear  [ix  371 — 3],  and  freely  expresses  his 
knowledge  of  danger  and  readiness  to  face  it  [ix  379  foil].  He  sets  the  example  of 
self-abnegation  [ix  500  foil,  587  foil],  and  self-devotion  [ix  604  foil].  He  is  conscious 
of  his  virtue,  and  talks  like  an  oracle  [ix  564  foil].  His  bearing  and  presence  inspire 
his  men  with  wonderful  endurance  [ix  881  foil]. 

Good  and  Bad  are  absolute  notions,  admitting  no  degrees.  So  the 
Virtuous  Good  or  Wise  man  is  absolutely  good ;  the  Vicious  Bad  or 
Foolish  man  is  absolutely  bad.  There  is  no  mean ;  for  the  value  of 
an  action  depends  on  the  intention,  and  so  virtue  admits  no  degrees. 
Zeller  x  b — c. 

The  true  illustration  in  Lucan  of  the  absence  of  degrees  of  Good  and  Bad  is  to 
be  found  in  the  characters  of  Caesar  Pompey  and  Cato.  Lucan  must  have  admired 
Caesar,  to  judge  by  the  portrait  he  has  drawn  of  him  ;  but  not  only  was  he  the 
overthrower  of  the  Senate,  he  was  known  to  lean  towards  the  school  of  Epicurus. 
Therefore  he  can  do  nothing  right,  and  the  ceaseless  malignity  with  which  Lucan 
attributes  to  him  the  worst  of  motives  seems  to  us  pitiful  and  childish.  As  for 
Pompey,  the  attempt  to  make  him  into  a  hero  actuated  only  by  the  very  highest 
motives  is  perhaps  the  greatest  historical  blunder  of  the  Pharsalia.  Cato  is  specially 
interesting,  because  into  his  mouth  are  put  the  lines  IX  569  foil  an  noceat  vis  ulla 
bono,  Fortunaque  perdat  opposita  virtute  minas,  laudandaque  velle  sit  satis  et  mini- 
quam  successu  crescat  honestum?  scimus,  et  haec  nobis  non  altius  inseret  Ilammon. 
See  lines  594 — 5  below. 

(g)  As  the  tendency  to  independence,  to  live  for  oneself  alone,  to 
dispense  with  society  and  cultivate  the  inner  freedom  of  virtuous  life, 
leads  up  to  the  condition  of  the  self-sufficing  Wise  Man ;  so  the  ten- 
dency to  follow  the  social  instinct  and  live  for  the  common  good,  to 
seek  society  and  cultivate  the  social  virtues,  leads  up  to  the  condition 
of  the  Citizen  of  the  World.     Zeller  xn  u  1,  XIV  a  i. 


xlviii      LIFE  AND   DEATH.     NON-STOIC  ELEMENTS 

Both  these  tendencies  arc  working  in  Cato.  The  former  is  sufficiently  illustrated 
l>y  what  is  said  above.  Cato's  devotion  to  his  country  is  also  one  of  the  most  con- 
spicuous features  in  his  character.  His  aim  is  patriae  impettdert  vitam.  Rome  to 
him  tills  the  place  of  wife  and  child.  He  makes  the  bereaved  commonwealth  his 
ward  [ix  24  foil],  and  counts  death  nothing  for  her  sake.  His  devotion  to  the  service 
of  humanity  is  complete)  it  is  his  part  toti  gentium  sc  credere  mundo.  But  this 
humanity  probably  includes  Romans  only  in  the  first  place,  the  rest  of  the  world  in 
a  quite  secondary  sense. 

(//)  Life  and  death  are  in  themselves  indifferent.  Suicide  is 
sometimes  allowed  and  even  enjoined.  When  it  has,  owing  to  circum- 
stances beyond  our  control,  become  undesirable  that  we  should  live 
longer,  then  it  is  time  for  us  to  assert  our  freedom  and  depart.  Zeller 
XII  c. 

Lucan's  utterances  on  the  subject  of  death  are  specially  interesting  from  the 
circumstances  of  his  own  end. 

In  I  459 — 60  he  speaks  of  the  fear  of  death  as  timorum  maximns.  In  III  39 — 40 
he  makes  Pompey  say  aut  nihil  est  sensus  animis  a  morte  relictum,  aut  mors  ipsa 
nihil,  in  VIII  749  Cordus  says  si  quid  sensus  post  fata  relictum  est.  In  VIII  632 
Pompey  says  non  fit  morte  miser.  In  iv  517  foil  Vulteius  declares  that  to  die  is 
a  blessing  the  greatness  of  which  is  only  disclosed  to  those  whose  end  is  near, 
and  hidden  from  the  rest.  In  his  own  person  he  says  iv  575 — 81  non  tamen  ignavae 
post  haec  exempla  virorum  percipient  gentes  quam  sit  non  ardua  virtus  servitium 
fugisse  manu  :  sed  regna  timentur  ob  ferrum  et  saevis  libertas  uritur  armis,  ignoratque 
datos  ne  quisquam  serviat  enses.  mors,  utinam  pavidos  vitae  subducere  nolles,  sed 
virtus  te  sola  daret.  Cato  says  ix  211  scire  mori  sors  prima  viris,  sed  proxima 
cogi.  It  is  curious  to  find  that  in  vn  470 — 1  di  tibi  non  mortem,  quae  cunctis  poena 
paratur,  sed  sensum  post  fata  tuae  dent,  Crastine,  morti,  and  in  VIII  395,  death  is 
spoken  of  as  a  penalty.  But  in  VII  818  libera  fortunae  mors  est  it  appears  again 
as  a  relief,  and  in  v  117— 8  it  is  either  a  penalty  or  a  reward.  One  of  the  most 
striking  passages  is  in  Vulteius'  speech  iv  47S  foil,  vita  brevis  nulli  super  est  qui 
tempus  in  ilia  quaerendae  sibi  mortis  habet,  nee  gloria  leti  inferior,  iuvenes,  admoto 
occurrere  fato.  omnibus  incerto  venturae  tempore  vitae,  par  animi  laus  est  et  quos 
speraveris  annos  perdere  et  extremae  momentum  abrumpere  lucis  accersas  dum  fata 
manu  :  non  cogitur  ullus  velle  mori. 

(/)  After  noting  the  general  Stoic  tone  of  Lucan  it  is  necessary  to 
remark  that  we  have  no  ground  for  thinking  that  he  was  so  impregnated 
with  Stoic  doctrines  as  to  be  a  consistent  disciple  of  the  Porch.  He  is 
or  fancies  himself  deeply  impressed  with  the  wrongful  predominance  of 
chance"1  and  indifference  of  the  gods.  Hence  the  prosperity  of  the 
wicked,  m  448 — 9  servat  multos  Fort  una  nocentis  et  tautum  miseris 
irasci  numina  possunt.  Accordingly  we  find  him  now  and  then  breaking 
out  into  utterances  of  distinctly  Epicurean  sound;   as  when  he  doubts 

16  See  §  35  c. 


RELIGION  AT  ROME  xlix 

whether  Chance  be  not  the  arbiter  of  human  destinies,  or  cries  aloud 
that  for  us  there  are  no  gods — at  least  none  that  care  for  our  welfare. 
All  this  savours  of  a  young  unripe  mind,  void  of  clear  notions  and 
definite  conviction — such  a  mind  in  fact  as  we  may  on  general  grounds 
infer  that  of  Lucan  to  have  been. 

See  i  642—3,   11  12—3,  vii  445—7,  454—5-  487—8,  Zeller  xvm,  Teuffel  §  303 

note  6. 

At    the   opening   of  book    IX   we  have    a    passage  of  distinctly   Platonic   tone 

describing  the  apotheosis  of  Pompey. 


(35)     Relation  to  Religion. 

After  considering  the  relations  of  Lucan  to  contemporary- 
philosophy  it  may  not  be  out  of  place  to  add  a  few  words  on 
the  religions  of  the  age  and  his  references  to  them. 

(a)  The  break-up  of  the  old  Roman  beliefs  in  the  latter  days  of 
the  Republic  was  followed  by  the  great  state-directed  revival  under 
Augustus.  In  its  outward  observances  the  national  religion,  a  medley 
of  indigenous  and  imported  elements,  was  to  a  remarkable  extent 
restored.  But  the  ancient  faiths,  if  they  had  ever  exercised  a  sway  over 
men's  minds  and  controlled  their  lives,  had  long  lost  this  power  and 
could  never  recover  it  again.  Not  only  had  Greek  speculation  destroyed 
the  intellectual  basis  of  belief,  but  the  characters  attributed  to  the 
gods17  served  to  disgust  the  good  and  furnished  an  excuse,  if  such  were 
needed,  to  the  votaries  of  vice  and  crime. 

No  wonder  then  that  Roman  society  turned  to  the  East  and  to 
the  West  for  the  satisfaction  of  its  emotional  or  quasi-spiritual  needs. 
Under  the  Roman  tolerance  of  alien  worships,  only  interrupted  now  and 
then  for  reasons  of  state,  new  gods  and  new  systems  of  religion  were 
soon  domiciled  in  the  great  city.  From  Syria  and  Asia  Minor  and 
above  all  from  Egypt  came  the  Oriental  cults  of  excitement  and  mystery, 
with  their  orgies  initiations  mutilations  and  symbolisms :  and  crowds 
were  drawn  after  them.  The  Jews  too,  worshipping  the  one  and 
invisible  god  in  sullen  scorn,  found  protection  and  won  not  a  few18 
proselytes.  Rome  was  even  invaded  by  the  horrid  divinities  and  dark 
superstitions  of  Britain  and  Gaul. 

Patriotic  orthodoxy  suppressed  the  Druidical  religion  in  Rome  and 
eventually,   for  reasons  of  policy,   crushed  it  also  in  its  native  seats. 

17  See  for  instance  Ovid  metam  ix  554—5  (of  was  revolting  to  good  Romans  may  be  seen  from 

proposed  incest)  quid  liceat  nescimus  adhuc,  et  Lucan  vm  404 — 10. 

cuncta  licere  crcdimits:  ft  sequiitmr  magnorum  18  I  omit  all  reference  to  the  Christians  here,  as 

txempla  deorum,  x  152—4.     That  such  a  tone  not  important  for  my  present  purpose. 


1  REFERENCES    TO   RELIGIONS 

But  it  was  impossible  to  suppress  the  Eastern  worships,  which  had 
taken  so  firm  a  hold  of  the  popular  imagination.  The  truth  is  that 
for  the  time  they  met  to  some  extent  a  want  with  which  no  philosophy 
could  deal.  And  under  the  influence  of  Oriental  ideas  the  Roman 
religion  underwent  a  most  important  modification  in  the  introduction  of 
the  worship  of  deceased  emperors. 

Still  there  was  one  thing  wanting.  If  there  was  one  power  in  which 
Romans  generally  did  believe,  it  was  the  '  Manifest  Destiny'  of  Rome. 
Accordingly  there  was  growing  up  the  worship  of  the  great  goddess 
Roma,  the  personified  might  fortune  and  glory  of  the  mistress  of  the 
ancient  world. 

Such  are  the  features  that  especially  draw  our  attention  in  reviewing 
the  state  of  religion  at  Rome  in  the  age  of  Nero.  But  amid  all  this 
the  ancient  worships  went  on  undisturbed.  And  to  some  of  them, 
traditionally  derived  from  Troy,  a  greater  importance  than  ever  was 
now  for  family  reasons  attached  by  the  emperors  of  the  Julian  line. 

(/>)     I  have  given  the  above  short  sketch  in  order  to  supply  a  grouping  for  the 
following  references  in  Lucan. 

Egyptian  gods  are  mentioned  ix  158 — 6,  x  158 — 9,  their  introduction  into  Rome 
viii  831 — 3,  the  refusal  of  Egyptians  to  worship  deified  emperors  seems  alluded 
to  VIII  863. 

Jewish  god  is  spoken  of  11  592 — 3  dedita  sacris  incerii  ludaca  dei. 

Gaulish    gods    and    religious    tenets    usages    etc    appear    1    444 — 62,    III    399 — 425. 

Lucan  seems  to  have  felt  considerable  interest  in    this  weird  and  sanguinary 

system. 
Worship  of  deceased  emperors  is  often  referred  to  in  scornful  terms.     See  vi  809 

ct  Romanorum   manes  calcate  deoritm,   vn  455 — 9,  vni  835,  859 — 64,  IX  601 

— 4- 

Roma  as  a  goddess  calls  for  a  few  remarks.  There  was  not  so  far  as  I  can  discover 
any  temple  dedicated  to  her  in  Rome  till  the  temple  of  Venus  and  Roma  built 
by  Hadrian.  The  worship  began  among  the  Asiatic  Greeks  in  the  days  of  the 
Republic,  and  it  appeared  in  many  provincial  towns  as  time  went  on.  The 
goddess  is  represented  on  coins,  like  other  tutelary  goddesses,  as  wearing  a  mural 
crown.  Hence  Lucan  speaking  of  patriae  imago  appearing  to  Caesar  says  1  188 
turrigero  canos  effundens  vertict  crines.  He  attributes  to  her  a  divine  character 
1  199 — 200  summique  0  n  it  minis  insfar  Roma,  fave  cocptis.  He  also  personifies 
her  in  other  places  as  VII  373  atque  ipsam  domini  metuentem  occurrere  Romam, 
viii  322  Roma,  fave  coeptis.  Less  striking  instances  I  omit:  but  I  conceive  that 
I  have  shewn  ground  for  believing  that  Roma  was  in  Lucan's  time  recognized 
as  a  divinity,  though  her  formal  worship  had  not  as  yet  been  established  in 
the  city  itself.  For  details  concerning  dca  Roma  see  Preller's  Romische  Mythologie 
"  PP  Yzl—%- 

For  the  old  Roman  worships  see  especially  1  195 — 9,  IX  990 — 9,  where  the  attach- 
ment of  the  Iulii  to  the  Trojan  legend  is  clearly  marked. 


FORTUNA   AND   FATUM  li 

(c)  As  for  Lucan's  own  religious  beliefs,  we  can  say  little  more 
than  that  throughout  the  poem19  the  ruling  divinity  is  the  capricious 
abstraction  Fortuna.  She  is  not  so  much  a  positive  divinity  as  a 
negative  substitute  for  one.  If  I  may  venture  to  put  forward  a  rather 
bold  view,  it  seems  to  me  that  the  wavering  philosophy  of  Lucan  is 
reflected  in  his  dual  religion,  meaning  by  religion  his  theory  of  the 
government  of  the  world.  To  me  it  seems  that  his  fatum  and  Fortuna 
are  as  Stoic  and  Epicurean  :  fatum  is  impersonal,  but  presupposes  gods, 
Fortuna  is  personified  only  to  dispense  with  them.  Therefore  it  is 
natural  enough  that  in  the  Pharsalia  it  is  seldom  or  never  possible  to 
draw  an)-  practical  distinction  between  Fortuna  and  fatum :  they  are  two 
different  views  of  the  same  thing. 

It  was  natural  to  personify  Fortuna:  she  had  been  from  ancient 
times  a  goddess  widely  worshipped  in  Italy,  and  it  was  only  when 
the  old  beliefs  began  to  pass  away  that  she  came  to  be  regarded 
as  a  mere  conventional  abstraction.  See  Preller  Rom  Myth  n  pp  178 
foil. 

(d)  To  Lucan  the  creeds  and  ceremonies  of  men  are  merely  details, 
his  knowledge  of  which  he  is  proud  to  display.  And  to  the  Spanish 
provincial  the  old  Italian  worships  were  no  more  or  little  more  than 
those  of  Syria  or  Egypt.  To  Vergil  there  was  clearly  a  peculiar  glamour 
about  the  national  religion  of  Italy,  and  his  mind  was  of  a  tender 
reverent  cast.  In  no  respect  do  the  two  writers  differ  more  than  in 
their  relations  to  the  religions  of  their  respective  ages. 

(36)     Relation  to  Learning  and  History. 

That  learning  was  one  of  the  most  valued  qualities  in  a 
Roman  poet,  and  that  to  call  him  doctus  was  one  of  the  highest 
compliments,  is  become  a  commonplace  of  literary  history. 
To  this  observation  Lucan  forms  no  exception.  For  a  youth 
who  died  at  the  age  of  26  years  his  display  of  learning20  is 
prodigious.  The  Pharsalia  teems  with  historical  astronomical 
geographical  and  technical  details ;  the  similes  and  epithets 
reek  of  them,  and  everywhere  we  meet  allusions  more  or  less 
recondite  drawn  from  the  vast  stores  of  myth  and  legend.     Like 

19  His  angry  or  contemptuous  tone  towards  the  n  237,  586—7,  111  86,  225,  284,  455,  511,  630,  v  406, 
gods  in  general  is  very  striking.  See  II  16—7,  vi  74,  571 — 2,  vn  231,  VIII  716,  IX  42—4,  956.  In 
36>  44.  93.  IV  !23'  243 — 4.  808 — 9,  v  59,  401,  vn  vi  68  Caledonios  is  specially  interesting  to  readers 
^57 — 8,  viii  149,  605.  of  Tacitus  Agricola  if  chronology  be  considered. 

20  A  very  few  references  will  suffice.   See  1  684, 


lii  RELATION  TO   LEARNING 

most  of  ln's  contemporaries,  he  is  interested21  in  the  progress  of 
discovery,  and  is  ever  happy  to  air  his  knowledge  of  the  natural 
philosophy  then  current.  Even  in  his  metaphors  a  large  propor- 
tion of  the  figures  are  taken  from  the  departments  of  mechanics, 
law,  trade,  medicine  and  surgery,  religious  sacrifice,  the  amphi- 
theatre, and  so  forth. 

On  poetry  regarded  as  a  work  of  the  imagination  this  mass 
of  artificial  and  conventional  appliances  weighed  as  a  crushing 
burden.  But  the  Roman  poets  had  no  choice.  They  must 
write  for  an  urban  audience,  and  urban  life  was  artificial  and 
hollow.  Moreover  men  will  often  admire  the  show  of  learning 
in  which  they  themselves  are  deficient,  but  they  are  indifferent 
to  fancies  and  feelings  that  are  foreign  to  their  natures  and 
to  which  they  are  therefore  unable  to  respond. 

Learning  then  overpowered  imagination  in  Lucan :  and 
unfortunately  this  learning  was  of  a  loose  and  inaccurate  kind. 
I  propose  to  give  a  few  instances22  of  blunders  inconsistencies 
and  laxity,  chiefly  in  geography,  which  will  suffice  to  prove  how 
shallow  was  the  erudition  so  ostentatiously  displayed. 

It  is  impossible  not  to  mention  the  well-known23  confusion  between  Philippi  and 
Pharsalia,  a  blunder  no  doubt  arising  from  the  ambiguity  of  some  lines  of  Vergil,  into 
which  many  others  fell  beside  Lucan. 

Atlas-4  is  spoken  of  in  a  way  which  seems  to  imply  that  it  is  a  sea-side  moun- 
tain. 

The  Dacians  and  Getae25  are  at  one  time  opposed  to  each  other  as  coming 
from  different  quartets,  at  another  they  are  joined.  The  former  passage  is  very 
slipshod. 

The  description-6  of  the  river  Po  is  singularly  incorrect  if,  as  it  seems,  he  fancies 
it  to  receive  no  tributaries. 

Mount  Eryx  in  the  west  of  Sicily  is  imagined27  as  cast  into  the  Aegean  sea. 
With  so  purposeless  a  bit  of  extravagant  or  careless  imagination  we  could  well 
dispense. 

Alexander  the  Great  is  made28  to  turn  back  from  the  Ganges,  whereas  the  au- 
thorities shew  that  he  never  got  beyond  the  Satlej. 

The  city  Phocaea,  the  mother-state  of  Massalia,  is  confounded29  with  the  district 
of  Phocis  in  Greece  proper. 

81  See  Merivale  cc  52,  55,  and  for  antiquarian  28  II  418—20. 

tastes  c  43.  a7  11  665 — 6.     I  believe  he  is  simply  misled  by 

22  Most    of    the    long   catalogue-passages,    in  having  Aen  xn  701  quanttts  A  thos  aut  quantns 
which  Lucan  delights,  teem  with  inaccuracies.  Eryx  in  his  head,  for  Athos  would  be  natural 

23  See  Merivale,  note  at  end  of  c  26.     Lucan  1         enough  here:  only  he  wants  it  for  677  below. 
680,  vi  315,  582,  820,  vii  591—2,  794,  799,  853—4.  2S  "I  233—4,  x  33. 

24  I  555-  29  in  301,  340,  561,  583,  697,  728,  v  53,  144. 


AND  HISTORY  liii 

There  seems  to  be  a  similar  confusion30  of  the  mountains  named  Ida,  in  Phrygia 
and  in  Crete  respectively. 

The  wild  confusion  of  the  geography  in  the  narrative31  of  Cato's  African  expe- 
dition is  too  long  a  matter  to  enter  on  here.  Mammon's  temple  is  hopelessly  mis- 
placed.    Cato  lands  in  the  wrong  place  and  all  northern  Africa  is  disarranged. 

The  Ilister  is  made3-'  to  discharge  into  the  Palus  Maeotis.  Such  is  at  least  the 
natural  inference. 

Cicero  makes33  a  speech  at  Pharsalia  urging  Pompey  to  give  battle ;  but  Cicero 
was  not  there. 

Indians  and  Aethiopians  are  con  fu  set  I'14  and  even  the  Seres  are  placed  on  the 
upper  Nile. 

These  blunders  and  many  others  arc  quite  natural  in  a  prolific  writer  about 
20  years  of  age;  many  of  them  are  made  by  other  writers;  some  are  taken  from 
Vergil.  On  the  whole,  while  we  conclude  that  Lucan's  learning  was  inaccurate  and 
his  expressions  careless  we  may  well  wonder  that  these  deficiencies  were  not  far 
greater  than  we  find  them  to  lie. 

It  is  a  piece  of  astounding  audacity  or  carelessness,  when  he  attributes35  to  a 
Massaliote  the  exploit  which  Suetonius  Iul  68,  Plut  Caes  16,  Val  Max  m  2  §  22, 
all  attribute  to  Acilius  a  soldier  of  Caesar.  Surely  he  cannot  be  right ;  but  the 
unwillingness  to  name  an  Acilius  [his  mother's  original  family]  on  Caesar's  side 
may  possibly  account  for  the  perversion. 

To  enter  into  a  detailed  examination  of  Lucan's  perversions 
of  history  is  quite  unnecessary.  I  have  said  enough  to  shew  that 
he  does  so  pervert  it,  and  the  fact  is  well  known  and  quite 
beyond  dispute. 


E.  WHO  IS  THE  HERO  OF  THE  PHARSALIA? 

(37)  Let  us  first  examine  carefully  the  character  of  Caesar 
is  depicted  by  Lucan,  and  observe  what  opinion  of  this  character 
Lucan  himself  holds  or  thinks  fit  to  profess. 

Caesar  is  introduced  as  the  eager  rival  of  Pompey.     He  is  the  soul  of  1  123-5, 
nterprising  ambition.      He    scorns    defeat,    laughs   at   obstacles,    and   is   a  I43~s°- 
tranger  to  fears  scruples  and  repose.     Yet  he  is  a  true  son  of  Rome,   and  1  183-204. 
BStifies  his  armed    presence   within    her   borders   by  declaring  himself  her 
hampion.     He  clearly  sees  that   the  time  for  words  is  now  gone  by,  and  1223-30. 

80  iv  322.  in  349  foil  and  Ovid  trist  ill  10). 

*i  ix  passim,  iv  673,  with  Merivale's  notes  ^  vn  62 — 85. 

19-  :!1  ix  517—8,  x  291—3. 

B  v  436 — 41  (a  mixture,  I  fancy,  of  VergG  M  in  609  foil. 

H.  L.  e 


liv  WHO   IS    THE   HERO? 

i  262  foil        that  henceforth  the  sword   must  decide.     Onward  he  presses  with  relentless 

1  296  foil.        speed.     Fortune  favours  liis  cause  and  plays  his  game  for  him.     In  a  vigorous 

speech  he  explains  to  his  army  that  both  he  and  they  are  compelled  to  fight, 

that  they  have  a  good    prospect  of  victory,  and    that    they  will    be   fighting 

I  352  foil.        for  the  best  interests  of  Rome.     The  wavering  scruples  of  the  men  are  over- 

come by  a  centurion,  who  declares  his  intention  of  following  Caesar  wherever 

he  may  go.     All  is  enthusiasm,  and  the  general  calls  in  the  detachments  of 

r  466  foil,  11    his  great  army  for  the  civil  war.    Panic  goes  before  him,  the  swift  and  dreaded 

II  439-46,  conqueror  of  the  North.  lie  thirsts  for  war  and  loves  to  force  his  way  in  the 
4?2_v" '  '"  teeth  of  opposition :  he  will  be  stopped  by  nothing,  but  he  will  not  lose  a 
11650-60.        chance  of  shewing  his  magnanimity  by  mercy.     In  vain  does  Pompey  retreat 

from  Rome  to  Capua  and  from  Capua  to  Brundisium :  Caesar  follows  at  his 
heels  with  the  pitiless  speed  of  a  destined  conqueror,  nil  actum  credens  cum 

in  46-73.  qui,/  supcresset  agendum.  When  Pompey  gives  him  the  slip  and  puts  to  sea, 
he  marches  back  to  Rome,  first  providing  with  masterly  forethought  for  filling 

in  80  foil.  the  bellies  of  the  sovereign  people.  The  Italians  receive  him  in  fearful  silence, 
but  little  he  recks  of  that :  he  can  trust  them  to  fear  him,  he  cannot  trust 
them   to   love   him.     It    is  the  same  at  Rome,    his  own    Rome,    so  weakly 

in  112  foil,     abandoned  by  his  rival.     He  is  bent  on  his  main  objects,  and  will  brook  no 

in  296-9,  opposition  from  silly  dreamers.  While  Pompey  in  Epirus  is  slowly  assembling 
iv  351—3. 

a  world  in  arms  to  fall  before  the  luck  of  Caesar,  Caesar  is  off  to  Spain  in 

in  358-60.      order  to   secure  his   rear  by  completing   the   conquest   of  the    West.      His 

promptness  has  left  him  time  for  doing  his  work  thoroughly,  and  Massiliam 

in  426-49.      delere  vacat.     No  religious  scruples  or  fears  are  allowed  to  cause  delay :  the 

m  453-5-        gods  may   shift   for  themselves,   but  Caesar   must  be  obeyed.     Leaving  the 

iv  1-401.        siege  to  a  lieutenant,  he  continues  his  march.     The  short  campaign  of  Ilerda 

shews  his  versatility  patience  and  cool  judgment  in  a  most  striking  manner. 

Superior  alike  to  the  weather  and  the  effect  of  his  own  mistakes,  to  natural 

obstacles  and  the  temptations  of  revenge,  he  plays  the  game,  always  as  the 

assailant,  up  to  the  inevitable  checkmate.      It   matters   little  to  him  that  a 

iv  492-514,     few  men  perish  in  a  small  naval  affair  in  the  Adriatic  :   and  their  death  by 

571-4.  i  I 

their  own  swords,  refusing  quarter,  adds  a  moral  strength  to  his  army  by  the 

example  of  their  devotion.  What  though  Curio  be  cut  off  with  his  army  in 
iv  695-9.        Africa  ?    Caesar's  wisdom  had  given  him  troops  representative  of  Pompey's 

army  rather  than  his  own,  and  thus  suffers  little  material  and  no  moral  loss, 
v  237  foil.  On  his  march  back  from  Spain  he  is  brought  into  the  uttermost  danger  by 
v  301-18.        a  mutiny  of  his  own  troops,  who  are  weary  of  the  war.     His  nerve  never  fails 

him,  he  boldly  faces  the  men,  meruitque  tinicri  nan  metuens.     He  completely 

overawes   them,  and   the  affair   ends  by  leaving  him  stronger  than  before. 

v  381  foil,       Halting  at  Rome,  he  causes  himself  to  be  made  consul  for  the  following  year, 

4~  '    „        and  thus  becomes  the  official  representative  of  Rome  on  the  battle-field.     He 
V  403  foil.        .  * 

is  at  once  off  to  Brundisium,  and  in  spite  of  the  time  of  year  and  an  un- 
v  461-671.  timely  calm  lands  his  men  safely  on  the  Illyrian  shore.  The  great  champions 
are  now  face  to  face,  but  Caesar  must  lie  quiet  till  Antony  follows  him 
with  the  rest  of  the  army.  His  impatience  leads  him  to  venture  on  the 
wintry  sea  in  a  fisherman's  boat.  With  incredible  hardihood  he  dares  a  J 
terrible  storm,  cool  as  ever,  though  the  fruit  of  all  his  toils  and  perils  is  it 
v  672-724.      jeopardy.     He  is  driven  back  to  shore,  and  upbraided  by  his  devoted  troop; 


CAESAR  lv 

for  his  foolhardiness.     Soon  the  tardy  Antony  joins  him,  and  the  campaign  of 

Pharsalia  begins.    Too  much  in  earnest  to  waste  time  on  taking  the  towns  of  vi  3  foil. 

Epirus  one  by  one,  and  unable  to  bring  Pompey  to  battle,  he  makes  a  dash 

at  Dyrrachium.     Foiled  in  the  attempt — for  Pompey  has  the  command  of  the  vi  29  foil. 

sea — he  boldly  sets  to  work   to  hem  in  an   army  more   numerous  than    his 

own  with  a  series  of  strongly  fortified  lines.     Both  sides  suffer,  but  Caesar's  vi  64  foil. 

army  though  starving  with  hunger,   saturum  iamen  obsidct  hostem.     Pompey  vi  118-262. 

tries  to  break  out,  but  the  Centurion  Scaeva  holds  him  at  bay  till  the  master 

to  whom  he  is  faithful  unto  death  comes  up  in  time  to  drive  back  the  foe 

and  do  honour  to  his   corpse.      When    Pompey  at  last  breaks  out,  Caesar  vi  263-315. 

attacks   him,   is  repulsed,  and   withdraws  his  forces  into  Thessaly.      Pompey 

follows,  and  they  face  each  other  on  the  Pharsalian  plain.     Caesar's  men  are  vn  180-4, 

eager  for  fight,  and  so  is  their  leader,   and  they  welcome  battle.     Caesar's  Vn  250  foil. 

speech  is  unscrupulous  stirring  and  confident,  full  of  trust  in  his  men  and  his 

destiny.     Both  he  and  they  mean  victory ;  war  is  not  play,  and  they  are  in  vn  329  foil, 

earnest.     No  wonder  that  fortune  is  with  them  in  the  fray,  though  she  wavers  v°is44 

for  a  while.     Caesar  is  in  the  thick  of  the  fight,  cheering  on  his  men  to  the  647- 

slaughter  and  guiding  them   to  the   shedding   of  noble  Roman  blood.     He  vn  605  foil. 

jeers  at  the  dying  Domitius,  whom  once  he  spared.     His  way  is  through  his  vn  722. 

country's  vitals,  says  Lucan.    He  pushes  on,  gives  quarter  to  the  flying  enemy,  vn  728  foil. 

and  takes  their  camp.     The  ghosts  of  the  slain  torment  him  in  dreams,  but  vn  776  foil. 

in   the  morning  he  visits  the  ghastly  battle-field  with  unabated  zest.     The  vni  10  foil. 

flying  Pompey  credits  him  with  his  own  contemplated  barbarity  ;  Cornelia,  vm  640-1, 

looking  on   her  husband's    murder,   lays  it  to  Caesar's   charge,   and  declares 

that  he  has  forestalled  them  on  the  shores  of  Nile.     Among  the  scattered  1x30-1,47-8. 

remnant  of  the  Pompeians  the  same  opinion  of  his  speed  prevails  ;  praeceps 

\facit  omne  timendum  victor,  et  in  nulla  nan  creditur  esse  carina.     It  is  felt  1x244-7. 

Ithat  his  fortune  now  dominates  the  world.     Even  the  snakes  of  the  desert  ix  850-1. 

jwith  their  venom  do  him  service.     And  indeed  he  is  pressing  on  in  pursuit  of  ix  950  foil. 

IPompey,  and  only  stops  at  Troy  to  sacrifice  to  the  gods  of  Rome's  mother  ix  987  foil, 

I  city,  the  sacred  cradle  of  the  Julian  line.     At  Alexandria  the  head  of  Pompey  1Xi0iono8. 

lis  presented  to  him  :    he  affects  grief  and   indignation,   and  orders  his  fallen 

^rival  an  honourable  burial.     His  entrance  into  the  city  is  beset  with  dangers,  x  1-19,  see 

\  rat  now  as  ever  dissembling  his  fears  he  goes  where  he  will,  and  visits  the  ^..^  Att 

Tomb  of  Alexander  the  Great.     He  falls  under  the  baneful  influence  of  Cleo-  XI"  2r8,. 

x  53  foil, 

batra,  but  he  wisely  keeps  Ptolemy  as  a  hostage.     His  greed  is  inflamed  by  46i-4. 
]he  display  of  the   royal  wealth  of  Egypt.     The  priest  Achoreus  finds  the  *  J^bO. 
juture  reformer  of  the  Roman  Calendar  an  intelligent  enquirer,  and  a  patient 
jistener  to  his  lengthy  discourse  on  the  Nile.     Soon  he  is  besieged  in  the  x  439  foil. 

)alace  and  in  the  uttermost  peril.     But  he  is  the  same  Caesar  as  of  old  ;  when  x  488  foil. 
|>esieged  he  is  still   the  assailant,  and   surprises  the  Pharos,  semper  feliciter 

'sus  praccipiti  cursu  bellorum  et  tempore  rapto.     The  poem  ends  leaving  him 
la  the  direst  straits,  and  almost  wishing  for  death. 

Take  him  on  Lucan's  own  shewing,  this  is  a  man  indeed. 
3ool-headed,  clear-sighted,  viewing  things  as  they  are  and  suiting 
leans  to  ends  :  a  man  of  definite  purposes  and  swift  execution  : 
ne  whose  energy  no  labours  can  exhaust,  whose  tenacity  no  mis- 

e  2 


lvi  WHO   IS   THE   HERO? 

fortune  can  relax,  whose  intrepidity  no  danger  can  appal.  This 
man  sees  to  what  the  Roman  Commonwealth  is  tending,  he  aims 
at  what  is  possible,  and  will  thus  be  able  to  guide  its  destinies. 
Useful  forms  he  adopts,  useless  ones  he  discards.  No  frenzied 
priestess,  no  witch,  no  watcher  of  birds  or  scrutinizer  of  sheep's 
livers  influence  his  judgment ;  while  he  calls  to  Rome  and  the 
great  Roman  gods  for  approval,  his  real  trust  is  in  stout  hands 
and  loyal  hearts  and  .the  ascendency  of  the  Julian  star.  He 
believes  in  himself  and  others  believe  in  him.  His  strategy  is 
no  mere  soldier's  technical  skill ;  it  is  an  exercise  of  practical 
psychology,  and  movements  directed  to  the  production  of  par- 
ticular moral  effects  produce  those  effects  with  the  certainty  of 
fate.  Lucan,  blinded  by  his  own  prepossessions,  sees  this  but 
darkly,  and  hence  is  ever  harping  on  the  luck  of  Caesar.  Caesar 
is  ready  to  use  victory  with  mercy  and  generosity ;  but  that  he 
may  be  generous  and  merciful  the  victory  must  first  be  won.  It 
is  idle  to  call  him1  a  traitor  or  a  fiend;  he  is  at  least  as  much 
of  a  Roman  as  any  of  his  contemporaries,  and  he  is  not  so 
foolish  as  to  fancy  that  men  can  fight  without  shedding  of  blood. 
His  is  the  one  sane  and  steady  mind  among  a  generation  of 
dreamers  blinded   by  uncertainty   and   prejudice.     He   is    even 

as  the  Homeric2  seer,  tov  tc  cfyperes  <Lp.ire$OL  flcnv'  ra  /cat  Tt6v7]WTi 
voov  Trope  Ilepo-ec^oVeia,  ota>  imrvvo-Qai-   to)  Se  o-Kial  dicraovo-iv. 

(38)  Let  us  now  look  at  the  character  of  Pompey,  who  is 
at  all  events  one  of  the  leading  figures  on  the  stage  of  the 
Pharsalia.  What  sort  of  a  man  does  he  appear  as  we  follow  him 
through  the  poem  ? 

1 120  foil.  We  first  hear  of  him  as  the  jealous  rival  of  Caesar.     The  difference  in 

"  age   between  them  is  made  the  most   of  as   a  sort  of  excuse  for  Pompey. 

His  weak  indolence  and  love  of  popularity  are  noted  :  he  is  the  shadow 
i  311  foil.       of  a  great  name.     His  rival  scoffs  at  his  staleness  ambition  and  vanity  :  he 

is  ever  seeking  to  put  himself  above  the  laws:  he  has  learnt  civil  warfare  in 

I  521-2.  the  school  of  Sulla.  His  flight  from  the  capital  serves  to  excuse  the  general 
11246,283-4,  panic.  Brutus  speaks  of  him  as  politically  no  better  than  Caesar;  and  Catc 
ix  21,  263-4.  aclm'l;s   tnat   he    1S   equally    dangerous    to    the    Republic.      He  continues  his 

II  392  foil.  hasty  retreat  and  halts  at  Capua.  The  loan  of  a  lesjion  to  Caesar  and  tht 
11  473  foil.  '  '  & 

restoration  of  it  are  referred  to  in  language  highly  coloured  in  Pompey's  favour 

11  526-95.        He  makes  a  long  speech  to  his  men  by  way  of  trying  their  mettle:  it  is  fill 
The  same  is 
true  of  VII 

7       J>  J4  1   Lucan's    malignity    towards    Caesar    is        169 — 71. 

well  shewn  in  v  476 — 7,  VII  674 — 5,  784 — 824,  -  Odyssey  x  493—5. 

Vlll  700,  765,  ix  1037 — 63,  1104 — 8,  x  149 — 50, 


, 


POMPEY  lvii 

of  boastful  assurance,   but  there  is  a  lurking  sense  of  uneasiness   about  it  ; 
he  protests  far  too  much.      The  wished-for  enthusiasm  is  not  forthcoming,  n  596  foil. 
He  now  retires  to  Brundisium,  and  sends  off  his  son  Cnaeus  to  gather  the 
forces  of  the  East.     He  foils  the  attacks  of  Caesar,  and  puts  to  sea.     Sue-  n  725  foil, 
cessful  in  flight,  abandoned  by   Fortune,  he  is  passing  away  from  Italy  a 
mighty  exile  fondly  looking  back  upon  the  land  he  is  to  see  no  more.     In  a  m  8  foil, 
dream  of  evil  import  his  lost  Julia  appears  to   him,  and  he  shakes  off  the 
presage  of  ill  as  best  he  may.     We  feel  with  Caesar  that  the  conqueror  of  111  95-7, 
the  East  has  lost  his  nerve.     To  emphasize  the  greatness  of  his  coming  fall,  m^tig  foil. 
a  long  catalogue  of  his  forces  is  given :  these  are  being  gathered  together  in 
Epirus  while   the  series  of  events   crowned  by  the   surrender   at    Ilerda  is 
wrecking  the  cause  of  the  senate  in  the  West.     Minor  affairs  have  gone  well 
for  them  ;    but   when  the   great   rivals  meet  on   the   eastern   shores   of  the 
Adriatic  the  advantage  in  the  great  operations  is  decidedly  with  Caesar.     In 
the  fifth  book  the  curtain  rises  on  the  Pompeian  camp.     Pompey  is  plainly 
hampered  by  the  vain  nobles,  who  make  him  their  Commander-in-chief  in 
due  form,   and  to  whose  foolish  interference  he  is  weak  enough  to  submit. 
On  his  shoulders  is  laid  the  burden  of  their  destinies.      The  hour  of  fate  now  v  48-9. 
draws  near,  and  he  sends  away  his  wife  Cornelia  to  Lesbos  for  safety  :   but  v  722 
he  does  it  in  an  irresolute  tearful  way,  quite  unworthy  of  the  situation.     We 
feel  that  he   should  have  done  it  before.     He  foils  Caesar's  attempt  upon  vi  15. 
Dyrrachium,  and  in  the  following  operations  gains  an  advantage,  but  neglects  Il8~3°5- 
to  push  it.     On  preparing  to  follow  Caesar  into  Thessaly,  he  is  urged  by  his  vi  316-29. 
company  to  strike  at  Italy  and  Rome.     He  refuses,  deprecating  the  horrors 
of  a  forcible  return.      On  the  eve  of  the  great  battle  he  is  troubled  by  another  vn  7  foil. 
dream  in  which  he  is  carried  back  to  the  great  triumph  of  his  early  career. 
Day  dawns    on   the    Pompeian  camp.      All   is  impatience  and  clamour  for  vn  45-84. 
battle:   the  delay   of  their   commander   is  set    down  to  unworthy  motives: 
Cicero  conveys  the  general  sentiments  to  Pompey  in  an  oration.     Clearly  the 
truth  is  that  Pompey  does  not  inspire  confidence  or  awe  :  he  has  not  got  his 
men  in  hand.     And  thus,  though  he  well  knows  that  delay  is  in  his  favour,  vn  85-127. 
he  gives  the  signal  for  battle  against  his  own  better  judgment.      Aptly  is  he 
likened  to  the  desperate  skipper  who  lets  his  ship  drive  before  a  storm.     The  vn  337  foil, 
armies  are  falling  into  line.     Pompey  is  stricken  with  boding  fears.     He  de- 
livers another  speech,  the  ring  of  which  is  not  that  of  true  confidence,   for 
all  its  boasting.     The  fight  goes  on.     He  sees  his  army  giving  ground,  and  vn  647  foil, 
placidly  gives  up  all  for  lost.      He  is  amiably  desirous  to  avoid  unnecessary 
bloodshed :  he  prays  the  gods  to  stay  the  carnage ;  he  begs  his  men  to  cease 
fighting ;    he   takes   to  flight   himself,    partly  for   their  sake,    partly   through 
anxiety  about  his  wife.     He  is  not  broken  in  spirit :  he  bows  to  fate,  and  vn  712  foil. 
eased  of  the  burden  of  a   great  destiny  retires  from  the  scene.      His  first 
thought  is  to  save  those  who  supported  him  from  being  involved  in  his  ruin. 
How   dear  he  was  to  many  he  never  knew   till  now.     Put  when  we  come  vm  1-27. 
upon  him  later  in  course   of   flight   he   makes  a   less  dignified  appearance.  change"  is  ab- 
Trembling  at  the  rustling  leaf,  he  measures  the  greatness  of  his  danger  from  surd- 
emissaries  of  Caesar  by  what  his  conscience  tells  him  would  have  been  his 
5wn  action  towards  a  fallen  rival.     He  is  filled  with  the  dejection  of  futile 
•etrospect.      Landing  in   Lesbos,  he  finds  Cornelia  in  a  swoon  ;    when  she  vm  50  foil. 


lviii  117/0    AS    THE    /ZERO? 

comes  to  herself,  he  treats  her  to  a  short  oration,  upbraiding  her  in  what  we 

should  consider  an  unmanly  tone.      She  replies  in  a  much  higher  strain,  and 

vin  109  foil,    pompey  weeps.     The  Lesbians  declare  their  loyalty    to  him,  and  he  takes 

vim  159  foil,    leave  of  them   with   a   blessing.      He  knows  not  where   to   turn,   and   leaves 

vin  203.         his  destination  to  chance.     His  comrades  begin  to  rejoin  him,  and  his  first 

thought  is  to  restore  his  cause  by  launching  the  hordes  of  Parthia  upon  Rome, 

using  the  claim  of  old  services  to  stir  up  the  Parthian  king.     This  is  Pompey 

vin  256-317.  the  patriot,  the  hope  of  Rome.     In  a  Cilician  port  he  harangues  his  company, 

declaring  that  all  is  not  lost,  for  they  have  vast  resources  left ;    urges  them 

to  seek  refuge  and  succour  in  the   East  with  the  Parthians ;  he  had  rather 

not  take  this  step  ;  but  if  this  fails  they  must  seek  some  far-off  asylum  beyond 

the  bounds  of  the  civilized  world.     Anyhow  it  is  in  the  East  that  his  name 

vm  327-455-   will  be  most  powerful.     This  pitiful  oration  finds  no  favour,  and  he  is  at  once 

rebuked  by  Lentulus  in  a  speech  too  long  by  half  but  good  in  spirit.     He 

advises  a  retreat  to  Egypt,  and  to  Egypt  they  go.     Then  comes  the  treachery 

vm  568-95.     of  the  Egyptian  court.     Pompey  has  no  plan  :  he  is  warned  by  his  friends, 

See  340  foil.    kut  jlc  must  Jq  something  ;  so  he  enters  the  boat,  and  his  friends  are  chiefly 

afraid  not  of  violence  from  the  Egyptians  but  of  a  disgraceful  submission  on 

vm  612-37.     tne  Part:  of  Pompey.      But  he  perdiderat  iaiu  ittra  sui,  and  when  struck  he 

bows  meekly  to  his  fate  uttering  to  himself  a  hortatory  speech,  flabby  and  vain 

to  the  last. 

Such  is  the  character,  drawn  by  Lucan  himself,  of  the  man 
on  whom  he  lavishes3  his  warmest  admiration  and  praise.  The 
picture  has  at  least  one  merit ;  it  explains  Pompey's  fall,  for  it 
is  far  more  true  to  the  original  than  Lucan's  comments  would 
lead  us  to  expect, — one  may  almost  say,  than  Lucan  meant  it  to 
be. 

Its  main  defects  are  jealousy  vanity  and  slowness.  Pompey 
is  too  jealous  to  be  cool-headed,  too  vain4  to  be  clear-headed, 
too  slow  to  seize  opportunities.  He  cannot  bear  a  rival,  he 
cannot  recognize  a  superior,  he  cannot  justify  action  by  vigour 
or  ambition  by  daring.  His  shallow  nature  cannot  work  up  to  a 
firm  decision  based  on  a  clear  cool  judgment  of  present  facts,  and 
then  carry  out  that  decision  at  all  costs  with  the  energy  of  con- 
viction. He  is  never  really  convinced  himself,  and  he  may  be 
said  to  aim  at  persuading  others  rather  than  convincing  them. 
His  patriotism  is  at  the  bottom  but  vanity  and  selfishness.  Such 
a  man  was  perhaps  fitted  to  be  the  leader  of  an  effete  aristocracy: 
his  technical  skill  sufficed  for  ordinary  warfare.  But  civil  war 
demands  a  moral  force  that  is  born  in  a  man,  and  is  not  to  be 

3  See   the   remaining  notices  vm  663 — 7,  outburst  in  vii  703 — 11. 

684 — 6,701 — 8,793 — 822,834 — 72,1x190 — 210.  *   vii   354 — 5,   ?ion   iratorum  popidis   ur- 

The  contrast  of  Caesar's  generosity  is  very  biqiie  dcorum  est  Pompeium  seivare  duccm, 

marked  in   ix   1064 — 108.      Read  the  grand  is  a  good  instance  of  his  vanity. 


CATO  lix 

learnt  even  by  the  pupil  of  a  Sulla.  The  man  who  could  against 
his  own  judgment  put  all  to  the  hazard  at  Pharsalia  was  no  fit 
match  for  Caesar  and  no  fit  champion  for  Rome. 

(39)  It  is  for  many  reasons  necessary  to  examine  in  detail 
the  character  of  Cato  as  drawn  for  us  by  Lucan  :  but  I  need  say 
no  more  of  reasons  than  to  point  out  that  Cato  is  at  once  the 
hero  of  the  Roman  Stoics  and  the  champion  of  the  Senate. 

We  first  hear  of  him  as  a  philosophic  court  of  appeal,  whose  approval  '  128,  see  11 

276. 

justifies  the  lost  cause.     Caesar  regards  him  as  an  unpractical  person,  of  no  1  3i'3. 
account  in  the  struggle.     Brutus  invades  his  modest  home  to  seek  counsel  and  11  238  foil, 
comfort.     Cato  is  full  of  anxiety  for  the  state  but  careless  of  his  own  destiny. 
He  removes  the  doubts  and  scruples  of  Brutus,  declaring  that  it  is  not  his  11  284  foil, 
duty  or  intention  to  stand  aloof  from  the  civil  war :  lie  has  chosen  his  side 
for  good  reasons,  and  will  abide  the  issue  whatever  it  may  be.     Then  follows  n  326  foil. 
a  strange  scene.     His  former  wife  Mania,  now  a  widow  through  the  death 
of  Hortensius  to  whom  Cato  had  transferred  her,  rushes  in  and  seeks  to  be 
reunited  to  her   former  husband  and  bear  a  share   of  his  toils  and  dangers. 
The  marriage   is  conducted   with   the    least  possible  ceremony, — the   absent- 
minded  sternness  of  Cato  is  particularly  noted, — and  is  not  reconsummated. 
This  introduces  the  famous  character  of  Cato,  so  often  quoted  :  his  observ-  "  380-91. 
ance  of  the  mean,  his  adherence  to  nature's  law,  his  devotion  to  his  country 
and  to  all  [Ro]mankind,  his  abstinence  simplicity  and  self-control,  his  perfect 
uprightness  and  public-spirited  virtue.     Here  he  is  darns,  an  epithet  repeated  see   VI    3"t 
elsewhere;    other    descriptions   call    him    sanctus,    non   serviturtts,    invictus,  50,445,562. 
securup,  deo  plants,  and  so  forth,  according  to  the  point  of  view  from  which 
each  passage  is  written.     After  this  he  disappears  from  the  action  of  the  poem 
till  the  ninth  book.     Pompey  is  dead,  and  Cato  is  now  the  hope  and  champion  IX  l8-35» 
of  the  senatorial  cause.     Pompey's  mantle  falls  on  him,  but  he  is  the  same 
Cato :  he  is  no  more  blinded  now  than  he  was  at  first  to  the  guilty  ambition  "  319-23. IX 
of  Pompey.  his  country's  cause  is  his  own,  he  gathers  the  scattered  forces  and  190-214. 
prepares  to  renew  the  war.     With  calm  dignity  he  checks  his  comrades  and  ix  166, 
nerves  them  to  a  struggle  of  duty  without  hope  and  without  wavering.     In 
their  westward   course   opposition  does  not  rouse  him   to   anger  or  victory  ix  298-9. 
suggest  revenge.     The  Libyan  desert  appals  him  not :  he  plainly  tells  his  men  ix  371-410. 
what  hardships  they  must   look  to  encounter  :  but  the  way  is  ad  leges  patri- 
aeque  mentis  amorem  ;  perils  are  of  no  account  to  men  quibus  ire  sat  est,  and 
besides  gaudet  patieiitia  duris.     His  example  sustains  them  in  that  terrible  1x498-510. 
march :  he  will  not  drink   while  others  thirst.     When  they  reach  the  famous  ix  543-86. 
temple  of  Hammon,  he  is  urged  to  consult  the  oracle:  to  him  surely  the  god 
will  unfold   the  secrets  of  Roman  destiny,   or  declare  what  virtue  and  duty 
enjoin.     The  inspired  hero  answers  like  a  Stoic  oracle:  he  has  no  doubts 
about  duty  or  virtue,  no  need  of  oracles  while  the  great  God  is  all  around 
him,  no  fears  of  danger  or  of  death.     The  hero-general  leads  his  army  on,  his  ix  587-618. 
sublime  fortitude  and  self-denial  nerving  the  men  to  cheerful  endurance:  he 
is  himself  incarnate  virtue ;  it  is  a  CaJ.o  whom  Rome  would  deify  were  she 


lx  117/0    IS    77/ A'    HERO! 

ix  734  foil,      |ml  frcc._     '['rue  to  his  principles,  ho  is  unmoved  by  the  horrid  deaths  that 

747     76l~ 2 

847-89.  make  the  march  hideous,  sadly  and  sternly  he  gives  his  orders  and  pushes  on: 

he  hears  the  worst  of  every  peril:  in  his  presence  the  voice  of  complaint  is 
hushed,  and  the  tortured  victims  die  in  peace.  With  the  end  of  this  march 
we  again  lose  sight  of  Cato.  If  there  is  one  part  of  Lucan's  design  the  non- 
completion  of  which  we  may  justly  regret,  surely  it  is  the  famous  death  scene 
at  Utica,  which  the  Stoic  poet  doubtless  intended  to  pourtray. 

Such  is  Lucan's  Cato.  Those  who  are  familiar  with  the 
contemporary  references  of  Cicero  and  the  speech  recorded  by 
Sallust"  will  see  that  it  is  in  its  main  outlines  a  truthful  picture. 
It  is  true  that  we  miss  the  cross-grained  perversity  that  moved 
the  mockery  and  complaints  of  Cicero.  So  far  the  picture  seems 
onesided.  But  it  is  to  be  remembered  that  it  was  precisely  in  a 
great  crisis  like  that  of  the  civil  war  that  Cato  would  appear  to 
the  best  advantage.  Of  course  the  portrait  is  coloured  by  a  loving 
hand  :  but  it  is  none  the  worse  for  that. 

Cato  was  too  much  at  variance  with  the  corrupt  politicians 
of  his  age,  too  deficient  in  pliability,  too  little  able  to  employ 
the  best  of  possible  means  for  the  attainment  of  the  best  attain- 
able ends,  too  much  in  fact  of  the  hard  narrow-minded  masterful 
Roman  Stoic,  to  be  a  successful  or  practical  man  in  times  of 
comparative  peace.  But  the  Cato  of  Lucan — even  if  we  grant 
that  he  is  more  of  a  concrete  ideal  than  a  human  character — is 
essentially  great,  and,  \i  we  judge  him  by  his  own  standard,  es- 
sentially successful.  If  as  a  man  he  has  not  the  true-balanced 
mind  and  masterly  harmony  of  Caesar,  by  the  side  of  poor  wordy 
vacillating  Pompey  he  is  simply  colossal.  It  is  his  '  vain  faith 
and  courage  vain'  that  alone  lights  up  the  dark  hour  of  the  falling 
Commonwealth.  Such  men  are  ever  misunderstood  in  their  life- 
time ;  and  we  may  well  believe  that  Cato  expected  nothing  else, 
and  that  to  him  the  loving  admiration  of  posterity  would  have 
seemed  a  fitting  and  sufficient  reward.  Manilius6  sets  his  soul, 
with  the  rest  of  the  good  and  great,  among  the  stars  of  heaven  : 
there  \\c,fortu/iae  victor,  might  live  a  congenial  life  in  his  aetherial 
home  in  calm  enjoyment  of  the  Universe. 

(40)  I  proceed  to  examine  the  part  played  by  the  Senate 
in  the  Pharsalia.  The  Senate  as  a  powerful  governing  body  was 
of  course  a  thing  of  the  past :  it  could  only  be  known  to  Lucan 
as  such  from  books  or  from  the  prejudiced  and  inaccurate  de- 

*  Sail  Cat  52.  6  Manil  i  793  and  the  lines  quoted  §  34 e. 


THE  SENATE  lxi 

clamation  of  political  dreamers.  Among  such  people  he  was  no 
doubt  thrown,  and  often  heard  them  contrasting  a  dignified  and 
beneficent  council,  such  as  their  fancy  painted  it,  with  that  de- 
generate and  servile  gang,  the  Senate  of  their  own  times.  Thus 
was  Lucan  misinformed,  and  he  doubtless  regarded  the  Senate 
of  the  latter  days  of  the  Republic  as  possessed  of  virtues  and 
capacities  which  it  certainly  had  not.  Before  however  we  can 
accept  the  view7  that  the  Senate  is  the  hero  of  the  poem — a  very 
strong  statement — ,  it  is  necessary  to  inquire  in  detail  how  it  is 
represented  by  Lucan. 

We  first  hear  of  the  Senate  as  trampling  on  the  trihunician  rights,  and  as  i  266-76. 
having  been  foiled  in  its  attack  on  Caesar  by  the  influence  of  the  demagogue 
Curio  over  the  mob.     The  centurion  Laelius  speaks  of  the  dominion  of  the  1  365. 
Senate  with  contempt.     Terrified  at  Caesar's  approach,  the  Fathers  quit  their  1  487-9. 
post   in  a   most   indecent  stampede.     The   frenzied  matron  foresees  Caesar's  fh^n'i'ie" 
murder,  impiaque  in  medio  pcraguntur  bella  soiatu.     So  much  for  the  first  1  691. 
book.     In  the  second  book  we  find  one  or  two  stray  references  in  which  the  u  277,  520. 
importance  of  the  Senate  is  marked.     Also  it  is  directly  recognized  as  the  "  W^l' 
power  rightfully  competent  to  declare  war  in  the  name  of  the  state,  and  the 
supposition  that  Caesar  may  possibly  conquer  in  the  struggle  is  rejected  as 
absurd.     After  the  flight  of  Pompey  there  are  two  Senates.     The  third  book  m  103-n. 
presents  to  us  the  section  still  remaining  at  Rome.     The  Fathers,  drawn  forth  Luimfe 
from  their  hiding  places,  meet   without   due    formalities,  and    are   merely  a  senatus,  but 
trembling  and  abject  conclave  ready  to  register  the  decrees  of  Caesar,  be  these  Patrum. 
what  they  may.     The  fourth  book  supplies  two  or  three  casual  references  in  See  v  7>  22- 

L.'    u  IV  2I3>  792> 

which   the  cause  of  the  senate  is  marked  as  the  right  one,  and  so  on.     In  801. 

the  fifth  book  the  curtain  rises  on  the  true  Senate  in  Epirus,  the  venerabilis  v  8~65' 

onio,  summoned  by  the  consuls  :  with  these  Fathers,  whether  in  Rome  or  in 

foreign  lands,  the  true  imperial  power  of  Rome  must  rest.     They  confer  the 

command-in-chief  on  Pompey  and  transact  other  business.     The  assignment  of  v  56-7 

governments  to  barbarian  kings  is  spoken  of  in  a  tone  that  seems  to  me  some-  se'uahf and 

what  sarcastic  and  indignant.     There  are  besides  two  other  references  to  the  f°"-    See  IV 

Senate.     In  the  sixth  book  I  find  none  at  all.     In  the  seventh  Cicero  expresses  v  270,  496. 

his  full  confidence  in  the  Senate's  cause  as  the  cause  of  Heaven.     There  are  Xj!  ?6  7-  B0 

vii  371,  500, 

a  few  casual  references  of  the  usual  kind.     Caesar  marks  out  the  Senators  as  782. 
the  life-blood  of  the  empire,  and  they  fall  thick  in  the  battle,   fighting  for  5 7 8-8 13,' 697. 
their  own  cause,   for  the   aristocratic  Republic  of  Rome.     The  eighth  book  vm  79,  205, 
shews  us  the  scattered  survivors  following  Pompey  in  his  flight  with  unshaken  2s8'  5o6,  5S4' 
loyalty.     They  still  retain  some  dignity  and  self-respect,  and  when  Pompey  vm  261  foil, 
makes  unworthy  proposals  of  flight  into  the  far  East,  giving  up  all  for  lost,  vx»^«j'folli 
they  shew  their  disapproval  and  declare  for  the  more  manly  and  patriotic  v"i  518-9. 
Kheme  of  Lentulus.       Once    more   they  are  referred    to,  in   the   speech   of 
Pothinus.     In  the  ninth  book  we  hear  incidentally  of  the  Senate  as  the  power  ix  22, 194. 
by  which  Cato  was  drawn  into  the  civil  war,  and  as  ruled  by  Pompey  in  its 

7  Merivale  c  54. 


lxii  THE    HIIRO.     CONCLUSION 

ix  207  nte  own  ruling  days.  There  is  also  one  hard  hit  at  the  slavish  senate  of  later 
uUatenaha.  tunes.  The  tenth  book  contains  a  reference  to  the  murder  of  Caesar  by  the 
x  339-4°i       Senators  in  nc  44,  and  another  of  no  importance. 

I  confess  that  to  me  the  part  played  by  the  Senate  in  the 
Pharsalia  does  not  seem  on  the  whole  a  very  great  and  glorious 
one.  In  the  fifth  and  eighth  books,  and  partly  also  in  the  seventh, 
they  do  shew  to  advantage.  In  the  first  and  third  they  as  cer- 
tainly do  not.  The  references  scattered  about  the  poem  are 
mostly  mere  declamatory  party  phrases,  indifferent  in  respect  of 
my  present  inquiry.  Therefore  I  cannot  admit  that  the  Senate 
is  the  hero  of  the  Pharsalia;  I  cannot  even  believe  that  Lucan 
consciously  intended  it  to  be  such.  If  he  did  so  intend — and 
all  things  are  possible  in  a  boy  poet— he  has  utterly  failed,  for 
the  representation  of  this  supposed  corporate  hero  is  (if  I  may  so 
say)  only  sub-heroic,  and  meagre  to  boot. 

(41)  Wanted,  a  hero — ,  such  is  the  position  of  a  critic  of 
the  Pharsalia.  We  are  now  in  a  position  to  sum  up  the  results 
of  our  search. 

The  hero  de  facto  is  Caesar.  He  is  the  impersonation  of 
power,  and  in  spite  of  Lucan's  attempts  to  blacken  his  character — 
which  fail  from  being  overdone — he  has  a  moral  greatness  that  fits 
him  to  be  the  hero  of  a  greater  poem  than  the  Pharsalia. 

If  Caesar  is  power,  Cato  is  moral  greatness :  he  is  a  sort  of 
secondary  hero. 

Pompey  cannot  be  called  a  hero  in  any  sense.  He  is  the 
protagonist  of  that  political  and  military  Rome  the  utter  rotten- 
ness of  which  he  only  partly  understands,  and  the  fall  of  which  he 
is  too  timid  to  hasten. 

The  senate  is  legality,  and  is  in  effect  only  part  of  the  fore- 
ground of  the  picture,  important  in  its  relation  to  the  chief  figures. 

It  is  very  characteristic  of  Lucan  that  it  should  be  necessary 
to  search  after  the  hero  at  length.  And  when  we  have  found  him, 
he  is  a  hero  not  in  virtue  of  the  poet's  efforts,  but  in  spite  of 
them.  This  is  the  Nemesis  that  follows  on  an  attempt  to  mis- 
represent history.  Lucan  is  borne  on  the  stream  of  declamation 
without  knowing"  whither  it  may  bear  him.  And  the  fact  that  he 
cannot  wholly  falsify  the  truth,  that   Caesar  remains   (as  Teuffel 

8  In  ix   985   venturi  me  teqne  legent  he        castic,  but  I  fancy  there  is  a  touch  of  vexa- 
almost  seems  to  understand  what  has  been         tion  in  them  too. 
the  result.     The    words   are    probably    sar- 


POETRY  lxiii 

says)  the  'negative  hero',  helps  to  explain  the  popularity  of  the  poem. 
In  no  age  could  men  seriously  have  admired  a  work  the  merits  of 
which  consisted  solely  in  complete  and  successful  caricature. 

.  j 

F.    MANNER    OF    THE    PHARSALIA. 

Touches  of  true  poetry 

(42)  Here  and  there  scattered  about  the  poem  we  find 
lines  that  present  us  with  pictures  so  natural  so  clear  so  tender 
or  so  striking  that  we  must  admit  them .  to  be  true  poetic 
touches.  They  are  certainly  beyond  mere  rhetoric,  and  it  is  on 
such  passages  as  these  that  we  must  found  any  opinion  of  the 
probable  poetic  development  of  Lucan  if  he  had  not  been  cut 
off  in  his  youth.  Opinions  differ  on  this  unprofitable  question  : 
for  myself  I  can  only  say  that  I  think  Lucan,  had  he  lived  to 
mature  age,  would  have  produced  more  finished  work,  possibly 
some  really  great  work. 

These  better  lines  take  us  with  them — we  stand  with  Pompey 
on  the  deck  as  he  looks  fondly  back  on  Italy1  et  dubios  cernit 
vanescere  monies:  we  seem  to  watch  the  dying  father  of  the 
dying  Argus  as  his  eyes  glaze  in  death'2  et  miserum  cernens 
agnosccre  desinit  Argum.  The  flooded  river  falls  and  the  land 
once  more  appearing  dries  and  hardens3  under  the  eye  of  day, 
visoque  die  dnrescere  valles.  Pompeian  and  Caesarian  soldiers 
meet  around  their  camp  fires4  and  extrahit  insonincs  bellorum 
fabula  nodes.  Volteius  and  his  faithful  few  beset  by  over- 
whelming odds  shewr  fight  till  nightfall5,  pugna  fuit,  non  longa 
quidem  ;  nam  condidit  atra  nox  lucem  dubiam  pacemquc  habuere 
tenebrac.  Surely  this  is  admirably  picturesque.  Not  less  so  is 
the  comparison  of  the  Pythian  priestess,  when  the  prophetic 
fit  is  just  leaving  her  and  her  heart  is  palpitating,  to  the  sea 
calming  down6  after  a  storm  ;  sic  vinta  levant  suspiria  vatem, 
Caesar  comes  down  to  Brundisium  ;  he  finds  his  fleet  afraid  to 
put  to  sea.  The  scene  is  vividly  pourtrayed  thus7  clansas  ventis 
briunalibus  undas  invenit  et  pavidas  hiberno  sidere  classes.     The 

1  in  7.  -  m  736.  '  IV  129.  *  IV  200.  S  IV  472 — 3.  G  v  218. 

7  v  407 — 8. 


lxiv  POETR  Y 

personification  of  the  fleet  here  is  excellent.  The  frequent  de- 
clamation against  the  wickedness  and  horrors  of  civil  war  is 
wearisome  ;  but  how  vividly  is  all  brought  home  to  the  reader 
when  Lucan  bears  him  down  to  the  nether  world  and  shews 
him  the  same  discord  at  work  stirring  up  the  armies  of  the 
Roman  dead": 

effera  Romanos  agitat  discordia  mains, 
impiaque  infernam  rupcrunt  arvia  quietem. 
How  solemn  is  the  awful  gloom  that  falls  upon  the  armies  before 
the  deadly  struggle,  each  startled  at  the  other's  appearance9 : 
inque  vicem  voltus  tenebris  mirantur  opertos, 
et  pallerc  diem,  galeisqae  incumberc  uoctcm. 
Striking  too  is  his  description  of  the  after-working  of  the  battle- 
fever  on  the  victors  in  their  broken  slumbers10: 

invigilat  cunctis  saevom  scclus,  armaque  tota 
mente  agitaut,  capuloque  manus  absente  moventur. 

Tender  is  the  appeal  of  Cordus  to  his  departed  leader  as  he  lays 
the  corpse  on  the  wretched  pyre11 ;  exiguam,  quantum  potes, 
accipe  flammam,  Romana  succense  manu.  One  of  the  best  touches 
in  the  poem  is  when  Cornelia  gives  to  her  son  the  message  of 
his  father,  a  charge  by  which  she  has  been  cheated12  into 
surviving  her  husband  : 

insidiae  valuere  tuae,  deceptaque  vixi, 

ne  mi  hi  commissas  auferrem  pcrfida  voces. 

Naturally  we  read  of  her  below13,  saevomque  arte  complexa  do- 
lorem  perfruitur  lacrimis  ct  amat  pro  coniuge  luctum.  Indeed 
in  painting  the  love  of  Pompey14  and  Cornelia  Lucan  is 
singularly  successful.  The  parting  in  Epirus,  when  Pompey 
has  made  up  his  mind  to  send  away  his  wife  but  dares  not  tell 
her  of  his  resolve15,  is  truly  great : 

mentem  iam  verba  paratam 
destituont,  blandaeque  iuvat  ventura  trahentem 
iudu/gere  viorae  et  tempus  subducere  fatis. 
uocte  sub  cxtrema  pulso  torpore  quietis 

8   VI  780—I.  a   VII  177 — 8.  13    IX  III — 2. 

W  vii  766 — 7.  u  viii  766 — 7.  u  Always   excepting    the   abominable    speech 

U  ix  99,  100  (speaking  as  to  Pompey).  VIII  72 — 85. 


SENTENTIAE  lxv 

dum  fovct  amplexu  gravidum  Cornelia  cm-is 
pectus  ct  aversi  petit  oscula  grata  mariti, 
umentis  mirata  genas  percussaque  caeco 
volnere,  11011  audet  flentem  deprendere  Magnum.     . 
ille  gemots,  vita  non  nunc  mihi  dulcior,  inquit, 
cum  taedet  vitae,  laeto  sed  tempore,  coniunx, 
venit  macsta  dies  ct  quam  uimiumque  parumque 
distulimus ;   iam  tot  us  adest  in  proclia  Caesar. 

Surely  the  lad  of  twenty  five  years  who  wrote  this  stands  on 
a  height  from  which  the  ingenuity  of  a  critic16  who  will  venture 
to  determine  what  he  could  and  could  not  have  done,  if  he  had 
lived  out  the  ordinary  span,  may  be  complacently  ignored. 

Sententiae. 

(43)  Lucan  is  described  by  Ouintilian1  as  sententiis  claris- 
simus :  it  is  therefore  part  of  my  business  to  inquire  what  is  the 
full  meaning  of  the  description,  and  how  far  it  can  be  accepted 
as  applicable  to  our  author. 

The  word  sententia  is  used  as  the  equivalent  of  yvcofxt],  and 
signifies2  a  maxim  or  general  statement.  By  the  rhetoricians 
the  word  is  applied  only  to  such  general  utterances  as  have  a 
bearing  upon  human  life  and  action.  In  this  sense  I  shall  use 
it.  From  being  a  staple  material  of  early  poetry,  and  an 
appliance  moderately  used  by  orators  in  the  golden  ages  of 
Greek  and  Roman  political  life,  it  had  now  in  the  hands  of 
the  rhetoricians  of  the  Empire  become  an  artificial  embellish- 
ment used  with  little  relevance  or  moderation.  Speaking  of 
sententiae  Ouintilian3  says  nostris  temporibus  modo  carent.  The 
elder  Seneca  speaking  of  Porcius  Latro  says4  that  he  would 
sometimes  compose  nihil  praetcr  has  translaticias  quas  proprie 
seutcutias  dicimus,  quae  nihil  habent  cum  ipsa  controversies  im- 
plicit um  sed  satis  apte  ct  alio  transferuntur,  tamquam  quae  de 
fortuna  de  crudclitatc  de  sacculo  de  divitiis  dieuntur :  hoc  genus 
sententiarum  supcllectilcm  vocabat. 

18  Nisard  n  pp  28—31.  should  like  to  extend  the  meaning  to  include  such 

1  x  1  §  90.  lines  as  hi  m — 2,  but  I  dare  not  put  that  con- 

2  See  Aristotle  rhet   n  20  with  Cope's  notes,         struction  on  Quintilian. 

rhet   ad    Herenn    IV  §  24,  Quintilian    vm   5.     I  •  VIII  5  §  2.  *  controversial-  I  pref  §  23. 


lxvi  SENTENTIAL 

It  remains  now  to  see  whether  the  sententiae  of  Lucan  are 
sufficiently  numerous  and  striking  to  justify  their  selection  by 
Quintilian  as  the  single  detailed  characteristic  to  which  it 
seemed  necessary  to  refer.  To  this  end  I  have  made  as  far 
as  I  could  a  complete  collection  of  them,  and  append  it  here. 

I  32    alta  sedent  civilis  volnera  dextrae,    81    in  se  magna  ruunt,  92  nulla 

fides  regni  sociis,  281  semper  nocuit  differre  paratis,  331—2  nullus  semel 
ore  rcccptus  pollutas  patitur  sanguis  mansuescere  fauces,  348—9  arma 
tenenti  omnia  dat  qui  iusta  negat. 

II  287  sed  quo  fata  trahunt  virtus  secura  sequetur. 

in  58  nescit  plebes  ieiuna  timere,  118— 9  usque  adeo  solus  ferrum  mortem- 
que  timere  auri  nescit  amor,  152  non  sibi  sed  domino  gravis  est  quae 
servitegestas,  448 — 9  servat  multos  fortuna  nocentis  et  tantum  miseris 
irasci  numina  possunt. 

iv  275  vincitur  haud  gratis  iugulo  qui  provocat  hostem,  478—9  vita  brevis 
nulli  super  est  qui  tempus  in  ilia  quaerendae  sibi  mortis  habet,  702 
audendo  magnus  tegitur  timor,  704  variam  semper  dant  otia  mentem, 
708  qua  stetit,  inde  favet,  710  odere  pares. 

v  260  quicquid  multis  peccatur  inultum  est,  290  facinus  quos  inquinat 
aequat,  692—4  sors  ultima  rerum  in  dubios  casus  et  prona  pericula 
mortis  praecipitare  solet. 

vil  104—7  multos  in  summa  pericula  misit  venturi  timor  ipse  mali  ;  for- 
tissimus  ille  est  qui  promptus  metuenda  pati,  si  comminus  instent,  et 
differre  potest,  263  nulla  manus  belli  mutato  iudice  pura  est. 

vill  29 — 31  nisi  summa  dies  cum  fine  bonorum  adfuit  et  celeri  praevertit 
tristia  leto,  dedecori  est  fortuna  prior,  241  in  dubiis  tutum  est  inopem 
simulare  tyranno,  452 — 3  nil  pudet  adsuetos  sceptris  ;  mitissima  sors  est 
regnorum  sub  rege  novo,  454—5  quantum  spes  ultima  rerum  libertatis 
habet,  484 — 7  '  ius  et  fas  multos  faciunt,  Ptolemaee,  nocentis.  dat 
poenas  laudata  fides  cum  sustinet ',  inquit,  '  quos  fortuna  premit  :  fatis 
accede  deisque,  et  cole  felices;  miseros  fuge'. 

489—95     sceptrorum  vis  tota  perit  si  pendere  iusta 
incipit,  evertitque  arces  respectus  honesti. 
libcrtas  scelerum  est  quae  regna  invisa  tuetur 
sublatusque  modus  gladiis  :  facere  omnia  saeve 
non  impune  licet  nisi  cum  facis.     exeat  aula 
qui  volt  esse  pius :  virtus  et  summa  potestas 
non  coeunt :  semper  metuet  quern  saeva  pudebunt. 

527  metiri  sua  regna  decet  viresque  fateri,  534 — 5  adversis  non  deesse 

decet,  sed  laeta  secutos  :  nulla  fides  umquam  miseros   elegit   amicos, 

631 — 2  mutantur  prospera  vitae,  non  fit  morte  miser. 

I 


SENTENTIAE  lxvii 

IX  211  scire  mori  sors  prima  viris,  sed  proxima  cogi,  403  —  4  gaudet 
patientia  duris  :  laetius  est  quotiens  magno  sibi  constat  honestum, 
583  pavido  fortique  cadendum  est. 

x  407  nulla  fides  pietasque  viris  qui  castra  sequuntur. 

I  am  aware  that  I  may  have  missed  some  ;  but  not  many,  I 
think.  At  all  events  I  feel  confident  of  this,  that  on  the  score 
of  number  there  is  little  to  be  said.  They  are  not  very  numerous. 
I  now  pass  on  to  the  more  important  question  of  their  quality. 

We  must  remember  that  Lucan's  mental  training  had  con- 
sisted principally  of  school  rhetoric  and  Stoic  philosophy.  Both 
influences  tended  to  dcvelope  a  taste  for  sententiae  and  the 
faculty  of  composing  them.  To  sententiae  his  uncle  Seneca 
attached  no  small  value,  as  his  practice  shews:  and  he  directly 
defends5  their  use  as  an  engine  of  practical  ethics.  Remember- 
ing this,  and  considering  also  the  enormous  mass  of  sententious 
utterances  existing  even  now  in  the  works  of  Lucan's  Greek  and 
Roman  predecessors, — and  what  now  exists  is  doubtless  but  a 
small  percentage  of  the  total  existing  in  Lucan's  day, — we 
surely  are  driven  to  expect  a  very  high  standard  of  production 
to  justify  Ouintilian's  praise.  Surely  the  sententiae  ought  to 
be  either  original  in  matter  or  striking  in  expression,  or  both  of 
these,  if  we  are  to  regard  the  writer  as  sententiis  clarissimus. 

I  am  of  opinion  that  these  requirements  are  not  adequately 
met  by  the  sententiae  of  the  PJiarsalia.  The  matter  of  them 
is  for  the  most  part  trite  and  commonplace,  and  many  of  them 
merely  convey  the  same  tone  of  cynicism  over  and  over  again 
in  various  forms.  The  expression  is  now  and  then  good,  but 
seldom  very  striking  or  neat.  In  short  my  inquiry  leads  me 
to  the  conclusion  that  Ouintilian  is  judging  by  a  low  standard, 
and  that  Lucan  has  not  attained  a  high  one. 

5  ep  104  fxxssiin  and  in  particular  §§  27 — S,  43. 


lxviii  GOOD   LINES 


Specimens  of  good  lines 

(44)  Beside  the  grand  passages  on  which  the  literary  fame 
of  Lucan  must  mainly  rest,  there  are  scattered  about  the  poem 
a  number  of  lines  that  catch  the  attention  of  a  careful  reader 
and  lead  him  to  form  a  high  estimate  of  the  writer's  power. 
They  arc  not  strictly  speaking  '  sentences ',  though  many 
of  them  could  easily  be  cast  into  a  gnomic  form  :  they  are 
hardly  poetic  touches,  though  some  of  them  border  closely 
on  poetry.  Sometimes  it  is  a  powerful  metaphor  that  strikes 
us ;  sometimes  a  good  antithesis  ;  sometimes  the  telling  brevity 
of  some  bold  appeal  or  touch  of  scorn.  Often  it  is  no  more 
than  some  happy  and  forcible  expression.  Now  and  then  it 
is  not  that  the  meaning  is  in  any  way  remarkable,  but  that 
plain  dignity  of  sense  is  joined  to  majesty  of  sound.  Many 
of  the  passages  referred  to  elsewhere  will  illustrate  my  meaning 
as  well  as  the  following,  which  I  take  from  a  large  number  of 
selections. 

I  182    et  concussa  fides  et  multis  utile  bellum. 

187    clara  per  obscuram  voltu  maestissima  noctem. 
202    Caesar  ubique  tuus  liceat  modo  nunc  quoque  miles. 
227    utendum  est  iudice  bello. 
279    tua  nos  faciet  victoria  cives. 
301 — 2    hoc  cruor  Arctois  meruit  diffusus  in  arvis, 

volneraque  et  mortes,  hiemesque  sub  Alpibus  actae? 
313    Marcellusque  loquax  et  nomina  vana  Catones. 
338    ultima  Pompeio  dabitur  provincia  Caesar. 
569 — 70    turn  fragor  armorum  magnaeque  per  avia  voces 
auditae  nemorum  et  venientes  comminus  umbrae. 

II  259  accipient  alios,  facient  te  bella  nocentem. 
313  quicquid  Romani  meruerunt  pendere  mores. 
382  naturamque  sequi,  patriaeque  impendere  vitam. 
477  donavit  socero  Romani  sanguinis  usum. 
515  et  nihil  hac  venia,  si  viceris  ipse,  paciscor. 
525  lucis  rumpe  moras  et  Caesaris  effuge  munus. 

ill    169 — 70    interea  totum  Magni  fortuna  per  orbem 
secum  casuras  in  proelia  moverat  urbes. 
296 — 7    accipeiet  felix  ne  non  semel  omnia  Caesar 

vincendum  pariter  Pharsalia  praestitit  orbem. 


GOOD   LINES  lxix 

iv  1 20  et  miseras  bellis  civilibus  eripc  terras. 

185  usque  adeonc  times  quern  tu  facis  ipse  timenclum? 

284  paullatim  cadit  ira  ferox  mentesque  tepcscunt. 

336  spectat  vicinos  sitiens  exercitus  amnes. 

392  et  Caesar  per  tot  sua  fata  sequendus. 

515  vitare  instantia  nolim. 

798  impiger  ad  letum  et  fortis  virtute  coacta. 

v  34    ordine  de  tanto  quisquis  non  cxsulat  hie  est. 

274    quid  satis  est  si  Roma  parum? 
283    sit  praeter  gladios  aliquod  sub  Caesare  fatum. 

VI       164 — 5    vincimus,  o  socii ;    veniet  qui  vindicet  arces 
dum  morimur. 
262    infelix,  quanta  dominum  virtute  parasti. 

vii      95—6  civilia  bella 

gesturi  metuunt  ne  non  cum  sanguine  vincant? 
130    faciesque  simillima  fato. 

253    in  manibus  vestris,  quantus  sit  Caesar,  habetis. 
311— 2    di,  quorum  curas  abduxit  ab  aethere  tellus 
Romanusque  labor. 
362    toto  simul  utimur  orbe. 
734    dum  fortuna  calet,  dum  conficit  omnia  terror. 

viii         123    tota,  quantum  valet,  utere  Lesbo.J 

484    ius  et  fas  multos  faciunt,  Ptolemaee,  nocentis. 
531 — 3    ante  aciem  Emathiam  nullis  accessimus  armis  : 
Pompeii  nunc  castra  placent,  quae  deserit  orbis? 
nunc  victoris  opes  et  cognita  fata  lacessis? 
640 — 1    letiferae  tibi  causa  morae  fuit  avia  Lesbos, 
et  prior  in  Nili  pervenit  litora  Caesar. 

ix   229 — 30  ille  iacet  quern  paci  praetulit  orbis, 

causaque  nostra  perit. 
246 — 7    clausa  fides  miseris,  et  toto  solus  in  orbe  est 

qui  velit  ac  possit  victis  praestare  salutem. 
576 — 7  steriles  nee  legit  harenas 

ut  caneret  paucis,  mersitque  hoc  pulvere  verum. 
884    omnibus  unus  adest  fatis. 
963    et  multum  debentis  vatibus  umbras. 
10 1 5    et,  quod  adhuc  nescis,  genero  secure  perempto. 

x  105    voltus  adest  precibus  faciesque  incesta  perorat. 

182 — 3  quis  dignior  umquam 

hoc  fuit  auditu,  mundique  capacior  hospes  ? 
358 — 9  interqu'e  maritos 

discurrens  Aegypton  habet  Romamque  meretur. 

ILL.  / 


Ixx  SPEECHES 

Speeches  and  apostrophes 

(45)  Lucan,  says  Ouintilian1,  is  magis  oratoribus  quam 
poetis  imitandus.  This  is  in  a  passage  where  he  is  passing 
poets  in  review  and  estimating  them  according  to  their  relative 
values  as  'good  reading'  for  a  student  of  oratory.  I  take 
him  to  mean  that  the  merits  of  Lucan's  treatment  and  style 
are  rhetorical,  not  that  all  the  speeches  in  the  Pharsalia  are 
appropriate  or  judicious.  Accepting  the  criticism  in  this  sense, 
I  go  on  to  examine  briefly  the  speeches,  selecting  a  few  for 
special  comment. 

Their  general  characteristic  is  formality :  they  arc  set  ha- 
rangues, without  individuality2  or  spontaneousness.  Their  warmth 
and  spirit — for  Lucan  is,  as  Quintilian  says,  aniens  ct  concitatus, — 
is  the  warmth  and  spirit  of  a  clever  young  orator,  not  that  of 
the  supposed  speakers.  The  same  objection  may  be  taken  in 
a  greater  or  less  degree  to  all  speeches  written  by  poets  or 
historians  for  their  characters.  In  Lucan  this  general  resem- 
blance is  made  more  striking  by  the  extravagance  of  the 
arguments  used  and  the  excessive  ingenuity  of  the  turns  of 
thought.  But  when  all  deduction  is  made  on  this  score  we 
must  still  admit  that  some  of  these  compositions  are  admirable, 
and  I  myself  think  them  the  best  part  of  the  poem.  One 
or  two  of  the  best  apostrophes  take  a  higher  flight ;  but  on 
the  whole  the  speeches  bear  examination  better  than  the  apo- 
strophes. 

Among  the  best  speeches  are  I  299 — 351  [Caesar  to  his 
troops],  IV  212 — 35  [Petreius  to  his  troops],  vi  yyy — 820  [the 
corpse],  VIII  484 — 535  [Pothinus  to  Ptolemy],  IX  379 — 40(1 
[Cato  to  his  troops:  down  to  394  very  good],  566 — 84  [Catc 
the  Stoic],  1064 — 1 1 04  [Caesar  on  seeing  Pompey's  head] 
X  353 — 98  [message  of  Pothinus]. 

In  worse  taste  are  VIII  72 — 85  [Pompey  upbraiding  his  wife] 
and  IX  55 — 108  [Cornelia,  who  says  she  has  only  lived  to  delive: 
Pompey's  message  to  her  sons,  laments  too  loudly  and  too  long 
with  almost  ludicrous  truth  she  says  of  her  anima  that  plancti 
concussa  pcribit\. 

1  x  1  §  go.  vii  68 — 95.     Cicero,  it   should  be   rememberec 

:  An   instance  is  the  speech  given  to   Cicero        was  not  at  Pharsalia. 


APOSTROPHES  lxxi 

The  influence  of  the  rhetorical  schools  is  very  plain  to  sec  in 
V  319 — 64  [Caesar  to  mutinous  troops],  481 — 97  [Caesar  to 
Antony],  VIII  622 — 35  [Pompey's  absurd  dying  soliloquy], 
IX   1014 — 32  [?  Pothinus  to  Caesar]. 

That  influence  ma}'  be  well  illustrated  by  comparing  IV 
344 — 62  with  Ouintus  Curtius  Vlll  14  §  42,  V  682 — 99  with 
Curtius  ix  6  §§  6 — 15,  and  IX  848 — 80  with  Curtius  IX  3 
§§  5  —  T5  ar>d  the  first  suasoria  of  the  elder  Seneca:  it  will 
be  felt  that  these  passages  (and  scores  of  others,  no  doubt) 
are  merely  school  commonplaces. 

It  may  also  be  interesting  to  examine  pairs  of  answering 
speeches,  such  as  V  739 — 59,  762 — 90  [Pompey  and  Cornelia], 
VII  250 — 329,  342 — 82  [Caesar  and  Pompey],  VIII  262 — 327, 
331 — 453  [Pompey  and  Lentulus], 

Of  Lucan's  apostrophes  there  is  not  much  to  be  said.    There 

are  in  them  many  fine  passages, — some  of  his  very  best  rhetoric, 

— but  their  effect  on  the  poem  as  a  whole  is  bad.     The  reason  is 

clear ;  they  arc  the  outcome  of  an  unhealthy  self-consciousness. 

The   poet's   business   is    surely   to    develope    his    moral    by   the 

simple  interaction  of  characters  and  circumstances.     The  reader 

should  be  left  to  judge  :  half  the  pleasure  and  most  of  the  profit 

}f  poetry  lies  in  the  discovery  of  the  moral  significance  of  the 

:haracters  and  the  meaning  of  the  story,  not  by  direct  state- 

nent,   but    from    the    story   and    characters   themselves.     Now 

^ucan  is  always  thrusting  himself  forward   to   tell   us  what   it 

ill  means :  and,  whatever  Roman  audiences  may  have  thought 

>f  the  practice,  on  us  the  effect  is  simply  to  destroy  the  illusions 

•f  poetry    and    bring    us    face   to    face    with    an    orator.      The 

postrophes  are  particularly  dominant  in  the  seventh  and  eighth 

•ooks,  and  their  undoubted  merit,  taken  as  passages,  does  not 

erve  to  compensate  for  their  destructive  effect  on  the  poem 

enerally.     A    fine    instance   of   this   class   of  writing    and    the 

3ur.se    it    naturally    follows    is    IV   799 — 824,  where    we    begin 

1  ith  an  address  to  Curio  799 — 804,  then  turn  to  party  leaders 

enerally    805 — 6,    next    we    moralize    807 — 10,    then    address 

urio  again   811 — 3,   then   return    to   our    moralizing  814 — 24, 

id  close  the  book  and  the  passage  with  an  epigram. 


/2 


1- 


Ixxii  FOUR    CHARACTERISTIC    DEFECTS 


Four  characteristic  defects 

(46)  Four  of  the  main  literary  defects  of  the  Pharsalia  are 
best  grouped  together,  both  because  they  arc  of  necessity  some- 
what akin  to  each  other,  and  because  the  passages  adduced 
under  each  head  often  serve  to  illustrate  what  is  to  be  said 
under  others.  The  following  classification  has  been  adopted  as 
convenient. 

{a)     The  clearness  of  a  picture  is  marred  and  its  effect  spoilt 
by  overloading  it  with  detail.     It  is  materialized. 

(/>)      Long  lists  or  enumerations  arc  introduced,  which  break 
the  flow  of  narrative  and  are  in  themselves  mostly  weari 
some. 

{c)  Narratives  and  discussions  of  a  descriptive  or  moralizin 
nature  are  brought  in  unnecessarily,  and  often  spun  out  to 
great  length :  by  these  the  poem  is  broken  and  made 
heavy,  being  in  fact  a  vehicle  for  carrying  great  quantities 
of  utterly  irrelevant  matter. 

(d)     Hyperbole  is  employed  to  excess ;  that  is,  Lucan  en- 
deavours to  engage  the  interest  and  fire  the  imagination 
of  the  reader  by  overdrawn  description  and  gigantic  ma 
chinery  :  the  effect  of  this  is1  simply  to  dwarf  the  human 
agents  who  appear  on  the  scene. 

(a)  The  excess  of  detail  is  observable  throughout  the  poem 
To  take  a  few  instances  : 

Speaking  of  the  cruel  murder  of  Marius'  brother,  Lucan 
thinks  fit  to  enlarge  on  the  ghastly  brutality  of  the  deed  ste{  j 
by  step,  quite  needlessly. 

Marcia  returns  to  be  remarried3  to  Cato.  The  marriag 
takes  22  lines,  17  of  which  describe  the  usages  dispensed  witl 
by  the  pair,  3  those  complied  with  ;  2  are  introductory. 

Pompey  vaunts4  the  wide  area  of  his  military  exploits:  th 

1  Nisard  n  pp  34—5.  767—81,  etc. 

-  11   173 — 87.     Lucan's   appetite   for    revolting  3  n  350 — 71. 

details    is    well    known.     See    11    166—7    (cf    i*  4  n  583—95.     The  enumeration  in  vm  806— 

io33 — 4).  IIJ  577i  657—8,  vi  627—8,  vii  620,  838  is  in  place  where  it  stands,  and  is  in  itself  a  vast 

—  40,    vm   670—3,   682—3,    688—91,    777—8,    ix  better  piece  of  writing. 


EXCESS   OE  DETAIL  lxxiii 

words  arc  glibly  condensed  and  read  like  those  of  a  man 
speaking  from  a  brief  dictionary  of  biography. 

The  Massaliots  declare'  that  their  loyalty  will  stand  the  test 
of  enduring  the  hardships  of  a  siege:  they  go  into  particulars  in 
a  way  that  robs  their  manful  declaration  of  all  its  dignity. 

While  the  armies  are  facing  each  other  before  Ilerda  a 
severe  drought  is  followed0  by  a  disastrous  downpour  of  rain. 
40  lines  of  tasteless  overdrawn  description  b^ng  us  to  a  point 
where  the  effect  of  the  rainfall,  plus  a  simile,  plus  an  apostrophe 
to  Juppiter  and  Neptune,  are  yet  to  follow. 

Curio  is  deceived  by  a  stratagem  of  Juba,  and  his  men  are 
indeed  in  a  desperate  position7.  But  15  lines  is  too  much  to 
devote  to  a  description  of  the  distress  of  the  horses  and  the  em- 
barrassment caused  thereby,  when  the  lives  of  the  whole  army 
are  in  jeopardy. 

Caesar  on  his  voyage  over  the  Adriatic8  is  becalmed.  We 
are  first  told  this  clearly  enough  in  6  lines,  then  comes  a  simile 
in  6  more.  But  the  breeze  is  not  yet.  Through  14  more  lines 
we  have  to  wait,  knowing  all  the  while  that  it  must  come. 
And  these  lines  in  effect  tell  us  that  Caesar  was  in  a  dead 
calm  and  wanted  a  breeze,  which  we  knew  before. 

The  preparations  for  the  great  battle  move  Lucan  to 
compare9  the  scene  to  the  preparations  of  the  gods  for  battle 
with  the  Giants.  He  then  takes  5  gods  and  works  through 
them  saying  something  appropriate  of  each.  This  is  meant 
to  be  graphic  and  is  miserable. 

After  the  victory,  Caesar's  men  sleep  a  guilty  restless  sleep10 
in  the  Pompcian  camp.  Down  to  the  words  omncs  hi  Caesare 
manes  the  description  is  really  fine  ;  but  then  comes  a  tasteless 
double  simile,  followed  by  3  lines  harmless  in  themselves  but 
quite  superfluous. 

In  the  course  of  Cato's  march  along  the  African  coast  the 
story  of  the  apples  of  the  Hesperidcs  is  dragged  in11  on  slight 
pretext.     This  passage  well  illustrates  the  tiresome   recurrence 

*  in  342 — 55.        °  iv  48 — 87.        7  iv  750—64.  long.    We   may  compare   the  synonyms  in  the 

8  v  43°—  55-        °  VII  145—50.        10  vn  760— 83.  passages  about   the  Sicilian  sirait   n  435—8,   in 

11  IX  357— °7-     The  Miakc  is  sleepless  in  lines  60—3.     See  also  ix  1—4  [faviUa,  cinis,  bnsto, 

357.  363;  tl1^  richness  of  the  fruit  of  gold  is  noted  rogum\,  and  the  criticism  of  Fronto  [above,  pp  19, 

in  361,  365,  366;  the  golden  gleam  in  360,  362,  20]  on  the  exordium, 

364,  367.     And  the  whole  passage  is  but  11  lines 


Ixxiv 


USTS  AND   ENUMERATIONS 


of  the  same  ideas  with  change  of  vocabulary,  and  is  worth 
reading  carefully  from  this  point  of  view,  being  eminently 
typical  of  Lucan's  manner.  As  Nisard  says,  he  goes  from 
the  word  to  the  thing,  not  from  the  thing  to  the  word. 

(b)  The  plague  of  catalogues12  is  found  more  or  less  in 
every  part  of  the  narrative.  The  age  was  an  age  of  common- 
place-books :  it  produced  Pliny's  Natural  History.  Accordingly 
Lucan,  ever  in  excess,  when  he  once  begins  to  speak  of  this  or 
that  matter,  falls  into  the  cataloguing  vein  and  wears  the  topic 
threadbare.     For  instance : 

When  Caesar  is  withdrawing  his  scattered  forces  from 
Gaul  we  get  a  list13  of  Gaulish  places  and  tribes,  in  which 
two  subordinate  digressions  are  imbedded.  Pompey's  retreat 
to  Capua  leads  to  an  account14  of  the  physical  geography  of 
Italy,  with  one  digression.  The  forces  gathered  to  support 
Pompey  are  catalogued15  at  vast  and  weary  length:  125  lines 
of  it  are  introduced  by  2  good  lines  of  preface  and  closed 
by  2  passable  lines  of  summary.  The  dreary  episode1"  of  the 
siege  of  Massalia  is  spun  out  to  nearly  400  lines  of  tasteless  and 
hyperbolical  detail  ;  while  the  main  point,  the  surrender,  drops 
out  altogether.  We  may  be  thankful  that  the  realm  and  forces 
of  Juba  are  dismissed17  in  16  lines.  The  topic  of  the  Delphic 
oracle1*  is  better  handled,  but  the  moralizing  discussion  is  the 
best  part  of  it.  It  takes  some  150  lines  before  we  get  back  to 
the  subject  of  the  war.  The  storm  in  which  Caesar  is  caught 
on  the  Adriatic  is  so  described10  that  at  the  end  of  about  60  lines 
we  are  heartily  sick  of  it ;  our  impressions  of  the  storm  are  con- 
fused by  the  bombastic  language  and  ingenuity  of  material 
details,  and  the  whole  effect  is  execrable.  It  takes  80  lines20 
to   set  forth   the   physical   geography   and    mythical   history  of 


12  Nothing  in  Lucan  is  worse  than  the  speech 
of  the  gnat's  ghost  in  the  Citlex  210 — 384.  But 
it  is  doubted  whether  the  poem  so  named  now 
extant  be  the  Culcx  of  Vergil,  with  which  Lucan 
boastfully  compared  his  early  productions. 

u  1  392—465-  u  11  394—438. 

16  III  169 — 297. 

10  in  372 — 762.  It  is  well  that  on  the  great 
day  of  Pharsalia  we  are  spared  a  list  of  the  deaths 
of  a  number  of  Kumans.     See  vn  617—31. 

17  iv  670—86. 


18  v  71 — 224.  The  description  of  the  priestess 
is  as  Nisard  says  [11  pp  142 — 7] '  tout  anatomique', 
and  the  heaping  on  of  detail  is  disgusting. 
Virgil's  Sibyl  in  Aen  vi  is  worthy  of  the  god. 

1 :'  v  593—653-  Compare  IX  319—47.  Aeneid 
1  81  foil  is  a  wonderful  contrast,  though  even  this 
is  less  simple  and  has  far  less  moral  effect  than 
the  fine  simple  passage  Odyssey  xn  403 — 19,  as 
Nisard  II  pp  147 — 59  well  points  out. 

""  vi  333—412- 


CATALOGUES  Ixxv 

Thessaly  ;  and  we  could  well  spare  both.  After  this  we  have 
an  account21  of  Thessalian  witches  in  72  lines.  Then  the  witch 
of  the  hour  takes  up  63  lines'"2  of  unspeakable  foulness  and 
horror:  and  Sextus'  interview88  with  her  runs  to  206  lines 
more.  This  horrid  scene  despite  its  ghastliness  is  not  without 
a  certain  dignity  of  its  own  :  and  the  last  3  lines  are  appropriate 
and  good.  The  story'2'  of  Cato's  march  along  the  north  of 
Africa  gives  an  opportunity,  not  to  be  missed,  of  bringing  in 
the  real  and  fabled  plagues  of  Africa :  which  run  into  the 
legend  of  Medusa  and  her  death  at  the  hands  of  Perseus. 
This  passage,  about  80  lines  long,  is  followed  by  34  lines2"' 
of  a  list  of  the  local  snakes.  Then  comes20  a  list,  with  names 
and  particulars,  of  men  bitten  by  various  snakes  and  hence 
dying  various  appropriate  deaths:  this  takes  more  than  100 
lines.  Caesar  feasts  with  Cleopatra,  and  we  accordingly  are 
treated  to  25  lines27  detailing  the  luxurious  appliances  of  the 
Egyptian  queen.  Nor  is  it  only  in  the  narrative  that  these 
passages  occur :  the  speeches  arc  similarly  weighted.  The 
burden  is  'any  war  but  a  civil  war',  and  we  have  8  lines28 
out  of  18  given  to  a  needless  catalogue  of  possible  enemies. 
A  speaker  descants29  on  the  atrocities  of  the  civil  war  of 
Marius  and  Sulla;  but  surely  it  is  too  much  to  give  120 
lines  of  his  speech  to  mere  butchery,  with  names  and  par- 
ticulars in  the  cases  of  the  chief  victims.  Surely  we  might 
read  of  Curio's  landing  in  Africa  without  60  lines30  devoted 
to  the  utterly  irrelevant  story  of  Hercules  and  Antaeus.  When 
Caesar  in  a  great  hurry  is  wanting  to  put  to  sea  at  once,  and 
chafing  at  delay,  it  is  ludicrous  for  the  fisherman  to  entertain 
him  with  16  lines31  recounting  the  signs  of  bad  weather  to  come. 
(c)  The  occurrence  of  passages,  sometimes  of  great  length, 
in  which  the  author  moralizes  as  a  political  historian  or  discusses 
natural  phenomena,  strikes  every  reader  of  the  Pharsalia.*  These 

'-''  Vl  434—506.  contrast. 

■    S07—69.                        '  570—830.  --  n  48-55.            •-'  11  101—220. 

24  ix  619-99.                 -  ix  700—33.  K  1V  593—653. 

_  *  lx  734—838.     This  is  hardly  so  bad  as  the-  '  v  540—56.    So  in  vm  167—84  when  Pompey 

list  ,>f  deaths  in  the  sea  fight  before  Massalia,  but  is   leaving    Lesbos   with   Cornelia,    lie   asks    the 

in  both  cases  the  splitting  up  the  intere>t  of  the  skipper  about  the  star.-,  and  navigation,  and  gets 

story  into  a  number  of  little  episodes  ruins  the  in   answer  a   bewildering    enumeration   of  con- 

■»ect-  stellations.    This  is  not  so  bad  as  the  other,  but 


. 


x   "i— 35-      Aenjid  I  OJ7--42  will  5erve  for         very  illplaced  where  it  comes. 


hxvi  NARRATIVES  AND  DISCUSSIONS 

passages  arc  often  of  considerable  merit  in  themselves,  and  the 
objection  fairly  to  be  urged  against  them  is  that  they  are  un- 
suitcd  to  this  poem,  some  to  any  poem. 

When  Lucan  discusses32  the  causes  of  the  civil  war  in  a 
passage  which,  if  not  original,  is  certainly  a  powerful  and 
pointed  one,  we  feel  that  we  are  out  of  the  proper  domain 
of  epic  poetry :  it  is  all  cold  and  analytical. 

When  Pompey  on  his  way  to  Brundisium  makes  a  speech 
of  65  lines33  to  his  soldiers,  the  reader  feels  that  if  both  right 
and  might  are  really  on  the  side  of  the  speaker  the  fact  ought 
not  to  need  so  lengthy  a  proof.  When  the  poet  desires  to  say34 
that  Pompey's  success  before  Dyrrachium,  if  well  followed  up, 
would  have  saved  much  unnecessary  bloodshed  by  ending  the 
war  then  and  there,  he  does  not  say  simply  'Ah,  if  only  Sulla 
had  been  in  Pompey's  place!'  he  goes  on  to  tell  us  what 
would  not  have  happened  if  he  had  been.  The  temptation 
to  moralize  in  detail  is  too  much  for  him.  The  reflexions35 
before  and  after  the  great  battle  are  so  fine  in  themselves 
that  they  disarm  criticism :  still  they  are  rather  fine  as  de- 
clamation than  as  sense  or  poetry.  The  same  is  true  of  the 
noble  lines30  the  burden  of  which  is  '  Better  to  fall  with  Pompey 
than  win  with  Caesar ' ;  and  of  the  ferocious  and  malignant 
picture37  of  Caesar  and  his  men  after  the  battle,  a  sort  of 
attempt  at  literary  vengeance  in  a  lost  cause. 

A  melancholy  instance  of  misused  opportunities  is  the  de- 
scription38 of  Caesar's  visit  to  the  Hellespont  and  Troy,  where 
the  effect  of  the  situation  is  lost  in  the  attempt  to  moralize 
and  catalogue  at  once. 

The  reflexions39  on  Alexander  suggested  by  Caesar's  visit 
to  his  tomb  are  another  case  of  the  ruinous  effect,  from  a 
literary  point  of  view,  of  this  tendency  to  run  off  at  length 
into  a  sermon  where  what  was  needed  was  one  or  two  power- 
ful touches,  such  as  stimulate  a  reader  to  make  the  sermon 
for  himself.  As  instances  of  the  discussion  of  natural  phe- 
nomena we  may  take  the  digression40  on  certain  tides  in  the 


3i  1  98 — 182.     I   believe  the  passage  to  be  in  M  vn  385 — 459,  617 — 46.  3,i  vn  698 — 711. 

great  part  a  reminiscence  of  Sallust  Catil  9 — 13.  "    VII  765 — 824.  3S  IX  950 — 79. 

33  II  531 — 95.  »'  vi  301  — 13.  M  x  20—52.  40  1  412 — 9. 


HYPERBOLE  lxxvii 


middle  of  a  catalogue,  and  other  such  passages  :  the  descrip- 
tion41 of  Africa,  its  geography  climate  winds  sandstorms  and 
so  forth  :  that42  of  Amnion's  shrine,  the  Oasis,  and  the  Tropics : 
and  last  and  most  notable  of  all  the  138  lines43  delivered  by 
the  priest  Achoreus  on  the  marvels  of  the  Nile. 

(d)     I  shall  give  but  a  few  specimens  of  the  ever-present 
hyperbole  of  Lucan. 

Nero  must  be  careful44  where  he  sits,  so  as  not  to  tilt  the 
heaven  but  keep  it  trimmed.  In  the  Sullan  massacre45  the  slayers 
can  hardly  strike,  the  corpses  will  hardly  fall,  but  the  dead  bodies 
serve  to  crush  and  kill  the  living :  the  corpses  choke40  the  Tiber, 
till  the  stream  of  blood  flushes  it.  The  episode47  of  the  siege  of 
Massalia  is  one  mass  of  absurd  hyperbole :  it  is  meant  to  be  very 
impressive  and  grand,  but  its  effect  is  grotesque  and  unreal. 
In  the  rain  and  storm4*  at  Ilerda  the  clouds  are  so  thick  that 
you  cannot  see  the  lightning.  When  the  waters  abate49  and 
the  flood  goes  down,  the  water  '  leaves  the  star-level '.  In  the 
following  drought5"  men  squeeze  the  clods  for  moisture.  When 
Curio  is  hard  pressed51  by  Juba  in  the  African  desert,  he 
cannot  see  the  extent  of  the  disaster  till  the  blood  has  laid 
the  dust.  Caesar  is  becalmed52  at  sea;  'no  chance  of  ship- 
wreck, worse  luck  to  it '.  Soon  there  is  a  storm ;  all  the 
winds  blow  at  once33  and  the  consequent  equilibrium  alone 
saves  the  sea  from  being  blown  to  pieces :  vast  bodies  of 
water  are  carried  here  and  there,  mountains  overwhelmed  :  the 
■  waves  are  as  high  as  vast  cliffs,  there  is  no  water  between 
wave  and  wave :  the  ship  is  on  her  beam  ends  with  one  wave, 
and  set  on  even  keel  again  by  the  next,  and  so  on,  till  the 
I  resources  of  absurdity  are  exhausted.  The  description54  of 
i  Scaeva's  gallant  fight  is  so  grotesquely  overdrawn  as  to  be 
simply  laughable:  fancy  a  man's  vital  parts  being  only  pro- 
tected by  the  spears  sticking  in  his  bones  !     At  Pharsalia  the 

u  ix  411 — 71.               *i  ix  511 — 43.  miserably.     Nisard  n  p  100. 

48  x  194—331.               41  1  56 — 8.  48  iv  478.          •  iv  126 — 7.            M  iv  309 — 10. 

w  11  201 — 6.    Compare  m  444 — 5,  iv  787,  vi  250.  ■"''  iv  794 — 5.                5-  v  454 — 5. 

16  11  211 — 20.  v  610 — 53.     In  Aen  I  102  foil,  m  564  foil,  the 

,:  111538 — 762  passim.    IX734 — 838  is  a  passage  matter  is  much  more  lightly  touched,  and   the 

of  much  the  same  character.     Treating  the  case  hyperbole  not  nearly  so  oppressive. 

of  each  man  as  matter  for  a  separate  anecdote  .  1  169 — 262,  especially  194 — 5. 
is    .m    artistic    defect,   subdividing    the    interest 


lxxviii  DEFECTS  ACCOUNTED   FOR 

din  of  battle88  rises  to  the  pure  Olympian  aether,  far  above 
the  region  of  clouds  and  thunder:  the  sling-bullets  melt  with 
the  speed  of  their  flight.  Cornelia  calls  herself00  Julia's  paclcx. 
Cato  draws  off  the  fleet:  300  ships  are  spoken  of5:  as  1000. 
In  Africa  a  waterspout58  never  breaks  up  :  a  sandstorm  sweeps 
the  sand  even  from  under  a  man's  feet :  only  the  looseness 
of  the  surface  earth  saves  the  solid  earth  beneath  from  sheer 
destruction  by  the  wind  :  yet  the  soldiers  are  sand-bound  by 
the  piling-up  of  sand  round  them.  After  the  region  of  serpents, 
Cato's  men  are  cheered59  by  the  sight  of  lions.  Alexander, 
who  turned  back  from  the  Satlej,  sheds  the  blood  6f  Indians60 
on  the  Ganges. 

(e)  The  truth  of  the  matter  is  that  the  old  warmth,  the 
human  interest,  of  early  poetry  was  dead.  In  early  poetry, 
as  Nisard61  well  remarks,  Man  is  everything ;  the  scene  is 
merely  accessory :  even  the  gods  are  only  superhuman  men. 
Such  we  find  the  state  of  things  in  the  Homeric  poems.  When 
we  get  to  Vergil,  human  interest  is  still  there  ;  but  the  scene 
has  become  more  important,  the  human  actors  less  so.  De- 
scriptive passages  are  introduced  with  obvious  relish,  though 
as  yet  sparingly  :  erudition  is  an  important  part  of  the  poet's 
equipment,  though  as  yet  it  is  not  ostentatiously  displayed. 
When  we  reach  Lucan,  the  poetry  of  the  Homeric  type  is 
dead.  The  men  are  little  more  than  lay  figures,  the  scene  is 
everything.  Lucan  still  tries  to  draw  characters,  but  the  colours 
are  harsh,  the  touches  coarse,  the  traits  inconsistent.  The  old 
religious  beliefs  were  no  longer  able  to  supply  any  warmth. 
There  was  nothing  left  for  the  poet  but  to  describe62  the 
material  aspects  of  things,  to  display  erudition,  to  declaim 
by  the  mouths  of  his  characters  or  in  his  own  person.  And 
it  was  natural  that  in  the  endeavour  to  awaken  by  such  means 


55  vii  477 — 9,  512 — 3.  {silvae)    Ausonius  and    the  poetae    minores    in 

60  viii  104.    The  word  comes  well  enough  from  Baehrens'  collection.     Silius,  remarks   Nisard  n 

Julia  in  in  23.  pp  180 — 90,  is   the   type  of  the  student-poet  of 

67  ix  32  foil.  erudition;    Statius  (Thcbais  and  Achillcis)  and 

58  IX  457.  465>  466—71.  m  IX  946—7-  Valerius  Flaccus  the  workers  up  of  second-grade 

60  x  33.  M  Nisard  11  pp  171—5.  mythology.     Lucan  is  hetter  than  these,  but  he 

OS  See  Persius  1  70—  2,  Juvenal  1  7 — 14.     After  is  too  raw  to  control  the  display  of  his  erudition. 

Lucan's  time  we  find  whole  poems  consisting  of  A  good  instance  of  ill-timed  learning  is  v  232—7. 

trivial    and    minute    descriptions.      See    Statius 


FORCED   ANTITHESES  Ixxix 

the  interest  of  jaded  audiences  he  should  be  led  into03  gross 
overdrawing  of  descriptions,  into  blunders  betraying  the  flimsi- 
ness  of  the  learning  he  so  wearisomely  parades,  into  reflexions 
and  remarks  foolish  in  his  own  mouth  and  inappropriate  to  the 
known  views  or  circumstances  of  the  characters  by  whom  they 
are  declaimed. 


(47)    Further  characteristics  in  detail 

(a)  One  of  the  most  striking  characteristics  of  Lucan's 
style  is  seen  in  the  forced  antitheses  which  abound  in  his 
lines.  Sometimes  they  are  felt  at  once  to  be  a  fit  and  power- 
ful vehicle  for  expressing  a  contrast  or  opposition  of  notions, 
which  enlivens  the  narrative  or  speech,  but  on  which  it  is 
unnecessary  to  dwell  at  any  length.  Such  a  case  is  II  572 
territa  quacsitis  ostendit  tcrga  Britannis.  But  few  of  them 
are  as  good  as  this :  in  general  they  seem  to  come  in  merely 
because  Lucan  cannot  resist  the  temptation  to  state  a  point 
cleverly  ;  and  the  effect  is  strained  and  artificial.  The  following 
instances  are  of  very  various  merit,  and  will  serve  to  illustrate 
my  remarks. 

1  504  in  bcllum  fugitur,  11  15  liceat  sperare  timenti,  84—5  si  libet  ul- 
cisci  deletae  funera  gentis,  nunc,  Cimbri,  servate  senem,  511  scit  Caesar 
poenamque  peti  veniamque  timer  i,  700 — 1  quam  retinere  vetas,  liceat  sibi 
perdere  saltern  Italiam,  ill  569 — 70  navali  plurima  bello  ensis  agit,  730 
exempliim  non  miles  erat,  iv  23  qui  praestat  terris  aufert  tibi  nomen  Iberus, 
362  hoc  petimus,  victos  ne  tecum  vincere  cogas,  v  62 — 3  donata  est  regia 
Lagi,  accessit  Magni  iugulus,  176 — 7  nee  tantum  prodere  vati  quantum  scire 
licet,  487 — 8  ignave,  venire  te  Caesar  non  ire  iubet,  vi  117  saturum  tamen 
obsidet  hostem,  749  Stygias  qui  peierat  undas,  825  venit  defunctus  ad  ignis, 
VII  109  pngnare  ducem  quam  vincere  malunt,  563 — 4  quis  praestet  bella 
iubenti,  quern  pugnare  iuvet,  739—40  neque  enim  donare  vocabo  quod  sibi 
quisque  dabit,  will  54  cum  possis  izrajlere,  times,  535  nulla  fides  umquam 

«  See  in  48—521  93—7.  "8— I2i,  307-55,  vil  reproduce.     I  should  add  that  in  vn  377,  when 

(87—469  fa  long  passage  lacking  sense  of  pro-  Pompey  says  that  if  his  position  allowed  it  he 

Jortion  and  historic  truth],  673—5,  689—97,  869—  would  grovel  before  them  with  his  wife  and  child, 

•2,  viii  241—3,  314—27,  752,  795—805  inconsistent  he  seems  to  forget  that  they  were  in  Lesbos;  in 

vith  S58 — 72,  the  former  being  Lucan's  own,  the  vi  813 — 4,  when  the  corpse  tells  Sextus  that  his 

atter  under  Stoic  influence.     Most  of  these  cita-  sire   will   prophesy   to   him   all    things   in  Sicily 

ions  are  taken  from  Nisard  11  pp  83—135,  where  (clearly  after  death)  Pompey  has  still  a  book  and 

ire   in. my   acute    criticisms   tuo   long   for   me   to  a  half  to  live. 


Uxx  STK.l/XED   EMM  A  SIS 

miseros  elegit  amicos,  657 — 8  Pompeio  praeslare  potest  quod  Caesaris  armis 
imputet,  714  no  iaceat  nullo  vol  ne  tneliore  sepulcro,  758  admotus  Magnum 
non  subditus  accipit  ignis,  852  imbrifera  siccas  sub  Plciade  Thebas,  ix 
343 — 4  terraeque  haerente  carina  litora  nulla  vident,  443 — 4  sic  cum  toto 
commercia  mundo  naufragiis  Xasamones  habent,  483 — 4  nee  pondere  solo, 
scd  nis u  iacuit,  1042 — 3  generi  mavolt  lugere  revolsum  quam  debere  caput, 
x  359  Aegypton  habet  Romamque  merelur. 

The  influence  under  which  this  tendency  grew  up  in  Lucan 
is  not  far  to  seek :  it  is  simply  the  school  rhetoric.  One  has 
only  to  read  a  few  pages  of  the  suasoriae  of  the  elder  Seneca, 
which  are  simply  a  collection  of  flowers  of  antithetical  language, 
to  see  this,  which  is  first  an  ornament  of  style  and  then  a 
disease,  in  its  full  glory.  It  suited  well  the  pedantic  distinc- 
tions of  the  Stoics,  and  accordingly  we  find  it  dominant  in 
the  writings  of  the  younger  Seneca,  who  with  free  use  of  anti- 
thesis dilutes  Stoic  philosophy  into  sermons.  And  thus  it  came 
to  Lucan  both  by  school  training  and  by  family  tradition. 

(b)  One  well  known  characteristic  of  the  Latin  of  the 
Silver  Age  is  the  tendency  to  aim  at  point  and  brevity  by 
laying  a  strained  and  unnatural  emphasis  on  certain  words. 
This  tendency  is  closely  connected  with  the  taste  for  forced 
antitheses,  and  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  to  it  many  of  the 
changes  of  meaning  in  the  vocabulary  of  the  later  Latin  are 
due.  It  appears  very  frequently  in  the  PJiarsalia.  I  give  a 
few  instances. 


II  35  divisere  deos,  60  dum  nondum  meruere,  190— 1  quid  perdere  fruc- 

tum  iuvit,   192 — 3  ut    scelus  hoc placeret,  agnoscendus  erat,  442    atque 

ipsum  non  perdat  iter,  ill  704  tandemque  sub  aequore  mansit,  706 — 7  non 
perdere  letum  maxima  cura  fuit,  rv  252  velut  occultum  pereat  scelus,  349 — 50 
nos  denique  bellum  invenit  civile  duces,  570  et  mortem  sentire  iuvat,  v  423  j 
iamdudum  nubes  et  saevas  perdimus  undas,  491  in  ventos  impendo  vota 
fretumque,  vi  346—7  stagnumque  implentibus  unum  crescere  cursus  erat,  j 
407  [coin  invented]  divitias  numerare  datum  est,  639 — 40  cadaver  victuruiii, 
710 — 1  infans.. ..vieturus  erat,  vn  91  —  2  testor....  Magnum  quo  cuncta 
perirent  accepisse  diem,  404  in  nullos  ruitura  domus,  431  quod  semper 
saevas  debet  tibi  Parthia  poenas,  445  quos  sen-ire  piedet,  711  et  terras  elige 
morti,  viil  53  quid  perdis  tempora  luctus,  652 — 3  te  fata  extrema  petente 
vita  digna  fui,  IX  99  deceptaque  77.17,  233  perierunt  tempora  vitae,  561  an 
bellum  civile  pent,  637 — 8  nam  rictus  oraque  monstri  quis  timutt,  105S 
nccubi  suppressus  pereat  gener,    10S7 — 8  sed  parcimus  annis  donamusqat 


INVOLVED   EXPRESS/OX  lxxxi 

nefas,  x  344  exemplumque  peri/.  370 — 1  quod  fecimus  una  perdidi?n  usque 
nefas. 

(c)  While  considering  the  feats  of  Lucan  in  the  way  of 
antitheses  and  emphasis  it  may  be  well  to  call  attention  to 
the  involved  and  laboured  expression  of  notions  in  themselves 
clear  and  capable  of  being  expressed  simply  and  clearly.  I  take 
the  instances  collected  by  Xisard  II  pp  246 — 51,  as  they  are 
good  ones  and  amply  sufficient  to  illustrate  this  characteristic  of 
Lucan's  style. 

I  82 — 6  [it  was  the  submission  to  a  triumvirate,  not  the  power  of  an 
enemy,  that  destroyed  Rome],  II  177 — 80  [Marius  was  killed  with  cruel  slow- 
ness], ill  457 — 61  [the  motive  power  of  the  towers  was  unseen,  and  when  they 
shook  it  seemed  like  the  effect  of  earthquake],  IX  636 — 41  [Medusa  turns  to 
stone  all  who  look  upon  her  face.  For  the  description  of  instantaneous 
death  cf  Seneca  nat  quaest  II  59  ii  13]. 

These  examples  might  be  multiplied  to  any  extent 

(d)  I  append  a  few  stray  notes  which  seem  to  belong  to 
this  place. 

The  figure  hendiadys,  so  common  in  Vergil,  is  very  rare  in  Lucan. 
See  iv  364  usum  belli  poenamque  remittit,  and  a  few  more  scattered  in- 
stances. 

The  figure  hypallage  is  common  in  Lucan.  Instances  are  vn  623 — 4 
qnis  pectore  tela  transmittal,  834 — 5  numquam  tanto  se  volture  caelum 
induit,  III  457  [lurres]  nullo  fixeritnt  robore  terram. 

[c)  Among  the  characteristics  of  Lucan's  style  we  must 
not  forget  the  careless  repetition  of  words.  The  effect  of  this 
is  sometimes  very  awkward,  and  has  sometimes  even  caused 
editors  to  attempt  the  emendation  of  lines  which  on  further 
consideration  seem  to  be  indubitably  sound.  A  few  instances 
will  illustrate  and  justify  my  words. 

I  25  urbibus,   27    urbibus, — 80  foedera,    86  foedera, — 510  faciles,    513 

facilem. 

II  22  attonitae.    \z    xttonitae, —  205  strages,  212  stragc, —  212  praecipites, 

216  praceipiti, — 249  furentis,  254  furor, — 292  furorem,  295///- 
roretn, — 299  atris,  301  alras, — 677  profundi,  680  profundi. 

III  436  silvam,   441  sil-va,   445  silva,— 510  robore,    517  robur,    ^z  robur, 

563  robora,  570  robore,    5S4  robore, — 607   tenet,   622  tenet, — 647 
carinae,  650  carina,  654  cariinw. 


Ixxxii  REPETITION  OF   WORDS 

iv  29  subita,  32  subito, —  245  monstra,  252  monstra, —  251  sederunt,  252 
scelus, — 448  panto,  450  ponto, — 784  tulit,  789  ferat,  796  tulit, 
814  tulit,  818  tulerunt. 

v  170  ferens,  174  ferens, — 348-50  (uses  of  w^r), — 546  conn/,  $\%  cornu, — 
793  sustinet,  796  sustinuit. 

VI      257  (Wi/iis,   259  ti run's. 

yii    157  siil pure,   160  sulp7tre,— 197   notavit,    200    notavil,    203    notassct, — 
289  f altar,  290  fallentia, — 512  sol  11  tar,  $\^soluto, — 
551   hie  furor  hie  rabies  hie  sunt  tua  erimiiia,  Caesar, 
557  ///V  Caesar  rabies  populis  stimulusquc  furorum. 

VIII  194  (7<v///,  196  dfedk'/, — 474  consilii  vix  tempus  erat,  480  consilii  vox 
prima  fuit, — 541  monstri,  548  monstra  [cf  474], — 664  sacrae, 
669  sacros,  677  sacrum. 

ix    870  solatia,  878  solatia, — 953  legens,  954  /^//, — 973  saxum,  978  .ra;ra. 

X  147  ambitione  furor  [aniens],  157  ambit ione  furens,  —  312  ^«rt  <#n- 
munt,  314  £wa  dirimiint. 

Where  Lucan  repeats  the  word  in  the  same  sense  we  are 
conscious  of  a  certain  dullness  and  monotony,  such  as  a  meagre 
vocabulary  is  apt  to  convey.  Where  the  sense  of  the  word  is 
different  in  lines  not  far  from  each  other,  the  attentive  reader 
must  I  think  be  conscious  of  a  certain  want  of  skill,  an  awk- 
wardness of  manipulation,  quite  sufficient  to  constitute  a  distinct 
literary  blemish. 

The  instances  given  above  are  worth  going  through  care- 
fully. I  do  not  mean  to  say  that  such  repetitions  are  peculiar 
to  Lucan.  But  I  do  think  that  in  his  declamatory  flow  of 
rhetorical  Latin  verse  they  are  out  of  place  and  a  mark  of 
great  carelessness.  It  is  far  otherwise  in  the  simple  diction  of 
archaic  poetry.  But  with  such  Lucan  has  nothing  in  common, 
and  therefore  this  characteristic  of  his  is  a  defect,  and  by  it 
much  of  his  attempted  word-painting  is  habitually  marred. 

(f)  One  well  known  characteristic  of  early  poetry  is  the 
artless  recurrence  of  the  same  epithets,  the  same  phrases,  even 
the  same  lines.  The  Homeric  poems  are  the  stock  instance 
of  this,  and  one  notable  feature  of  Vergil's  style  is  his  conscious 
and  delicate  imitation  of  this  primitive  ballad  manner.  In 
Lucan  this  has  wholly  disappeared.  The  inner  variety  of  human 
life  and  character  is  gone,  and  the  outer  variety  of  words  and 


I 

155 

IX 

3-i 

I 

33*  -2 

IV 

239—41 

RECURRENCE    OF   PHRASES  lxxxiii 

phrases  takes  its  place.     But  the  effect  of  this  rhetorical  variety 
is  monotonous  in  an  epic  poem. 

At  the  same  time  Lucan  cannot  avoid  an  occasional  repeti- 
tion of  a  combination  of  words.  Hut  these  rare  repetitions  are 
merely  casual,  not  the  result  of  an  artless  or  tasteful  readiness 
to  employ  the  same  phrase  to  express  the  same  idea.  They 
might  happen  just  as  well  in  prose.  I  give  the  most  notable 
instances. 

in  sua  templa  furit"!  1  200     Roma,  favc  coeptis") 

in  sua  regna  furensj  vm  322     Roma,  fave  coeptisj 

nullus  semel  ore  rcccptus  pollutas  patitur  sanguis 

mansuescere  fauces 
si  torrida  parvos  venit  in  ora  cruor 

admonitaeque  tument  gustato  sanguine  fauces 

II      217 — 8     nee  iam  alveus  amnem  nee  retinent  ripae  redditque 
cadavera  campo 

VIII  438— 9     et  nostra  cadavera  Tigris    detulit  in    terras    ac    red- 
didit 

II  304  sic  eat"!  IV  501 — 2     sed  non  maiora  supersunt  obsessis 

v  297  sic  eat/  IX  865 — 6     forsan  maiora  supersunt  ingressis 

IV  590  Antaei  quae  regna  vocat  non  vana  vetustas 

IX  987  ut  ducis  implevit  visus  veneranda  vetustas 
x    239 — 40  zephyros  quoque  vana  vetustas  his  adscribit  aquis 

323     hinc  Abaton  quam  nostra  vocat  veneranda  vetustas 

v  356     quibus  hie  non  sufficit  orbis 

X  456     cui  Romani  spatium  non  sufficit  orbis. 

v  692     sors  ultima  rerum 

VII  122     quod  sors  feret  ultima  rerum 

vm     11 — 2  quantum  pro  Caesaris  ipse  avolsa  cervice  daretl 

IX  1023—4  quicquid  pro  Alagni  cervice  dares  J 

\ni        210  qui  sparsa  ducis  vestigia  legit 

IX     952 — 3  cuius  vestigia  frustra  terris  sparsa  legens 

vm  360 — 2     nunc  tantas  ille  lacesset  auditi  victoris  opes  aut  iungere 

fata  tecum,  Magne,  volet? 
vm        533     nunc  victoris  opes  et  cognita  fata  lacessis? 

IX  496     Libycae  finitor  circulus  orae"! 

212     varii  mutator  circulus  anni   J 

In   II  341 — 2,  378 — 9,  the   repetition  of  foedcra  prisci  tori  is  probably 
\n  intentional  parallelism,  of  no  great  merit  :  and  perhaps  vm  360 — 2,  533, 

is  the  same. 


} 


J 


lxxxiv  INTRODUCTION. 

These  recurrences  arc  rather  signs  of  a  poor  vocabulary  than 
of  simplicity.  They  help  us  but  little  in  forming  a  judgment  of 
the  Pharsalia  as  a  work  of  art,  but  it  is  for  all  that  better  to 
examine  than  to  ignore  them. 


(48)    Similes  and  Metaphors 

I  begin  by  giving  a  list  of  Lucan's  similes. 

Thing  compared  Compared  to 

I    72 — So     The  crash  of  the  civil  The  crash  of  the  world's  destruc- 

war  tion 

I  100 — 3       Crassus  as  an  obstacle  The  Isthmus  of  Corinth 

1  118             Julia  as  a  restraint  The  Sabine  women 

1  136 — 43      Pompey[stationary  dig-  A  grand  old  oak 

nity] 

I  151 — 7       Caesar  [restless  enter-  A  thunderbolt  [see  metaphor  x  34 

prise]  —5] 

I  205 — 12      Caesar  animating  him-  A  lion  working  himself  into  fury 

self  to  war 

I  258 — 61      Silence  of  the  overawed  Calm  in  the  country  at  midwinter, 

people  of  Ariminum  or  at  sea 

I  292 — 5       Caesar    egged    on     by  A  race-horse  roused  by  shouts 

Curio  to  war 

1  327 — 31     Pompey    thirsting     for  Tigers  thirsting  for  blood 

civil  war 

1388 — 91     Shout  of  Caesar's  army  Sound  of  a  strong  wind  in  woods 

I  498 — 503  Great  panic  at  Rome  Panic  on  board  a  ship  in  a  storm 

I  543—4       Midday     darkness     at  Midday  darkness  at  Mycenae 

Rome 

I  574 — 7       Apparition  at  Rome  Eumenides  in  Greek  myths 

I  674 — 5       Frenzied      matron      at  A  Thracian  Bacchante 

Rome 

II    21 — 8       Scene  at  Rome,  impres-  A  deathbed  scene,  impression  made 

sion  made  by  the  ap-  by  the  approach  of  death 

proach   of  the   great 

war 

II  162 — 5       The  numerous   victims  The  numerous  victims  of  Diomedes 

of  Sulla's  massacres  Antaeus  and  Oenomaus 

II  187 — 90     Marius     mutilated    by  Men  crushed  by  the  fall  of  a  build- 

Catulus  ing,  and  corpses  washed  ashore 

II  267- 8       Cato  should  rest  apart  The  rest  of  the  quiet  stars 

in  peace 


SIMILES  lxxxv 

Thing  cojnpared  Covipared  to     . 

n  297 — 303  Cato  chief  mourner  over  A  father  chief  mourner  over  dead 

Roman  freedom  children 

II  454 — 60     Conflict   of  feelings    in  Contending  winds  at  sea 

Italy 

n  601 — 7        Pompcy     sulkily    with-  A  bull    sulkily  withdrawing  for  a 

drawing  from  Italy  time  to  prepare  for  renewing  the 

fight 

II  665—8       Caesar's  great  mole  at  Mountains  hurled  into  the  sea  or  a 

Brundisium  [mass  of  lake 
material  sunk] 

11  672 — 7       Caesar's     mole     again  The  bridge  of  Xerxes 

[structure] 

11  715 — 9       Pompey's  fleet  escaping  The   Argo   escaping    through    the 

through  a  narrow  pas-  Symplegades  with  loss  of  part  of 

sage  with  loss  of  its  its  stern 
last  two  ships 

in  2S4 — 8       The  vast  host  of  Pom-  The  vast  hosts  of  Xerxes  and  Aga- 

pey  memnon 

III  362 — 5       Caesar  needing  adver-  Wind  and  fire  needing  obstacles 

saries 

ill  470 — 2       Effect  of  shot   from   a  Effect  of  fall  of  a  rock  from  a  moun- 

ballista  tain 

ill  482 — 3       Effect  of  shot  on  a  tes-  Effect  of  hail  on  a  roof 

tudo 

ill  549 — 52     Ships  beating  back  one  Contending  waves  driven  by  oppo- 

another's  wash  site  winds 

iv  106 — 9       Weather  in  Spain  BC  49  The  antarctic  winter 

(Ilerda) 

iv  134 — 6       Boats  of  wicker  and  hide  Similar  boats  used  by  various  peo- 

made  by  Caesar  pies 

IV  237—42     Pompeians   recalled   to  Wild    beasts    tamed    recalled    to 

desire    of  bloodshed  desire    of   blood    by    tasting    it 

by  Petreius'  taunts  again 

IV  285— 91     Pompeians,    making    a  Wounded  gladiator  allowed  time  to 

despairing  rush,  foiled  bleed  and  grow  stiff 
of  battle  and  left  time 
to  grow  cool 

IV  297— 8       Pompeians  digging  deep  Asturian  mining  deep  for  gold 

for  water 

iv  437 — 44     Stratagem   of  Octavius  Precautions    of   a    hunter   not   to 

not     to     alarm     the  alarm  the  game  too  soon 
Caesarians  too  soon 

iv  549—56     Vulteius'    men    killing  Men    sprung    from    the    serpents' 

each  other  teeth  killing  each  other  at  Thebes 

and  in  Colchis 

II.  L.  g 


lxxxvi  SIMILES 


Thing  compared  Compared  to 

IV  708 — 10     Soldiers   on   the   battle  Gladiators  in  the  arena 

field 

IV  724 — 9       Feint  of  Juba  to  delude  Feint    of    ichneumon    to    delude 

Curio  snake 

V  99 — 101  Effect  of  inspiration  on  Effect  of  volcanic   fires  on  Aetna 

the  Pythian  priestess  and  Inarime 

v  183 — 6       Pythian  priestess  pick-  Cumaean  Sibyl  picking  out  Roman 

ing   out   a  particular  destiny  from  those  of  the  world 
destiny  from  a  num- 
ber 

v  217 — 8       After- working    of    pro-  After- working  of  a  storm   on   the 

phctic  frenzy  on   the  sea 
Pythian  priestess 

V  336 — 9       Caesar    can    afford    to  The   sea   can   afford  to  disregard 

neglect  the  support  of  the  contributions  of  the  rivers 
his  soldiers 

V  436 — 41     Dead  calm  in  the  Adri-  The  Euxine  ice-bound 

atic 

v  620 — 4       Great     storm     in     the  The  great  Deluge 

Adriatic 

v  638 — 9       Height  of  great  waves  Height  of  Leucadian  cliff 

v  707 — 8       Order  of  fleet  sailing  Order  of  army  marching 

V711 — 6       Sailing    order    of    fleet  Flying  order  of  cranes  broken 

broken 

VI    48 — 53     Caesar's     lines     round  The  walls  of  Troy,  Babylon,  Nine- 

Dyrrachium  veh,  Antioch,  etc 

vi    65 — 8       Pompey     unaware     of  A  midland  Sicilian  or  Briton  un- 

Caesar's  lines  extend-  aware  of  a  storm  on  the  island 

ing  round  him  shores 

vi    90 — 2       Stench  from  dead  bodies  Stench  from  volcano 

VI  166            Effect  of  Scaeva's  ap-  Effect  of  a  trumpet  peal 

peal 

VI  181 — 3       Scaeva's  spring  among  A  leopard's  spring  among  hunters 

the  enemy 

vi  207— 13     Scaeva    stuck    full    of  Elephant  stuck  full  of  darts 

darts 

VI  220 — 3       Scaeva    pulling    out   a  Bear  trying  to  pull  out  a  dart 

dart 

vi  265—7       Unwearied     efforts     of  Unwearied  attacks  of  the  sea  on  "] 

Pompey  to  break  Cae-  cliffs 

sar's  blockade 

vi  272—8       Pompey  breaking  Cae-  The  Po  breaking  its  banks 

sar's  blockade 

VI  286—7      Torquatus    drawing    in  A  skipper  taking  in  sail  to  meet  r 


SIMILES  Ixxxvii 

Thing  compared  Compared  to 

his     men     to     resist  coming  squall 

Caesar's  attack 

VI  293 — 5       Panic  of  Caesarians  at  Panic  of  Catanaeans  at  an  eruption 

the  onset  of  the  Pom-  of  Aetna 

peians 

VI  648 — 51     The  cave  of  the  witch  The  hell-mouth  on  Taenarum 

Erichtho 

vii  125 — 7       Pompeygivingthe  order  A  desperate  skipper  letting  his  ship 

for  battle  drive 

vii  134—7       Personal      fears     over-  Personal  fears  overpowered  by  the 

powered  by  the  great-  grandeur  of  a  natural  convulsion 

ness  of  the  crisis 

vii  144 — 50     Preparation    for    fight,  Preparation    for    fight,    the    gods 

Pompeians      against  against  the  giants 

Caesarians 

vii  568 — 70     Caesar  keeping  the  fight  Bellona  or  Mavors  (  =  Ares  before 

alive  at  Pharsalia  Troy]  stirring  up  fight 

vii  IT] — So     Caesar  haunted  by  the  Orestes,  Pentheus,  Agave 

ghosts  of  Pharsalia 

viii  199 — 201   Skilful    handling   of    a  Skilful  handling  of  a  chariot 

ship 

ix  182 — 5       Funeral    fires    on    the  The  pastures  fired  by  Apulian  shep- 

African  shore  herds 

IX  284 — 93     Cato   recalling  to   him  A  shepherd  recalling  his  scattering 

his  scattering  army  bees 

IX  460 — 2       Column  of  dust  Column  of  smoke 

ix  494            Stars  to  travellers  in  the  Stars  to  sailors  on  the  sea 

desert 

ix  781 — 2      The  melting-away  of  a  The  melting  of  snow  or  wax 

man  bitten  by  a  scps 

IX  798—800  The  inflation  of  a  man  The  boiling-up  of  water  in  a  pot, 

bitten  by  zfirester  or  the  swelling  of  sails 

IX  808 — 10     Man  bitten   by  a  hoe-  Statues   in   theatre   discharging   a 

morrhois  discharging  shower  of  saffron 

gore  from  his  pores 

IX819—21     Sudden  painless  death  Sudden  death   from  poisoning  by 

from  a  highly  venom-  an  anaesthetic  drug 

ous  snake-bite 

IX  826—7       Rapid  flight  of  the  snake  Rapid  flight  of  a  sling-bullet  or  an 

iacidus  arrow 

1x902—6      The  testing  of  the  infant  The  testing  of  the  newly  hatched 

Psyllus  eagle 

X    60—2       Cleopatra      [bane      of  Helen  [bane  of  Greece  and  Troy] 

Rome] 

£2 


Ixxxviii 


SIMILES    CONSIDERED 


Tiling  compared 


Compared  to 


X  445 — 8       Caesar  charing  at  being      A  wild  beast  charing  in  a  cage,  and 
closely   beset   in   the  a  choked  volcano 

palace  at  Alexandria 

x  464 — 7  Caesar  ready  to  kill 
Ptolemy  if  hard  press- 
ed 

X  501 — 3  Rapid  spread  of  fire  in 
the  fight  at  Alexan- 
dria 


Medea   ready   to  kill   Absyrtus   if 
hard  pressed 

Rapid   rush    of  a   meteor    in    the 
sky 


There  are  thus  by  my  reckoning  79  similes  in  all,  distributee 
over  the  books  as  follows 


Book 

1 

11 

ill 

IV 

V 

VI 

VII 

VIII 

IX 

X 

lines 

695 

736 

762 

824 

815 

830 

12 

872 

872 

1 108 

546 

similes 

14 

10 

5 

1 
9   j   9 

5 

1 

10 

4 

I  find  it  interesting  to  compare  the  distribution  of  the  114 
similes  in  the  Aeneid 


Book 

1 

11      in 

IV 

V 

VI 

VII 

VIII      IX 

X 

XI   1  XII 

lines 

756 

804 

718 

705 

871 

902 

817 

731  818 

908 

915 

952 

similes     4 

11 

2 

8 

13 

9       7 

7      11 

15 

10 

17 

I  proceed  to  consider  briefly  the  similes  of  Lucan.  It  seems 
to  me  that  we  may  classify  them  under  three  heads  according  to 
their  sources 

(a)  Those  from  life,  that  is,  within  the  range  of  the  writer's 
own  experience.  A  very  small  class,  including  perhaps  a 
deathbed  scene,  a  street  accident,  a  poisoning,  and  a  few 
drawn  from  the  amphitheatre  and  circus. 

(b)  Those  from  history,  mythology,  geography,  works  of  art 
books  of  natural  history  and  travel.  These  may  be  callec 
the  encyclopaedic  class,  and  they  are  very  numerous. 


METAPHORS  lxxxix 

(c)     Those  borrowed  directly1  from  earlier  poets,  above  all 
from  Vergil.     These  are  numerous. 

One  grave  defect  which  a  careful  reader  will  often  note  in 
Lucan's  use  of  similes  is  that  he  over-describes  that  which  he  is  ^J 
about  to  illustrate  by  a  comparison.  Then,  when  the  simile  does 
come,  it  falls  flat.  The  reason  for  which  I  take  to  be  as  follows. 
A  simile  expresses  similarity  of  relations,  not  exact  equality  of 
ratios.  Its  purpose  therefore  is  to  furnish  a  qualitative  standard, 
not  a  quantitative  one.  By  first  over-describing  the  thing  corn- 
Dared,  the  quality  is  already  sufficiently  characterized,  and  the 
simile  finds  its  work  done.  It  then  has  a  sort  of  quantitative 
effect.  Thus,  when  Pompcy  and  Caesar  are  severally  described 
ny  analysing  their  characters  and  careers,  it  is  of  little  use  to 
compare  them  respectively  to  an  old  oak  and  a  thunderbolt. 
The  similes  seem  to  answer  the  questions  'how  stationary 
is  P  ?  how  restless  is  C?'  not  the  questions  'what  sort  of  man 
is  P  ?  what  sort  is  C  ? '  And  the  rhetorical  simile  fails  when 
applied  to  exact  mensuration. 

Another  defect  is  the  frequent  introduction  of  things  not 
;een  or  not  known  or  less  so  to  illustrate  things  seen  or  known 
or  more  so. 

Both  these  defects  arise  from  employing2  the  simile  to  make 
:he  thing  compared  more  interesting  rather  than  more  clear. 
A.nd  only  a  great  master  can  do  this  with  success. 

To  treat  of  the  metaphors  of  Lucan  exhaustively  is  quite 
beyond  my  reach  with  the  time  at  my  disposal ;  nor  do  I  greatly 
•egret  this.  I  can  do  no  more  than  give  references  for  samples 
)f  some  of  the  chief  metaphors. 

First  I  would  observe  that  Lucan,  like  most  poets,  mixes 
netaphors ;  and  that  he  does  so  in  a  singularly  harsh  manner, 
nstanccs  of  mixture  are  the  following : 

[  159         [semina...mersere],  262 — 4  [faces,  stimulos,  moras] 

r  118 — 9  [stimulo,  fluctu,  labat],  VI  7 — 8  [alea...mersura], 
603  [praeponderet...alea],         VII  504 — 5  [pondera,  torrente]. 

1  The  history  of  a  simile  may  be  well  followed        323 — 30. 

1  Sophocles  O  T  476 — 9,  Vergil  georg  ill  224 — 36  2  See  Abbott  and   Seeley's  English  Lessons 

n   narrative],    Lucan    11   601  —  7,    Stat   Theb   n         part  11  c  4. 


xc  METAPHORS 

Nisard  II  251  well  points  out  that  in  II  244 — 5  we  have  a 
good  instance  of  false  metaphor :  for  labantem  dirigc,  dubium 
firuia,  should  strictly  be  labantem  finna,  dubium  dirigc. 

Metaphors  were  already  becoming  conventional  in  Lucan's 
time.  Such  words  as  mergere,  stimuli,  imputare,  momentum! 
premere,  are  worked  to  death  by  the  writers  of  the  Silver  Age. 
I  go  on  to  give  references  shewing  the  departments  from  which 
some  of  Lucan's  chief  metaphors  are  drawn. 

Gladiators.    1  7,  97,  348,  IV  710,  v  469,  vi  $,6$,  191,  vn  695. 

Sacrifice.     II  174,  VII  596,  IX  132,  X  386,  430,  524. 

Law  terms.    1  128,114,250,  iv  213—4,  V  115— 6,  VIII  332— 3, 

870,  IX  24 — 5,  X  105,  262,  419,  and  perhaps 

suppressus  I  318,  IX  1058. 
The  balance.    I  57,  II  41,  III  55 — 6,  337—8,  439,  IV  819,  v  1 

— 8,  339,  VI  603,  VII  118,  VIII  280,  IX  19. 
Medicine  and  Surgery.     II  140— 3,  VI  299—300,  VIII  333—4, 

ix  25,  938. 

Trade.    V  248,  vi  262,  vn  757,  VIII  100— 1,  657—8,  X  80. 


[Digression.]  In  several  passages  Lucan  speaks  of  the  car- 
dines,  using  them  to  determine  the  geographical  position  of  some 
place  or  phenomenon  ;  and  in  one  line  he  employs  cardo  in  so 
bold  a  phrase  that  it  seems  well  to  devote  a  short  digression  to 
this  special  point.  I  do  not  possess  the  knowledge  required  for 
an  exhaustive  treatment  of  the  subject,  but  I  think  I  may  do 
something  towards  making  clear  one  notable  meaning  of  cardo 
and  proving  that  the  isolated  bold  use  of  which  I  have  spoken 
is  merely  a  trace  of  Stoic  astrology. 

Leaving  aside  I  552 — 3  cardine  tcllus  subscdit,  where  cardo 
has  the  common  sense  of  '  axis',  the  following  are  the  passages 
in  Lucan : 

(a)    IV  72 — 4  [of  the  congestion  of  rain-clouds  over  Spain] 

hie,  ubi  iam  Zephyri  fines  et  summus1  Olympi 
cardo  tenet  Tethyn,  vetitae  transcurrere  densos 
involvere  globos. 

1   For  S WHiitus  cf.  Seneca's  epigram  (19  Tinch-         Corduba  set  gratare  tibi,  quod  te natura  supretM 
reus    dc  st-  ad  patriam  15-6,  where  he  says  to        addidit  Occauo. 


CARBINES  xci 

(/3)     IV  671 — 3  [of  the  territories  of  Juba] 

qua  sunt  longissima  rcgna, 
cardine  ab  occiduo  vicinus  Gadibus  Atlas 
terminat  :  a  medio  confinis  Syrtibus  Hammon. 

(7)  V  71 — 2  [of  the  position  of  mount  Parnasus] 

hesperio  tantum  quantum  submotus  eoo 
cardine  Parnasus  gemino  petit  aethera  colle. 

(8)  IX  528 — 9  [of  the  oasis  of  Mammon.     Though  there  are 
trees,] 

sic  quoque  nil  obstat  Phoebo,  cum  cardine  summo 
stat  librata  dies. 

(e)    VII  380 — I  [Pompey  before  the  battle  imploring  his  men 
not  to  bring  down  his  old  age  to  disgrace.] 

ultima  fata 
deprecor  ac  turpes  extremi  cardinis  annos. 

I  feel  certain  that  in  the  first  four  of  these  passages  cardo 
means  a  '  meridian',  half  a  'great  circle'.  To  this  view  I  am  led 
by  the  lines  of  the  Stoic  astrologer  Manilius  [II  785 — 97]  : 

ergo  age  noscendis  animum  compone  sagacem 

cardinibus,  qui  per  mundum  sunt  quattuor  omnes 

dispositi  semper  mutantque  volantia  signa. 

unus  ab  exortu  caeli  nascentis  in  orbem, 

qui  primum  terras  aequali  limite  cernit. 

alter  ab  adversa  respondens  aetheris  ora, 

unde  fugit  mundus  praecepsque  in  Tartara  tendit. 

tertius  excelsi  signat  fastigia  caeli, 

quo  defessus  equis  Phoebus  subsistit  anhelis 

2declinatque  diem  mediasque  examinat  umbras. 

ima  tenet  quartus  fundato  nobilis  orbe, 

in  quo  principium  est  reditus  finisque  cadendi 

sideribus,  pariterque  occasus  cernit  et  ortus. 

'  Come  then  prepare  your  mind  for  learning  the  meridians  : 
they  are  four  in  number,  their  position  in  the  firmament  is  fixed, 
and  they  modify  the  influence  of  the  signs  as  these  speed  across 
them.  One  is  placed  where  the  heaven  rises  springing  up  to 
form  its  vault,  and  this  one  has  the  first  view  of  the  earth  from 
the  level.     The  second  is  placed  facing  it  on  the  opposite  border 

-  Bentley  emends  dUcernitqut  diem  medium-        not  completely  analogous.     1  keep  the  vulgatc. 
Jtu  examinat  horam,  and  compares  I  633  (631), 


XC11 


CARDINES 


of  the  aether,  and  from  this  begins  the  falling-away  of  the  fir- 
mament and  its  headlong  sweep  down  to  the  Nether  World. 
The  third  marks  the  highest  part  of  the  heaven  aloft :  when 
Phoebus  reaches  this  he  is  weary  and  his  horses  out  of  breath ; 
here  then  he  rests  a  moment  while  he  is  giving  the  downward 
turn  to  the  day  and  balancing  the  shadows  of  noon.  The  fourth 
holds  the  very  bottom  of  all,  and  has  the  glory  of  being  the 
foundation  of  the  round  world :  on  it  the  stars  cease  their  sink- 
ing and  begin  their  upward  course  once  more :  it  is  equidistant 
from  the  setting  and  the  rising.' 

It  is  not  my  purpose  to  comment  on  this  passage  further 
than  to  point  out  (a)  that  it  assumes  not  only  a  fixed  North 
and  South,  East  and  West,  but  also  a  top  and  bottom,  or 
in  other  words  it  recognizes  three  dimensions ;  (#)  that  the 
context  of  Manilius  shews  that  it  is  cardinal  meridians  not 
cardinal  points  that  are  meant. 


The  figure  represents  a  celestial  sphere,  enclosing  within  it  that  of  the  Earth,  and 
having  marked  on  it  two  great  circles  intersecting  at  right  angles  and  forming 
four  celestial  meridians  or  cardines. 


Turning  back  now  to  the  four  passages  from  Lucan,  books 
IV,  v,  IX,  let  us  see  whether  we  can  get  out  of  cardo  any  clear 
and  consistent  meaning.  The  reverse  order  will  be  best  for 
purposes  of  inquiry. 


CARD1XI.S  xciii 

(8)  (Though  there  are  trees  in  the  oasis)  '  even  then  there 
is  nothing  to  keep  off  the  sun  when  the  day  stands 
poised  on  the  top  of  the  meridian', — that  is,  when  the 
sun  is  at  the  zenith,  he  is  right  over  the  oasis,  and  there 
is  thus  no  shade. 

(7)  '  Parnasus,  which  rises  aloft  in  two  peaks,  is  equidistant 
from  the  meridians  of  East  and  West', — that  is,  it  is 
exactly  under  the  upper  meridian;  or,  in  modern  phrase, 
the  meridian  of  Delphi  is  the  prime  meridian.  Surely 
I  need  hardly  remind  the  reader  that  Delphi  was  called 
the  earth's  navel. 

(/?)  '  Where  his  realm  is  at  its  longest,  it  is  bounded,  towards 
the  meridian  of  the  West  by  Atlas,  towards  the  middle 
by  Hammon's  oasis', — that  is,  instead  of  defining  it  by 
West  and  East,  he  does  so  by  West  and  the  middle  :  for 
Numidia  lay  wholly  to  the  West  of  the  Delphic  or 
middle  meridian. 

(a)  '  Here,  where  the  ocean  is  reached  \iani\  held  in  by  the 
bounds  of  the  West  wind  and  the  furthest  meridian  of 
Olympus,  (the  clouds),  being  forbidden  to  cross  the 
water,  were  congested  into  dense  balls  (of  moisture)'. 
Olympus  is  the  Heaven  of  the  upper  hemisphere,  op- 
posed to  Tartarus  :  the  West  meridian  is  the  furthest 
[so  is  the  East]  because  beyond  it  is  the  lower  hemi- 
sphere. 

That  Lucan  clearly  and  fully  thought  out  the  meaning  of 
all  these  expressions,  I  do  not  maintain  :  but  I  do  maintain 
that  such  is  the  strict  meaning  and  that  we  need  not  wonder 
at  his  lightly  employing  as  a  matter  of  course  the  language  of 
Stoic  astrology. 

I  now  return  to  Manilius,  who  presently  goes  on  to  spcak 
of  the  astrological  importance  of  the  car  dines.  Of  the  Western 
he  says  [11  833—7]  : 

ultimus,  emenso  qui  condit  sidera  mundo, 
occasumquc  tenens  submersum  despicit  orbem, 
pertinct  ad  rerum  summas  finemque  laborum 
coniugia  atque  cpulas  extremaque  tempora  vitae 
otiaque  et  coctus  hominum  cultusque  deorum. 


xciv  PROSODY 

I  now  proceed  to  Pompcy's  words  in  Lucan  book  VII. 

(e)  '  I  pray  you  keep  from  me  that  worst  of  fates,  degrada- 
tion in  my  declining  years', — that  is,  in  the  years  of 
my  last  meridian,  the  fourth  or  Western  meridian  of 
Manilius.  It  is  an  astrological  notion  that  reminds  us 
of,  but  is  not  the  same  as,  our  metaphor  of  '  life's 
sunset'. 

That  the  meaning  of  cardo  in  the  language  of  the  gromatic 
writers  is  closely  connected  with  that  discussed  above  is  easy  to 
shew,  but  I  do  not  see  any  passage  in  Lucan  to  the  under- 
standing of  which  this  connexion  is  a  direct  help.  The  Eastern 
or  Western  '  North-and-South-lines'  are  nothing  more  nor  less 
than  the  Eastern  or  Western  meridians. 


(49)    Prosody  etc. 

As  the  identity  of  a  painter  shews  itself  in  certain  peculiarities 
of  colouring  or  manipulation,  so  does  that  of  a  poet  in  peculi- 
arities of  diction  and  rhythm.  But  perhaps  more  attention  is 
nowadays  bestowed  upon  the  case  of  the  painter,  which  appeals 
to  the  eye,  than  upon  that  of  the  poet,  which  must  be  decided 
by  the  ear.  Yet  that  the  diction  and  rhythm  of  a  poem  are 
among  its  important  characteristics  will  hardly  be  denied  by  a 
careful  reader  of  the  Aeueid  or  Paradise  Lost.  In  the  case  of 
Lucan  this  line  of  inquiry  has  special  interest :  for,  though  it  is 
easy  to  note  in  detail  the  numerous  traces  of  Vergil's  influence 
on  the  writer  of  the  PJiarsalia,  it  is  none  the  less  true  that 
the  effect  of  the  whole  poem  is  anything  but  Vergilian.  Indeed 
it  cannot  be  said  to  bear  a  general  resemblance  to  any  other 
work  in  ancient  literature  that  has  come  down  to  us.  It  stands 
between  the  old  Rome  and  the  new,  not  only  in  its  subject  and 
spirit  but  also  in  its  rhythm  and  diction. 

The  general  effect  of  Lucan's  verse  is  one  of  steady  monotony. 
Looking  more  closely  we  observe  certain  distinct  reasons  for 
this  effect,  which  arc  in  the  main  as  follows : 


PA  USES.     RHYTHM 


xcv 


(a)  Want  of  variety  in  the  pauses.  What  can  be  done 
by  such  variety  in  Latin  had  already  been  shewn  by  Vergil, 
no  doubt  at  the  cost  of  enormous  but  congenial  labour. 

Two  of  Lucan's  favourite  pauses1  are  after  the  strong  pen- 
themimeral  and  hephthemimeral  caesuras,  as 


I  57  sentiet  axis  onus.  | 

58  orbe  tene  medio.  | 

63  sed  mini  iam  numen. 

72  nee  se  Roma  ferens. 

TJ  excutietque  fretum.  | 


1  50  igne  vago  lustrare  iuvct.  | 

61  inque  vicem  gens  omnis  amct. 

68  immensumque  aperitur  opus. 

82  crescendi  posuere  modum.  j 

84  invidiam  Fortuna  suam.  | 

93  impatiens  consortis  erit.  | 


When  the  ear  is  trained  to  notice  such  things,  the  constant 
recurrence  of  these  and  other  pauses  becomes  quite  painful : 
such  sameness  of  the  rhythmic  beat  is  an  artistic  crudity  that 
may  be  excused  but  cannot  be  made  pleasing. 

{b)  Want  of  variety  in  the  rhythm  of  successive  lines. 
This  is  a  grave  defect  even  when  not  emphasized  by  marked 
pauses;  and  here  too  Vergil  had  shewn  the  better  way.  Take 
such  a  passage  as  II  16 — 42.  The  matter  is  such  as  might 
have  wrought  mightily  on  a  Roman  poet  and  found  its  utterance 
in  memorable  words  of  noble  sound.  But  through  weakness  of 
rhythm  and  diction  the  passage  is  dull  and  commonplace.  The 
same  may  be  said  of  a  great  many  other  passages ;  and  when 
the  matter  has  no  particular  interest  of  its  own  the  effect  is  of 
course  worse.  That  Lucan  could  have  given  more  rhythmic 
variety  than  he  has  done  may  I  think  be  proved  by  lines  of 
Vergilian  ring  that  lie  here  and  there  imbedded  in  his  work. 
For  instance 

III   165     tunc  orientis  opes  captorumque  ultima  regum... 
395     procumbunt  nemora,  et  spoliantur  robore  silvae. 


IV  198     instituunt,  et  permixto  libamina  Baccho. 


VI  265 — 7  cum  se  tollcntibus  Euris 

frangentem  fluctus  scopulum  ferit  aut  latus  alti 
montis  adest  seramque  sibi  parat  unda  ruinam. 


1  A  hideous  instance  of  the  second  (if  these  is 
vii  J17  -g  cothms  tibi  euro  sinistri,  Lentule, 


cum  prima,    quae   turn  Jiut   optima    bello,    et 
quarta  legione  datur,    Quoted  by  Nisard  n  11267. 


xcvi  RHYTHM 

VII   192      Euganeo,  si  vera  fides  memorantibus,  augur 

548     illic  non  rcgum  auxiliis  collccta  iuventus 

VII]  513     causa  data  est;  quid  scpositam  semperque  quietam 

ix  Soo — 1  tumidos  iam  non  capit  artus 

informis  globus  et  confuso  pondere  truncus. 

942  —3     iamque  illis  magis  atque  magis  durescere  pulvis 
coepit  et  in  terrain  Libye  spissata  reverti. 

Here  and  there  we  even  find  a  line  recalling  the  stately 
rhythm  of  Lucretius.     For  instance 

VI  487     has  avidae  tigres  et  nobilis  ira  leonum 

vii  833     Threicias  hiemes,  ad  mollem  serius  Austrum 

IX  290     floriferi  repctunt,  ct  sparsi  mellis  amorem. 

Sometimes  there  occurs  a  variation  from  his  common  models 
without  any  corresponding  advantage,  as  for  instance 
vi  701     manibus  et  mihi  sunt  tacitae  commercia  linguae. 

or  sound  and  sense  are  at  variance,  as  in 

v  437     cum  glacie  retinente  fretum  non  impulit  Ister. 

How  far  this  sameness  of  rhythmic  movement  is  due  to  a 
certain  dulness  of  ear  born  in  the  writer,  how  far  to  the  influence 
of  the  false  rhetoric  of  the  time,  an  influence  under  which  the 
Latin  prose  period  used  by  Cicero  and  Caesar  was  fast  perishing, 
I  see  no  means  of  guessing.  But  that  it  was  not  peculiar  to 
Lucan  I  infer  from  the  few  surviving  fragments2  of  about  the 
same  date,  and  from  the  ingenious  but  monotonous  volubility  of 
the  Metamorphoses  of  Ovid.  Ovid's  hexameter  seems  to  mark 
the  transition  from  that  of  Vergil  to  that  of  Lucan, — so  far,  that 
is,  as  we  may  venture  to  regard  them  severally  as  types.  If  we 
compared  together  Lucan  and  Ovid  only,  their  differences  would 
strike  us  more  forcibly  than  their  resemblances,  and  naturally : 
for  between  a  facile  writer  on  a  trivial  subject  and  a  nervous 
declaimer  on  a  theme  of  world-wide  interest  the  difference  is 
likely  to  be  enormous.  But  when  we  consider  how  closely  Lucan 
had  studied  Vergil,  and  how  little  his  rhythm  is  indebted  to 
Vergil,  we  may  I  think  fairly  conclude  that  the  smoother 
Ovidian  versification  had  taken  possession  of  the  Roman  poetic 

2  See  Baehrens'  fragmenta  poetarum  Roma-        novanus  Pedo  and  Cornelius  Severus. 
norum  pp  349—69,  particularly  the  lines  of  Albi- 


ELISION.     ENDINGS  xcvii 

field,  and  that  Lucan  could  not  free  himself  from  its  influence. 
Youth  also  has  probably  something  to  do  with  the  defect  of 
Lucan's  verse  :  and,  though  the  cases  are  not  quite  analogous, 
he  reminds  us  of  Oldham  in  Drydcn's  lines 

O  early  ripe  !    to  thy  abundant  store 
what  could  advancing  age  have  added  more? 
It  might  (what  nature  never  gives  the  young) 
have  taught  the  numbers  of  thy  native  tongue  : 
but  satire  needs  not  those,  and  wit  will  shine 


through  the  harsh  cadence  of  a  rugged  line. 


• 


A  noble  error  and  but  seldom  made, 

when  poets  are  by  too  much  force  betrayed. 

(c)  Too  sparing  use  of  elision.  In  Vergil's  hands  elision11 
was  a  powerful  rhythmic  appliance :  by  it  he  was  able  to  load 
or  roughen  lines  or  parts  of  lines  so  as  to  regulate  the  move- 
ment ;  and  thus  he  makes  sound  and  sense  agree.  In  this 
respect  Lucan's  rhythm4  is  decidedly  weak.  The  same  may  be 
said  of  Ovid  and  of  the  post-Vergilian  poets  generally.  I  believe 
that  false  rhetorical  training  had  a  great  deal  to  do  with  this 
defect. 

(d)  Want  of  variety  in  the  endings  of  lines.  The 
spondaic  ending  occurs  in  the  Pharsalia  fourteen5  times  only, 
and  in  eleven  of  these  fourteen  cases  the  last  word  is  either  a 
Greek  word  or  a  proper  name  or  both.  Still  the  number  of 
such  endings  would  not  seem  so  very  small  were  it  not  that  the 
spondaic  is  almost  the  only  abnormal  ending  employed  by 
Lucan.  There  are  only  two6  other  cases  of  variation  and  the 
last  word  is  Greek  in  both  cases. 

(e)  Slovenly  assonance  of  endings.  This  unhappy 
jingling  is  frequent,  and  mars  the  sound  of  some  of  the  best 
passages  in  the  poem.  A  few  instances  will  illustrate  this 
defect  clearly  enough.  For  brevity's  sake  I  give  the  endings 
only. 

»  No  doubt  elision  has  something  archaic  about  lanteo,  vi  386  Centauros,  vm  697  Mausolea,  ix 

it.      As  a   language   gets   more   fixed,   ears  get  297   Cyrenarum,    329    armamentis,   719    amphis- 

tenderer.    See  Quintilian  ix  4  §§  33  foil  on  hiatus.  bacna,    836    Orionis,   918    centaurea,    x    216   in- 

♦  There  is  no  instance  of  the  elision  of  a  hyper-  crementis. 

metric  syllable  at  the  end  of  a  line  in  Lucan.  '•  ix  723  tabificus  seps,  x  318  praccipites  cata- 

6  1  329  armentorum,  665  Orionis,  689  Pyrenen,  ractac 
II   396  Appcnninus,  675    Hellesponti,  v  598  At- 


XCYlll 


ALLITERATION 


i      115  furentem  \ 
1  mi  parentemj 

III      82  timori 
83  amari 


iv    326  rigatus] 


11  288  nocentem)    m  13  noccntes 
289  cadentemj  14  tenentes 


ill  443  carentes  \ 
445  videntes  /■ 
448  noccntis ) 

v  546  cornu") 
548  cornuj 


iv  128  cones') 
129  vallesj 

vii  211  movebunt"! 
213  favebunt   J 


IV  661  locorum"! 
662  priorum  J 


327  meatus 

328  palato 

vii  678  paventeml    vii  750  petentis  "I  vn  763  noccntes) 
679  ferentem  J  751  nocentesj         764  furcntes  J 

vill  600  putasset  \  IX  398  bibentcm  | 
601  vacasset  >-  399  petentem  J 
603  fugasses  / 


In  such  a  case  as  II  143 — 4  pericre  noccntes,  sed  cum  1am 
soli  posscnt  superesse  noccntes,  there  is  a  rhetorical  point  in  the 
assonance ;  and  there  need  be  little  doubt  that  it  is  to  the 
fashion  of  the  rhetorical  schools  that  this  tendency  in  Lucan  is 
mainly  due.  But  that  mere  carelessness  or  defective  ear  has 
something  to  do  with  it  is  I  think  shewn  by  such  a  passage 
as  ix  355—8 

quam  iuxta  Lethon  tacitus  praelabitur  a.mjn's 
mfer/i/s,  ut  fama,  trahens  oblivia  venis  ; 
atque  insopiti  quondam  tutela  dracom's 
Hesperidum  pauper  spolia//^  frondibus  hor tus. 

Here  are  four  lines  the  rhythm  of  which  is  pleasantly  varied. 
But, — not  to  mention  that  the  only  elision  is  that  of  the  que 
in  atque,  which  is  practically  none  at  all, — the  recurrence  of  the 
termination  uis  [nis  nls  nls  nis],  followed  by  two  words  ending 
in  tus  separated  by  one  ending  in  bus,  is  hideous,  let  who  will 
say  the  contrary.  While  on  this  subject  let  me  add  that  Lucan 
almost  rivals  the  famous  O  fortunate///  waXani  me  consule 
Romrt///  of  Cicero  in  VII  1 10  res  mihi  Romans  dederas,  Fortuna, 
rcgendas. 

(/)     Imperfect  use  of  alliteration.     Alliteration  has  a  j 
marvellous  effect  on  the  sound  of  a  line.     But  this  effect  is  not  | 
strictly   rhythmic.     It  only  touches   rhythm    by  reason   of  the 
various  qualities  of  the  letters.     By  skilful  alliteration  special 


COLLOCATION 


XC1X 


attention  may  be  called  to  some  part  of  a  line  and  the  idea 
dominant  in  that  part.  In  fact  we  may  almost  say  that  allitera- 
tion is  to  diction  what  elision  is  to  rhythm.  From  Naevius  to 
Vergil  alliteration  is  regularly  employed  by  the  Latin  poets  as 
an  aid  to  the  effect  of  words.  Vergil  uses  it  most  lavishly  and 
with  consummate  skill.  As  poetic  diction  under  rhetorical  in- 
fluences grew  more  mechanical  and  antithetic,  the  old  simple 
engine  of  alliteration  went  out  of  use.  In  Ovid  it  begins  to  fail. 
Lucan  uses  it  timidly  and  seldom  well :  it  generally  has  a  hard 
and  unnatural  effect :  sometimes  none  at  all,  so  far  as  I  can  see. 
His  double  alliterations  are  often  ugly,  for  instance 

vn    431     quod  temper  j-aevas  debet  tibi  Parthia /oenas. 

IX    364     robora  romplexus  rutilo  oirvata  metallo. 

1075     non  tuleram  Ylfagnum  wecum  7?omana  regentem. 

The  following  are  some  of  the  better  instances 

II  253  hos  ferro  fugienda  fames,  461  dubiamque  fidem  Fortuna  ferebat. 
559  qui  pacem  potuere  pati,  ill  696  mcrgentesque  mori,  IV  590  Antaei  quae 
regna  vocat  non  vana  vetustas,  vn  704  quicquid  sub  Phario  positus  patiere 
tyranno,  705  longo  fatorum  crede  favori,  707  lacrimas  luctusque  remitte, 
722  caedis  adhuc  cumulo  patriae  per  viscera  vadis,  835  aut  plures  presserunt 
aera  pennae  IX  229 — 31  ille  iacet  quern  paci  praetulit  orbis,  causaque  nostra 
perit ;  patrios  permitte  penates,  desertamque  domum  dulcesque  revisere 
natos,  360  qui  vates  ad  vera  vocat,  851  et  peragunt  civilia  bella  cerastae. 

ig)  Sameness  in  the  collocation  of  words.  This  is  a 
point  which  an  attentive  reader  will  not  miss.  I  will  merely 
take  two  of  Lucan's  favourite  collocations  and  illustrate  them 
from  a  single  book.  The  letters  at  the  head  of  the  columns 
mark  the  positions  of  the  words  that  agree  together 


1  105 

243 

382 

476 
600 
620 
654 
657 


a 
Assyrias 
[et]  scabros 
Hesperios 
barbaricas 
[et]  lotam 
plurimus 
tota  [que] 
succensus 

[que] 


Latio 

nigrae 

audax 

saevi 

parvo 

adsperso 

diffuso 

tuis 


maculavit 

morsu 

veniam 

discurrere 

revocant 

variabat 

latuisset 

flagrasset 


robiginis 

metator 

Caesaris 

Almone 

sanguine 

[in]  aequore 

curribus 


a 
Carras 
enses 
[in]  agros 
alas 

Cybeben 
livor 
tellus 
aether 


COLLOCATION 


a 

b 

c 

a 

b 

I     3 

[in]  sua 

victrici 

conversum 

viscera 

dextra 

40 

ultima 

funesta 

concurrant 

proelia 

Munda 

62 

ferrea 

bclligeri 

compescat 

limina 

Iani 

95 

fratcrno 

primi 

maduerunt 

sanguine 

muri 

106 

Parthica 

Romanos 

solverunt 

damna 

furores 

170 

longa 

[sub]  ignotis 

extendcre 

rura 

colonis 

180 

annua 

venali 

rcferens 

certamina 

campo 

188 

turrigero 

canos 

effundens 

vertice 

crines 

247 

[ct]  tacito 

mutos 

volvunt 

[in]  pectore 

questus 

269 

audax 

venali 

comitatur 

Curio 

lingua 

279 

tua 

nos 

faciet 

victoria 

cives 

323 

Pompciana 

reuni 

c lauserunt 

signa 

Milonem 

329 

altus 

caesorum 

pavit 

cruor 

armcntorum 

361 

lenta 

tuas 

tcnuit 

patientia 

vires 

398 

pugnaccs 

pictis 

cohibebant 

Lingonas 

armis 

449 

plurima 

securi 

fudistis 

carmina 

Bardi 

500 

fracta  [que] 

veliferi 

sonuerunt 

pondera 

mali 

526 

ignota 

obscurae 

viderunt 

sidera 

noctes 
sereno 

53° 

fulgura 

fallaci 

micuerunt 

crebra 

568 

compositis 

plenae 

gemuerunt 

ossibus 

urnae 

581 

tristia 

Sullani 

cecinere 

oracula 

manes 

613 

deposito 

victum 

praebebat 

poplite 

collum 

675 

Edonis 

Ogygio 

decurrit 

plena 

Lyaeo 

691 

impia  [que] 

[in]  medio 

peraguntur 

bella 

senatu 

These  instances  of  two  collocations  only  are  surely  enough 
to  justify  what  I  have  said.  Sameness  of  word-grouping  pro- 
duces monotony  of  cadence.  This  sameness  is  all  the  more 
manifest  because  elision  is  too  little  used  and  the  rhythm 
generally  too  little  varied. 

A  variety  of  the  second  of  these,  less  striking  but  offensive7 
from  its  frequency,  is  the  correspondence  of  an  adjective  in  the 
second  foot  with  its  substantive  in  the  sixth. 


a 

80  machina  divolsi 

86  in  turbam  missi 

90  aer  et  longi 

95  fraterno  primi 

96  nee  pretium  tanti 

97  tunc  erat  exiguom 


a 
turbabit  foedera  mundi 
feralia  foedera  regni 
volvent  Titana  labores 
maduerunt  sanguine  muri 
tellus  pontusque  furoris 
dominos  commisit  asylum 


'   Nisard  11  p  267,  who  quotes  vn  524—^1. 


QUANTITIES  ci 


a 

a 

533 

iam   Phoebe  totn 

fratrem  cum  redderet  orbe 

539 

terrarum  subita 

percussa  expalluit  umbra 

540 

ipse  caput  medio 

Titan  cum  ferret  Olympo 

54i 

condidit  ardentis 

atra  caligine  currus 

544 

sole  Thyesteae 

noctem  duxere  Mycenae 

545 

ora  ferox  Siculae 

laxavit  Mulciber  Aetnae 

(h)  A  few  remarks  on  quantities  may  not  be  out  of 
place. 

Shortening  of  final  0  occurs  in  the  words  leo,  Cato,  cardo, 
turbo,  pulmo,  Curio,  Scipio,  praedo,  virgo,  tiro,  oblivio,  ergo, 
Carbo. 

Short  vowel  before  sin  and  sp  [x  121,  IX  574]. 

Vowel  lengthened  before  st  in  arsis  [v  1 18]. 

Short  e  in  third  person  perf  indie  [steteruut  [iv  771]. 

Variation  in  same  word  [i  689  Pyrenen,  IV  83  Pyrenaeae\ 

sanguis  generally  but  sanguis  II  338,  VII  635,  [see  Munro  on 

Lucr  I  853,  Aetna  100,  Conington  on  Verg  A  X  487]. 
Greek  forms  used  for  metrical  reasons,  as  I  231  Ariminon, 

II  466  Auxin  ion,  402  A  neon,  V  375  Hydrus,  $j6  Taras, 

17J  Sipus,  and  so  on. 

This  list  of  notable  quantities  is  as  nearly  complete  as  I 
can  make  it.  There  is  very  little  to  note  under  this  head,  and 
it  is  just  this  fact  that  is  significant. 


(50)    Grammar  etc. 

These  notes  such  as  they  are  may  perhaps  be  of  interest  to 
some,  and  therefore  I  print  them. 

[a]  Substantives  and  Adjectives.  Verbal  substantives 
in  tor  are  used  with  great  freedom :  many  of  the  following  are 
new  words,  at  least  in  poetry,  or  used  in  quite  new  senses. 
Some  are  aira^  \ey6fxeva. 

II  423  editor,  IV  66  fuscator,  722  simulator,  VII  799  Jiumator, 
VIII  854,  X  212  mutator,  IX  496  finitor  [Seneca],  591 
haustor,  979  monstrator. 

H.  L.  h 


cii  SUBSTANTIVES  AND  ADJECTIVES 

New  adjectives  arc  not  very  common,  and  arc  seldom  happy 
inventions.  Specimens  are  the  following,  mostly  ciira^  \eyo- 
fieva. 

IV  406  bcllax,   VI    22  quassabilis,   VIII   175  inocciduus  [Sen 
epigr  36  Baehrens],  IX  408  irredux,  941  harenivagus. 

Some  rare  words  seem  taken  from  Ovid,  such  as 
VII  480  resonus,  IX  670  saxificus,  6jj  colubrifcr. 


The  neuter  of  the  adjective  is  very  commonly  treated  as  a 
substantive.  Vergil  does  this  to  a  less  extent,  Horace  often. 
Specimens  are 

1  530,  iv  55,  ix  423  sercnum,  II  389,  vm  490,  IX  404,  563, 
571  honcstum,  IV  248  iustum,  VIII  488  utile,  rectum, 
IX  189,  577,  X  189  vcrum. 

As  to  the  forms  of  nouns  there  is  little  to  be  said  except 
that  the  genitive  in  ii,  made  popular  by  Ovid  and  others,  is  now 
regular.  Lucan  has  auxilii,  coniugii,  consilii,  eloquii,  imperii, 
naufragii,  servitii,  solstitii. 

In  X  187  we  have  the  unique  fastibus  [abl  of  fasti],  and  in 
IV  520  felix  [ace  neut]  is  so  far  as  I  know  only  supported  by 
the  use  of  the  nominative  in  quod  bouum  faustum  felix... siet, 
where  it  does  not  stand  alone.  For  VII  391  natale  [abl]  see 
Robyl§§425>427- 

Nothing  is  more  remarkable  in  Lucan  than  the  extreme 
fluctuation  in  the  sense  of  certain  substantives.  Nisard  [n  pp 
238 — 45],  who  holds  that  metrical  convenience  has  had  a  great 
deal  to  do  with  this  abandonment  of  the  comparative  precision 
observed  by  the  Augustan  writers,  selects  the  following  speci- 
mens : 

fides.  1  467,  11  17,  254,  705,  vi  433,  vii  192,  vm  688,  IX  585 
etc. 

focdus.     I  80,  II  378,  IV  365,  IX  1048,  X  471,  etc. 

mors  [with  let  urn],) 

L    .    ,  J  Y  IX  700 — 889  passim, 

fatiim,  jorfuna.      ) 

See  in  particular  IV  737 — 8  leti  fortuna  pr'opinqui  tradiderai 
fatis  iuveuem,   IX  833 — 4  quis  fata  putaret  scorpion  am 


USE    OF  CASES  ciii 

vires  maturac  mortis  habere?  935   cxtmctam  mortem  cx- 

Spllit. 

To  these  we  may  add  pignus,  pondus,  robur,  populi,  saccula, 
tc. 

We  see  this  tendency  beginning  in  Propertius,  but  he  seems 
singular  among  his  contemporaries.  With  Lucan  we  find  it 
established  in  Roman  literature. 

(b)    Use  of  cases. 

The  so-called  'accusative  of  respect'  is  much  rarer  in  Lucan 
than  in  Vergil.  There  are  however  a  good  many  instances  such 
as  11  335—6,  v  170—1,  518,  vi  625,  658,  vn  586,  vm  240,  752, 
IX  171—2,  842—3,  X  8^,  84,  134,  137,  309. 

A  few  instances  of  the  genitive  after  adjectives  and  participles 
may  be  worth  noting,  though  they  are  for  the  most  part  not 

nnovations :  such  as  II  578  metuens  pelagi,  VII  373  dotnini 
met  tie  utcm,  VIII  811  pavidos  maris,  VI  106  liber  terrae,  301  libera 
legum,  VII  118  libera  fortunae,  240  aeger  morae,  IX  373  armorum 

dens. 

Genitive  singular  after  neuter  singular  of  adjective  substan- 
:ivally  used. 

II  128 — 9  parvom  sanguinis,  V  467  minimum  terrae,  X  253 
taciturn  mundi. 

The  dative,  especially  the  so-called  dativus  commodi  and  its 
jxibe,   is  used   boldly  and   sometimes   harshly.     Examples  are 
iccessary. 

II  547  ut  Catulo  iacuit  Lepidus  [compare  Gratius  315  sic  ct 
Achaemeuio  cccidisti,  Lydia,  Cyro,  Cornel  Severus  fr  13 
1  24  nostraequc  cadens  ferns  Hannibal  irac\  V  343  hu- 
mauum  panels  vivit  genus,  VII  451 — 2  astra  T/iyestae 
iuipulity  IX  259  quod  tibi  11011  ducibus  vivis  morerisque, 
X  1 1 5  stabatquc  sibi  11011  seguis  achates  (cf  VII  697  etc). 

In  II  126  neglectum  violatae  dextrac  the  dative  is  harsh:  the 
obstruction  looks  differently  when  the  person  and  not  a  limb 
[if  him  is  mentioned,  as  X  177  uon  neglecte  dels. 

Il2 


civ  CASES.      VERBS 

A  few  of  Lucan's  uses  of  the  ablative  arc  worth  noting 

iv  3  So — i sed  gurgite  puro  vita  redit,  VI   140 — 1  qucm 

non  mille  simul  turmis  nee  Cacsarc  toto  auferret  Fortuna 
locum  [Manilius  I  7S0  (of  Manlius)  ct  love  qui  meruit 
caelum  is  far  harsher  than  these]. 

VII  79S  iuvidct  igne  rogi  miseris,  IX  424 — 5  (Libya)  non 
acre  ncquc  auro  excoquitur,  are  more  familiar. 

The  attributive  ablative,  so  common  in  Vergil,  is  rare  id 
Lucan.  Instances  are  IV  814  civcm  tanta  indole,  V  244 — 5  maesto 
classica  paulum  intermissa  sono,  VII  155  immensoque  igne  co- 
lumnas. 

The  ablative  absolute  is  sometimes  strangely  used,  as  in 
VIII  706 — 7  fclix  uullo  turbante  deorum  et  nullo  parcente  miser, 
which  might  be  called  an  attributive  use. 

Lucan  prefers  to  use  ab  in  many  places  where  the  plain 
ablative  is  more  usual,  as  II  493  prolatus  ab  ira,  VI  208  opprcssus 
ab  armis. 

The  dative  of  agent  is  used  with  the  present  indicative  of  a 
passive  verb  as 

V  260  quicquid  multis peccatur,  yyS — 9  si... dels  audior, 

VII   511   cimctis  pctitur  cruor,   VIII  300 — I   nee  pila  timentur 
. . .  Pat  this. 

Dative  with  notion  of  movement  towards,  after  a  verb. 

I  607  terrac  condit,  III  290  missura  ruinae,  IV  525  mergere 

ponto,   VI    115   utero  demittere,    362  fluit  mari,  VIII  100 

sparge  mari. 

(c)     Verbs  and  Participles. 

New  or  very  rare  verbs  are  III  299  supcrevolat,  IV  133  supere- 
natat. 

Verbs  arc  often  used  in  new  and  strange  senses,  some  o 
which  uses  do  not  seem  to  have  passed  into  the  literarj 
Latin. 

IV  41 1  proscrit  [not  metaphorical],  V  776  assuescis  [here  = 
assucfacis.  In  Horace  sat  II  2  109  there  is,  as  Nisan 
remarks,  a  reflexive  notion  in   the   passage],  vin    3   in 


VERBS  cv 

gantem  with  a  dative  =  resisting,  ix  373  cingere— to  go 
round  instead  of  across  a  place,  'make  a  detour  round', 
685  pensabat  =  would  have  been  shortening  [cf  VIII  249], 
x  473  aestimat  =  gauges,  is  a  measure  of. 

The  strained  metaphorical  use  of  verbs  is  a  characteristic  of 
the  Silver  Age,  and  is  well  illustrated  by 
cxplicarc  IV  629,  v  81,  vi  477,  vn  201. 
spargere  vin  100,  IX  245,  748,  x  310. 

Well  known  Silver  Age  uses  of  the  following  verbs  are  found 
in  Lucan,  some  of  them  very  frequently  : 

excuterc,  elidere,  damn  air,  iuiputare,  constarc,  tralicrc,  tcnerc, 
cxtcndc  re,  erigere,  rape  re,  impel Here,  donare,  eff under e,  quacrere. 

Many  of  these  usages  have  their  beginning  in  the  Augustan 
writers. 

The  uses  of  the  infinitive  in  Lucan  are  worth  some  notice. 
The  only  instances  of  the  so-called  'historical'  use  that  I  can 
find  are  in  the  characters  of  Pompey  and  Caesar  1  132  —  5, 
147-8. 

The  'epcxegetic'  use,  originally  modelled  on  the  Greek,  is 
very  common  in  Lucan  with  adjectives  participles  and  verbs. 
I  give  some  instances. 

I   164 — 5  cult  us  gesture  decor os  vix  nuribus,  463 — 4  arcere 

Cay  cos  oppositi,   510 — 1  faciles  dare tueri  difficiles,  11 

550 — 1   his  le  quoque  iungere invideo,   ill  377  patiens 

cingi,  697  eximius auimam  servare,  IV  519  vivere 

durent,  753  puguat  11011  stare,  VI  696  aviditm  confundere, 
VII  289  dicer e  uou  fallar,  481  dedit  gemiuare,  751  scire 

fvo/autf,  VIII  578  impatieus  deesse,  675  vindicat  hoc 

gestare,   IX   190 — 1    maioribus  impar  nosse  modum  iuris, 

1 001 — 2  avidus .peusare  moras,   X  57  corrupto  custode 

PJiari  laxare  catenas. 

More  remarkable  are  IV  615  parum  fidens  pedibus  contingere 
matrem  [where  the  sense  of  contingere  is  ei  quod  contingeret,  in 
:he  fact  of  his  touching:  Horace  epp  1  19  44  is  quite  different], 
VI  416 — 7  propius  iani  fata  mover i  degeneres  trepidant  auimi 
where  we  have  an  object  clause  with  perhaps  a  notion  of  quod 
'novcantur  in  it]. 


cvi  PARTICIPLES.     LICENSE   OF  DICTION 

The  direct  substantival  use  occurs  rarely,  as  IV  280  perdant 
velle  mori  [an  innovation  dating  back  at  least  from  Ovid,  cf 
metam  11  483],  and  the  use  in  apposition  IV  346 — 7  sola  mild 
est  orandae  causa  salutis  dignum  douanda,  Caesar,  te  credere  vita 
[the  feeling  that  you  are  worthy,  quod  crcdani\. 

The  present  participle  is  used  in  a  very  lax  manner.  It  is 
true  that  Catullus  LXIV  8  has  retinens  =  quae  solct  rctiucrc,  and 
(if  my  memory  serves  me)  there  are  a  few  instances  of  a  like 
kind  in  Ovid.  But  these  uses  are  foreign  to  the  genius  of  the 
language  in  its  best  periods.  I  give  a  few  instances  from 
Lucan. 

Ill  176  populisquc  per  aequora  mittcus  Sicaniis  Alplicos 
aquas  [qui  solet  mittere\  282  —  3  solvens  iciunia  belli 
Massagctes  quo  fu git  equo  [qui  solct  solver e\  IV  815  aut 
cui  plus  leges  debercnt  recta  sequeuti  [si  secutus  esset],  VIII 
229 — 30  tamen  omnia  vincens  sustiuui  nostris  vos  tantinn 
deesse  triumpliis  [cum  omnia  viueerem],  IX  27 — 8  nee  reg- 

num  cupieus  gessit  civilia  bella  nee  servire  timens.     [ct 

gessit,  cum  nee cuperet   ncc timeret],  773  stringens 

uterum  membrana  [quae  striugit]. 

The  use  of  the  future  participle  to  express  'meaning  to', 
'destined  to',  'able  to'  is  very  common  in  Lucan,  as  in  Curtius 
and  indeed  in  most  of  the  Silver  Age  writers.  See  II  332,  449, 
499,  505,  III  626,  VI  790,  etc.  But  Lucan  is  addicted  to  a  further 
use  of  it,  expressing  a  notion  of  possibility  or  contingency. 
Instances  of  this  are  III  621  telaque  multorum  leto  casura 
suorum,  IV  312 — 3  moriensque  recepit  quas  nollet  victurus  aquas, 
V  365 — 6  uuumque  caput  tarn  magna  inventus  privatum  factura 
timet. 

(d)  A  few  examples,  illustrating  the  license  of  diction 
used  by  Lucan  in  handling  the  Latin  tongue,  may  be  worth 
collecting,  though  this  is  not  the  place  to  discuss  them. 

I  520  (to  Rome)  nox  una  tuis  nou  credita  muris,  II  574  ex- 
pulit  armatam  patriis  e  sedibus  urban,  III  1 1 2 — 4  tamen 
exit  in  tram  viribus  an  posscnt  obsisterc  iura  per  unnm 
libcrtas  cxperta  virum,  641 — 2  nullius  vita  perempti  est 
tanta  dimissa  via,  719  ingentem  militis  usum,  IV  620  mi- 


OBSCURITY.     RELATIVE    CLAUSES  cvii 

ranturque  habuisse  parent,  770 — 1  nulla  dubii  discrimine 
Mart  is  ancipites  steterunt  casus,  VI  134  nimbusque  f evens 

tot  tela  peri  bat,  297  cacci  trepidus  sub  nubc  ti maris  [cf  625, 
vii  530 — 1],  VII  811  finemque  sui  sibi  corpora  dcbcnt,  vin 
25  actaque  lauriferae  damnat  Sullana  iuventae,  ix  225 — 6 
uuus  aperta  mcntc  fugac. 

These  shew  license  pushed  to  an  excess  sometimes  grotesque 
in  the  extreme,  and  very  characteristic  of  the  literature  of  this 
period.  Rhetoricians  competing  in  audacity  had  irreparably  in- 
jured the  language.  In  the  crabbed  phrases  of  Pcrsius  and  the 
slovenly  style  of  the  elder  Pliny  we  see  the  natural  result. 

(c)     Into   what   shapes   of    obscurity   dark    and    involved 
Lucan  could  torture  the  clearest  of  languages  may  be  seen  by 
I  referring  to  the  following  passages  : 

I  86,  98,  ill  23,  328—9,  410— 1,  IV  243—5,  V  278—82,  473 
—4,  VI  482,  VII  1—3,  436—9,  504—5.  IX  398—402. 

The  following  references  will  illustrate  the  bold  or  careless 
Iway  in  which  Lucan  sometimes  arranges  the  words  in  a  sen- 
tence.    The  same  sort  of  thing  occurs  in  the  older  writers  [sec 
Vergil  Aen  VII  305 — 6,  XII  64 — 5,  etc]  but  hardly  I  think  to  the 
I  same  extent  as  in  Lucan. 

1  14,  in  679,  v  321,  387,680,  691—2,  vi  710— 1,  vii  685 
—6,  ix  193—4,  232—3. 

(/)  Relative  clauses  are  thrust  in  very  clumsily,  breaking 
the  flow  of  the  sentence,  and  giving  a  prosaic  effect,  as  for 
^instance  I  14  hoc  quern  civiles  Jiauscrunt  sanguine  dcxtrae,  in  14 
— 5  tenentis  Eumenidas  quaterent  quas  vestris  lampadas  armis, 
V  520 — 1  molli  consurgit  Amy  das,  quern  dabat  alga,  toro.  And 
in  general  we  find  the  relative  used  in  Lucan  very  freely,  as  in 
prose  writers,  awkward  though  it  is  in  verse. 

Parentheses  are  sometimes  long  and  clumsy,  stopping  the 
flow  of  a  sentence  altogether,  as  IX  305 — 11,  or  they  break  an 
mtithesis,  as  X  383. 

(g)  The  subject  of  the  verb  is  sometimes  awkwardly 
:hanged  as  iv  34 — 5,  v  371 — 2,  IX  2>j — 8. 

Sometimes  the  object  of  the  verb  is  omitted,  as  II  279,  y2S, 
tv  353.  v  298,  and  it  is  sometimes  far  from  easy  to  supply  it. 


cviii  MISCELLANEOUS  NOTES 

(//)  The  following  references  will  illustrate  some  miscel- 
laneous usages,  for  the  most  part  very  common  in  Lucan, 
which  I  cannot  discuss  at  any  length  : 

(a)  omission  of  the  auxiliary  verb  in  an  awkward  inelegant 
manner,  as  VI  616  [in  protasis],  VII  782  [in  relative  clause], 
viii  211  [in  protasis],   IX  331,  604  [rel  clause], 

(/3)  negative  carried  on  from  one  clause  to  another  [very 
frequent],  as  I  76—7,  II  39—40,  235,  355,  372—3.  m  409,  IV 
277—8,  V  542,  VI  154,  IX  389,  590,  1036,  X  452. 

(7)  nec  =  etnon>  as  1  72,  in  554 — 5,  iv  584,  vi  681. 

(8)  adversative  conjunction  dispensed  with,  as  II  86,  III  219, 
369,  501,  v  281,  vi  713,  759,  VII  511. 

(e)     que  adversative,  as  I  134,  633,  III  569,  IV  604,  622,  V  605, 

618,  VI  756,  VIII  301,  IX  43,  147. 

(£)  nullus  employed  where  all  that  is  meant  is  a  negative 
qualifying  the  clause,  as  VI  644 — 5,  VII  25,  788,  VIII  599—600, 

619,  649,  805,  IX  298,  X  17. 

(17)  iste=  '  this',  as  I  342,  III  126,  v  351,  ix  867. 

(0)  spoute  with  a  genitive,  as  1  99,  234,  V  136,  IX  574. 

(1)  ego  and  tu  omitted  in  antithesis,  as  IX  1 103 — 4  [rare]. 

(k)  degener  applied  to  inanimate  objects,  I  365,  IX  4,  X  441. 

(X)  The  use  of  the  abstract  for  the  concrete  is  comparatively 
common.  See  II  324  iuvenis  calorcm,  510  nobilitas,  IV  660 
Romaua  victoria,  VII  546  errore  vago,  IX  31  victoria  Caesaris. 


G.     RELATION   TO   OTHER   WRITERS. 

To  Vergil. 


(51)  In  the  course  of  his  comparison  of  Lucan  and  Silius 
Italicus  Dean  Merivale  remarks1  of  the  former  'he  had  never 
studied,  one  is  almost  tempted  to  imagine  that  he  had  never 
read,  Virgil'.     I  am  always  unwilling  to  differ  from  so  great  an 


1  Merivale  c  64. 


RELATION  TO    VERGIL  ex 

authority  as  the  historian  of  Imperial  Rome,  but  in  this  matter 
I  am  compelled  to  record  my  dissent  from  his  view. 

I  have  collected  a  great  number  of  passages  on  which  the 
contrary  opinion  may  as  I  think  securely  rest.  These  passages 
might  be  classified  under  three  heads 

(a)  those  in  which  it  is  quite  clear  that  the  words  of  Lucan 
are  an  echo  of  the  words  of  Vergil. 

(b)  those  in  which  a  word,  a  turn  of  phrase,  a  construction, 
or  the  sound  of  a  line,  are  curiously  alike  in  the  two 
writers.     Of  these  I  have  only  given  a  selection. 

(()  those  in  which  the  wonderful  correspondence  of  geo- 
graphical details,  proper  names,  legendary  lore,  and 
other  such  material,  is  marked. 

I   have   not  so   classified   them,  because  many  passages  would 
have  had  to  be  repeated. 

It  should  be  remarked  that  many  of  those  belonging  to 
(/>)  would  if  taken  each  separately  seem  to  be  of  no  importance. 
Casual  resemblances  will  ever  be  found  in  poems  written  in  the 
same  metre  and  language.  But  when  the  resemblances  are  very 
numerous,  when  the  line  or  lines  of  the  earlier  poet  occur  in  or 
near  a  passage  already  proved  to  have  been  well  known  to  the 
later  poet  and  certainly  imitated  or  echoed  by  him, — then  the 
case  is  materially  altered,  and  the  value  of  this  class  of  evidence 
becomes  manifest.  Now  anyone  who  carefully  studies  the 
parallel  passages  quoted  below  will  see  that  the  most  remark- 
able characteristic  of  the  parallelisms  in  general  is  the  way  in 
which  disproportionately  large  numbers  are  furnished  by  certain 
parts  of  Vergil. 

I  hold  therefore  that  Lucan  was  steeped  in  the  language  of 
Vergil,  and  closely  familiar  with  his  matter.  I  think  that 
i  priori  probability — a  poor  thing  in  itself— tends  also  to  this 
:onclusion  ;  for  the  popularity  of  Vergil  was  immediate,  and 
Seneca's  frequent  quotations  from  his  works  suffice  to  prove  that 
his  popularity  extended  to  the  circle  of  society  in  which  Lucan 
vas  brought  up.  Again, we  find  Lucan's  contemporary  Calpurnius 
i  manifest  imitator  of  the  Bucolics.  Indeed  so  universal  was 
he  influence  of  Vergil  that  the  best  great  division  of  Roman 
literature  is  that  into  ante-  and  post-Vergilian. 


ex  RELATION   TO    VERGIL 

That  it  requires  careful  and  continuous  reading  to  appreciate 
the  influence  of  Vergil  on  Lucan,  I  readily  admit.  The  differ- 
ence of  manner  in  the  two  writers  is  enormous.  Vergil,  a  shy 
lover  of  the  country,  gentle,  sympathetic,  quiet,  contemplative, 
master  of  his  learning,  careful  in  selection,  weaves  together  his 
story  unobserved  and  sets  his  imaginations  in  subtle  harmonics 
of  rhythm  and  style.  Lucan,  a  young  city  prodigy,  hasty, 
declamatory,  eager  to  display  all  his  undigested  erudition  and 
make  telling  hits  to  catch  the  applause  of  an  audience,  harsh  in 
transitions  and  without  sense  of  proportion,  poor  in  imagination, 
— how  should  he  give  us  general  effects  other  than  those  of 
rhetoric?  His  is  the  hurried  result  of  effort,  Vergil's  the  ripe 
fruit  of  loving  labour. 

If  this  be  so,  why  does  not  the  influence  of  Vergil  on  Lucan 
strike  the  eye  at  once  ?  Because  Lucan  after  all  is  not  weak : 
he  is  strong,  and  when  he  borrows  he  alters,  sometimes  perhaps 
in  wanton2  rivalry.  Besides,  many  of  the  parallels  do  strike  the 
eye  even  at  a  cursory  glance. 

I  have  now  I  think  said  enough  by  way  of  opinion  and 
reasons  in  general.  It  remains  for  a  reader  to  examine  the 
evidence  in  detail  and  judge  whether  it  bears  out  my  views. 

Lucan  Vergil 

1  i  Emathios campos  G  I  492  Emathiam  et  latos  Haemi  pin- 

guescere  campos 

3  in  sua  victrici  conversum  viscera  A  VI  833  neu  patriae  validas  in  viscera 

dextra  vertite  vires 

7  pares  aquilas  G  I  489  paribus  concurrere  telis 

17  bruma  rigens  et  nescia  vere  re-  G  IV  36  eademque  calor   liquefacta   re- 

mitti  mittit 

22  totum  sub  Latias  leges  cum  mi-  A  IV  231  ac  totum  sub  leges  mitteret  or- 

seris  orbem  bem 

25—6  lapsisque  ingentia  muris  saxa,  A  vill  355  duo...disiectis  oppida  muris 

iv  12 — 3  fundata  vetusta  surgit  G  11  156  tot  congesta  manu  praeruptis  op- 
Ilerda  manu  pida  saxis 

29  desuntque  manus  poscentibus  ar-  G  I  507  squalent  abductis  arva  colonis 

vis,  205  squalentibus  arvis 

34  [fata]  invenere  viam  A  X  1 13  fata  viam  invenient 

52  quis  deus  esse  velis etc  G  1  24—5  quem  mox  quae  sint  habitura 

deorum  concilia  incertum  est etc 

2  This  rivalry  is  traced  by  Nisard  in  many  confident  of  having  the  clue  to  Lucan's  motive, 
passages,  indeed  he  makes  it  one  of  the  main  It  is  to  be  remembered  that  it  takes  a  good  poet 
influences  at  work  in  Lucan.  I  cannot  go  quite  to  borrow  judiciously  and  that  this  power  de- 
so  far  as  he  does,  and  think  it  wiser  not  to  be  so  velopes  greatly  with  age, 


LUC  AN  AND    VERGJl. 


cxi 


LUCAN 

i  55  sidere 
68  immensumque  aperitur  opus 
So  foedera  mundi,  n   2  legesque  et 

foedera  rerum 
88 — 9  orbemque  tenere  in  medium, 

v  46  consulite  in  medium 
1 1 1  non  cepit  fortuna  duos 
133  plausuque  sui  gaudere  theatri,  vi 

9 — 12  . ..theatri.. .et  plausu  cu- 

neos  certare  sonantis 
136 — 8  quercus  sublimis  in  agro  cxu- 

vias  veteres  populi  sacrataque 

gestans  dona  ducum 
144 — 5  nescia  virtus  stare  loco 
153 — 4  populosque  paventis  terruit 

15S  hae  ducibus  causae  suberant 

22i — 2  molli vado 

229  torto  Balearis  verbere  fundae 

307  iussus  Caesar  agi 
314  extremi clientes 

347  tollite  iampridem  victricia  tollite 

signa 
355  diro  ferri  revocantur  amore 
366  usque  adeo  miserum  est  civili  vin- 

cere  bello? 
393  fataque  ferre  videt 
425  flexis  in  gyrum...frenis 
465  apertum  gentibus  orbem 

524  manifesta  fides 

525  foil,  prodigies  etc 

588  monitus  volitantis  in  aere  pinnae 
651 — 2  frigida... stella   nocens   nigros 

Saturni  accenderet  ignes 
659  scorpion... chelasque 

674  sed  maiora  premunt 
683  quo  diversa  feror 
II      3  vertit  [leges  et  foedera  rerum] 
151  in    fratrum    ceciderunt    praemia 

fratres 
1 5  2  pennixtaque  viva  sepultis  corpora 


Vekcii. 
1!  ix  47  Caesaris  astrum 
A  in  275  aperitur  Apollo 
G  1  60 — 1    has  leges  aeternaque  foedera 

certis  imposuit  Datura  locis 
(1  1  127  in  medium  quaerebant 

A  ix  644  nee  te  Troia  capit 

G  II  508 — 10  hunc  plausus  hiantem  per 
cuneos  geminatus  enim  plebisque 
patrumque  corripuit 

A  XI  5 — 7  ingentem  quercum consti- 

tuit  tumulo  fulgentiaque  induit  arma 
Mezenti  ducis  exuvias 

G  III  84  stare  loco  nescit 

G  I  330 — 1  et  mortal  ia  corda  per  gentes 
humilis  stravit  pavor 

B  IV  31  pauca  tamen  priscae  suberunt  ves- 
tigia fraudis 

B  ix  8  mollique  iugum  demittere  clivo 

G  1  309  torquentem  Balearis  verbera 
fundae 

A  vii  481  ut  cervom  ardentes  agerent 

G  11  114  extremis  domitum  cultoribus  or- 
bem 

A  II  103  iamdudum  sumite  poenas 

A  vii  461  saevit  amor  ferri 

A  xii  646  usque   adeone  mori   miserum 

est? 
A  II  34  seu  iam  Troiae  sic  fata  ferebant 

G  in  115  frena gyrosque 

A  X  13  Alpes  immittet  apertas 

A  11  309,  in  375  manifesta  fides 

G  I  464  foil  (on  which  the  passage  of  Lu- 

can  is  clearly  modelled) 
A  III  361  et  praepetis  omina  pinnae 
G  1  336  frigida  Saturni  sese  quo  stella  re- 

ceptet 
^  J  33 — 5   chelasque  sequentis Scor- 

pius 
A  x  375  numina  nulla  premunt 
A  v  166  quo  di versus  abis 
G  1  505  ubi  fas  versum  atque  nefas 
G  II  510  gaudent  perfusi  sanguine  fratrum 

A  viii  485  mortua...iungebat  corpora  vi- 


156  dissiluit  percussus  humo 


G  III  363  aeraque  dissiliunt  volgo 


<   \!l 


LUC  AN  AND    VERGIL 


LUCAN 

ii  213  interruptus  aquis 

224  liic  stabit  civilibus  exitus  armis 
268  inconcussa  suo  volvuntur  sidcra 
lapsu 

290  cum  mat  arduus  aether 

291  mbcto  coeuatis  pondere  mundi 

294  diductique  fret  is rcges 

297 — 9  ceu  raorte  parentem  natorum 
orbatum  longum  producerefunus 

ad  Uumilum  iubet  ipse  dolor 

315 — 6  me  solum  invadite  ferro,  me 
f rustra. .  .t  uen  tern 

40S — 9  quoque  magis...Eridanus  frac- 
tas  devolvit  in  aequora  silvas 

435 — 8  [of  Appennine]  longior  Italia 
donee  confinia  pontus  solveret 
incumbens  terrasque  repelleret 
aequor ;  at  postquam  gemino 
tellus  elisa  profundo  est  extremi 
colles  Siculo  cessere  Peloro. 
Ill  60 — 3  qua  mare  tellurem 
subitis  aut  obruit  undis  aut  scidit 
et  medias  fecit  sibi  litora  terras, 
vis  illic  ingens  pelagi etc. 

438  colles  Siculo  cessere  Peloro 

496 — 7  si  tumido  me  gurgite  Ganges 

submoveat 
557 — 8  fervidus  haec   iterum    circum 

praecordia  sanguis  incaluit 
577  ante  bis  exactum  quam  Cynthia 

conderet  orbem 
584  terra... quocumque  iacet  sub  sole 

601  foil  [simile  of  bull] 

603  in  adversis  explorat  cornua  truncis 

604 — 5  nisi  cum  cervice  recepta  ex- 

cussi  placuere  tori 
616 — 21   immissum...portus  erat...re- 

funderet...etc 


631  natum  cui  firmior  aetas 


Vergil 

A  v  821  sternitur  aequor  aquis 

A  X  467  stat  sua  cuique  dies 

A  iv  524   cum    medio    volvuntur    sidcra 

lapsu 
G  I  324  ruit  arduus  aether 
1J  iv  50  convexo  nutantem  pondere  mun- 

dum 
A  in  418—9  urbes    litore    diductas   an- 

gusto  interluil  aestu 
A  ix  486 — 7  nee  te  tua  funera  mater  pro- 

duxi etc 

A  ix  427  me  me,  adsum  qui  feci,  in  me 
convertite  ferrum 

G  1  481 — 2  proluit  insano  contorquens 
vortice  silvas  fluviorum  rex  Eridanus 

A  III  414 — 9   haec    loca  vi    quondam  et 

vasta   convolsa   ruina dissiluisse 

ferunt,  cum  protinus  utraque  tellus 
una  foret;  venit  medio  vi  pontus  et 
undis  Hesperium  Siculo  latus  ab- 
scidit  arvaque  et  urbes  litore  di- 
ductas angusto  interluit  aestu 


A  in  297  patrio  Andromachen iterum  ces- 

sisse  marito 
A  vii  225 — 6  si  quern  tellus  extrema  re- 

fuso  submovet  Oceano 
G  11  484  frigidus  obstiterit  circum  prae- 
cordia sanguis 
A  v  46  annuus  exactis  completur  mensi- 

bus  orbis 
Gil  512  alio  patriam  quaerunt  sub  sole 

iacentem 
G  in  210  foil 
G  1  175   suspensa  focis   explorat   robora 

fumus 
A  xii  7,  8  gaudetque  comantis  excutiens 

cervice  toros 

G  11  163 — 4  refuso immittitur 

G  11  132 — 3  si  non iactaret laurus 

erat 
A  1  159 — 69  which  is  in   Lucan's  mind 

throughout  the  passage 
B  iv  37  ubi  iam  firmata  virum  te  fecerit 

aetas 


LUC  AN  AND    VERGIL 


CXlll 


LUCAN 
II  64 1  pigra  palus  Scytliici  patiens  Maeo- 
tica  plaustri 


665 — 6  maris  Aegaci  niedias  si  celsus 
in  undas  depellatur  Eryx 

72S — 30  cum  coniuge  pulsus  et  natis 

totosque  trahens  in  bella  pena- 

tis  vadis  adhuc  ingens  populis 

comitantibus  exsul 

in      7  et  dubios  cernit  vanescere  montes 

43  tunc.hospita  tellus 

47  absconchtque  fretum  classes 

186  nee  eois  peior...sagittis 

209 — 10  passaque  ah  auriferis  tellus 
exire  metallis  Pactolon;  qua 
culta  secat  non  vilior  Hermus 


213  Phrygiique  ferens  se  Caesar  Iuli 

[see  1  197,  ix  995] 
216  arbusto  palmaruin  dives  Idume 
242  iniecisse  manum  fatis 
246  aethera  tangentis  silvas 

250 — 1  quorum   deflexus   in   austrum 

aether 
282 — 3  [bleeding  a  horse  for  food] 

303  tamen  ante  furorcm... 

354  volnera  miscebunt  fratres 

355  vana  movet  Graios  nostri  fiducia 

cursus 

393  virum  toti  properans  imponere 
mundo,  X  377  quae  sustulit 
ilium  imposuitque  orbi 

404  structae  diris  altaribus  arae 

406  siqua  fidem  meruit  superos  mirata 

vetustas 
40: — 25    (sacred   grove   of   unknown 

gods) 


Vkrc.il 
G  in  349  qua  Scythiaegentcs  Macotiaque 

umla,   361  —  2   undaque   iam   tergo 

ferratos    sustinet    orbes patulis 

nunc  hospita  plauslris 
A  XII  701    quantus    Athos    aut    quantus 

Eryx  [see  §  36  note  27] 
A  III  11,  12  feror  exsul  in  altum  cum  so- 

ciis  natoque  penatibus  et  magnisdis 


A  in  522 — 3  cum  procul  obscuros  collis 

humilemque  videmus  Italiam 
A  in  539  bellum,  o  terra  hospita,  portas 
A  in  291  aerias  Phaeacum  abscondimus 

arces 
G  II  125  et  gens  ilia  quidem  sumptis  non 

tarda  pharetris  [Indians] 
A  X  1 41 — 2  ubi  pinguia  culta  exercentque 

viri  Pactolusque  irrigat  auro 
A  viil  63   stringentem   ripas    et   pinguia 

culta  secantem 
G  11  137  auro  turbidus  Hermus 
A  1  288  Iulius  a  magno  demissum  nomen 

Iulo 

G  in  12  Idumaeas palmas 

A  X  4 19  iniecere  manum  Parcae 

G  11    123 — 4   aera  vincere  summum  ar- 

boris 
G  I  240 — 1  mundus premitur  Libyae 

devexus  in  austros 
G  III  460 — 3  ferirc.venam... sanguine... 

equino 
A  xii  680  hunc  oro  sine  me  furere  ante 

furorem 
A  XII  720  illi  inter  sese  multa  vi  volnera 

miscent 
A  1  131  tantane  vos  tenuit  generis  fiducia 

vestri 
A  vi  621  vendidit...patriam  dominumque 

potentem  imposuit 

B  v  65 — 6  en  quattuor  aras :  ecce  duas 
til>i,  Daphni,  duas  altaria  Phoebo 

A  x  792  siqua  fidem  lantost  open  latura 
vetustas 

A  viii  348 — 54 silvam  saxumquc  tre- 

mcbant.     hoc  nemus quis  deus 

incertum  est,  habitat  deus 


CX1V 


LUCAN  AND    VERGIL 


LUCAN 

in  432  implicitas  magno  torpore cohortcs 

434  aeriam qucrcum 

441  silvaque  Dodones  et  fluctibus  ap- 
tior  alnus 


450  utque  satis  caesi  nemoris 

465  lancea ballistae  turbine  rapta 

466 — 8  hand  unum...Iatus  transire... 
superat  telo  post  volnera  cursus 


593 — 4  carinae  audivere  manum,  ix 
931 — 2  si  quod  tardius  audit 
virus 

605 — 6  discrevit  mors  saeva  viros, 
unumque  relictum  agnorunt  mi- 
seri  sublato  errore  parentes 

612  nisu  quo  prenderat  haesit 
673  avolsasque  rotant...sedes 
681 — 2  pinguibus  ignis  adfixus  taedis 

et  tecto  sulpure  vivax 

684  nunc  pice   nunc   liquida   rapuere 

incendia  cera 
737  caput   labens   et   iam   languentia 

colla 


Vergil 

A  xii  867  ill i  membra  novus  solvit  formi- 

dine  torpor 

B  I  59  acria ab  ulmo 

G  11  87  Alcinoi  silvae 

G  1  148—9   glandes deficerent   silvae 

et  victum  Dodona  negaret 
G  1  136  tunc  alnos  primum  fluvii  sensere 

cavatas 
G  11  451  undam  levis  innatat  alnus 
G  II  399  cui  numquam  exhausti  satis  est 
A  XI  284  quo  turbine  torqueat  hastam 
A  X  339 — 40  traiecto...lacerto...hasta  fu- 

git  servatque  cruenta  tenorem 
G  II  331  superat  tener  omnibus  umor 
G  ill  63  superat  gregibus  dum  laeta  iu- 

ventas 
G  1  514  neque  audit  currus  habenas 


A  X  391 — 3  simillima  proles,  indiscreta 
suis  gratusque  parentibus  error ;  at 
nunc  dura  dedit  vobis  discrimina 
Pallas 

A  v  437  stat...nisuque  immotus  eodem 

A  ix  441  ac  rotat  ensem 

G  ill  449 — 50 sulpura viva  Idaeasque pices 
et  pinguis  unguine  ceras 


A  ix  434 — 6  cervix  collapsa  recumbit ; 
purpureus  veluti  cum  flos...langues- 
cit  moriens  lassove  papavera  collo 


Note — it  should  be  observed  that  most  of  the  names  of  the  men  in  the  sea  fight  are 
the  same  as  names  found  in  Vergil.  Thus  we  find  Tagus  A  IX  418,  Telon  A  vn  734, 
Lycidas  B  VII,  ix,  Tyrrhenus  A  XI  612,  Argus  A  VIII  346,  and  the  two  brothers  (see 
above  on  605 — 6)  are  clearly  borrowed  from  the  Aeneid.  Gyareus  and  Lygdamus 
seem  not  to  occur  in  Vergil.  The  soldiers  in  the  ninth  book  who  perish  by  serpent 
bites  are  on  the  contrary  a  quite  independent  set  of  names. 


Lucan 
iv  28 — 9  prono  turn  Caesar  Olympo  in 
noctem 
47  irritus...subducto  Marte  pependit 

59  foil,  turn  sole  relicto  Cynthia  quo 
primum  cornu  dubitanda  reful- 
sit...etc 


Vergil 
B  VI  86  invito  processit  vesper  Olympo 

B  I  76  dumosa  de  rupe  procul  pendere 
videbo 

G  1  427  foil,  luna,  revertentis  quom  pri- 
mum colligit  ignis,  si  nigrum  ob- 
scure comprenderit  aera  cornu, 
maximus parabitur  imber. 


LUC  AN  AND    VERGIL 


cxv 


LUCAN 
IV  68  incendere  diem  nubes 

80 — 1  arcus...oceanumque  bibit 
91 — 2  tectarum  errore  viarum  fallitur 
...populator 


106 — 9  sic  numdi  pars  ima  iacet,  quam 

zona  nivalis sed  glacie  me- 

dios  signorum  tcmperat  ignis 

115 — 6  tellus  laxet  iter  fluviis 

123 — 5  iam  rarior  aer  et  par  Phoebus 

aquis  densas   in  vellera  nubes 

sparserat 
129  visoque  die  durescere  valles 


135 — 6  [boats  on  Nile-flood] 
194  nuniine  fata  sinistra 

197 — 8  duro  Concordes  caespite  men- 
sas  instituunt 

201 — 2  qua  lancea  dextra  exierit  [see 

Mr  Raskins'  note] 
237  desuetae  silvis 

267  ut  leti  videre  viam 

291  sicca    rigens    adstrinxit    volncra 

sanguis 
293  occultos   latices   abstrusaque    flu- 

mina  quaerunt 
296  irrigui...fastigia  campi 
332  miseros  undae  ieiunia  solvant 

334  qua  nudi  Garamantes  arant 

335  deprensus  [inter  Sicorim  et  Ilibe- 

rum] 
361  turba  haec  sua  fataperegit,  392  et 
Caesar  per  tot  sua  fata  sequen- 
dus 


380  non  auro  murraque  bibunt 
393  felix    qui    potuit    mundi    nutante 
ruina 


Vergil 
A  x  895  clamore  incendunt  caelum  Troes- 

que  Latinique 
G  I  380 — 1  et  bibit  ingens  arcus 
A  vii  199  errore  viae 
A  v  590 — 1    qua  signa  sequendi    falleret 

error 

A  in  181  deceptum  errore  locorum 

G  I  233 — 6  quinque zonae, extre- 

mae  dextra  laevaque  trahuntur  cae- 

rulea  glacie  concretae  atque  imbri- 

bus  atris...  also  241  premitur 
G  II  331  laxant  arva  sinus 
G  I  419  denset  erant  quae  rara  modo 
G  I  397  tenuia  nee  lanae  per  caelum  vel- 
lera ferri 
B  vi  53  turn  durare  solum... etc 
G  1  72  segnem  patiere  situ  durescere  cam- 

pum 
G  iv  288—9 
B  iv  47  Concordes  stabili  fatorum  numine 

Parcae 
A  VII  109 — 10    instituuntque    dapes    et 

adorea liba    per    herbam    subi- 

ciunt  epulis 
B  VI  43  Hylan  nautae  quo  fonte  relictum 

clamassent 
A  VI  814 — 5  iam  desueta  triumphis  ag- 

mina 
G  ill  482  nee  via  mortis  erat  simplex 
G  I  91  seu  durat  magis  et  venas  adstringit 

hiantis 
G  I  135  ut  silicis  venis  abstrusum  excu- 

deret  ignem 
G  11  288  scrobibus  quae  sint  fastigia 
A  xii  867  olli  membra  novos  solvit  for- 

midine  torpor,  cf  1  92,  xn  951 
A  in  13,  14  terra colitur Thraces 

arant 
A  V  52  Argolicove  mari  deprensus 

A  IV  653  quern  dederat  cursum  Fortuna 

peregi 
A  ill  493 — 4  felices,  quibus  est  Fortuna 

peracta  iam  sua;  nos  alia  ex  aliis  in 

fata  vocamur 
G  II  506  ut  gemma  bibat 
G  11  490  felix  qui  potuit  rerum  cognoscere 

causas 


CXV1 


LUC  AN  AND    VERGIL 


LUCAN 

iv  425  el  tacit i  praebet  miracula  cursus 

430  missa  ratis  prono  defertur  lapsa 
profundo 


431 — 2  cunctas  super  ardua  turris  emi- 
net  et  tremulis  tabulata  minantia 
pinnis 

437—8  dum  pavidos  formidine  cervos 
claudat  odoratae  mctuenlis  aera 
pinnae 

448  fraudes  innectere 

465  tacitas  sensit  sub  gurgite  fraudes 

486 — 7  decernite  lctum,  et  metus  om- 
nis  abest 

495  spectabunt  geminac  tliverso  e  li- 
tore  partes 

516  proieci  vitam,  568  despectam  cer- 

nere  lucem 
565  exegere   enses,    vm    656   aliquis 

Magno    dignus    comes    exigat 

ensem,    X    31 — 2    gladiumque 

per  omnes  exegit  gentes 
573 — 4  nullam  maiore  locuta  est  ore 

ratem   totam    discurrens    fama 

per  orbem 
581 — 2  non  segnior  illo  Marte  fuit 
632  novo  laxavit  corpore  nodos 
643  quisquis  inest  terris...spiritus,  V  93 

foil  forsan  terris  inserta  regen- 

dis...etc 
657  qui    Latiis   revocavit    ab    arcibus 

hostem 
664  indulsit  castris 

680  aequaturusque  sagittas 

684  ct  solitus  vacuis  errare  mapalibus 
Afer 


•j  1 2  belli  fortuna  recepit 


Vergil 

G  iv  441  omnia  transformat  sese  in  mira- 
cula rerum 
('•  n  451  alnus  missa  Pado 
G  in  447  missusque  secundo  defluit  amni 

G  1  203  ilium prono  rapit  alveus  amni 

A  vm  548—9    pars   cetera   prona    fertur 

aqua  segnisque  secundo  defluit  amni 
A  II  460 — 4  turrim  in  praecipiti  stantem 

summisque  sub  astra  eductam  lectis 

qua  summa  labantis  iuncturas 

tabulata  dabant 
G  in  372  puniceaeve  agitant  pavidos  for 

midine  pinnae 
G  in  251  si  tantumnotas odor attulit  auras 
A  vi  609  fraus  innexa  clienti 
A  iv  67  taciturn  vivit  sub  pectore  volnus 
B  III  104 — 7  die et  eris  mihi  magnus 

Apollo, die et  Phyllida  solus 

habeto 
G  in  32 — 3  et  duo  rapta  manu  di verso  ex 

hoste   tropaea,  bisque   triumphatas 

utroque  ab  litore  gentes 
A  vi  43.5 — 6   lucemque   perosi   proiecere 

animas 
A  X  815  validum  namque  exigit  ensem... 

etc 


G  in  294  magno  nunc  ore  sonandum 


A  vm  414  nee  tempore  segnior  illo 

A  11  473  positis  novus  exuviis 

A  vi  724—7  spiritus  intus  alit...etc 


: 


G  II  172  imbcllem  avertis  Romanis  arci- 
bus Indum 
G  11  276  indulge  ordinibus 
A  IV  51  indulge  hospitio 
A  x  248  et  ventos  aequante  sagitta 
G  in  340  et  raris  habitata  mapalia  tectis, 
343 — 5    omnia    secum    armentarius 
Afer  agit,  tectumque  laremque  ar- 
maque  Amyclaeumque  canem  Cres- 
samque  pharetram 
A  iv  214  dominum  Aenean  in  regna  re- 
cepit 


LUC  AN  AND    VERGIL 


cxvn 


Vergil 
A  iv  105  sensit  enim  simulata  mente  lo- 

cutam 
A  11  309 — 10  turn  vcro  manifesto  fides  Da- 

naumque  patescunt  insidiae 
G  iv  86 — 7  motus...certamina  tanta  pul- 
veris  exigni  iactu  compressa  quies- 
cunt 
820  captus...Caesaris   auro,   824    hie      A  VI  6ai  vendidit  hie  auro  patriam...etc 
vendidit  urbem 


LUCAN 
[V  744  simulatae  nescius  artis 

746  turn  primum  patuere  doli 

795  compressus  sanguine  pulvis 


4  ...cadens  Atlantis 

24  claususque    vaporibus    axis,    407 
clausas  ventis  brimialibus  undas 
71  submotus 

74  Thebanac  referunt  trieterica  Bac- 

chae 
76  pontoque  fuit  discrimen  et  astris 

86  numen  ab  aethere  pressum 
65  full,  oracle  scene  at  Delphi 
99,  100  ceu  Siculus  tlammis  urgenti- 
bus  Aetnam  undat  apex;  Cam- 
pana  fremens  ceu  saxa  vaporat 
conditus  Inarimes  aeterna  mole 
Typhoeus 

1 10  monstrato  fine 

1  16 — 20  effect   of   the   inspiration  on 

the  priestess 
152 — 3  non  rupta  trementi  verba  sono 
157  tripodas  cessare 
174 — 6  stimulis accipil  et  frenos 

183  in  Euboico  vales  Cumana  recessu 

193  domita  iam  virgine 

217 — 8  ...pontus  rauca  gem  it 

226    -7   subsidere   regnum   Chalcidos 

Euboicae 
288—9  nee   fas  nee  vincula  iuris  hoc 

audere  vetant 

313 — 4  disce  sine  armis  posse  pati,  ix 

262  et  ncscis  sine  rege  pati 
414  quos  incumbere  certos  [flatus] 


G  I  221  ante  tibi  eoae  Atlantides  abscon- 
dantur 

A  I  234  cunctus  ob  Italiam  terrarum  clau- 
ditur  orbis 

A  viii  193  hie  spelunca  fuit  vasto  submota 
sub  antro 

A  IV  302 — 3  ubi  audito  stimulant  triete- 
rica Baccho  orgia 

A  IX  143  fossarumque  morae,  leti  discri- 
mina  parva 

G  11  26  pressos  propaginis  arcus 

A  VI  9  foil,  oracle  scene  at  Cumae 

G  1  471 — 3  Cyclopum  effervere  in  agros 
vidimus  undantem  ruptis  fornacibus 
Aetnam,  flammarumque  globos  li- 
quefactaque  volvere  saxa 

A  ix  716  Inarime  Iovis  imperiis  imposta 
Typhoeo 

G  iv  549  monstratas...aras 

A  iv  636  monstrata  piacula 

A  VI  77 — 80  fatigat premendo 

A  11  416  rupto  ceu  quondam  turbine  venti 

G  1  71  tonsas  cessare  novalis 

A  vi  100 — 1  ca  frena  furenti  concutit  et 

stimulos  sub  pectore  vertit  Apollo 
A  vi  2  Euboicis  Cumarum  adlabitur  oris 
A  vi  So  fera  corda  domans 
A  ix  124 — 5  ...amnis  rauca  sonans 
A  XI  268  devietam  Asiam  subsedit  adulter 

G  1  269  fas  et  iura  sinunt 

A  vii  203  gentem  haul  vinclo  nee  lcgi- 

bus  aequam 
B  X  52 — 3  certum  est  in  silvis  inter  spe- 

laea  ferarum  malle  pati 
A  xii  367  qua  venti  incubuere 


II.  L. 


CXV111 


LUC  AN  AND    VERGIL 


LUCAN 
V   4.;<j   -41  riding  and  driving  on  frozen 
sea 
483 — 4  summani  rapti  per  prospera 
belli  te  poscit  Fortuna  manum 

488 — 9,  493 — 4  forcing  a  landing  on 
a  hostile  coast  even  at  cost  of 
wreck 

501 — 2  temeraria  prono  expertus  ces- 
sisse  deo 

504  nox  languida 

513  litora  curva  legit 

540  foil,  weather  signs 

544  orbe  quoque  exhaustus  medio  lan- 
guensque  recessit 

546  non  gracili  cornu,  548  nee  duxit 
recto  tenuata  cacumina  cornu, 
549  ventorumque  nota  rubuit 

553 — 4  aut  siccum  quod  mergvis  amat, 
quodque  ausa  volare  ardea  sub- 
limis  pennae  confisa  natanti 


55 5 — 6  quodque comix 

[See  Mr  Haskins'  notes] 

56]  —3  ad  quorum  [venlorum]  motus 
non  solum  lapsa  per  altum  aera 
dispersos  traxere  cadentia  sul- 
cos  sidera,  X  502 


564 — 5  niger  inficit  horror  terga  maris 

564  foil,  great  storm 

604  et  abstrusas  penitus  vada  fecit  ha- 
renas,  643  non  celat  harenas, 
640  fluctibus  e  summis 

644  [pelagus]  exhaustum  in  cumulos 

679  tacita  sua  castra  fuga  comitesque 
fefellit 

683  aut  quae  nos  viles  animas  in  fata 
relinquens,  vn  730  ut  viles  ani- 
mas 

71 1  foil,  flight  of  cranes 

715  temere  immixtae  glomerantur  in 
orbes 


Vergil 


*  •  111  361 — 2 


A  vn  572—3  nee  minus  interea  extremam 
Saturnia  bello  imponit  regina  ma- 
num 

A  x  295—8 


A  xii  147 — 8  Parcaeque  sinebant  cedere 

res  Latio 
A  XII  908 — 9  oculos  ubi  languida  pressit 

nocte  quies 
A  III  292  litoraque  Epiri  legimus 
G  1  424  foil 
G  I  442  medioque  refugerit  orbe 

(J  1  42S  si  nigrum  obscuro  comprenderit 
aera  cornu,  431  vento  semper  rubet 
aurea  Phoebe,  433  obyinsis...cornd 
bus 

G  I  361 — 3  quom...revolant  ex  aequore 

mergi cumque  marinae  in  sicco 

ludunt  fulicae,  notasque  paludis  de- 
serit  atque  altam  supra  volat  ardea 
nubem 

G  1  385 — 9  [with  Conington's  notes] 

G  I  365 — 7  saepe  etiam  Stellas  vento  im- 
pendente  videbis  praecipites  caelo 
labi  noctisque  per  umbram  flamma- 
rum  longos  a  tergo  albescere  tractus 

A  11  697 — 8  turn  longo  limite  sulcus  dat 
lucem 

A  in  195  et  inhorruit  unda  tenebris 

A  I  81  foil  in  general,  also  II  416 — 9 

A  I  106 — 7  hi  summo  in  fluctu  pendent, 
his  unda  dehiscens  terram  inter 
fluctus  aperit,  furit  aestus  harenis 

A  1  105  insequitur  cumulo  praeruptus  a- 
quae  mons 

A  11  744  et  comites  natumque  virumque 
fefellit 

A  xi  372  nos  animae  viles  inhumata  in- 
fletaque  turba 

A  x  264 — 6 

G  iv  79  magnum  mixtae  glomerantur  v 
orbem 


LUC  AN  AND    VERGIL 


CX1X 


LUCAN 
v    767 — 8  sic  est  tibi  cognita,   Magne, 
nostra  fides? 
784 — 5  notescent  litora  clari  nominis 
exsilio 


\'l  RGIL 

A  11  44  sic  notus  Mixes? 

C  i  111  35 — 6  demissaeque  ah  love  gentis 
nomina 


vi     45  Bumina  tot  cursus  illic  exorta  fati- 
gant  illic  mersa  suos 
66  rabidum  nescit  latrare  Pelorum 

74 — 5  sacrata  Dianae nemoralis 

Aricia 


145  ante  feras  Rhodani  gentes 
166  quantum    [furorem]    non    primo 
succendunt  classica  cantu 

198  hunc  aut  tortilibus  vibrata  phala- 
rica  nervis  obruat  aut  vasti  mu- 
ral ia  pondcra  saxi 

205  densamque  ferens  in  pectore  sil- 

vam 
•210  et   haerentis   mota   cute   discutit 

hastas 
214 — 5    Dictaea    procul    ecce    manu 

Gortynis  harundo  tenditur 
221  iaculum amentavit  habena 

239  fulmineum ensem 

293 — 5  Enceladum Aetna 

296 — 7  glomerato  pulvere  victus 

caeci  trepidus  sub  nube  timoris 
324  dum  bella  relegem 

378 — 80  Stygiis  manare  paJudibusam- 

nem superumque    sibi   ser- 

vare  timorem  [cf  749] 

396 — 9  primus  ab  aequorea  percussis 

cuspide    saxis. .  .sonipes ex- 

siluit;  primus  chalyben  frenos- 
que  momordit,  spumavitque 
novis  Lapithae  domitoris  ha- 
benis 

417  degeneres  trepidant  animi 

419  turbae  sed  mixtus  inerti... 


A  yiii  94  olli  remigio  noctemque  diemque 
fatigant 

A  vii  587 — 8    pelagi    rupes mult.s 

circumlatrantibus  undis...etc 

A  VII  762  mater  Aricia  misit,  764  pinguis 
ubi  et  placabilis  ara  Dianae,  775 
ncmorique  relegat,  778  templo  Tri- 
viae  lucisque  sacratis 

G  11  536  ante etiamsceptrumDictaei  regis 

A  vi  165  aere  ciere  viros  Martemque  ac- 
cendere  cantu 

A  VII  496  laudis  succensus  amore 

A  IX  705  magnum  stridens  contorta  pha- 
larica  venit 

A  xii  921 — 2  murali  concita  numquam 
tormento  sic  saxa  fremunt 

A  x  887  immanem  aerato  circumfert  teg- 
mine  silvam 

A  x  715  et  tergo  decutit  hastas 

A  xi  773  spicula   torquebat    Lycio  Gor- 

tynia  cornu 
A  ix  665  intendunt  acris  arcus  ammenta- 

que  torquent 
A  ix  441 — 2  ac  rotat  ensem  fulmineum 
A  in  575—80 
A  ix  33  subitam  nigro  glomerari  pulvere 

nubem 
G  in  212 — 3  tauros  procul  atque  in  sola 

relegant  pascua 
A  VI  323 — 4    Stygiamque    paludem,    di 

cuius  iurare  timent  et  fallere  numen 

G  1  12 — 14  tuque  o,  cui  prima  frementem 
fudit  equom  magno  tellus  percussa 
tridenti,  Neptune 

G  III  115 — 6  frena  Pelethronii  Lapithae 
gyrosque  dedere  impositi  dorso 

A  IV  13  degeneres  animos  timor  arguit 
A  IX  55  Teucrum  miiantur  inertia  corda 
A  XI  732  o  numquam  dolituri,  o  semper 
inertes 


I  2 


cxx 


LUC  AN  AND    VERGIL 


I.ICAN 

vi  4.46 — 7  primis  quid  frugibus  aluix  acre 
[ovis  I  >odona  sonet 


4^S  foil  [power  of  magic] 
.4;;  -6  ftlie  hippomanes] 
460  [the  rhombus] 
490  [snake-charming] 
499  foil  [moon-charming] 
619  foil  [corpse-raising] 
571 — 2   Titan  medium  quo    tempore 
ducit  sub  nostra  tellure  diem 

621 — 2  ora  plena  voce  sonent 

646 — 7  pallensque  sub  antris  longa 
nocte  situs 

648  non  Taenareis  sic  faucibus  aer... 

658  exanimi  defixum  lumina  voltu 

662 — 5  si  vero  Stygiosque  lacus  ripam- 
quesonantem  ignibusostendam, 
si  me  praesente  videri  Eumeni- 
des  possent  villosaque  colla  co- 
lubris  Cerberus  excutiens  et 
vincti  terga  Gigantes 


689   quod  trepidus  bubo  quod    strix 

nocturna  queruntur 
699,  700    caelum    matremque    perosa 

Persephone 
703 — 4  repetitaque  fila  sorores  tractu- 

rae 

704 — 5  portitor senex 

721 — 2   invisaque    claustra    timentem 

carceris  antiqui 
730  vocisque  meae  secura 
743 — 4  immittam  ruptis  Titana  caver- 

nis  et  subito  feriere  die 

780  effera  Romanos  agitat  discordia 
manis  impiaque  infernam  rupe- 
runt  arma  quietem 

785  foil  [names  of  Roman  heroes] 


Vergil 

G  I  1 48 — 9  cum  iam  glandes  atquearbuta 

sacrae  deficerent   silvae   et  victum 

Dodona  negaret 
A  in  466  Dodonaeosque  lebetas 
B  viii  04  foil 

G  in  280 — 3,  A  iv  515 — 6 
B  viii  73 — 8 
B  viii  71 
1!  viii  f>() 
B  viii  98 
G  I  247 — 51  [the  Antipodes]  illic aut 

redit  a  nobis  Aurora   diemque  re- 

ducit 
G  1  388  cornix  plena  pluviam  vocat  im- 

proba  voce 
A  vi  462  per  loca  senta  situ...noctemque 

profundam 
G  iv  467  Taenareas  etiam  fauces... 
A  VI  156  maesto  defixus  lumina  voltu 
A  vi   134  Stygios  innare  lacus 
A  vi  550 — t  quae  rapidus  flammis  ambit 

torrentibus  amnis  Tartareus  Phlege- 

thon  torquetque  sonantia  saxa 
A  VI  374 — 5  tu  Stygias  inhumatus  aquas 

amnemque    severum     Eumenidum 

aspicies  ripamve  iniussus  adibis 
A  vi  419  [Cerbero]...horrere  videns  iam 

colla  colubris 
A  VI  580  foil  [the  Giants] 
A  i\r  462 — 3  solaquc.ferali carmine  bubo 

visa  queri 
G  I  39  nee  repetita  sequi  curet  Proserpina 

mat  rem 


A  vi  298,  304  portitor iam  senior 

A  VI  734  clausae  tenebris  et  carcere  caeco 

A  vii  304  securi  pelagi  atque  mei 

A  VIII  242 — 6  et  umbrosae  penitus  patu- 

ere  cavernac.non  secus  ac 

trepident  immisso  lumine  Manes 
G  II  496  infidos  agitans  discordia  f  rat  res 
A  VI  612 — 3  quique  arma  secuti  impia 

A  vi  Si 7  foil 


LUC  AN  AND    VERGIL 


CXX1 


LUCAN 

vi  796  ausosque  ingentia  (Jracchos 

814  ipse  canet   Siculis  genitor  Pom- 
peius  in  arvis 

S:cS  caelo  lucis  ducente  colorem 


Vergil 
A  \i  624  ausi  omnes  immane  oefas  auso- 

que  potiti 
A  v  731  foil   [Anchises   tells  Aeneas  to 

meet  him  by  way  of  Avernus  when 

he  gets  to  Italy;   then  he  shall  hear 

all] 
15  ix  50  duceret   apricis  in   collibus  uva 

colorem 


vii     4,  5  defectusque  pati  voluit  raptae-       G  11  478  defectus  solis  varios   lunaeque 


que  labores  lucis 


lal 


129 — 30  multorum  pallor  in  ore  mor-       A  vm  709  illam  inter  caedes  pallentem 

tis  venturae  est  morte  futura 

131  —  2  advenisse  diem  qui  fatum  re-       A  vn  145   advenisse    diem    quo    debita 
bus  in  aevom  conderet  humanis  moenia  condanl 

A  x  35  aut  cur  nova  condere  fata 
137 — 8  non  vacat  ullos  pro  se  ferre       A  IX  291  banc  sine  me  spem  ferre  tui 

nietus 
139  foil  [preparations  for  battle]  A  vn  624  foil 

148  spiculaque  extenso  Paean  Pythone       A  vn  636  recoquont...fornacibus  enses 
recoxit  A  v  374  et  fulva   moribundum  extendit 

harena 
151  ventures  prodere  casus  A  x  99  venturos  nautis  prodentia  ventos 

188  Armeniumque  bibit  Romanus  A-       B  1  62  aut  Ararim  Parthus  bibet  aut  Ger- 
raxen  mania  Tigrim 

A  vm  728  pontem  indignatus  Araxes 

194  atque  Antenorei  dispergitur  inula       A  1  242—6  Antenor  potuit et  fontem 

1  imavi  superare  Timavi etc 

195  venit  summa  dies  A  II  324  venit  summa  dies  et  ineluctabile 

tempus  Uardaniae 
207  apud  seras  gentcs  populosque  ne-       G  11  58  seris  factura  nepotibus  umbram 

potuin 
209— 10   sive   aliquid    magnis   nostri       A  ix  446  si  quid  mea  carmina  possunt 
quoque  cura  laboris  nominibus       B  iv  26—7  facta  parentis  iam  legere 
prodesse  potest,  cum  bella  le- 
gentur 
229—30  illuc  et   Libye  Numidas  et       G  111343— 5  Afer...Cressamquepharetram 

Creta  Cydonas  misit;  Ituraeis       A  xn  .855—7  sagitta quam.... Parthus 

cursus  fuil  inde  sagittis  sive   Cydon,    lelum    immedicabile, 

torsit  [cf  1!  x  59 — 60] 
G  II  448  Ituraeos  taxi  torquentur  in  arcus 
246  casus  audax   spondere  secundos       A  ix  296  sponde   digna   tuis   ingentilms 

[mens]  omnia  coeptis 

249  hortando  melior  fiducia  volgo  G  I  286  nona  fugae  melior 

A  11  95    si    patrios   umquam   remeassem 

victor  ad  Argos 
A  XI  793  patrias    remeabo    inglorius    ur- 
bes 


256  vetitos  remeare  triumphos 


CXX11 


LUC  AN  AND    VERGIL 


LUCAN 

vil  272 — 4  ct  mixtae  dissona  turbae  bar- 
baries,  nun  ilia  tubas  11011  ag- 
mine  inoto  clamorem  latura 
suom 

312  Romanusque  labor 

320  non  vos  pietatis  imago... 

328  vallo  tendetis  in  illo 
,540 — 1  tantoque  duci  sic  arma  timere 
,         omen  erat 

350  ipsi  tela  regent 

360  primo  gentes  oriente  coactae 

409  et  damnata  diu  Romanis  Allia 
fastis 

413  insanamque  famem 

426  sed  retro  tua  fata  fculit  par  omni- 
bus annis  Emathiae  funesta 
dies 

433 — 61ibertas recessit nee  re- 

spicit  ultra  Ausoniam 

438  Romulus  infami  complevit  moenia 
luco 

475 — 84  [echo  and  effect  of  the  bugle 
calls]  also  489 — 91 

481  Peliacisque  dedit  rur.^us  geminare 
cavernis 

492 — 5  densis  acies  stipata  catervis 
iunxerat  in  seriem  nexis  umbo- 
nibus  arma,  vixque  habitura 
locum  dextras  ac  tela  movendi 
constiterat  gladiosquesuos  com- 
pressa  ttenebatf.  [I  fancy 
ttimebatt  is  right,  see  IV  779.] 

497  in  densos  agitur  cuneos 

512 — 3  hide  faces  et  saxa  volant,  spa- 
tioque  solutae  aeris  et  calido 
liquefactae  pondere  glandes 

519  ferro  subtexitur  aether 

528 — 9  [wounded  horse]  in  caput  ef- 
fusi  calcavit  membra  regentis 

537 — 8  non  alio  mutentur  sanguine 
fontes 


Vkrgil 
A  viii  685  bine  ope  barbarica  variisque 

Antonius  annis 
A  vi  592— 3  at  pater telum  contorsit, 

non  ille  faces  nee  fumea  taedis  lu- 

mina... 
A  11  11  Troiae  supremum  audire  laborem 

A  iv  78  Iliacos labores 

A  IX  294  animum  patriae  strinxit  pietatis 

imago 
A  11  29  hie  saevos  tendebat  Achilles 
A  vii  173 — 4  hie  sceptra  accipere  et  pri- 
mes attollere  fasces  regibus  omen 

erat 
A  ix  409  et  rege  tela  per  auras 
G  1  250  nosque  ubi  primus  equis  Oriens 

afflavit  anhelis 
A  vii  717  quosque  secans  infaustum  in- 

terluit  Allia  nomen 
A  IX  340  suadet  enim  vaesana  fames 
A  11  169 — 70  ex  illo  flucre  ac  retro  sub- 

lapsa  referri  spes  Danaum 

B  1  28  Libertas,  quae  sera  tamen  respexit 

inertem,  also  63  Tigrim 
A  viii  342 — 3hinc  lucum ingentem quern 

Romulus  acer  Asylum  rettulit... 
A  Vii  51 1 — 8,  also  523 — 7 

A  1  319    dederatque    comam    diffundere 

ventis 
A  x  432 — 3  extremi  addensent  acies  nee 

turba  moveri  tela  manusque  sinit. 


A  xii  574 — 5  omnes  dant  cuneum  densa- 

que  ad  muros  mole  feruntur 
A  1  150  iamque  faces  et  saxa  volant 
A  ix  588 — 9  et  media  adversi  liquefacto 

tempora  plumbo  dimdit 
A  in  583  caelum  subtexere  fumo 
A  x  893 — 4    effusumque    equitem   super 

ipse  secutus  implicat  eiectoque  in- 

cumbit  cernuus  anno 
B  iv  43 — 4  aries  iam...murice  iam  croceo 

mutabit  vellera  luto 


LUC  AN  AND    VERGIL 


cxxm 


LUCAN 
vii  547  fortunaque  Caesaris  haesit 


Vergil 

A  XI  289 — 90  Hectoris  Aeneaeque  manu 
victoria  Graium  haesit 
568  sanguineumvelutiquatiens  Bellona      A  vin  700 — 3  saevit  medio  in  certamine 

flagellum,  Bistonas  aut  Mavors  Mavors cum  sanguineo  sequitur 

agitans  Bellona  flagello 

588  o  decus  imperii,  spes  o  suprema       A  II  281  o  lux  Dardaniae,  spes  o  fidissi- 

senatus  ma  Teucrum 

6i6densaeque   oculos   pressere  tene-       A  xi  824   et   tenebris   nigrescunt   omnia 


brae 
722  patriae  per  viscera  vadis 

731  ...permisit  vitae 

734  dum  conficit  omnia  terror 

(see  §  53  below) 
777 — 80  haud  alios 

Eumenidum  vidit  voltus  Pelo- 

peius Orestes ;  necmagis...Pen- 

theus etc 

7S7  claradies  Pharsalicadamnaretexit 

818  libera  Fortunae  mors  est 

837  sanguineis  stillavit  roribus  arbor 

S47  infelix  quo  tanto  crimine  tellus... 

858 — 62  [plough  turning  up  bones  on 

the  battlefield] 
860 — 1  nullus    al>   Emathio  religasset 

litore  funem  navita 
866 — 7  vel  solis  iniqui  limite 


circum 
A  vi  833  neu  patriae  validas  in  viscera 

vertite  vires 
A  IV  640  Dardaniique  rogum  capiti%per- 

mittere  flammae 
A  xi  823  [me]  nunc  volnus  acerbum  con- 
ficit 
A  iv  469 — 73  Eumenidum  veluti  demens 

videt  agmina  Pentheus aut 

Agamemnonius  scenis  agitatus  O- 

restes etc 

A  iv  118 — 9  ubi ortus  extulerit  Titan 

radiisque  retexerit  orbem,  and  v  65 
A  X  154  libera  fati  [gens  Lydia] 
A  VIII  645  sparsi  rorabant  sanguine  ve- 

pres 
A  11  42  o  miseri  quae  tanta  insania  ci- 

ves... 

G  I  493—7 


A  VII  106  gramineo  ripae  religavit  ab  ag- 

gere  classem 
A  vii  227  plaga  solis  iniqui 


/in  90  me  pronuba  ducit  Erinys 

171 — 2  ...taciti  servator  Olympi:  sig- 
nifero  quaecumque  tluunt  laben- 
tia  caelo  [sidcra] 
210  qui  sparsa  ducis  vestigia  legit 


A  vii  319  et  Bellona  manet  te  pronuba 
A  ill  515  sidera  cuncta  notat   tacito   la- 
bentia  caelo 

A  ix  392 — 3  vestigia  retro  observata  legit 


245  -6  spumantia  parvae  radit  saxa       Am  699,  700  proiectaque  saxa  Pachyni 


Sami 

265  rebusque  novis  exordia  quaeram 


radimus 
A  iv  284  quae  prima  exordia  sumat 
A  vii  40  et  primae  revocabo  exordia  pug- 

nae 
272  mille  meae  Graio  volvontur  in  ae-       B  11  21  mille  meae  Siculis  errant  in  raon- 


quore  puppes 
280  mentisque  meae  quo  pondera  ver- 
gant 


tibus  agnae 
A  xii  7:7  quern  damnel  labor  el  quo  ver- 
gat  pondere  letum 


304  ...sed  nudtosaturanturtela  veneno       A  XII  856 — 8  sagitta,  armatam  saevi  Par- 


[Parthorum]    Seeon  vii  229-30 


thus  quam  fclle  veneni torsit 


CXX1V 


LUC  AN  AND    VERGIL 


LUCAN 

vin  305  fatumque  in  sanguine  summo  est 

391  ...toto  divisiis  lit  orbe 

460 — 1  lotos  emensus  Cypri  scopulos 

467  tempus  eral  quo  Libra  pares  exa- 

minat  horas,  iv  58 — 9 
613  ut  vidit  communis  enses 


698 — 711  [end  of  Pompey;  his  neg- 
»         lected  corpse] 
717  infaustus  Magni  fuerat  comes 
734 — 5  tolas  ut  ignem  proiectis  mae- 
rens  exercitus  ambiat  armis 


773  plenos  et  reddere  mortis  honores 

797 — 8  qua  terra  extrema  refuso  pen- 

det  in  oceano 
832  semicanesque  deos 


\  ERGIL 

A  Ml  376  et    summum  degustat  volnere 

cor]  ni- 
ll  1  67  penitus  toto  divisos  orbe  Britannos 
A  v  627—8  tot  inhospita  saxa  sideraque 

emensae  ferimui 
G  1  208   Libra   die    somnique    pares   ubi 

fecerit  horas 
A  vii  732  falcati  comminus  enses 
A  i.\  347 — 8  totum  cui  comminus  ensem 

condidit  adsurgenti 
A  11  454 — 8  [same  of  Priam] 

A  vi  166  I  lectoris  hie  magni  fuerat  comes 

A  xi  92 — 3  turn  maesta  phalanx  Teucri- 
que  secuntur  Tyrrhenique  omnes  et 
versis  Arcades  armis  [see  also  184 — 
202,  and  vi  214 — 31] 

A  vi  383  maestos  et  mortis  honore  cardi- 
tis 

A  vii  225 — 6  siquem  tellus  extrema  refuso 
summovet  oceano 

A  Vlii  698  omnigenumque  deum  monstra 
et  Iatrator  Anubis 


ix       4  sequitur  convexa  Tonantis 


6  lunaeque  meatus 
7 — 9  quos  ignea  virtus  innocuos  vita 
patientis  aetheris  imi  fecit 


12 — 13  stellasque  vagas  miratur  et 

astra  fixa  polis,  vidit  quanta  sub 

nocte  iaceret  nostra  dies 
31  rapido  victoria  Caesaris  acta 
42—3  ...Palinure...neque    enim   ae- 

quore  tantum    Ausonio   monu- 

menta  tenes 
231  dulcisque  revisere  natos 
288  Phrygii  sonus  increpat  aeris 
31  x — 2  vel   plenior   alto    olim    Syrtis 

erat  pelago  penitusque  natabat 
326  spatium  vicere  carinae 

335 — 47  [storm  scattering  ships] 


A  iv  361  Italiam  non  sponte  sequor 
A  v  629  Italiam  sequimur  fugientem 

A  IV  451  taedet  cacli  convexa  tueri 

A  vi  750  supera  ut  convexa  revisant 

A  vi  849  caelique  meatus 

A  vi  730 — 2  igneus  est  ollis  vigor  et  cae- 
lestis  origo  seminibus,  quantum  non 

corpora  noxia  tardant etc,  746- 

7  purumque  reliquit  aetherium  sen- 
sum  atque  aurai  simplicis  ignem 

B  v  56 — 7  Candidas  insuetum  miratur  li- 
men  Olympi  sub  pedibusque  videt 
nubes  et  sidera  Daphnis 

A  XII  687  magno  mons  improbus  actu 

A  vi  380 — 1  aeternumque  locus  Pa- 

linuri  nomen  habebit 

G  1  414  dulcisque  revisere  nidos 

G  iv  64  et  Matris  quate  cymbala  ciicum 

G  I  371 — 2  omnia  plenis  rura  natant  fossis 

G  11  123 — 4   aera   vincere    summum   ar- 

boris 
A  1  106 — 23 


LUC  AN  AND    VERGIL 


cxxv 


LUCAN 

ix  349  vcntosa  perflantem  murmura  con- 
cha 

426 — 7  tantum  Maurusia  genti  robora 

divitiae 
454  rabiem  totis  exercet  habenis 


511  foil.  Garamantes...Hammon. 
Indis 


516  splendent  donaria  gemmis 
604  nunc  olini  factura  deum 

005 — 6  et  plaga  quam  nullani  superi 
mortalibus  ultra  a  medio  fecere 
die 

643  Cerberus  Orpheo  lenivit  sibila 
cantu 

787  Cinyphias.-.pestes 

798 — 9  [simile  of  swelling  water  in  a 
boiling  pot] 

809  Corycii  pressura  croci 

S:o  slipite  quae  diro  virgas  mentita 
Sabaeas  toxica  fatilegi  carpunt 
matura  tSabaeit  [?  Sabini]_^ 


867  et  premitur  natura  poli 
893  par  lingua  potentibus  herbis 

916  peregrinaque  galbana  sudant 


g  1  s  et  Thessala  centaurea 

936 — 7  et  cuius  morsus  superaverit 
anguis  iam  promptum  Psyllis 
vel  gustu  nosse  veneni 

959  Pontus  et  ostriferam  dirimat 

Chalccdona  cursu 

983 — 6  nam  si  quid aevo 


989  votaque  turicrcmos  non  irrita  fu- 
dit  in  ignis 


Vergil 

A  1  83  et  terras  turbine  perllant 

A  VI  171  forte  cava  dum  personal  acquora 

concha 
A  IV  206 — 7    cui    nunc    Maurusia    piclis 

gens  epulata  toris 

A  XII  499  irarumque  oinnis  effundit   ha- 

benas 
A  IV  198   Hammone  satus,   rapta  Gara- 

mantide  nympha 
A  vi  794  super  et  Garamantas  ct  Indos 
(i  111  533  alta  ad  donaria 
A  IV  627   nunc   olim  quocumque  dabunl 

se  tempore  vires 
A  yii  226—  7  et  siquem  extenta  plagarum 

quattuor  in  medio  dirimit  plaga  solis 

iniqui  [see  also  G  1  233 — -9] 
G  iv  483  tenuitque  inhians  tria  Cerberus 

ora 

G  ill  312  Cinyphii...hirci 
A  vii  462 — 6 

G  IV  127  Corycium  vidisse  senem 

G  1  57  India  miltit  ebur,  molles  sua   tura 

Sabaei 
G  11  117    solis  est    turea   virga   Sabaeis. 

[eulex  404  herbaque  turis  opes  pris- 

cis  imitata  Sabina.] 
G  I  240 — 1  mundus premitur  Libyae 

devexus  in  austros 
A  Vii  19  quos  hominum  ex  facie  dea  sae- 

va  potentibus  herbis 

A  xii  402   multa  manu  medica  Phoebi- 

que  potentibus  herbis 

G  in  415  galbaneoque  agitare  gravis  ni- 

dore  chelydros 
G  iv  264  hie  iam  galbaneos  suadebo  in- 

cendere  odores 
G  iv  270  et  grave  olentia  centaurea 
G  11  255 — 6  promptum  est  oculis  praedi- 

scere  nigram,  et  quis  cui  color 

G  1  207  [quibus]  Pontus  et  ostriferi  fauces 

temptantur  Abydi 
A  ix  446 — 7  si  quid   mea   carmina 

possunt,  nulla  dies  umquam  memori 

vos  eximet  aevo 
A  IV  453  turicremis  cum  dona  imponeret 

aris 


ex  xvi 


LUC  AN  AND    VERGIL 


LUCAN 

x  49 — 50  Zephyrique  domos  terrasque 
premaraus  flagrantis  post  terga 
Noti 

59  [Cleopatra]    Latii    fcralis    Erinys 

(cf6o— 1) 
63  terruit  ilia  suo,  si  fas,  Capitolia 
sistro 

120 — 1  et  suffixa  manu  foribus  testudi- 
nis  Indae  terga  sedent 

122  fulget  gemma  toris  et  iaspide  ful- 
va  supellex.  strata  micant; 
Tyrio  quorum  pars  maxima 
suco  cocta  diu  virus  non  uno 
duxit  aeno :  pars  auro  plumata 
nitet 

135  vix  ulla  fuscante  tamen  lanugine 
malas 

188  sed  cum  tanta  meo  vivat  sub  pec- 
tore  virtus 

194 — 5  fas  mihi  magnorum,  Caesar, 
secreta  parentum  prodere 

246  adversique  obice  ponti 

247 — 53  [the  rivers  underground] 
255  oceano,  qui  terras  alligat  omnis 

299  aliena  crescere  bruma 

319 — 21  ...obsistere  cautes  indignaris 

aquis cuncta  fremunt  undis, 

ac  multo  murmure  montis 


Vergil 
G  1  370 — 1  et  cum  Eurique  Zephyiique 

tonat  domos 
A  x  53 — 4  magna  dicione  iubeto  Kartha- 

go  premat  Ausoniam 
A  11  573  [of  Helen]  Troiae  et  patriae  com- 
munis Erinys 
A  viii  696  regina  in  mediis  patrio  vocat 

agmina  sistro 
G  II  463  nee  varios  inhiant  pulchra  testu- 

dine  postes 
A  iv  261 — 2   atque  illi  stellatus  iaspide 

fulva  ensis  erat 
G  1 1  464 — 5  inlusasque  auro  vestes  Ephy- 

reiaque    aera,   alba   neque  Assyrio 

fucatur  lana  veneno 

A  x  324  flaventem  prima  lanugine  malas 

A  iv  67  et  taciturn  vivit  sub  pectore  vol- 

nus 
A  11  157  fas  mihi  Graiorum  sacrata  resol- 

vere  iura 
A  X  377  maris  magna  claudit  nos  obice 

pontus 

G  ^  363—73 

A  vi  438 — 9   tristique   palus    inamabilis 

unda  alligat 
G  11  149  alienis  mensibus  aestas 
A  1  55 — 6   illi    indignantes    magno   cum 

murmure    montis    circum    claustra 

fremunt 


To  other  Augustan  writers. 


(52)  That  Lucan  had  read  most  of  the  chief  writers  of  the 
Augustan  age  is  abundantly  clear  from  casual  reminiscences  of 
their  works,  of  which  Mr  Haskins  has  taken  notice  in  his  com- 
mentary. But  the  important  cases  are  those  of  Horace  Ovid 
and  Livy. 

The  reminiscences  of  Horace  are  frequent ;  but,  as  no  im- 
portant episodes  are  suggested  by  imitation  or  rivalry  of  passages 


AUGUSTAN    WRITERS  cxxvii 

in  Horace,  the  relation  between  the  writers  is  not  worth  pursuing 
at  length.  It  is  chiefly  in  stray  phrases  and  allusions  that  the 
resemblance  is  detected.  The  influence  of  Horace  on  the  Phar- 
salia  generally  is  not  observable. 

To  Ovid  Lucan  seems  to  stand  in  a  closer  relation.  Not 
only  do  numberless  mythological  details  seem  to  come  from 
the  Metamorphoses ;  but  (as  I  have  remarked  above  §  49  b,  c) 
he  is  in  some  important  characteristics  of  his  rhythm  a  follower 
of  Ovid.  Great  though  the  difference  is  between  the  two,  it 
is  in  Ovid  that  we  begin  to  trace  the  growth  of  the  smooth 
versification  which  is  so  unfavourable  to  the  effect  of  the  PJiar- 
salia.  In  the  detailed  elaboration  of  detached  episodes  we  again 
see  a  tendency  beginning  in  Ovid  and  completely  established  in 
Lucan.     How  it  grew  up  I  have  pointed  out  above  (§  27). 

That  Lucan  used  Livy  as  an  authority  is  very  probable,  if 
not  certain,  and  I  wish  I  had  been  able  to  see  G  Baier's  dis- 
sertation on  this  subject.  The  main  items  of  evidence  seem  to 
be  these.  The  name  of  Crastinus  in  VII  471  is  said  to  come 
from  Livy.  The  story  of  the  augur  Cornelius  VII  192 — 200  is 
reported  by  Plutarch  as  told  by  Livy.  The  affair  of  the  envoy 
X  468 — 74  is  said  by  a  scholiast  to  be  told  by  Livy  but  rather 
differently.  The  affair  of  Ganymedes  Arsinoe  and  Achillas 
X  519 — 23  is  apparently  taken  from  Livy,  according  to  the  same 
scholiast.  Livy  (fragm  45  Weissenborn)  seems,  according  to 
Jerome,  to  have  eulogized  Cato.  He  was  used  as  an  authority 
by  Seneca  (fragm  41  and  48).  In  the  Periochae  of  books  CIX — 
CXII  are  mentioned  a  number  of  incidents  which  reappear  in 
Lucan  with  wonderful  correspondence  of  detail  so  far  as  these 
meagre  abstracts  enable  one  to  judge.  Lastly  from  Tacitus  ann 
IV  34  we  learn  that  Livy  greatly  eulogized  Pompey,  so  that 
Augustus  called  him  a  Pompcian. 

It  is  worth  while  to  note  a  few  parallels  which  may  prove 
that  Lucan  had  read  and  was  at  a  given  moment  bearing  in 
;nind  passages  from  Augustan  poets  now  only  known  by  a  line 
r  two.  I  repeat  that  I  do  not  press  these  small  resemblances  ; 
e  point  is  in  no  way  material  to  my  argument.  But  it  is 
etter  to  submit  the  few  lines  in  question  to  the  examination  of 
thers  from  this  point  of  view. 


CWVlll 


EARLIER    /VETS 


VI  716  [allium]  ad  munis  Ventura  semel 


i  99,  100  nam  sola  futuri  Crassus  erat  belli 

medillS  mora 
vi  208  sic  Libycus  densis  elephas  oppres- 

sus  ab  armis 

x  160 — -i    gemmaeque  capaces  excepere 

merum,  sed  non  Mareotidos  uvae... 


Ovid  fr  7  [of  Orplicu-.|  bis  rapitur  vixit- 
que  semel.  [Serv  ad  Verg  georg  iv 
495  gives  it  to  Ovid,  Heinsius  as- 
signed it  to  the  Orpheus  of  Lucan] 

Arbronius  Silo  fr  [o  Danai]  itc  trium- 
phantes;  belli  mora  concidit  Hector 

Rabirius  fr  3  ac  veluti  Numidis  elephans 
circumdatur  altus 

Gratius  312 — 3  haec  illast  Pharios  quae 
fregit  noxia  reges,  dum  servata  cavis 
potant  Mareotica  gemmis 


To  these  add  a  case  of  resemblance  in  the  laits  Pisonis  [see  on  §  21],  probably  of 
Claudius'  time. 

viii  280   mentisque   meae    quo    pondera  laus  Pisonis  56  quis  regit  ipse  suam,  nisi 

vergant  per  tua  pondera,  mentem? 


To  earlier  poets. 

(53)  J  low  intimate  Lucan's  knowledge  of  the  works  of  the 
Republican  poets  was,  we  shall  never  know.  Here  and  there 
we  get  a  slight  reminiscence  of  Lucretius  or  Catullus,  but  I  do 
not  infer  that  either  of  these  writers  had  much  influence  on  the 
PJiarsalia.  In  the  fragments  of  Ennius  arc  a  few  passages  that 
bear  a  curious  resemblance  in  point  or  diction  to  lines  in  Lucan. 
Whether  they  prove  that  Lucan  studied  Ennius  I  do  not  feel 
sure.  It  is  however  to  be  borne  in  mind  (a)  that  their  small 
number  is  a  natural  consequence  of  the  small  remains  of  Ennius 
(b)  that  the  Scholiast  on  one  place  in  book  X  distinctly  refers 
to  Ennius  for  the  matter  (c)  that  it  is  a  priori  probable  that 
Lucan  would  read  Ennius. 

I  subjoin  the  passages  in  parallel  columns. 


vn  810 — 1  placido  natura  receplat  cuncta 
sinu  finemque  sui  sibi  corpora  de- 
bent 


vn  841 — 2  sic  quoque  non  omnis  populus 
pervenit  ad  ossa  inque  feras  discerp- 

tus  abit 

VII  734  dum  conficit  omnia  tenor 


Ennius  ami   1  fr  9  terraque  corpus  quae 

dedit  ipsa  capit  neque  dispendi  facit 

hilum 
Maecenas  fr  7  nee  tumulum  euro ;  sepelit 

natura  relictos 
Ennius  ann   11  fr  93  volturus  in  spineto 

obitum    mandebat    homonem :     heu 

quam  crudeli  condebat  membra  se- 

pulcro 
Ennius  ann  VIII  fr  195  multa  dies  in  bello 

conficit  unus 


THE   SENECAS  cxxix 

vi  194 — 5  nee  quicquam  nudis  vitalibus  Ennius  aim  vill  fr  200  pila  rctunduntur 

obstat  iam  praeter  stantis  in  summis  venientibus  ■  >1 1  \  irt  pilis 
ossibus  hast  as 

x  249     54   [Sun    draws    the   water   back  Scholiast  on  the  passage  says  Ennius  haee 

from  the  North  by  underground  chan-  </e  Nilo  ait,  quod  per  aestatem  sol  ab 

nels  to  the  South]  inferioribus  aquam  supra  revocet  et 

nine  eo  tempore  Nilus  increscat. 

[Note.  Baehrens  in  his  Fragmenta  pp  358 — 9  quotes  as  incertorum  versus  Lucan 
I  15  u>ide  venit  Titan  et  nox  ubi  sidera  con  Jit,  11  15  lieeat  sperarc  timenti,  in  751 
festinaniem  animam  morti  non  credidit  uni,  and  a  line  sanguineum  quatiens  dextra 
Bellona  jlagellum  which  is  vn  568  with  quatiens  dextra  for  vehtli  quatiens.  There 
maybe  some  reason  for  Baehrens'  description  of  these  lines:  if  so,  I  am  unable 
to  give  it.] 


To  the  Senecas. 

(54)  This  topic  cannot  be  treated  at  length  here.  It  might 
be  made  the  subject  of  a  complete  dissertation.  But  it  would 
serve  little  purpose  to  prove  what  is  manifest  on  the  face  of  it 
that  to  his  grandfather  and  uncle  much  of  Lucan's  pointed 
antithetical  manner,  half  rhetorical  half  Stoic  as  it  is,  is  to  be 
traced.  Reading  no  doubt  that  rhetorician's  common-place-book, 
the  suasoriae  and  controversiae  of  his  grandfather,  reading  and 
perhaps  often  hearing  the  Stoic  sermons  of  his  uncle,  he  picked 
up  far  more  of  the  mannerisms  of  the  Spanish  school  (if  I  may 
so  call  it)  than  we  shall  ever  be  able  to  detect.  Numberless 
passages  can  now  be  illustrated  by  quotations  from  the  younger 
Seneca  especially.  Resemblances  of  language  (I  almost  think 
it  was  Seneca  who  crystallized  the  everlasting  tanti  of  the 
Silver  Age)  arc  very  frequent:  but  this  line  of  inquiry  I  do  not 
lossess  either  the  time  or  the  inclination  fully  to  pursue. 


Juvenal's  relation  to  Lucan. 

(55)  It  would  be  a  long  undertaking  to  copy  out  all  the 
:ertain  or  probable  reminiscences  of  Lucan  in  Juvenal,  and  quite 
innecessary  to  boot.  I  content  myself  with  giving  a  selection 
)f  parallels  in  the  writings  of  these  two  great  declaimers,  and 
'eserve  my  comments  to  follow  them. 


c  XXX 


LUC  AN  AND  JUVENAL 


LUCAN 

i  64 — 5  Cirrhaea Nysa 

c>;  dominos  commisit 

494 — 5  aut  bin  quatiente  ruina  nu- 

tanti^   pendere  domos,   iv   393 

mundi  nutante  ruina 
11  1 8,  28  latuit  plebeio  tectus  amictu 

(minis  lumos cultus  matrona 

priores  deposuit 
46  Cannarum  Trebiaeque  iuventus 

155 — 6  se  praecipiti  iaculatus  pondere 
dura  dissiluit  percussus  humo 

193  agnoscendus  eral 

382  patriaeque  impendere  vitani 

672 — 7  [Xerxes  at  Hellespont  and 
Athos] 

III  233 — 4    hie    ubi    Pellaeus ductor 

constitit  et  magno  vinci  se  fassus 
ab  orbe  est 
V  356  quibus  hie  non  sufficit  orbis 
x  456  cui  Romani  spatium  non  sufficit 
orbis 
111  472 — 3    nee   tanlum    corpora  pressa 
exanimat  ;    totos   cum    sanguine 
dissipat  artus 

iv  706  galeae  texere  pudorem 

vi  7,  8  alea  fati  alterutrum  mersura  caput 

63  aestuat  angusta  rabies  civilis  ha- 
rena 
vii  34—6    ilia   rati   semper   de    te    sibi 

conscia  voti sic  se  dilecti  tu- 

mulum  quoque  perdere  Magni 


60  nocituraque  poscimus  arma 

339 — 40  stat  corde  gelato  attonitus 

438  infami  complevit  moenia  luco 
493  iunxerat  in  seriem  nexis  umboni- 

bus  arma 
579  [of  Senate]  quae  viscera  rerun) 
755  quidquid  Tagus  extulit  auri 


Juvenal 
vii  64  dominis  Cirrae  Nysaeque 

1  162—3  Aenean  Rutulumque  ferocem 
committas 

in   190  q  11  is  timet ruinam 

196  pendente  iubet  dormire  ruina 

in    212 — 3  horrida  mater,   pullati  pro- 
ceres,  differt  vadimonia  praetor 


11  155  quid  Cremerae  legio  et  C  ami  id 

consumpta  iuventus 
ill  271 — 2    quanto    percussum    pondere 
signent  et  laedant  silicem 
viii  206  tota  fugit  agnoscendus  harena 
IV  91  et  vitam  impendere  vero 
X  1 73 — 6  velificatus  Athos. .  .coiistratum 
classibus   isdem    suppositumque 
rotis  solid um  mare 
x  168 — 9  unus  Pellaeo  iuveni  non  suf- 
ficit orbis,  aestuat  infelix  angusto 
limite  mundi 


in  259 — 61  quid  superest  de  corporibus? 
quis  membra  quis  ossa  invenit? 
obtritum  volgi  perit  omne  cada- 
ver more  animae 
viii  203  nee  galea  faciem  abscondit 

x  57 — 8  mergit  [quosdam]  longa  atque 

insignis  honorum  pagina 
X  169   aestuat    infelix    angusto    limite 
mundi 

x  283 — 6   provida    Pompeio febres 

optandas  sed  multae  urbes  et 
publica  vota  vicerunt :  igitur 
fortuna  ipsius  et  urbis  servatum 
victo  caput  abstulit 
X  8,  9  nocitura  toga  nocitura  petuntur 

militia 

vi  95 — 6  timent  pavidoque  gelantur  pec- 
tore 
viii  273  ab  infami  gentem  deducis  Asylo 
II  45 — 6  sed  illos  defendit  numerus  iunc- 

taeque  umbone  phalanges 
III  72  viscera  magnarum  domuum 
in  55   omnis  harena   Tagi  quodque    in 
mare  volvitur  aurum 


LUC  AN  AND  JUVENAL  cxxxi 

Luc a  Juvenal 

viii  4Q0  evertitque arctrespectus honesti  x  306  saeva in  nice  tyrannus 

493 — 4  exeat  aula  o  volt  esse  pius  ill  153—5   exeat,    inquit, cuius   res 

legi  noil  sufficit 

542 — 4  Nilusne  <barbara  Memphis  "  I  88 — 9  alea  quando  hos  animos 

hos  anios 

657 — 8  quod  Caixris  armis  imputet  v  14  imputat  hunc  rex 

IX5'9 — 2l  pauper  aunc  deus  est nullis  xi  116 fictilis  et  nullo  violatus  Iuppitei 

violata  pernev-n  divitiis  delubra  auro 
tenens,  moruque  priorum  nu- 
men  Romancteniplum  defendit 
ab  auro 

Such  are  a  fw  out  of  many  instances  of  a  correspondence 
surely  more  the]  casual  between  the  words  of  Juvenal  and 
Lucan.  I  do  nc  think  it  will  be  disputed  that  the  later  poet 
drew  inspiration  from  the  earlier.  To  what  extent  he  did  so, 
I  think  no  mere  omparison  of  line  and  line  will  tell  us.  Rather 
we  must  pass  fron  one  to  the  other  in  our  reading  and  remark 
the  frequent  likenss  of  manner  and  tone.  Take  such  lines  as 
the  following : 

n     74         conul  et  eversa  felix  moriturus  in  urbe. 
171         omm  Sullanae  lustrasse  cadavera  pacis. 
in  439         ...sec  expensa  superorum  et  Caesaris  ira. 
ix  706 — 7  sed  qis  erit  nobis  lucri  pudor?   hide  petuntur 
hue  Lbycae  mortes,  et  fecimus  aspida  mercem. 

Read  too  such  passiges  as  IV  373 — 401,  V  381 — 402,  VII  539 
—43,  X  136 — 71,  and  many  more,  and  it  is  I  think  hardly 
possible  to  doubt  that  the  satirist  had  drunk  very  largely  of 
Lucan's  spring: — naturally  and  rightly,  for  the  manner  and  tone 
af  Lucan,  though  unsuited  to  an  epic  poem,  find  their  proper 
Dlacc  and  function  as  a  vehicle  of  satire. 


M.    ANNAEI    LUCANI 

PHARSALIAE 


LIBER   PRIMUS. 


ARGUMENT   OF  BOOK    I. 

Introduction  1  —  182.  The  subject  of  the  poem  1—7.  Remonstrance  with  the 
citizens  8—32.  Flattering  address  to  Nero  33—66.  The  general  causes  of  the 
civil  war  67—97.  Particular  causes;  the  deaths  of  Crassus  and  Julia,  the 
rivalry  between  Pompeius  and  Caesar  98 — 128.  Comparison  between  rompeius 
and  Caesar  129 — 157.  The  corruption  of  the  times  158 — 182.  Caesar  crosses 
the  Rubicon  183 — 227,  and  captures  Ariminum  228 — 260.  He  is  met  by  the 
expelled  tribunes  and  Curio  261 — 295.  Caesar  addresses  his  soldiers  296 — 355: 
he  is  answered  by  the  centurion  Laelius  356 — 391.  Caesar  summons  his  forces 
from  Gaul  392 — 465.  Terror  in  Rome  at  his  approach  and  flight  of  the  senate 
466 — 5:2.  Prodigies  523 — 583.  Expiatory  rites  and  ill-omened  sacrifice  of 
Aruns  584 — 638.  The  coming  disasters  are  foretold  by  the  astrologer  Figulus 
639 — 672,  and  by  a  frenzied  matron  673 — 695. 

Bella  per  Emathios  plus  quam  ciuilia  campos 
iusque  datum  sceleri  canimus,  populumque  potentem 
in  sua  uictrici   conuersum  uiscera  dex1;ra, 


1.  Emathios']  Emathia  was  a  part 
of  Macedonia,  but  the  name  is  loosely 
applied  by  the  Roman  poets  not  only  to 
Macedonia  but  also  to  Thessaly :  they 
often  confuse  the  battle-fields  of  Fharsa- 
lus  and  Philippi,  perhaps  from  a  mis- 
understanding of  Verg.  G.  1  489 — 492 
ergo  niter  sese  paribus  concurrere  tilts 
Romanas  acies  iterum  uidere  Philippi, 
fait  indignum  sttperis  bis  sanguine 
nostro  Emathiam  ct  latos  Haemi  pingues- 
cere  campos;  cf.  infr.  680,  vn  85,;.  854 
ante  nouae  uenient  acies  scelerique  secundo 
praestabis  nondum  siccos  hoc  sanguine 
campos.  Juv.  vi  1 1  242  and  Prof.  Mayor's 
note. 

plus   quam    ciuilia]   not    only  between 

II.  L. 


citizens  but  between  relatives ;  probably 
with  special  reference  to  the  connexion 
of  Caesar  and  Pompeius  as  socer  and 
gener,  cf.  289,  290  infr. ;  Verg.  Aen.  VI 
831,  832;  cf.  the  use  of  ncfas  in  11  4 
indixitque  ncfas  and  vi  7S,  79  classica 
nulla  sonant  iniussaque  tela  uagantur,  ct 
Jit  sacpe  ncfas  iaculum  temptante  lacerto. 

2.  ius  datum]  'license  granted  to 
crime';  cf.  407  infr.;  Plin.  II.  N.  xvm 
§  .'>.'>  7  [%ephyrui\  arbores  serendiius  dabit. 
Ov.  Met.  11  47,  48  currus  rogatille pater- 
110s,  iih/uc  diem  alipedum  ius  ct  moderamen 
cquorum. 

3.  uiscera]  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  vi  833 
ueu  patriae  ualidas  in  uiscera  uertite 
aires. 


LUCANI    PIIARSALIAE 


cognatasque  acics,  ct  rupto    foedere  rcgni 
certatum   totis  concussi   uiribus  orbis  5 

in  commune  nefas,  infestisque  obuia  signis 
signa,  pares  aquila.s,  et   pila   minantia   pilis.        o 
quis   furor,  o  ciues,  quae   tanta    licentia  ferri  • 
gentibus   inuisis  Latium  praebcre  cruorcm  7 
cumque  supcrba   forct   Babylon  spolianda  tropaeis   10 
Ausoniis,  umbraquc  erraret  Crassus   inulta', 
bella   geri   placuit   nullos  habitura  triumphos  ? 
heu  quantum   terrae  potuit   pelagique   parari 
hoc  quern   ciuiles  hauserunt  sanguine  dextrae, 
unde  ucnit   Titan,  et  nox  ubi   sidera  condit,  1  5 

quaque  dies   medius   flagrantibus  aestuat  horis, 
et  qua  bruma   rigens  ac   nescia  uere  remitti 
adstringit   Scythico   glacialem   frigore   pontum. 
sub  iuga   iam   Seres,  iam   barbarus   isset   Araxes, 


4.  regnt]  tyranny,  i.e.  the  (informal) 
power  of  the  first  triumvirate ;  cf.  infr. 
86,  92,  315;  Cic.  pro  Sulla  §  21  quod 
tandem  Torquate  regnum?  cousulalus, 
credo,  met. 

5.  certatutri\  the  conflict;  cf.  infr.  70 
negatum,  462  ignauum;  Verg.  Aen.  v  6 
notumque  furens  quid femina  possit. 

6.  in  commune  nefas]  '  doomed  to  end 
in  general  guilt '. 

7.  pares]  'matched',  equivalent  to  com- 
missas,  cf.  iv  710,  v  3,  vi  3;  Verg.  G.  1 
489.  It  is  a  metaphor  from  the  gladiatorial 
contests;  cf.  Hor.  Sat.  11  vi  44  Threx  est 
Gallina  Syro  par? 

pi/a]  the  special  \veapcms  of  Romans ; 
cf.  X  47,  48  where  they  are  opposed  to 
the  Macedonian  sarisae,  Eoi  propius 
ti in  uere  sarisas  quam  nunc  pila  timent 
populi;  Liv.  vn  23,  ix  19,  x  29;  imita- 
ted by  Uryden,  Hind  and  Panther  160, 
161,  'That  was  but  civil  war,  an  equal 
set,  Where  piles  with  piles  and  eagles 
eagles  met. ' 

10.  Babylon]  used  loosely  for  Ctesi- 
phon  the  Parthian  capital;  tropaea  are 
the  standards  of  Crassus. 

11.  inulta]  cf.  Ammian.  Marc.  XXIII 
5  §  17  nee  errauere  diu  Manes  inttlti. 

12.  geri]  For  the  passive  form  of  the 
sentence  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  in  60,  61  omni- 
bus idem  animus  scelerata  excedere  terra, 
linqni pollutum  hospitium. 

nullos    triumphos]    No    general    could 


claim  a  triumph  for  a  victory  gained  in 
civil  war;  cf.  VI  260,  261  non  tu  be/lorn  in 
spoliis  ornare  Tonantis  templa  poles,  non 
tu  laetis  ululare  triumphis.  Caesar's 
quadruple  triumph  B.C.  46  was  over  the 
Gauls,  Ptolemy,  Phamaces  and  Juba. 
So  Augustus  after  the  battle  of  Actium 
triumphed  B.C.  29  over  the  Dalmatians, 
Egypt  and  Alexandria,  cf.  Suet.  August. 
22. 

13.  parari]  equivalent  to  comparari, 
bought;  cf.  infr.  34;  Cic.  ad  Att.  XII  19 
§  1;    Liv.  XXXIV  4;   Juv.  Ill  224. 

14.  hoc  quern]  For  the  confused  order 
of  words  in  this  line  cf.  infr.  113,  377, 
508;  also  Catull.  lxvi  18  non,  ita  me 
divi,  uera  gemunt,  iuerint. 

15.  sidera]  perhaps  equivalent  to  solem, 
cf.  Ov.  Met.  Xiv  172  caelumque  et  sidera 
so  lis  respicio. 

16.  flagrantibus  horis]  equivalent  to 
aeslate;  cf.  Hor.  A.  P.  302  sub  ucrui 
temporis  ho  ram. 

17.  remitti]  cf.  Verg.  G.  IV  35,  36 
nam  frigore  nulla  cogit  hiemps  eademque 
calor  liquefacta  remittit. 

19.  sub  iuga]  cf.  Hor.  Epod.  VII 
1  — 10  quo,  quo  scelesti  ruitis  ?  ant  cur 
dexteris  aptantur  enses  condili?  parumne 
campis  atque  Neptuno  super  fusion  est 
Lalini  sanguinis?  non  ut  superbas  im- 
piae  Karlhaginis  Romanics  arces  ureret; 
intactus  ant  Britannus  ul  descenderet 
sacra    catena  tits    uia;    sed    ut    secundum 


LIBER    I.   4-33. 


et  gens  si  qua  iacct  nascenti  conscia  Nilo.  20 

turn,  si  tantus  amor  belli  tibi,  Roma,  nefandi, 
totum  sub  Latias  leges  cum  miseris  orbem, 
in  te  uerte  manus  :    nondum  tibi  defuit  hostis. 
at  nunc  semirutis  pendent  quod  moenia  tectis 
>A  urbibus  Italiae,  lapsisque  ingentia  muris  25 

saxa  iacent,  nulloque  domus  custode  tenentur, 
rarus  et  antiquis  habitator  in  urbibus  crrat, 
horrida  quod  dumis  multosque  inarata  per  annos 
Hesperia  est,  desuntque  manus  poscentibus  amis, 
non  tu,  Pyrrhe  ferox,  nee  tantis  cladibus  auctor       30 
Poenus  erit :    nulli  penitus  descendere  ferro 
contigit :    alta  sedent  ciuilis  uolnera  dextrae. 
quod  si  non  aliam  ucnturo  fata  Neroni 


uota  Parthorum  sua  itrbs  /nice  perb-el 
dextera. 

barbarus  Araxes]  is  equivalent  to  the 
savage  tribes  on  the  Araxes.  So  Verg.  G. 
11  497  coniurato  descendens  Dae  us  ab 
Histro. 

20.  et  gens]  'the  tribe,  if  such  there 
be,  that  knows  the  hidden  cradle  of  the 
Nile';  cf.  Ilor.  Carm.  IV  14,  45,  Oud.  cf. 
Auson.  Idyll,  vn  2  conscia  nascentis 
Bissu/a  Danulni.  Lucan' himself  v.  89, 
90  has  mundique  futuri  conscius. 

22.  Latias  leges]  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  IV  23 x 
totum  sub  leges  mitteret  orbem\  VI  852  tu 
regere  imperio  populos  Romanc  memento. 
Hor.  Carm.  111  iii  43 — 44  triumphatisque 

possit  Roma  j'crox  dare  iura  Med  is. 

23.  defuit]  'not  yet  hast  thou  felt  the 
want  of  a  foe '. 

24.  quod]   'for    the   reason  why ' 

anticipalive  of  line  30;  see  Dr  Munro's 
note  on  Lucret.  IV  885  id  quod  prouidet, 
tilius  rei  constat  imago.  So  also  Venr. 
Aen.  II 180 — 182  et  nunc  quod patrias  uento 
petiere  Mycenas,  arma  deosque  parant 
comites  pelagoque  remenso  improuisi  adc- 
runt. 

85.  urbibus]  The  reading  has  been 
suspected  owing  to  the  repetition  of  the 
same  word  in  line  27,  but  such  careless 
repetition  is  not  uncommon  in  Lucan,  cf. 
infr.  510,  513.  Weber  would  read  Jiuibus 
in  this  passage,  but  if  any  alteration  is 
needed  perhaps  arcibus  would  be  better, 
which  would  stand  in  either  line. 

26.  saxa]  For  the  massive  building  of 
the  old  Italian  towns  cf.  Verg.  G.  II 
1 .; .;  — •  57  <*dde  let  egregias  urbes  operutnque 


laborem,tol conges/a  mamt praeruptis  oppida 
saxis,  fluminaque  antiquos  suiter  labentia 
muros. 

29.  desuntque]  cf.  Verg.  G.  1  507 
squalent  abductis  arua  colonis. 

30.  auctor]  I  am  unable  to  find  any 
other  instance  of  the  use  of  auctor  with 
the  simple  dative  instead  of  genitive  :  in 
Cic.  ad  Att.  VIII  3  §  3  ilk  legibus  per  turn 
ac  contra  auspicia  ferendis  auctor  the 
addition  of  the  gerundive  gives  a  different 
turn  to  the  sentence. 

31.  Poenus  erit]  'will  be  found  to  have 
been'  sc.  olim  quaerenti,  Weise;  cf.  Ter. 
I'horm.  801.  cognatam  eomperi  esse  nobis. 
quid?    deliras.    sic  erit. 

nulli  ferro]  sc.  externa  cf.  infr.  82,  93, 
280. 

descendere]  From  the  remark  of  the 
Scholiast  numquam  ad  imum  peruenire 
this  seems  to  have  been  the  reading  which 
he  had  before  him,  and  it  is  confirmed  by 
alta  sedent  in  the  following  line :  it  has 
been  received  by  Oud.  (following  Ilcinsius) 
into  the  text;  cf.  vi  216;  Liv.  I  41 
ferrum  hand  alte  in  corpus  descendisse. 
Ov.  Met.  Ill  67  toto  descendit  in  ilia  ferro. 
Sen.  dial,  xn  iii  §  1  grauissimuni  est  ex 
omnibus  quae  umquam  in  corpus  tuii/u 
deseenderuul  recens  uolnus,  fateor.  The 
common  reading  is  discindere  which  is 
retained  by  Weise. 

32.  contigit]  conlingere  generally  con- 
notes good  fortune,  cf.  Prof.  Mayor  on 
Juv.  VIII  28. 

sedent]  cf.  Floras  iv  2  §  40  unius  in 
scuto  centum  alque  uiginti  tela  sedere. 

33.  quod  si]    'if  all    these   evils  have 


I — 2 


LUCANI    PIIARSALIAK 


inuenere  uiam,  magnoque  actcrna  parantur 

regna  deis,  caclumquc  suo  seruire  Tonanti  35 

non  nisi  sacuorum  potuit  post  bclla  gigantum, 

iam  nihil,  o  supcri,  qucrimur:   scclcra  ipsa  nefasque 

hac  mcrccdc  placcnt :    diros  Pharsalia  campos 

implcat,  et  Poeni  saturcntur  sanguine  manes; 

ultima  funcsta  concurrant  proclia  Munda.  40 

his,  Caesar,  Pcrusina  fames  Mutinaeque  labores 

acccdant  fatis ;   et  quas  premit  aspera  classes 

Lcucas ;   et  ardenti  scruilia  bclla  sub  Aetna  : 

multum  Roma  tamen  debet  ciuilibus  armis 

quod  tibi  res  acta  est.     te,  cum  stationc  peracta      45 

astra  petes  serus,  praelati  regia  caeli 

excipiet  gaudente  polo,  seu  sceptra  tencrc, 

seu  te  flammigeros  Phoebi  conscenderc  currus, 

tcllurcmque  nihil  mutato  sole  timentem 


igne  uago  lustrare  iuuet :    tibi  numine  ab  omni 
cedetur,  iurisque  tui  natura  relinquet, 


50 


been  endured  in  order  to  pave  the  way  for 
Nero. '  Grotius  cf.  Plin.  Paneg.  vi  mag- 
num quidem  illud  seculo  dedecus,  magnum 

rei  publicae  uolnus  impression  est: si 

tame  11  Iiaec  sola  erat  ratio  quae  te  publicae 
salntis  gubeniaculis  ad/noueret,  prope  est 
ut  exclamem  tanti fuisse. 

34.  uiam]  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  x  113  fata 
uiam  iniienient. 

35.  regna  deis]  i.e.  Nero  would  be- 
come a  god  after  his  death  cf.  vn  457 
bella  pares  sitperis  faeient  ciuilia  diuos. 
Compare  also  the  words  of  the  dying  Ves- 
pasian, Suet.  Vesp.  23  uae,  puto,  dens  jio. 

37.     iam]  '  we  complain  no  more '. 

39.  sat 'uren tur]  i.e.  at  the  battle  of 
Thapsus  in  Africa  is.c.  46,  cf.  Hor.  Carm. 
11  i  25 — 28  Iuno et deorum  quisquis  amicior 
Afris  inulta  ccsserat  impotens  tellure  uic- 
torum  nepotes  rettitlit  inferias  Iugurthae. 

40.  ultima]  The  battle  of  Munda  B.C. 
54  was  the  last  battle  of  the  civil  war  of 
which  Pharsalia  was  the  turning-point. 
This  appears  to  be  a  more  satisfactory 
explanation  than  Weise's :  his  note  is, 
ultima  proclia  funesta  Munda  perhypalla- 
gen  dictum  pro  funesta  proelia  apud  ulti- 
mam  Mundam,  hoc  est  in  extrema  Iliberia 
sitam  :  ea  enim  figura  crebro  nostcr  uti- 
tur.  But  of  all  his  references  none  supports 
the  double  hypallage. 

41.  Siege    of    Perusia    B.C.    41;    cf. 


Auson.  Epp.  XXII  42  iam  iam  Pcrusina 
et  Saguntina  fame  Lucaniacum  liberet. 
Siege  of  Mutina  is.c.  43. 

43.  Lcucas]  loosely  put  for  Actium 
B.C.  31 ;   cf.  Verg.  Aen.  vm  677. 

scruilia  bella]  alluding  to  the  war  with 
Sextus  Pompeius  in  Sicily,  who  filled  his 
ranks  with  slaves;  cf.  Hor.  Epod.  iv. 
17 — 19  quid  attinct  tot  or  a  nauium  grain 
rostrata  duci  pondere  contra  I  at  roues  atque 
seruilem  manum?  Manil.  1  917 — 919 
restabant  profugo  ciuilia  mi  lite  bella  cum 
patrios  armis  imitatus  filius  Jwstes  aequora 
Pompeius  cepit  defensa  parent/'. 

45.  quod  tibi]  'since  'twas  for  thee 
that  all  was  done'. 

stationc  peracta]  '  when  thy  watch  is 
over'.  For  the  metaphor  cf.  x  203. 
Veil.  Pat.  II  131  protegite  hunt  statum, 
hanc pacem,  /nine  principcm,  eique  functo 
lougissima  stationc  mortali  destinate  sue- 
cessores  quam  sereuissimos. 

46.  serus]  implies  a  wish;  cf.  Hot. 
Carm.  I  ii  45. 

praelati]  'preferred  to  earth',  implying 
that  death  is  a  matter  of  choice  to  Nero. 

48.  currus]  Weber  sees  in  this  a  covert  ] 
allusion    to    Nero's    passion    for    chariot- 
driving. 

49.  mutato  sole]  i.e.  with  Nero  instead  | 
of  Apollo  as  driver  of  the  Sun's  chariot. 

51.     iuris   tui]  Weise   reads  iuri  I  no, 


LIBFR   I.    34—68. 

quis  dcus  esse  uelis,  ubi  regnum  poncrc  mundi. 

sed  ncque  in  Arctoo  sedcm  tibi  legeris  orbc, 

nee  polus  aduersi  calidus  qua  ucrgitur  Austri ; 

unde  tuam  uideas  obliquo  sidere  Romam.  55 

aetheris  immensi  pe.rtem  si  presseris  unam, 

sentiet  axis  onus,     librati  pondera  cadi 

orbc  tene  medio :    pars  aetheris  ilia  sercni 

tota  uacet  nullaeque  obstcnt  a  Caesarc  nubes. 

turn  genus  humanum  positis  sibi  consulat  armis,      60 

inque  uicem  gens  omnis  amct :    pax  missa  per  orbcm 

ferrea  belligcri  compescat  limina  Iani. 

sed  mihi  iam  numen  :    ncc,  si  tc  pectore  uates 

accipio,  Cirrhaea  ucKm  sccrcta  mouentem 

sollicitare  deum,  Bacohumquc  aucrtere  Nysa.  65 

tu  satis  ad  dandas  Romana  in  carmina  uires. 

fert  animus  causas  vantarum  expromcre  rerum, 
immensumque  aperitur  opus,  quid  in  arma  furentem 


bul    cf.    \'ii    55    qui   tot    sinutl   undique 
gentcs  iuris  habere  sui  ncllet. 

52.  quis  dcus]  imitated  from  Verg.  G. 
1  24  foil. 

54.  aduersi]  opposite  to  the  north. 
Oucl.  and  Weise  read  with  some  MSS. 
auersi  i.e.  remoti  a  nostro  orbe;  but  why 
this  should  be  said  of  the  south  more  than 
the  north  is  not  clear. 

uergitur]  For  the  passive  use  of  uergere 
cf.  Lucret.  II  212  in  terras  igitur  quoque 
so/is  ucrgitur  ardor.  The  ancients  regarded 
the  earth  as  rising  towards  the  north  and 
sinking  towards  the  south ;  cf.  Verg.  G.  I 
240 — 24 1  mundus  ut  ad  Scythiam  Rhi- 
paeasque  arduus  arees  consurgit,  premitur 
Libyae  deuexus  in  austros. 

55.  obliquo]  i.e.  to  the  north  or  south. 
Nero  is  to  be  seated  directly  over  Rome. 
The  meaning  'cross',  'unpropitious'  is 
perhaps  also  glanced  at. 

sidere]  The  stars  were  supposed  to  affect 
the  fortunes  of  those  beneath  them,  cf. 
Verg.  Eel.  ix  47 — 49. 

57.  librati]  'by  a  central  station  main- 
tain the  equilibrium  of  the  sky';  cf.  Dr 
Munro's  note  on  Lucret.  11  2 18.  For  librati 
cf.  Tac.  Hist.  1  16  si  immensum  imperi 
corpus  stare  ac  librari  sine  rectore  posset. 

58.  orbe  medio]  'on  the  sphere's  mid- 
most point',  i.e.  on  the  surface  of  the 
outer  sphere  formed  by  the  sky  at  a  point 
vertically   above    Rome    and    equidistant 


from  the  horizon  in  every  direction;  so 
summo  monte,  &c. 

sercni]  anticipates  uacet. 

59.  a  Caesare]  on  Caesar's  side.  '  And 
let  no  clouds  obstruct  our  view  where 
Caesar  sits. ' 

61.  in  uicem]  'one  another',  cf.  Ov. 
Heroid.  xvn  180  inque  uicem  lua  vie,  te 
mea  forma  capit. 

62.  compescat]  'keep  closed',  the  idea 
being  probably  suggested  by  the  lines  of 
Ennius  (Ann.  vin)  postquam  discordia 
taelra  belli '  ferratos pastes  portasque  refrcgit 
where  we  have  precisely  the  opposite 
sense.  For  the  peace  in  Nero's  time  cf. 
Suet.  Ner.  14  Ianum  geminum  clausit 
tarn  nulla  quam  residuo  bello. 

63.  sed  mihi]  to  me  (who  foretell 
these  things)  you  are  already  a  deity. 

pectore]  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  VI  78  magnum 
si  pectore  possit  excussisse  deum. 

64.  Cirrhaea]  i.e.  of  Delphi  of  which 
Cirrha  was  the  port.  For  this  and  Nysa 
cf.  Prof.  Mayor's  note  to  Juv.  vii  64 
dominis  Nysac  Cirrhaeque  feruntur  pec- 
tora  nostra. 

65.  deum]  sc.  Apollo. 

67.  fert  animus]  cf.  Ov.  Met.  I  1  in 
nozia  fert  animus  mutatas  dicerc  formas 
corpora. 

68.  aperitur]  'is  opening  before  me', 
cf.  Verg.  Aen.  111  275  formidatus  nautis 
aperitur  Apollo. 


6 


LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 


impulcrit  populum,  quid  paccm  cxcusscrit  orbi. 
inuida  fatorum  scries,  summisquc  negatum  70 

stare  diu  ;    nimioque  graucs  sub  pondere  lapsus ; 
nee  se  Roma  ferens.     sic,  cum  compage  soluta 
saecula  tot  mundi  suprema  coegerit  hora, 
antiquom  repetent  iterum  chaos  omnia  ;    mixtis 
sidera  sideribus  concurrent :    ignea  pontum  75 

astra  pctent :    tellus  extendcre  litora  nolet 
excutietquc  frctum :    fratri  contraria  Phoebe 
ibit,  ct  obliquom  bigas  agitare  per  orbcm 
indignata  diem  poscct  sibi :    totaque  discors 
machina  diuolsi  turbabit  foedera  mundi.  80 

in  se  magna  ruunt :    lactis  hunc  numina  rebus 
crescendi  posuere  modum  ;   nee  gentibus  ullis 
commodat  in  populum  terrae  pelagique  potentem 


70.  series']  'the  envious  course  of  des- 
tiny ' ;  cf.  Cic.  de  div.  1  §  1 25  fat/im 
autem  appello  ordinem  seriemque  causarum 
cum  causae  causa  nexa  rem  ex  se  gignat. 

stimuli 'sque  negatum]  'the  doom  of  all 
that  is  highest  to  speedy  fall ' ;  cf.  Stat. 
Silu.  11  7,90 — 91  0  numquam  data  festa 
tonga  summis,  cur  plus  ardua  casibus 
patetis?  The  passage  has  been  imitated 
by  Claudian  Epigr.  xxxvi  (xli)  pulcris 
stare  din  Pare  arum  lege  negatur.  sum  ma 
cadunt  subito  ;  magna  rcpente  ruunt. 

72.  nee  se  Roma  ferens]  equivalent  to 
ct  Roma  se  non-ferens ;  cf.  Verg.  Eel.  11 
40  praeterca  duo  nee  tut  a  mihi  ualle  reperti 
caprcoli,  where  nee  tuta  is  equivalent  to  ct 
non-tuta;  see  also  138  infr.  where  nee- 
ualidis  is  equivalent  to  ct  non  ualidis.  For 
the  sense  cf.  Liv.  Pref.  §  4  ut  iam  magni- 
tudine  laboret  sua  and  Hor.  Epod.  XVI  2 
suis  et  ipsa  Roma  uiribus  ruit. 

compage]  'frame';  so  of  the  human 
body,  v  119  compages  humana  labat ; 
of  the  Roman  empire,  Tac.  Hist,  iv  74 
octogintorum  annorum  fortuna  discipli- 
naque  compages  haec  coaluit. 

73.  coegerit]  '  when  the  day  of  doom 
shall  close  the  many  ages  of  the  world.' 
cf.  infr.  537  note. 

74.  antiquom]  cp.  Ov.  Met.  II  299  in 
chaos  antiquom  confundimur. 

repetent]  The  reading  of  most  MSS. 
is  repetens :  the  correction  is  due  to 
Rutgersius. 

mixtis]  For  the  hypallage  cf.  Verg. 
Eel.  x  55  interea  mixtis  lustrabo  A/acuala 


nyn  phis. 

75.  siderasideribusconcurrent]  Weber, 
cf.  Sen.  consol.  ad  Marciam  xxvi  §  6  cum 
te  npus  aduenerit  quo  se  mundus  renoua- 
turns  exstinguat,  uiribus  ista  se  suis  cae- 
dcut  et  sidera  sideribus  ///current. 

76.  tellus]  'the  land  shall  no  more 
seek  to  advance  her  shore-line  nor  throw 
off  the  sea.' 

77.  excutietque  frctum]  The  negative 
is  carried  on  to  the  second  clause,  as  is 
frequently  the  case  in  Lucan,  cf.  e.g.  11 
372 — 373  ille  nee  horrificam  sancto  dimo- 
uit  ab  ore  caesaricm  duroque  ad  mi  sit 
gaudia  uoltu  ;  IX  589 — 590  nulla  uchitur 
ceruice  sup/nus  carpentoque  sedens. 

contraria]  i.  e.  ex  aduerso  soli  auri- 
gabitur.  ita  fiet  ut  ei  obuia  facta  illida- 
tur;  quae  cum  de  via  decedere  noluerit 
diem  sibi  arrogabit  et  solem  nocte  con- 
tentum  esse  iubebit. 

80.  diuolsi]  to  be  taken  as  proleptic, 
'which  will  thus  be  rent  asunder'. 

foedera  mundi]  'laws  of  the  universe'; 
cf.  Verg.  G.  1  60  continuo  has  leges  aeter- 
naque  foedera  certis  imposuil  natura  locis. 
cf.  also  417  infr. 

81.  in  se  ruunt]  'are  dashed  to  pieces 
on  themselves.'  cf.  Sen.  dial.  X  iv  §  1 
nam  ut  nihil  extra  lacessat  a/tt  quatiat 
in  se  ipsa  fortuna  ruit. 

83.  commodat]  'nor  does  fortune  lend 
the  weapons  of  her  envy  to  any  foreign 
nations  to  smite  a  people  the  lords  of 
land  and  sea.'  cf.  Stat.  Theb.  iv  75 
(Adras/o)  cui  be/la  fauent   cui  commodat 


LIBER    I.   69—97. 


inuidiam  Fortuna  suam.     tu  causa  malorum, 

facta  tribus  dominis  communis,  Roma,  ncc  umquam  85 

in  turbam  missi  fcralia  foedera  regni. 

o  male  Concordes  nimiaque  cupidine  caeci, 

quid  misccre  iuuat  uires  orbemque  tcnere 

in   medium  ?     dum  terra  fretum  tcrramque  leuabit 

aer  et  longi  uoluent  Titana  laborcs,  90 

noxque  diem  caelo  totidem  per  signa  sequetur, 

nulla  fides  regni  sociis  omnisque  potestas 

impatiens  consortis  crit.     nee  gentibus  ullis 

creditc,  nee  longe  fatorum  cxempla  petantur. 

fraterno  primi  maduerunt  sanguine  muri.  95 

ncc  pretium  tanti  tellus  pontusque  furoris 

tunc  erat :    exiguom  dominos  commisit  asylum. 


iras cuncta  cohors ;  for gentibus,  cf.  31  supr. 

note. 

84.  tu  causa]  'the  cause  of  all  these 
ills  was  this,  that  thou  Rome  wast  made 
the  common  property  of  three  masters, 
and  that  the  baleful  bond  of  tyranny  was 
entrusted  to  a  number,  as  had  ne'er  been 
done  before.' 

85.  nee  umquam]  i.e.  regnum  had  been 
entrusted  to  a  single  person  before  as  in 
the  case  of  Sulla,  cf.  334 — 535  infr.  but 
this  had  not  proved  so  ruinous,  as  there 
was  no  opportunity  for  dissension:  for 
numquam  in  the  sense  of  'never  before' 
cf.  Juv.  xii  74  numquam  uisis  triginta 
clara  mamillis  (scrofa):  or  numquam  in 
turbam  missi  may  mean  'never  submitted 
to  popular  election,'  i.e.  other  magistrates 
were  no  less  despotic,  but  they  were 
tempered  by  annual  election ;  for  turba 
in  this  connexion  cf.  I  lor.  Carm.  I  i  7,  8 
hunc  si  mobiliiun  turba  Qui n't in m  certat 
tergeminis  tollere  honoribus. 

86.  in  turbam  missi\  turba  is  applied 
to  Pompeius,  Crassus,  and  Caesar:  for 
this  use  of  turba  for  a  small  number  cf. 
Ov.  Fast.  II  716  where  it  is  used  of  the 
two  young  Tarquinii,  and  Ov.  Fast,  v 
108  of  two  Muses;  also  Ov.  Met.  1  355 
nos  </uo  turba  sumus. 

87.  male]  'for  evil'';  cf.  248  infr.  Ov. 
Amor.  Ill  iii  17,  18  at  noil  inuidia  nobis 
Cephisia  uirgp  est  pro  male  formosa  iussa 
parotic  mori. 

88.  miscere]  'combine';  cf.  IX  286 
(the  bees)  non  miscent  nexibus  a  las  sed 
sibi  quisque  no/at. 

No.      in  medium]   'for  use  in  common'; 


cf.  vii  365,  366  nonne  superfusis  collectum 
comibus hostem  in  medium  dabimusf  Verg. 
G.  I  127  in  medium  quaerebaut.  Clau- 
dian  quart.  Cons.  Honor.  296  in  com- 
mune tubes  si  quid  censesue  tenendum. 
Weise  reads  with  some  MSS.  in  medio 
equivalent  to  '  as  a  prize' ;  but  the  Scholiast 
explains  by  in  commune, 

leuabit]  Weise  cf.  Ov.  Met.  I  12  cir- 
eumfuso  pendebat  in  aere  tellus.  cf.  also 
Eur.  Troades  884  w  yfjs  dxvpa  xairl  yrjs 
Hxuv  £opa.v. 

91.  totidem]  'as  many  as  the  day', 
i.e.  six. 

signa]  sc.  of  the  zodiac. 

92.  regni  sociis]  'partners  in  tyranny. ' 
Cic.  de  off.  1  §  26  quotes  from  Ennius 
nulla  sane/a  societas  ncc  fides  regni  est,  and 
applies  it  to  the  case  of  Caesar ;  cf.  also 
Tac.  Ann.  xm  17  antiquas  fratrum  dis- 
cordias  ct  insociabile  regnum  aestimantes. 
Ov.  A.  A.  in  563,  564  effuge  riualem  ; 
ui in  is  dum  sola  lencbis :  non  bene  cum 
sociis  rcgna  Ven usque  inanenl.  Quint. 
Curi.  x  ix  §  1  insociabile  est  regnum. 

93.  gentibus  ullis]  cf.  supr.  31,  83, 
notes. 

95.  fraterno]  cf.  Hor.  Epod.  VII  17 
— 20  sic  est ;  accrba  fata  Romauos  agunt 
scelusque  fratemae  necis,  ut  immerentis 
fluxit  in  tei  ram  Keiui  saeer  uepotibus 
cruor ;  Tibull.  II  v  24  Romulus  in  teniae 
nondum  Jirmauerat  urbis  moeuia  consorti 
non  kabitanda  A'emo. 

97.  commisit]  HpiSt  ^vvirjKe  /xdxecrOat; 
cf.  Juv.  1  162-163  securus  licet  Aenaean 
Rntu/nmqne  feioeem  commit t OS. 


8 


LUCANI    PIIARSALIAE 


temporis  angusti  mansit  concordia  discors, 
paxquc  fuit  non  spontc  ducum.     nam  sola  futuri 
Crassus  erat  belli  medius  mora,     qualitcr  undas     ioo 
qui  sccat  ct  geminum  gracilis  marc  separat  Isthmos 
nee  patitur  conferre  frctum,  si  terra  reccdat. 
Ionium  Aegaeo  frangat  marc  :    sic,  ubi  saeua 
anna  ducum  dirimens  miserando  funerc  Crassus 
Assyrias  Latio  maculavit  sanguine  Carras,  105 

Parthica  Romanos  solucrunt  damna  furores, 
plus  ilia  uobis  acie  quam  crcditis  actum  est, 
Arsacidae :   bellum  uictis  ciuile  dedistis. 
diuiditur  ferro  regnum  :    populique  potentis 
quae  mare  quae  terras  quae  totum  continet  orbem     1  10 
non  ccpit  fortuna  duos,     nam  pignora  iuncti 
sanguinis  et  diro  ferales  omine  taedas 


98.  temporis  angusti]  There  are  two 
possible  interpretations  of  this  very  diffi- 
cult line  :  (a)  taking  discors  as  part  of  the 
predicate,  temporis  angusti  concordia  man- 
sit  (scd  11/ an  sit)  discors,  'the  short-lived 
concord  endured,  but  'twas  a  jarring  con- 
cord', or  {l>)  'the  jarring  concord  of  a 
short  space  endured',  i.e.  endured  for  a 
short  space.  The  introduction  of  mansit, 
which  would  rather  require  tcmpits  in 
angustum  would  thus  seem  to  have  altered 
the  scheme  of  the  line :  otherwise  temporis 
angusti  concordia  would  stand  for  a  simple 
descriptive  genitive  such  as  Corn.  Nepos 
Ages,  viii  §  2  cum  annorum  octoginta  in 
Aegyptum  issct;  see  Madvig  §  287. 

concordia  discors]  cf.  Ilor.  Epp.  I  xii  19. 
Ov.  Met.  1  433.  Sen.  Nat.  Quaest.  vn  27 
§  3  tota  haec  mundi  concordia  ex  discor- 
d/bus constat,  taken  from  the  words  of 
Heraclitus  ttoKlvtovos  o.pp.ov'it)  Koapov  uiawep 
to^ov  Kai  Xvpr/s. 

100.  mora]  For  this  word  used  of  a 
person  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  x  428  pugnae 
nodumque  moramque;  Liv.  xxm  9  resti- 
tuendac  Romanis  Capuac  mora  atque  im- 
pedimentum  es. 

101.  Isthmos]  sc.  of  Corinth,  called 
by  Pindar  Isth.  ill  38  yiepvpav  irovTiada. 

102.  patitur]  'and  suffers  it  {mare) 
not  to  join  its  waters',  i.e.  the  Corinthian 
and  Saronic  gulfs. 

103.  frangat]  terra  is  probably  the 
subject  of  frangat ;  cf.  Hor.  Carm.  11  iv 
10 — 12,  ademptus  Hector  tradidit  fessis 
leuiora   tolli  Pergama   Graiis;   it   is   also 


possible  to  make  Isthmos  the  subject :  cf. 
Stat.  Silu.  iv  iii  59,  60  his  paruus,  lecheo 
nihil  ucttiute,  /nous  fret  a  miscuisset 
Isthmos.  For  the  meaning  of  frangat 
cf.  v  605,  606  Boreas — suumque  in 
fluctus  Cauri '  frangit  mare. 

104.  dirimens]  equivalent  to  qui  diri- 
mebal:  for  a  similar  use  of  the  participle 
cf.  Catull.  LXIV  8  diua  retinens  in  sum  mis 
urbibus  arces. 

106.  Parthica  damna]  'the  disasters 
arising  from  the  l'arthians';  cf.  II  402 
Delmaticis  fluctibus,  equivalent  to  'waves 
from  the  Dalmatian  side';  V  703  I/es- 
perii  duces,  equivalent  to  'the  leaders  in 
Italy'. 

solucrunt]  'let  loose';  cf.  Flut.  Pomp. 
53  p,ef  ov  ttoXv  5e  Kai  Kpdaaos  iv  Hdp- 
Ools  dirokukuis  rjyyiWero'  Kai  tovto  kw\v- 
pa  ov  p.iya  tov  avfiireaelv  rbv  ep.(pv\iov 
iro\ep.ov  eKwoduv  iyeyopei. 

I  10.  totum  orbem]  cf.  Sen.  dial.  11  2 
§  2  potcntiae  immensa  cupiditate  quam 
totus  orbis  in  tres  diuisus  satiare  non  po- 
terat. 

I I  x.cepit]  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  ix  644  nee  ie 
Troia  capit ;  Juv.  X  148  hie  est  quern  non 
capit  Africa;  Shakspeare,  K.  Henry  IV. 
pt.  I  v  4  '  When  that  this  body  did  con- 
tain a  spirit,  A  kingdom  for  it  was  too 
small  a  bound.' 

pignora]  Perhaps  her  child  whicli  died 
a  few  days  before  its  mother;  cf.  Plut. 
Caes.  xxm. 

112.     taedas]   '  marriage  torches'. 


LIBER    I.   98—130. 


abstulit  ad  manes  Parcarum  Iulia  saeua 

intcrcepta  manu.     quodsi  tibi  fata  dedissent 

maiores  in  luce  moras,  tu  sola  furentem  115 

hide  uirum  poteras  atquc  hinc  retincrc  parcntcm, 

armatasque  manus  excusso  iungcre  fcrro, 

Ht  generos  mediae  soceris  iunxere  Sabinae. 

morte  tua  discussa  fides  bcllumquc  mouere 

permissum  ducibus.     stimulos  dcdit  aemula  uirtus.    120 

tu  noua  ne  ueteres  obscurent  acta  triumphos, 

et  uictis  cedat  piratica  laurea  Gallis, 

Magne,  times :   te  iam  series  ususque  laborum 

erigit  impaticnsquc  loci  fortuna  secundi. 

nee  quemquam  iam  ferre  potest  Cacsaruc  priorcm 

Pompeiusue  parcm.     quis  iustius  induit  anna 

scire  nefas:    magno  se  iudice  quisquc  tuctur, 

uictrix  causa  deis  placuit  sed  uicta  Catoni. 

nee  coiere  pares :    alter  uergentibus  annis 

in  senium  longoque  togae  tranquillior  usu 


125 


130 


115.  furentem]  This  reading  has  been 
objected  to  on  account  of  the  as.onance 
with  parentem  in  the  following  line,  and 
altered  to  fitrentes,  but  there  are  other 
instances  of  similar  carelessness  in  the 
poem,  e.g.  vn  763,  764  noccntes—furentes. 

117.  excusso]  'striking  the  sword  from 
their  grasp.' 

I2i.  acta]  The  MSS.  vary  between 
acta,  facta  and  fata.  Oud.  cf.  vm  320 
(juas  magis  in  terras  nostrum  felicibus 
act  is  nomen  adit? 

124.  erigit]  'pricks  on';  cf.  Corn. 
Nep.  Themist.  1  §  3  quae  contumclia  non 

fregit  nun  sed  erexit ;  Tac.  Hist.  V  15 
eius  pracli  euenlus  utrumque  ducem  Ji- 
uersis  animi  motibus  ad  maturandum 
snm  mac  ret  di scrim  en  erexit. 

125.  nee  quemquam]  cf.  Florus  IV  ii 
§  14  iam  Pompeio  suspectac  Caesaris  opes 
et  Caesari  Pompeiana  dignitas  grauis :  nee 
hie  ferebat  parent,  nee  ille  superiorem. 
nefas :  sic  de  principatu  laborabant 
tanquam  duos  tanti  import  fortuna  non 
caper  et. 

1 26.  quis]  equivalent  to  uter ;  cf.  y  602 
ct  dubium  pendet  uento  cut  pareat  aequor 
of  two  winds  Caurus  and  Boreas;  Pers.  11  20; 
Juv.  vm  195,  icjGfingc  tamen  gladios  inde 
atquc  hinc  pulpita  poni,  quid  sa/ius  ?  this 
use  is  very  rare  in  the  golden  age  of  Latin 
poetry;   but  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  xu  719  and 


727. 

induit]     For  the  indicative  cf.  IX  563 

quaere  quid  est  uirtus?  Pers.  Ill  66 — 72. 
This  use  is  also  found  in  the  ante-Augustan 
poets;  cf.  Madvig§§  356  obs.  3. 

127.  quisquc]  equivalent  to  uter  que. 

128.  uictrix  causa]  cf.  II  288  crimen 
erit  superis  et  me  fecisse  nocentem ;  Cic. 
pro  Ligar.  §  19  causa  turn  dubia  erat  quod 
era/  aliquid  in  u/raque  parte  quod  pro- 
bari  posset:  tiuuc  melior  ca  iudicanda  est 
quam  etiam  di  adiuuerunt.  The  Stoics  re- 
garded the  'wise  man'  as  having  attained 
to  such  an  exalted  position  that  they  did  not 
shrink  from  comparing  him  with  the  gods 
themselves,     cf.  Sen.   dial.  I   vi  §  6/erte 

jortiter:  hoc  est  quo  deum  antecedatis,  ille 
extra  patientiam  malorum  est,  uos  supra 
paticntiam.  Epp.  IX  ii  15  Iuppiter  quo 
antecedit   uirum   ban  urn?     diutius   bonus 


se   mmoris    aestimat 
spatio    breuiore    clu- 


es t :  sapiens  nihilo 
quod  uirtutes  eius 
dmitur. 

129.  pares]  '  equally  matched ',  cf.  I  lor. 
Sat.  11  vi  44  Thrax  est  Gallina  Syro  par? 

130.  senium]    'decay',   as  usually;  cf. 
IV  812   a  quibus  omue  aeui  senium    sua 

fama  repellit.  Pompeius  was  at  this  time 
only  fifty-eight  years  of  age,  Caesar  being 
fifty-two. 

togae]    'civil    life';    cf.     vm    813   die 
semper  ab  armis  ciuilem  repetisse  togam. 


io  LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 

dedidicit  iam  pace  ducem ;    famaequc  petitor 

multa  dare  in  uolgus;    totus  popularibus  auris 

impelli  plausuque  sui  gaudere  thcatri : 

ncc  repararc  nouas  uires,  multumque  priori 

credere  fortunae.     stat  magni  nominis  umbra:        135 

qualis  frugifero  quercus  sublimis  in  agro 

exuuias  ueteres  populi  sacrataque  gestans 

dona  ducum :   nee  iam  ualidis  radicibus  haerens 

ponderc  fixa  suo  est :    nudosque  per  aera  ramos 

effundens  trunco  non  frondibus  efficit  umbram  ;      140 

et  quamuis  primo  nutet  casura  sub  Euro, 

tot  circum  siluae  firmo  se  robore  tollant, 

sola  tamen  colitur.     sed  non  in  Caesare  tantum 

nomen  erat  nee  fama  ducis :   sed  nescia  uirtus 

stare  loco:   solusque  pudor  non  uincere  bello.  145 

acer  et  indomitus ;    quo  spes  quoque  ira  uocasset 

ferre  manum,  et  numquam  temerando  parcere  ferro  : 

successus  urgere  suos,  instare  fauori 

numinis :    impellens  quidquid  sibi  summa  petenti 

obstaret,  gaudensque  uiam  fecisse  ruina.  1 50 

132.  multa]  i.  e.  games  and  largesses.  X  i  §  88    Ennium    siatt  sacros  uetustate 

133.  sui  tkeatri]  Pompeius  had  built  lucos  adorcmus  in  quibus  grandia  et  an- 
the  first  stone  theatre  at  Rome;  vn  9  tiqua  robora  iam  non  tantam  habent 
foil.:  Verg.  G.  n  508  foil.  specicm  quantum  religionem. 

134.  nouas]  to  be  taken  as  a  predicate  :  tantum]  'not  a  mere  name  alone',  re- 
'  regain  his  strength  afresh.'  ferring  to  line  135  supr. 

que~\  may  be  translated  as  'but',  cf.  633  145.     stare  loco]     Oud.  cf.  Verg.  G.  in 

infr.  VI  756  :  so  o(jt€ — re  is  used  in  Greek.  84  stare  loco  ncscit. 

135.  nominis  umbra]  'the  shadow  of  pudor]  'and  knows  no  shame  except 
a  mighty  name'.  Weise,  cf.  vm  449  defeat'.  For  the  infinitive  after  pudor  cf. 
quis  nominis  umbram  horreal?  Sil.  Ital.  iv  328  trepidaque  a  mente  recedti 

137.  exuuias]       For   this   custom   of     uertere  terga  pudor. 

hanging  spoils  on  trees,  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  xi  147.     temerando  parcere  ferro]   'shrink 

5 — 7    ingentcm   quorum    decisis   undiquc  from   staining   his    sword'.      cf.    VII    729 

ramis  constituit  tumulo  fulgentiaque induil  parcendum  ferro. 

anna  Mezenti  ducis  exuuias ;  Stat.  Theb.  148.     urgere]     'press',    i.e.    make    the 

vi  67.  most  of;  cf.  Cic.  ad  fam.  vn  8  §  2  quin  tu 

138.  nee — ualidis]  See  note  on  72  supr.  urges  istam  occasionem  et  facultatem  qua 
radicibus]  cf.  the  metaphorical  expres-  melior  numquam  reperictur. 

sion  in  Cic.  ad  Att.  vi  6  §  4  Pompeius,         instare]  'follow up';  cf.  Tac.  Hist,  v  15 
eo  robore  uir,  as  radicibus.  Ciuilis  instare  fortunae  ;  Agric.  XVIII  non 

139.  pondere]    'it  stands    firm   by   its      ignarus  instandum famae. 

mere  weight'.  cf.Ov.  Met.  IX  41  manctilla  149.     impellens]  '  o'erthrowing',  cf.  in 

suoque  est  pondere  tula.  440  nodosa  impellitur  ilex. 

141.     et]     This  reading  seems  to  have  150.     ruina]   Oud.  cf.  n  439  Caesar  in 

the    better   authority.      Oud.    with    some  arma  furens   nullas    nisi  sanguine  fuso 

MSS.  reads  at.  gaudet  habere  uias. 

143.     sola  tamen  colitur]     cf.   Quintil. 


LIBER   I.    131  — 164. 


1 1 


qualiter  expressum  ucntis  per  nubila  fulmcn 

aetheris  impulsi  sonitu  mundiquc  fragore 

emicuit  rupitque  diem  populosque  paucntis 

terruit  obliqua  praestringens  lumina  flamma  : 

in  sua  templa  furit :    nullaque  cxire  uetante  155 

materia,  magnamquc  cadens  magnamquc  reucrtens 

dat  stragcm  late  sparsosque  recolligit  ignes. 

hae  ducibus  causae  subcrant :   seel  publica  belli 
semina,  quae  populos  semper  mersere  potentis. 
namque  ut  opes  mundo  nimias  fortuna  subacto      160 
intulit  et  rebus  mores  cessere  secundis, 
praedaquc  ct  hostiles  luxum  suasere  rapinae : 
non  auro  tectisque  modus :    mensasque  priores 
aspcrnata  fames :    cultus  gestare  decoros 


151.  expressum]  For  the  theory  that 
thunder  and  lightning  are  caused  by  the 
collision  of  clouds,  cf.  Sen.  Nat.  Quaest. 
1  1  §  6  uubes  conlisae  mediocriter  fulgu- 
rationes  cfficiitnt,  maiore  impetu  impulsae 
fultnina:   Id.   11  26  foil.     Compare  also 

Lucret.  VI  96  foil.,  Aristoph.  Nub.  404  foil. 

152.  impulsi]  'smitten';  cf.  Ov.  Met. 
in  21  mugitibus  impulit  auras. 

153.  diem]  'the  light  of  heaven',  'the 
bright  sky';  cf.  Stat.  Theb.  1  200  effusa 
sub  onnii  terra  atque  unda  die. 

pauentis]  cf.  Verg.  G.  1  330  mortalia 
cor  da  per  gentes  hum  His  si  ran  it  pan  or. 
Lucret.  v  1218 — 1221  cui  non  correpunt 
membra  pauore  fulminis  horribili  cum 
plaga  torrida  tellus  contremit,  et  magnum 
pcrairrunt  murmura  caelum  ?  non  populi 
'  gentesque  tremunt  ? 

154.  obliqua]  Oud.  cf.  Sen.  dial,  vi 
18  §  3  obliqua  fid  mi  no.  ct  cacli fr ago  rem  ; 
Sen.  Thyest.  358  quern  non  concutiet 
cadens  obliqui  uia  fulminis? 

155.  sua  templa]  'the  quarter  of  the 
sky  whence  it  came';  cf.  IX  321  (Austcr) 
in  sua  regno  furens.  This  well-known 
meaning  of  the  word  templum  is  explained 
at  length  by  Varro  de  Ling.  Lat.  VII 
§§  6,  7,  who  quotes  from  the  Hecuba  of 
Lnnius,  O  magna  templa  caclitum  com- 
mix/a s/ellis  splendidis. 

nulla  materia]  i.e.  nothing  solid,  only 
clouds. 

156.  reuertens] 

'Great   wast,    as   foorth    it   sallyes   and 

retires, 
It    makes,    and    gathers   his    dispersed 
fires.'— May. 


The  lightning  was  supposed  to  return 
again  to  the  sky.  Weise  cf.  Xen.  Mem. 
IV  iii  1 4  (Kepavvbs)  oparai  oUt  eiuwv  ovre 
KaTaffKTjxf/as  oiire  dirnhv.  Sen.  Epp.  VI  v 
8  quomodo  fulmini  cliam  cum  latissimc 
percussit  ac  fulsit  per  exiguom  foramen  est 
r edit  us. 

157.  recolligit]  cf.  Ov.  Met.  VII  215, 
216  nunc  opus  est  sucis  per  quos  renouata 
senectus  in  florem  redeat  primosque  recol- 
ligat  annos. 

1 58.  causae  subcrant]  '  were  the  hidden 
motives';  cf.  Verg.  Eel.  IV  31  pauca 
tarn  en  suberunt  priscae  ucstigia  fraudis. 

159.  semina]  cf.  Cic.  de  offic.  II 
§  29  nee  uero  umquam  bellorum  ciuilium 
semen  et  causa  dcerit. 

mersere]  cf.  Sen.  Epp.  VI  iii  §  3  quotiens 
aliquos  Seiani  odium  deinde  amor  mcr- 
serat ;  Juv.  x  57  mergil  longa  atque  in- 
signis  honor um pagina.     Id.  XI II  8. 

160.  namque  ut  opes]  cf.  Tac.  Hist. 
II  38. 

161.  mores]  cf.  Liv.  pref.  §  9;  Ilor. 
Carm.  iv  iv  35,  36  utcunque  defecere 
mores  indecorant  bene  uata  culpae;  Sail. 
Cat.  5  corrupti  ciuitatis  mores.  Id.  Hist, 
frag.  13  ex  quo  tempore  maiorum  mores  non 
paitlatim,  ut  antea,  sed  torrentis  modo 
praecipitati. 

163.  auro]  cf.  Lucret.  V  1274  nunc  in,  et 
aes,  aurum  in  summum  successit  honorem. 

tectis]     Ilor.  Carm.  II  xv. 

164.  aspernaia  fames]  cf.  Tetron.  119 
ingeniosa  gula  est,  Siculo  scarus  aequopc 
mersus  ad  mensam  uiuus  pcrducitur  atque 
1 '.uc  rim's  eritta  litoribus  ueinlunt  conchy  ha 
cenas,  ut  rcitoucnt  per  damiia  J'amem. 


12 


LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 


uix  nuribus  rapucrc  marcs:    fecunda  uirorum  165 

paupcrtas  fugitur ;    totoquc  acccrsitur  orbe 

quo  gens  quaeque  pcrit.     turn  longos  iungcrc  fines 

agrorum,  et  quondam  duro  sulcata  Camilli 

uomere  et  antiquos  Curiorum  passa  ligones 

longa  sub  ignotis  extendcre  rura  colonis.  170 

non  erat  is  populus  quern  pax  tranquilla  iuuarct, 

quern  sua  libcrtas  immotis  pasceret  armis. 

inde  irac  faciles;    et  quod  suasisset  cgestas 

uile  nefas;    magnumque  decus  fcrroquc  petendum 

plus  patria  potuisse  sua;    mensuraque  iuris  175 

uis  erat :    hinc  leges  et  plebiscita  coactac, 

et  cum  consulibus  turbantes  iura  tribuni: 

hinc  rapti  fasces  pretio  sectorque  fauoris 

ipse  sui  populus,  letalisque  ambitus  urbi, 

annua  ucnali  referens  certamina  Campo:  180 

hinc  usura  uorax  auidumque  in  tempora  faenus 


165.  nuribus]  'young  matrons';  cf. 
Ov.  Met.  11  366  nuribus  gestana'a  Latinis; 
Petron.  119  et  laxi  crines  et  tot  noua 
nomina  /testis,  quaeque  uirum  quaerunU 

mares]  For  the  wearing  of  silk  by  men 
cf.  Suet.  Calig.  52  uestitu  calciatuque  et 
cetero  habitu  neque  patrio  neque  ciuili,  ac 
ne  uirili  quidem  ac  denique  humano  semper 
us  us  est ;  saepe  depictas  gemmatasquc  in- 
dutus  paenulas,  manuleatus  el  armillatus 
in  publicum  processit;  aliquando  sericatus 
et  cycladatus. 

fecunda  uirorum]  cf.  Hor.  Carm.  1  xii 
37—44;    in  vi  36  foil. 

167.  longos]  is  part  of  the  predicate: 
for  the  vast  estates  of  the  Romans  cf.  Liv. 
XXXIV  4  ingens  cupido  agros  continuandi ; 
Plin.  H.  N.  xvi  11  §  35  uerumque  confiten- 
tibus  latifundia  perdulere  Italiam  iam  vero 
el  prouincias.  Petron.  48;  Mart,  iv  lxiv 
31 — 34;  Juv.  xiv  159  with  Prof.  Mayor's 
note. 

170.  ignotis]  probably  implies  that 
the  estates  were  so  large  that  the  owners 
did  not  know  the  cultivators;  cf.  Sen. 
dial,  vii  xvii  §  2  turpiter  aut  tarn  neglegens 
es  ut  non  noucris  pauculos  seruos,  aut  tarn 
luxuriosus  ut  plures  habeas  quam  quorum 
notitiae  mevwria  sufficiat;  Petron.  37  ipse 
nescit quid habeat,  adco  saplutus  est... ipse 
Trimalchiofundoshabetqua  miluiuolant. . . 
familia  uero,  papae  papae,  non  mehercules 
pulo  decimam  partem  esse  quae  dominum 
suum    nouerit.     Id.    48    deorum    beneficio 


non  emo,  sed  nunc  quicquid  ad  saliuam 
facit  in  suburbano  nascitur  co  quod  ego 
adhuc  non  noui. 

172.  pasceret]  'for  whom  its  own 
freedom  would  suffice';  cf.  Ov.  Met.  ix 
176  cladibus,  exclamat,  Saluruia,  pascere 
nostris. 

174.  uile]  'held  light';  cf.  Sail.  Cat. 
XVI  fidem  fortunas  pericula  uilia  habere. 

176.  uis]  cf.  Hes.  W.  and  D.  189 
XeipooiKai. 

coactae]  'carried  through  by  force'. 

177.  consulibus — tribuni]  i.e.  all  parties 
alike,  the  consuls  being  put  loosely  for  the 
opti mates,  the  tribunes  for  the  popular  es. 

178.  sector  fauoris]  i.e.  trafficking  in 
its  own  favours  without  an  agent  or 
broker;  cf.  Prof.  Mayor's  note  on  Cic. 
Phil.  II  §  39  el  cius  uiri  nomine  me 
insectari  audes,  cuius  me  amicum,  te 
scctorem  esse  faleare?   Tac.  Hist.  1  20. 

1 79.  ambitus]  a  general  term  for  '  cor- 
rupt practices':  Suet.  Aug.  40  multiplici 
poena  cocrcito  ambilu.  P'estus  p.  5  M  de- 
fines it  as  crimen  adfectati  honoris. 

180.  ucnali]  cf.  Juv.  x  77,  78  iam 
pridem  ex  quo  suffragia  nu Hi  uendimus 
ejfudit  euros;  Petron.  109  nee  minor  in 
campo  furor  est,  emplique  Quirites  ad 
praedam  strepitumque  lucri  suffragia 
uertunt.  ucnalis  populus,  uenalis  curia 
pat  rum :   est  fauor  in  pretio. 

181.  usura  uorax]  cf.  Tac.  Ann.  vi  16 
sane    uetus    urbi  faenebre   malum   et   se- 


LIBER 


I.    165—198. 


13 


et  concussa  fides  ct  multis  utile  bcllum. 

iam  gclidas  Caesar  cursu  superaucrat  Alpes, 
ingentesquc  animo  motus  bcllumquc  futurum 
ceperat.     ut  ucntum  est  parui  Rubiconis  ad  undas    185 
Ingens  uisa  duci  Patriae  trepidantis  imago 
clara  per  obscuram  uoltu  maestissima  noctem 
turrigero  canos  effundens  uerticc  crines 
caesarie  lacera  nudisquc  adstare  laccrtis, 
et  gemitu  pcrmixta  loqui :    quo  tenditis  ultra?        190 
quo  fertis  mea  signa,  uiri  ?     si  hire  uenitis, 
si  dues,  hue  usque  licet,     turn  perculit  horror 
membra  ducis,  riguere  comae,  gressusque  coercens 
languor  in  cxtrcma  tenuit  ucstigia  ripa. 
mox  ait:    o  magnac  qui  moenia  prospicis  urbis      195 
Tarpeia  de  rupe  Tonans  Phrygiique  penates 
gentis  Iuleae  et  rapti  secreta  Quirini 
et  residens  celsa  Latialis  Iuppiter  Alba 


ditionum      discordiarutnque     creberrima 

causa. 

auidumqtte  in.  tempora  faenus]  Of  this 
obscure  expression  four  possible  interpre- 
tations have  been  suggested  (i)  'greedily 
looking  to  the  times  (if  payment,'  i.e.  the 
Kalends  &c.  cf.  I  lor.  Sat.  I  iii  87 ;  Epist. 
11  69 — 70;  (2)  'ever  greedier  as  time 
goes  on,'  referring  to  compound  interest: 
but  in  this  sense  auidius  would  be  more 
natural ;  (3)  '  money  lent  at  usurious 
interest  for  stated  periods'  cf.  Cic.ad  Att. 
VI  iii  §  5  rcnouato  in  singulos  aniios 
faenorc;  (4)  'greedy  to  meet  critical 
times'  i.e.  raised  to  a  high  rate  on 
occasion  of  panics:  for  this  use  of  the 
plural  tempora  cf.  Cic  ad  Att.  VIII  x 
tempora  exposui,  Id.  ad  fam.  v  xx  §  8.  It 
is  always  to  be  remembered  that  faenus 
may  mean  either  the  interest  on  money 
lent,  or  the  money  on  which  interest  is 
payable,  or  even  'interest'  in  the  ab- 
stract. 

iNi.  fides]  'credit  shaken';  cf.  Tac. 
Ann.  vi  17  mimtere  /idem  et  infr.  sic 
refecta  fides. 

multis  utile  bcllum]  'war  made  the 
interest  of  many'  cf.  Petron.  119  anna 
plaeent  miseris,  detritaque  commoda  luxu 
uolneribus  reparantur ;  inops  audacia  tula 
est. 

184.  motus}  'tumults';  cf.  vi  322; 
Hor.    Carni.    11    i    1    motum    ex    A/elello 


consule  ciuicum  ;  or  motus  may  refer  to  the 
feelings  of  the  mind,  cf.  Verg.  G.  1  420 — 
422  pectora  mollis  nunc  alios,  alios  ditm 
nubila  uentus  agebat,  concipiunt;  Tac. 
Hist.  1  17  nullum  turbati  aut  exsullanlis 
aniini  motum  prodidisse. 

187.  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  II  589 — 592  cum 
mihise  non  anteoculis  tarn  clara  uidendam 
obtulit  et  pura.per  noctem  in  luce  refulsit 
alma  parens,  confessa  deatn,  qua  Usque 
uideri  caelicolis  et  quanta  solet. 

188.  turrigero]  refers  to  the  towers  of 
the  city  walls. 

190.  permixta]  'words  broken  with 
sighs '. 

191.  mea]    emphatic,  'standards    that  , 
are  mine'. 

192.  hue  usque]  equivalent  to  hactenus, 
'ye  may  no  further  go'. 

194.  languor]  'faint-heartedness'  i.e. 
irresolution;  cf.  393  and  Cic.  ad  Att.  XIV 
6  §  3  uides  languorem  bonorum. 

196.  Tarpeia]  ef.  Properl.  IV  (v)  i  7 
Tarpeiusque  pater  nuda  de  rupe  tonabat. 

197.  Iuleae]  ef.  Verg.  Aen.  I  288 
Iulius  a  magna  demissum  nomen  Iulo. 

rapti]  cf.  Liv.  I  16;  I  lor.  Carm.  111  iii 
[5  ;    Ov.  Fast.  11  496  foil. 

secreta]  alluding  to  the  Quirinalia  on 
XIII  Kal.  Mart.     Cf.  Ovid  1.  c. 

198.  Latialis  This  refers  to  the  temple 
of  Iuppiter  Latialis  on  the  Alban  mount 
visited  by  the  consuls  on  the  occasion  of 


14 


LUCANI    PIIARSALIAE 


Vestalesque  foci  summiquc  o  numinis  instar 
Roma  fauc  coeptis;    non  tc  furialibus  armis  200 

pcrscquor:    en  adsum  uictor  tcrraquc  marique 
Caesar  ubique  tuus,  liceat  modo,  nunc  quoque  miles, 
illc  crit  illc  nocens  qui  mc  tibi  feccrit  hostem. 
inde  moras  soluit  belli  tumidumque  per  amnem 
signa  tulit  propere.     sicut  squalentibus  aruis  205 

aestiferae  Libyes  uiso  lco  communis  hoste 
subsedit  dubius  totam  dum  colligit  iram  ; 
mox  ubi  se  sacuae  stimulauit  ucrbcrc  caudae, 
erexitque  iubas,  uasto  ct  graue  murmur  hiatu 
infremuit,  turn  torta  leuis  si  lancea  Mauri  210 

haereat  aut  latum  subeant  ucnabula  pectus, 
per  ferrum  tanti  securus  uolneris  exit. 

fonte  cadit  modico  paruisque  impellitur  undis 
puniceus  Rubicon  cum  feruida  canduit  aestas: 
perque  imas  serpit  ualles  et  Gallica  certus  215 

limes  ab  Ausoniis  disterminat  arua  colonis. 
turn  uires  praebebat  hiemps  atque  auxerat  undas 
tertia  iam  grauido  pluuialis  Cynthia  cornu, 

cf.  Tac.    Ann. 


the  feriae  Latinae.  ct.  lac.  Ann.  VI 
11  (17). 

199.  numinis]  For  the  worship  of  the 
goddess  Roma  cf.  Tac.  Ann.  iv  37.  See 
also  Burn,  Rome  and  the  Campagna  p.  167 
foil. 

203.  hostem]  a  public  enemy,  opposed 
to  dues  192  supr. ,  cf.  682  infr.  note. 

205.  squalentibus]  '  uncultivated ';  cf. 
Verg.  G.  1  407  squalent  abductis  arua 
colonis. 

207.  colligit]  cf.  II  93;  Quintil.  XI  3 
§  53  colligendum  est  spiritus,  and  Cicero's 
explanation  of  se  colligere  Tusc.  D.  iv  §  78. 

208.  caudae]  Plin.  H.  N.  vm  §  49 
refers  to  this  habit  of  the  lion ;  cf.  Horn. 
II.  XX  170 — 171  oiiprj  oe  irXevpds  re  /cat 
i<T\ia  ap.KpoTe'pwdev  fiacrTurai,  ee  5'  avrbv 
iirorpvvet  pLaxecaodai.  Catull.  LXIII  81 
age  caede  terga  cauda,  tua  uolnera  patere; 
see  Darwin's  Expression  of  the  Emotions, 
pp.  56  and  126. 

209.  murmur]  For  the  accusative  cf. 
Verg.  Aen.  iv  510  tcr  centum  tonal  ore 
deos. 

210.  leuis]  'light-armed',  i.e.  active. 

212.  per  ferrum]  'through  the  op- 
posing spears'.  Oud.  quotes  the  still 
more  remarkable  expression  of  Sen.  dial. 


2  §  6  (barbari)  gaudent  feriri  et  instare 
fe}-ro  et  tela  corpore  urgere  et  per  suum 
uolnus  exire — exire  thus  is  equivalent  to 
'  force  his  way  through  the  ring  of  hunters '. 
cf.  Scott,  Rokeby  V  xxxvi. 

214.  puniceus]  'dark-red',  shows  that 
Lucan  derived  the  name  Rubicon  from 
ruber. 

216.  limes]  The  Rubicon  and  the  Macra 
formed  the  boundary  between  Italy  and 
Cisalpine  Gaul  till  the  time  of  Augustus, 
cf.  404  infr.  See  Strabo  v  10  (227)  irepl 
yap  tovtovs  tovs  tottovs  earl  to.  opia  rrjs 
'IraXtas  rrjs  irporepov  /cat  ttjs  KeXriKjjs  Kara 
to  rrpbs  rrj  daKaTTTj  TO.VTr\  p-^pos,  Kixiwep 
pLeTarcdevTuv  ttoW&kis  ti2v  7]yep.6vu>v. 
irporepov  pl£v  ye  tov  AXulv  iwoiovvro  opiov, 
tt&Xlv  Se  tov  'PovfiiKwva  woTap.ov  ecTL  5' 
6  pi.ev  Alais  fieTa^ii  'AyKwvos  ko.1  'Srjvas,  6  dt 
PovfiiKwv  pLera^v  ' ApipLevov  /cat  Paovevvrjs, 
apepw  8e  eKirlTTTOwnv  els  tov  'Aopiav. 

218.  tertia]  Weise  explains  this  as 
follows :  tertia  Cynthia  est  tertia  nox  ab 
interlunio  quod  plerumque  pluuiam  affert : 
hinc  luna  pluuiam  portendens  grauida 
uocatur,  comparing  Val.  Flac.  11  56 
grauido  surrexit  Cynthia  cornu :  grauido 
is  equivalent  to  'surcharged  with  rain'. 


LIBER   I.   219—241.  15 

et  madidis  Euri  resolutae  flatibus  Alpes. 

primus  in  obliquom  sonipcs  opponitur  amnem        220 

excepturus  aquas:    molli  turn  cetera  rumpit 

turba  uado  faciles  iam  fracti  fluminis  undas. 

Caesar  ut  aduersam  superato  gurgite  ripam 

attigit  Hesperiae  uetitis  et  constitit  aruis: 

hie,  ait,  hie  paccm  temerataque  iura  relinquo;        225 

te,  Fortuna,  sequor.     procul  hinc  iam  foedcra  sunto. 

credidimus  fatis.     utendum  est  iudicc  bello. 

sic  fatus,  noctis  tencbris  rapit  agmina  ductor 

impiger  et  torto  Balcaris  ucrbere  fundae 

ocior  et  missa  Parthi  post  terga  sagitta;  230 

uicinumquc  minax  inuadit  Ariminon.    ignes 

solis  lucifero  fugiebant  astra  rclicto, 

iamque  dies  primos  belli  uisura  tumultus 

exoritur.     seu  sponte  deum,  seu  turbidus  Auster 

impulerat,  maestam  tenuerunt  nubila  lucem.  235 

constitit  ut  capto  iussus  deponere  miles 

signa  foro,  stridor  lituom  clangorque  tubarum 

non  pia  concinuit  cum  rauco  classica  cornu. 

rupta  quies  populi  stratisque  excita  iuuentus 

deripuit  sacris  adfixa  penatibus  arma  240 

quae  pax  longa  dabat:    nuda  iam  crate  fluentis 

219.     Alpcs]   'mountains';    a  reference  note  on  Lucret.  II  404. 

to  the  map  will  show   that  the   Rubicon  233.     tumultus]  This  word  is  perhaps 

does  not  rise  in  the  Alps.  purposely  used  on  account  of  the  special 

221.     molli]  'gentle',  'easy';  cf.  Verg.  sense  which  it  bears  of  a  war  in  Italy;  cf. 

Eel.  ix  8  molliquc  iugum  demittere  cliuo ;  Cic.  Phil,  vin  §§   2 — 4  especially  itaque 

or    it    may   be    taken    as    proleptic,    cf.  maiores  nostri  tumultum  flatten  111,  quod 

Propert.    1  xx  22  mollia  composita  litora  eral     domestieus,     tumultum     Gallic um, 

frondc  te^it.  quod    eral     ftaliae    finitimits,   praeterea 

225.     temerald\  i.e.  by  Pompeius   and  nullum  nominabant. 

the  senatorial  party  ;   cf.  277  foil.  infr.  235.     impulerat]  Weise  reads  impulerit 

227.     iudice  bello']  'the  sword  must  be  with  some  MSS.,  but  impulerat  seems  on 

our  umpire'.     Oud.  cf.  Petron.  122  iudice  every  ground  to  be  preferable,  and  is  the 

fortuna  eaxtat  alea.  reading  of  the  Roman  edition  of  1469. 

229.     uerbere]   'thong',  cf.   Verg.  G.  1  238.     non   pia]   referring   as   usual    to 

309  stuppea  torquentem  Balcaris  uerbera  civil   war,  cf.   Verg.   G.   I  511  saeuit  toto 

fundae.  Mars  impius  orbe. 

231.     Ariminon]  The  common  reading  classica]  'alarums'  May. 
is  Ariminum;  ut  ignes,  Cortius  reads  et  239.     iuuentus]    'the    men  of  military 
ignes.     Perhaps  it  is  better  here  to  write  age',  its  usual  meaning, 
the  Greek  form  Ariminon,  as  in  II  46  the  241.     dabat]  'supplied'. 
MSS.  apparently  have  Auximou.     It  would  nuda]  i.e.  the  wickerwork  was  left  hare- 
be    unexampled   not   to    have   the  um  in  by  the  decay  of  the  covering  of  hide;    for 
.hi minum  elided,  though   monosyllables  crate  Weise   cf.  Ill    485  peipctuam  rupil 
in  m  are  often  not  elided,  see  Dr  Munro*s  defesso  milite  cratem. 


\6 


LUCANI    PIIARSALIAE 


inuadunt  clupcos  curuataquc  cuspidc  pila 

ct  scabros  nigrac  morsu  robiginis  enses. 

ut  notae  fulscre  aquilac  Romanaquc  signa, 

ct  cclsus  medio  conspectus  in  agminc  Caesar,         245 

diriguerc  mctu,  gclidus  pauor  occupat  artus, 

ct  tacito  mutos  uoluunt  in  pectore  questus: 

o  male  uicinis  hacc  mocnia  condita  Gallis, 

o  tristi  damnata  loco,     pax  alta  per  omnes 

et  tranquilla  quies  populos:  nos  pracda  furcntum      250 

primaquc  castra  sumus.     melius,  Fortuna,  dedisscs 

orbe  sub  Eoo  sedem  gclidaquc  sub  Arcto 

errantisque  domos  Latii  quam  claustra  tucri. 

nos  primi  Senonum  motus  Cimbrumque  rucntem 

uidimus  et  Martem  Libyes  cursumque  furoris         255 

Teutonic!,     quotiens  Romam  Fortuna  lacessit, 

hac  iter  est  bellis.     gemitu  sic  quisque  latenti 

non  ausus  timuisse  palam :    uox  nulla  dolori 

credita:  sed  quantum,  uolucres  cum  bruma  coercet, 

rura  silent  mediusque  tacet  sine  murmure  pontus,    260 

tanta  quies.     noctis  gelidas  lux  soluerat  umbras: 

ecce  faces  belli  dubiaeque  in  proelia  menti 


flnentis]  'rotting',  'falling  to  pieces'; 
cf.  11.  166;  so  it  is  used  by  Plin.  H.  N. 
xxvii  §  17,  138  of  hair  falling  off. 

242.  inuadunt]  'seize',  cf.  Petron.  15 
caluus  inuascrat  pallium. 

curuata  cuspide]  'bent  at  the  point'. 

245.  celsus]  'aloft',  i.e.  on  horseback; 
cf.  Stat.  Theb.  vin  563  nunc  pedes  ense 
uago  prensis  nunc  celsus  habenis ;  Verg. 
Aen.  VII  285  sublimes  in  equis. 

247.  tacito pectore]     'within    their 

breast',  tacito  implies  that  from  fear  they 
kept  back  what  they  might  have  said,  in  for- 
cible juxtaposition  with  mutas  'unspoken' : 
for  the  use  of  the  latter  word  cf.  Soph. 
O.  C.  131  r6  tcLs  eiHprjfxov  crTOfxa  (ppovrioos 
Uvres.     cf.  257,  258  inf. 

248.  0  ///ale]  '  alas !  for  this  town 
founded  with  such  evil  neighbours  as  the 
Gauls'.  For  the  founding  of  a  Roman 
colony  at  Ariminum  cf.  Veil.  Pat.  1  14  §  6, 
and  for  its  fidelity  to  Rome  in  the  second 
Punic  war,  Liv.  xxvi  1  10. 

253.  errantisque]  cf.  Aesch.  Prom. 
709  foil. ;  Hor.  Carm.  in  xxiv  9;  Pind. 
frag.  72  vofiddeaai.  yap  ev  2,KV0at.s  dAarcu 
ZTpa.Twi'  os  a/j.a.i;o<p6p7)TOV  o'ikov  ov  irtirarai. 


claustra]  'guard  the  keys  of  Latium'; 
cf.  Liv.  ix  32  Sutrium  itcliil  claustra 
Etruriae  erat. 

254.  Senonum  motus]  The  Senones 
were  the  tribe  that  captured  Rome  390  B.C. 
for  motus  cf.  Tac.  Hist.  V  9;  Agric.  25. 

255.  Martem  Libyes]  i.e.  Hannibal's 
army  in  the  second  Punic  war. 

259.  credita]  'trusted  to  express  their 
grief;   cf.  520  infr. 

quantum]  used  adverbially. 

260.  silent]  silere  and  tacere  seem  to 
be  here  used  indifferently. 

medius]  It  is  not  easy  to  see  the 
point  of  the  epithet:  the  transition  is  very 
abrupt  from  the  woods  and  fields  to  the 
open  sea.  The  line  is  taken  from  Theocr. 
II  38  i]vlhe  ffiyfj  p.kv  ttovtos  cny&vri  8' 
arjrai,  in  which  there  is  no  word  answering 
to  medius. 

262.  faces  belli]  'the  torch  that  was  to 
kindle  the  flame  of  civil  war':  the  mens 
(probably  Caesar's  cf.  192 — 194  supr.  and 
280 — 281  infr.)  is  looked  upon  as  fuel 
ready  for  the  firing.  Cf.  Tac.  Hist.  1  24 
Jlagrantibus  iam  militum  animis  uelut 
faces  addiderat  Maeuius  Ptidens.     Notice 


LIBER   I.    242— 28^ 


17 


urgentis  addunt  stimulos  cunctasque  pudoris 

rumpunt  fata  moras :   iustos  Fortuna  laborat 

esse  ducis  motus  ct  causas  inucnit  armis.  265 

cxpulit  ancipiti  discordes  urbe  tribunos 

uicto  iure  minax  iactatis  curia  Gracchis. 

hos  iam  mota  ducis  uicinaquc  signa  pctcntis 

audax  uenali  comitatur  Curio  lingua: 

uox  quondam  populi  libcrtatemque  tucri  270 

ausus  et  armatos  plcbi  miscere  potentis. 

utque  ducem  uarias  uolucntcm  pectore  curas 

conspcxit:    dum  uoce  tuae  potuere  iuuari, 

Caesar,  ait,  partes  quamuis  nolente  senatu 

traximus  imperium  turn,  cum  mihi  Rostra  tcnerc    275 

ius  erat  et  dubios  in  te  transferre  Ouirites. 

sed  postquam  leges  bello  siluere  coactae, 

pcllimur  e  patriis  laribus  patimurque  uolentes 

exsilium :   tua  nos  faciet  uictoria  ciues. 

dum  trepidant  nullo  firmatae  robore  partes,  280 

tolle  moras,     semper  nocuit  differre  paratis. 

par  labor  atque  metus  pretio  maiore  petuntur. 

bcllantem  geminis  tenuit  te  Gallia  ktstris 


I 


the  confusion  of  metaphor :  the  fates  first 
apply  torches,  then  use  the  goad,  and 
finally  burst  the  bonds. 

263.  pudoris]  'the  delay  caused  by 
shame'. 

265.  esse]  For  the  infinitive  after 
laborare  cf.  1'lin.  Epp.  I  10  §  2  amari  ab 
co  laboraui. 

266.  ancipiti]  'wavering'. 

267.  uicto  iure]  'trampling  on  their 
rights';  i.e.  because  the  Tribuneship  was 
a  sacrosancta  potestas. 

iactatis]  'harping  on  the  Gracchi'. 
Oud.  cf.  Sil.  Ital.  11  182  mersum  pelago 
iactarat  Vlixcm. 

i6().  uenali]  cf.  iv  819,  820  momentum' 
que  fitit  inutatiis  Curio  rerum  Gallorum 
captus  spoliis  et  Cacsaris  auro. 

271.  7>iisccre]  'to  bring  clown  armed 
chiefs  to  the  level  of  the  people',  miscere 
is  equivalent  to  in  ordinem  cogere ;  cf.  m 
138.  Curio  had  proposed  in  the  senate  that 
Pompeius  and  Caesar  should  lay  down 
their  arms  simultaneously;  cf.  Appian, 
Civil  Wars  11  28 — 31  (j?  704). 

275.  traximus]  'prolonged',  i.e.  op- 
posed the  proposition  to  deprive  Caesar 

II.  L. 


of  his  province  before  the  end  of  his  second 
five-years  term. 

278.  uolentes]  If  this  means  anything 
more  than  going  into  voluntary  exile, 
i.e.  without  being  formally  banished,  it 
must  be  explained  by  the  following  line: 
'we  are  willing  to  suffer  exile  to  be 
restored  by  you'. 

279.  tua  nos]  Notice  the  order  of  the 
words  here:    the  sense  is 

( 1 )  we  can  only  be  restored  by  your 
victory. 

(2)  you  may  conquer,  we  shall  reap 
the  fruits. 

(3)  we     are     sure    that     you    will 
conquer. 

ciues]  cf.  Hor.  carm.  11  vii  3  quis  te 
redonauit  Quiritem  ? 

280.  robore]  cf.  II  245. 

partes]  i.e.  the  enemy's  side;  c&.ftrro 
31  swtit.,  gentibus  82  and  93  supr.,  cohortes 
305  infr. 

281.  differre]  'procrastination'. 
paratis]  masc.  rots  irapea nevaa fie'vois. 

282.  par  labor]  the  toil  and  anxiety 
are  no  more  (i.e.  than  in  the  conquest  of 
( i.uil),  the  reward  is  greater. 


iS  LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 

pars  quota  terrarum.     facili  si  proclia  pauca 
gesseris  euentu  tibi  Roma  subcgcrit  orbcm.  285 

nunc  neque  tc  longi  remeantem  pompa  triumphi 
excipit  aut  sacras  poscunt  Capitolia  lauros. 
liuor  edax  tibi  cuncta  ncgat:    gentesque  subactas 
uix  impune  feres,     socerum  dcpellerc  regno 
decretum  genero  est :    partiri  non  potes  orbcm :     290 
solus  habere  potes.     sic  postquam  fatus,  ct  ipsi 
in  bellum  prono  tantum  tamen  addidit  irac 
accenditquc  duccm  quantum  clamore  iuuatur 
Eleus  sonipes,  quamuis  iam  carcerc  clauso 
immincat  foribus  pronusque  repagula  laxct.  295 

conuocat  armatos  extemplo  ad  signa  maniplos: 
utque  satis  trepidum  turba  coeunte  tumultum 
composuit,  uoltu  dextraque  silentia  iussit: 
bellorum  o  socii,  qui  mille  pericula  Martis 
mecum,  ait,  experti  decimo  iam  uincitis  anno,        300 
hoc  cruor  Arctois  meruit  diffusus  in  amis 
uolneraque  et  mortes  hiemesque  sub  Alpibus  actae  ? 
non  secus  ingenti  bellorum  Roma  tumultu 
concutitur  quam  si  Poenus  transcenderet  Alpes 
Hannibal,     implentur  ualido  tirone  cohortes:  305 

2S4.    facili]  'favourable';   cf.    Tibull.  feres.     Id.  xi  207. 

11    iv    19  ad  dominant  faciles  aditns  per  291.     ipsi]    i.e.    'his   leader',     ipse   is 

carmina  quaero,  and  facillime  agere  Ter.  often  used  by  slaves  of  their  master :  cf. 

Adelph.  501:  also  faciles  dei  'propitious  Plaut.    Cas.   IV  ii   10  ego  eo  quo  me  ipsa 

gods',  Ov.  Heroid.  xvi    280   sic  habeas  misit,  and  by  disciples  of  their  teacher,  cf. 

faciles  in  tna  ttota  deos.  Quintil.  xi  i  §  27. 

285.     tibi  Roma]  'it  will  be  for  you  that  292.     tamen]  For  the  position  of  this 

Rome  has  subdued  the  world';   tibi  i.e.  word  cf.  378  infr. 

non  sibi;   Roma  i.e.  non  tu,  ut  tibi  non  293.     iuuatur]  'is  roused';   cf.  Ov.  ex 

fuerit  amplius  laborandum;  orbem  i. e.  non  Ponto,   I  vi  18   alloquioqne  iuua  pectora 

Galliam  tantum.  nostra  tuo. 

287.     sacras  lauros]  Van  Jever  thinks  295.     immincat]  'throws  himself  against 

that    this   refers   to   the   ovation   as   dis-  the   door,  and  strives  to  loose  the  bolts 

tinct  from  the  triumph,  comparing  Suet.  with  outstretched  head',     cf.  Ov.  Met.  II 

Dom.  VI   de    Cattis   Dacisquc  post  uaria  155  pedibusque  repagula  pulsant. 

proelia  dupliccm  triumphum  egit :  de  Sar-  298.  dextra] cf.Pers. IV %fert animus caHr> 

matis lauream  modo  Capitolino  loui  ret  tu  lit.  dae  fecisse  silentia  turbae  maiestate  maims. 

Capitolia]  cf.  Ov.  Met.  1  560,  561    tu  301.     Arctois]  i.e.  in  Gaul  and  Britain. 

ducibus  Latiis  aderis,  cum  laeta  triumphum  302.     sub    Alpibus]    used    loosely    for 

icox  canet  et  longas  uisent  Capitolia  pompas.  Transalpine  Gaul. 

289.     impune]  'scarce  will  you  go  im-  304.     transcenderet]   'were  forcing  the 

punished    for   having   subdued    so    many  passes  of  the  Alps'.     Oud.  cf.  VI  325  ex- 

nations';  compare  the  feelings  of  Tiberius  tremum     Scythici    transcendatn    frigoris 

towards  Germanicus,  Tac.  Ann.  11  26.  orbem;  Propert.  1  xiv   19  ilia  neque  A ra- 

feres]  cf.  Ov.  Met.  11  474  hand  impune  bium  mctuit  transcendere  limen. 


LIBER    I.    284—320. 


19 


in  classcm  cadit  omnc  ncmus:    tcrraque  mariquc 
iussus  Caesar  agi.     quid?   si  mini  signa  iacercnt 
Marte  sub  aduerso  rucrcntquc  in  tcrga  fcroccs 
Gallorum  populi  ?     nunc,  cum   Fortuna  sccundis 
mecum  rebus  agar,  superique  ad  summa  uocantes    310 
temptamur.     ueniat  dux  longa  pace  solutus 
militc  cum  subito  partesquc  in  bella  togatae 
Marccllusque  loquax  et  nomina  uana  Catones. 
scilicet  extremi  Pompeium  emptique  clientes 
continuo  per  tot  sociabunt  tempora  regno?  315 

ille  rcget  currus  nondum  patientibus  annis? 
ille  semel  raptos  numquam  dimittct  honores? 
quid  iam  rura  querar  totum  suppressa  per  orbem 
ac  iussam  seruire  famem?    quis  castra  timenti 
nescit  mixta  foro,  gladii  cum  triste  minantes  320 


306.  in  classem]  'to  build  fleets'. 
Oud.  cf.  Claudian  IV  cons.  Honor.  624 
in  lintres  fregere  nanus ;  cf.  also  Theocr. 
V  98,  99  d\\'  eyib  es  x^a'vav  £'a\a/coi' 
ttokov,  oirirdKa  7r^£«  rhv  olv  rav  ireWav, 
Kparidq.  Scoprjaofiai  avrSs. 

307.  agi].'lo  be  hunted';  cf.  Verg. 
Aen.  vii  4S1  ut  centum  ardentes  agerent. 

iacerent]  'lay  prostrate';  cf.  Cic.  pro 
Muren.  §  30  u est 'rum  studium  totum  iaeet, 
and  elsewhere. 

308.  feroces]  cf.  Tac.  Agric.  1 1  plus 
tamen  ferociae  Brilanni  praeferuut,  tit 
quos  nondum  longa  pax  emollierit:  nam 
G alios  quoque  in  bellis  floruisse  acccpimus. 

310.  mecum  agat]  cf.  Plin.  H.  N.  VII 
§  131  abunde  agitur  atque  indulgenter  a 
Fortuna  deciditur  cum  eo  qui  hire  dici  non 
infelix  potest. 

311.  temptamur]  prouocamur  ad  bel- 
lum.     Weise. 

312.  subito]  equivalent  to  litmulluario. 
in  bella  togatae]  'meeting  war  with  the 

gown  of  peace',  implying  that  Pompeius 
was  backed  by  men  of  words  and  not  of 
deeds. 

313.  M.  Marcellus;  consul  B.C.  51, 
had  proposed  that  Caesar  should  be  super- 
seded in  his  command  before  the  expira- 
tion of  his  second  five-years  term ;  cf. 
Appian,  Civil  Wars  11  26  (§  703). 

nomina  uana  Catones]  For  the  use  of  the 
plural  cf.  VI  794,  795;    Verg.  G.  II  169. 

3 1 4.  extremi]  This  must  refer  to  the 
distant  kings  in  Africa  and  the  East  who 
were  under  the  influence  of  Pompeius,  cf. 


vi  277  foil.,  and  cxtremus  is  similarly  used 
by  Virgil  G.  11  114,  w^adspiceet extremis 
domitum  cultoribus  orbem,  Eoasque  dovios 
Arabian  pictosque  Gelonos:  at  the  same 
time  it  is  not  easy  to  see  how  they  could 
be  said  to  prolong  the  power  {regnum)  of 
Pompeius,  which  would  be  done  by  his 
partizans  at  Rome,  to  whom  also  the  word 
empti  would  apply  better.  However  if 
these  are  meant  extremi  appears  inex- 
plicable, and  extremi  and  empti  are  so 
closely  coupled  together  that  they  cannot 
refer  'o  two  different  classes. 

315.  continuo  regno]  referring  to  the 
Gabinian  and  Manilian  laws,  &c. 

316.  nondum]  Pompeius  had  triumph- 
ed over  Hiarbas  B.C.  81,  at  the  age  of  24: 
the  legal  age  was  30. 

317.  dimittet]  'give  up',  'let  go';  cf. 
Lucret.  v  758,  750  solque  suos  etiam 
di  mitt  ere  languidus  ignes  tempore  cur  certo 
nequeat,  recreareque  lumen. 

318.  ran;]  so  MSS. ;  if  the  reading  be 
sound  this  must  mean  crops;  cf.  Hor. 
carm.  IV  v  18  nulrit  rura  Ceres  almaque 
Faustitas  ;  for  the  reference  cf.  Cic.  ad 
Quint,  frat.  11  iii  §  2  ille  (Clodius)  furens 
et  exsanguis  interrogabat  suos  in  clamore 
ipso  quis  esset  qui  plebem  fame  necarct. 
rcspondebant  operae,  Pompeius.  Farnab. 
reads  iura. 

319.  iussam  seruire]  'made  his  instru- 
ment '. 

320.  gladii]  For  the  intimidation  prac- 
tised 1'}  Pompeius  at  the  trial  of  Milo. 
See  Mummsen  Bk.  V  chap.  viii. 


- 


20 


LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 


indicium   insolita  trcpidum  cinxerc  corona, 

atquc  auso  mcdias  perrumpcrc  militc  leges 

Pompciana  rcum  clauscrunt  signa  Miloncm? 

nunc  quoquc  ne  lassum  tcncat  priuata  scnectus 

bella  nefanda  parat  suetus  ciuilibus  armis  325 

ct  docilis  Sullam  sccleris  uicisse  magistrum. 

utquc  ferae  tigres  numquam  posuerc  furorem, 

quas  nemore  Hyrcano  matrum  dum  lustra  sequuntur 

altus  caesorum  pauit  cruor  armentorum, 

sic  et  Sullanum  solito  tibi  lambere  ferrum  330 

durat,  Magne,  sitis.     nullus  semel  ore  receptus 

pollutas  patitur  sanguis  mansuescere  fauces. 

qucm  tamen  inueniet  tarn  longa  potentia  finem? 

quis  scelcrum  modus  est?     ex  hoc  te  iam,  improbe,  regno 

ille  tuus  saltern  doceat  discedere  Sulla.  335 

post  Cilicasne  uagos  et  lassi  Pontica  regis 

proelia  barbarico  uix   consummata  ueneno 

ultima  Pompeio  dabitur  prouincia  Caesar, 

quod  non  uictrices  aquilas  deponere  iussus 

paruerim  ?     mihi  si  merces  erepta  laborum  est       340 

his  saltern  longi  non  cum  duce  praemia  belli 


324.  lassum]  'worn  out',  cf.  336  infr. ; 
Hor.  carm.  11  vi  7  sit  modus  lasso  maris 
el  uiarum  militiaeque. 

326.  uicisse]  'surpass';  cf.  Cic.  11  in 
Verrem  iv  §  112  quae  deprecatio  est  igitur 
ei  reliqua  qui  indignitate  seruos  tcmeritate 
fugitiuos  scelere  barbaros  crudelitate  hostes 
uicerit? 


335.  discedere]  referring  to  Sulla's  abdi- 
cation of  the  dictatorship;  cf.  Appian, 
Civil  Wars  1  103  (§  675). 

336.  lassi]  because  conquered  before 
by  Sulla  and  Lucullus. 

337.  barbarico]  l'ontus  was  famous  for 
poisonous  herbs;  cf.  Verg,  Eel.  VIII  95, 
9<5  has  herbas  atque  haec  Ponto  mihi  lecta 


Sullam]  Even  Cicero  expresses  his  fear     ucnena    ipse    dedit    Moeris ;     nascuntur 
that   Pompeius  if  victorious  will  imitate     plurima  Ponto. 


the  proscriptions  of  Sulla;  cf.  ad  Att.  IX 
10  §  6  hoc  titrpe  Cnacus  nostcr  biennio 
ante  cogitairit ;  ita  sullaiurit  aninius  cius 
et  proscriplurit  iam  din. 

327.    posuere]  an  aorist;   for  the  whole 
passage  cf.  Aesch.  Ag.  717 — 756  especial,- 


uix]  The  scholiast  suggests  that  this  is 
an  allusion  to  the  difficulty  which  Mithra- 
dates  was  supposed  to  have  found  in 
poisoning  himself,  as  he  had  habitually 
taken  antidotes.. 

338.     prouincia]     No     English     word 


ly  xpovwfois  5'  aire5eii;ei>  tjQos  rd    irptxrOe     exactly    represents    prouincia ;    '  employ - 


TOKTJWf. 

329.  altus]  'deep  streams  of  blood  of 
slaughtered  oxen' ;  cf.  ill  572  cruor  altus 
in  undis  spumat. 

331.  nullus]  'never  does  blood';  cf. 
vii  25  note. 

332.  mansuescere] '  to  enjoy  a  bloodless 
meal '. 

333.  potentia]  i.e.  unofficial  power, 
not  potcstas. 


ment',  or  'charge'  is  perhaps  the  nearest, 
cf.  Liv.  11  40  Sicinio  Volsci,  Aquilio 
Hernici  prouincia  cucnit.  Id.  xxv  3 
practores  prouincias,  sortiti  sunt ;  P.  Cor- 
nelius Sulla  urbanam  et  peregrinam  quae 
duorum  ante  sors  fuerat...Ti.  Sempronio 
Graccho  et  P.  Sempronio  Tttditano  im- 
pcrium  prouinciaeque  Lucani  el  Galliae 
cum  suis  excrcitibus  prorogatac.T.  Ota- 
alio  classis. 


LIBER    I.    321—360. 


21 


rcddantur:    miles  sub  quolibct  istc  triumphct. 

conferet  exsanguis  quo  se  post  bella  senectus  ? 

quae  scdes  erit  emcritis?     quae  rura  dabuntur 

quae  nostcr  uetcranus  aret?     quae  moenia  fessis?    345 

an  melius  fient  piratae,  Magne,  coloni  ? 

tollite  iampridem  uictricia  tollite  signa: 

uiribus  utendum  est  quas  fecimus:    arma  tencnti 

omnia  dat  qui  iusta  negat :    nee  numina  deerunt : 

nam  nee  praeda  meis  neque  regnum  quaeritur  armis,    350 

dctrahimus  dominos  urbi  seruire  paratae. 

dixerat,  at  dubium  non  claro  murmure  uolgus 

secum  inccrta  fremit :    pietas  patriique  penates 

quamquam  caede  feras  mentes  animosque  tumentis 


frangunt ;    sed  diro  ferri  reuocantur  amore 
ductorisque  metu.     summi  turn  munera  pili 
Laelius  emeritique  gerens  insignia  doni 
seruati  ciuis  referentem  praemia  quercum : 
si  licet,  exclamat,  Romani  maxime  rector 
nominis  et  ius  est  ueras  expromere  uoces, 


355 


360 


342.  istc]  'thissoldieryofmine',cf.V35i. 

343.  exsanguis]  cf.  Quint.  Curt,  ix  iii 
§  10  intuere  corpora  exsanguia,  tot  perfossa 
uolneribus,  tot  cicatricials  putria. 

344.  rura]  referring  to  assignations 
of  land,  moenia  in  the  following  line  to 
the  foundation  of  military  colonies. 

346.  piratae]  cf.  Veil.  Pat.  II  32  §  4 
(praedones)  fudit  ac  fugauit,  et  quo  ma- 
turius  bellum  tarn  late  diffusion  conficeret 
reliquias  eorum  contractas  in  urbibus  re- 
motoque  mart  loco  in  certa  scde  constituit. 
sunt  qui  hoc  carpant.  See  also  Coning- 
ton's  note  on  Verg.  G.  IV  127. 

347.  iampridem]  This  word  may  be 
taken  with  uictricia  'our  long  victorious 
standards';  or,  perhaps  better,  with 
tollite,  'raise  aloft  at  once ';  cf.  Verg.  Aen. 
II  103  iamdudum  sumite  pocnas,  with 
Conington's  note  and  references. 

348.  quas  fecimus]  A  metaphor  from 
the  training  of  athletes;  cf.  Quintil.  x  3 
§  3  uires  faciamus  ante  omnia,  quae 
suficiant  labori  certaminum  et  usu  non 
exhauriantur. 

351.  paratae]  Compare  the  language 
of  Jugurtha  concerning  Rome,  Sail.  Jug. 
ir/icm  uenalem  et  mature  perituram  si 
emptor  em  in  uencrit. 

354.    feras]    'rendered     fierce',     airr)- 


7/)tw,ueVay.      See    Dr    Munro's    note    on 
Lucret.  1  14. 

355.  diro]  'accursed';  cf.  444  infr. 
Jerri  amore]  cf.  II  109.     Horn.  Od.  XVI 

294  auros  yap  icplXKerai  dvdpa  (ridrjpos. 

356.  summi... pili]  i.e.  he  was  a  cen- 
turio  primi  pili  otherwise  termed  primi- 
pilaris  or  primipilus:  this  title  originally 
belonged  to  the  first  centurion  of  the  first 
maniple  of  triarii  who  ranked  next  to  the 
tribuni  militum.  After  the  distinctions 
between  hastati  principes  and  triarii  were 
abolished  by  Marius  when  he  raised  the 
levy  against  Jugurtha  B.C.  107 — 106  the 
primipilus  was  probably  the  first  centurion 
of  the  first  maniple  of  the  first 'cohort, 
who  acted  as  aquilifer.  In  later  times  the 
primipilares  seem  to  have  been  a  small 
corps  acting  as  the  general's  body-guard. 
See  Diet.  Antiq.  s.  v.  exercitus.  cf.  Mart. 
I  xxxii  3  grata  Pudens  meriti  tulcrit  cum 
p)-aemia  pili. 

357.  emeriti]  'well-deserved  ';  cf.  Sil. 
Ital.  vii  19  surge  age  et  emerito  sacrum 
caput  insere  each. 

358.  referentem]  'a  witness  of;  cf. 
Verg.  Aen.  v  564,  and  Conington's  note. 

quorum]  i.e.  the  corona  ciuica,  in  ap- 
position with  insignia.  Weise  refers  to 
Gellius  v  6". 


. 


22  LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 

quod  tarn  lenta  tuas  tenuit  patientia  uires 

conqucrimur.     dccratnc  tibi  fiducia  nostri  ? 

dum   mouct  hacc  calidus  spirantia  corpora  sanguis 

ct  dum  pila  ualcnt  fortes  torqucrc  lacerti 

degenerem  paticre  togam  rcgnumque  scnatus  ?        365 

usque  adco  miserum  est  ciuili  uincere  bello  ? 

due  age  per  Scythiae  populos  per  inhospita  Syrtis 

litora  per  calidas  Libyae  sitientis  harcnas : 

haec  manus  ut  uictum  post  terga  relinqucret  orbem 

oceani  tumidas  remo  compescuit  undas,  370 

fregit  et  Arctoo  spumantem  uertice  Rhenum. 

iussa  sequi  tarn  posse  mihi  quam  uelle  necesse  est. 

nee  ciuis  meus  est  in  quern  tua  classica,  Caesar, 

audiero.     per  signa  decern  felicia  castris 

perque  tuos  iuro  quocumque  ex  hoste  triumphos;  375 

pectore  si  fratris  gladium  iuguloque  parentis 

condere  me  iubeas  plenaeque  in  uiscera  partu 

coniugis  inuita  peragam  tamen  omnia  dextra ; 

si  spoliare  deos  ignemque  immittere  templis, 

numina  miscebit  castrensis  flamma  Monetae;  380 

castra  super  Tusci  si  ponere  Tybridis  undas 

Hesperios  audax  ueniam  metator  in  agros. 

tu  quoscumque  uoles  in  planum  effundere  muros 

his  aries  actus  disperget  saxa  lacertis : 

ilia  licet  penitus  tolli  quam  iusseris  urbem  385 

Roma  sit.     his  cunctae  simul  adsensere  cohortes, 

elatasque  alte  quaecumque  ad  bella  uocaret 

366.     usque  adco\    cf.   Verg.  Aen.   XII  374.     decent  felicia  castris-]  '  prosperous 

646  usque  adeone  mori  miser  11  in  est?  in  ten   campaigns',    cf.   283  supr.   but  in 

369.  haec  manus]  This  refers  to  the  v  374  decimis  casfris^means  'in  ten  days' 
expeditions  of  Caesar  to   Britain,   which  march'. 

was  regarded  as  another  world ;    cf.  Verg.  378.     inuita]   'though   with   unwilling 
Eel.  I  66 penitustoto diuisos orbe Britannos ;  hand,  I  will  yet  fulfil  all  thy  orders'. 
Veil.  Pat.  11  46  §  1  (of  Caesar  crossing  to  380.     numina   miscebit]   ueteres   inter- 
Britain)  alterum  paene  imperio   nostro  ac  pretes  aedem  aut  statuam  Iunonis  Monetae 
suo  quaerens  orbem.  recte  intelligebant,  ut  sensus  esset:  ignis  e 

370.  compescuit]  'has  curbed'.  castris  incendet  statuam  Iunonis  Monetae : 

371.  fregit]  If  this  means  anything  praeterea  misccre  est  frangere,  dissipare, 
more  than  that  the  Rhine  flows  towards  discindere  ut  11  188  miscentur  membra; 
the  north,  it  must  refer  to  Caesar's  hie  in  uniuersum,  perdere  statuam  nammis. 
passage  of  the  river  on  the  bridge  described  Weise. 

in  the  fourth  book  de  bell.  Gall.  382.     Hesperios]  sc.  of  Italy. 

372.  -necesse  est]  i.e.  because  we  are  metator]  '  camp-surveyoi  ',  quarter- 
already  regarded  as  enemies  by  the  sena-  master;  cf.  Cic.  Phil,  xiv  §  10  peritus 
torial  party.  metator  et  callidus  decempeda. 


LIBER   I.   361—409.  23 

promiscrc  manus.  it  tantus  ad  aethera  clamor 
quantus  piniferae  Boreas  cum  Thraccius  Ossae 
rupibus  incubuit  curuato  roborr  pressae  390 

fit  sonus  aut  rursus  redeuntis  in  acthcra  siluac. 
Caesar  ut  acceptum  tarn  prono  milite  bellum 
fataque  ferre  uidet,  ne  quo  languore  moretur 
fortunam,  sparsas  per  Gallica  rura  cohortes 
euocat  et  Romam  motis  petit  undique  signis.         395 
deseruere  cauo  tentoria  fixa  Lemano. 
castraquc  quae  Vogcsi  curuam  super  ardua  rupcm 
pugnaces  pictis  cohibebant  Lingonas  armis, 
hi  uada  liquerunt  Isarae  qui,  gurgite  ductus 
per  tarn  multa  suo,  famae  maioris  in  amnem         400 
lapsus  ad  aequoreas  nomcn  non  pcrtulit  undas. 
soluuntur  flaui  longa  statione  Rutheni : 
mitis  Atax  Latias  gaudet  non  ferre  carinas, 
finis  et  Hesperiae  promoto  limite  Varus  : 
quaque  sub  Herculeo  sacratus  numine  portus         405 
urget  rupe  caua  pelagus  :    non  Caurus  in  ilium 
ius  habet  aut  Zephyrus  :    solus  sua  litora  turbat 
Circius  et  tuta  prohibet  statione  Monoeci. 
quaque  iacet  litus  dubium  quod  terra  fretumque 

388.     promisere  matins]  'promised  the  403.     non  ferre]  cf.  Strabo  iv  1  §  14 

help  of  their  hands '.     Oud.  cf.  Stat.Theb.  (189)  e/c  5^  *Sapj3wi>os  avairXdrai  filv  iiri 

IV   352  trepidas  sine  tnente  sine  ira  pro-  /UKpofT^'AraKC  we^everai  ot  w\4ov  iwl  rbv 

misere  manus.  Tapovvav  iroTafiov. 

391.  redeuntis]  'springing  back  sky-  404.    promoto]  Italy  was  extended  to 
wards'.  the  Var  by  Augustus;    cf.  Plin.  H.  N.  Ill 

392.  acceptum  tarn  prono  milite]  'wel-  §  31 ;  Strabo  v  1  §  1  (210). 
corned  with  such  eagerness  on  his  soldiers'  405.    portus]  sc.  portus  Herculis  Mo- 
part  '.    prono  milite  is  not  ablative  of  the  noeci,  now  Monaco, 
agent,  but  a  kind  of  ablative  absolute,  or  406.     urget]  'encroaches  on', 
ablative  of  circumstance,  cf.   Hor.  carm.  Cannes]     Caurus    and    Zephyrus    are, 
in  v  5,  6  milesne  Crassi  ccniuge  barbara  as  Plin.  H.  N.  11  §  119  shows,  not  easily 
tinpis  martins  uixit?  to  be  distinguished:    so  Auster  and  Notus 

393.  ferre]    'were  speeding  him  on':  are  apparently  used  for  the  same  wind  in 
the  metaphor  seems  to  be  taken  from  a  11  454 — 460. 

favouring  wind:   cf.    Cic.    11  in  Verr.  v  40s.     Circius]  cf.  Flin.  H.  N.  11  §  121 

§   105    ita   sui  periculi  raliones  ferre   ae  in  Xarboncnsi  prouincia  clarissimus  iieu- 

poslulare;    Verg.    Aen.    IV    430   exspectet  torum  est   Circius,   nee  ullo   in    uiolentia 

facilcmque  fugam  uentosque  ferentis.  inferior,  (Jstiam  plerumque  recto  Ligustico 

397.     curuam]  "high  raised  on  the  over-  mart perferens ;  idem  non  modo  in  reliquis 

hanging  rocks  of  the  V'osges'.  partibus   caeli    ignolus,    sed  ne    Viennatn 

399.  gurgite  suo]  'with  a  stream  of  its  quidem  eiusdem prouinciae urbemattingens. 
own  .  statione]  'roadstead'  opposed  to  portus: 

400.  amnem]  i.e.  the  Rhone.  cf.  Veil.  Pat.  11  72  *?  =  exitialem  tempesta- 
402.     soluuntur]  'are  relieved  from'.  tern  fugientibus  stalio pro portu  foret. 
statione]  'garrison'.  409.     quaque   iacet]    Weber   says   that 


24 


LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 


7 


uindicat  alternis  uicibus  cum  funditur  ingcns         410 
occanus,  ucl  cum  refugis  sc  fluctibus  aufert. 
ucntus  ab  extrcmo  pclagus  sic  axe  uolutct 
destituatque  ferens  ;   an  siderc  mota  sccundo 
Tethyos  unda  uagae  lunaribus  acstuct  horis  ; 
flammigcr  an  Titan  ut  alentis  hauriat  undas  415 

crigat  oceanum  fluctusque  ad  sidcra  ducat, 
quacritc  quos  agitat  mundi  labor :    at  mihi  semper 
tu  quaecumquc  moues  tarn  crebros  causa  meatus 
ut  superi  uoluere  late,     turn  rura  Nemetis  . 
qui  tenet,  et  ripas  Aturi  qua  litorc  curuo  420 

mollitcr  admissum  claudit  Tarbellicus  aequor, 
signa  mouct,  gaudetquc  amoto  Santonus  hoste : 
et  Biturix  longisque  leues  Suessoncs  in  armis  : 
optimus  excusso  Leucus  Remusque  lacerto ; 
optima  gens  flexis  in  gyrum  Sequana  frenis  :         425 
et  docilis  rector  rostrati  Belga  couinni : 


this  refers  to  the  revdyri  at  Vada  Sabata 
in  Liguria  (now  Savona)  mentioned  by 
Strabo,  iv  vi  §  i  (102),  but  Weise  and 
others  consider  the  reference  to  be  to 
the  Belgic  coast,  which  seems  the  more 
probable  explanation. 

413.  destituatque  ferens]  'and  while 
bearing  fails  it';  cf.  Plin.  Epp.  VI  xvi  §  6 
of  the  cloud  which  rose  from  Vesuvius  at 
the  great  eruption  nudes...  recenti  spirit  it 
euecta,  dein  senescente  eo  destituta.  The 
present  participle  ferens  is  equivalent  to 
inter ferendum,  Gk.  fj.era^v  (pipovaa..  cf. 
vii  417. 

siderc.secundo]  probably  'the  moon', 
nam  ipsa  est  secundum  sidus  a  sole. 
Schol.  c.  f.  vi  479;    cf.  Tac.  Ann.  1  28, 

414.  lunaribus  horis']  'with  the  phases 
of  the  moon',  cf.  Sen.  dial.  1  1  §  4  iam 
uero  si  quis  obseruauerit  nudari  litora 
pelago  in  se  recedente  eademque  intra  exi- 
guom  tempus  operiri,  credet  caeca  quadam 
uolutatione  tnodo  contrahi  undas  et  intror- 
svm  agi,  tnodo  erumpere  ct  magno  cursu 
repetere  sedem  suam,  cum  interim  illae 
portionibus  crescunt  ct  ad  horam  ac  diem 
subeunt  ampliores  minoresque,  prout  illas 
lunare  sidus  elicuit,  ad  cuius  arbitrium 
oceanus  exundat. 

415.  alentis]  The  clouds  were  supposed 
to  act  as  fuel  to  the  sun;  cf.  vii  5,  6 
( Titan)  adtraxit  nudes  non  pabulajlammis, 
sed  ne  Thessalico  pur  us  luceret  in  orbe ; 
X  258  nee  non  oceano  pasci  Phoebumque 


polttmque  cred'unus. 

417.  agitat  mundi  labor]  '  the  workings 
of  the  universe  employ '. 

419.  Nemetis]  unknown.  A  tribe 
named  Nemetes  is  mentioned  in  Tac. 
Germ.  28,  inhabiting  the  bank  of  the 
Rhine,  but  it  is  doubtful  whether  these 
can  be  understood  here. 

421.  molliter  admission]  'where  the 
Tarbellian  (i.e.  the  land  of  that  tribe) 
shuts  in  the  sea  brought  in  by  the  gently- 
flowing  tide'.  Tarbela  was  a  town  in 
Aquitania. 

424.  excusso]  cf.  Ov.  Heroic!.  IV  43 
aut  tremulum  excusso  iaculum  uibrare 
lacerto;  cf.  Tac.  Hist,  m  23  ut  tela  uacuo 
atque  aperto  excuterentur. 

425.  optima]  'most  skilful  in  wheeling 
their  horses  with  the  rein.'  cf.  Verg.  G. 
in  115 — 117  frena  Pelcthronii  Lapithae 
gyrosque  dedere  impositi  dorso,  atque  equi- 
tem  docuere  sub  armis  insultare  solo  et 
gressus  glomerare  superbos. 

426.  rostrati]  'scythed'.  Columella 
1 1  2 1  speaks  0$ fakes  roslratae  ;  rostrati  is 
however  only  due  to  a  conjecture  of 
Gryphius,  who  is  followed  by  Grotius  and 
Weise;  all  MSS.  apparently  read  mon- 
strati  which  Oud.  retains.  Sulpicius  ex- 
plains this  as  monstrati  a  Britannis  ct 
Germanis,  qui  plurimum  illis  utuntur. 

couinni]  'a  war-chariot';  cf.  Sil.  Ital. 
XVII  416  incola  Thules  agmina  falcifero 
circumucnit  arta  couinno ;  Tac.  Agric.  35 


LIBER   I.   410 — 445.  25 

Arucrnique  ausi  Latios  se  fingcre  fratrcs 

sanguine  ab  Iliaco  populi ;    nimiumque  rebellis 

Ncruius  et  cacsi  pollutus  sanguine  Cottae/S 

et  qui  te  laxis  imitantur,  Sarmata,  braccis  430 

Vangioncs :    Batauiquc  truces  quos  acre  recuruo 

stridentes  acuere  tubae  :   qua  Cinga  pererrat 

gurgite :   qua  Rhodanus  raptum  uclocibus  undis 

in  marc  fcrt  Ararim  :    qua  montibus  ardua  summis 

gens  habitat  cana  pendentis  rape  Gcbcnnas  :  435 

\Pictones  immunes  subigunt  sua  rura  ;    nee  ultra 

instabiles  Turonas  circumsita  castra  coercent. 

in  nebulis  Mcduana  tuts  marcere  pcrosus 

Andus,  iam  placida  Ligeris  recreatur  ab  unda, 

incluta  Caesareis   Genabos  dissoluitur  a/is.]  440 

tu  quoque  laetatus  conuerti  proelia  Treuir: 

et  nunc  tonse  Ligur  quondam  per  colla  decora 

crinibus  effusis  toti  praelate  Comatae : 

et  quibus  immitis  placatur  sanguine  diro 

Teutates  horrensque  feris  altaribus  Hesus  445 

couinnarius  eques.     It   was  also  used  at  434-    ferf]  The  Arar  (Saone)  being  a 

Rome  as  a  carriage;  cf.  Mart,  xn  24,  1  2.  very  sluggish  stream  cf.  Caes.  B.  G.  1  12; 

0  iucunda,  couinne,  solitudo,  carrnca  magis  Lucan  VI  475  makes  the  Thessalian  witches 

esscdoque  grata  ni.  reverse  the  character  of  the  streams,  Rhoda- 

427.  f mires]  Lucan  seems  here  to  numque morantem praecipitaicit Arar.  So 
have  confused  the  Arverni  with  their  the  elder  Pitt  compared  the  coalition  of 
neighbours  and  rivals  the  Aedui ;  cf.  Cic.  Newcastle  and  Fox  to  the  meeting  of  these 
ad  Att.  1  xix  §  2  Aedui,  fratres  nostri,  rivers.  'At  Lyons  I  was  taken  to  see  the 
pugnant;  Id.  ad  fam.  vn  x  §  9;  Tac.  place  where  the  two  rivers  meet ;  the  one 
Ann.  xi  25  primi  Aedui  senatorum  in  gentle,  feeble,  languid,  and  though  languid 
urbe  ius  adepti  sunt:  datum  id  foederi  yet  of  no  depth;  the  other  a  boisterous 
antique,  ct  quia  soli  Gallorum  fraternitatis  and  impetuous  torrent ;  but  different  as 
nomen    cum    populo   Romano    usurpant.  they  are  they  meet  at  last '. 

Sidon.  Apoll.  Epp.   VII   7  appears  to  be  435.      Gehennas]  the  Cevennes. 

quoting  from    Lucan.     For  Latios  Oud.  436 — 440.     These  verses  wanting  alike 

with  one  MS.  reads  Latio.  in  taste  and  Latinity  are  not  found  in  the 

428.  populi]  The  plural  is  somewhat  old  MSS. :  hence  they  are  rightly  rejected 
strange  referring  to  the  single  tribe  of  the  by  Grotius;  they  are  also  wanting  in  the 
Arverni,  but  cf.  VII  207,  436.  Roman  edition  of  1469,  and  in  the  Vene- 

429.  Celiac]  cf.  Caes.  B.  G.  V  36  tian  edition  of  1505. 

432.     Cinga]  As  the  only  known  river  441.     conuerti]    ex    Gallia    in    Italiam 

of  this  name  is  in  Spain,  the  conjecture  of  transferri  helium.     Weise. 

Weber    Sulga    (the    Sorgue),    is    highly  443.      Comatae]  i.e.  transalpine  Gaul,  as 

probable,  since  the  latter  river  flows  into  Plin.  H.  N.  iv  §  108  Gallia  omnis  Comata 

the  Rhone.  uno  nomine  appellator. 

pererrai\  apparently  equivalent  to  errat;  444.     diro]    'accursed'    equivalent    to 

the  word  is  used  by  Plin.  VIII  S  177  in  the  liumano;    cf.  Ill  404  structae  din's  altari- 

sense  of  'going  wrong';   quos  instead  of  bus  arae,  omnisque  humanis  lustrata  cru- 

qua  would  however  be  but  a  slight  alter-  oribus  arbos.      ^Veber  cf.  also  Stat.  Theb. 

ation,  as  the  former  word  occurs  in  the  pre-  x  31 1  proturbat  mensas  dims  liquor. 

ceiling,  the  latter  in  the  succeeding  line.  445.      Teutates]      identified      by      the 


26 


LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 


ct  Taranis  Scythicac  non  mitior  ara  Dianac. 

uos  quoquc,  qui  fortes  animas  bclloquc  peremptas 

laudibus  in  longum  uates  dimittitis  aeuom, 

plurima  sccuri  fudistis  carmina,  Bardi. 

ct  uos  barbaricos  ritus  moremquc  sinistrum  450 

sacrorum,  Druidac,  positis  fepetistis  ab  armis. 

solis  nosse  dcos  et  cacli  numina  uobis 

aut  solis  ncscire  datum  :    ncmora  alta  rcmotis 

incolitis  lucis.     uobis  auctoribus  umbrae 

non  tacitas  Ercbi  sedes  Ditisque  profundi  455 

pallida  regna  pctunt :   regit  idem  spiritus  artus 

orbe  alio :    longae  canitis  si  cognita  uitae 

mors  media  est.     certe  populi  quos  despicit  Arctos 

fclices  errore  suo  quos  ille  timorum 

maximus  haud  urget  leti  metus.     inde  ruendi         460 

in  ferrum  mens  prona  uiris  animaeque  capaces 


Romans  with  Mercurius;  Hesus  with 
Mars;  Taranis  with  Jupiter,  cf.  Mason's 
Caractacus,  '  yon  central  oak  whose 
holiest  stem  involves  the  spirit  of  high 
Taranis'. 

446.  non  mitior\  For  the  omission  of 
quam  after  the  comparative,  cf.  Verg. 
G.  iv  207  tuque  enim  plus  septima  duci- 
tur  aestas ;  Hor.  carm.  IV  xiv  13  deiecit 
acer  plus  uice  simplici:  but  the  omission 
of  the  second  ara  is  remarkable.  May 
not  the  true  reading  be  Scylhica... Diana, 
according    to    the    common    axhp.a    Kaff 


o\ov   koX   fj-^pos?    cf.   Juv.    in    74   scrtno    fecer at  orbe  nanus. 


ao<piav  iaKovffi ;  also  to  Amm.  Marc.  XV  9, 
who  seems  merely  to  repeat  Strabo. 

451.  ab  armis]  'laid  aside  your  arms 
and  returned  to  your  rites';  cf.  Ov. 
Heroid.  in  95  ille  ferox  positis  secessit  a>> 
armis. 

453.  solis  nescire]  i.e.  your  opinions 
about  the  gods  differ  so  much  from  those 
of  other  nations,  that  either  you  have  know- 
ledge and  no  others  have  it,  or  vice  versa. 

ncmora  altd\  '  deep  glades  in  sacred 
groves  far  from  the  haunts  of  men';  cf. 
Propert.   V    (iv)  ix  24  Incus  ubi  umbroso 


promptus  ct  Isaco  torrentior,  and  Prof. 
Mayor's  note.  For  Diana,  Scythica  or 
Taurica  cf.  Eur.  Iph.  in  Taur. 

44S.  dimittitis]  'send  abroad':  so  the 
MSS.  Oud.  cf.  Stat.  Theb.  I  185  au- 
gurium  seros  dimisit  ad  usque  ncpotes: 
but  di  and  de  in  composition  are  often 
confused,  cf.  11  294  and  Conington's  note 
of  Verg.  Aen.  VI  734. 

449.  sccuri]  The  Romans  attempted  to 
put  down  Druidism,  cf.  Merivale,  History 
of  the  Romans  cap.  51. 

Bardi]  Weber  refers  to  Strabo  iv  iv  4 
(197)  who  makes  a  distinction  between 
the  Vates  and  the  Bardi,  irapa  iraai  5'  ws 
eTTLiraf  rpia  <pv\a  t<2v  rip-wpLevuv  8ia- 
(pepbvTU?  earl,  fiapdoi  re  Kal  ovdreis  Kal 
dpvldai  •  /3dp5oi  fitv  vpvqral  Kal  TroirjTai, 
ouareis  5e  iepoiroiol  Kal  <pvaio\6yoi,  dpvldai 
5e  71756s  rfj  (pvaioKoyia  Kal  T-qv  tjOiktji'  (pi\o- 


454.  lucis]  used  specially  of  sacred 
groves;    cf.  Ill  399  foil. 

uobis  auctoribus]  'according  to  your 
teaching';  cf.  Hor.  carm.  1  xxviii  14 
iudice  te  non  sordidus  aitctor  naturae 
uerique. 

457.  orbe  alio]  'in  a  new  cycle';  cf. 
Verg.  Aen.  VI  748  ubi  mille  rotam  uoluere 
per  annos,  and  Conington's  note. 

canitis  si  cognita]  'if  you  know  what 
you  sing'.  For  the  fact  that  the  more 
important  idea  in  the  sentence  is  expressed 
by  the  participle  and  not  the  verb,  cf. 
Thuc.  I  xx  3  OLOvrai  "Iinrapxov  rvpavvov 
&vra  airoQavdv  equivalent  to  'think  that 
Hipparchus  was  tyrant  when  he  was  slain', 
and  Mr  Shilleto's  note  on  the  passage. 

461.  prona]  cf.  Pomponius  Mela,  ill 
2  unum  ex  eis  quae praecipiunt  (Druidae) 
in   uolgus  effluxit,  uidelicet  tit  forcnt  ad 


LIBER   I.   446—480. 


V 


mortis  et  ignauom  rcditurac  parcerc  uitac. 

et  uos  cirrigeros  bellis  arcere  Caycos 

oppositi  petitis  Romam  Rhcnique  fcroces 

deseritis  ripas  et  apertum  gentibus  orbcm.  465 

Caesar  ut  immensae  collecto  robore  uires 
audendi  maiora  fidem  feccre  per  omnem 
spargitur  Italiam  uicinaque  moenia  complet. 
uana  quoque  ad  ueros  accessit  fama  timores 
irrupitque  animos  populi  clademque  futuram  470 

intulit  et  uelox  properantis  nuntia  belli 
innumeras  soluit  falsa  in  praeconia  linguas. 
est  qui\tauriferis  ubi  se  Meuania  campis 
explicatjaudaces  ruere  in  certamina  turmas 
adferat,  et  qua  Nar  Tiberino  illabitur  amni  475 

barbaricas  saeui  discurrere  Caesaris  alas  : 
ipsum  omnes  aquilas  collataque  signa  ferentem 
agmine  non  uno  densisque  incedere  castris. 
nee  qualem  meminere  uident :    maiorque  ferusque 
mentibus  occurrit  uictoque  immanior  hoste.  480 


bella  tueliorcs,  acternas  esse  animas  uitam- 
que  alteram  ad  manes. 

capaces]  'great  enough  for  death'  ;  cf. 
Shakspeare's  use  of  'capahle';  K.John,  m 
1 .  1 2  '  For  I  am  sick  and  capable  of  fears '. 

462.  ignauom']  'the  thought  that  it  is 
a  coward's  part '  ;  cf.  the  note  on  5  supr. 

463.  Caycos]  apparently  the  same  as 
the  Chauci  of  Tacitus.  For  cirrigeros  cf. 
Juv.  XIII  164,  165  caerula  quis  stupuit 
Germani  lumina,  flanam  cacsariem  et  ma- 
dido  torque litem  cornua  cirro? 

464.  oppositi]  '  posted  to  restrain ' ; 
for  the  infinitive  of  purpose,  cf.  Hor. 
carm.  1  ii  7,  8  omne  cum  Proteus  pecus 
egit  altos  uisere  monies. 

fcroces]  i.e.  inhabited  by  warlike  tribes; 
cf.  Catull.  LXiii  53,  54  ferarum...fnri- 
bunda  latibnla. 

465.  apertum]  The  meaning  is  the 
same  as  if  aperiunt  had  been  written  : 
'  leave  the  Rhine's  untamed  banks  and  the 
world  opened  to  barbarian  hordes',  cf. 
Verg.  Aen.  X  13  Alpes  immittet  apertas. 

467.  Julem  feccre]  '  gave  him  confi- 
dence'. 

468.  spargitur]  ' spreads  himself,  i.e. 
his  forces;  cf.  II  395. 

470.    futuram]  '  bore  into  their  minds 


the  sense  of  coming  disaster',  cf.  184  supr. 
11  80. 

471.  nuntia]  sc.  fama. 

472.  soluit]  'let  loose  unnumbered 
tongues  to  tell  false  tales;'  for  the  sense  of 
praeconia  cf.  Ov.  Trist  V  i  9  ut  cecidi  per- 
ago  subili  praeconia  casus. 

473.  Meuania]  Oud.  cf.  Sil.  Ital.  VI 
645  foil,  ubi  lalis  proiecta  in  campis  nebu- 
las exhalat  inertes  et  sedet  ingentcm  pascens 
Meuania  taurum  dona  Pout. 

476.  barbaricas... alas]  i.e.  the  squad- 
rons of  German  horse. 

477.  aquilas]  i.e.  the  standards  of  the 
legions,  cf.  7  supr. 

478.  densis]  i.e.  covering  Italy  with 
his  encampments. 

479.  motor]  Compare  the  description  of 
the  conscience-stricken  man,  Juv.  xm  221 
tua  sacra  et  maior  imago  humana  turbat 
pauidum. 

480.  uictoque  immanior  hoste]  'more 
terrible  from  the  conquest  of  the  foe',  cf. 
Hor.  carm.  hi  v  40,  41  O  magna  Kar- 
thago  probrosis  alitor  Italiae  minis. 
This  seems  better  than  to  take  it  as  Weise 
does,  '  more  terrible  than  his  conquered 
foe',  i.  e.  the  Gauls. 


28  LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 

luinc  inter  Rhcnum  populos  Alpesque  iacentis 

finibus  Arctois  patriaquc  a  sede  reuolsos 

pone  sequi,  iussamquc  fens  a  gentibus  urbem 

Romano  spectante  rapi.     sic  quisquc  pauendo 

dat  uires  famae  :   nulloquc  auctore  malorum  485 

quae  finxere  timent.     nee  solum  uolgus  inani 

perculsum  terrore  pauet :    sed  curia  et  ipsi 

sedibus  exsiluere  Patres  inuisaque  belli 

consulibus  fugiens  mandat  decreta  scnatus. 

turn  quae  tuta  petant  et  quae  metuenda  rclinquant  490 

incerti,  quo  quemque  fugae  tulit  impetus  urgent 

praecipitem  populum,  serieque  haerentia  longa 

agmina  prorumpunt.     credas  aut  tecta  nefandas 

corripuisse  faces  aut  iam  quatiente  ruina 

nutantis  pendere  domos :    sic  turba  per  urbem        495 

praecipiti  lymphata  gradu,  uelut  unica  rebus 

spes  foret  adflictis  patrios  excedere  muros, 

inconsulta  ruit.     qualis,  cum  turbidus  Auster 

reppulit  a  Libycis  immensum  Syrtibus  aequor 

fractaque  ueliferi  sonuerunt  pondera  mali,  500 

desilit  in  fiuctus  deserta  puppe  magister 

nauitaque  et  nondum  sparsa  compage  carinae 

naufragium  sibi  quisque  facit  :   sic  urbe  relicta 

in  bellum  fugitur.     nullum  iam  languidus  aeuo 

eualuit  reuocare  parens  coniunxue  maritum  505 

fietibus  aut  patrii  dubiae  dum  uota  salutis 

485.     mtlloqice  auctore]   'with  none  to         nefandas]  i.e.  applied  to  the  buildings 

confirm  the  ill-tidings'.  of  Rome. 

488.     inuisa]  'hateful';  cf.   Florus  iv         494.     ruina]    'tendency   to    fall';    cf. 

ii  17  ut  in  host  cm  decemitur ;  more  fully  Juv.   in   190  qnis  timet  aut  timuit  gelida 

in  Caes.  B.  C.  1  5.     decurritur  ad  Mud  Pracneste  ruinam.     Compare  the  use  of 

extremum  atque  ultimum  senatus  consul-  error  in  Verg.  Aen.  V  590,  591  qua  signa 

turn  quo,  nisi  paene  in  ipso  urbis  incendio  seqtiendi  falleret  indeprensus  et  irremeabilis 

atque    in    desperatione    omnium    salutis,  error. 

latorum  audacia  numquam  ante  discessutn  495.    pendere]  cf.  Juv.  Ill   196  securos 

est;  dent  opcram  consules  practorcs  tribuni  pendente  iubet  dor  mire  ruina. 
plcbis  quique  consulares  sunt  ad  urbem  ne         497.     excedere  muros]  cf.  Liv.  XXII  55 

quid  respublica  detrimenti  capiat.  egredi  urbem. 

491.     urgent]  'they  hurry  the   people  500.  fractaque]  ' the  huge  mast  with  all 

into  headlong  flight'.  its  weight  of  sails  comes  crashing  down'. 

493.    prorumpunt]     Weise   takes   this         504.     in  bellum  fugitur]  '  they  fly — to 

actively,   comparing  Verg.   Aen.    Ill   572  war'. 

interdumque  atram  prorumpit  ad  aethera  506.     dum]    '  no  not   time    enough    to 

nubem,  but  it  may  very  well  be  taken  as  form  vows  for  the  safety  they  scarce  could 

neuter.  hope'. 


LIBER    I.   481—529.  29 

concipcrcnt  tcnucrc  Lares  :   nee  limine  quisquam 
haesit  et  extrcmo  turn  forsitan  urbis  amatae 
plcnus  abit  uisu  :    ruit  irreuocabile  uolgus. 
o  faciles  dare  summa  deos  cademquc  tucri  510 

difficiles.     urbem  populis  uictisque  frcqucntcm 
gentibus  et  generis  coeat  si  turba  capacem 
humani  facilem  ucnturo  Caesare  praedam 
ignauae  liqucre  manus.     cum  pressus  ab  hostc 
clauditur  externis  miles  Romanus  in  oris,  515 

effugit  exiguo  nocturna  pericula  uallo, 
.  et  subitus  rapti  munimine  caespitis  agger 
praebet  securos  intra  tentoria  somnos : 
tu  tantum  audito  bellorum  nomine,  Roma, 
desereris ;   nox  una  tuis  non  credita  muris.  520 

danda  tamen  uenia  est  tantorum  danda  pauorum : 
Pompeio  fugiente  timent.     turn  ne  qua  futuri 
spes  saltern  trepidas  mentes  leuet  addita  fati 
peioris  manifesta  fides  superique  minaces 
prodigiis  terras  implerunt  aethera  pontum.  525 

ignota  obscurae  uiderunt  sidera  noctes, 
ardentemque  polum  flammis,  caeloque  uolantis 
obliquas  per  inane  faces,  crinemque  timendi 
sideris  et  tcrris  mutantem  regna  cometen. 

508.     extrcmo]   cf.    Liv.   I  29  nunc  in  ficturi,  i.  e.    they  were  desperate   of  the 

liminibus  starcnt,  nunc  errabundi  domos  present,  and  the  prodigies  prevented  their 

suns  ultimum  Mud  uisuri peruagarcntur.  having  any  hope  of  the  future  either. 

Sir.    frequcntc»i\  cf.  the  apostrophe  to  524.     manifesta  fides]   ' a  clear  sign  of 

I'harsalia   vil   539 — 543   aut  si  Romano  yet  worse  doom ' ;  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  11  309; 

compleri    sanguine     mauis,    istis    parce  III   374,   375    nam   te  maioribus   ire  per 

prccor :   u  in  ant  Galataeque  Syrique  Cap-  alt  urn  anispiciis  manifesta  fides.     Liv.  VI 

padoces   Galliquc   extremique  orbis  Hibcri  xiii  §  6  and  Dr  Munro  on  Aetna  177. 

Armenii  Cilices:  nam  post  ciuiliabclla hie  525.    prodigiis]    It    is   unnecessary    to 

poputus  Romanus  crit ;  Sen.   dial.  XII  6  subjoin    here  all  the  similar  accounts  of 

§§2,  3  ;  also  Juv.  m  58. foil,  in  which  pas-  prodigies  which  might  be  quoted  in  illus- 

sages  we  find  the  same  thing  of  a  later  tration  of  this  passage:  it  is  sufficient  to 

time.  refer  in  general  to  Verg.  G.  1  464  foil.  ; 

520.     nox    una]    'thy   walls    are    not  Ov.  Met.  xv  782 foil, 

trusted  with  the  safety  of  a  single  night '.  529.     mutantem]  i.e.  causing  war  and 

muris]    At  this  time  the  buildings  of  revolution,   cf.    I'lin.    H.  N.    II  §  92  scd 

Rome  had  spread  far  beyond  the  Servian  cometcs  numquam  in  occasura  parte  cacti 

walls,  the  course  of  which  it  had  become  est,  terrific um  magna  ex  parte  sidus  atque 

difficult  to  trace,  so  that  Rome  was  prac-  non  leu  iter  piatum,  ut  ciuili  motu  Octauio 

tically  an  unwalled  town.     No  new  walls  consule  iterumquc  Pompci  et  Caesaris hello, 

were  built  till  the  time  of  Aurelian.     See  in  nostro  ucro  actio  circa  ueneficium  quo 

Burn,  Rome  and  the  Campagna,  chapter  Claudius  Caesar  imperium  retiquit  Domu 

5,  and  the  authorities  there  cited.  tio  Ncroni  ac  dcinde  prineipatu  eius  ad- 

523.     saltern]  to  be  taken  closely  with  siduom    frope    ac    saeuom.     Shakspeare-, 


30 


LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 


fulgura  fallaci  micuerunt  crcbra  scrcno, 


530 


ct  uarias  ignis  denso  dcdit  acre  formas : 

nunc  iaculum  longo  nunc  sparso  lumine  lampas 

cmicuit  caclo.     taciturn  sine  nubibus  ullis 

fulmen  ct  Arctois  rapiens  e  partibus  ignem 

pcrcussit  Latialc  caput:    stellacquc  minores  535 

per  uacuom  solitae  noctis  decurrere  tempus 

in  medium  uenere  diem  :   cornuque  coacto 

iam  Phoebe  toto  fratrcm  cum  redderet  orbe 

terrarum  subita  percussa  expalluit  umbra. 

ipse  caput  medio  Titan  cum  ferret  Olympo  540 

condidit  ardentis  atra  caligine  currus 

inuoluitque  orbem  tenebris,  gentesque  coegit 

desperare  diem  :   qualem  fugiente  per  ortus 

sole  Thyesteae  noctcm  duxere  Mycenae. 

ora  ferox  Siculae  laxauit  Mulciber  Aetnae ;  545 

nee  tulit  in  caelum  flammas  sed  uertice  prono 

ignis  in  Hesperium  cecidit  latus.     atra  Charybdis 

sanguineum  fundo  torsit  mare,     flebile  saeui 

latrauere  canes.     Vestali  raptus  ab  ara 

ignis;   et  ostendens  confectas  flamma  Latinas         550 


K.  Richard  II  ii  4  '  These  signs  foreran 
the  death  or  fall  of  kings'.  Weise  reads 
nutantem  with  one  MS.  which  he  inter- 
prets minitantem  terris  imperia :  but  he 
quotes  no  passage  to  illustrate  this  usage 
of  nutare,  and  I  can  find  none  that  in 
any  way  supports  it. 

530.  sereno]  For  the  substantival  use  cf. 
Stat.  Silu.  in  i  81  laesique fides  reditura 
sereni.  As  to  the  evil  nature  of  this  por- 
tent cf.  Verg.  G.  I  487,  but  in  Aen.  IX  627 
it  appears  as  a  good  omen. 

531.  denso']  Oud.  cf.  Sen.  Nat.  Quaest. 
VII  21  §  1  placet  ergo  nostris  comet  as... 
denso  acre  creari. 

534.  Arctois]  Weise  remarks  that  light- 
ning was  supposed  to  appear  more  com- 
monly from  the  south,  whereas  on  •  this 
occasion  it  portended  the  coming  of  Caesar 
from  the  north. 

535.  Latiale  caput]  i.e.  the  summit  of 
the  Alban  mount  where  the  Latin  festival 
was  celebrated. 

536.  uacuom]  i.  e.  in  the  absence  of 
the  sun. 

decurrere]  'to  run  their  courses',  a 
metaphor  from  the  races  e.g.  at  funerals 


cf.  Verg.  Aen.  XI  188,  189  ter  circum  ac- 
censos  cincti  fulgentibus  arm'r,  decurrere 
rogos.     Tac.  Ann.  11  7. 

537.  coacto]  '  with  horns  brought  to- 
gether', i.e.  completing  the  disc;  cf.  Ov. 
Met.  vii  179  ires  abcrant  nodes  ut  cornua 
tota  coirent  efficerenlqne  orbem. 

538.  redderet]  i.e.  reflect  the  light  of 
the  sun. 

543.  per  ortus]  sc.  per  quos  solet  oriri 
et  per  occasus  fugere ;  cf.  Ov.  ex  Ponto  iv 
vi  47,  48  utque  Thyesteae  redeant  si  tern- 
pora  mensae  so/is  ad  eoas  currus  agetur 
aquas. 

544.  Mycenae]  the  home  of  Thyestes ; 
cf.  VII  541,  542  astra  Thyestae  impulit 
et  subitis  damnauit  noctibus  Argos. 


tiertice  prono]  '  eddying  down- 
,  this  probably  means  that  it  was 
by  the  wind  on  to  the  shore   of 


546. 
wards ' 
blown 
Italy. 

548.  fundo]  equivalent  to  (3ucrcr6dev. 
sanguineum]  is  part  of  the  predicate. 

549.  Vestali]  It  would  be  considered 
the  worst  of  omens  for  the  fire  of  Vesta  to 
be  extinguished. 

550.  confectas]  'completed';  cf.  v  402 


1 


LIBER    I.    530—569. 

scinditur  in  partes  geminoquc  cacumine  surgit 

Thcbanos  imitata  rogos.     turn  cardinc  tellus 
subscdit,  ucteremquc  iugis  nutantibus  Alpcs 
discussere  niuem.     Tethys  maioribus  undis 
Hesperiam  Calpcn  summumque  implcuit  Atlanta.    555 
indigetes  fleuisse  deos  urbisque  laborcm 
testatos  sudorc  Lares  delapsaque  templis 
dona  sLiis  dirasque  diem  foedasse  uolucrcs 
accipimus ;    siluisque  feras  sub  nocte  relictis 
audaces  media  posuisse  cubilia  Roma.  560 

turn  pecudum  faciles  humana  ad  murmura  linguae, 
monstrosique  hominum  partus  numeroque  modoque 
membrorum,  matremque  suus  conterruit  infans : 
diraque  per  populum  Cumanae  carmina  uatis 
uolgantur.     turn  quos  sectis  Bcllona  lacertis  565 

saeua  mouet  cecinere  deos :   crinemque  rotantes 
sanguincum  populis  ulularunt  tristia  Galli. 
compositis  plenae  gemuerunt  ossibus  urnae. 
turn  fragor  armorum  magnaeque  per  auia  uoces 


uidit  Jlammifcra  confectas  nocte  Latinas. 
For  an  account  of  the  ferine  Latinae  see 
Diet,  of  Antiq. 

552.  Thcbanos]  When  Eteocles  and 
Folynices  were  being  burned  on  the  same 
pyre  the  flame  shot  up  in  two  separate 
;ongues,  showing  that  they  could  not  be 
reconciled  even  in  death.  Sulpicius  cf. 
Stat.  Theb.  XII  429 — 432  ecce  iterum  fra- 
'res :  primes  tit  contigit  artus  ignis  edax 
'rcmucre  rogi  et  nouns  aduena  bustis  pelli- 
'ur:  exundant  diuiso  tier t ice  Jlammae, 
iltemosjue  apices  abrupta  luce  coruscant ; 
:f.  also  Aetna  =77  where  Dr  Munro  refers 
.0  1'ausanins  ix  xviii  §  3. 

553.  subscdit]  'stopped'  :  this  sudden 
:heck  caused  the  Alps  to  rock,  and  thus 
shook  the  snow  from  their  summits  ; 
;uch  seems  to  be  Lucan's  idea. 

555.  Atlanta]  It  is  somewhat  strange 
hat  Lucan  should  speak  of  Mount  Atlas 
is  if  it  were  on  the  sea  shore,  in  the  same 
.vay  as  Calpe  (Gibraltar),  but  Strabo  xvn 
j  (825)  seems  to  imply  that  it  is  visible 
rom  the  sea ;  ££w  5e  irpoeXdovri  tov  Kara 
r&s  orvjXas  TopOfiod  tj\v  Ai.(iv7)v  iv  apicr- 
rtpq.  ?x0VTl  fy>°S  tari-v,  Hirep  ol  ^"HWiji/es 
ArXavra  KaXovtriv  oi  5£  fiapfiapoi  Avpiv. 

5;/>.     laborcm]  'distress'. 

560.      media]     Compare     Shakspeare, 


'  A  lioness   hath 
the    well-known 


Julius    Caesar   11  ii   17 
whelped  in  the  streets'. 

561.    pecudum]    i.e. 
prodigy,  bos  locutus  est. 

563.  matrem]  cf.  Shakspeare  K. 
Richard  III,  act  I,  sc.  ii  'If  ever  he  have 
a  child,  abortive  be  it,  Prodigious  and 
untimely  brought  to  light,  Whose  ugly  and 
unnatural  aspect  May  fright  the  hopeful 
mother  at  the  view'. 

565.  Bcllona]  Oud.  cf.  Tibull.  I  vi 
45 — 50  haec,  ubi  Bellonae  motu  est  agitata, 
nee  acrcm  flammam  non  omens  ucrbera 
torta  timet:  ipsa  bipenne  stios  caedit  uio- 
lenta  lacertos,  sanguineque  effuso  spargit 
inul/a  dcam  ;  statque  latus  praefixa  ueru, 
stat  saucia  pectus,  el  canit  euentus  quos  dea 
magna  monct.  These  priests  were  called 
Bellonarii ;  Commodus  ordered  that  they 
should  really  gash  their  arms,  from  which 
it  appears  that  they  were  usually  mere 
jugglers  who  pretended  to  do  so.  cf. 
Lamprid.  uit.  Com.  9. 

566.  cecinere  deos]  i.e.  oraculadeorum. 
Omnibonus. 

567.  Galli]  the  eunuch  priests  of 
Cybele;  cf.  Ov.  Fast.  IV  223  foil. 

56S.  compositis]  'laid  to  rest'.  Cf. 
Hor.  Sat.  I  ix  373  omnes  composui. 


32  LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 

auditae  ncmorum,  et  uenientes  comminus  umbrae.    570 
quique  colunt  iunctos  extremis  moenibus  agros 
diffugiunt :    ingens  urbcm  cingebat  Erinys 
excutiens  pronam  flagranti   uerticc  pinum 
stridentisque  comas  :   Thebanam  qualis  Agauen 
impulit  aut  saeui  contorsit  tela  Lycurgi  575 

Eumenis :    aut  qualem  iussu  Iunonis  iniquac 
horruit  Alcides  uiso  iam  Ditc  Megaeram. 
insonuere  tubae  et  quanto  clamore  cohortes 
miscentur  tantum  nox  atra  silentibus  umbris 
ecliclit :   et  medio  uisi  consurgere  Campo  580 

tristia  Sullani  cccincre  oracula  manes  : 
tollentemque  caput  gelidas  Anienis  ad  undas 
agricolae  fracto  Marium  fugere  sepulchro. 

haec  propter  placuit  Tuscos  de  more  uetusto 
acciri  uates.     quorum  qui  maximus  aeuo  585 

Aruns  incoluit  desertae  moenia  Lucae, 
fulminis  edoctus  motus  uenasque  calentis 
fibrarum  et  monitus  uolitantis  in  aere  pennae, 
monstra  iubet  primum  nullo  quae  semine  discors 
protulerat  natura  rapi  sterilique  nefandos  590 

ex  utero  fetus  infaustis  urere  flammis. 
mox  iubet  et  totam  pauidis  a  ciuibus  urbem 
ambiri,  et  festo  purgantis  moenia  lustro 
longa  per  extremos  pomoeria  cingere  fines 

570.     uenientes  comminus]  'meeting  in  584.     Tuscos]  cf.  Liv.  1  56;  Tac.  XI  15. 

the  shock  of  battle'.  588.    pennae]   cf.   Verg.  Aen.   ill  361 

572.  cingebat]  '  made  the  circuit  of  the     praepetis  omina pennae. 

city' ;  cf.  594  infr.   ix  373  terra  cingere         590.     sterili]   This  is  to  be  understood 

Syrtim.  of  a  mule  according  to  the  scholiast. 

573.  excutiens]  'shaking',  cf.  Tlin.  591.  infau stis]  Brouk  ap.  Oud.  under- 
let. N.  x  116  gallinae  inhorrescunt  edito  stands  this  of  certain  unlucky  kinds  of 
ouo  excutiiintque  sese.  wood ;    cf.    Catull.    xxxvi    8   infelicibut    . 

pronam]  '  turned  downwards'.  ustulanda  /ignis.    So  Cic.  pro  Milone  §  33 

574.  stridentis]  'hissing'  i.e.  equiva-  speaks  of  the  corpse  of  Clodius  as  infeli- 
lent  to  anguineas.  cissimis    lignis    scmiustulatum ;    cf.    also 

577.    Megaeram]  In  the  Hercules  Furens  Plin.  H.  N.  xin  §  116. 
of  Euripides  it  is  Lyssa,  Madness  personi-         593.     ambiri]  This  description  is  proba- 

fied,  whom  Hercules  sees,  but  she  might  bly  taken  from  the  lustration  of  the  city  in 

be  easily  identified  with  one  of  the  Furies,  the  time  of  Nero;   cf.  Tac.  Ann.  xm  24 

580.     Campo]  Sulla  was  buried  in  the  urbem    princeps     htstrauit    ex    responso 

Campus  Martins;   cf.  11  222  his  meruit  haruspicum,  quod  Iouis  ac  Mineruae  aedes 

medio  tumulitm  sibi  tollere  Campo?  de  caelo  iactac  era/it.     In  an  amburbium 

582.     Anienis]   The  corpse   of  Marius  the  victims  were  led  round  the  city's  boun- 

was   disinterred   by   order   of  Sulla   and  daries  as  we  know  from  Festus,  p.  5  M. 
thrown  into  the  Anio.  594.    pomoeria]  a  space  left  vacant  on 


LIBER   I.   570—610. 


33 


pontifices  sacri  quibus  est  permissa  potcstas.  595 

turba  minor  ritu  sequitur  succincta  Gabino, 
Vestalemque  chorum  ducit  uittata  sacerdos 
Troianam  soli  cui  fas  uidissc  Mineruam. 
turn  qui  fata  deum  secretaquc  carmina  scruant 
ct  lotam  paruo  reuocant  Almonc  Cybebcn,  600 

et  doctus  uolucres  augur  seruarc  sinistras, 
septemuirque  epulis  festis,  Titiique  sodales, 
et  Salius  laeto  portans  ancilia  collo, 
attollensque  apicem  generoso  uertice  Flamen. 
dumque  illi  cffusam  longis  anfractibus  urbem         605 
circueunt,  Aruns  dispersos  fulminis  ignes 
colligit  et  terrae  maesto  cum  murmure  condit, 
datque  locis  nomen  sacris.     tunc  admouet  aris 
electa  ceruice  marem.     iam  fundere  Bacchum 
coeperat  obliquoque  molas  inducere  cultro  :  610 


both  sides  of  a  city's  walls,  cf.  Liv.  i  44. 
4  The  extension  of  the  pomoerium  by  Sulla 
had  no  connexion  whatever  with  the  walls, 
as  the  pomoerium  was  simply  a  religious 
boundary,  which  since  the  earliest  times 
had  not  been  necessarily  co-extensive  with 
the  walls.'  Burn,  Rome  and  the  Cam- 
pagna. 

595.  pontifices]  The  chief  of  the  four 
great  religious  colleges :  the  other  three 
were  the  augures,  XVuiri  sacrorum  and 
tpulones. 

sacri]  For  the  genitive  cf.  II  76,  77 
potesias  sangui)iis  inuisi. 

596.  minor]  'inferior'. 

Gabino]  The  ductus  Gabinus  appears  to 
have  been  a  primitive  fashion  of  wearing 
the  toga  kept  up  on  sacred  occasions  ;  cf. 
Verg.  Aen.  vn  612  and  Conington's  note. 

598.  Mineruam]  cf.  ix  993  nullique 
adspecta  uirorum  Pallas.  Ov.  Fast.  VI 
253>  254  non  equidem  uidi,  ualeant  men- 
dacia  uatum,  te  dea;  nee  fueras  adspi- 
cienda  uiro. 

599.  qui  fata]  i.e.  the  xv  uiri  who  had 
charge  of  the  Sibylline  books;  cf.  Tac. 
Ann.  VI  18  (12). 

fioo.  Almonc]  cf.  Ov.  Fast,  iv  337 
foil.;  Mart.  Ill  xlvii  2;  Stat.  Silu.  V  i 
?:.',,  224  quaque  Italo  gemitus  Almonc 
Cybele  ponit  et  Idaeos  iam  non  reminiscilur 
amncs. 

602.  Titii]  A  college  whose  rites 
probably  represented  some  of  the  primitive 
worship  of  the  Tities  :  they  are  mentioned 

11.  L. 


L.  v  §  85  and  Tac.    Ann. 
as    shown    by   their 


i.e. 


by  Varro  L 

1  54- 

603.  lacto] 
dancing. 

604.  apicem]  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  VII I  664 
lanigerosque  apices,  and  Conington's  note; 
Liv.  VI  41  apicem  dial  em. 

generoso]  This  refers  to  the  three  maiores 
flamines  who  were  always  chosen  from 
among  the  patricians. 

605.  cffusam]  'spread  out  in  long 
windings'. 

607.  terrae]  is  equivalent  to  in  terrain, 
cf.  11  89;  vi  115;  Verg.  Eel.  II  30  uiridi 
compellere  hibisco ;  Hor.  carm.  I  xxiv  18 
nigro  compulerit  Mercurius  gregi ;  Liv.  v 
51  sacra... terrae  eelauimus. 

608.  nomen]  i.e.  bidental.  Oud.  says 
that  two  MSS.  read  numen  in  the  sense 
of  'sanctity'  which  has  been  accepted  by 
himself,  Weber  and  others.  Weber  cf. 
Claudian  Proserp.  Ill  3,-,$  iude  timor 
numenque  loco,  but  it  is  difficult  to  see  how 
a  man  could  be  said  dare  numen  to  a  place, 
though  a  place  may  itself  have  numen. 

609.  electa  ceruice  marem]  i.e.  elcclu/u 
taurum.  It  was  held  important  to  secure 
an  animal  with  a  fine  neck  for  sacrifice; 
cf.  Juv.  xii  14  a  grandi  ceruix  ferienda 
miuistro. 

610.  obliquoque]  'to  spread  the  sailed 
meal  (i.e.  on  the  victim's  forehead)  with 
the  knife  held  sideways".  Fore,  quotes 
Sen.Thyest.6S8  tangensque  salsa  uictimam 
culter  mola. 


34 


LUCANI    PIIARSALIAK 


impatiensque  diu  non  grati  uictima  sacri, 
cornua  succincti  prcmcrcnt  cum  torua  ministri, 
dcposito  uictum  pracbebat  poplite  collum. 
ncc  cruor  cmicuit  solitus  :   sed  uolnere  largo 
diffusum  rutilo  nigrum  pro  sanguine  uirus.  615 

palluit  adtonitus  sacris  feralibus  Aruns 
atquc  iram  superum  raptis  quacsiuit  in  cxtis. 
terruit  ipse  color  uatem  :    nam  pallida  taetris 
uiscera  tincta  notis  gelidoque  infecta  cruore 
plurimus  adsperso  uariabat  sanguine  liuor.  620 

cernit  tabe  iecur  madidum  :    uenasque  minaces 
hostili  de  parte  uidet.     pulmonis  anheli 
fibra  latet  paruusque  secat  uitalia  limes, 
cor  iacet :   et  saniem  per  hiantis  uiscera  rimas 
emittunt :    produntque  suas  omenta  latebras.  625 

quodque — nefas — nullis  impune  apparuit  extis 
ecce  uidet  capiti  fibrarum  increscere  molem 
alterius  capitis  :   pars  aegra  et  marcida  pendet, 
pars  micat  et  celeri  uenas  mouet  improba  pulsu. 


611.  non  grati]  i.e.  the  struggles  of 
the  victims  were  interpreted  as  showing 
the  anger  of  the  gods;  cf.  Tac.  Hist,  m 
56. 

61 2.  premerent]  'were  holding  down'. 
ministri]  sc.  the  popae,  cf.   Propert.   v 

(iv)  iii  6$  succinct ique  calenl  ad  noua  lucra 
popae. 

613.  deposilo]  i.e.  the  victim  sank  on  its 
knees';  cf.  Eur.  Hec.  561  KaOtlaa  irpbs 
yaiav  yovv. 

616.  fcralibus]  'ill-omened';  cf.  112 
supr. 

618  color]  cf.  Aesch.  Prom.  493—495 
aTr\ayxvwv  Te  Xetorryra  kclI  xpot'ae  riva 
^X0VT'  ttV  ei'77  dalfiocnp  irpbs  r)bovi)v  %o\^s 
Xo/3oC  re  ttoikIXijv  evfAop<plav. 

619.  gelidoque]  'and  steeped  as  they 
were  with  lukewarm  gore  many  a  dark 
stain  mottled  them  with  clots  of  blood.' 
The  distinction  between  cruor  and  sanguis 
does  not  appear  to  be  maintained  in  this 
passage:  cruor  is  properly  confined  to 
blood  that  has  been  already  spilt;  cf. 
Lucret.  II  194,  195  e  nostro  cum  missus 
cor  pore  sanguis  emicat  ex  sultans  late  spar- 
gitque  cruore m. 

622.  hostili  de  parte]  Two  parts  of  the 
liver  were  called  hostilis  and  familiaris 
pars:   here   the   hostilis  pars   is   that   of 


Caesar,  the  other  that  of  Pompeius. 
Weise  cf.  Cic.  de  div.  §  28  quomodo  est 
collata  inter  ipsos,  quae  pars  inimici,  quae 
pars  familiaris  esset?  Liv.  VIII  9  Decio 
caput  iocineris  a  familiari  parte  caesum 
haruspex  dicitur  ostendisse. 

623.  fibi-a]  appears  to  mean  one  ex- 
tremity of  the  lungs. 

latet]  'is  invisible',  i.e.  the  lung  was 
imperfect;  cf.  Eur.  Elect.  827 — 829  koX 
Xo/36s  ii.lv  oil  Trpoarjv  cnrXayxvois  ttv\o.i  5£ 
koX   (5ox«t   X°^s   7re\cts   Ka/cds  Z<pai.i>ov    rw 

ffKOTTOVVTl  7TpO(T/3oX(X5. 

limes]  That  limes  means  some  membrane 
is  clear,  but  whether  the  diaphragm  or 
some  other  it  is  not  easy  to  decide.  'The 
membrane  which  divides  the  vitals  is 
under-sized. ' 

624.  iacet]  'does  not  throb'. 

625.  produnt]  'the  caul  exposes  the 
intestines  it  should  hide',  i.e.  it  was  split. 

626.  impune]  'without  ill  conse- 
quence'. 

627.  increscere]  i.e.  of  the  two  lobes, 
probably  of  the  liver,  one  was  swollen 
and  had  overgrown  the  other;  cf.  Pers. 
1 1 1  3  2  Jll/ris  increuit  opimum  pingue. 

628.  aegra  et  marcida]  'sickly  and 
flabby'. 

629.  micat]  '  the  other  beats  and  keeps 


LIBER    I.   611— 651. 


35 


his  ubi  concepit  magnorum  fata  malorum  630 

exclamat :    uix  fas,  supcri,  quaccumquc  monetis 
prodcrc  me  populis:    ncquc  enim  tibi  summe  litaui 
Iuppiter  hoc  sacrum  :    cacsique  in  pcctora  tauri 
inferni  uenere  dei.     non  fanda  timcmus : 
scd  uenient  maiora  metu.     di  uisa  secundcnt  635 

et  fibris  sit  nulla  fides  ;   scd  conditor  artis 
finxerit  ista  Tages.     flexa  sic  omina  Tuscus 
inuoluens  multaque  tegens  ambage  canebat. 
at  Figulus  cui  cura  deos  secretaque  caeli 
nosse  fuit,  quern  non  stellarum  Aegyptia  Memphis  640 
acquaret  uisu  numcrisque  mouentibus  astra, 
aut  hie  errat,  ait,  nulla  cum  lege  per  aeuom 
mundus  et  incerto  discurrunt  sidera  motu  : 
aut  si  fata  moucnt  urbi  generique  paratur 
humano  matura  lues,     terraene  dehiscent  645 

subsidentque  urbes  ?   an  toilet  feruidus  aer 
temperiem  ?   segetes  tellus  infida  negabit  ? 
omnis  an  infusis  miscebitur  unda  uenenis  ? 
quod  cladis  genus,  o  superi,  qua  peste  paratis 
saeuitiam  ?   extremi  multorum  tempus  in  unum     650 
conuencre  dies,     summo  si  frigida  caelo 


the  veins  astir  with  rapid  throb,  as  if 
possessed'. 

630.    fata]  '  the  destined  approach'. 

633.  cacsique]  'but  the  infernal  gods 
have  found  their  way  into  the  body  of  the 
slaughtered  bull',  que  is  equivalent  to 
see/:  cf.  134  supr.  vi  756  where  we  have 
nee — que  in  the  same  way. 

636.  /ides]  'truth'. 

637.  Tages]  The  founder  of  the  art  of 
divination  in  Etruria.  Weise  cf.  Cic.  de 
div.  11  §§  50,  51 ;  Ov.  Met.  xv  558  foil. 
See  also  Mommsen  History  of  Rome  Bk. 
I  chap.  12. 

639.  P.  Nigidius  Figulus  was  a 
Pythagorean  philosopher  and  astrologer 
>f  Cicero's  times:  from  the  circumstances 
>f  the  birth  of  Octavius  he  is  said  to  have 
predicted  his  future  greatness.     Weise  re- 

1  Suet.  Aug.  94. 

640.  stellarum  uisu]  'astronomy'. 

64 1 .  numeris]    '  the    harmonies    that 
jide  the  stars'.    Perhaps  this  refers  to  the 
dative  velocities  of  the  heavenly  bodies 
n  their  orbits,  which  the  ancient  astrono- 
mers believed  themselves  able  to  ascertain 


by  computation  :  these  differences  in  speed 
produced  the  different  notes  in  the  music 
of  the  spheres;  cf.  Cic.  de  Rep.  VI  §  18 
where  numerus  refers  to  the  seven  notes 
mentioned  above. 

642.  nulla  cum  lege]  This  is  the 
Epicurean  theory;  cf.  Hor.  Epp.  1  xii  17 
stellae  sponte  sua  iussaene  uagentur  et 
errent. 

cum]  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  VI  359  madida 
cum  ueste  grauatum. 

644.  si  fata  mouent]  This  is  the  Stoic 
view;  cf.  Manil.  iv  49  hoc  nisi  fata  darent 
nutnquam  forluna  tulisset. 

646.  an  toilet]  '  will  the  air  grow  hot 
and  banish  all  coolness?' 

650.  extremi]  'many  men's  days  of 
doom  have  met  at  one  point  of  time',  i.e. 
many  are  doomed  to  die  at  once  in  this 
war. 

651.  summo  si]  'had  the  baleful  star 
1  if  Saturn,  cold  in  the  height  of  heaven, 
kindled  its  deadly  fires'. 

frigida]  cf.  Verg.  G.  1  336  frigida 
Saturni  sese  quo  stella  receptcl. 


1—2 


36  LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 

stclla  nocens  nigros  Saturni  acccnclcrct  ignes, 

Dcucalioneos  fudissct  Aquarius  imbrcs 

totaquc  diffuso  latuisset  in  aequorc  tcllus. 

si  saeuom  radiis  Ncmcaeum,  Phoebe,  Leonem        655 

nunc  premeres,  toto  flucrent  incendia  mundo 

succensusque  tuis  flagrasset  curribus  aether. 

hi  ccssant  ignes  :    tu  qui  flagrante  minacem 

Scorpion  incendis  cauda  chelasque  peruris 

quid  tantum,  Gradiue,  paras  ?     nam  mitis  in  alto   660 

Iuppiter  occasu  premitur  Venerisque  salubre 

sidus  hebet  motuque  celer  Cyllenius  haeret, 

et  caelum  Mars  solus  habet.     cur  signa  meatus 

deseruere  suos  mundoque  obscura  feruntur : 

ensiferi  nimium  fulget  latus  Orionis  ?  665 

imminet  armorum  rabies :    ferrique  potestas 

confundct  ius  omne  manu :   scelerique  nefando 

nomen  erit  uirtus  :    multosque  exibit  in  annos 

hie  furor :    et  superos  quid  prodest  poscere  finem  ? 

cum  domino  pax  ista  uenit.     due,  Roma,  malorum  670 

continuam  seriem'clademque  in  tempora  multa 

extrahe  ciuili  tantum  iam  libera  bejlo. 

terruerant  satis  haec  pauidam  praesagia  plebem : 

652.     nigros]   'lurid',    cf.    Hor.   carm.  'the   universe'.     For  the   local  ablative, 

IV  xii   26  nigrorumque  memor  dum   licet  cf.  supr.  91 ;  Verg.    G.  Ill  430  si  uirgi- 

ignium,  where  it  refers  to  the  funeral  pile,  neum  sitffnderit  ore  ruborem.     Id.  Aen. 

656.    premeres]  'if  thou  wert  now  close  VI  187  si  nunc  se  nobis  Me  aureus  arbore 

upon' :  i.e.  if  thou  wert  in  the  constellation  ramus  ostendat ;  Hor.  carm.  in  v  1  caelo 

Leo.  tonantem  credidimus  Iouem  reguare. 

fluereni]    'would    overrun    the    whole  665.     ensiferi]  cf.  Eur.  Ion  1153  0  re 

world'.  |t0?//377s  'ilplwv. 

658.     cessaut]  'are  at  peace',  i.e.  portend  668.     nomen  erit]  cf.  174 — 175  supr.; 

no  ill.  Thuc.  in  82. 

tu  qui]  'thou  who  kindlest  the  Scorpion  exibit]  'shall  have  free  course  for  many 

menacing  with  his  fiery  tail,  and  scorchest  a  year';  cf.  Plin.  Epp.  n  xi  18  in  tertium 

his  claws  with  heat';    cf.  Verg.  G.  I  33.  diem probationes  exierunt. 

660.     nam   mitis]    'kindly   Jupiter    is  670.    pax   ista]    'the  peace  we  seek'; 

sunk  deep  below  the  horizon'.  cf.  Cic.  ad  Att.  vn  v  §  \pace  opus  est:  ex 

mitis]  Weise  takes  this  as  equivalent  to  uictoria    cum     multa     mala,     turn     eerie 

placatus;   cf.    Hor.    carm.   saec.    33,    34  tyrannus  exsistet ;   Liv.  n  9  ne  Romana 

condiio    mitis   placidusque    telo    supplices  plebs    metu   pcrculsa    receptis    in    urbem 

audi  pueros  Apollo.  regibus  uel  cum  seruitute  pacem  accipcret. 

664.    feruntur]    'journey  through    the  due]  'draw   out  an  unbroken  chain  of 

sky  invisible'.  miseries'. 

mundo]  mundus  is  here  used  for  aether:  672.     ciuili]   'free   henceforth   through 

see  Dr  Munro's  note  on  Lucret.  1  73;    cf.  civil   war   alone';    cf.    vn  645,  646  post 

also  Verg.  Eel.  vi  34.     In  other  passages  proelia  natis  si  dominum  Fortuna  dabas  et 

Lucan   uses   mundus  for  'the   world'  or  delta  dedisses. 


LIBER    I.   652—695.  37 

sed  maiora  prcmunt.     nam  qualis  ucrtice  Pindi 
Edonis  Ogygio  decurrit  plena  Lyaeo,  675 

talis  et  attonitam  rapitur  matrona  per  urbem 
uocibus  his  prodens  urgentem  pectora  Phocbum  : 
quo  feror,  o  Paean  ?     qua  me  super  aethera  raptam 
constituis  terra  ?     uidco  Pangaea  niuosis 
cana  iugis  latosque  Haemi  sub  rape  Philippos..     680 
quis  furor  hie,  o  Phoebe,  doce  :   quo  tela  manusque 
Romanae  miscent  acies  bellumquc  sine  hoste  est  ? 
quo  diuersa  feror?     primos  me  ducis  in  ortus 
qua  mare  Lagei  mutatur  gurgite  Nili. 
hunc  ego  fluminca  deformis  truncus  harena  685 

qui  iacet  agnosco :    dubiam  super  aequora  Syrtin 
arentemque  feror  Libyen  quo  tristis  Erinys 
transtulit  Emathias  acies.     nunc  desuper  Alpis 
nubiferae  colics  atque  aeriam  Pyrenen 
abripimur.     patriae  sedes  remeamus  in  urbis  690 

impiaque  in  medio  peraguntur  bella  senatu. 
consurgunt  partes  iterum  totumque  per  orbem 
rursus  eo.     noua  da  mihi  cernere  litora  Ponti 
telluremque  nouam  :    uidi  iam,  Phoebe,  Philippos. 
haec  ait  et  lasso  iacuit  defecta  furore.  695 

674.  prcmunt]  'are  upon  them';  cf.  out  a  preposition  see  Mad  v.  §  232,  obs.  4. 
Verg.  Aen.  x  375  numina  nulla  prcmunt.         691.     bella]  i.  e.  the  murder  of  Caesar. 

675.  Ogygio]    i.e.    Theban;    cf.     Ov.  692.     iterum}  i. e.  under  Octavian. 
Ileroid.    X   48   qualis  ab    Ogygio   concita         693.     noua  da]   'grant  me  to  see  new 
Baccha  deo.                                                         shores  of  Pontus  and  a  new  land  :  I  have 

677.    prodens]   'revealing';    cf.    Verg.  already  seen  Philippi';  i.e.  having  seen 

Aen.  x  99  uenturos  nautis prodentia  ucntos.  with  the  eye  of  prophecy  the  battle-field 

680.  Philippos]  cf.  notes  on  1  supr.  of  Philippi  (cf.  680  supr.),  I  am  shocked 
and  693  infr.  to  think  that  it  will  be  again  the  scene  of 

681.  quo]  'to  what  purpose?'  cf.  Hor.  civil  war.  Lucan  confuses  Philippi  and 
Sat.  1  i  73  nescis  quo ualeatnummus quern  Pharsalus,  and  apparently  imagines  that 
praebeat  usum  ?  see  also  Mr  Roby's  Gram-  both  are  situated  on  the  shores  of  the 
mar  vol.  11  preface,  page  xxx  ('of  the  Pontus  Euxinus ;  cf.  Verg.  G.  1  491,  492 
predicative  dative'  §  5).  ncc  fuit  indignum   superis   bis   sanguine 

682.  hoste]  'a  foreign  foe';  cf.  Cic.  nostra  Emathiam  et  latos  Haemi  pingucs- 
de  off.  1  §  37  hostis  enim  apud  maiores  cere  campos.  Some  editors  read  ponti: 
nostras  is  dicebatur  quern  nunc percgrinum  the  meaning  would  then  be,  '  some  fresh 
dicimus.  sea-shore  in  some  fresh  land',  i.e.  other 

683.  diuersa]  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  xi  855  than  the  coast  of  Thessaly  :  in  either  case 
eur,  inquit,  diuersus  abis  ?  the  general  drift  of  the  expression  is  horror 

684.  mutatur] '  is  dyed  '.  cf.  Catull.  XI  at  the  same  land  Thessaly  being  twice  the 
7  sine  qua  septemgeminus  colorat  aequora     scene  of  civil  war;  cf.  vii  847 — 854. 

Nil  us.  695.     defecta    'exhausted*.      Oud.    cf. 

685.  hunc]  sc.  Pompeium.  Ill    625   defeetis  robare  membris :   iv    600 

686.  dubiam  Syrtin]  '  the  shifting  Syr-  defecta  membra.  See  also  Aetna  617  defer 
tis1  :  for  the  accusative  of  motion  to  with-  turn  raptis  ilium  sua  earmina  taniant. 


M.    ANNAEI    LUCANI 

PHARSALIAE 

LIBER   SECUNDUS. 


ARGUMENT  OF  BOOK  II. 


Remonstrance  with  the  gods  for  allowing  knowledge  of  the  future  i — 15.  Terror  at 
Rome;  lamentations  of  the  matrons  16—42,  and  of  the  men  43—66.  Reminis- 
cences of  the  civil  wars  of  Marius  and  Sulla  67 — 233.  Brutus  consults  Cato 
234 — 285.  Cato's  reply  286 — 325.  Marcia,  Cato's  former  wife,  returns  to  his 
house  326—349,  and  is  married  to  him  a  second  time  350 — 379.  Character 
of  Cato  380 — 391.  Pompeius  retires  to  Capua  ;  physical  geography  of  Italy 
392 — 438.  Caesar  overruns  northern  Italy  439 — 477.  Domitius  opposes  him  at 
Corfinium,  but  is  betrayed  by  his  soldiers  and  set  free  by  Caesar  478 — 525. 
Pompeius  addresses  his  troops  526 — 595,  and  retires  to  Brundisium :  description  of 
the  town  596 — 627.  He  despatches  his  son  Gnaeus  to  rouse  the  Eastern  nations 
628 — 649.  Caesar  tries  to  block  up  the  harbour  of  Brundisium  630 — 679.  Pom- 
peius escapes  to  Epirus  680 — -736. 

Iamque  irae  patuere  deum  manifestaquc  belli 
signa  dedit  mundus :   legesque  et  foedera  rerum 
praescia  monstrifero  uertit  natura  tumultu 
indixitque  nefas.     cur  hanc  tibi,  rector  Olympi, 
sollicitis  uisum  mortalibus  addere  curam  5 

noscant  uenturas  ut  dira  per  omina  clades  ? 
siue  parens  rerum,  cum  primum  informia  regna 

1.  patuere]  cf.  Petron.  122  continue*  4.  indixitque  ne/as]  '  made  proclama- 
clades  hominum  uenturaque  damna  aus-  tion  of  civil  war',  cf.  Cic.  in  Cat.  II  §  14 
piciis patuere  deum.  Manlius...bellum     populo     Romano     suo 

2.  leges]  cf.  Verg.  G.  I.  60  continno  nomine  indixit.  For  the  special  sense  of 
has  leges  aeternaque  foedera  certis  impost/ it  nefas  cf.  note  on  1  493. 

natwa  locis.  5.     addere  curam]   '  inflict  this  further 

3.  monstrifero]  cf.  Claudian.  Gigant.  trouble',  i.e.  the  knowledge  of  the  future 
3   omnia   monstrifero   complcbat    Tartara     derived  from  omens  in  addition  to  their 

fetu.  natural  anxiety  concerning  it. 

uertit]  '  turned  upside  down ' :  cf.  Verg.  7.    parens   rerum]  '  the  author  of  the 

G.    1    505   qttippe   ubi  fas  uersum   atque  world',  cf.  Sil.  Ital.  11  654 caeloque paren- 

nefas.  ton  murorum  repel  ens. 


LIBER    II.    i— 21. 


39 


matericmque  rudem  flamma  cedcntc  rcccpit, 

fixit  in  actcrnum  causas,  qua  cuncta  coercet 

se  quoque  lege  tenens,  et  saecula  iussa  ferentem     10 

fatorum  immoto  diuisit  limite  mundum  : 

siue  nihil  positum  est  scd  Fors  incerta  uagatur 

fertque  refertque  uices  et  habct  mortalia  casus : 

sit  subitum  quodcumque  paras:    sit  caeca  futuri 

mens  hominum  fati  :    liceat  sperare  timenti.  15 

ergo  ubi  concipiunt  quantis  sit  cladibus  orbi 
constatura  fides  superum  feralc  per  urbem 
iustitium  :    latuit  plebeio  tectus  amictu 
omnis  honos  :    nullos  comitata  est  purpura  fasces, 
turn  qucstus  tenuere  suos  magnusque  per  omnes     20 
crrabat  sine  uoce  dolor,     sic  funere  primo 


8.  rudem]  cf.  Ov.  Met.  1  7  rudis  indi- 
gestaque  moles. 

flamma  cedent  c\  diuisa  enim  flamma, 
elementa  se  quoque  singula  separarunt. 
Schol.  cf.  Ov.  Met.  I.  26 — 31  ignea  conuexi 
uis  et  sine  pondere  caeli  emieuit  summa- 
t]ue  locum  sild  legit  in  arce:  proximus  est 
aer  illi  leu  it  ate  locoque :  densior  his  tell  us 
elementaque  gravidia  traxit  et  pressa  est 
grauilate  sui :  ciratmfluus  umor  ultima 
possedit  solutumque  coercuit  orbem. 

recepif]  'took  to  himself,  cf.  Verg.  Aen. 
11  524,  525  recepit  ad  sese  et  sacra  longae- 
uom  in  sede  locauit.  Id.  VI  iii  medioque 
ex  hoste  recepi.  Compare  also  the  use  of 
'  reunion'  in  French. 

9.  flxit]  This  is  the  reading  of  Oud. 
and  has  apparently  the  better  authority : 
Sulpitius  followed  by  Weise  reads  finxit: 
the  two  words  are  commonly  confused. 

cans, is]  cf.  Tac.  Ann.  VI  28  (22)  contra 
alii J'atum  quidem  congruere  rebus  putant, 
sed  non  e  uagis  stellis,  uerum  apud prin- 
cipia  et  nexus  naturalium  causarum. 

10.  se  quoque]  '  binding  himself  too  by 
the  law  by  which  he  orders  all  things',  cf. 
Sen.  dial.  I  v  §  8  ille  ipse  omnium  conditor 
ac  rector  scripsit  quidem  fata,  sed  sequitur. 
semper  parel,  semel  iussit ;  cf.  also  Cic. 
N.  D.  II  §  75. 

saecula]  '  and  portioned  out  the  world 
by  the  fixed  line  of  destiny,  bringing  witli 
it,  as  it  rolls,  its  appointed  ages'. 

ferentem]   is  nearly  equivalent  to   qui 
ferret,    ferre   is    used  for  afferre,  cf.  the 
use  of  agere  in  Hor.  carm.  m  6  43,  44 
amicum  tempus  agens  abeunte  eurru. 
12.     uagatur]  cf.  I  042. 


13.  fertque  refertque  uices]  'and  brings  -' 
round  a  cycle  of  changes'. 

habet]  '  chance  sways  the  affairs  of  men' ; 
cf.  Sail.  Jug.  2  animus  incorruptus  agit 
atque  habet  cuncta,  neque  ipse  habetur. 
Oud.  with  some  MSS.  reads  habent  morta- 
lia casum,  i.e.  'are  subject  to  accident', 
for  which  cf.  Stat.  Silu.  in  53  sed  habent 
et  numina  legem. 

14.  caeca  futuri]  The  construction  is 
imitated  by  Claudian,  Pros.  1  138. 

15.  liceat]  'let  man  have  hope  even 
amidst  his  fears';  cf.  Aesch.  Prom.  248 — 
251  6vr\Tovs  iiravffa  ^.7)  irpobipKiadai  p.6pov. 
rb  woiov  evpuiv  rrjade  (pdpfxaKov  vbaov;  rv<p- 
Xds  Zv  avrois  e\vidas  KaruiKura.  fxiy 
uipi\rip.a  tout  edwpricru)  Pporois. 

16.  quantis]  '  what  disasters  the  truth- 
fulness of  the  gods  is  destined  to  cost  the 
world ' ;  {ox  fides  cf.  1  636. 

18.  iustitium]  For  an  explanation  of 
the  term  cf.  Gellius  xx  cap.  1. 

latuit]  cf.  Juv.  in  212,  213  horrida 
mater,  pullati  proceres,  differt  uadimonia 
praetor. 

ro.  nullos]  'not  at  all',  cf.  VII.  25 
note. 

21.  sine  uoce]  'without  finding  expres- 
sion', mutus  crat  iste  dolor,  Weise;  cf.  1 
247. 

funere  primo]  'at  the  beginning  of 
death',  i.e.  when  life  is  on  the  point  of 
departing,  and  the  bystanders  cannot  tell 
whether  death  has  come  or  not ;  cf. 
Hood's  lines,  '  Our  very  hopes  belied  our 
fears,  Our  fears  our  hopes  belied ;  We 
thought  her  dying  when  she  slept,  And 
sleeping  when  she  died'. 


40 


LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 


attonitae  tacucrc  domus,  cum  corpora  nondum 

conclamata  iaccnt  nee  mater  crine  soluto 

exigit  ad  saeuos  famularum  bracchia  planctus : 

sed  cum  membra  prcmit  fugiente  rigentia  uita         25 

uoltusquc  exanimes  oculosque  in   morte  micantis 

nccdum  est  illc  dolor  sed  iam  metus  :    incubat  amens 

miraturque  malum,     cultus  matrona  priores 

deposuit :    maestacque  tenent  delubra  cateruae. 

hae  lacrimis  sparsere  deos,  hae  pectora  duro  30 

adfixere  solo  :    lacerasque  in  limine  sacro 

attonitae  fudere  comas :    uotisquc  uocari 

adsuetas  crebris  feriunt  ululatibus  aures. 

nee  cunctae  summi  templo  iacuere  Tonantis : 

diuisere  deos:    et  nullis  defuit  aris  35 

inuidiam  factura  parens:   quarum  una  madentis 

scissa  genas  planctu  liuentis  atra  lacertos, 

nunc,  ait,  o  miserae  contundite  pectora  matres, 

nunc  laniate  comas,  neue  hunc  differte  dolorem 

et  summis  seruate  malis  :    nunc  flere  potestas  40 

dum  pendet  fortuna  ducum  :    cum  uicerit  alter 

gaudendum  est.     his  se  stimulis  dolor  ipse  lacessit. 


22.  attonitae]  'in  dismay ', cf.  Juv.  IV  146. 
corpora]  The  plural  used  for  the  singular: 

cf.  125  infr.     So  too  corpora  is  used  in  Ov. 
Met.  viii  416. 

23.  conclamata]  'mourned  as  dead', 
'given  up'.  So  in  Ter.  Eun.  II  3  56 
conclamati/m  est,  '  it  is  all  over'. 

24.  exigit]  '  compels  her  handmaidens' 
arms  to  inflict  cruel  blows  upon  them- 
selves', compare  Horn.  II.  XIX  301,  302 
eirl  51  arevaxovTO  yvvaiKes  YldrpoKXov  irpo- 
(paaiv,  acpQiv  6'  avrcov  Krjde  eKcurrr). 

25.  sed  cum]  'but  when  she  hangs 
over  the  limbs  stiffening  as  life  departs'. 

26.  micantis]  This  is  Oudendorp's 
conjecture  for  the  minaces  of  the  MSS.  He 
refers  to  Stat.  Theb.  v  216,  where  oculis 
tremens  is  used  of  a  dying  man.  Bers- 
mannus  with  one  MS.  reads  iacentis, 
Weise  natantis  after  Cortius. 

27.  dolor]  i.  e.  for  the  dead  :  met  its,  for 
the  dying.  Oud.  cf.  VIII  53,  54  quid pcrdis 
tempora  Indus  ?  cum  possis  ian/  ficre  times. 
Val.  Flacc.  I  326  miserere  parent/////,  mors 
bona,  dum  metus  est  nee  adl/uc  dolor. 

sed  iam]  iam  is  here  almost  equivalent 
to  adhuc,  'as  yet',  i.e.  at  the  point  we  have 


reached. 

31.  adfixere]  so  most  MSS.,  others 
read  adjlixere. 

32.  uofisque  //ocari]  '  the  ears  of  gods 
accustomed  to  be  invoked  with  prayer 
they  assail  with  wailing  cries'  :  cf.  Aesch. 
Again.  1078,  1079  77  5'  avre  5v<T<prjixov<ja 
tov  Oeov  KaKet  ovdtv  TrpoarjKovT  ev  7601s  wa- 
paaraTeiv. 

36.  inuidiam  factura  parens]  '  a  mo- 
ther destined  to  bring  odium  on  the  gods ' 
i.e.  in  case  they  should  refuse  to  hear  her 
prayers.  Oud.  cf.  IX  65  Pompeio  conti^it 
ignis  inuidia  maiorc  de/im. 

37.  scissa  getias]  cf.  Aesch.  Cho.  24 
npeiret.  Trapr/ls  <poivloi.s  a.fxvy/Aots  owxos. 

40.  et  sum  mis]  'nor  reserve  it'  :  the 
negation  is  to  be  carried  on  from  the  pre- 
ceding neue,  cf.  1  76,  infr.  235,  440,  &c. 

potestas]  For  the  use  of  this  word  with 
an  infinitive  cf.  Stat.  Theb.  Ill  296 — 298 
soli  cut  tanta  potestas  diuorumque  koi/ii- 
numque  meis  occurrere  telis  imp/ine. 

41.  pendet]  '  hangs  in  the  balance'  ;  so 
in  pendent i  est  is  used  in  the  legal  writers 
of  an  undecided  suit. 

42.  gaudendum  est]  '  then  we  shall  have 


LIBER   II.   22—63.  41 

nee  non  bclla  uiri  diuersaquc  castra  petentes 
effundunt  iustas  in   numina  saeua  querelas : 
o  miserae  sortis  quod  non  in  Punica  nati  45 

tempora  Cannarum  fuimus  Trebiaeque  iuuentus. 
non  pacem  pctimus,  superi  :    date  gentibus  iras  : 
nunc  urbes  excite  feras :    coniuret  in  arma 
mundus:    Achacmeniis  decurrant  Medica  Susis 
agmina  :  Massageten  Scythicus  non  adliget  Histcr:  50 
fundat  ab  extrcmo  flauos  Aquilone  Sueuos 
Albis  et  indomitum   Rheni  caput :    omnibus  hostcs 
reddite  nos  populis  :   ciuile  auertitc  bellum  : 
hinc  Dacus  premat  inde  Getes:   occurrat  Hiberis 
alter,  ad  Eoas  hie  uertat  signa  pharctras.  55 

nulla  uacet  tibi,  Roma,  manus.     uel  perdere  nomen 
si  placet  Hespcrium,  superi,  collapsus  in  igncm 
plurimus  ad  terram  per  fulmina  decidat  aether, 
saeue  parens,  utrasque  simul  partesque  ducesque 
dum  nondum  meruere  feri.     tantone  nouorum  60 

prouentu  scelerum  quaerunt  uter  imperet  urbi  ? 
uix  tanti  fuerat  ciuilia  bella  mouere 
ut  neuter,     tales  pietas  peritura  querelas 

to  rejoice '.quia  tunc  non  licebitflere.Schol.  speaks  of  the  Getae  and  Dacians  as  two 

se  lacessit]    '  inflames    itself  ;    cf.    the  divisions  of  the  same  people,  and  as  such 

simile  of  the  lion  in  i  205 — 208.  they  are  apparently  regarded  by  Lucan  in 

45.  in  Punica  )iati\  'born  into  the  III  95  Dacisque  Getes  admix/us:  although 
age  of  the  Punic  wars';  compare  the  use  here  they  are  opposed  to  one  another  by 
in  Greek  of  rd  Tpwjra,  rd  NrjdiKa.  hinc  and  hide. 

46.  iuuentus]  '  the  soldiery  of  Cannae  55.     alter]  Caesar  :  hie,  Pompeius. 
orTrebia';  cf.  Juv.  11   155  quid  Cremerac  ad  Boas']  'to  meet  the  arrows  of  the  Kast'. 
legio  et  Cannis  consumpta  iuuentus t  56.     uacct]    'be   idle',    i.e.  so   that  it 

47.  gentibus]  sc.  extends  cf.  1  82,  93.  could  be  employed  in  civil  war. 

iras]  '  warlike  fury',  cf.  infr.  324,  529.  57.     collapsus  in  ipiern]   'sinking  into 

49.     Medica]    sc.    Parthian:    Oud.    cf.  flames',  cf.  Verg.  Aen.   II  624  turn  uero 

Propert.  11  xiii  1  non  lot  Ackaemeniis  ar-  omne  mihi  uisum  consider e in  ignes  Ilium, 

tnantur  Susa  sagittis.  58.    plurimus]   '  in  a  mass' ;    cf.   Ov. 

52.     Rheni  c aput]  c aput  is  used  both  of  Ibis  fioo  plurima   qua  flam  mas   Sicanis 

the  source  and  of  the  mouth  of  rivers  :  Aetna  uotnit. 

for  the  former  cf.  Pompon.  Mela  in  cap.  59.     saeue  parens]    i.e.    Iuppiter ;    cf. 

2  Rhenus  prope  a  capitc  duos  lacus  efficit ;  Hor.    carm.    I    xii    13    quid  prius  dieain 

and    so  Weise  takes  it  here,  referring  to  sol/'tis  parentis  laudihus?  see  also  Horn, 

the  Rhaeti;  for  the  latter  cf.  in  202  ;  Caes.  Od.   xx.   201,    202    ZfO  irdrep  oH  ris  aeTo 

I!.    G.    iv    10  Rhenus  multis  capitibus  in  8ewu  oXouirepos  aXXos"  ovk  i\ealpeis  wSpas, 

Ocean  urn  influit :  in  this  case  it  would  re-  iirriv  8rj  -ydveai  avros. 

fa  to  the  Batavi.     cf.  note  on  III  202.  60.     tantone]    'do    they    need    such    a 

54.     Dacus —  Getes].      According     to  crop  of  fresh  horrors  to  find  out  which  is 

Strabo    vn   3   (295)   the   country  of  the  to  be  lord  of  the  capital'. 

Getae  lay  between   the    I  lister  and  the  63.    ut  neuter]  'to  prevent  them  both'. 

Hcrcynian  forest,  and  in  vn    12   (304)110  pietas    peritura]    'patriotism     doomed 


42 


LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 


cgcrit.     at  miseros  angit  sua  cura  parentes, 
odcruntquc  grauis  uiuacia  fata  scncctae  65 

scruatosquc  iterum  bcllis  ciuilibus  annos. 

atque  aliquis  magno  quacrens  cxcmpla  timori, 
non  alios,  inquit,  motus  turn  fata  parabant, 
cum  post  Teutonicos  uictor  Libycosquc  triumphos 
cxsul  limosa  Marius  caput  abdidit  ulua.  70 

stagna  auidi  texere  soli  laxacque  paludes 
dcpositum,  Fortuna,  tuom :    mox  uincula  ferri 
exedere  sencm  longusque  in  carcerc  paedor. 
consul  ct  euersa  fclix  moriturus  in  urbe 
poenas  ante  dabat  scelerum.     mors  ipsa  refugit       75 
saepe  uirum,  frustraquc  hosti  concessa  potcstas 
sanguinis  inuisi :    primo  qui  caedis  in  ictu 
diriguit  ferrumque  manu  torpente  remisit ; 
uiderat  immensum  tcnebroso  in  carcerc  lumen 
terribilesque  deas  scelerum  Mariumque  futurum        80 
audieratque  pauens :    fas  haec  contingerc  non  est 
colla  tibi  :   debet  multas  hie  legibus  aeui 
ante  suam  mortes :   uanum  depone  furorem. 


soon  to  fade  away',  i.  e.  as  men  become 
accustomed  to  civil  war. 

67.  exempla  timori~\  'precedents  to 
bear  out  his  fears'. 

68.  motus]  used  specially  of  civil  dis- 
turbances, cf.  I  lor.  carm.  II  i  i  mot  um 
ex  Mctello  consule  ciuicum  ;  see  also  note 
on  1  184. 

70.  Marius']  Oud.  cf.  Cic.  in  Pison. 
§  43  C.  Marius,  quern  Italia  seruata  ab  illo 
demersum  in  Minturncnsium  paludibus, 
Africa  deuicta  ah  codem  expulsion  et  nau- 

fragum  uidit ;  cf.  also  Juv.  X  276 — 278 
exsilium  et  career  Mintumaritmque  palu- 
des, et  mendicatus  uicta  Karthagine  pan  is, 
/line  causas  habuere. 

7 1 .  auidi]  i.  e.  which  is  ready  to  swal- 
low up  everything,  'treacherous',  cf.  Hor. 
carm.  1  xxviii  18  cxitio  est  auidum  mare 
nautis'.  Some  MSS.  and  the  Roman 
edition  of  1469  read  uuidi  from  which 
Grotius  conjectured  udi. 

laxae]  Weise  explains  this  word  as 
equivalent  to  amplae,  spatiosae,  for  which 
sense  one  might  compare  Mart.  II  xxx  4 
et  cuius  laxas  area  flagellat  opes :  but  it 
seems  better  to  take  it  as  'yielding', 
'  loose',  cf.  Verg.  G.  IV  247  laxos  in  fori- 
bus  suspendit  aranea  casses. 


72.  deposition]  '  the  charge  entrusted 
to  them';  cf.  Juv.  XIII  60  si  deposit  urn 
non  infitietur  amicus. 

Fortuna]  i.  e.  the  evil  destiny  of  Rome 
is  regarded  as  entrusting  Marius  to  the 
safe  keeping  of  the  marsh  until  she  can 
use  him  for  the  rain  of  Rome. 

73.  exedere  senem]  '  wore  out  the  old 
man's  strength'. 

longus]  From  the  account  given  by 
Plutarch  in  his  life  of  Marius  cap.  38  it 
does  not  appear  that  he  was  long  detained 
in  prison  by  the  magistrates  of  Minturnae. 

paedor]  '  filth' ;  cf.  Tac.  Ann.  VI  50  (44) 
neque  exuerat  pacdorem  (Arlabanus)  ut 
uolgum  miseratione  aduerteret. 

74.  consul]  '  destined  to  die  as  consul 
(i.e.  for  the  seventh  time)  and  prosper- 
ous'. 

76.  hosti]  For  the  story  cf.  Phil. 
Marius  39. 

77.  primo]  '  in  the  very  act  of  aiming 
his  murderous  blow',  cf.  supr.  21. 

79.  lumen]  i.  e.  the  light  flashing  from 
the  eyes  of  Marius. 

80.  Mariumque  futurum]  '  Marius  as 
he  was  destined  to  be',  i.  e.  as  consul. 

82.  legibus  aeui]  '  the  laws  that  govern 
time',  equivalent  to  falls. 


LIBER    II.   64—100. 


43 


si  libct  ulcisci  deletae  funcra  gentis 
hunc,  Cimbri,  seruate  sencm.     non  ille  fauorc 
numinis,  ingcnti  supcrum  protectus  ab  ira, 
uir  fcrus  et  Romam  cupicnti  perderc  fato 
sufficicns.     idem  pelago  delatus  iniquo 
hostilem  in  tcrram  uacuisquc  mapalibus  actus 
nuda  triumphati  iacuit  per  regna  Iugurthae 
et  Poenos  pressit  cineres.     solacia  fati 
Karthago  Mariusquc  tulit :    paritcrquc  iacentes 
ignouere  deis.     Libycas  ibi  colligit  iras. 
ut  primum  fortuna  redit  seruilia  soluit 
conflato  saeuas  ergastula  fcrro 


85 


90 


95 


agmma 

exseruere  manus.     nulli  gestanda  dabantur 

signa  ducis,  nisi  qui  scclcrum  iam  fecerat  usum 

attulcratquc  in  castra  nefas.     pro  fata :  quis  ille, 

quis  fuit  ille  dies,  Marius  quo  moenia  uictor 

corripuit:   quantoque  gradu  mors  saeua  cucurrit.     100 


85.  non  ille  fauori\  ilium  non  ideo 
seruarunt  dii,  quod  ei  fauerent,  sed  quod 
Romae  irascerentur.     Weise. 

86.  ab  ira]  '  through  the  anger ' ;  e£ 
dpyrjs  :  cf.  Verg.  G.  I  234  torrida  semper 
ab  igni.  Ov.  A.  A.  ill  91  silices tenuantur 
ab  Ksn.  Id.  Amor.  11  xv  14  inque  sinum 
intra  laxus  ab  arte  cadam. 

87.  uir  fern s]  'a  man  of  blood'. 

88.  suflicicns]  'a  sufficient  instrument'. 

89.  hostilem]  i.  e.  Africa,  the  home  of 
Jugurtha  :  there  seems  to  be  some  confu- 
sion between  the  Carthaginian  territory 
and  the  kingdom  of  Jugurtha ;  cf.  Hor. 
carm.  II  i  25 — 29  Iuno  et  deoruni  quisquis 
amicior  Afris  inulta  cesserat  impotens 
tellure,  uictorum  nepotes  retttdit  in/erias 
Iugurthae. 

mapalibus]  cf.  Veil.  Pat.  II  19  inopcm 
uitain  in  tugurio  ruinarum  Karthaginen- 
siu/u  tolerauit.  mapalibus  is  dative,  cf. 
Hor.  carm.  I.  xxiv  18  nigra  compulerit 
Mercurius  gregi.  Id.  .Sat.  11  v  49  si  quis 
\  casus  puerum  egerit  Oreo. 

90.  nuda]  Weise  explains  this  as  nuda 
hu mo:  it  seems  rather  to  mean  'waste', 
'desolate';  cf.  Verg.  Eel.  1  15  silice  in 
nuda. 

92.     tulit]    sc.    alter  alteri;    cf.    Veil. 
Pat.  11   19  cum  Marius  aspiciens  Kartha- 
inem,  ilia  intuens  Murium,  alter  alteri 
osscnt  esse  solacio. 
pariterquc  iacentes]   'and   alike   ruined 


learned  to  forgive  the  gods'. 

93.  Libycas]  Marius  is  compared  to 
Antaeus,  for  whose  legend  see  iv  595  foil.: 
he  gathers  from  the  soil  of  Africa  fury 
against  Rome  such  as  Hannibal  and  Ju- 
gurtha had  shewn,  'true  African  fury'. 
Oud.  cf.  Manil.  iv  44 — 48  adice  et  ciuiiia 
bella  et  Cimbrum  in  Mario  Mariumque 
in  carcere  uictum  •  quod  consul  totiens 
cxsulque  ex  exsule  consul  et  iacuit  Libycis 
compar  iactura  minis,  eque  crepidinibus 
ccpit  Karthaginis  orbem. 

colligit]  cf.  note  on  1  207. 

94.  soluit]  Compare  what  Cicero  says 
of  Antonius,  ad  fam.  IX  XHI  §  2  qua- 
cunquc  iit,  ergastula  soluit  lioinines  ar- 
ripuit. 

95.  conflato]  'melted  down',  i.e.  the 
chains  of  the  slaves  in  the  ergastula  were 
melted  down  to  form  weapons  :  for  con- 
flare  cf.  Juv.  xiii  153  an  dubitet  soli/us 
totum  conflare  Tonantem  ' 

96.  exse)~uerc]  '  gave  up'. 

97.  nisi  qui  scelerum]  'save  to  him 
who  had  already  gained  experience  in 
crime,  and  brought  to  the  camp  ready- 
made  guilt '. 

100.  corripuit]  'seized  upon'.  cf. 
Verg.  Aen.  1  187,  188  constitit  hie  an  uni- 
que maun  celeresque  sagittas  corripuit. 

gradu]  cf.  Hor.  carm.  1  "ill  32  semo- 
tiquc  prius  tarda  necessilas  leti  corripuit 
PTodum, 


44 


LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 


nobilitas  cum  plcbc  perit :    latcque  uagatur 

cnsis  et  a  nullo  reuocatum  est  pectorc  ferrum. 

stat  cruor  in  templis :    multaquc  rubentia  caede 

lubrica  saxa  madcnt.     nulli  sua  profuit  aetas. 

non  scnis  extremum  piguit  uergentibus  annis  105 

praccipitasse  diem  :    nee  primo  in  limine  uitae 

infantis  miscri  nasccntia  rumpere  fata. 

criminc  quo  parui  cacdem  potucre  mcrcri  ? 

sed  satis  est  iam  posse  mori.     trahit  ipse  furoris 

impetus  :    et  uisum  lenti  quaesisse  nocentcm.  1 10 

in  numerum  pars  magna  perit :    rapuitque  cruentus 

uictor  ab  ignota  uoltus  ceruice  recisos 

dum  uacua  pudet  ire  manu.     spes  una  salutis 

oscula  pollutae  fixisse  trementia  dextrae. 

mille  licet  gladii  mortis  noua  signa  sequantur,        115 

degener  o  populus,  uix  saecula  longa  decorum 

sic  meruisse  uiris,  nedum  breue  dedecus  aeui 

et  uitam  dum  Sulla  redit.     cui  funera  uolgi 

flere  uacet  ?     uix  te  sparsum  per  uiscera,  Baebi, 


103.  stat]  'is  conspicuous',  cf.  Hor. 
carm.  I  ix  i  nides  tit  aita  stet  nine  can- 
didum  Soracte.  Ov.  Met.  xn  401  sic 
tergum  sessile  sic  slant  pectora  celsa  ton's. 

104.  lubrica]  Oud.  cf.  Sil.  Ital.  IV 
162,  163  artia  natant,  altnsque  uirum 
cruor  alius  equorum  lubrica  belligerae 
sorbet  uestigia  tur/nae. 

105.  non  piguit]  '  he  felt  no  remorse'. 

1 06.  praccipitasse]  '  to  bring  to  a  speedy 
end',  cf.  vii  353 praecipitai-e  meant fatis 
potuere  senectam. 

limine]  Oud.  cf.  Sen.  Here.  Fur. 
1 140  quas  in  primo  limine  uitae  scelus 
opprcssit  patriusque  furor. 

107.  infantis]  'to  break  the  hapless 
infant's  thread  of  destiny  at  its  birth'. 

109.  iam  posse  mori]  '  to  have  already 
a  life  to  lose  '. 

trahit]  cf.  Horn.  Od.  XVI  294  avrds 
yap  i<pe\Kerai  dvdpa  aLdrjpos. 

no.  uisum  lenti]  'it  seemed  a  slug- 
gard's part  to  have  searched  for  a  guilty 
man  to  slay'. 

in.  in  numerum]  'to  swell  the  num- 
bers', '  to  make  up  the  tale',  cf.  Veil. 
Pat.  II  73  scruitia  fugitiuosque  in  nume- 
rum sui  excrcitus  rccipiens.  Weise  ex- 
plains it  as  nulla  discrimine,  non  nisi 
numero.     in    numerum    more    commonly 


means  'to  set  time',   cf.  Verg.  G.  IV  227. 

114.  pollutae]  'to  imprint  trembling 
kisses  on  that  blood-stained  hand',  i.e. 
Marius  had  given  orders  that  all  to  whom 
he  did  not  offer  his  hand  to  be  kissed 
should  be  put  to  death:  cf.  Floras  11  9 
§    16  Ancliarius  ipso  uidente  Mario  con- 

fossus    est,     quia   fatalem    ill  am    scilicet 
maniim  non  pon-exerat  salutanti. 

115.  mortis  noua  signa]  i.e.  the  re- 
fusal of  Marius'  hand. 

116.  uix  saecula]  'on  such  terms  to 
earn  long  ages,  still  less  a  brief  moment 
of  dishonoured  life,  and  the  right  to  live 
while  Sulla  is  returning.' 

118.  dum — redit]  cf.  Verg.  G.  ill  296 
dum  mox  frondosa  reducitur  acstas. 

119.  uix]  sc.  flere  uacat.  'scarce  is 
there  time  to  lament  how  thou,  Bae- 
bius,  torn  piece-meal  didst  disappear 
amidst  the  countless  hands  of  the  ring  of 
soldiers  plucking  at  thy  limbs.' 

per  uiscera]  is  equivalent  to  uisceratim. 

Baebi]  According  to  Floras  II  9  §  26 
the  Baebius  who  was  torn  in  pieces  (sine 
fcrro  ritu  ferarum  inter  manus  laniatiini) 
perished  in  Sulla's  proscription:  another 
Baebius  having  been  put  to  death  by 
Marius.     Id.  11  9  §  14. 


LIBER    II.    ioi  — i;2. 


45 


innumcras  inter  carpentis  membra  coronae  120 

discessisse  manus  :   aut  te,  praesage  malorum 
Antoni,  cuius  laceris  pendentia  cam's 
ora  ferens  miles  festae  rorantia  mensae 
imposuit :    truncos  lacerauit  Fimbria  Crassos. 
saeua  tribunicio  maduerunt  robora  tabo.  125 

te  quoque  neglcctum  uiolatae,  Scacuola,  dextrae 
ante  ipsum  penetrale  deae  sempcrque  calentis 
mactauere  focos :    paruom  sed  fessa  senectus 
sanguinis  effudit  iugulo  flammisque  pepercit. 
septimus  haec  scquitur  repetitis  fascibus  annus:     130 
ille  fuit  uitae  Mario  modus,  omnia  passo 
quae  peior  fortuna  potest,  atque  omnibus  uso 


1 2 1.  discessisse]  discerpsisse  is  the 
reading  of  most  MSS.  and  is  retained  by 
Weise,  who  also  writes  intercarpentis  as 
one  word,  and  this  is  the  reading  which 
the  Scholiast  explains.  The  occurrence 
of  two  compounds  of  earpere  in  two  fol- 
low ing  lines  is  exceedingly  awkward,  and 
there  appears  to  be  no  authority  elsewhere 
for  the  form  intercarpere,  which  must  be 
read  if  we  retain  discerpsisse  as  innumcras 
manus  is  then  the  subject  of  the  sentence  : 
the  reading  may  have  arisen  from  the 
carpentis  in  line  120  being  carelessly 
repeated  in  copying,  discessisse  is  read 
by  Cortius,  Grotius  and  Oudendorp. 
Grotius  refers  to  in  65,  ix  785.  For  the 
sense  cf.  Juv.  m  259— :26i  quid  superest 
de  corporibus  ?  quis  membra  quis  ossa 
inuenit.'  obtritum  uolgi  per  it  omne  ca- 
daitcr  more  animae. 

12:.  Antoni]  M.  Antonius  the  orator, 
grandfather  of  the.  triumvir:  for  the  ac- 
count of  his  death  cf.  Plut.  Marius  44, 
Appian,  B.  C.  1  §  72. 

cants]  often  used  by  itself  for  white 
hairs,  cf.  Ov.  Met.  vm  9  inter  honoratos 
medio  de  notice  canos. 

124.  Fimbria]  cf.  Floras  II  9  §  14 
Caesares  a  Fimbria  in  penal '/'bus  damnum 
suarum  trucidaulur,  Crassi  pater  et  filius 
in  mutuo  alter  alterius  aspectu. 

125.  robora]  i.e.  robur  Tullianum, 
the  prison.  For  the  use  of  the  plural 
cf.  supr.  22. 

126.  neglectum  uiolatae  dextrae]  If 
the  reading  be  genuine  we  must  interpret 
this  as  Weise  does,  '  passed  over  by  that 
blood-stained  hand ',  referring  to  the 
mortis  noua  signa  of  line  115:  but  this 
use  of  the  dative  for  the  ablative  is  exceed- 


ingly rare  except  in  the  case  of  persons. 
Bentley  and  Cortius  read  neglectu — uio- 
latae Festae.  The  Scholiast  appears  to 
have  read  Festae.  According  to  Floras 
1.  c.  Scaevola  was  put  to  death  by  the 
younger  Marius  after  the  death  of  the 
elder.  Mucins  Scacuola  pontifex  Vestalis 
an/plexus  aras  tantum  non  eodem  igne 
sepelitur. 

uiolatae]  For  uiolare  in  the  sense  of 
staining,  ecpiivalent  to  Greek  /j.taii>eiv,  cf. 
Virg.  Aen.  XII  67  Indum  sanguineo  ueluti 
uiolauerit  ostro  si  quis  ebur:  but  here  the 
addition  of  ostro  makes  a  difference,  and 
I  can  find  no  instance  of  uiolare  by  itself 
thus  used. 

128.  paruom]  i.e.  there  was  not 
enough  blood  in  the  aged  body  of  Scae- 
vola to  put  out  the  sacred  fire.  cf. 
Shakspeare,  Macbeth,  Act.  v  Sc.  1,  'Yet 
who  would  have  thought  the  old  man  to 
have  had  so  much  blood  in  him?'  I  can 
find  no  other  instance  of  a  partitive  geni- 
tive after  paruom,  but  compare  exiguom 
sanguinis  infr.  140  and  paruus  cruor  iv 
239,  240. 

130.  annus]  '  year  of  office',  'consul- 
ship '.  Thirteen  years  had  elapsed  since 
his  sixth  consulship. 

r 3 1 .  modus]  Marius  died  during  the 
first  month  of  his  consulship. 

omnia  passo]  '  having  endured  all  that 
evil  fortune  can  force  men  to  endure,  en- 
joyed all  that  good  fortune  can  give  them 
to  enjoy'.  Oud.  cf.  Val.  Max.  \  1  9  §  14 
quid  huius  condicione  inconstantius  aut 
mu/abilius?  quern  si  inter  miseros  postteris 
miserrimus,  inter  f dices  felicissimus  repe- 
rietur. 


46  LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 

quae  melior,  mensoque  homini  quid  fata  pararcnt. 
iam  quot  apud  Sacri  cccidcrc  cadauera  portum 
aut  Collina  tulit  stratas  quot  porta  catcruas  135 

turn  cum  paene  caput  mundi  rerumque  potestas 
mutauit  translata  locum,  Romanaque  Samnis 
ultra  Caudinas  spcrauit  uolncra  Furcas. 
Sulla  quoquc  immcnsis  acccssit  cladibus  ultor. 
illc  quod  cxiguom  rcstabat  sanguinis  urbi  140 

hausit :    dumquc  nimis  iam  putria  membra  rccidit 
excessit  medicina  modum  nimiumquc  secuta  est 
qua  morbi  duxere  manus.     periere  nocentes  ; 
sed  cum  iam  soli  possent  superesse  nocentes. 
turn  data  libertas  odiis  resolutaque  legum  145 

frenis  ira  ruit.     non  uni  cuncta  dabantur, 
sed  fecit  sibi  quisque  nefas  :   semel  omnia  uictor 
iusserat.     infandum  domini  per  uiscera  ferrum 
exegit  famulus :   nati  maduere  paterno 
sanguine:   certatum  est  cui  ceruix  caesa  parentis    150 
cederet :    in  fratrum  ceciderunt  praemia  fratres. 

133.  menso]  'measured  what  fate  could  remove  the  mortified  flesh  cuts  away  the 
destine  for  a  man  ',  i.e.  found  out  by  pass-  sound  flesh  also.  Oud.  cf.  Sen.  de  benef.  v 
ing  through  it.  xvi  §  3  ingrattis  L.    Sulla,  qui  fiat  nam 

134.  Sacri — portum]  For  the  battle  durioribus  remediis  quam  pcricula  eranl 
of  Sacriportus  cf.  Veil.  Pat.  II  xxvi  §  1.  sanauit. 

136.  paene]  is  out  of  place  and  is  to  recidii\  For  the  metaphor  cf.  Soph, 
be  taken  with  mutauit,  cf.  Hor.  carm.  Ill  Ajax  582  01)  irpbs  larpov  aotpov  dp^velv 
vi  9 — 10  fiaene  occupatam  seditionibus  de-      eirydas  Trpbs  to/jluvti  ■ktjp.o.tl. 

leuit  urban  Dacus  ct  Acthiops.     See  also  142.     medicina']     Plin.  H.N.  xvn  22 

v  242.  applies  this  word  to  the  pruning  of  vines. 
caput]     The  revolted  allies  in  the  Social         nimiumque  secuta  est]    '  and  the  hand 

war  had  chosen  Corfinium  as  their  capital,  pursued  too  far  the  path  where  the  disease 

cf.  Veil.  Pat.  11  xvi  §  3.  led  it'. 

137.  Samnis]  cf.  Veil.  Pat.  11  xxvii  144.  soli]  i.e.  it  is  true  that  those  who 
§  1  circumuolansordinesexercitus  sui  Tele-  perished  were  guilty,  but,  as  guilt  was 
sinus  dictitansque  adesse  Romanis  ulti-  universal,  if  any  were  to  be  left  alive, 
mum  diem  vociftrabatur  eruendam  delen-  they  must  still  be  guilty  men. 

damque  urban,  adiciens  numquam  defu-  145.     odiis]1  private  enmity'. 

luros  rafitores  Italicac  libertatis  lupos  nisi  146.     non  uni]    'all    crimes   were    not 

sdua  in  quam  refugerc  solent  esset  excisa.  committed   for   one  man's  sake  ',  i.  e.  to 

138.  ultra]  'surpassing  the  disaster  of  please  Sulla,  cf.  Trebon.  apud  Cic.  ad 
the  Caudine  Forks',  cf.  Veil.  Pat.  II  fam.  XII  xvi  §  1  noli fiutarc,  mi  Cicero, 
lxxxviii  §  2  olio  ac  mollitiis  paene  ultra  me  hoc  auribus  tuis  dare.     See  also  note 

feminam  Jluens.  on  iv  688. 

139.  Sulla  quoquc]     'Sulla  too  in  his  147.     semel]    'once  for  all',     cf.  Sen. 
vengeance   came   to    crown  these   fearful  dial.  1  v  §  8  semper paret,  semel  iussit. 
disasters.'  150.     certatum  est]  '  brothers  contended 

1 41.  nimis  iam  putria]  'now  too  to  which  should  go  their  slaughtered 
rotten  to  be  left'.  Sulla  is  compared  to  father's  head',  i.e.  the  reward  for  his 
a    surgeon    who    in    too   great   haste   to     murder. 


LIBER   II.    133— 171. 


47 


busta  repleta  fuga  pcrmixtaquc  uiua  scpultis 

corpora :    nee  populum  latebrac  ccpere  ferarum. 

hie  laqueo  fauces  elisaque  guttura  fregit : 

hie  se  praecipiti  iaculatus  pondcre  dura  155 

dissiluit  percussus  humo ;   mortesque  cruento 

uictori  rapuere  suas :   hie  robora  busti 

exstruit  ipse  sui,  nccdum  omni  sanguine  fuso 

desilit  in  flammas  ct,  dum  licet,  occupat  ignes. 

colla  ducLim  pilo  trepidam  gestata  per  urbem         160 

et  medio  congesta  foro :   cognoscitur  illic 

quidquid  ubique  iacet  scelerum.     non  Thracia  tantum 

uidit  Bistonii  stabulis  pendere  tyranni ; 

postibus  Antaei  Libye :    nee  Graecia  maerens 

tot  laceros  artus  Pisaea  fleuit  in  aula.  165 

cum  iam  tabe  fluunt  confusaque  tempore  multo 

amisere  notas,  miserorum  dextra  parentum 

colligit  et  pauido  subducit  cognita  furto. 

meque  ipsum  memini  caesi  deformia  fratris 

ora  rogo  cupidum  uetitisque  imponere  flammis       170 

omnia  Sullanae  lustrasse  cadauera  pacis  : 


152.  busta]  here  used  simply  for  sepul- 
era,  cf.  Cic.  Tusc.  v§  100  (Sardanapalus) 
qui  incidi  iussit  in  busto,  hacc  habeo,  dfc. 
Here  it  probably  refers  to  the  catacombs. 

uiua]     Perhaps  a  reminiscence  of  Verg. 
Aen.  vm  485  mortua  quinetiani  iungebat 
I  corpora  uiuis. 

153.  populum]  'nor  could  the  wild 
beasts'  dens  contain  the  crowd  of  fugi- 
tives': for  populus  cf.  in  665  ;  for  cepere 

I  cf.  I  III. 

154.  guttura]  cf.  I  lor.  Epod.  Ill 
I — 2  parentis  olim  si  quis   impia    maiiit 

I  senile  gutlur fregerit. 

155.  pondere]  cf.  Juv.  in  270  quanta 
percussum  pondcre  signent  et  lacdant  si- 

\l  ice  in. 

156.  dissiluit]     'split     asunder'.      cf. 
lor.  Epod.  XVII  29  capulque  Marsa  dis- 

ilirc  n  cnia. 

mortesque]   '  snatched    from    the  blood- 
stained conqueror  their  own  deaths',  i.e. 
iticipated  him  by  putting  themselves  to 
jleath. 

1 59.     occupat  ignes]  '  uelabat  enim  Sulla 
epeliri'.     Schol.  cf.  infr.  170. 

162.     iacet]  here  simply  equivalent   to 
st,  cf.   I  20  et  gens  si  qua  iacet  nascenli 
•iscia   Nilo.     Weise   cf.    also   VIII    102 


ubicunque  iaces  equivalent  to  ubicunqut 
ucrsaris.  Sen.  Epp.  vm  ii  §  37  si  quid 
ultra  Dahas  bellicosum  iacet.  Oud.  reads 
latet  after  Grotius,  making  it  opposed  to 
cognoscitur.  '  There  whatever  horrors  are 
anywhere  concealed  see  the  light  of  day.' 
For  latet  one  might  compare  Psalm  lxxxiv. 
20  'The  dark  places  of  the  earth  are 
full  of  the  habitations  of  cruelty'. 

163.  Bistonii]  i.e.  of  Diomedes,  who 
fed  his  horses  on  human  flesh. 

pendere]  i.e.  the  heads  would  be  fixed 
on  the  posts  of  the  stall. 

164.  Antaei]  cf.  IV  605,  where  it  is 
implied  that  Antaeus  murdered  all  who 
came  into  his  power. 

165.  Pisaea]  i.e.  of  Oenomaus,  who 
put  to  death  the  suitors  of  his  daughter. 

166.  tabe Jluunt]  'grown  rotten  with 
corruption  '.     cf.  note  on  1  24 1 . 

confusa]  i.e.  made  unrecognisable,  cf. 
infr.  191. 

168.  subducit]  '  withdraws '.  cf.  Verg. 
Aen-.  vi  i>T.\Jiduni  capili  subduxerat  ensem. 

171.  lustrasse]  'examined',  cf.  Verg. 
Aen.  11  564  respicio  ct  quae  sit  me  circuiu 
copia  lust 10. 

pacis]  ironical :  cf.  what  Calgacus  says 
in  Tac.  Agric.  30  of  the  conduct  of  the 


48  LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 

pcrquc  omncs  truncos  cum  qua  ceruicc  rccisum 

conueniat  quaesisse  caput,     quid  sanguine  manes 

placatos  Catuli  rcferam  ?     cum  uictima  tristes 

inferias  Marius  forsan  nolentibus  umbris  175 

pendit  inexplcto  non  fanda  piacula  busto : 

cum  laceros  artus  aequataque  uolnera  membris 

uidimus,  et  toto  quamuis  in  corpore  caeso 

nil  animac  letale  datum,  moremquc  ncfandae 

dirum  sacuitiac  percuntis  parcerc  morti.  180 

auolsae  ccciderc  manus  exsectaque  lingua 

palpitat  ct  muto  uacuom  fcrit  acra  motu. 

hie  aures  alius  spiramina  naris  aduncae 

amputat :    ille  cauis  euoluit  sedibus  orbes 

ultimaque  effundit  spectatis  lumina  membris.  185 

uix  erit  ulla  fides  tarn  saeui  criminis  unum 

tot  poenas  cepisse  caput,     sic  mole  ruinae 

fracta  sub  ingenti  miscentur  pondere  membra : 

nee  magis  informes  ueniunt  ad  litora  trunci 

qui  medio  periere  freto.     quid  perdere  fructum       190 

iuuit  et  ut  uilem  Marii  confundere  uoltum  ? 

Romans,  ubi  solitudinem  faciunt  pacem  836  moron  ritusqiie  sacrorum  adiciam. 

appellant.  180.    pereuntis  parcere  morti]  '  to  for- 

172.  cum  qua  ceruice]  '  sought  a  neck  bear  to  kill  the  dying',  cf.  seruatum 
with  which  the  amputated  head  would  aliquamdiu  in  the  passage  of  Floras  cited 
fit',  i.e.  as  the  only  means  by  which  he  online  174. 

could  now  recognise  his  brother.  184.     orbes]   i.e.    the   eyes.      Oud.    cf. 

173.  conueniat]  cf.  Ov.  Amor.  11  xv  5  Sen.  Oed.  686 — 988  scrutatur  auidus 
tam  bene  conuenias  quaiu  met  um  couueuit  manibus  uncis  lumina:  radice  ab  una 
UU\  of  a  ring  fitting  the  finger.  funditus  uolsos  simul  euoluit  orbes. 

174.  Catuli]  The  brother  of  Marius  185.  spectatis]  i.e.  after  seeing  the  other 
was    tortured    to    death    at    the    tomb    of  members  tortured. 

Catulus   by  Sulla's  order,     cf.  Floras  11  186.     uix   erit]    'scarce   will   such   an 

9  §  26  Marium  duels  ipsius  fratrem  apud  atrocious  crime   ever  be  believed   in,  as 

Catuli  sepulerum  oculis   e/jossis  manibus  that   one   life  should  have  had  to  endure 

cruribusque  cjfractis  seruatum  aliquamdiu  so  many  tortures  '.    Weise  puts  the  comma 

ut  per  singula  membra  moreretur.  after  fides  and  makes  tam  saeui  eri minis 

cum  uictima]   'when  Marius  slaughter-  depend  on  tot  poenas,  explaining  criminis 

ed  as  a  victim  paid  a  fearful  penalty  to  of  the  death  of  Catulus  :  but  the  cruelty 

the  shade  perhaps  unwilling  to  receive  it',  which  Lucan  is  dwelling  on  here  is  the 

175.  inferias  pendit]   seems   to    be   a  death  of  Marius,  not  that  of  Catulus. 
shortened  expression  for  poenas  pendit  ut  188.      miscentur]     'are    crushed',      cf. 
infer iae.     cf.  infr.  642.  note  on  I  380. 

176.  inexpleto]  *  yet  unsatisfied'.  189.     nee  magis  informes]    'nor  more 

177.  aequatd]  quot  membra  tot  uol-  shapeless  are  the  bodies  when  washed 
nera.     Weise.  ashore  of  those  who  have  perished  in  mid 

178.  caeso]  '  mangled  '.  ocean'. 

179.  nil  animac]  'nought  inflicted  190.  perdere  fructum]  'spoil  thy  en- 
fatal  to  the  life  '.  joyment',  i.e.  of  the  sight  of  Marius'  head. 

more/u]  'fashion',     cf.   Verg.  Aen  xn  191.     confundere]   mutilate    so  that  it 


LIBER   II.    172—213. 


49 


ut  scclus  hoc  Sullac  cacdesquc  ostensa  placeret 

agnoscendus  erat.     uidit  Fortuna  colonos 

Pracnestina  suos  cunctos  simul  ensc  recisos, 

unius  populum  percuntcm  tempore  mortis.  195 

turn  flos  Hesperiae  Latii  iam  sola  iuuentus 

concidit  et  miserac  maculauit  ouilia  Romae. 

tot  simul  infesto  iuuenes  occumbere  leto 

saepe  fames  pelagique  furor  subitaeque  ruinae 

aut  caeli  terracquc  lues  aut  bellica  clades,  200 

numquam  poena  fuit.     densi  uix  agmina  uolgi 

inter  et  exsangues  immissa  morte  cateruas 

uictores  mouere  manus.     uix  caede  peracta 

procumbunt  dubiaque  labant  ceruice  :   sed  illos 

magna  premit  strages:  peraguntque  cadauera  partem  205 

caedis :    uiua  graues  elidunt  corpora  trunci. 

intrepidus  tanti  sedit  securus  ab  alto 

spectator  sceleris  :    miseri  tot  milia  uolgi 

non  piguit  iussisse  mori.     congesta  recepit 

omnia  Tyrrhenus  Sullana  cadauera  gurges.  210 

in  fluuium  primi  cecidere,  in  corpora  summi. 

praecipites  haesere  rates  et  strage  cruenta 

interruptus  aquis  fiuxit  prior  amnis  in  aequor : 


could  not  be  recognised ;  opposed  to  ag- 
noscendus, for  which  cf.  Juv.  VIII  206 
totafugit  agnoscendus  h arena. 

193.  Fortuna]  For  the  temple  of  For- 
tuna at  Praeneste  in  which  were  kept  the 
famous  sortes  Praenestinae  cf.  Cic.  de  div. 
II  §§  85,  86.  The  younger  Marius  took 
refuge  in  Praeneste,  the  inhabitants  of 
which  were  massacred  when  the  town 
was  captured  by  Sulla. 

195.  unius  populum]  'a  whole  people 
perishing  in  one  death-moment'. 

196.  Latii]  is  put  here  loosely  for 
Italy,  as  most  of  the  soldiers  slaughtered 
in   the   Septa   were   Samnites.     cf.    infr. 

432,  447- 

197.  ouilia]  i.e.  the  voting  place  in  the 
Campus  Martins,  otherwise  called  Septa. 
cf.  Florus  11  9  §  24  quattuor  milia  dedi- 
torum  inermium  ciuiutn  in  uilla  publica 
interfici  iussit. 

198.  infesto — leto]  'a  violent  death', 
cf.  Cic.  pro  Cluent.  §  188  quod  tarn  in- 
festum  scelus  et  immane  ? 

202.  immissa  morte]  'when  death  was 
thus  let  slip':  a  metaphor  from  hunting, 

II.  I.. 


cf.  Verg.  Eel.  II  58,  ^floribus  Austrian 
pcrditus  et  liquidis  inunisi fontibus  apros. 
cf.  also  Shakspeare,  Julius  Caesar  in  1 
'  Cry  havock,  and  let  slip  the  dogs  of  war '. 
203.  uix]  to  be  taken  with  procum- 
bunt, 'scarce  have  they  room  to  fall'. 

205.  strages]  '  heap  of  dead',  cf.  Tac. 
Ann.  vi  25  (19)  iacuit  immensa  strages, 
omnis  sexus,  omnis  aetas,  illustres  igno- 
biles,  dispersi  aut  aggerati. 

peragunt]  '  become  instruments  of 
slaughter'. 

206.  graues]  '  by  their  weight '.  cf. 
note  on  331  infr. 

207.  intrepidus]  'unshuddering '. 
210.      Tyrrhenus — gurges]  sc.  the  Tiber, 

cf.   Verg.  G.  I  499  quae  Tuscum  Tiberim 
et  Romana  Palatia  seruas. 

212.  praecipites]  naues  secundo  flu- 
mine  uersus  mare  uectae.     Weise. 

213.  aquis]  ablative,  in  respect  of  its 
waters,  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  V  821  sternitur 
aequor  aquis,  and  Conington's  note. 

prior  amnis]  '  the  front  part  of  the 
river',  i.e.  the  part  which  was  below  the 
dam  of  corpses. 


50 


LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 


ad  molcm  stctit  unda  sequens,  dum  sanguinis  alti 

uis  sibi  fecit  iter  campumquc  effusa  per  omncm    215 

praecipitiquc  mens  Tiberina  ad   flumina  riuo 

haerentis  adiuuit  aquas  :    ncc  iam  alueus  amncm 

nee  retinent  ripae  redditque  cadauera  campo  : 

tandem  Tyrrhenas  uix  eluctatus  in  undas 

sanguine  caeruleum  torrenti  diuidit  aequor.  220 

hisne  Salus  rerum  Felix  his  Sulla  uocari 

his  meruit  tumulum  medio  sibi  tollere  Campo? 

haec  rursus  patienda  manent :    hoc  ordine  belli 

ibitur:    hie  stabit  ciuilibus  exitus  armis. 

quamquam  agitant  grauiora  mctus  multumque  coitur  225 

humani  generis  maiore  in  proelia  damno. 

exsulibus  Mariis  bellorum  maxima  merces 

Roma  recepta  fuit :   nee  plus  uictoria  Sullae 

praestitit  inuisas  penitus  quam  tollere  partes. 

hos  alio,  Fortuna,  uocas :   olimque  potentes  230 

concurrunt.     neuter  ciuilia  bella  moueret 

contentus  quo  Sulla  fuit.     sic  maesta  senectus 


■214.  sanguinis  alti]  i.e.  the  deep  rivers 
of  blood  pouring  down  into  the  Tiber 
from  the  streets. 

218.  reddit]  '  casts  up  again  the  corpses 
on  the  plain '.  Oud.  cf.  viii  438  nostra 
cadauera  Tigris  detttlit  in  terras  ac  red- 
didit. 

220.  sanguine  torrent  i]  i.e.  a  torrent 
of  blood,  instead  of  water  discoloured 
with  yellow  sand.  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  VII 
30 — 32  ////;/,:  inter fluuio  Tiberimis  amoeno 
uorticibus  rapidis  et  mult  a  flauus  harena 
in  mare  prorumpit. 

ii\.  Salus  rerum]  'The  Saviour  of 
Society'. 

Felix]  Sulla  believed  that  he  was 
under  the  special  patronage  of  Venus, 
and  adopted  Felix,  which  he  rendered  in 
Greek  by  eircuppodiTos,  as  a  surname:  he 
also  gave  his  children  the  before  unknown 
names  of  Faustus  and  Fausta.  cf.  Plut. 
Sull.  34  Kcd  Trap'  rj/Mv  ev  toIs  Tpowaiois 
ovtws  dvayiypairTaf  AETKIOS  KOPNH- 
AI02  STAAAS  E1IA$P0AIT02.  frt  8t 
rrjs  Mer^XX^s  iraiola.  T€Kov<rr]s  Siovpa  to 
/j.£i>  appev  $>avo~rov,  to  ok  drjKv  ^avarav 
wvbpLaae'  t6  yap  evTVx^s  kclI  IXapbv  'Pw- 
/j.3.101  (pavtTTov  KaXovcnv. 

222.  Campo]  cf.  1  580. 

223.  hoc  online]  'in  this  course  of  war 


events  will  move ',  i.e.  first  one  side  and 
then  the  other  will  be  victorious  and 
massacre  its  opponents. 

224.  hie  stabit]  '  this  will  be  the  result 
ordained  for  civil  strife',  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  x 
467  slat  sua  euii/ue  dies. 

225.  quamquam  agitant]  'and  yet  our 
fears  suggest  yet  worse  disaster,  and  with 
far.  greater  damage  to  the  human  race  do 
they  now  meet  for  battle '. 

227.  exsulibus]  The  three  steps  of  the 
climax  are : 

(1)  The  recovery  of  Rome,  with  which 
Marius  was  satisfied. 

(2)  The  annihilation  of  the  opposing 
party,  which  was  all  that  Sulla  gained  by 
his  victory. 

(3)  What  Pompeius  and  Caesar  are 
now  aiming  at. 

230.  alio]  sc.  ad  maiora  facinora. 
Bersmannus. 

olim  potentes]  'now  long  powerful'. 
This  silver  age  use  of  olim  for  dudum 
occurs  perhaps  first  in  Seneca  Lucan  and 
Petronius :  cf.  Sen.  Epist.  lxxvii  (x  1) 
§  3  olim  iam  nee  peril  quidquam  tnihi 
ncc  adquiritur ;  Petron.  §  22  slertere  tan- 
quam  olim  dormientes  coc permit. 

232.  quo  Sulla  fuit]  sc.  contentus:  'if 
content  with  what  contented  Sulla'. 


LIBER    IT.    214—252.  51 

praetcritiquc  memor  flebat  metuensque  futuri. 

at  non  magnanimi  percussit  pcctora  Bruti 
terror  ct  in  tanta  pauidi  formidine  motus  235 

pars  populi  lugentis  erat :    scd  nocte  sopora, 
Parrhasis  obliquos  Helicc  cum  uerteret  axes, 
atria  cognati  pulsat  non  ampla  Catonis. 
inuenit  insomni  uoluentem  publica  cura 
fata  uirum  casusque  urbis  cunctisque  timcntcm      240 
securumque  sui,  farique  his  uocibus  orsus : 
omnibus  expulsae  terris  olimque  fugatae 
uirtutis  iam  sola  fides,  quam  turbine  nullo 
excutiet  Fortuna  tibi ;   tu  mente  labantem 
dirige  me,  dubium  ccrto  tu  robore  firma.  245 

namque  alii  Magnum  uel  Caesaris  arma  sequantur: 
dux  Bruto  Cato  solus  erit.     pacemne  tueris 
inconcussa  tenens  dubio  uestigia  mundo  ? 
an  placuit  ducibus  scelerum  populique  furentis 
cladibus  immixtum  ciuile  absoluerc  bellum  ?  250 

quemque  suae  rapiunt  scelerata  in  proelia  causae  : 
hos  polluta  domus  legesque  in  pace  timendae ; 

235.     el]  i.e.  tuque,  the  negative  being  (pv\ov  irov  irpo\i.ir6vT  dvOpuvovs  AiSCos  kolI 

carried  on.  N^e<rtf. 

pauidi]  is  perhaps  best  taken  in  active  •243.     uirtutis  iam  sola  fides]  '  in  whom 

sense,    'terror-striking',    cf.    Stat.    Theb.  alone  virtue  can  feel  confidence'. 

v  S67  pauidi J irus  incolaluci.  turbine]    'whirlwind',  or   it   might   be 

•236.    pars   populi]    'was    he    a    mere  taken  as  a  reference  to  Fortune's  wheel, 

member  of  the   grieving  populace',  i.e.  'by  no    turn   of  her   wheel',      cf.    Hor. 

he  was  not  content  like  others  merely  to  Epod.   xvn  7  citumque  retro  solue  sohtc 

grieve,  but  desired  to  act.  turbincm. 

237.  Parrhasis — Ilelice]  sc.  Arcadian  247.  pacemne]  'dost  thou  hold  fast 
Helice,  who  was  changed  into  a  bear,  and  to  peace,  keeping  thy  steps  unshaken 
became  the  constellation  Ursa  maior.  cf.  while  all  the  world  totters  round  thee?' 
Ov.  Fast,  in  107,  108.  cf.  Hor.  carm.  in  7 — Ssi/raclus  illabatur 

uerteret]  sc.  ire  pi  dpKrov  rpoirds.  orbis  impauidum  ferient  ruinae. 

238.  cognati]  i.e.  his  maternal  uncle,  250.  immixtum]  sc.  te ;  the  dative 
his  mother  being  the  sister  of  Cato.  cf.  immixto  would  have  been  a  simpler  con- 
Plut.  Brut.  2.  struction. 

pulsat]     cf.   Hor.   Sat.   I  i  10  sub  gall/  absoluerc]   '  to  free  from  guilt ',   i.e.  by 

cantum  consultor  ubi  ostia  pulsat.  joining  in  it.     The  Scholiast's  explanation 

239.  insomni]  Oud.  cf.  Horn.  II.  11  is,  innocens  facere;  et  est  defensio  om- 
61  ov  xph  iravvvx^ov  eudeiv  jiov\y}4>opov  nium  ad  haec  bella  uenientium,  si  idem 
dvdpa.  fecerit   Cato'.     Weise   cf.   VII   870   quid 

publica— fata  uirum]  'the  general  for-  tolum  premilis,  quid  tot  um  solicit  is  orbcm  ' 

tunes  of  the  citizens'.  252.    polluta  domus]  Sulpitius  explains 

242.     expulsae]    cf.     lies.    Works   and  this  as,  '  stupraquae  in  familias  exercuere'. 

Days  rc;7 — 200  kcl!  totc  677  irpbs"0\vnirov  cf.  Sail.  Cat.  14. 

dn-6  xOovb*  ei>pvo5et7]s  XevKoiaiv  (papeeairi  in  pace]  i.e.  because  '  inter  arma  silent 

Ka\v^/a,u^v!jj    xf>^a   KaKbv    dOaudrwy    p.eTa  leges'. 

4—2 


52 


LUC  AN  I    PHARSALIAE 


hos  ferro  fugienda  fames  mundiquc  ruinae 

permiscenda  fides,     nullum  furor  egit  in  arma ; 

castra  petunt  magna  uicti  mercedc  :   tibi  uni  255 

per  se  bella  placent  ?     quid  tot  durasse  per  annos 

profuit  immunem  corrupti  moribus  aeui  ? 

hoc  solum  longae  pretium  uirtutis  habebis, 

accipient  alios  facicnt  te  bella  nocentem. 

ne  tantum,  o  superi,  liceat  feralibus  arm  is  260 

has  etiam  mouisse  manus :   nee  pila  lacertis 

missa  tuis  caeca  telorum  in  nube  ferantur  : 

nee  tanta  incassum  uirtus  eat.     ingeret  omnis 

se  belli  fortuna  tibi.     quis  nolet  in  isto 

ense  mori  quamuis  alieno  uolnere  labens  265 

et  scelus  esse  tuom  ?     melius  tranquilla  sine  armis 

otia  solus  ages,  sicut  caelestia  semper 

inconcussa  suo  uoluuntur  sidera  lapsu  ; 

fulminibus  propior  terrae  succenditur  aer 

imaque  telluris  uentos  tractusque  coruscos  270 

flammarum  accipiunt :    nubes  excedit  Olympus 

lege  deum.     minimas  rerum  discordia  turbat, 


253-    ferro  fugienda]  cf.  I  182.    Petron. 

119    nulla   est  certa  don/us,   nullum  sine 

pignore    corpus,. ..arma    placent    miseris, 

detritaque  commoda   luxu   uolneribus  re- 

farantur. 

254.  fides]  'their  ruined  credit'. 
furor]   'thirst  for  blood',  which  would 

be  a  nobler  reason  for  fighting  than  desire 
of  gain.  cf.  Veil.  Pat.  11  iii  §  3  bella  que 
non  causis  inita  scd  prout  eorum  tnerces 
fu'/t. 

255.  mercede]  cf.  Petron.  119  quare 
tarn  perdita  Roma  ipsa  sui  merces  erat  ct 
sine  uindice  praeda. 

257.  immune///]  '  innocent  of  the 
morals  of  a  corrupted  age',  it/imunis  is 
more  commonly  constructed  with  the 
genitive,  but  cf.  Veil.  Pat.  11  xxxv  §  2 
Cato — omnibus  humanis  uitiis  immunis. 

259.  accipient]  'will  find  others  guilty'. 
cf.  infr.  288. 

•26 1 .  mouisse]  '  to  have  stirred  to  action'. 

262.  nube]  For  the  metaphor  cf.  Val. 
Flacc.  II  521,  522  occupat  Alcides  arcum 
totaque  pharetrae  nube  pre///  it. 

263.  incassum  eat]  'be  spent  in  vain1. 
Cortius  with  one  MS.  reads  in  casum, 
i.e.  'incur  danger'.  Weise  adopts  this 
reading. 


ingeret  se]  'will  launch  itself  on  thee'. 
264.     in   isto    ense]    'on   this   sword's 
point '. 

266.  scelus]  i.e.  the  death  of  a  fellow- 
citizen. 

267.  sicut  caelestia]  Oud.  cf.  Sen. 
Epist.  VI  vii  §  16  talis  est  sapientis  ani- 
mus qualis  mundus  super  lunam:  semper 
illic  sercnum  est. 

268.  uoluuntur]  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  IV 
5  24  cu///  medio  uoluuntur  sidera  lapsu. 

269.  aer]  'the  lower  air',  opposed  to 
aether. 

271.  nubes  excedit]  'soars  above  the 
clouds  '.  cf.  Goldsmith's  Deserted  Village, 
'As  some  tall  cliff  that  lifts  its  awful 
form,  Swells  from  the  vale  and  midway 
leaves  the  storm,  While  round  its  breast 
the  circling  clouds  are  spread,  Eternal 
sunshine  settles  on  its  head '. 

272.  minimas  rerun/]  Oud.  cf.  Sen. 
dial,  v  vi  §  1  pars  superior  mundi  et 
ordinatior  ac  propinqua  sideribus  nee  in 
nubcm  cogitur  nee  in  tempestatem  impel- 
litur  nee  uersatur  in  turbinem.  omni 
t/imultu  caret.  inferiora  fulminantur: 
code/n  modo  sublin/is  animus,  quietus  sem- 
per ct  in  statio/ie  tranquilla  collocatus, 
omnia  intra  se  premens  quibus  ira  contra- 


LIBER    II.   253—291. 


53 


pacem  summa  tencnt.     quam  laetae  Cacsaris  aures 

accipicnt  tantum  uenisse  in  proelia  ciucm  ? 

nam  praelata  suis  numquam  diuersa  dolcbit  275 

castra  ducis  Magni.     nimium  placet  ipse  Catoni, 

si  belluni  ciuile  placet,     pars  magna  senatus 

et  duce  priuato  gesturus  proelia  consul 

sollicitant  procercsquc  alii,  quibus  adde  Catonem 

sub  iuga  Pompeii,  toto  iam  liber  in  orbe  280 

solus  Caesar  erit.     quod  si  pro  legibus  arma 

ferre  iuuat  patriis  libertatemque  tueri, 

nunc  neque  Pompeii  Brutum  nee  Caesaris  hostem 

post  bellum  uictoris  habes.     sic  fatur :    at  illi 

arcano  sacras  reddit  Cato  pectore  uoces :  285 

summum,  Brute,  nefas  ciuilia  bclla  fatemur ; 
sed  quo  fata  trahunt  uirtus  secura  sequetur. 
crimen  erit  superis  et  me  fecisse  nocentem. 
sidera  quis  mundumque  ualet  spectare  cadentem 
expers  ipse  metus  ?  quis  cum  ruat  arduus  aether  290 
terra  labct  mixto  coeuntis  pondere  mundi 


hitur,  modestus  et  uencrabilis  est  ct  dis- 
posilus,  quorum  nihil  iiuicnics  in  irato. 
For  the  construction cf.  Hor.  Epod.  n  37, 
38  quis  non  malarum  qiias  amor  curas 
habet  haec  inter  obliuiscitur? 

275.  diuersa]  'opposing'.  cf.  infr. 
467. 

276.  nimium  placet]  'Caesar's  own 
conduct  fully  approves  itself  to  Cato  if 
civil  war  approves  itself,  i.e.  Cato  by 
joining  in  the  war  absolves  Caesar  from 
guilt,  cf.  supr.  250.  Weise  puts  a  comma 
after  ipse  and  interprets  placet  as  aliis  se 
placere  probarique  existimat,  i.e.  thinks 
his  cause  sufficiently  popular. 

2 78.  priuato]  Pompeius  held  no  legal 
office. 

279.  sollicitant]  sc.  me,  'rouse  me', 
i.e.  to  join  in  the  war;  cf.  Ov.  Amor,  in 
vii  74.  Weise  regards  sollicitant  as  equi- 
valent to  excruciaut  me,  for  which  he  com- 
pares Cic.  de  fin.  1  §  50  temerilas  et  libido 
et  ignauia  semper  animutn  excruciaut  el 
semper  sollicitant  turbulentaeque  sunt. 

quibus  adde]  'in  addition  to  whom 
bring  Cato  beneath  Pompeius'  yoke '. 
For  addere  with  a  preposition  implying 
motion  cf.  Ov.  Amor.  I  vii  1  adde  mama 
in  nine  la  >uca±. 


280.  sub  iuga]  cf.  Prop.  IV  iv  4  7i' 
gris  et  Euphrates  sub  tua  iura  fluent. 

281.  quod  si]  '  but  if  it  be  your  pleasure 
to  take  up  arms  only  on  behalf  of  our 
country's  laws  and  to  defend  liberty,  now 
in  Brutus  you  have  a  foe  neither  to  Pom- 
peius nor  to  Caesar ;  when  the  war  is 
finished  he  will  be  the  victor's  foe',  i.e. 
if  the  cause  of  freedom  is  the  only  one  in 
which  Cato  is  prepared  to  fight,  Brutus 
will  remain  neutral  in  the  war  between 
Pompeius  and  Caesar,  and  when  that  is  de- 
cided join  Cato  in  opposing  the  conqueror. 

pro  legibus]  sc.  and  in  no  other  cause. 
283.    nunc\  emphatic,  opponuntur  ««//<: 
et  post  bellum.     Grotius. 

287.  secura]  'careless  of  the  conse- 
quence '. 

288.  crimen]  i.e.  the  blame  for  my 
guilt  will  rest  with  the  gods,  not  with 
me. 

290.  cum  ruat]  cf.  Verg.  G.  I  324 
ruit  arduus  aether. 

291.  mixto  coeuntis  pondere  mundi] 
'involved  in  the  collapse  of  the  massive 
globe'.  For  the  hypallage  cf.  note  on 
1  74.  The  line  is  perhaps  a  reminiscence 
of  Verg.  Eel.  iv  50  adspice  conuexo  uu- 
lantem  pondere  mundum. 


54 


LUCAXI    PIIARSALIAK 


compressas  tenuisse  manus  ?     gcntcsnc  furorem 

Hesperium  ignotae  Romanaquc  bella  scquentur 

diductiquc  fretis  alio  sub  sidcrc  rcges, 

otia  solus  again  ?     procul  hunc  arcetc  furorem,       295 

o  supcri,  motura  Dahas  ut  clade  Getasquc 

sccuro  mc  Roma  cadat.     ecu  morte  parcntem 

natorum  orbatum  longum  produccrc  funus 

ad  tumulum  iubet  ipse  dolor :    iuuat  ignibus  atris 

inseruisse  manus  constructoque  aggcre  busti  300 

ipsum  atras  tcnuisse  faces :    non  ante  reuellar 

exanimem  quam  te  complcctar,  Roma,  tuomque 

nomen,  Libertas,  et  inanem  prosequar  umbram. 

sic  eat :   immitcs  Romana  piacula  diui 

plena  ferant :   nullo  fraudemus  sanguine  bellum.    305 

o  utinam  caelique  deis  Erebique  liceret 

hoc  caput  in  cunctas  damnatum  exponere  poenas  ? 

deuotum  hostiles  Decium  pressere  cateruae : 

me  geminae  figant  acies  me  barbara  telis 

Rheni  turba  petat :    cunctis  ego  peruius  hastis       310 

excipiam  medius  totius  uolnera  belli. 

hie  redimat  sanguis  populos :   hac  caede  luatur 

quidquid  Romani  meruerunt  pendere  mores. 

ad  iuga  cur  faciles  populi  cur  saeua  uolentes 


•292.  compressas]  'to  fold  his  hands 
and  hold  them  still',  cf.  Liv.  VII  13 
coi/ipressis  manibus  scdere. 

294.  diducti]  'separated  from  us'. 
Weise  reads  deducti  which  would  imply 
that  the  kings  were  colonists  from  Rome : 
for  the  common  confusion  between  de  and 
di  in  composition  cf.  note  on  I  448. 

alio  sub  sidere]  'under  another  clime', 
cf.  Juv.  xii  103  nee  Latio  aut  usqitam 
nostra  sub  sidcre  talis  belua  concipitur. 

296.  motura]  cf.  Hor.  carm.  II  i 
31,  32  auditumque  Medis  Hesperiae  soni- 
tiuu  ruinae. 

298.  longum  produccre]  'marshal  the 
long  funeral  procession',  cf.  Verg.  Aen. 
I\  486,  487  nee  te  tua  funera  mater  pro- 
duxi  pressiue  oeulos  ant  uolnera  laid. 

299.  atris]  specially  used  of  things 
funereal,  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  Ill  64,  65  slant 
manibus  arae  caeruleis  moestae  uittis  atra- 
quc  euprcsso. 

303.  prosequar]  '  follow  to  the  grave '. 
cf.   Ov.  Heroid.  xi   119  ipsa  quoque  in- 


fantes cum  uolnere  prosequar  umbras. 

umbram]  cf.  Plin.  Epp.  I  23  §  1 
pluriiuum  refert  quid  esse  tribunatum 
putes,  inanem  umbram  et  sine  honore  no- 
men  an  potestatem  sacrosanctam. 

304.  sic  eat]  Oud.  cf.  v  297  sic  eat, 
0  superi,  quando  pietasque  fidesque  de- 
stituunt.  Sen.  Epp.  I  v  §  8  nee  miror 
ista  sic  ire. 

305.  nullo]  sc.  tuque  meo.     Weise. 

306.  liceret]  sc.  milii.  deis  depends 
on  damnatum,  i.e.  'devoted  to  the  gods 
of  heaven  and  hell',  cf.  Stat.  Theb.  vn 
238,  239  subeunt  campo  qui  proximity 
urbi  damnatus  bcllis patet.  The  scholiast 
takes  deis  as  dependent  on  liceret:  uolt 
hoc  fieri  quia  fata  iusserunt. 

308.  Decium]  cf.  Juv.  VIII  254  foil, 
and  Prof.  Mayor's  note. 

310.  peruius]  'yielding  a  path  to  all 
the  spears',  i.e.  through  my  body.  cf. 
Sen.  Here.  Oet.  151  null's  uolneribus 
peruia  membra  sunt. 

314.     ad    iuga]    'why  perish   peoples 


LIBER    II.    292-337.  55 

regna  pati  pereunt  ?     me  solum  inuadite  ferro,       315 

me  frustra  leges  ct  inania  iura  tuentcm  : 

hie  clabit  hie  pacem  iugulus  finemque  laborum 

gentibus   Hesperiis :    post  me  regnare  uolenti 

non  opus  est  bello.     quin  publica  signa  ducemque 

Pompeium  sequimur  ?   nee  si  fortuna  fauebit  320 

hunc  quoque  totius  sibi  ius  promittcre  mundi 

non  bene  compertum  est :    ideo  me  milite  uincat 

ne  sibi  se  uicisse  putet.     sic  fatur,  et  acres 

irarum  mouit  stimulos,  iuuenisque  calorem 

excitat  in  nimios  belli  ciuilis  amores.  325 

intcrca  Phoebo  gelidas  pellente  tenebras 
pulsatae  sonuere  fores :    quas  sancta  relicto 
Hortensi  maerens  irrupit  Marcia  busto, 
quondam  uirgo  ton's  melioris  iuncta  mariti : 
mox  ubi  conubii  pretium  mercesque  soluta  est      330 
tertia  iam  soboles  alios  fecunda  penates 
impletura  datur,  geminas  ex  sanguine  matris 
permixtura  domos.     sed  postquam  condidit  urna 
supremos  cineres  miserando  concita  uoltu 
effusas  laniata  comas  concussaque  pectus  335 

uerberibus  crebris  cineresque  ingesta  sepulcri, 
non  aliter  placitura  uiro,  sic  maesta  profatur. 

yielding  to  the  yoke  and  willing  to  endure  murder  of  Caesar  and  the  battle  of  Phi- 

a  tyrant's  cruelly?'    populi  in   this  pas-  lippi. 

sage  and  in  several  others  in  the  poem,  327.     sancta]  'virtuous',  cf.  Verg.  Aen. 

seems   to   have   special    reference    to   the  XI  158  sanctissima  coninnx. 
tribes  of  Italy,  cf.  vn  185,  436.  328.     Marcia]     daughter    of    Marcius 

316.     me]  For  the  repetition  cf.  Verg.  Philippus  was  married  first  to  Cato,  and 

Aen.  ix  427  me  me,  adsum  qui  foci,  in  me  after  the  birth  of  three  children  yielded  by 

conuertite  femim  0  Rutuli.  him  to  his  friend  Hortensius,  after  whose 

318.  post  me]   'when  I  am  dead'.  death  she  now  returns  to  Cato. 

319.  publica]  i.e.  because  the  consuls  329.     melioris]  sc.  Cato. 

and    senate   were  on    that    side,    cf.  infr.  331.    fecunda]  'by  her  fruitfulness',  cf. 

?.'<.'<■  note   on    206    supr. :    this   seems  simpler 

,',2o.     mc — non]  'not  but  that  I  clearly  than  the  explanation  given  by  Weise,  nam 

see  •  gravida  erat  cum  Ilortensio  concessa  est 

321.     ius]  '  sway  over  'the  whole  world',  roganti. 

cf.  note  on  1  2.  334.     supremos  cineres]   cf.  Verg.  Aen. 

323.     sibi]   'for  himself  alone'.     Oud.  11  431   Iliad  cineres  et  flamma  extrema 

cf.  the  epitaph  of  Verginius  Rufus  in  1'lin.  meorum. 

Epp.  yi  x  §  4  hie  situs  est  Rufus  pulso  qui  336.      ingesta]      Weise   cf.    ix   172    in 

I  indue  quondam  imperium  asseruit  non  uoltus  effusa  comas,  x  84  laceros  dispcrsa 

sibi  sed  patriae.  capillos. 

.,24.     irarum]   'warlike  fury',  cf.  supr.  337.     non  aliter]   'in  no  other  guise'. 

4  7-  93>  incuha  neglecta  et  maerens  placitura  in- 

325.     nimios]   because  leading  to  the  culto  et  rigido  Catoni.     Weise. 


56  LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 

dum  sanguis  inerat  dum  uis  materna,  peregi 
iussa,  Cato,  ct  geminos  cxccpi  fcta  maritos. 
uisccribus  lassis  partuquc  cxhausta  rcucrtor  340 

iam  nulli  tradenda  uiro.     da  foedera  prisci 
illibata  tori :    da  tantum  nomcn  inane 
conubii :    liccat  tumulo  scripsissc,  CATONIS 
Marcia  ;    ncc  dubium  longo  quaeratur  in  aeuo 
mutarim  primas  expulsa  an  tradita  taedas.  345 

non  mc  laetorum  comitem  rcbusque  secundis 
accipis :    in  curas  uenio  partemque  laborum. 
da  mihi  castra  sequi :    cur  tuta  in  pace  relinquar 
et  sit  ciuili  propior  Cornelia  bello  ? 

hae  flexere  uirum  uoces,  et  tempora  quamquam  350 
sint  aliena  toris  iam  fato  in  bella  uocante, 
foedera  sola  tamen  uanaque  carentia  pompa 
iura  placent  sacrisque  deos  admittere  testes, 
festa  coronato  non  pendent  limine  serta, 
infulaque  in  geminos  discurrit  Candida  postes,        355 
legitimaeque  faces,  gradibusque  adclinis  eburnis 
stat  torus  et  picto  uestes  discriminat  auro : 

338.     sanguis]     'strength',     cf.    Stat.  349.    propior']  'more  concerned  in  civil 

Theb.   II   561,    562    dcin    toto    sanguine  war'. 

nixus  sustinct  immanent  quaerens  librare  Cornelia]  daughter  of  Metellus  Scipio, 

ruinam.     See  also  111  678.  whom  Pompeius  married  after  the  death 

uis  materna]    Oud.   cf.    Val.  Flacc.    II  of  Julia. 

325  dum  uires  utero   maternaque  sufficit  352.     foedera]     'the   mere  bond   and 

aetas.  marriage  rites  free  from  all  empty  show '. 

340.  lassis]  Oud.  cf.  Plin.  Epp.  VI  354.  serta]  cf.  Juv.  VI  51,  52  necte 
xxi  §  1  neque  enim  quasi  lassa  et  effeta  coronam  postibus  et  densos  per  limina 
natura  nihil  iam  laudabile  parit.  tende  corymbos. 

341.  da  foedera]  concede  coniugium  355.  infulaque]  In  this  and  the  fol- 
pudicum  et  absque  uenere.  Sulpitius.  cf.  lowing  line,  and  continually  throughout 
infr.  378.  this  passage  the  negative  is  carried  on  in 

342.  illibata]  cf.  Val.  Max.  VI  i  §  4  Lucan's  favourite  manner,  cf.  note  on 
illibata  uirginitas.  It  is  equivalent  to  ita  1  77.  infula  was  a  garland  with  festoons 
tit  illibata  sint,  cf.  note  on  ill  132.  of  wool  (candida)  sometimes  worn  on  the 

343.  seripsisse]  cf.  Propert.  V  xi  36  in  head.    cf.  Lucret.  I  87.               , 

lapide  huie  uni  nupta  fuisse  legar.  discurrit]  i.e.  across  the  doorway  from 

345.  expulsa  an  tradita]  'divorced  or     one  post  to  the  other. 

given  by  agreement'.  356.     legitimae]   faces  in  nuptiis  quin- 

346.  laetortim]     For  the   use   of  the     que  adhibebantur.     Weise. 

genitive    cf.   Quintil.    1  4  §  5  grammatice         adclinis]   'resting  on':  this  is  the  read- 

necessaria  pueris   iucunda   senibus  dulcis  ing  of  Oud.    and  appears   to  have  more 

secretorum  comes.     Oud.  cf.  Val.  Flacc.  I  authority  than  adclinis  which  Weise  reads. 

763  me  quoque,  ait,  casus  comitem  quicun-  Oud.  cf.  Val.  Flacc.  11  92  adclinem  sco- 

que propinquat  accipies.  pulo  inueniunt. 

347.  in  curas]  'to  share  your  sorrows  357.  torus]  sc.  genialis.  cf.  Catull. 
and  your  sufferings'.  LXIV  47—51  puluinar  ucro  Diuae geniale 


LIBER    II.    338-375. 


57 


turritaque  premens  frontcm  matrona  corona 

translata  uetuit  contingere  limina  planta. 

non  timidum  nuptac  leuiter  tcctura  pudorcm  360 

lutea  dcmissos  uelarunt  flammea  uoltus : 

baltcus  haud  fluxos  gcmmis  adstrinxit  amictus, 

colla  monilc  dccens,  umcrisque  hacrcntia  primis 

suppara  nudatos  cingunt  angusta  lacertos. 

sic  ut  erat  maesti  seruat  lugubria  cultus,  365 

quoque  modo  natos  hoc  est  amplexa  maritum. 

obsita  funerea  celatur  purpura  lana; 

non  soliti  lusere  sales :    nee  more  Sabino 

excepit  tristis  conuicia  festa  maritus : 

pignora  nulla  domus  nulli  coiere  propinqui :  370 

iunguntur  taciti  contentique  auspice  Bruto. 

ille  nee  horrificam  sancto  dimouit  ab  ore 

caesariem  duroque  admisit  gaudia  uoltu  : 

ut  primum  tolli  feralia  uiderat  arma, 

intonsos  rigidam  in  frontem  descendere  canos        375 


locatur  sedibus  in  mediis,  Indo  quod  dente 
politic m  tincta  tcgit  roseo  conchy  li  purpura 
fuco:  haec  ucstis  priscis  hominum  uariata 
figuris  heroum  mira  uirtutes  iudicat  arte. 
discriminate  'marks  out  the  coverlets 
with  gold  embroidery',  i.e.  the  coverlets 
on  the  bed  are  marked  out  with  embroid- 
ery, the  bed  itself  being  said  to  do  what 
is  done  to  the  things  resting  on  it.  cf. 
Claudian  in  consul.  Prob.  et  Olybr.  89 
nodus  qui  subleuat  ensein  album  punicco 
pectus  discriminat  ostro. 

358.  lurrila]  'towering',  'built  up 
high':  for  this  fashion  of  wearing  the  hair 
cf.  Juv.  vi  502 — 504  lot  premit  ordinibus 
tot  adhuc  compagibus  altum  acdijicat  caput: 
Andromachen  a  f route  uidebis ; post  minor 
est,  credas  aliam.  Fore,  refers  to  Hieron. x 
Ep.  130  ad  Demetriad.  §  7  cerussa  ora 
depingere,  onerare  crinem  cl  alienis  capil- 
lis  turrit um  ucrticem  struere.  Prudent, 
in  Psych.  183  turn  um  tort  is  caput  accu- 
mularat  in  altum  <  rinibus. 

matrona\  sc. promt ba :  frontem  sc.  suam. 
Oud.  reading  uitat  in  the  next  line  takes 
matrona  as  referring  to  the  bride. 

359.  translata]  cf.  Catull.  LXI  166 — 
16S  transfer  amine  cum  bono  limen  anre- 
olos  pedes  rasilemqtte  subi  forem.  The 
bride  was  carried  over  the  threshold  of 
her  new  house  to  avoid  the    evil   omen 


which  would  be  caused  by  her  stumbling. 

360.  leuiter']  'slightly',  referring  to  its 
transparent  texture. 

361.  dcmissos]  'modestly  cast  down'. 

363.  umeris  primis]  sc.  the  extremity 
of  the  shoulders,  almost  on  the  upper  part 
of  the  arm. 

364.  suppara]  supparum  tunicae  ge- 
nus erat  pectus  complexum,  subucula,  ca- 
misia:  id  angustum  i.e.  aegre  uelans  pec- 
tora  aut  lacertos,  ita  ut  pars  eorum  nuda 
appareat.     Weise. 

368.  sales]  sc.  the  fescennina  locutio 
of  Catull.  lxi  127  foil.  Weise  cf.  Sen. 
Med.  1 13  festa  dicax  fundat  conuicia  fes- 
ceiininus,  soluat  turba  iocos.  On  the  sub- 
ject of  coarse  raillery  on  festal  occasions 
in  general  see  Dr  Munro  on  Catull.  xxix. 

369.  excepit]  'took  up'  i.e.  joined  in. 

370.  pignora]  connexions,  generally; 
cf.  note  on  in  ^. 

371.  auspice]  The  presence  of  an 
aitspex  was  necessary  at  a  marriage,  cf. 
Cic.  de  div.  I  §  28  nihil  fere  quondam 
tuaioris  rei  nisi  attspicato  ne  priuatim  qui- 
dem  gerebatur :  quod  ctiam  nunc  nupti- 
arum  auspices  declarant,  qui  re  omissa 
nonun  tantum  tenent.  Juv.  x  336  ueniet 
cum  signatoribus  auspex. 

373.  duroque]  'nor  suffered  joy  to 
appear'. 


58 


LUC  AN  I    PIIARSALIAE 


passus  erat  maestamque  genis  incrcsccre  barbam. 
uni  ciui[)pc  uacat  studiisque  odiisque  carenti 
humanum  lugere  genus:   nee  foedera  prisci 
sunt  tentata  tori :    iusto  quoque  robur  amori 
restitit     hi  mores  haec  duri  immota  Catonis 
sccta  fuit,  scruarc  modum  fmemquc  tenerc 
naturamquc  scqui  patriacque  impenderc  uitam, 
nee  sibi  sed  toti  genitum  se  credere  mundo. 
huic  epulae  uicisse  famem ;    magnique  penates 
submouisse  hiemem  tecto :    pretiosaque  uestis 
hirtam  membra  super  Romani  more  Quiritis 
induxisse  togam :   uenerisque  huic  maximus  usus 
progenies  ;    urbi  pater  est  urbique  maritus, 


;So 


385 


* 


376.  maestam]  'in  token  of  mourning'. 

377.  uni]  sc.  Catoni,  as  the  only  true 
representative  of  the  wise  man  of  the 
Stoics. 

studiisque  odiisque carenti]  i.e.  impertur- 
bato,  showing  the  Stoic  atradeia,  for  which 
cf.  Sen.  Epp.  xn  iii  §  3  foil. 

379.  iusto]  'lawful',  cf.  in  227  itqite 
Cilix  iusta  iani  non  pirata  carina. 

381.  sectd]  sc.  disciplina,  cf.  Cic.  pro 
Caelio  §  40  qui  hanc  sectam  rationemque 
tiitae  re  magis  quant  uerbis  secuti  su- 
nt us. 

seruare  modum]  This  and  the  follow- 
ing expressions  are  Stoic  formulas,  cf. 
Sen.  Epist.  XXIII  (iii  3)  §  6  ita  dico:  in 
praecipiti  uoluptas:  ad  dolor  cm  tier  git  nisi 
modum  tencat.  modum  autem  tcnere  in 
co  difficile  est  quod  bonum  esse  credideris. 

fineni]  not  the  'end',  but  the  'limit', 
nearly  equivalent  to  modum.  cf.  Hor. 
Sat.  I  i  107,  icS  est  modus  in  rebus  sunt 
certi  denique  fines  quos  ultra  citraque 
nequit  cons  isle  re  rectum. 

382.  naiuram]  '  to  follow  nature',  the 
usual  Stoic  formula,  cf.  Cic.  de  off.  Ill 
iii  §  13;  Hor.  Epp.  I  x  12  uiuere  naturae 
si  conuenienter  oportet.  Sen.  Epp.  1  v  §  4 
nempe  propositum  nostrum  est  secundum 
naturam  uiuere. 

impendere]  cf.  569  infr.,  Stat.  Silu.  V  i 
63  uilamque  impendere  famae ;  Tac.  Ann. 
xn  65. 

383.  toti — mundo]  For  this  cosmo- 
politan feeling  among  the  Stoics  cf.  Sen. 
Epist.  xcv.  (xv.  3)  §§  52,  53  omne  hoc 
quod  uides,  quo  diuina  alque  humana  con- 
clusa  stmt,  unum  est:  membra  sum  us  cor- 
poris tnagni.     Natura  nos  cognatos  edidil, 


cum  ex  isdem  et  in  eadem  gigneret.  haec 
nobis  amorcm  indidit  mutuom  cl  sociabiles 
fecit,  ilia  aequom  iustumque  composuit. 
ex  illius  constitutione  miscrius  est  nocere 
quam  lacdi.  ex  illius  imperio  paratae 
sint  iuuantis  manus.  ille  tiersus  et  in 
pectore  et  in  ore  sit:  homo  sum,  humani 
nihil  a  me  alienum  puto.  habeamus  in 
commune  quod  nati  sumus.  societas  nostra 
lapidum  fomicationi  simillima  est,  quae 
casura,  nisi  inuicem  obstarct,  hoc  ipso  sus- 
tinctur. 

385.  submouisse]  This  word  is  pro- 
perly used  of  the  lictors  clearing  away  a 
crowd,  cf.  Liv.  Ill  48:  for  the  metaphor- 
ical use  cf.  Hor.  carm.  II  x  17,  18  informes 
/denies  reducit  luppiter  idem  submouet. 

386.  hirtam]  'a  coarse  toga',  i.e.  with 
no  under-garment,  cf.  I'lut.  Cato  6  iro\- 

X&KIS  5'    &VUTr65r]TOS  K0.1    O.XI.TWV  «S  TO  8r)fj.6- 

(Tiov  Trporjd  fxer   apiorov. 

387.  togam]  cf.  Hor.  Epp.  1  xix  12 — 
14  quid,  si  quis  uoltu  toruo  ferns  et  pede 
nudo  exiguaeque  togae  simulet  textore  Ca- 
tonem,  uirtutemne  repraesentet  Moresque 
Catonis?  For  the  toga  as  the  distinguish- 
ing dress  of  Romans  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  1  286 
Romanos  rerum  dominos  gentemquc  toga- 
tam,  and  the  story  told  by  Suetonius  of 
the  application  of  this  line  by  Augustus. 
Suet.  Aug.  40. 

ueneris]  cf.  Lucret.  IV  1103.  Propert. 
II  xv  11. 

388.  urbi  pater]  cf.  Hor.  carm.  ill 
xxiv  27 — 29  si  quae  ret  pater  urbium  sub- 
scribi  statuis  indomitam  audeat  refrenare 
licentiam.  Cato  had  spoken  of  himself 
as  standing  in  a  kind  of  parental  relation 
to  Rome  supr.  297  foil. 


LIBER    II.    376— 40S.  59 

iustitiac  cultor,  rigidi  seruator  honesti, 
in  commune  bonus  :    nullosque  Catonis  in  actus     390 
subrepsit  partemque  tulit  sibi  nata  uoluptas. 
intcrca  trcpido  discedens  agminc  Magnus 
moenia  Dardanii  tcnuit  Campana  coloni. 
hacc  placuit  belli  sedes,  hinc  summa  moucnti 
hostis  in  occursum  sparsas  extendcrc  partes,  395 

umbrosis  mediam  qua  collibus  Appenninus 
erigit  Italiam,  nullo  qua  uertice  tellus 
altius  intumuit  propiusque  acccssit  Olympo. 
mons  inter  geminas  medius  se  porrigit  undas 
inferni  superique  maris:   collesque  coercent  400 

hinc  Tyrrhena  uado  frangentes  aequora  Pisae, 
illinc  Delmaticis  obnoxia  fluctibus  Ancon. 
fontibus  hie  uastis  immensos  concipit  amnes, 
fluminaque  in  gemini  spargit  diuortia  ponti. 
in  laeuom  cecidere  latus  ueloxque  Metaurus  405 

Crustumiumque  rapax  et  iunctus  Sapis  Isauro 
Senaque  et  Hadriacas  qui  uerberat  Aufidus  undas  : 
quoque  magis  nullum  tellus  se  soluit  in  amnem 

389.     honest f\  rod  kcl\ov.  cf.  Cic.de  fin.  Phlegraens  is  a  different  matter  from  that 

v  §  66  honestum  aut  ipsa  uirtus  est  ant  of  a  word  like  nullus.    Cortius  reads  quo, 

res gesta  uirtute.  i.e.    'than   which  the  earth  rises  higher 

391.     sibi  nata  uoluptas}  'selfish  plea-  with  no  other  peak'.     In  any  case  Lucan 

sure'.  means  that  the  Appennines  are  as  high  as 

393.  moenia]  sc.  Capua,  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  any  mountains  in  the  world,  just  as  below 
x    145  et  Capys ;  hinc  nomen   Campanae  he  exaggerates  the  size  of  the  Po. 
ducitur  ur/'i.     Weise  refers  to  Suet.  Jul.  398.     Olympo\  sc.  the  sky.     cf.  1  140. 

8 £,  where  the  story  is  told  of  the  supposed  400.     collesque  coercent]   'the   hills   are 

discovery  of  the  tomb  of  Capys.  hemmed  in,   on   one   side  by  Pisae  that 

394.  hinc  summa  moiwnti]  sc.  ivrevdev  with  its  shallows  breaks  the  force  of  the 
op/uoj^ey  'making  this  his  head-quarters'.  Tyrrhenian  waves'. 

395.  sparsas  extendcrc  partes]  i.e.  to  402.  Delmaticis]  'from  the  Dalmatian 
send  forward  his  partisans  in  various  di-  coast',  cf.  note  on  1  106  Parthica  damna. 
rections.  cf.  1  468  per  omnem  spargitur  Ancon]  For  the  Greek  form  cf.  Juv. 
Italiam.  iv  40.     So  Auximon  466  infr.     See  also 

397.     erigit   Italiam]     'makes    central  note  on  1  231. 
Italy   rise   higher',      cf.    Tac.  Germ.   46  403.     concipit]  'gathers  the  source  of ', 

quidquid  siluarum  ac  montium    erigilur  cf.  Lucret.  VI  503  concipiunt  ctiam  multum 

la  t  roc  in  us  pererrant.  quoque  saepe  marinum  umorcm  {iiubila). 

radio  qua  uertict  tellus]     If  the  reading  404.   diuortia]  'two  widely  parted  seas'. 

be  sound  this  must  be  taken,  as  it  is  by  cf.  580  infr.     Cic.  de  orat.   111  §  69  hacc 

Weise,  as  an  hypallage  for  qua  [tellure)  autem,  ut  ex  Appennino  fluminum,  sic  ex 

nulla  tellus  uertice,  &?c.,  i.e.  'than  which  communi  sapientium  iugo  sunt  doetrina- 

land  none  rises  higher  with  its  peaks',  but  rum  facta  diuortia. 

the  passage  to  which  he  refers,  1x656/%/;-         407.     uerberat]      'lashes',      cf.     llor. 

1  stantes   serpente  gigantas  seems    to  carm.    11 1   xxx    10  dicar  qua   uiolens   ob- 

me  scarcely  to  justify  the  construction:  the  strepit  Aufidus. 
transference   of  a   mere  epithet  such   as         408.     quoque  magis]  'a  river  than  which 


6o 


LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 


Eridanus  fractas  deuoluit  in  aequora  siluas 

Hesperiamque  cxhaurit  aquis.     hunc  fabula  primum  410 

populca  fluuium  ripas  umbrasse  corona : 

cumquc  diem  pronum  transucrso  limitc  ducens 

succendit  Phaethon  flagrantibus  acthera  loris, 

gurgitibus  raptis  penitus  tellure  perusta, 

hunc  habuissc  pares  Phoebeis  ignibus  undas.  415 

non  minor  hie  Nilo,  si  non  per  plana  iacentis 

Aegypti  Libycas  Nilus  stagnaret  harenas. 

nee  minor  hie  Histro,  nisi  quod  dum  permeat  orbcm 

Hister  casuros  in  quaelibet  aequora  fontes 

accipit  et  Scythicas  exit  non  solus  in  undas.  420 

dexteriora  petens  montis  decliuia  Tybrim 

unda  facit  Rutubamque  cauom.     delabitur  indc 

Volturnusque  celer  nocturnaeque  editor  aurae 

Sarnus  et  umbrosae  Liris  per  regna  Maricae 

Vestinis  impulsus  aquis  radensque  Salerni  425 

culta  Siler  nullasque  uado  qui  Macra  moratus 


there  is  none  into  which  the  earth  more 
dissolves  itself,  i.e.  than  which  none 
carries  down  more  earth  with  it.  This 
seems  better  than  to  understand  it  to 
mean,  as  Weise  does,  than  which  no  land 
has  a  greater  river:  he  refers  to  IX  420 
Libyce — 71011  fontibus  ullis  soluitur,  i.  e. 
has  no  springs  of  water.  As  a  fact  the 
Po  carries  down  great  quantities  of  sedi- 
mentary matter  which  has  considerably 
extended  the  shore  at  its  mouths. 

409.  siluas]  cf.  Verg.  G.  I  481  pro- 
luit  insano  contorquens  ueriice  siluas  flu- 
uiorum  rex  Eridanus. 

410.  exhaurit  aquis]  'drains  Italy  of 
its  waters',     cf.  iv  638. 

411.  populca]  Virgil  makes  the  sisters 
of  Phaethon  to  be  changed  into  alders, 
cf.  Eel.  VI  6r,  62  turn  Phacthontiadas 
musco  circumdat  amarae  corticis  atque 
solo  procerus  erigit  alnos. 

412.  diem  pronum]  'the  waning  day', 
cf.  Ov.  Met.  xi  257  promts  erat  Titan. 
Propert.  I  xvi  23  me  mediae  nodes  me 
sidera  prona  iaceulem,  frigidaque  eoo  me 
dolet  aura  gelu. 

transuerso  limite]  sc.  out  of  its  proper 
course,  cf.  iv  818  transucrso  mentem  du- 
biam  torrente  tulcrunt. 

413.  loris]  pro  curribus,  parte  pro  toto. 
Weise. 

414.  raptis]  i.e.  evaporated. 


415.  pares]  'a  match  for  the  fires  of 
Phoebus',  cf.  Caes.  B.  G.  IV  7  sese  tut  is 
Sueuis  conecdere,  quibus  ne  di  quidem  im- 
mortales  pares  esse  possint. 

416.  non  minor]  i.e.  it  is  no  less  than 
the  Nile,  only  the  latter  floods  Egypt, 
and  so  appears  greater  than  it  really  is. 
Weise  cf.  in  253. 

per  plana  iacentis]  'level',  'flat'. 

417.  stagnaret]  'inundate',  cf.  Tac. 
Ann.  I  76  Tiberis  plana  urbis  stagnauerat. 

419.  casuros]  'the  springs  which 
might  flow  into  any  seas'.  Lucan  seems 
strangely  to  imply  that  the  Po  does  not 
receive  any  affluents. 

422.  cauom]  i.e.  running  in  a  gorge, 
cf.  Verg.  G.  1  328  implentur  fossae  et 
caua  ftumina  crescunt. 

423.  nocturnae]  i.e.  which  gives  out 
exhalations  at  night.  It  seems  best  to 
connect  these  words  with  the  Volturnus  in 
accordance  with  the  passage  which  Oud. 
quotes  from  Frontin.  Strat.  11  257  Vol- 
turnum  amnem  ultra  reliquorutn  naluram 
fiuminum  ingentes  auras  mane  proflare. 

424.  Maricae]  cf.  Hor.  carm.  Ill  xvii 
7,  8  innantcm  Maricae  litoribus  tenuisse 
Li  rim. 

425.  Vestinis  impulsus  aquis]  'sped 
on  its  course  by  streams  from  the  Ves- 
tinian  land '. 

426.  moratus]    'not    concerning  itself 


LIBER   II.   409—444. 


61 


alnos  uicinae  percurrit  in  aequora  Lunac. 

longior  educto  qua  surgit  in  aera  dorso 

Gallica  rura  uidct  deuexasquc  aspicit  Alpes. 

tunc  Vmbris  Marsisque  ferax  domitusque  Sabello  430 

uomerc  piniferis  amplcxus  rupibus  omncs 

indigenas  Latii  populos,  non  descrit  ante 

Hespcriam  quam  cum  Scyllaeis  clauditur  undis, 

extenditquc  suas  in  templa  Lacinia  rupes, 

longior  Italia  donee  confinia  pontus  435 

solueret  incumbens  terrasque  repelleret  aequor : 

at  postquam  gemino  tellus  elisa  profundo  est 

extremi  colles  Siculo  cessere  Peloro. 

Caesar  in  arma  furens  nullas  nisi  sanguine  fuso 
gaudet  habere  uias,  quod  non  terat  hoste  uacantis   440 
Hesperiae  fines  uacuosque  irrumpat  in  agros, 
atque  ipsum  non  perdat  iter  consertaque  bellis 
bella  gerat.     non  tarn  portas  intrare  patentis 
quam  fregisse  iuuat :   nee  tarn  patiente  colono 


with  any  boats',  i.e.  not  being  navigable. 
cf.  Hor.  Epp.  I  xv  16  nam  uina  nihil 
moror  illius  orae. 

427.  alnos]  'boats',  cf.  Verg.  G.  I  136 
tunc  alnos  primum  fluuii  sensere  cauatas. 

428.  longior]  sc.  Appenninus ; '  extend- 
ing further',  i.e.  beyond  the  boundaries 
of  Italy  (the  Maera  and  the  Rubicon) 
northwards. 

429.  deuexas]  'looks  on  the  slope  of 
the  Alps'. 

432.  Latii]  sc.  Italy,  cf.  supr.  196, 
infr.  447. 

433.  Scyllaeis]  sc.  the  strait  of  Mes- 
sana. 

435.  longior  Italia]  'once  extending 
beyond  Italy'. 

donee]  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  in  4^ — 419, 
haee  loea  ui  quondam  et  uasta  conuolsa 
ruina,  tantum  aeuilonginqua  ualet  mutare 
uetustas,  dissiluisse  fount,  cum  protinus 
utraque  tellus  una  foret ;  uenit  medio  ui 
pontus  et  undis  Hesperiuni  Siculo  latus  ab- 
seidit,  aruaque  et  urbes  litore  diductas 
angusto  interluit  aestu.  Oud.  cf.  Claudian 
de  rap.  Pros.  I  140 — 144  Trinacria  quon- 
dam Italiae  pars  una  J'uit,  ted  pontus  et 
ae st us  mutauere  situm ;  rupit  confinia 
Nereus  ttictor  et  abscissos  interluit  aequore 
monies,  paruaque  coguatas  prohibent  dis- 
crimina  terras. 


436.  incumbens]  cf.  Stat.  Theb.  X 
S64  amuis  tit  incumbens  longacui  robora 
pontis  assiduis  oppugnat  aquis. 

terrasque  repelleret  aequor]  i.e.  instead 
of  the  land  driving  back  the  sea. 

43S.  cessere]  '  fell  to  the  share  of  Si- 
cilian Pelorus'  i.e.  when  Italy  and  Sicily 
were  parted  the  extremity  of  the  Appen- 
nines  became  part  of  the  latter  ;  cf.  Verg. 
Aen.  in  333,  334  morte  Neoptolemi  reg- 
norum  reddita  cessit  pars  Heleno. 

439.  nullas  nisi  sanguine  fuso]  'Cae- 
sar rushing  with  fury  to  war  rejoices  to 
find  no  path  except  by  bloodshed ;  he  is 
glad  that  the  land  of  Italy  on  which  he 
tramples  is  not  clear  of  foes,  that  the 
fields  over  which  he  sweeps  are  not  de- 
serted ;  that  he  does  not  waste  his  march, 
but  wages  war  joined  to  war  without  a 
break.'  It  is  true  that  Caesar  scarcely 
met  with  any  resistance  in  Italy  and  did 
not  ravage  the  country,  but  it  is  in  ac- 
cordance with  Lucan's  custom  to  describe 
him  as  a  bloodthirsty  destroyer  cf.  I  144 
foil.,  534  infr.,  vii  557  foil. 

442.     perdat]  cf.  190  supr.  Ill  365. 

consertaque]  cf.  Auson.  Ep.  XX  13, 
1 4  uiue  uale  et  totidem  uenluros  congere 
lanos  quot  tuns  aut  noster  eonseruerc 
patres.  For  the  adversative  que  cf.  note 
on  1  134. 


62 


LUCANI    PIIARSALIAK 


arua  premi  quam  si  fcrro  populctur  ct  igni.  445 

conccssa  pudct  ire  uia  ciuemque  uidcri. 

tunc  urbes  Latii  dubiac  uarioque  fauore 

ancipites  quamquam  primo  tcrrore  mentis 

cessurae  belli,  denso  tamen  aggere  firmant 

mocnia  ct  abrupto  circumdant  undiquc  uallo  :        450 

saxorumque  orbes  et  quae  super  cminus  hostcm 

tela  petant  altis  murorum  turribus  aptant. 

pronior  in  Magnum  populus  pugnatquc  minaci 

cum  tcrrore  fides  :    ut  cum  mare  possidet  Auster 

flatibus  horrisonis  hunc  aequora  tota  sequuntur :  455 

si  rursus  tellus  pulsu  laxata  tridentis 

Aeolii  tumidis  inmittat  fluctibus  Eurum, 

quamuis  icta  nouo,  uentum  tenuere  priorem 

aequora,  nubiferoque  polus  cum  cesserit  Euro, 

uindicat  unda  Notum.     facilis  sed  uertere  mentes  460 

terror  erat  dubiamque  fidem  fortuna  ferebat. 

gens  Etrusca  fuga  trepidi  nudata  Libonis, 

iusque  sui  pulso  iam  perdidit  Vmbria  Thermo. 

nee  gerit  auspiciis  ciuilia  bella  paternis 

Caesaris  audito  conuersus  nomine  Sulla.  465 

Varus,  ut  admotae  pulsarunt  Auximon  alae, 

per  diuersa  ruens  neglecto  moenia  tergo 

qua  siluae  qua  saxa  fugit.     depellitur  arce 


446.  concessd]  'lawful',  cf.  Hor.  Sat.  I 
iv  1 1 3  ne  sequerer  moechas  concessa  cum 
Vencre  uti  posscm :  Weise  takes  it  as  sibi 

conccssa  a  Pompeio. 

447.  Latii}  cf.  supr.  196,  432. 
449.     cessurae]  ' ready  to  yield'. 

451.  super]  i.e.  desuper,  'from  above', 
cf.  vi  291. 

454.    fidcs~\  'loyalty'. 

mare  possidet]  '  is  master  of  the  sea', 
cf.  Ov.  Met.  iv  688,  689  ueniensque  im- 
menso  belua  ponto  eminet  et  latum  sub  pec  - 
lore  possidet  aequor.  Petron.  114  saepis- 
sime  in  oram  Italici  litoris  aquilo  possessor 
conuertebat  hue  illuc  obnoxiatn  ratem. 

456.  tellus]  sc.  Strongyle,  the  abode  of 
Aeolus.     Weise. 

laxata]  'laid  open',  cf.  Verg.  G.  1  89 
seu  plures  labor  Me  uias  et  caeca  relaxat 
spir amenta, 

457.  Aeolii]  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  1  81 — 86. 
inmittat]  cf.  note  on  1  103. 


459.  nubiferoque]  'and  when  the  sky 
has  yielded  to  the  East  that  brings  the 
clouds,  the  waves  maintain  their  claim  to 
the  West'.  Weise  cf.  v  571  foil.  See  also 
Ov.  Met.  VIII  4/O — 472  tit  que  carina, 
quam  uentus  uentoque  rapit  contrarius 
aestus,  uim  geminam  senlit,  paretque  in- 
certa  duobus. 

460.  Notum]  i.e.  the  same  as  the  Aus- 
ter of  line  454.     cf.  note  on  1  406. 

461.  ferebat]  equivalent  to  auferebat : 
so  infr.  487. 

463.  ius  sui]  sc.  the  power  to  dispose  of 
themselves,  cf.  vm  611,  612  Phariamque 
ablatus  in  alnum  pcrdiderat  iam  iura  sui. 

465.  conuersus]   'turned  to  flight'. 

466.  Auximon]  cf.  note  on  I  231,  402 
supr. 

467.  per  diuersa]  sc.  through  the  walls 
on  the  opposite  side  of  the  town. 

468.  qua  siluae]  flies  where  are  found 
woods  and  rocks,  i.e.  to  their  protection. 


LIBER   II.  445—490.  63 

Lcntulus  Asculca.     uictor  cedcntibus  instat 
diuertitque  acies  :   solusquc  ex  agmine  tanto  470 

dux  fugit  et  nullas  duccntia  signa  cohortes. 
tu  quoque  commissac  nudatam  deseris  arcem, 
Scipio,  Nuceriae :   quamquam  firmissima  pubcs 
his  sedcat  castris  iampridem  Caesaris  armis 
Parthorum  scducta  metu ;    qua  Gallica  damna        475 
suppleuit  Magnus,  dumquc  ipse  ad  bclla  uocarct, 
donauit  soccro  Romani  sanguinis  usum. 
at  te  Corfini  ualidis  circumdata  muris 
tecta  tencnt,  pugnax  Domiti :   tua  classica  seruat 
oppositus  quondam  polluto  tiro  Miloni.  480 

ut  procul  immensam  campo  consurgerc  nubem 
ardentisque  acies  percussis  sole  corusco 
conspexit  telis,  socii  decurrite,  dixit, 
fluminis  ad  ripas  undaeque  immergite  pontem  ; 
et  tu  montanis  totus  nunc  fontibus  exi  485 

atque  omnes  trahe,  gurges,  aquas  ut  spumeus  alnos 
discussa  compage  feras.     hoc  limite  bellum 
haereat,  hac  hostis  lentus  terat  otia  ripa. 
praecipitem  cohibete  ducem  :    uictoria  nobis 
hie  primum  stans  Caesar  erit.     nee  plura  locutus,  490 

470.     diucrtit]  'brings  over  to  his  own  479.     Domiti\      L.    Domitius    Aheno- 

side  '•  barbus,  selected  for  praise  as  the  ancestor 

473.     Nticeriae]  in  Umbria,     Nuceriae  of  Nero:  for  his  death  cf.  vn  599— 616. 
is  the  correction  of  Micyllus  for  the  Luce-         480.     oppositus]  'arrayed  against',  i.e. 

riae  of  the  MSS.:  from  Caesar  B.C.  1  24  these  were  the  troops  which  when  newly 

it  appears  that  Pompeius  was  at  Luceria  levied  had  been  employed  by  Pompeius  to 

in  Apulia  when  he  heard  the  news  of  the  overawe  the   court  at  the  trial  of  Milo. 

capture   of  Corfinium.      Luceria    cannot  cf.  note  on  1  320. 
therefore  at  this  time  have  been  lost  by         484.    fluminis]  sc.  the  Aternus. 
Scipio.  485.     totus]  'with  all  thy  force',     cf. 

475.    Gallica  damna]  After  the  defeat  of  Hor.  carm.  1  xix  9  in  me  tcta  rums  Venus 

Cotta  and  Sabinus  by  the  Nervii  Pompeius  Cyprum  deseruit. 

had  lent  a  legion  to  Caesar  to  make  up  for         486.      alnos]    sc.   the  timber    of   the 

his  losses:  when  the  Senate  required  that  bridge. 

Pompeius  and  Caesar  should  each  supply         487.    feras]  equivalent  to  auferas.     cf. 

a  legion  for  the  Parthian  war,  Pompeius  supr.  461.     Verg.  Eel.  ix  51  omnia  fert 

demanded  that  this  legion  should  be  re-  aetas,  animum  quoque. 
stored,    and   another   besides    sent    from         488.     terat  otia]    'waste   his   time   in 

Caesar's  own  forces  :  on  their  arrival  in  idleness'.     A  mixture  of  terat  tempus  and 

Italy  they  were  retained  there  and  not  otia  agat. 

forwarded  to  Asia.     cf.  Caes.  B.G.  VI  r,  489.     uictoria]    cf.  inf.  708  exigua  est 

1  4-  fugiens  uictoria  Magnus. 

47^>-     dumquc]    'till  he   should    recall         490.     stans]    'stayed'.      cf.    Sil.    Ital. 

them  for  war'.  XI 1  41  stabat  Cannarum  Graia  ad  muni- 

477.    tisum]  'the  loan  ofRoman  blood',  mina  uictor  nequicquam. 


64  LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 

dcuoluit  rapidum  ncquidquam  mocnibus  agmen. 

nam  prior  c  campis  ut  conspicit  amnc  soluto 

rumpi  Caesar  iter  calida  prolatus  ab  ira  : 

non  satis  est  muros  latcbras  quaesisse  pauori  ? 

obstruitis  campos  fluuiisque  arccre  paratis,  495 

ignaui  ?     non,  si  tumido  me  gurgite  Ganges 

submoueat,  stabit  iam  flumine  Caesar  in  ullo 

post  Rubiconis  aquas,     equitum  properate  catcruac  : 

ite  simul  pedites :   ruiturum  adscendite  pontem. 

haec  ubi  dicta,  leuis  totas  accepit  habenas  500 

in  campum  sonipes :   crebroque  simillima  nimbo 

trans  ripam  ualidi  torserunt  tela  lacerti. 

ingrcditur  pulsa  fluuium  statione  uacantem 

Caesar  et  ad  tutas  hostis  compellitur  arces. 

et  iam  moturas  ingentia  pondera  turres  505 

erigit  et  mediis  subrepsit  uinea  muris. 

ecce  nefas  belli  reseratis  agmina  portis 


captiuom  traxere  ducem,  ciuisque  superbi 
constitit  ante  pedes,     uoltu  tamen  alta  minaci 
nobilitas  recta  ferrum  ceruice  poposcit.  510 

scit  Caesar  poenamque  peti  ueniamque  timeri. 
uiue  licet  nolis  et  nostro  munere,  dixit, 
cerne  diem,     uictis  iam  spes  bona  partibus  esto 
exemplumque  mei :    uel,  si  libet,  arma  retempta ; 
et  nihil  hac  uenia,  si  uiceris  i|>se,  paciscor.  5!5 

491.  dcuoluit']  'hurries  down'.  scription  of  it  cf.  Veget.  de  re   mil.   IV 

492.  soluto]  i.e.  freed  from  the  bridge,      15. 

which  is  regarded  as  fettering  the  river.  507.     nefas   belli]    'a  military  crime', 

cf.  Verg.  Aen.  vm  728  pontem  indigna-  i.e.  it  is  a  crime  on  the  part  of  soldiers  to 

tus  A  raxes.  betray  their  general. 

493.  ad  ira]  cf.  note  on  86  supr.  508.     ciuisque  superbi]     'his    insolent 
495.     arcere]    For  the  omission  of  the  fellow-citizen',  sc.  Caesar. 

me  after  arccre  cf.  note  on  728  infr.  510.     recta]  Oud.  cf.  Sen.  Epp.  iv  viii 

497.     submoueat]    cf.    Verg.    Aen.   vn  §  2  recto  tibi  inuictoqtte  moriendum  est. 

225,  226  audiit  et  si  quern  tellus  extrema  513.     uictis]  'be  now  a  cause  of  hope 

refuso  submouet  Oceano.  to  the  conquered  faction,  and  an  example 

499.    ruiturum]  antequam  ruat.  Weise.  of  my   clemency'.,    uictis    implies    that 

This  seems  not  to  agree  with  what  was  Caesar  regards  his  enemies  as  certain  to 

said  in  492  infr.  viz.  that  the  bridge  was  be  conquered. 

already  destroyed.  spes]   For  spes  used  of  a  person  cf.  Verg. 

503.  statione]  'guard',    cf.  Tac.  Ann.  Aen.  II  281  0  lux  Dardaniae,  spes  0  fidis- 
XIV  8  Anicetus  uillam  statione  circumdat.  sima  Teucrum. 

504.  ad  tutas]   'to  the  protection  of  514.     uel  si  libet]  '  even,  if  you  will,  try 
the  citadel'.  the  fortune  of  war  again',     cf.  Ov.  Trist. 

505.  moturas]  sc.  to  discharge.  V  xii  51  si  demens  studium  fatale  rctenip- 

506.  uinea]    'pent-house':    for  a   de-  tcm. 


LIBER    II.   491—538. 


65 


fatur:    ct  adstrictis  laxari  uincula  palmis 
imperat.     hcu  quanto  melius  uel  cacde  pcracta 
parcere  Romano  potuit  Fortuna  pudori ; 
poenarum  extrcmum  cui  fit  quod  castra  sccutus 
sit  patriae  Magnumque  ducem  totumquc  scnatum  520 
ignosci.     premit  ille  graues  interritus  iras, 
et  secum  :    Romamne  petes  pacisque  recessus, 
degener  ?     in  medios  belli  non  ire  furores 
iamdudum  moriture  paras  ?     rue  ccrtus  et  omnes 
lucis  rumpe  moras  et  Caesaris  effuge  munus.  525 

nescius  interca  capti  ducis  arma  parabat 
Magnus  ut  immixto  firmaret  robore  partes, 
iamquc  secuturo  iussurus  classica  Phoebo 
temptandasque  ratus  moturi  militis  iras 
adloquitur  tacitas  ueneranda  uoce  cohortes  :  530 

fo  scelerum  ultorcs  melioraquc  signa  secuti, 
o  uere  Romana  manus,  quibus  arma  senatus 
non  priuata  dedit,  uotis  deposcite  pugnam. 
ardent  Hesperii  saeuis  populatibus  agri : 
Gallica  per  gelidas  rabies  effunditur  Alpes :  535 

iam  tetigit  sanguis  pollutos  Caesaris  enses. 
di  melius  belli  tulimus  quod  damna  priores  : 
coeperit  inde  nefas.     iamiam,  me  praeside,  Roma 


519.  poenarum]  'forwhich  it  is  the  worst 
of  punishments  to  be  pardoned  for  having 
followed  the  camp  of  their  country  &c.' 

cui  fit]  This  is  the  reading  which  Sul- 
pitius  gives:  the  reading  ciui  which  is 
found  in  most  mss.  is  supposed  by  Weise 
to  have  arisen  from  a  mistake  in  writing 
from  dictation. 

524.  iamdudum]  perhaps  best  taken 
with  paras ;  cf.  IV  545;  Ov.  A.  A.  I  317 
ingenti  iamdudum  de  grege  duci  iussit ; 
but  it  may  be  taken  with  moriture,  cf. 
Stat.  Theb.  VI  857  iamdudum  aelherias 
eadem  reditura  sub  auras.  See  also  note 
on  1  347. 

cert  us]  'sure  of  thy  fate'. 

525.  lucis. ..moras]  'the  ties  that  hold 
I   thee\o  life',     cf.    Plin.   Epp.   1  xii  §  8 

multa  ilia  uitae  sed  minora  rctinacula 
abrupit.  Val.  Flacc.  vi  733  saeua  quidem 
lucis  miscris  mora. 

527.  robore]  sc.  valido  tironc  ut  est  I 
305.     Weise. 

5»8.      iussurus  classica]     'intending   to 

H.   I.. 


bid  his  trumpets  sound '. 

529.  moturi]  sc.  castra.  cf.  Cic.  ad 
Att.  ix  i  §  1  postquam  ille  Camusio  moue- 
rat.  Liv.  XXIV  44  consules  legionibus 
scriptis  priusquam  ab  urbc  mouerent  pro- 
digia  procurarunt. 

iras]  'warlike  spirit'. 

531.  meliora]  'of  the  better  side'. 
cf.  vii  349  causa  iubet  melior  superos  spe- 
rare  secundos. 

537.  uere  Romana]  cf.  Tac.  Hist.  I  84 
ulline  Italiae  alumni  ct  Romana  uere  iu- 
tientus  ad  sanguinem  et  cacdem  depoposce- 
tint  ordinem,  in  which  passage  Otho  is 
addressing  the  Praetorian  guards. 

$■$$.     non  priuata]  cf.  supr.  319. 

53.v  effunditur]  'the  flood  of  Gallic 
fury  is  pouring'. 

537.  di  melius]  sc.  dedere.  cf.  Ill  93. 
Ov.  Heroid.  XVII  30  di  melius,  similis  non 

fuit  ille  tut. 

priores]  innocentior  enim  est  qui  prior 
acceperit  iniuriam.     Schol. 

538.  inde]  'on  his  side'. 

5 


60 


LUC  AN  I    PHARSALIAK 


supplicium  poenamque  pctat.     nequc  cnim  ista  uocari 
proclia  iusta  decet  patriae  scd  uindicis  iram.  540 

nee  magis  hoc  bellum  est  quam  cum  Catilina  parauit 
arsuras  in  tecta  faces  sociusque  furoris 
Lentulus  exsertique  manus  uacsana  Cethegi. 
o  rabies  miseranda  ducis,  cum  fata  Camillis 
te,  Caesar,  magnisque  uelint  misccre  Metellis,        545 
ad  Cinnas  Mariosque  uenis  ?     sternere  profecto, 
ut  Catulo  iacuit  Lepidus,  nostrasque  secures 
passus  Sicanio  tegitur  qui  Carbo  sepulcro, 
quique  feros  mouit  Sertorius  exsul  Hiberos. 
quamquam,  si  qua  fides,  his  te  quoque  iungerc,  Caesar 
inuideo,  nostrasque  manus  quod  Roma  furenti       551 
opposuit.     Parthorum  utinam  post  proelia  sospes 
et  Scythicis  Crassus  uictor  remeasset  ab  oris, 
ut  simili  causa  caderes  qua  Spartacus  hostis. 
te  quoque  si  superi  titulis  accedere  nostris  555 

iusserunt,  ualet  in  torquendo  dextera  pilo  : 
feruidus  haec  iterum  circum  praecordia  sanguis 
incaluit :    disces  non  esse  ad  bella  fugaces 


me  praeside]  'with  me  at  her  head'; 
praeses  does  not  appear  to  be  used  in  any 
technical  sense ;  Fore,  quotes  from  the 
Digest  tit.  I  18  praesidis  nonien  generate 
est,  eo  quod  et  proconsules  et  legal i  Caesar/' s 
et  omnes  prouincias  regentes  praesides  ap- 
pellentur.     See  also  Ov.  Met.  xv.  758. 

542.  in  teela]  to  be  taken  with  para- 
nit.  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  11  46  ant  haec  in  nos- 
tros  fabricata  est  machina  inuros. 

543.  exserti]  '  bare  -  armed '.  cf.  VI 
794,  Hor.  A.F.  50  dicere  cinctutis  non  ex- 
audita  Cethegis  and  Orelli's  note. 

545.  tniscere]  'to  raise  thee  to  the  level 
of:  similarly  it  is  used  of  bringing  down 
to  the  level  of  another  I  271.  'This  is 
taken  from  a  letter  of  Brutus  to  Atticus 
in  which  a  similar  expression  is  used  of 
M.  Antonius:  the  words  are  in  Plutarch's 
life  of  Brutus  29 :  ~Mapuov  5£  'Avtuiviov 
ai;iai>  (pr/ai  rrjs  avoids  dtdovaL  Slkijv,  oj  ev 
Bpoirrots  K<xi  KaacrioLS  Kai  Karuffi  crvvapid- 
fxeladai  8uva.fj.evos,  TrpoadrjKrjv  eavrbv  '0/c- 
Taploj  SiSuKev.'     Rutgersius. 

547.  ut  Catulo]  'as  Lepidus  fell  before 
Catulus'.  cf.  Floras  11  it,  who  however 
says  that  Lepidus  fled  to  Sardinia  and 
died  there. 


548.  Carbo]  For  his  execution  by 
Pompeius  in   Sicily  cf.   Appian   B.  C.   1 

96-  ... 

549.  quique]  sc.  ulque  taruit  Sertonus 

qui  &*c.  Sertorius  was  not  put  to  death 
by  Pompeius,  but  murdered  by  his  lieu- 
tenant Perperna.  cf.  Florus  11  8  §  9. 
Veil.  Pat.  11  xxx. 

550.  si  qua  Jides]  '  if  thou  wilt  believe 
me'. 

551.  inuideo]  'I  grudge  ranking  thee 
too  with  these,  and  regret  that  Rome  has 
set  my  hand  the  task  of  resisting  thy 
frenzy ; '  i.e.  Caesar  is  not  worthy  of  being 
ranked  with  Marius  and  China,  but  rather 
with  Spartacus.  For  inuidere  with  infi- 
nitive cf.  Persius  in  73  disce  nee  inuideas 
(i.e.  discere)  and  Conington's  note ;  for 
the  change  in  construction  cf.  VII  427 — 

433- 

554.  simili  causa]  sc.  by  the  hand  of 

Crassus.     cf.  Veil.  Pat.  11  xxx  §  5. 

555.  titulis]   'triumphs',     cf.  Ov.  He- 
roid.  IX  1 
dere  nostris. 

557.  circum  praecordia]  cf.  Verg.  G. 
1 1  4S4  frigidus  ohstitcril  circum  praecordia 
sanguis. 


gratu/or  Oechaliam  titulis  accc- 


LIBER    II.    539—5/8. 


67 


qui  pacem  potuere  pati.     licet  illc  solutum 

defcctumque  uocct  nc  uos  mca  tcrrcat  actas  :         560 

dux  sit  in  his  castris  senior  dum  miles  in  illis. 

quo  potuit  ciuem  populus  perducere  liber 

adscendi,  supraque  nihil  nisi  regna  reliqui. 

non  priuata  cupit  Romana  quisquis  in  urbe 

Pompeium  transire  parat.     hinc  consul  uterque,     565 

hinc  acies  statura  ducum  est.     Caesarne  senatus 

uictor  erit  ?     non  tarn  caeco  trahis  omnia  cursu 

teque  nihil.  Fortuna,  pudet.     multisne  rebellis 

Gallia  iam  lustris  aetasquc  impensa  labori 

dant  animos?     Rheni  gelidis  quod  fugit  ab  undis,  570 

oceanumque  uocans  incerti  stagna  profundi 

territa  quaesitis  ostendit  terga  Britannis  ? 

an  uanae  tumuere  minae  quod  fama  furoris 

expulit  armatam  patriis  e  sedibus  urbem  ? 

heu  demens,  non  te  fugiunt  me  cuncta  sequuntur :  575 

qui  cum  signa  tuli  toto  fulgentia  ponto, 

ante  bis  exactum  quam  Cynthia  conderet  orbem 

omne  fretum  metuens  pelagi  pirata  reliquit, 


559.  solutum}  'enfeebled',     cf.   I   311. 

560.  defectum}  'worn  out',  cf.  I  695 
note. 

561.  senior]  This  is  a  glaring  sophism 
which  is  put  into  the  mouth  of  Pompeius, 
as  in  the  Roman  system  of  fighting  a  small 
body  of  veteran  troops  was  more  than  a 
match  for  many  times  their  number  of 
untrained  recruits,  cf.  I  312  where  Caesar 
speaks  of  his  opponent's  troops  as  miles 
subitus. 

562.  liber]  emphatic,  'yet  remaining 
free'. 

c,6i,.  transire]  'to  outstrip',  cf.  IV 
499.  Quintil.  xii  1 1  §  28  uerum  ut trans- 
eundi  spes  non  sit  magna  tamen  est  digni- 
tas  subsequendi. 

566.     ducum]  i.e.  proccrum.     Weise. 

568.  teque  nihil]  'nor  art  thou,  For- 
tune, so  utterly  lost  to  shame'. 

569.  labori]  sc.  the  labour  of  conquer- 
ing Gaul.    cf.  1  282. 

570.  Rheni]  This  refers  to  Caesar's 
retreat  from  Germany  into  Gaul.  cf.  E.G. 
IV  19. 

571.  oceanumque]  'calling  the  pools  of 
a  shifting  sea  the  ocean',  cf.  Caes.  B.G. 
iv  29. 


incerti]  i.e.  on  account  of  the  tides  of 
Caes.  B.G.  I.e. 

572.  quaesitis]  'attacked  by  him  un- 
provoked'. 

574.  expulit]  'has  driven  the  city  forth 
in  arms  from  its  native  home',  i.e.  the 
citizens,  who  are  identified  with  the  city. 
Compare  the  language  of  the  Athenian 
democratic  party  at  Samos  in  Thuc.  vm 
76  us  ov  5ei  adu/J.e'ii'  6n  y]  ttoXis  avrwv 
d(peaTT]K€.  The  expression  is  a  strange 
one  as  patria  is  often  used  of  the  city  of 
Rome,  cf.  1  186,  m  73,  Tac.  Ann.  vi  21 
(15)  deuiis  plerumque  itineribus  ambiens 
patriam  ct  declinans. 

577.  ante  bis  exactum]  'before  the 
moon  could  twice  complete  and  hide  her 
disc',  i.e.  before  two  full  moons  and  two 
new  moons,  cf.  Ov.  Met.  vn  179  tres 
aberant  nodes  ut  cornua  tola  coirent  ejfi- 
eerentqne  orbem .  Weise  takes  orbis  of  the 
orbit  of  the  moon  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  V  46 
annuus  exactis  completur  mensibus  orbis, 
and  condere  as  'to  complete',  cf.  Hor. 
carm.  IV  v  29  condit  quisquc  diem  collibus 
in  mis.  Stat.  Theb.  x  54  condiderant 
iam  uota  diem. 

578.  metuens  pelagi]  to  be  taken  toge- 

5-2 


63 


LU'CANI    PHARSALIAE 


angustaque  do  mum  ten-arum  in  scde  poposcit. 

idem  ego  per  Scythici  profugum  diuortia  Ponti     580 

indomitum  rcgem  Romanaque  fata  morantem 

ad  mortem   Sulla  felicior  ire  coegi. 

pars  mundi  mihi  nulla  uacat :    sed  tota  tenetur 

terra  meis  quocumque  iacct  sub  sole  tropaeis. 

hinc  me  uictorem  gelldas  ad  Phasidos  undas  585 

Arctos  habct :   calida  medius  mihi  cognitus  axis 

Aegypto  atque  umbras  nusquam  flectente  Syene. 

occasus  mea  iura  timent  Tethynque  fugacem 

qui  ferit  Hesperius  post  omnia  flumina  Baetis. 

me  domitus  cognouit  Arabs  me  Marte  feroces       590 

Heniochi  notique  erepto  uellere  Colchi. 

Cappadoces  mea  signa  timent,    et  dedita  sacris 

incerti  Iudaea  dei  mollisque  Sophene. 

Armenios  Cilicasque  feros  Taurosque  subegi. 

quod  socero  bellum  praeter  ciuile  reliqui  ?  595 

uerba  ducis  nullo  partes  clamore  sequuntur, 
nee  matura  petunt  promissae  classica  pugnae. 
sensit  et  ipse  metum  Magnus  ;    placuitque  referri 
signa  nee  in  tantae  discrimina  mittere  pugnae 


ther,  'shrinking  from  the  open  sea',     cf. 
viii  811  pauidos  Cilicas  maris. 

579.  terrarum]  'on  land',  i.e.  at  Soli 
in  Cilicia  and  elsewhere,   cf.  note  on  1  346. 

580.  Scythici  diuortia  Ponti]  'the  dis- 
tant recesses  of  the  Scythian  sea'  i.e.  the 
kingdom  of  Bosporus  or  Panticapaeum 
over  which  he  had  set  his  son  Machares. 
For  diuortia  cf.  404  supr.  and  Tac.  Agric. 
19  diuortia  ilinerum. 

581.  Romanaque  fata  morantem]  'who 
delayed  the  march  of  Rome's  destiny', 
cf.  Hor.  carm.  in  xxvii  50  impudens 
Orcum  moror. 

582.  ad  mortem]  '  to  go  to  meet  his 
death'. 

felicior]  cf.  note  on  221  supr. 

584.  sole]  cf.  Hor.  carm.  11  xvi  18,  19 
quid  terras  alio  calottes  sole  mutamus? 
Verg.  G.  II  512  atque  alio  patriam  quae- 
runt  sub  sole  iacentcm. 

586.  medius  axis]  sc.  the  southern 
quarter,  cf.  Ill  359  Hesperium...in  axem. 
Juv.  xiv  42  quocunque  sub  axe. 

587.  umbras]  i.e.  Syene  is  exactly 
under  the  equator,  so  that  the  midday  sun 
being  vertically  overhead  casts  no  shadow. 


nusquam]  sc.  neither  to  right  nor  left, 
cf.  in  248. 

588.  fugacem]  i.  e.  because  of  the 
tides. 

589.  post  ovinia  flit  mind]  'furthest  of 
all  rivers'.  There  are  however  several 
Spanish  rivers  whose  mouths  lie  further 
west  than  that  of  the  Baetis,  e.g.  the 
Anas,  the  Tagus  and  the  Durius. 

593.     incerti]  cf.  Juv.  Xiv  96,  97  qui- 
dam  sortiti  meluentem  sabbata  pat  rem  nil  \ 
praeter  nubes  et  caeli  numen  adorant.  Tac. 
Hist.   V   5     Iudaei   mente   sola   unumquc  \ 
numen  intellegunt. 

Sophene]  Oud.  cf.  Claudian  in  Eutrop. 
I  220  in  mercem  ueniunt  Cilices  Iudaea 
Sophene,  Romanusquc  labor  Pompeianique 
triu  m  phi. 

596.  partes]  i.e.  the  soldiers  of  his 
side.     cf.  supr.  395. 

597.  matura]   '  the  immediate  signal'. 

598.  sensit  et  ipse]  '  felt  fear  in  his  own 
person',  i.e.  was  himself  afraid;  so  sen- 
tire  calorem  is  used  for  'to  be  hot';  cf. 
Juv.  XII  98. 

599.  in  tantae  discrimina  pugnae] 
according  to  Weise   is   equivalent  to  in  j 


LIBER   II.    579—619.  69 

iam  uictum  fama  non  uisi  Caesaris  agmen.  600 

pulsus  ut  armcntis  primo  ccrtaminc  taurus 

siluarum  secrcta  petit  uacuosque  per  agros 

exsul  in  aduersis  explorat  cornua  truncis  ; 

nee  redit  in  pastus,  nisi  cum  ceruice  recepta 

excussi  placuere  tori :    mox  reddita  uictor  605 

quoslibct  in  saltus  comitantibus  agmina  tauris 

inuito  pastore  trahit :    sic  uiribus  impar 

tradidit  Hcsperiam,  profugusque  per  Apula  rura 

Brundisii  tutas  conscendit  Magnus  in  arces. 

urbs  est  Dictaeis  olim  possessa  colonis,  610 

quos  profugos  Creta  uexere  per  aequora  puppes 

Cecropiae  uictum  mentitis  Thesea  uelis. 

hac  latus  angustum  iam  se  cogentis  in  arcum 

Hesperiae  tenuem  producit  in  aequora  linguam 

Hadriacas  flexis  claudit  quae  cornibus  undas.        615 

nee  tamen  hoc  artis  immissum  faucibus  aequor 

portus  erat,  si  nori  uiolentos  insula  Cauros 

exciperet  saxis  lassasque  refunderet  undas. 

hinc  illinc  montes  scopulosae  rupis  aperto 

tantutn  pugnae  discrimen ;  he  refers  to  IX  told  of  the  defeat  of  Theseus',    cf.  Catull. 

656  Phlegraeo  stantes  serpente  gigaufas.  lxivsii  foil. 

Bentley  cf.  Tac.  Hist.  V  15  eius  proelii  613.     hac  latus]  ' here  the  side  of  Italy, 

euentus  ulruntqus  ducem  ad  maturandum  where  it  begins  to  contract  into  a  narrow 

stimmac  rei  discrimen  erexit.  bow,  throws  out  a  slender  tongue  of  land 

60 1.    pulsus]     For  the  simile  cf.  Verg.  into  the  waves',  i.e.  the  southern  part  of 

G.  in -210  foil.    Weise  also  refers  to  Soph.  Italy  narrows  and  becomes  bow-shaped, 

O.T.  48 1  foil,  (poirq.  yap  vir   dypiav  v\ai>  and  from  the  eastern  side  there  extends  a 

ava  t  dvTpa  kclI  wirpas  tire  ravpos  /j.e\eos  peninsula    which    with    the    island    men- 

fxeXew  7ro5i  x,7P€t'c<"'-  tioned  below  forms  the  harbour  of  Brun- 

603.  explorat]    'tests  the  strength  of.  dusium. 

cf.  Verg.  G.  I  175  et  suspensa focis  explorat  615.     claudit]  'encloses',  cf.  I  421. 

roborafumus.  616.     immissum]   cf.  Verg.  G.  II  163, 

604.  ceruice]    i.e.  the  strength  of  his  164  Iulia  qua  ponto  longe  souat  itnda  re- 
neck.     cf.  note  on  1  609.  fuso,    (cf.  infr.  618)    Tyrrhenusque  fretis 

605.  excussi]    i.  e.    the    muscles    that  immittur  acstus  Auernis. 

stand  out.     cf.  Verg.  Aen.  xii  7,  8  gau-  617.     erat]  cf.  Verg.  G.  II  132,  133  et 

detque    (led)    comanles    excutiens    ceruice  si  non  alium  longe  iactaret  odorem  laurus 

toros.  erat. 

placuere]   Oud.  cf.  Stat.  Theb.  11  326  618.  lassas]  This  is  the  reading  of  Gro- 

cu ni  profugo  placuere  tori  ceruixque  recepto  tius  for  laxas,  which  is  found  in  most  Mss. 

sanguine  magna  redit.  Oud.  cf.  Ov.  Heroid.  IX  56  qui  lassas  in 

606.  comitantibus... tauris]  i.e.  accom-  se  saepe  retorquel  aquas.     Weise  following 
panied  by  the  other  bulls  whom  he  has  Sulpitius  reads  lapsas,  sc.  adlapsas. 
reduced  to  subjection.  619.     hinc  illinc]  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  1  162 

611.     Creta]    Weise    cf.   Strabo   VI   6     foil,  a  passage  which  seems  to  have  been 
(282).  in  Lucan's  mind  when  he  wrote  this  pas- 

61:.     uictum]    'with  sails  that   falsely     sage. 


70  LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 

opposuit  natura  mari  flatusque  remouit,  620 

ut  tremulo  starcnt  contcntac  func  carinae. 

hinc  late  patet  omnc  frctum,  seu  uela  ferantur 

in  portus,  Corcyra,  tuos,  seu  lacua  pctatur 

Illyris  Ionias  ucrgens  Epidamnos  in  undas. 

hue  fuga  nautarum,  cum  totas  Hadria  uires  625 

mouit,  ct  in  nubes  abiere  Ceraunia,  cumque 

spumoso  Calaber  pcrfunditur  aequore  Sason. 

ergo  ubi  nulla  fides  rebus  post  terga  relictis 
nee  licet  ad  duros  Martem  conuertere  Hiberos, 
cum  mediae  iaceant  immensis  tractibus  Alpes :      630 
turn  subole  ex  tanta  natum  cui  firmior  aetas 
adfatur:    mundi  iubeo  temptare  recessus  : 
Euphratem  Nilumque  moue,  quo  nominis  usque 
nostri  fama  uenit,  quas  est  uolgata  per  urbes 
post  me  Roma  ducem  :   sparsos  per  rura  colonos  635 
redde  mari  Cilicas  :    Pharios  hinc  concute  reges 
Tigranemque  meum.     nee  Pharnacis  arma  relinquas 
admoneo  nee  tu  populos  utraque  uagantis 
Armenia  Politique  feras  per  litora  gentes 
Ripaeasque  manus,  et  quas  tenet  aequore  denso   640 

621.     tit  tremulo]   tremulo  and  starcnt  of  war',     cf.  I  441  tu  quoque  laetatus  con- 

are  the  two  emphatic  words:   the  water  uertiproelia  Trcuir. 

in  the  harbour  was  so  still  that  the  ropes  630.     mediae]    i.e.    between   him   and 

by  which  the  ship  was  fastened  remained  them. 

slack  and  quivered  at  the  slightest  motion  631.     tanta]  i.e.  nobilissima.    Weise. 

of  the  vessel,   caused  for  instance  by  the  cui   firmior   aetas]     i.e.    simply    'the 

crew  moving  about  on  deck,  while  at  the  elder',    cf.  Verg.  Eel.  IV  37  hinc  ubi  iani 

same  time  the  ship  remained  steady  in  its  firmata  uirum  tc  feccrit  aetas. 

place.  634.     quas    est]     '  the    cities    through 

tremulo]  because  slack.  which   the   name   of  Rome   has   been   a 

contentae]  i.e.  they  did  not  require  the  household  word  since  my  command', 

ropes,  either  the  anchor's  cable  or  ropes  635.     post  me  ducem]  cf.  Cic.  Phil.  11 

stretched  from  the  shore,  to  be  taut.  §  97  statuitur  ne  post  M.  Brutum  procon- 

624.     Illyris]  Illyria  is  extended  south-  side  sit  Creta  prouincia. 

wards  so  as  to  include  Epirus.  636.     Cilicas]    i.  e.    the   pirates   whom 

626.  in  nubes  abiere]  '  are  lost  in  Pompeius  had  settled  in  various  towns, 
clouds',     cf.  iv  491  in  medium  mors  om-  cf.  1  346. 

nis  abit.  637.     meum]  'my  client',     cf.  I  314. 

627.  Sason]  an  island  between  Brun-  638.  nee  tu]  '  n6r  yet':  the  emphasis 
disium  and  the  coast  of  Epirus.  cf.  Strabo  is  not  really  on  the  tu  but  on  what  follows 
VI  5  (c.  281)  ^Vis  jxka-r)  7rcos  'idpvrai  tov  it.  cf.  Hor.  carm.  I  ix  15  nee  dulces 
ha.pp.aTos  tov  €K  Trjs  'Hyrelpov  rrpos  to  Bpev-  amorcs  sperne  puer  ncque  tu  choreas.  Id. 
Ticnov.  Sil.  Ital.  IX  469  expauit  sonilus  Epp.  I  ii  63  huuc  frenis  huue  tu  compesce 
tremefacto  litore  Sason.  catena. 

628.  rebus]  sc.  his  fortunes  in  Italy  utraque]  sc.  the  greater  and  lesser  Ar- 
and  Spain.  menia. 

629.  conuertere]   'to  transfer  the  scene         640.     denso]  'frozen'. 


LIBER    II.   620—663.  71 

pigra  palus  Scythici  paticns  Maeotica  plaustri. 
sed  quid  plura  moror  ?    totos  mca,  nate,  per  ortus 
bella  feres  totoque  urbes  agitabis  in  orbe 
pcrdomitas  :    omnes  redeant  in  castra  triumphi. 
et  uos,  qui  Latios  signatis  nomine  fastos,  645 

primus  in  Epirum  Boreas  agat :    inde  per  arua 
Graiorum  Macctumquc  nouas  adquirite  uires, 
dum  paci  dat  tempus  hiemps.     sic  fatur  ct  omnes 
iussa  gerunt  soluuntque  cauas  a  litore  puppes. 

at  numquam  paticns  pacis  longaeque  quietis      650 
armorum,  ne  quid  fatis  mutarc  liccret, 
adsequitur  generique  premit  uestigia  Caesar, 
sufficercnt  aliis  primo  tot  mocnia  cursu 
rapta,  tot  opprcssae  depulsis  hostibus  arces, 
ipsa  caput  mundi  bellorum  maxima  merces  655 

Roma  capi  facilis.     sed  Caesar  in  omnia  praeceps, 
nil  actum  credens  cum  quid  superesset  agendum, 
instat  atrox  :    et  adhuc,  quamuis  possederit  omnem 
Italiam,  extremo  sedeat  quod  litore  Magnus 
communem  tamen  esse  dolet :    nee  rursus  aperto  660 
uolt  hostes  errare  freto,  sed  molibus  undas 
obstruit  et  latum  deiectis  rupibus  aequor. 
cedit  in  immensum  cassus  labor :   omnia  pontus 

641.  pigra]  'sluggish';  for  the  account         651.     tie  quid  fatis]  'to  allow  no  time  ■  / 
of  the  freezing  of  the  Palus  Maeotis  cf.      for  the  fates  to  make  any  change '.    liceret 
Herod,  iv  28.  is  in  the  past  tense,  because  it  is  dependent 

plaiistri\  cf.  Verg.  G.  Ill  361,   362  un-  on  the  historic  present  adsequitur. 
daque   iam   tergo  ferratos  sustinet  orbes,         656.     capi  facilis]    The  supine  is   the 

puppibus  ilia  prius  patulis  nunc  hospita  more  common   construction  with  facilis, 

plaustris.  but  cf.  Tac.  Hist.  IV  39  nc  paratis  quidem 

642.  sed  quid  plura  moror?]   i.e.  sed  corrumpi  facilis.     See  also  1  510. 

quid  tc  moror  plura  loquendo  ?   cf.  Verg.  in  omnia  praeceps]  cf.  the  character  of 

Eel.  V  19  sed  tu  desine plura.  Caesar  I  143  foil. 

644.  triumphi]  i.e.  populi  triumphati.  658.     adhuc]  to  be  taken  with  sedeat. 
cf.  Claudian.  in  Eutrop.  I  221  Pompeiani-  660.     communem]  'grieves  that  he  has 
que  triumphi.  to  share  it  with  him'. 

645.  qui  Latios]  sc.  uos  consulcs.  rursus]    'on    the    contrary',     cf.    Tac. 
648.     pact]  i.e.  for  undisturbed  opera-      Agric.  29  quern  casum  ueque  ut  plerique 

tions.  fortium  uirorum  ambitiose  neque  per  la- 

hiemps]     From  this   passage  and  also  menta   rursus   ac    maerorem    muliebriter 

from  691,  692,  on  which  see  note,  it  ap-  tulit. 

pears  that  Lucan  makes  Pompeius  leave         663.     cedit  in  immensum]    ei's  aneipov 

Italy  in  the  autumn,  whereas  from  Cicero's  npofiatvd.     cedit  is  equivalent  to  procedit. 

letters  it  is  clear  that  he  really  crossed  the  Weise. 
Adriatic  in  March,     cf.  Cic.  ad  Att.  ix  cassus]  'all  in  vain', 

ii  §  1,  iii  §  2. 


72  LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 

haurit  saxa  uorax  montcsquc  immiscet  harenis. 
ut  maris  Aegaei  medias  si  celsus  in  undas  665 

depcllatur  Eryx,  nullae  tamen  aequore  rupes 
emineant,  uel  si  conuolso  uerticc  Gaurus 
dccidat  in  fundum  pcnitus  stagnantis  Auerni. 
ergo  ubi  nulla  uado  tcnuit  sua  pondcra  moles, 
turn  placuit  caesis  inncctere  uincula  siluis  670 

roboraque  immensis  late  rcligare  catenis. 
tales  fama  canit  tumidum  super  aequora  Xerxem 
construxisse  uias,  multum  cum  pontibus  ausus 
Europamque  Asiae  Sestonque  admouit  Abydo, 
incessitque  fretum  rapidi  super  Hellesponti,  675 

non   Eurum  Zephyrumque  timens,  cum  uela  ratesque 
in  medium  deferret  Athon.     sic  ora  profundi 
artantur  casu  nemorum  :   tunc  aggere  multo 
surgit  opus  longaeque  tremunt  super  aequora  turres. 
Pompeius  tellure  noua  compressa  profundi  680 

ora  uidens  curis  animum  mordacibus  angit, 
ut  reseret  pelagus  spargatque  per  aequora  bellum. 
saepe  Noto  plenae  tensisque  rudentibus  actae 
ipsa  maris  per  claustra  rates  fastigia  molis 

666.     Eryx]    cf.  Verg.  Aen.  XII   701  by  joining  them  by  a  bridge. 

quantus  Athos  ant  quantus  Eryx.     The  675.     super']     For  the  position  of  the 

difficulty  here  is  that  Eryx  being  in  the  preposition  cf.  Tac.  Ann.  in  72  opes  or- 

west  of  Sicily  is  a  long  way  from  the  Ae-  natum  ad  urbis  et  posterum  gloriam  con- 

gean  sea:  probably  Eryx  is  put  for  any  ferre,  and  Nipperdey's  note, 

high  mountain,   the  Aegean  for  any  sea.  676.     uela]   cf.  Juv.  X    173   uclificatus 

cf.  Verg.   Eel.  x  59  libet  Part/10  torquere  Athos. 

Cydonia  cornu  spicida.     Id.  G.  111  343 —  678.     casu  nemorum']  i.e.  caesis  nemo- 

345  omnia  secum  armentarius  Afer  agit,  ribus. 

tectumque  laremque  armaque  Amyclaeum-  679.     tremunt]  'nod  above  the  waves', 

que  canem  Cressamque pliaretram.  i.e.  being  on  board  the   ships  they  would 

668.  in  fundum  pcnitus]  'to  the  lowest  shake  with  the  movement  of  the  ships, 
depths'.  682.     ut  reseret]    dependent  on  curis, 

669.  ergo  ubf]  'accordingly  when  no  '  with  anxiety  to  open  up  the  sea'. 

mass  could  keep  its  weight  upon  the  bot-  spargatque]   i.e.  instead  of  concentrat- 

tom',   i.e.   could  retain  its  position   how-  ing  the  war  in  Italy,   cf.  Ill  64  bellaque 

ever  heavy  it  was :  for  the  use  of  pondus  Sardoas  ctiam  sparguntur  in  oras  ;  Tac. 

in  the  sense  of  equilibrium  see  Dr  Munro's  Ann.  in  21  sed  Tacfarinas  pcrculsis  Nu- 

note  on  Aetna  324.  midis     et    obsidia   aspernantibus    spargit 

670.  caesis  &c]  i.e.   to  cut  down  the  bellum,   ubi  instaretur  ccdens,  ac  rursum 
woods,  and   with   the  timber  build  ships  in  terga  remeans. 

and  fasten  them  together  to  form  a  floating  683.     rudentibus]     'the    sheets',     'the 

mass.     cf.  Caes.  B.  C.  1  25.  ropes  of  the  sails',  not  as  Weise  takes  it 

672.     tumidum]  'swollen  with  pride',  'towing  lines',  for  Caesar's  troops  occu- 

cf.  V  233  et  tumidis  infesta  colit  qua  nu-  pied  the  shore,     cf.  698  infr.,  in  44. 

mina  Rhamnus.  684.     maris  per  claustra]    '  the  boom 

674.     admouit]    'brought    nearer',    sc.  that  barred  them  from  the  sea',    cf.  Caes. 


LIBER   II.   664—700. 


71 


discussere  salo  spatiumque  dedere  carinis  :  685 

tortaquc  per  tcncbras  ualidis  ballista  lacertis 

multifidas  iaculata  faces,     ut  tempora  tandem 

furtiuae  placuere  fugae,    ne  litora  clamor 

nauticus  exagitet,  neu  bucina  diuidat  horas, 

neu  tuba  praemonitos  perducat  ad  aequora  nautas,  690 

praecepit  sociis.     iam  coeperat  ultima  Virgo 

Phocbum  laturas  ortu  praecedere  Chelas 

cum  taciti  soluere  rates,     non  ancora  uoces 

mouit  dum  spissis  auellitur  uncus  harenis  : 

dum  iuga  curuantur  mali  dumque  ardua  pinus      695 

erigitur  pauidi  classis  siluerc  magistri : 

strictaque  pendentes  dcducunt  carbasa  nautae, 

nee  quatiunt  ualidos,  ne  sibilet  aura,  rudentes. 

dux  etiam  uotis  hoc  te,  Fortuna,  precatur, 

quam  retinere  uetas  liceat  sibi  perdere  saltern        700 


B.  C.  125  longius  progressus,  cum  agger 
altiore  aqua  contineri  non  posset,  rates 
duplices,  quoquotiersus  pedum  triginta,  e 
regione  mo/is  collocabat. 

fastigia  mo/is]  "lashed  down  into  the 
sea  the  towering  mole '  cf.  Caes.  B.  C. 
I  26  contra  haec  Pompeius  naues  magnas 
onerarias,  qitas  in  porlu  Brundisuio  de- 
preuderat,  adornabat.  ibi  turres  cum  term's 
tabulatis  erigebat  easque  multis  tormentis 
et  omni  genere  telorum  comp/etas  ad  opera 
Caesaris  appellebat,  ut  rates  perrtinipcret 
atque  opera  disturbaret. 

685.  sald\  sc.  in  salum.  Oud.  cf.  VI 
362  /onto  Jiuit  inae  mart. 

687.  multifidas]  cf.  Ov.  Met.  vm  64+ 
multifidasque  faces  ramaliaqite  arida  tecto 
detuht. 

689.  bucina  diuidat]  cf.  Propert.  v  iv 
63  ct  iam  quarta  canit  uenturam  bucina 
lucent.  Liv.  xxvi  15  ut  ad  tertiam  buci- 
nam  praesto  essent. 

691.  iam  coeperat]  'the  furthest  stars 
in  the  Virgin  were  just  beginning  to  pre- 
cede in  their  rising  the  Scorpion's  claws 
which  would  bring  the  sun  with  them', 
i.e.  which  would  rise  at  the  same  time  as 
the  sun.  For  the  following  information 
1  am  indebted  to  Mr  R.  Pendlebury  of 
St  John's  College.  If  the  sun  rises  w  ith 
Scorpio  the  time  must  be  seven  months 
after  the  vernal  equinox,  that  is,  one  month 
after  the  autumnal  equinox.  The  pre- 
cession of  the  equinox  since  B.C.  49  would 


not  make  a  difference  of  more  than  two 
or  three  weeks.  Hence  it  appears  that 
Lucan  wrongly  makes  Pompeius  cross  the 
Adriatic  in  the  autumn.  See  note  on  648 
supr.  He  also  apparently  implies  that 
Pompeius  started  at  day- break,  but  cf. 
Caes.  B.  C.  I  28  Pompeius  sub  noctem 
naues  soluit. 

692.  Chelas]  cf.  Verg.  G.  I  33—35 
qua  locus  Erigoncn  inter  Ckclasque  se- 
quentis  panditur:  ipse  tibi  iam  bracchia 
conlrahit  ardens  Scorpios,  et  caeli  iusta 
plus  parte  reliuquit. 

693.  uoces]  sc.  the  Greek  pvirwairai. 
cf.  Aristoph.  Ran.  1073. 

694.  spissis]  'clinging'. 

695.  iuga]  i.e.  the  yards,  antennae,  in 
position  like  the  beam  of  a  balance,  iuga 
used  in  connexion  with  a  ship  generally 
means  the  rowers'  benches,  cf.  Verg. 
Aen.  vi  411. 

curuantur]  'are  bent  down',  i.e.  to 
have  the  sails  fastened  on  them.  See  note 
on  iv  38. 

697.  pendentes]  'hanging  to  the  ropes'. 
Oud.  cf.  Sil.  Ital.  m  1 29  pendentibus  ar- 
bore  nautis. 

dcducunt]  'let  down  (i.e.  unfurl)  the 
tied  up  sails'.  Oud.  cf.  Ov.  Met.  Ill  633. 
Val.  Place.  II  403  iamne  placet  prunode- 
ducere  uela  sereno  ? 

700.  quam  retinere]  'to  be  allowed  at 
least  to  lose  (i.e.  escape  from)  the  Italy 
you  forHH  him  to  refain'. 


74  LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 

Italiam.     uix  fata  sinunt:    nam  murmurc  uasto 
impulsum  rostris  sonuit  mare,  fluctuat  unda, 
totquc  carinarum  pcrmixtis  acquora  sulcis. 

ergo  hostes  portis,  quas  omnes  solucrat  urbis 
cum  fato  conucrsa  fides,  murisque  rccepti,  705 

praecipiti  cursu  flexi  per  cornua  portus 
ora  petunt  pclagusque  dolent  contingerc  classes, 
heu  pudor  :   exigua  est  fugiens  uictoria  Magnus, 
angustus  puppes  mittebat  in  aequora  limes 
artior  Euboica  qua  Chalcida  uerbcrat  unda.  710 

hie  haesere  rates  geminae  classique  paratas 
excepere  manus :    tractoque  in  litora  bello 
hie  primum  rubuit  ciuili  sanguine  Nereus. 
cetera  classis  abit  summis  spoliata  carinis  : 
ut  Pagasaea  ratis  peteret  cum  Phasidos  undas       715 
Cyaneas  tellus  emisit  in  aequora  cautes  ; 
rapta  puppe  minor  subducta  est  montibus  Argo, 
uanaque  percussit  pontum  Symplegas  inanem 
et  statura  redit.     iam  Phoebum  urgere  monebat 
non  idem  Eoi  color  aetheris,  albaque  nondum       720 
lux  rubet  et  flammas  propioribus  eripit  astris  : 
et  iam  Pleias  hebet,  flexi  iam  plaustra  Bootae 
in  faciem  puri  redeunt  languentia  caeli, 
maioresque  latent  stellae,  calidumque  refugit 
Lucifer  ipse  diem,     pelagus  iam,  Magne,  tenebas  725 

703.  sulci's]  'the  mingling  wakes  of  so  714.  summis]  i.e.  these  two  last  ships, 
many  ships'.  717.     rapta  puppe  minor]  '  lessened  by 

704.  quas  omnes]  'all  of  which  the  the  loss  of  its  stern',  cf.  Ap.  Rhod.  II 
citizens  had  thrown  open,  changing  their  604  'ip.-Kf\%  acpikdoToio  Trapedpiaav  dupa  k6- 
allegiance  with  the  turn  of  fortune'.  pvfi^a. 

707.  ora]  i.e.  the  entrance  of  the  har-  719.  ct statura]  'and  returns  to  its  place 
bour.  to  remain  for  ever  fixed',     cf.  Ap.  Rhod. 

708.  fugiens  Magnus]  is  equivalent  to  II  607  irirpai  5'  ei's  '4va  x&pov  eiriax^oov 
fuga  Alagni.      cf.  supr.  490.  a\\r]\r}cn  vu\ejj.es  eppifadtv. 

709.  mittebat]  'allowed  to  pass',    cf.  urgere]  'was  at  hand'. 

Plin.   Epp.   VIII  viii  §3  quas  (itaues)  06-  720.     non  idem]   'the  changing  hue  of 

uias  quoque  et  contrario  nisu  in  diuersa  the  eastern  sky'. 

tendentes  transmittit  et  perfert.  721.    propioribus]    nearer  to  the   sun,. 

710.  Euboica]  TheEuripus  was  bridged  and  so  to  the  horizon,  which  would  be  the 
over.     cf.  Strabo  ix  8  (c.  447).  first  to  lose  their  brightness. 

712.     excepere  manus]    'were  grasped  723.     in  faciem  &c]   '  pale  and  vanish 

by  the  hooks  (i.e.  grapnels)  prepared  to  into  the  face  of  the  heavens  free  from  stars', 

stop  the  fleet '.  cf.  in  635 ;  Caes.  B.  C.  I  57.  Compare  the  expression  in  Wordsworth's 

tractoque  in  litora  bello]  'and  the  fight-  Ode  on   the   intimations   of   Immortalit) 

ing  being  thus  extended  to  the  shore'.  'fade  into  the  light  of  common  day'. 


LIBER    II.    701—736.  75 

non  ea  fata  ferens  quae  cum  super  aequora  toto 
praedonem  sequerere  mari.     lassata  triumphis 
destituit  Fortuna  tuis.     cum  coniuge  pulsus 
et  natis  totosque  trahens  in  bella  penates 
uadis  adhuc  ingcns  populis  comitantibus  exsul.      730 
quaeritur  indignae  sedes  longinqua  ruinae. 
non  quia  te  superi  patrio  priuare  sepulchro 
maluerint  Phariae  busto  damnantur  harcnac : 
parcitur  Hesperiae  ;    procul  hoc  ut  in  orbe  remoto 
abscondat  Fortuna  nefas  Romanaque  tcllus  735 

immaculata  sui  seruetur  sanguine  Magni. 

726.     super  aequora]  means  simply  '  on  penatibus  et  magnis  dis. 
ship-board'.  731.     quaeritur]  sc.  a  fatis.     Weise. 

728.     destituii\  sc.  te.     Weise  defends         732.     non  quia]    ''tis  not  because  the 

this  construction,  referring  to  V  30*  sic  gods  have  chosen  to  rob  thee  of  burial  in 

eat  0    superi,   quando   pietasque  fidesque  thy  native  land,  that  the  sands  of  Egypt 

destituunt.      Liv.   VII    25    quando  socialis  are  condemned  to   be  thy  tomb:   'tis  in 

exercitus  desereret;  also  the  use  of  arccre  mercy  to  Italy'. 

supr.   495.      Grotius  reads   desciuit,   but  733.     busto]  dative,    cf.  Verg.  Aen.  IV 

this  would  require  a  te.  699  Stygioque  caput  damnauerat  Oreo. 

730.     cxsul]  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  Ill  11,  12  734.     hoc]  to  be  taken  with  mfas. 

fetor  cxsul  in  altum  cum  sociis  natoque 


M.    ANNAEI    LUCANI 

PHARSALIAE 

LIBER   TERTIUS. 


ARGUMENT   OF   BOOK    III. 


Julia  appears  in  a  vision  to  Fompeius  on  his  voyage  i — 45.  Caesar  sends  forces  to 
seize  Sicily  and  Sardinia;  he  returns  to  Rome  45 — 98;  feelings  of  the  citizens  on 
his  approach  99 — 112.  The  tribune  Metellus  endeavours  to  prevent  the  opening  of 
the  treasury  113 — 142,  but  is  induced  by  Cotta  to  give  way  143 — 168.  Catalogue 
of  the  allies  of  Pompeius  169 — 297.  Caesar  crosses  the  Alps:  the  citizens  of 
Massilia  refuse  to  admit  his  army  within  their  walls  298 — 355.  Caesar's  answer 
356 — 374:  he  commences  the  siege  of  the  town  375 — 398.  Description  of  the 
Druids'  grove  399 — 425,  cut  down  by  Caesar  426 — 452.  Caesar  proceeds  to 
Spain:  unsuccessful  attack  on  Massilia  453 — 496.  Sally  of  the  besieged  497 — 
508.  Arrival  of  D.  Brutus  with  the  Roman  fleet:  naval  battle,  and  victory  of 
Brutus  509 — 762. 

Propulit  ut  classem  uelis  cedentibus  Auster 
incumbcns  mediumque  rates  mouere  profundum 
omnis  in  Ionios  spectabat  nauita  fluctus  : 
solus  ab  Hesperia  non  flexit  lumina  terra 
Magnus,  dum  patrios  portus,  dum  litora  numquam     5 
ad  uisus  reditura  suos,  tectumque  cacumen 
nubibus,  et  dubios  cernit  uanescere  montes. 
inde  soporifero  cesserunt  languida  somno 
membra  ducis.     diri  turn  plena  horroris  imago 

1.  uelis  cedentibus]  'the  sails  which  away  in  the  haze',  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  ill 
give  way  before  it',  i.e.  as  the  ship  sails  522  cum  procul  obscuros  montes  hit milon- 
before  the  wind :  on  the  other  hand  when  que  uidemus  I/aliam,  where  the  Trojans 
the   sails   are   taken  aback  they  are  said  catch  their  first  glimpse  of  Italy. 

redire,  for  which  Oud.  cf.  Val.  Flacc.  II  13  8.     soporifero]     Probably  a   customary 

Jlumineo  cuius  redeuntia  ueuto  uela  legunt.  epithet    like  the  mare  nauigerum  &c.   of 

2.  mouere]  This,  which  is  the  reading  Lucretius.  Bentley,  in  order  to  avoid  the 
of  most  mss.,  is  retained  by  Weise  :  Oud.  tautology,  would  write  Somno  with  a 
reads  tenuere.  capital,  i.e.  the  god  of  sleep. 

7.     dubios]     'the    mountains     melting         9.     imago]  in  apposition  with  hdia. 


LIBER    III.    1—23. 


77 


uisa  caput  macstum  per  hiantis  Iulia  terras  10 

tollere  et  accenso  furialis  stare  sepulchre 
sedibus  Elysiis  campoque  expulsa  piorum 
ad  Stygias,  inquit,  tenebras  manesque  nocentis 
post  bcllum  ciuile  trahor.     uidi  ipsa  tenentis 
Eumenidas  quaterent  quas  uestris  lampadas  armis:i5 
praeparat  innumeras  puppes  Achcrontis  adusti 
portitor :    in  multas  laxantur  Tartara  poenas. 
uix  operi  cunctae  dextra  properante  sorores 
sufficiunt :    lassant  rumpentis  stamina  Parcas. 
coniuge  me  laetos  duxisti,  Magne,  triumphos  :  20 

fortuna  est  mutata  toris  :    sempcrque  potentis 
detrahere  in  cladem  fato  damnata  maritos 
innupsit  tepido  paelex  Cornelia  busto. 


10.  per  hiantis]  i.e.  Pompeius  sees  the 
shade  of  Julia  rise  through  an  opening  in 
the  ground  at  the  spot  where  she  was 
burnt  on  the  funeral  pile :  so  in  I  580  the 
shade  of  Sulla  rises  in  the  Campus. 

11.  accenso]  'and  take  her  stand  in 
fury-guise  at  her  kindled  funeral  pile',  i.e. 
she  is  probably  intended  to  be  represented 
as  appearing  with  the  marks  of  the  fire 
upon  her.  cf.  Propert.  v  vii  7 — 9,  where 
the  shade  of  Cynthia  appears,  eosdem  ha- 
buit  secum  quibus  est  elata  eapillos,  eosdem 
oeulos ;  latcri  uestis  adusta  fuit,  et  solitum 
digito  bcryllon  adederat  ignis. 

furialis]  nam  et  minatur  in  sequentibus 
se  eum  persecuturam  ubicunque  sit  futurus. 
Weise. 

12.  expulsa]  according  to  Weise,  not 
driven  away  by  the  good  as  polluted,  but 
txcita  quasi  per  furias,  at  the  outbreak  of 
civil  war,  and  seeking  the  Eumenides  of 
her  own  accord  to  obtain  permission  to 
haunt  Pompeius  :  this'  however  seems  an 
unnecessary  refinement,  and  it  is  doubtful 
whether  expulsa  could  bear  this  meaning. 
In  Suet.  Calig.  I  priusquam  honorem  ini- 
ret  ad  componendum  Orientis  s  tat  am  ex- 
pulsus,  the  word  implies  that  the  mission 
of  Germanicus  was  really  intended  as 
banishment  by  Tiberius. 

14.     post  bcllum  ciuile]    cf.  note  on  II 

63?- 

tenentis]  '  holding  torches  to  brandish  '. 
For  the  order  cf.  note  on  1  14. 

16.  innumeras]  cf.  Petron.  121  uix  na- 
uita  Porthmeus  sufficiet  simulacra  uirum 
transdueere  cumba;  classe  opus  est. 

17.  laxantur]    'are   being   enlarged'. 


cf.  Isaiah  v.  14  'Therefore  hell  hath  en- 
larged herself  and  opened  her  mouth  with- 
out measure'.  Oud.  cf.  Sen.  Here.  Fur. 
677,  678  /line  ampin  uacuis spatia  laxantur 
loeis,  in  quae  omnc  mersum  pereat  huma- 
num  genus. 

18.  operi]  sc.  stamina  rumpendi. 
cunctae]  sc.  all  three,  cf.  note  on  turba 

I  86.  So  in  Verg.  Aen.  11  589,  599  quos 
omnes  undique  Graiae  circumerrant  aeies, 
omnes,  if  acusative,  as  is  probable,  refers 
to  the  three  persons  mentioned  before, 
viz.  Anchises,  Ascanius  and  Creusa. 

19.  lassant]  'the  threads  weary  the 
Parcae  as  they  snap  them'.  Oud.  cf.  Sen. 
Here.  Oet.  566,  567  prolata  uis  est  quaeque 
Palladia  coin  lassauit  omnem  texta  famu- 
larum  manum. 

•20.  laetos]  i.e.  because  over  foreign 
enemies. 

11.     toris]  i.e.  mutatis. 

22.  fnto  damnata]  i.e.  because  she  had 
before  been  the  wife  of  the  younger  Cras- 
sus,  killed  at  Carrae. 

23.  innupsit]  It  is  difficult  to  see  what 
meaning  can  be  attached  to  the  expression 
inuubere  busto:  the  natural  sense  would 
be  'to  pass  by  marriage  into  the  tomb': 
but  Cornelia  cannot  in  any  way  be  said  to 
have  done  so.  Bentley  conjectures  leelo, 
comparing  Ov.  Met.  VII  852 — 856  per 
nostri  focdera  leeti...ne  thalamis  Auram 
patiare  innubere  nostris.  Quintil.  Declam. 
338  in  lorw/i  adhue prion's  uxoris  ucstigio 
calentem  addiieta  est  noua  nupta.  Weise 
with  most  of  the  earlier  editions  reads  en 
nupsit,  from  the  MSS.  enupsit.  It  is  how- 
ever perhaps  possible  that  innupsit  may 


78 


LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 


lvL 


hacrcat  ilia  tuis  per  bclla  per  acquora  signis, 

dum  non  securos  liceat  mihi  rumpcre  somnos,         25 

et  nullum  uestro  uacuom  sit  tcmpus  amori, 

scd  teneat  Caesarque  dies  et  Iulia  noctes. 

me  non  Lethaeac,  coniunx,  obliuia  ripae 

immemorem  feccre  tui,  regesque  silentum 

pcrmisere  sequi.     ucniam  te  bella  gercnte  30 

in  medias  acies.     numquam  tibi,  Magne,  per  umbras 

perque  meos  manes  generum  non  esse  liccbit. 

abscidis  frustra  ferro  tua  pignora :    bellum 

te  faciet  ciuile  meum.     sic  fata,  refugit 

umbra  per  amplexus  trepidi  dilapsa  mariti.  35 

ille,  dei  quamuis  cladem  manesque  mincntur, 
maior  in  arma  ruit  certa  cum  mente  malorum. 
et,  quid,  ait,  uani  terremur  imagine  uisus  ? 
aut  nihil  est  sensus  animis  a  morte  relictum, 
aut  mors  ipsa  nihil.     Titan  iam  pronus  in  undas    40 


merely  mean  'has  married  into  the  family', 
i.e.  of  Pompeius,  tepido  busto  being  abla- 
tive absolute. 

tepido']  Bentley  cf.  Mart,  v  xxxvii  14 
ad  hue  recenti  iepet  Erotion  busto.  The 
scholiasts'  explanation  is  adhuc  recenti, 
siue  Crassi,  siue  meo,  quod  maioris  inui- 
diae  est :  the  latter  alternative  is  doubtless 
right,  otherwise  there  would  be  no  force 
in  the  word  paelex,  i.e.  'my  rival',  cf. 
VIII  104.  'has  married  my  husband  ere  my 
funeral  pile  is  cold'.  The  real  interval 
between  the  death  of  Julia  and  the  mar- 
riage of  Pompeius  with  Cornelia  was  two 
years. 

24.  Ziaereat]  'let  her  accompany  thy 
standards',  cf.  Plin.  Epp.  vn  xxvii  §  2 
tenuis  adhuc  et  obscurus  obtineuti  Africam 
comes  haeserat. 

25.  non  secures]  proleptic,  '  and  make 
it  not  untroubled'. 

26.  uacuoiu]  '  free  for  the  enjoyment 
of  your  love '. 

27.  sed  teneat]  'but  Caesar  haunt  your 
thoughts  all  clay,  Julia  all  the  night '. 

31.  numquam]  'the  shades  and  my 
spirit  will  never  suffer  thee  to  forget  thou 
art  his  son-in-law'. 

33.  tua  pignora]  'thy  connexion',  cf. 
note  on  II  349. 

35.  trepidi]  'eager',  i.e.  to  embrace 
her,  Weise :  but  it  may  here  very  well 
mean  'shuddering' :  for  the  fear  of  l'om- 


peius  would  not  necessarily  prevent  him 
from  trying  to  embrace  Julia's  shade. 

dilapsa]  Cf.  Horn.  Od.  xi  206 — 208, 
Verg.  Aen.  vi  700 — 702.  Milton  Sonnet 
xviii  But  O  as  to  embrace  me  she  inclined, 
I  waked,  she  fled,  and  day  brought  back 
my  night. 

36.  dei  quamuis]  '  although  gods  and 
shades  threaten  him  with  ruin '.  Weise 
says  that  manes  is  accusative  and  is  equi- 
valent to  mortem:  but  I  can  find  no  similar 
use  of  the  word,  and  there  is  no  difficulty 
in  taking  the  passage  as  translated  above : 
manes  refers  to  the  ghost  of  Julia,  dei  to 
the  reges  silentum  who  have  allowed  her 
to  return  to  haunt  Pompeius. 

37.  maior]  '  with  higher  spirit '. 
certa]     'though    well    assured    of    mis- 
fortune',    cf.  11  524. 

39.  a  morte]  '  by  means  of  death ',  iic 
Oavarov,  cf.  note  on  II  86 ;  not  '  after 
death ',  which  would  require  some  quali* 
fying  word  such  as  recens  ;  cf.  Cic.  N.  D. 
Ill  §  11. 

40.  aut  mors]  cf.  Plat.  Apol.  Socr. 
40c.  bvciiv  yap  Oarepbv  eari  rb  rtdvavai'  t\ 
yap  olov  p.7)5ev  elvai  p.r]o'  atadrjo-iv  pLTj8ep.iav 
p.-qbevbs  f'x6"'  T0V  TeOveura,  rj  Kara  to,  Xeyo? 
/xeva  /JLerajioXi]  tis  rvyxdvei  ouaa  Kal  p.eroi- 
Kijcris  rrj  ipvxv  T°v  t6ttoi»  rov  evdivbe  (h 
aWov  t6wov.  Oud.  cf.  Sen.  Troad.  406 
post  mortem  nihil  est,  ipsaque  mors  ni- 
hil. 


LIBER    III.    24—63.  79 

ibat,  et  igniferi  tantum  demcrserat  orbis 

quantum  dcesse  solct  lunae  seu  plena  futura  est 

seu  iam  plena  fuit :    tunc  obtulit  hospita  tellus 

puppibus  accessus  faciles :    legere  rudentes 

et  posito  remis  petierunt  litora  malo.  45 

Caesar  ut  cmissas  uenti  rapucre  carinas, 
absconditque  fretum  classes,  et  litore  solus 
dux  stetit   Hesperio,  non  ilium  gloria  pulsi 
laetificat  Magni  :   queritur  quod  tuta  per  aequor 
terga  ferant  hostes.     neque  enim  iam  suffkit  ulla    50 
praecipiti  fortuna  uiro :    nee  uincere  tanti 
ut  bellum  differret  erat.     turn  pectore  curas 
expulit  armorum  pacique  intentus  agebat, 
quoque  modo  uanos  populi  concirct  amores, 
gnarus  et  irarum  causas  et  summa  fauoris  55 

annona  momenta  trahi.     namque  adserit  urbes 
sola  fames,  emiturque  metus  cum  segne  potentes 
uolgus  alunt :    nescit  plebes  ieiuna  timere. 
Curio  Sicanias  transcendere  iussus  in  urbes, 
qua  mare  tellurem  subitis  aut  obruit  undis  60 

aut  scidit  et  medias  fecit  sibi  litora  terras, 
uis  illic  ingens  pelagi  semperque  laborant 
aequora  ne  rupti  repetant  confinia  montes : 

42.  seu  plena]  sc.  immediately  before  54.     quoque  modo]  sc.  intentusqite  quo 
or  after  full  moon.  modo. 

43.  hospita]  'foreign',     cf.  Verg.  Aen.  56.     momenta  trahi]    A  metaphor  from 
in  539  bellum  0  terra  hospita portas.  the  scales;  'the  balance  of  popularity  is 

,  44-     legere  rudentes]   '  they  gathered  in  turned  by  the  price  of  corn', 

(i.e.  coiled)  the  sheets',     cf.  Val.  Flacc.  adserit]  'wins  over'. 

1  314  prora  funem  legit  Argus  ab  alia,  57.     emiturque  metus]   'and   respect  is 

where  it  is  preparatory  to  setting  sail.  bought  when  chieftains  support  the  mob 

46.     Caesar]     The  sentence  begins   as  in  idleness'. 

if  non  gaudet  were  to  follow,  for  which  58.    nescit]  cf.  infr.  152.    Oud.  cf.  Sen. 

non  ilium  gloria — laetificat  is  afterwards  dial,  win  §  5  cum  uentre  tibi  huma.no  ne- 

substituted.  gotium  est:  ncc  rationem  patitur  nee  aequi- 

4  7:     abscondit]  cf.  the  use  of  abscondere  tate  mitigatur  nee  ulla  prece  flectitur  popu- 

in    Verg.    Aen.    Ill    291    protinus   aerias  lus  esuriens. 

Phaeacum  abscondimus  arces.  61.     aut  scidit]  Compare  Waller's  Ode 

48.     non  ilium]  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  1  3  and  to  the  Protector  "Whether  this  portion  of 

Conington's  note.  the  world  were  rent,  By  the  rude  Ocean 

51.    nee  uincere  tanti]  'nor was  it  worth  from   the  continent,   Or  thus  created,   it 

while  in  his  eyes  to  conquer  only  to  put  was  sure  designed  To  be  the  sacred  refuge 

off  the  war',  i.e.  unless  he  could  follow  up  of  mankind  ". 

his  victory  and  finish  the  war  at  one  stroke.  medias]    '  intervening ',    i.e.    the    land 

53-     agebat]  'bore   himself:    for  agere  which   once   joined    Italy  to    Sicily,      cf. 

used  absolutely  cf.  Tac.  Ann.  in  19  spud  Tac.  Ann.  vi  23  (29)  medio  triennio. 

illos  homines  qui  tunc  agebant.  63.     ire   rupti]     'to    prevent    the   cleft 


So  LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 

bcllaquc  Sardoas  ctiam  sparguntur  in  oras. 

utraquc  frugifcris  est  insula  nobilis  aruis,  65 

nee  plus  Hcsperiam  longinquis  messibus  ullae 

nee  Romana  magis  complerunt  horrca  terrae  : 

ubere  uix  glacbae  superat  ccssantibus  Austris 

cum  medium  nubes  Borca  cogente  sub  axem 

efifusis  magnum  Libye  tulit  imbribus  annum.  70 

hacc  ubi  sunt  prouisa  duci  tunc  agmina  uictor 
non  armata  trahens  scd  pacis  habentia  uoltum 
tecta  petit  patriae,     pro  si  remeasset  in  urbcm 
Gallorum  tantum  populis  Arctoque  subacta, 
quam  seriem  rerum  lenga  praemittere  pompa,  75 

quas  potuit  belli  facies;    ut  uincula   Rheno 
oceanoque  daret ;    celsos  ut  Gallia  currus 
nobilis  et  flauis  sequeretur  mixta  Britannis. 
perdidit  o  qualem  uincendo  plura  triumphum. 
non  ilium  laetis  uadentem  coetibus  urbes  So 

sed  tacitae  uidere  metu.     non  constitit  usquam 
obuia  turba  duci.     gaudet  tamen  esse  timori 
tarn  magno  populis  et  se  non  mallet  amari. 

iamque  et  praecipites  superauerat  Anxuris  arces, 

mountains  from  recovering  their  ancient  Met.  ix  91,  92  totumque  titlit  pracdiuitc 

bounds'.     See  note  on  11  435.  cornu  autumnum  et  mensas,  felicia  poma, 

64.     bella]  cf.  note  on  II  682.  seaindas. 

66.    nee plus]  'nor  have  any  lands  filled  73.    patriae]  i.e.  the  city  of  Rome:  for 

Italy  more  full  with  distant  harvests,  nor  this  particular  use  of  patria  compare  note 

any  more  than  they  filled  the  garners  of  on    II   574;  add  Tac.  Ann.  IV  58  ncque 

Rome'.   The  distinction  between  plus  and  enim  tarn  incredibilem  casum  prouidebant 

magis  is  that  plus  complerunt  means  'filled  ;//  undecim  per  annos  libens patria  carerel. 

fuller',    magis   complerunt    means    'filled  76.    potuit]  cf.  note  on  II  617. 

rather  than  these'.  facies]  triumphantibus  enim  mos  erat  ut 

longinquis]  sc.  imported  from  abroad.  picta  flumina  et  prouincias  quas  uicissent  '• 

68.    ubere  uix,  &c]  '  scarce  does  Libya  ante  currum  praeferrent  in  tabula.  Schol.  ' 

surpass  them  in  fruitfulness  of  soil,  when  cf.  Ov.  ex  Ponto  m  iv   105 — 108  oppida 

the  south  winds  are  lulled,  and,   as  the  turritis  cingantur  eburnea  muris ;  fictaqueX 

north  wind  drives  the  clouds  towards  the  res  uero  more  putetur  agi:  squalidus  in- 

regions  of  the  south,  showers  pour  down,  missos  fracta  sub  harundine  crines  Rheum. 

and  she  bears  a  mighty  harvest',  i.e.  only  ct  infectas  sanguine  portet   aquas.     Plin. 

in  exceptional  years  when  more  rain  falls  H.  N.  V  §  36. 

than  is  usually  the  case  because  the  north  77.     daret]  sc.  he  would  have  been  re-  E 

wind  blows  instead  of  the  south.  presented  as  enchaining  the  Rhine  and  the 

70.    Libye]  For  the  fruitfulness  of  Africa  Ocean. 

cf.   Hor.  carm.  I  i  10  quicquid  de  Libya's  79.     perdidit]  sc.  because  he  could  not  I 

uerritur  areis.  triumph  for  victory  in  civil  war.    cf.  not* 

annum]    cf.   infr.  452.      Oud.  cf.    Stat.  on  I  12. 

Silu.  in  2i,  22  tern's  prima  Dicaearchis  84.     superauerat]    'had   passed',      cf. 

Pharium  grauis  intulit  annum.    Compare  Verg.  Eel.  vin  6  seu  magni  superas  iati, 

also  the  use  of  autumnus  for  fruit  Ov.  sa.xa  Timaui. 


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82  LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 

praetor  adest :    uacuacque  loco  cessere  curules. 

omnia  Caesar  erat.     priuatae  curia  uocis 

testis  adest.     scderc  Patrcs  censcrc  parati, 

si  regnum,  si  tcmpla  sibi,  iugulumquc  senatus        1 10 

exsiliumque  pctat.     melius  quod  plura  iubere 

erubuit  quam  Roma  pati.     tamen  exit  in  iram 

uiribus  an  posscnt  obsistere  iura  per  unum 

libertas  experta  uirum  :   pugnaxque  Metellus 

ut  uidet  ingenti  Saturnia  tcmpla  reuclli  115 

mole,  rapit  grcssus,  et  Caesaris  agmina  rumpens 

ante  fores  nondum  reseratae  constitit  aedis. 

usque  adco  solus  ferrum  mortemque  timere 

auri  nescit  amor,     pereunt  discrimine  nullo 

amissae  leges:    sed  pars  uilissima  rerum  120 

certamen  mouistis  opes :    prohibensque  rapina 

uictorem  clara  testatur  uoce  tribunus  : 

non  nisi  per  nostrum  uobis  percussa  patebunt 

templa  latus  nullasque  feres  nisi  sanguine  sacro 

sparsas,  raptor,  opes,     certe  uiolata  potestas  125 

inuenit  ista  deos  :    Crassumque  in  bella  secutae 

saeua  tribuniciae  uouerunt  proelia  dirae. 

107.     loco  cessere]  '  were  removed  from  Verg.    Aen.    I   578    Tros    Tyriusuc  mihi 

their  place  as  there  was  none  to  fill  them',  nitllo  discrimine  agetur:   or    it  might  he 

109.     testis']    auscultator    tantum,    non  taken    as  'with    no  danger',   i.e.  no  one 

consultor.     Weise.  runs  the  ri.sk  of  fighting  for  law. 

in.     menus']  sc.  actum  est.  123.     non  nisi]   'the  temple  shall  not 

112.     erubuit]    For  the  infinitive  after  be  opened  for  you  unless  the  blows  have 

erubescere  cf.  Tac.  Ann.  VI  23  (29)  consul-  first  pierced  my  side'. 

tusque  Caesar  an  sepeliri  sineret  non  eru-  124.     sanguine  sacro]  sc.  tribunicio. 

buit  permittere.  126.     inuenit — deos]     'finds    gods    to 

tamen  exit  in  iram]  i.e.  though  all  others  avenge  it '. 

yielded, 'still  Freedom,  trying  by  one  man's  ista]  i.e.  this  of  mine.     cf.  V  351. 

means  whether  right  could  resist  might,  127.     saeua]  'the  tribune's  curses  called 

ends  by  causing  a  dispute',     cf.  Plin.  H.  down    on    him    disaster    in    battle'.      cf. 

N.  VII  §  79  exit  hie  animi  tenor  aliquando  Floras,   1    46   §  3   tribunus  plebi  Ateius 

in  rigorcm  quondam  toruitatemquc  natu-  exeuntem  duceni  kostilibus  din's  deuouerat. 

rae.     For  the  tense  of  posscnt  cf.  note  on  I  cannot  find  any  exact  parallel  to  this  use 

II  651.  of  uouere,  but  compare  Hor.  Fp.  I  iv  8 

1 1 5.  Saturnia  tcmpla]  cf.  Appian  B.  C.  quid uottcat  dulci nutricula  mains  alumno? 
1 1  4 1 .  Ov.  Met.  XI  1 28  quae  modo  uonerat  odit,  Id. 

116.  mole]  'exertion',  'effort',  cf.  Verg.  Met.  xm  88,  89 sorternque  meant  uouistis, 
Aen.  I  37  tantae  ?nolis  erat  Romanam  Achiui,  et  uestrae  ualaere  preces.  In  the 
condere  gent  cm ;  Liv.  xxv  11  §  12  plans-  passage  quoted  by  Oud.  from  Statius  the 
tris  transueham  naucs  hattd  magna  mole.  meaning  is  different.     Grotius  with  some 

119.     auri  nescit  amor]  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  MSS.    reads    nouerunt ;   Oud.    says   that 

in  56  quid  7W7i  morlaliapectoracogis  auri  piouerunt  is  found  in  two  MSS.   and  in 

sacra  fatnes?  support  of  it  he  quotes  Hor.  carm.  I  xv  10 

discri7nine  7111II0]  'indiscriminately'  cf.  quanta  moues funera  Dardanae genti. 


LIBER   III.    107—148.  83 

detcge  lain  ferrum  :    neque  enim  tibi  turba  uerenda  est 
spectatrix  scelerum  :   deserta  stamus  in  urbe. 
non  feret  e  nostro  sceleratus  praemia  miles:  130 

sunt  quos  prostcrnas  populi,  quae  moenia  doncs  : 
pacis  ad  exhaustae  spolium  non  cogit  egestas : 
bcllum,  Caesar,  habes.     his  magnam  uictor  in  iram 
uocibus  accensus  :    uanam  spem  mortis  honestac 
concipis :   haud,  inquit,  iugulo  se  polluct  isto  135 

nostra,  Metelle,  manus.     dignum  te  Caesaris  ira 
nullus  honos  faciet.     tc  uindice  tuta  relicta  est 
libertas  ?     non  usque  adeo  pcrmiscuit  imis 
longus  summa  dies,   ut  non,  si   uocc  Metelli 
seruentur  leges,  malint  a  Cacsare  tolli.  140 

dixerat,  ct  nondum  foribus  cedentc  tribuno 
acrior  ira  subit :   saeuos  circumspicit  enses 
oblitus  simulare  togam.      turn  Cotta  Metellum 
compulit  audaci  nimium  desistere  coepto. 
libertas,  inquit,  populi  quern  regna  coercent  145 

libertate  perit ;    cuius  seruaueris  umbram, 
si  quidquid  iubeare  uelis.     tot  rebus  iniquis 
paruimus  uicti :    uenia  est  haec  sola  pudoris 

129.  deserta]  i.e.  and  so  there  is  no  139.  ut  non]  'but  that  the  laws,  if 
one  to  hinder  you  from  killing  me.  preserved     by     Metellus'    voice,     would 

130.  e  nostro]  'from  our  treasury '.  rather  be  destroyed  by  Caesar'. 

131.  suntquos]'  there  are  other  nations  142.  circumspicit]  'he  looks  round 
for  you  to  overthrow,  other  walls  for  you  for',  cf.  Plin.  Epp.  in  iii  §  3  jam  circum- 
to  give  to  your  soldiers',     cf.  note  on  I  82.  spiciendus  rhetor  Lot  inns. 

132.  pacis]  'poverty  does  not  compel  143.     togam]  cf.  supr.  73. 

you  to  drain  peace  (i.e.  the  state  now  free  145.     libertas]  '  the  freedom  of  a  peo- 

from  foreign  war)  for  spoil',     exhaustae  is  pie  bound  down  by  tyranny  perishes  by 

proleptic  i.e.  ita  ut  exkausta fiat.     Weise  freedom'  i.e.  by  the  assertion  of  it,  i.e.  dia 

cf.  11  342  da foederaprisciillibata tori.  For  irapp^cria^.     Cud.  cf.  Sen.  dial.  IX  v  §  3 

too- used  for  what  is  in  a  state  of  peace  cf.  (Socrates)    qui    Into    insultauerat  agtnini 

Stat.  Theb.  vn  86,  87  ut  si  quando  ruit  tyrannorum  ciuis,  eius  libertatem  libertas 

iebellatasque  reliquit  Eurus   aquas,   pax  non  tulit.     cf.  also  Ov.    Heroid.  XV  67, 

ipsa  linnet.  6S    me  quoque,   quod  monui  hone  mult  a 

133-    bellum]  'you  have  war  before  you  fideliter,  odit:   hoc  mihi  libertas   hoc  pia 

Caesar'  i.e.  as  a  means  of  recruiting  your  lingua  dedit. 
inances.  r 4O.     cuius]  'but  you  will  preserve  its 

1  ,7.     nullus  honos]  i.e.   not  even  the  shadow,  if,  whate'er  you  are  bidden,  that 

Tribunate.  you  wish  to  do'. 

tc    uindice]  'think    you  freedom  is  left  148.    paruimus]    'we    have    submitted 

■>ehind  in  safety  under  your  protection?'  to'.      cf.     Caes.     B.     C.     Iir     81     nulla 

138.    fermiscuit]  cf.    note   on    1    271.  Tkessaliae  fuit  ciuitas  praeter  Larissaeoi 

v'ell.    Pat.    11    §    2    (Tiberius    Gracchus)  quin  Caesar/ parent. 

umma    iuris    miseuit   ct   in  praeruptum  uenia]    'this  is  the  sole  excuse  for  our 

itque     anceps     fericulum     adduxit     rem  shame  and  our  ignoble  fear  that  nothing 

'mblicam.  could  now  have  been  refused  him'. 

G— 2 


84  LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 

degenerisque  metus  nil  iam  potuisse  negari. 

ocius  aucrtat  diri  mala  semina  belli.  150 

damna  moucnt  populos,  si  quos  sua  iura  tucntur. 
non  sibi  scd  domino  grauis  est  quae  seruit  egestas. 
protinus  abducto  patuerunt  templa  Metello. 
turn  rupes  Tarpeia  sonat  magnoque  rcclusas 
testatur  stridore  fores:   turn  conditus  imo  155 

eruitur  templo  multis  intactus  ab  annis 
Romani  census  populi,  quern  Punica  bella, 
quern  dederat  Perses,  quern  uicti  praeda  Philippi  : 
quod  tibi,  Roma,  fuga  Pyrrhus  trepidante  reliquit, 
quo  te  Fabricius  regi  non  uendidit  auro,  160 

quidquid  parcorum  mores  seruastis  auorum, 
quod  dites  Asiae  populi  misere  tributum, 
uictorique  dedit  Minoia  Creta  Metello, 
quod  Cato  longinqua  uexit  super  aequora  Cypro. 
tunc  Orientis  opes  captorumque  ultima  regum       165 
quae  Pompeianis  praelata  est  gaza  triumphis 
egeritur :    tristi  spoliantur  templa  rapina ; 
pauperiorque  fuit  turn  primum  Caesare  Roma. 

interea  totum  Magni  fortuna  per  orbem 
secum  casuras  in  proelia  mouerat  urbes.  170 

proxima  uicino  uires  dat  Graecia  bello. 
Phocaicas  Amphissa  manus  scopulosaque  Cyrrha, 

pudoris]  i.e.  dedecoris  pudorem  afferent  is.  217  mine  est  in  pretio  pretium,  dat  census 

cf.  Ov.   Heroid.  XI  79  irruit  et  nostrum  honores,  census  amicilias. 
■uolgat  clamore  pudorem.  160.     quote]  i.e.  the  gold  which  having 

150.  auertat]  'let  him  sweep  away',  been  refused  by  Fabricius,  remained  in  the 
cf.  Hor.  Sat.  11  iv  37  nee  satis  est  cara  possession  of  Pyrrhus  and  together  with 
pisces  auertere  mensa.  Stat.  Theb.  IV  648  his  other  spoils  passed  into  the  Roman 
Sidonias  auertere praedas.  treasury  after  his  defeat  by  Manius  Curius. 

semina  belli]  cf.Ov.Met. I  140  effodiun-  For    the    attraction   Oud.   cf.  vi  663   et 

tur  opes  irritamentamalorum.    Tac.  Hist,  quibus  os  dirum  nasccntibus  inspuit  her- 

IV  74  sed  nobis  maximum  discrimen  penes  bis. 

quos  aurum  et  opes  praecipuae   bcllorum  i6r.     seruastis']  For  the  sudden  change 

causae.  of  person,  cf.  infr.  281.     Verg.  Aen.  vil 

151.  damna]  'losses  stir  the  wrath  of  284  quos  dines  Anagnia  pascit,  quos 
nations   protected    by  laws  of  their  own  Amasene  pater. 

passing;    the   poverty  of  slaves   is   dan-  164.     Cato]   See  Plutarch's  life  of  Cato 

gerous   not    to   themselves   but   to   their  chapter  45. 

master'.  165.     ultima]    'from   the   ends  of  the 

156.  ab  annis]  cf.  note  on  399  infr.  earth',     cf.  1  314 

157.  census]  'the  property  .    cf.  Hor.  168.    pauperior]  Weise  thinks  that  thus 
carm.  II  xv  13  priuatus  illis  census  erat  is  a  reference  to  Caesar's  former  debts. 
breuis,  commune  magnum.     Ov.  Fast.   I  170.     secum]  sc.  cum  ipsa  fortuna. 


LIBER    III.    149—190. 


85 


Parnasusquc  iugo  misit  desertus  utroquc. 

Boeoti  coiere  duces,  quos  impiger  ambit 

fatidica  Ccphisos  aqua,  Cadmcaquc  Dirce,  175 

Pisaeaequc  manus,  populisque  per  aequora  mittens 

Sicaniis  Alpheos  aquas,     turn  Maenala  liquit 

Areas  ct  Hcrculeam  miles  Trachinius  Oetcn. 

Thesproti  Uryopcsque  ruunt,  quercusque  silentis 

Chaonio  ueteres  liquerunt  uertice  Selloe.  180 

exhausit  totas  quamuis  delectus  Athcnas 

exiguae  Phoebca  tenent  naualia  puppes 

tresque  pctunt  ueram  credi  Salamina  carinae. 

iam  dilccta  Ioui  centenis  ucnit  in  arma 

Creta  uetus  populis,  Gnososque  agitare  pharetras  185 

docta  nee  Eois  peior  Gortyna  sagittis ; 

turn  qui  Dardaniam  tenet  Oricon,  et  uagus  altis 

dispersus  siluis  Athamas,  et  nomine  prisco 

Encheliae  uersi  testantes  funera  Cadmi, 

Colchis  et  Hadriacas  spumans  Absyrtis  in  undas,  190 


173.  utroque]  cf.  Soph.  Ant.  1126  <r£ 
5'  virep  5(.\6<pov  Trtrpas  aripoyp  oironre 
\typvs.  Pers.  prol.  2  ncque  in  bicipiti 
sonutiasse  Parnaso  memini. 

175.  fatidica]  cf.  Ov.  Met.  I  369  foil. 

176.  per  aequora]  cf.  Verg.  Eel.  X  4,  5 
sic  tibi  cum  Jiuctus  subter  labere  Sicanos 
Doris  amara  suam  mm  intermisceat  undam. 

180.  Selloe]  cf.  Horn.  II.  XVI  234. 

181.  exhausit]  'although  the  levy 
drained  all  the  strength  of  Athens,  but  a 
few  vessels  are  found  to  occupy  the  dock- 
yard of  Phoebus,  and  three  ships  seek  to 
gain  credit  for  the  tale  of  Salamis',  i.e. 
although  Athens  sent  all  her  naval  forces, 
these  only  amount  to  three  ships,  i.e.  in 
all  probability  the  three  state  galleys 
Salaminia,  Paralus  and  Theoris.  Weise 
appears  to  think  that  what  is  meant  is  that 
three  ships  still  remained  in  the  harbour 
of  Athens  after  the  rest  had  joined 
Pompeius,  but  this  would  imply  that  the 
naval  forces  of  Athens  were  large  at  this 
time,  whereas  a  contrast  is  evidently 
intended  between  their  present  condition 
uid  their  condition  at  the  time  of  the 
Persian  wars.  If  the  reading  Phoebea  is 
genuine  it  is  difficult  to  say  what  is 
referred  to:  Hortensius  says,  without 
giving  his  authority,  that  the  dockyard  of 
Piraeus  was  consecrated  to  Apollo: 
Grotius    conjectures    Piraea.      Gronovius 


thinks  that  the  harbour  of  Actium  is 
referred  to,  as  the  mustering  place  of 
Pompeius'  naval  forces,  taking  tenent  as 
'arrive  at':  but  this  appears  to  be 
unsatisfactory. 

184.  dilccta  Ioui]  i.e.  because  accord- 
ing to  the  legend  he  was  brought  up  in 
Crete,     cf.  Verg.  G.  IV  149  —  152. 

186.  Eois]  For  Eastern  archery  cf. 
Verg.  G.  11  125  et  gens  ilia  quidem  su  nipt  is 
non  tarda  pharetris. 

187.  Dardaniam]  because  founded  by 
Helenus. 

189.  Encheliae]  'the  Encheliae  who 
by  their  ancient  name  bear  witness  to  the 
death  of  transformed  Cadmus',  i.e.  Cadmus 
before  his  death  was  transformed  into  a 
serpent  (cf.  Eur.  Bacch.  1331  foil.  Ov. 
Met.  IV  562  foil.)  and  the  name  Encheliae 
is  derived  from  Zyx^vs  which  means  an 
eel,  which  was  regarded  as  a  kind  of 
serpent,  cf.  Juv.  v  103  uos  anguilla 
vianet  longae  cognata  colubrac. 

190.  Absyrtis]  Apparently  a  river  in 
Illyria,  called  Colchian  because  from  its 
name  supposed  to  be  the  scene  of  the 
murder  of  Absyrtus  by  his  sister  Medea, 
which  was  generally  said  to  have  taken 
place  at  Tomi  on  the  Euxine  ;  see  Ov. 
Trist.  in  ix.  Some  islands  named  Absyr- 
tides,  off  the  Illyrian  coast,  are  mentioned 
by  l'lmy  II.  N.  ill  §  151. 


86 


LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 


et  Penei  qui  rura  colunt,  quorumque  labore 
Thessalus  Haemoniam  uomcr  proscindit  Iolcon. 
vinde  lacessitum  primo  mare,  cum  rudis  Argo 
miscuit  ignotas  temerato  litorc  gentes, 
primaque  cum  uentis  pelagique  furentibus  undis    195 
composuit  mortale  genus,  fatisque  per  illam 
accessit  mors  una  ratem.     turn  linquitur  Haemus 
Thraecius  et  populum  Pholoe  mentita  biformem. 
deseritur  Strymon  tepido  committere  Nilo 
Bistonias  consuetus  aues,  et  barbara  Cone  200 

Sarmaticas  ubi  perdit  aquas  sparsamque  profundo 
multifidi  Peucen  unum  caput  adluit  Histri: 
Mysiaque,  et  gelido  tellus  perfusa  Caico 
Idalis,  et  nimium  glaebis  exilis  Arisbe. 
cjuique  colunt  Pitanen,  et  quae  tua  munera,  Pallas, 
lugent  damnatae  Phoebo  uictore  Celaenae :  206 


193.  inde]  'from  that  port  the  sea  was 
first  assailed';  cf.  Catull.  lxiv  n  ilia 
{Argo)  rudem  cursu  prima  imbuit  Am- 
ph  it  rite  in. 

194.  ignotas\  sc.  inter  se. 

temerato]  This  probably  refers  to  the 
notion  that  there  is  something  unlawful 
in  crossing  the  sea  for  purposes  of  com- 
merce, cf.  Hor.  carm.  I  iii  21 — 24  ne- 
quicquam  deits  abscidit  prudens  oceano 
dissociabiPi  terras,  si  tamen  impiae  non 
tangenda  rates  transiliunt  uada.  Oud. 
cf.  Val.  Flacc.  1  800 — S02  classesque  et 
Pontica  signa  atque  indignatos  temerato 
//'tore  reges  mente  agites. 

196.  composuit]  'matched  against'; 
especially  used  of  gladiators,  cf.  Hor.  Sat. 
1  vii  19  Rupiliet  Persi par pugnat  uti  non 
eomposilum  melius  earn  Bit/10  Baeehius. 
Sen.  dial.  1  ii  §  9  ecce  par  deo  dig/turn, 
uir  fortis  cum  fortuna  mala  composi- 
tus. 

197.  mors  una]  'one  new  form  of 
death',  cf.  Propert.  IV  vii  29,  30  tie 
rates  curuas  et  leti  texite  causas ;  ista  per 
humanas  mors  uenit  acta  maims. 

198.  mentita]  'the  feigned  possessor 
of.  cf.  Vel.  Pat.  11  iv  §  1  mentitns  regiae 
slirpis  originem.  Mart.  XI  lii  13  mentiar 
itt  nenias  pisces  conchylia  sumen  et  cortis 
saturas  atqae  paludis  aites. 

199.  committere]  'to  consign  to  the 
warm  Nile',  i.e.  to  be  taken  care  of 
during   the   winter,     cf.    Yerg.  G.   1   1 20 


Strymoniaeque grues.  Aristoph.  Aves  710 
(nreipeiv  fjLev  otolv  yepavos  Kpw^ovff'  is  ttjv 
fufiv-qv  fj-eraxupv. 

200.  Cone]  unknown. 

201.  Sarmaticas]  '  loses  in  the  sea  the 
waters  that  flow  from  Sarmatia'.  cf. 
notes  on  1  106,  11  402. 

sparsamque]  'and  one  mouth  of  much- 
cleft  Hister  bathes  Peuce  besprinkled  by 
the  sea'.  According  to  Strabo  vn  15 
(305)  Peuce  is  a  large  island  lying  in  the 
southernmost  mouth  of  the  Hister  at  a 
distance  of  1 20  stadia  from  the  sea  :  Lucan 
apparently  means  that  the  salt  water  runs 
up  as  far  as  Peuce. 

202.  caput]  more  often  used  of  the 
source  of  a  river,  but  cf.  note  on  11  54. 
Liv.  xxxii  41  and  Orelli's  note  on  Hor. 
Sat.  1  x  37. 

204.  exilis]  cf.  Cic.  de  leg.  agrar.  II 
§  67  quod  solum  tarn  exile  et  mac  rum  est, 
quod  aratro  praestringi  non  possit? 

Arisbe]  a  tow  n  in  the  Troad,  cf.  Plin. 
H.  N.  V  §  I2L 

205.  tua  munera]  Weise  says  that  this 
refers  to  the  story  that  Marsyas  picked  up 
the  flute  which  had  been  invented  and 
thrown  away  by  Pallas,  and  then  challenged 
Apollo  to  a  musical  contest :  cf.  Ov. 
Fast,  vi  693 — 710;  Oudendorp  that  it 
refers  to  the  olive  trees  which  Pallas 
withered  up  because  the  people  of  Celaenae 
took  the  side  of  Apollo  in  a  contest  with 
her.     cf.  Verg.  G.  1  18. 


LIBER    III.    191—225. 


87 


215 


qua  celer  et  ripis  descendens  Marsya  rectis 
errantem  Maeandron  adit  mixtusque  refertur: 
passaque  ab  auriferis  tellus  ex  ire  metallis 
Pactolon  :    qua  culta  secat  non  uilior  Hermus.        210 
Iliacac  quoquc  signa  manus  perituraque  castra 
ominibus  petiere  suis  :    ncc  fabula  Troiae 
continuit  Phrygiique  ferens  se  Caesar  lull. 
accedunt  Syriae  populi,  desertus  Orontes, 
et  felix,  sic  fama,  Ninos  :    ucntosa  Damascos, 
Gazaque  et  arbusto  palmarum  diues  Idume, 
et  Tyros  tnstabilis,  pretiosaquc  murice  Sidon. 
has  ad  bella  rates  non  flexo  limite  ponti, 
certior  baud  ullis  duxit  Cynosura  carinis. 
Phoenices  primi,  famae  si  creditur,  ausi 
mansuram  rudibus  uocem  signasse  figuris. 
nondum  flumineas  Memphis  contexere  biblos 
nouerat :    et  saxis  tantum  uolucresque  feraeque 
sculptaque  seruabant  magicas  animalia  linguas. 
deseritur  Taurique  nemus,  Perseaque  Tarsos,  225 


220 


207.  qua  celer]  Oud.  cf.  Claudian  in 
Eutrop.  11  266  —  268  sed  Marsya,  itclox 
<iu  in  situs  est  flexuque  carens,  iain  flu  mine 
mixtus  mollitur,  Maeandre,  tuo. 

208.  refertur]  'is  carried  back  on  its 
course'  i.e.  by  the  Maeander  which  doubles 
on  itself,  cf.  VI  475.  Ov.  Met.  VIII  162 — 
166  non  scats  ac  liquidus  Phrygiis  Mae- 
andros  in  aruis  ludit  et  ambiguo  lapsu 
reflnitque  jiuitqiie,  occurrensque  sibi  ucn- 
turas  adspicit  undas :  et  nunc  ad  fontes 
nunc    in    mare   nersus   apertum    ineertas 

et  aquas. 

210.     Pactolon Hermus]    cf.    Hor. 

Epod.     xv    20    tibique    Pactolus   fluat. 
Verg.  G.  11  137  auro  turbidus  Hermits. 

212.  ominibus  suis]  'with  the  prospect 
of  their  usual  fortune'. 

213.  Phrygiique  ferens  se]  'boasting 
his  descent  from  Phrygian  lulus'.  cf. 
Verg.  Aen.  1  zSSZuiius  a  magno  demissum 
nomen  ditto. 

215.    ft  lix]  '  once  prosperous '. 

ucntosa]  i.e.  i\vtfx6icaa.. 

:i  <).  arbusto  palmarum]  'palm  planta- 
tions', equivalent  to  palmetis,  cf.  I  lor. 
Epp.  II  ii  183  Ilerodis palmetis pinguibus. 
cf.  also  Verg.  G.  m  12  primus  Idumaeas 
referam  tibi  Mantua  palmas. 

217.     instabilis]    ob   lerrae   motus    ibi 


crebros.  Weise  cf.  Sen.  Nat.  Quaest.  VI  i 
§  13  Tyros  aliquando  in/amis  minis  fuit ' . 
218.  has  ad  bella]  'these  ships  Cyno- 
sura guided  to  war  by  no  winding  path 
across  the  sea,  Cynosura  which  is  a  more 
trusted  guide  to  no  other  vessels',  i.e.  the 
Phoenicians  sailed  by  Cynosura,  the 
Greeks  by  Helice.  cf.  Arat.  Phaen.  39 
T?j  dpa  QoiviKes  iriavvoi  irepowat  Oa\a.acav. 
Weise  cf.  Ov.  Fast,  ill  107,  108  esse  dims 
Arctos  quorum  Cynosura  peiatur  Sidoniis, 
Hcliccn  Graia  carina  notct. 

221.  mansuram]  'to  mark  in  rude 
characters  words  to  abide  for  ever'  i.e. 
they  invented  the  alphabet. 

signasse]  cf.  Ov.  Met.  11  126  corpora 
danttumulosignantque hoc  carminesaxum, 
hie  situs  est  Phaethon. 

222.  biblos]  sc.  papyros. 

223.  uolucresque  feraeque]  i.e.  hiero- 
glyphics. Weise  cf.  Ammian.  Marcell. 
xxii  15  itolucrum  fcrarumque  genera 
mitlta  satlpserunt  et  animalium  species 
quas  hieroglyphicas  lit/eras  appellaucrunt. 

224.  magicas  linguas]  'the  utterance 
of  the  priests '. 

225.  Perseaque  Tarsos]  Tarsus  was 
said  to  be  called  after  the  wing  of  Pegasus 
which  fell  there,  cf.  Juv.  ill  117,  118  ripa 
nutritus  in  ilia,  ad  quant  Gorgonei  delapsa 


88 


LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 


Coryciumquc  patens  exesis  rupibus  antrum  : 
Mallos  ct  extremae  resonant  naualibus  Aegac, 
itque  Cilix  iusta  iam   non  pirata  carina, 
mouit  et  Eoos  bellorum  fama  rccessus, 
qua  colitur  Ganges,  toto  qui  solus  in  orbe  230 

ostia  nascenti  contraria  solucre  Phoebo 
audet  et  aduersum  fluctus  impellit  in  Eurum : 
hie  ubi  Pellaeus  post  Tethyos  aequora  ductor 
constitit,  et  magno  uinci  se  fassus  ab  orbe  est. 
quaque  ferens  rapidum  diuiso  gurgite  font  em         235 
uastis  Indus  aquis  mixtum  non  sentit  Hydaspcn. 
quique  bibunt  tenera  dulces  ab  harundinc  sucos, 
et  qui  tinguentes  croceo  medicamine  crinem 
fluxa  coloratis  adstringunt  carbasa  gemmis. 
quique  suas  struxere  pyras  uiuique  calentis  240 

conscendere  rogos.     pro  quanta  est  gloria  genti 
iniecisse  manum  fatis  uitaque  repletos 


est  pinna  caballi,  and  as  Pegasus  sprang 
from  the  blood  of  the  Gorgon  Medusa 
when  Perseus  cut  off  her  head,  cf.  Ov. 
Fast,  in  450 — 458,  Tarsus  indirectly  owed 
its  origin  to  Perseus. 

227.  Mallos]  Mallos  and  Aegae  were 
both  towns  in  Cilicia. 

exlrettiae]  'distant',  cf.  1  314. 

resonant  naualibus']  '  ring  with  the 
bustle  of  the  dockyard '.  cf.  Aristoph. 
Ach.  552 — 554  to  vewpiov  5'  av  Kunrtwv 
TrXaTov/nevwv,  njXwv  ^o/povvTUP,  OdXapuQv 
TpoTrovfxivwv,  av\Qv  Ke\evo~Twv,  vi.-y\apoiv, 
o-vpiy/j.a.Tuii'. 

228.  iusta]  'lawful',     cf.  II  379. 

230.  at/a  colitur]  'where  men  dwell 
on  Ganges'  banks';  or  it  might  be  taken, 
'where  Ganges  is  worshipped',  alluding 
to  the  honour  in  which  the  river  is  held 
by  the  Indians. 

231.  ostia]  'dares  to  discharge  its 
mouth  in  the  face  of  the  rising  sun'. 

233.  hie]  This  word  must  not  be 
pressed  too  closely,  but  taken  as  meaning 
only  generally  'in  India',  as  Alexander 
did  not  reach  the  Ganges,  but  turned  back 
from  the  banksof  the  Hyphasis  (the  Sullej). 

post  Tethyos  aequora]  'after  reaching  the 
ocean '. 

234.  magno  uinci]  'confessed  himself 
vanquished  by  the  vastness  of  the  world'. 
cf.  Juv.  x  168,  169  units  Pellaeo  iuueni 
non  sufficit  orbis,  aesiuat  infelix  anguslo 
liinite  mundi. 


235.  diuiso  gurgite]  duobus  enim  ostiis 
influit  in  mare  et  quo  loco  diuiditur 
insulam  facit  Paralen  dictam.     Weise. 

237.  sucos]  i.e.  the  juice  of  the  sugar- 
cane. 

238.  et  qui]  cf.  Quint.  Curt,  vm  ix 
§§21,  24  corpora  usque  pedes  carbaso  ue- 
lant,  sola's  pedes,  capita  linfeis  uinciunt, 
lapilli  ex  auribus pendent,  braccliia  quoque 
et  laccrtos  auro  colunt,  quibus  inter  popu- 
lar es  aut  nobilitas  aut  opes  eminent... dis- 
tincta  sunt  auro  ct  purpura  carbasa  quae 
in d ut us  est  (rex). 

-39-  fluxa]  'girdle  their  flowing  robes 
with  strings  of  coloured  gems  '.  coloratus 
generally  means  'dark -coloured',  and  is 
used  of  the  Indians  themselves  Verg.  G. 
IV  293  usque  coloratis  amnis  deuexus  ab 
Indis. 

240.  quique]  cf.  Quint.  Curt.  VIII  ix 
§  32  apud hos  occuparefati diem  pulchrum, 
et  uiuos  se  cremari  iubent,  quibus  aut  seg- 
nis  aetas  aut  incommoda  ualiludo  est:  ex- 
spectatam  mortem  pro  dedecore  uitae  habeut, 
nee  ullus  corporibus,  quae  sencctus  soluit, 
honos  reddilur:  inquiuari  putant  igncm, 
nisi  qui  spirautis  recipit.  Compare  also 
the  account  of  the  Indian  philosopher 
Calanus,  who  had  himself  burnt  alive  at 
Susa.  cf.  Diodorus  xvn  107,  Arrian  VII 
3.  Thirlwall's  History  of  Greece,  chap- 
ter LV. 

242.  iniecisse  manum  fatis]  'to  lay 
hands  on  destiny',  i.e.  compel  it  to  do  as 


LIBER    III.    226—260. 


89 


quod  supcrest,  donasse  deis.     ucncre  fcroces 

Cappadoccs,  duri  populus  nunc  cultor  Amani, 

Armcniusque  tenens  uolucntcm  saxa  Niphaten  :    245 

aethera  tangentis  siluas  liqucrc  Coatrac. 

ignotum  uobis,  Arabcs,  ucnistis  in  orbcm 

umbras  mirati  nemorum  non  ire  sinistras. 

turn  furor  cxtrcmos  mouit  Romanus  Orctas, 

Carmanosque  duces,  quorum  deflexus  in  Austrum  250 

aether  non  totam  mergi  tamcn  adspicit  Arcton, 

lucet  et  exigua  uelox  ibi  nocte  Bootes ; 

Aethiopumque  solum,  quod  non  premerctur  ab  ulla 

signiferi  regione  poli,  nisi  poplite  lapso 

ultima  curuati  procederet  ungula  Tauri.  255 

quaque  caput  rapido  tollit  cum  Tigride  magnus 

Euphrates,  quos  non  diucrsis  fontibus  edit 

Persis,  et  incertum,  tellus  si  misceat  amnes, 

quod  potius  sit  nomen  aquis.     sed  sparsus  in  agros 

fertilis  Euphrates  Phariae  uice  fungitur  undae  :      260 


you  please,  the  reverse  of  what  is  usually 
the  case,  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  x  419  iniecere 
manum  Parcaetelisque  sacrarunt  Euandri. 
repletos]  '  sated ',  for  the  metaphor  cf. 
Lucret.  m  951  cur  non  plains  uitae  con- 
uiua  recedis?  id.  973  quam  satur  ac  plants 
possis  discedere  rerum. 

243.  donasse]  '  to  sacrifice  ',  irpoeaOai. 

244.  nunc  ad/or]  'who  now  till 
rugged  Amanus',  i.e.  since  Pompeius' 
con«iuest ;  they  now  cultivate  the  soil  in- 
stead of  being  pirates. 

245.  Niphaten]  In  Virgil  and  Horace 
this  seems  to  be  the  name  of  a  moun- 
tain. 

246.  aethera  tangentis  siluas]  cf.  Verg. 
G.  11  124  ubi  aera  uincere  sum  mum 
arboris  haud  ullae  iactu  potuere  sagiltae. 

248.  non  ire  sinistras]  i.e.  if  they 
looked  towards  the  West.  Lucan  means 
that  they  came  from  beyond  the  equator : 
compare  the  account  in  Herodotus  IV  42 
of  the  circumnavigators  of  Africa,  koX 
i\e-,ov,  i/xol  p.ev  ov  iticra.  a\\y  ok  Or)  rey, 
cos  irepLTr\woi>Tts  tyji>  Xifivrjv  tuv  r)k\iov 
i<r\ov  es  ra  Oe£ta,  and  what  Pliny  II.  X. 
vi  >i  87  says  of  the  ambassadors  who  came 
to  Rome  from  Taprobane  (Ceylon)  in  the 
reitm  of  Claudius,  sed  maxime  mirum  erat 
umbras  suas  in  nostrum  caelum  cadere, 
solemque  a  laeua  oriri  et  in  dextram 
oceidcre  potius  quam  e  diner  so. 


250.  deflexus]  cf.  Verg.  G.  I  240  mun- 
dits  id  ad  Seythiam  Rhipaeasque  arduus 
aires  consurgit premitur  Libyae  deucxits  in 
A  ustros. 

251.  non  totam]  With  us  it  does  not 
set  at  all.  cf.  Horn.  II.  XVIII  489  ofr?  5' 
dfji/jiopos  eari  \oerpu>v  u>Keavoto. 

252.  uelox]  'swift  to  set',  instead  of 
being  as  with  us  segnis.  cf.  IV  525.  Ov. 
Met.  11  176,  177  te  quoque  turbatum  memo- 
rant  fugisse,  Boole,  quamuis  tardus  eras, 
el  le  lua  plaustra  tenebant. 

253.  Aethiopumque  solum]  sc.  furor 
Romanus  mouit. 

quod  non]  'which  would  not  be  covered 
by  any  portion  of  the  zodiac  did  not  the 
extremity  of  the  hoof  of  the  Pull,  as  its 
flank  sinks  down,  step  out  beyond  the 
limits',  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  VI  796  iacet  extra 
sidera  tellus  extra  anui  solisque  uias. 

258.     incertum]  cf.  notes  on  I  5  462. 

si  misceat]  'suffered  them  to  mix',  i.e. 
did  not  prevent  their  mixing,  cf.  note  on 
1  102  si  terra  recedat  Ionium  Aegaeo  fran- 
gat  mare.  As  a  matter  of  fact  the  rivers 
do  join  before  flowing  into  the  Persian 
Gulf. 

quod]   i.e.  it/ rum.     cf.    note 


^59 
I  126. 

260 
sense. 
Ceres. 


on 


fertilis]  'fertilising'  in  an  active 
cf.  Ov.  Met.  v  642  dea  fertilis  sc. 
Plin.  II.  X.  win  vi  $  43  maiores 


90 


LUCANI    HIARSALIAE 


at  Tigrim  subito  tell  us  absorbct  hiatu 
occultosque  tegit  cursus  rursusque  renatum 
fontc  nouo  flumen  pelagi  non  abnegat  undis. 
inter  Caesareas  acies  diuersaque  signa 
pugnaces  dubium  Parthi  tenuere  fauorem, 
contenti  fecisse  duos,     tinxere  sagittas 
errantes  Scythiae  populi,  quos  gurgitc  Bactros 
includit  gelido  uastisque  Hyrcania  siluis. 
hinc  Lacedaemonii  moto  gens  aspera  freno 
Heniochi,  sacuisque  affinis  Sarmata  Moschis. 
Colchorum  qua  rura  secat  ditissima  Phasis : 
qua  Croeso  fatalis  Halys,  qua  ucrtice  lapsus 
Ripaeo  Tanais  diuersi  nomina  mundi 
imposuit  ripis,  Asiaeque  et  terminus  idem 
Europae,  mediae  dirimens  confinia  terrae, 
nunc  hue  nunc  illuc  qua  flectitur  ampliat  orbem. 
quaque  frctum  torrens  Maeotidos  egerit  undas 
Pontus  et  Herculeis  aufertur  gloria  metis, 


265 


"O 


2/5 


fertilissimum  in  agro  oculum  domini  esse 
dixerunt. 

Phariae  uicefungitur  undae]  i.e.  in  the 
same  way  as  the  Nile  overflows  the 
fields. 

261.  at  Tigrim]  The  Scholiast  quotes 
the  following  lines  from  'Nero  in  primo 
libro'  quiquc  per  erratam  subductus  Per- 
sida  Tigris  deserit  et  longo  terrarum  tractus 
hiatu  redd  it  quaesitas  iam  non  quaerentibus 
undas. 

263.  non  abnegat]  i.e.  allows  to  flow  into 
the  sea. 

266.  feeisse  duos]  cf.  I  106  bclluni  uietis 
eiuile  dedistis. 

tinxere]  'dipped  in  poison'.  Oud.  cf. 
Ov.  Ibis  51,  52  iambus  tineta  Lycambeo 
sanguine  tela  dedit, 

267.  Bactros]  cf.  Quint.  Curt.  VI 1  iv 
§  31  if>sa  Bactra,  regionis  eitts  caput,  sita 
sunt  sub  monte  Paramiso.  Bactrus  ainnis 
practerit  moenia :  is  urbi  et  regioui  dedit 
nonien.  The  modern  name  of  the  river 
is  the  Dehaz. 

269.  moto  gens  aspera  freno]  frenos 
mouere  docti  et  asperi  rudesque.     Weise. 

270.  Heniochi]  According  to  the  legend 
they  were  descended  from  the  charioteers 
of  Castor  and  Pollux. 

272.  Croeso  fatalis]  cf.  the  oracle  re- 
ferred to  in  Hdt.  1  53  Kpolaos  "A\w  Stands 
/AcydXyv  apxvv  KaraXixrei. 


273.  diuersi  mundi]  '  of  different  quar- 
ters of  the  world '. 

276.  nunc  hue]  'now  on  this  side,  now 
on  that,  according  as  it  winds,  it  enlarges 
a  quarter  of  the  world',  i.e.  Europe  or 
Asia  as  the  case  may  be.  Compare  the 
description  of  the  floating  islands  in  Lake 
Yadimonis,  Plin.  Epp.  VIII  20  §  7  rursus 
omnes  in  eundem  locum  appulsac,  qua  ste- 
teruul,  promouent  terrain,  et  modo  hac, 
inodo  ilia,  locum  reddunt  auferuntquc ;  ac 
turn  denique  cum  medium  tenuere  non  con- 
trahunt. 

orbem]  cf.  Hor.  carm.  HI  xxvii  75  tua 
sectus  oi  bis  nomina  ducet. 

277.  quaque]  'and  where  the  boiling 
strait  pours  forth  Maeotis'  waves',  i.e. 
into  the  Euxine. 

278.  Pontus]  'and  Pontus  is  so  much 
glory  wrested  from  the  pillars  of  Hercules, 
and  denies  that  Gades  alone  admits  the 
ocean',  i.e.  into  the  Mediterranean  Sea. 
The  meaning  appears  to  be  that  the  glory 
of  the  Straits  of  Gibraltar  is  diminished  in 
so  far  as  water  from  the  ocean  enters  the 
Mediterranean  by  way  of  the  Euxine  from 
the  Maeotian  lake  (Sea  of  Azov),  which 
latter  is  conceived  as  having  a  connexion 
with  the  outer  ocean.  Mr  Postgate  has 
suggested  to  me  that  all  difficulty  might 
be  removed  from  this  passage  by  trans- 
posing the  order   of  vv.    278,   279,    thus 


LIBER    III.    261—300.  91 

oceanumque  negat  solas  admittere  Gades. 
hinc  Esscdoniae  gentes,  auroquc  ligatas  280 

substringens,  Arimaspe,  comas  :    hinc  fortis  Arius 
longaque  Sarmatici  solucns  ieiunia  belli 
Massagetes  quo  fugit  cquo,  uolucrcsquc  Geloni. 

non    cum  IMemnoniis  deducens  agmina  reffnis 
Cyrus,  et  effusis  numerato  militc  telis  285 

descendit  Perses,  fratcrniquc  ultor  amoris 
aequora  cum  tantis  percussit  classibus,  uniim 
tot  reges  habuerc  ducem  ;    coiere  ncc  umquam 
tarn  uariae  cultu  gentes  tarn  dissona  uolgi 
ora.     tot  immensae  comites  missura  ruinae  290 

exciuit  populos  et  dignas  funere  Magni 
exsequias  Fortuna  dedit.     non  corniger  Haramon 
mittere  Marmaridas  cessauit  in  arma  cateruas : 
quidquid  ab  occiduis  Libye  patet  arida  Mauris 
usque  Paraetonias  Eoa  ad  litora  Syrtes.  295 

acciperet  felix  ne  non  semel  omnia  Caesar 
uincendum  pariter  Pharsalia  praestitit  orbem. 

ille  ubi  deseruit  trepidantis  moenia  Romae 
agmine  nubifeiam  rapto  supereuolat  Alpem. 
cumque  alii  famae  populi  terrore  pauerent,  300 

making  Pout  us  the  subject  of  ncgat:  'and         286.  fraternique  ultor  amoris]  sc.  Aga- 

Pontus  denies  that    Gades  alone   admits  memnon. 

the  ocean,  and  thus  the  glory  of  the  pillars         289.     tarn  dissona]   Oud.  cf.  Claudian. 

of  Hercules  is  lessened'.  in  Rufm.  11  106  numquam  tantae  ditiene 

28  r.     Arimaspe]  cf.  note  on  161  supr.  sub  una  conuencrc  mauus  ncc  lot  discrimina 

28:.     longaque]  'who  relieves  the  long  uocum. 
fasts  of  the  Sarmatian  war  by  the  horse         290.     ruinae]   may  be  either  genitive 

on  which  he  flies',  i.e.  by  opening  a  vein  after  comites  or  dative  after  missura:  for 

and    drinking    the    blood,     cf.   Verg.    G.  the  former  cf.  II  346,  for  the  latter  Verg. 

Ill  459 — 463  inter  ima  ferirc  pedis  salicn-  G.  IV  90  dede  ncc/. 

tern  sanguine  ucnam ;   Bisaltae  quo  more         29:.     exsequias]    'train    of   mourners'. 

solcnt  acerque  Gelouus,  cum  fugit  in  Rho-  cf.  Tac.  Hist,  iv  62  silens  agmen  et  uclut 

dopen   at  que    in   desert  a    Gctarum,  et   lac  longae  exsequias. 

concretum    cum    sanguine   potat    equina.         294.    quidquid]  '  all  the  extent  of  Libya 

Oud.  cf.   Claudian.  in    Rufin.  I  311    qui  from  the  Moors  in  the  west  to  the  Parae- 

cornipedes  in  pocula  uolnerat  audax  Mas-  tonian  Syrtes  on  the  eastern  shore',  i.e.  to 

tes.  the  borders  of  Egypt. 

284.  Mcmnoniis]  Eastern,  as  Memnon         296.     semel]   'once  for  all',     cf.  I  317, 
was  the  son  of  Eos.  n  14-. 

285.  et]   'nor  when'.  297.    pariter]   'all   at  once',     cf.    Sen. 
effusis]   cf.   Herod.    VI]  60  where  how-     Epp.  iv  viii  §  4  has  tarn  graucs  dominos, 

ever  the  counting  of  the  troops  is  said  to  interdum    altcrnis    impcrau/is,    intcrdum 

have  been  done  differently,  viz.  by  build-  pariter,  dimittit  a  te  sapicntia. 

ing   a    wall   round    a    certain    number  of  299.     Alpem]   For  the  singular  cf.  fuv. 

men.  x  f  5  2  opposuit  natttra  Alpemque  niuemque. 


92 


LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 


Phocais  in  dubiis  ausa  est  seruare  iuuentus 

non  Graia  leuitate  fidem  signataque  iura, 

et  causas  non  fata  sequi.     tamen  ante  furorcm 

indomitum  duramque  uiri  deflcctcre  mentem 

pacifico  scrmone  parant,  hostemque  propinquom    305 

orant,  Cecropiac  praclata  frondc  Mincruae: 

semper  in  cxternis  populo  communia  uestro 
Massiliam  bellis  testatur  fata  tulisse 
comprensa  est  Latiis  quaecumque  annalibus  aetas. 
et  nunc,  ignoto  si  quos  pctis  orbe  triumphos,  310 

accipe  deuotas  externa  in  proelia  dextras. 
at  si  funestas  acies,  si  dira  paratis 
proelia  discordes,  lacrimas  ciuilibus   armis 
secrctumque  damus.     tractentur  uolnera  nulla 
sacra  manu.     si  caelicolis  furor  arma  dedisset,        3 1  5 
aut  si  terrigenae   temptarent  astra  Gigantes, 
non  tamen  auderet  pietas  humana  uel  armis 
uel  uotis  prodesse  Ioui ;    sortisque  deorum 


301.  Phocais]  Massilia  was  founded 
by  the  people  of  Phocaea  in  Asia  Minor 
about  597  B.C.,  sixty  years  before  the 
capture  of  Phocaea  by  Harpagus  the  gene- 
ral of  Cyrus,  when  most  of  the  inhabitants 
retired  first  to  Corsica  and  then  to  Velia 
in  southern  Italy,  cf.  Herod.  I  165 — 
167.  Lucan  appears  to  think  that  Mas- 
silia was  founded  by  the  fugitives  cf.  V 
53;  see  Grote's  History  of  Greece,  part  11 
chapter  xxii. 

302.  Graia  leuitate']  Compare  Cicero's 
estimate  of  the  character  of  the  Greeks, 
pro  Flacc.  cap.  iv  §  9  iieritm  tamen  hoc 
dico  de  toto  genere  Graccorum  :  tribuo  Mis 
litteras,  do  mirftarum  artium  disciplinam, 
non  adimo  sermonis  leporem,  ingeniorum 
acumen,  diccudi  copiam  ;  denique  si  qua 
sibi  alia  summit  non  repugno :  testimonio- 
rum  religionem  ct  fidem  numquam  ista 
natio  coluil,  totinsque  huiusce  rei  quae  sit 
uis,  quae  auctoritas,  quod  pondus  igno- 
rant. 

signataque  iura]  'ratified  treaties'.  Oud. 
cf.  Claudian.  in  Eutrop.  1  379,  380  Ger- 
manis  responsa  dabal  legesque  Caycis  ar- 
duus  ct  flanis  signabat  iura  Sucvis. 

303.  causas]  'principles',  cf.  Caesar 
apud  Cic.  ad  Att.  X  viii  is  si  non  fortunae 
obsecutus  uidebere... omnia  cuim  secundis- 
sima  nobis,  aduersissima  Mis  accidisse 
uidentur.  ..ncc  causam  sccutus.  ..cadem  cuim 


turn  fuit  cum  ab  eorum  consiliis  abesse  iu 
dicasli...scd  meum  aliquod  factum  condem 
nasse.     Ov.  Met.  VII I  58 — 60  iusta  gerit 
ccrte  pro  nato  bella  pcrempto  in  causaque 
ualct ;  causamque  tuentibus  armis,  ut  pit  to, 
uincctnur. 

ante]  'first',  adverb,  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  XII 
680  hunc  oro  sine  mefurere  ante  furorcm. 

306.  praelata]  Weise  cf.  Verg.  Aen. 
VII  154  rami's  uelatos  Palladis  omncs  dona- 
que  ferre  uiro  pacemque  exposcere  Teucris. 

307.  semper]  Oud.  cf.  Cic.  de  off.  II 
§  28  portari  in  triumpho  Massiliam  nidi- 
mus,  et  ex  ea  urbe  triumphari  sine  qua 
numquam  noslri  imperatores  ex  transal- 
pinis  bellis  triumpharunt. 

309.  comprensa]  cf.  Hor.  carm.  IV 
xiii  14 — 16  tempora  quae  semel  notis  con- 
di la  fastis  inclusit  uolucris  dies. 

314.  secret um]  secessum,  receptaculum 
ciuium  a  ciuili  bello  discedentium.  Oud. 
cf.  Tac.  Hist.  Ill  63  sccrcta  Campanile 
offerrc  si  positis  armis  scque  et  liberos  suos 
Vcspasiano  permisisset. 

nulla]  sc.  nulla   externa,     cf.   note  on 

1  3i- 

315.  sacra]  may  mean  either  '  divine' 

as  explained  by  the  following  line,  or  'ac- 
cursed' because  inflicted  in  civil  war. 

318.  sortisque  deorum]  'of  the  affairs 
of  heaven',  cf.  Tac.  Ann.  xn  41  sortcm 
Br  it  aim  ici  1/1  is,  ■rab,  1  it  lit  r. 


i 


LIBER    III.   30I—337-  93 

ignarum  mortalc  genus  per  fulmina  tantum 

sciret  adhuc  caclo  solum  regnare  Tonantcm.  320 

addc  quod  innumerae  concurrunt  undiquc  gentcs, 

ncc  sic  horrct  incrs  scclcrum  contagia  mundus 

ut  gladiis  cgcant  ciuilia  bclla  coactis. 

sit  mens  ista  quidem  cunctis  ut  uestra  rccuscnt 

fata  ncc  haec  alius  committat  proelia  miles.  325 

cui  non  conspecto  languebit  dextra  parente  ? 

telaque  diuersi  prohibebunt  spargcrc  fratres. 

finis  adest  rerum,  si  non  committitis  ill  is 

arma  quibus  fas  est.     nobis  haec  summa  precandi : 

terribiles  aquilas  infestaque  signa  relinquas  330 

urbe  procul  nostrisque  uelis  tc  credere  muris, 

cxcludique  sinas  admisso  Caesare  bellum. 

sit  locus  exceptus  sceleri  Magnoque  tibique 

tutus,  ut  inuictae  fatum  si  consulat  urbi 

foedera  si  placeant  sit  quo  ueniatis  inermes.  335 

uel  cum  tanta  uocent  discrimina  Martis  Hiberi 

quid  rapidum  deflectis  iter  ?     non  pondera  rerum 

320.  Tonantem~\  cf.  Ilor.  cami.  Ill  v  I  to  take  rerum  as  equivalent  to  trpayixxrwv 
caclo  tonantcm  credidimus  Ioitcm  regnare.       'troubles',  viz.  the  civil  wars  :  'the  end  of 

321.  concurrunt]  'hasten  to  the  fray',      our  troubles  is  at  hand  unless  ye  entrust 
v    322.     nee  sic]    'nor   is   the   world   so     arms  to  those  who  may  lawfully  use  them ', 

sluggish  and  horror-struck  at  the  taint  of  i.e.  if  only  Romans  engage  in  the  civil  war 

crime,  that  civil  war  needs  swords  drawn  they  will  be  so  much  shocked  at  finding 

under  compulsion'.  themselves    fighting   with   their   kinsmen 

323.  coactis]  cf.  Plin.  H.  N.  XII  ii  that  they  will  insist  on  bringing  about 
§  13  namque  ct  chamaeplatani  uocantur  peace;  and  this  seems  to  follow  naturally 
coactae  brcttitatis,  quoniam  arborum  etiam  on  what  was  said  in  the  two  preceding 
abortus  inucnimtts.  lines:  but  I  can  find  no  instance  of  res 

324.  tit  uestra]  'to  refuse  to  meddle  used  in  this  sense  without  some  qualify - 
with  your  destiny'.  ing  adjective,  e.g.  malae,  aducrsae. 

325.  alius]  i.e.  other  than  a  Roman.  333.    exceptus]  'withdrawn  from  crime'. 

326.  cui  non]  'then  (if  none  but  Romans     cf.  Tac.    Agric.    15   nihil  iam   cupiditati 
join  in  the  war)  whose  hand  will  not  sink     nihil  libidini  exceptum. 
whenheseeshisfatlierintheenemy'sranks?'  335.     inermes]     Oudendorp  refers  to  a 

328.    finis  adest]   The  interpretation  of  custom  at  Massilia  to   allow  no   one   to 

this  passage  is  involved  in  considerable  enter  the  gates  in  arms.     cf.  Val.  Max.  11 

difficulty:  if  finis  rerum  means  'the  end  vi  §  9  intrare  oppidum  eorum  nulli  cum 

of  all  things',  which  is  the  most  natural  telo  licet,  praestoquc  est  qui  id  custodiae 

sense  to  give  to  it,  Weise's  explanation  gratia  acceptum  exituro  reddat,  tit  kospitia 

must  be  adopted,  viz.  that  illis  is  in  the  sua,  quern  ad  niodum   aduenientibus  hu- 

ablative,  and  the  preposition  cum  is  omit-  mana   sunt,    ita   ipsis   quoque  tula   sint. 

ted:  'the  end  of  the  commonwealth  is  at  Compare  the  account  of  Emporiae,  also  a 

hand  unless  ye  engage  in  war  only  with  colony  from  Phocaca,  in  Liv.  XXXIV  9. 
those  with  whom  ye  may  lawfully  fight',  336.       discrimina]      'such     important 

i.e.  foreign  nations.     But  this  construction  struggles   in   the   Spanish   war '. 
seems  to  me  to  be  too  unnatural   to  be  337.    pondera]  cf.  Ov.   Amor.    11    xiv 

admitted.     Perhaps  it  would  be  possible  42  et  sint  ominibus pondera  nulla  met*. 


94  LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 

non  momenta  sumus :    numquam  felicibus  armis 
usa  manus,  patriae  primis  a  sedibus  exsul, 
et  post  translatas  exustac  Phocidos  arces,  340 

moenibus  exiguis  alieno  in  litorc  tuti, 
illustrat  quos  sola  fides,     si  claudere  muros 
obsidione  paras  et  ui  perfringere  portas, 
excepisse  faces  tectis  et  tela  parati, 
undarum  raptos  auersis  fontibus  haustus  345 

quaerere  et  effossam  sitientes  lambere  terrain, 
et,  desit  si  larga  Ceres,  tunc  horrida  cerni 
foedaque  contingi  maculato  carpere  morsu. 
nee  pauet  hie  populus  pro  libertate  subire 
obsessum  Poeno  gessit  quod  Marte  Saguntum.       350 
pectoribus  rapti  matrum  frustraque  trahentes 
ubera  sicca  fame  medios  mittentur  in  ignes  ; 
uxor  et  a  caro  poscet  sibi  fata  marito. 
uolnera  miscebunt  fratres  bellumque  coacti 
hoc  potius  ciuile  gerent.     sic  Graia  iuuentus  355 

finierat :    cum  turbato  iam  prodita  uoltu 
ira  ducis  tandem  testata  est  uoce  dolorem  : 
uana  mouet  Graios  nostri  fiducia  cursus : 
quamuis  Hesperium  mundi  properemus  ad  axem 
Massiliam  delere  uacat.     gaudete  cohortes :  360 

obuia  praebentur  fatorum  munere  bella. 
uentus  ut  amittit  uires,  nisi  robore  densae 

338.     momenta]     cf.    IV    819    momen-  351.    frustraque  trahentes]  'tugging  in 

tumque fuit  mutatus  Curio  rerum.  vain  at'. 

340.  Phocidos]  sc.  Phocaeae.    cf.  V  53.  354.     miscebunt]  cf. ;  Verg.  Aen. .XII  720 

341.  tuti]   "defending  ourselves',     cf.      illi ''inter  scse  multa  ui  uolnera  miscent. 
Hor.  Sat.  11  i  20  cui  male  si palpere  re,;//-  coacti]  'if  driven  to  it  will  wage  by  pre- 
citrat  undiquc  tutus.                                            ference  this  kind  of  civil  war'. 

345.  undarum]  'ready  to  seek  new  357.  dolorem]  'indignation',  cf.  Verg. 
draughts  of  water  if  they  are  snatched  Aen.  XI  732,  733  quis  metus  o  numquam 
from  us  by  the  diversion  of  the  springs'.  dolituri  0  semper  inertes    Tyrrheni,  quae 

346.  effossam]  cf.  IV  309  foil.  tauta  aniviis  ignauia  uenit? 

347.  cerni — contingi]  sc.  uisu — contactu  358.  fiducia  cursus]"  confidence  in  my 
'fearful  to  look  upon  and  disgusting  to  journey',  i.e.  reliance  on  that  as  an  ob- 
touch.'  Oud.  cf.  Sil.  Ital.  II  522  sacuasque  stacle.  cf.  Caes.  B.  G.  V!I  19  fiducia 
fcrarum  attemptare  dapes  et  mensis  addcrc  loci.  Verg.  Aen.  I  131  tantane  uos  tenuit 
crimen.  generis  fiducia  uestri?    See  Prof.  Mayor's 

350.      Saguntum]      cf.    Liv.     XXI     14  note  on  Juv.  X  306. 

cui  enim  parci  potuit  ex  his  qui aut  inclusi  359.     quamuis  properemus]     'however 

cum  coniugibus  ac  liberis  domos  super  se  great  my  haste  to  reach '. 

ipsos  concremauerunt,  aut  armati  nullum  361.     obuia]  'unsought',    cf.  Tac.  Ann. 

ante  finem  pugnae  quam   morientes  fece-  xvi  2  obuias  opes  deferre  deos. 

runt?  362.    robore  densae]  'thickly  timbered'. 


LIBER    III.    33$-3*7-  95 

occurrant  siluae,  spatio  diffusus  inani, 
utque  perit  magnus  nullis  obstantibus  ignis, 
sic  hostes  mihi  deesse  nocet :  damnumque  putamus  365 
armorum,  nisi  qui  uinci  potuerc  rebellent. 
sed  si  solus  cam  dimissis  degener  armis 
turn  mihi  tccta  patent,     iam  non  excludere  tantum, 
inclusisse  uolunt.     at  enim  contagia  belli 
dira  fugant.     dabitis  poenas  pro  pace  petita  :  370 

et  nihil  esse  meo  discetis  tutius  aeuo 
quam  duce  me  bellum.     sic  postquam  fatus,  ad  urbem 
haud  trepidam  conuertit  iter:   turn  moenia  clausa 
conspicit  et  densa  iuuenum  uallata  corona, 
haud  procul  a  muris  tumulus  surgentis  in  altum   375 
tclluris  paruom  diffuso  ucrtice  campum 
explicat :   haec  patiens  longo  munimine  cingi 
uisa  duci  rupes  tutisque  aptissima  castris. 
proxima  pars  urbis  celsam  consurgit  in  arcem, 
par  tumulo,  mediisque  sedent  conuallibus  arua.      380 
turn  res  immenso  placuit  statura  labore 
aggere  diuersos  uasto  committere  colles. 
sed  prius  ut  totam  qua  terra  cingitur  urbem 
clauderet,  a  summis  perduxit  ad  aequora  castris 
longum  Caesar  opus,  fontesque  et  pabula  campi  385 
"  amplexus  fossa,  densas  tollentia  pinnas 
caespitibus  crudaque  exstruxit  bracchia  terra. 

Oud.  cf.  Ov.  Met.  xiv  360  densum  trabi-  380.     sedenl~\    'sink    with    intervening 

bus  nanus.     Val.    Flacc.    Ill    484  densos  hollows '.      cf.    Stat.   Theb.    1    330    qua 

trabc  monies,  molle  sedeus  in  plana  Cithaeron porrigitur. 

365.  damnumque  putamus]  'I  think  3S1.  statura']  'destined  to  cost '. cf.  11  17. 
my  arms  wasted',  cf.  11  442,  706  infr.  382.  committere]  'to unite',  cf.  Caes.  B. 
non  perdere  letum  maxima  curafuit.  G.  vn  22  nostrarum  turrium  altitudinem, 

366.  qui  uinci  potuerc]  '  those  who  quantum  has  quotidianus  agger  expresse- 
have  shown  they  can  be  conquered'.  rat,    commissis    suarum    turrium    ///a/is 

369.    inclusisse]  sc.  sed  etiani  inclusisse.  adaeq/tabai/t. 

at  eni/i/]  'but,  say  they,   they  wish   to  383.     qua   terra   cingitur]    sc.    on   the 

keep   from   them   the  taint  of  war '.     cf.  land  side. 

Ov.  Met.  xiil  HJla/n/nis... qnas  hac  a  classe  386.     amplexus]   surrounding,    and    so 

fuga/ii.    Id.  de  rem.  amor.  358   ex  omni  cutting  off  from  the  town. 

parte  fugji/dus  amor.  tollentia]      'supporting'.        cf.     Plant. 

371.     meo]  i.e.  implying  that  Caesar  is  Merc.    prol.    75  parare   na/ii/n    metretas 

the  chief  man  of  the  age.  quae  trccentas  tolleret. 

376.  diffuso]  'where  its  top  widens  pinnas]  'battlements',  cf.  Verg.  Aen. 
and  expands  into  a  small  plain'.  VII    158,    159  primasque   in    litore   sedes 

377.  patiens]  '  seemed  to  admit  of  castrorum  in  n/orcm  pii/nis  atque  aggere 
being  encircled'.  cingit. 

379.    proximo]  sc.  tumulo  illi.  387.     cruda  terra]   'freshly  turned  up 


96 


LUCANI    PIIARSALIAE 


iam  satis  hoc  Graiae  memorandum  contigit  urbi 
aeternumque  decus,  quod  non  impulsa  ncc  ipso 
strata  mctu  tcnuit  flagrantis  in  omnia  belli  390 

praccipitcm  cursum,  raptisquc  a  Cacsarc  cunctis 
uincitur  una  mora,     quantum  est  quod  fata  tcnentur, 
quodque  uirum  toti  propcrans  imponcre  mundo 
hos  pcrdit  Fortuna  dies,     tunc  omnia  late 
procumbunt  nemora  et  spoliantur  robore  siluac:    395 
ut,  cum  terra  leuis  mediam  uirgultaque  molem 
suspendant,  structa  laterum  compage  ligatam 
artct  humum,  pressus  ne  cedat  turribus  agger, 
/lucus  erat  longo  numquam  uiolatus  ab  acuo 
obscurum  cingens  conexis  aera  ramis  400 

et  celidas  alte  submotis  solibus  umbras, 
hunc  non  ruricolae  Panes  nemorumquc  potentes 
Siluani  Nymphaeque  tenent,  sed  barbara  ritu 
sacra  deum,  structae  diris  altaribus  arae, 


earth\   or  it  may  be  equivalent  to  non 
cocta,  i.e.  unbaked  earth,  not  bricks. 

388.  iam]  'and  now  indeed',  cf.  Cic. 
Phil,  n  §  8  iam  inuideo  magistro  luo,  qui 
te  tanta  mercede,  quantam  iam  proferam, 
nihil  sapcre  doceat.  Id.  §  19  iam  ilhui 
cuius  est,  non  dico  audaciac  &c. 

satis  memorandum}  '  well  worth  relat- 
ing', satis  is  equivalent  to  ualde  as  com- 
monly in  Plautus.  See  also  Cic.  de  off. 
in  §  32  satis  enim  nobis... per suasum  esse 
debet.  Caes.  B.  G.  1  43  tumulus  satis 
grandis. 

3S9.  non  impulsa']  '  not  urged  by  others 
(i.e.  by  Pompeius  and  his  adherents),  nor 
yet  prostrated  by  their  actual  fear',  ipso 
seems  to  imply  that  they  did  fear  Caesar's 
vengeance,  but  still  did  not  allow  them- 
selves to  be  influenced  by  it. 

390.  flagrantis  in  omnia]  '  spreading 
in  flame  over  all  the  world  '. 

391.  raplis]  'speedily  won '. 

392.  quantum  est  quod]  'how  impor- 
tant it  is  '.        V 

393.  propcrans  imponcre]  'hastening  to 
set  one  man  over  the  whole  world '.  cf. 
X  377  quae  sustulit  ilium  imposuitquc 
orbi.  Verg.  Aen.  VI  621  uendidit  hie 
auro  pairiam  dominumque  potentem  im- 
posuit. 

395.  robore]  'timber',  equivalent  to 
materia. 

396.  ut  cum]  'in  order  that  while  only 


light  earth  and  brushwood  support  llie 
centre  of  the  mound,  it  (i.e.  robur)  may 
compress  the  soil  bound  in  by  the  piled 
up  framework  of  the  sides,  for  fear  lest 
the  mound  should  give  way  beneath  the 
towers'  weight',     cf.  Caes.  B.  C.  11  1. 

397.  suspendant]  cf.  Mart.  II  xliii  9 
tu  Libycos  Indis  suspendis  dentibus  orbes, 
fulcitur  testa  fagina  mensa  mihi. 

400.  cingens]  implies  that  the  air  inside 
was  stagnant  and  could  not  get  out. 

conexis]  'intertwining'. 

401.  submotis]  cf.  Hor.  carm.  11  x 
1 5  informes  hiemes  reducit  Iuppiter  idem 
submouct. 

403.  barbara  ritu]  'of  horrid  ritual'. 

404.  structae  diris  altaribus  arae] 
'basements  with  blood-stained  altars  built 
upon  them',  cf.  Tac.  Ann.  1  61  lucis 
propinquis  barbarae  arae,  apud  quas  tri- 
bunos  ac  primorum  ordinum  centuriones 
mactaucrant.  For  dims  cf.  note  on  I  444 : 
for  the  combination  of  ara  and  altare  cf. 
Verg.  Eel.  v  65  en  quattuor  aras,  ecce  duas 
tibi  Daphni,  duas  altaria  Phoebo.  Plin. 
Paneg.  1  elcctus  quippe  inter  aras  et  altaria. 
According  to  Forcellini  ara  is  the  base- 
ment, altare  the  altar  for  sacrifice  raised 
upon  it:  he  refers  to  Solin.  9  ara  est  in 
cacumine  Ioiti  dicata,  cuius  altaribus  si 
qua  de  cxtis  inferuntur.  Prudent.  Peris- 
teph.  xiv  49  altaris  aram  funditus  pessum 
dare. 


LIBER   III.   388—421. 


97 


omnisque  humanis  Iustrata  cruoribus  arbos.  405 

si  qua  fidem  meruit  superos  mirata  uetustas, 

illis  ct  uolucrcs  mctuunt  insistcrc  ramis 

et  lustris  recubarc  ferae :   nee  uentus  in  illas 

incubuit  siluas  excussaque  nubibus  atris 

fulgura:    non  ullis  frondem  praebentibus  auris        410 

arboribus  suus  horror  incst.     turn  plurima  nigris 

fontibus  unda  cadit,  simulacraque  maesta  dcorum 

arte  carent  caesisque  exstant  informia  truncis. 

ipse  situs  putrique  facit  iam  robore  pallor 

attonitos :    non  uolgatis  sacrata  figuris  415 

numina  sic  mctuunt :   tantum  tcrroribus  addit 

quos  timeant  non  nosse  deos.     iam  fama  fcrebat 

sacpe  cauas  motu  tcrrae  mugire  cauernas, 

et  procumbentis  iterum  consurgere  taxos, 

ct  non  ardentis  fulgere  incendia  siluac,  420 

roboraque  amplexos  circumfluxisse  dracones. 


405.  Iustrata]  '  sanctified '.  cf.  Ov. 
Met.  vii  a6i  terque  senem  flamma  tcr 
aqua  tcr  sulpure  lustrat. 

406.  si  qua']  '  if  antiquity  marvelling 
at  the  gods  has  deserved  credit',  i.e. 
if  any  ancient  miraculous  story  is  to  be 
believed,  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  x  792  si  qua 
fidem  tauto  est  opcri  latura  uetustas  and 
Conington's  note.  Weise  cf.  iv  654,  655 
hinc  aeui  ueteris  custos  fatnosa  uetustas 
miratrixque  sui  signauU  nomine  terras. 

409.  exeussa]  cf.  note  on  I  151  ex- 
pression uenlis  per  uubilafulmai. 

410.  non  ullis]  'and  the  trees  while 
offering  their  foliage  to  no  breezes  have  a 
rustling  of  their  own'.  Both  auris  and 
arboribus  are  datives. 

411.  horror]  Oud.  cf.  V  446.  Val. 
Flac.  Ill  402,  403  slant  tacitae  frondes 
immotaquc  silica  comanti  liorret  Auerna 
iugo. 

nigris]  Weise  refers  to  Horn.  II.  IX  14 
wore  Kp-qvri  (Me\ai>vdpos  TJre  kclt  aiyiXiiros 
Wt/itjs  ovo<pepbv  x«i  u'Swp :  but  here  the 
blackness  of  the  water  is  part  of  the  deso- 
lation of  the  place,  not  that  of  a  clear 
running  stream  as  in  Homer:  compare 
rather  Tennyson  Mariana,  '  About  a  stone- 
cast  from  the  wall  A  sluice  with  blackened 
waters  slept,  And  o'er  it  many,  round 
and  small,  The  clustered  marish-mosses 
crept'. 

4  1  .;•     arte  carent]    Weise  refers  to  Ter- 

II.  L. 


tull.  ad  nat.  1  12  for  a  description  of  these 
axiTo^vKa. 

414.  ipse  situs]  'the  very  neglect  and 
paleness  of  the  now  rotting  wood  strikes 
men  with  dismay'. 

415.  uolgatis]  'dedicated  under  com- 
mon shapes'. 

417.  quos  timeant]  'not  to  know  what 
gods  they  have  to  dread',  cf.  Verg.  Aen. 
viii  349 — 352  iam  turn  religio  pauidos 
terrebat  agrestcs  dira  loci,  iam  turn  siluam 
sax  unique  tremebanl.  hoc  nanus,  hunc, 
inquit,  frondoso  uertice  collem,  quis  deus 
incertum  est,  habitat  deus.  Tac.  Germ.  9 
ceterum  nee  cohibere  parietibus  deos  neque 
in  ullam  hitmani  oris  speciem  adsimulare 
ex  magnitudine  caclestium  arbitrautur : 
lucos  ac  ucmora  cousccraul  dcorumque 
nominibus  appellant  sccretum  illud  quod 
sola  reucrentia  uident. 

419.  iterum  consurgere]  According  to 
Weise  the  yew  and  cypress,  the  funereal 
trees,  when  once  cut  down  %>  not  shoot 
up  again,  and  so  iterum  consurgere  is 
equivalent  to  rcgeriuiinirc.  cf.  Tac.  Hist. 
11  78  recursabant  aninio  uctera  omina; 
cuprcssus  arbor  in  agris  cius  conspicua 
altiludine  repeute  prociderat  ac  postera  die 
eadem  uestigio  resurgens  procera  et  latior 
uircbat. 

421.  circumfluxisse]  'twined  round', 
cf.  Stat.  Theb.  VI  540  chlamys  circumjlua 
limbo  Maeonio. 


93 


LUCANI    PIIARSALIAE 


non  ilium  cultu  populi  propiore  frequcntant, 
sed  cessere  deis.     medio  cum  Phoebus  in  axe  est, 
aut  caelum  nox  atra  tenet,  pauet  ipse  sacerdos 
accessus  dominumque  timet  deprendere  luci.  425 

hanc  iubet  immisso  siluam  procumbere  ferro : 
nam  uicina  operi  belloque  intacta  priore 
inter  nudatos  stabat  dcnsissima  montes. 
sed  fortes  tremucre  manus,  motique  uerenda 
maiestate  loci,  si  robora  sacra  ferirent,  430 

in  sua  credebant  redituras  membra  secures, 
implicitas  magno  Caesar  torpore  cohortes 
ut  uidit,  primus  raptam  uibrare  bipennem 
ausus  et  aeriam  ferro  proscindere  quercum 
effatur  merso  uiolata  in  robora  ferro:  435 

iam  ne  quis  uestrum  dubitet  subuertere  siluam 
credite  me  fecisse  nefas.     turn  paruit  omnis 
imperiis  non  sublato  secura  pauore 
turba,  sed  expensa  superorum  et  Caesaris  ira. 
procumbunt  orni,  nodosa  impellitur  ilex,  440 

siluaque  Dodones  et  fluctibus  aptior  alnus 
et  non  plebeios  luctus  testata  cupressus 
turn  primum  posuere  comas  et  fronde  carentes 
admisere  diem :   propulsaque  robore  denso 


423.  cessere  deis]  'made  way  for  the 
gods',  cf.  Catul.  LXiv  269  Sanctis  coepit 
decedere  diuis. 

medio]  The  gods  were  supposed  to  be 
specially  angry  with  those  who  disturbed 
their  mid-day  repose,  cf.  Theocr.  I  15 — 
18  ov  8£p.is  w  rroifiau  rb  fj.eaap.ftpa'bv  ov 
difiis  dpp.Lv  avplvbev"  tov  Udva  5edoiKafJi.es' 
7]  yap  o7r'  ay  pas  Tavlaa  KeK/xaKws  dp-iraverai' 
evTi  be  TriKpds,  xal  01  del  Bpipela  x0^  t'otI 
pivl  KadrjTai.  See  also  Horn.  Od.  iv  450 
foil,  fobios  5'  6  yipwv  77X0'  e£  akos  k.t.X. 

425.  deprendere]  'to  take  unawares', 
cf.  Quintil.  x  vii  §  29  debent  tamen  adniti 
ut  neque  deprehensus  orator  neque  litigator 
destitutus  esse  uideatur. 

426.  immisso]  'let  loose  upon  it',  cf. 
Verg.  Eel.  II  $%  floi'ibus  Austrum perditus 
et  liquidis  immisi  fontibus  apros. 

431.  redituras]  'would  rebound',  cf. 
I  391  redeuntis  hi  acthera  siluac. 

432.  torpore]  'lethargy',  cf.  Verg.  Aen. 
xii  867  illi  membra  nouns  soluitformidine 


torpor. 

434.  aeriam]  cf.  Verg.  Eel.  I  59  nee 
gemere  aeria  cessabit  turtur  ab  ulmo. 

435.  uiolata]  'desecrated'. 

438.  non  sublato]  'not  with  their  fear 
removed  and  feeling  safe,  but  weighing 
against  each  other  the  gods'  and  Caesar's 
wrath',  i.e.  and  deciding  that  the  latter ;  j 
was  the  more  to  be  feared. 

439.  expensa]  cf.  Cic.  de  orat.  11  §  309  I 
equidem  cum  colligo  argumenta  causarum 
non  tarn  ea  numerare  soleo  quam  expendere, 

44 r.  silita]  cf.  Verg.  G.  11  87  Alcinoi 
siluae.  silua  Dodones  means  the  oak,  cf. 
Verg.  G.  1  148,  149  cum  iam  glandes 
atque  arbuta  sacrae  deficerent  siluae  et 
uiclum  Dodona  negarct. 

442.  cupressus]  Oud.  cf,  Sil.  Ital.  X 
535  ac  ferale  decus  maestas  ad  busta  cu- 
pressus. 

444.  propulsaque]  'and  the  wood  when 
overthrown  supported  itself  by  the  close- 
ness of  the  trees'. 


LIBER   III.   422—464. 


99 


gcmuere  uidentes 


445 


sustinuit  se  silua  cadens. 

Gallorum  populi:    muris  sed  clausa  iuuentus 

exsultat.     quis  enim  laesos  impune  putaret 

esse  deos  ?     seruat  multos  Fortuna  nocentis, 

et  tantum  miseris  irasci  numina  possunt. 

utque  satis  caesi  nemoris,  quaesita  per  agros  450 

plaustra  ferunt :    curuoque  soli  cessantis  aratro 

agricolae  raptis  annum  fleuere  iuuencis. 

dux  tamen  impatiens  haesuri  ad  moenia  Martis 
uersus  ad  Hispanas  acies  extremaque  mundi 
iussit  bella  geri.     stellatis  axibus  agger  455 

erigitur  geminasque  aequantis  moenia  turres 
accipit :   hae  nullo  fixerunt  robore  terram, 
sed  per  iter  longum  causa  repsere  latenti. 
cum  tantum  nutaret  onus,  telluris  inanes 
concussisse  sinus  quaerentem  erumpere  uentum      460 
credidit  et  muros  mirata  est  stare  iuuentus. 
illinc  tela  cadunt  excelsas  urbis  in  arces. 
sed  maior  Graio  Romana  in  corpora  ferro 
uis  inerat.     neque  enim  solis  excussa  lacertis 


447.  laesos]  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  I  8  quo 
tannine  laeso. 

450.  utque  satis]  '  when  enough  wood 
had  been  cut',  cf.  Verg.  G.  11  399  cui 
numquam  exhausti  satis  est. 

quaesita]  'requisitioned'. 

451.  curuoque  soli  cessantis  aratro]  '  and 
the  husbandmen  wept  for  the  year's  pro- 
duce of  the  soil  now  resting  from  the 
curved  plough,  as  their  oxen  had  been 
swept  away'.  For  cessare  Weise  cf.  IV  24 
prima  dies  belli  cessauit  Marte  cruento. 

452.  annum]  cf.  note  on  70  supr. 
455  •  bella  geri]  sc.  in  his  absence. 
stellatis    axibus]    'with   planks   set   at 

intervals  like  stars',  or  perhaps  'radiating 
from  one  centre ' :  the  meaning  of  stellatis 
is  obscure,  nor  is  any  light  thrown  upon  it 
by  the  passage  in  Sil.  Ital.  xm  109  hie latera 
intextus  stellatis  axibus  agger,  hie  grauida 
armato  surgebat  uinea  dor  so,  which  is 
obviously  an  imitation  of  this  line.  For 
axes  in  the  sense  of  planks  cf.  Caes. 
B.  C.  II  9  supraque  ea  tigna  directo  trans- 
uersas  trades  iniecerunt  easque  axibus 
religauerunt.  Catull.  xvn  3  acsulis  in 
rediuiuis  and  Mr  Ellis'  note. 


456.  aequantis]  'equalling  the  walls  in 
height'.  cf.  Quint.  Curt,  iv  ix  §  15 
cuius  ( Tigris)  altitudo  primo  sumtna  equo- 
rum  pectora,  mox,  ut  in  medium  alueum 
uentum  est,  ceruices  quoque  aequabat. 

457.  nullo  fixerunt]  'were  not  fasten- 
ed into  the  ground  by  any  woodwork', 
literally  'did  not  pierce  the  earth',  i.e. 
they  were  moveable,  cf.  Persius  Hi  80 
figenles  lumine  terram.     Stat.    Silu.    v  i 

140  domum  toruo  quam  nou  haec  lumine 
figat. 

458.  causa  latenti]  i.e.  by  concealed 
wheels. 

459.  cum  tantum]  i.e.  the  towns- 
people seeing  such  a  mass  shaking  from 
the  inequalities  of  the  ground,  fancied 
rather  that  the  ground  itself  was  being 
shaken  by  an  earthquake,  and  were  sur- 
prized that  their  own  walls  were  not  over- 
thrown. 

460.  uentum]  cf.  Sen.  Nat.  Quaest. 
VI  xxv  §  1  cum  spirit  us  magna  ui 
uacuom  terrarum  locum  penitus  oppleuit 
coepilque  rixari  et  de  exitu  cogitare, 
latera  ipsa  inter  quae  latet  saepius  per- 
cutit  &c. 

7—2 


ioo  LUCANI    P1IARSALIAE 

lancea  sed  tenso  ballistac  turbine  rapta  465 

haud  unum  contenta  latus  transire  quicscit: 

scd  pandens  pcrquc  arma  uiam  perque  ossa  relicta 

mortc  fugit :    supcrcst  tclo  post  uolnera  cursus. 

at  saxum  quotiens  ingenti  uerberis  actu 

excutitur,  qualis  rupes  quam  ucrticc  montis  470 

abscidit  impulsu  ucntorum  adiuta  uetustas, 

frangit  cuncta  ruens:    nee  tantum  corpora  prcssa 

exanimat :    totos  cum  sanguine  dissipat  artus. 

ut  tamen  hostiles  densa  testudine  muros 

tecta  subit  uirtus  armisque  innexa  priores  475 

arma  ferunt  galeamque  extentus  protcgit  umbo, 

quae  prius  ex  longo  nocuerunt  missa  recessu, 

iam  post  tcrga  cadunt:    nee  Graiis  flectere  iactum 

aut  facilis  labor  est  longinqua  ad  tela  parati 

tormenti  mutare  modum:    sed  pondere  solo  480 

content!  nudis  euoluunt  saxa  lacertis. 

dum  fuit  armorum  series,  ut  grandine  tecta 

innocua  percussa  sonant,  sic  omnia  tela 

respuit:   at  postquam  uirtus  incensa  uirorum 

perpetuam  rupit  defesso  milite  cratem,  485 

465.  tenso]  'swept  along  with  all  the  Verg.  Aen.  X  84 1  at  Lansum  socii 
strained  force  of  the  ballista'.     cf.  Verg.     exanimem  super  arma  ferebant. 

Aen.  XI  284  quo  turbine  torqueat  hastam.  476.     umbo]    Properly  the  boss  in  the 

466.  haud  unum]  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  x  centre  of  the  shield,  and  then  the  shield 
339'  34°  traiecto  missa  lacerto  protinus  generally,  cf.  Juv.  II  45,  46  illos  de- 
hasta  fugit  seruatque  cruenta  tenorem.  fendit  numerus    iunctaeque   umboue  pha- 

467.  relicta     morte]     'leaving     death  langes. 

behind  it'.  477.     recessu]  'from  a  long  way  back'. 

468.  superest — cursus]  'still  flies  on'.  cf.  Val.  Max.  Ill  v  §   1  uegeta  et  strenua 

469.  uerberis]  'thong',  cf.  Verg.  G.  ingenia  quo  plus  recessui  sutnunt  hoc 
I  309  stuppea  torquentem  Balearis  uerbera  uehementiores  impetus  edunt. 

fundae.  478.    flectere  iactum]  'change  the  aim*. 

actu]  'impulse'.  480.     mutare  modum]  'alter  the  range'. 

470.  qualis  rupes]  cf.  Val.  Flacc.  11  481.  nudis  lacertis]  'with  their  arms 
528- — 530  quantum  ueutis  adiuta  uetustas  alone'.  cf.  Ov.  Trist.  Ill  ii  17 — 18  ut 
impulerit  pontine  fragor,  tantum  abscidit  mala  nulla  feram  nisi  nudam  Caesaris 
imi  concutiens  a  sede  maris.  iram,  nuda  partem  nobis  Caesaris  ira  mali 

473.     lotos]  cf.  Juv.  in  259 — 261  quid  est?  Sen.  de  benef.  m  xviii  §  2  uirtus... 

supcrcst  de  corporibus?  quis  membra,  quis  non  digit  domum  nee  censum,  undo  ho/nine 

ossa  inuenit'i   oblritum  uolgi  per  it  om/ie  contenta  est. 

cadaucr  more  animae.  482.     series]    'linkage'.      cf.   Tibull.   I 

475.     uirtus]  sc.  milites  fortes.  iii  63  Mc  iuuenum  series  teneris  immixta 

armisque]    'and   the   front    rank    carry  puellis  litdit,  used  of  dancers. 

shields  close  wedged  with  shields',    arma  fuit]   'lasted',   cf.  Propert.  ill  xvii  34 

which  Varro  L.  L.  IV  24  derives  ab  arcen-  inuidiam  qtwd  habet  non  sold  esse  diu. 

do  means  specially  defensive  armour,    cf.  485.    perpetuam — cratem]     'the     con- 


LIBER   III.   465—506.  101 

singula  continuis  ccsscrunt  ictibus  arma. 

tunc  adopcrta  lcui  proccdit  uinca  terra, 

sub  cuius  pluteis  ct  tecta  frontc  latcntcs 

moliri  nunc  ima  parant  ct  ucrtcrc  ferro 

mocnia :    nunc  aries  suspenso  fortior  ictu  490 

incussus  densi  compagem  soluerc  muri 

temptat  ct  impositis  unum  subduccre  saxis. 

sed  super  ct  flammis  ct  magnac  fragmine  molis 

et  sudibus  crcbris  ct  adusti  roboris  ictu 

percussae  ccdunt  crates,  frustraquc  labore  495 

exhausto  fessus  repctit  tcntoria  miles. 

summa  fuit  Graiis  starent  ut  mocnia  uoti : 
ultro  acics  inferre  parant :    armisque  coruscas 
nocturni  texere  faces :   audaxque  iuuentus 
erupit :    non  hasta  uiris  non  lctifer  arcus,  500 

telum  flamma  fuit,  rapiensquc  incendia  uentus 
per  Romana  tulit  celeri  munimina  cursu. 
nee,  quamuis  uiridi  luctetur  robore,  lentas 
ignis  agit  uires :   taeda  sed  raptus  ab  omni 
consequitur  nigri  spatiosa  uolumina  fumi :  505 

nee  solum  siluas  sed  saxa  ingentia  soluit, 

tinuous  framework'.     See  note  on  1  24  r.  crushing  it  as  there  is  no  mention  here  of 

Oud.cf.  Tac.  Hist.  Ill  7.7  pondera  saxorum  any  instrument  for  pulling  stones  out  of 

Vitellianiprouoluunt,  disiectamfluitanlem-  the  wall  such  as  the  fakes  spoken  of  by 

que  testudinem  lanceis  contisque  scrutantur,  Caesar,  B.  G.  vn  22. 

donee  soluta  eoynpage  seutorum  exsangues  493.     super]  'from  above'. 

aut  laceros  prosternerent.  494.     adusti  roboris]   cf.    Caes.   B.  G. 

486.  singula]  i.e.  of  each  soldier  when  VII  22  apertos  cuniculos  praensta  et  prae- 
separated  from  his  fellows.  acuta  Materia  et  piee  feruefacta  et  maximi 

487.  adopcrta]   'covered    with    a  thin  ponderis  saxis   morabantur,   moenibusque 
coating  of  turf,  i.e.  to  prevent  its  being  appropinquare  prohibebant. 

set  on  fire.  497-     fuit]   sc.    hitherto;    'so   far    the 

488.  pluteis]  'mantlets'.  Greeks'  utmost  wish  was  that  their  walls 

489.  moliri] '  to  overthrow '.    Liv.xxiv     might  stand'. 

46  sonitiiijue primo  largioris procellae  stre-  49V     nocturni]  is  used  like  the  Greek 

pitutn  molientium  portam  exaudiri  prohi-  Ki>e<j>a.ioi,  cf.  Hor.  Epod.  xvi  51  nee  ucs- 

buit.     Id.   xxv   36   exustis  foribus  ijuas  per/inns  circumgemit  ursus  ouile.     Yerg. 

nulla  moliri potuer ant ui.    Tac.  Ann.  1  39  Aen.  vni  465  nee  minus  Aeneas  se  matu- 

coneursu  ad  ianuam  facto  moliuntur  fores,  tin  us  agebat. 

490.  suspenso]    'the     more    powerful  504.     agit]  sc.  cxercet. 

because  its  blow  is  held  back  for  a  time'.  505.     consequitur]  'follows  hard  on  the 

cf.  Ov.  Amor.  1  vii  57  suspensaeque  diu  wreaths  of  smoke'  i.e.  drives  the  smoke 

lacrimacfluxcre per  ora.  before  it. 

492.     unum  subducere]  'to  remove  one         506.     siluas]  here  equivalent  to  ligna: 

stone  from  those  placed  upon  it',  i.e.  so  on  the  contrary  ligna  is  used  for  arbores 

as  to  cause  the  upper  part  of  the  wall  to  'growing   trees'   by   Hor.    Epp.    1   vi  31 

fall:    this  was  apparently  to  be  done  by  uirtutem  uerba pittas  et  lucum  ligna? 


102  LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 

et  crudae  putri  fluxcrunt  puluere  cautes. 
procubuit  maiorque  iaccns  adparuit  agger. 

spcs  uictis  telluris  abit  placuitquc  profundo 
fortunam  temptare  mari.     non  roborc  picto  510 

ornatas  decuit  fulgcns  tutcla  carinas, 
scd  rudis  ct  qualis  procumbit  montibus  arbor 
conscritur,  stabilis  naualibus  area  bellis. 
et  iam  turrigeram  Bruti  comitata  carinam 
uencrat  in  fluctus  Rhodani  cum  gurgite  classis      515 
Stoechados  arua  tencns.     nee  non  et  Graia  iuuentus 
omne  suom  fatis  uoluit  committere  robur, 
grandaeuosque  senes  mixtis  armauit  ephebis. 
accepit  non  sola  uiros  quae  stabat  in  undis 
classis;   et  emeritas  repetunt  naualibus  alnos.  520 

ut  matutinos  spargens  super  aequora  Phoebus 
fregit  aquis  radios,  et  liber  nubibus  aether, 
et  posito  Borea  pacemque  tenentibus  Austris 
seruatum  bello  iacuit  mare,  mouit  ab  omni 
quisque  suam  statione  ratem,  paribusque  lacertis   525 
Caesaris  hinc  pubes,  hinc  Graio  remige  classis 
tollitur:    impulsae  tonsis  tremuere  carinae 
crebraque  sublimes  conuellunt  uerbera  puppes. 

507.     crudae]    'rough',      cf.  Sil.  Ital.  name,  off  the  Ligurian  coast.    Weise. 

ill  514  crudisque  locorum  ferre  pedem  ac  tenens]  'making  their  station'. 

proprio  turmas  euadere  calle.  517.     robur\  'all  their  forces',  cf.  584 

509.     spes telluris]  'hope  of  success  on  infr. 

land',     cf.  supr.  358.  518.     senes... ephebis]  sc.  those  who  had 

511.     decuit]  '  adorned ' ;  for  this  tran-  passed  and  those  who  had  not  yet  reached 

sitive  use  of  decere  cf.  Ov.  Fast.   11   105,  military  age. 

106   capit  ille  corona?u  quae  possit  crines  519.     accepit  uiros]  'was  manned'. 

Phoebe  decere  tuos.  520.     ct  emeritas]    'those  past  service 

tuteld]  i.e.  the  image  of  the  protecting  also',     cf.  Mart,  x  l.xxxv  5  emeritam pup- 

deity  set  up  in  the  ship's  stern,     cf.  Sen.  pint  ripa  quae  stabat  in  alia. 

Epp.  ix  v  (76)  §  1 3  nauis  bona  dicitur  non  522.    fregit]  '  refracted'.    Compare  the 

quae  pretiosis  color ibus  picta  est  nee  cui  ar-  use  of frangcre  in  Quintil.  I  vi  §  44  comam 

genteum  aut  aurcum  rostrum  est  nee  cuius  in  gradus  frangcre.    See  also  note  on  554 

tutcla  ebore  caelata  est.  infr. 

513.     conscritur]  'is  fastened   together  524.     seruatum  bello  iacuit]  'lay  calm 

to  make  a  firm  platform  for  naval  warfare',  and  ready  for  warfare',     cf.  X  328  quos 

cf.    iv    136  conscritur  bibula   Memphitis  inter  in  alt  a  it  conualle  iaccns  iam  molibus 

cumba  papyro.  unda  reccptis. 

515.  Rhodani  cum  gurgite]  ' down  the  525.    paribus]  'in  rivalry'. 

current  of  the  Rhone',    cf.  Caes.  B.  G.  1  527.     tollihir]  'is  lifted'.    Oud.  cf.  Val. 

36  naues  longas  Arelate  numcro  duodecim  Flac.    I  340  concussoque  ratem  gauderem 

facere  instiluit.  tollere  rcmo. 

516.  Stoechados]   The Stoechades were         528.     crebraque]  'and  frequent  strokes 
three  small  islands  in  a  row,  whence  their  of  the  oars  tear  the  ships  along'. 


LIBER   III.   507—548.  103 

cornua  Romanac  classis  ualidaequc  triremes 
quasque  quater  surgens  exstructi  remigis  ordo       530 
commouct  et  plures  quae  mcrgunt  aequore  pinus 
multiplices  cinxere  rates,     hoc  robur  apcrto 
oppositum  pelago.     lunata  fronte  reccdunt 
ordine  contentae  gemino  creuisse  Liburnae. 
celsior  at  cunctis  Bruti  praetoria  puppis  535 

uerberibus  senis  agitur  molemque  profundo 
inuehit  et  summis  longe  petit  aequora  remis. 

ut  tantum  medii  fuerat  maris  utraque  classis 
quod  scmel  excussis  posset  transcurrere  tonsis, 
innumerae  uasto  miscentur  in  aethere  uoces,  540 

remorumque  sonus  premitur  clamore,   nee  ullae 
audiri  potuere  tubae.     turn  caerula  uerrunt 
atque  in  transtra  cadunt  et  remis  pectora  pulsant. 
ut  primum  rostris  crepuerunt  obuia  rostra, 
in  puppim  rediere  rates,  emissaque  tela  545 

aera  texerunt  uacuomque  cadentia  pontum. 

■ 

et  iam  diductis  extendunt  cornua  proris 
diuersaeque  rates  laxata  classe  receptae. 


529.  cornua]  i.e.  the  triremes  quadri-  537.  summis  longe]  i.e.  because  the 
remes  and  larger  ships  formed  the  wings  oars  of  the  topmost  rank  would  be  longer 
of  the  fleet,  which  was  drawn  up  in  the  than  any  of  the  others,  and  would  strike 
form  of  a  concave  crescent  with  the  smaller  the  water  at  a  greater  distance  from  the 
vessels  in  the  centre.  side  of  the  vessel. 

530.  quasque]  'and  those  driven  by  538.  tantum]  'only  so  much'.  cf. 
ranks  of  rowers  rising  four  times  in  layers  Caes.  B.  G.  VI  34  praesidi  tantum  est  ut 
above  each  other'.  ne  mums  quidem  cingi possit. 

53 1.  et  plures]  'and  those  which  dip  539.  quod  scmel]  'as  both  fleets  could 
more  than  four  banks  of  oars  in  the  sea'.  hasten  across  with  a  single  stroke  of  their 

532.  multiplices — rates] '  ships  of  many  oars'.      cf.    Ov.    Met.    v  596  excussaque 
kinds'    or     perhaps    merely    'numerous  bracchia  iacto,  used  of  a  swimmer, 
ships':    the   words   are   in   apposition  to  541.     premitur]  ' is  drowned'. 
triremes  &c.  543-      *«  transtra  cadunt]  ita  inclinantur 

534.     ordine]  'to  have  reached  such  a  ut  proni  cadere  uideantur,  uel,  cum  resi- 

s  size  as  to  have  one  bank'-of  oars'.  cf.ix842  dant,    cecidisse    uideantur:    nam   geslum 

nee  culmis  creuere  tori.    Sil.  Ital.  xiv  301  expressit  nauigantium   qui  quanto   magis 

tabtdata  decern  cut  crescere  Grains  fecerat.  accelerant  tanto  magis  inclinant.     Schol. 

Ov.  Met.  viii  189— 191  nam  ponit  in  or-  545.     in     puppim     rediere]     'bounded 

dine  pennas,   a   minima   coeptas  longam  backwards'. 

breuiore  seqitcnti,  ut  ditto  creuisse  pules.  546.     aera]   cf.    Aristoph.   Vesp.    1084 

Liburnae]  were  small  and  light  galleys.  iiirb    5k  twv  TO^v/xarwi>   ovk   rjv  Iddv  rbv 

cf.  I  lor.  Epod.  I  1,  2  ibis  Libttrnis  inter  ovpavov. 

alta  nauiitm,  amice,  propugnacula.  uacuom]  i.e.  where  there  were  no  ships. 

536.     uerberibus  senis]  i.e.  the  strokes  548.     diuersaeque   rates]    'and    as   the 

of  six  banks  of  oars.     Oud.  cf.  Sil.  Ital.  fleet  opened  out,  the  enemies'  ships  were 

Xiv  486  senis  Rheteius  ibat pulsibus.  admitted',  i.e.  into  the  crescent. 


104  LUCANI    PIIARSALIAE 

ut  quoticns  acstus  Zcphyris  Eurisque  rcpugnat 

hue  abeunt  fluctus  illuc  marc:   sic,  ubi  puppes      550 

sulcato  uarios  duxerunt  gurgitc  tractus, 

quod  tulit  ilia  ratis  rcmis  hacc  reppulit  acquor. 

scd  Graiis  habilcs  pugnamquc  laccsscrc  pinus 

ct  temptarc  fugam  nee  longo  frangcre  gyro 

cursum  nee  tarde  flectenti  cederc  clauo.  555 

at  Romana  ratis  stabilcm  pracbere  carinam 

certior  ct  terrac  similem  bellantibus  usum. 

tunc  in  signifcra  residenti  puppe  magistro 

Brutus  ait :   paterisne  acies  errare  profundo, 

artibus  ct  ccrtas  pelagi  ?     iam  conscre  bellum:      560 

Phocaicis  medias  rostris  opponc  carinas. 

paruit  obliquas  ct  pracbuit  hostibus  alnos. 

turn  quaecumque  ratis  temptauit  robora  Bruti 

ictu  uicta  suo  percussa  et  capta  cohaesit. 

ast  alias  manicaeque  ligant  teretesque  catenae      565 

seque  tenent  rcmis:   tecto  stctit  aequore  bellum. 

iam  non  excussis  torquentur  tela  laccrtis 
nee  longinqua  cadunt  iaculato  uolncra  ferro, 
miscenturque  manus.     nauali  plurima  bcllo 

549.  Zcphyris Eitrisqitcrcpugnaty\iz.%  557.  ttsum]  'a  vantage  ground  for  the 
to  contend  with  West  and  East  winds  at     combatants  like  firm  land'. 

once',    cf.  11  454  foil.     Horn.  Od.  v  295,  558.     signifcra  in  puppc]  i.e.  the  stern 

296  aiiv  5'  Evpos  re  NoVos  r  eireaov  Ztcpvpos  of  the  ship  where  the  tittcla  was  placed. 
re   Svaarjs   Kal  Boptrjs    aWp-q-yepirris   p.4ya         magistro]  'steersman',     cf.  Verg.  Aen. 

KVfia  KvXlvdwi'.  .  VI  353  excussa  magistro  nanis. 

550.  hue  abcunt]  'the  waves  are  driven  j6o.  artibus — pelagi]  'naval  manoeu- 
one   way,    the   general   body   of  the  sea  vres',  'evolutions'. 

anothei '.  conscre  bellum]  '  bring  the  fight  to  close 

551.  sulcato]  'as  the  ships  ploughed  quarters',  cf.  Liv.  loc.  cit.  ad  553  supr. 
up  the  deep  drawing  various  lines  across  =62.     obliquas]  'at  an  angle'. 

it,  the  sea  which  one  ship  drove  forward  ,=  ^4.     eoliacsit]  Oud.  cf.  Liv.  xxxvi  30 

with  its  prow  another  ship  drove  back  dcbilitatam   ea   ipsa   quae  icta  cohaeserat 

with  its  oars'.  uaui/n  cepit. 

553.  pugnamquc    lacessere]    'to    skir-  565.     manicac]  'grappling  irons'. 
mish'.     Oud.   cf.  Liv.  xxxvn  16  lacesse-  566.     seque  tenent  rcmis]  i.e.  they  stop 
batur  magis  quam  eonserebatur  pugna.  themselves  by  getting  their  oars  entangled. 

554.  nee  longo — nee  tarde]  i.e.  et  non  tecto  stetit  aequore]  'as  all  the  sea  was 
longo — et  non  tarde.  cf.  Verg.  Eel.  11  40  covered  the  fight  became  stationary',  i.e. 
practcrea  duo  nee  tuta  mihi  ualle  repcrti  as  there  was  no  room  for  manoeuvring. 
capreoli.     See  note  on  I  72.  Compare  the  Greek  arabia  fidxv- 

frangere  cursum]  to  break  their  course,  568.     uolncra]  'blows',     cf.  Verg.  Aen. 

i.e.  to  turn  it  aside,     cf.  Stat.  Theb.  XII  x  140  uolncra  dirigere.     Val.  Flac.vi  653 

231    nee  ealigantibus  amis  terretur  nee  Ausoniae  uolnus  fatale   sed   haslae  per 

fraugit  iter.  clipeum  per  pectus  abit. 

555.  nee  tarde]  'and  not  be  slow  in  569.  miscenturque  manus]  'but  they 
answering  to  the  guiding  helm'.  fight  hand  to  hand'.     See  note  on  1  134. 


LIBER    III.    549—593-  105 

crisis  agit.     stat  quisquc  suae  dc  robore  puppis     570 
pronus  in  aduersos  ictus:   nullique  perempti 
in  ratibus  ccciderc  suis.     cruor  altus  in  undis 
spumat  ct  obducti  concrete,  sanguine  fluctus. 
et  quas  immissi  traxerunt  uincula  ferri 
has  prohibent  iungi  conserta  cadauera  puppes.       575 
semianimes  alii  uastum  subicre  profundum 
hauseruntque  suo  permixtum  sanguine  pontum. 
hi  luctantcm  animam  lenta  cum  mortc  trahentes 
fractarum  subita  ratium  pericrc  ruina. 
irrita  tela  suas  peragunt  in  gurgitc  cacdes :  580 

•  et  quodcumque  cadit  frustrato  pondere  ferrum 
exceptum  mediis  inuenit  uolnus  in  undis. 

Phocaicis  Romana  ratis  uallata  carinis 
robore  diducto  dextrum  laeuomque  tuetur 
aequo  Marte  latus  :   cuius  dum  pugnat  ab  alta      585 
puppc  Tagus  Graiumque  audax  aplustre  retcntat 
terga  simul  paritcr  missis  et  pectora  telis 
transigitur:   medio  concurrit  pectore  ferrum, 
et  stetit  incertus  flueret  quo  uolnere  sanguis, 
donee  utrasquc  simul  largus  cruor  expulit  hastas,  590 
diuisitque  animam  sparsitquc  in  uolnera  letum. 

dirigit  hue  puppim  miseri  quoquc  dextra  Telonis, 
qua  nullam  melius  pelago  turbante  carinae 

naitali~]  'though  the  battle  is  at  sea  the  death', 

sword    is   mostly   used',    i.e.   instead    of  580.     irrita    tela]    'darts    which    had 

missiles  as  might  be  expected,     cf.  Time,  missed  their  mark'. 

IV  14  oi're  yap  Aa.Keoaip.6i>ioi  vtrb  TrpoBvfiias  582.     exceptuni]  sc.  ab  aliquo  natanle. 

koX  imrXri^eios,  ws  eiireiv,  dWo  ovdev  rj  e/c  inuenit   uolnus]    'found    an    object    to 

yrjs  evaufxaxow,  o'l  re  'AOrjisaioi  Kparovvres  strike'. 

Kai   (iov\6fievoi.   rrj    wapovcrri  Tuxy   ws  eirl  583.     uallata]    'encircled'.       cf.    Stat. 

ir\et<rTov  eire&Xdeiv  dirb  veQiv  ewefrixaxovv.  Theb.  x  efi+ingratae  uallantur  planctibus 

570.     stat   quisquc]  'each    man    stands  arac. 

leaning  from  his  own  ship's  side  to  meet  584.     robore  diducto]  '  dividing  its  fight- 

the  foeman's  blows,  and  none  when  slain  ing  men '. 

fell  in  their  own  ships,'  sc.  quia  hosticac  =,86.     aplustre]  'stern-ornament'.     See 

cohaerebant.  I  >ict.  of  Antiquities. 

572.     cruor  altus]    'deep    streams    of  591.     diuisitque]  Oud.  cf.  Sidon.  Apoll. 

blood',     cf.  1  329.  vu    294  ct   dum   per    duplicem   sanguis 

574.  immissi]  'launched  upon  them',  singultat  hiatum  diuidua  ancipitem  carp- 
i.e.  the  grappling  irons.  sennit  uolnera  mortem. 

575.  conserta]  'massed  together',  cf.  593.  turbante]  For  the  neuter  use  of 
IV  490.  Oud.  cf.  Val.  Flac.  in  274  turn  t it rbare  cf.  Lucret.  II  125  corpora  quae  in 
super  exsangues  consertae  caedis  aceruos.  so/is  radiis  turbare  uidentur.     Verg.  Aen. 

578.  luctantem]  'still  thawing  their  vi  801  et  septemgemini  turbant  trepida 
breath  which  struggled  against  a  lingering     ostia  A'ili. 


106  LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 

audiuere  manum:    nee  lux  est  notior  ulli 

crastina,  seu  Phoebum  uidcat,  seu  cornua  lunae,    595 

semper  ucnturis  componere  carbasa  uentis. 

hie  Latiae  rostro  compagem  rupcrat  alni : 

pila  sed  in  medium  uenere  trementia  pectus, 

auertitquc  ratcm  moricntis  dextra  magistri. 

dum  cupit  in  sociam  Gyareus  ereperc  puppim,      600 

excipit  immissum  suspensa  per  ilia  ferrum, 

adfixusque  rati  telo  retinente  pependit. 

stant  gemini  fratres  fecundae  gloria  matris, 
quos  eadem  uariis  genuerunt  uiscera  fatis. 
discreuit  mors  saeua  uiros,  unumque  rclictum         605 
agnorunt  miseri  sublato  errore  parentes, 
aeternis  causam  lacrimis:    tenet  ille  dolorem 
semper  et  amissum  fratrem  lugentibus  offert. 
quorum  alter  mixtis  obliquo  pectine  remis 
ausus  Romanae  Graia  de  puppe  carinae  610 

iniectare  manum :    sed  earn  grauis  insuper  ictus 
amputat:    ilia  tamen  nisu  quo  prenderat  haesit, 
deriguitque  tenens  strictis  immortua  neruis. 
creuit  in  aduersis  uirtus :   plus  nobilis  irae 


594.     audiuere]     cf.    Verg.    G.    I   514  295  solus abi  miseros  non  dcccpture parentes. 

neque  audit  citrrus  habenas.  607.     tenet]  'keeps  fresh':    equivalent 

596.  componere]  The  infinitive  depends  to  retinet.  I  cannot  find  any  passage 
on  the  general  sense  of  the  preceding  where  tencre  is  used  quite  in  the  same 
lines:  '  than  whom  none  was  more  skilled  sense,  but  compare  Cic.  N.  D.  II  §  134 
always  to  adapt  his  canvas  to  the  coming  cum  tribus  rebus  animantium  uita  tcnea- 
winds'.  tur,  cibo,  pot/one,  spiritu. 

597.  ruperat]  'had  shattered',  cf.  Hor.  609.  quorum  alter]  Suetonius  Jul.  68 
Epod.  X  19,  20  Ionius  udo  cum  remugiens  tells  this  story  of  one  of  Caesar's  soldiers. 
sinus  Noto  carinam  ruperit.  Acilius  nauali  ad  Massiliam  proelio  in- 

599.  auertitque  ratem]  'made  the  ship  iecta  in  puppim  hostium  dcxtera  et  abscisa, 
change  her  course'.  memorabile  illud  apud  Graecos  Cynaegiri 

600.  in  sociam]  ut  pro  illo  (Telone)  exemplum  imitalus,  transiluit  in  nauem 
nauem  gubernaret.     Schol.  umbone  obuios  agens. 

601.  suspensa]sc.  eius  suspensi,  'as  he  mixtis  obliquo  pectine]  'when  the  oars 
hung  in  the  air',  i.e.  from  the  rope.  were  locked  like  a  comb  by  crossing',    cf. 

602.  adfixusque  rati]  'nailed  to  the  Ov.  Met.  ix  299  digitis  inter  se  pectine 
ship's  side '.  iunctis. 

605.  discreuit]  'at  last  distinguished  611.  insuper]  'coming  down  from 
them',  i.e.  so  long  as  they  were  both  alive  above',  equivalent  to  desuper. 

even   their   parents   did  not   know  them  612.     nisu]   'position',    cf.  Verg.  Aen. 

apart.  V  437  slat  grauis  Entellus  nisuque  immo- 

606.  errore]    cf.  Verg.  Aen.  X  391 —  tus  eodem. 

393  si millima  proles  indiscreta  suis  gra-  613.     strictis  immortua  neruis]  'dead 

tusque  parentibus  error:  at  nunc  dura  dedit  in  the  act  (i.e.  of  grasping)  with  contracted 

nobis  discrimina  Pallas.     Stat.  Theb.  IX  muscles'. 


LIBER   III.    594—638.  107 

truncus  habet:    fortique  instaurat  proclia  laeua,      615 
rapturusque  suam  procumbit  in  aequora  dextram. 
haec  quoque  cum  toto  manus  est  abscisa  lacerto. 
iam  clupco  tclisque  carens  non  conditur  ima 
puppe;   sed  expositus  fratcrnaque  pectorc  nudo 
arma  tegens  crebra  confixus  cuspidc  pcrstat:         620 
telaquc  multorum  leto  casura  suorum 
emerita  iam  mortc  tenet,     turn  uolncre  multo 
effugientem  animam  lassos  collcgit  in  artus, 
membraque  contendit  toto  quicumque  mancbat 
sanguine,  ct  hostilem  defectis  robore  membris        625 
insiluit,  solo  nociturus  pondere,  puppim. 
strage  uirum  cumulata  ratis  multoquc  cruore 
plena  per  obliquom  crcbros  latus  accipit  ictus, 
at  postquam  ruptis  pelagus  compagibus  hausit 
ad  summos  replcta  foros,  descendit  in  undas  630 

uicinum  inuoluens  contorto  uertice  pontum. 
aequora  discedunt  mersa  diducta  carina 
inque  locum  puppis  cecidit  mare,     multaque  ponto 
praebuit  ilia  dies  uarii  miracula  fati. 

ferrea  dum  puppi  rapidos  manus  inserit  uncos  635 
adfixit  Lycidam.     mersus  foret  ille  profundo, 
sed  prohibent  socii  suspensaque  crura  retentant. 
scinditur  auolsus :    nee  sicut  uolnere  sanguis 


616.    procumbit}    'stretches   out   over  628.     obliquom]    sc.    oppositum    hosti. 

the  sea'.  Weise. 

618.     clupeo  telisque  carens]  i.e.  having  630.    foros]    'gangways',    cf.    IV    567. 

lost  both  left  and  right  arm.     Compare  Verg.  Aen.  vi  412. 

the  Greek    for    'right    wheel'    and    'left  631.     inuoluens]    'whirling  round    the 

wheel'  Theophrast.  Charac.  VIII  (xxvii)  rb  sea  hard  by  in  twisted  eddies',     cf.  Sen. 

iirl  56pv  Kal  hrl  da-rrida.  Here.   Fur.  686   flcxibus   multis  grauem 

620.  arma  tegens]    i.e.  protecting  his  inuoluit  annum. 

brother's  shield  with  his  body,  instead  of  633.      ponto]     'on    the    sea'.     Weise 

having  his  body  protected  by  his  brother's  takes  ponto  as  dative  with,  praebuit:  'that 

shield.  day  furnished  many  varied  deaths  for  the 

621.  leto  casura]   'which  would  have  sea  to  wonder  at':  but  it  seems  simpler  to 
brought  death  to  many  in  their  fall'.  take  ponto  as  ablative. 

622.  emci-ita]  'well  earned',     cf.  note  635.     rapidos]   'snatching',  cf.  Lucret. 
on  1  357.  iv  712  rapidi...leoncs. 

625.     sanguine]  i.e.  strength,     cf.  note  636.     adfixit  Lycidam]  i.e.   it  grasped 

on  II  338.  Lycidas  instead  of  the  ship. 

627.     strage   uirum]     'with   a   pile   of  638.     nee  sicut  uolnere]     According  to 

corpses',     cf.  Tac.  Ann.  vi  25  (19)  iacuit  Sulpitius  these  are  the  lines  recited   by 

immensa     strages,    otnnis    sexus,    omnis  Lucan  while  bleeding  to   death :    others 

Ottos.  say  ix  81 1  full. 


io8  LUCANI    PIIARSALIAE 

cmicuit  lentus:    ruptis  cadit  undiquc  ucnis : 
discursusquc  animac  diucrsa  in  membra  mcantis  640 
interceptus  aquis.     nullius  uita  perempti 
est  tanta  dimissa  uia:    pars  ultima  trunci 
tradidit  in   letum  uacuos  uitalibus  artus ; 
at  tumidus  qua  pulmo  iacet  qua  uiscera  fcruent 
haeserunt  ibi  fata  diu :    luctataquc  multum  645 

hac  cum  parte  uiri  uix  omnia  membra  tulerunt 

dum  nimium  pugnax  unius  turba  carinae 
incumbit  prono  lateri  uacuamque  relinquit 
qua  caret  hoste  ratem :   congesto  pondere  puppis 
uersa  caua  texit  pelagus  nautasque  carina ;  650 

bracchia  nee  licuit  uasto  iactare  profundo 
sed  clauso  perierc  mari.     tunc  unica  diri 
conspecta  est  leti  facies,  cum  forte  natantem 
diucrsae  rostris  iuuenem  fixere  carinae. 
discessit  medium  tarn  uastos  pectus  ad  ictus:         655 
nee  prohibere  ualent  obtritis  ossibus  artus 
quo  minus  aera  sonent.     cliso  uentre  per  ora 
eiectat  saniem  permixtus  uiscere  sanguis, 
postquam  inhibent  remis  puppes  ac  rostra  recedunt, 
deiectum  in  pelagus  perfosso  pectore  corpus  660 

uolneribus  transmisit  aquas,     pars  maxima  turbae 
naufraga  iactatis  morti  obluctata  lacertis 


640.     animae]  'life  blood'.  sense  he  uses  it  de  orat.  1  §  153  tit  conci- 

642.     tanta — uid]  '  by  so  wide  a  path',  tato    nauigio,    cum    remiges  inhibuerunt, 

i.e.  by  so  vast  a  wound.  retinet  tamen  ipsa  nauis  motitm  et  cursum 

644.  tumidus]  is  merely  a  customary  sunm,  intermisso  impetu  pulsiique  remo- 
epithet,  i.e.  swelling  with  the  air  inhaled,  rum;  but  cf.   ad  Att.   XIII  xxi  §  3  in/ii- 

645.  luctataque]  '  and  after  a  pro-  here  Mud  tintm  quod  ualde  mihi  arriserat 
longed  struggle  with  this  part  of  the  man,  uehementer  displicet.  est  cnim  uerbum 
scarce  succeeded  in  carrying  off  all  his  tot  urn  nauticum :  quamquam  id  quidem 
limbs'.  sciebam ;    sed  arbitrabar  sustineri  retnos 

648.  prono']  'sloping'.  cum  iuhibere  essent  iussi  remiges.     id non 

649.  congesto  pondere]  '  by  the  weight  esse  ciusmodi  didici  fieri,  cum  ad  ttillam 
piled  in  one  place'.  nostram    nauis    appeller&itr :    non    enim 

652.     unica]   'remarkable',      cf.  Veil,  sustinent  sed  alio  modo  remigant ;  id  ab 

Pat.   II   vii  §   1    huic   atrocitati  adiectum  eiroxii  remotissimum  esl...inhibitio  autem 

scelus  unicitm.  remigum  motitm  habet  et  uehementiorem 

655.     discessit]  'disappeared',    cf.  note  quidem   remigationis   nauem   conuertentis 

on  11  121.  ad  pitppim. 

659.     inhibent   remis]     'back    water'.  661.     transmisit  aquas]  'let  the  water 

Greek  irpv^vav  Kpowadat.     Cicero  seems  flow  through',  vooip  oUipp-qae. 
to  have  thought  at  one  time  that  inhibere         turbae]  'crew'. 
remis  meant  to  cease  rowing,    in   which 


LIBER    III.   639—684.  109 

puppis  ad  auxilium  sociac  concurrit :   at  illi 
robora  cum  uctitis  prcnsarcnt  altius  ulnis, 
nutaretque  ratis  populo  peritura  rcccpto,  665 

impia  turba  super  medios  ferit  ense  lacertos : 
bracchia  linquentes  Graia  pendentia  puppi 
a  manibus  cecidere  suis :    non  amplius  undae 
sustinuere  graues  in  summo  gurgite  truncos. 

iamquc  omni  fusis  nudato  milite  tclis  670 

inuenit  arma  furor:    rcmum  contorsit  in  hostem 
alter :   at  hi  tortum  ualidis  aplustre  lacertis, 
auolsasquc  rotant  excusso  remige  sedes. 
in  pugnam  fregere  rates,     sidentia  pessum 
corpora  caesa  tenent  spoliantquc  cadauera  ferro.    675 
multi  inopes  teli  iaculum  letale  reuolsum 
uolneribus  traxere  suis,  et  uiscera  laeua 
oppressere  manu,  ualidos  dum  praebeat  ictus 
sanguis,  et  hostilem  cum  torserit,  exeat,  hastam. 

nulla  tamen  plures  hoc  edidit  aequore  clades     680 
quam  pelago  diuersa  lues,     nam  pinguibus  ignis 
adfixus  taedis  et  tecto  sulpure  uiuax 
spargitur:    at  faciles  praebere  alimenta  carinae 
nunc  pice  nunc  liquida  rapucre  incendia  cera. 

663.  puppis  ad  auxilium]  'to  get  help     dita  uenum. 

from  a  friendly  ship '.  675.    ferro]    i.e.   that   by  which    they 

664.  prcnsarcnt  altius  ulnis]  i.e.  when     have  been  killed. 

instead  of  merely  holding  on  with  their  678.     dum  praebeat]  'so  long  as  their 

hands  they  tried  to  get  their  elbows  over  life-blood    gives    them    strength    to    deal 

the  side  of  the  boat,  in  order  to  drag  them-  sturdy   blows',     cf.    iv    286,    287  mobile 

selves  on  board.  neruis  conamen  ealidus  praebet  cruor. 

665.  populo  rcccpto]  '  if  such  numbers  679.  ct  hostilem]  'and  only  flows  out 
were  received  on  board',  cf.  Ov.  Met.  after  hurling  back  the  foeman's  spear'. 
IV  44r,  442  nee  ulli  exiguus  popido  est  For  the  order  cf.  I.  14,  v  387,  VI  710,  711. 
turbamuc  acccdere  sent  it.  681.     pelago  diuersa  lues]   'the  plague 

668.  a  manibus]  'fell  parted  from  most  opposite  to  the  sea',  i.e.  fire,  cf. 
their  hands'.  Aesch.  Agam.  650 — 652  £wu)/j.o<rav   yap 

669.  non  amplius]  sc.  they  sank,  hav-  6vres  ^x^iaT0L  ro  7rP'lv  W^P  *a'  daXaaaa  k<xl 
ing  no  arms  to  use  for  swimming.  rd  Trier'  £5eii;dTT]v  (pOeipovre  rbv  bvar-qvov 

671.     inuenit]    Oud.  cf.  Sil.  Ital.  VI  46  'Apyeiwu  orparov. 

tatnen  certamincnudo  inuenit  Marti  telum  pinguibus]   cf.   Verg.   G.  in  449,    450 

dolor.  uiuaqut  sulpura  Idaeasque pices  etpingues 

673.  rotant]   cf.    Verg.    Aen.    ix   441  unguine  taedas. 

inslat  non  setius ac  rotat  ensem  fulmincum.         684.    pice — cera]  i.e.  the  pitch  and  wax 

674.  in  pugnam]  'to  fight  with',  cf.  used  in  the  rigging  and  for  caulking  the 
Pers.  V  2  linguas  optare  in  carmina  cen-     deck. 

turn,  i.e.  to  sing  with.  cera]  cf.  Ov.  Met.  xi  514,  515  iamque 

sidentia   pessum]      cf.    Lucret.   VI    588  labant    cunei,    spoliataque   tegmine    cerae 

multae  per  mare  pessum  subsedere  suis  pari-  rima    paid    praebetque    uiam    letalibus 

ter  cum  ciuibus  urbes.     So  in  IV  206  Ira-  undis. 


no  LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 

nee  flammas  superant  undae  :  sparsisque  per  aequor  685 
iam  ratibus  fragmenta  ferus  sibi  uindicat  ignis. 
hie  recipit  fluctus  extinguat  ut  aequore  flammas : 
hi  ne  mergantur  tabulis  ardentibus  haercnt. 
mille  modos  inter  leti  mors  una  timori  est 
qua  coepere  mori.     nee  cessat  naufraga  uirtus :      690 
tela  legunt  deiecta  mari  ratibusque  ministrant: 
incertasque  manus  ictu  languente  per  undas 
exercent.     nunc  rara  datur  si  copia  ferri 
utuntur  pelago.     saeuus  complectitur  hostem 
hostis,  et  implicitis  gaudent  subsidere  membris,      695 
mergentesque  mori. — pugna  fuit  unus  in  ilia 
eximius  Phoceus  animam  seruare  sub  undis, 
scrutarique  fretum,  si  quid  mersisset  harenis, 
et  nimis  adfixos  unci  conuellere  morsus, 
adductum  quotiens  non  senserat  ancora  funem.      700 
hie  ubi  compressum  penitus  deduxerat  hostem, 
uictor  et  incolumis  summas  remeabat  ad  undas. 
sed  se  per  uacuos  credit  dum  surgere  fluctus, 
puppibus  occurrit  tandemque  sub  aequore  mansit. 
hi  super  hostiles  iecerunt  bracchia  remos  705 

et  ratium  tenuere  fugam.     non  perdere  letum 
maxima  cura  fuit;   multus  sua  uolnera  puppi 
adfixit  moriens  et  rostris  abstulit  ictus. 

stantem  sublimi  Tyrrhenum  culmine  prorae 

685.     superant]  'get  the  better  of  the  tissimus  tinus  qui  fuit  e  Teucris  et  serttau- 

flames'.  tissimus  aequi. 

687.     recipit]  sc.  in  nauem.  697.     animam   seruare]    'to   keep   his 

689.     mors  una]  '  each  fears  that  form  breath', 
of  death  alone  by  which  he  has  begun  to  699.     nimis   adfixos]    'too   firmly  fas- 
die',  e.g.  if  he  is  drowning  he  is  not  afraid  tened',   i.e.  anchors  which  could  not  be 
of  the  fire,  if  he  is  burning  he  is  not  afraid  drawn   up  in  the  ordinary  way,  and  so 
of  the  water.  would  require  to  be  cleared  by  a  diver. 

694.     utuntur  pelago]    'they  make  the  700.     adductum]  'strained'.     Oud.  cf. 

sea  their  weapon'.  Caes.  B.G.  in  14  cum  funes  qui  antennas 

696.     mergentesque  mori]  '  and  die  car-  ad  malos  destinabant  comprehensi  adducti- 

rying  down  a  foe'.  que  erant. 

unus  eximius]  '  one  conspicuous  above  703.     uacuos]  cf.  note  on  546  supr. 

all',     cf.  Cic.  in  L.  Caec.  div.  §  52  neque  706.    perdere  letum]  'to  waste,  throw 

enim  esset  uerishnile,  cum  omnibus  Siculis  away  their  death'.     So  also  aTroWvvat  is 

faceret  initirias,   te  Mi  unum   eximium,  used  in  Greek,  cf.  Demos,  adv.  Lept.  480 

cui  consuleret,  fuisse ;  Liv.  IX  34  tu  unus  ov   arpa.Ti.ihTrji'    airwktatv    ovSiva    (6   Xa- 

eximius  es  in  quo  hoc praecipuom  et  singu-  ^plas). 

tare  ualeat.     eximius  is  equivalent  to  a  707.     sua   uolnera]    sc.    suum    corpus 

superlative,     cf.   Verg.    Aen.   11  426  ius-  uolneratum. 


LIBER   III.   685—735.  in 

Lygdamus  excussa  Balearis  tortor  habenae  710 

glande  petens  solido  fregit  caua  tempora  plumbo. 

sedibus  expulsi,  postquam  cruor  omnia  rupit 

uincula,  procumbunt  oculi :   stat  lumine  rapto 

adtonitus  mortisque  illas  putat  esse  tenebras. 

at  postquam  membris  sensit  constare  uigorem,       715 

uos,  ait,  o  socii,  sicut  tormenta  soletis, 

me  quoque  mittendis  rectum  componite  telis. 

egere  quod  superest  animac,  Tyrrhene,  per  omnes 

bellorum  casus,     ingentem  militis  usum 

hoc  habet  ex  magna  defunctum  parte  cadauer:     720 

uiuentis  feriere  loco,     sic  fatus  in  hostem 

caeca  tela  manu  sed  non  tamen  irrita  mittit. 

excipit  haec  iuuenis  generosi  sanguinis  Argus 
qua  iam  non  medius  descendit  in  ilia  uenter, 
adiuuitque  suo  procumbens  pondere  ferrum.  725 

stabat  diuersa  uictae  iam  parte  carinae 
infelix  Argi  genitor;    non  ille  iuuentae 
tempore  Phocaicis  ulli  cessurus  in  armis : 
uictum  aeuo  robur  cecidit,  fessusque  senecta 
exemplum  non  miles  erat;    qui  funere  uiso  730 

saepe  cadens  longae  senior  per  transtra  carinae 
peruenit  ad  puppim  spirantisque  inuenit  artus. 
non  lacrimae  cecidere  genis  non  pectora  tundit, 
distentis  toto  riguit  sed  corpore  palmis. 
nox  subit  atque  oculos  uastae  obduxere  tenebrae,  735 

710.     excussa]    Oud.  cf.  Ov.  Met.  vn  portant  part  of  a  soldier's  duty',  i.e.  by 

779  nee  excussae  contorto  nerbere  glandes.  being  a  mark  for  the  enemy. 

712.  sedibus']  '  forced  from  their  sock-  724.  qua  tarn]  infra  umbilicum  ergo 
ets,  when  the  blood  burst  all  the  ties  percussus  est :  ilia  sunt  arteriae  inter  ue- 
that  held  them'.  sicam   et   alueum    ad   pubem    tendentes, 

713.  procumbunt]  'fall  at  his  feet'.  teste  Plinio.    Weise. 

715.      constare     uigorem~\     'that     the  725.     adiuuit]  'drove  the  steel  deeper 

strength  of  his  limbs  was  still  sound',  cf.  home  by  his  weight  as  he  fell'. 
Sen.  Epp.  xil  i  (lxxxiii)  §  27  sed  si  (temu-         730.     exemplum']   'a  model,   pattern'. 

lend)  temptantur pedes,  lingua  non  constat,  cf.    Ov.   Met.  I   365,  366  nunc  genus  in 

717.  mittendis]  'set  me  up  in  the  right  nobis  restat  mortale  duobus,  sic  uisum 
position  for  discharging  missiles'.  superis,  hominumque  exempla  manetnus. 

componite]  cf.  Veil.  Pat.  II  xiv  §  3  tu  funere]  sc.  nati. 

uero,  inquit,  si  quid  in  te  artis  est.,  ita  731.    saepe  cadens]  'oft  falling  from  old 

compone  domum  meam  ut,  quidquid  again,  age  as  he  crossed  the  benches',  i.e.  stum- 

ab  omnibus  pcrspici possit.  bling  over  the  benches. 

718.  egere]  'get  rid  of  the  remainder  735.  nox  subit]  Weise  cf.  Horn.  II.  V 
of  your  life'.  659   rbv  5£  /car'   6<pda\fiQiv    ipefievvT)    vi)£ 

719.  ingentem]     'discharges    an    im-  eKd\v\(/ei>. 


ii2  LUCANI    PHARSALIAE.     III.  736—762. 

et  miserum  cernens  agnosccrc  desinit  Argum. 

illc  caput  labens  ct  iam  languentia  colla 
uiso  patre  leuat :   uox  fauces  nulla  solutas 
prosequitur :   tacito  tantum  petit  oscula  uoltu 
inuitatquc  patris  claudcnda  ad  lumina  dcxtram.     740 
ut  torporc  senex  caruit  uiresquc  cruentus 
cocpit  habere  dolor,  non  perdam  tempora,  dixit, 
a  sacuis  permissa  deis  iugulumque  senilem 
confodiam.     ueniam  misero  concede  parenti, 
Arge,  quod  amplexus,  cxtrema  quod  oscula  fugi.    745 
nondum  destituit  calidus  tua  uolnera  sanguis, 
semianimusque  iaccs  et  adhuc  potes  esse  superstes. 
sic  fatus,  quamuis  capulum  per  uiscera  missi 
polluerat  gladii,  tamen  alta  sub  acquora  tendit 
praecipiti  saltu.     letum  praecedere  nati  750 

festinantem  animam  morti  non  credidit  uni. 

inclinant  iam  fata  ducum:    nee  iam  amplius  anceps 
belli  casus  erat:    Graiae  pars  maxima  classis 
mergitur:    ast  aliae  mutato  remige  puppes 
uictorcs  uexere  suos :   naualia  paucae  755 

praecipiti  tenuere  fuga.     quis  in  urbc  parentum 
fletus  erat :  quanti  matrum  per  litora  planctus. 
coniunx  saepe  sui  confusis  uoltibus  unda 
credidit  ora  uiri  Romanum  amplexa  cadauer: 
accensisque  rogis  miseri  de  corpore  trunco  760 

certauere  patres.     at  Brutus  in  aequore  uictor 
primus  Caesareis  pelagi  decus  addidit  armis. 

737.  languentia]  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  IX  436,  Nat.  D.  11  §  72  nam  qui  totos  dies  preca- 

437  purpureus   ueluti  cum  flos  succisus  bantur  el   immolabant  ut  sui  liberi  sibi 

aratro  languescit  moriens.  superstites  essent  superstitiosi  appellaban- 

741.     torporc... caruit]  'recovered  from  tur ;  quod  nomen posted  latins patuit. 

his  swoon'.   For  this  use  of  carerecL  Juv.  750.     letum]  'he  did  not  trust  to  a  sin- 

VI  564  parua  tandem  caruisse  Seripho.  gle  form  of  death  his  breath  in  its  haste 

cruentus]   'ruthless'.      cf.    Hor.   carm.  to  anticipate  the  death  of  his  son'. 

in  ii  n,  12  quern  cruenta per  medias  rapit  753.     belli]  i.e.  pugnae,  not  the  general 

ira  caedes.  issue  of  the  war.     Weise. 

747.    superstes]    The  Romans  regarded  755.    uictores  suos]  i.e.  the  Roman  con- 
it  as  the  greatest  of  misfortunes  for  the  querors. 

child  to  die  before  the  parent,     cf.  Hor.  758.     confusis]   'disfigured'.      cf.  note 

Epod.  v  101,  102  neque  hoc  parentes,  heu  on  11  191. 

mihi    superstites,    effugerit    spectaculnm.  762.    pelagi  decus]  'glory  at  sea'. 
See  also  Cicero's  explanation  of  superstites 


? 


M.    ANNAEI    LUCANI 

PHARSALIAE 

LIBER   QUARTUS. 


ARGUMENT  OF  BOOK  IV. 

The  war  in  Spain  :  Caesar  fights  with  Afranius  and  Petreius  near  Ilerda  i — 47 : 
his  troops  are  surrounded  by  floods,  and  suffer  from  famine  48 — 120.  The 
floods  subside:  Caesar  crosses  the  Sicoris:  the  Pompeians  retreat  121  — 156. 
Caesar  pursues  them:  the  soldiers  of  the  two  armies  hold  friendly  intercourse 
157 — 204,  until  Petreius  puts  a  stop  to  it  and  massacres  those  of  Caesar's  soldiers 
who  are  found  in  his  camp  205 — 253.  Caesar  cuts  off  the  enemy  from  water 
254 — 336.  Afranius  and  his  soldiers  surrender  and  are  dismissed  in  safety 
337 — 401.  Antonius,  besieged  by  the  Pompeians  in  Illyria,  tries  to  escape 
with  his  soldiers  on  board  three  rafts  402 — 452,  one  of  which  is  prevented  from 
escaping;  the  soldiers  on  board,  by  the  persuasion  of  Vulteius,  kill  themselves 
453 — 58°-  Curio  crosses  to  Africa;  the  legend  of  Antaeus  581—660.  Curio 
defeats  Varus  661 — 714,  but  is  surprised  and  defeated  by  Juba  715 — 792.  His 
death  and  character  793 — 824. 

At  procul  extremis  terrarum  Caesar  in  oris 

Martem  saeuus  agit,  non  multa  caede  nocentem, 

maxima  sed  fati  ducibus  momenta  daturum. 

iure  pari  rector  castris  Afranius  illis 

ac  Petreius  erat:   concordia  duxit  in  aequas  5 

imperium  commune  uices,  tutelaque  ualli 

2.  Martc iii]  'savagely  wages  war,  not  their  common  command',  i.e.  instead  of 
stained  with  the  guilt  of  much  bloodshed ',  each  commanding  a  portion  of  the  forces, 
i.e.  because  the  Pomp'eians  were  con-  they  alternately  commanded  the  whole, 
guered  rather  by  thirst  than  by  fighting.  and  that  for  equal  lengths  of  time.     See 

3.  maxima]  'but  destined  more  than  however  Caes.  B.  C.  I  39  whence  it  ap- 
aught  else  to  give  the  turn  to  the  scales  of  pears  that  Petreius  had  three  legions, 
fate  for  the  leaders',  sc.  Caesari  ad  vie-  Afranius  two. 

toriam,  Pompeio  ad  exitium.     Weise.  6.     tutelaque    ualli  perutgil — atslodia] 

5.  concordia]  'their  harmony  led  them  'the  watchful  sentinels  that  protect  the 
to  divide  between  them  equally  by  turns     encampment'. 

H.L.  o 


n4  LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 

peruigil  alterno  paret  custodia  signo. 
his  praeter  Latias  acies  erat  impiger  Astur, 
Vettonesquc  leues,  profugique  a  gente  uetusta 
Gallorum  Ccltac  miscentes  nomen  Hiberis.  10 

colle  tumet  modico  lenique  excreuit  in  altum 
pingue  solum  tumulo:   super  hunc  fundata  uetusta 
surgit  Ilerda  manu.     placidis  praelabitur  undis 
Hesperios  inter  Sicoris  non  ultimus  amnes, 
saxeus  ingenti  quem  pons  amplectitur  arcu  15 

hibernas  passurus  aquas,     at  proxima  rupes 
signa  tenet  Magni:    nee  Caesar  colle  minore 
castra  leuat:    medius  dirimit  tentoria  gurges. 
explicat  hinc  tellus  campos  effusa  patentis 
uix  oculo  prendente  modum;  camposque  coerces,  20 
Cinga  rapax,  uetitus  fluctus  et  litora  cursu 
oceani  pepulisse  tuo:    nam  gurgite  mixto 
qui  praestat  terris  aufert  tibi  nomen  Hiberus. 

prima  dies  belli  cessauit  Marte  cruento, 
spectandasque  ducum  uires  numerosaque  signa        25 
exposuit.     piguit  sceleris;   pudor  arma  furentum 
continuit;    patriaeque  et  ruptis  legibus  unum 
donauere  diem,     prono  turn  Caesar  Olympo 

1  o.   Gallorum]  sc.  the  Celtiberians,  con-  20.     uix  oculo']    '  while    the    eye    can 

cerning  whom  see  Strabo  IV  12  (162).  scarcely  grasp  their  limit',  i.e.  the  plains 

1 1 .     modico]  gives  the  height,  leni  the  extend  to  the  horizon  on  all  sides, 

gradient  of  the  hill.     Oud.  cf.  Ov.  Fast.  coerces]    'dost  bound',     cf.    Cic.  Nat. 

v  J53>  r54  templa  patres  illic  oculos  exosa  D.  II  §  58  ipsius  uero  mundi  qui  omnia 

uiriles  leniter  accliui  constituere  iugo.  complexu  suo  cocrcet  et  continet  natttra. 

13.     Ilerda]  a  town  of  the  Ilergetae,  2r.     Cinga]  cf.  note  on  1  432. 

now  Lerida  ;  cf.  Strabo  IV  10  (160).  uetitus]  i.e.  it  falls  into  the  Hiberus  and 

maun]  cf.  Verg.  G.  II  156  tot  congesta  so  loses  its  name.     cf.  1  399. 

manu  pracruptis  oppida  saxis.  23.     qui  praestat  terris]  '  which  gives 

16.  passurus]  'ready  to  bear  the  force  its  name  to  the  land',  i.  e.  Hiberia. 

of  winter's  floods',     cf.  infr.  39,  680,  vi  24.     cessauit]   '  was   free   from  '.       cf. 

456.     Hor.  carm.  11  vi  1  Septimi  Gades  note  on  in  451.    Add  Florus  I  iv  (x)  §  7 

adit nre  mecum.  sic  quidem  uiri ;  sed  ne  qui  sexus  a  laude 

17.  nee  Caesar]  'and  Caesar  raises  his  cessarel,  ecce  et  uirginum  uirtus. 

camp  aloft  on  a  hill  of  equal  height '.  25.     numerosa]    'numerous',  so   com- 

18.  leuat]     cf.   Plin.   H.   N.   II  §  69     monly   in   Silver    age   Latin:    in   earlier 
ignea  ui  leuantur  in  sublime.  writers  it    always    means    '  harmonious '. 

medius  dirimit]     Lucan  seems  here  to  cf.  Cic.  Oral,  g  168.     Ov.  Trist.  iv  x  49 

have  fallen  into  an  error :  it  appears  from  numerosus  Horatius. 

Caesar  B.C.   1   that  the  camps   both   of  28.     donauere  diem]  'they  sacrificed  a 

Caesar  and  of  the  Pompeians,  as  well  as  day',     cf.  Cic.  ad  fam.   iv  v  §  2  tu  tuas 

the  town  of  Ilerda,  were  on  the  right  bank  inimicitias    ut    rei   publicae    donarcs    te 

of  the  Sicoris,  the  bridge  over  which  lay  uicisti. 

behind  the  town.     Glareanus.  p?~ono — Olympo  i?i  noctcm]  'as  the  sky 


LIBER    IV.   7—47. 


ii5 


in  noctem  subita  circumdedit  agmina  fossa, 

dum  primae  perstant  acies,  hostcmque  fefellit,  30 

ct  prope  consertis  obduxit  castra  maniplis. 

luce  noua  collem  subito  consccnderc  cursu 

qui  medius  tutam  castris  dirimcbat  Uerdam 

imperat.     hue  hostem  pariter  terrorque  pudorque 

impulit;    et  rapto  tumulum  prior  agmine  ccpit.        35 

his  uirtus  ferrumque  locum  promittit,   at  illis 

ipse  locus,     miles  rupes  oneratus  in  altas 

nititur:    aduersoque  acies  in  monte  supina 

haerct  et  in  tergum  casura  umbone  seqirentis 

erigitur.     nulli  telum  uibrare  uacabat,  40 

dum  labat,  et  fixo  firmat  uestigia  pilo, 

dum  scopulos  stirpesque  tenent  atque  hoste  relicto 

caedunt  ensc  uiam.     uidit  lapsura  ruina 

agmina  dux  equitemque  iubet  succedere  bello, 

munitumque  latus  laeuo  producere  gyro.  45 

sic  pedes  ex  facili  nulloque  urgente  receptus, 

irritus  et  uictor  subducto  Marte  pependit. 


was  hastening  toward  nightfall '.   cf.  Verg. 
Eel.  vi  86  inuito  processit  uesper  Olympo. 

29.  subita]  'hastily  made',  cf.  note 
on  1  312.  cf.  Ov.  Met.  vm  180  dumque 
uolat  gemmae  subitos  ucrtuntur  in  ignes. 

30.  perstani\  'keep  their  position',  i.e. 
in  battle  array.  Weise  cf.  Plin.  H.  N. 
vii  ii  §  22  philosopltos  cor  urn,  quos  gymno- 
sophistas  nocant,  ab  exortu  ad  occasum 
perstarecontuentes  solem  immobilibusoculis. 
Oud.  cf.  Liv.  xxxiv  47  pars  certaminis 
studio  et  spe  potiundi  castris  //ostium  pcr- 
slitit  ad  uallum.  This,  which  is  the  read- 
ing of  many  MSS.,  is  also  found  in  the 
Roman  edition  of  1469.  Oud.  with  some 
MSS.  reads praestant,  i.e.  stand  in  front  to 
conceal  the  rest  while  they  are  digging, 
but  praestare  in  this  literal  sense  does  not 
appear  to  be  found  elsewhere. 

3 1 .  prope  consertis]  '  closely  massed '. 
obduxit  castra]  i.e.   he  concealed    the 

fact  that  he  was  having  a  camp  raised 
behind  his  troops. 

33.  qui  medius]  'which  lying  between 
rated  Ilerda  from  his  camp  and  kept 

lit  safe'. 

34.  terrorque  pudorque]   i.e.  the  fear 
jof  being  cut  off  from  the  town,  and  the 

shame  of  letting  the  enemy  be  beforehand 
with  them. 


36.  promittit]  '  gives  hopes  of  occupy- 
ing', cf.  Sen.  Phaed.  577  et  arnica  rati- 
bus  ante  promittit  uada  incerta  Syrtis. 

38.  supina]  'looking  upwards'. 

39.  casura]  '  ready  to  fall  backwards/, 
cf.  supr.  16. 

43.  caedtint  ense  uiam]  i.e.  they  use 
their  swords  to  clear  their  pathway  for 
themselves,  instead  of  striking  the  enemy. 

44.  succedere]  '  to  come  up  to  join  the 
fight'. 

45.  munitumque  latus]  'and  by  a  cir- 
cuit to  the  left  to  interpose  before  the 
infantry  their  protected  side',  i.e.  their  left 
side  on  which  they  would  carry  their 
shields.  See  note  on  HI  6t8.  Thuc.  V 
71  §  1.  Caesar  B.  C.  I  44 — 46  describes 
two  distinct  operations,  (1)  the  relief  of  the 
soldiers  who  were  attempting  to  occupy 
the  mound  by  the  ninth  legion,  not  by 
cavalry:  (2)  the  relief  of  the  soldiers  of 
the  ninth  legion  when  trying  to  win  the 
hill  on  which  Ilerda  was  situated  by 
cavalry:  these  two  are  confounded  by 
Lucan. 

47.  subducto  Marte]  i.e.  as  the  enemy 
were  withdrawn. 

pependit]  'remained  aloft'.  Weise  cf. 
Verg.  Eel.  1  76  (capellas)  dumosa  de  rupe 
procul pendcre  uidebis. 

8—2 


n6  LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 

hactenus  armorum  discrimina:   cetera  bello 
fata  dcdit  uariis  inccrtus  motibus  aer. 
pigro  bruma  gelu  siccis  Aquilonibus  haerens  50 

aethere  constricto  pluuias  in  nube  tcncbat. 
urebant  montana  niues  camposque  iacentis 
non  duraturae  conspecto  sole  pruinae : 
atque  omnis  propior  mergenti  sidera  caelo 
aruerat  tellus  hiberno  dura  sereno.  55 

sed  postquam  uernus  calidum  Titana  recepit 
sidera  respiciens  delapsac  portitor  Helles, 
atque  iterum  aequatis  ad  iustae  pondera  Librae 
temporibus  uicere  dies:   turn  sole  relicto, 
Cynthia  quo  primum  cornu  dubitanda  refulsit,         60 
exclusit  Boream  flammasque  accepit  ab  Euro, 
ille  suo  nubes  quascumque  inuenit  in  axe 
torsit  in  occiduom  Nabataeis  flatibus  orbem : 
et  quas  sentit  Arabs,  et  quas  Gangetica  tellus 
exhalat  nebulas,  quidquid  concrescere  primus  65 

sol  patitur,  quidquid  caeli  fuscator  Eoi 
intulerat  Caurus,  quidquid  defenderat  Indos. 
incendere  diem  nubes  oriente  remotae ; 

48.     cetera  bello]    'the   remaining  for-  somniqite pares  ubifecerit  Jioras. 
tune  of  the  war  was  decided  by  the  air         59.     sole  relicto]    quia  cum  sole  oritur 

shifting  with  changeful  movements'.  recedens  de  eo  signo  in  quo  sol   fuerat 

50.  haerens]  'retarded'.  Oud.  cf.  Schol.  tunc  lunae  a  coitu  nonae  receden- 
Sen.  Here.  Fur.  708  immotus  aer  haerel  tis  a  sole  cornua  nondum  apparent.  Gro- 
et pigro  sedet  nox  atra  mundo.  tius.     cf.  Verg.  G.  1  427  foil. 

51.  in  nube  tenebat]  'kept  the  rain  in  60.    dubitanda]  i.e.  because  her  increase 
the  clouds',  i.e.   so  that  it   did   not   fall  is  as  yet  scarcely  visible, 
except  as  snow  on  the  mountains.  61.     exclusit— -flammas    accepit]    uerba 

52.  urebant]  cf.  Val.  Flac.  II  287  amatoria.  Weise.  cf.  Lucret.  IV  117$  at 
cam's  urebat  luna  pruinis.  lacrimafis  exclusus  amator. 

53.  non  duraturae]  'destined  to  vanish  62.  suo — in  axe]  i.e.  in  the  quarter  of 
at  the  first  sight  of  the  sun'.  the  world  where  he  rises,  sc.  the  east. 

54.  mergenti  sidera  caelo]  i. e.  the  west  63.  Nabataeis]  merely  ornamental  for 
em  sky,  cf.  Sen.  Thyest.  776 — 778  0  Eastern,  cf.  Ov.  Met.  1  61  Eurus  ad 
Phoebe patiens,  fugeris  retro  licet  medioque  Auroram  Nabataeaque  regna  recessit. 
ruptum  mcrseris  caelo  diem,  sero  occidisti.  65.  concrescere]  cf.  Lucret.  VI  494  quo 
See  also  note  on  525  infr.  pacto  pluuius  concrcscat  in  altis  nubibus 

55.  sereno]  cf.  1  530.  umor. 

56.  sed  postquam']  i.e.  when  the  sun  66.  fuscator]  'darkener',  i.e.  by  bring- 
entered  Aries,  in  March.  ing  the  clouds  together,      cf.  Val.  Flac. 

57.  respiciens]  fingitur  enim  Aries  I  395,  396  innumeras  nam  claudit  apes, 
auerso  capite  respiciens.     Weise.  longaque  superbus  fuscat  nube  diem. 

58.  iterum]  may  be  taken  either  with  67.     defenderat]  sc.  all  the  clouds  which 
aequatis   referring   to    the    autumnal    and  had  protected  the  Indians  from  the  sun. 
vernal  equinoxes,  or  with  uicere.  68.     incendere]    'made    tempestuous' 

aequatis]  cf.   Verg.  G.  I  208  Libra  die     used  metaphorically  of  any  violent  action 


LIBER   IV.   48—85. 


117 


ncc  medio  potucre  graues  incumbcrc  mundo 

sed  nimbos  rapuere  fuga.     uacat  imbribus  Arctos  70 

et  Notus;    in  solam  Calpen  fluit  umidus  acr. 

hie  ubi  iam  Zcphyri  fines  et  summus  Olympi 

cardo  tenet  Tethyn  uetitae  transcurrere  densos 

inuolucre  globos ;   congestumque  aeris  atri 

uix  recipit  spatium  quod  separat  aethere  terram.     75 

iamque  polo  pressae  largos  densantur  in  imbres 

spissataeque  fluunt:    nee  seruant  fulmina  flammas 

quamuis  crebra  micent :    moriuntur  fulgura  nimbis. 

hinc  impcrfecto  complcctitur  aera  gyro 

arcus,  uix  ulla  uariatus  luce  colorem,  80 

oceanumquc  bibit,  raptosque  ad  nubila  fluctus 

pertulit,  et  caelo  diftusum  reddidit  aequor. 

iamque  Pyrenaeae  quas  numquam  soluere  Titan 

eualuit  fluxere  niues,  fractoque  madescunt 

turn  quae  solitis  e  fontibus  exit 


saxa  gelu 


cf.  Verg.  Aen.  x  S95  clamore  incendunt 
caelum.    Justin,  xxxvili  8  utregia  omnis 
repentino  luctu  incenderetur. 
69.     graues]     sc.    grauidae,    full    of 

water. 

71.  Calpen}  Calpe  (Gibraltar)  is  ap- 
parently put  for  Spain  generally  :  Ilerda, 
being  in  the  north  of  Spain,  was  at  a 
considerable  distance  from  Calpe. 

72.  summus  cardo~\  sc.  axis  extremus, 
'the  furthest  limit  of  the  sky',  cf.  v  71, 
7;;  vii  381.  Liv.  XXXVII  54  terminus 
est  nunc  imperi  uestri  mons  Taurus ;  quid- 
quid  intra  cum  cardinal:  est,  nihil  longin- 
quom  uobis  uideri  debet.  In  mensuration 
cardo  is  the  technical  term  for  the  line 
running  from  north  to  south,  decumanus 
for  that  running  from  east  to  west.  See 
Diet,  of  Antiquities  s.  v.  Agrimensores. 
cardo  being  regarded  as  the  most  important 
line,  the  meaning  of  it  was  extended  and 
used  for  limit  generally. 

73.  tenet]  'holds  back',  and  so 
'  bounds '. 

uetitae  transcurrere]  '  forbidden  to  pass 
beyond '. 

74.  congestumque]  'and  the  space  which 
separates  earth  from  sky  (i.e.  the  air)  can 
scarce  contain  the  close-packed  mass  of 
murky  air',  cf.  Lucret.  vi  725  inagnus 
congestus  harenae. 

76.  polo  pressae]  'compressed  by  the 
weight  of  the  sky '. 


85 


largos]  cf.  Ov.  Met.  xi  516  ccce  caduut 
largi  resolutis  nubibus  imbres. 

77.  nee  seruant— flammas]  i.e.  cannot 
keep  alight  because  of  the  water  in  the 
clouds,    fulmina   are    the    thunderbolts, 

fulgura  the  flashes. 

78.  moriuntur]  cf.  Ov.  Amor.  I  ii  n, 
12  uidi  ego  iactatas  motaface  crescere  flam- 
mas et  tiidi  nulla  concutienie  mori. 

79.  impcrfecto]  The  incompleteness  of 
the  arch  and  the  want  of  colour  are  due  to 
the  excess  of  moisture  which  prevents  the 
sun  from  shining. 

Si.  bibit]  cf.  Verg.  G.  1  380.  Plaut. 
Curcul.  129  ecce  autcm  bibit  arcus ;  hercle 
credo  /iodic  pi  net. 

82.     caelo]  dative,     cf.  11  218. 

diffitsum]  Weise  takes  this  as  an  orna- 
mental epithet  of  the  sea,  'wide-spread', 
cf.  infr.  134.  It  seems  better  to  under- 
stand it  as  'drawn  off',  i.e.  from  the  sur- 
face of  the  ocean  :  compare  the  use  of 
diffundere  for  drawing  off  wine  from  the 
vat  into  jars,  cf.  Hor.  Epp.  1  v  4  uina 
bibes  iterum  Tauro  diffusa.  Another  read- 
ing, with  less  authority,  is  defies  urn,  i.e. 
poured  down  from  the  clouds  before,  but 
di  and  de  in  composition  are  often  con- 
fused ;  see  note  on  1  448. 

85.  turn  quae  solitis]  i.e.  the  river  which 
rises  from  its  ordinary  source  cannot  find 
a  channel,  as  its  own  is  already  occupied 
by  the  melted  snow. 


u8 


LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 


non  habet  unda  uias:   tarn  largas  alucus  omnis 
a  ripis  acccpit  aquas,     iam  naufraga  campo 
Cacsaris  arma  natant  impulsaque  gurgite  multo 
castra  labant:  alto  restagnant  flumina  uallo. 
non  pccorum  raptus  facilcs  non  pabula  mersi  90 

ulla  ferunt  sulci :   tectarum  crrorc  uiarum 
fallitur  occultis  sparsus  populator  in  agris. 
iamquc  comes  semper  magnorum  prima  malorum 
saeua  fames  aderat:    nulloque  obsessus  ab  hoste 
miles  eget;    toto  censu  non  prodigus  emit  95 

exiguam  Cercrem.     pro  lucri  pallida  tabes  : 
non  deest  prolato  ieiunus  uenditor  auro. 
iam  tumuli  collesque  latent:    iam  flumina  cuncta 
condidit  una  palus  uastaque  uoragine  mersit : 
absorpsit  penitus  rupes  ac  tecta  ferarum  100 

detulit  atque  ipsas  hausit  subitisque  frementis 
uorticibus  contorsit  aquas  et  reppulit  aestus 
fortior  oceani.     nee  Phoebum  surgere  sentit 
nox  subiecta  polo;   rerum  discrimina  miscet 
deformis  caeli  facies  iunctaeque  tenebrae.  105 

sic  mundi  pars  ima  iacet  quam  zona  niualis 
'  perpetuaeque  premunt  hiemes;    non  sidera  caelo 
ulla  uidet,  sterili  non  quicquam  frigore  gignit, 


86.  omnis]  for  unus  quisque.  ^k-^w+l 
728,  IX  886. 

87.  a  ripis]  i.e.  it  received  water  from 
the  very  banks  which  ought  to  have 
checked  it. 

89.  alto]  'high  as  is  the  mound  the 
rivers  overflow  it',  uallo  is  probably 
dative,  a  kind  of  dativus  incommo- 
di. 

91.  teclarum  err  ore  uiaruw]  'the  mis- 
takes caused  by  the  inundated  roads'. 
cf.  Verg.  Aen.  v  590  qua  signa  sequetuti 
falleret  indeprensus  et  irremeabilis  er- 
ror. 

95.  toto  censu]  'all  his  property',  cf. 
note  on  in  157. 

non  prodigus]  sc.  etiam  parens,  'one 
who  is  no  spendthrift'.  Compare  the 
Book  of  Job  11  4  "yea,  all  that  a  man  hath 
will  he  give  for  his  life". 

96.  pallida]  cf.  Pers.  IV  47  uiso  si 
palles  improbe  nummo. 

97.  prolato]  'when  gold  is  proffered'. 


cf.  Plaut.   Asinar.  651  set  tibi  si  uiginli 
minae  argenti  proferenlur. 

1 01.  ipsas]  sc.  /eras. 

102.  aquas]  Another  reading  of  ap- 
parently equal  authority  is  equos. 

reppulit  aestus]  Compare  Byron,  The 
Giaour,  As  rolls  the  river  into  ocean,  In 
sable  torrent  wildly  streaming ;  As  the 
sea  -  tide's  opposing  motion,  In  azure 
column  proudly  gleaming,  Beats  back  the 
current  many  a  rood,  In  curling  foam  and 
mingling  flood,  While  eddying  whirl,  and 
breaking  wave,  Roused  by  the  blast  of 
winter  rave. 

1 04.  subiecta  polo]  '  spread  beneath  the 
sky'.  Grotius  conjectures  subtexta  from  a. 
reading  subiecta  found  in  some  MSS. 

105.  iunctaeque  tenebrae] '  and  unbroken 
darkness',  cf.  Stat.  Theb.  vil  82  stent 
anhclabant  iuncto  sudore  uolantes  Mars 
inipellit  equos. 

106.  pars  ima]  sc.  antarctica.  cf.  Verg. 
G-  1  235,  241. 


LIBER    IV.   86—126. 


119 


scd  glacie  medios  signorum  temporal  igncs. 

sic  o  summe  parens  mundi  sic  sorte  secunda  no 

aequorei  rector  facias,  Neptune,  tridentis : 

et  tu  perpetuis  impendas  aera  nimbi's ; 

tu  rcmearc  uctes  quoscumque  cmiseris  acstus. 

non  habcant  amncs  dccliuem  ad  litora  cursum 

sed  pelagi  referantur  aquis,  concussaquc  tcllus        115 

laxet  iter  fluuiis.     hos  campos  Rhcnus  inundct, 

hos  Rhodanus:   uastos  obliqucnt  flumina  fontes : 

Rhipacas  hue  soluc  niues,  hue  stagna  lacusquc 

et  pigras  ubicumque  iacent  effunde  paludcs: 

et  miseras  bellis  ciuilibus  eripe  terras.  120 

sed  paruo  Fortuna  uiri  contenta  pauore 
plena  redit,  solitoque  magis  fauere  secundi 
et  ueniam  meruere  dei.     iam  rarior  aer 
et  par  Phoebus  aquis  densas  in  uellera  nubes 
sparserat,  et  noctes  uentura  luce  rubebant:  125 

seruatoque  loco  rerum  discessit  ab  astris 


109.  medios]  i.e.  it  moderates  the  equa- 
torial heat.  Weise  cf.  Tibul.  IV  i  167, 
168  quas  ulrimquc  tenens  similis  uicinia 
caeli  temperat,  alter  et  alterius  uires  necat 
aer. 

no.  sorte  secunda]  'in  the  second  con- 
dition', i.e.  thou  who  art  next  in  power 
to  Jove.  cf.  I  lor.  carm.  IV  xi  22  non 
time  sort  is  iuuenem.  Suet.  Aug.  19  nam 
ne  ultimae  guidon  sortis  hominum  conspi- 
ratione  et  periculo  caruit.  Ov.  Met.  vni 
594 — 596  0  proximo  caelo  regno,  uagae, 
dixi,  sortite,  Tridentifer,  undae,  in  qtio 
desinimus,  quo  saa'i  currimus  amnes.  See 
also  v  622. 

hi.  tridentis]  cf.  Aesch.  Prom.  924 
OaKacrcriav  re  yrjs  ri.va.KTti.pav  vbaov  rpiuivav 
alxfJ.vv  TVV  TloffeiSwvos  cr/ce5£. 

112.  impendas]  'devote  to',  cf.  Stat. 
Theb.  vil  215  ast  ego  non  proprio  diros 
impendo  dolori  Oedipodionidas. 

113.  tu  remeare  uetes]  'may'st  thou, 
Neptune,  forbid  to  return  whatsoever 
floods  thou  hast  parted  with',  i.e.  by 
blocking  up  the  rivers'  mouths  prevent 
the  return  to  the  sea  of  the  water  which 
has  been  drawn  from  it  by  evaporation. 

115.  referantur  aquis]  'be  borne  back 
by  the  waters  of  the  sea '. 

116.  laxet  iter]  'open  up  a  path  for', 
cf.  Verg.  G.  11  331  laxaut  arua  sinus. 

hos — hos]  not  'these'  and  'those',  but 


referring  in  both  cases  to  the  plains  of 
Hiberia.  cf.  I  lor.  Epp.  1  ii  63  hunc 
/rents,  hunc  tu  compesce  catena.  See  note 
on  viii  156. 

117.  obliquent]  '  turn  from  their  course '. 
Weise  cf.  Stat.  Theb.  xn  748  ille pauentis 
obliquauit  equos. 

120.  et  miseras]  'and  thus  save  these 
luckless  lands  from  civil  strife',  i.e.  by 
flooding  them. 

122.  plena]  'in  full  force',  cf.  V  166. 
Ov.  ex  Ponto  11  vii  77  sustineas  ut  otitis 
nitendum  uertice  pleuo  est. 

123.  ueniam  meruere]  'deserved  by  their 
favour  pardon  for  the  injury  they  had  be- 
fore inflicted'. 

rarior]  i.e.  less  misty,  cf.  Verg.  G.  1 
419  denset  crant  quae  rara  modo  et  quae 
detisa  relaxat.  Oud.  cf.  Stat.  Silu.  I  ii  186 
cum  pluuiis  rarescuut  nubila. 

124.  par]  'a  match  for',  cf.  note  on 
11  415. 

uellera]  '  fleecy  clouds  .  cf.  Verg.  G. 
1  397  tenuia  nee  lanae  per  caelum  uellera 
fern. 

125.  rui'ebant]  'the  darkness  began  to 
flush  at  the  approach  of  day-light',  i.e. 
the  return  of  day-light  after  this  unnatural 
darkness  was  like  the  dawn  after  the 
night. 

126.  astris]  tanta  enim  cogitatur  fuisse 
inundatio  ut  aquae  astra  tangerent,  hyper- 


, 


120 


LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 


umor  ct  ima  petit  quidquid  pendebat  aquarum. 
tollcrc  silua  comas  stagnis  emergcre  colles 
incipiunt  uisoquc  die  durescere  uallcs. 
utque  habuit  ripas  Sicoris  camposque  reliquit,        130 
primum  cana  salix  madefacto  uimine  paruam 
texitur  in  puppim,  caesoque  inducta  iuuenco 
uectoris  patiens  tumidum  supercnatat  amnem. 
sic  Vcnetus  stagnantc  Pado  fusoquc  Britannus 
nauigat  occano :    sic  cum  tenet  omnia  Nilus  135 

conseritur  bibula  Mcmphitis  cumba  papyro. 
his  ratibus  transiecta  manus  festinat  utrimque 
succisum  curuare  nemus;    fluuiique  ferocis 
incrementa  timens,  non  primis  robora  ripis 
imposuit:    medios  pontem  distendit  in  agros.  140 

ac  ne  quid  Sicoris  repetitis  audeat  undis, 
spargitur  in  sulcos  et  scisso  gurgite  riuis 


bolice.  Weise.  cf.  v  642,  Ov.  Met.  xi 
517,  518 inque  fretum  totiun  credas  descen- 
dere  caelum,  inque  plagas  caeli  tumefactum 
adscendere  pontum . 

127.  pendebat]  'was  aloft',     cf.  supr. 

47- 

128.  tollcre  sihia.  Compare  the  ac- 
count of  the  subsidence  of  Deucalion's 
flood  in  Ov.  Met.  I  343 — 348  iam  mare 
litus  habet ;  plenos  capit  alueus  amnes ; 
flumina  subsidunt ;  colics  exire  uidentur. 
surgit  humus;  crescunt  loca  decrescentibus 
undis.  postque  diem  longam  mulata  cacu- 
mina  siluae  ostendunt  linmmque  tenent  iti 

fronde  relic  turn. 

129.  durescere]  cf.  Verg.  Eel.  vi  53 
turn  durare  solum  et  discludere  Nerea  panto. 

ualles]  i.e.  after  the  hills.  Another 
reading  which  seems  to  have  less  authority 
is  calles,  which  would  also  be  intolerable 
after  colles  at  the  end  of  the  preceding 
line. 

131.  primum]  i.e.  first  boats  are  made, 
then  (137)  a  bridge  is  built,  lastly  (141)  the 
river  is  drained. 

132.  cacso]  'covered  with  the  hide  of 
a  slaughtered  ox',  cf.  Stat.  Theb.  in 
591  nee  pudor  emerito  clupeum  uestisse  iu- 
uenco. 

133.  uectoris  patiens]  sc.  ita  ut  uecto- 
rem  pateretur. 

134.  fuso]  Weise  takes  this  as  equi- 
valent to  late  effuso,  'wide-spread',  com- 
paring 670  infr.  non  fusior  ulli  terra  fuit 
domino ;  but  in  that  passage  the  presence 


of  the  word  domino  prevents  any  am- 
biguity of  meaning  in  fusior.  Here  it 
seems  better  to  interpret  fuso  as  '  poured 
into  the  land ',  almost  equivalent  to  infuso, 
referring  to  the  creeks  and  estuaries  on 
the  coast  of  Britain,  which  are  thus  con- 
trasted with  the  open  sea  on  which  the 
Britons  would  not  venture  in  their  cora- 
cles. See  the  description  of  the  British 
coast  in  Tac.  Agric.  10  naturam  oceani 
atque  aestus  neque  quaerere  Indus  operis 
est  ac  multi  rettulere :  unum  addiderim, 
nusqua/n  latins  dominari  mare,  multum 
fluminum  hue  atque  illuc  ferre,  nee  litore 
tenus  adcrescere  ant  resorberi,  sed  influere 
penitus  atque  ambire,  et  iugis  eliam  ac 
montibus  insert  uelut  in  suo. 

Britannus]  cf.  Caes.  B.  C.  I  54.  Plin. 
H.  N.  iv  §  104. 

136.  bibula]  i.e.  because  it  is  a  plant 
which  grows  in  marshy  ground,  cf.  Plin. 
H.  N.  xiii  §§  71—73.  Verg.  G.  iv  287 
foil. 

137.  utrimque]  '  on  both  banks'. 

138.  succisum  curuare  nemus]  'to  hack 
and  bend  down  trees' ;  this  probably  means 
that  they  first  cut  the  trunk  half  through 
with  the  axe  and  then  break  it  off  by 
bending  it  over  by  ropes,  cf.  Verg.  Aen. 
II  626 — 628  ac  ucluti  summis  antiquam  in 
montibus  ornum  cum  ferro  accisam  crebris- 
que  bipennibus  instant  eruere  agricolae 
certatim. 

142.  scisso]  'with  its  stream  cut  up 
into  channels'. 


LIBER   IV.    127—164.  121 

dat  poenas  maioris  aquae,     postquam  omnia  fatis 
Caesaris  ire  uidet  cclsam  Pctreius  Ilerdam 
deserit :   et  noti  diffisus  uiribus  orbis,  145 

indomitos  quaerit  populos  et  semper  in  arma 
mortis  amore  fcros,  et  tcndit  in  ultima  mundi. 

nudatos  Caesar  colics  desertaquc  castra 
conspiciens  capcrc  arma  iubet:    nee  quacrere  pontem 
nee  uada  sed  duris  fluuium  supcrare  lacertis.  150 

paretur:    rapuitquc  ruens  in  proelia  miles 
quod  fugiens  timuisset  iter,     mox  uda  receptis 
membra  fouent  armis  gclidosque  a  gurgite  cursu 
restituunt  artus,  donee  decresceret  umbra 
in  medium  surgente  die.     iamque  agmina  summa   155 
carpit  eques  dubiique  fugae  pugnaeque  tcnentur. 

adtollunt  campo  geminae  iuga  saxea  rupes 
ualle  caua  media,     tellus  hinc  ardua  celsos 
continuat  colics:   tutae  quos  inter  opaco 
anfractu  latuere  uiae:   quibus  hoste  potito  160 

faucibus  emitti  terrarum  in  deuia  Martem 
inque  feras  gentes  Caesar  uidet.     ite  sine  ullo 
ordine,  ait,  raptumque  fuga  conuertite  bellum, 
et  faciem  pugnae  uoltusque  inferte  minaces: 

[43.     J  at  poenas']  Compare  the  story  in  also  is  used  with  two  genitives  cf.   Ov. 

Ildt.  I  189  of  the  revenge  taken  by  Cyrus  Met.  v  564  medius  fratrisque  sui  macstae- 

on  the  river  Gyndes.     Oud.  cf.  Sil.  Ital.  que  sororis  Iuppiter. 

IV  645  —  647  magnas  0  Trebia  et  meritas         tencntur]  equivalent  to  detinentur,  cf. 

mihi  perfide  poenas  exsolues,  inquit ;  lace-  Cic.    ad  fam.   XVI  vii  §   1  sept  imam  iam 

rum  per  Galliea  riuis  dispergam  rura  atque  diem  Corey rac  tenebamitr. 
amnis  tibi  nomina  demam.  15S.     ualle  caua  media]  'with  a  hollow 

fatis — ire]   ire   is   equivalent    to  ferri,  valley  between'.     Oud.   cf.    Li  v.  vn   34 

i.e.  'that  Caesar's  destiny  is  sweeping  all  exercitum  incaute  in  saltu/n  caua    ualle 

before  it',     cf.  Vcrg.  Aen.  II  34  sen  iam  peruium...induxit. 
Troiae  sic  fata  ferebant.  tellus  hinc]  '  from  this  point  the  ground 

147.     mortis   amore]    cf.    I    460 — 462,  rising  aloft  exhibits  a  continuous  line  of 

infr.  506.  hills'. 

151.  rapuit]  'took  with  eagerness  160.  quibus  hoste]  uidet  Caesar  quod, 
when  rushing  to  the  fight  a  path  which  si  angustias  ipsas  Pompeiani  occupassent, 
he  would  have  shrunk  from  in  flight'.  Mars  emitteretur  in  terrarum  deuia  et  in 

152.  receptis]  i.e.  their  arms  had  been  feras  gentes,  i.  e.  ad  barbaros,  ad  quos  si 
previously  carried  across  the  river  in  peruenisset  hostis,  non  posset  superari  a 
boats.  Caesare.     Schol. 

153.  cursu]  'by  running'.  163.      raptumque  fuga]  'turn  back  the 

155.  agmina  summa]  'the  hindmost  war  which  is  hastening  its  flight',  i.e.  by 
ranks'.  heading  the  flying  enemy  compel  them  to 

156.  carpit]  'harasses'.  change  their  course.     For  bellum  cf.  111 
dubii]  'halting  between  flight  and  bat-     64,  vn  651. 

tie',     cf.  vn  611  dubium  fati;  so  medius 


122 


LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 


nee  liccat  pauidis  ignaua  occumbere  mortc:  165 

excipiant  recto  fugientes  pectore  fcrrurri. 

dixit,  et  ad  montes  tendentem  praeuenit  hostem. 

illic  exiguo  paulum  distantia  uallo 

castra  locant.     postquam  spatio  languentia  nullo 

mutua  conspicuos  habuerunt  lumina  uoltus,  170 

et  fratres  natosque  suos  uiderc  patresque, 

deprensum  est  ciuile  nefas:   tenuere  parumper 

ora  metu:    tantum  nutu  motoque  salutant 

ense  suos.     mox  ut  stimulis  maioribus  ardens 

rupit  amor  leges,  audet  transcenderc  uallum  175 

miles,  in  amplexus  efifusas  tendere  palmas. 

hospitis  ille  ciet  nomen;    uocat  ille  propinquom: 

admonet  hunc  studiis  consdrs  puerilibus  aetas: 

nee  Romanus  erat  qui  non  agnouerat  hostem. 

arma  rigant  lacrimis,  singultibus  oscula  rumpunt:  180 

et  quamuis  nullo  maculatus  sanguine  miles 

quae  potuit  fecisse  timet,     quid  pectora  pulsas  ? 

quid,  uaesane,  gemis  ?    fletus  quid  fundis  inanes, 

nee  te  sponte  tua  sceleri  parere  fateris  ? 

usque  adeone  times  quern  tu  facis  ipse  timendum  ?  185 

classica  dent  bellum;   saeuos  tu  neglige  cantus: 


165.  ignaua]  sc.  by  wounds  from  behind. 

166.  recto— pectore]  '  full  in  their 
breasts ' ;  an  antithesis  to  fugientes.  cf. 
ix  638  quern  qui  recto  se  lumine  uidit 
passa  Medusa  mori  est  ?  also  IX  904. 

168.  exiguo  distantia  uallo]  '  separated 
by  a  slight  rampart ',  sc.  and  by  nothing 
else.     cf.  1  516. 

169.  spatio  languentia  nullo]  equiva- 
lent to  non  ob  spatium  languentia  'not 
failing  owing  to  the  distance',  i.e.  they 
were  so  near  that  they  could  not  fail  to 
recognise  one  another.  See  notes  on  11  19, 
vii  25. 

170.  mutua]  i.  e.  looking  at  one  an- 
other, cf.  Ov.  Met.  1  655  retices  nee  mu- 
tua nostris  dicta  refers. 

171.  et  fratres]  This  line  is  omitted 
in  some  MSS.  and  editions. 

172.  deprensum  est]  'they  grasped  the 
wickedness  of  civil  strife',  cf.  Ov.  A.  A. 
11  313  si  latet  ars,  prodest ;  offer t  deprensa 

pudorem. 

173.  metu]  dum  timent  duces.     Schol. 
175.     rupit — leges]  'burst  the  bonds  of 


discipline'. 

transcenderc]     See  note  on  1  304. 

178.  admonet  hunc]  'one  is  reminded 
of  his  friend  by  the  time  passed  together 
in  boyhood's  pursuits'. 

179.  Romanus]  is  emphatic,  excluding 
the  auxiliaries  on  either  side  :  '  and  he 
who  had  not  recognised  a  foe,  was  sure 
not  to  be  a  Roman ' ;  not  merely  '  there 
was  no  Roman  who  failed  to  recognise  a 
foe',  which  would  require  qui  non  agno- 
scerel. 

182.  quae  potuit  fecisse  timet]  'shrinks 
at  the  thought  of  all  the  guilt  he  might 
have  incurred '.  fecisse  is  specially  used 
in  the  sense  of  being  guilty,  cf.  Verg. 
Aen.  ix  427,  428  me  me,  adsum  qui  feci, 
in  me  conuertite  ferrum,  0  Rutuli,  mea 
f raus  omnis.  Mart.  IX  16  inscripsit  tu- 
mulis  septem  scelerata  uirorum  sc  fecisse 
Chloe;  quid  pote  simplicius? 

185.  usque  adeone]  cf.  note  on  I  364.. 
qium]  sc.  ducem,  praesertim  Caesarem. 

1 86.  dent  bellum]  '  give  the  signal  for 
battle'. 


LIBER    IV.    165—204. 


123 


signa  ferant;   ccssa:    iamiam  ciuilis  Erinys 

concidet  ct  Caesar  generum  priuatus  amabit. 

nunc  ades  actcrno  complectens  omnia  nexu 

o  rerum  mixtiquc  salus,  Concordia,  mundi,  190 

ct  sacer  orbis  amor:    magnum  nunc  saecula  nostra 

uenturi  discrimen  habent.     periere  latebrae 

tot  scclcrum :   populo  uenia  est  erepta  nocenti : 

agnouere  suos.     pro  numine  fata  sinistra 

exigua  requie  tantas  augentia  clades.  195 

pax  erat,  ct  miles  castris  permixtus  utrisque 

errabat :    duro  Concordes  cacspite  mensas 

instituunt,  et  permixto  libamina  Baccho 

gramineis  fiuxerc  focis :    iunctoque  cubili 

extrahit  insomnes  bellorum  fabula  noctes :  200 

quo  primum  steterint  campo,  qua  lancea  dextra 

exierit.     dum  quae  gesserunt  fortia  iactant, 

et  dum  multa  negant,  quod  solum  fata  petebant, 

est  miseris  renouata  fides,  atque  omne  futurum 


188.  concidet]  'will  cease',  cf.  Tac. 
Hist.  II  57  morte  Othonis  concidisse bellum 
acccpit. 

190.  mixti — mundi]  sc.  qui  per  te  mis- 
cetur  et  sic  seruatur;  for  the  use  of  the 
participle  cf.  notes  on  n  342,  ill  132.  See 
also  Verg.  G.  11  141,  Aen.  11  721,  and 
Conington's  notes. 

coucord/a]  Compare  the  <pikia  of  Empe- 
docles,  and  Aristoph.  Aves  700 — 702 
nporepov  0'  ovk  t)v  yevos  ddavaruv  irplv 
"Kpws  ^W€fjt.i^€i>  diravra '  ^v/x/xiyvvfi^vuv  5' 
ertpwv  eripois  yever  ovpavos  WKeavos  re  Kal 
yrj  TrdvTuv  re  deuv  fj.a.Kap<dv  76^05  (LtyQerov. 

191.  sacer  orbis  amor]  '  holy  love  that 
dost  sway  the  world',  i.e.  the  love  which 
mankind  feels,  or  should  feel,  for  one 
another,  as  being  portions  of  one  orbis, 
cf.  1  6 1  inque  uicem  gens  omnis  amet.  For 
orbis  in  the  sense  of  mankind,  cf.  Cic.  ad 
fam.  vii  §  3  sed  scito  ea,  quae  nos  pro 
salute  patriae  gessimus,  orbis  terrae  iudicio 
ac  testimonio  comprobari. 

saecula  nostra]  '  our  age  is  now  at  the 
crisis  of  its  destined  course'.  By  saecula 
nostra  I  understand  the  time  at  which 
Lucan  is  writing,  not,  as  Weise  does.  '  the 
actual  moment  of  reconciliation  between 
the  soldiers  of  Pompeius  and  of  Caesar, 
at  which  the  poet  feigns  himself  present '. 

192.     latebrae]   '  all   that  concealed  so 


many  crimes  . 

193.  uenia]  'the  guilty  people  are 
robbed  of  all  excuse '. 

194.  numine]  cf.  Verg.  Eel.  IV  47 
concordes  stabili  fatorum  numine  Parcae. 

195.  exigua  requie]  'which  by  this 
brief  repose  only  make  worse  our  dread 
disasters',  i.e.  because  men's  eyes  are 
now  opened  to  what  they  are  doing,  and 
therefore  their  guilt  is  greater. 

196.  castris]  to  be  taken  with  errabat. 

197.  duro  concordes]  '  they  set  out 
friendly  banquets  on  the  hard  turf. 
\Yeise  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  VII  109  instituunt- 
que  dapes. 

199.  gramineis— focis]  'turf-built  al- 
tars'. 

200.  extra/iit]  '  talk  about  wars  whiles 
away  the  sleepless  night'.  cf.  Val. 
Flacc.  1  277,  278  Thracius  hie  noclcm 
dulci  lestudiue  nates  extrahit. 

201.  qua — dextra]  '  how  the  lance  sped 
from  their  hand',  cf.  Verg.  Eel.  vi  43  his 
adiuitgit  Hylan  nautae  quo  fonte  relictum 
clamassenl,  i.e.  how  the  sailors  left  Hylas 
at  the  spring  and  shouted  his  name. 

203.  quod  solum]  sc.  renouata  fides  est, 
'  their  mutual  confidence  was  renewed  and 
that  was  all  that  fate  desired '.  For  the 
position  of  the  relative  clause  cf.  ix  258 — 
261. 


124  LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 

crcuit  amorc  nefas.     nam  postquam  focdcra  pacis  205 
cognita  Petrcio  scquc  ct  sua  tradita  uenum 
castra  uidct,  famulas  scelerata  ad  proelia  dcxtras 
cxcitat,  atquc  hostcs  turba  stipatus  inermes 
praccipitat  castris,  iunctosquc  amplcxibus  ensc 
separat,  ct  multo  disturbat  sanguine  pacem.  210 

addidit  ira  ferox  moturas  proelia  uoces : 
immemor  o  patriae,  signorum  oblitc  tuorum, 
non  potes  hoc  causae,  miles,  praestare  senatus 
adscrtor  uicto  redeas  ut  Cacsare  ?    certe 
ut  uincare  potes.     dum  ferrum  incertaque  fata       215 
quique  fluat  multo  non  deerit  uolnere  sanguis, 
ibitis  ad  dominum,  damnataque  signa  feretis  ? 
utque  habeat  famulos  nullo  discrimine  Caesar 
exorandus  erit  ?   ducibus  quoque  uita  petenda  est  ? 
numquam  nostra  salus  pretium  mercesque  nefandae 
proditionis  erit:    non  hoc  ciuilia  bella  221 

ut  uiuamus  agunt.     trahimur  sub  nomine  pacis. 
non  chalybem  gentes  penitus  fugiente  metallo 
eruerent,  nulli  uallarent  oppida  muri, 
non  sonipes  in  bella  ferox  non  iret  in  aequor  ~    225 
turrigeras  classis  pelago  sparsura  carinas, 

207.    famulas]   i.e.    the  hands   of  his  of  the  Pompeians?   signa  refers  to  their 

personal  attendants,  probably  a  Spanish  own  standards.    For  damnata  cf.  360  infr. 

body-guard.      For   the  adjectival   use  of  218.     nulla  discrimine]  'with  no  dis- 

famulus   cf.  Ov.    Fast.   1   286  tradiderat  tinction',  i.e.  either  as  Weise  takes  it,  be- 

famulas  iam  tibi  Rhenus  aquas.  tween  you  and  us  your  generals,  or  better, 

210.     disturbat]    'makes   an   end   of,  as  Grotius,  between  you  and  his  former 

stronger  than  the  English   'disturb';  see  partizans.     cf.  note  on  ill  119. 
Dr  Reid's  note  on  Cic.  pro  Sulla  §  15  ilk  219.     ducibus]  'shall  you  have  to  beg 

ambitus  indicium  tollere  ac  disturbare...  for   the  lives   of  your    leaders   too?  no, 

uoluit.  never  shall  our  safety  be  the  price  paid 

2ii.      moturas]  final,  equivalent  to  quae  for  impious  treachery'. 
moucrent.  221.     non  hoc]  '  the  object  of  civil  war 

2T4.     adscrtor]  ' recoverer  of  freedom'.  is  not  our  life',  i.e.  but  freedom. 
adserere  in  libertatem  is  a  legal  phrase;  222.    trahimur]  'we  are  being  dragged 

for  the  use  of  the  simple  adserere  cf.  Ov.  to  slavery',     cf.   Verg.   Aen.  11  403  ecce 

Amor.  Ill  xi  3  scilicet  adserui  iam  me  foe-  trahebatur passis  Priameia  uirgo  crinibui 

gique  catenas.  a  templo  Cassandra  adytisque  Mineruae. 

215.    ut  uiticare]  sc.  if  you  cannot  insure  223.     chalybem]  'iron'. 

victory  over  Caesar,  you  can  at  least  be         penitus  fugiente]   'from  the  mine  that 

conquered,  i.e.  not  yield  without  fighting.  seeks  to  elude  them  by  its  depth'.     Com- 

dum  ferrum]  sc.  erit,  'while  you  have  pare  Shakspeare  K.  Henry  IV.,  part  I  i  3 

swords,  and  the  future  is  yet  uncertain '.  "  And  that  it  was  great  pity,  so  it  was, 

217.     damnataque]  'and  bear  with  you  This  villainous  salt-petre  should  be  digg'd 

your  standards  in  despair?'  i.e.  will  you  Out  of  the  bowels  of  the  harmless  earth", 
be  in  such  haste  to  despair  of  the  success  226.    sparsura]  cf.  11  682,  III  64. 


LIBER    IV.    205—249.  125 

si  bene  libertas  umquam  pro  pace  daretur. 

hostes  nempe  meos  sceleri  iurata  nefando 

sacramenta  tenent:    at  uobis  uilior  hoc  est 

ucstra  fides  quod  pro  causa  pugnantibus  aequa     230 

et  ueniam  sperare  licet,     pro  dira  pudoris 

foedera?     nunc  toto  fatorum  ignarus  in  orbe, 

Magne,  paras  acies,  mundique  cxtrema  tenentis 

sollicitas  reges,  cum  forsan  foedcre  nostro 

iam  tibi  sit  promissa  salus.y  sic  fatur,  ct  omnes    235 

concussit  mentes  scelerumquc  reduxit  amorcm. 

sic  ubi  desuetac  siluis  in  carcere  clauso 

mansueuere  ferae  et  uoltus  posuere  minaces, 

atque  homincm  didicere  pati :   si  torrida  paruus 

uenit  in  ora  cruor,  redeunt  rabiesque  furorque,       240 

admonitaeque  tument  gustato  sanguine  fauces: 

feruet  et  a  trepido  uix  abstinet  ira  magistro. 

itur  in  omnc  nefas :    et  quae  Fortuna  deorum 

inuidia  caeca  bellorum  in  nocte  tulisset 

fecit  monstra  fides :   inter  mensasque  torosque        245 

quae  modo  complexu  fouerunt  pectora  caedunt. 

et  quamuis  primo  ferrum  strinxere  gementes, 

ut  dextrae  iusti  gladius  dissuasor  adhaesit, 

dum  feriunt  odere  suos,  animosque  labantis 

227.  si  dene]  'were  it  ever  well  to  II  184  homincmque  uereri  cdidicil  nullas- 
barter  liberty  for  peace'.  que  rapi  nisi  iussus  in  iras. 

228.  nempe]  is  equivalent  to  at  cnim,  241.  admonitae]  i.e.  reminded  of  their 
'  but  you  say  my  enemies  are  bound  by  a  former  feasts. 

sworn  oath  to  accursed  crime',  i.  e.  to  war  -242.     magistro]  'keeper'. 

against  their  country.  243.     et  quae]  'and  acts,  such  that  had 

229.  at  nobis]  'but  by  you  your  own  fortune  brought  them  to  pass  in  the  blind 
honour  is  held  of  less  account  for  this  obscurity  of  battle  they  would  have 
reason,  in  that  fighting  for  a  just  cause  brought  odium  on  the  gods,  were  made 
you  may  even  hope  for  mercy',  i.e.  if  you  prodigies  of  crime  by  the  trustfulness  of 
are  defeated:  Caesar's  soldiers  owing  to  the  peace',  i.e.  the  slaughter  of  kinsmen  by 
badness  of  their  cause  could  not  hope  for  it.  one  another  would  have  been  bad  enough 

232.     nunc  toto]  sarcastic;  while  Pom-  in  the   confusion   of  battle,   but  became 

peius  is  exerting  himself  in  the  East,  his  more  horrible  when  done  in  time  of  truce, 

safety  has  been  bargained  for  by  us.  and  when  they  could  recognise  each  other. 

*     233.    extremd\  cf.  note  on  1  314.  244.     inuidia]    cf.  n  36. 

234.     nostro]    including   himself    with  nocte]  cf.  vil  571. 

his  soldiers.  248.    dissuasor]  cf.  705— 710  infr.    For 

237.  desuetae  siluis]  'grown  strange  the  use  of  the  word  dissuasor  cf.  Cic.  ad 
to  the  woods',  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  vi  814  Brut.  I  xv  §  5  cum etesiarum  diebus Auster 
et  iam  dcsueta  triumphis  agmina.  ml  in  Italiam  quasi  consili  mei  dissuasor 

238.  mansueuere]  cf.  I  327  foil.:  Aesch.  rettulisset. 

Agam.  717— 7  H-  249-     dum  feriunt]  'in  the  act  of  stnk- 

239.  homincm]     Owl.  cf.  Stat.  Achil.     ing  they  learn  to  hate  their  kinsmen'. 


126  LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 

conformant  ictu.     ferucnt  iam  castra  tumultu  250 

[et  scelerum  turba:   rapiuntur  colla  parcntum.] 
ac  uclut  occultum  pereat  scelus  .omnia  monstra 
in  facicm  posucre  ducum :    iuuat  esse  nocentis. 

tu  Caesar  quamuis  spoliatus  milite  multo 
agnoscis  superos.     neque  enim  tibi  maior  in  amis  255 
Emathiis  fortuna  fuit,  nee  Phocidos  undis 
Massiliae,  Phario  nee  tantum  est  aequore  gestum. 
hoc  siquidem  solo  ciuilis  crimine  belli 
dux  causae  melioris  eris.     polluta  nefanda 
agmina  caede  duces  iunctis  committere  castris       260 
non  audent,  altaeque  ad  moenia  rursus  Ilerdae 
intendere  fugam.     campos  eques  obuius  omnes 
abstulit  et  siccis  inclusit  collibus  hostem. 
tunc  inopes  undae  praerupta  cingere  fossa 
Caesar  auet  nee  castra  pati  contingere  ripas,  265 

aut  circum  largos  curuari  bracchia  fontes. 

ut  leti  uidere  uiam  conuersus  in  iram 
praecipitem  timor  est.     miles  non  utile  clausis 
auxilium  mactauit  equos :   tandemque  coactus 
spe  posita  damnare  fugam  casurus  in  hostes  270 

fertur.     ut  effuso  Caesar  decurrere  passu 
uidit  et  ad  certam  deuotos  tendere  mortem  : 
tela  tene  iam,  miles,  ait,  ferrumque  ruenti 

251.  et  scelerum}   This  line  is  omitted  in      such  an  advantage',  i.e.  as  putting  the 
many  MSS.:  the  repetition  of  scelus  in  the     enemy  in  the  wrong. 

succeeding  line  would  be  very  awkward.  259.     en's]  'thou  wilt  be  found  to  be', 

252.  pereat]  'went  for   nothing',    i.e.      cf.  note  on  1  31. 

were  no  crime.  260.     iunctis]  i.e.    a    camp    adjoining 

2 53.  in  faciem]   'they  paraded   them     Caesar's. 

before  their  leaders'  eyes',     cf.  Caes.   B.  262.       intendere]   'they   directed   their 

C.  175  productos palam  in praetorio inter-  flight'. 

ficiunt.  obuius]  'sent  out  to  meet  them'. 

255.      agnoscis]    'dost    recognize    the  266.  aut  circum\  'nor  to  embrace  with- 

favouV  of  heaven',  i.e.  shown  by  making  in  its  winding  lines  abundant  springs', 

his  enemies  guilty,     cf.  11  537  di  melius  267.     leti — uiam]  'the  path  by  which 

belli  iulimus  quod  damna  priores.     The  death  approached',  i.e.  the  kind  of  death 

words  also  probably  imply,   'dost   show  which  threatened  them.     cf.  Verg.  G.  Ill 

thy   respect   for  the   gods ',    i.e.    by   not  482  nee  uia  mortis  erat  simplex. 

inflicting  similar  cruelties    on   the   Pom-  270.     damnare]    'in    their    despair   to 

peians.     cf.    Cic.  de  diu.    1  §   132   nunc  reject  the  thought  of  flight',    cf.  vui  328, 

ilia  testabor   non  me  sortileges  neque  eos  Plin.  H.  N.  vm§  179  {bones)  nigri  colon's 

qui    quaestus    causa   hariolentur  ne  psy-  candidiue  ad  laborem  damnantur. 

chomantia  quidein,  quibus  Appius  amicus  casurus]  'to  certam  death'. 

tuns  uti  solebal,  agnoscere.  271.    effuso  passu]  'with  hasty  steps'. 

257.     nee  tantum]  'nor  didst  thou  gain  273.  ferrumque  ruenti  subtrahe]  'with- 


LIBER   IV.   250—292.  127 

subtrahe :    non  ullo  constct  mihi  sanguine  bellum  : 
uincitur  haud  gratis  iugulo  qui  prouocat  hostem.  275 
en  sibi  uilis  adest  inuisa  luce  iuuentus 
iam  damno  peritura  meo.     non  sentiet  ictus, 
incumbet  gladiis,  gaudebit  sanguine  fuso. 
deserat  hie  feruor  mentes,  cadat  impetus  amens : 
perdant  uelle  mori.     sic  deflagrare  minaces  280 

incassum  et  uetito  passus  languescere  bello, 
substituit  merso  dum  nox  sua  lumina  Phoebo. 
inde  ubi  nulla  data  est  miscendi  copia  Martis 
paulatim  cadit  ira  ferox  mentesque  tepescunt: 
saucia  maiores  animos  ut  pectora  gestant  285 

dum  dolor  est  ictusque  recens  et  mobile  neruis 
conamen  calidus  praebet  cruor  ossaque  nondum 
adduxere  cutem :   si  conscius  ensis  adacti 
stat  uictor  tenuitque  manus,  turn  frigidus  artus 
adligat  atque  animum  subducto  robore  torpor,       290 
postquam  sicca  rigens  adstrinxit  uolnera  sanguis, 
iamque  inopes  undae  primum  tellure  refossa 

draw  your  sword  from   the  foe  who  is         284.    tepescunt]  'cool  down',    cf.  Am- 

rushing  upon  its  point'.  mian.  Marc,  xxvni  1  §  9  uerum  negotio 

275.  uincitur  haud  gratis]  'he  is  not  tepescente  propter  diuturnam  morborum 
vanquished  without  cost  who  challenges  asperitatem,  qua  tenebatur  Olybrius :  else- 
the  foe  with  his  life-blood'.  where    tepescere   usually  means    'to  grow 

276.  sibi  uilis]  '  worthless  in  their  own  warm':  but  in  Tac.  Hist.  Ill  32  tepor  is 
eyes';  cf.  vm  744.  used   for  coolness,   excepta  uox  est,   cum 

277.  damno  peritura  meo]  i.e.  either  teporem  incusarct,  statim  futtintm  ut  in- 
because  they  are  already  in  Caesar's  power  calescerent. 

and  will  join  him  if  they  survive;  or  be-  285.   saucia]  metaphora  a  gladiatoribus 

cause  if  they  die  themselves  they  will  first  translata  est.     Schol. 

kill  many  of  Caesar's  soldiers.  286.     et  mobile  neruis]  'and  the  warm 

non  sentiet  ictus]  'they  will  not  heed  blood  allows  the  sinews   free   exercise', 

our  blows,    they   will    throw   themselves  cf.    Lucret.    VI    326    magnum    conamen 

upon  our  swords  &c. '     This  seems  to  be  sunlit  eundi. 

simpler  and  to  give  a  clearer  and  more  287.     praebet]  cf.  note  on  m  678. 

satisfactory  sense   to   hie  feruor  in   the  ossaque]  'and  the  bones  have  not  yet 

following  line  than  Weisc's  interpretation,  drawn  the  skin  tightly  over  them';    i.e. 

who  would    carry  on    the   negative   and  as   a  wound   ceases   to  bleed,  the    flesh 

translate,  'they  shall  not  feel  our  blows,  shrinks  and  draws  in  the  skin  towards 

they  shall  not  fall  upon  our  swords  &c.'  the  bones.     Oud.  cf.  Ov.  Met.  m  397  ad- 

280.    perdant  uelle  mori]  'let  them  lose  duel /que  cittern  macies.    Id.  Heroid".  xi  27 

their  wish  for  death',  i.e.  as  they  will  do  fugerat  ore  cruor ;  macies  adduxeral  artus. 

if  we  refuse  to  fight  with  them:  for  this  288.     conscius   ensis  adacti]    'knowing 

use  of  the  infinitive  cf.  Pers.  1    27   scire  his  sword  has  been  driven  home'. 

tuom  nihil  est  nisi  te  scire  hoc  sciat  alter?  290.     torpor]  'faintness'.     cf.  Ill  741. 

deflagrare]     cf.  Tac.   Hist.   II  29  defla-  291.     adstrinxit   uolnera]    'closes    the 

grante paulatim  seditione.  wounds',     cf.    Verg.    G.    1   91  sen  durat 

282.  substituit] '  till  night  substituted  her  magis  et  uenas  adslriugil  hiantes. 

own  lights  (i.e.  the  stars)  for  the  set  sun'.  292.    refossa]     cf.  Plin.  H.  N.  11  §  158 


128  LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 

occultos  latices  abstrusaque  flumina  quacrunt : 

nee  solum  rastris  durisque  ligonibus  arua 

sed  gladiis  fodere  suis:   puteusque  cauati  295 

montis  ad  irrigui  prcmitur  fastigia  campi. 

non  se  tarn  penitus,  tarn  longe  luce  relicta, 

merserit  Asturii  scrutator  pallidus  auri. 

non  tamen  aut  tectis  sonuerunt  cursibus  amncs, 

aut  micuere  noui  percusso  pumice  fontes:  300 

antra  nee  exiguo  stillant  sudantia  rore, 

aut  impulsa  leui  turbatur  glarea  uena. 

tunc  exhausta  super  multo  sudore  iuuentus 

extrahitur  duris  silicum  lassata  metallis. 

quoque  minus  possent  siccos  tolerare  uapores         305 

quaesitae  fecistis  aquae,     nee  languida  fessi 

corpora  sustentant  epulis,  mensasque  perosi 

auxilium  fecere  famem.     si  mollius  aruom 

prodidit  umorem,  pingues  manus  utraquc  glaebas 

exprimit  ora  super,     nigro  si  turbida  limo  310 

colluuies  immota  iacet,  cadit  omnis  in  haustus 

certatim  obscenos  miles:    moriensque  recepit 

quas  nollet  uicturus  aquas:    rituque  ferarum 

distentas  siccant  pecudes,  et  lacte  negato 

sordibus  exhausto  sorbetur  ab  ubere  sanguis.  315 

tunc  herbas  frondesque  terunt  et  rore  madentis 

destringunt  ramos :   ac  si  quos  palmite  crudo 

si  ulli  essmt    inferi   tarn   profecto    illos  302.     uena]  'spring  of  water',     cf.  IX 

auaritiae  atque  luxuriae  cuniculi  refodis-  500,  501,  Ov.  Met.  I  410  quod  modo  uena 

sent.  fi'it  sub  eodem  nomine  mansit. 

19$.     aistrusa]    cf.   Verg.  G.  I  135?//  303.     super]  'thereover'.    Weise  takes 

silicis  uenis  abstrusum  excuderet  igncm.  it  with  extrahitur  in  the  sense  of   'up- 

295.  puteusque  cauati]  'and  the  well  wards',  but  I  can  find  no  authority  for 
in  the  hollowed-out  mountain  is  sunk  to  this  use  of  the  word :  or  it  may  mean 
the  level  of  the  well-watered  plain'.  'further',  'besides',    cf.  Verg.  Aen.  11  71. 

296.  irrigui]  cf.  Hor.  Sat.  11  iv  16  305.  quoque  minus]  'made  them  less 
irriguo  nihil  est  elutius  horto.  able  to  endure  the  dry  heat '. 

fastigia]     cf.  Verg.  G.   II   288  forsitan  308.     auxilium']  sc.  contra  sitim. 

et  scrobibus  quae  sint  fastigia  quaeras,  and  309.     prodidit]  'showed  signs  of  mois- 

Conington's  note.  ture'. 

298.     Asturii]   MSS.   Assyrii.     Daus-  313.     quas  nollet]  '  which  he  would  not 

queii  emendatio.    cf.  Sil.  Ital.  1  231 — 233  have  drunk  with  hope  of  life'. 

Astur  auarus    uisccribus   lacerae    telluris  314.     distentas]     The  epithet  is  trans- 

mcrgitur  imis,  et  redit  infelix  effosso  con-  ferred  to  pecudes  from  the  notion  of  ubcra 

color  auro.  Weise.   See  Merivale's  History  implied  therein. 

of  the  Romans,  chapter  xxxiv.  317.  ac  si  quos]  '  and  squeezed  out  what 

300.    pumice]  i.e.  porous  stone,  which  juice  they  could  from  the  young  shoots  of 

would  hold  no  water.  trees  and  their  tender  pith". 


LIBER   IV.  293—336. 


129 


arboris  aut  tenera  sucos  pressere  medulla. 
o  fortunati,  fugiens  quos  barbarus  hostis 
fontibus  immixto  strauit  per  rura  ueneno.  320 

hos  licet  in  fluuios  saniem  tabemquc  ferarum 
pallida  Dictaeis,  Caesar,  nascentia  saxis 
infundas  aconita  palam,  Romana  iuuentus 
non  decepta  bibet.     torrentur  uiscera  flamma 
oraque  sicca  rigent  squamosis  aspera  linguis.  325 

iam  marcent  ucnac  nulloque  umore  rigatus 
aeris  alternos  angustat  pulmo  meatus, 
rescissoque  nocent  suspiria  dura  palato: 
pandunt  ora  tamen  nocturnumque  aera  captant. 
exspectant  imbres  quorum  modo  cuncta  natabant  330 
impulsu,  et  siccis  uoltus  in  nubibus  haerent. 
quoque  magis  miscros  undae  ieiunia  soluant, 
non  super  arentem  Meroen  Cancrique  sub  axe 
qua  nudi  Garamantes  arant  sedere :   sed  inter 
stagnantem  Sicorim  et  rapidum  deprensus  Hiberum 
spectat  uicinos  sitiens  exercitus  amnes.  336 


crudo]  Compare  the  metaphorical  use 
of  (nidus  in  Sil.  Ital.  V  568 — 570  imtne- 
vior  annorum  seniumque  oblitus  in  arma 
ille  quidem  cruda  mentc  ct  uiridissimus 
irae  ibat. 

319.  0  fortunati]  i.e.  it  is  better  to  die 
by  poison  than  by  thirst. 

321.  tabemquc  ferarum]  So  frogs' 
blood  was  held  to  be  poisonous,  cf.  Juv.  1 
69,  70  occurrit  mairona  potens  quae  molle 
Calcuum  porreclura  uiro  miseet  siliente 
rubetam,  and  Prof.  Mayor's  note.  Also 
there  was  a  tradition  that  Themistocles 
committed  suicide  by  drinking  bull's  blood, 
cf.  Aristoph.  Equ.  83,  84  (HXtuttop  i]fxiv 
alfxa  Tavpeiov  wielv  6  QefxicrroKX^ ovs  yap 
davaros  aiperwrepos. 

322.  pallida]  i.e.  pallorem  facientia, 
cf.  Hor.  £pp.  I  xix  1 8  biberent  exsangue 
cuminum ;  Pers.  v  55  pallentis  grana  cu- 

•  mini. 

Dictaeis]  Oud.  remarks  that  no  other 
author  speaks  of  Crete  as  producing  poi- 
sons, but  only  medicinal  herbs,  cf.  Pro- 
pert.  11  i  61,  62  et  dens  exstinctum  Cressis 
Epidaurius  herbis  reslituit  patriis  An- 
drogcona  focis,  but  that  aconite  is  said  to 
grow  on  Phrygian  Ida  ami  is  here  trans- 
ferred   to   Ida    in   Crete,    comparing   the 

H.  L. 


similar  confusion  in  Propert.  in  i  27  Idae- 
um  Sivioenta  Iouis  cunabula  par/a. 

324.  non  decepta]  'open-eyed';  cf.  Lu- 
cret.  1  940  deceptaque  non  capiatur. 

325.  squamosis]  '  roughened  by  their 
scaly  tongues'. 

327.  aeris]  'the  lungs  narrow  the  pas- 
sage through  which  the  air  comes  and 
goes  by  turns',  i.e.  impede  the  respiration. 

328.  rescisso]  'cracked'. 

331.  impulsu']  'by  whose  onward  rush 
the  whole  country  was  but  lately  flooded'. 

332.  soluant]  'destroy  their  strength'. 
cf.  Verg.  Aen.  XII  951  ast  illi  soluunlur 

frigore  membra.      Petron.    1 1 1   quid  pro- 
derit  hoc  tibi  si  soluta  iuedia  fneris? 

333.  super]  'beyond'. 

Cancrique]  'or  beneath  the  Crab',  que 
is  disjunctive. 

334.  arant]  is  simply  equivalent  to 
habitant,  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  Ill  13,  14  terra 
procul   uastis   colitur   Manor  I  ia    campis, 

Tnraces   arant,    acri    quondam    regnata 
Lycurgo. 

335.  deprensus]  'entrapped',  cf.  469 
infr.  Verg.  Aen.  v  52  Argolicoue  man 
deprensus.  Liv.  xxvii  44  g  5  /;/  saltu 
impedito  deprensus. 


130  LUCANI    PIIARSALIAE 

iam  domiti  cessere  duces :   pacisque  petendae 
auctor  damnatis  supplex  Afranius  armis, 
semianimes  in  castra  trahens  hostilia  turmas, 
uictoris  stctit  ante  pedes,     seruata  precanti  340 

maicstas  non  fracta  malis,  interquc  priorem 
fortunam  casusquc  nouos  gcrit  omnia  uicti 
sed  ducis,  et  ueniam  securo  pectore  poscit : 

si  me  degencri  strauissent  fata  sub  hoste, 
non  deerat  fortis  rapiendo  dextera  leto :  345 

at  nunc  sola  mihi  est  orandae  causa  salutis  • 
dignum  donanda,  Caesar,  te  credere  uita. 
non  partis  studiis  agimur  nee  sumpsimus  arma 
consiliis  inimica  tuis.     nos  denique  bellum 
inuenit  ciuile  duces,  causaeque  priori  350 

dum  potuit  seruata  fides,     nil  fata  moramur: 
tradimus  Hesperias  gentes  aperimus  Eoas, 
securumque  orbis  patimur  post  terga  relicti. 
nee  cruor  effusus  campis  tibi  bella  peregit 
nee  ferrum  lassaeque  manus.     hoc  hostibus  unum  355 
quod  uincas  ignosce  tuis.     nee  magna  petuntur: 
otia  des  fessis,  uitam  patiaris  inermes 
degere  quam  tribuis :    campis  prostrata  iacere 
agmina  nostra  putes  :    neque  enim  felicibus  armis 
misceri  damnata  decet  partemque  triumphi*  360 

captos  ferre  tui :    turba  haec  sua  fata  peregit. 
hoc  petimus  uictos  ne  tecum  uincere  cogas. 

338.     damnatis... armis]  '  despairing  of  nee  sumpsimus]     emphatic;    we    were 

success  in  war',     cf.  sup.  217.  in  arms  before  the  civil  war  began. 

341.     interque  priorem]   'and  between  350.     inuenit]  cf.  II  259. 

his  former  fortune  and  his  new  mishaps,  352.    securumque]  sc.te  esse,  'and  leave 

he  in  all  things  acts  the  part  of  a  con-  thee   free   from  anxiety  about  the  quar- 

quered  man,  but  still  a  general'.  ter    of  the    world  that  thou    dost    leave 

343.    sed due/'s]  equivalent  to  sect  tamen  behind  thee',     cf.  1  369. 

dueis.  355.     hoc  hostibus  unum]  'pardon  thy 

345.     rapiendo]     Oud.  cf.   Val.  Flacc.  enemies  this  solitary  crime — that,  thou  art 

VI  191  rapit  ille  neeem.  conqueror'. 

347.  te  credere]  '  my  belief  that  thou  35S.  campis  prostrata]  'think  of  our 
Caesar  art  worthy  to  grant  me  life'.  For  armies  as  lying  fallen  on  the  field',  i.e. 
the  infinitive  cf.  supr.  280.  put  them  out  of  account,  as  if  they  were 

348.  non  partis]   'we  are  not  hurried     dead. 

away  by   party-spirit'.      For    the  use   of  360.     damnata]    cf.   VII   409   damnata 

pars  in   the  singular  cf.   Cic.  post   redit.  diu  Romanis  A  Ilia  fastis. 
ad  Quirit.  §  13  cum  uiderem  ex  ea  parte         361.    peregit]    cf.  Verg.   Aen.    iv  6$} 

homines,    cuius  partis    nos   uel  principes  uixi    et   quern    dederat    cursum  fortuna 

numerabamur.  pcregi. 


LIBER   IV.   337— 3S6.  131 

dixerat:   at  Caesar  facilis  uoltuque  serenus 

flectitur  atquc  iisuni  belli  poenamque  rcmittit. 

ut  primum  iustae  placuerunt  foedera  pacis,  365 

incustoditos  decurrit  miles  ad  amnes, 

incumbit  ripis  permissaque  flumina  turbat. 

continuus  multis  subitarum  tractus  aquarum 

aera  non  passus  uacuis  discurrere  uenis 

artauit  clausitque  animam  :    nee  feruida  pestis        370 

cedit  adhuc :    sed  morbus  egens  iam  gurgite  plenis 

uisceribus  sibi  poscit  aquas,     mox  robora  neruis 

et  uires  rediere  uiris.     o  prodiga  rerum 

luxuries  numquam  paruo  contenta  paratu, 

et  quaesitorum  terra  pelagoque  ciborum  375 

ambitiosa  fames  et  lautae  gloria  mensae, 

discite,  quam  paruo  liceat  producere  uitam 

et  quantum  natura  petat.     non  erigit  acgros 

nobilis  ignoto  diffusus  consule  Bacchus : 

non  auro  murraque  bibunt :   sed  gurgite  puro         380 

uita  redit.     satis  est  populis  fluuiusque  Ceresque. 

heu  miseri  qui  bella  gerunt.     tunc  arma  relinquens 

uictori  miles  spoliato  pectore  tutus 

innocuusque  suas  curarum  liber  in  urbes 

spargitur.     o  quantum  donata  pace  potitos  385 

excussis  umquam  ferrum  librasse  lacertis 


364.  itsum  belli  poenamque]  'the  pe-  378.     quantum]  'how  little'. 
laity  of  further  military  service'.     Wcise  erigit]  '  raises  from  their  sickness'. 

£  Sil.  Ital.  XI  610  inde  a/acres  tribuunt  379.     diffusus]    'bottled',    i.e.    poured 

■uae  belli posceret  usus.  off  from  the  vat  into  separate  jars  {cadi). 

365.  iustae]  '  regular',  '  formal'.  cf.  Hor.   Epp,   I  V  4   icina   lubes   iierum 

368.  continuus]      '  the     uninterrupted  Tauro  diffusa. 

Iraining  of  hastily  swallowed  water'.  ignoto]  i.e.  so  ancient  as  to  be  forgot  - 

369.  discurrere]  cf.  in  640.  ten,   or  so  ancient  that  the  name  is  ille- 
371.    morbus  egens]  'the  insatiate  plague  gible. 

till  calls  for  water  for  itself  when  their  380.     non  auro]    cf.  Verg.   G.   II  506 

itomachs  are  already  filled'.  ut  gemma  bibat. 

.?,74-    paratu]    Oud.  cf.  Ov.  Met.  VIII  murra]  'porcelain';  for  the  high  price 

<  ueniam  dapibus  nullisque  paratibus  of   murrina    at    Rome   see    Plin.    II.  N. 

ra,lt-  XXXVII  §§  18 — 20. 

375.  quaesitorum]  cf.  note  on  I  163.  381.     populis]    whole   tribes,    i.e.    the 

376.  ambitiosa]     'ostentatious'.       cf.  auxiliaries  of  VII  634. 

uv.  in  182   hie  uiuimus  ambitiosa  pan-  383.     spoliato  pectore]    i.e.  stripped  of 

eriate  omnes.  his  breast-plate. 

lautae]  especially  used  of  luxury  in  eat-  384.     suas]  supply  quisquc. 

ig,  cf.  Juv.  XI  1   Alliens  eximie  si  cenat  386.     excussis]  cf.  note  on  1  424. 
tutus  habetur. 

■  9 — 2 


i32  LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 

poenituit,  tolcrasse  sitim  frustraquc  rogasse 

prospcra  bclla  deos.     nempc  usis  Marte  secundo 

tot  dubiae  rcstant  acics  tot  in  orbc  labores  : 

ut  numquam  fortuna  labct  succcssibus  anccps        390 

uincendum  toticns,  terras  fundcndu.s  in  omnes 

est  cruor  et  Caesar  per  tot  sua  fata  sequendus. 

felix  qui  potuit  mundi  nutantc  ruina 

quo  iaceat  iam  scire  loco,     non  proelia  fessos 

ulla  uocant,  certos  non  rumpunt  classica  somnos.  395 

iam  coniunx  natique  rudes  et  sordida  tecta 

et  non  deductos  recipit  sua  terra  colonos. 

hoc  quoque  securis  oneris  Fortuna  remisit 

sollicitus  menti  quod  abest  fauor :    ille  salutis 

est  auctor,  dux  ille  fuit.     sic  proelia  soli  400 

felices  nullo  spectant  ciuilia  uoto. 

non  eadem  belli  totum  Fortuna  per  orbem 
constitit,  in  partes  aliquid  sed  Caesaris  ausa  est, 
qua  maris  Hadriaci  longas  ferit  unda  Salonas 
et  tepidum  in  molles  Zephyros  excurrit  Iader.       405 
illic  bellaci  confisus  gente  Curictum, 
quos  alit  Hadriaco  tellus  circumflua  ponto, 


390.  ut]  'though',  cf.  Juv.  xiil  100  this  burden  too,  in  that  harassing  fear  is 
tit  sit  magna  tamen  certe  lenta  ira  deorum  absent  from  their  minds',  i.e.  fear  of  what 
est.  may   happen   to   their    leader.     Another 

anceps]  cf.    Cic.   pro  Marcello  §  15  in-  reading,  which  Weise  adopts,  ispauor,  i.e. 

certus  exitus  et  anccps  fortuna  belli.  anxiety  for  the  success  of  either  side. 

391.  fundendus  in  omnes]  cf.  Hor.  399.  ille. ..ille]  Caesar... Pompeius. 
carm.  11  i  33 — 36  qui  gurges  ant  quae  400.  est]  still  is;  fuit,  was,  but  has 
flumina  lugubris  ignara  belli  ?  quod  mare  ceased  to  be. 
Dauniac  non  decolorauere  caedes  ?  quae  403.  in  partes]  cf.  Florus  II  xiii  §  3c 
caret  ora  cruore  nostro  ?  aliquid  tamen   aduersus  absentem   ducem 

392.  per  tot  sua  fata]  'through  all  the  ausa  Fortuna  est  circa  Illyricam  et  Afri 
many  chances  that  await  him'.  cam  ora/u,  quasi  de  industria prospera  eiu. 

393.  felix  qui  potuit]     This  line  is  an  aduersis   radiaret.     Caesar  gives  no   ac 
echo  of  Verg.  G.   II  490  felix  qui  potuit  count  of  his  reverses  in  Illyria. 
rerum  cognoscere  causas.  404.       longas]     Probably     'straggling' 

nutante  ruina]    cf.  Juv.  in  196  securos  i.e.  with  a  long  front  to  the  sea.     cf.  M 

pendente  iubet  dormire  ruina.  Freeman's  'Subject  and  Neighbour  Land 

394.  iaceat]  sc.  casurus  sit,  'where  he  of  Venice',  p.  159:  it  may  however  mea' 
is  doomed  to  lie'.  merely  'distant'. 

397.  non  deductos]  'and  their  own  405.  Iader]  A  town,  and  also  appo 
land  welcomed  them,  not  established  as  rently  in  this  passage  a  river, 
colonists  elsewhere',  i.e.  Caesar's  soldiers  406.  Curictum]  The  Curictae  ai 
would  be  formed  into  military  colonies  mentioned  as  the  inhabitants  of  an  islan 
after  the  end  of  the  war  (cf.  1  341  foil.),  off  the  Illyrian  coast  by  Plin.  H.  N.  I. 
but  these  men  were  dispersed  to  their  §  139.  (21.) 
former  homes.  407.    circumflua]    ire  pippin  os,  cf.  X  4; 

398.  hoc  quoque]   '  relieved  them  from  gelido  circumjluus  orbis  Hibero. 


LIBER    IV.    387—430.  133 

clauditur  extrema  residcns  Antonius  ora; 

cautus  ab  incursu  belli  si  sola  recedat 

expugnat  quae  tuta  fames,     non  pabula  tellus       410 

pascendis  submittit  cquis  non  proserit  ullam 

flaua  Ceres  segetem  :   spoliabat  gramine  campum 

miles  ct  adtonso  miseris  iam  dentibus  aruo 

castrorum  siccas  de  caespite  uolserat  herbas. 

ut  primum  aducrsac  socios  in  litorc  terrae  415 

et  Basilum  uidere  ducem,  noua  furta  per  aequor 

exquisita  fugac.     neque  enira  de  more  carinas 

extendunt  puppesquc  leuant,  sed  firm  a  gerendis 

molibus  insolito  contexunt  robora  ductu. 

namque  ratem  uacuae  sustcntant  undique  cuppae  420 

quarum  porrectis  series  constricta  catenis 

ordinibus  geminis  obliquas  excipit  alnos. 

nee  gerit  expositum  telis  in  frontc  patenti 

remigium  :   sed  quod  trabibus  circumdedit  aequor 

hoc  ferit  et  taciti  praebet  miracula  cursus  425 

quod  nee  uela  ferat  nee  apertas  uerberet  undas. 

turn  freta  seruantur,  dum  se  decliuibus  undis 

aestus  agat  refluoque  mari  nudentur  harenae. 

iamque  relabenti  crescebant  litora  ponto ; 

missa  ratis  prono  defertur  lapsa  profundo  430 

409.     can/its']  'safe',  cf.  Cic.  pro  Rose.  cret.  IV  427  porticus  acquali  quanntis  est 

Amer.  §  56  in  earn  partem  potius  peccant  denique  ductu. 

quae  est  cautior.     Mart.  11  i  11   esse  tibi         420.     cuppae]  'pontoons'.     Grotius,  cf. 

tanta  cautus  breuitate  uideris  ?  Capitolin.  Maximin.  ivpontc  itaque  cuppis 

recedat]  sc.  absit.     cf.  Stat.  Silu.  111  v  facto  Maximinus  fluuium  transmit. 
55  sic  numquam  corde  recedit  nata  tuo.  422.  ordinibus] '  received  timbers  placed 

411.    proserit]     Probably  equivalent  to  sideways  on  them  in  double  rows'. 
exserit,    'puts    forth',     cf.    Sil.    Ital.    Ill  423.     nee  gerit]  i.e.   room  was  left  in- 

447,  44S  aggeribus  caput  Alpinis  ct  rupe  side  for  the  oars,  so  that  the  rowers  were 

niuali  proserit  in  Cellas.    proserere  as  a  not  exposed  to  the  missiles  of  the  enemy, 
compound  of  serere  'to  sow' seems  to  be         425.    miracula]  'the  strange  spectacle', 

found  only  in  Gratius  Cyneg.  9  ex  artibus  cf.  Verg.  G.   iv  441    omnia   transformat 

tries  proserere.  sesein  miracula  rerum. 

415.  aducrsae]   i.e.    the  main  land  of         427.     seruantur]    'are  watched',      cf. 
Illyria.  Verg.  G.  1  205  Haedorumque  dies  seruandi 

416.  furta... fugae]      'secret     flight',  ct  lucidus  Anguis. 

cf.  Cic.  ad  fam.  xvi  xxvi  §  2  sic  tu,  ctiam  decliuibus]  'downward-flowing'.    Oud. 

si  quod  scribas  non  habebis,  scribito  tamen,  cf.   Ov.  Met.   I  39  ftuminaque    obliquis 

ne  furl  it  m  cessationis  quaesiuisse  uidearis.  cinxit  decliuia  ripis. 

418.  extendunt]    'nor   do   they   build  430.     missa]  'let  go',     cf.  Verg.  G.  II 
long  keels  (cf.  Greek  v-qes  fianpaL)   with  451  alnus  missa  Pado. 

lofty  sterns'.  prono]    cf.  Verg.   Aen.   VIII   548  pars 

419.  ductu]  'figure',  'shape',  cf.  Lu-     cetera prona fertur  aqua. 


134 


LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 


et  geminac  comitcs.     cunctas  super  ardua  turns 

cminct  ct  trcmulis  tabulata  minantia  pinnis. 

noluit  Illyricac  custos  Octauius  undae 

confestim  temptare  ratem,  celeresque  carinas 

continuit  cursu  crcscat  dum  praeda  secundo:  435 

ct  temcre  ingrcssos  repctendum  inuitat  ad  acquor 

pace  maris,     sic  dum  pauidos  formidine  ceruos 

claudat  odoratae  metuentis  aera  pinnae, 

aut  dum  dispositis  adtollat  retia  uaris 

uenator,  tenet  ora  leuis  clamosa  Molossi,  440 

Spartanos  Cretasque  ligat:    nee  creditur  ulli 

silua  cam",  nisi  qui  presso  uestigia  rostro 

colligit  et  praeda  nescit  latrare  reperta, 

contentus  tremulo  monstrasse  cubilia  lore 

nee  mora :  complentur  moles  auideque  petitis         445 

insula  deseritur  ratibus,   quo  tempore  primas 

impedit  ad  noctem  iam  lux  extrema  tenebras. 

at  Pompeianus  fraudes  innectere  ponto 


432.  trcmulis]  'battlements  threaten- 
ing with  quivering  pinnacles',  trcmulis 
because  on  shipboard,  cf.  m  621,  679. 

435.  cursu  crcscat]  'until  the  booty 
becomes  greater  through  the  success  of 
their  voyage',  i.e.  having  been  successful 
in  carrying  off  the  first  instalment  of  sol- 
diers, they  would  be  emboldened  to  em- 
bark a  larger  number  for  the  second  trip. 

secundo]  may  be  taken  as  above,  or  as 
'second',  i.e.  'on  the  second  trip'. 

436.  inuitat]  sc.  Octauius. 

437.  pace  maris]  i.e.  by  leaving  the 
sea  clear,     cf.  473  infr.  11  648. 

formidine]  cf.  Verg.  G.  Ill  372  puni- 
ceaeue  agitant  pauidos  formidine  pinnae. 
Weise  cf.  Sen.  dial,  iv  xi  §  5  nee  minim 
est  cum  maximos  ferarum  greges  tinea 
pinnis  distincta  contincat  et  in  insidias 
agat,  ab  ipso  adfectu  dicta  for  mido. 

438.  aera]  'the  tainted  air',  i.e.  either 
from  the  red  dye  of  the  feather,  or  from 
its  being  handled,  cf.  Verg.  G.  111  251 
si  tantum  notas  odor  attulit  auras:  some 
take  aera  as  'the  fluttering'. 

439.  uaris]  'forks',  for  extending  the 
nets. 

440.  Molossi]  cf.  Sen.  Phaed.  34 — 
51  tencant  acres  lora  Molossos  et  pugnaces 
tendant  Cretes  fortia  trito  uincula  collo.  at 
Spartanos,  genus  est  audax  auidumque 
ferae,    nodo  cautus  propiore   liga.   ucniet 


tempus  cum  lalralu  caua  saxa  sonent, 
nunc  demissi  nare  sagaci  captent  auras 
lustraque  presso  quaerant  rostro  dum  lux 
dubia  est  dum  signa  pedum  roscida  tellus 
impressa  tenet,  alius  raras  ceruice  graui 
portare plagas ,  alius  t cretes  properet  laqueos. 
picta  rubenti  linea  penna  uano  cludat 
terrore  feras.  See  also  Shakespeare, 
Midsummer  Night's  Dream,  Act  iv  sc.  1. 

441.  nee  creditur]  'nor  is  the  wood 
trusted  to  any  hound ',  i.e.  no  hound  is 
allowed  to  enter  the  wood.     cf.  1  520. 

442.  presso]  'hunts  out  the  tracks  with 
nose  close  to  the  ground'. 

443.  nescit  latrare]  equivalent  to  sett 
non  latrare;  i.e.  'knows  how  to  refrain 
from  barking'.     See  note  on  1  72. 

444.  tremulo... lord]  'by  shaking  the 
leash'.  Oud.  cf.  Plin.  H.  N.  viii  §  147 
scrutatur  uestigia  at  que  perseqititur,  comi- 
Itniicm  adferam  inquisitorem  lorotra liens, 
qua  uisa  quam  silens  et  occulta,  scd  quam 
sigtiificans  demonstratio  est  cauda  primum 
delude  rostro. 

446.  quo  tempore]  '  what  time  the  last 
dying  light  delays  the  first  approach  of 
darkness  at  night-fall'. 

448.  Pompeianus]  i.e.  now  on  Pom- 
peius'  side,  although  his  old  enemies,  cf. 
Mart.  XI  v  14  si  Cato  reddatur  Caesarianus 
erit. 

ponto]  'on  the  sea'. 


LIBER   IV.   431-475-  135 

antiqua  parat  arte  Cilix,  passusque  uacare 
summa  frcti,  medio  suspendit  uincula  ponto,  450 

et  laxas  fluitare  sinit  religatque  catenas 
rupis  ab  Illyricae  scopulis.     nee  prima  ncque  ilia 
quae  scquitur  tardata  ratis  :    scd  tertia  moles 
haesit  et  ad  cautes  adducto  func  secuta  est. 
impendent  caua  saxa  mari :   ruituraquc  semper      455 
stat,  minim,  moles :    et  siluis  aequor  inumbrat. 
hue  fractas  Aquilone  rates  submersaquc  pontus 
corpora  saepe  tulit  caecisquc  abscondit  in  antris : 
restituit  raptus  tectum  mare :   cumquc  cauernac 
euomucre  fretum  contorti  uerticis  undae  460 

Tauromenitanam  uincunt  feruorc  Charybdin. 
hie  Opiterginis  moles  onerata  colonis 
constitit :   hanc  omni  puppes  statione  solutae 
circueunt :    alii  rupes  ac  litora  complent. 
Volteius  tacitas  sensit  sub  gurgite  fraudes,  465 

dux  erat  ille  ratis,  frustra  qui  uincula  ferro 
rumpere  conatus  poscit  spe  proelia  nulla, 
incertus  qua  terga  daret  qua  pectora  bello.    . 
hoc  tamen  in  casu  quantum  deprensa  ualebat 
effecit  uirtus :    inter  tot  milia  captae  470 

circumfusa  rati  et  plenam  uix  hide  cohortem 
pugna  fuit;    non  longa  quidem;   nam  condidit  atra 
nox  lucem  dubiam  pacemque  habuere  tenebrae. 
turn  sic  adtonitam  uenturaque  fata  pauentem 
rexit  magnanima  Volteius  uoce  cohortem :  475 


innectere]  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  VI  609  fraits  efundo  reuomentem  transtra  Charybdin. 

inncxa  dienti.  462.     Opiterginis]  i.e.  of  Opitergium,  a 

449.  passusque]  'and  leaving  the  sur-  town  of  the  Veneti.     Weise. 

face  clear'.  465.     /an/as]   'concealed',      cf.   Verg. 

450.  medio]    i.e.     under    water:    the  Aen.  IV  67  taciturn  uiuit  sub  pectore  uol- 
repetition  of  ponto  is  awkward.  mis. 

454.  secuta  est]  'as  the  rope  was  hauled  469.    quantum]  'all  that  it  could,  when 
in  followed   it  to  the  rocks',  i.e.   of  the  thus  entrapped'. 

island.  471.     hide]  sc.  e  rate,    'fighting    from 

455.  ruitura]   'seeming   ever   on  the  the  raft'. 

point  to  fall'.  cohortem]     There  were  ten  cohortes  in  a 

459.    restituit]  'then  the  o'er-arched  sea  legion, 

renders  back  its  spoils'.     Oud.    cf.    Sil.  473.    paccm]  cf.  note  on  11  648. 

Ital.     11*306 — 308    nos    ratibus     laceris  475.     rexit]    'guided',     cf.    1'lin.    Epp. 

Scyllaca    replcuimus    antra,   classibus    et  x  xix  §  1  rogo,  dotnine,  consilio  me  regas 

repJuo  spec t animus  aequore  rapt  is  contorta  haesitantem. 


136 


LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 


libera  non  ultra  parua  quam  noctc  iuuentus 
consul itc  extremis  angusto  tempore  rebus. 
uita  breuis  nulli  superest  qui  tempus  in  ilia 
quaerendae  sibi  mortis  habct :    ncc  gloria  leti 
inferior,  iuuencs,  admoto  occurrere  fato,  480 

omnibus  incerto  uenturae  tempore  uitae. 
par  animi  laus  est  ct  quos  speraucris  annos 
perdcre  et  extrcmac  momentum  abrumpcre  lucis 
acccrsas  dum  fata  manu.     non  cogitur  ullus 
ucllc  mori.     fuga  nulla  patct :    stant  undiquc  nostris 
intenti  iugulis  ciues.     deccrnite  letum,  486 

et  metus  omnis  abest :    cupias  quodcumque  necesse  est. 
non  tamen  in  caeca  bellorum  nube  cadendum  est, 
aut,  cum  permixtis  acies  sua  tela  tenebris 
inuoluunt,  conserta  iacent  cum  corpora  campo,      490 
in  medium   mors  omnis  abit,  perit  obruta  uirtus. 
nos  in  conspicua  sociis  hostique  carina 


476.  libera]  'soldiers,  whose  freedom 
lasts  not  longer  than  this  short  night, 
determine  within  this  narrow  space  your 
course  in  this  extremity'. 

478.  uita  breuis]  'none has  too  short  a 
life  remaining  who  finds  time  in  that  to 
seek  death  for  himself. 

479.  nee  gloria]  'nor  is  the  glory  of 
death  less  (i.e.  than  that  of  victory)  to 
turn  and  meet  impending  fate'. 

480.  admoto]  equivalent  to  uieino, 
instanti,  cf.  Sil.  Ital.  vin  295  genus  ad- 
motum  superis. 

occurrere]  <pda.vtiv,  cf.  Pers.  1  62  posticae 
occurrite  sannae.  Id.  Ill  64  ucnienti 
occurrite  morbo. 

481.  incerto]  ablative  absolute,  'seeing 
that  for  all  the  length  of  their  future  life 
is  uncertain'. 

482.  et  quos]  'to  throw  away  the  years 
you' might  hope  for,  and  to  break  off  the 
brief  moment  of  departing  life',  i.e.  a 
voluntary  death  is  equally  glorious  in  the 
young,  and  the  old. 

484.  non  cogitur]  'the  wish  for  death 
is  compulsory  for  none',  i.e.  and  so  as  it 
is  a  free  act  it  is  glorious. 

486.  deccrnite  letum]  'decide  on  death, 
and  then  all  fear  is  gone'. 

487.  et]  For  this  use  of  et  in  the  sense 
of 'and  then',  cf.  Verg.  Eel.  in  104 — 107 
die  t/uibus  in  terris,  et  cris  mi  hi  magnus 


Apollo,  Ires  pateat  cacli  spatium  non  am- 
plius  ulnas.  die  t/uibus  in  terris  inscripti 
nomina  region  naseantur  jlores  ;  et  Phyl- 
lida  solus  habcto.  Hor.  Epp.  I  xviii  107, 
108  sit  mihi  quod  mine  est,  etiam  minus, 
et  mihi  uiuam  quod  superest  acui,  si  quid 
superesse  uolunt  di. 

cupias]  cf.  Ill  147  si  quidquid  iubcare 
uelis. 

488.  non  tamen]  'still  we  must  not  fall 
amidst  the  blind  cloud  of  war'. 

489.  aut]  'or  else',  cf.  Ov.  Met.  X 
50 — 52  hanc  simul  tit  legem  Rhodopeius 
accipit  heros  ne  flectat  retro  sua  lumina 
donee  Auernas  cxierit  ualles ;  aut  irrita 
dona  fut ura.  Mart.  XI  i  6  nee  Musis  uacat 
aut  suis  tiacaret.  Grotius  gives  tit,  i.e. 
'seeing  that',  as  an  emendation,  and  ac- 
cording to  Oud.  it  is  confirmed  by  one 
MS. 

490.  conserta]  'in  close  ranks'. 

491.  in  medium]  'every  death  goes  to 
the  common  account',  i.e.  to  make  up  the 
common  stock  of  glory;  one  man's  death 
is  not  more  glorious  than  another's,  cf. 
1  89,  Liv.  vi  6  laudemqite  conferentes  potins 
in  medium  quam  ex  communi  ad  se  tra- 
hentes. 

perit]  'is  thrown  away'.  Oud.  cf.  Val. 
Place,  vi  200  mixta  perit  uir/rts ;  nescit 
cut  debcat  Ocbreus  aut  cui  fata  Tyres. 


LIBER   IV.  476—517.  137 

constituerc  dci.     pracbebunt  acquora  testes, 
praebebunt  terrae,  summis  dabit  insula  saxis : 
spectabunt  geminae  diuerso  e  litore  partes.  495 

nescio  quod  nostris  magnum  ct  memorabile  fatis 
exemplum,  Fortuna,  paras,     quaccumquc  per  aeuom 
exhibuit  monumenta  fides  seruataque  ferro 
militiae  pietas,  transibit  nostra  iuuentus  ; 
namque  suis  pro  te  gladiis  incumbcrc,  Caesar,        500 
esse  parum  scimus :    sed  non  maiora  supersunt 
obsessis  tanti  quae  pignora  demus  amoris. 
abscidit  nostrac  multum  sors  inuida  laudi 
quod  non  cum  senibus  capti  natisque  tenemur. 
indomitos  sciat  esse  uiros  timeatque  furentis  505 

et  morti  faciles  animos,  et  gaudeat  hostis 
non  plurcs  haesisse  rates,     temptare  parabunt 
foederibus  turpique  uolent  corrumpere  uita. 
o  utinam,  quo  plus  habeat  mors  unica  famae, 
promittant  ueniam  iubeant  sperare  salutem,  510 

ne  nos,  cum  calido  fodiemus  uiscera  ferro, 
desperasse  putent.     magna  uirtute  merendum  est, 
Caesar  ut  amissis  inter  tot  milia  paucis 
hoc  damnum  clademque  uocet.     dent  fata  recessum 
emittantque  licet,  uitare  instantia  nolim.  515 

proieci  uitam,  comites,  totusque  futurae 
mortis  agor  stimuli's  :    furor  est.     agnoscere  solis 

495.     diuerso]  i.e.  both  the  enemy  from  arc  we  have  no  greater  pledges  left  to  give 

the  shores    of  the   island,    and  our  com-  of  our  exceeding  love', 

rades,  who  have  escaped,  from  the  main  506.     morti  faciles]  'ready  to  welcome 

land.      cf.    Verg.    G.    Ill    32,    33   et   duo  death'.     Oud.   cf.   Sil.    Ital.   XV   718  nee 

rapta  manu  diuerso  ex  hoste  tropaea  bisque  soli  faciles,  used  of  the  Celts. 

triumphatas  utroque  ab  litore gentes.  508.     turpi. ..uita]    'by  the  offer  of  a 

498.  seruataque  ferro]  'military  fidelity  dishonoured  life'. 

maintained    by   the   sword',    i.e.  soldiers  511.    calido]  'fiery',  'spirited',     cf.  Sil. 

usually  prove  their  fidelity  to  their  leaders  Ital.   XV   337  calidoque  habitata  Gradiuo 

by  using  their  swords  against  the  enemy,  pectora,  or  it  may  be  taken  proleptically 

we    shall   do  so  more  signally  by  using  'reeking', 

them  against  each  other.  514.     recessum]  'means  of  retreat'. 

499.  transibit]  'will  surpass',  cf.  11  516.  proieci]  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  vi  435 
565.  lueemque  perosi  proiecere  aniiuas.     Sen. 

500.  suis]  sc.  nostris  ipsorum.  cf.  Oed.  [93  qui  fata  proculcauit  ac  uitae 
Verg.  Aen.  vi  473  quisque  suos patimur  bona  proieci t  atque  abscidit  et  casus  suos 
manes.     Compare  the  use  of  <T<p^repos  in  onerauit  ipse. 

Greek,  Theocr.   XXV   163   wrel   nep  crepe-         517.    furor  est]  ' 'tis  inspired   frenzy'. 
rlprjaiv  ivl  (ppeal  (IdWofxcu  apri.  cf.   Cic.  de    div.    I    §    66   inest  igitur   in 

501.  sed  non]  'but  blockaded  as  wc     animis praesagitio extrinsecus iniecta atque 


'33 


LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 


permissum  est  quo.s  iam  tangit  uicinia  fati, 
uicturosque  dci  celant  ut  uiuere  durcnt, 
felix?  esse  mod.     sic  cunctas  sustulit  ardor  520 

nobiliuin  mentes  iuuenum  :    cum  sidcra  cacli 
ante  ducis  uoccs  oculis  umentibus  omnes 
adspicerent  flcxoquc  Vrsae  tcmone  pauercnt : 
idem  cum  fortes  animos  praecepta  subissent 
optaucre  diem,     nee  segnis  mergcre  ponto  525 

tunc  crat  astra  polus :    nam  sol  Lcdaea  tencbat 
sidcra  uicino  cum  lux  altissima  Cancro  est : 
nox  turn  Thessalicas  urgebat  parua  sagittas.  / 
detegit  orta  dies  stantis  in  rupibus   Histros 
pugnacesque  mari  Graia  cum  classe  Liburnos.         530 
temptauere  prius  suspenso  uincere  bello 
foederibus,  fieret  captis  si  dulcior  ipsa 
mortis  uita  mora,     stabat  deuota  iuuentus 
damnata  iam  luce  ferox  securaque  pugnae 
promisso  sibi  fine  manu  :    nullique  tumultus  535 

excussere  uiris  mentes  ad  summa  paratas : 
innumerasque  simul  pauci  terraque  marique 
sustinuere  manus  :    tanta  est  fiducia  mortis. 


inclusa  din  in  it  its ;  ca  si  exarsit  acrius 
furor  appellatur,  cum  a  corpore  animus 
abstractus  diuino  instinctu  concitatur. 

519.  uicturosque]  'while  the  gods  hide 
from  those  destined  to  live  the  happiness 
of  death,  that  they  may  put  up  with  life'. 
que  here  as  often  has  an  adversative  force. 
For  the  sentiment  cf.  ix  211  scire  mori 
sors  prima  uiris,  sed proxima  cogi. 

521.  cum  sidcra]  'though  before  then- 
leader  spoke  they  all  watched  with  tear- 
ful eyes  the  stars  in  heaven,  and  shuddered 
as  Ursa's  pole  came  wheeling  round',  i.e. 
when  they  saw  it  was  past  midnight.  Oud. 
cf.  Pseudo-Anacreon  fieaowKriov  irod' 
icpav  arpicperai  or'  "Ap/cros  rjorj  Kara  Xe'Pa 
TTjv  Boairew. 

524.  subissent]  'had  sunk  into'. 

525.  nee  segnis]  i.e.  it  was  about  the 
time  when  the  night  is  shortest.  The  sky 
is  said  to  make  the  stars  set  because  it 
carries  them  with  it  in  its  apparent  revo- 
lution,    cf.  54  supr. 

$16.  nam  sol]  i.e.  the  sun  was  in  the 
constellation  Gemini,  when  at  midday  it 
is  nearest  to  Cancer,  and  at  midnight  to 
Sagittarius.     Sagittarius  autem  est  Chiro 


Thessalus;  is  turn  urgetur  nocte,  hoc  est, 
proxime  praecedit  noctem  mediam,  ut 
Cancer  solem.  cf.  1  491.  Hor.  Epod. 
XVII  25  urget  diem  nox  ct  dies  noctem. 
Weise. 

527.  uicino]  when  the  light  (i.e.  the 
sun)  at  its  highest  has  Cancer  for  a  neigh- 
bour; uicino  Cancro  is  ablative  absolute, 
cf.  1  248  o  male  uicinis  haec  moenia  con- 
dita  Gallis. 

532.  fieret  captis]  'in  the  hope  that 
life  would  become  sweeter  to  the  captured 
soldiers  by  the  very  delay  of  death'. 

534.     damnata]  cf.  supr.  338. 

securaque  pugnae]  '  and  careless  how 
the  battle  ended,  as  they  had  promised 
themselves  death  by  their  own  hand '. 

536.  ad  summa  paratas]  '  prepared 
for  the  worst'. 

538.  sustinuere]  '  they  bore  up  against ', 
'endured  the  attack  of.  cf.  Ov.  Met. 
XIII  384 — 385  Hectora  qui  solus  qui  fer~ 
rum  ignemque  Iouemque  sustinuit  totiens 
1111am  non  sustinet  iram. 

tanta  est]  'so  great  is  the  confidence 
inspired  by  death'.  Oud.  cf.  Sil.  Ital.  X 
219  animos  iam  sola  dabat  fiducia  mortis. 


LIBER   IV.    518—560. 


139 


utquc  satis  bello  uisum  est  fluxissc  cruoris, 

ucrsus  ab  hoste  furor:    primus  dux  ipse  carinac     540 

Voltcius  iugulo  poscens  iam  fata  retecto, 

ccquis,  ait,  iuuenum  est  cuius  sit  dextra  cruore 

digna  meo  certaque  fide  per  uolncra  nostra 

testctur  sc  uclle  mori  ?     ncc  plura  locuto 

uisccra  non  unus  iamdudum  transigit  ensis.  545 

collaudat  cunctos :   seel  cum  cui  uolncra  prima 

debebat  grato  moriens  intcrficit  ictu. 

concurrunt  alii  totumquc  in  partibus  unis 

bcllorum  fecere  nefas.     sic  scminc  Cadmi 

cmicuit  Dircaca  cohors  ccciditquc  suorum  550 

uolncribus,  dirum  Thebanis  fratribus  omen  ; 

Phasidos  ct  campis  insomni  dente  creati 

terrigenac  missa  magicis  e  cantibus  ira 

cognato  tantos  complerunt  sanguine  sulcos : 

ipsaquc  inexpertis  quod  primum  fecerat  herbis       555 

expauit  Medea  nefas.     sic  mutua  pacti 

fata  cadunt  iuuenes  :    minimumque  in  morte  uirorum 

mors  uirtutis  habet :    paritcr  stcrnuntque  caduntquc 

uolnere  letali :    nee  quemquam  dextra  fefellit 

cum  fcriat  morientc  manu.     ncc  uolnus  adactis      560 


540.     ab  hoste]  i.e.  in  sese. 

543.  ccrlaque  fide]  qui  must  be  sup- 
plied; 'and  who  will  testify  his  readiness 
for  death  by  the  sure  bond  of  smiting 
me'. 

545.  iamdudum  transigit]  'pierces  at 
once',  cf.  note  on  11  524. 

547.  grato  moriens]  i.e.  he  shows  his 
gratitude  by  using  his  dying  strength  in 
killing  him. 

548.  totumque]  '  and  wreaked  all  the 
horrors  of  war  on  the  soldiers  of  one 
side'. 

unis]  For  the  use  of  unus  in  the  plural, 
cf.  Verg.  Aen.  n  642  satis  una  superque 
vidimus  excidia. 

scminc  Cadmi]  'from  the  seed  sown  by 
Cadmus',     cf.  Ov.  Met.  in  100  foil. 

551.  Thebanis  fratribus]  sc.  Eteocles 
and  Polynices. 

552.  insomni  dente]  i.e.  the  teeth  of 
the  sleepless  dragon,  cf.  Ov.  Met.  VII 
36  foil. 

553.  missa]    i.e.   inmissa,   'with   fury 


inspired  by  Medea's  magic  spells'. 

554.  tantos]  'filled  with  kinsmen's 
blood  the  furrows  vast  as  they  were',  i.e. 
as  having  been  made  by  a  great  hero  with 
a  great  plough. 

555.  incjipcrtis]  'untried  before'. 

557.  minimumque]  'and  in  these  he- 
roes' deaths  death  itself  shows  least  bra- 
very', i.e.  it  was  not  in  meeting  death 
that  they  showed  their  bravery  most,  but 
in  still  lighting  while  in  the  act  of  dying: 
such  is  the  interpretation  of  Grotius,  which 
appears  to  be  correct.  Weise,  following 
Cortius,  reads  nimiumque,  which  seems  to 
have  less  MSS.  authority :  this  would  mean 

death  exceeds  the  due  limit  of  bravery', 
i.e.  because  each  wounded  man  not  only 
dies  himself,  but  also  at  the  same  time 
kills  another. 

560.  cum  fcriat]  'though  striking  with 
dying  hand'. 

adactis]  is  emphatic,  i.e.  if  the  sword 
did  not  strike  them  they  struck  the  sword. 


140  LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 

debetur  gladiis:   percussum  est  pectore  ferrum 

ct  iugulis  prcsscrc  manum.     cum  sortc  crucnta 

fratribus  incurrant  fratres  natusquc  parcnti, 

baud  trepidante  tamen  toto  cum  ponderc  dcxtra 

exegere  enses.     pictas  ferientibus  una  565 

non  repetisse  fuit.     iam  latis  uisccra  lapsa 

semianimes  traxcrc  foris  multumque  cruoris 

infudere  mari.     despectam  cernere  luccm 

uictoresquc  suos  uoltu  spectare  superbo 

et  mortem  sentire  iuuat.     iam  strage  crucnta  570 

conspicitur  cumulata  ratis  :    bustisque  remittunt 

corpora  uictores,  ducibus  mirantibus  ulli 

esse  ducem  tanti.     nullam  maiore  locuta  est 

ore  ratem  totum  discurrens  fama  per  orbem. 

non  tamen  ignauae  post  haec  exempla  uirorum     575 

percipient  gentes  quam  sit  non  ardua  uirtus 

seruitium  fugisse  manu  ;    sed  regna  timentur 

ob  ferrum  et  saeuis  libertas  uritur  armis, 

ignoratque  datos  ne  quisquam  scruiat  enses. 

mors,  utinam  pauidos  uitae  subducere  nolles  580 

sed  uirtus  te  sola  daret.     non  segnior  illo 

Marte  fuit  qui  turn  Libycis  exarsit  in  aruis. 

namque  rates  audax  Lilybaeo  litore  soluit 

Curio  :    nee  forti  uelis  Aquilone  recepto 

inter  semirutas  magnae  Karthaginis  arces  585 


562.     iugulis]  '  with  their  throats  they  maiore]   cf.   Verg.    G.    in   294    magno 

pressed  upon  their  slayer's  hand',  i.e.  they  mmc  ore  sonandum. 

rushed  upon  the  sword  with  such  force  as  576.     quam  sit]  'how  easy  an  act  of 

to  drive  it  through  their  throats  up  to  the  valour  it  is', 

hilt.  577.     sed  regno]  'but  tyranny  is  feared 

565.     exegere]  cf.    Verg.    Aen.   x    815,  on  account  of  the  sword',  i.e.  because  ty- 

816   ualidum   namque   cxigit  ensem  per  rants  put  men  to  death. 

medium   Aenaeas   iuuene/n    tot  unique  re-  578.      uritur]     'is    galled',      cf.    Sen. 

condit.  Here.  Oet.  623  urit  miserum gloria  pectus. 

pietas]  'the  one  proof  of  affection  was  579.     ignoratque]    i.e.    libertas.     Oud. 

not  to  repeat  the  blow',  i.e.  to  kill  their  with  some  MSS.  reads  ignorantque. 

kinsman  at  one  blow.  580.      uitae   subducere]     'to    withdraw 

567.    foris]   dative,  'they  dragged    to  from  life', 

the  wide  gangways'.  581.     non  segnior]  'no  less  severe  than 

570.     mortem   sentire]     'feel    the    ap-  this  war  was  that  which  blazed  ujd  in  the 

proach  of  death'.  fields  of  Libya'. 

573.     nullam]  'never  did  fame... speak  584.     n ec  forti]  i.e.  et  non  forti,  'with 

of  aught   more    eloquently   than   of   this  the    north    wind   blowing   gently  on    his 

raft'.     For  nullus  cf.  note  on  1  313.  sails',     cf.  note  on  1  72. 


LIBER    IV.    561—609.  141 

et  Clupeam  tenuit  stationis  litora  notae  : 

primaquc  castra  locat  cano  procul  aequore  qua  se 

Bagrada  lentus  agit  siccae  sulcator  harenae. 

inde  petit  tumulos  cxcsasquc  undique  rupes, 

Antaei  quae  regna  uocat  non  uana  uctustas.  590 

nominis  antiqui  cupientem  noscere  causas 

cognita  per  multos  docuit  rudis  incola  patres. 

nondum  post  genitos  Tellus  effeta  Gigantas 

terribilem  Libycis  partum  concepit  in  antris. 

nee  tarn  iusta  fuit  terrarum  gloria  Typhon  595 

aut  Tityos  Briareusque  ferox  :   caeloque  pepercit 

quod  non  Phlegraeis  Antaeum  sustulit  amis. 

hoc  quoque  tam  uastas  cumulauit  munere  uires 

terra  sui  fetus,  quod  cum  tetigerc  parentem 

iam  defecta  uigent  renouato  robore  membra.  600 

haec  i  11 1  spelunca  domus :    latuisse  sub  alta 

rupe  ferunt,  epulas  raptos  habuisse  leones. 

ad  somnos  non  terga  ferae  praebere  cubile 

adsuerunt,  non  silua  torum  :    uiresque  resumit 

in  nuda  tellure  iacens.     periere  coloni  605 

aruorum  Libyes  :   pereunt  quos  adpulit  aequor  : 

auxilioque  diu  uirtus  non  usa  cadendi 

terrae  spernit  opes  :    inuictus  robore  cunctis 

quamuis  staret  erat.     tandem  uolgata  cruenti 

586.  stationis]  The  place  is  called  handed  down  through  many  generations 
Aquilaria  by  Caesar  B.  C.  II  23.  of  his  sires'. 

587.  prima]  Caesar  I.e.  says  triduique  595.  nee  tam  iusta]  'nor  was  Typhon 
iter  progressus  ad  flumen  Bagradam  per-  so  justly  the  pride  of  the  earth"'. 

uenit.  596.     caeloque  pepercit]  'and  was  mer- 

procul]  'at  a  short  distance  from',    cf.  ciful  to  heaven  in  that  she  did  not  raise 

Verg.  Aen.  Ill  13  terra  procul  nastis  coli-  up  Antaeus  in  the  Phlegraean  plains',  i.e. 

tur  Mauortia   campis,   and   Conington's  but  in  Libya,  not  where  the  giants  fought 

note.  with  the  gods.     cf.  vn  145. 

588.  lentus]  Oud.  cf.  Sil.  Ital.  VI  r4o  598.  cumulauit]  'crowned  such  vast 
turbidus  armies  lento  pede  sulcat  karenas  strength  in  her  offspring  with  this  further 
Bagrada.  gift',     cf.  Cic.  de  off.   I  §   1 16  Africanus 

589.  tumulos]   probably  'hills'.     Mi-     eloquentia  cumulauit  bellicdm gloriam. 
cyllus  thinks  that  it  refers  to  the  tomb  601.     haec]    'yonder   cavern    was    Ins 
of  Antaeus  mentioned  by  Strabo  xvn  8      home'. 

(829),   in    which    Sertorius   was   said    to  603.  terga]    'hides',     cf.  Verg.   Aen. 

have  discovered  a  skeleton   sixty  cubits  V    404  tanlorum    ingetttia   scplcm    terga 

long.  bourn. 

590.  uctustas]  cf.  Ov.  Met.  1  400  quis  604.  silua]  i.e.  beds  of  leaves. 

hoc  credat  nisi  sit  pro  teste  uctustas?  609.     quamuis  staret]  'however  much 

592.     cognita]  '  the  tale  he  had  learned      he  kept  his  footing'. 


142  LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 

fama  mali  terras  monstris  aequorque  leuantem      610 

magnanimum  Alcidcn  Libycas  exciuit  in  oras. 
illc  Cleonaei  proiecit  terga  leonis, 
Antaeus  Libyci.     perfudit  membra  liquore 
hospes  Olympiacae  seruato  more  palaestrae, 
ille  parum  fidens  pedibus  contingerc  matrem  615 

auxilium  membris  calidas  infundit  harenas. 
conseruere  man  us  et  multo  bracchia  nexu. 
colla  diu  grauibus  frustra  temptata  lacertis : 
immotumquc  caput  fixa  cum  fronte  tenetur : 
miranturque  habuisse  parem.     nee  uiribus  uti         620 
Alcides  prime  uoluit  certamine  totis, 
exhausitque  uirum :    quod  creber  anhelitus  illi 
prodidit  et  gelidus  fesso  dc  corpore  sudor, 
turn  ccruix  lassata  quati  :   turn  pectore  pectus 
urged:   tunc  obliqua  percussa  labare  625 

crura  manu.     iam  terga  uiri  cedentia  uictor 
adligat  et  medium  compressis  ilibus  artat : 
inguinaque  insertis  pedibus  distendit  et  omnem 

610.     leuantem]    tov    KaOaipovra.      cf.  619.    fixa  etc  m /route]  cf.  Theocr.  XXII 

Soph.  Trach.  1058 — 106  r  kovtclvtcl  \6yxv  66  6/xfj.ara  5'  opdd. 

7rt5i<zs   otid'   6  yrjyev^s  arparbs  Yiydvrwv  620.      miraiiturque]     'and    they    both 

otire  Orjpeios  (Jia,  oW  'EXXas  ovt'  dyXwaaos  wonder  to  have  found  a  match'. 

odd'  ba-qv  iyu  yaiiav  Ka.6a.ipuv  iKOfjLrjp,  Ztipa-  622.    exhausitque  uirum]  'but  wearied 

<re  ttw.  out  his  opponent'. 

612.  proiccit]  'threw  on  the  ground  625.  tunc  obliqua]  ' then  his  legs  began 
before  him',  i.e.  as  they  stripped  for  the  to  totter  smitten  by  sidelong  blows  of  his 
encounter.  opponent's  hand'.     There  seems  here  to 

613.  liquore]  i.e.  oliuo,  'oil'.  be    a    confusion    between    wrestling   and 

614.  more]  cf.  Hor.  Epp.  11  i  33  luc-  boxing,  but  even  if  the  latter  is  intended 
tamur  Acliiuis  doclius  unctis.  The  Olym-  to  be  described  why  should  Hercules 
pian  games  were  said  to  have  been  insti-  strike  Antaeus  on  the  legs,  by  doing  which 
tuted  by  Hercules,  cf.  Find.  Olymp.  ill  he  would  certainly  expose  his  own  body? 
6 — 34-  In  the  account  of  the  boxing  match  be- 

615.  parum  fidens]  '  not  feeling  enough  tween  Pollux  and  Amycus  in  Theocritus 
confidence  in  touching  his  mother  earth  xxn  all  the  blows  are  directed  at  the 
with  his  feet  only'.  face  and  chest.    For  obliqua  cf.  422  supr. 

contingerc]    is  equivalent  to  quod  con-  626.     iam  terga]     'then  victorious   he 

tingeret.  encircles    his    foe's    yielding   back,    and 

617.  nexu]  avpiTrXoKais.  cf.  Ov.  Met.  squeezing  in  his  sides,  narrows  him  at  the 
VI  242  et  iam  contulerant  arto  luctantia  waist'. 

nexu pectora pectoribus.  628.    inguinaque]  'and  placing  his  feet 

618.  colla  diu]  'long  time  in  vain  they  between  separates  his  thighs,  and  laid  him 
tried  the  strength  of  each  other's  necks  low  entirely  for  all  his  sturdy  limbs',  cf. 
with  strained  arms',     cf.  Val.  Flacc.   IV  V  80. 

3°9 — in  uitalia  donee  uiin  ula,  qua  p7-imo  per  membra]  to  be  taken  closely  with 
ceruix  committitur  artu,  soluit  dextra  omnem,  'the  whole  of  him  from  head  to 
grauis.  foot',  implying  that  his  stature  was  great. 


LIBER    IV.   610—648.  143 

explicuit  per  membra  uirum.     rapit  arida  tell  us 
sudorem :   calido  complentur  sanguine  uenae.  630 

intumuere  tori  totosque  induruit  artus, 
Herculeosque  nouo  laxauit  corpore  nodos. 
constitit  Alcides  stupefactus  robore  tanto : 
nee  sic  Inachiis  quamuis  rudis  essct  in  undis 
desectam  timuit  reparatis  anguibus  hydram.  635 

conflixere  pares,  tclluris  uiribus  ille, 
ille  suis.     numquam  saeuae  sperare  nouercac 
plus  licuit.     uidct  cxhaustos  sudoribus  artus 
ceruicemquc  uiri,  siccam  cum  ferret  Olympum. 
utque  iterum  fessis  iniecit  bracchia  membris,  640 

non  exspectatis  Antaeus  uiribus  hostis 
sponte  cadit,  maiorque  accepto  robore  surgit. 
quisquis  inest  terris  in  fessos  spiritus  artus 
egeritur;    tellusque  uiro  luctante  laborat. 
ut  tandem  auxilium  tactae  prodesse  parentis  645 

Alcides  sensit :    standum  est  tibi,  dixit,  et  ultra 
non  credere  solo  sternique  uetabere  terra  : 
haerebis  pressis  intra  mea  pectora  membris  : 


630.     sanguine]  cf.  note  on  11  338.  and  is  the  one  explained  by  the  Scholiast. 

632.     nouo]     'fresh',    'refreshed',      cf.  The    Roman   edition  of    1469   reads  qua 

Verg.  Aen.  11  473  nunc  positis  nouns  ex-  ferret,   which   Weise  adopts  taking  Her- 

uiciis  nitidusque  iuuenta.  cules  as  the  predicate  to  uidet,  '  he  (Her- 

nodos]    i.e.    the  binding  arms  of  Her-  cules)  sees  his  opponent's  limbs  cleared 

cules:  there  is  probably  a  reference  to  the  from  sweat,   and  his   neck  dry,  a   neck 

famous  knot  of  Hercules,     cf.  Plin.  H.  N.  strong  enough  to  support  Olympus',  but 

xxxviii  §63;  Sen.  Epp.  xm  ii  (87)  §  38  it  is  doubtful  whether  qua  ferret  could  be 

bonum  aniinum  Iiabe ;  units  tibi  nodus  sed  equivalent  to  qua  ferre  posset;  besides  it 

Herculaneus  restat.  is  probable  that  a  reference  is  intended  to 

634.  quamuis  rudis  esset]  '  however  the  legend  of  Hercules  supporting  the 
new  to  fighting'.  heaven.     For  exhaustos  sudoribus  in  this 

635.  hydram]  cf.  I  lor.  carm.  iv  iv  61  sense  cf.  note  on  11  409. 

non  hydra  seelo  corpore  firmior  uinci  do-  641.     non  ex  spec  tad  s\  'without  wailing 

lentem  creuit  in  Herculem.  to  feel  his  foe's  full  strength'. 

637.  numquam]  '  never  could  his  cruel  643.  spiritus]  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  VI  724 — 
stepdame  (i.e.  Juno)  have  had  higher  727 prineipio  caelum  ac  terras  camposque 
hopes',  i.e.  of  his  destruction.  liquen/es  lueentemque  globum  lunae  Tila- 

638.  uidet]  'she  sees  his  limbs  worn  niaque  astra  spiritus  intus  a/it,  totamqtte 
out  with  toil  and  his  neck  too,  which  was  iufusa  per  artus  mens  agitat  violent  el 
dry  (i.e.  did  not  feel  the  labour)  when  he  tnagno  se  corpore  miscet. 

supported  Olympus'.     Oud.  cf.  Ov.  He-  644.     egeritur]  '  rises  from  it',  i.e.  into 

roid.  IX  57,  58  uidit  in  Ilereuleo  suspensa  his  body. 

monilia  collo  illo cui caelum  sarcina parua  laborat]  'labours  to  assist  him'. 

fuit.      See   also    Ov.    Met.    ix    198   hac  646.     standum    est    tibi]    'stand    you 

caelum    cent  ice   tuli?     This    reading  ap-  must', 

pears  to  have  the  better  MSS.  authority  648.     intra]  'within  my  embrace'. 


144  LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 

hue  Antaec  cades,     sic  fatus,  sustulit  altc 

nitentem  in  terras  iuuenem.     moricntis  in  artus     650 

non  potuit  nati  Tellus  submittere  uires. 

Alcides  medium  tcnuit :    iam  pectora  pigro 

stricta  gelu  :    terrisque  diu  non  credidit  hostem. 

hinc  aeui  ueteris  custos  famosa  uetustas 

miratrixque  sui  signauit  nomine  terras.  655 

sed  maiora  dedit  cognomina  collibus  istis 

Poenum  qui  Latiis  reuocauit  ab  arcibus  hostem 

Scipio.     nam  sedes  Libyca  tellure  potito 

haec  fuit.     en  ueteris  cernis  uestigia  ualli. 

Romana  hos  primum  tenuit  uictoria  campos./        660 

Curio  laetatus  tamquam  fortuna  locorum 
bella  gerat  seruetque  ducum  sibi  fata  priorum 
felici  non  fausta  loco  tentoria  ponens 
indulsit  castris  et  collibus  abstulit  omen, 
sollicitatque  feros  non  aequis  uiribus  hostes.  665 

omnis  Romanis  quae  cesserat  Africa  signis 
turn  Vari  sub  iure  fuit :    qui  robore  quamquam 
confisus  Latio  regis  tamen  undique  uires 
exciuit  Libycae  gentis  extremaque  mundi 
signa  suom  comitata  Iubam.     non  fusior  ulli         6jo 
terra  fuit  domino :   qua  sunt  longissima  regna 
cardine  ab  occiduo  uicinus  Gadibus  Atlas 
terminat :  a  medio  confinis  Syrtibus  Hammon. 

649.     hue]  sc.  ad  mea  pectora.     Weise.  664.     indulsit  castris]   castra  lata  po- 

652.     medium     tenuit]     cf.    Aristoph.  suit  Schol.     cf.  Verg.  G.  11  276  indulge 

Equ.  387  vvv  yap  exeTaL  V^vos.  ordinibus. 

654.  famosa]  'full  of  rumours',  equi-  665.     sollicitat]  'challenges', 
valent  to  loquax.  668.    regis... uires...  Libycae  gentis]  'the 

655.  miratrixque  sui]  'marvelling  at  power  of  the  king  of  the  Libyan  tribes', 
its  own  exploits',  cf.  in  406.  i.e.  Juba.     Grotius  suggests  Li  by ae  gentes 

656.  cognomina]  sc.  castra  Corneliana.  in  apposition  to  uires,  a  reading  which 
cf.  Caes.  B.  C.  11  24.  according  to  Oud.  is  supported  by  some 

657.  qui   Latiis]     sc.    Hannibal   was  MSS. 
recalled  from  Italy  to  defend  Africa  against         670.     fusior]    'more    widely   spread', 
.Scipio,  B.C.  203.  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  vi   440   nee  procul  hinc 

arcibus]   cf.  Verg.  G.   II   172  imbettem  partem  fit  si  monstrantur  in  omnem  lit- 

auertis  Romanis  arcibus  Indum.  gentes  campi. 

660.  A' om ana... uictoria]  'Rome's  vie-  673.  a  medio]  sc.  cardine.  This  would 
torious  host'.  naturally  mean  'on  the  south',  cf.  VI  337, 

661.  fortuna  locorum]  Oud.  cf.  Liv.  x  287;  but  in  the  following  lines  Juba's 
VI  28  fortunae  loci  delegauerant  spes  suas.  kingdom  is  said  to  extend  in  that  direc- 
Ov.  Met.  iv  565  tanquam  fortuna  loco-  tion  to  the  ocean.  Weise  explains  it  as 
rum  non  sua  se  premeret.  a  meridie  Romanorum  (i.e.  of  the  Roman 


LIBER   IV.   649—694. 


145 


at  qua  lata  iacet  uasti  plaga  feruicla  rcgni, 

distinet  oceanum  zonaeque  exusta  calentis  675 

sufficiunt  spatio.     populi  tot  castra  sequuntur, 

Autololes  Numidaeque  uagi  semperque  paratus 

inculto  Gaetulus  equo :    turn  concolor  Indo 

Maurus,  inops  Nasamon,  mixti  Garamante  perusto 

Marmaridae  uolucres,  aequaturusque  sagittas  680 

Medorum  tremulum  cum  torsit  missile  Mazax, 

et  gens  quae  nudo  residens  Massylia  dorso 

ora  leui  flectit  frenorum  nescia  uirga : 

et  solitus  uacuis  errare  mapalibus  Afer 

uenator,  ferrique  simul  fiducia  non  est  685 

uestibus  iratos  laxis  operire  leones. 

nee  solum  studiis  ciuilibus  arma  parabat 
priuatae  sed  bella  dabat  Iuba  concitus  irae. 
hunc  quoque  quo  superos  humanaque  polluit  anno 
lege  tribunicia  solio  depellere  auorum  690 

Curio  temptarat  Libyamque  auferre  tyranno, 
dum  regnum  te,  Roma,  facit.     memor  ille  doloris 
hoc  bellum  sceptri  fructum  putat  esse  retenti. 
hac  igitur  regis  trepidat  iam  Curio  fama, 


province  of  Africa)  non  Numidiae,  but 
this  seems  a  far-fetched  interpretation. 
Oud.  suggests  at  medio... et  qua  lata,  i.e. 
'but  in  its  midst  lies  Hammon's  temple 
bordering  on  the  Syrtes'.  cf.  Ill  292 — 
•295.  cardo  is  used  of  each  of  the  four 
cardinal  points,  cf.  v  72. 

675.  distinct  oceanum]  'separates  the 
ocean',  i.e.  extends  to  the  ocean  in  both 
directions,  to  the  north  and  the  south,  cf. 
Ov.  Ileroid.  VIII  69  qua  duo  porrcctus 
wngefreta  distinet  Isthmos. 

676.  sufficiunt  spatio]  'suffice  to  make 
up  the  wide  extent'. 

677.  semperque  paratus]  'ever  ready 
with  his  unbridled  steed'. 

680.  aequaturusque]  '  that  will  not 
fail  to  rival  the  arrows  of  the  Medes',  i.e. 
who  can  throw  a  dart  by  hand  as  far  as 
the  Parthians  can  shoot  an  arrow  from  a 
bow.  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  x  248  ocior  et  ia- 
culo  et  uentos  aequanle  sagitta. 

682.  nudo  residens... dorso]  'riding 
their  horses  barebacked',  cf.  Ov.  Fast. 
Ill  749  pandi  tergo  residebat  asclli. 

684.  uacuis]  '  scantily  furnished ',  cf. 
II  89.     See   also   Verg.  G.  in  343 — 345 

II.  L. 


omnia  secum  armeutarius  Afer  agit  tec- 
tumque  laremque  armaque  Amyclaeumque 
cane  in  Cressamque  pharetram. 

685.  ferrique  simul]  'and  as  soon  as 
he  has  no  more  confidence  in  his  spear 
wont  to  cover  raging  lions  with  loose 
robes',  i.e.  to  throw  his  robes  over  the 
lions'  eyes  to  blind  them. 

687.  studiis  ciuilibus] '  with  zeal  for  the 
state'. 

688.  priuatae]  '  but  was  stirred  to 
make  war  to  satisfy  his  private  enmity', 
literally,  made  war  a  present  to  his  pri- 
vate enmity,  cf.  note  on  11  146  non  uni 
cuncta  dabantur,  sed  fecit  sibi  quisque  tufas. 

691.  Libyamque]  'to  tear  Libya  from 
her  tyrant's  sway  while  making  Rome 
subject  to  a  tyrant'. 

692.  doloris]  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  1  25  me- 
dian ctiam  causae  irarum  saeuique  do- 
lores  exciderant  animo. 

693.  hoc  bellum]  'thinks  this  war  his 
chief  gain  from  the  retention  of  his  scep- 
tre ',  i.e.  because  it  gave  him  the  means  of 
revenging  himself  on  Curio. 

694.  hac]  refers  to  arma  parabat  supr. 
687. 

IO 


146 


LUCANI   PHARSALIAE 


ct  quod   Cacsarcis  numquam  dcuota  iuucntus  695 

ilia  nimis  castris  ncc  Rhcni  miles  in  undis 

cxploratus  erat,  Corfini  captus  in  arce, 

infidusque  nouis  ducibus  dubiusque  priori, 

fas  utrumquc  putat.     sed  postquam  languida  segni 

cernit  cuncta  mctu  nocturnaque  munia  ualli  700 

desolata  fuga  trcpida  sic  mentc  profatur : 

audendo  magnus  tegitur  timor :    arma  capessam 
ipse  prior:   campum  miles  descendat  in  aequom 
dum  meus  est :    uariam  semper  dant  otia  mentem : 
eripe  consilium  pugna:    cum  dira  uoluntas  705 

ense  subit  presso,  galeae  texere  pudorem  : 
quis  conferre  duces  meminit  ?    quis  pendere  causas  ? 
qua  stetit  inde  fauet :    ueluti  fatalis  harenae 
muneribus  non  ira  uetus  concurrere  coerit 
productos ;    odere  pares,     sic  fatus,  apertis  710 

instruxit  campis  acies :    quern  blanda  futuris 
deceptura  malis  belli  fortuna  recepit. 
nam  pepulit  Varum  campo  nudataque  foeda 
terga  fuga  donee  uetuerunt  castra  cecidit. 


695.  et  quod]  'and  he  fears  (trepidal) 
because  this  soldiery  had  never  been  tho- 
roughly devoted  to  warfare  on  Caesar's 
side,  nor  had  these  troops  been  tested  in 
the  waves  of  Rhine,  but  captured  in  the 
citadel  of  Corfinium,  faithless  to  their 
new  leaders  and  treacherous  to  their  for- 
mer one  (i.e.  Domitius),  they  think  both 
sides  equally  lawful '. 

696.  nimis]  i.e.  ualde.  cf.  Caes.  B.  G. 
vii  36  is  locus  praesidio  ab  eis  non  nimis 
firmo  tencbatur. 

700.  nocturnaque]  '  and  the  duties  of 
the  watch  at  night  abandoned  by  deser- 
tion'. 

702.  audendo']  ' 'tis  by  daring  that 
great  terror  is  concealed'. 

703.  descendat]  A  metaphor  from  the 
public  games,  cf.  Cic.  Tusc.  disp.  11  §  62 
uidemusne  apud  quos  magistros  eorum  lu- 
dorum  qui  gymnici  nominantur  magnus 
honos  sit,  Milium  ab  eis  qui  in  id  certa- 
men  descendant  deuitari  dolorem  ? 

704.  uariam]  '  idleness  is  ever  the 
parent  of  vacillation'. 

705.  eripe]  'get  rid  of  plotting  by 
fighting'. 

dira  uoluntas]  '  eagerness  for  blood- 
shed', cf.  note  on  I  355. 


706.  ense... presso]  '  when  the  sword  is 
firmly  grasped',  cf.  VII  562.  Weise  cf. 
Ov.  Met.  VIII  37  quaeqiie  manu  prcmeret 

felicia  frena  uocabat.  Sil.  Ital.  II  615 
pressit  ouans  capulum.  Id.  V  670  premit 
omnis  dextera  ferrum. 

galeae]  cf.  Juv.  VIII  203  nee  galea  fa- 
ciem  abscondit. 

707.  quis  conferre]  'who  thinks  of 
comparing  the  leaders  ?  who  of  balancing 
the  causes?' 

708.  qua  stetit]  '  each  Savours  the  side 
on  which  he  stands'. 

709.  muneribus]  'shows',  cf.  Juv.  Ill 
36  munera  nunc  edunt  et  uerso  pollice  uol- 
gus  quern  iubet  occidunt  populariter. 

710.  productos]  cf.  Suet.  Nero  4  equites 
Romanos  ad  agendum  minium  produxit 
in  scaenam. 

odere  pares]  'they  hate  those  matched 
against  them'. 

711.  quern  blanda]  '  whom  the  fortune 
of  war  welcomed  with  flattering  face,  in- 
tending to  cheat  him  with  disasters  in  the 
future'.  For  blanda  cf.  Tac.  Hist.  11  12 
blandiebatur  coeptis  fortuna  :  for  recipere 
in  the  sense  of  welcoming,  cf.  Verg.  Aen. 
iv  2:4  do m i7ium  Aenean  in  regna  recepit. 

714.     cecidit]     'smote',     'cut    up',    cf. 


LIBER    IV.   695—738.  147 

tristia  sed  postquam  supcrati  proelia  Vari  715 

sunt  audita  Iubae :   lactus  quod  gloria  belli 

sit  rebus  seruata  suis,  rapit  agmina  furtim, 

obscuratque  suam  per  iussa  silentia  famam, 

hoc  solum  metuens  incautus  ab  hoste  timeri. 

mittitur  exigua  qui  proelia  prima  lacessat  720 

eliciatquc  manu  Numidis  a  rege  secundus 

ut  sibi  commissi  simulator  Sabura  belli. 

ipse  caua  regni  uires  in  ualle  retentat : 

aspidas  ut  Pharias  cauda  sollertior  hostis 

ludit  et  iratas  incerta  prouocat  umbra  :  725 

obliquusque  caput  uanas  serpentis  in  auras 

effusae  tuto  comprendit  guttura  morsu 

lctiferam  citra  saniem :   tunc  irrita  pestis 

exprimitur  faucesque  fluunt  pereunte  uencno. 

fraudibus  euentum  dederat  Fortuna :   feroxque    730 
non  exploratis  occulti  uiribus  hostis 
Curio  nocturnum  castris  erumpere  cogit 
ignotisque  cquitem  late  discurrere  campis. 
ipse  sub  Aurorae  primos  excedere  motus 
signa  iubet  castris  multum  frustraque  rogatus        735 
ut  Libycas  metuat  fraudes  infectaque  semper 
Punica  bella  dolis.     leti  fortuna  propinqui 
tradiderat  fatis  iuuenem :   bellumque  trahebat 

Tac.  Ann.  xi  23  quorum  aui...exercilus  Lat.  diminutive  sciuruhts. 

noslros  fcrro  uique  cecideruni.  726.     uanas]     Oud.  cf.  Ov.  Met.  vn 

719.    hoc  solum]  'fearing  only  this  that  786  uacuos  exercet  in  aera  morsus. 

through  want  of  caution  on  his  own  part  728.     letiferam]  'seizes  its  throat  so  as 

the  enemy  should  be  struck  with  fear  of  to  keep  clear  of  the  deadly  venom  \  cf.  vi 

him',  i.e.  should  hear  of  his  approach  in  211.     Ov.  Trist.  v  viii  23  peccaui  citra 

force  and  so  retreat.  scelus. 

722.     ut  sibi]   'pretending  that  the  war  729.    faucesque]    'and    the    jaws    are 

has  been  entrusted  to  him  to  wage'.  drenched  with  wasted  poison'. 

724.  hostis]  i.e.  the  ichneumon,  cf.  Plin.  730.     euentum]  'success',  cf.  Plin.  Epp. 

II .  X.  vm  §  88  delude  internecinum  del-  v  xx  §  2  egi  pro  Vareno  non  sine  euentu. 

bun  cum  ichneumone ;  notum  est  animal  Juv.  xi   196  euentum   uiridis  quo  colligo 

kac  gloria  maxime  in  eadem  /latum   Ae-  panni. 

gypto.     mergil  se  Unto   saepius    siccatque  733.     discurrere]  cf.  1  476. 

sole;    mox  ubi  pluribus  eodem    modo  se  734.     motus]     'at   the    first   break   of 

coriis   loricauit   in   dimicationem  pergil ;  dawn'. 

in  ea  caudam  attollens  ictus  inritos  auer-  737.     Punica]    cf.  Liv.  xxi  4  pcrfidia 

sus  excipit,  donee  obliquo  capite  speculatus  plus  quam  Punica. 

inuadat  in  fauces.  leti]  '  the  doom  of  his  impending  death '. 

7:5.     incerta... Umbra]   'with  the  wav-  The  genitive  is  dependent  on  fortuna,  not 

ing  of  its  bushy  tail',  cf.  the  Greek  (TkIov-  on  fatis,  as  Weise  would  have  it. 

pot,  whence  our  word  squirrel  through  the  738.     trahebat]    'was  dragging  to  de- 


IO—2 


148  LUCANI   PHARSALIAE 

auctorem  ciuilc  suom.     super  ardua  ducit 

saxa  super  cautes  abrupto  limite  signa :  740 

cum  procul  e  summis  conspecti  collibus  hostes 

fraude  sua  cessere  parum,  dum  colle  rclicto 

efifusam  patulis  aciem  committeret  aruis : 

illc  fugam  credens,  simulatae  nescius  artis, 

ut  uictor  medios  aciem  proiecit  in  agros.  745 

turn  primum  patuere  doli  Numidaeque  fugaces 

undique  completis  clauserunt  montibus  agmen. 

obstupuit  dux  ipse  simul  perituraque  turba. 

non  timidi  petiere  fugam  non  proelia  fortes  : 

quippe  ubi  non  sonipes  motus  clangore  tubarum  750 

saxa  quatit  pulsu,  rigidos  uexantia  frenos 

ora  terens,  spargitque  iubas  et  subrigit  aures 

incertoque  pedum  pugnat  non  stare  tumultu  : 

fessa  iacet  ceruix :    fumant  sudoribus  artus 

oraque  proiecta  squalent  arentia  lingua:  755 

pectora  rauca  gemunt  quae  creber  anhelitus  urget, 

et  defecta  grauis  longe  trahit  ilia  pulsus, 

siccaque  sanguineis  durescit  spuma  lupatis. 

iamque  gradum  neque  uerberibus  stimulisque  coacti, 

nee,  quamuis  crebris  iussi  calcaribus,  addunt :         760 

struction',  cf.   vil  346  Ov.   Met.   1   190,  blare,    shake   the   rocks    with    stamping 

191  sed immedicabile  uolnus  ense  reciden-  foot'. 

dum  nc pars  sincera  trahatur.  751.    rigidos]  'wearing  away  his  mouth 

740.     abrupto    limite]    'by    a    rugged  as  it  worries  the  stiff  curb'.     Oud.  cf.  Sil. 

path',  cf.  hi  218.  Ital.  V.   147  stat  sonipes  uexatque  ferox 

7 42.     partem]  'a  little',    parum  gene-  spuviantia  frena.     More  often  the  horst 

rally   means    '  too   little ',    but   by   post-  is  said  frena   terere,    cf.  Ov.  A.  A.  I  2c 

Augustan  writers  is  sometimes  used  with-  frenaque  magnanimi  dente  teruntur  equi. 

out  any  idea  of  comparison,  cf.  Sen.  Ep.  753.     incertoque]  'and  shifting  his  fee' 

XIX  vii  (116)  §  7  dolebimus,  sed  parum  :  restlessly   fights    against   standing   still' 

conaipiscemus,  sed  temperate ;  irascemur,  cf.  Verg.  G.  in  84  stare  loco  nescit. 

sed  placabimur.     Quintil.  IX  4  §  40  atqui  pugnat]    For  pugnare  with  infinitive  cf 

cation  ilia  litlera,  quotiens  ultima  est  et  Ov.  Amor.  1  v  14  pugnabat  tunica   sec 

uocalem  uerbi  sequeniis  ita  eontingit,  ut  in  tamen  ilia  tegi. 

earn    transire    possit,    etiamsi    scribitur,  tumultu]   cf.  Stat.  Theb.  VI  588 — 58' 

tamen  parum  cxprimitur.  uariasquc  per  artes  instimulant  docto  Ian 

744.    simulatae]  pretending  to  be  other  guentia  membra  tumidtu. 

than   it  really  is,   and  so   'treacherous'.  755.    proiecta]     'protruding', 

cf.  Verg.  Aen.   iv  105  sensit  enim  simu-  757.     ilia]  YVeise  cf.  Stat.  Theb.  VI  47 

lata  tnente  locutam.  long/'  suspendunt  ilia  flatus. 

746.    patuere]  cf.  Verg.  Aen.    11   309,  758.     siccaque]    '  and   the    froth   dric 

310  turn  uero  manifesta  fides  Danaumque  and  hardens  on  their  blood-stained  bits'. 

patescunt  insidiae.  759.    gradum... addunt]  'increase the 

750.    quippe  ubi]  'since  there  no  longer  pace',    cf.  Verg.  G.  I  513  addunt  in  spaii 

does  the  steed,  roused  by  the  trumpet's  and  Conington's  note. 


LIBER   IV.   739—786.  149 

uolneribus  coguntur  cqui.     nee  profuit  ulli 
cornipedis  rupisse  moras  :    neque  enim  impetus  illis 
incursusque  fuit :   tantum  profertur  ad  hostes 
et  spatium  iaculis  oblato  uolncrc  donat. 
at  uagus  Afer  equos  ut  primum  emisit  in  agmen  765 
turn  campi  tremuere  sono  :   terraque  soluta, 
quantus  Bistonio  torquctur  turbine  puluis, 
aera  nube  sua  texit  traxitquc  tenebras. 
ut  uero  in  pedites  fatum  miscrabile  belli 
incubuit :    nullo  dubii  discrimine  Martis  770 

ancipites  steterunt  casus  sed  tempora  pugnae 
mors  tenuit.     neque  enim  licuit  procurrere  contra 
et  miscere  manus.     sic  undique  saepta  iuuentus 
comminus  obliquis  et  rectis  eminus  hastis 
obruitur :    non  uolneribus  nee  sanguine,  solum        775 
Mtelorum  nimbo' peritura  ac  pondere  ferri. 
ergo  acies  tantae  paruom  spissantur  in  orbem  : 
ac  si  quis  metuens  medium  correpsit  in  agmen 
uix  impune  suos  inter  conuertitur  enses. 
densaturque  globus,  quantum  pede  prima  relato     780 
constrinxit  gyros  acies.     non  arma  mouendi 
iam  locus  est  pressis,  stipataque  membra  teruntur : 
frangitur  armatum  colliso  pectore  pectus, 
non  tarn  laeta  tulit  uictor  spectacula  Maurus 
quam  Fortuna  dabat :    fluuios  non  ille  cruoris         785 
membrorumque  uidet  lapsum  et  ferientia  terram 

761.  uolneribus]  i.e.  as  the  spurs  are  not  hang  balanced  at  all  in  the  hazard  of 
no  use,  they  try  to  stir  up  their  horses  war',  i.e.  it  was  a  massacre  rather  than  a 
with  their  swords.  battle. 

762.  neque  enim]  'for  they  had  no  774.  comminus]  'by  sidelong  sword- 
power  to  rush  and  charge  the  foe '.  blows  at  close  quarters  and  spears  hurled 

764.     spatium... donat]    'saves  him   so  straight  from  a  distance'. 
long  a  shot',  cf.  VI  58.     Sil.  Ital.  1  487  775.     non  uolneribus]  'sure  to  perish 

ninalem  Pyrenen  Alpcsque  libi  mea  dex-  not  only  by  wounds  and  bloodshed,  but  by 

(era  donat.     Val.  Flacc.  I  473   donat  et  the  cloud  of  missiles  and  the  mere  weight 

Iphiclo  pelagus  iuuenumque  labores  Aeso-  of  iron',  i.e.  falling  on  their  heads.    Oud. 

Hides.  cf.  Stat.  Theb.  vm  419  nee  locus  ad  ter- 

766.  terraque  soluta]  'as  the  earth  was  ram  tclis ;  in  corpora  fer> urn  omne  cadit. 
broken  up',     cf.  Verg.  G.  1  44  putris  se         779.     suos]  i.e.  suorum. 

glaeba  resoluit.  780.     quantum]    'the    more    the    front 

767.  Bistonio]  cf.  Hor.  carm.  1  xxv  12  rank  as  it  retired  drew  close  the  circle'. 
Thraeio  bacchante    magis  sub  interlunia  784.     non  tarn  lac/a]   'the  conquering 
uento.  Moors  did  not  see  such  a  joyful  spectacle 

770.    nullo  dubii]  'doubtful  chances  did      as  Fortune  really  gave'. 


ISO  LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 

corpora  :   comprcssum  turba  stctit  omnc  cadauer. 

cxcitct  inuisas  dirac  Karthaginis  umbras 
inferiis  Fortuna  nouis :    fcrat  ista  crucntus 
Hannibal  ct  Pocni  tarn  dira  piacula  manes.  790 

Romanam,  superi,  Libyca  tcllurc  ruinam 
Pompeio  prodesse  nefas  uotisquc  senatus : 
Africa  no.s  potius  uincat  sibi.     Curio  fusas 
ut  uidit  campis  acics,  et  cernerc  tantas 
pcrmisit  clades  compressus  sanguine  puluis,  795 

non  tulit  adfiictis  animam  producere  rebus 
aut  sperare  fugam,  ccciditque  in  strage  suorum 
impiger  ad  letum  et  fortis  uirtute  coacta. 

quid  nunc  rostra  tibi  prosunt  turbata  forumque 
undc  tribunicia  plcbeius  signifer  arte  800 

arma  dabas  populis  ?  quid  prodita  iura  senatus, 
et  gener  atque  socer  bello  concurrere  iussi  ? 
ante  iaces  quam  dira  duces  Pharsalia  confert, 
spectandumque  tibi  bellum  ciuile  negatum  est 
has  urbi  miserae  uestro  de  sanguine  poenas  805 

nempe  datis :   luitis  iugulo  sic  arma,  potentes  ? 
felix  Roma  quidem  ciuesque  habitura  beatos, 
si  libertatis  superis  tarn  cura  placeret 
quam  uindicta  placet.     Libycas  en  nobile  corpus 

787.     sfetit]    'stood   upright',     cf.    ill  n em  pkbi  Romanae...duas  arces  libertatis 

444,  445.  tuendae . .  .ademistis. 

789.     inferiis]  cf.  Hor.  carm.  11  i  27  signifer]  cf.  Cic.  pro  Muren.  §  50 minime 

uictorumncpotes  rcthtlit inferias Iugurthae.  timidum  et  ualde  calamitosum  esse  oportere 

793.     Africa]  stands  here  not  as  usual  eum,   qui  esset  futurus   dux   et  signifer 

for  the  Roman  province  of  Africa,  but  for  calamitosorum. 

the  continent,   equivalent  to  Libya,     cf.  801.     quid  prodita]  '  what  the  betrayal 

ix  729,  823.  of  the  senate's  rights?'  i.e.  their  right  to 

re'fojsc.  potius  quam  Pompeio  uelsenatui.  appoint  governors  of  the  provinces. 

795.  permisit]  'and  the  dust  laid  by  802.  et  gener]  Compare  the  words 
streams  of  blood  suffered  him  to  see  the  put  into  Curio's  mouth  1  289  socerum 
extent  of  the  disaster',     cf.  Verg.  G.  iv  depcllere  regno  decretum  genero  est. 

86,  87  hi  motns  animorum  atque  haec  cer-  gener  atque  socer]  cf.  Ov.  Met.  I  144, 

tamina  tanta  pulueris  exigui  iactu  com-  145  non  hospes  ab  hospite  tutus,  non  socer 

pressa  quiescunt.  a  genero. 

796.  non  tulit]  For  the  account  of  803.  confert]  equivalent  to  committit, 
Curio's  death  see  Caes.  B.C.  II  42.         .  'matches  against  each  other'. 

798.    uirtute  coacta]  '  with  valour  forced  806.     nempe  datis]   'such  no  doubt  is 

upon  him',     cf.  note  on  VII  395.  the  penalty  ye  pay'.    Cortius  followed  by 

800.    tribunicia... arte]  'with  a  true  tri-  Oud.  reads  ferre  datis,  comparing  ix  104 

bune's  skill  in  speaking'.   Cortius  followed  poenas  animae  uiuacis  ab  ipsa  ante  feram. 

by  Oud.   reads  arce,  which  would  be  in  potentes]  cf.  1  271. 

apposition  with  unde.     Oud.  cf.   Liv.   ill  809.     quam  uindicta]    cf.    Tac.    Hist. 

45  si  tribunicia m  auxilium  et  prouocalio-  I  3  nee  enim  titnquam  atrocioribus  populi 


LIBER    IV.    787—824.  151 

pascit  aucs  nullo  contcctus  Curio  busto.  810 

at  tibi  nos,  quando  non  prodcrit  ista  silere 
a  quibus  omne  aeui  senium  sua  fama  repellit, 
digna  damus,  iuucnis,  mcritae  pracconia  uitae. 
haud  alium  tanta  ciucm  tulit  indole  Roma, 
aut  cui  plus  leges  deberent  recta  sequenti.  815 

pcrdita  tunc  urbi  nocuerunt  saecula,  postquam 
ambitus  ct  luxus  et  opum  metuenda  facultas 
transuerso  mentem  dubiam  torrente  tulerunt : 
momentumque  fuit  mutatus  Curio  rerum 
Gallorum  captus  spoliis  et  Caesaris  auro.  820 

ius  licet  in  iugulos  nostros  sibi  fecerit  ense 
Sulla  potens  Mariusque  ferox  et  Cinna  cruentus 
Caesareaeque  domus  series :   cui  tanta  potestas 
concessa  est  ?   emere  omnes  hie  uendidit  urbem. 

Romani  cladibus   magisue  iustis  indiciis  818.    transuersd]  opposed  to  recta  815, 

adprobatum  est  non  esse  curae  deis  securi-  supr.  'swept  away  his  wavering  mind  with 

totem  nostram,  esse  ultionem.  sidelong  flood',     cf.  n  412. 

811.  at  tibi  nos]  Both  tibi  and  nos  819.  momentumque]  'and  the  change 
from  their  position  are  emphatic :  I,  of  Curio  was  that  which  turned  the  scale 
though  a  partizan  of  the  senate,  will  not  of  history',     cf.  Ill  337. 

refuse  to  give  his  due  to  Curio  who  be-  821.     ius   licet]   'won  with  his  sword 

trayed  it.  power  over  our  lives '. 

i/uando  non  prodcrit]  'since  it  will  not         823.    Caesareaeque]  'and  all  the  line  of 

avail  to  pass  by  in  silence  those  deeds  Caesar's  house'. 

which   their  own    glory  defends  against  824.     concessa  est  ?]   '  yet  to  whom  was 

all  the  decay  of  time'.  e'er    such    power    granted?     all     others 

812.  senium]  is  always  the  decay  of  bought,  he  alone  sold  the  state'.  Some  put 
old  age,  cf.  1  130.  Stat.  Theb.  IX  318  ues-  no  interrogation  after  concessa  est,  thus 
trum  opus  ire  retro  et  senium  defendere  distinguishing  the  legal  power  of  the  later 
famae.     cf.  also  Tac.  H.  11  24.  emperors,  but  Sulla's  dictatorship  at  all 

813.  digna]  'such  a  panegyric  as  thy  events  was  equally  legal  in  form. 

life  deserves'.  uendidit]     According  to  the  Scholiast 

815.     recta  sequenti]  'had  he  followed  Curio  is  referred  to  by  Verg.  Aen.  VI  621, 

the  path  of  right'.  622  uendidit  hie  auro  pat riam  dominum- 

817.  ambitus]  cf.  I  179.   Sen.  dial.  11  ii  §  que  pctentcm  imposuit ;  fixit  leges  prctio 

2  Cato...cum  ambitu congressus,  multiformi  atque  refixit. 

malo,  ct  cum  potentiae  inmensa  cupiditate. 


M.    ANNAEI    LUCANI 

PHARSALIAE 

LIBER   OUINTUS. 


ARGUMENT  OF  BOOK  V. 


The  consuls  call  a  meeting  of  the  Senate  in  Epirus  i — 14.  Lentulus  proposes  that 
Pompeius  should  be  appointed  to  the  command  of  the  war  15 — 48;  the  allies 
are  thanked  and  rewarded  49 — 64.  Appius  goes  to  consult  the  oracle  of  Delphi ; 
description  of  the  spot  65 — 85.  Origin  and  character  of  the  oracle  86 — 120. 
Appius  compels  the  priestess  to  prophesy  120 — 236.  Caesar's  troops  mutiny 
237 — 315;  he  quells  the  mutiny  316 — 373.  Caesar  collects  a  fleet,  returns  to 
Rome  and  assumes  the  dictatorship  374 — 402;  he  crosses  over  from  Brundusium 
to  Epirus  403 — 461,  and  encamps  opposite  Pompeius  462—475.  As  Antonius 
delays  to  follow,  Caesar  crosses  over  in  a  small  boat  to  fetch  him  on  a  stormy 
night  476 — 677  ;  his  soldiers  remonstrate  with  him  on  his  return  678 — 702. 
Antonius  crosses  with  the  rest  of  Caesar's  troops  703 — 721.  Pompeius  sends 
away  his  wife  Cornelia  to  Lesbos  for  safety  722 — 815. 

Sic  alterna  duces  bellorum  uolnera  passos 
in  Macetum  terras  miscens  aduersa  secundis 
seruauit  Fortuna  pares,     iam  sparserat  Haemo 
bruma  niues  gelidoque  cadens  Atlantis  Olympo  : 
instabatque  dies  qui  dat  noua  nomina  fastis  5 

quique  colit  primus  ducentem  tempora  Ianum. 
dum  tamen  emeriti  remanet  pars  ultima  iuris, 

1.  uolnera]  'disasters',  cf.  Tac.  Agric.  5.  dies]  i.e.  the  kalends  of  January 
7  sequens  annus  grant  uolncre  animum  on  which  the  new  consuls  entered 
domumque  eius  adflixit.                                     office. 

2.  in  Macetum  terras. . .pares]  'to  meet  6.  colit]  The  day  itself  is  said  to  honour 
in  strife  in  the  land  of  Macedon'.  cf.  Janus,  as  being  the  first  of  the  month 
note  on  1  7.                                                         named  after  him. 

4.     Atlantis]     'Atlas'  daughter  sailing  7.     emeriti]    is    explained   by  ultima, 

from  the  now  cooling  sky',  i.e.  it  was  late  'that  has  run  its  course',     cf.  Ov.  Fast, 

autumn  when  the  Pleiades  set.    cf.  Verg.  m  43,  44  quo  minus  emcritis  exiret  curst- 

G.  I  221  ante  tibi  Eoae  Atlantides  abscon-  bus  annus  restabant  nitido  iam  duo  signa 

dantur.  deo. 


LIBER   V.    i— 31.  153 

consul  utcrquc  uagos  belli  per  munia  Patres 

elicit  Epirum.     peregrina  ac  sordida  sedes 

Romanos  cepit  proceres :  secrctaque  rerum  10 

hospes  in  externis  audiuit  curia  tectis. 

nam  quis  castra  uocet  tot  strictas  iure  secures 

tot  fasces  ?     docuit  populos  ucnerabilis  ordo 

non  Magni  partes  sed  Magnum  in  partibus  esse. 

ut  primum  macstum  tenuere  silentia  coetum,  15 

Lentulus  excclsa  sublimis  sede  profatur : 

indole  si  dignum  Latia,  si  sanguine  prisco 

robur  inest  animis,  non  qua  tcllure  coacti, 

quamque  procul  tectis  captae  sedeamus  ab  urbis, 

cernite  :   sed  uestrae  faciem  cognoscite  turbae :         20 

cunctaque  iussuri  primum  hoc  decernite,  Patres, 

quod  regnis  populisque  liquet,  nos  esse  senatum. 

nam  uel   Hyperboreae  plaustrum  glaciale  sub  Vrsae, 

uel  plaga  qua  torrens  claususque  uaporibus  axis 

nee  patitur  noctes  nee  iniquos  crescere  soles,  25 

si  fortuna  fcrat,  rerum  nos  summa  sequetur 

imperiumque  comes.     Tarpeia  sede  perusta 

Gallorum  facibus  Veiosque  habitante  Camillo 

illic  Roma  fuit.     non  umquam  perdidit  ordo 

mutato  sua  iura  solo,     maerentia  tecta  30 

Caesar  habet  uacuasque  domos  legesque  silentis 

8.  uagos  belli  per  munia]   'dispersed     of  non  for  ne  is  reckoned  by  Quintilian 
for  various  warlike  duties'-  I  v  §  50  as  an  instance  of  soloecismus. 

9.  elicit]   i.e.    calls   away   from   their         coacti]  cf.  note  on  III  104. 

posts  to  Epirus.  21.     cunctaque  iussuri]   'ye   who  will 

11.  hospes]   'a  foreign  senate  house',     issue  orders  on  all  things',  implying  that 
curia  is  the  place  of  meeting,  not,  as  Weise     their  orders  would  be  obeyed. 

takes  it,  the  body  of  senators:  for  the  ad-  24.     claususque    uaporibus    axis]     'the 

jectival  use  of  hospes  cf.  Stat.  Silu.  v  i  252  region  shut  off  by  heat',  i.e.  made  unin- 

manes placidus  locat  hospite  cumba.  habitable,     cf.  Ilor.  carm.  1  xxii  21,  22 

12.  iure]  in  opposition  to  bello.  pone  sub  curru  nimium  propinqui  solis  in 
14.     non  Magni]  'that  they  were  not  terra  domibus  negata ;  for  clausus  cf.  infr. 

Magnus'   partizans,    but   he  was   theirs'.  407,  Verg.  Aen.  I  234  functus  ob  Italiam 

Oud.  cf.  Veil.  Pat.  11  xlix  §  2  consulcs  terrarum  clauditur  orbis. 

senatusque  causae  non  Pompeio  summam  25.     nee  patitur]  'suffers  neither  nights 

imperi  detulerunt.  nor  days  to  lengthen  and  become  unequal '. 

partes]     cf.   Tac.   Ann.  xvi    7  obiecta-  iniquos  is  part  of  the  predicate  and  is  to 

uitquc  Cassio  quod  inter  imagines  maiorum  be  taken  with  both  noctes  and  soles, 

etiam   C.   Cassi  effigiem  coluisset  ita   in-  26.     si  fortuna  feral]  'should  fortune 

script um,  duct partium.  sweep  us  thither'. 

18.     non]  is  written  here  instead  of  ne  sequetur]  'will  attend  us', 

as  if  refert  or  something  to  that  effect  was  30.     solo]  cf.  Juv.    XI    49   qui   uertcre 

to  follow  and  not  an  imperative:  the  use  solum  Baias  el  ad ostrca  currunt. 


154  LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 

clausaquc  iustitio  tristi  fora.     curia  solos 
ilia  uidet  Patrcs  plena  quos  urbc  fugauit. 
ordine  dc  tanto  quisquis  non  cxsulat  hie  est. 
ignaros  scclcrum  longaquc  in  pace  quietos  35 

bellorum  primus  sparsit  furor:    omnia  rursus 
membra  loco  redeunt.     en  totis  uiribus  orbis 
Hesperiam  pensant  supcri :    iacet  hostis  in  undis 
obrutus  Illyricis  :    Libyae  squalcntibus  aruis 
Curio  Caesarei  cccidit  pars  magna  senatus.  40 

tollite  signa,  duces:    fatorum  impellite  cursum  : 
spem  uestram  praestate  deis :    fortunaque  tantos 
det  nobis  animos,  quantos  fugientibus  hostem 
causa  dabat.     nostrum  exhausto  ius  clauditur  anno: 
uos,  quorum  finem  non  est  sensura  potestas,  45 

consulite  in  medium,  Patres,  Magnumque  iubete 
esse  ducem.     laeto  nomen  clamore  senatus 
excipit :    et  Magno  fatum  patriaeque  suomque 
imposuit.     tunc  in  reges  populosque  merentis 
sparsus  honos,  pelagique  potens  Phoebeia  donis       50 
exornata  Rhodos  gelidique  inculta  iuuentus 
Taygeti :   fama  ueteres  laudantur  Athenae: 
Massiliaeque  suae  donatur  libera  Phocis. 

32.  iuslitio]  cf.  note  on  u  17.  them  up  in  action. 

33.  plena  quos]  'whom  it  drove  from  44.  causa]  'the  justice  of  your  cause*, 
the  city  ere  it  was  deserted',  i.e.  whom  it  exhausto... an no]  'at  the  close  of  the 
declared  public  enemies.  year',     cf.  Tac.  Hist,  iv  29  sic  exhausta 

34.  quisquis  non  cxsulat]  i.e.  implying  node  nouam  acicm  dies  aperuit. 

that  the  senators  who  had  submitted    to  45.     non    est  sensura]     'will    not    be 

Caesar  were  the  real  exiles,  as  having  lost  subject  to',     cf.   Plin.  H.  N.   vm  §  68 

their  rights ;  compare  the  language  of  the  ration    et   ipsae    {cameli)   sentiunt.     See 

democratic    party   at    Samos   during  the  also  note  on  11  598. 

usurpation  of  the  four  hundred  at  Athens,  46.     in    medium]     'for    the     common 

Thuc.  vm    76    ws   ov   del  adv^zlv   ore   -q  weal',  cf.    Verg.    G.    I    127   in    medium 

7r6Ais     olvtwv    drp^arrjKe.       cf.     also     Ov.  quaerebant.     cf.  note  on  I  89. 

Trist.  V  x  37  barbarus  hie  ego  sum  quia  49.     imposuit]    'laid  on  Pompeius  the 

non  intelligor  ulli.  burden  of  their  own  and  their  country's 

35.  ignaros  scelerum]  'ignorant  of  civil  fate',  a  stronger  word  than  commisit.  cf. 
war '  and  so  unprepared  for  it.  Cic.  pro  Sest.  §  60  nee  illi  committendum 

37.  loco]  dative,  'to  their  place'.  Mud  negotium   sed  imponendum  putaue- 

38.  Hesperiam  pensant]    'make  up  for     runt. 

the  loss  of  Italy',  not  'of  Spain'  as  Weise         50.     honos]  'honorary  votes'. 

takes  it.  Phoebeia]     Rhodes  was   sacred  to  the 

39.  Libyae]  cf.  1  205,  206.  sun  with  whom  Apollo  was  identified  in 

41.  fatoru??i  impellite  cursum]  'hasten  later  times,  cf.  Pindar  Olym.  vu  54  foil, 
on  the  course  of  destiny',  cf.  infr.  108,  51.  inculta]  'rugged':  the  Laconians 
VII  452.  are  meant. 

42,  spem  uestram]  'give  the  gods  a  52.  fama  ueteres]  'of  ancient  renown', 
warrant  for  your  hopes',  i.e.  by  following  53.     Massiliaeque  suae]  'and  the  free- 


LIBER   V.   32—73.  155 

turn  Saclalen,  fortemque  Cotyn,  fidumque  per  arma 
Deiotarum,  et  gelidae  dominum  Rhasipolin  orac      55 
collaudant :    Libyamque  iubent  auctore  senatu 
sceptrifcro  parerc  Iubae.     pro  tristia  fata: 
en  tibi,  non  fidae  gentis  dignissimc  regno, 
Fortunae,  Ptolemaee,  pudor  crimenque  deorum, 
cingere  Pellaeo  pressos  diadematc  crincs  60 

permissum.     saeuom  in  populos,  puer,  accipis  ensem: 
atque  utinam  in  populos.     donata  est  regia  Lagi, 
accessit  Magni  iugulus :   regnumque  sorori 
ereptum  est  soceroque  nefas.     iam  turba  soluto 
arma  petit  coetu.     quae  cum  populique  ducesque   65 
casibus  incertis  et  caeca  sorte  pararent, 
solus  in  ancipites  metuit  descendere  Martis 
Appius  euentus :   finemque  expromere  rerum 
sollicitat  superos,  multosque  obducta  per  annos 
Delphica  fatidici  reserat  penetralia  Phoebi.  70 

Hesperio  tantum  quantum  submotus  Eoo 
cardine  Parnasus  gemino  petit  aethera  colle, 
mons  Phoebo  Bromioque  sacer:    cui  numine  mixto 

dom   of  Phocis   is  granted   as  a  reward  with    her   brother   by  the   will   of  their 

to  her  colony  Massilia '.     For  the  confu-  father  Ptolemaeus  Auletes. 

sion  between  Phocis  and  Phocaea  cf.  in  64.     socero]    i.e.     Caesar,    who    would 

340.  have  killed  Pompeius  had  not  Ptolemaeus 

57.  sccplrifero]  i.e.  ut  et  rex  diceretur.  done  so. 

Schol.  66.     casibus]  '  ignorant  of  the  result  and 

58.  non  fidae]  cf.   Propert.    Ill   xi   33      blind  to  their  future  fate '. 

noxia  Alexandria  dolis   aptissima  tellus,  69.     multosque  obditcta\  cf.  Juv.  VI  555 

also    the    letter  of    Hadrian   (which  is  of  quoniam  Dclplus  oracula  cessant  et  genus 

doubtful  authenticity)  quoted  in  Vopiscus'  humanum  damnat  caligofuturi. 

Life    of    Firmius    Satuminus,    cap.    vm  71.     submotus]  'distant',  equivalent  to 

Acgyptum  quam  mihi  laudabas,  Seruiane  remains,      cf.   Verg.    Aen.   VIII    193    hie 

carissime,  to/am  didici  leuem  pendulam  et  spelunca  fuit    uasto   sitbmota    sub    antro 

ad  omnia  famae  momenta  nelitantcm.  semihominis  Can'.     Delphi  was  supposed 

59.  Fortunae. ..pudor]  'scandal  of  For-  to  be  the  centre  of  the  earth,  cf.  Pindar 
tune'.  Pyth.    IV    131,    132    pLavrevfia   irap  nivov 

crimen]    i.e.    propter    quem    di    incu-  6/j.<pa\6i>  evdtvdpov  p-qdev  yucrr^pos.     Aesch. 

santur.     cf.  II  288.  Eunien.  40  6pt2  5'  eir'  6p.<pa\(p  [itv  dvdpa 

60.  Pellaeo]  sc.  Alexander's  diadem.  6eop.v<xrj.     Strabo  IX  iii  §  5  (4 19). 
pressos]   may   perhaps   be   taken    with         72.     cardine]  cf.  note  on  IV  73. 

diademate,  i.e.  cingere  et  premere,   but  it  gemino]  cf.  Ill  173. 

seems  better   to  explain  it   as    'piled   in  73.     Bromio]  i.e.  Baccho. 

layers'  as  a  mark  of  effeminacy,  cf.  Juv.  cut]  i.e.   mouti,   'whereto  the  Racchae 

vi  502  tot  prcmit .ordinibus  tot  adhuc  com-  bring  back   their  triennial   festivals',  i.e. 

pagibus  altum  aedificat  caput.  whereon    they    celebrate    their    festivals 

62.  in  populos]  i.e.  in  populos  solum.  every  third  year. 

63.  sorori]   sc.    Cleopatra,    who    had  numine  mixta]   'in  honour  of  the  two 
been  appointed  joint  sovereign  of  Egypt  gods  combined'. 


156  LUCANI   PHARSALTAE 

Delphica  Thcbanac  rcfcrunt  tricterica  Bacchae. 

hoc  solum  fluctu  terras  mergente  cacumen  75 

emicuit,  pontoquc  fuit  discrimen  ct  astris. 

tu  quoque  uix  summam  scductus  ab  aequore  rupem 

cxtulcras  unoquc  iugo,  Parnasc,  latcbas. 

ultor  ibi  cxpulsae  premerct  cum  uisccra  partus 

matris  adhuc  rudibus  Paean  Pythona  sagittis  80 

explicuit,  cum  regna  Themis  tripodasque  tencrct. 

ut  uidit  Paean  uastos  telluris  hiatus 

diuinam  spirare  fidem  uentosque  loquaces 

exhalare  solum,  sacris  se  condidit  antris, 

incubuitque  adyto  uates  ibi  factus  Apollo.  85 

quis  latet  hie  superum  ?    quod  numen  ab  aethere  pressum 
dignatur  caecas  inclusum  habitare  cauernas  ? 
quis  terram  caeli  patitur  deus,  omnia  cursus 
aeterni  secreta  tenens  mundique  futuri 
conscius,  ac  populis  sese  proferre  paratus,  90 

contactusque  ferens  hominum  magnusque  potensque, 
siue  canit  fatum,  seu  quod  iubet  ille  canendo 
fit  fatum  ?     forsan  terris  inserta  regendis 

75.  hoc  solum]  cf.  Ov.  Met.  I  316 —  haled  speaking  airs',  cf.  Strabo  IX  iii  §  5 
319  mons  ibi  ucrticibus  petit  arduus  astra  (419)  <paal  5'  ebnu  to  pavreiov  txvrpov  koTXov 
duobus,  nomine  I'arnasus,  superatque  ca-  KarapdOovs  ov  pa\a  evpuarop.ov,  avacptpecrdai 
a/mine  nubes.     hie  ubi  Deucalion,   nam  5£  e£  avrov  Trvevpa  evdovcnao-Tucov. 

cetera   texerat  aequor,  cum   consorte  tori  85.     uates  ibi  factus]  'and  there  became 

parua  rate  uectus  adhaesit.                 .  a  seer '. 

76.  emicuit]  'shot  up'.  86.    pressum]      'forced     down     from 
discrimen]  'and  was  all  that  separated  heaven',     cf.  Verg.  G.  II  26  siluarumque 

the  sea   and  the  stars',    cf.   Verg.  Aen.  aliae  pressos  propaginis  arc  us  exspectant. 
IX   142 — 144   quibus   haec  medii  fiducia         88.     omnia  cursus]  '  comprehending  all 

ualli  fossarumque  morae  leti  discrimina  the  secrets  of  the  eternal  course  of  things, 

parua  dant  anitnos.     Ov.  ex  Ponto  I  viii  and  conscious  of  the  future  of  the  world '. 
6r,    62    unde    sed    hoc    nobis,    minimum         91.     contactusque  ferens]    Oud.  cf.  Sen. 

quos    inter    et    hostem    discrimen    murus  de  benef.  IV  xix  §  2  hunc  igitur  insacptum 

clausaquc  porta  facit?  ingenti  quidem  ct  inexplicabili  muro  diui- 

77.  tu  quoque]  i.e.  yet  even  Parnassus  sumque  a  contactu  et  a  conspectu  morta- 
scarcely  raised  its  peak  above  the  waves,  Hum  non  habes  quare  uerearis,  in  which 
and  then  only  one  of  the  two.  passage  Seneca  is  arguing  against  the  Epi- 

79.  expulsae    premerct]    '  driven    out      cureans. 

when  on  the  verge  of  childbirth'.  93.    forsan]   'maybe  some   great   por- 

80.  rudibus]  'unpractised'.  tion  of  entire  Jove,  enclosed  in  the  earth 

81.  explicuit]  'laid  low',  cf.  note  on  to  guide  it,  which  holds  the  round  world 
IV  629.  balanced  in  the  empty  air,  finds  an  exit 

Themis]    cf.  Aesch.    Eumen.  2 — 4   e/c  through  the  caves  of  Cirrha  and  is  drawn 

5£  ttjs  <dtp.iv  ■!]  8rj  to  p.riTp6s  devT^pa  rod'  forth    still    united   to    the    Thunderer  on 

'4'^ero  pLavrelov.  high'.      The    reference    is   to   the   Stoic 

83.     diuinam]    'breathed    forth    god-  doctrine  of  the  anima  mundi,  cf.  ix  578 

given  certainty,  and  that  the  ground  ex-  — 580,  Verg.  Aen.  VI  724 — 734. 


LIBER   V.    74—109. 


157 


acre  libratum  uacuo  quae  sustinet  orbem 

totius  pars  magna  Iouis  Cirrhaca  per  antra  95 

exit  et  aetherio  trahitur  conexa  Tonanti. 

hoc  ubi  uirgineo  conceptum  est  pectore  numen 

humanam  feriens  animam  sonat  oraque  uatis 

soluit;    ceu  Siculus  flammis  urgentibus  Aetnam 

undat  apex:    Campana  fremens  ceu  saxa  uaporat  100 

conditus  Inarimcs  aeterna  mole  Typhoeus. 

hoc  tamen  expositum  cunctis  nullique  negatum 
numen  ab  humani  solum  sc  labe  furoris 
uindicat.     haud  illic  tacito  mala  uota  susurro 
concipiunt.     nam  fixa  canens  mutandaque  nulli,     105 
mortales  optare  uetat:    iustisque  benignus 
saepe  dedit  sedem  totas  mutantibus  urbes, 
ut  Tyriis:    dedit  ille  minas  impellere  belli, 
ut  Salaminiacum  meminit  mare :    sustulit  iras 


94.  sustinet]  Cf.  Eur.  Troad.  884 
— 887  u>  777s  &xyn&  Kanl  777s  exuv  topav, 
Sons  wot'  el  (XV  dvcrroTraffTos  eidevai.,  Zevs, 
e?r'  avdyKT)  cpvaeos  dre  vovs  /3/3oxtDc,  irpocr- 
r]v^afj.7]u  ae. 

96.  trahitur]  i.e.  from  the  cave,  rather 
than  as  the  Scholiast  takes  it  'down  from 
heaven'. 

98.  humanam~\  'it  smites  the  human 
soul  and  thus  finds  utterance'. 

99.  ceu  Siculus]  The  comparison  seems 
to  be  between  the  violence  with  which  the 
oracles  are  forced  out  of  the  priestess  and 
that  of  the  eruption  of  Aetna,  cf.  infr. 
118  foil.,  Verg.  Aen.  VI  77 — 80. 

100.  undat]  cf.  Verg.  G.  1  471  quo- 
tiens  Cyclopum  efferuere  in  agros  iridiums 
undantem  ruptis  fomacibus  Aetnam. 

101.  Inarimes]  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  ix 
716,  717  turn  sonitu  Prochyta  alta  tremit 
magnumque  cubile  Inarinu  Iouis  imperils 
imposta  Typhoeo. 

102.  exposition]  'easy  of  access',  cf. 
Piin.  Epp.  l  x  %  2  est  enim  {Euphrates) 
obuius  et  expositus  plenusque  humanitate 
quant  praecipit.  Stat.  Silu.  v  iii  246 
quid  referam  expositos  scruato  pondere 
mores  ? 

103.  furoris]  'wickedness'  generally, 
perhaps  with  a  reference  to  the  Stoic  doc- 
trine, cf.  Hor.  Sat.  11  iii  41 — ^  quern  mala 
stullitia  et  qucmeunque  inscilia  ueri  caci  it  in 
agit  insanum  Chrysippi  portion  et  gi-ex 
autitiuat ;  liaee  populos  haec  magnos formu- 
la reges  excepto  sapiente  tenet. 


104.  tacito]  cf.  Pers.  11  5—7  at  bona 
pars  procerum  tacita  libabit  acerra;  haud 
cuiuis  pro/upturn  est  murmitrque  humiles- 
que  susurros  tollere  de  templis  et  aperto 
uiucre  nolo. 

mala  uota]  Compare  the  story  of  the 
Spartan  Glaucus  in  Herod.  VI  86,  Juv. 
xiii  199 — 207. 

105.  concipiunt]  'do  men  formulate', 
cf.  Ov.  Met.  vii  593,  594  dum  uota  sacer- 
dos  coucipit;  so  conceptis  uerbis  means  'in 
a  set  form  of  words',  cf.  Petron.  113 
iurat  Eumolpus  uerbis  conceptissimis. 

106.  optare]  i.  e.  to  pray  for  any  change 
by  bribing  the  gods,  cf.  Pers.  II  29,  30 
aut  quidnam  est  qua  tu  mercede  deorum 
cmcris  auriculas  ?  puhuone  et  lactibus 
u  net  is  ? 

108.  ut  Tyriis]  Weise  refers  to  Diodor. 
Sic.  xxv  2 ;  the  Tyrians  having  consult- 
ed the  oracle  in  consequence  of  the  earth- 
quakes from  which  they  suffered,  cf.  ill 
217,  were  ordered  to  found  colonies. 

minas  impellere  belli]  i.  e.  fortiter  et 
ultro  bellum  faccre  contra  hostes,  cf.  supr. 
41  f alarum  impellite  cursum  Weise.  If 
this  be  the  right  explanation  it  must  refer 
to  the  encouragement  given  to  the 
Athenians  by  the  oracle  as  interpreted  by 
Themistocles.  cf.  Herod,  vn  140 — 143. 
Another  way  would  be  to  take  minas 
impellere  belli  as  'to  strike  down  the 
threats  of  war',  i.e.  'the  threatening  foe', 
cf.  757  infr.,  1  149,  viii  707. 

109.  meminit]  'testifies'. 


158  LUCANI    PI-IARSALIAE 

telluris  stcrilis  monstrato  fine:    rcsoluit  no 

aera  tabificum.     non  ullo  saecula  dono 

nostra  carent  maiore  deum  quam  Delphica  scdes 

quod  siluit,  postquam  reges  timucre  futura 

et  superos  uctuere  loqui.     nee  uoce  negata 

Cirrhaeae  maerent  uates,  tcmplique  fruuntur  115 

iustitio.     nam  si  qua  deus  sub  pectora  uenit, 

numinis  aut  poena  est  mors  immatura  recepti 

aut  pretium  :    quippe  stimulo  fluctuque  furoris 

compages  humana  labat  pulsusque  deorum 

concutiunt  fragiles  animas.     sic  tempore  longo        120 

immotos  tripodas  uastaeque  silentia  rupis 

Appius  Hesperii  scrutator  ad  ultima  fati 

sollicitat.     iussus  sedes  laxare  uerendas 

antistes  pauidamque  deis  immittere  uatem 

Castalios  circum  latices  nemorumque  recessus         125 

Phemonoen  errore  uagam  curisque  uacantem 

corripuit  cogitque  fores  irrumpere  templi. 

limine  terrifico  metuens  consistere  Phoebas 

absterrere  ducem  noscendi  ardore  futura 

cassa  fraude  parat.     quid  spes,  ait,  improba  ueri    130 

no.     monstrato]  cf.  Verg.  G.  IV   549  fliictu]  'surging  tide',    cf.  Catul.  LXIV 

monstratas  excitat  aras.  97,   98  qualibus  incensam  iactastis  menle 

fine]  cf.  Hor.  Epod.  XVII  36  quae  finis  puellamfluctibus. 

aut  quod me  manet  stipend ium?  119.       compages]    'the    human    frame 

resoluit]    'has  dispersed    unwholesome  is  shaken',     cf.  the  use  of  crates  in  Verg. 

air'.  Aen.  xn  508  transadigit  costas  et  crates 

in.     non  ullo]  'in  no  way  has  our  age  pectoris  ensem. 
lost  a  greater  gift  of  heaven  than  in  the  120.     concutiunt]   'shatter',    the  meta- 
fact  that    the   Delphic  temple  has   been  phor  is  apparently  from  the  wind  break- 
silent',  ing  the  branches  of  a  tree. 

114.     nee  twee]  'nor  do  Cirrha's  pries-  122.     ad  ultima]  is  to  be   taken  with 

tesses  grieve  that  utterance  is  forbidden,  scrutator,  'prying  into  the  fate  of  Italy  to 

but  enjoy  the  temple's  idleness',     que  is  the  furthest  point', 

here  disjunctive.  124.     deis  immittere]  '  to  send  in  to  visit 

116.     sub  pectora]   cf.    Verg.    Aen.  VI  the  gods',    cf.  Verg.  Aen.  vi  50,  51  afifata 

77 — 80  at  Phocbi  nondum patiens  immanis  est  numine  quando  iam  propiore  dei.    Oud. 

in  antro  bacchatur  tiates,  magnum  si  pec-  cf.  Sil.  Ital.  1  124  intrauit  mentes  stiperum 

tore  possit  excussisse  deum;     tanto  magis  (sacerdos). 

ille  fatigat  os  rabidiun  fiera  corda  domans  126.     Phemonoen]    This    was    said   to 

fingitque  domando.  have  been  the  name  of  the  first  Pythian 

118.    aut  pretium]  referring  to  the  story  priestess,  cf.  Strabo  IX  iii  §  5  (419). 

of  Cleobis  and  Biton  in  Herod.  1  31.  uagam   curisque   uacantem]     cf.    Hor. 

quippe  stimulo]    For   the   lengthening  carm.  1  xxii  10,   n  ultra  terminum  curis 

of  the  short  e  before  si  cf.  Catul.   lxiv  nagor  expeditis. 

186  nulla  fiugae  ratio,  nulla  spes,  omnia  130.     improba]    'excessive',   'unprinci- 

7nuta.  pled'. 


LIBER   V.    no— 148. 


159 


te,  Romane,  trahit  ?     muto  Parnasus  hiatu 
conticuit  pressitquc  dcum :    seu  spiritus  istas 
destituit  fauces  mundique  in  deuia  uersum 
duxit  iter :   seu  barbarica  cum  lampade  Python 
arsit  in  immensas  cineres  abiere  caucrnas  135 

et  Phocbi  tenucrc  uiam  :    seu  sponte  deorum 
Cirrha  silet,  fatique  sat  est  arcana  futuri    . 
carmine  longaeuae  uobis  commissa  Sibyllae : 
seu  Paean  solitus  templis  arcere  nocentis 
ora  quibus  soluat  nostro  non  inuenit  aeuo.  140 

uirginei  patucre  doli  fecitque  negatis 
numinibus  metus  ipse  fidem.     turn  torta  priores 
stringit  uitta  comas  crinesque  in  terga  solutos 
Candida  Phocaica  complectitur  infula  lauro. 
haerentem  dubiamque  premens  in  templa  sacerdos  145 
impulit.     ilia  pauens  adyti  penetrale  remoti 
fatidicum  prima  templorum  in  parte  resistit : 
atque  deum  simulans  sub  pectore  ficta  quieto 


132.  pressitque  deum]  'and  has  stifled 
the  god'. 

133.  mundique  in  deuia]  Weise 
quotes  from  Marcianus  Capella  I  licet  inde 
(ex  Phocide)  quoque  ad  Indici  montis 
secreium  obumbratumque  scopulum  nube 
per  pet  ua  poster ius  migrasse  (Apollinem) 
perhibebant. 

134.  barbarica]  i.e.  when  the  temple 
was  plundered  by  the  Gauls  under  Bren- 
nus,  according  to  Grotius;  but  it  appears 
from  Pausanias  I  §  1 1  that  they  were  not 
successful  in  their  attack  on  the  temple. 
Micyllus  suggests  that  the  temple  may 
have  suffered  in  the  Mithridatic  war. 
Weise  suggests  that  it  had  been  last  burnt 
by  the  Thracians. 

135.  abiere]  'penetrated'. 

136.  et  Phoebi]  'and  so  choked  Phoe- 
bus' passage'. 

137.  fatique  sat  est] '  and  it  suffices  that 
the  secrets  of  future  destiny  have  been 
entrusted  to  you  in  the  aged  Sibyl's  strains'. 
esse  is  omitted  after  commissa,  as  the 
Scholiast  explains.  Most  MSS.  read  car- 
tnina,  which  would  have  to  be  taken  as 
arcana  carmina  commissa  esse;  but  as 
Weise  remarks,  arcana  committuntur  non 
carmina.  For  sat  est  Oud.  d.  Verg.  Eel. 
VII  33,  34  sinum  lactis  et  hacc  te  liba  Priape 
quotannis  exspectare  sat  est. 


139.  arcere  nocentis]  Compare  the 
complaint  of  the  Furies  against  Apollo  in 
Aesch.  Eum.  169  ecpeariu:  5e  fj-avris  wv 
[udafxaTi  fAVxbv  'ixpava^  auToavros  avroKXrj- 

TOS. 

140.  ora  quibus  soluat]  i.e.  homines 
quibus  ora  sua  soluat,  'men  who  deserve 
that  he  should  unlock  his  lips  to  answer 
them',     cf.  DC  554— 557. 

141.  uirginei]  i.e.  uirginis  Phemo- 
noes,  not  'maidenly'  generally;  compare 
the  use  of  uirilis  in  Ov.  Met.  Ill  189  uol- 
t unique  uirilem  perfudit  i.e.  uiri  Actaeo- 
nis  mentioned  before. 

fecitque]  'the  fear  which  she  betrayed 
caused  belief  in  the  gods  whose  power 
she  denied',  i.e.  showed  that  she  herself 
did  not  believe  in  the  cessation  of  the 
oracle.  Weise's  explanation,  extorsit 
oraculum  is  clearly  wrong. 

144.  infula]  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  x  537,  538 
Phoebi  Triuiaeqiu  sacerdos,  infula  cui 
sacra  redimibat  tempo r a  uitta,  on  which 
Servius  remarks,  infula,  fascia  in  modum 
diadematis  a  qua  itiltae  ab  utraque  parte 
dependent:  quae  plerumque  lata  est,  ple- 
runique  tortilis,  ex  albo  et  cocco. 

146.  pauens]  'shrinking  from  the  ora- 
cular recess  in  the  inmost  shrine '. 

148.  sub  peetore]  '  invented  in  the 
depths  of  an  uninspired  breast '. 


160  LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 

ucrba  refert  nullo  confusac  murmurc  uocis 
instinctam  sacro  mentcm  tcstata  furore,  150 

haud  aeque  laesura  duccm  cui  falsa  cancbat 
quam  tripodas  Phocbiquc  fidem.     non  rupta  trcmenti 
uerba  sono,  ncc  uox  antri  complere  capacis 
sufficiens  spatium,  nulloque  horrore  comarum 
excussae  laurus  immotaque  culmina  templi  155 

securumque  nemus  ueritam  sc  credere  Phoebo 
prodidcrant.  sentit  tripodas  cessare,  furensque 
Appius,  et  nobis  meritas  dabis,  impia,  poenas, 
et  superis  quos  fingis,  ait,  nisi  mergeris  antris, 
deque  orbis  trepidi  tanto  consulta  tumultu  160 

desinis  ipsa  loqui.     tandem  conterrita  uirgo 
confugit  ad  tripodas  uastisque  abducta  cauernis 
haesit  et  insueto  concepit  pectore  numen, 
quod  non  exhaustae  per  tot  iam  saecula  rupis 
spiritus  ingessit  uati ;   tandemque  potitus  165 

pectore  Cirrhaeo  non  umquam  plenior  artus 
Phoebados  irrupit  Paean  :    mentemque  priorem 
expulit  atque  hominem  toto  sibi  cedere  iussit 
pectore.     bacchatur  demens  aliena  per  antrum 
colla  ferens,  uittasque  dei  Phoebeaque  serta  170 

erectis  discussa  comis  per  inania  templi 

149.  nullo  confusae]  'which  do  not  by  161.     ipsa]  'of  thine  own  motion',  tua 
their  muttering  and    indistinct   utterance     ipsius  inuenta,  non  dei.     Weise. 

bear  witness  that  her  mind  is  inspired  with  163.     haesit]  'remained  there'. 

sacred  frenzy'.  insueto]  not  equivalent  to  desueto  as  she 

150.  teslata]   This   word   and   laesura  had  never  been  inspired  before,     cf.  supr. 
might  be  taken  either  as  accusative  refer-  117. 

ring  to  uerba,  or  as  nominative  referring  164.  quod  non — uati]  'which  the  va- 
to  the  priestess:  the  former  seems  prefer-  pour  of  the  rock...  breathed  into  the  pries- 
able,  tess'  frame'. 

151.  haud  aeque  laesura]   i.e.  which  166.    pecto)-e  Cirrhaeo]  i.e.  'worthy  of 
would  cause  less  damage  to  Appius  than  Apollo'. 

discredit  to  Apollo.  non  umquam]  'neverwith  fuller  strength 

152.  non  rupta]  'did  not  burst  forth '.     forced  a  way  into  the  priestess' frame '.    cf. 
cf.  Verg.  Aen.  11  416  aduersi  rupto  ceu     IV  122. 

quondam  turbine  uenti  conjligunt.  168.     hominem]    'human   nature',    cf. 

154.     nulloque   ho?-rore]  'nor  were  the  Verg.  Aen.  II  591  confessa  deam. 

wreaths  of  bay  shaken  off  by  the  bristling  169.     aliena]  i.e.  not  under  her  own 

of  her  hair'.  control,    cf.  Hor.  Sat.  11  iii  72  malis  riden- 

157.     cessare]  'lay  idle', 'were  unused',  tern  alienis  according  to  one  interpretation. 

Weise  compares  the  use  of  cessare  as  ap-  170.     uittasqzie  dei]   'and  with  the  fil- 

plied  to  land,  'to  lie  fallow',     cf.  Verg.  lets   of  the   god  and  Phoebus'  garlands 

G.  1  71   alternis   idem   tonsas  cessare  no-  shaken  off  as  her  hair  stood  on  end',  cf.  II 

ualis.  336  cineresque  ingesta  sepulcri. 


LIBER   V.    149—193.  161 

ancipiti  ccruicc  rotat,  spargitque  uaganti 

obstantis  tripodas,  magnoquc  cxacstuat  igni, 

iratum  tc,  Phoebe,  ferens.     nee  uerbere  solo 

uteris  et  stimulis  flammasquc  in  uiscera  mergis :    175 

accipit  et  frenos :    nee  tantum  prodere  uati 

quantum  scire  licet,     uenit  aetas  omnis  in  unam 

congericm  :    miserumque  premunt  tot  saecula  pectus. 

tanta  patct  rerum  series  atque  omnc  futurum 

nititur  in  lucem  :   uocemque  petentia  fata  180 

luctantur :    non  prima  dies  non  ultima  mundi 

non  modus  oceani  numcrus  non  deerat  harenae. 

talis  in  Euboico  uates  Cumana  recessu, 

indignata  suom  multis  seruire  furorem 

gentibus,  ex  tanta  fatorum  strage  superba  185 

excerpsk  Romana  manu.     sic  plena  laborat 

Phemonoe  Phoebo,  dum  te,  consultor  operti 

Castalia  tellure  dei,  uix  inuenit,  Appi, 

inter  fata  diu  quaerens  tarn  magna  latentem. 

spumea  turn  primum  rabies  uaesana  per  ora  190 

effluit,  et  gemitus,  et  anhelo  clara  meatu 

murmura:   turn  maestus  uastis  ululatus  in  antris, 

extremaeque  sonant  domita  iam  uirgine  uoces : 

172.     rotat]  cf.  1  566,  Val.  Flac.  I  208,  very   strange   one,  as   one   prophetess   is 

209  uittamque  comamqite  per  auras  sur-  compared  to  another. 

gentem  laurusque  rotat.  Euboico]      Cumae     was     founded     by 

174.    ferens]  intra  se  habens.     Weise.  settlers  from   Cyme  in  Aeolis  and  from 

nee  uerbere  solo]  'nor  dost  thou  ply  the  Chalcis  in  Euboea.     cf.  Strabo  V  4  (243). 

lash  alone  and  goad,  and  plunge  thy  fires  See  also  Verg.  Aen.  vi  2. 

deep  into  her  breast ;  she  has  to  bear  the  1S4.     indignata]   'disdaining   that   her 

curb   as  well',     cf.    Verg.   Aen.  VI    100,  frenzy  should  be  at  the  service  of  many 

10 1  ea  frena  furenti  concutit  et  stimulos  nations',    cf.  1  319  iussam  seruire fatnem. 

sub  pee  tore  itertit  Apollo.  185.     ex  tanta]  'out  of  so  great  a  heap 

176.  nee  tantum]  'nor  is  the  priestess  of  destinies  she  picked  out  those  of  Rome 
suffered  to  reveal  all  she   is   suffered    to  with  prideful  hand '. 

know'.  1 87.     te]  sc.  luafata. 

177.  uenit  aetas]  'all  future  time  ga-  189.     inter  fata]    'long    searching  for 
thers  into  one  vast  heap '.                                  thee  concealed  amid  so  many  mighty  fates'. 

180.    nititur]  'struggles  to  the  light'.  190.     turn]  i.e.  when  she  had  found  the 

Oud.  cf.  Ov.  ex  Ponto  11  vii   27  et  quot  fate  of  Appius. 

aues  motis  nitantur  in  aera pennis.  191.     anhelo  clara]    'murmurs   uttered 

uocemque  petentia]  'vie  in  seeking  utter-  loudly  with  panting  breath'. 

ance'.  meatu]  i. e. respiration,  cf.  Plin. Epp.  VI 

182.  modus   oceani]    'the  compass   of  xvi  §  13  meatus  animae  qui  ill/  propter 
the  ocean'.  amplitudinem  corporis grauior  etsonantior 

183.  talis]     The  point  of  comparison  erat. 

is  not  obvious,  but  probably  talis  implies         193.     extremae]  'at  last'. 

'after  such  a  struggle'.     The  simile  is  a         domita]  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  VI  79,  80. 

ILL.  II 


i62  LUCANI   PHARSALIAE 

effugis  ingentis  tanti  discriminis  cxpers 

bellorum,  o  Romanc,  minas  :   solusquc  quictcm      195 

Euboici  uasta  latcris  conuallc  tcncbis. 

cetera  subpressit  faucesque  obstruxit  Apollo. 

custodcs  tripodes  fatorum  arcanaque  mundi, 
tuque  potens  ueri,  Paean,  nullumque  futuri 
a  superis  celate  diem,  suprcma  ruentis  200 

imperii  caesosque  duces  et  funera  regum 
et  tot  in  Hesperio  collapsas  sanguine  gentes 
cur  aperire  times  ?     an  nondum  numina  tantum 
decreuere  nefas  ?    et  adhuc  dubitantibus  astris 
Pompeii  damnare  caput  tot  fata  tcnentur  ?  205 

uindicis  an  gladii  facinus  poenasque  furoris 
regnaque  ad  ultores  iterum  redeuntia  Brutos 
ut  peragat  Fortuna,  taces  ?    turn  pectore  uatis 
impactae  cessere  fores  expulsaque  templis 
prosiluit:   perstat  rabies;    nee  cuncta  locutae,  210 

quern  non  emisit,  superest  deus.     ille  feroces 
torquet  adhuc  oculos  totoque  uagantia  caelo 
lumina,  nunc  uoltu  pauido  nunc  torua  minaci : 
stat  numquam  facies :    rubor  igneus  inficit  ora 
liuentisque  genas:    nee  qui  solet  esse  timenti  215 

terribilis  sed  pallor  inest :    nee  fessa  quiescunt 
corda,  sed  ut  tumidus  Boreae  post  flamina  pontus 


194.  effugis]  obscure  mortem  denun-  silent  in  order  that  fate  may  carry  out  the 
tiat;  nam  in  Euboea  iste  periit,  in  ciui-  deed  of  the  avenging  sword,  the  punish- 
tate  Chalcide.  Schol.  cf.  Val.  Max.  I  viii  ment  for  civil  strife,  and  tyranny  again 
§  10  where  the  oracle  is  given  thus,  nihil  coming  round  to  find  its  avenger  in  the 
ad  te  hoc  Romane  helium;  Euboeae  coela  line  of  Brutus?'  i.e.  lest  if  the  deed  of 
(kol\cl)  obtinebis.  Brutus  were  known  beforehand  it  should 

195.  solus]  'by  thyself,  i.e.  he  was  be  prevented. 

not   to  die   in   battle,  but   by  a  natural  210.     nee]  i.e.  et  71071,  'as  she  had  not 

death.  uttered  all  she  knew'. 

199.  potens  ueri]  'master  of  the  truth'.  211.     ille]  So  Oud.  with  most  MSS., 

200.  eclate]    'from  whom  no  future  day  and    the    Scholiast,    who    explains  it   as 
is  hidden  by  the  gods  above',    cf.  Tibull.  Apollo,  who  had  taken  complete  posses- 
I  viii  1,  2  710/1  ego  cela7-i possim  quid  nutus  sion  of  the  priestess.     Weise  reads  ilia, 
amantis,  quidue  ferant  7/iiti  le/iia  uerba  212.     totoque]  'and  her  eyes  which  now 
S0710.  wander  vaguely  over   the  whole    sky  as 

202.     et  tot]  'and  the  ruin  of  so  many  she  looks  terrified,  now  glare  as  she  looks 

nations  in  the  bloodshed  of  the  west',  i.  e.  threatening'. 

referring  to  the  battle  of  Munda ;    cf.   I  214.     stat]    Oud.   cf.    Sil.  Ital.   xv  29 

40.  sta/is  uoltus  in  a  description  of  Virtus. 

205.  tenc/ititr]  'are  held  in  suspense'.  216.     nee  fessa]  'nor  can  her  wearied 

206.  ui/idieis  aw  gladii]   'or  art  thou  heart  find  any  rest',  i.e.  from  throbbing. 


LIBER   V.    194 — 242.  .      163 

rauca  gemit;   sic  muta  lcuant  suspiria  uatem. 

dumque  a  luce  sacra,  qua  uidit  fata,  rcfcrtur 

ad  uolgare  iubar  mediae  ucnere  tenebrae.  220 

immisit  Stygiam  Paean  in  uiscera  Lethcn, 

qua  raperet  secreta  deum.     turn  pectore  uerum 

fugit  et  ad  Phoebi  tripodas  redicre  futura: 

uixque  refccta  cadit.     nee  te  uicinia  leti 

territat  ambiguis  frustratum  sortibus,  Appi :  225 

iure  sed  incerto  mundi  subsidere  regnum 

Chalcidos  Euboiaac,  uana  spe  rapte,  parabas. 

heu  demens,  nullum  belli  sentire  fragorem, 

tot  mundi  caruisse  malis,  praestare  deorum 

excepta  quis  morte  potest  ?     secreta  tenebis  230 

litoris  Euboici,  memorando  condite  busto, 

qua  maris  angustat  fauces  saxosa  Carystos, 

et  tumidis  infesta  colit  qua  numina  Rhamnus, 

artatus  rapido  feruet  qua  gurgite  pontus, 

Euripusque  trahit  cursum  mutantibus  undis  235 

Chalcidicas  puppes  ad  iniquam  classibus  Aulin. 

interea  domitis  Caesar  remeabat  Hiberis 
uictrices  aquilas  alium  laturus  in  orbem : 
cum  prope  fatorum  tantos  per  prospera  cursus 
auertere  dei.     nullo  nam  Marte  subactus  240 

intra  castrorum  timuit  tentoria  ductor 
perdere  successus  scelerum :  cum  paene  fldeles 

21S.     rauca  gemit]    'booms   hoarsely'.  229.     praestare]  'what  god  can  ensure 

cf.  Verg.  Aen.  ix  124  cunctatur  et  am/it's  thee  this  save  death  alone?' 

rauca  sonans.  232.     saxosa]  Carystos  was   famed  for 

muta]  '  inarticulate '  not  'silent',  cf.  Hor.  its  marble  quarries. 

Sat.  1  iii  99,  100  cum  prorepserunt  primis  233.     tumidis]  'the  proud',    cf.  II  672, 

ttnimalia  terris  mutum  ac  turpe pectus.  Sen.  de  benef.  11  xvi  §  2   tumidissimum 

220.     uolgare  iubar]  ' the  light  of  com-  animal  {Alexander). 

mon  day '.  numina]  i.  e.  Nemesis,    cf.  Catul.  LXV  7 1 

mediae]  i.  e.  inter  statum  furoris  diuini  pace  tuafari  haec  liceat  Rhamnusia  uirgo. 

et  receptae  mentis  humanae.     Weise.  235.     cursum]  The  tides  in  the  Euripus 

223-    futura]  i.e.  the  knowledge  of  the  were  said  to  ebb  and  flow  seven  times  in 

future.  the   twenty-four   hours,    cf.  Plin.  H.   N. 

224.     uicinia  leti]  'the  near  approach  of  11  g  219. 

death',  cf.  iv  518,  Petron.  115  miratiquod  240.     auertere]  'turned  aside',  i.  e.  from 

ilh  uacaret  in  uicinia  mortis  poema  face  re.  their   prosperous   course   to  a  worse,  cf. 

226.     iure  sed  incerto]  'but  while  it  was  Verg.   Eel.  vm   66  coniugis  ut  magicis 

uncertain  who  should  rule  the  world'.  sanos  auertere  sacris  experiar  sensus. 

subsidere]  'to  lie  in  wait  for',    cf.  Verg.  242.    paene]  to  be  taken  with  destituere ; 

Aen.  XI  268  deuictam  Asiam  subsedit  adul-  for  the  position  of  this  word  cf.   note  on 

fer,Sil.Ital.  XIII  221  subsidere  saepe leonem.  11  136. 

I  I — 2 


1 64      •  LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 

per  tot  bella  manus  satiatae  sanguine  tandem 

destituere  ducem :   seu  maesto  classica  paulum 

intermissa  sono  claususque  et  frigidus  ensis  245 

expulerat  belli  furias :    seu  praemia  miles 

dum  maiora  petit  damnat  causamque  ducemque, 

ct  scelerc  imbutos  etiam  nunc  uenditat  enses. 

haud  magis  expertus  discrimine  Caesar  in  ullo  est 

quam  non  e  stabili  tremulo  sed  culmine  cuncta     250 

despiceret,  staretque  super  titubantia  fultus : 

tot  raptis  truncus  manibus  gladioque  relictus 

paene  suo,  qui  tot  gentes  in  bella  trahebat, 

scit  non  esse  ducis  strictos  sed  militis  enses. 

non  pauidum  iam  murmur  erat  nee  pectore  tecto  255 

ira  latens :    nam  quae  dubias  constringere  mentes 

causa  solet,  dum  quisque  pauet  quibus  ipse  timori  est, 

seque  putat  solum  regnorum  iniusta  grauari, 

haud  retinet.     quippe  ipsa  metus  exsoluerat  audax 

turba  suos.     quidquid  multis  peccatur  inultum  est.  260 

effudere  minas :    liceat  discedere,  Caesar, 

a  rabie  scelerum.     quaeris  terraque  marique 

his  ferrum  iugulis  animasque  effundere  uiles 

quolibet  hoste  paras :    partem  tibi  Gallia  nostri 

eripuit :   partem  duris  Hispania  bellis  :  265 

244.  maesto]  because  in  civil  war.  once  drawn  are  not  the  general's  but  the 

245.  frigidus]  nullo  sanguine  calefac-     soldier's'. 

tus.     Schol.  256.     constringere\  '  to  curb '. 

247.  damnat]    'disapproves',     cf.  viii         257.     dum  quisque]   'while  each  fears 
328.  those  to  whom  he  is  himself  a  terror',  i.e. 

248.  uenditat] '  offers  for  sale '.   cf.  Plin.     his  comrades  owing  to  their  mutual  dis- 
Epp.  I  xxiv§  r  Tranquil! us  uolt  emere  agel-     trust,  cf.  Thuc.  VIII  66. 

lum  quern  uenditare  amicus  tuus  dicitur.  258.     seque  putat]  'and  thinks  that  he 

249.  hand  magis]  'never  in  any  crisis     alone    is    indignant    at    the   injustice    of 
did  Caesar    more  surely  experience  how     tyranny,  cf.  vn  284. 

he  looked  down  on  all  the  world  from  no  259.     quippe    ipsa]    'in    fact   the   very 

secure  position,  but  with  the  height  trem-  number  of  the  daring  multitude  had  dis- 

bling   beneath   his   feet,    while   he   stood  pelled  their  fears', 

supported  upon  a  rocking  platform'.  260.     quidquid  multis]     Oud.  cf.    Sen. 

250.  culmine]  i.e.  the  height  to  wh.c  dial.  IV  x  §  4  in  singulos  seuerilas  impera- 
he  had  mounted,  cf.  vn  594.  toris  distringitur ;  at  necessaria  uenia  est 

252.     truncus]  'maimed';  the  soldiers  ubi  lotus  deseruit  exercitns.  quid  tollit  ira  in 

are  regarded  as  the  hands  of  the  general,  sapientisl  turba  peccantium.  intellegitquam 

cf.  infr.  311.  et  iniquom  sit  et  periculosum  irasci publico 

gladioque]   'and   abandoned   almost   to  uitio. 

his  own  sword  alone',    cf.  Ov.  Met.  xiv  263.     his  ferrum  iugulis]  'a  sword  to 

217  leto pocnacque  relictus.  pierce  these  throats',  i.e.  and  nothing  else. 

254.     strictos]  '  learns  that  swords  when  uiles]  '  worthless  in  your  eyes '. 


LIBER   V.    243—285.  165 

pars  iacct  Hesperia :   totoque  exercitus  orbe 

tc  uinccnte  perit.     terris  fudisse  cruorem 

quid  iuuat  Arctois  Rhodano  Rhenoque  subactis  ? 

tot  mihi  pro  bcllis  bcllum  ciuilc  dcdisti. 

cepimus  expulso  patriae  cum  tecta  senatu,  270 

quos  hominum  ucl  quos  licuit  spoliarc  deorum  ? 

imus  in  omne  nefas  manibus  fcrroque  nocentes, 

paupertate  pii.     finis  quis  quacritur  armis? 

quid  satis  est  si  Roma  parum  ?     iam  respice  canos 

inualidasque  manus  et  inanes  cerne  lacertos.  275 

usus  abit  uitae ;    bellis  consumpsimus  aeuom : 

ad  mortem  dimitte  senes.     en  improba  uota: 

non  duro  liceat  morientia  caespitc  membra 

ponere,  non  anima  glaebam  fugiente  ferire, 

atque  oculos  morti  clausuram  quaerere  dextram,    280 

coniugis  illabi  lacrimis,  unique  paratum 

scire  rogum.     liceat  morbis  finire  senectam : 

sit  praeter  gladios  aliquod  sub  Caesare  fatum. 

quid  uelut  ignaros  ad  quae  portenta  paremur 

spe  trahis  ?     usque  adeo  soli  ciuilibus  armis  285 

269.     tot  mini]  'as  the   reward  for   so  improbd\  ironically,   'outrageous',    'ex- 
many  wars  you  have  given  me  civil  war'.  cessive'. 

271.     quos  hominum]  i.e.   Caesar  had  278.     non  duro] 'let  us  be  suffered  not 

not  allowed  any  plundering  on  the  part  of  to  lay  our  dying  limbs  on  the  hard  turf, 

the  soldiers  when  Rome  submitted  to  him.  not,  as  our  breath  flies  from  us,  to  strike 

273.    paupertate  pii]    'absolved    from  (i.e.  with  our  head)  the  bare  clod',   sc.  let 
guilt  by  our  poverty',  i.e.  'though  we  are  us  die  in  our  beds,  not  in  the  camp, 
guilty  of  bloodshed  yet  as  we  have  gained  2  79.    glaebam]  This  is  the  reading  adopt- 
nothing  by  it  we  are  so  in  a  measure  inno-  ed  by  Weise,  which  is  found  in  some  MSS. 
cent'.  galeam  which  Oud.  retains  has  apparently 

275.     manes]  'thin',   'feeble',    cf.   Ov.  better  authority,  but  it  is  not  easy  to  as- 
Met,  xv    229 — 231  fletque   Milon   senior  sign  any  satisfactory  meaning  to  it. 
cum    spectat    inanes    illos,     qui    fuerant  ferire]  cf.  Propert.  V  vii  25  laesit  et  ob- 
solidorum  mole  tororum  Hcrculeis  similes,  iecfum  tegula  curta  caput. 
J/u iitos pendere lacertos.    Cortius  suggested  280.     morti]  'for  our  death',  i.  e.  when 
came  for  cerne  :    this  reading  is  defended  dying. 

by  Mr  Robinson  Ellis  in  the  Journal  of  quaerere']  'to  look  in  vain  for';  cf.  Cic. 

Philology,  Vol.  XIV  p.  89,  but  the  passage  in  Verrem  act  11  lib.  iii  §  47  campus  Leo- 

quoted  above  from  Ovid  seems  to  me  to  tinus...sic  crat  deform  is  atque  horridus  ut 

confirm  the  received  text,  and  tautologies  in  uberrima  Siciliae  parte  Siciliam  quare- 

such  as  respice  and  cerne  are  sufficiently  remits. 

common  in  Lucan.  281.     coniugis    illabi]     i.e.    sed    illabi 

277.     senes]  Compare  the  account  of  the  liceat.     For  the  omission  of  the  adversa- 

mutiny  of  Germanicus'  soldiers  in  Tac.  tive  cf.  11  86. 

Ann.   1  34  et  quidam  prensa  nianu  cius  uui]  i.e.  instead  of  the  numbers  buried 

fer  speciem  exosculandi  inscrucrunt digitos,  together  in  one  grave  on  the  battlefield, 

ut   uacua   dentibus   ora   contingeret ;   alii  cf.  VII  803  petimus  non  singula  busta. 

curuata  scnio  membra  ostendebant.  284.    portenta]  'horrors'. 


1 66  LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 

ncscimus  cuius  scclcris  sit  maxima  mcrces  ? 
nil  actum  est  bcllis  si  nondum  compcrit  istas 
omnia  posse  manus.     nee  fas  nee  uincula  iuris 
hoc  audcre  uetant.     Rheni  mihi  Caesar  in  undis 
dux  erat,  hie  socius.     facinus  quos  inquinat  aequat.  290 
adde  quod  ingrato  meritorum  iudice  uirtus 
nostra  perit.     quidquid  gerimus  fortuna  uocatur. 
nos  fatum  sciat  esse  suom.     licet  omne  deorum 
obsequium  speres :    irato  milite,  Caesar, 
pax  erit.     haec  fatus,  totis  discurrere  castris  295 

coeperat  infestoque  ducem  deposcere  uoltu. 

sic  eat,  o  superi,  quando  pietasque  fidesque 
destituunt  moresque  malos  sperare  relictum  est; 
finem  ciuili  faciat  discordia  bello. 

quern  non  ille  ducem  potuit  terrere  tumultus  ?        300 
fata  sed  in  praeceps  solitus  demittere  Caesar 
fortunamque  suam  per  summa  pericula  gaudens 
exercere  uenit :    nee  dum  desaeuiat  ira 
exspectat :    medios  properat  temptare  furores, 
non  illis  urbes  spoliandaque  templa  negasset  305 

Tarpeiamque  Iouis  sedem  matresque  senatus 
passurasque  infanda  nurus.     uolt  omnia  certe 
a  se  saeua  peti,  uolt  praemia  Martis  amari : 
militis  indomiti  tantum  mens  sana  timetur. 
non  pudet  heu,  Caesar,  soli  tibi  bella  placere         310 
iam  manibus  damnata  tuis  ?    hos  ante  pigebit 
sanguinis  ?    his  ferri  graue  ius  erit  ?    ipse  per  omne 

286.  cuius  sceleris]  i.e.  the  murder  of     part  of  the  soldiers. 

Caesar,  their  own  leader.  298.    destituunt]  For  the  absence  of  the 

287.  compcrit']  i.e.  miles  qui  bella gerit,      object  cf.  note  on  II  728. 

istas]  'these  hands  of  his'.  301.    hi  praeceps  demittere]  'to  venture 

288.  nee  fas    nee  uincula   iuris]    cf.      into  the  utmost  peril',  a  metaphor  from 
Verg.  G.  1  ibqfas  el  iura  sinnnt.  the  arena,  cf.  Cic.  ad  fam.  X  viii  §  2  cum 

291.     ingrato]    'our    valour   is    wasted  in  cum  casum  me  fortuna  demisisset  ut  &c. 

through  the  ingratitude  of  him  who  judges  Oud.  cf.  Id.  ix  i  3  cum  me  in  res  turbu- 

our  services'.  lenlissimas  infidelissimis  sociis  demisissem. 

293.     nos  fatum]  'let  Caesar  learn  that  303.      uenit]   i.e.    instead   of  fugit  as 

we  are  his  destiny'.  might  have  been  expected. 

omne  deorum]    'entire    compliance   on  307.     nurus]  cf.  note  on  I  165. 

the  part  of  heaven'.  311.     manibus]  sc.  militibus,  cf.  supr. 

297.     sic  eat]  cf.  note  on  II  304.  252. 

quando]  'since  loyalty  and  honour  fail  312.     his  ferri  graue  ius  erit?]  'shall 

us,  and  all  we  have  left  to  hope  for  is  the  license  of  the  sword  be  grievous  in 

wickedness',   i.e.   insubordination  on  the  their  eyes?'  i.e.  sooner  than  in  yours. 


LIBER   V.   286—333.  167 

fasque  nefasque  rues  ?     lassare  et  disce  sine  armis 

posse  pati :    liceat  scelerum  tibi  ponere  finem. 

saeue,  quid  insequeris  ?    quid  iam  nolentibus  instas  ?  315 

bellum  te  ciuile  fugit.     stetit  aggere  fulti 

caespitis  intrepidus  uoltu  meruitque  timeri 

non  metuens :   atque  haec  ira  dictante  profatur : 

qui  modo  in  absentem  uoltu  dextraque  furebas, 
miles,  habes  nudum  promptumque  ad  uolnera  pectus, 
hie  fuge,  si  belli  finis  placet,  ense  relicto.  321 

detegit  imbelles  animos  nil  fortiter  ausa 
seditio  tantumque  fugam  meditata  iuuentus 
ac  ducis  inuicti  rebus  lassata  secundis. 
uadite  meque  meis  ad  bella  relinquite  fatis :  325 

inuenient  haec  arma  manus,  uobisque  repulsis 
tot  reddet  Fortuna  uiros  quot  tela  uacabunt. 
anne  fugam  Magni  tanta  cum  classe  sequuntur 
Hesperiae  gentes,  nobis  uictoria  turbam 
non  dabit,  impulsi  tantum  quae  praemia  belli        330 
auferat,  et  uestri  rapta  mercede  laboris 
lauriferos  nullo  comitetur  uolnere  currus  ? 
uos  despecta,  senes,  exhaustaque  sanguine  turba 

313.  lassare]   'grow  weary',  i.e.  give  your   anwarlike   spirit',     cf.  Verg.  Aen. 
up  the  contest.  IV  13  degeneres  animos  timor  arguit. 

314.  posse  pati]  '  to  be  able  to  endure  324.      secundis']   emphatic,    'you   have 
existence' ;  cf.  ix  262,  Verg.  Eel.  x  53,  54  not  the  excuse  of  ill-success'. 

cerium  est  in  siluis  inter  speldea  ferarum  325.    ad  bella]  'for  the  means  of  waging 

male  pati,  Ov.  Met.  x  25  fosse  pati  uohii.  war'. 

Sen.  Thyest.  470  inmane  regnum  est  posse  326.     repulsis]  'rejected',  i.e.  by  me  as 

sine  regno  pati.  unworthy. 

316.  fugit]     'is    slipping    from    your  328.    anne  fugam]  '  do  so  many  nations 
grasp'.  accompany  the  flight  of  Magnus  with  so 

fulti]  This  reading  which  is  found  in  vast  a  fleet?  and  shall  not  victory  supply 

nearly  all   MSS.,  is  adopted  by  Weise,  me  with  multitudes? 

who  explains  it  as  equivalent  to  exstructi,         330.   impulsi  tantum]  'the  reward  for 

i.e.  propped  up  against  each  other.     Oud.  merely  bringing  the  war  to  a  close ',  i.e. 

following  Gryphius  reads  fultus,  cf.  supr.  they  will  reap  the  reward  of  victory  by 

251.  only  giving  the  last  impulse  to  Caesar's 

317.  caespitis]    Oud.  cf.  Tac.  Ann.   1  success  without  going  through  the  previous 
18   simul  congerunt    caespites,   exstruunt  toil. 

tribunal,   quo   magis   conspicua   sedes  fo-  332.     nullo... uolnere]   'without  having 

ret.  suffered  a  wound '. 

321.  hie]  i.e.  in  my  breast,  to  be  taken  333.  despecta]  'despicable';  some  MSS. 
with  ense  relicto:  'if  you  wish  the  war  read  defecta. 

ended,  leave  your  sword  in  my  breast,  and  senes]  For  this  word  in  apposition  with 

take  to  flight'.  turba,  Oud.   cf.  Stat.  Theb.   v  258,   259 

322.  detegit]  '  the  fact  that  your  mutiny  hie  iuuenum  manus  et   nullis    uiolabilis 
has  ventured  on  no  deed  of  daring  proves  armis  turba  senes. 


168  LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 

cernetis  nostros  iam  plebs  Romana  triumphos. 
Caesaris  an  cursus  uestrae  sentirc  putatis  335 

damnum  posse  fugae  ?    ueluti  si  cuncta  mincntur 
flumina  quos  miscent  pelago  subducere  fontes, 
non  magis  ablatis  umquam  descenderet  aequor, 
quam  nunc  crescit,  aquis.     an  uos  momenta  putatis 
ulla  dedisse  mihi  ?     numquam  sic  cura  deorum      340 
se  prcmit  ut  uestrae  morti  uestraeque  saluti 
fata  uacent.     procerum  motus  haec  cuncta  sequuntur. 
humanum  paucis  uiuit  genus,     orbis  Hiberi 
horror  et  Arctoi  nostro  sub  nomine  miles, 
Pompeio  certe  fugeres  duce.     fortis  in  armis  345 

Caesareis  Labienus  erat :    nunc  transfuga  uilis 
cum  duce  praelato  terras  atque  aequora  lustrat. 
nee  melior  mihi  uestra  fides,  si  bella  nee  hoste 
nee  duce  me  geritis.     quisquis  mea  signa  relinquit, 
nee  Pompeianis  tradit  sua  partibus  arma,  350 

hie  numquam  uolt  esse  meus.     sunt  ista  profecto 
curae  castra  deis,  qui  me  committere  tantis 
non  nisi  mutato  uoluerunt  milite  bellis. 
heu  quantum  Fortuna  umeris  iam  pondere  fessis 
amolitur  onus,     sperantis  omnia  dextras  355 

exarmare  datur  quibus  hie  non  sufficit  orbis. 
iam  certe  mihi  bella  geram  :    discedite  castris, 
tradite  nostra  uiris  ignaui  signa  Quirites. 

334.  plebs   Romand\   i.e.    no    longer      preferred  to  me ',  cf.  46. 

soldiers,  cf.  infr.  358.  34§-     nee  hoste]  i-e-  if  you  remain  neu- 

335.  cursus]  'career  of  success'.  tral  and  fight  on  neither  side. 

337.  subducere]  'withdraw'.  350.  nec.Jradity  without  transferring'. 

338.  non  magis]  'no  more  would  the  351.  numquam]  i.e.  nee  post  uictoriam 
sea's  level  sink  by  the  removal  of  these      reportatam.     Weise. 

waters,    than  it  now  rises',   i.e.  by  their  ista]  'this  camp  of  mine',  cf.  1  342. 

influx.     Oud.  reads  decresceret  from  decre-         355.     amolitur]     Oud.  cf.  Claudian  in 

uerit  which  is  found  in  some  MSS. :  the  Rufin.  11  454  tellusque  nefandum  amolitur 

latter  is  probably  an  explanatory  gloss  on  otitis, 
descenderit.  onus]  i.e.  the  burden  of  trying  to  satisfy 

341.  sepremit]  'stoops  so  low'.  the  insatiable  veterans. 

342.  uacent]  cf.  note  on  vn  206.  356.     non  sufficit  orbis]  cf.  Juv.  X  168. 

343.  paucis]  'for  the  benefit  of  a  few'.  357.     mihi]  sc.  mihi  soli,  non  uobis. 

cf.  1  45.  358.      Quirites]   cf.    Suet.    Jul.    70  sed 

344.  horror]  'the  terror  of  the  Spanish  una  uoce  qua  Quirites  eos  pro  militibus 
and  the  northern  world',  cf.  Lucret.  ill  appellarat  tarn  facile  circumegit  ct  flexit, 
1047  Scipiades  belli  fultnen  Karlhaginis  ut  ei  milites  esse  confestim  rcsponderint  et 
horror.  quatnuis  reciisantem  ultro  in  Africam  sint 

347.     duce  praelato]  'the  chief  he  has     secuti.     Tac.  Ann.  1  42,  Lamprid.  Alex. 


LIBER   V.    334—377- 


169 


at  paucos  quibus  haec  rabies  auctoribus  arsit 

non  Caesar,  sed  poena  tenet,     procumbite  terrae:  360 

infidumquc  caput  fcricndaquc  tcndite  colla. 

et  tu,  quo  solo  stabunt  iam  robore  castra, 

tiro  rudis,  specta  poenas,  et  discc  ferirc, 

disce  mori.     tremuit  saeua  sub  uoce  minantis 

uolgus  iners :  unumque  caput  tarn  magna  iuuentus  365 

priuatum  factura  timet,  uelut  ensibus  ipsis 

imperct  inuito  moturus  militc  ferrum. 

ipse  pauet  ne  tela  sibi  dextraeque  negentur 

ad  scelus  hoc  Caesar:   uicit  patientia  saeui 

spem  ducis,  et  iugulos  non  tantum  praestitit  enses:  370 

nil  magis  adsuetas  sceleri  quam  perdere  mentes 

atque  perire  timet,     tarn  diro  foederis  ictu 

parta  quies  poenaque  redit  placata  iuuentus. 

Brundisium  decimis  iubet  hanc  adtingere  castris, 
et  cunctas  reuocare  rates  quas  auius  Hydrus  375 

antiquusque  Taras  secretaque  litora  Leucae 
quas  recipit  Salapina  palus  et  subdita  Sipus 


Seueras  52  seueritatis  antem  taiitae  fidt 
in  milites  ut  saepe  legiones  integras  ex- 
auctoraiterit  ex  militibus  Qui  rites  appellans. 
360.  non  Caesar]  i.e.  as  your  general; 
you  are  detained  not  to  serve  under 
Caesar,  but  to  be  punished,  while  the  rest 
are  disbanded. 

362.  q no  solo]  'on  whose  strength  alone 
my  camp  will  now  depend'. 

363.  disce]  Oud.  cf.  Sil.  Ital.  V  636 — 
638  sta  miles  et  acres  disce  ex  me  ptignas, 
uel,  si pugnare  negatum  est,  disce  mori. 

366.  priuatum  factura]  '  whom  they 
could  depose  from  his  command'. 

ensibus  ipsis]  '  the  swords  by  them- 
selves'. 

369.  patientia]  'their  obedience  sur- 
passed their  leader's  hopes',  cf.  Tac. 
Agric.  16  Britanniam  uno  proelio  neteri 
pat  lent  iae  restituit. 

371.  nil  magis]  Weise  explains  this 
difficult  passage  as  follows,  'there  is  no- 
thing that  he  dreads  more  than  to  lose 
hearts  inured  to  guilt,  and  that  they 
should  be  wasted',  thus  making  the  sub- 
ject of  perire  different  from  that  of  per- 
dere: although  this  alone  is  the  common 
meaning  of  perire  in  Lucan,  cf.  IV  252, 
the  change  of  subject  seems  to  me  too 
harsh  to  be  admitted  :  I  should  prefer  to 


render  atque  perire,  '  and  so  be  ruined ', 
as  he  would  in  fact  have  been  by  the  loss 
of  his  veterans,  notwithstanding  his  con- 
fident language  to  them.  cf.  Verg.  G.  1 
201 — 203,  Liv.  XXVI  39  hie  Quinctium 
simul  pugnantem  hortantemque  suos  in- 
cautum  hasta  transfgit  atque  ille  praeceps 
cum  armis  procidit  ante  proram  ;  so  too 
et  is  used,  cf.  IV  34,  35.  Bentley  con- 
jectures tenet  instead  of  timet  'nothing 
is  a  surer  bond  to  hearts  inured  to  guilt 
than  to  destroy  and  be  destroyed',  i.e.  sup- 
plicium  sumere  et  pati. 

372.  tarn  diro  foederis]  'by  an  agree- 
ment sealed  in  blood',  cf.  note  on  I  355. 

373.  redit]  'return  to  their  ranks'. 

374.  decimis. ..castris]  'in  ten  days 
march ' ;  in  1  374  the  same  words  are  used 
for  ten  campaigns. 

375.  reuocare]  'to  call  in',  sc.  pelago. 
Hydrus]  The  Latin  form  is  Hydruntum, 

now  Otranto. 

376.  Leucae]    Leuca  is  now  Lecce. 

377.  quas  recipit]  'of  which... is  the 
harbour'. 

Salapina]  cf.  Cic.  de  leg.  agr.  11  §  71 
nisi  forte  mauoltis,  relictis  his  rebus  atque 
hac  luce  reipublicae,  in  Sipontina  sicciiate 
aut  in  Salapiuorum  pesiileuliae  finibus, 
A'ullo  duce,  collocari. 


170  LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 

montibus :   Ausoniam  qua  torqucns  frugifer  oram 
Dclmatico  Borcac  Calabroquc  obnoxius  Austro 
Apulus  Hadriacas  exit  Garganus  in  undas.  380 

ipse  petit  trepidam  tutus  sine  milite  Romam 
iam  doctam  scruire  togae :   populoquc  precanti 
scilicet  indulgens  summum  dictator  honorcm 
contigit  et  laetos  fecit  se  consule  fastos. 
namque  omnes  uoces  per  quas  iam  tempore  tanto  385 
mentimur  dominis  haec  primum  reppcrit  aetas, 
qua  sibi  ne  ferri  ius  ullum  Caesar  abesset 
Ausonias  uoluit  gladiis  miscere  secures, 
addidit  et  fasces  aquilis,  et  nomen  inane 
imperii  rapiens  signauit  tempora  digna  390 

maesta  nota.     nam  quo  melius  Pharsalicus  annus 
consule  notus  erit  ?     fingit  sollemnia  Campus, 
et  non  admissae  dirimit  suffragia  plebis, 
decantatque  tribus  et  uana  uersat  in  urna. 
nee  caelum  seruare  licet :    tonat  augure  surdo,        395 
et  laetae  iurantur  aues  bubone  sinistra. 

378.     torquens...oram]  'giving  a  curve  routine,  and  distributes  the  voting  tablets 

to  the  shore',  i.e.  forming  a  bay.  of  the  people  who  are  not  admitted  (i.e.  to 

380.     exit}  'projects',     cf.  vill  461.  the   Septa)  and  proclaims  the   tribes   in 

382.  togae}  This  is  more  emphatic  than  order,  and  shakes  up  names  in  the  deceit- 
if  Lucan  had  said  ferro:  Rome  had  sub-  ful  lot-box',  i.e.  to  determine  which  is  to 
mitted  to  Caesar  before  when  he  came  be  the  centuria  praerogatiua.  Campus  is 
accompanied  by  soldiers,  cf.  in  71  foil.,  personified  and  is  said  to  do  what  is  done 
but  now  he  had  no  need  of  them.  in  it   by  the   presiding   magistrate.     See 

383.  summum]  'he  reached  the  highest  note  on  II  357. 

office  as  dictator  and  gladdened  the  fasti         394.     decantat]  cf.  Cic.  de  diu.  1  §  105 

with  his  name  as  consul',     cf.  Caes.  B.  C.  solus  enim  multorum  annoru?n  memoria 

III  i.  11011    decantandi    auguri    sed   diuinandi 

385.  uoces~\  'titles'.  tenuit  disciplinam. 

386.  mentimur  dominis]  'by  which  we  uana]  because  the  whole  proceedings 
seek  to  impose  upon  our  masters'.  were  a  pretence. 

387.  qua  sibi]  'wherein  Caesar,  that  395.  nee  caelum]  cf.  Cic.  phil.  11  §  81 
no  right  to  wield  the  sword  might  be  quisquamne  diuinare  potest  quid  uitii  in 
lacking  to  him,  desired  to  mingle  with  his  auspiciis  futurum  sit  nisi  qui  de  caelo 
swords  the  Ausonian  axes',  i.e.  to  combine  seruare  constituit  ?  and  Prof.  Mayor's 
civil  and  military  power  in  his  own  person,  note. 

Caesar]  For  the  position  of  this  word,         tonat  augure  surdo]   'it  thunders,   but 

Weise  cf.  1 11  679,  vi  710,  711.  the  Augur  heeds  it  not'. 

389.     nomen  inane  imperii]   'an  office  396.    et  laetae]  'and  the  birds  are  sworn 

which  was  now  an  empty  name',  i.e.  the  to  be  propitious,  though  an  owl  appears 

consulship.  upon  the  left '.     For  laetae  Oud.  cf.  Suet. 

391.  nam  quo]  'for  by  whose  consul-  Jul.  77  eo  adrogantiae  progressus  est  ut 
ship  will  the  year  of  Pharsalia  be  more  haruspice  tristia  et  sine  corde  exta  sacro 
fitly  known?'  quodam  nuntiante,  Jutura  diceret  laetiora 

392.  fingit   sollemnia]    'the    Campus     cttm  uellet. 

Martius  goes  through  the  pretence  of  its         iurantur]  cf.  Cic.  ad  Att.  xn  xiii  §  2 


LIBER   V.    378—413. 


171 


inde  perit  primum  quondam  ueneranda  potestas 

iuris  inops :    careat  tantum  ne  nomine  tempus 

menstruus  in  fastos  distinguit  saccula  consul. 

nee  non  Iliacae  numen  quod  praesidet  Albae         400 

haud  meritum  Latio  sollemnia  sacra  subacto 

uidit  flammifcra  confectas  nocte  Latinas. 

inde  rapit  cursus,  et  quae  piger  Apulus  arua 
deseruit  rastris  et  inerti  tradidit  herbae, 
ocior  et  caeli  flammis  et  tigride  feta,  405 

transcurrit :    curuique  tenens  Minoia  tecta 
Brundisii,  clausas  uentis  brumalibus  undas 
inuenit  et  pauidas  hiberno  sidere  classes, 
turpe  duci  uisum  rapiendi  tempora  belli 
in  segnes  exisse  moras,  portuque  teneri  410 

cum  pateat  tutum  uel  non  felicibus  aequor. 
expertes  animos  pelagi  sic  robore  complet : 
fortius  hiberni  flatus  caelumque  fretumque, 


ueniam  el  ipse  perpetuum  morbum  iurabo, 
i.e.  'will  swear  to  my  constant  ill-health'. 
iurari  is  generally  used  of  that  by  which 
an  oath  is  sworn,  cf.  Claudian  de  quart. 
Cons.  Honor.  447  iuratur  Hoiiorins  ab- 
setts. 

397.  peril. ..iuris  inops']  'is  ruined  and 
loses  its  rights'. 

potestas]  i.e.  the  consulship. 

399.  menstruus]  'a  consul  appointed 
for  a  month  marks  off  the  years  upon  the 
record-roll',  in  fastos  is  best  taken  with 
distinguit. 

400.  Iliacae]  cf.  Juv.  iv  60,  61  utque 
lac  us  suberant  ubi  quamquam  diruta  ser- 
uat  ignem  Troianum  et  Vestam  colli  Alba 
minorem. 

numen]  sc.  Iuppiter  Latiaris.  cf.  I  196 
—198. 

40 1.  hand  meritum]  'who  did  not 
deserve  his  usual  festival  now  Latium  was 
subdued',  i.e.  as  the  protector  of  Latium 
he  ought  to  have  been  punished  by  the 
cessation  of  his  festival  for  allowing  it  to 
be  conquered. 

402.  Latinas]  cf.  note  on  I  550. 

403.  et  quae  pigcr]  On  the  whole  it 
seems  most  probable  that  this  passage 
refers  to  the  fact  that  the  lands  of  southern 
Italy  were  thrown  out  of  cultivation  and 
reduced  to  pasturage  for  the  purpose  of 
rearing  cattle,  notwithstanding  the  words 
of  Horace  carm.  in  xvi  27  quidquid  arat 


impiger  Apulus;  the  difficulty  lies  in  the 
words  deseruit  rastris  which  appear  to  be 
equivalent  to  desertum  fecit  rastris,  i.e. 
'left  unharrowed'.  Oud.  takes  rastris  as 
dative  in  the  sense  of  rakes  for  collecting 
hay,  but  I  can  find  no  instance  of  such  a 
use* of  the  word.  Weise  thinks  that  only 
a  temporary  cessation  of  agriculture  is 
referred  to,  taking  piger  as  thrown  out  of 
employment  by  the  war,  and  herbae  as 
'weeds',  'lolio  aliisque'. 

405.  feta]  'with  young'.  cf.  Ov. 
Fast.  11  413  uenit  ad  expositos,  mirum, 
lupafeta  gemellos. 

406.  curui]  'winding',  cf.  Hor.  carm. 
IV  v  14  curuo  nee  faciem  litore  dimouet. 

Minoia]  cf.  n  610  foil. 

40S.  pauidas]  'afraid  to  put  to  sea 
during  the  winter  season'.  It  is  disputed 
what  particular  sidus  is  referred  to,  Cor- 
tius  says  the  setting  of  the  Kids. 

4 10.  exisse]  'should  have  been  pro- 
tracted', cf.  Sen.  dial,  x  vi  §  4  uestra 
meherculcs  uita,  Heel  supra  annos  exeat, 
in  artissi/num  contrahetur.  Quintil.  iv  ii 
§  5 1  si  tamen  adhibitis  his  quoque  art/bus 
in  longum  exierit  onto  rerum. 

411.  uel  non  felicibus]  sc.  Pompeianis. 

412.  expertes  pelagi]  'inexperienced  in 
the  sea',  cf.  Stat.  Silu.  V  v  60,  61  0 
nimium  felix  nimium  crudelis  et  expers 
i  111  per  ii  Fort  una  tui. 

413.  fortius]  'keep  a  firmer  hold  upon 


172  LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 

cum  coeperc,  tencnt,  quam  quos  incumbcrc  ccrtos 
perfida  nubifcri  uctat  inconstantia  ucris.  415 

ncc  maris  anfractus  lustrandaquc  litora  nobis, 
sed  recti  fluctus  soloquc  Aquilone  secandi. 
hie  utinam  summi  curuet  carchesia  mali, 
incumbatquc  furens  et  Graia  ad  moenia  perflet, 
ne  Pompeiani  Phacacum  e  litore  toto  420 

languida  iactatis  comprendant  carbasa  remis  : 
rumpite  quae  retinent  felices  uincula  proras. 
iamdudum  nubes  et  saeuas  perdimus  undas. 

sidera  prima  poli  Phoebo  labente  sub  undas 
exierant,  et  luna  suas  iam  fecerat  umbras:  425 

cum  pariter  soluere  rates  tortosque  rudentes 
laxauere  sinus :   et  flexo  nauita  cornu 
obliquat  lacuo  pede  carbasa,  summaque  pandens 
suppara  uelorum  perituras  colligit  auras, 
ut  primum  leuior  propellere  lintea  uentus  430 

incipit  exiguomque  tument,  mox  reddita  malo 
in  mediam  cecidere  ratem :   terraque  relicta 
non  ualet  ipsa  sequi  puppes  quae  uexerat  aura, 
aequora  lenta  iacent :   alto  torpore  ligatae 
pigrius  immotis  haesere  paludibus  undae.  435 

sic  stat  iners  Scythicas  adstringens  Bosporus  undas 

the  sky  and  sea,   than  those   which  the  sar's  ships  were  onerariae,  which  depended 

treacherous  uncertainty  of  cloudy  spring  entirely  on  their  sails,  those  of  Pompeius 

forbids  to  come  down  with  steady  sweep '.  war-galleys. 

4 1 4.     incumbere]  cf.  Verg.  G.  11   311         423.     iamdudum  perdimus]  'we  have 

tempestas  a  uertice  siluis  inciibnit.  long  been  wasting',  i.e.  not  making  use 

416.  maris  anfractus}    '  the  windings  of  the   opportunity    afforded    us  by  the 
of  the  sea-coast'.  stormy  weather. 

417.  sed  recti]    'but  we  must  cleave         425.     suas]    i.e.   as  distinguished  from 
the  waves  in  a  straight  course  driven  by  those  cast  by  the  sun. 

the   north   wind   alone'.     The   words   of  427.     cornu]  cornua  were  the  ends  of 

Lucan  would  be  more  suitable  to  a  wind  the  yard-arms,  antennae,  cf.  Verg.  Aen. 

blowing  abaft,  whereas  to  sail  from  Brun-  III  549  cornua  ttelatarum  obtiertimus  an- 

disium  to  Dyrrhachium  with  Aquilo  they  tennarum. 

would  require  to  sail  very  close  to  the  wind.  428.     obliquat}  '  slackening  the  left  sheet 

418.  carchesia]      correspond     to     the  turns  the  sails  sideways  to  the  wind', 
'tops' of  modern  times.  429.     suppara]  '  the  top-sails'. 

420.  Phaeacum   e   litore]      i.  e.     from         perituras]  '  that  would  else  be  lost '. 
Dyrrhachium,  formerly  Epidamnus,  found-  431.     reddita   malo]    'flapping  against 
ed  by  the  Corcyraeans  (cf.  Thuc.  1  24),      the  mast'. 

with  whom  the  Homeric  Phaeacians  were         433.     sequi]     'to   keep    up    with',    so 

identified.  aKo\ov6e?v  is  used  in  Greek,  cf.  Aristoph. 

421.  languida]    'by  plying  their  oars  Ach.  215  rjKoXovdovv  •t'auXAy  Tp^x^v. 
should  catch  our  flagging  sails',   i.e.  Cae-  436.     Bosporus]  i.e.  Cimmerius. 


LIBER   V.   4H— 457-  173 

cum  glacie  retinentc  fretum  non  impulit  Mister, 
immcnsumque  gelu  tegitur  marc  :   comprimit  unda 
deprendit  quascunque  rates :   nee  peruia  uelis 
aequora  frangit  eques,  fluctuque  latente  sonantem  440 
orbita  migrantis  scindit  Macotida  Bessi. 
saeua  quies  pelagi  macstoque  ignaua  profundo 
stagna  iacentis  aquae :  ueluti  deserta  rigente 
aequora  natura  cessant,  pontusque  uetustas 
oblitus  seruare  uiccs  non  commeat  aestu,  445 

non  horrore  tremit,  non  solis  imagine  uibrat. 
casibus  innumeris  fixae  patuere  carinae. 
illinc  infestae  classes  et  inertia  tonsis 
aequora  moturae,  grauis  hinc  languore  profundi 
obsessis  ucntura  fames,     noua  uota  timori  450 

sunt  inuenta  nouo,  fluctus  nimiasque  precari 
uentorum  uires,  dum  se  torpentibus  unda 
excutiat  stagnis  et  sit  mare,     nubila  nusquam 
undarumque  minae:   caelo  languente  fretoque 
naufragii  spes  omnis  abit.     sed  nocte  fugata  455 

laesum  nube  diem  iubar  extulit  imaque  sensim 
concussit  pelagi  mouitque  Ceraunia  nautis. 

437.  non  impulit]  '  has  not  driven  be-  reflexion'.  Oud.  cf.  Ov.  Heroid.  xvm 
fore  it'.  77    unda    repercussae    radiabat    imagine 

438.  comprimit]  'holds  fast'.  lunae. 

439.  nee  peruia]  equivalent  to  et  non  447.  casibus]  '  the  ships  thus  sta- 
per'uia.  tionary,   were  exposed  to  countless  acci- 

440.  frangit]  content,  calcat.     Weise.      dents',     cf.    Liv.  xxxi    39   in  patentem 
fluctuque]     '  and     the    wheel    of    the     uolneri  equom  equitemque  sagittas  conicere 

wandering  Bessian  cuts  a  track  across  the  polcrat. 

Maeotian  lake  resounding  with  its  hidden  450.     noua  uota]     Oud.   cf.  Ov.  Met. 

waves',  i.e.  the  movement  of  the  water  III  468  not  urn  in  amante  nouom,  uellem 

under  the  ice  can  be  heard :  for  the  whole  quod  amamus  abesset. 

passage  cf.  Verg.  G.  in  360  foil.    Herod.  452.     dum  se]  'if  only  the  wave  would 

IV  29.  shake  itself  free  from  its  dull  stagnation 

442.  saeua  quies]  'cruel  is  the  peace  of  and  become  real  sea',  i.e.  recover  its  true 
the  sea,  and  the  sluggish  pools  of  calm  natura  supr.  444. 

water  on  the  dismal  deep',  saeua  quies  455.  naufragii  spes]  'hope  of  ship- 
is  an  oxymoron,  saeuire  being  generally  wreck',  i.e.  as  preferable  to  being  be- 
used  of  storms.  calmed. 

443.  ueluti  deserta]  'the  seas  stand  456.  laesum  nube  diem]  'a  day  ob- 
still,  as  though  their  usual  character  had  scured  by  clouds';  iubar  is  the  dawn,  cf. 
stiffened  and  departed  from  them'.  vn   45  uicerat  astra  iubar.      Weise   fol- 

445.  seruare  uices]    cf.  Hor.  A.  P.  86      lowing  Cortius  reads  dies. 

descriptas  seruare  uiccs  opcrunique  colores.  imaque  sensim]    'and  gradually  stirred 

non  commeat  aestu]  '  does  not  ebb  and  the  depths  of  the  sea ',  i.e.  the  dawn  is 

flow'.  said  to  do  what  was  really  done  by  the 

446.  non  horrore]    'is  not  ruffled  by  breeze  which  rose  with  it. 

the  wind,  docs  not  quiver  with  the  sun's  457.     mouitque]      'brought     Ceraunia 


174 


LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 


inde  rapi  coepcre  rates  atquc  aequora  classcm 
curua  scqui,  quae  iam  uento  fluctuque  secundo 
lapsa  Palaestinas  uncis  confixit  harenas.  460 

prima  duces  uidit  iunctis  consisterc  castris 
tcllus,  quam  uoluccr  Genusus,  quam  mollior  Apsus 
circueunt  ripis.     Apso  gestare  carinas 
causa  palus  leni  quam  fallens  egerit  unda. 
at  Gcnusum  nunc  sole  niues  nunc  imbre  solutae     465 
praccipitant :   neuter  longo  se  gurgite  lassat, 
sed  minimum  terrae  uicino  litore  nouit. 
hoc  Fortuna  loco  tantae  duo  nomina  famae 
composuit :    miserique  fuit  spes  irrita  mundi 
posse  duces  parua  campi  statione  diremptas  470 

admotum  damnare  nefas.     nam  cernere  uoltus 
et  uoces  audire  datur:    multosque  per  annos 
dilectus  tibi,  Magne,  socer  post  pignora  tanta 
sanguinis  infausti  subolem  mortemque  nepotis, 
te  nisi  Niliaca  propius  non  uidit  harena.  475 


nearer  to  the  sailors',  i.e.  because  the 
land  appears  to  move  and  not  the  ship, 
cf.  Verg.  Aen.  in  72  prouehimur  portu  ; 
terraeqtce  tirbesque  recedunt. 

458.  atque  aequora']  'and  the  ridged 
seas  to  follow  the  course  of  the  fleet',  i.e. 
and  so  help  it  on  his  way.  Oud.  cf.  Verg. 
Aen.  in  130  prosequitur  surgens  a  puppi 
itenlus  euntes. 

460.  Palaestinas]  '  pierced  the  sands 
of  Palaeste  with  its  anchors'. 

461.  iunctis]  i.e.  pitched  close  to  each 
other,  cf.  IV  260.  Liv.  XXVII  47  ut  ubi 
dux  ubi  exercitus  esset,  cum  quo  castra 
collata  habuerit,  ignoraret. 

464.  leni  quam]  '  which  it  drains  with 
gentle  current  escaping  the  eye',  i.e.  flow- 
ing so  slowly  that  its  motion  is  scarcely 
perceptible,  cf.  Hor.  Epp.  I  xviii  103 
an  sccretum  iter  et  fallentis  semita  uitae. 
Weise  cf.  Plin.  Epp.  v  vi  §  14  ita  leniler 
et  sensim  cliuo  fallente  consurgit  ut  cum 
adscendere  te  non  putes  sentias  adscensisse. 

466.  praccipitant]  'make  a  torrent'. 
cf.  vi  475,  476  Rhodanumqtie  morantem 
praccipitauit  Arar. 

469.  composuit]  '  pitted  against  each 
other',  cf.  Hor.  Sat.  1  vii  19,  20  Rupili 
et  Persi  par  pugnat  uti  non  compositum 
melius  cum  Bitho  Bacchius. 

471.     admotum]  'brought  near,  and  so 


brought  home  to  them'. 

472.  multosque  per  annos]  'thy  father- 
in-law,  beloved  by  thee  through  so  many 
years,  saw  thee  not  nearer  than  now  after 
so  close  a  pledge  of  kinship,  after  the 
birth  of  the  scion  of  a  hapless  stock  and 
thy  grandchild's  death,  save  only  on  the 
shore  of  Nile'.  On  the  whole  this  seems 
to  be  the  best  way  of  taking  this  passage. 
Weise  connects  post  pignora  etc.  with 
dilectus,  but  in  that  case  it  would  be  diffi- 
cult to  explain  the  meaning  of  multos  an- 
nos, whereas  owing  to  Caesar's  absence 
in  Gaul  he  had  not  seen  Pompeius  since 
the  latter's  marriage  with  Julia,  which  is 
alluded  to  in  pignora  tanta,  cf.  note  on 
I  in. 

474.  subolem]  according  to  Weise  is 
equivalent  to  part  urn,  and  he  puts  a  comma 
after  sanguinis  connecting  that  word  with 
pignora  tanta  and  subolem  with  nepotis, 
but  I  can  find  no  other  passage  which 
would  support  this  usage  :  on  the  other 
hand  post  sanguinis  infausti  subolem  might 
mean  'after  the  existence  of  the  scion  of  a 
hapless  race',  nepotis  being  added  as  ex- 
planatory, cf.  vi  145  and  the  common  ex- 
pression post  hominum  memoriam.  Oud- 
endorp  takes  sanguinis  infausti  subolem 
as  referring  to  Julia,  which  seems  less. 
probable. 


LIBER   V.   458—498.  175 

Caesaris  adtonitam  miscenda  ad  proclia  mcntcm 
ferre  moras  scelerum  partes  iussere  relictac. 
ductor  crat  cunctis  audax  Antonius  armis, 
iam  turn  ciuili  meditatus  Leucada  bcllo. 
ilium  saepc  minis  Caesar  precibusquc  morantem   480 
euocat :    o  mundi  tantorum  causa  malorum, 
quid  superos  et  fata  tenes  ?     sunt  cetera  cursu 
acta  meo :  summara  rapti  per  prospera  belli 
te  poscit  Fortuna  manum.     num  rupta  uadosis 
Syrtibus  incerto  Libye  nos  diuidit  aestu  ?  485 

numquid  inexperto  tua  credimus  arma  profundo 
inque  nouos  traheris  casus  ?     ignaue,  uenire 
te  Caesar,  non  ire  iubct.     prior  ipse  per  hostes 
percussi  medias  alieni  iuris  harenas. 
tu  mea  castra  times  ?     pereuntia  tempora  fati        490 
conqueror :    in  uentos  impendo  uota  fretumque. 
ne  retine  dubium  cupientis  ire  per  aequor: 
si  bene  nota  mihi  est  ad  Caesaris  arma  iuuentus 
naufragio  uenisse  uolet.     iam  uoce  doloris 
utendum  est :   non  ex  aequo  diuisimus  orbem.        495 
Epirum  Caesarque  tenet  totusque  senatus : 
Ausoniam  tu  solus  habes.     his  terque  quaterque 
uocibus  excitum  postquam  cessare  uidebat, 

476.  ad/on  i tarn]  'urged  by  frenzy  to  486.  numquid  incxperto]  'are  we  en- 
engage  in  battle'.  Oud.  cf.  Ov.  Met.  ix  trusting  your  arms  to  an  untried  sea?'  i.e. 
573  adtonitus  subita  iuuenis  Maeandrius  we  have  already  ourselves  crossed  the  sea 
ira.  which  we  bid  you  cross. 

477.  ferre  moras  scelerum~\  sc.  differre  487.  uenire]  uenitur  ad  amicos,  itur 
bellum  ciuile.  ad  hostes  aut  in  uacua.    Grotius. 

479.     meditatus    Leucada]    '  rehearsing  489.    percussi]    '  I  have  run   my  ships 

Actium',     'practising   for   Actium'.     cf.  ashore    upon',     cf.    Verg.    Aen.    x    295, 

Plin.  H.N.  vm  §  113  (eerui)  editos partus  296   tollite  ferte  rates,    inimicam  findite 

exercent  cursu  etfugam  meditari  docent.  rostris  hanc  terrain  sulcumque  sibi premat 

481.  causa  malorum]  i.e.   by  delaying  ipsa  carina. 

Caesar's    victory :    Weise    suggests    that  alieni  iuris]  '  occupied  by  the  foe '. 

these  words  may  also  be  intended  to  hint  490.    pereuntia]    '  I    complain   of    the 

at  the  mischief  which  Antonius  was  des-  waste  of  a  season  of  good  fortune', 

tined  to  cause  in  the  future.  491.     in   uentos]   'I  am  spending  my 

482.  cursu. ..meo]  'by  the  speed  of  prayers  on  the  winds  and  waves',  i.e.  in- 
march'.  stead  of  on  success  in  war. 

483.  summam]  '  from  thee  Fortune  de-  494.  naufragio]  'at  the  cost  of  ship- 
mands  the  finishing  touch',  cf.  Verg.  wreck',  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  x  297,  iqSfran- 
Aen.  vii  572,  573  nee  minus  intcrea  ex-  gere  nee  tali  puppim  stalione  reeuso  ar- 
tremam    Satumia    bello    imponit  regina  repta  tellurc  semel. 

manum,     Ov.    Met.    vm    200  postquam         doloris]  'indignation'. 

matins  ultima  coeptis  imposita  est.  498.     cessare]  '  still  lingering '. 


176  LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 

tlum  sc  dccssc  deis  ac  non  sibi  numina  credit, 
sponte  per  incautas  audet  temptare  tenebras  500 

quod  iussi  timuere  fretum,   temeraria  prono 
expertus  cessisse  deo  :    fluctusque  uerendos 
classibus  exigua  sperat  superare  carina. 

soluerat  armorum  fessas  nox  languida  curas : 
parta  quies  miseris  in  quorum  pectora  somno         505 
dat  uires  fortuna  minor,     iam  castra  silebant, 
tertia  iam  uigiles  commouerat  hora  secundos : 
Caesar  sollicito  per  uasta  silentia  grcssu 
uix  famulis  audenda  parat :    cunctisque  relictis 
sola  placet  Fortuna  comes,     tentoria  postquam       510 
egressus,  uigilum  somno  cedentia  membra 
transiluit,  questus  tacite  quod  fallere  posset, 
litora  curua  legit,  primisque  inuenit  in  undis 
rupibus  exesis  haerentem  fune  carinam. 
rectorem  dominumque  ratis  secura  tenebat  5  1 5 

haud  procul  inde  domus,  non  ullo  robore  fulta, 
sed  sterili  iunco  cannaque  intexta  palustri, 
et  latus  inuersa  nudum  munita  phaselo. 

499.  dutn  se]  i.e.  thinking  that  he  is  507.  tertia]  i.e.  it  was  the  third  hour 
himself  to  blame  for  not  taking  advantage  of  the  night  when  the  second  watch  began, 
of  the  favour  of  the  gods,  rather  than  the  as  rightly  explained  by  the  Scholiast,  una 
gods  for  not  assisting  him.  parte  noctis  peracta  secunda  uigilia  inco- 

500.  incautas']  'dangerous',  i.e.  which  habat,  quia  primi  per  tres  horas  uigilaue- 
cannot  be  foreseen  and  provided  against,  rant. 

cf.  Propert.  11  iv  14  sic  est  incautum  quid-  509.     uix  famulis]   '  scarce  fit  even  for 

quid  habetur  amor.  slaves  (i.e.   whose  life  was   worthless)  to 

501.  iussi]  sc.  Antonius  and  his  troops ;     venture  on'. 

the  word  is  opposed  to  sponte  in  the  pre-  510.     sola]    i.e.  he  would  have  no  at- 

ceding  line.  tendant  but  fortune. 

prono]     cf.  Vel.  Pat.  11  Ixix  §  6  neque  512.     quod  fallere]  i.e.  of  their  want  of 

reperias  quos  aut  pronior  fortuna  comitata  vigilance. 

sit  aut  ueluti  fatigata  maturius  deslituerit  513.     legit]    'skirts',     cf.    Verg.   Aen. 

quam  Brutum  et  Cassiitm.  Ill  127  crebris  legimus  frcta  consita  terris. 

502.  cessisse]  'having  found  by  expe-  primis...in  undis]  'on  the  sea's  verge', 
rience  that  rash  conduct  proved  successful  inuenit]  '  found  at  once',  this  seems  to 
since  heaven  favoured  him',  cf.  Verg.  be  the  force  of  the  change  of  tense,  cf. 
Aen.  XII  148  cedunt  res  Latio.  Verg.  G.  1  330  terra  tremit,  fugcre  ferae. 

504.     languida]  used  actively,  'making  516.    fulta]  cf.  note  on  316  supr. 

listless',  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  xn  908  oculos  ubi  517.     sterili  iunco]     Compare  the  de- 

languida  pressit  node  quies.  scription  of  the  fishermen  in  Theocritus 

506.    fortuna  minor]  'inferior  fortune',  XXI  7  <TTpwadp.a>oi  (3puoi>   avov  viro  irXeK- 

i.e.   lower    rank.     cf.   Horn.   II.    II  24  ov  reus  Ka\u/3ou<ri  KeKXi/xeuot  roixv  TV  <pvWi' 

XPV    tra.vv\>xi-ov    eildeiv    fiovkyfyopov    dudpa.  vtp.     Ov.  Met.  VIII  630 parua  quidem  sti~ 

Shakspere,  K.  Henry  IV.  part  n.  act  in.  pulis  et  canna  tecta  palustri. 

sc.  i.    How  many  thousand  of  my  poorest  518.    latus]  'with  its  exposed  side  shel- 

subjects  are  at  this  hour  asleep,  &c.  tered  by  an  upturned  boat'. 


LIBER    V.   499 — 542.  177 

hacc  Caesar  bis  terque  manu  quassantia  tectum 

limina  commouit.     molli  consurgit  Amyclas  520 

quem  dabat  alga  toro.     quisnam  mea  naufragus,  inquit, 

tecta  petit  ?     aut  quem  nostrac  Fortuna  coegit 

auxilium  sperare  casae  ?     sic  fatus,  ab  alto 

aggere  iam  tepidae  sublato  fune  fauillae, 

scintillam  tenuem  commotos  pauit  in  ignes :  525 

securus  belli :    praedam  ciuilibus  armis 

scit  non  esse  casas.     o  uitae  tuta  facultas 

pauperis  angustique  lares,     o  munera  nondum 

intellecta  deum.     quibus  hoc  contingere  templis 

aut  potuit  muris  nullo  trepidare  tumultu  530 

Caesarea  pulsante  manu  ?     turn  poste  recluso 

dux  ait :   exspecta  uotis  maiora  modestis, 

spesque  tuas  laxa,  iuuenis.     si  iussa  secutus 

me  uehis  Hesperiam,  non  ultra  cuncta  carinae 

debebis  manibusue  inopem  duxisse  senectam.  535 

ne  cessa  praebere  deo  tua  fata  uolenti 

angustos  opibus  subitis  implere  penates. 

sic  fatur,  quamquam  plebeio  tectus  amictu 

indocilis  priuata  loqui.     turn  pauper  Amyclas : 

multa  quidem  prohibent  nocturno  credere  ponto.  540 

nam  sol  non  rutilas  deduxit  in  aequora  nubes 

concordesque  tulit  radios :    Noton  altera  Phoebi, 

519.    quassantia]  'which  made  the  roof         533.     laxa']   '  enlarge  your  hopes '.    cf. 

shake  with  it'  Pers.  V   no    iam   nunc  adstringas,    iam 

5:4.    aggere]  'lifting  the  rope's  end  from  nunc  granaria  laxes. 
the  high-piled  heap  of  still  warm  ashes',  534.     ultra]    'in  the  future',     cf.  VII 

i.e.  a  piece  of  tow  or  old  rope  was  put  23. 

under  a  heap  of  ashes  to  smoulder  away  535.  duxisse]  is  equivalent  to  a  noun 
gradually  and  keep  the  fire  from  going  substantive  coupled  with  cuncta  and  de- 
out  altogether.  Weise  takes  fune  fauil-  pendent  on  debebis,  '  to  support  with  the 
lae  together  and  aggere  as  equivalent  to  labour  of  your  hands  an  old  age  of  po- 
caespiticio  foco,  but  the  former  seems  the  verty '. 

simpler  explanation.     Oud.  cf.  Ov.  Met.  538.     plebeio]     cf.    Plutarch    Caes.    38 

viii  641 — 643  inde  foco  tepidum  cinerem  vvktos  olv  eaOrjrL  depairovros  eTriKpvJ/dpie- 

dimouit  it  ignes  suscitat  hcslernos,  foliis-  vos  iv^-q. 
que  et  cortice  sicco  nutrit.  539.     indocilis  priuata  loqui]     Grotius 

525.     commotos  pauit  in  ignes]  'fed  till  compares  Aristot.  Pol.  Ill  iv  §  9  us  ovk 

he  raised  a  flame'.  eiuaTa.p.evos  idiurrjs  efrcu  with  reference  to 

527.     casas]  cf.  Iuv.  X  18  rarus  uenit  Jason  of  Pherae. 
in  cenacula  miles.  542.    concordesque]  i.e.  neque Concordes, 

tuta  facultas]  'the  poor  man's  power  to  cf.  I   76,    77.     Concordes   Sulpitius   inter- 
live  in  security',  prets  as  unicolores :  perhaps  it  is  rather 

529.      quibus     hoc   contingere    templis]  'parallel',    opposed  to  diducta  luce    'by 

'what  temple  could  enjoy  this  blessing?'  diverging  rays'  in  the  following  line. 

II.  L.  12 


178  LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 

altera  pars  Borean  diducta  luce  uocabat. 

orbc  quoquc  exhaustus  medio  languensque  rcccssit, 

spectantis  oculos  infirmo  lumine  passus:  545 

lunaquc  non  gracili  surrcxit  lucida  cornu, 

aut  orbis  medii  puros  exesa  recessus : 

ncc  duxit  recto  tenuata  cacumina  cornu, 

uentorumque  nota  rubuit :    turn  lurida  pallcns 

ora  tulit  uoltu  sub  nubem  tristis  ituro.  550 

sed  mihi  nee  motus  nemorum  nee  litoris  ictus, 

ncc  placet  incertus  qui  prouocat  aequora  delphin : 

aut  siccum  quod  mergus  amat,  quodque  ausa  uolare 

ardea  sublimis  pennae  confisa  natanti ; 

quodque  caput  spargens  undis  uelut  occupet  imbrem 

instabili  gressu  metitur  litora  cornix.  556 

sed  si  magnarum  poscunt  discrimina  rerum 

haud  dubitem  praebere  manus  :    uel  litora  tangam 

iussa,  uel  hoc  potius  pelagus  flatusque  negabunt. 

haec  fatus,  soluensque  ratem  dat  carbasa  uentis :   560 

ad  quorum  motus  non  solum  lapsa  per  altum 

aera  dispersos  traxere  cadentia  sulcos 

sidera  :   sed  summis  etiam  quae  fixa  tenentur 

astra  polis  sunt  uisa  quati.     niger  inficit  horror 

544.     orbe  quoque]   cf.  Verg.  G.  I  442  to  anticipate  the  coming   rain'.     Seeing 

medioquc  refugerit  orbe :  recessit  here  an-  that  the  whole  of  this  passage  is  imitated 

swers  to  Virgil's  refugerit.  from   the   first   book  of  the   Georgics  it 

546.  non  gracili\     i.e.  sed  obluso,   cf.  appears  to  me  that  this  line  gives  some 
Verg.  G.  1  433.  slight  support  to  the  genuineness  of  the 

547.  puros  exesa  recessus']    'hollowed  line  found  in  the  margin  of  some  MSS.  of 
into  clearly  marked  cavities'.  Virgil  at  G.  I  389,  aut  caput  obicctat  que- 

548.  nee  duxit]  'nor  did  she  describe  rulum  uenientibus  undis:  see  Conington's 
tapering  points  with  upright  horn',     recto  note  on  the  passage. 

is  opposed  to prono,  tenuata  to  obtilsa.  558.     praebere  manus]  'to  lend  the  ser- 

549.  uentorumque]   'but  has  reddened     vice  of  my  hands'. 

with  signs  of  wind  ',cf.  Verg.  G.  1 430,  431  559.     potius]  sc.  quam  ego,  cf.  note  on 

at  si  uirgineum  suffuderit  ore  ruborem  uen-  VII  45 1 . 

tus  erit,  uento  semper  rubet  aurea  Phoebe.  561.     quorum]  sc.  uentorum,  'at  whose 

For   nota   with   genitive    cf.    Stat.    Silu.  stirring    not    only    the    stars   that   glide 

1  i  15,  16  iuuat  ora  Uteri  mixta  notis  belli  through  the  upper  air  (i.e.  meteors)  drew 

placidamque  gcrcntia  pacem.  after  them  in  their  fall  trains  of  scattered 

551.  litoris    ictus]    'the   beat   of  the  light',     cf.  Verg.    G.  1   367  flammarum 
waves  upon  the  shore'.  longos  a  tergo  albescere  tractus,  Id.  Aen.  II 

552.  nee  placet  incertus]  'nor  the  rest-  697  turn  lougo  li mite  sulcus  dat  lucem. 
less  dolphin  as  it  challenges  the  waves'.  564.    niger  inficit  horror]  'black  ruffling 

553.  aut  siccum]    cf.  Verg.  G.   1  360  darkens  the  surface  of  the  sea',     cf.  Horn, 
foil.  II.  VII  64,  65  OLij  8e  7ie<pvpoLo  exevaro  ttov- 

554.  natanti]  '  floating  in  the  air'.  rov  'tin  (pplt,  opwiiivoio  viov,  fieXdvei  64  re 

555.  uelut  occupet  imbrem]  'as  though  tt6vtos  vtt'  avrrjs.     Verg.  Aen.  Ill  194,  195 


LIBER   V.    543—587.  179 

terga  maris :    longo  per  multa  uolumina  tractu       565 
aestuat  unda  minax  flatusquc  incerta  futuri : 
turbida  testantur  conccptos  acquora  ucntos. 
turn  rector  trepidae  fatur  ratis :    adspice  saeuom 
quanta  parct  pelagus.     Zephyros  intendat  an  Euros 
incertum  est.    puppim  dubius  ferit  undique  pontus.  570 
nubibus  et  caelo  Notus  est:   si  murmura  ponti 
consulimus,  Cauri  uerrunt  mare,     gurgite  tanto 
nee  ratis  Hesperias  tanget  nee  naufragus  oras. 
desperare  uiam  et  uetitos  conuertere  cursus 
sola  salus.     liceat  uexata  litora  puppe  575 

prendcre,  ne  longe  nimium  sit  proxima  tellus. 

fisus  cuncta  sibi  cessura  pericula  Caesar, 
sperne  minas,  inquit,  pelagi  ucntoque  furenti 
trade  sinum.     Italiam  si  caelo  auctore  recusas, 
me  pete,     sola  tibi  causa  haec  est  iusta  timoris     580 
uectorem  non  nosse  tuom,  quern  numina  numquam 
destituunt,  de  quo  male  turn  Fortuna  meretur, 
cum  post  uota  uenit.     medias  perrumpe  procellas 
tutela  secure  mea.     caeli  iste  fretique 
non  puppis  nostrae  labor  est:    hanc  Caesare  pressam 
a  fluctu  defendet  onus,     nee  longa  furori  586 

uentorum  saeuo  dabitur  mora:    proderit  undis 


turn   mihi  caernleus  supra  caput  adstitit  577.     cessura~\  'would  give  way  before 

imder,  hoc  ton   hiememque  fere  us,    et  in-  him'. 

horruit  unda  tenebris.  579.  Italiam]  This  sentencein  full  would 

565.     longo  per  /nulla']  'with   many  a  be,  Italiam  si  caelo  auctore  petere  recusas, 

curl  over  a  wide  expanse  the  threatening  pete  me  auctore,  'if  in  obedience  to  the  sky 

waves  boil,  uncertain  whence   the    wind  you  refuse  to  make   for  Italy,  do  so  in 

intends  to  blow',     cf.  Horn.  II.  XIV  16 —  obedience  to  me'. 

19  ws  0'  ore  Trop<pvpTj  wtXayos  fxiyo.  kv/jkxti  581.     uectorem]  'passenger',  cf.  Petron. 

Ku(ptf  baaofxivov    Xiytwv    dvtp.uv   \ai\pripa.  §107  omnis  uector  nihil prius quaerit quam 

ntXevda  aurws,    ovb'   &pa  re  Trpo/cvXlvberai  cuius  se  diligentiae  credat. 

ovderdpixxre  irplv  two.  KeKpip.ivov  K0.Ta(3r)p.e-  582.     de  quo]  '  whom  Fortune  then  deals 

vcu  €k  Aids  ovpov.  hardly  with   when   she   comes   after    my 

567.     turbida   testantur]  'the  swelling  prayers',  i.e.  Fortune  usually  anticipates 

seas  attest  that  they  have  caught  the  force  my  prayers. 

of  the  winds',  cf.  Yal.   Flacc.  V  522  ecu  584.     caeli  iste]  'yonder  troubles  affect 

tumet  atque  imo  sub  gurgite  concipit  An-  the  sky  and  sea  but  do  not  concern  our 

stros  unda  si/ens.  bark'. 

571.     nubibus  el  caelo]  cf.  11  459  foil.  586.     defendet]  cf.   Plut.   Caes.   38  Wt, 

573.     nee    ratis]    nee    salua    naui    nee  2<pr),  ytvvaie,  rbX/J-a  nai  SebiOi  p.7)biv   Kal- 

naufragi  Italam  oram  tangemus.     Weise.  aapa  <p£pei.s  /cat  tt\v  Kaicrapos  tvxv  <™M- 

,^75.     liceat]  'let  us  gain  the  shore  with  trXiovcav. 

our  storm-tossed  bark '.  587.     mora]    'continuation',    'nor  will 

I  2 2 


i8o  LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 

ista  ratis.     ne  flecte  manus:    fuge  proxima  uclis 

litora:    turn  Calabro  portu  tc  credc  potitum, 

cum  iam  non  poterit  puppi  nostracquc  saluti  590 

altera  terra  dari.     quid  tanta  strage  paretur 

ignoras  ?     quaerit  pelagi  caclique  tumultu 

quid  praestct  Fortuna  mihi.     non  plura  locuto 

auolsit  laceros  percussa  puppe  rudentes 

turbo  rapax  fragilcmque  super  uolitantia  malum    595 

uela  tulit :   sonuit  uictis  compagibus  alnus. 

inde  ruunt  toto  congesta  pericula  mundo. 

primus  ab  oceano  caput  exseris  Atlanteo, 

Caure,  mouens  aestus :    iam  te  tollente  furebat 

pontus  et  in  scopulos  totas  erexerat  undas.  600 

occurrit  gelidus  Boreas  pelagusque  retundit : 

et  dubium  pendet  uento  cui  pareat  aequor. 

sed  Scythici  uicit  rabies  Aquilonis  et  undas 

torsit,  et  abstrusas  penitus  uada  fecit  harenas. 

nee  perfert  pontum  Boreas  ad  saxa  suomque         605 

in  fluctus  Cauri  frangit  mare :    motaque  possunt 

aequora  subductis  etiam  concurrere  uentis. 

non  Euri  cessasse  minas,  non  imbribus  atrum 

Aeolii  iacuisse  Notum  sub  carcere  saxi 

crediderim  :    cunctos  solita  de  parte  ruentis  610 

defendisse  suas  uiolento  turbine  terras, 

sic  pelagus  mansisse  loco,     non  parua  procellis 

aequora  rapta  ferunt :   Aegeas  transit  in  undas 

Tyrrhenum ;   sonat  Ionio  uagus  Hadria  ponto. 

the  frantic  raving  of  the  sea  be  suffered  to  Oud.  cf.   Sen.    Agam.  140,    141   tit,  cum 

continue  long',     cf.  Val.   Flacc.    VI   733  hinc  profundum  ucntus  hinc  aestus  rapit, 

saeua  quidem  lucis  miseris  mora.  incerta  dubitat  unda  cui  cedat  malo. 

proderit  undis]  quia  propter  me  uenti  604.     uada  fecit]  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  I  106 

qui  eas  commouent  sedabuntur.     Schol.  his    unda    dehiscens  terrain  inter  fluctus 

593.     quid praestet]  'what  boon  she  can  aperit. 

confer  on  me'.  606.     in  fluctus  Cauri]  'breaks  its  own 

595.  fragilcmque]  'and  swept  the  flut-  billows  against  the  waves  raised  by  Caurus'. 
tering  sails  down  upon  the  fragile  mast'.  cf.  I  103. 

596.  sonuit]  'creaked  as  its  joints  gave  607.  subductis]  'even  were  the  winds 
way'.                                                                    removed'. 

599.  tollente]  cf.  Hor.  carm.  1  iii  14 —  609.  iacuisse]  '  to  have  lain  imprisoned ', 
16  quo  non  arbiter  Hadriac  motor  tollere  Oud.  cf.  Sil.  Ital.  II  593  umbraeque  recu- 
sal poncre  uolt  freta.  sent  captiuo  iacuisse  solo. 

600.  erexerat]  i.e.  would  have  raised,  611.  defendisse]  i.e.  by  driving  back 
had  not  Boreas  met  it.  the  sea  from  their  own  shores. 

602.     cui]  for  uiri,  see  note  on  1  126.  613.    ferunt]  sc.  uenti. 


LIBER    V.    588—636.  1  Si 

a  quotiens  frustra  pulsatos  aequorc  montes  615 

obruit  ilia  dies,  quam  celsa  cacumina  pessum 

tellus  uicta  dedit.     non  illo  litore  surgunt 

tarn  ualidi  fluctus,  alioque  ex  orbe  uoluti 

a  magno  uenere  mari,  mundumque  coercens 

monstriferos  agit  unda  sinus,     sic  rector  Olympi   620 

cuspide  fraterna  lassatum  in  saecula  fulmen 

adiuuit  regnoque  accessit  terra  sccundo, 

cum  mare  conuoluit  gentes,  cum  litora  Tethys 

noluit  ulla  pati  caelo  contenta  teneri. 

nunc  quoque  tanta  maris  moles  crcuisset  in  astra  625 

ni  superum  rector  pressisset  nubibus  undas. 

non  caeli  nox  ilia  fuit :    latet  obsitus  aer 

infernae  pallore  domus  nimbisque  grauatus 

deprimitur,  fluctusque  in  nubibus  accipit  imbrem. 

lux  etiam  metuenda  perit,  nee  fulgura  currunt       630 

clara,  sed  obscurum  nimbosus  dissilit  aer. 

turn  superum  conuexa  fremunt  atque  arduus  axis 

insonuit  motaque  poli  compage  laborant. 

extimuit  natura  chaos :    rupisse  uidentur 

Concordes  elementa  moras  rursusque  redirc  635 

nox  manes  mixtura  deis.     spes  una  salutis 

615.    frustra  pulsatos]  '  battered  in  vain  iii  52  mox  crescit  in  illos  imperium  superis. 
before'.  627.     non  cadi]  i.e.   not  the   common 

617.     non   illo]    So   Weise   with  some  darkness  of  the  sky,  but  unnatural  dark- 

MSS.,  and  this  seems  to  have  been  the  ness,  sc.  ex  Acheronte. 
reading  of  the  Scholiast,  rather  than  ullo         629.    fluctusque    in    nubibus]   i.e.  sky 

which    is   the  common    reading.     'Such  and  sea  are  so  closely  mingled  that  the 

mighty  waves  do  not  take  their  rise  on  sea  receives  the  rain  in  the  midst  of  the 

that  coast  but  rolled  from  another  quarter  clouds,  instead  of  fallen  from  them, 
of  the  world  come  from  the  vast  ocean,  and  630.     lux]  sc.  fulgurum. 

it   is  the  flood  which  encircles  the  earth  631.     obscurum  ...  dissilit]     'is    darkly 

that  drives  these  portentous  billows'.    For  cleft',  i.e.  the  lightning  can  scarcely  be 

coercens  cf.  11  400,  Cic.  N.  D.  11  §  101  restat  seen.     For  the  neuter  adjective  used  ad- 

ultinius  et  a  domiciliis    uostris  altissimus  verbially,  cf.    Hor.  carm.  II  xix  6,  7  tur- 

omnia  cingens  et  coercens  caeli  complcxus.  biduni  lactatur. 

621.  cuspide]  'trident'  cu'xm?7-  633.     mota... compage]  'with  their  frame- 
in  saecula]  is  perhaps  best  taken  with  work  strained'. 

lassatum  'worn  out  with  punishing  many  635.     Concordes  ...  moras]     'their     har- 

generations',  or  it  might  be  taken  with  monious  checks',  i.e.  the  laws  which  keep 

adiuuit,  i.e.  'aided  against  the  world'.  them  in  harmony. 

622.  regno... secundo]  sc.  the  ocean,  the  636.     nox  manes]   cf.  Plin.  Epp.  vi  20 
realm  of  Neptune.     See  note  on  iv  110.  multi  ad  deos  manus  tollere,  plures  nus- 

624.  caelo  contenta  teneri]  'content  to  quam  iam  deos  ullos,  aeternamque  illam 
be  bounded  by  the  sky  alone'.  ct  nouissimam    noctem  mundo  interpreta- 

625.  creuisset  in  astra]    'would  have  bantu r,  in  the  account  of  the  eruption  of 
mounted  to  the  stars',  cf.  Stat.  Silu.  in  Vesuvius. 


182  LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 

quod  tanta  mundi  nondum  pcricrc  ruina. 

quantus  Leucadio  placidus  dc  ucrticc  pontus 

dcspicitur;    tantum  nautae  uidere  trcmentcs 

fluctibus  e  summis  praeceps  marc :    cumque  tumcntcs 

rursus  hiant  undac  uix  eminet  aequore  malus.        641 

nubila  tanguntur  uclis  ct  terra  carina. 

nam  pelagus  qua  parte  scdet  non  eclat  harenas 

exhaustum  in  cumulos  omnisque  in  fluctibus  unda  est. 

artis  opem  uicere  metus  :    nescitquc  magister  645 

quam  frangat,  cui  cedat  aquae,     discordia  ponti 

succurrit  miscris  fluctusque  euertere  puppim 

non  ualet  in  fluctus :    uictum  latus  unda  repellens 

erigit  atque  omni  surgit  ratis  ardua  ucnto. 

non  humilem  Sasona  uadis  non  litora  curuae         650 

Thessaliae  saxosa  pauent  oraeque  malignos 

Ambraciae  portus :    scopulosa  Ceraunia  nautae 

summa  timent.     credit  iam  digna  pericula  Caesar 

fatis  esse  suis.     tantusne  euertere,  dixit, 

me  superis  labor  est :    parua  quern  puppe  sedentem 

tam  magno  petiere  mari  ?     si  gloria  leti  656 

est  pelago  donata  mei  bellisque  negamur, 

intrepidus  quamcunque  datis  mihi,  numina,  mortem 

accipiam.     licet  ingentes  abruperit  actus 

festinata  dies  fatis,  sat  magna  peregi :  660 

Arctoas  domui  gentes  :   inimica  subegi 

arma  metu  :    uidit  Magnum  mihi  Roma  secundum : 


637.  periere]  sc.  Caesar  and  Amyclas. 

638.  quantus  Leucadio]  'wide  as  is 
the  calm  sea  looked  down  upon  from  the 
Leucadian  height,  so  wide  an  extent  of 
dashing  billows  do  the  trembling  sailors 
see  from  the  top  of  the  waves',  i.e.  the 
waves  carry  the  boat  as  high  as  the  sum- 
mit of  the  Leucadian  promontory. 

643.  qua  parte  scdet]  'where  it  sinks 
discloses  the  sands'.    For  sedere  cf.m  380. 

644.  exhaustum  in  cumulos]  'used  up 
to  make  the  billows'.  Weise  with  some 
MSS.  reads  tumulos  but  cumulus  is  else- 
where used  of  waves,  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  I  105 
insequitur  cumulo  praeruptus  aquae  //ions. 

omnisque]  i.e.  so  that  there  is  no  water 
left  to  hide  the  bottom. 

646.     qua/u  frangat]  '  which   wave  to 


meet  . 

649.  ardua]  'kept  upright  by  every 
wind'. 

65 1 .  oraeque  malignos] '  the  scanty  har- 
bours of  the  Ambracian  coast '. 

653.  summa]  i.e.  because  they  are 
lifted  as  high  as  the  summit  of  Ceraunia. 

656.  tam  magno]  'they  have  assailed 
with  so  stormy  a  sea'. 

657.  bellis]  ut  illis  potius  occumbam. 
Schol. 

659.  licet  ingentes]  'though  my  death- 
day  hurried  on  by  destiny  have  interrupted 
a  glorious  course  of  action '.  actus  means  a 
course  of  action,  acta,  single  exploits. 

660.  peregi]  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  IV  653  uixi 
et  quern  dederat  atrsum  forluna  peregi. 

662.     metu]  'by  fear  alone'. 


LIBER   V.   637—685.  183 

iussa  plcbc  tuli  fasces  per  bella  negatos. 
nulla  meis  aberit  titulis  Romana  potestas. 
nee  sciet  hoc  quisquam,  nisi  tu  quae  sola  meorum     665 
conscia  uotorum  es,  me,  quamuis  plenus  honorum 
et  dictator  earn  Stygias  et  consul  ad  umbras, 
priuatum,  Fortuna,  mori.     mihi  funere  nullo 
est  opus,  o  superi :    lacerum  retinete  cadauer 
fiuctibus  in  mediis :    desint  mihi  busta  rogusque,    670 
dum  metuar  semper  terraque  exspecter  ab  omni. 
haec  fatum  decimus,  dictu  mirabile,  fluctus 
inualida  cum  puppe  leuat ;    nee  rursus  ab  alto 
aggere  deiecit  pelagi  sed  pertulit  unda, 
scruposisque  angusta  uacant  ubi  litora  saxis  675 

imposuit  terrae.     pariter  tot  regna  tot  urbes 
fortunamque  suam  tacta  tellure  recepit. 

sed  non  tarn  remeans  Caesar  iam  luce  propinqua 
quam  tacita  sua  castra  fuga  comitesque  fefellit. 
circumfusa  duci  fieuit  gemituque  suorum  680 

et  non  ingratis  incessit  turba  querelis : 
quo  te,  dure,  tulit  uirtus  temeraria,  Caesar  ? 
aut  quae  nos  uiles  animas  in  fata  relinquens 
inuitis  spargenda  dabas  tua  membra  procellis  ? 
cum  tot  in  hac  anima  populorum  uita  salusque     685 


663.  iussa]  equivalent  to  coacta.  and  so  simply  'huge',     cf.  Ov.  Trist.  I  ii 
tuli]  '  I  have  won  as  a  prize ',  like  the  49,  50  qui  uenit  hie  fluctus  fluctus  supere- 

Greek  tptpeodai,  cf.  Iuv.  xn  I  105  ille  cm-  minet  omnes ;  posterior  nono  est  undecimo- 

cem  prctiuni  sceleris  tulit,  hie  diadema.  que  prior.    Id.  Met.  xi  530  uastius  insur- 

664.  Romana]   i.e.   no    office    except  gens  decimae  ruit  impetus  undae. 

that  of  rex.  675.     scruposisque]   'and  where  a  nar- 

665.  nee  sciet]  This  is  the  reading  given  •  row  belt  of  shore  is  clear  of  rugged  rocks', 
by  Oud.  following  one  MS.  Weise  with  678.  remeans]  sc.  to  Epirus  :  he  start- 
most  MSS.  gives  nesciet,  but  it  does  not  ed  to  return  the  same  night  and  arrived 
seem  possible  that  nesciet  quisquam  could  early  on  the  next  morning :  his  actions  at 
be  used  as  equivalent  to  sciet  nemo.  Brundisium  are  not  recounted.     AYeise. 

nisi  tu]  sc.  Fortuna.  679.    fefellit]    cf.    Verg.    Aen.    11    774 

668.    priuatum]  i.e.  in  my  own  eyes,  cotnitcs  natumqnc  uirumque fefellit. 

inasmuch  as  I  am  not  yet  a  king.     cf.  11  680.     suorum]  is  dependent  on  turba, 

564   non  priuata  cupit  Romana  quisquis  cf.  supr.  387. 

in  urbe  Pompeium  transire  pa  rat.     Grotius  681.     non    ingratis]    'welcome    to    his 

compares  Plutarch.  Marius  xlv  where  a  ears'. 

similar  sentiment  is  put  into  the  mouth  of  684.     inuitis]     'did    you    expose   your 

Marius.  limbs  to  be  scattered  by  the  storms  that 

671.  terra... ab  omni]  i.e.  to  come  from  had  no  will  to  harm  you',  i.e.  as  they  had 
every  land.  shown  by  preserving  him  notwithstanding 

672.  decimus]  equivalent  to  decumanus  his  rashness. 


1 84  LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 

pendcat  ct  tantus  caput  hoc  sibi  fcccrit  orbis, 
saeuitia  est  uoluisse  mod.     nullusnc  tuorum 
emeruit  comitum  fatis  non  posse  superstes 
esse  tuis  ?     cum  te  rapcret  mare  corpora  segnis     689 
nostra  sopor  tenuit :    pudet,  heu,  tibi  causa  petendac 
hacc  fuit  Hesperiae:   uisum  est  committere  quemquam 
tarn  sacuo  crudele  mari.     sors  ultima  rerum 
in  dubios  casus  et  prona  pericula  mortis 
praccipitare  solet :    mundi  iam  summa  tenentem 
permisissc  mari.     tantum  quid  numina  lassas  ?        695 
sufficit  ad  belli  summam  fauor  iste  laborque 
Fortunae  quod  te  nostris  impegit  harenis  ? 
hine  usus  placuere  deum,  non  rector  ut  orbis, 
nee  dominus  rerum,  sed  felix  naufragus  esses  ? 
talia  iactantis  discussa  nocte  serenus  7°° 

oppressit  cum  sole  dies,  fessumque  tumentis 
composuit  pelagus  uentis  patientibus  undas. 
nee  non  Hesperii  lassatum  fluctibus  aequor 
ut  uidere  duces  purumque  insurgere  caelo 
fracturum  pelagus  Boream,  soluere  carinas,  705 

quas  uentus  doctaeque  pari  moderamine  dextrae 

686.    pendeat]  equivalent  to  uertatur:  half  to  have  done  for  the  completion  of  the 

the  usual  construction  is  pendere  ab  or  ex,  war,  that    she  has  driven  you  upon  our 

cf.  769  infr.  but  see  Cic.  in  Pison.  §  98  shores?' i.e.  the  favour  of  Fortune  should 

neque  in  tabellis  paucorum  iudicum,  sed in  not  be  wasted  on  such  a  matter  as  your 

sententiis  omnium  ciuium  famam  nostram  safe  passage. 

for tunamque pendere.  698.     hine  usus]  'is  this  the  way  you 

tantus]  'so  great  a  portion  of  the  world  would  employ  the  favour  of  the  gods?' 

has  made  you  its  head'.  702.     composuit]  'the  weary  sea  calmed 

690.     tibi  causa]  'your  reason  for  seek-  its  swelling  billows,  the  winds  allowing 

ing  Italy  was  that  you  thought  it  cruel  to  it '.     Here   the   sea   is   said  to  calm  the 

expose  any  to  so  fierce  a  sea',   i.e.   any  waves,  more  often  the  winds  themselves 

other,  and  so  you  went  yourself.  are  said  to  do  so,  cf.  Hor.  carm.  1  ii    16; 

692.  sors  ultima  rerum]  'the  extreme  Soph.  Ajax  674  Seivuv  r'  arjfjLa  irvevixdrwu 
of  misery'.    See  note  on  VII  122  ;  here  it  is  iKol/u<re  arhovTa.  ttovtov. 

opposed  to  mundi  summa  tenentem.     See         703.     Hesperii... duces]    'the    chieftains 

also  Ov.    Met.   xiv   489  sors   antem  ubi  in  Italy',  sc.  Antonius  and  Calenus.     See 

pessima  rerum.  note  on  1  106. 

693.  mortis]  'headlong  risks  of  death'.  705.  fracturum]  'ready  to  break  the 
Oud.  with  one  MS.  reads  morti,  'risks  sea's  force',  i.e.  by  blowing  continuously 
leading  down  to  death '.  in  one  direction. 

695.  permisisse]  This  is  to  be  taken  Boream]  Caesar  B.  C.  ill  26  says  nacti 
as  an  exclamatory  infinitive,  'to  think  of  Austrum  naues  soluunt.  Auster  is  men- 
having  exposed  to  the  risks  of  the  sea  one  tioned  below  721  as  succeeding  to  Boreas, 
who  is  already  ruler  of  the  world '.  706.     uentus]  cf.  Horn.   Od.  XI  10  tt)v 

696.  sufficit]  'is  it  enough  for  the  fa-  r'  avefios  re  Kv^epvrjT-qs  t  Wvvev. 

vour  of  Fortune  and  her  toil  on  your  be-         doctae]  'the  skilled  hands',  i.e.  of  the 


LIBER   V.    686—726.  185 

permixtas  habuere  diu  :    latumque  per  aequor, 
ut  terrestrc  coit  consertis  puppibus  agmen. 
sed  nox  saeua  modum  uenti  uclique  tcnorcm 
eripuit  nautis  excussitque  ordine  puppes.  710 

Strymona  sic  gelidum  bruma  pcllente  relinquunt 
poturae  te,  Nile,  grues,  primoque  uolatu 
effingunt  uarias  casu  monstrantc  figuras. 
mox  ubi  pcrcussit  tensas  Notus  altior  alas, 
confusos  tcmcre  immixtae  glomerantur  in  orbes,    715 
et  turbata  pcrit  dispersis  littcra  pennis. 
cum  primum  redeunte  die  uiolentior  acr 
puppibus  incubuit  Phocbeo  concitus  ortu, 
praetereunt  frustra  temptati  litora  Lissi, 
Nymphaeumque  tencnt.    nudas  Aquilonibus  undas  720 
succedens  Boreae  iam  portum  fecerat  Auster. 

undique  collatis  in  robur  Caesaris  armis, 
summa  uidens  duri  Magnus  discrimina  Martis 
iam  castris  instare  suis,  seponere  tutum 
coniugii  decreuit  onus,  Lesboque  remota  725 

te  procul  a  saeui  strepitu,  Cornelia,  belli 

pilots.     Weise  adopts  ductae,  an  emenda-  seasons,  and  set  forth  Their  airy  caravan, 

tion  of  Gronovius  which  seems  unneces-  high  over  seas  Flying,  and  over  lands,  with 

sary.  mutual  wing  Easing  their  flight '. 

pari  moderaminc]  'with  even  guidance'.  715.       confusos]    'are    gathered     into 

707.    permixtas  habuere]  'kept  united',  huddled  masses'. 

709.     nox  sacua]     There  is  a  difficulty  716.     lit/era]  sc.  fig/ira,  Oud.  cf.  Clau- 

about   this   expression:    it   appears   from  dian  B.  Gild.  476,    477  ordinibus  aariis 

line  717  that  the  night  was  calm,  and  that  per  nubila  texitur  ales  littera,  pennarum- 

this  caused  the  order  of  the  ships  to  be  que  nods  inscribitur  aer.     See  also  Mart, 

disturbed,  on  which  account  the  night  is  XIII    75   turbabis   uersus   nee   littera   tola 

called  saeua  as  causing  delay  to  their  pas-  uolabit,    unam   perdideris    si    Palamedis 

sage:  but  the  simile  which  follows  would  auem.     Cic.  N.  I).  II  §  125. 

seem   to    suit    better    witli    a    disturbance  719.    frustra  temptati]   'where  they  in 

brought  about  by  contrary  winds.    Weise.  vain  essay  to  land'. 

modum  uenti  uelique  tenorew]'  the  suit-  720.     undas]    'Auster    succeeding     to 

able  amount  of  wind  and  the  even  course  Boreas  had  now  made  the  waters  exposed 

of  the  sails'.  to  the  north  winds  a  safe  harbour',   cf.  the 

711.  Strymona]  cf.  vn  832  foil.  use  of  in  portu  esse  uel  nauigare  for  'to  be 

712.  Nile]  cf.  Aristoph.  Aves  710  safe '  Ter.  Andr.  Ill  i  22  (480)  nunc  huius 
airdpuv  /xh  6rav  ytpavos  /cpwfowr'  es  tt)v  perielo  fit,  ego  in  portu  nauigo.  Cic.  ad 
At.pvr)v  neraxupv-  km.  IX  vi  §  4  his  tempestatibus  es  prope 

713.  casu]   'chance   instinct',  sc.  non  solus  in  portu. 

rati  one.  722.      collatis   in   robur]   'gathered    to 

figuras]  i.e.  the  shapes  of  letters  V  or  A ;  their  full  strength', 

cf  Milton's  Paradise  Lost   VII  425  foil.  725.     remota]    Grotius  and  Weise  with 

'Part  more  wise  In  common,  ranged  in  some   MSS.    read    remotam,    but   remota 

figure,    wedge    their    way,    Intelligent    of  appears  to  have  the  better  authority. 


1 86  LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 

occulerc.     heu  quantum  mentes  dominatur  in  acquas 
iusta  Venus,     dubium  trcpidumque  ad  proelia,  Magnc, 
tc  quoque  fecit  amor:    quod  nollcs  stare  sub  ictu 
Fortunae  quo  mundus  erat  Romanaque  fata  730 

coniunx  sola  fuit.     mentem  iam  uerba  paratam 
destituunt,  blandaeque  iuuat  uentura  trahentem 
indulgere  morae  et  tempus  subducere  fatis. 
nocte  sub  extrema  pulso  torpore  quietis 
dum  fouet  amplexu  grauidum  Cornelia  curis  735 

pectus  et  auersi  petit  oscula  grata  mariti : 
umentis  mirata  genas  percussaque  caeco 
uolnere,  non  audet  fientem  deprendere  Magnum, 
ille  gemens,  uita  non  nunc  mihi  dulcior,  inquit, 
cum  taedet  uitae,  laeto  sed  tempore,  coniunx,        740 
uenit  maesta  dies  et  quam  nimiumque  parumque 
distulimus:    iam  totus  adest  in  proelia  Caesar, 
cedendum  est  bellis  :    quorum  tibi  tuta  latebra 
Lesbos  erit.     desiste  preces  temptare :    negaui 
iam  mihi :    non  longos  a  me  patiere  recessus.         745 
praecipites  aderunt  casus  :   properante  ruina 
summa  cadunt.     satis  est  audisse  pericula  Magni : 
meque  tuus  decepit  amor  ciuilia  bella 
si  spectare  potes.     nam  me  iam  Marte  parato 
securos  cepisse  pudet  cum  coniuge  somnos,  750 

eque  tuo,  miserum  quatiunt  cum  classica  mundum, 


727.  aequas]  bonas,  pias  Grotius :  but  Magnus  in  the  act  of  weeping',  cf.  Stat, 
it  might  also  be  taken  as  equivalent  to  Theb.  II  337—339  quotiens  haec  ora  na- 
constantis,  i.e.  generally  firm,  cf.  Hor.  tare  fldibus  et  magnas  latrantia  pectora 
carm.  n  iii  i.  curas  admota  deprendo  manu. 

728.  iusta]  equivalent  to  legit ima,  739.  uita  non  nunc]  'dearer  to  me 
'lawful  love',     cf.  II  379.  than  life,  I  say  not  now  when  life  is  a 

729.  quod]  is  the  relative,  'the  reason  burden  to  me,  but  in  times  of  happiness', 
why  you  were  unwilling',  cf.  note  on  1  24  741.  nimium]  ad  belli  rationem;  pa- 
Verg.  Aen.  11    180,  Lucret.  IV  885  with  rum,  ad  affectum.     Scholiast. 

Dr  Munro's  note.  742.     totus]  'with  all  his  force',  cf.  II 

sub  ictu]  'exposed  to  fortune's  blow'.  485.     Hor.  carm.  1  xix  9  in  me  tota  mens 

732.     blandaeque  iuuat]  '  indulging  in  Venus. 

tempting  delay  to  put  off  what  must  come,  744.    negaui  iam  mihi]  '  I  have  already 

and  steal  some  moments  from  destiny'.  said  'no'  to  myself  sc.  cupienti  te  retinere. 

736.  auersi]  'who  turns  away  from  747.  summa]  cf.  I  70  summisque  negm 
her'.  turn  stare  diu. 

737.  caeco]  i.e.  whose  cause  is  hidden  748.  meque  tuus]  '  I  have  been  deceived 
from  her.  in  your  love  of  me  if  you  can  endure  the 

738.  Jlenlcm    deprendere]    'to    detect  spectacle  of  civil  war'. 


LIBER   V.    727—774.  187 

surrexisse  sinu.     uercor  ciuilibus  armis 
Pompcium  nullo  tristem  committere  damno. 
tutior  intcrca  populis  et  tutior  omni 
rege  late,  positamque  procul  fortuna  mariti  755 

non  tota  tc  mole  premat.     si  numina  nostras 
impulerint  acies,  maneat  pars  optima  nostri ; 
sitque  mihi,  si  fata  premant  uictorque  cruentus, 
quo  fugisse  uelim.     uix  tantum  infirma  dolorem 
cepit  et  adtonito  cessere  e  pectore  sensus.  760 

tandem  uix  maestas  potuit  proferrc  querelas: 
nil  mihi  de  fatis  thalami  superisque  relictum  est, 
Magne,  queri :    nostros  non  rumpit  funus  amores 
nee  diri  fax  summa  rogi ;    sed  sorte  frequenti 
plebeiaque  nimis  careo  dimissa  marito.  765 

hostis  ad  aduentum  rumpamus  foedera  taedae : 
placemus  socerum.     sic  est  tibi  cognita,  Magne, 
nostra  fides  ?   credisne  aliquid  mihi  tutius  esse 
quam  tibi  ?    non  olim  casu  pendemus  ab  uno  ? 
fulminibus  me,  saeue,  iubes  tantaeque  ruinae  770 

absentem  praestare  caput  ?   secura  uidetur 
sors  tibi,  cum  facias  etiam  nunc  uota,  perisse  ? 
ut  nolim  seruire  malis,  sed  morte  parata 
te  sequar  ad  manes ;   feriat  dum  maesta  remotas 

752.    uereor  ciuilibus  armis]    'I  fear  to  766.     hostis  ad  aduentum]  ironical:  as 

engage   Pompeius   in   civil  strife   unsad-  if  Caesar  were  angry  at   his   daughter's 

dened  by  any  loss',  pudet  me  in  hoc  ciuili  place  being  taken  by  another  wife, 

bello,  quo    omnes   coniugibus   ac   liberis  767.     sic  est  tibi  copiitd]  cf.  Verg.  Aen. 

carere  debent,  laetum  ob  uxoris  praesen-  11  44  sic  notus  Vlixes? 

tiam  conspici.     Grotius.  769.     non   olim]    'have    we   not   long 

757.     impulerint]  'shall  dash  to  ruin',  been  dependent  on  one  and  the  same  for- 

cf.  note  on  108  supr.  tune?' 

pars]  cf.   Hor.    carm    1    iii  8  et  serucs  771.     absentem]  'apart  from  you'. 

animae  dimidium  meae.    Ov.  Trist.  11  43,  secura  uidetur]  'does  it  seem  to  you  an 

44  at  nunc,  itt  peream,  quoniam  caret  ilia  easy  lot  for  me  to  have  already  perished 

periclo,  dimidia  ccrte  parte  superstes  ero.  while  you  are  still  praying  for  success?' 

760.     cepit]  'could  scarce  endure',  cf.  i.e.  for  me  to  be  as  good  as  dead  owing 

Ov.  Nux  4  publica  cum  lentam  non  capit  to  my  separation  from  you,  while  success 

ira  moram.  is  still  possible  for  you. 

763.  nostros  non  rumpit]  'it  is  not  773.  malis]  neuter,  not,  as  Weise  takes 
death  that  breaks  off  our  love'.  it,  equivalent  to  hostibus:  'though  I  should 

764.  sed  sorte]  hoc  est  quod  uolgo  fit  refuse  to  yield  slavishly  to  misfortune, 
et  quod  ignobilibus  contingit,  repudio  a  but  by  a  self-sought  death  follow  you  to 
te  discedo.     Schol.  the  shades,  still  I  am  to  survive  you  till 

765.  dimissa]  'as  though  divorced',  cf.  the  sad  news  of  your  death  reach  those 
Suet.  Tib.  49  femina  dimissa  e  matrimo-  distant  shores':  for  mortc.  parata,  cf.  vm 
nio.  32. 


i88  LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 

fama  procul  terras,  uiuam  tibi  nempc  supcrstcs.     775 

adde  quod  adsucscis  fatis  tantumque  dolorem, 

crudelis,  me  ferre  doces.     ignosce  fatenti : 

posse  pati  timeo.     quod  si  sunt  uota  deisque 

audior,  euentus  rerum  sciet  ultima  coniunx. 

sollicitam  rupes  iam  te  uictore  tenebunt,  780 

et  puppim  quae  fata  ferat  tarn  laeta  timebo. 

nee  soluent  audita  metus  mihi  prospera  belli, 

cum  uacuis  proiecta  locis  a  Caesare  possim 

uel  fugiente  capi.     notescent  litora  clarr 

nominis  exsilio,  positaquc  ibi  coniuge  Magni  785 

quis  Mitylenaeas  potcrit  nescire  latebras  ? 

hoc  precor  extremum,  si  nil  tibi  uicta  relinquent 

tutius  arma  fuga,  cum  te  commiseris  undis, 

quolibet  infaustam  potius  deflecte  carinam  : 

litoribus  quaerere  meis.     sic  fata,  relictis  790 

exsiluit  stratis  amens,  tormentaque  nulla 

uolt  differre  mora,     non  maesti  pectora  Magni 

sustinet  amplexu  dulci  non  colla  tenere : 

extremusque  perit  tarn  longi  fructus  amoris : 

praecipitantque  suos  luctus :   neuterque  recedens    795 

sustinuit  dixisse  uale  :    uitamque  per  omnem 

nulla  fuit  tarn  maesta   dies,     nam  cetera  damna 

durata  iam  mente  malis  firmaque  tulerunt. 

labitur  infelix  manibusque  excepta  suorum 

fertur  ad  aequoreas,  ac  se  prosternit,  harenas,         800 

775.  nempe]  'on  your  shewing'  i.e.  if  que  ab  loue gentis  nomina  Trosque parens 
I  do  as  you  would  have  me  do.  et  Troiae  Cynthiits  auctor. 

776.  adsucscis  fatis]  'you  are  accus-  787.  hoc  precor]  This  is  an  answer  to 
toming  me  to  my  doom':  for  the  active  758  sit  mihi  quo  fugisse  uelim. 
use  of  adsuescere  cf.  Hor.  Sat.  I  iv  105  789.  quolibet]  '  turn  your  unhappy  bark 
insueuit pater  optimus  hoc  me,  Id.  Sat.  11  to  any  other  land  in  preference;  you  will 
ii  109,  no  hie  qui  pluribits  adsuerit  men-  be  looked  for  on  the  shores  where  I  am 
tern  corpusque  superbum.  dwelling'. 

778.  pati]  'to  endure  your  absence'.  791.    tormenta]  i.e.  the  pain  of  parting. 
quod  si  sunt  uota]  'but  if  prayers  are  of  794.    perit]    'is  thrown  away'. 

any  avail'.  795.     neuterque .. .uale]    These    words, 

779.  sciet  ultima]  'will  be  the  last  to     although  found  in  almost  all  MSS.,  are 
hear  of  your  success'.  bracketed    as    spurious    by    Cortius    on 

783.  proiecta]    'cast   ashore',   'aban-  account  of  the  repetition  of  the  word  sus- 
doned'.  tinere,    but   such   repetitions   are   by  no 

784.  capi]  i.e.  as  a  hostage.  means  rare  in  Lucan. 

785.  nominis]  the  name  put  for  the  798.       durata... malis]    'hardened    by 
person,  cf.  Verg.  G.  in  35,  36  demissae-  misery'. 


LIBER   V.    775—815.  189 

litoraque  ipsa  tenet  tandemque  illata  carinae  est. 
non  sic  infelix  patriam  portusque  reliquit 
Hesperios,  saeui  premerent  cum  Caesaris  arma. 
fida  comes  Magni  uadit  duce  sola  relicto 
Pompeiumque  fugit.     quae  nox  sibi  proxima  uenit 
insomnis.     uiduo  turn  primum  frigida  lecto  806 

atque  insueta  quies  uni  nudumque  marito 
non  haerente  latus.     somno  quam  saepe  grauata 
deceptis  uacuom  manibus  complcxa  cubile  est, 
atque  oblita  fugae  quaesiuit  nocte  maritum.  810 

nam  flamma  quamuis  tacitas  urgente  medullas 
non  iuuat  in  toto  corpus  iactare  cubili : 
seruatur  pars  ilia  tori,     caruissc  timebat 
Pompeio :   sed  non  supcri  tarn  laeta  parabant. 
instabat  miserae  Magnum  quae  redderet  hora.        815 

801.     carinae  est]     Weise  is  of  opinion  806.    frigida]     cf.    Ov.    Heroic!,    xix 

that  the  book  ended  with  these  words,  69  cur  ego  tot  uiduas  exegi  frigida  nodes? 

and  that  the  remainder  is  spurious:  his  807.   nudum]  'deserted' 'unprotected', 

words  are  'arguunt  v.  804  uadit,  v.  805  809.    deceptis]  cf.  Ov.  Met.  XI  674,  675 

sibi,  807  frigida  quies,  deinde  ilia  inepta  ingemit  Alcyone  lacrimans  motatque  lacer- 

v.  811  nam  flamma  &c.  non  iuuat  &c,  ut  los  per  somnum,  corpusque  petens  amplecti- 

n'on  dubitauerim  totum  hunc  locum  inclu-  tur  auras. 

dere,  adiectum  ab  aliquo  cui  nimis  uide-  811.      nam    flamma     quamuis]     licet 

retur  abruptus  finis  in  uersu  801 '.  amore  uexaretur,  tamen  non  iactabat  cor- 

804.  uadit]  'departs'.  Weise  objects  pus  per  totum  torum,  ut  amantes  prae 
to  this  use  of  the  word,  but  cf.  vn  33  tu  molestia  consueuere,  sed  partem,  tanquam 
uelut  Ausonia  uadis  morilurus  in  urbe.  si  uir    adesset,  seruabat   intactam.     Sul- 

805.  sibi]  for  illi  seems  indefensible,  pitius. 

though  Oud.  tries  to  defend  it.     tibi  is         813.     caruisse]  'to  have  lost  for  ever', 
found   in   some   MSS.,    and   though   the         815.     instabat]  i.e.  recepit,  sed  uictum: 

transition  is  abrupt,  this  is  possibly  right,  quod  peius  quam  non  recipere.     Grotius. 
see  note  on  ill  281. 


M.    ANNAEI    LUCANI 

PHARSALIAE 

LIBER   SEXTUS. 


ARGUMENT  OF  BOOK  VI. 

Caesar  attempts  to  capture  Dyrrhachium,  but  is  anticipated  by  Pompeius :  description 
of  the  place  i — 28.  Caesar  builds  a  wall  of  circumvallation:  pestilence  in  Pom- 
peius' camp,  and  famine  in  Caesar's  29 — 117.  Pompeius  attacks  one  of  Caesar's 
outworks,  and  is  repulsed  by  the  centurion  Scaeva  118 — 262,  but  is  successful  in 
attacking  another,  and  escapes  from  the  blockade  263 — 313.  Caesar  marches  into 
Thessalyand  is  followed  by  Pompeius  314 — 332:  description  of  Thessaly  333 — 412. 
Sextus  Pompeius  determines  to  consult  the  Thessalian  witches  413 — 451,  descrip- 
tion of  their  magic  arts  452 — 506.  Account  of  Erichtho  507 — 569.  Sextus 
enquires  of  her  about  the  future;  she  promises  her  aid  570 — 623.  Erichtho  brings 
to  life  a  corpse,  who  answers  her  questions  and  again  dies  624 — 830. 

Postquam  castra  duces  pugnae  iam  mente  propinqui 
imposuere  iugis  admotaque  comminus  arma, 
parque  suom  uidere  dei,  capere  omnia  Caesar 
moenia  Graiorum  spernit,  Martemque  secundum 
iam  nisi  de  genero  fatis  debere  recusat.  5 

funestam  mundo  uotis  petit  omnibus  horam 
in  casum  quae  cuncta  ferat :  placet  alea  fati 
alterutrum  mersura  caput,     ter  collibus  omnes 
explicuit  turmas  et  signa  minantia  pugnam, 

1.    pngnae~\     Comparing   this   passage  ciat  intentus  opei'i  suo  deus,  ecce  par  deo 

with  1x225  aper/a  mente  fugae  it  seems  dignum,    uir  fortis    cum  fort  una   mala 

best  to  take  pugnae  as  genitive,  'nearing  composilus,  utique  si  ct prouocauit. 
each  other  with  intent  to  fight':  but  it  is  5.     debere  recusal]    i.e.  he  is  afraid  of 

•  possible  that  it  may  be  dative  depending  wasting  the  favour  of  fortune  in  minor 

on  propinqui,  i.e.  'now  in  their  thoughts  successes,  cf.  V  696. 
drawing  nigh  to  battle'.  7 — 8.     alea — mersura]     For   the   con- 

3.     par  suom]    '  their  chosen   pair   of  fusion  of  metaphor  cf.  Iuv.  X  57,  58  mer- 

combatants',  cf.  191   infr.      Sen.  dial.  I  ii  git  louga  atquc  insignis  honorum pagina. 
§  9  ecce  spectaculum  dignum  ad  quod  respi-  9.     explicuit]    '  deployed ',   a   technical 


LIBER   VI.    1—29.  191 

testatus  numquam  Latiae  se  dccssc  ruinac.  10 

ut  uidct  ad  nullos  cxciri  posse  tumultus 
in  pugnam  generum  sed  clauso  fidcre  uallo, 
signa  mouct,  tcctusque  uia  dumosa  per  arua 
Dyrrhachii  praeceps  rapiendas  tendit  ad  arces. 
hoc  iter  aequoreo  praecepit  limite  Magnus,  15 

qucmque  uocat  collem  Taulantius  incola  Petram 
insedit  castris  Ephyraeaque  moenia  scruat 
defendens  tutam  uel  solis  turribus  urbem. 
non  opus  hanc  ueterum  nee  moles  structa  tuetur 
humanusque  labor,  facilis,  licet  ardua  tollat,  20 

cedere  uel  bellis  uel  cuncta  mouentibus  annis : 
sed  munimen  habet  nullo  quassabile  ferro 
naturam  sedemque  loci,     nam  clausa  profundo 
undique  praecipiti  scopulisque  uomentibus  aequor 
exiguo  debet  quod  non  est  insula  colli.  25 

terribiles  ratibus  sustentant  moenia  cautes, 
Ioniumque  furens  rapido  cum  tollitur  Austro, 
templa  domosque  quatit  spumatque  in  culmina  pontus., 
hue  auidam  belli  rapuit  spes  improba  mentem 

military    term,    cf.   Verg.    G.    II  280   ut  out  a  garrison. 

stupe  ingenti  bello  cum  longa  cohortes  ex-  20.    facilis]  'ever  ready,  though  it  pile 

plicuit  legio.  its  buildings  high,   to  yield',   cf.   II  656 

10.  testatus]    'proving   that    he    was  Roma  capi ;  facilis. 

ever  ready  to  work  Latium  woe'.  21.     cuncta  mouentibus  annis]  Oud.  cf. 

11.  ad  nullos]  'to  meet  no  alarms',  Cic.  pro  Marcell.  §  ir  nihil  est  enim  opere 
cf.  Liv.  VI  27  ad  belli  Praenestini  famam  aut  manu  factum  quod  aliquando  non  con- 
nouas  legiones  scribendas  censucrunt.   Iuv.  fciat  et  consumat  uetustas. 

xiii  223  ad  omnia  fulgura  pallent.  22.     quassabile]  This  word  appears  to 

13.     tectusque    uia]    'sheltered    by    a  occur  nowhere  else, 

path  through  the  wooded  country'.  24.     praecipiti]    'rapidly    deepening', 

15.     hoc  iter]    'this   march    Pompeius  or  perhaps   'violent',   cf.  Val.  Flacc.  in 

forestalled  by  following   the   coast-line'.  404  ocean \i praeceps fragor. 

cf.  Stat.  Theb.  vin  328  celeres  neu  prae-  uomentibus]  sc.  refuudentibus. 

ape  Parcas.  26.     terribiles]    'cliffs,    the    terror    of 

praecepit]  According  to  Caesar  B.  C.  ill  ships,  support  its  walls'. 

41,  42  he  forestalled  Pompeius  and  inter-  28.     spumatque  in  culmina]  'dashes  its 

posed  his  forces  between   Pompeius  and  foam  upon  the  roofs'. 

1 »)  1  rhachium,  Pompeius,  intcrclusus  Dyr-  29.     hue]  i.e.  to  Dyrrhachium. 

rhachio,  ubi proposition  tenere  nonpotuit,  auidam]  'Caesar  with  his  heart  set  on 

sec  undo  us  us  consilio  edilo  loco,  qui  adpel-  war'. 

latur Pel ra... cast ra  communit.  improba]  'extravagant':  cf.  Mommsen 

17.  Ephyraea]  i.e.  Corinthian.  Dyr-  Bk.  v  c.  x  'nearly  the  half  of  Caesar's 
rhachium,  formerly  Epidamnus,  was  a  troops  was  detached  to  the  interior ;  it 
colony  from  Corcyra,  and  its  oecist  Pha-  seemed  almost  Quixotic  to  propose  with 
lius  came  from  Corinth,  the  metropolis  of  the  rest  virtually  to  besiege  an  army  per- 
Corcyra,  cf.  Thuc.  I  xx.  haps  twice  as  strong,  concentrated  in  posi- 

18.  uel  solis  turribus]  i.e.  even  with-  tion  and  resting  on  the  sea  and  the  fleet'. 


192 


LUCANI    PIIARSALIAE 


Caesaris,  ut  uastis  diffusum  collibus  hostcm  30 

cingeret  ignarum  ducto  procul  aggere  ualli. 
mctitur  terras  oculis :   nee  caespite  tantum 
contentus  fragili  subitos  adtollere  muros, 
ingentcs  cautes  auolsaque  saxa  mctallis 
Graiorumque  domos  direptaque  moenia  transfcrt.     35 
exstruitur,  quod  non  aries  impellcre  saeuus, 
quod  non  ulla  queat  uiolenti  machina  belli, 
franguntur  montes  planumque  per  ardua  Caesar 
ducit  opus  :   pandit  fossas  turritaque  summis 
disponit  castella  iugis,  magnoque  recursu  40 

amplexus  fines  saltus  nemorosaque  tesqua 
et  siluas  uastaque  fcras  indagine  claudit. 
non  desunt  campi  non  desunt  pabula  Magno, 
castraque  Caesareo  circumdatus  aggere  mutat. 
flumina  tot  cursus  1111c  exorta  fatigant  45 

illic  mersa  suos  :    operumque  ut  summa  reuisat 
defessus  Caesar  mediis  intermanet  agris. 
nunc  uetus  Iliacos  adtollat  fabula  muros 
adscribatque  deis :   fragili  circumdata  testa 
moenia  mirentur  refugi  Babylonia  Parthi.  50 

en  quantum  Tigris,  quantum  celer  ambit  Orontes, 
Assyriis  quantum  populis  telluris  Eoae 
sufficit  in  regnum,  subitum  bellique  tumultu 


31.  procul}  i.e.  so  as  to  escape  the 
notice  of  Pompeius. 

33.  subitos]  '  hastily  built',  equivalent 
to  subitarios,  cf.  I  517. 

34.  metallis]  'quarries',  cf.  I v  304. 
38.    planumque  per  ardua]    '  draws  a 

rampart  of  even  height  across  the  hills', 
editioribus  locis  deiectis,  atque  humilibus 
exaltatis  aequauit  opus.     Farnabius. 

40.  magnoque  recursu]  '  and  in  a  vast 
sweep  embraces  territories  &c.'  Oud. 
with  some  MSS.  reads  recessu. 

42.  indagine]  'line  of  toils',  a  hunting 
term,  cf.' Verg.  Aen.  iv  121. 

44.  mutat]  'has  room  to  shift  his 
camp'. 

45.  flumina  tot]  i.e.  there  is  room 
within  Caesar's  lines  for  rivers  to  rise, 
run  their  whole  course  and  fall  into  the 
sea. 

cursus  fatigant]  'exhaust  their  course', 
i.e.  'run  all  their  course',  cf.  Verg.  Aen. 


viii  94   olli  remigio   noctemque  diemque 
fatigant. 

46.  mersa]  i.e.  in  mare, 
summa]  '  the  furthest  point '. 

47.  intermanet]  i.e.  for  the  night; 
there  is  not  time  to  visit  both  ends  in  one 
day. 

49.  deis]  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  ix  144  moenia 
Troiae  Nepluni  fabricata  manu. 

testa]  cf.  Ov.  Met.  IV  57,  58  dicitur  at- 
tain coclilibus  muris  cinxisse  Semiramis 
urbem.  Iuv.  x  171  cum  tatnen  a  figulis 
munitam  intrauerit  urbem. 

50.  refugi]  quia  post  se  sagittas  iaci- 
unt  in  bello  fugientes.    Schol. 

'Parthi]  The  site  of  Babylon  was  in- 
cluded in  the  Parthian  kingdom,  but  it  is 
not  improbable  that  Lucan  confounds 
Babylon  with  Ctesiphon,  cf.  note  on  1  10. 

51.  Tigris]  refers  probably  to  Ctesi- 
phon, Orontes  to  Antioch,  Assyrio  to 
Nineveh. 


LIBER   VI.   30—73.  193 

raptum  clausit  opus,     tanti  periere  labores. 

tot  potuere  manus  adiungere  Seston  Abydo,  55 

ingcstoque  solo  Phryxeum  clidere  pontum, 

aut  Pelopis  latis  Ephyren  -abrumpere  regnis, 

et  ratibus  longae  flexus  donare  Maleae, 

aut  aliquem  mundi,  quamuis  natura  negasset, 

in  melius  mutare  locum,     coit  area  belli :  60 

hie  alitur  sanguis  terras  fluxurus  in  omnes  : 

hie  et  Thessalicae  clades  Libycaeque  tenentur. 

aestuat  angusta  rabies  ciuilis  harena. 

prima  quidem  surgens  operum  structura  fefellit 
Pompeium :    ueluti  mediae  qui  tutus  in  aruis  65 

Sicaniae  rabidum  nescit  latrare  Pelorum  : 
aut  uaga  cum  Tethys  Rutupinaque  litora  feruent, 
unda  Caledonios  fallit  turbata  Britannos. 
ut  primum  uasto  saeptas  uidet  aggere  terras, 
ipse  quoque  a  tuta  deducens  agmina  Petra  70 

diuersis  spargit  tumulis,  ut  Caesaris  arma 
laxet  et  effuso  claudentem  milite  tendat. 
ac  tantum  saepti  uallo  sibi  uindicat  agri, 

54.  raptum]  properatuni  Weise.  manes. 

periere]    'were    wasted',    because   the  60.     in  melius]  'for  the  better',   e.g. 

blockade  was  unsuccessful.  by  draining,  cf.  Hor.  A.  P.  65  foil. 

55.  Seston]    cf.   11  674  Sestonque  ad-  coit]  'the  field  of  war  is  contracted'. 
mouit  Abydo.  area]     equivalent   to   campus,    cf.   Ov. 

56.  elidere]    'to  break   the  force  of,  Amor.   Ill  i  25,  26  caue  facta  uirorum ; 
cf.  Cic.  T.  D.  II  §  27  poetae  nemos  omtiis  haec  ammo,  dices,  area  digna  meo. 
uirtutis  did unt :  the  passage  seems  tosug-  61.     alitur]  '  is  kept  alive'. 

gest  the  building  of  a  mole  rather  than  of  62.     clades]   '  herein   are   enclosed   the 

a  bridge.  massacres  of  Thessaly  and  Libya',  i.e.  all 

57.  Pelopis]  'to  cut  off  Corinth  from  who  are  destined  to  fall  in  the  battles 
the  broad  realms  of  Pelops'.  Oud.  cf.  Stat,  of  Pharsalia  and  Thapsus.  Compare  the 
Silu.  iv  iii  56  foil,  hae  possent  et  Athon  use  of  egestas  in  in  152. 

cauare   dextrae,    et  maestum   pelagus  ge-  63.     aestuat]  cf.  Iuv.  x  169  aestuat  in- 

mentis  Helles  intercludere  ponte  non  na-  felix  angusto  limite  mundi. 

tanti:  his  paruus,  Lecheo  nihil  uetante,         66.     latrare]    'rave',    cf.   Verg.    Aen. 

I  nous  freta  miscuisset  Isthmos.     The  cut-  VII   586 — 589  ille  uelut  pelagi  rupes  im- 

ting  through  of  the  Isthmus  was  projected  mot  a  resistit — quae  sese  multis  circum  la- 

and   actually   commenced    by   Nero,    cf.  trantibus  undis  mole  tenet. 

Plin.  H.  N.  IV  §  10.  67.     Kutupina]  sc.  Rutupiae,   Richbo- 

58.  ratibus]  '  to  save  ships  the  round-  rough,  on  the  coast  of  Kent,  famous  for 
ing  of  the  long  Malean  headland',  cf.  Sil.  its  oysters,  cf.  Iuv.  IV  141. 

Ital.  I486,  487  niualem  I'ynnen  Alpesque  71.     ut  Caesaris  arma]  'to  loosen  Cae- 

tibi  mea  dextera  donat.  sar's  array,  and  make  him  extend  his  en- 

59.  aliquem]  ' some  considerable  por-  closing  line  by  dispersing  his  troops', 
tion  of  the  world',     cf.  Iuv.  1  73,  J+aude  72.     claudentem]  sc.    Caesarem,   identi- 
aliquid breuibus  Gyaris  cl  carcere  dignum  fied  with  his  troops,  cf.  VII  653  ac  se  tarn 
si  uis  esse  aliquis.     Id.  11  [49  esse  aliquos  multo pereuntem  sanguine  uidit. 

H.  L.  13 


194  LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 

prima  Myccnacac  quantum  sacrata  Dianae 

distat  ab  cxcclsa  nemoralis  Aricia  Roma :  75 

quoquc  modo  Romac  praclapsus  moenia  Tybris 

in  mare  dcscendit,  si  nusquam  torqueat  amnem. 

classica  nulla  sonant  iniussaque  tela  uagantur : 

et  fit  saepe  nefas  iaculum  tcmptante  lacerto. 

maior  cura  duces  miscendis  abstrahit  armis :  80 

Pompeium  exhaustae  praebenda  ad  pabula  terrae, 

quae  currens  obtriuit  eques,  gradibusque  citatis 

ungula  frondentem  discussit  cornea  campum. 

belliger  adtonsis  sonipes  defessus  in  amis, 

aduectos  cum  plena  ferant  praesepia  culmos,  85 

ore  nouas  poscens  moribundus  labitur  herbas, 

et  tremulo  medios  abrumpit  poplite  gyros. 

corpora  dum  soluit  tabes  et  digerit  artus, 

traxit  iners  caelum  fluidae  contagia  pestis 

obscuram  in  nubem.     tali  spiramine  Nesis  90 

emittit  Stygium  nebulosis  aera  saxis, 

antraque  letiferi  rabiem  Typhonis  anhelant. 

inde  labant  populi  caeloque  paratior  unda 

omne  pati  uirus  durauit  uiscera  caeno. 


74.  Mycenaeae]  because  the  image  of  culmorum  aridorum  satis  fuisse  in  praese- 
Diana  Taurica  was  said  to  have  been  pibus,  sed  ab  equis  desideratas  herbas  ui- 
brought  by  Orestes  to  Mycenae,    cf.  i  446,  rides. 

in  86.  adtonsis']  'close-mown',  cf.  Verg.  G.  I 

75.  Aricia]  cf.  Strabo  v  12  (239)  /xerd  71  tonsas  cessare  nouales. 

Bi  T6'A\(3av6p 'Apida  earl  iroXis  eTrlrrj  odqi  83.  aduectos — culmos]  'importedstraw'. 

rrj  'Airvig.'  ardBioL  5'  eialv  e/c  tt)s  'Fib/j.i)s  87.    tremulo]  'with  quivering  haunches 

eKarbv  iJprJKOPTa.  breaks  off  its  wheelings  in  the  midst'. 

76.  quoquc  modo]  i.e.  modum  quo:  'the         88.     digerit]  'disperses'. 

distance  at  which',    quantum  Roma  distat         89.     traxit]   '  the  stagnant  air  gathered 

ab  ostio  Tiberis,  recta  linea.     Weise.  the  contagion  of  a  spreading  plague  into  a 

77.  descendit]    For  this  rhetorical  use  murky  cloud'. 

of  the  indicative,  cf.  Verg.  G.  11  133  and        fluidae]  cf.  Cic.  T.  D.  IV  §  2  Pythagorae 

Conington's  note.  a  it  tern  doctrina  cum  longe  latequeflueret. 

78.  iniussa]  i.e.  the  darts  that  fly  are  90.  spiramine]  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  vn  568 
contrary  to  orders.  hie  specus  horrendum  saeui  spiractda  Ditis. 

79.  nefas]  i.e.  the  slaughter  of  a  fellow-  Nesis]  An  island  in  the  bay  of  Puteoli, 
citizen  or  even  of  a  relative,     cf.  notes  on  cf.  Plin.  H.  N.  xix  §  146.     Weise. 

I  1,  II  4.  92.     antraque]  sc.  tali  spiramine. 

templaulc]  'practising',  i.e.  not  in  inten-         anhelant]  'breathe  out',  cf.  Mart,  vi 

tional  combat,  but  accidentally.  xlii  14  siccus  pinguis  onyx  anhelat  aestus. 

81.     Pompeium]    i.e.  abstrahunt  bellis  93.     caeloque  paratior]    'the   water   al- 

terrae  exhaustae  '  the  land  drained  of  its  ways  more  readily  affected  by  poison  than 

supply  of  fodder'.  the  air'. 

84.     belliger]     Grotius  rightly  explains  94.     durauit  uiscera]    i.  e.    constrinxit 

this  passage  as  follows,  sensus  uidetur  esse  aluom. 


LIBER   VI.    74—118.  195 

iam  riget  atra  cutis  distentaque  lumina  rumpit :      95 

igneaque  in  uoltus  et  sacro  feruida  morbo 

pestis  abit,  fcssumquc  caput  sc  ferre  recusat. 

iam  magis  atque  magis  praeceps  agit  omnia  fatum : 

ncc  medii  dirimunt  morbi  uitamque  neccmque, 

sed  languor  cum  morte  uenit :  turbaquc  cadentum  100 

aucta  lues,  dum  mixta  iacent  incondita  uiuis 

corpora,     nam  miseros  ultra  tcntoria  ciues 

spargere  funus  erat.     tamen  hos  minucre  labores 

a  tergo  pelagus,  pulsusque  Aquilonibus  aer, 

litoraque,  et  plenae  peregrina  messe  carinae.  105 

at  liber  terrae  spatiosis  collibus  hostis 
acre  non  pigro  nee  inertibus  angitur  undis: 
sed  patitur  saeuam  ueluti  circumdatus  arta 
obsidione  famem.     nondum  surgentibus  altam 
in  segetem  culmis  cernit  miserabile  uolgus  no 

in  pecudum  cecidisse  cibos  et  carpere  dumos, 
et  foliis  spoliare  nemus,  letumque  minantis 
uellere  ab  ignotis  dubias  radicibus  herbas. 
quae  mollire  queunt  flamma,  quae  frangere  morsu, 
quaeque  per  abrasas  utero  demittere  fauces,  1 1 5 

plurimaque  humanis  ante  hoc  incognita  mensis 
diripiens  miles,  saturum  tamen  obsidet  hostem. 

ut  primum  libuit  ruptis  euadere  claustris 

95.  iam  riget]  'the  skin  grows  hard  104.  pulsus]  'set  in  motion',  so  that 
and' black,  and  bursts  the  starting  eyes'.  it  ceased  to  be  iners,  cf.  89.  supr. 

96.  sacro— morbo]  'erysipelas',  cf.  106.  liber  terrae]  'with  free  range 
Verg.  G.  in  566.  Weise  refers  to  the  over  the  land',  cf.  Stat.  Silu.  IV  ii  24 
description  of  the  plague  in  Sen.  Oedip.  liberior  campi. 

190  foil,  en  sacer  ignis  pascitur  arlus  &c.  1 10.     cernit}  sc.  Caesar. 

97.  se  ferre]   'to  bear  its  own  weight'.  in.     in  pecudum]  '  had  thrown  them- 

98.  praeceps]  to  be  taken  as  an  adjec-  selves  on  the  ground  to  eat  the  food  of 
tive  with  /alum,  not  adverbially,    which  beasts'. 

seems  to  be  a  later  use,  cf.  Amm.  Marc.  113.     dubias]  'doubtfully  wholesome'; 

xxix  1  praeceps  in  exsilium  acti.  so  anceps  is  used  by  Iuv.  y  146   uilibus 

99.  medii— morbi]  'an  interval  of  sick-  ancipites  fungi poneutur  amicis. 
ness'.  114-     quae  mollire  queunt]   sc.  milites 

101.     incondita]    'unburied'.       I    can  (but  the  singular  miles  is  put  carelessly  in 

find  no  other  instance  of  this  use  of  the  line   117),   'whatever  they  can  soften  by 

word,   but  cf.  Columel.  1  cap.  5  situs  in-  roasting'. 

conditos    conditosque  fructus    corrumpit,         115.     abrasas]  'made  sore',  i.e.  by  the 

i.e.    'whether   put  in  the   storehouse   or  hardness  of  the  food,  cf.  Pers.  Ill  113,  114 

not'.  tenero  Intel  ulcus  in  ore  put  re  quod  hand 

103.      funus  erat]    'was  all  the  burial  deceal  plebeia  radere  beta. 
rites  they  had '. 

I3~2 


196 


LUCANI    PIIARSALIAE 


Pompeio  cunctasque  sibi  pcrmittcre  terras : 

non  obscura  petit  latebrosae  tempora  noctis,  120 

et  raptum  furto  soceri  cessantibus  armis 

dedignatur  iter :   latis  exire  ruinis 

quaerit  et  impulso  turres  confringere  uallo, 

perque  omnes  gladios  et  qua  uia  cacde  paranda  est. 

opportuna  tamen  ualli  pars  uisa  propinqui,  125 

quam  Minuci  castella  uocant,  et  confraga  densis 

arboribus  dumeta  tegunt.     hue  puluere  nullo 

proditus  agmen  agit  subitusque  ad  moenia  uenit. 

tot  simul  e  campis  Latiae  fulsere  uolucres : 

tot  cecinere  tubae.     ne  quid  uictoria  ferro  130 

deberet,  pauor  adtonitos  confecerat  hostes. 

quod  solum  ualuit  uirtus,  iacuere  perempti 

debuerant  quo  stare  loco :   qui  uolnera  ferrent 

iam  deerant,  nimbusque  ferens  tot  tela  peribat. 

turn  piceos  uoluunt  immissae  lampades  ignes :        135 

turn  quassae  nutant  turres  lapsumque  minantur : 

roboris  impacti  crebros  gemit  agger  ad  ictus. 

iam  Pompeianae  celsi  super  ardua  ualli 

exierant  aquilae  :    iam  mundi  iura  patebant. 

quern  non  mille  simul  turmis  nee  Caesare  toto      140 

auferret  Fortuna  locum,  uictoribus  unus 

eripuit  uetuitque  capi :   seque  arma  tenente 

ac  nondum  strato  Magnum  uicisse  negauit. 

Scaeua  uiro  nomen  :    castrorum  in  plebe  merebat 


1  iq.  sibi permittere]  'give  himself  free 
range  over  all  the  country'. 

122.  latis... ruinis]  'by  a  broad  breach  '. 

123.  impu/so]  'to  break  down  the 
towers  and  level  the  earthworks'. 

126.  Minuci  castella]  From  Appian 
B.  C.  11  §  60  it  appears  that  the  full  name 
of  the  Scaeva  mentioned  below  was  Minu- 
cius  Scaeva,  and  this  place  was  probably 
called  after  him  :  see  Weise's  note. 

confraga]  'rugged',  cf.  Stat.  Theb.  iv 
494  Gactulae  stabulantcm  ad  confraga 
siluae. 

129.     uolucres]  i.e.  aquilae. 

131.  confecerat]  '  had  ruined ',  or  it  may 
be  taken  with  adtonitos,  'had  thrown  into 
panic',  cf.  Cic.  de  inuent.  I  §  106  in  hac 


primum  animum  auditoris  mitent  et  wise- 
ricordem  co?ificere  oportet. 

132.  quod  solum]  'the  only  thing  that 
valour  could  effect'. 

134.  nimbus  ferens  tot  tela]  is  equiva- 
lent to  tot  telorutn  nimbus. 

peribat]   'was   wasted',    because   there 
were  none  left  to  be  slain. 

137.  roboris]  i.e.  timber  used  as  a  bat- 
tering ram. 

139.  iam  mundi]  'already  the  world 
was  all  before  them',  i.e.  they  could 
march  where  they  chose. 

140.  Caesare  toto]  'by  all  Caesar's 
forces',     cf.  V  742. 

142.  seque]  'and  so  long  as  he  could 
wield  his  arms'. 


LIBER   VI.    119— 165.  197 

ante  feras  Rhodani  gentes  :    ibi  sanguine  multo     145 

promotus  Latiam  longo  gerit  ordine  uitem. 

pronus  ad  omne  nefas,  et  qui  ncsciret  in  armis 

quam  magnum  uirtus  crimen  ciuilibus  esset. 

hie  ubi  quacrentis  socios  iam  Marte  rclicto 

tuta  fugae  cernit,  quo  uos  pauor,  inquit,  abegit      1 50 

impius  et  cunctis  ignotus  Cacsaris  armis  ? 

[o  famuli  turpes,  seruom  pecus,  absque  cruore] 

terga  datis  morti  ?     cumulo  uos  deesse  uirorum 

non  pudet  et  bustis  interque  cadaucra  quaeri  ? 

non  ira  saltern,  iuuenes,  pietate  remota  155 

stabitis  ?     e  cunctis  per  quos  erumperet  hostis 

nos  sumus  electi.     non  paruo  sanguine  Magni 

ista  dies  ierit.     peterem  felicior  umbras 

Caesaris  in  uoltu  :  testem  nunc  Fortuna  negauit, 

Pompeio  laudante  cadam.     confringite  tela  160 

pectoris  incursu  iugulisque  retundite  ferrum. 

iam  longinqua  petit  puluis  sonitusque  ruinae 

securasque  fragor  concussit  Caesaris  aures. 

uincimus,  o  socii ;    ueniet  qui  uindicet  arces 

dum  morimur.     mouit  tantum  uox  ilia  furorem,     165 

145.  ante  feras]  '  before  the  war  with  153.  cumulo... uirorum]  'the  heap  of 
the  fierce  tribes  of  Rhine',  cf.  in  233,  v     slaughtered  heroes'. 

473  note.  1 54.    ct  bitstis]  '  and  are  you  not  ashamed 

sanguine  multo]  'at  the  cost  of  much  to  be  sought  in  vain  at  the  burial  place 

blood',  cf.  vii  269.  and  amidst  the  corpses?'    For  the  coupling 

146.  longo  ordine]  'in  the  company  of  bustis  and  inter  cadauera  Oud.  cf.  11 
marshalled  in  line',  ordines  ducere  is  the  346  non  me  laetorum  comitem  rebusque 
technical  term  for  holding  the  rank  of  a  secundis  accipis.  Yot  quaerere  cf.  ix  965. 
centurion,     cf.  Cic.  Phil.  1  §20.  155.     ira]  'love  of  fighting',  cf.  1  207, 

uitem]  The  vinewood  staff  was  the  badge  11  47. 

of  a  centurion,  cf.  Mart,  x  xxvi  Vare  Parae-  pietate]  'loyalty  to  Caesar'. 

'onias  Latia  modo  uite  per  urbes  nobi/is,  i$%.  ierit]  i.e.  constabit,  'with  cost  of  no 

:t  centum  dux  memorande  uiris,  Iuv.  VIII  little  blood  to  Magnus  will  this  day  pass'. 

247,  xiv  193.  160.     Pompeio]  i.e.  the  next  best  thing 

149.     iam  Marte  rclicto]  'abandoning  to  having  Caesar  as  witness  of  my  valour. 

the  war  and  seeking  safety  in  flight'.  r6i.     retundite]  'blunt  the  sword  upon 

151.  cunctis]  'utterly  unknown  to  your  throats'.  Weise  cf.  IV  561  percussum 
I  aesar's  arms '.  est  pectore  ferrum  et  iugulis  pressere  ma- 

152.  0  famuli]     This  line  is  omitted      num. 

>n  many  MSS.  and  seems  to  be  made  up  162.     longinqua  petit]    'is   rolling   far 

partly  from  IX  274,  partly  from  Hor.  Ep.  away'. 

[   xix    19.   absque  cruore,  ' without  blood-  164.    ueniet]  'he  will  come  to  seize  the 

jhed',   is  a  strange   expression,  and  the  towers  as  his  own':  this  explains  uincimus 

<>rm  absque  does  not  appear  to  be  found  i.e.   we  are  the  conquerors  because  the 

dsewhere  in  poetry,   though  common  in  delay  caused  by  killing  us  will  give  Caesar 

:he  comedians.  time  to  come  up. 


i98  LUCANI   PHARSALIAE 

quantum  non  primo  succendunt  classica  cantu  : 
mirantcsquc  uirum  atquc  auidi  spectare  sequuntur 
scituri  iuuenes  numcro  dcprcnsa  locoque 
an  plus  quam  mortem  uirtus  darct.     ille  rucnti 
aggere  consistit,  primumquc  cadaucra  plcnis  170 

turribus  cuoluit,  subeuntisque  obruit  hostcs 
corporibus  :    totaeque  uiro  dant  tela  ruinae : 
roboraque  et  moles  hosti  seque  ipse  minatur. 
nunc  sude  nunc  duro  contraria  pectora  conto 
detrudit  muris,  et  ualli  summa  tenentis  175 

amputat  ense  manus :   caput  obterit  ossaque  saxo, 
ac  male  defensum  fragili  compage  cerebrum 
dissipat :   alterius  flamma  crinesque  genasque 
succendit ;    strident  oculis  ardentibus  ignes. 
ut  primum  cumulo  crescente  cadauera  murum        180 
aequauere  solo :    non  segnior  extulit  ilium 
saltus  et  in  medias  iecit  super  arma  cateruas, 
quam  per  summa  rapit  celerem  uenabula  pardum. 
turn  densos  inter  cuneos  compressus  et  omni 
uallatus  bello  uincit  quern  respicit  hostem.  185 

iamque  hebes  et  crasso  non  asper  sanguine  mucro 
[percussum  Scaeuae  frangit,  non  uolnerat  hostem.] 
perdidit  ensis  opus,  frangit  sine  uolnere  membra, 
ilium  tota  petit  moles  ilium  omnia  tela : 
nulla  fuit  non  certa  manus  non  lancea  felix,  190 

166.     siiccetidunf\    Bersmann  cf.  Verg.  carried  him  from  the  wall. ..as  that  which 

Aen.  vi   155  acre  ciere  tiiros  Martcmque  carries  a  swift  leopard  over  the  tops  of  the 

accendere  cantu.  hunting-spears'. 

168.     scituri]  'to  test  whether  valour  185.      qriem   respicit]   i.e.    by   turning 

overmatched   by   numbers   could   bestow  sharply  round,  he  strikes  the  enemy  who 

more  than  death',  i.e.  victory.    Oud.  cf.  iv  is  behind  his  back. 

581  mors  utinam  pauidos  uitae  subdticere         186.    crasso  non  asper] '  losing  its  sharp- 

nolles,  scd  uir/its  te  sola  daret.  ness  from  the  thick  clotted  blood'. 

1 73.    seque  ipse  minatur]  'threatens  the  187.  This  line  is  omitted  in  some  MSS. 

foe  with  himself  i.e.  that  he  will  throw  and  seems  to  be  only  another  version  o  1 

himself  down  into  the  midst  of  them.  the  next. 

177.     compage]  sc.  of  their  helmets.  188.    perdidit]  i.e.  ceased  to  act  as  : 

179.  strident]  'the  flames  hiss  as  their  sword  by  cutting,  but  only  acted  as  a  clul 
eyes  are  burnt',  cf.  Horn.  Od.  ix  394  ws  by  breaking  the  enemies'  limbs. 

tov  cri^' ocpOaXfjLos  eXaiveu  irepl  fxox^ip.  190.   non  certa]  '  failed  to  strike  home' 

180.  murum]   'made  the  ground  level  non  felix,  'missed  its  mark'.     For  manu  \ 
with  the  wall',  i.e.  were  piled  so  high  that  cf.  Quintil.  v  13  §  54  ut gladiatorum  manu 
the  ground  was  raised  by  them  to  the  level  quae  secundae  uocantur  fitint  et  tertiae  s  ■ 
of  the  top  of  the  wall.  ista  prima  ad  uocandum  aduersarii  ictWi 

181.  non  segnior]  'as  rapid  a  bound  prolata  est. 


LIBER   VI.    166— 211.  199 

parque  nouom  Fortuna  uidet  concurrcrc  bellum 

atque  uirum.     fortis  crcbris  sonat  ictibus  umbo, 

et  galeae  fragmenta  cauae  compressa  perurunt 

tcmpora  :    nee  quicquam  nudis  uitalibus  obstat 

iam  praeter  stantis  in  summis  ossibus  hastas.         195 

quid  nunc,  uaesani,  iaculis  leuibusque  sagittis 

perditis  haesuros  numquam  uitalibus  ictus  ? 

hunc  aut  tortilibus  uibrata  phalarica  neruis 

obruat  aut  uasti  muralia  pondera  saxi : 

hunc  aries  ferro  ballistaque  limine  portae  200 

summoueat.     stat  non  fragilis  pro  Caesare  murus, 

Pompeiumque  tenet,     iam  pectora  non  tegit  armis, 

ac  ueritus  credi  clipeo  laeuaque  uacasse, 

aut  culpa  uixisse  sua,  tot  uolnera  belli 

solus  obit,  densamque  ferens  in  pectore  siluam      205 

iam  gradibus  fessis,  in  quern  cadat,  eligit  hostem. 

[par  pelagi  monstris.     Libycae  sic  belua  terrae,] 

sic  Libycus  densis  elephas  oppressus  ab  armis 

omne  repercussum  squalenti  missile  tergo 

frangit,  et  haerentis  mota  cute  discutit  hastas:       210 

uiscera  tuta  latent  penitus  citraque  cruorem 

191.    par~\  cf.  supr.  3.  204.     culpa  sua]  sc.   because   he   had 

bellum]  'a  whole  warring  army  and  a  avoided  danger  by  using  his  shield, 

single  man'.  205.     siluam]   'forest  of  weapons',  cf. 

193.  et  galeae]  'and  his  helmet  battered  Verg.  Aen.  x  886,  887  ter  secum  Troius 
into  fragments  galls  the  brow  on  which  it  heros  immanent  aerato  circiunfert  tegmine 
presses '.  siluam. 

194.  nudis]  'exposed'.  206.     in  quern  cadat]  i.e.  to  crush  him. 

195.  praeter  stantis]  i.e.  the  spears  207.  par  pelagi]  This  line  is  found  in 
sticking  on  the  surface  of  his  bones  make  most  MSS.,  but  the  latter  part  of  it  seems 
a  kind  of  shield  to  protect  his  vitals.  to  be  only  another  version  of  the  follow- 

198.  tortilibus]  'hurled  with  writhen  ing  one,  and  the  former  part  is  very  ob- 
strings':  for  the  phalarica,  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  scure.  Farnab.  explains  it  as  referring  to 
ix  705.  line  206:  'balaenae  enim  se  immittentes 

199.  uasti]  i.e.  uasta  pondera  muralis  nauibus  eas  deprimunt':  Sulpitius  to  line 
saxi.  205,  'par  cetis,  in  quorum  tergis  frutices 

muralia]  i.e.  used  for  battering  walls,  cf.  et  arbores  oriuntur;  eminent  enim  supra 

Verg.  Aen.  xii  921  murali  concita  num.-  mare  in  formam  scopulorum'. 
quam  tormento  sic  saxafremunt.  208.     sic   Libycus]    Some    MSS.    read 

201.  murus]  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  IX  677  Gactulus,  which  is  doubtless  right  if  line 
ipd  intus  dextra   ac   laeua  pro  turribus  207  is  genuine. 

adstant.  209.     repercussum]    'rebounding    from 

202.  tenet]  'holds  in  check'.  his  horny  hide'. 

203.  credi  clipeo]  'that  trust  should  be  210.  hastas]  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  x  715  tergo 
put  in  his  shield,  and  his  left  hand  be  idle',  decutit  hastas. 

i.e.  clipeo  se  protexisse  cum  potius  laeua         211.      citraque   cruorem]    'not    deeply 
quoquc  pugnare  deberet.     Weisc.  enough  to  draw  blood  ',  cf.  note  on  iv  728. 


20o  LUCANI    PHARSALIAK 

confixae  stant  tela  ferae:    tot  facta  sagittis 

tot  iaculis  unam  non  explent  uolnera  mortem. 

Dictaea  procul  cccc  manu  Gortynis  harundo 

tenditur  in  Scaeuam,  quae  uoto  certior  omni  215 

in  caput  atque  oculi  laeuom  descendit  in  orbem. 

ille  moras  ferri  neruorum  et  uincula  rumpit, 

adfixam  uellcns  oculo  pendente  sagittam 

intrepidus,  telumque  suo  cum  lumine  calcat. 

Pannonis  haud  aliter  post  ictum  saeuior  ursa,        220 

cum  iaculum  parua  Libys  amentauit  habena, 

se  rotat  in  uolnus :   telumque  irata  receptum 

impetit  et  secum  fugientem  circuit  hastam. 

perdiderat  uoltum  rabies  :   stetit  imbre  cruento 

informis  facies :    laetus  fragor  aethera  pulsat  225 

uictorum:    maiora  uiris  e  sanguine  paruo 

gaudia  non  faceret  conspectum  in  Caesare  uolnus. 

ille  tegens  alta  suppressum  mente  dolorem 

mitis,  et  a  uoltu  penitus  uirtute  remota, 

parcite,  ait,  ciues :    procul  hinc  auertite  bellum.      230 

collatura  meae  nil  iam  sunt  uolnera  morti : 

non  eget  ingestis  sed  uolsis  pectore  telis. 

tollite  et  in  Magni  uiuentem  ponite  castris : 

hoc  uestro  praestate  duci :   sit  Scaeua  relicti 

213.  non  explent]  '  do  not  complete  a  pelle  Libystidis  ursae.  In  reality  bears  are 
single  man's  death',  cf.  Stat.  Theb.  IX  found  in  the  Atlas  mountains,  but  not 
753.  754  alio  geminaium  lumine  uolnus  south  of  the  Sahara  desert:  see  Wallace's 
expleuit  tenebras,  i.e.  'completed  his  Geographical  Distribution  of  Animals, 
blindness'.  vol.  II.  p.  202. 

214.  Dictaea... Gortynis}  The  Cretans  223.  i ///petit]  'tries  to  seize  the  weapon 
were  famous  as  archers,  cf.  Verg.  Eel.  X  and  pursues  in  a  circle  the  spear  that  flies 
gn.  along  with  her',  i.e.  like  a  kitten  running 

215.  uoto  certior  omni]    'more   truly     after  its  own  tail. 

aimed  than  any  could  desire',    cf.  Ov.  A.  224.  perdiderat  uoltumY  had  destroyed 

A.    1    90   haec   loca   sunt  uoto  fertiliora  all  semblance  of  a  face',  i.e.  by  tearing 

tuo.  the  arrow  from  his  eye. 

217.      moras]    'the   steel   that   hinders  226.     e  sanguine  paruo]  ' by  reason  of 

him,    and    with   it   the  ligaments  of  the  a  little  blood', 

nerves'.  229.     uirtute]  ira  bellica.     Weise. 

221.     cum  iaculum]  'when  the  Libyan  231.     collatura]  'more  wounds  will  not 

hashurledhisjavelinwithaslenderthong';  contribute    anything   towards    my  death' 

for  amentum,  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  ix  665.    The  i.e.  I  am  already  mortally  wounded. 

Libyan   seems    somewhat   out    of    place  232.  non  eget]  sc.  mors,  i.e.  the  shortest 

hunting  a  Pannonian  bear,  but  perhaps,  way  of  killing  me  is    not  to  hurl  more 

as  Oud.  suggests,  Lucan   thought   there  weapons  at  me  but  to  pull  out  those  which 

were  no  bears  in  Africa,  cf.  Plin.  H.  N.  are  now  sticking  in  me. 

vili  §  131:  not  so  Virgil,  cf.  Aen.  v  37  234.   relicti]  'of  desertion  from  Caesar'. 


LIBER   VI.   212—259.  201 

Caesaris  cxcmplum  potius  quam  mortis  honcstae.  235 

credidit  infelix  simulatis  uocibus  Aulus 

nee  uidit  recto  gladium  mucrone  tcnentem  : 

membraque  captiui  pariter  laturus  et  arma, 

fulmineum  mediis  excepit  faucibus  ensem. 

incaluit  uirtus :    atque  una  caede  refectu.s  240 

soluat,  ait,  poenas  Scaeuam  quicumque  subactum 

sperauit :   pacem  gladio  si  quaerit  ab  isto 

Magnus  adorato  submittat  Caesare  signa. 

an  similcm  uestri  segnemque  ad  fata  putastis  ? 

Pompeii  uobis  minor  est  causaeque  senatus  245 

quam  mihi  mortis  amor,     simul  haec  effatur,  et  altus 

Caesareas  puluis  testatur  adesse  cohortes. 

dedecus  hie  belli  Magno  crimenque  remisit, 

ne  solum  totae  fugerent  te,  Scaeua,  cateruae, 

subducto  qui  Marte  ruis  :    nam  sanguine  fuso         250 

uires  pugna  dabat.     labentem  turba  suorum 

excipit  atque  umeris  defectum  imponere  gaudet : 

ac  ueluti  inclusum  perfosso  in  pectore  numen 

et  uiuam  magnae  speciem  uirtutis  adorant : 

telaque  confixis  certant  euellere  membris,  255 

exornantque  deos  ac  nudum  pectore  Martem 

armis,  Scaeua,  tuis.     felix  hoc  nomine  famae, 

si  tibi  durus  Hiber,  aut  si  tibi  terga  dedisset 

Cantaber  exiguis  aut  longis  Teutonus  armis. 

237.      recto   mucrone]   'with   its   point  of  fighting  gave  you  vigour  as  your  blood 

raised',  i.e.  ready  to  strike, cf.  Stat.  Theb.  poured  forth',  i.e.  the  sight  of  the  blood 

V  664,  665  acerque  rcducto  adfuit  Hippo-  pouring  from  his  wounds  had  roused  the 

medon  rectoque  Erymanthius  ense.  spirit   of    Scaeva.     For   the   use   of    the 

239.   fulmineum]  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  ix  811  participle  cf.  Verg.  G.  n  141,  Aen.  11  721 

rotat  ensem  fulmineum.  and  Conington's  notes. 

242.  isto]  i.e.  meo.  252.     defectum]  'fainting',  cf.  I  695. 

243.  submittat  signa]    'let  him  lower         253.     inclusum]     Weise  cf.  VIII  864. 
his  standard',  cf.  Plin.    H.    N.   vm  §  3  256.      dcos]   quorum   erant    in  castello 
(elep/ianti)  regem  adorant,  genua  submit-  imagines  positae.     Sulpitius. 

tunt,  coronas  porrigunt.  nudum]   simulacrum    Martis,  quod  ita 

245.  Pompeii]  'you  have  less  love  for  pingitur.  Schol.  cf.  Iuv.  xi  106  ac 
Pompeius  and  the  Senate's  cause  than  I  nudum  effigiem  clipeo  uenientis  et  hasta 
have  for  death'.  pendcntisqnc  dei pcrituro  ostenderet  hosti. 

246.  mortis  amor]  cf.  IV  146,  VIII  364.  259.     longis]  cf.  Verg.   Aen.    VIII   661 
248.     hie]  sc.  puluis,  which  showed  the     duo  quisque  Alpina  coruscant  gacsa  manu 

approach  of  reinforcements.  scutis  protecti  corpora  longis. 

remisit]    'relieved    Pompeius  of  shame  armis]  'shields'  5tt\ois,  cf.  Verg.  Aen. 

and  disgrace  in  warfare'.  X  841    at  Lausum  soeii  exanimem   super 

250.     subducto]  'you  (Scaeva)  who  fall  armaferebant.    Varro  L.  L.  IV  24  derives 

when  the  battle  is  withdrawn,  for  the  act  the  word  ab  arcendo. 


202  LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 

non  tu  bellorum  spoliis  ornarc  Tonantis  260 

tcmpla  potcs,  non  tu  lactis  ulularc  triumphis. 
infclix  quanta  dominum  uirtutc  parasti. 

ncc  magis  hac  Magnus  castrorum  parte  rcpulsus 
intra  claustra  piger  dilato  Martc  quieuit, 
quam  mare  lassatur,  cum  se  tollentibus  Euris        265 
frangentem  fluctus  scopulum  ferit,  aut  latus  alti 
montis  adest  seramque  sibi  parat  unda  ruinam. 
hinc  uicina  petens  placido  castclla  profundo 
incursu  gemini  Martis  rapit :    armaque  late 
spargit  et  effuso  laxat  tentoria  campo  :  270 

mutandaeque  iuuat  permissa  Hcentia  terrae. 
sic  pleno  Padus  ore  tumens  super  aggere  tutas 
excurrit  ripas  et  totos  concutit  agros : 
succubuit  si  qua  tellus  cumulumque  furentem 
undarum  non  passa  ruit :    turn  flumine  toto  275 

transit  et  ignotos  aperit  sibi  gurgite  campos. 
illos  terra  fugit  dominos :   his  rura  colonis 
accedunt  donante  Pado.     uix  proelia  Caesar 
senserat  elatus  specula  quae  prodidit  ignis, 
inuenit  impulsos  presso  iam  puluere  muros :  280 

frigidaque  ut  ueteris  deprendit  signa  ruinae, 
accendit  pax  ipsa  loci  mouitque  furorem 
Pompeiana  quies  et  uicto  Caesare  somnus. 


260.  non  tu]  cf.  note  on  I  12.  269.     incursu  gemini  Martis]  i.e.  at- 

261.  ululare]  properly  used  of  the  la-  tacking  them  by  both  land  and  sea. 
mentation  of  women,  but  transferred  to  270.    effuso  laxat]  'spreads  his  encamp- 
any  shrill  cry,  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  IV  168  sum-  ment   far   and   wide    upon   the   spacious 
moque  ulularunt  uerticc  Nymphae ;  so  in  plain',    cf.  Tac.  Germ.  30  non  ita  effusis 
Greek,  6\o\vfai>  cf.  Aesch.  Ag.  594 — 596  ac  palustribus  locis. 

Kalyvi>aiKelu>i'6[j.u)6\o\vyn6i' d'AXos  dXKodev  272.     aggere   tutas]    'defended    by    an 

/caret  itt6\lv  Z\o.<jkov  ei«prnj.oui'Tes  ev  6ewi>  embankment'. 

Zdpais.  275.     ruit]    'has    broken  down',    'col- 

262.  parasti]  cf.  note  on  1  13.  lapsed'. 

265.  se  tollentibus]  merely  equivalent  277.     illos  terra  fugit]   'their   land   is 
to  surgentibus.  lost  by  one  set  of  owners'. 

266.  frangentem]  '  the  cliff  that  breaks  278.     donante]    cf.    Herod.    11    5   tern 
its  force'.  Alyinrriotai  iiriKT-qrhs  re  777  /ecu  5Qpoi>  rod 

267.  adest]  'gnaws  away'.  worafiou. 

seramque]  'and  prepares  a  crash  to  fall  280.     inuenit]  'he  finds  the  walls  over- 

in  distant  times  upon  itself.    Weise  takes  thrown  and  the  dust  already  laid'. 

ruinam  of  the  wave,  sero  detnum  concidil,  281.     ut]  when. 

but  the  former  explanation  is  to  be  pre-  ueteris]  i.e.  which  he  was  too  late  to 

ferred.  prevent. 


LIBER   VI.    260 — 302.  203 

ire  ucl  in  clades  properat  dum  gaudia  turbet. 
Torquato  ruit  inde  minax :    qui  Caesaris  arma       285 
segnius  haud  uidit  quam  malo  nauta  tremcntc 
omnia  Circeae  subducit  ucla  procellae : 
agminaquc  intcrius  muro  breuiore  recepit 
densius  ut  parua  disponcrct  arma  corona. 

transicrat  primi  Caesar  munimina  ualli,  290 

cum  super  e  totis  emisit  collibus  agmcn 
efTuditque  acies  obsaeptum  Magnus  in  hostem. 
non  sic  Actnaeis  habitans  in  uallibus  horret 
Enceladum  spirantc  Noto,  cum  tota  cauernas 
egcrit  et  torrens  in  campos  defiuit  Aetna :  295 

Caesaris  ut  miles  glomerato  puluere  uictus 
ante  aciem,  caeci  trepidus  sub  nube  timoris 
hostibus  occurrit  fugiens  inque  ipsa  pauendo 
fata  ruit.     totus  mitti  ciuilibus  armis 
usque  uel  in  pacem  potuit  cruor :    ipse  furentis       300 
dux  tenuit  gladios.     felix  ac  libera  legum 
Roma  fores  iurisque  tui  uicisset  in  illo 

284.  uel  in  clades]  'even  to  defeat'.  the  wind  was  supposed  to  fan  the  flames 

285.  Torquato]  sc.  L.  Torquatus,  who     within  the  mountain, 
had  been  captured  by  Caesar  at  Oricum  295.     egerit]  'empties'. 

and  dismissed  uninjured,     cf.  Caes.  B.  C.  torrens]  quasi  tota  Aetna  fit  torrens  ig- 

III  11.  neus.     Weise. 

■286.   segnius  haud  uidit]  i.e.  acted  with  297.     caeci  sub  nube  timoris]  'under  a 

no   less   energy   when    he   saw   Caesar's  cloud  of  blind  terror':  this  strange  expres- 

forces.  sion  is  not  noticed  by  any  of  the  commen- 

287.  subducit]  'furls  all  his  sails  before  tators:  perhaps  it  is  better  to  take  timor 
the  Circeian  storm',  cf.  Ov.  Fast,  in  as  that  which  causes  terror,  i.e.  the  dust, 
587  torto  subducere  carbasa  lino.  and  caecus  as  'blinding',     cf.  Ov.  Fast.  I 

288.  muro  breuiore]  'within  a  narrower  551  Cacus,  Auentinae  timor  atque  infamia 
walled  compass'.  siluae,  Propert.  Ill  v  40  et  audacitu  timor 

292.     obsaeptum]  videlicet  ab  ipso  Pom-  esse  potes. 
peio  et  a  Torquato.     Weise.  299.     mitti]  A  metaphor  from  surgical 

294.    Enceladum]    Enceladus  was  sup-  bleeding:     'civil    war    might   have   been 

posed  to  be  buried  under  Aetna:  Oud.  cf.  drained  of  all  its  blood,  so  as  even  to  lead 

Claudian   rap.    Pros.    154,    155    Enceladi  to  peace',  i.e.  the  war  might  have  been 

bus/um,  qui  saucia  terga  reuinctus  spiral  finished   on  the  spot,  had  not  Pompeius 

inexhaustum  flagranti  pectore    sulphur,  recalled  his  troops,    cf.  Cic.  ad  Att.  1  xvi 

See  also  Aesch.  Prom.  351 — 373.     Verg.  §11  missus  est  sanguis  inuidiae  sine dolore. 
Aen.  in  578 — 582  fama  est  Enceladi  semi-         301.     libera  legum]  'free  in  respect  of 

ustum  fulmine  corpus   urgeri  mole  hac,  law',   i.e.  able  to  make  what  laws  you 

ingentemque  insuper  Aetnam   impositam  please:    so  Weise,  probably  rightly;  he 

ruptis  flammam   exspirare    ca minis  j    et  refers  to  Sil.   Ital.   11  441    it  liber  campi 

fessum  quotiens  mu/et  latus  intremere  om-  pastor,  cf.  also   106  supr.    Oud.  connects 

ncm  murmure  Trinacriam  et  caelum  sub-  legum  with  what  follows  iurisque  tui,  i.e. 

texere  futno.  legum  tuarum  iurisque  tui,  comparing  x 

spirante  Noto]  because  the  blowing  of  384  ingentis  fall  sumus. 


204  LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 

si  tibi  Sulla  loco,     dolct  hcu  scmpcrquc  dolcbit 
quod  scelerum,  Caesar,  prodest  tibi  summa  tuorum 
cum  genero  pugnassc  pio.     pro  tristia  fata  :  305 

non  Vticae  Libyc  claaes  Hispania  Mundae 
flesset,  et  infando  pollutus  sanguine  Nilus 
nobilius  Phario  gestasset  rege  cadaucr : 
nee  Iuba  Marmaricas  nudus  pressisset  harenas, 
Pocnorumquc  umbras  placasset  sanguine  fuso         310 
Scipio,  nee  sancto  caruisset  uita  Catone : 
ultimus  esse  dies  potuit  tibi,  Roma,  malorum  : 
exire  e  mediis  potuit  Pharsalia  fatis. 

deserit  aduerso  possessam  numine  sedem 
Caesar  et  Emathias  lacero  petit  agmine  terras.       315 
arma  secuturum  soceri,  quacumque  fugasset, 
temptauere  suo  comites  deuertere  Magnum 
hortatu :   patrias  sedes  atque  hoste  carentem 
Ausoniam  peteret.     numquam  me  Caesaris,  inquit, 
exemplo  reddam  patriae,  numquamque  uidebit       320 
me  nisi  dimisso  redeuntem  milite  Roma. 
Hesperiam  potui  motu  surgente  tenere, 
si  uellem  patriis  aciem  committere  templis, 
ac  medio  pugnare  foro.     dum  bella  relegem, 
extremum  Scythici  transcendam  frigoris  orbem      325 
ardentisque  plagas.     uictor  tibi,  Roma,  quietem 
eripiam,  qui,    ne  premerent  te  proelia,  fugi  ? 
a  potius,  bello  ne  quid  patiaris  in  isto, 

303.  Sulla]  i.e.  who  would  not  have  inulta  cesserat  impotens  tellure,  uictorum 
spared  the  conquered.  nepotes  rettulit  inferias  lugurthae. 

304.  scelerum... summa]  'that  which  is         313.    exire]  equivalent  to  eximi,  'might 
thy  crowning  crime  (i.e.  cum  genero  pug-  have  been  wrested  from '. 

nasse  pio)  turns  out   to    thy    advantage'.  314.    aduerso]  ' occupied  by  him  against 

Caesar  B.  C.   Ill  70  says  that   Pompeius  the  will  of  heaven'. 

recalled   his   troops   through   fear   of  an  316.    quacumque  fugasset]  '  in  whatever 

ambuscade.  direction  he  might  have  driven  them'. 

307.  et]  neque.  319.      Caesaris .. .exemplo]  i.e.  armatus. 

308.  nobilius]   'a   nobler   corpse    (sc.  322.     motu]  'the  civil  war',  cf.  Hor. 
Pompeii)  than  that  of  the  Pharian  king'.  carm.  11  i  1  motum  ex  Alctello  consule  civi- 

309.  nee  Iuba]  Iuba  and  Petreius  killed  cum. 

each  other  to  avoid  falling  into  Caesar's         324.     relegem]  'banish  far  from  Rome', 
hands.  cf.  Verg.  G.  ill  212  tauros procul  atque  in 

310.  placasset]  i.e.  because  Scipio  was     tut  a  relegant  pascua. 

the  representative   of  the  conquerors  of         325.    frigoris]  For  the  genitive,  cf.  note 

Carthage,  cf.  1  39,  Hor.  carm.  11  i  25 — 29     on  vm  223. 

Iuno  et  deorum  quisquis   amicior  Afris         328.     isto]  equivalent  to  hoc. 


LIBER   VI.    303—352.  205 

te  Caesar  putct  esse  suam.     sic  fatus  in  ortus 
Phoebeos  conuertit  iter,  terraeque  secutus  330 

deuia,  qua  uastos  aperit  Candauia  saltus, 
contigit  Emathiam,  bello  quam  fata  parabant. 

Thessaliam,  qua  parte  diem  brumalibus  horis 
adtollit  Titan,  rupes  Ossaea  coercet. 
cum  per  surama  poli  Phoebum  trahit  altior  aestas  335 
Pelion  opponit  radiis  nascentibus  umbras. 
at  medios  ignes  caeli  rabidique  Leonis 
solstitiale  caput  nemorosus  submouet  Othrys. 
excipit  aduersos  Zephyros  et  Iapyga  Pindus, 
et  maturato  praecidit  uespere  lucem.  340 

nee  metuens  imi  Borean  habitator  Olympi 
lucentem  totis  ignorat  noctibus  Arcton. 
hos  inter  montes  media  qui  ualle  premuntur 
perpetuis  quondam  latuere  paludibus  agri, 
flumina  dum  campi  retinent,  nee  peruia  Tempe     345 
dant  aditus  pelagi :    stagnumque  implentibus  unum 
crescere  cursus  erat.     postquam  discessit  Olympo 
Herculea  grauis  Ossa  manu  subitaeque  ruinam 
sensit  aquae  Nereus  :    melius  mansura  sub  undis, 
Emathis,  aequorei  regnum  Pharsalos  Achillis,         350 
eminet,  et  prima  Rhoeteia  litora  pinu 
quae  tetigit  Phylace,  Pteleosque,  et  Dorion  ira 


331.  Candauia]  The  chain  of  mountains  Rhipacasquc  arduus  arces  consurgit premi- 

separating  Illyricum  from  Macedonia.  tur  Libyac  deucxus  in  Atistros. 

333.      Thessaliam]   The   following  de-  346.     stagnumque]  'and  as  the   rivers 

scription  of  Thessaly  is  apparently  drawn  filled  a  single  lake,  their  onward  flow  was 

from  Herodotus  vn  129.  only  to  grow  deeper',   i.e.  non  currebant 

qua  parte]  i.e.   the  quarter  where  the  amplius  sed  crescebant  tantum.     Weise. 

sun  rises  in  winter,  i.e.  S.E.  347.     crescere  cursus  erat]  cf.  103  supr. 

336.  nascentibus]  i.e.  on  the  N.E.  spargere  funus  erat. 

337.  at  medios]  ad  meridiem  situs  est  348.     subitae]    'the    rush    of    sudden 
mons  Othrys.     Weise.  waters',  i.e.  their  sudden  fall  into  the  sea. 

340.  maturato]   'cuts  short  the  light  350.     aequorei]  as  the  son  of  the  sea- 
by  hastening  on  the  evening',  i.e.  the  sun  goddess  Thetis. 

sets  earlier  behind  the  mountains.  351.    prima]  i.e.  whence  came  Protesi- 

341.  nee  metuens]  i.e.  those  who  dwell  laus,   who  was  the  first  to  land  on   the 
at    the    foot    of   Olympus    are    sheltered  Trojan  shore. 

from  the  north  wind,  and  are  cut  off  by  352.     Dorion  ira]  cf.  Horn.   II.   11   594 

the  mountain  to  the  north  of  them  from  Acapiov  Zu6a  re  MoOcrcu  avTo/xevou  OapLvpiv 

the  sight  of  the  Great  Bear.  rbv  QpyLKa  Trawav  doidrjs,  where  it  appears 

,543.    premuntur]    'lie  low',  cf.  Verg.  as  a  town  in  the  Peloponnesus  subject  to 

G.  I    240,   241    mundus  ut  ad  Scythiam  Nestor. 


206  LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 

flcbile  Pieridum ;   Trachin,  pretioque  ncfandac 

lampados  Herculeis  fortis  Meliboea  pharetris: 

atque  olim  Larissa  potens :    ubi  nobile  quondam    355 

nunc  super  Argos  arant :    uetercs  ubi  fabula  Thebas 

monstrat  Echionias :    ubi  quondam  Penthcos  exsul 

colla  caputquc  ferens  supremo  tradidit  igni, 

questa  quod  hoc  solum  nato  rapuissct  Agaue. 

ergo  abrupta  palus  multos  discessit  in  amnes.        360 

purus  in  occasus,  parui  sed  gurgitis,  Aeas 

Ionio  fluit  inde  mari  :    nee  fortior  undis 

labitur  auectae  pater  Isidis,  et  tuus,  Oeneu, 

paene  gener  crassis  oblimat  Echinadas  undis : 

et  Meleagream  maculatus  sanguine  Nessi  365 

Euenos  Calydona  secat.     ferit  amne  citato 

Maliacas  Sperchios  aquas :   et  flumine  puro 

irrigat  Amphrysos  famulantis  pascua  Phoebi ; 

quique  nee  umentis  nebulas  nee  rore  madentem 

aera  nee  tenues  uentos  suspirat  Anauros ;  370 

et  quisquis  pelago  per  se  non  cognitus  amnis 

Peneo  donauit  aquas :   it  gurgite  rapto 

Apidanos :    numquamque  celer,  nisi  mixtus,  Enipeus. 

accipit  Asopos  cursus  Phoenixque  Melasque. 

solus  in  alterius  nomen  cum  uenerit  undae  375 

353.    pretio]  i.e.   the  arrows  given  by  Nili  Jlumina  tiacca  bibit. 
Hercules  to  Philoctetes  as  the  reward  for         364.    gener]  sc.  Achelous,  the  rival  of 

kindling  his  funeral  pile.  Hercules  for  the  hand  of  Deianira  daughter 

355.  ubi  nobile]  '  where  men  plough  on  ofOeneus. 

the  site  of  once  famous  Argos ',  cf.  Ov.         oblimat]  The  silt  carried  down  by  the 
Heroid.  1  53  iam  seges  est  ubi  Troiafuit.       Achelous  has  now  joined  the  Echinades 

356.  Argos]  sc.  Pelasgicum.  to  the  mainland. 

Thebas]  sc.  Phthioticas,  to  which  accord-  368.    pascua]    sc.    of    Pherae,    where 

ing  to  this  version  of  the  legend  Agave  Apollo  served  Admetus  as  a  herdsman, 

retired  from  Thebes  in  Boeotia.  cf.  Eur.  Alcest.  1  foil. 

357.  ubi  quondam]  ' where  once  Agave  370.     suspirat]     'breathes    forth',     cf. 
now  in  exile  bore  the  head  and  neck  of  Sil.  Ital.  xin   425,   426  eructat  acerbam 
Pentheus  and  gave  them  to  the  funeral  Cocyti  laxo  suspirans  ore paludem. 
flames,  lamenting  that  this  was  all  of  her  Anauros]  "Avavpos  from  d  privative  and 
son  that  she  had  carried  off,  i.e.  if  she  adpa. 

had  carried  off  more,  she  would  have  had         371.    pelago  per  se]  'not  known  to  the 
more  to  burn  on  the  funeral  pile.  sea  on  its  own  account',  i.e.  as  a  separate 

362.  nee  fortior  undis]  'with  no  stronger     stream. 

current'.  373.     numquamque  celer]    Ovid  on  the 

363.  pater]   sc.   Inachus  father  of  Io     contrary,  Met.  1  579,  speaks  of  irrequietus 
who  was  identified  with  the  Egyptian  Isis,     Enipeus. 

cf.  Propert.  Ill  xx   17,  18  Io  uersa  caput  376.     defendil]     '  Titaresos  protects  its 

primos  mugiuerat  annos;  nunc  dea,  quae     own  waters,  and  gliding  on  the  surface 


LIBER   VI.    353—400.  207 

defcndit  Titaresos  aquas,  lapsusque  supcrnc 

gurgite  Penei  pro  siccis  utitur  amis. 

hunc  fama  est  Stygiis  manare  paludibus  amnem, 

et  capitis  memorem  fluuii  contagia  uilis 

nolle  pati,  superumque  sibi  seruare  timorem.  380 

ut  primum  cmissis  patuerunt  amnibus  arua, 
pinguis  Boebicio  disccssit  uomere  sulcus : 
mox  Lelegum  dextra  pressum  descendit  aratrum. 
Aeolidae  Dolopesque  solum  fregere  coloni, 
et  Magnetes  equis,  Minyae  gens  cognita  remis.      385 
illic  scmiferos  Ixionidas  Centauros 
feta  Pelethroniis  nubes  effudit  in  antris. 
aspera  te  Pholoes  frangentem,  Monyche,  saxa, 
teque  sub  Oetaeo  torquentem  uertice  uolsas, 
Rhoete  ferox,  quas  uix  Boreas  inuerteret,  ornos:    390 
hospes  et  Alcidae  magni,  Phole :   teque  per  amnem 
improbe  Lernaeas  uector  passure  sagittas  : 
teque  senex  Chiron,  gelido  qui  sidere  fulgens 
impetis  Haemonio  maiorem  Scorpion  arcu. 
hac  tellure  feri  micuerunt  semina  Martis.  395 

primus  ab  aequorea  percussis  cuspide  saxis 
Thessalicus  sonipes  bellis  feralibus  omen 
exsiluit;   primus  chalyben  frenosque  momordit, 
spumauitque  nouis  Lapithae  domitoris  habenis. 
prima  fretum  scindens  Pagasaeo  litore  pinus  400 

deals  with  Peneus'  flood  as  if  it  were  dry  392.     uector]  sc.  Deianirae;  sagittas  sc. 

land ',  i.e.  flows  on  the  top  of  it  without  Herculis. 

mijcing.  393.    gelido]  because  the  constellation 

380.     superumque  sibi]    '  preserve    for  Chiron,  i.e.   Sagittarius,  appears  in  win- 

itself  fear  on  the  part  of  the  gods',  cf.  ter. 

Verg.  Aen.  VI  323,  324  Stygiamqite  pain-  394.     impetis]  i.e.  it  seems  to  be  aiming 

dem  di  cuius  iurare  timent  et  fallere  tilt-  at  the  Scorpion. 

men.     inf.  749.     cf.  also  Horn.  II.  II  751  maiorem]    i.e.   greater  than   the  other 

— 755   oi'  t    d/x<£'  lueprbv  TiTap-qaiov  Zpy'  constellations,  cf.   Verg.  G.  I  34,   35    ipse 

ivifxovro,  os  p  es  Ylriveiov  irpoiei  KaWippoou  tibi  iam  bracchia  contrahit  ardens  Scorpios, 

v8u>p,  ovd'  0  ye  Il^eeiy  avp.p.LayeTa.1  apyv-  et  caeli  iusla  plus  parte  relinquit. 

pooivr),    6X\d   re   fiiv    KaOuirepOev    eiri.ppe'ei  396.     percussis]    cf.  Verg.  G.  I  13 — 15 

■f)VT  iXatov  opKov  yap  dfivov  2,Tuyos  Hoards  tuque  0  cut  prima  frementem  fudit  equom 

ianv  airoppu)!;.  magna  lellus percussa  tridenti  Neptune. 

382.     disccssit]  'was  cleft'.  397.     omen]  ' giving  promise  of  deadly 

385.     cognita]   'famous  for'.  wars'. 

388.     Monyche]     cf.  Iuv.  1  n  quantas  399.     nouis]    cf.  Verg.  G.  Ill  115,  116 

iaculctur  JMonychus  ornos.  frena  Pelethronii  Lapithae  gyrosque  dedere 

390.     quas  uix]  '  such  as  Boreas  could  impositi  dorso. 

scarcely  overthrow'.  400.    prima  /return]  cf.  in  193  foil. 


2o8  LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 

terrenum  ignotas  homincm  proiecit  in  undas. 
primus  Thessalicac  rector  telluris  Itonos 
in  formam  calidac  percussit  pondera  massae, 
fudit  ct  argentum  flammis,  aurumque  moneta 
iregit,  et  immensis  coxit  fornacibus  aera.  405 

ill ic  quod  populos  scelerata  impcgit  in  arma 
diuitias  numerare  datum  est.     hinc  maxima  serpens 
descendit  Python  Cirrhaeaque  fluxit  in  arua : 
unde  et  Thessalicac  ueniunt  ad  Pythia  laurus. 
impius  hinc  prolem  superis  immisit  Aloeus,  410 

inseruit  celsis  prope  se  cum  Pelion  astris, 
sideribusque  uias  incurrens  abstulit  Ossa. 
hac  ubi  damnata  fatis  tellure  locarunt 
castra  duces ;   cunctos  belli  praesaga  futuri 
mens  agitat,  summique  grauem  discriminis  horam  415 
aduentare  palam  est.     propius  iam  fata  moueri 
degeneres  trepidant  animi  peioraque  uersant : 
ad  dubios  pauci  praesumpto  robore  casus 
spemque  metumque  ferunt.     turbae  sed  mixtus  inerti 
Sextus  erat  Magno  proles  indigna  parente,  420 

qui  mox  Scyllaeis  exsul  grassatus  in  undis 
polluit  aequoreos  Siculus  pirata  triumphos; 
qui  stimulante  metu  fati  praenoscere  cursus, 

401.  terrenum~\  'a  native  of  dry  land',  ing   upon    the   stars,    stopped   their   mo- 
Oud.  cf.  Sil.  Ital.  XI  473  foil,  quin  etiam  tion'. 

Pagasaea  ratis  cum  caerula  nondum  cog-  414.     belli  praesaga']   'with  a  presenti- 

nita  terrigenae  pontumque   intrare  nega-  ment  of  coming  war'. 

rent  &c.  417.    trepidant]  'tremble  at  the  thought 

proiecit]    'flung   out    into    the   waves':  that  destiny  is  now  approaching':  for  tre- 

the  word  is  often  used  of  what  the  sea  pidare  with  infinitive  cf.  Stat.  Theb.  1  639, 

throws  up  on  shore,  cf.  Verg.  Eel.  VII  42  640  non  tit  pia  degener  arma  occulis  aut 

proiecta  uilior  alga.  certae  trepidas  occurrere  morti. 

402.  Itonos]  son  of  Deucalion.  peioraque    uersant]    'and    expect    the 

403.  in  formam]     '  hammered     into  worst '. 
shape'.  418.       praesumpto    robore]     'fortifying 

404.  moneta  fregit]    'broke   up    and  their  hearts  beforehand', 
stamped'.  419.      inerti]     'cowardly',     cf.     Verg. 

406.     impegil]  'drove  headlong',  cf.  1     Aen.  IV  158  spumantemque  dari  pecora 
160  foil.  inter  inertia  itotis  optal  aprum. 

408.  fluxit]  'glided'.  421.    grassatus]    'acting   the   robber', 

409.  unde]  'for  which  reason'.  cf.  Plin.  H.  N.  IX  §  45  silurus  grassatur 
Thessalicae]  i.e.  the  bay  for  the  crowns     ubicunque  est  omne  animal  adpelens,  equos 

at  the  Pythian  games  was  brought  from  innatantis  sacpe  demergens. 

the  vale  of  Tempe  in  Thessaly.  422.     pirata]    cf.  1  43.     Manil.  1  918, 

4 10.  Aloeus]  cf.   Horn.   Od.  XI  305 —  919  cum  patrios  armis  imitatus  filius  hos- 
320.  ies  aeqitora  Pompeius  cepit  defensa  parenti. 

412.    sideribusque]  'and  Ossa  encroach-     Veil.  Pat.  11  lxxiii  §  3. 


LIBER   VI.   401—446.  209 

impaticnsquc  morac  ucnturisquc  omnibus  aeger, 

non  tripodas  Deli  non  Pythia  consulit  antra,  425 

ncc  quacsissc  libct  primis  quid  frugibus  altrix 

acre  Iouis  Dodona  sonct,  quis  noscere  fibra 

fata  queat,  quis  prodat  aues,  quis  fulgura  cacli 

scruct  ct  Assyria  scrutctur  sidcra  cura, 

aut  si  quid  taciturn  sed  fas  erat.     ille  supcrnis      430 

dctestanda  deis  saeuorum  arcana  magorum 

nouerat  et  tristes  sacris  fcralibus  aras, 

umbrarum  Ditisque  fidem  :    miseroquc  liquebat, 

scire  parum  superos.     uanum  saeuomque  furorcm 

adiuuat  ipse  locus  uicinaque  moenia  castris  435 

Haemonidum,  ficti  quas  nulla  licentia  monstri 

transierit ;    quarum  quidquid  non  creditur  ars  est. 

Thessala  quin  etiam  tellus  herbasque  nocentis 

rupibus  ingcnuit  scnsuraque  saxa  canentis 

arcanum  ferale  Magos.     ibi  plurima  surgunt  440 

uim  factura  deis.     et  terris  hospita  Colchis 

legit  in  Haemoniis  quas  non  aduexerat  herbas. 

impia  tot  populis  tot  surdas  gentibus  aures 

caelicolum  dirae  conuertunt  carmina  gentis. 

una  per  aethereos  exit  uox  ilia  recessus,  445 

uerbaque  ad  inuitum  perfert  cogentia  numen, 

426.  primis  frugibus]  i.e.  acorns;  cf.  'whom  no  flight  of  imagination  in  invent- 
Verg.  G.  1  148  cum  iam  glandcs  atque  ing  horrors  could  surpass',  ficti  is  almost 
arbuta  sacrae  deficerent  siluac  et  uictum  equivalent  to fingendi,  cf.  Verg.  G.  11  141 
Dodona  negaret.  satis  immanis  dentibus  hydri.    Id.  Aen.  II 

427.  aere  douis]  'Jove's  brazen  caul-  721.     See  also  note  on  250  supr. 

dron',  cf.  Yerg.  Aen.  Ill  466  Dodoneasque  437.     ars  est]  quam  profitentur.   Sulpi- 

fas  ami  Conington's  note.     Oud.  cf.  tius. 

Val.    Mnx.    vm   xv   ext.  3    cuius   ciu  439.     scnsuraque  saxa]  '  rocks  that  can 

idem  honoris  possident,  quod  Pytkicae  cor-  hear   magicians    when   they   chant    their 

tinae,  quod  aheno  Dodonae,  quod llammo-  deadly  spells':  according  to  the  Scholiast 

tlis fonti  datur.  this  refers  to  the  magnet. 

42S.    prodat]   'interprets'.  441.     uim  factura]  '  that  can  put  com- 

430.     taciturn]  equivalent  to  arcanum  pulsion  on  the  go 

'secret'.     Oud.  cf.  Ov.  Amor,  ill  vii  51,  Colchis]  sc.  Medea. 

•  arct  mediis  tacili  uolgator  in  uudis,  442.     Ifgit]  i.e.  although  as  Vergil  says 

pomaji'.c  quae  nullo  tempore  tangat  habet.  Eel.  vni  97  nascuntur plurima  Panto  ;  in 

433.     /idem]    in  apposition    with  aras,  which  passage  Pontus  probably  stands  for 

i.e.  which  procure  credit  for  the  shades.  Colchis. 

liquebat]  '  the  poor  wretch  was  persuad-  443.     lot   surdas]    'deaf    to   so   many 

ed  that  the  gods  of  heaven  knew  too  little',  nations'  prayers'. 

435.  moenia — I/aemonidum]  the  towns  445.  una—  exit]  'alone  finds  a  way 
where  dwelt  Thessalian  witches'.  through  the  inmosl  depths  of  heaven'. 

436.  ficti  quas  nulla  licentia   monstri]  44^.      uei 

II.  L.  14 


2io  LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 

quod  non  cura  poli  caclique  uolubilis  umquam 
auocat.     infandum  tetigit  cum  sidera  murmur, 
turn  Babylon  Pcrsca  licet  sccrctaquc  Memphis 
omnc  uetustorum  soluat  penctrale  Magorum,  450 

abducit  supcros  alienis  Thessalis  aris. 
carmine  Thessalidum  dura  in  praccordia  fluxit 
non  fatis  adductus  amor:    flammisquc  seucri 
illicitis  arsere  senes.     nee  noxia  tantum 
pocula  proficiunt,  aut  cum  turgentia  suco  455 

frontis  amaturae  subducunt  pignora  fetae. 
mens  hausti  nulla  sanie  polluta  ucneni 
excantata  perit.     quos  non  concordia  mixti 
adligat  ulla  tori  blandaeque  potentia  formae, 
traxerunt  torti  magica  uertiginc  fili.  460 

cessauere  uices  rerum  :    dilataque  longa 
haesit  nocte  dies  :   legi  non  paruit  aether : 
torpuit  et  praeceps  audito  carmine  mundus  : 
axibus  et  rapidis  impulsos  Iuppiter  urgens 
miratur  non  ire  polos,     nunc  omnia  complent        465 
imbribus  et  calido  producunt  nubila  Phoebo, 
et  tonat  ignaro  caelum  Ioue.     uocibus  isdem 
umentis  late  nebulas  nimbosque  solutis 


the  words  of  might  to  the  unwilling  deity,  ten  off  and  eaten  by  its  mother:    if  she 

whom  never  does  the  care  of  the  pole  and  failed  to  do  this,  she  had  no  affection  for 

revolving  heaven  distract  from   attention  her  foal  and  refused  to  rear  it.     cf.  Verg. 

to  them'.  Aen.   IV  515,    516  quacritur  ct  nasccntis 

auocat]     quin    adsit    sagis    Thessalicis.  cqtii  de /route  reuolsus,  et  t/ialri praereplus 

Weise.  amor.     Plin.  H.  N.  vm  §  165. 

449.     turn  Babylon]  'then  though  Per-  458.     excantata]    'perverted  by  spells 

sian   Babylon   and    mysterious   Memphis  alone',    cf.  Propert.   in  ii  49   tit  per  te 

throw  open  every  shrine  of  the  magicians  clausas  sciat  excantare  puellas. 

of  old  time',   i.e.  though  they  employ  all  460.    uertigine]   'by  the  magic  twirling 

their  arts  to  attract  the  attention   of  the  of  the  twisted  thread',  cf.  Verg.  Eel.  vm 

gods.  74 — 79.     Oud.    cf.    Propert.  II  xxviii  35 

Persea]    equivalent  to  Persica,  cf.  Stat,  deficiunt  magico  torti  sub  carmine  rhovibi. 

Theb.  I  719,  720   seu  Persei  sub  rupibus  Id.  IV  vi  26  staminea  rhombi  ducitur  ille 

antri  indignata  sequi  torquentem  corntia  rota. 

Mithram.  461.     uices  rerum~\  'the  changes  of  na- 

453.     non  fatis  adductus]  contra  natu-  ture',  cf.  Hor.  carm.  IV  vii  3  mutat  terra 

ram  et  aetatem.     Weise.  uices. 

455.     aut  cutfi]    'or  when  they   steal  464.     rapidis]  'Jupiter  as  he  drives  on 

from  the  dam  about  to  love  her  foal  the  the  poles   sped  on   their  swiftly  turning 

pledge  of  affection  swelling  with  juice  that  hinges,  marvels  that  they  move  not', 

grows   upon   its   forehead'.      Ziippomanes  466.     calido  Phoebo]  'in  the  full  blaze 

was  supposed  to  be  an  excrescence  on  the  of  the  sun', 
head  of  the  new-born  foal  which  was  bit- 


LIBER    VI.   447—486. 


1 1 


excussere  comis.     uentis  cessantibus  acquor 
intumuit:   rursus  uctitum  sentirc  proccllas  470 

conticuit  turbante  Noto :    puppimque  fcrcntes 
in  uentum  tumuere  sinus,     de  rupc  pepcndit 
abscisa  fixus  torrcns  :    amnisque  cucurrit 
non  qua  pronus  crat.     Nilum  non  extulit  acstas  : 
Maeandcr  direxit  aquas  :  Rhodanumque  morantem  475 
praecipitauit  Arar :    submisso  uertice  montcs 
explicucrc  iugum  :    nubcs  suspexit  Olympus : 
solibus  et  nullis  Scythicae,  cum  bruma  rigeret, 
dimaduere  niucs.     impulsam  sidere  Tcthyn 
reppulit  Haemonidum  defcnso  litorc  carmen.  480 

terra  quoque  immoti  concussit  ponderis  axem, 
et  medium  uergcns  titubauit  nisus  in  orbem. 
tantae  molis  onus  percussum  uoce  recessit, 
prospectumque  dedit  circumlabentis  Olympi. 
omne  potcns  animal  leti  genitumque  nocere  485 

et  pauet  Haemonias  et  mortibus  instruit  artes. 


469.  excussere  com  is]  'they  shake  from 
their  loosened  locks'. 

470.  sentire  proccllas]  'to  feel  the  force 
of  storms',  cf.  Piin.  Epp.  VIII  xx  §  4  spa- 
tium  modicum,  quod  tamcn  scntiat  uentos 
etjluctibus  intumescat. 

471.  turbante  A'oto]  i.e.  iurbare  co- 
nantc  or  it  might  be  taken  intransitively, 
'for  all  the  blustering  of  Notus',  cf.  Lu- 
cret.  11  125,  Verg.  Aen.  VI  8or. 

472.  in  uentum]  'swell  against  the 
wind '. 

pepcndit]  '  hangs  motionless '. 

474.  non  qua]  'not  in  the  direction  in 
which  it  sloped',  i.e.  but  up-hill. 

non  extulit]  'summer  has  not  raised  the 
level  of  the  Nile',  cf.  x  228  foil. 

475.  direxit]  'has  straightened',  cf. 
Sen.  X.  Q.  1  x  §  1  coronam  si  diuiscris, 
irctis  eril,  si  direxeris,  uirga. 

Rhodanumque]  'the  Arar  has  swept 
lown  with  it  the  lingering  Rhone',  thus 
nverting  the  characters  of  the  two  rivers, 
:f.  note  on  1  434. 

476.  submisso  uertice]  'lowering  their 
summits'. 

477.  explicuere  iugum]  'have  made 
heir  ridges  level',  cf.  Sen.  Here.  Oet.  459 
urbidum  explicui  marc. 

suspexit]  i.e.  instead  of  despexit,  cf.  II 
171. 


479.     sidere]  i.e.  the  moon,  cf.  I  413. 
4S0.     reppulit]    i.e.  has  prevented  the 
tide  from  rising. 

481.  terra  quoque]  'the  earth  too  has 
shaken  the  axle  of  her  steady  weight',  i.e. 
the  line  passing  through  the  centre  of  the 
earth  on  which  her  weight  is  usually  ba- 
lanced steadily. 

482.  titubauit  nisus]  The  reading  in 
the  text  is  that  of  most  MSS.  and  of 
the  Roman  edition  of  1469.  nisus  is  best 
taken  as  a  substantive,  i.e.  'gravitation'. 
Translate,  'the  force  which  ever  inclines 
to  the  centre  of  the  circle  tottered',  i.e. 
ceased  to  act.  cf.  Cic.  N.D.  11  §  117  in 
aethere  autem  astra  uoluuntur ;  quae  se  et 
nisu  suo  conglobata  continent,  et  forma 
ipsa  figuraque  sua  momenta  sustentant. 
Lucret.  1  1052 — 1055.  Weise  adopting 
a  conjecture  of  Sulpitius  reads  nisu  titu- 
bauit. 

483.  recessit]   'has  parted  asunder'. 
4S4.     prospectumque   dedit]     'and    has 

afforded  a  view  (i.e.  through  the  centre  of 
the  earth)  of  the  circumambient  sky',  cf. 
Eur.  Bacch.  292  rod  x^o^  eyavuXouiJthou 
aWipos.  Oud.  cf.  Sen.  Here.  Eur.  570 — 
572  /alum  rumpe  manu :  tristibus  inferis 
prospectus  patent  lucis  et  inuius  limes  del 
faciles  ad  superos  ui.is. 

486.     et  pauet]  '  both  fears  the  Haemo- 

14 — 2 


212  LUCANI   PHARSALIAE 

has  auidae  tigrcs  ct  nobilis  ira  leonum 

ore  foucnt  blando  :   gelidos  his  explicat  orbes 

inquc  pruinoso  coluber  distenditur  aruo. 

uipcrei  cocunt  abrupto  corpore  nodi:  490 

humanoquc  cadit  serpens  ad  flat  a  uencno. 

quis  labor  hie  supcris  cantus  hcrbasquc  sequendi 
spernendique  timor  ?    cuius  commercia  pacti 
obstrictos  habucre  dcos  ?     parere  neccsse  est, 
an  iuuat  ?     ignota  tantum  pietate  mcrentur,  495 

an  tacitis  ualucrc  minis  ?     hoc  iuris  in  omnes 
est  ill  is  superos,  an  habent  haec  carmina  certum 
impcriosa  deum,  qui  mundum  cogere  quidquid 
cogitur  ipse  potest?     i  1  lie  et  sidera  primum 
praecipiti  deducta  polo  :    Phoebeque  serena  500 

non  aliter  diris  uerborum  obsessa  uenenis 
palluit,  et  nigris  terrenisque  ignibus  arsit, 
quam  si  fraterna  prohiberet  imagine  tcllus, 
inscrcretque  suas  flammis  caelestibus  umbras, 
et  patitur  tantos  cantu  deprensa  labores  505 

donee  suppositas  propior  despumet  in  herbas. 

hos  scelerum  ritus  haec  dirae  carmina  gentis 


nian  magic  and  furnishes   it  with  instru-  to  do  himself?' 

menls  of  death',  cf.  vii  517.    Stat.  Theb.  499.     illic~\  sc.  inThessaly :  some  MSS. 

vi   792,  793  motu  Spartanns  acnto  mille  have  tilts  sc.  carminibus. 

cauct  lapsas  circum  caita  tempora  mortes.  500.    praecipiti  deducta  polo]   'brought 

489.  inquc  pruinoso]  cum  in  frigido  down  from  the  steep  slope  of  heaven',  cf. 
loco  colligere  se  angues  soleant  hinc  se  Verg.  Eel.  vm  69  carmina  ucl  caelo  pos- 
extendunt  carminum  potestate.     Schol.  sunt  deducere  lunam. 

490.  c  cunt]  i.e.   their  spells  can  first  501.     obsessa]  'beset'. 

break  a   viper  in  two   and  then  make  it  502.     palluit]  'has  lost  her  lustre',  cf. 

join  again,     cf.  Verg.   Eel.  vm   72  frigi-  Propert.  V  vii  82   et  numquam  Ilcrcideo 

dus  in  prat  is  cantando  rumpitur  anguis.  numine  pallet  cbur. 

492.  quis  labor]  'what  means  this  503.  quam  si]  'than  if  the  earth  cut 
failing  in  the  gods  above,  their  obedience  her  off  from  the  reflexion  of  her  brother's 
to  spells  and  magic  herbs,  and  their  dread  light',  cf.  Verg.  (I.  1  396  nee  Jralris 
of  neglecting  them  ?'  radii s  obnoxia  surgert  luna. 

sequendi]   cf.  Tac.  Ann.  1  49    sequitur  505.      deprensa]      'overcome'.      Oud. 

ardorcm  militum  Caesar.  with  some  MSS.  reads  deprcssa  'brought 

493.  cuius]  '  the  bonds  of  what  agree-  down',  which  is  perhaps  confirmed  by 
ment?'  propior,  'nearer  to  the  earth  '. 

495.     ignota]   '  is  it  by  some  unknown  506.     despumet]    '  sheds   slime    upon' 

form  of  piety  that  they  (i.e.  the  witches)  cf.  669  infr.    Oud.  cf.  Stat.  Theb.  11  284, 

deserve  so  great  a  boon  ?  285  haec  circum  spurn  is  lunaribus  unguit 

497.  cerium]  innuit  Demogorgona,  cf.  calliJus  atque  hilari  perfundit  cuncta 
744  infr.  uencno.     See    also   Val.    Flacc.    VI    447 

498.  qui  mundum]  'who  can  compel  qua muis  Atracio  lunam  spumare  uencno 
the  world  to  do  whate'er  he  is  compelled  sciret. 


& 


LIBER  VI.   487—531.  213 

effera  damnarat  nimiac  pictatis  Erichtho, 

inquc  nouos  ritus  pollutam  duxerat  artem. 

ill]  namque  nefas  urbis  submittcrc  tccto  510 

aut  laribus  fcrale  caput :    dcscrtaque  busta 

incolit  ct  tumulos  expulsis  obtinct  umbris, 

grata  deis  Erebi.     coetus  audire  silentum 

nosse  domos  Stygias  arcanaquc  Ditis  pperti 

non  superi  non  uita  uetat.     tenet  ora  profanae       5  1  5 

foeda  situ  macies,  cacloquc  ignota  sereno 

terribilis  Stygio  facies  pallore  grauatur 

impexis  onerata  comis.     si  nimbus  et  atrae 

sidcra  subducunt  nubes,  turn  Thessala  nudis 

egreditur  bustis  nocturnaquc  fulgura  captat.  520 

semina  fecundae  segetis  calcata  perussit, 

et  non  letiferas  spirando  perdidit  auras. 

nee  superos  orat,  nee  cantu  supplice  numen 

auxiliare  uocat,  nee  fibras  ilia  litantis 

nouit :    funereas  aris  imponere  flammas  525 

gaudct  et  accenso  rapuit  quae  tura  sepulcro. 

omne  nefas  superi  prima  iam  uoce  precantis 

conccdunt  carmenque  timent  audire  secundum. 

uiuentis  animas  et  adhuc  sua  membra  regentis 

infodit  busto  :    fatis  debentibus  annos  530 

mors  inuita  subit  :    peruersa  funera  pompa 


508.  damnarat]  'had  convicted  of  too  519.     nudis]    'deserted',   i.e.  by  their 
much  piety',  i.e.   had  rejected  as  too  in-  inmates,  cf.  512  supr. 

nocent.     cf.    Ov.  remed.  amor.    3    parce  521.     calcata  perussit']   'she  blights  by 

twin    uatem    sceleris    damnare    Cupido,  treading  on  them'. 

Quintil.  X  ii  §  8  damnamus  tempora  nostra  522.     perdidif]  equivalent  to  corn/pit, 

infelicitatis  huiits  ut  nunc  demum  nihil  cf.  Hor.  carm.  1  viii  2  Sybarin  cur  prope- 

it.  ras  amando perdere  ? 

Erichtho]     The  same    name   occurs  in  =24.     litantis]      transferred    from     the 

Ovid,    Heroid.   XV  139,   140   illuc  mentis  sacriticer  to  the  offering,  cf.  Mart.  X  lxxiii 

mops,  ut  qiiaiu  furialis  Erichtho  impulit,  6   non   quacutnque   manu   uictima    cacsa 

lo  crine  iacenle  feror.  litat. 

509.  duxerat]  'had  advanced'.  ,s2<j.    uiuentis]  cf.  Hor.  Epod.  v  32-35 
512.     obtinet]  '  occupies '.  qu  >  /■  -set  iii/ossus  puer  longo  die  bis  terque 

nlentuni]  'the  dead',  but  it  is  a  viutatae dapis  inemori  spectaculo. 

:\vhat   strange  word  to  lx;  used  with  ;.;o.     fatis]  'when  the  fates  .still   owe 

(ire.  men  years  of  life,  death  comes  upon  them 

515.     non  uita]  'nor  the  fact  that  she  against  its  will'. 

I  alive',  non  enim  uiuentium  esse  solet  « 3  1 .     peruersa]  i.e.  changing  the  direc- 

nferni  scire  secreta.     Schol.  tion  of  the  funeral  procession,  a  tumults 

517.     grauatur]  'is  afflicted'.  instead  of  ad  tumulos. 


214  LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 

rettulit  a  tumulis :    fugere  cadauera  letum. 

fumantis  iuuenum  cincres  ardcntiaque  ossa 

e  mcdiis  rapit  ilia  regis  ipsamquc  parcntes 

quam  tenucre  facem  :    nigroque  uolantia  fumo         535 

feralis  fragmenta  tori  uestesque  fluentis 

collicrit  in  cineres  et  olentis  membra  fauillas. 

ast  ubi  seruantur  saxis,  quibus  intimus  umor 

ducitur  ct  tracta  durescunt  tabe  medullac 

corpora ;    tunc  omnes  auide  desaeuit  in  artus,  540 

immersitque  manus  oculis,  gaudetque  gelatos 

effodisse  orbes,  et  siccae  pallida  rodit 

excrementa  manus :   laqueum  nodosque  nocentis 

ore  suo  rupit :    pendentia  corpora  carpsit, 

abrasitque  cruces :    percussaque  uiscera  nimbis        545 

uolsit  et  incoctas  admisso  sole  medullas. 

insertum  manibus  chalybem,  nigramque  per  artus 

stillantis  tabi  saniem,  uirusque  coactum 

sustulit,  et  neruo  morsus  retinente  pependit. 

et  quodcumque  iacet  nuda  tellure  cadauer  550 

ante  feras  uolucresque  sedet :   nee  carpere  membra 

uolt  ferro  manibusque  suis,  morsusque  luporum 

exspectat  siccis  raptura  a  faucibus  artus. 

[nee  cessant  a  caede  manus,  si  sanguine  uiuo 

est  opus,  erumpat  iugulo  qui  primus  aperto.]  555 


532.     letum]  Oud.  following  Bersmann  543.     excremcntd\   unguium   sordes   et 

reads  ledum,  i.e.  the  bier.  praesegmina  quae  in  mortuo  crescunt,  ut 

535.  nigroque    uolantia]    'the      frag-  et  capilli.     Weise. 
ments  of  the  bier  that  ily  about  in  the  nodosque  nocentis]  'murderous  knots', 
black  smoke'.  547.     chalybem]   i.e.   the   nails   driven 

536.  uestes]  either  the  coverings  of  the  through  the  hands  of  the  crucified  crimi- 
feretrum,  or  those  in  which  the  corpse  is  rial. 

wrapped.  548.     coactum]  'clotted'. 

fluentis    in    cineres]     'crumbling    into  549.     neruo]  '  when  the  ligaments  hin 

ashes',  cf.  note  on  I  241.  der  her  bite,  hangs  from  the  bod)'',  i.e.  if 

537.  olentis  membra]  'smelling  of  the  the  piece  of  flesh  she  has  seized  with  her 
burnt  limbs'.  teeth  will  not  come  away,  she  hangs  her 

538.  saxis]  i.e.  in  a  sarcophagus,  cf.  weight  upon  it  to  drag  it  off. 
Lucret.  Ill  904,  905  ant  in  melle  situm  553.  raptura]  because  in  this  way  they 
suffocari,  atque  rigere  frigore,  cum  summo  would  be  more  efficacious  drugs,  cf.  Hor. 
gelidi  cubat  aequore  saxi.  Epod.  V  23  ossa  ab  ore  rapta  ieiunae  canis. 

539.  tracta  tabe]  i.e.  extracta  sanie.  554 — 555.     nee  cessant]  These  two  lines 

540.  desaeuit]  'vents  all  her  fury',  according  to  Weise  are  marked  as  spurious 
cf.  Verg.  Aen.  IV  52  dum  pclago  desaeuit  in  many  MSS-,  and  seem  to  be  another 
hiemps.  version  of  those  that  follow. 


LIBER   VI.    532—581.  215 

nee  refugit  caedes  uiuom  si  sacra  cruorem 

extaque  funereae  poscunt  trepidantia  mensae : 

uolnere  sic  uentris,  non  qua  natura  uocabat, 

extrahitur  partus,  calidis  ponendus  in  aris, 

ct  quotiens  sacuis  opus  est  ac  fortibus  umbris,       560 

ipsa  facit  manes :   hominum  mors  omnis  in  usu  est. 

ilia  genae  florem  primaeuo  corpore  uolsit, 

ilia  comam  laeua  morienti  abscidit  ephebo. 

saepe  etiam  can's  cognato  in  funere  dira 

Thessalis  incubuit  membris  :    atque  oscula  figens    565 

truncauitque  caput  compressaque  dentibus  ora 

laxauit :    siccoque  haerentem  gutture  linguam 

praemordens  gelidis  infudit  murmura  labris, 

arcanumque  nefas  Stygias  mandauit  ad  umbras. 

hanc  ut  fama  loci  Pompeio  prodidit,  alta  570 

nocte  poli,  Titan  medium  quo  tempore  ducit 
sub  nostra  tellure  diem,  deserta  per  arua 
carpit  iter,     fidi  scelerum  suetique  ministri 
effractos  circum  tumulos  ac  busta  uagati 
conspexere  procul  praerupta  in  caute  sedentem,     575 
qua  iuga  deuexus  Pharsalica  porrigit  Haemus. 
ilia  magis  magicisque  deis  incognita  uerba 
temptabat  carmenque  nouos  fingebat  in  usus. 
namque  timens  ne  Mars  alium  uagus  iret  in  orbem, 
Emathis  et  tellus  tam  multa  caede  careret,  580 

pollutos  cantu  dirisque  uenifica  sucis 

556.  uiuom]  i.e.  uiuentis,  cf.  Verg.  566.  compressd]  'the  closed  mouth'. 
Aen.  I  720,  721  paulalim  abolere  Sychaeum  cf.  Hor.  Sat.  I  iv  138  compressis  agito 
incipit  et  uiuo  temptat  praeuertere  amove.       labris. 

557.  trepidantia']  'quivering',  cf.  Verg.  568.  murmura]  ut  mox  umbra  loque- 
Aen.  iv  64   pectoribus   inhians  spirantia     retur  apud  inferos.     Schol. 

consulit exta.  571.      Titan   medium]    i.e.  when    it  is 

561.    facit  manes]  i.e.  hominem  occi-  midday  with  the  Antipodes,  cf.  Verg.  G. 

dendo.  1  249 — 251. 

mors  omnis]   'every    kind    of    human         duett]  'is  bringing  on',  cf.  Verg.  G.  Ill 

death',   i.e.  whether  natural  or  violent:  156  noctcm  ducentibus  astris. 

Weise  takes  it  as  'death  at  any  age'  con-  574.     effractos]  'broken  open  ',  i.e.  by 

necting  it  with  what  follows.  Erichtho. 

563.  laeua]  The  left  hand  was  used  in  576.  qua  iuga]  'where  Haemus  sloping 
magic  rites.  downwards    extends    its    range    towards 

564.  cognato]  i.e.  of  some  kinsman  of  Pharsalia'. 

her  own.  579.    alium  in  orbem]  'to  another  quar- 

565-    Jtgens]  'imprinting  kisses',  Oud.      ter'. 
with  some  MSS.  reads  fingens. 


216  LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 

conspersos  uetuit  transmittere  bclla  Philippos, 

tot  mortcs  habitura  suas  u.suraquc  mundi 

sanguine  :   cacsorum  truncare  cadaucra  regum 

sperat  ct  Hcspcriac  cineres  auertere  gentis,  585 

ossaquc  nobilium,  tantosque  adquirere  manes. 

hie  ardor  solusquc  labor,  quid  corpore  Magni 

proiecto  rapiat,  quos  Caesaris  inuolct  artus. 

quam  prior  adfatur  Pompeii  ignaua  propago  : 

o  decus  Haemonidum,  populis  quae  pandere  fata,  590 

quaeque  suo  uentura  potes  diuertere  cursu, 

te  precor,  ut  certum  liceat  mihi  noscere  finem 

quern  belli  fortuna  paret.     non  ultima  turbae 

pars  ego  Romanae  :    Magni  clarissima  proles, 

uel  dominus  rerum  uel  tanti  funeris  hercs.  595 

mens  dubiis  perculsa  pauet  rursusque  parata  est 

certos  ferre  metus.     hoc  casibus  eripe  iuris, 

ne  subiti  caecique  ruant.     uel  numina  torque, 

uel  tu  parce  deis  et  manibus  exprime  uerum. 

Elysias  resera  sedes  ipsamque  uocatam  600 

quos  petat  e  nobis  Mortem  tibi  coge  fateri. 

non  humilis  labor  est :    dignum  quod  quaerere  cures, 

uel  tibi,  quo  tanti  praeponderet  alea  fati. 

impia  uolgatae  laetatur  nomine  famae 

Thessalis,  et  contra  :    si  fata  minora  moueres,         605 

pronum  erat,  o  iuuenis,  quos  uelles,  inquit,  in  actus 

582.       conspersos]    '  forbade    Philippi,  the  elder, 
tainted  by  her  spells  and  sprinkled  with  596.   rursus]  'on  the  contrary',  cf.  Tac. 

her  noxious  drugs,  to  let  the  war  pass  on'  Agric.    29   quem    casum   neque  ambitiosc, 

i.e.  alium  in  orbem,  cf.  Li  v.  xxi  20  nc  in  neque  per  lamenta    rursus  ct  maerorem 

Italiam    Galli  transmittant   bclhim ;   for  muliebriter  tulit. 
Philippi,  cf.  note  on  I  6S0.  597.    hoc  casibus]  'do  thou  snatch  this 

585.     auertere]  'to  plunder',  cf.  Catul.  power  from  events', 
i.xiv  5  auratam  optantes  Colchis  auertere         598.     torque]  'extort  the  truth  from'. 

pellem.  cf.  Hor.  A.  P.   434,   435  reges  dicuntur 

588.     inuolet]    'pounce   upon'   and   so  multis   urgere  culullis,  et  torquere  mero, 

'carry  off',  cf.  Catul.  XXV  6  remitte pallium  quern  pe/spexisse  laborant. 
711  i hi   wen///  (j nod  inuolasti,    Petron.    43  603.     quo  tanti]  'which  way  the  hazard 

hereditatem  accepit  ex  qua  plus  inuolauit  of  destinies  so  great  inclines',  the  meta- 

quai/i  Mi  relictum  est.  phors  of  the  dice  and  the  balance  are  here 

592.  certum]  to  be  taken  with  noscere,  mixed. 

'to  learn  for  certain'.  605.     moueres]  'were  you  dealing  with 

593.  non  ultima]  cf.   Iuv.    iv  44  uos     less  important  destinies',  i.e.  of  individual 
humiles,  inquit,  uolgipars  ultima  /wstri.       men,  not  of  nations. 

595.     lieres]     Sextus  was  however  the  606.  pronum  erat]  cf.  Cic.  Phil.  II  §  27 

second   son   of  Pompeius,  Gnaeus  being     longum  est persequi  ceteros. 


LIBER    VI.    582—628.  217 

inuitos  pracbcrc  dcos :  conccditur  arti, 

imam  cum  radiis  presserunt  sidcra  mortem, 

inscruisse  moras  :    et  quamuis  fcccrit  omnis 

stella  senem  medios  hcrbis  abrumpimus  annos.       610 

at  simul  a  prima  dcsccndit  origine  mundi 

causarum  scries,  atquc  omnia  fata  laborant 

si  quicquam  mutarc  uclis,  unoquc  sub  ictu 

stat  genus  humanum  :    turn  Thessala  turba  fatemur 

plus  Fortuna  potest,     sed  si  pracnoscere  casus       615 

contentus,  facilcsque  aditus  multique  patebunt 

ad  uerum  :    tcllus  nobis  aetherque  chaosque 

aequoraque  ct  campi  Rhodopeiaque  saxa  loqucntur. 

sed  pronum,  cum  tanta  nouae  sit  copia  mortis, 

Emathiis  unum  campis  adtollere  corpus,  620 

ut  modo  defuncti  tepid ique  cadaueris  ora 

plena  uoce  soncnt :    ncc  membris  sole  perustis 

auribus  inccrtum  fcralis  strideat  umbra. 

dixerat :    et  noctis  geminatis  arte  tenebris, 

maestum  tecta  caput  squalenti  nube,  pererrat         625 

corpora  caesorum  tumulis  proiecta  negatis. 

continuo  fugcre  lupi  fugere  reuolsis 
unguibus  impastae  uolucres,  dum  Thessala  uatem 


quos  uelles]  'to  force  the  gods  against  there  is  a  similar  account  of  the  bringing 

their  will  to  any  course  of  action  that  you  to  life  of  a  corpse  to  answer  questions, 

chose'.  622.    plena]  'loud  and  clear',  cf.  \  erg. 

608.     unani\  sc.  unius  hominis.  (\.  1  388  turn  comix  plena  pluuiam  uocat 

presserunt]  '  have  urged  on '.  improba  itocc. 

610.  scnem  fcccrit]  'have  promised  him  623.     incertum...strideat\    'gibber   un- 
old  age'.  intelligibly',  cf.  1'lin.  H.  N.  v  §  45  Tro- 

611.  simul]   i.e.   simul  ac,   'when   it  glodytae  specus  excauant:  hae  illis  domus, 
comes  to  this  that... '.  uictus  serpentium  carnes,  stridorque  uou 

612.  causarum   series']   cf.  Tac.    Ann.  uox. 

yi  (22)  28  contra  alii  fat  it  m  quidem  con-  625.     squalenti   nube]     It    is    doubtful 

gruere  rebus putant,  sednon  c  uagis  stellis,  what  is  the  meaning  of  these  words:  if  a 

uerum  apud principia  et  nexus  naturalium  literal  cloud  is   meant   the   epithet   is  a 

causarum.  strange    one,    and,     as     Oud.     remarks, 

laborant]  'are  disturbed',  i.e.  in  cases  witches    are    nowhere    else     introduced 

where  a  single  change  involves  the  change  wearing  a  cloud,  as  gods  ami  goddesses 

of  many  other  destinies.  are.     Probably  it  is  best  to  understand  by 

615.    plus]   'Fortune  is  stronger  than  nubes  the  matted  hair  hanging  over  her 

we  are'.  lace,  cf.  supr.   518  impel,               ta  conn's, 

016.     contentuslsc.es.    cf.  ix  604.  St.it.  Theb.  vi  586,  587  deserpitque genis 

619.    nouae. ..mortis]  i.e.  of  newly  slain  ncc  sc  lanugo  fatetur  intonsae  sub  nube 

corpses,  cf.  vii  471.  comae. 

(1:0.     adtollere]     In   the  Aethiopica  of  627.   reuolsis]  '  tearing  their  talons  from 

lleliodorus  Bk.  VI   chapters    14   and    15  the  prey'. 


218  LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 

digit  ct  gelidas  Icto  scrutata  medullas 

pulmonis  rigidi  stantis  sine  uolnerc  fibras  630 

inuenit  ct  uoccm  defuncto  in  corpore  quaerit. 

fata  peremptorum  pendent  iam  multa  uirorum, 

quern  superis  rcuocasse  uelit.     si  tollere  totas 

temptasset  campis  acies  ct  reddere  bcllo, 

cessisscnt  leges  Erebi  :    monstroquc  potcnti  635 

cxtractus  Stygio  populus  pugnasset  Auerno. 

elcctum  tandem  traiecto  gutture  corpus 

ducit,  et  inserto  laqueis  feralibus  unco 

per  scopulos  miscrum  trahitur  per  saxa  cadauer 

uicturum  :    montisque  caui  quern  tristis  Erichtho    640 

damnarat  sacris  alta  sub  rupc  locatur. 

haud  procul  a  Ditis  caecis  depressa  cauernis 
in  praeceps  subsedit  humus  :    quam  pallida  pronis 
urget  silua  comis,  ct  nullo  uertice  caelum 
suspiciens  Phoebo  non  peruia  taxus  opacat.  645 

marcentes  intus  tenebrae  pallensque  sub  antris 
longa  nocte  situs ;    numquam  nisi  carmine  factum 
lumen  habet.     non  Taenareis  sic  faucibus  aer 
sedit  iners,  maestum  mundi  confine  latentis 
ac  nostri :    quo  non  metuant  emittere  manes  650 

Tartarei  reges.     nam  quamuis  Thessala  uates 
uim  faciat  fatis,  dubium  est,  quod  traxerit  illuc 


629.  medullas']  put  for  all  the  interior  the  unexpected  turn  of  the  sentence  cf. 
of  the  body.  I  504  in  bellum  fugitur. 

630.  pulmonis]  'finds  the  lobes  of  the  642.  haud  procul]  'sunk  down  almost 
stiffened  lung  firm  and  unwounded'.  to  the  depth  of  Pluto's  gloomy  caverns'. 

631.  uocetri]  'power  of  speech':  the  643.  pallida  pronis]  i.e.  owing  to  the 
corpse  is  not  actually  made  to  speak  till  it  darkness  the  leaves  have  no  colour,  and 
has  been  dragged  to  Erichtho's  cave.  the  branches  hang  down  instead  of  shoot- 

632.  pendent]  'hang  in  the  balance'.  ing  upwards. 

635.  monstro  potenti]  sc.  Erichtho,  the  644.  nullo]  sc.  omnino  non,  cf.  note 
dative  of  the  agent.  on  VII  25. 

636.  Stygio]  cf.  Verg.  G.  iv  Ar<jzfraSor  648.  Taenareis]  cf.  Verg.  G.  IV  467 
Stygiis  audit  us  Auernis.  Taenareas  etiam  fauces,  alta  oslia  Ditis. 

637.  traiecto]  'with  its  throat  pierced',  ,    649.    confine]    This  word  is  very  rarely 
i.e.  killed  by  a  wound  in  the  throat,     cf.  found  in  the  singular,  cf.  Val.  Flacc.  VI 
Plin.  H.N.  xi  §  198  ol>  hoc  in  proeliis  373  inde  Lycen  ferit  ad  confine  papillae. 
gladiatorumque   spectaculis    mortem    cum  650.     non  metuant]  i.e.  because  it  is  as 
risu  traiecta  praecordia  attulcrunt.  dark  as  Tartarus  itself. 

638.  unco]  i.e.  the  body  is  treated  as  652.  dubium  est]  'it  is  doubtful  whether 
that  of  a  criminal,  cf.  Iuv.  x  66  Seianus  she  sees  the  infernal  ghosts  because  she 
ducitur  unco  speclandus.  has  dragged  them  thither,  or  because  she 

640.     uicturum]     'to   new   life'.     For  has  gone  down  to  hell  herself ',  i.e.  because 


LIBER   VI.   629—675.  219 

adspiciat  Stygias,  an  quod  descendcrit,  umbras. 

discolor  et  uario  furialis  cultus  amictu 

induitur,  uoltusque  apcritur  crine  rcmoto,  655 

ct  coma  uipereis  substringitur  horrida  sertis. 

ut  pauidos  iuucnis  comitcs  ipsumque  trementem 

conspicit  exanimi  dcfixum  lumina  uoltu : 

ponitc,  ait,  trcpida  conceptos  mcntc  timores  : 

iam  noua  iam  ucra  rcddctur  uita  figura,  660 

ut  quamuis  pauidi  possint  audire  loquentem. 

si  uero  Stygiosquc  lacus  ripamque  sonantem 

ignibus  ostendam,  si  me  praesentc  uideri 

Eumenidcs  possent  uillosaquc  colla  colubris 

Cerberus  excutiens  ct  uincti  terga  Gigantes  ;  665 

quis  timor,  ignaui,  metuentis  cernere  manes  ? 

pectora  turn  primum  feruenti  sanguine  supplet 
uolneribus  laxata  nouis :   taboque  medullas 
abluit :    et  uirus  large  lunare  ministrat. 
hue  quidquid  fetu  genuit  natura  sinistro  670 

miscetur.     non  spuma  canum  quibus  unda  timori  est, 
uiscera  non  lyncis,  non  dirae  nodus  hyaenae 
defuit,  ct  cerui  pasti  serpente  medulla  : 
non  puppim  retinens  Euro  tendente  rudentes 
in  mediis  echeneis  aquis,  oculique  draconum,  675 

there  is  no  practical  difference  between  666.     quis  timor]  'what  cause  for  fear 

her  cave  and  the  infernal  regions.    So  the  is    it,    ye    cowards,    to    see    the    timid 

Scholiast  explains  this  passage,  as  I  think,  ghosts?' 

rightly.      Weise  takes  it  differently,  viz.  667.       sanguine]    i.e.    apparently    the 

'it  is  doubtful  whether  the  ghost  that  looks  blood  of  the  victims  she  has  sacrificed. 

on  the  Stygian  shades  is  one  that  she  has  669.     lunare]  cf.  506  supr. 

dragged    to    the    cave,    or    one    that    has  671.    canum  quibus]  i.e.  of  dogs  suffer- 

descended  to  Tartarus'.  ing  from  hydrophobia. 

654.  discolor  ct  uario]  cf.  Yerg.  Eel.  672.  uiscera  lyncis]  i.e.  according  to 
viii  7^  necte  tribus  nodis  ternos  Amarylli  the  Scholiast,  the  precious  stone  into  which 
colons.  the   urine    of  the   lynx   was   said   to   be 

655.  aperitur]  'becomes  visible'.  changed,   cf.  Ov.  Met.  xv  413 — 415. 

656.  substringitur]  'is  tied  back',  cf.  nodus]  'the  fastening',  'joint',  i.e.  of 
in  :vo.  the  neck  to  the  spine,  cf.  Plin.  H.  N.  VIII 

658.     defixum]  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  VI  156  §  105  coll  urn  et  iuba  et  imitate  spinae  por- 

Aeneas  macsto  defixus  lumina  uoltu.  rigitur,  flectique  nisi    circumactu    totitts 

660.       ucra... figura]     'in    its    genuine  corporis  non  quit. 

form',  i.e.  not  as  a  ghost,  but  as  a  real  673.     cerui]  cf.  Plin.  H.  N.  VIII  §  118 

man  brought  to  life  again.  et  his  (ccruis)  cum  serpente  pugna:  ucsti- 

662.  ripatn]  sc.  1'hlegethontis.  gant  cauemas,   uariumquc  spiritu  extra- 

663.  mc pracscnte]  i.e.  in  my  company,     hunt  renitentis. 

which  alone  would  give  you  the  power  of         675.     echeneis]  i.e.   the  fish,    called  in 
visiting  the  infernal  regions.  Latin  rcmora,  which  was  supposed  to  be 


jo  LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 

quacquc  sonant  fcta  tcpcfacta  sub  alitc  saxa  : 
non  Arabum  uoluccr  serpens,  innataque  rubris 
aequoribus  custos  prctiosac  uipcra  conchae  : 
aut  uiuentis  adhuc  Libyci  membrana  cerastae, 
aut  cinis  Eoa  positi  Phoenicis  in  ara.  680 

quo  postquam  uilcs  nee  habentis  nomina  pestes 
contulit :    infando  saturatas  carmine  frondes, 
et  quibus  os  dirum  nascentibus  inspuit  hcrbas 
addidit,  et  quidquid  mundo  dedit  ipsa  ucneni : 
turn  uox  Lethacos  cunctis  pollentior  herbis  6S5 

excantare  deos  confudit  murmura  primum 
dissona  et  humanae  multum  discordia  linguae. 
latratus  habet  ilia  canum  gemitumque  luporum : 
quod  trepidus  bubo  quod  strix  nocturna  queruntur, 
quod  stridunt  ululantque  ferae,  quod  sibilat  anguis,  690 
cxprimit,  et  planctus  illisae  cautibus  undae, 
siluarumque  sonum,  fractaeque  tonitrua  nubis  : 
tot  rerum  uox  una  fuit.     mox  cetera  cantu 
explicat  Haemonio  penetratque  in  Tartara  lingua : 
Eumenides,  Stygiumque  nefas,  poenaeque  nocentum 
et  Chaos  innumeros  auidum  confundere  mundos : 
et  rector  terrae  quern  longa  in  saecula  torquet 
mors  dilata  deum :    Styx  et  quos  nulla  meretur 
Thessalis  Elysios :   caelum  matremque  perosa  699 


able   to  stop  ships  by  attaching  itself  to  6S7.     dissona]   'jarring  and  very  diffe- 

their  keels,  cf.  Plin.   H.N.  xxxn  §§  2,  rent  from  the  tongue  of  men'. 

3.  6S9.     irepidus]  'scared'. 

676.   quaeque  sonant]  'the  stones  which  691.    planctus]     Oud.  cf.  Ov.  Heroid. 

give  forth  a  sound  when  warmed  under  xix  121  me  miseram,  quanto planguniur 

the  brooding  eagle',  i.e.  lapis  aetites,  cf.  litora  fluctii. 

Plin.  N.  H.  x  §  12,  xxxvi  §  149.  697".     rector]  i.e.  Pluto. 

67S.  Hiperd]  I  have  not  been  able  to  torquet]  'who  through  long  ages  art  tor- 
discover  elsewhere  any  reference  to  the  tured  by  the  thought  that  the  death  of  the 
story  of  the  sea  serpent  which  keeps  guard  gods  is  long  deferred',  i.e.  either  (1)  be- 
over  the  pearl-oysters  in  the  Red  Sea.  cause  he  is  indignant  that  the  gods  do  not 

679.  membrana]  'the  cast  skin'.  come  down  to  the  infernal  regions  to  be 

680.  cinis]   For  accounts  of  the  Phoe-  his  subjects,  or  (2)  because  in  his  misery 
nix   cf.   Herod.    II    73,   Tac.  Ann.  VI   28  he  regrets  that  he  is  himself  immortal. 
(34).  699.    Thessalis]  omnesenim  magae  inter 

681.  nee  habentis  nomina]  Weise  cf.  nocentis  umbras  recipiuntur,  non  inter 
Ov.  Met.  vii  275,   276  his  et  mille  aliis  Elysias.     Schol. 

postquam  sine  nomine   rebus  propositum  matremque  perosa]  cf.    Verg.   G.    1   39 

itistruxit  mortal/'  barbara  munus.  nee  repetita  sequi   curet   Proserpina  ma- 

083.     os  dirum]  sc.  ipsius  Erichthus.  trem. 


LIBER   VI.   676—713. 


221 


Persephone,  nostraeque  Hecates  pars  ultima,  per  quam 

manibus  et  mihi  sunt  tacitae  commercia  linguae  : 

ianitor  et  sedis  laxac,  qui  uiscera  saeuo 

spargis  nostra  cani :    repetitaque  fila  sorores 

tracturae  :    tuque  o  flagrantis  portitor  undae 

iam  lassate  senex  ad  me  redeuntibus  umbris  :       705 

exaudite  preces,  si  uos  satis  ore  nefando 

pollutoque  uoco,  si  numquam  haec  carmina  fibris 

humanis  ieiuna  cano,  si  pectora  plena 

saepe  dedi  et  laui  calido  prosecta  cerebro : 

si  quiSj  cum  ucstris  caput  extaque  lancibus,  infans,  710 

imposuit,  uicturus  erat :    parete  precanti. 

non  in  Tartareo  latitantem  poscimus  antro, 

adsuetamque  diu  tenebris,  modo  luce  fugata 


700.  nostrae]  '  our  patroness'. 

pars  ultima]  'the  lowest  form',  the 
same  goddess  being  Luna  in  heaven, 
Diana  on  earth  and  Hecate  in  the  infernal 
regions:  here  she  is  identified  with  Pro- 
serpina, cf.  736  foil.  infr. 

701.  manibus  et  mihi]  'through  whom 
the  shades  and  I  enjoy  the  intercourse  of 
converse  without  speech'. 

702.  ianitor]  This  would  naturally  be 
understood  to  mean  Cerberus,  cf.  Hor. 
carm.  in  xi  15 — 17  cessit  immanis  tibi 
blandienti  ianitor  aulae  Cerberus :  but  if 
ianitor  be  Cerberus,  what  is  meant  by 
sac  no  cani ?  Tire  Scholiast  refers  to  Ser- 
vius  on  Verg.  Aen.  VI  400  foil,  and  ex- 
plains santo  cani  as  equivalent  to  tibi  ipsi, 
which  is  impossible.  Weise  says  saeuus 
cam's  pro  uentre  canino  :  sensus  est,  qui 
uiscera  mortuorum  quae  ego  comedere 
cupio  in  caninum  tuum  uentrem  sparyi>, 
hoc  est,  demittis.  This  however  seems  to 
be  a  very  far-fetched  explanation.  Oud., 
following  a  suggestion  of  Ouevedo,  under- 
stands Mercury  by  ianitor,  as  I  think 
rightly.  Quevedo  refers  to  Diog.  Laert. 
Pyth.  vm  §  31  where  Hermes  is  spoken 
of  as  ttvXouos,  and  in  his  capacity  of  i/'uxo- 
7ro//7ros  he  would  naturally  be  introduced 
among  the  infernal  deities. 

7c;,.  nostra]  may  mean  as  Weise  takes 
it  'what  we  witches  desire',  or  as  the 
Scholiast  takes  it,  it  may  be  equivalent  to 
kumana,  meaning  that  the  bodies  of  the 
dead  are  devoured  by  Cerberus,  tunc  enim 
animae  locum  suum  accipiunt,  cum  fuerit 
corpus  absumptum. 


repetitaque  fila]  '  a  second  thread  of 
life'. 

704.  tracturae]  'about  to  spin',  cf. 
Hor.  carm.  11  xviii  8  trahunt  honcstae 
purpuras  clientae. 

706.  si  uos]  The  prayers  of  Erichtho 
are  expressed  in  a  manner  directly  con- 
trary to  those  of  others,     cf.  Horn.  II.  1 

37—42. 

707.  si  numquam]  i.e.  if  I  never  utter 
these  spells  without  the  accompaniment  of 
human  sacrifice. 

708.  ieiuna]  cf.  Lucret.  11  844  corpora 
suco  ieiuna. 

pectora  plena]  Weise  understands  by 
these  words,  corpus grauidae  mulieris,  but 
more  probably  they  mean  'full  of  blood', 
cf.  Ov.  Heroic!.  Ill  60  sanguinis  atquc 
animi pectus  inane  fuit,  which  he  quotes. 

709.  prosecta]  A  sacrificial  term  fur  the 
chopped-up  entrails,  cf.  Ov.  Met.  xu  152 
cuius  ut  imposuit  prosecta  ea  lent /bus  aris. 
Id.  Fast.  VI  16,?,  sic  ubi  libauit  prosecta 
sub  aethere  ponit. 

710.  si  quis]  'if  any  infant  would  have 
lived  at  the  time  when  &c.':  for  the  order 
of  the  words  Weise  cf.  Ill  O79,  v  387, 
680,  800. 

711.  imposuit]  The  infant  is  said  to 
lay  its  own  head  in  the  dish  when  this  is 
done  by  another,  cf.  note  on  II  387. 
Weise  conjectures  imposui  considering 
that  the  former  construction  is  'nimis  dura 
catachresis'. 

713.  modo  luce]  i.e.  sed  modo;  for  the 
ellipse  cf.  11  86,  759  infr. 


222  LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 

dcscendcntem  animam  :    primo  pallentis  hiatu 
hacret  adhuc  Orci.     licet  has  exaudiat  hcrbas        715 
ad  manes  uentura  scmel.     ducis  omina  nato 
Pompeiana  canat  nostri  modo  militis  umbra, 
si  bene  de  uobis  ciuilia  bella  mercntur. 

haec  ubi  fata  caput  spumantiaque  ora  leuauit 
adspicit  adstantcm  proiecti  corporis  umbram,  720 

exanimes  artus,  inuisaque  claustra  timentem 
carceris  antiqui.     pauet  ire  in  pectus  apertum 
uisceraque  ct  ruptas  letali  uolnere  fibras. 
a  miser,  extremum  cui  mortis  munus  inique 
eripitur,  non  posse  mori.     miratur  Erichtho  725 

has  fatis  licuisse  moras,  irataque  morti 
uerberat  immotum  uiuo  serpente  cadauer  : 
perque  cauas  terrae,  quas  egit  carmine,  rimas 
manibus  illatrat,  regnique  silentia  rupit : 
Tisiphone,  uocisque  meae  secura  Megaera,  730 

non  agitis  saeuis  Erebi  per  inane  flagellis 
infelicem  animam  ?     iam  uos  ego  nomine  uero 
eliciam,  Stygiasque  canes  in  luce  superna 
destituam :    per  busta  sequar  per  funera  custos  : 
expellam  tumulis  abigam  uos  omnibus  urnis.  735 

teque  deis,  ad  quos  alio  procedere  uoltu 
ficta  soles,  Hecate,  pallenti  tabida  forma, 

715.  hacref]  'lingers'.  fully  possible  construction. 

716.  sc?nel\  is  perhaps  best  taken  with  726.  irataque  morti\  'angry  at  death', 
uentura  'and  then  once  for  all  to  return  i.e.  at  the  continuation  of  it,  after  she  has 
to  the  shades',  cf.  infr.  762  foil. ;  but  it  ordered  the  corpse  to  return  to  life, 
might  also  be  taken  with  exaudiat '  destined  728.  quas  egit]  'which  it  (earth)  open- 
to  return  to  the  shades  though  it  for  once  ed  at  her  spell'.  Oud.  cf.  Ov.  Met.  II 
obey  these  spells'.  210,  211  tellus  fissaque  agit  rimas,  et  sucis 

717.  Pompeiana']    'omens  concerning  aret    ademptis.      Id.    X   512     arbor    agit 
Pompeius'.  rimas. 

nostri]  sc.  Pompeiani.  730.     secura]  The  Scholiast  cf.  Verg. 

721.  claustra]  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  vi  733,      Aen.  VII  304  securi pelagi  atque  met. 

734  n<:que  auras  dispiciunt  clausae  tenebris  732.     nomine  uero]  sc.  canes,  cf.  Aesch. 

et  carcere  caeco.    Hortensius  refers  to  Plato  Eum.  246. 

Cratylus   400   C,   where   aQ/xa  is   derived  734.     destituam]   '  will  make  you  stand 

from  aih^eadai,  see  also  Plato  Phaedo  62  B.  as  hounds  of  hell',   cf.  Plaut.  Rudens  823 

722.  apertum]  'gaping'.  duo  destituit  signa  hie  cum  clauis  senex. 
725.    non  posse  mori]  i.e.  not  to  be  able  Cic.  Verr.  II  iii  §66  porro  alios  in  publico 

to  die  a  second  time.    Weise  says  abundat  custodiri,  destitui  alios  in  conuiuio. 

negatio  quae  iam  inuoluitur  uerbo  eripitur,  737.     pallenti  tabida  forma  ostendam] 

but  this  interpretation  gives  a  far  less  for-  '  I  will  show  thee  wasted  as  thou  art  in 

cible  meaning,  besides  involving  a  doubt-  pallid  shape':  for  this  use  of  the  nomina- 


LIBER   VI.   714—758. 


223 


ostcndam,  faciemque  Erebi  mutarc  uctabo. 
eloquar  immenso  terrae  sub  ponderc  quae  te 
contineant,  Ennaea,  dapes,  quo  foederc  macstum  740 
regem  noctis  ames,  quae  tc  contagia  passani 
nolucrit  reuocarc  parens,     tibi,  pessime  mundi 
arbiter,  immittam  ruptis  Titana  cauernis, 
et  subito  feriere  die.     paretis  ?   an  ille 
compellandus  erit,  quo  numquam  terra  uocato        745 
non  concussa  tremit,  qui  Gorgona  cernit  apertam, 
uerberibusque  suis  trcpidam  castigat  Erinyn, 
indespecta  tenet  uobis  qui  Tartara  ;   cuius 
uos  estis  superi ;    Stygias  qui  peierat  undas  ? 
protinus  adstrictus  caluit  cruor  atraque  fouit  750 

uolnera  et  in  uenas  extremaque  membra  cucurrit. 
percussae  gelido  trepidant  sub  pectore  fibrae : 
et  noua  desuctis  subrepens  uita  medullis 
miscetur  morti.     tunc  omnis  palpitat  artus : 
tenduntur  nerui :    nee  se  tellure  cadauer  755 

paulatim  per  membra  leuat,  terraque  repulsum  est 
erectumque  simul.     distento  lumina  rictu 
nudantur.     nondum  facies  uiuentis  in  illo, 


tive  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  I  72,  73  quorum,  quae 
forma  pulcherrima,  Deiopeiam  conubio 
iungam  stabili  propriamque  dicabo  and 
Conington's  note. 

740.  dapes]  i.e.  pomegranate  seeds  ac- 
cording to  the  legend,  cf.  Ov.  Met.  V  ^34 
foil. 

743.  arbiter}  'ruler',  i.e.  Pluto. 
immittam  ...Titana}    'I  will  let  in  the 

sunlight',   cf.  Verg.  Aen.  VIII  246  trepi- 
dentque  immisso  lumine  manes. 

744.  pare/is]  For  this  idiomatic  use  of 
the  present  indicative  cf.  Iuv.  iv  130  quid- 
nam  igitur  censes  ?  conciditur  ?  and  Prof. 
Mayor's  note. 

i/le]  This  is  a  reference  to  the  mystic 
deity  Demogorgon  or  Demiurgus,  cf.  Stat. 
Theb.  IV  516  et  trip/ieis  mundi  sum  mum 
quern  scire  nefastum  est ;  ilium  sed  taceo. 

745.  quo  numquam]  ' at  the  summons 
of  whose  name  the  earth  ever  shakes  and 
trembles'. 

746.  Gorgona]  i.e.  the  sight  of  which 
is  fatal  to  all  beside. 

747.  suis]  ipsius  Erinnys  :  quibus  cas- 
tigare  ipsa  consueuit,  his  caeditur.    Schol. 


748.  indespecta]  cf.  Prof.  Mayor's  note 
on  exsecratum  Cic.  Phil.  11  §  65. 

740.  uos  estis  superi]  '  to  whom  ye 
(the  infernal  powers)  are  the  gods  above', 
i.e.  because  he  dwells  in  a  lower  depth  of 
Tartarus. 

peierat]  i.e.  impune,  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  VI 
323,  324  Stygiamque  paludem  di  cuius 
iurare  timent  et  fallere  numeu.  Id.  XII 
816,  817  adiuro  Stygii  caput  implacabile 
fontis,  una  superstitio  superis  quae  reddita 
diuis. 

750.  fouit]  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  xn  420 
fouit  ea  ttolnus  lympha  longaeuus  Iapyx. 

752.     trepidant]  'throb'. 

.754.  miscetur  morti]  '  mingles  with 
death',  i.e.  both  life  and  death  are,  for  a 
time,  present  in  the  same  body  struggling 
for  the  mastery. 

756.  per  membra]  i.e.  tnembratim, 
'  limb  by  limb'. 

terraque]  'but  bounds  up  from  the  earth 
and  is  on  its  feet  at  once',  que  is  disjunc- 
tive. 

758.  nudantur]  i.e.  are  not  covered 
by  the  eyelids. 


224  LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 

iam  moricntis  crat.     rcmanct  pallorquc  rigorque ; 

et  stupet  Hiatus  mundo.     sed  murmure  nullo         760 

ora  adstricta  sonant,     uox  illi  linguaquc  tantum 

rcsponsura  datur.     die,  inquit  Thessala,  magna, 

quod  iubeo,  mcrccdc  mihi  :    nam  uera  locutum 

immunem  toto  mundi  praestabimus  acuo 

artibus  Haemoniis  :    tali  tua  membra  sepulchro,     765 

talibus  exuram  Stygio  cum  carmine  siluis, 

ut  nullos  cantata  magos  exaudiat  umbra. 

sit  tanti  uixisse  iterum  :    nee  uerba  nee  herbae 

audebunt  longae  somnum  tibi  soluere  Lethes 

a  me  morte  data,     tripodas  uatesque  deorum         770 

sors  obscura  decet :   certus  discedat,  ab  umbris 

quisquis  uera  petit  duraeque  oracula  mortis 

fortis  adit,     ne  parce,  precor.     da  nomina  rebus, 

da  loca,  da  uocem,  qua  mecum  fata  loquantur. 

addidit  et  carmen,  quo,  quidquid  consulit,  umbram  775 

scire  dedit.     maestum  fietu  manante  cadauer, 

tristia  non  equidem  Parcarum  stamina,  dixit, 

adspexi  tacitae  reuocatus  ab  aggere  ripae : 

quod  tamen  e  cunctis  mihi  noscere  contigit  umbris, 

effera  Romanos  agitat  discordia  manes,  780 

impiaque  infernam  ruperunt  arma  quietem. 

Elysias  alii  sedes  ac  Tartara  maesta 

diuersi  liquere  duces  :    quid  fata  pararent 

hi  fecere  palam.     tristis  felicibus  umbris 

759.     iam  morientis]   'but  of  one  just  771.    sors  obscura]  'a  riddling  answer'; 

at  the  point  of  death',  cf.  supr.  713.  for  the  use  of  the  singular  sors  cf.  Cic.  de 

761.  adstricta]  '  tightly  curbed'.  div.  11  §  115  nam  cum  sors  ilia  edita  est 
tantum    rcsponsura']    '  only  to    answer  opulentissinio  regi  Asiac,    Croesus  Halym 

questions',   i.e.   he  had  not  the  power  of  penetrans  magnam pcruertet  opum  mm. 

speaking  of  his  own  accord,  cf.  Horn.  Od.  775.     quidquid  consulit]  cf.  Cic.  ad  All. 

XI  147 — 149.  VII  xx  §  1  nee  te  id  consulo. 

762.  magna... mercede]  'and  great  shall  778.     adspexi]    'I    have   not  seen  the 
be  thy  reward'.  threads  of  the  fates',  i.e.    I  have  no  cer- 

764.      immunem]    '  exempt    from    the  tain   knowledge    of  the  future,    but   only 

power  of  Thessalian  magic',  cf.  11  257;  Sen.  speak  from  conjecture. 

Epist.  xii  iii  (85)  §  3  alicuius  animum  im-  7S0.     agitat]  cf.  Verg.  G.  11  496  infidos 

munem  esse  tristitia.  immunis  in  Virgil  and  agitans  discordia  f rat  res. 

Ovid  is  constructed  with  the  genitive.  781.     impia]  i.e.  of  civil  war,  as  usual. 

766.  siluis]  i.e.  lignis,  cf.  note  on  I  591.  783.    diuersi]      'to    opposite    camps'. 

768.   sit  tanti]  'think  it  worth  the  cost'.  Weise   cf.  Sail.   Cat.    52    diuerso   itinere 

cf.  Iuv.  xiii  95,  96  et  phthisis  et  uomicae  malos  a  bonis  loca  taetra  habere. 
putres  et  dimidium  cms  sunt  tanti. 


LIBER   VI.    759—809.  225 

uoltus  erat     uidi  Decios  natumque  patrcmque        785 

lustrales  bellis  animas  flentemque  Camillum 

et  Curios  :    Sullam  de  te,  Fortuna,  querentem. 

deplorat  Libycis  perituram  Scipio  terris 

infaustam  subolem.     maior  Karthaginis  hostis, 

non  seruituri  maeret  Cato  fata  nepotis.  790 

solum  tc,  consul  depulsis  prime  tyrannis 

Brute,  pias  inter  gaudentem  uidimus  umbras. 

abruptis  Catilina  minax  fractisque  catenis 

exsultat  Mariique  truces  nudique  Cethegi. 

uidi  ego  laetantis,  popularia  nomina,  Drusos,  795 

legibus  immodicos,  ausosque  ingentia  Gracchos. 

aeternis  chalybum  nodis  et  carcere  Ditis 

constrictae  plausere  manus,  camposque  piorum 

poscit  turba  nocens.     regni  possessor  inertis 

pallentis  aperit  sedes,  abruptaque  saxa  800 

asperat  et  durum  uinclis  adamanta,  paratque 

poenam  uictori.     refer  haec  solacia  tecum, 

o  iuuenis,  placido  manes  patremque  domumque 

exspectare  sinu,  regnique  in  parte  serena 

Pompeio  seruare  locum,     nee  gloria  paruae  805 

sollicitet  uitae  :   ueniet  quae  misceat  omnes 

hora  duces,     properate  mori,  magnoque  superbi 

quamuis  e  paruis  animo  descendite  bustis, 

et  Romanorum  manes  calcate  deorum. 


785.  Decios]  sc.  Jlentis.  omnes  immatie  nej cas,  ausoque politi. 

786.  lustrqles]    'souls    that   expiated  797.     chalybum]  i.e.  of  iron. 

war',  cf.  Iuv.  vm  254  foil.  800.     aperit]  'opens  wide',  cf.  note  on 

bellis]  probably  dative,  cf.  Sen.  Again,  in  17. 

163,    164    Tyndaris   caeli  genus   lust  rale  803.     placido — sinu]  'in  a  peaceful  re- 

classi  Doricae  peperi  caput.  treat'. 

787.  Fortuna]  Sulla  in  his  lifetime  805.  nee  gloria]  'and  let  not  the  glory 
considered  himself  the  favourite  of  For-  of  a  short  life  trouble  thee',  i.e.  the  short 
tune,  cf.  note  on  11  221.  time  Caesar  is  destined  to  survive  his  vic- 

788.  Libycis... terris]  i.e.  where  he  won  tory. 

his  own  victories.  807.     magnoque  superbi]   'and  glorying 

789.  subolem]  i.e.  Metellus  Scipio.  in  your  greatness  of  soul  descend  to  the 
maior]  i.e.  Cato  the  censor.  shades  from  tombs  however  humble'. 

794.  nudi]  cf.  note  on  II  543  exserti-  809.  et  Romanorum]  'and  tread  under 
que  manus  uaesana  Cethegi.  foot  the  shades  of  the  gods  of  Rome',  i.e. 

795.  nomina]  cf.  VII  589.  of  Caesar  and  his  deified  successors. 
Drusos]  This  refers  to  M.  Li viusDrusus,  calcate]  i.e.  because  they  will  be  in  the 

tribune  of  the  people  B.C.  90.    SeeMomm-  depths  of  Tartarus,  while  you  are  above 

sen  Bk.  iv,  chapter  vi.  them  in  Elysium. 

796.  ausos]  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  VI  624  ausi 

H.L.  15 


226  LUCANI    PHARSALIAE.     VI.  810—830. 

quern  tumulum  Nili,  quern  Tybridis  abluat  unda,  810 

quaeritur,  et  ducibus  tantum  dc  funerc  pugna  est. 

tu  fatum  ne  quaere  tuom  cognoscere  :    Parcae 

me  rcticcnte  dabunt :    tibi  certior  omnia  uates 

ipse  canet  Siculis  genitor  Pompeius  in  aruis  : 

ille  quoquc  inccrtus,  quo  te  uocet,  unde  repellat,    815 

quas  iubeat  uitare  plagas,  quae  sidera  mundi. 

Europam,  miseri,  Libyamque  Asiamque  timete  : 

distribuit  tumulos  uestris  Fortuna  triumphis. 

o  miseranda  domus,  toto  nihil  orbe  uidcbis 

tutius  Emathia.     sic  postquam  fata  peregit,  820 

stat  uoltu  maestus  tacito  mortemque  reposcit. 

carminibus  magicis  opus  est  herbisque  cadauer 

ut  cadat  et  nequeunt  animam  sibi  reddere  fata 

consumpto  iam  iure  semel.     turn  robore  multo 

exstruit  ilia  rogum  :    uenit  defunctus  ad  ignes:       825 

accensa  iuuenem  positum  strue  linquit  Erichtho 

tandem  passa  mori :    Sextoque  ad  castra  parentis 

it  comes :   et  caelo  lucis  ducente  colorem, 

dum  ferrent  tutos  intra  tentoria  gressus, 

iussa  tenere  diem  densas  nox  praestitit  umbras.     830 

810.  quem\  equivalent  to  utrum,  cf.  quid  totum  premitis,  quid  totum  soluitis 
note  on  I  126.  orbem?     These  words  may  also,  as  the 

811.  quaeritur]  '  the  only  question  is'.      Scholiast  thinks,   refer   to   the   fact   that 

814.  ipse  canet]  No  doubt  this  refers  Pompeius  and  his  sons  escaped  in  safety 
to  some  episode  which  Lucan  intended  to     from  Pharsalia. 

introduce  into  a  later  book,  in  which  the  peregit]     cf.  Iuv.    v   122   donee  peragat 

shade  of  Pompeius  would  foretell  his  fate  dictata  magistri  omnia. 

to  Sextus,  as  Anchises  to  Aeneas.    Weise.  824.     consumpto]    'as  their  power  has 

815.  ille  quoque]   'nay,  he  too  is  un-  been  used  up  once  for  all'. 

certain'.  825.     uenit]    'walked',    qui    consueuit 

817.  Europam]    Grotius  cf.  Mart.  v.      adferri.     Schol. 

lxxiv  Pompcios  iuuenes  Asia  atque  Eu-  826.  positum]  'laid  out',  cf.  Verg. 
ropa  sed  ipsum  terra  tegit  Libyes,  si  tamen  Aen.  IV  681  sic  te  ut  posila,  crudelis,  ab- 
ulia tegit.    quid  mirunt  toto  si  spargitur  essem  ? 

orbe?  iacere  uno  rton  poterat  tanta  ruina  828.     lucis  ducente  colorem]  albescente 

loco.     Gnaeus  was  killed  in  Spain,  Sextus  iam  die.     Schol.  cf.  Verg.  Eel.  ix  49,  50 

at  Miletus.  astrum  quo  segetes  gauderent  frtcgibtis,  et 

818.  distribuit]  '  Fortune  has  divided  quo  dticeret  ap?-icis  in  collibus  uua  colorem. 
your  tombs  among  the  lands  ye  triumphed  Iuv.  11  81  tiuaque  conspecta  liuorem  ducit 
over'.  ab  uua. 

820.     tutius]  i.e.  every  quarter  of  the  830.     tenere]  '  to  hold  back '. 

world  is  equally  fatal  to  you.  cf.  vu  870 


M.    ANNAEI    LUCANI 

PHARSALIAE 

LIBER  SEPTIMUS. 


ARGUMENT  OF  BOOK  VII. 


The  eve  of  the  battle  of  Pharsalia;  Pompeius'  dream  1 — 44.  At  sunrise  Pompeius' 
troops  clamour  for  battle:  Cicero  urges  their  case  45 — 85.  Pompeius  answers,  and 
against  his  better  judgment  gives  the  signal  for  battle  85 — 150.  Prodigies  150 — 
213.  Pompeius'  battle  array  214 — 234.  Caesar,  rejoicing  that  the  day  of  battle 
has  come,  addresses  his  soldiers  236 — 336.  The  feelings  of  Pompeius:  he  solilo- 
quizes 337 — 384.  Reflexions  on  the  result  of  the  battle  385 — 459.  The  fighting 
begins  :  the  allies  of  Pompeius  are  defeated  460 — 544,  and  after  a  severe  struggle 
his  Roman  troops  545 — 585.  Apostrophe  to  Brutus  586 — 596.  Death  of  Domi- 
tius  597 — 616.  Lamentation  over  the  result  of  the  battle  617 — 646.  Pompeius 
flies  647 — 727.  Caesar  occupies  Pompeius'  camp,  and  leaves  the  bodies  of  the 
enemy  unburied  728 — 824  which  are  devoured  by  beasts  and  birds  825 — 846. 
Apostrophe  to  Thessaly  847 — 872. 

Segnior  Oceano  quam  lex  acterna  uocabat 
luctificus  Titan  numquam  magis  aethera  contra 
egit  equos  currumque  polo  rapiente  retorsit : 
defectusque  pati  uoluit  raptacque  labores 
lucis :   et  adtraxlt  nubes,  non  pabula  flammis,  .5 

1 .  segnior]  '  rising  more  slowly  from  etiam  constructaque  saxa  feminea  traxisse 
ocean  than  nature's  eternal  laws  de-  ferurit  contra  ardua  dextra.  Weise  cf. 
manded '.  cf.  Verg.  G.  1  60,  61  continuo  Ov.  Met.  11  72,  73  nitor  in  aduersum,  nee 
has  le^es  aetemaque  foedera  certis  imposuit  me  qui  cetera  uincit  impetus,  ct  raptdo 
nalura  loci's.  contrarius  euehor  orbi. 

2.  numquam  magis]  to  be  taken  with  3.  polo]  equivalent  to  uertice,  'though 
luctificus,  'never  with  more  doleful  pres-  the  revolution  of  the  heavens  hurried  it 
age'.  on'. 

aethera  contra]  '  up  the  steep  of  heaven',  4.     defectusque]    cf.   Verg.    <1.    n    47S 

cf.  l'lin.  H.  X.  yii  §  83  Fufius  Saluius  duo  defectus  so/is  ttarios  lunaeque  labores. 

centenaria  pondera  pedibus,  tolideni  inani-  5.     pabula]     Sec   note   <>n    I    41,-,   Cic. 

bus  et  ducenaria  duo  umeris  contra  scalas  N.  I>.  n  sj  40  cum  wl  igneui  sit  oceanique 

fere/at.     Sil.    Ital.    XIV    351,    352   puppes  alatur  umoribus. 

15—2 


228    .  LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 

sed  ne  Thcssalico  purus  luccrct  in  orbe. 

at  nox,  fclicis  Magno  pars  ultima  uitae, 
sollicitos  uana  decepit  imagine  somnos. 
nam  Pompeiani  uisus  sibi  scde  theatri 
innumeram  effigiem  Romanae  cernerc  plebis,  10 

adtolliquc  suom  lactis  ad  sidera  nomen 
uocibus,  et  plausu  cuneos  certare  sonantis. 
qualis  erat  populi  facies  clamorque  fauentis, 
olim  cum  iuuenis  primique  aetate  triumphi, 
post  domitas  gentes  quas  torrens  ambit  Hiberus,     15 
et  quaecumque  fugax  Sertorius  impulit  arma, 
uespere  pacato,  pura  uenerabilis  aeque 
quam  currus  ornante  toga,  plaudente  senatu, 
sedit  adhuc  Romanus  eques.     seu  fine  bonorum 
anxia  uenturis  ad  tempora  laeta  refugit :  20 

siue  per  ambages  solitas  contraria  uisis 
uaticinata  quies  magni  tulit  omina  planctus  : 
seu  uetito  patrias  ultra  tibi  cernere'sedes 
sic  Romam  Fortuna  dedit.     ne  rumpite  somnos, 
castrorum  uigiles,  nullas  tuba  uerberet  aures.  25 

crastina  dira  quies  et  imagine  maesta  diurna 

6.    purus]  'in  full  lustre'.  x  ^v^fors  illi praesaga  quies. 

9.  Pompeiani... theatri\  see  note  on  I  i\.  contraria  uisis]  'foretelling  the 
133.                                                                       opposite  of  his  visions ' ,  i.  e.  by  the  plaiisus 

10.  innui)ierani\  The  epithet  which  of  which  he  dreamed  the  planctus  which 
properly  belongs  to  plebis  is  transferred  to  was  in  store  for  him  was  foreshadowed. 
effigiem,  'the  image  of  the  countless  Roman  Compare  Plin.  Epp.  I  xviii  §  2  referl 
people',  not  'countless  images'  as  in  Ov.  tatnen  euentura  solcas  an  contraria  som- 
Heroid.  xvi  366  unus  is  innumeri  militis  niare. 

instar  habet,  23.     ultra]   'in    the   future',  cf.  Verg. 

12.    plausu]  cf.  Verg.  G.  II  508 — 510  Aen.   IX  782  quos  alios  muros,  quae  iam 

hunc  plausus  hiantem  per  cuneos  gemina-  ultra  moenia  kabetis? 

tus  enim  plebisquc  patrumque  corripuit.  24.     sic]  i.e.  in  dreams. 

14.    primi]     His     first     triumph    was  25.     nullas]  'let  not  the  trumpet  strike 

over  Africa  B.  c.  79,  when  he  was  only  his  ears  at  all',  cf.  Catull.  vm   14  at  tu 

twenty-four  years  of  age :  it  was  not  until  dolebis   cum  rogaberis  nulla ;    Propert.  I 

B.  c.  71  that  he  triumphed   over    Spain,  xvii    11,    12    an   poteris   siccis   mea  fata 

after  the  death  of  Sertorius.  reponere  ocellis,  ossaque  nulla  tuo  nostra 

16.  impulit]  'set  in  motion'.  tenere  sinu?    so    too    commonly    nullus 

17.  uespere  pacato]  'having  pacified  uenit,  'he  never  came'.  Cic.  ad  Att.  xv 
the  west',  i.e.  Spain.  xxii  ego  autem  scripsi  Sextum  adue?itare, 

pura  uenerabilis]  '  no  less  worshipful  in  non   quo  iam   adessct,    sed  quia  certe  id 

pure   white   gown  than  (he  would  have  ageret  ab  armisque  nullus  discederet. 
been)  in  that  which  usually  adorns  the  car         26.      crastina]   '  to-morrow's   night   of 

of  triumph',  i.e.  the  toga picta.  horror  haunted  by  the  sad  image  of  the 

20.     anxia]  sc.  quies  'his  repose  full  of  day's  events', 
anxiety  for  the  future',     cf.   Stat.  Theb. 


LIBER   VII.    6—46.  229 

undique  funestas  acies  ferct  undique  bellum. 

unde  pares  somnos  populi  noctemque  beatam  ? 

o  felix,  si  te  uel  sic  tua  Roma  uideret. 

donassent  utinam  superi  patriaeque  tibique  30 

unum,  Magne,  diem,  quo  fati  certus  uterque 

extremum  tanti  fructum  caperetis  amoris. 

tu  uelut  Ausonia  uadis  moriturus  in  urbe  : 

ilia  rati  semper  de  te  sibi  conscia  uoti 

hoc  scelus  haud  umquam  fatis  haerere  putauit         35 

sic  se  dilecti  tumulum  quoque  perdere  Magni. 

te  mixto  flesset  luctu  iuuenisque'senexque 

iniussusque  puer :    lacerasset  crine  soluto 

pectora  femineum  ceu  Bruti  funere  uolgus. 

nunc  quoque,  tela  licet  paueant  uictoris  iniqui,         40 

nuntiet  ipse  licet  Caesar  tua  funera,  flebunt : 

sed  dum  tura  ferunt  dum  laurea  serta  Tonanti. 

o  miseri,  quorum  gemitus  edere  dolorem, 

qui  te  non  pleno  pariter  planxere  theatro. 

uicerat  astra  iubar,  cum  mixto  murmure  turba     45 
castrorum  fremuit,  fatisque  trahentibus  orbem, 


28.  pares]  is  the  present  subjunctive  I  §  86,  Plut.  Pomp.  57.  Weise  explains 
ofparare.  Oud.  following  Bersmann  and  rati  as  equivalent  to  fir  mi  'constant',  but 
some  MSS.  reads  populis,  and  takes  pares  cf.  Ov.  Fast.  1  696  efficiatque  ratas  utraque 
as  an  adjective,  cf.  Ov.  Heroid.  xn  44  sed  diua  p7-eces. 

mihi  tarn  faciles  wide  meosque  deos?  37.    fiesset]   i.e.    hadst    thou    died    at 

somnos  popu/i]  '  sleep  such  as  the  people  Rome, 
enjoy',  see  note  on  v  506.    See  also  Shaks-         39.     Bruti]    The  matrons  mourned  for 

peare  K.  Henry  IV  part  11  act  iii  sc.  i.  Brutus  for  a  year,  cf.  Liv.  11  7,  Iuv.  VIII 

29.  ucl  sic]  i.e.  even  in  dreams.  267  and  Prof.  Mayor's  note. 

31.     quo  fati]    'in   which   while   both         42.     sed  dum]  i.e.   but   their   weeping 

aware  of  impending  doom  ye  might  have  has   to  be  done  in  the  midst  of  forced 

indulged  in  the  last  enjoyment  of  your  thanksgivings  for  Caesar's  victory, 
mighty  love'  i.e.  for  each  other.  43.     edere]  probably  equivalent  to  con- 

33.  tu  uelut  Ausonia]  'thou  dost  march  sumpsere,  'whose  groans  used  up  all  their 
on  as  though  fated  to  die  in  the  Ausonian  grief,  i.e.  all  they  dared  to  show:  they 
capital',  i.e.  without  a  thought  that  he  had  to  be  content  with  expressing  their 
will  die  far  from  Rome  in  Egypt.  grief  by  groans,  and  did  not  dare  to  beat 

34.  rati]  'conscious  that  her  prayers  their  breasts  publicly  in  the  theatre  as 
on  thy  behalf  had  ever  been  heard',  i.e.  (pariter)  they  had  once  clapped  their 
as  the  prayers  of  Rome  had  restored  Pom-  hands.  Oud.  cf.  Ov.  Met.  xm  540  lacri- 
peius  to  health  when  attacked  by  fever,  masque  introrsus  obortas deuorat  ipse dolor. 
she  believed  they  would  always  be  equally  edere  might  also  possibly  be  taken  as 
effectual,  cf.  Iuv.  X  283—286  prouida  'mumbled  over'  'did  not  let  out  of  their 
Pompeio  dederat  Campania  febres  opt  an-  mouths',  cf.  Pers.  ill  81  murmura  cum 
das:  sed  mullae  urbes  et  publica  uola  secum  et  rabiosa  silcntia  rodunt. 
uicerunt:  igitur  for  tuna  ipsius  et  nrbis  46.  trahentibus]  'dragging  to  ruin',  cf. 
seruatum  uicto  caput  abstulit-    Cic  T.  D.  iv  738. 


230  LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 

signa  petit  pugnae.     miseri  pars  maxima  uolgi 

non  totum  uisura  diem,  tcntoria  circum 

ipsa  ducis  qucritur,  magnoquc  accensa  tumultu 

mortis  uicinae  propcrantis  admouet  horas.  50 

dira  subit  rabies  :    sua  quisque  ac  publica  fata 

praccipitare  cupit :   segnis  pauidusque  uocatur 

ac  nimium  patiens  soceri  Pompeius,  et  orbis 

indulgens  regno,  qui  tot  simul  undique  gentes 

iuris  habere  sui  uellet  pacemque  timeret.  55 

nee  non  et  reges  populique  queruntur  Eoi 

bella  trahi  patriaque*  procul  tellure  teneri. 

hoc  placet,  o  superi,  cum  uobis  uertere  cuncta 

propositum,  nostris  erroribus  addere  crimen. 

cladibus  irruimus  nocituraque  poscimus  arma:  60 

in   Pompeianis  uotum  est  Pharsalia  castris. 

cunctorum  uoces  Romani  maximus  auctor 

Tullius  eloquii,  cuius  sub  iure  togaque 

pacificas  saeuus  tremuit  Catilina  secures, 

pertulit,  iratus  bellis,  cum  rostra  forumque  65 

optaret  passus  tarn  longa  silentia  miles. 

addidit  inualidae  robur  facundia  causae : 

hoc  pro  tot  mentis  solum  te,  Magne,  precatur 
uti  se  Fortuna  uelis :    proceresque  tuorum 

48.     non    totum]   i.e.   destined   to   die  194  irruet  intrepidus jlammis. 
before  the  day  was  done.  nociturd\  cf.  Inv.  x  8  nocitura  toga  nod- 

50.     mortis]  'brings  nearer  the  already  titra pctuntur  militia. 
hastening  hour  of  approaching  death',  cf.  61.     in   Pompeianis]   'Pharsalia's  field 

591  infr.  iv  481  :  cf.  the  use  of  semouere  is  prayed  for  in  Pompeius'  camp',   cf.  Ov. 

in  Ilor.  carm.  i  iii  32,  33  semotii/ue  prius  A.  A.  I  737  ut  uoto potiare  tuo  miserabilis 

tarda  necessitas  leti  corripuit  gradum.  esto. 

54.  indulgens]  'seeking  to  prolong  his  62.     auctor]  'master'  cf.  Hor.  carm.  I 
sway  over  the  world '.  xxviii  14,  15  iudice  te  non  sordidus  auctor 

55.  iuris... sui]  cf.  note  on  I  51.  naturae  uerique. 

timeret]  ne  priuatus  fieret  post  trium-  63.   Tullius]  Oud.  remarks  that  Lucan 

phum.      Schol.  has  made  a  great  mistake  in  introducing 

57.     teneri]  sc.  se  teneri.  Cicero  as  urging  Pompeius  to  risk  a  battle, 

59.  nostris  erroribus]  'to  add  guilt  on  when  according  to  his  own  letters  he  did 
our  part  to  our  mistakes'  ut  quod  perimus  precisely  the  opposite,  cf.  ad  fam.  VII  iii 
nobis  imputetur  non  fatis,  Oud.    i.e.   be-  §  2  suadere  institui  ut  helium  duceret. 
cause  by  our  own  wicked  wishes  for  battle  iure  togaque]  'civil  sway'. 

with    our  countrymen,  we  deserve   what  65.    pertulit]  'conveyed  to   Pompeius' 

might  otherwise  be  considered  as  a  mis-  ears'. 

fortune.  68.     pro  tot  meritis]  '  in  return  for  her 

60.  irruimus]  'we  rush  upon  disasters',  many  kindnesses'. 

irrucre  generally  takes  the  accusative  with         69.     uti  se]  'to  make  full  use  of  her'. 
in,  but  cf.  Claudian  de  cons.  Mall.  Thcod. 


LIBER   VII.   47—94-  231 

castrorum  rcgesque  tui  cum  supplicc  mundo  70 

adfusi  uinci  soccrum  patiare  rogamus. 

humano  generi  tarn  longo  tempore  bellum 

Caesar  erit  ?     merito  Pompeium  uincere  lente 

gentibus  indignum  est  a  transcurrente  subactis. 

quo  tibi  feruor  abit  ?     aut  quo  fiducia  fati  ?  75 

de  superis,  ingrate,  times  ?     causamque  senatus 

credere  dis  dubitas  ?     ipsae  tua  signa  reuellent 

prosilientque  acies.     pudcat  uicissc  coactum. 

si  duce  te  iusso,  si  nobis  bella  geruntur, 

sit  iuris,  quocumque  uelint,  concurrere  campo.  80 

quid  mundi  gladios  a  sanguine  Caesaris  arces  ? 

uibrant  tela  manus  :    uix  signa  morantia  quisquam 

exspectat :   propera,  ne  te  tua  classica  linquant. 

scire  senatus  auet,  miles  te,  Magne,  sequatur, 

an  comes,     ingemuit  rector,  sensitque  deorum  85 

esse  dolos  et  fata  suae  contraria  menti. 

si  placet  hoc,  inquit,  cunctis,  si  milite  Magno 

non  duce  tempus  eget,  nil  ultra  fata  morabor. 

inuoluat  populos  una  Fortuna  ruina, 

sitque  hominum  magnae  lux  ista  nouissima  parti.  90 

testor,  Roma,  tamen :    Magnum,  quo  cuncta  perirent, 

accepisse  diem,     potuit  tibi  uolnere  nullo 

stare  tabor  belli :   potuit  sine  caede  subactum 

captiuomque  ducem  uiolatae  tradere  paci. 


71.  adfusi}  'prostrate  before  you',  cf.  83.  ne  te]  'lest  your  trumpets  outstrip 
Ov.  Met  ix  605  amplectique pedes  adjusa-  you',  i.e.  begin  the  battle  without  waiting 
que  poscere  uitam.  for  your  orders. 

72.  helium]  i.e.  the  cause  of  war.  84.      miles... an  comes]  i.e.  whether  you 
74.     a  trauscurrente]  'subdued  by  him  have   absolute   command    over   them,    or 

in  hasty  march  across  their  lands'.  they  have  an   equal  voice,   cf.   infr.   223 

76.     de  superis]   'on  the  score  of  the  where  miles  is  opposed  to  dux. 

gods'.  85.     sensitque]     'and    felt    it    was    the 

79.  duce  te  iusso]  non  iubente:  si  tibi  treachery  of  the  gods  and  doom  approach- 
senatus  non  tu  senatui  imperas.     Grotius.  ing  in  opposition  to  his  own  judgment '. 
cf.    v   21   cunctaque  iussuri  primum  hoc  87.     si  mi  lite]  'needs  that  Magnus  act 
decernite  patres  v  46  Magnumque  iubete  the  soldier  rather  than  the  general'. 

esse  ducem.  90.     lux  ista]  'this  light  we  see'. 

nobis]  for  us,  the  senate,  non  tibi.  92.     accepisse]  non  aduocasse  sed  ius- 

80.  sit  iuris]  sc.  mil 'it 'Huts,  'let  them  sum  accepisse.  Weise.  ad  proelium  non 
have  the  right'.  cogo  sed  cogor.     Schol. 

82.     uix... quisquam]  'scarce  any  one'.  potuit  tibi]  'might  have  cost  you  not  a 

quisquam  can  be  used  with  uix  as  it  is  single  wound', 

equivalent  to  a  negative.  94.    uiolatae]  'might  have  consigned  to 


232  LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 

quis  furor,  o  caeci,  scclerum  ?     ciuilia  bella  95 

gesturi  metuunt  nc  non  cum  sanguine  uincant  ? 
abstulimus  terras,  exclusimus  aequore  toto, 
ad  praematuras  segetum  ieiuna  rapinas 
agmina  compulimus,  uotumque  effecimus  hosti 
ut  mallet  sterni  gladiis  mortesque  suorum  100 

permiscere  meis.     belli  pars  magna  peracta  est 
his  quibus  effectum  est  ne  pugnam  tiro  pauerct : 
si  modo  uirtutis  stimulis  iraeque  calore 
signa  petunt.     multos  in  summa  pericula  misit 
uenturi  timor  ipse  mali.     fortissimus  ille  est,  105 

qui  promptus  metuenda  pati  si  comminus  instent 
et  differre  potest,     placet  haec  tarn  prospera  rerum 
tradere  Fortunae  ?     gladio  permittere  mundi 
discrimen  ?     pugnare  ducem  quam  uincere  malunt. 
res  mihi  Romanas  dederas,  Fortuna,  regendas  :      no 
accipe  maiores  et  caeco  in  Marte  tuere. 
Pompeii  nee  crimen  erit  nee  gloria  bellum. 
uincis  apud  superos  uotis  me,  Caesar,  iniquis : 
pugnatur.     quantum  scelerum  quantumque  malorum 
in  populos  lux  ista  feret:  quot  regna  iacebunt:       115 
sanguine  Romano  quam  turbidus  ibit  Enipeus. 
prima  uelim  caput  hoc  funesti  lancea  belli, 
si  sine  momento  rerum  partisque  ruina 


the  peace  he  was  the  first  to  break',  i.e.  xiv  §  3  huius  totius  belli  in  unius  uiri 

by  reducing  him  again  to  a  private  station,  fortissimi  et  maximi   uita   positum  esse 

Oud.  following  some  MSS.  reads  Romanae  discrimen. 

tradere  pad,  but  this,  as  he  himself  says,  m.     accipe]    quasi    depositum,    'take 

probably  arose  from  a  gloss  Romane  on  them  back  enlarged  and  protect  them  thy- 

tibi  in  line  92.  self  in  the  blind  chance  of  war',  i.e.  I 

97.    terras]  'the  land',  as  the  Scholiast  disclaim    all    further    responsibility    and 

says,  de  duobus  elementis  dicit  exclusum  leave  that  to  Fortune. 

Caesarem    in   quibus   homo   potest   esse.  113.     uincis]   i.e.  because  Caesar  has 

Weise   unnecessarily   understands   by  it,  prayed  for  battle,  and  now  it  has  come, 

terras  Orientales,   sine  quibus  imperium  cf.  238  infr. 

Romanum  esse  non  poterat.  117.     prima]  'the  first  dart  hurled  in 

101.     meis]  sc.  meorum  mortibus.  this  lamentable  war'. 

belli  pars]    'I   grant   the   war   is   half  118.    sine  momento]  ' without  giving  the 

finished'.  deathblow  to  our  fortunes'. 

103.  irae]  i.e.  eagerness  to  fight,  Weise.  partis]  'party';  for  this  use  of  pars  in 
cf.  1  207,  292  11  92,  529.  the  singular,  cf.  Cic.  ad  fam.  x  xxxi  §  2  cum 

104.  multos]  i.e.  but  the  same  result  uero  non  liceret  mihi  nullius  partis  esse, 
may  arise  from  despair.  Id.  post  redit.  ad  Quirit.  §  13  cum  uiderem 

108.     mundi  discrimen]   'the   decision  ex  ea  parte  homines  cuius  partis  nos  uei 

of  the  whole  world's  fate',  cf.  Cic.  Phil,  principes  numerabamur. 


LIBER   VII.   95—138. 


233 


casurum  est,  feriat :    neque  enim  uictoria  Magno 

laetior.     aut  populis  inuisum,  hac  cladc  peracta,     120 

aut  hodie  Pompeius  erit  miserabile  nomen. 

omnc  malum  uicti,  quod  sors  feret  ultima  rerum, 

omne  nefas  uictoris  erit.     sic  fatur,  ct  arma 

permittit  populis  frenosque  furentibus  ira 

laxat :   et  ut  uictus  uiolento  nauita  Cauro  125 

dat  regimen  uentis,  ignauomque  arte  relicta 

puppis  onus  trahitur.     trepido  confusa  tumultu 

castra  fremunt,  animique  truces  sua  pectora  pulsant 

ictibus  incertis.     multorum  pallor  in  ore 

mortis  uenturae  est  faciesque  simillima  fato.  130 

aduenisse  diem  qui  fatum  rebus  in  aeuom 

conderet  humanis,  et  quaeri  Roma  quid  esset 

illo  Marte,  palam  est.     sua  quisque  pericula  nescit 

adtonitus  maiore  metu.     quis  litora  ponto 

obruta,  quis  summis  cernens  in  montibus  aequor,  135 

aetheraque  in  terras  deiecto  sole  cadentem, 

tot  rerum  finem,  timeat  sibi  ?     non  uacat  ullos 

pro  se  ferre  metus  :    urbi  Magnoque  timetur. 


120.     laetior']  i.e.  than  such  a  death. 

122.  omne  malum]  omne  damnum  im- 
putantur uicto,  omne  peccatum  imputan- 
tur uictori.     Schol. 

sors  ultima]  'the  worst  possible  fate'. 
cf.  444  inf.  v  692. 

125.  et  ut  uictus]  If  the  reading  be 
sound  we  must  supply  mentally  after  et 
' dat  regimen  populis'' ',  but  to  read  uti  in- 
stead of  ct  tit  would  do  away  with  all 
difficulty. 

126.  regimen]  'the  direction'  cf.  Horn. 

Od.     XI      IO     TrjV     5'     fi.VefJ.OS    T€   KVpepV7)T7IS  T 

Wvvev.  regimen  is  also  used  of  the  rudder 
itself,  cf.  Ov.  Met.  ill  593  addidici regimen 
dexfra  modcrante  carinae  Jlectere. 

ignauomque]  'is  swept  along  as  a  use- 
less burden  of  the  ship' :  this  seems  better 
than  to  take  puppis  as  the  nominative,  as 
Weise  does,  'the  ship  is  swept  along  as 
an  unresisting  weight',  as  this  involves  a 
change  of  subject ;  cf.  Horn.  II.  xvm  104 
erihai-ov  dx^os  dpovpijs. 

arte  relic/a]  'abandoning  the  pilot's  art'. 

128.  animique  truces] '  and  fierce  hearts 
beat  with  uncertain  throbbings  against  the 
bosoms  that  contain  them',     cf.   Aesch. 


Ag.  995 — 997  cnrXdyxva  8'  ovti  fxardfei 
irpbs  evdtKOLS  (ppecrlv  Te\eo<popois  Sivais 
KwcXoi'/xei'O!'  ttiap. 

129.  pallor]  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  VIII  709 
illam  inter  caedes  pallentem  morte  futura 
fecerat  ignipotens.     See  also  Ben  Jonson, 

Catiline  Act  v  sc.  6  'His  countenance 
was  a  civil  war  itself,  And  all  his  host 
had  standing  in  their  looks  The  paleness 
of  the  death  that  was  to  come'. 

130.  faciesque]  'a  look  that  matches 
well  their  doom',  i.e.  they  look  'fey',  to 
use  a  Scotch  expression. 

132.  conderet]  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  x  35 
noua  condere  fata,  which  Conington  ex- 
plains as  'to  compose',  fate  being  regard- 
ed as  a  book :  but  the  metaphor  may  be 
drawn  from  'building  up',  'establishing'. 

quid  esset]  i.e.  free  or  enslaved. 

133.  nescit]  'forgets',  'ignores',  cf. 
Stat.  Theb.  VII  b-j^praedam  uidet  ac  sua 
uolnera  nescit. 

134.  adtonitus]  'overpowered',  so  con- 
fusus    in     Iuv.    Ill     1     quamuis    digress  it 

ueteris  confusus  aittici.     cf.  11  22. 

138.  ferre]  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  IX  291  hanc 
sine  me  spent  ferre  tui. 


234 


LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 


nee  gladiis  habuere  fidem  nisi  cautibus  aspcr 

exarsit  mucro  :    tunc  omnis  lancea  saxo  140 

erigitur  :    tendunt  ncruis  melioribus  arcus  : 

cura  fuit  lcctis  pharetras  implere  sagittis. 

auget  eques  stimulos  frenorumque  aptat  habenas. 

si  liceat  superis  hominum  conferre  labores, 

non  aliter  Phlegra  rabidos  tollente  Gigantas  145 

Martius  incaluit  Siculis  incudibus  ensis  : 

et  rubuit  flammis  iterum  Neptunia  cuspis, 

spiculaque  cxtenso  Paean   Pythone  recoxit, 

Pallas  Gorgoneos  diffudit  in  aegida  crines, 

Pallenaea  Ioui  mutauit  fulmina  Cyclops.  150 

non  tamen  abstinuit  uenturos  prodere  casus 

per  uarias  Fortuna  notas.     nam  Thcssala  rura 

cum  peterent,  totus  uenientibus  obstitit  aether 

[inque  oculis  hominum  fregerunt  fulmina  nubes  :] 

aduersasque  faces,  immensoque  igne  columnas,       155 

et  trabibus  mixtis  auidos  Pythonas  aquarum 

detulit,  atque  oculos  ingesto  sulpure  clausit. 


1 39.  asper]  cf.  Tac.  Ann.  xv  54  promp- 
tum  uagina  pugionem...uetustate  obtusum 
increpans,  asperari  saxo  et  in  mucronem 
ardescerc  iussit. 

140.  exarsit]  'flashed  into  sparks'. 
Oud.  cf.  Hor.  carm.  II  viii  15,  16  semper 
ardentis  acuens  sagittas  cote  cruenta. 

141.  erigitur]  'is  straightened'  cf.  I 
242  curuataque  cuspide  pila. 

143.  auget — stimulos]  '  prepares  larger 
spurs '. 

frcnorum — habenas] '  the  reins  that  guide 
the  bit'.  For  the  whole  passage  cf.  Verg. 
Aen.  vii  624 — 640. 

144.  superis]  sc.  supei'orum  laboribits ; 
(Txij/xa  lead'  o\ov  /cat  fx4pos. 

145.  Phlegra]  cf.  iv  597  foil. 
tollente]   'upreared',     perhaps    with    a 

reference  to  the  birth  of  the  giants  from 
the  earth. 

146.  Martius]  For  this  list  of  the  wea- 
pons of  the  gods  cf.  Iuv.  xni  78 — 83. 

147.  cuspis]  i.e.  aixM,  'trident'. 

148.  spiculaque]  '  forged  afresh  his 
arrows  after  laying  Python  low';  cf.  Verg. 
Aen.  VII  636  rccoquunt  patrios  fornacibus 
enses. 

extenso]  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  v  374  perculit  et 
multa  moribundum  extendit  harcna. 


150.  Pallenaea]  'made  fresh  thunder- 
bolts for  use  at  Pallene'  i.e.  at  Phlegra. 
Oud.  cf.  Stat.  Silu.'iv  ii  55,  56  dux 
superum  secreta  iubet  dare  carmina  Musas 
et  Pallenaeos  Phoebum  laudare  triumphos. 

151.  prodere]  '  to  foretell ',  cf.  Verg. 
Aen.  X  99  murmura  uenturos  nautis 
prodentia  uentos. 

153.  aether]  i.e.  caelum,  cf.  160  infr. 

154.  inque  oculis]  This  line  is  not  found 
in  most  MSS.  and  seems  to  be  made  up 
from  line  157  :  it  also  breaks  the  sense,  as 
aether  is  required  as  the  subject  of  detulit. 

155.  aduersasque  faces]  cf.  I  527.  Oud. 
cf.  Val.  Max.  I  vi  §  12  egresso  a  Dyrrhachio 
aduersa  agmini  ei  us  fulmina  iaciens. 

156.  mixtis]  cf.  Verg.  Eel.  X  55  in- 
terea  mixtis  lustrabo  Maenala  nymphis. 

Pythonas]  This,  which  according  to  Gro- 
tius  is  the  reading  of  the  best  MSS.,  is  ra^ 
tained  by  Weise.  sc.  '  fiery  serpents ' :  the 
Scholiast  reads  typhonas  in  the  sense  of 
'fiery  eddies':  Grotius  suggests  siphonas, 
which  Oud.  adopts,  as  a  possible  reading, 
meaning  'water-spouts',  and  supports  the 
use  of  crlcpwv  in  this  sense  in  Greek  by  a 
passage  in  Olympiodorus. 

157.  clausit]  i.e.  compelled  them  to 
close  their  eyes. 


LIBER   VII.    139—177.  235 

excussit  cristas  galeis,  capulosque  solutis 

pcrfudit  gladiis,  creptaquc  pila  liquauit, 

acthereoquc  nocens  fumauit  sulpurc  ferrum.  160 

nee  non  innumcro  cooperta  examine  signa 

uixque  reuolsa  solo,  maiori  pondcre  prcssum 

signifcri  mersere  caput  rorantia  fletu, 

usque  ad  Thcssaliam  Romana  et  publica  signa. 

admotus  superis  discussa  fugit  ab  ara  165 

taurus  et  Emathios  praeceps  se  iecit  in  agros ; 

nullaque  funestis  inuenta  est  uictima  sacris. 

at  tu,  quos  scelerum  superos,  quas  rite  uocasti 
Eumenidas,  Caesar?     Stygii  quae  numina  regni, 
infernumque  nefas,  et  mersos  nocte  furores?  170 

impia  tarn  saeue  gesturus  bella  litasti. 
iam  dubium  monstrisne  deum  nimione  pauori 
crediderint :    multis  concurrere  uisus  Olympo 
Pindus,  et  abruptis  mergi  conuallibus  Haemus, 
edere  nocturnas  belli  Pharsalia  uoces,  175 

ire  per  Ossaeam  rapidus  Boebeida  sanguis : 
inque  uicem  uoltus  tenebris  mirantur  opertos, 


158.  capulosque]  'bathed  the  hilts  with  if  aught  inanimate  e'er  grieves,  Over  the 
the  molten  metal  of  their  swords'.  unreturning  brave'. 

159.  luquauit]  Oud.  cf.  Sil.  Ital.  623 —  164.  usque  ad]  'until  Thessaly's  fatal 
626  regnator  supcrum  sublata  fulmina  day  the  standards  of  Rome  and  of  the 
dextra  librauit  clipeoque  duels  non  cedere  State',  i.e.  thenceforward  they  were  the 
certi  incussit:  summa  liquefacta  est  cus-  standards  of  the  Emperor.  Grotius  cf. 
pis  in  hasta,  et  Jluxit  ceu  correptus  for-  Tac.  Ann.  1  2  Bruto  et  Cassio  caesis 
nacibus  ensis.  nulla  iam  publica  arma. 

160.  nocens]  ferrum  per  se  iam  nocens.  165.  discussa]  'scattering  the  altar  in 
Weise.  its  flight'. 

161.  examine]  Weise  says,  of  birds.  168.  scelerum  superos]  'gods  that  de- 
cf.    Lucret.    V    1363  pullorum   examine:  light  in  crime'. 

the    Scholiast   says,  of  bees,  and  this  is  170.     nefas]  'horror',  cf.   Stat.  Theb. 

confirmed  by  Val.  Max.  1  vi  §  12.  VI  944 penitus  latet  exilus  ingens  monstra- 

162.  uixque   reuolsa  solo]     The  diffi-  tumque  >iefas. 

culty   found    in   plucking    the    standards  171.    litasti]  'didst  win  favour  with  the 

from  the  ground  would  be  regarded  as  gods  by  sacrifice'. 

an  omen  of  evil.  172-  dubium]  i.e.  it  is  uncertain  whether 

163.  mersere]  'weighed  down'.  these  visions  were  omens  from  heaven,  or 
rorantia  fletu]    'streaming  with   tears',  fancies  produced  by  terror. 

i.e.  the  moisture  from   the   rain   on    the  174.     abruptis]  'to  sink   into    steeply- 

standards  is  supposed  to  represent  their  yawning  valleys'. 

grief  for  the  fate  of  the  army.     Compare  176.     ire  per]  i.e.  lake  Boebeis  at  the 

the  more  poetical  fancy  in  Byron,  Childe  foot  of  Mt  Ossa  appeared  to  flow  with 

Harold  in  xxvii,  'And  Ardennes  waves  blood. 

above  them  her  green  leaves  Dewy  with  177.     inque  uicem]  compare  the  descrip- 

Nature's  tear-drops,  as  they  pass,  Grieving,  tion  of  the  suitors  in  Horn.  Od.  xx  351 


236 


LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 


et  pallere  diem,  galcisque  incumbere  noctcm, 
defunctosque  patres  ct  cunctas  sanguinis  umbras 
ante  oculos  uolitare  suos.     sed  mentibus  unum      180 
hoc  solamen  erat  quod  uoti  turba  nefandi 
conscia,  quae  patrum  iugulos  quae  pectora  fratrum 
sperabat,  gaudet  monstris  mentisque  tumultu, 
atque  omen  scelerum  subitos  putat  esse  furores. 

quid  mirum  populos  quos  lux  extrema  manebat   185 
lymphato  trepidasse  metu,  praesaga  malorum 

data  mens  homini  est.     Tyriis  qui  Gadibus  hospes 


si 


adiacet  Armeniumque  bibit  Romanus  Araxen, 
sub  quocumque  die  quocumque  est  sidere  mundi, 
maeret,  et  ignorat  causas,  animumque  dolentem     190 
corripit,  Emathiis  quid  perdat  nescit  in  amis. 
Euganeo,  si  uera  fides  memorantibus,  augur 
colle  sedens,  Aponus  terris  ubi  fumifer  exit, 
atque  Antenorei  dispergitur  unda  Timaui, 
uenit  summa  dies,  geritur  res  maxima,  dixit :         195 


foil,  a  oei\ol  tL  ko.kov  r65e  Trdcrx€T£i  vvktI 
ixtv  vfidv  elXucLTai  K€<pa\at  re  wpbawwa  re 
vipBe  re  yovua'  ol/J-wyi)  re  Md-qe,  deddKpvv- 
rai  re  irapeial '  et'SwXwv  re  w\^ov  irpbdvpov 
TrXeli)  re  kcll  ailX^  lep.ivwv  ipefioaSe  vwb  f6- 
<pov,  TjAt6s  re  ovpavov  e£a7r6\to\e  ko.kt)  S' 
iTTLdidpofj.ei'  dx^vs. 

178.  pallere]  'lose  its  lustre',  cf.  note 
on  vi  502. 

179.  sanguinis]  'of  their  kindred',  cf. 
Cic.  pro  Rose.  Amer.  §  66  magnam  possi- 
det  religionem  patemus  matemusque  san- 
guis. 

181.  uoti]  'conscious  of  the  guiltiness 
of  their  prayers'. 

183.  monstris  mentisque  tumultu]  'the 
horrors  seething  in  their  hearts'. 

184.  omen  scelerun]  i.e.  'they  look  on 
these  as  an  omen  that  their  guilty  wishes 
will  be  accomplished'. 

185.  populos]  appears  to  refer  to  Ro- 
mans living  abroad,  cf.  436  infr. 

lux  extrema]  i.e.  the  last  day  worth 
living. 

manebat]  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  vn  596  te 
Turtle  nefas  te  triste  manebit  supplicium. 

186.  praesaga]  'since  the  mind  of  man 
is  prone  to  presentiment  of  ill'. 

188.  bibit]  cf.  Verg.  Eel.  1  62  atit 
Ararim  Pat-thus  bibet  aut  Germania  Ti- 
grim.     Id.  Aen.  VII  715  qui  Tiberim  Fa- 


barimque  bibunt. 

189.     die]  cf.  notes  on  I  153,  vm  217 
mundi  is  here  equivalent  to  caeli  as  in 

Lucretius  and  Virgil. 

191.  corripit]  'rebukes',  i.e.  for  its 
sadness,  cf.  Ov.  ex  Ponto  11  vi  5  corripis 
lit  debes  stulti  peccata  sodalis.  Iuv.  X 
291,  292  cur  tamen,  inquit,  corripias  ? 
pulcra  gaudet  Latona  Diana. 

192.  Euganeo]  The  Euganean  hills 
are  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Patavium : 
this  story  about  the  augur  Cornelius  is 
told  by  Plutarch,  Caes.  47,  on  the  au- 
thority of  Livy. 

194.  Antenorei]  Antenor  was  said  to 
have  founded  Patavium,  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  1 
242  foil.  Antenor  potuit  mediis  elapsus 
Achiuis  Illyricos  penetrare  sinus,  atque 
intima  tutus  regna  I.iburnoram  ct  fontem 
super  are  Timaui:  unde  per  or  a  nouetn 
uasto  cum  murmuremontis  it  mare prorup- 
tum,  et  pclago  premit  arua  sonanti ;  hie 
tamen  file  urbem  Pataui  sedesque  locauit 
Teucrorum. 

dispergitur]  refers  to  the  several  under- 
ground channels  by  which  the  river  reach- 
ed the  sea,  see  Conington's  note  on  Verg. 
loc.  cit. 

195.  uenit  summa  dies]  cf.  Verg.  Aen. 
11  324. 


LIBER   VII.    178—214. 


237 


impia  concurrunt  Pompeii  ct  Caesaris  arma ; 
seu  tonitrus  ac  tela  Iouis  praesaga  notauit, 
aethera  seu  totum  discordi  obsistere  caelo 
perspexitque  polos  :   seu  lumen  in  aethere  maestum 
solis  in  obscuro  pugnam  pallore  notauit.  200 

dissimilem  certe  cunctis  quos  explicat  egit 
Thessalicum  natura  diem :    si  cuncta  perito 
augure  mens  hominum  caeli  noua  signa  notasset, 
spectari  toto  potuit  Pharsalia  mundo. 
o  summos  hominum,  quorum  Fortuna  per  orbem  205 
signa  dedit,  quorum  fatis  caelum  omne  uacauit. 
haec  et  apud  seras  gentes  populosque  nepotum, 
siue  sua  tantum  uenient  in  saecula  fama, 
siue  aliquid  magnis  nostri  quoque  cura  laboris 
nominibus  prodesse  potest,  cum  bella  legentur,    »  210 
spesque  metusque  simul  perituraque  uota  mouebunt: 
adtonitique  omnes  ueluti  uenientia  fata, 
non  transmissa  legent,  et  adhuc  tibi,  Magne,  fauebunt. 
miles  ut  aduerso  Phoebi  radiatus  ab  ictu 


198.  aethera  totum]  omnia  sideraWeise. 
discordi]  proleptic;   'break  the  laws  of 
the  sky  and  spoil  its  harmony'. 

200.  solis  in  obscurd\  '  marked  the 
battle  by  way  of  the  sun's  paleness'.  The 
repetition  of  notauit  within  four  lines  is 
worth  noticing,  the  meaning  being  some- 
what different  in  the  two  cases. 

201.  quos  explicat']  'which  she  unfolds 
to  the  world';  the  metaphor  is  that  of 
rolling  back  the  pall  of  night,  cf.  Hor. 
Sat.  I  v  9  iam  nox  inducere  tern's  umbras ; 
or,  less  probably,  'which  she  brings  to  a 
conclusion ',  cf.  Florus  I  xxi  §  5  sic  Fabius 
Maximus  periculosissimum  bclhim  sine 
pericido  expliatit. 

egit]  'made  to  pass'. 

202.  cuncta — mens  hominum]  is  pro- 
bably equivalent  to  mens  cunctorum  ho- 
minum :  perito  augure  '  under  the  guidance 
of  a  skilful  augur':  but  it  is  possible  that 
cuncta  perito  should  be  taken  together  as 
'skilled  in  all  things',  cf.  Anson.  Ep. 
CXXXVII  1  arma  uirumque  docens  atque 
arma  uirumque  peritus. 

203.  spectari]  i.e.  all  the  world  might 
have  known  that  the  battle  of  Pharsalia 
was  being  fought. 

206.     signa  dedit]  cf.  note  on  1  529. 
quorum  fatis]   'for  whose  destinies  all 


heaven  found  room',  cf.   Ov.  Trist.  216 
non  uacat  exiguis  rebus  adesse  loin. 

207.  seras]  'in  distant  times',  cf.  Verg. 
G.  II  58  seris  factura  nepotibtis  umbram. 

208.  in  saecula]  cf.  x  533  Plin.  Paneg. 
55  ibit  in  saecula  fuisse  principem  cni  flo- 
renti  et  incolumi  numquam  nisi  modici 
houores  decernerentur. 

209.  nostri]  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  IX  '446,  447 
fortunati  ambo,  si  quid  mea  carmina  pos- 

suut,  nulla  dies  umquam  memori  uos  exi- 
mct  aeuo. 

210.  legentur]  'when  the  tale  of  war 
shall  be  read',  cf.  Verg.  Eel.  IV  26  facta 
parentis  iam  legere. 

211.  peritura]  'doomed  to  be  thrown 
away',  i.e.  wasted  on  what  is  past  and 
cannot  be  remedied,  cf.  Cic.  ad  Att.  II 
xvii  §  1  ne  et  opera  et  oleum  philologiae 
nostrae  perierit. 

212.  adtoniti]  '  in  dismay '.  cf.  I34supr. 

213.  transmissa]  'past  and  over',  cf. 
Plin.  Ep.  VIII  xi  §  2  incipit  refici  trans- 
missumqitc  discrimen  conualescendo  metiri. 
Stat.  Silu.  1  iv  124  nemo  modum  trans- 
missi  compute!  aeui. 

214.  radiatus]  'illumined',  cf.  Ov.  ex 
Ponto  ill  iv  103  scuta  sed  et  galeae gemmis 
radientur  et  auro. 

ab  ictu]  cf.  note  <>n  11  493. 


238 


LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 


descendens  totos  perfudit  luminc  colles  215 

non  tcmcrc  immissus  campis :   stctit  ordine  certo 
infelix  acies.     cornus  tibi  cura  sinistri, 
Lcntulc,  cum  prima,  quae  turn  fuit  optima  bello, 
et  quarta  legione  datur :    tibi,  numine  pugnax 
aducrso,  Domiti,  dextri  frons  tradita  Martis.  220 

at  medii  robur  belli  fortissima  densant 
agmina,  quae  Cilicum  terris  deducta  tenebat 
Scipio,  miles  in  hoc,  Libyco  dux  primus  in  orbe. 
at  iuxta  fluuios  et  stagna  undantis  Enipei 
Cappadocum  montana  cohors  et  largus  habenae    225 
Ponticus  ibat  eques.     sicci  sed  plurima  campi 
tetrarchae  regesque  tenent  magnique  tyranni, 
atque  omnis  Latio  quae  seruit  purpura  ferro. 
illuc.et  Libye  Numidas  et  Creta  Cydonas 
misit :    Ituraeis  cursus  fuit  inde  sagittis:  230 

inde,  truces  Galli,  solitum  prodistis  in  hostem  : 
illic  pugnaces  commouit  Hiberia  cetras. 
eripe  uictori  gentes,  et  sanguine  mundi 
fuso,  Magne,  semel  totos  consume  triumphos. 

illo  forte  die  Caesar  statione  relicta  235 

ad  segetum  raptus  moturus  signa,  repente 
conspicit  in  pianos  hostem  descendere  campos, 
oblatumque  uidet  uotis  sibi  mille  petitum 
tempus,  in  extremos  quo  mitteret  omnia  casus, 
aeger  quippe  morae  flagransque  cupidine  regni       240 


215.  perfudit~\  'spread  the  glitter  of 
their  arms  over  all  the  hills'. 

216.  immissus]  is  best  taken  as  a  par- 
ticiple, not  as  a  verb,  although  the  three 
participles  agreeing  with  miles  make  the 
sentence  somewhat  awkward. 

219.  numine  pttgnax]  'ever  ready  to 
fight  although  the  gods  be  unpropitious'. 

223.  Libyco]  sc.  after  Pompeius'  death, 
at  the  battle  of  Thapsus. 

225.  largus  habenae]  'giving  free  rein 
to  their  steeds'.  Oud.  cf.  IX  611  Sil.  Ital. 
VII  601  largumque  comae  prostemit  Ad- 
herben.     Id.  vm  249  largusquc  rapinae. 

227.  tetrarchae]  The  special  title  of  the 
chieftains  of  Galatia,  but  used  generally, 


cf.  Hor.  Sat.  1  iii  12  viodo  reges  atquc 
tetrarchas  omnia  magna  loqnens. 

228.  ferro]  cf.  X  5  regnum  Lagi  Koma- 
na  sub  arma  iret. 

230.  cursus  fuit]  'winged  their  flight'. 

231.  Galli]  i.e.  the  Allobroges,  who 
had  deserted  from  Caesar  to  Pompeius, 
cf.  Caes.  B.  C.  11 1  59 — 61. 

233.  eripe]  occidantur,  inquit,  omnes, 
ne  sint  quibus  uictor  imperet  rex  aut  de 
quibus  triumphet.     Schol. 

234.  triumphos]  cf.  note  on  II  644. 
240.     aeger — morae]  cf.  Sil.    Ital.   XIII 

52  aeger  delicti:  aeger  is  used  in  a  some- 
what different  way  with  the  genitive  in 
Sil.  Ital.  Ill  72  aegra  timoris  Roma. 


LIBER   VII.   215—261.  239 

coeperat  exiguo  tractu  ciuilia  bella 

ut  lentum  damnare  nefas.     discrimina  postquam 

aducntare  ducum  supremaque  proelia  uidit, 

casuram  et  fatis  sensit  nutare  ruinam, 

ilia  quoquc  in  ferrum  rabies  promptissima  paulum  245 

languit,  ct  casus  audax  spondere  secundos 

mens  stetit  in  dubio,  quam  nee  sua  fata  timere, 

nee  Magni  sperare  sinunt.     formidine  mersa 

prosilit  hortando  melior  fiducia  uolgo  : 

o  domitor  mundi,  rerum  fortuna  mearum,  250 

miles,  adest  totiens  optatae  copia  pugnae. 

nil  opus  est  uotis :    iam  fatum  accersite  ferro. 

in  manibus  uestris,  quantus  sit  Caesar,  habetis. 

haec  est  ilia  dies  mihi  quam  Rubiconis  ad  undas 

promissam  memini,  cuius  spe  mouimus  arma,         255 

in  quam  distulimus  uetitos  remeare  triumphos. 

haec  eadem  est  hodie  quae  pignora  quaeque  penates 

reddat,  et  emerito  faciat  uos  Marte  colonos. 

haec  fato  quae  teste  probet,  quis  iustius  arma 

sumpserit:  haec  acies  uictum  factura  nocentem  est.  260 

si  pro  me  patriam  ferro  flammisque  petistis, 

241.  exiguo  tractu]  ' though  not  great-      nies  depend'. 

ly   prolonged'    i.e.    although    they    were         252.     accersite]  cf.  IV  484. 

soon  brought   to   crisis    the   time  seemed  255.    promissam]  cf.  I  388. 

long  to  Caesar.  256.    in  quam]  'to  which  we  put  off  our 

242.  damnare]  cf.  Iuv.  VIII  202  damnat  triumphs  forbidden  to  return  to  Rome', 
enim  tales  habitus,  et  damnat  et  odit.  i.e.  as  the  soldiers  were  forbidden  to  re- 

244.    fatis... nutare]  'the  ruin  nodding  turn  to  enjoy  their  triumph,  the  triumph 

to  its  destined  fall',  cf.  505  infr.  Iuv.  in  itself,  which  is  identified  with  them,    is 

196  secures  pendente  iubet  dormire  ruina.  said  to  be  forbidden  to  return.     It  is  pos- 

Weise  reads  fati,  but  according  to  Oud.  sible  however,  though  the  position  of  the 

fatis  is  found  in  the  best  MSS.  words  is  against  it,  to  take  remeare  with 

246.  spondere]  sc.  sibi  'to  promise  it-  distulimus,  'to  which  we  put  off  the  re- 
self,  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  ix  296  sponde  digna  turn  of  our  forbidden  triumphs';  for  dif 
t  uis  ingentibus  omnia  coeptis.  ferre  with   infinitive  cf.    Li  v.  XLII   2  nee 

247.  ncc  sua  fata]  i.e.  because  both  ultra  ad  arma  ire  dilaturum. 
Pompeius  and  himself  had  always  hitherto  257.     haec  cadem]    This  line   and  the 
been  successful.  following  are  omitted  in  many  MSS.;  it 

248.  mersa]    'suppressing    his    fear',  is  doubtful  whether  eadem  est  dies  hodie 
burying  it  out  of  sight,  cf.  Sen.  Here.  Oet.  would  be  an  admissible  expression. 
1351,  1352  ora  quid flectis  retro  uoltumque  259.     quis]  equivalent  to  titer,  cf.  notes 
mergis?  on  1  128,  vi  8io. 

249.  prosilit]  'confidence  bounds  forth,  iustius]  cf.  Cic.  pro  Ligar.  §  19  causa 
better  suited  (i.e.  than  fear)  for  encourag-  turn  dubia  quod  erat  aliquid  in  utraque 
ing  the  crowd'.  Oud.  cf.  Verg.  G.  I  286  parte  quod probari  posset:  nunc  melior  ea 
tiona  fugae  melior  contra ria  furtis.  iudicanda  est  quam  ctiam  di  adittuerunt, 

250.  rerum]  'you  on  whom  my  desti- 


?40 


LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 


nunc  pugnate  truces  gladiosque  cxsoluite  culpa. 

nulla  manus  belli  mutato  iudice  pura  est. 

non  mihi  res  agitur,  sed  uos  ut  libera  sitis 

turba  precor,  gentes  ut  ius  habeatis  in  omnes.       265 

ipse  ego  priuatae  cupidus  me  reddere  uitac, 

plebeiaque  toga  modicum  componere  ciuem, 

omnia  dum  uobis  liceant  nihil  esse  recuse 

inuidia  regnate  mea.     nee  sanguine  multo 

spem  mundi  petitis :    Graiis  delecta  iuuentus  270 

gymnasiis  adcrit  studioque  ignaua  palaestrae, 

et  uix  arma  ferens,  et  mixtae  dissona  turbae 

barbaries ;   non  ilia  tubas  non  agmine  moto 

clamorem  latura  suom.     ciuilia  paucae 

bella  manus  facient  :    pugnae  pars  magna  leuabit  275 

his  orbem  populis  Romanumque  obteret  hostem. 

ite  per  ignauas  gentes  famosaque  regna, 

et  primo  ferri  motu  prosternite  mundum  : 


262.  exsoluite]  i.e.  by  victory,  cf.  Tac. 
Hist.  IV  14  uictoriae  rationem  non  reddi. 
Oucl.  cf.  Petron.  122  ite  mei  comites  et 
causam  dicite  ferro ;  namquc  omnes  umtm 
crimen  nocat. 

263.  ?mdato~\  Grotius  compares  the 
answer  of  Philocles,  the  Athenian  general, 
to  Lysander  after  the  battle  of  Aegos- 
potami,  Plut.  Lysan.  13  6  §k  ovdev  tl  irpbs 
ttjv  ovfupopav  ev5oi>s  e/cAeucre  p,r)  Karrjyo- 
pelv  wv  ovbds  ecrri  diKaar^s,  a\\a  vlkwvtcl 
Trp&TTeiv  airep  dv  viK7]6els  iiracrxev- 

267.  modicum  componere  ciuem]  modi- 
cum compositumque  ciuem  agere.  Weise. 
'to  settle  down  as  an  ordinary  citizen', 
cf.  Tac.  Ann.  1  73  modici  equitis  Romani; 
Id.  XI  7  se  modicos  senatores  qui  quiela  re 
publico,  nulla  nisi  pads  emolumenta  pete- 
rent. 

268.  omnia]  There  are  two  possible  in- 
terpretations of  this  line  :  (1)  which  seems 
to  me  preferable,  'until  all  tilings  are  law- 
ful for  you,  I  refuse  to  be  made  a  cipher '. 
cf.  Cic.  ad  fam.  vn  xxxiii  §  1  nos  enim 
plane. ..aut  nihil  sumus,  aut  nobis  quidem 
ipsis  displicemus:  or  (2)  'there  is  nothing 
which  I  refuse  to  be,  so  long  as  you  are 
all  powerful',  i.e.  I  am  ready  to  take  any 
part. 

269.  inuidia]  'be  yours  the  power, 
mine  the  blame'. 

270.  Graiis]  cf.  Hor.  Sat.  II  ii  10,  11 


si  Romana  fatigat  militia  adsuetum  Grae- 
cari.  Iuv.  VIII  113  —  11^/orsitan  imbelles 
Rhodios  tinctamqtte  Corinthon  despicias 
merito ;  quid  resinata  iuuentus  cruraque 
totius  facient  tibi  leuia  gentis? 

271.  gy?nnasiis]  The  training  of  athletes 
was  considered  incompatible  with  that  of 
soldiers,  cf.  Plat.  Rep.  111  410  B.  foil. 
Plut.  Philopoemen  3  6.d\r\TiKbv  arpaTiu- 
tlkou  (TcG/xa  Kal  /3iov  Sauptpeiv  rots  wdai. 
Quintil.  X  i  33  non  at/iletarum  toros  sed 
mill  turn  lacertos  esse. 

272.  mixtae]  'a  motley  horde  of  vari- 
ous-tongued  barbarians':  for  this 'genitive 
of  apposition'  cf.  Hor.  Sat.  1  79  uitium 
irae.  Liv.  xxiv  3  lucus...proceris  abielis 
arboribus  saeptus. 

273.  non  ilia]  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  VI  592 — 
594  at  pater  omiiipotens  densa  inter  nubila 
teliuti  contorsit ;  non  ille  faces  nee  fumea 
taedis  lumina. 

274.  ciuilia]  emphatic,  few  of  the  ene- 
my are  Romans. 

paucae  manus]  'but  few  of  your  hands'. 

276.  populis]  'foreign  nations',  cf.  1 
82,  93. 

277.  famosa]  probably  'of  evil  repute', 
cf.  Hor.  carm.  in  iii  26,  Sat.  I  iv  5,  6 : 
the  word  is  also  often  used  in  a  good 
sense,  cf.  Tac.  Hist.  V  2  quia  famosae 
urbis  supremam  diem  tradituri  sumus, 
speaking  of  Jerusalem. 


LIBER   VII.   262—303.  241 

sitque  palam  quas  tot  duxit  Pompeius  in  urbem 

curribus  unius  gentes  non  esse  triumphi.  280 

Armeniosne  mouet  Romana  potcntia  cuius 

sit  ducis  ?   aut  emptum  minimo  uolt  sanguine  quisquam 

barbarus  Hesperiis  Magnum  praeponere  rebus  ? 

Romanes  oderc  omnes  dominosque  grauantur; 

quos  nouere,  magis.     sed  me  Fortuna  meorum       285 

commisit  manibus,  quorum  me  Gallia  tcstem 

tot  fecit  bellis.     cuius  non  militis  ensem 

agnoscam  ?   caclumque  tremens  cum  lancea  transit, 

dicere  non  fallar  quo  sit  uibrata  lacerto. 

quod  si  signa  ducem  numquam  fallentia  uestrum  290 

conspicio  faciesque  truces  oculosque  minaces, 

uicistis.     uidcor  fluuios  spectare  cruoris, 

calcatosque  simul  reges,  sparsumque  senatus 

corpus,  et  immensa  populos  in  caede  n  at  ant  is. 

sed  mea  fata  moror,  qui  uos  in  tela  mentis  295 

uocibus  his  teneo.     ueniam  date  bella  trahenti  : 

spe  trepido :   haud  umquam  uidi  tarn  magna  daturos 

tarn  prope  mesuperos:    camporum  limite  paruo 

absumus  a  uotis :    ego  sum  cui  Marte  peracto 

quae  populi  regesque  tenent  donare  licebit.  300 

quone  poli  motu,  quo  caeli  sidcre  uerso, 

Thessalicae  tantum,  superi,  permittitis  orae  ? 

aut  merces  hodie  bellorum  aut  poena  paratur. 

279.  in  urbcm~\  cf.  Petron.  122  q nam-         285.     quos  nouere]    i.e.   Pompeius,  the 
quam  quos  gloria  terret?  aut  qui  sunt  qui     conqueror  of  the  East. 

bella   dent?    mercedibus  emptae   ac   tales         28S.     agnoscam]     Oud.  cf.  Sil.  Ital.  IX 

operae  quibus  est  mea  Roma  nouerca.  246 — 248  se  cognoscere  iactat  qua  dextra 

280.  curribus]  'in  so  many  triumphs',  ueniant  stridetitis  sibila  teli,  promittitque 
unius]    'are  not  material  for  a  single  uiris  nulli  sc  deforc  tcstem. 

triumph'.  290.     signa]  i.e.  faciesque  truces  oculos- 

281.  mouet]  cf.  Hor.  Sat.  I  x  78  men'     que  minaces. 

moueat  cimex  Pantilius ?  292.     uideor]    cf.   I  lor.    carm.  11  i  21, 

282.  sit  ducis]  Compare  the  language  22  audire  magnos  iam  uideor  duces   von 
of  Civilis  in   Tac.   Hist.  IV  17    dum  alii  indecoro pulucre  sordidos. 
Vespasianum    alii   Vitcllium  foucant  pa-         298.     tarn  prope  vie]  cf.  Verg.  Eel.  1  42 
tere  locum  aduersus  ulrumquc.  ncc  tarn  pracsentes  alibi  cognoscere  diuos. 

284.     grauantur]    'loathe',  cf.  V  258,  limite]    'dividing    line'   and    so   'inter- 
Suet.  Aug.  72  ampla  et  operosa  praetoria  val'. 

grauabantur.     Plin.  Paneg.  43  §  3  sets,  ut  301.     quone]  'by  what  shifting  of  the 

sunt   diuersa    natura   dominatio   el  prin-  pole,    by  the  revolution  of  what  star  in 

cipatus,  ita  non  altis  esse principem gratio-  heaven?'  Eor  the  double  interrogative  cf. 

rem  quam  qui  vtaximc  dominion  graucn-  x  99,  Hor.  Sat.  11  iii  295  quone  vialo  men- 

lur.  /em  percussa  ?  timore  deorum. 

II.  L.  16 


242  LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 

Cacsarcas  spcctatc  cruces  spcctate  catenas, 

ct  caput  hoc  positum  rostris,  efifusaquc  membra,    305 

Septorumque  ncfas,  ct  clausi  proelia  Campi. 

cum  cluce  Sullano  gerimus  ciuilia  bella. 

ucstri  cura  mouct :    nam  me  secura  mancbit 

sors  quaesita  manu  :    fodientcm  uiscera  ccrnet 

me  mea  qui  nondum  uicto  respexerit  hoste.  310 

di,  quorum  curas  abduxit  ab  aethere  tell  us 

Romanusque  labor,  uincat  quicumque  necesse 

non  putat  in  uictos  saeuom  destringere  ferrum, 

quique  suos  ciues,  quod  signa  aduersa  tulerunt, 

non  credit  fecisse  nefas.     Pompcius  in  arto  315 

agmina  uestra  loco  uetita  uirtute  moueri 

cum  terjuit,  quanto  satiauit  sanguine  ferrum. 

uos  tamen  hoc  oro,  iuuenes,  ne  caedere  quisquam 

hostis  terga  uelit :    ciuis  qui  fugerit  esto. 

sed  dum  tela  micant,  non  uos  pietatis  imago  320 

ulla  nee  aduersa  conspecti  fronte  parentes 

commoueant :   uoltus  gladio  turbate  uerendos. 

siue  quis  infesto  cognata  in  pectora  ferro 

ibit,  seu  nullum  uiolabit  uolnere  pignus, 

ignoti  iugulum  tamquam  scelus  imputat  hostis.       325 


304.  Caesareas]    Grotius  cf.  Suet.  Jul.  and  the  sufferings  of  Rome'. 

30  quod  probabilins  facit  Asinius  Pollio  312.     labor]  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  IV  78  Ilia- 

Pliarsalica  acic  caesos  profligatosquc  aduer-  cos  iteriim  dentens  audire  labores  exposcit. 

sarios  prospicientem  haec  eum  ad  uerbuin  313.     non  putat]    cf.   Florus  II  xiii  50 

dixissc  refcrens ;   '  hoc  uoluerunt ;   tautis  altera    (uox)     ad    iactationcm     composita 

rebus   geslis    Gams    Caesar    condemnatus  'parce  ciuibus\ 

essem,  nisi  ab  exercitu  auxilium  petisscm\  315.     nefas]      The    Scholiast    cf.    Cic. 

305.  effusaque  membra]  'limbs  scat-  pro  Ligar.  §  17  scelus  tu  illud  uocas,  Tu- 
tered  to  the  winds';  in  Stat.Theb.  vi  841  bero?  cur?  isto  enim  nomine  ilia  adhuc 
the  same  words  occur  in  the  sense  of  causa  can/it :  alii  errorem  appellant,  alii 
'overgrown  limbs'.  timorem. 

306.  Septorum]  cf.  11  196  foil.  316.     uetita  uirtute]  'where  your  bra- 

307.  Sullano]  cf.  note  on  1  326.  very  had  no  power  to  move',  cf.  Hor. 

308.  secura]  'intrepid',  cf.  Petron.  Sat.  II  i  71,  72  quirt  ubi  se  a  uolgo  ct 
123  magnam  nixus  in  hastam  horrida  se-  scaena  in  secrcta  remorant  uirtus  Scipiadae 
curis  frangebat  gressibus  arua.  et  mitis  sapientia  Laeli. 

309.  manu]     Oud.   cf.    Florus  11  xiii  320.     imago]  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  IX  294  et 
83  dicitur  in  ilia  perturbatione  et  de  extre-  mentem  patriae  strinxit  pietatis  imago. 
mis   cogitasse   sccum    manifestoque    twit  a  322.     turbate]      'disfigure',     cf.     Stat. 

fuisse  quasi  occuparc  mortem   manu  uel-  Theb.  IX  745  prima  Tanagraeum  turbauit 

let,  speaking  of   Caesar  at  the  battle   of  harundo  Coroebum. 

Munda.  325.     ignoti]  'the  foe  is  one  who  reck- 

311.     di,  quorum]  'ye  gods  whose  care  ons  the  slaughter  (even)  of  a  stranger  as 

has  been  withdrawn  from  heaven  by  earth  a  crime',  i.e.  who  if  victorious  will  show 


LIBER   VII.   304—340. 


243 


00  l 


stcrnitc  iam  uallum  fossasque  implctc  ruina, 
exeat  ut  plenis  acics  non  sparsa  maniplis ; 
parcite  nc  castris  :    uallo  tendetis  in  illo 
undc  acies  peritura  uenit.     uix  cuncta  locuto 
Caesare  quemque  suom  munus  trahit,  armaque  raptim 
sumpta  Ceresquc  uiris.     capiunt  praesagia  belli, 
calcatisque  ruunt  castris:    stant  ordine  nullo, 
arte  ducis  nulla;    permittunt  omnia  fatis. 
si  totidcm  Magni  soceros  totidemque  petentis 
urbis  regna  suae  funesto  in  Marte  locasses, 
non  tarn  praecipiti  ruerent  in  proelia  cursu. 
uidit  ut  hostiles  in  rectum  exire  cateruas 
Pompeius  nullasque  moras  pcrmittere  bello 
sed  superis  placuisse  diem  :   stat  corde  gelato 
adtonitus :    tantoque  duci  sic  arma  timere  340 


00 


35 


no  mercy  even  if  we  shall  spare  our  rela- 
tives. 

inipittat]  The  MSS.  seem  to  vary 
between  impetat  and  imputet :  the  fol- 
lowing is  the  explanation  given  by  Sul- 
pitius  of  the  former :  ea  atrocitate  hostem 
ignotum  inuadat,  qua  inuaderet  necessa- 
rium  et  cognatum  '  let  him  assail  the 
throat  of  an  unknown  foe  as  though  it 
were  an  accursed  thing',  i.e.  a  kinsman's 
throat,  which  would  bring  a  curse  upon 
him.  Oud.  with  many  MSS.  reads  im- 
putet, explaining  it  thus  :  imputate  mihi 
mortes  etiam  uilium  et  ignotorum,  tan- 
quam  interfeceritis  cognatos  et  scelus 
propter  me  feceritis,  cf.  Ill  436,  437  iam 
ne  q m's  uc strum  dubitet  subuertere  siluam 
credite  me  fecisse  nefas.  Weise's  note 
gives  no  explanation  of  tamquam  scelus. 
As  neither  imputet  nor  impetat  appears 
to  admit  of  any  satisfactory  explanation, 
I  have  ventured  to  read  imputat,  which  is 
a  combination  of  the  two,  and  can,  I 
think,  be  interpreted  as  above. 

326.  stemite]  In  the  American  Journal 
of  Philology,  Vol.  5,  pp.  325 — 330  Mr 
Perrin  shows  that  this  order  of  Caesar's, 
in  itself  most  improbable,  is  mentioned 
by  no  authority  except  Appian  Civil 
Wars  11  74,  75,  and  is  in  fact  contradicted 
by  Caesar,  who  says,  B.  C.  m  89  cohories 
sept  em  castris  praesidio  reliquerat.  He 
concludes  that  Appian  founded  his  state- 
ment on  this  passage  in  Lucan. 

327.  plenis]  'not  divided  but  with 
companies  complete',  i.e.   leaving  no  re- 


serve to  guard  the  camp. 

328.  tendetis]  'you  shall  encamp',  cf. 
Verg.  Aen.  11  29  hie  Dolopum  manus,  hie 
saeuits  tendebat  Achilles. 

331.  sumpta  Ceresque  uiris]  This  is 
the  reading  of  the  Roman  edition  of  1469; 
according  to  Oud.  sumpta  uirisque  Ceres 
is  found  in  MSS.  The  Schol.  explains 
frumentum  singuli  et  arma  sumpserunt. 
cf.  Val.  Flacc.  V  215 — 217  arma  iubet 
celsa  socios  depromere  puppi,  dona  dehinc 
Bacchi  casus  qui  fir  met  in  omnes  ;  rapta 
Ceres,  uiridesquc  premunt  longo  ordine 
ripas.  Grotius  with  some  MSS.  reads 
sumpta  uiris ;  ecleres...  and  is  followed 
by  Weise. 

capiunt  praesagia]  '  they  seize  on  this 
omen  of  the  war's  result',  i.e.  Caesar's 
words,  cf.  Aesch.  Ag.  1652,  1653,  At. 
aXKa  p.r\v  Kayih  irpbnwiros  ovk  avaivo/xai 
davdv.  Xo.  5exojJ.ivois  \£yus  daveiv  <re* 
ttjv  Tvxr\v  5'  alpovfxeda. 

335.  locasses]  An  emendation  of  Gro- 
tius for  locasset  of  MSS.  Oud.  ingeni- 
ously suggests  that  funesto  on  the  other 
hand  should  be  changed  into  fortuna, 
leaving  locasset,  but  does  not  admit  the 
change  into  his  text. 

336.  non  tarn]  i.e.  had  they  been  all 
Caesars  they  would  not  have  been  so  eager 
to  fight. 

337.  in  rectum]  'straightforward', 
cf.  Ov.  Met.  II  714,  715  iterque  non  agit 
in  rectum  sed  in  orbem  curuat  eundem. 

339.  corde  gelato]  cf.  Iuv.  VI  95  timent 
pauidoque  gelantttr  pectore. 

l6 — 2 


244  LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 

omen  erat.     prcmit  indc  mctus  totumquc  per  agmen 

sublimi  pracucctus  cquo :    quern  flagitat,  inquit, 

uestra  diem  uirtus,  finis  ciuilibus  armis 

quern  quaesistis,  adest.     totas  effundite  uires ; 

extremum  ferri  superest  opus,  unaque  gentes  345 

hora  trahit.     quisquis  patriam  carosque  penates, 

qui  subolem  ac  thalamos  desertaque  pignora  quaerit, 

ense  petat:    medio  posuit  deus  omnia  campo. 

causa  iubet  melior  supercs  sperare  sccundos : 

ipsi  tela  regent  per  uiscera  Cacsaris,  ipsi  350 

Romanas  sancire  uolent  hoc  sanguine  leges. 

si  socero  dare  regna  meo  mundumque  pararent, 

praecipitare  meam  fatis  potuere  senectam. 

non  iratorum  populis  urbique  deorum  est 

Pompeium  seruare  ducem.     quae  uincere  possent  355 

omnia  contulimus.     subiere  pericula  clari 

sponte  uiri,  sacraque  antiquus  imagine  miles. 

si  Curios  his  fata  darent  reducesque  Camillos 

temporibus  Deciosque  caput  fatale  uouentis, 

hinc  starent.     primo  gentes  oriente  coactae,  360 

innumeraeque  urbes,  quantas  in  proelia  numquam 

exciuere  manus.     toto  simul  utimur  orbe. 


341.  omcii\    cf.   Verg.  Aen.   vii   173,  conciliatiencs    gratiarum,    sanguine    meo 
1 74  hie  sceptra  accipere,  et  primos  attollere  sancirentur. 

fasces  regibus  omen  erat.  353.    praecipitare\    'they   might    have 

342.  praeneetus~\  'riding  along  the  line',  brought  my  old  age  to  a  speedy  end  by  a 
344.     totas  effundite  uires]    'put  forth  natural  death',    cf.  Tac.  Ann.  VI  16  (10) 

all  your  strength',    Oud.  cf.    Ov.  Met.   I  per  idem-  tenipus  L.  Piso  pout  if  ex,  varum 

278    uires  effundite  uestras,  sic  opus  est.  in  tanta  claritudine,  fato  obiit. 
Liv.  x  28  quantumcunque  uirium  habuit  356.     clari]  clari  or  clarissimi  became 

certamine  primo  effudit.  under  the   empire    the   technical   title    of 

346.     tra/iit]  'drags  to  ruin',  cf.  Verg.  senators,  cf.  Vopisc.  Aurel.  18  libros  in- 

Aen.  V  709  quo  fata  trahunt  retrahuntque  spici  clarissimi  ordinis   iussit  auctoritas. 

sequamur.     See  also  note  on  IV  222.  Lamprid.   Heliogab.   4   matron  suam   in 

348.     medio — campo]  i.e.   as  the  prize,  senatum  rogari  iussit...  solusque  omnium 

cf.  Horn.  II.  XXIII  704  di>5pl  8£  viK-qdivri.  imperatorum  fuit  sub  quo  mulier,  quasi 

•yvvcuK  is  \xtaaov  £dr)nev.  clarissima,  loco  uiri  senatum  ingressa  est. 

350.  regent]  'will  guide',  cf.  Verg.  357.  sacraque]  'soldiers  who  shou 
Aen.  IX  409  hunc  sine  me  turbare globum,  their  ancient  blood  by  hallowed  busts' 
et  rege  tela  per  auras.  i.e.  of  their  ancestors. 

351.  hoc  sanguine]  apud  Romanos  360.  primo — oriente] '  the  furthest  East ' 
mos  erat  ut  ubi  foedus  fiebat  ibi  porca  oc-  i.e.  where  the  sun  first  appears, 
cideretur.  Schol.  Caesar's  blood  is  thus  361.  quantas]  'have  summoned  t( 
on  this  occasion  to  take  the  place  of  the  battle  more  hands  than  they  have  eve: 
victim's:  cf.  Cic.  ad  Quirit.  post  redit.  done  before'. 
§  13  cum  omnia  cum  omnibus  foedera,  re- 


LIBER   VII.    341—385.  245 

quidquid  signiferi  comprcnsum  limitc  caeli 

sub  Noton  ct  Borean  hominum  sumus  arma  moucmus. 

nonne  superfusis  collectum  cornibus  hostcm  365 

in  medium  dabimus  ?     paucas  uictoria  dextras 

exigit :   at  plures  tantum  clamore  cateruae 

bella  gerent.     Caesar  sostris  non  sufficit  armis. 

credite  pendentis  e  summis  moenibus  urbis 

crinibus  effusis  hortari  in  proelia  matres.  370 

credite  grandaeuom  uctitumque  aetate  senatum 

arma  sequi  sacros  pedibus  prosterncre  canos : 

atque  ipsam  domini  metucntem  occurrere  Romam. 

credite  qui  nunc  est  populus  populumque  futurum 

permixtas  adferre  preces.     haec  libera  nasci,  375 

haec  uolt  turba  mori.     si  quis  post  pignora  tanta 

Pompeio  locus  est,  cum  prole  et  coniuge  supplex, 

imperii  salua  si  maiestate  liceret, 

uoluerer  ante  pedes.     Magnus,  nisi  uincitis,  exsul, 

ludibrium  soceri,  uester  pudor,  ultima  fata  3S0 

deprecor,  ac  turpes  extremi  cardinis  annos, 

ne  discam  seruire  senex.     tarn  maesta  locuti 

uoce  ducis  flagrant  animi  Romanaque  uirtus 

erigitur;    placuitque  mori,  si  uera  timeret. 

ergo  utrimque  pari  concurrunt  agmina  motu       385 
irarum:    metus  hos  regni  spes  excitat  illos. 


363.  quidquid — hominum]  cf.  Catull.  pignora]  cf.  Plin.  Ep.  1  xii  §  3  phtrimas 
III  2  quantum  est  hominum  uenustiorum  ;  uinendi  causas  habentem ...praelcrca  frfiani 
llor.  Epod.  V  1,  2  at  0  deorum  quidquid  uxorem  nepotem  sorores  interque  tot  pig- 
in  caelo  regit  terras  et  humanum  genus.  ?iora  ueros  amieos. 

lunite]    'embraced  within  the  zone  of  380.     uester  pudor]  'a  disgrace  to  you', 

the  zodiac9,  cf.  Ov.  Met.  11  130  seetus  in  cf.  Ov.  Met.  yiii  157  destinat  hunc  Minos 

obliquom  est  lato  curuamine  limes.  thalamo  remoucre pudorem,  i.e.  the  Mino- 

364.  sub   Noton]     'extending  to   the  taur. 

south  and  north'.  ultima]     'the   worst   destiny',   cf.   222 

365.  collectum]  ' closely  packed '.  supr.,  i.e.  'disgrace'  not  'death'  as  Weise 

366.  in   medium  dabimus]    '  shall   we  understands  by  it. 

not  surround?'  381.     extremi    cardinis     annos]     'the 

367.  clamore]  Oud.  cf.  Val.  Flacc.  xi  years  that  form  the  extreme  limit  of  my 
751  Marte  earent  solisquc  iuuant  clamori-  life',  i.e.  simply  'my  last  years.'  cardo  i^ 
bus  agmen.  equivalent  to  limes,  cf.  note  on  IV  73  :  for 

368.  non  suffieit]  'is  all  too  little'.  the  genitive  cf.  note  on  272  supr. 

373.     domini  metuentem]  cf.  I  lor.  Ep.  384.     si  uera  timeret]  'if  what  he  said 

11  ii  15  tnetuens pendentis habenae.  he  feared   were  true',    i.e.   if   1'ompeius' 

occurrere]  'appear  before  you1.  fears  were  well  grounded. 

376.     mori]  sc.  libera.  385.     motu]  '  feeling',  cf.  1  184. 


246  LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 

hac  facient  dcxtrae,  quidquid  non  cxpleat  aetas 

ulla  ncc  humanum  rcparct  genus  omnibus  annis, 

ut  uacct  a  ferro.     gentes  Mars  iste  futuras 

obruct,  et  populos  aeui  uenicntis  in  orbem  390 

erepto  natale  feret.     tunc  omnc  Latinum 

fabula  nomen  crit:    Gabios  Vciosquc  Coramque 

puluerc  uix  tcctae  poterunt  monstrarc  ruinae, 

Albanosquc  lares  Laurentinosque  penates 

rus  uacuom,  quod  non  habitet,  nisi  nocte  coacta,  395 

irraitus,  questusque  Numam  iussisse,  senator. 

non  aetas  haec  carpsit  edax  monumentaque  rerum 

putria  destituit:    crimen  ciuile  uidemus 

tot  uacuas  urbes.     generis  quo  turba  redacta  est 

humani  ?    toto  populi  qui  nascimur  orbe,  400 

nee  muros  implere  uiris  nee  possumus  agros: 

urbs  nos  una  capit :    uincto  fossore  coluntur 

Hesperiae  segetes :   stat  tectis  putris  auitis 

in  nullos  ruitura  domus :    nulloque  frequentem 

ciue  suo  Roraam,  sed  mundi  faece  repletam,  405 


387.     quidquid]    almost   equivalent  to  coctcta~\  '  forced  upon  him',  cf.  Plin.  H. 

quantum:    'all    the    slaughter    that    no  N.  VII  §  92  tantam  etiam  coaciam  human* 

future   age   can  make  up   for',  cf.    VIII  generis  iniuriam,  i.e.  an  injury  done  hy 

365.     Catull.  lvi  3  ride  quidquid  amas  violence.    The  night  referred  to  is  that  of 

Cato  Catulhun.    For  explere,  cf.  infr.  415.  the  feriae  Latinae,  for  which  see  Diet,  of 

3S9.     ut  uacet]  '  though  it  be  free  from  Antiq. 

the  sword'.  396.     Numam]    According  to  Diony- 

390.    uenientis  in  orbem]  '  next  coming  sius  of  Halicarnassus  Bk  iv  it  was  Tar 


01 


into  the  world';    orbis  by  itself  is  rarely  quinius  Superbus  who  instituted  l\iefcriae 

found  in  this  sense:  but  'recurring  in  a  Latinae;    but    the    Romans   ascribed    to 

cycle'  cannot  well  be  the  meaning  in  this  Numa  all  their  religious  ceremonies  and 

passage.  particularly  the  rules  to  be  observed  on 

391.  erepto  natale]  'depriving  them  of  holidays,     cf.  Pint.  Numa  14. 

birth',  i.e.  by  the  slaughter  of  those  who         398.    putria  destituit]  'has  abandoned 

might  have  been  their  fathers.  to  decay  the  monuments  of  the  past'. 
feret]  '  will  sweep  away'.  crimen  ciuile]  '  the  guilty  result  of  civil 

392.  fabula]    cf.  Hor.   carm.  I  iv  16  war',  cf.  1  24. 

iam  te  premet  nox  fabidacque  manes.     For  402.     uincto]  cf.  Plin.  Ep.  Ill  xix  §  7 

the  desolation  of  the  cities  of  the  Latin  nam  nee  ipse  usquain  uinctos  habco  nee  ibi 

league,  cf.  Hor.  Ep.  I  xi  7,  8  scis  Lebedus  quisquam,  referring  to  Italy  north  of  the 

quid  sit;    Gabiis  desertior  atque  Fidenis  Po.     On  the  subject  of  the  depopulation 

ulcus.     Propert.  V  i  34  et  qui  nunc  nulli  of  Italy  cf.  Appian,    Civil  Wars  I  cap. 

maxima  turba  Gabi.  VII- 

393.  puluere]  'of Gabii,  Veii  and  Cora         404.     in  nullos]  'ready  to  fall,  but  on 
scarce  will  their  dust-covered  ruins  show  the  heads  of  none'. 

the  site'.  405.    faece]  cf.  luv.  ill  61  foil,  quam- 

395.     rus  uacuom]  nominative,  sc.  uix  uis  quota  portio  faecis  Achaei  ?  iampridem 

poterit  monstrare :  for  uacuom  cf.  Verg.  G.  Syrus   in    Tiberim   defluxit   Orontes   &c. 

11  225  uacuis  Clanius  non  aequus  Acerris.  Tac.  Ann.  xv  44  quo  cuncta  undique  airo- 


LIBER   VII.   387—424. 


247 


cladis  eo  dedimus,  nc  tanto  in  tempore  bellum 

iam  posset  ciuile  geri.     Pharsalia  tanti 

causa  mali.     cedant  feralia  nomina  Cannae; 

et  damnata  diu  Romanis  Allia  fastis. 

tempora  signauit  leuiorum  Roma  malorum,  410 

hunc  uoluit  nescire  diem,     pro  tristia  fata. 

aera  pestiferum  tractu,  morbosque  fiuentis, 

insanamque  famem,  permissasque  ignibus  urbes, 

moeniaque  in  praeceps  laturos  plena  tremores 

hi  possent  explere  uiri,  quos  undique  traxit  415 

in  miseram  Fortuna  necem,  dum  munera  longi 

explicat  eripiens  aeui,  populosque  ducesque 

constituit  campis:    per  quos  tibi,  Roma,  ruenti 

ostendat  quam  magna  cadas.     quo  latius  orbem 

possedit  citius  per  prospera  fata  cucurrit.  420 

omne  tibi  bellum  gentes  dedit  omnibus  annis : 

te  geminum  Titan  procedere  uidit  in  axem. 

haud  multum  terrae  spatium  restabat  Eoae, 

ut  tibi  nox  tibi  tota  dies  tibi  curreret  aether, 


cia  aut  pudibunda  confluunt  celebrantur- 
que. 

406.  cladis  eo  dedimus]  '  we  have 
brought  to  such  a  state  of  ruin'. 

ne]  i.e.  'only  to  prevent  the  possibility 
of  waging  civil  war'. 

tanto  in  tempore]  'during  the  long  time 
since',  apparently  meaning  that  the  wars 
of  Antonius  and  Augustus  were  not  fought 
by  genuine  Roman  soldiers.  Oud.  with 
some  MSS.  reads  corpore,  cf.  Verg.  Aen. 
XI  313  toto  certatum  est  corpore  rcgni. 

409.  Allia]  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  VII  717 
quosque  secans  infauslum  interluit  Allia 
nomen. 

411.  nescire]  'to  ignore',  cf.  supr.  133. 

412.  pestiferum  tractu]  'pestilential 
to  inhale',  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  11  683  tactu 
innoxia. 

jtitcntis]  'contagious',  cf.  VI  89. 

413.  insanamque famem]  'maddening 
hunger',  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  IX  340  sitadct 
enim  uacsana  fames.  Ov.  Fast.  IV  364 
amnis  it  insana  nomine  Gallus  aqua. 
Compare  the  usage  by  Horace  in  an 
active  sense  of  uarius  carm.  II  v  12: 
iuaequalis,  carm.  11  ix  3:  exsanguis  Epp. 
I  xix  18. 

414.  moeniaque]      'earthquakes    that 


would  hurl  to  ruin  crowded  cities '. 

415.  explere]  'make  up  for',  cf.  supr. 
387.  Liv.  ill  68  iam  unicuique  ex  agris 
sua  damna  nuntiabantur ;  quid  est  tan- 
dem domi,  wide  ea  expleatis  ?  Justin  v  4 
exploit  contumelias  honoribus,  detrimenta 
muneribus,  exsccrationes  prccibus. 

416.  dum]  'while  she  displays  the  gifts 
of  long  ages  in  the  act  of  snatching  them 
away'. 

munera]  sc.  multitudinem  hominum  qui 
ad  tantum  numerum  munere  longi  aeui 
excreuerant.     Omnibonus. 

417.  explicat]  A  military  metaphor, 
displays  them  as  in  a  review,  cf.  note  on 
vi  9. 

419.  quam  magna  cadas]  '  how  great 
thou  art  in  thy  fall':  for  the  contrast  be- 
tween the  Latin  and  English  idioms  cf. 
note  on  1  457. 

421.  gentes]  'conquered  nations'. 

422.  geminum]  'advancing  towards 
both  poles',  i.e.  northward  and  south- 
ward. 

424.  nox — dies]  These  words  show 
the  extension  of  the  Roman  power  east- 
ward and  westward,  completing  line  422. 

tibi  curreret  aether]  'for  thee  heaven 
should  revolve'. 


248 


LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 


omniaque  errantes  stellae  Romana  uiderent.  425 

sed  retro  tua  fata  tulit  par  omnibus  annis 
Emathiae  funcsta  dies,     hac  luce  crucnta 
efFectum  ut  Latios  non  horrcat  India  fasces, 
nee  uetitos  errare  Dahas  in  mocnia  ducat 
Sarmaticumque  prcmat  succinctus  consul  aratrum:  430 
quod  semper  saeuas  debet  tibi  Parthia  poenas, 
quod  fugiens  ciuile  nefas  rcdituraque  numquam 
libertas  ultra  Tigrim  Rhenumque  recessit, 
ac  totiens  nobis  iugulo  quaesita  uagatur, 
Germanum  Scythicumque  bonum,  nee  respicit  ultra 
Ausoniam,  uellem,  populis  incognita  nostris.  436 

uolturis  ut  primum  lacuo  fundata  uolatu 
Romulus  infami  compleuit  moenia  luco 


425.  omniaque]  'and  that  the  planets 
should  look  down  on  nought  that  was  not 
Rome's',  cf.  Hor.  Epp.  I  -xviii  57  si  quid 
abest  7/al/s  adiudicat  annis,  Ov.  A.  A.  1 
177  ecce  parat  Caesar  domito  quod  defuit 
orbi  addere,  Id.  Fast.  1  85,  86,  Iuppiter 
arce  sua  totum  cum  spectct  in  orbem  nil 
nisi  Romanian  quod  tueatur  habet. 

426.  retro]  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  11  169,  170 
ex  illo  fluer e  ac  retro  sub  laps  a  refer  ri  spes 
Danaum. 

par]  'a  match  for  all  bygone  years'. 

429.  uetitos]  'forbidden  to  lead  their 
nomad  life',  cf.  II  296. 

430.  Sarmaticum]  '  in  Sarmatia',  cf. 
notes  on  1  106,  v  703. 

succinctus]  The  ancient  fashion  of  wear- 
ing the  toga  was  kept  up  in  religious  cere- 
monies, cf.  Verg.  Aen.  VII  187,  188  ipse 
Quirinali  lituo paruaque  sedebat  succinctus 
trabea,  and  note  on  1  596. 

aratrum]  nam  antea  solebat  consul  ad 
subiugatam  gentem  coloniam  deducere  et 
aratro  signare  •spatium  ciuitatis.  Schol. 
cf.  Verg.  Aen.  1  425  pars  optare  locum 
tecto,  et  concludere  sulco. 

431.  quod  semper]  These  words  also 
depend  on  effectual,  though  the  change 
from  ut  with  subjunctive  to  quod  with 
indicative  is  somewhat  strange.  The 
punctuation  of  the  passage  given  by  Weise 
makes  it  quite  unintelligible. 

debet]  i.e.  has  not  yet  paid  the  pen- 
alty. 

433.  Tigrim]  Grotius  would  change 
tli is  to  Tanaim  (1)  because  the  Scythians 
not  the  Parthians,  are  mentioned  below, 


(2)  because  the  Parthians  were  not  free,  but 
under  a  despotism:  the  alteration  however 
is  unnecessary,  for  Lucan  is  regarding  free- 
dom as  exemption  from  the  sway  of  the 
Caesars,  and  is  probably  thinking  of  the 
lines  in  Verg.  Eel.  I  62,  63  ante , pererratis 
amborum  finibus,  cxsul  aut  Ararim  Par- 
thus  bibet  aut  Genua nia  Tigrim,  cf.  note 
on  435  infr. 

434.  iugulo]  'at  the  risk  of  our  life- 
blood'. 

uagatur]  '  wanders  free  ',  Oud.  cf. 
Claudian  in  Rutin.  I  53,  54  Concordia 
Virtus  cumque  Fide  Pietas  alta  ceruice 
uagantur. 

435.  respicit]  This  appears  to  be  also 
taken  from  Verg.  Eel.  1  28  libertas,  quae 
sera  lam  en  respexit  inert  em. 

436.  uellem]  'and  would  she  had  never 
been  known  to  our  tribes',  i.e.  the  tribes 
of  Italy,  cf.  note  on  185  supr. 

437-  "t]  'ever  since',  cf.  Hor.  Epod. 
vii  19,  20?//  immcrcntis  flux  it  in  terrain 
Remi  sacer  nepotibus  cruor. 

lacuo]  'inauspicious'  i.e.  because  slavery 
has  in  the  end  been  the  fate  of  Rome. 

43S.  compleuit]  'filled  with  inhabit- 
ants'. 

luco]  'by  means  of  the  dishonourable 
grove',  i.e.  by  making  it  an  asylum  for 
criminals,  &c,  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  VIII  342 
/tine  lucum  ingentem  quern  Romulus  acer 
asylum  rettulit,  Iuv.  VIII  272 — 275  et 
tamen,  ut  longe  repetas  longeque  reuoluas 
nomen,  ab  infami  gait  cm  deducts  asylo: 
maiorum  primus  quisquis  fuit  ille  tuorum 
aut  pastor  full  aut  illud  quod  dicere  nolo. 


LIBER    VII.   425—455. 


•49 


usque  ad  Thessalicas  seruisses,  Roma,  ruinas. 

de  Brutis,  Fortuna,  queror.     quid  tcmpora  legum  440 

egimus  aut  annos  a  consule  nomcn  habentis  ? 

fclices  Arabes  Mcdique  Eoaquc  tcllus, 

quam  sub  pcrpctuis  tenuerunt  fata  tyrannis. 

ex  populis  qui  regna  ferunt  sors  ultima  nostra  est, 

quos  scruire  pudet.     sunt  nobis  nulla  profecto        445 

numina:    cum  cacco  rapiantur  saecula  casu, 

mentimur  rcgnare  Iouem.     spectabit  ab  alto 

acthere  Thcssalicas,  tcncat  cum  fulmina,  caedes  ? 

scilicet  ipse  petet  Pholoen  petet  ignibus  Oeten 

immeritacque  ncmus  Rhodopes  pinusque  Mimantis: 

Cassius  hoc  potius  feriet  caput?     astra  Thyestae  451 

impulit  ct  subitis  damnauit  noctibus  Argos  : 

tot  similes  fratrum  gladios  patrumque  gerenti 

Thessaliae  dabit  ille  diem  ?     mortalia  nulli 

sunt  curata  deo.     cladis  tamen  huius  habcmus       455 


439.  seruisses']  equivalent  to  seruire 
debebcis,  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  VIII  643  at  lit 
dictis,  Albane,  maneres. 

440.  de  Brutis]  i.e.  because  they  freed 
Rome  from  servitude  to  the  kings. 

tcmpora  legum]  'ages  under  the  rule  of 
law'  opposed  to  tempera  regum,  cf.  Iuv. 
VIII  268  legion  prima  securis,  Li  v.  11  1 
liberi  iam  hinc  populi  Romani  res,  pace 
belloque  gestas,  aminos  magistratus.  impe- 
riaque  legum,  pot entiora  quam  hominum 
peragam. 

441.  a  consule]  'dated  by  a  consul's 
name',  i.e.  instead  of  a  king's:  the  outward 
sign  of  the  republic  opposed  to  the 
monarchy,    cf.  Tac.  Ann.  1  1. 

44;,.  sub  pcrpctuis]  '  under  an  unbroken 
succession  of  despots '. 

444.  ex  populis]  'of  all  the  nations  that 
endure  tyranny  our  lot  is  the  worst,  for 
we  are  ashamed  to  be  slaves'. 

445.  nobis]  emphatic,  i.e.  whatever 
there  may  be  for  other  nations. 

447.  mentimur]  'we  lie  in  saying  Jove  is 
king',  cf.  Ov.  Trist.  I  iii  53,  54  certain 
vie  sum  mentitus  habere  horam  propositae 
quae  Jon  t  apta  fugae.  Plin.  H.N.  xn  § 
67  nee  nou  fuere  qui  e  luris  arbore  uir ■uni- 
que nasci  mentirentur. 

spectabit]  A  metaphor  from  watching  the 
gladiatorial  contests:  'will  he  gaze  un- 
moved upon  the  slaughter  in  Thessaly, 
though  holding  in  his  hand  his  bolts?' 


449.  scilicet]  indignantis :  for  the 
thought,  cf.  Aristoph.  Nub.  398 — 40 1  nal 
irws,  u)  p.wpe  av  km.  Kpoviwv  ofav  /ecu  /3e/c- 
KeaeXrjve,  etwep  /3d\A«  tovs  iiriopKOvs,  ttocs 
oi'x'  2t/xwy'  iviirprj(Tiv  ovoe  KXeui'v/xov  oiide 
&£wpov  •  kclLtoi  a<p68pa  y  ei!a  eiriopKoi'  d\\& 
tov  avTou  ye  ueiliv  (3a\\ei.  /ecu  "^ovviov  anpov 
'AdrjvQv,  /ecu  rds  dpvs  ras  p.eyd\as '  ri  p.adwu  ; 
ov  yap  3r]  dpvs  y   eiriopKei. 

450.  Mimantis]  The  MSS.  reading  is 
pinusque minantis  casus... feriat.  Sulpitius 
corrected  casus  into  Cassius,  Aldus  changed 

ferial  to  feriet:  the  correction  of  Mimantis 
for  minantis  is  due  to  Parrhasius.  Oud.  cf. 
Ov.  Met.  11  22  ct  tandem  Rhodope  niuibus 
caritura  Mi  masque. 

451.  hoc — caput]  sc.  Caesaris. 
potius]  i.e.  rather  than  Jove. 

Thyestae]  is  dative  :  '  in  horror  at 
Thyestes  he  hurried  on  the  stars',  i.e. 
brought  on  night  before  its  time,  cf.  V  41 
faloru/n  impel  lite  cur  sum. 

452.  Argos]  cf.  note  on  1  543. 

453.  tot  similes]  'will  he  grant  the 
light  of  day  to  Thessaly  that  wields  so 
many  kindred  swords  of  brethren  and  of 
fathers?'  similes  is  equivalent  to  cognalos, 
as  the  swords  of  kinsmen  are  regarded  as 
made  after  the  same  pattern. 

455.  cladis  tamen]  'still  for  this  over- 
throw we  have  our  revenge,  so  far  as  the 
gods  may  give  satisfaction  to  the  earth', 
i.e.  we  revenge  ourselves  on  the  gods  by 


250 


LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 


uindictam,  quantam  tern's  dare  numina  fas  est. 
bclla  i)ares  superis  facient  ciuilia  diuos: 
fulminibus  manes  radiisquc  ornabit  et  astris, 
inque  deum  templis  iurabit  Roma  per  umbras. 

ut  rapido  cursu  fati  suprema  morantcm  460 

consumpscre  locum,  parua  tellure  dirempti, 
inde  manus  spectant  uoltusque  agnoscerc  quacrunt, 
quo  sua  pila  cadant,  aut  quae  sibi  fata  minentur, 
facturi  quae  monstra  forent.     uidere  parcntcs 
frontibus  aduersis  fraternaque  comminus  arma,      465 
ncc  libuit  mutare  locum:    tamen  omnia  torpor 
pcctora  constrinxit :   gelidusque  in  uiscera  sanguis 
perculsa  pietate  coit :    totaeque  cohortes 
pila  parata  diu  tensis  tenuere  lacertis. 
di  tibi  non  mortem,  quae  cunctis  poena  paratur,  470 
sed  sensum  post  fata  tuae  dent,  Crastine,  morti, 
cuius  torta  manu  commisit  lancea  bellum, 


the  insult  done  to  them  in  deifying  the 
Caesars. 

457.  pares  superis]  'civil  wars  will  raise 
dead  Caesars  to  the  level  of  the  gods  above'. 

458.  fulminibus]  Rome  will  deck 
the  dead  with  thunderbolts  and  rays  and 
stars,  and  in  the  very  temples  of  the  gods 
swear  by  the  shades  of  men '.  There  is 
at  Rome  a  statue  of  Claudius  representing 
him  as  grasping  the  thunderbolts,  the 
special  mark  of  Jove:  for  radii,  cf.  Verg. 
Aen.  XII  162  — 164  cui  tempora  circum 
aurati  bis  sex  radii  fulgent  ia  cingunt,  so/is 
aid  specimen,  and  Conington's  note. 

manes]  cf.  VI  809. 

459.  iurabit]  cf.  Hor.  Epp.  I  ii  6  iu- 
randasque  tuom  per  nomen  ponimus  aras. 

461.  consumpsere]  'when  they  got  over 
all  the  space  that  yet  delayed  the  final 
decision  of  destiny',  cf.  Catull.  xxxv  7 
qttare  si  sapiet  niam  uorabit.  See  also 
Manil.  V  585  tergaque  consumunt pelagus, 
i.e.  cover  all  the  sea. 

462.  inde  manus]  'then  they  gaze 
upon  their  foemen's  hands  and  seek  to 
recognise  their  faces,  to  see  where  their 
own  javelins  are  to  light,  or  what  javelins 
(i.e.  whose)  threaten  them  with  death, 
while  on  the  point  of  doing  all  that  were 
horrible ' :  for  the  indirect  interrogation 
depending  on  the  general  sense  of  the 
preceding  sentence,  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  11  120, 
1 2 1  obstupuere  omncs  gelidusque  per  ima 


cucurrit  ossa  tremor;  cui  fata  parent,  quern 
poscat  Apollo. 

464.  forent]  is  in  the  past  tense  follow- 
ing the  historic  present;  see  note  on  11  651. 

466.  nee  libuit]  'nor  yet  did  they  care 
to  shift  their  ground',  cf.  Tac.  Hist,  in 
25  ncc  eo  segnius  propinquos  adfines  fra- 
tres  trucidatos  spoliaut ;  factum  esse  seelus 
loquuntur  faciuntque. 

467.  in  uiscera]  'to  their  heart',  cf. 
Verg.  G.  II  484  frigidus  obstiterit  circum 
praecordia  sanguis. 

468.  perculsa  pietate]  sc.  pits  animis 
perculsis. 

469.  tensis]  'held  back  with  outstretch- 
ed arms '. 

470.  poena]  This  is  one  of  the  very 
few  passages  in  which  among  the  ancients 
death  is  regarded  in  the  light  of  a  penalty : 
cf.  Sen.  dial.  XII  xiii  §  2  si  ultimum  diem 
non  quasi poenam,  sed  quasi  naturae  legem 
adspicis,  ex  quo  peclore  metum  cicceris,  in 
id  nullius  rei  timor  audebil  intrare.  See 
Lecky's  History  of  European  Morals,  vol. 
I,  chap,  ii,  p.  219  foil. 

471.  sed  sensum]  'but  may  they  give 
sensation  after  death  to  thee  when  dead', 
for  this  use  of  mors,  cf.  Cic.  pro  Milone 
§  86  non  fuisse  credo  fas... ncq ice  ullo  in 
loco  potius  mortem  eius  lacerari  quam  in 
quo  uita  esse  damnata.  Propert.  II  x  22 
nee  sit  in  Attalico  mors  mea  nixa  toro. 

Crastine]    For  an  account  of  Crastinus, 


LIBER   VII.   456—496.  251 

primaque  Thcssaliam  Romano  sanguine  tinxit. 
o  praeceps  rabies,  cum  Caesar  tela  tencret, 
inuenta  est  prior  ulla  manus  ?    turn  stridulus  acr    475 
elisus  lituis  conceptaque  classica  cornu  : 
tunc  ausae  dare  signa  tubae :    tunc  aethera  tendit 
extremique  fragor  conucxa  irrupit  Olympi, 
unde  procul  nubes,  quo  nulla  tonitrua  durant. 
excepit  resonis  clamorem  uallibus  Haemus,  4S0 

Peliacisque  dedit  rursus  geminarc  cauernis  : 
Pindus  agit  fremitus,  Pangaeaque  saxa  resultant, 
Oetaeaeque  gemunt  rupes :    uoccsque  furoris 
expauere  sui  tota  tellure  relatas. 

spargitur  innumerum  diuersis  missile  uotis.  485 

uolnera  pars  optat,  pars  terrae  figere  tela 
ac  puras  seruare  manus.     rapit  omnia  casus, 
atque  incerta  facit  quos  uolt  Fortuna  nocentis. 
sed  quota  pars  cladis  iaculis  ferroque  uolanti 
exacta  est.     odiis  solus  ciuilibus  ensis  490 

sufficit  et  dextras  Romana  in  uiscera  ducit. 
Pompeii  densis  acies  stipata  cateruis 
iunxcrat  in  seriem  nexis  umbonibus  arma, 
uixque  habitura  locum  dextras  ac  tela  mouendi 
constiterat  gladiosque  suos  compressa  tenebat.       495 
praecipiti  cursu  uaesanum  Caesaris  agmen 

cf.  Caes.  B.C.  Ill  91,  Appian,  Civil  Wars  -bills  eheu  dixcrat,  haec  resonis  iterabat  no- 
il 82.  cibus  eheu. 

475.  prior\  'to  anticipate  him'.  481.     dedit — geminare]  cf.  Verg.  Aen. 

476.  elisus  lituis]  'was  forced  out  of  I  319  dederatqnc  comam  difficndcrc  uentis. 
the  clarions',  cf.  Ov.  Met.  vi  696  exsili-  484.  relatas]  'reechoed  from  the  whole 
antque  cauis  clisi  nubibus  ignes,  Plin.  1 1,  land '. 

N.  XI  §  -269  elephas  citra  nares  ore  ipso  485.     innumerum]  cf.  Mart,  vm  lv  2 

sternutnento  similem  elidit  sonum, per  nares  innumero  quotiens  silua  leone furit. 

autem  tubarum  raucitati.     Sen.  Oed.  754  486.     uolnera]  i.e.  to  inflict  wounds. 

lituusque adunco stridulos cantus elisit aere.  488.     incerta  facit]   'uncertain  Fortune 

conceptaque]  'and   the   signal  is  caught  makes   guilty    whom    she    will',    i.e.    by 

up  by  the  horn',  cf.  Cic.  N.  U.  11  §  138  causing  their  darts  to  strike  a  kinsman. 

ex  eaque  pars   redditur  respirando,  pars  cf.  VI  79  et  fit  saepe  nefas  iaculum  temp- 

concipitur  cordis  parte  quadam.  tante  lacerto. 

477.  aethera  tendit]  'mounts  skyward'.  493.     nexis  umbonibus]  cf.  Iuv.   11  45 
479.     unde  procul]  i.e.  the  upper  heaven  sediUos  defendit  numerus  iunctaeque  um- 

above  the  clouds  and  thunderstorms.  bone  phalanges. 

quo — durant]  'to  which — last  through',  495.     tenebat]  'held  hack'.     The  Scho- 

' penetrate',  cf.  Stat.  Silu.  V  ii  153  dura-  liast  with  some  MSS.  reads  timebat,  i.e. 

bis  quascunque  uiccs  uallumque subibis.  'feared   to   hurt   each   other    with    their 

4S0.     resonis]  A  rare  word  used  by  Ov.  swords'  for  which  Oud.  cf.   IV  779  uix 

Met.  Ill  495,  496,  quotiensque puer  tniscra-  impunc  suos  inter  conuertitur  enses. 


2  s2 


LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 


in  dcnsos  agitur  cuneos :    pcrquc  arma,  per  hosteni 

quacrit  iter,     qua  torta  graues  lorica  catenas 

opponit  tutoque  latet  sub  tegmine  pectus, 

hac  quoque  perucntum  est  ad  uiscera  :    totque  per  arma 

extremum  est  quod  quisque  ferit.     ciuilia  bella      501 

una  acies  patitur,  gerit  altera  :    frigidus  inde 

stat  gladius ;    calet  omnc  nocens  a  Caesare  ferrum. 

nee  Fortuna  diu  rerum  tot  pondera  uertens 

abstulit  ingentes  fato  torrente  ruinas.  505 

ut  primum  toto  diduxit  cornua  campo 
Pompeianus  eques  bellique  per  ultima  fudit, 
sparsa  per  extremos  leuis  armatura  maniplos 
insequitur  saeuasque  manus  immittit  in  hostem. 
illic  quaeque  suo  miscet  gens  proelia  telo  :  510 

Romanus  cunctis  petitur  cruor  :    inde  sagittae, 
inde  faces  et  saxa  uolant,  spatioque  solutae 
aeris  et  calido  liquefactae  pondere  glandes. 


thing 


497.  calicos']  'columns'  i.e.  of  the  Pom- 
peians. 

pcrquc — per]  For  the  repetition  of  the 
preposition  instead  of  a  second  que  cf. 
Verg.  Aen.  x  370,  371  and  Conington's 
note. 

498.  catenas]  probably  the  lacings  by 
which  the  armour  was  fastened  together 
across  the  chest,  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  vn  467 
loricam  conscrtam  hamis  auroque  trilicem 

501.     extremum    est]    'the    last 
reached',  i.e.  uiscera. 

503.  a  Caesare]  'on  Caesar's  side',  cf. 

504.  nee  Fortuna]  The  reading  in  the 
text  is  that  found  in  almost  all  MSS.  and 
in  the  Roman  edition  of  1469,  and  is,  I 
believe,  capable  of  defence.  Grotius  fol- 
lowing a  few  MSS.  changed  uertens  into 
ucrgens,  which  is  adopted  by  Oud.  and 
Weise.  Lucan  is  here  giving  a  summary 
of  the  battle  before  proceeding  to  describe 
the  particular  incidents,  which  he  ends  by 
saying  '  and  Fortune,  taking  but  a  short 
time  to  overthrow  such  weighty  interests, 
swept  away  the  ruins  with  the  flood  of 
doom',  nee  diu  is  equivalent  to  et  non 
diu  as  in  1  72  nee  se  f evens  to  et  non  se 

/evens,  cf.  note  ad  loc.  The  use  of  diu  in 
this  sense  with  the  present  participle  may, 
I  think,  be  defended  by  a  reference  to  aiii 
672,  673  nodosaque  jrangit  ossa  diu  i.e. 
'  takes  a  long  time  in  breaking  the  knotty 


bones'.  For  abstulit  cf.  Tac.  Ann.  rv  13 
clavititdinc  infausti  generis  et  patemis  ad- 
uersis  foret  abstract  us.  The  Scholiast  ex- 
plains abstulit  by  distulit,  but  the  word 
could  not  bear  this  signification.  Mr 
Postgate,  besides  adopting  the  ucrgens  of 
Grotius,  proposes  to  read  pondere  for 
pondera  and  abstinet  for  abstulit:  if  nee 
diu  must  be  taken  with  the  verb  some 
such  change  seems  necessary,  but  I  be- 
lieve the  explanation  given  above  of  the 
MSS.  reading  to  be  a  possible  one.  In 
any  case  the  distinction  apparently  drawn 
between  Fortuna  and  falum  is  remarkable. 

506.  diduxit]  'separated  its  wings  by 
the  whole  width  of  the  plain',  i.e.  the 
cavalry  were  posted  on  the  two  extreme 
wings. 

507.  belli]  'of  the  warring  host',  com- 
pare the  use  of 'battle'  in  old  Fnglish. 

50S.  sparsa]  equivalent  to  emissa, 
Weise. 

510.  quaeque]  not  as  Weise  says  equi- 
valent to  quacauique ;  the  sentence  is  an 
asyndeton:  'each  race  joins  battle  with 
its  own  weapon :  what  all  aim  at  is  the 
blood  of  Romans'. 

512.  faces]  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  1  150  iam- 
que  faces  et  saxa  uolant,  furor  arma  mi- 
nislrat. 

513.  aeris]  'melted  by  the  distance 
through  the  air  they  traverse,  and  made 
fluid  by  their  heated  weight',  i.e.  by  the 


LIBER   VII.   497—530. 


:53 


tunc  et  Ituraei  Mcdique  Arabesque  soluti, 

arcu  turba  minax,  nusquam  rexerc  sagittas :  515 

sed  petitur  solus  qui  campis  imminet  aer; 

inde  cadunt  mortes  :    scelcris  sed  crimine  nullo 

externum  maculant  chalybem ;    stctit  omne  coactum 

circa  pila  nefas  :    ferro  subtexitur  aether, 

noxque  super  campos  telis  conserta  pependit.        520 

turn  Caesar  metuens  ne  frons  sibi  prima  labaret 

incursu,  tenet  obliquas  post  signa  cohortes : 

inque  latus  belli,  qua  se  uagus  hostis  agebat, 

immittit  subitum  non  motis  cornibus  agmen. 

immemores  pugnae  nulloque  pudore  timendi  525 

praecipites  fecere  palam  ciuilia  bella 

non  bene  barbaricis  umquam  commissa  cateruis. 

ut  primum  sonipes  transfixus  pectora  ferro 

in  caput  effusi  calcauit  membra  regentis, 

omnis  eques  cessit  campis,  glomerataque  nubes     530 


heat  their  weight  evolves,  because  Lucan 
supposes  that  the  heavier  they  are  the  more 
resistance  does  the  air  offer,  and  so  there 
is  more  friction  and  more  heat  evolved. 

liquefactae]  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  IX  588  et 
media  aduersi  liquefacto  tempora  plumbo 
diffidit. 

514.  soluti\  equivalent  to  diseineti, 
molles.  Oud.cf.  11  559.  The  Schol. explains 
soluti  as  qui  sine  imperatore  sunt  libcri, 
but  the  former  is  probably  right.  Weise 
reads  soluto,  apparently  intending  it  to  be 
taken  as  equivalent  to  expedite),  but  arcus 
solutus  would  naturally  mean  'a  slackened 
bow'. 

515.  nusquam]  'nowhere  aimed  their 
arrows  at  a  mark '.  Compare  the  account 
of  the  Norman  archers  at  the  battle  of 
Hastings,  Freeman's  Norman  Conquest, 
vol.  in,  chapter  xv,  p.  497. 

517.  mortes]  non  tela  sed  certus  interi- 
tus.  Schol.  cf.  the  use  of  uolnus  in  Verg. 
Aen.  VII  533  haesit  enim  sub  gutture  uol- 
nus. 

seeleris]  i.e.  it  involved  no  seelus  for  the 
foreign  troops  to  kill  Romans. 

518.  coactum]  'gathered  to  a  head'. 

519.  pila]  cf.  notes  on  I  7,  X  48. 
subtexitur]  'is  hidden',  cf.  Verg.  Aen. 

Ill  583  caelum  subtexere  fumo,  Aristoph. 
Vesp.  10S4  virb  ok  tQ>v  To^ev/ULdruv  ovk  7)v 
Ideiv  rbv  ovpavbv,  Herod.  VIII  ■226. 

520.  nox — telis   conserta]  'a  night  of 


interlacing  darts'. 

521.  turn  Caesar]  For  these  manoeuvres 
cf.  Caes.  B.  C.  ill  92,  93. 

522.  tenet]  'holds  back  his  infantry 
ranged  transversely  behind  the  standards'. 

524.  subitum — agmen]  i.e.  the  cohortes 
mentioned  in  v.  522. 

525.  immemores  pugnae]  'regardless  of 
the  fight',  cf.  Horn.  II.  VI  112  avtpes  'tare, 
<pi\oi,  fxvqcraade  8e  OoupiSos  oXktjs. 

nulloque  pudore  timendi]  '  with  no  shame 
for  their  cowardice ' :  this  seems  a  simpler 
explanation  than  Weise's,  viz.  'not  to  be 
feared  from  any  sense  of  honour',  for 
which  cf.  Thuc.  I  84  iro\e/j.iKoL  re  Kal 
evftovXoi.  dia  to  evKO<r/j.ov  yiyvbj.i.eda,  rb  fj.fr 
6tl    alows    auKppodvvqs    TrXeiffrov    /tercet, 

526.  fecere  palam]  'showed  plainly  by 
their  headlong  flight  that  the  conduct  of 
civil  war  was  never  safely  entrusted  to 
barbaric  hordes'. 

527.  non  bene]  cf.  Verg.  Eel.  ill  94 
non  bene  ripae  credit ur.  Hor.  Sat.  II  vi 
46  et  quae  rimosa  bene  deponuntur  in  aure. 

529.  effusi — regentis]  'his  thrown-off 
rider',  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  x  893,  Scf+effusum- 
que  equitcm  super  ipse  sccutus  implicat, 
eiectoque  incumbit  cernuus  anno. 

530.  nubes]  This  is  the  reading  of  the 
Schol.,  and  according  to  Oud.  of  the  best 
MSS.  cf.  Liv.  XXXV  49  rex peditum  equi- 
iumque  nubes  iactat.-     Weise  reads  pubes. 


254  LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 

in  sua  conuersis  praeccps  ruit  agmina  frenis. 

perdidit  indc  modum  cacdcs  ac  nulla  sccuta  est 

pugna,  scd  hinc  iugulis,  hinc  ferro  bclla  gcruntur. 

ncc  ualct  haec  acies  tantum  prostcrncrc  quantum 

indc  perire  potest,     utinam,  Pharsalia,  campis        535 

sufficiat  cruor  iste  tuis,  quern  barbara  fundunt 

pectora ;    non  alio  mutentur  sanguine  fontes  ; 

hie  numerus  totos  tibi   uestiat  ossibus  agros  : 

aut  si  Romano  complcri  sanguine  mauis, 

istis  parce  precor :    uiuant  Galataeque,  Syrique,     540 

Cappadoces,  Gallique,  extremique  orbis  Hiberi, 

Armenii,  Cilices  :   nam  post  ciuilia  bella 

hie  populus  Romanus  erit.     semel  ortus  in  omnes 

it  timor  et  fatis  datus  est  pro  Caesare  cursus. 

ucntum  erat  ad  robur  Magni  mediasque  cateruas.  545 
quod  totos  errore  uago  perfuderat  agros, 
constitit  hie  bellum  fortunaque  Caesaris  haesit. 
illic  non  regum  auxiliis  collecta  iuuentus 
bella  gerit  ferrumque  manus  mouere  rogatae  : 
ille  locus  fratres  habuit  locus  ille  parentes.  550 

hie  furor  hie  rabies  hie  sunt  tua  crimina,  Caesar, 
hanc  fuge,  mens,  belli  partem  tenebrisque  relinque, 

_532-    perdidit— modum]   equivalent  to  546.     quod  totos]  'the  war  which  had 

sine  modo  erat.    cf.  vm  492.  covered    all    the    plain    with   wandering 

533-     iugulis\  cf.  IV  562.  bands  of  fugitives,  here  came  to  a  stand- 

537.  mutentur]    'be  dyed',    cf.  Verg.  still,  and  Caesar's  fortune  felt  a  check.' 
Eel.  IV  43,  44  ipse  sed  in  pratis  aries  iam  errore]  is  equivalent  to  errantibus,  ab- 
suaae  rubenti  murice  iam  croceo  mutabit  stract  for  concrete. 

uellera  luto.  547.     haesit]   cf.  Verg.   Aen.   xi   289, 

538.  Humerus]   'multitude',  cf.  x  127      290   Hcctoris   Aeneaeque    manu    uictoria 
turn  famtdae  numerus  turbae.     Cic.  pro      Graium  haesit. 

Font.  §  13  est  praeterea  numerus  ciuium  548.     auxiliis]  'auxiliaries',    cf.  Verg. 

Romanorum.  Aen.  VIII  7,  8  undique  cogunt  auxilia. 

uestiat]    For   the   metaphorical  use  of  collecta]     Oud.  cf.  Cic.  ad  fam.  vn  iii  § 

uestire  cf.   Verg.  G.   11   38  olea  magnum  2  sigua,  tirone  et  conlecticio  exercitu,  cum 

uestire  Tabumum.  legionibus   robustissimis  contidit  {Pompe- 

541.     extremi]   Oud.  cf.   Ilor.   carm.  I  ius). 

xxxv  29,   30  semes  iturum   Caesarem  in  549.    ferrumque]  The  negative  is  car- 

■ultimos  orbis  Britannos ;  but  extremi  here  ried  on. 

is  probably  genitive,  agreeing  with  orbis.  rogatae]  'sought  by  entreaty',  cf.  Ov.  A. 

cf.  VIII  223  aeterni  Martis  Alanos.id.  245  A.  1  345   qtiaeque  negant  gaudent  lamen 

placidi  Colophona  maris.  esse  rogatae. 

Hiberi]  i.e.  probably  the  eastern  Hiberi,  551.     tua  crimina]  'the  cause  of  your 

inhabitants  of  the  Caucasus.  guilt',  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  X  188  crimen  amor 

544.    fatis]  probably  dative,  i.e.  'free  uestrum. 

course  is  given  to  fate  in  Caesar's  favour '.  552.     hanc  fuge]  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  11  12 


LIBER    VII.    531—572.  255 

nullaquc  tantorum  discat  mc  uate  malorum 
quam  multum  bcllis  liceat  ciuilibus  aetas. 
hae  potius  pcreant  lacrimae  pereantque  querelae.   555 
quidquid  in  hac  acie  gessisti,  Roma,  taccbo. 
hie  Caesar  rabies  populis  stimulusque  furorum, 
ne  qua  parte  sui  pereat  scclus,  agmina  circum 
it  uagus,  atque  animis  ignes  flagrantibus  addit ; 
inspicit  ct  gladios,  qui  toti  sanguine  manent,  560 

qui  niteant  primo  tantum  mucrone  cruenti, 
quae  prcsso  tremat  ense  manus,  quis  languida  tela, 
quis  contcnta  ferat,  quis  praestet  bella  iubenti, 
quern  pugnare  iuuet,  quis  uoltum  ciue  perempto 
mutct :    obit  latis  proiecta  cadauera  campis :  565 

uolncra  multorum  totum  fusura  cruorem 
opposita  premit  ipse  manu.     quacumque  uagatur, 
sanguineum  ueluti*  quatiens  Bellona  flagellum, 
Bistonas  aut  Mauors  agitans,  si  uerbere  saeuo 
Palladia  stimulet  turbatos  aegide  currus,  570 

nox  ingens  scelerum  et  caedes  oriuntur,  et  instar 
immensae  uocis  gemitus,  et  pondere  lapsi 

qiiamqtiam  animus  meminisse  korret  lite-  Verg.  Aen.  VI  801  nee  uero  Alcides  tan- 
tuque  refugil.  turn  telluris  obiuil. 

553.     tantorum — me  uate]   'by   my  re-  566.    fusura]  'that  would  else  let  out 

cord  in  song  of  such  great  disasters',    cf.  all  their  blood'. 

Hor.    Epod.    XVI    65,    66    quorum   piis  567.     premit]  cf.  Tac.  Ann.  XV  64  obli- 

secunda  uate  me  daiur fuga.  gare  uenas,  premere  sanguinem. 

???.     hae — lacrimae]  i.e.  the  tears  shed  568.     ueluti]  sc.  uagatur. 

for  this,  cf.  Tac.  Ann.  VI  31  (25)  nondum         Bellona]  cf.  1  565,  Verg.  Aen.  vm  703 

is  dolor  exoleuerat,  i.e.    'the  grief  caused  quam  cum  sanguineo  scquitur  Bellona  fla- 

by  that'.  gello.     Hor.  Sat.  11  iii  223  gaudens  Bel- 

557.  rabies]  'source  of  fury',   cf.  Verg.  lona  cruentis. 

Aen.  VII  479  hie  subitum  canibus  rabiein  569.     si]  equivalent    to   sieubi,    'when 

Cocytia  uirgo  obicit.  he  would  hurry  on  his  team,  terrified  by 

558.  ne  qua  parte   sui]    'lest    in  any  Pallas'  aegis',  i.e.  displayed  in  the  ranks 
part  of  his  forces  wicked  war  should  be  of  the    enemy.     The    reference  is  to  the 
wasted'.     Caesar    is    identified    with    his  Oeo/juxxi-a  in  Ilom.  II.  XX  54  foil. 
soldiers  cf.  infr.  653.     For ferire  cf.  notes  570.     currus]  sc.  equos  iuga/es  cf.  Verg. 
on  iv  252,  ix  561.  G.  in  91  Mortis  equi  biiuges,  et  magni 

560.     qui  toti]  ' to  see  which  reek  from  currus  Achillei.     Id.  Aen.  vn   162,    163 

point  to  hilt  with  gore'.    Oud.  cf.  Stat,  ante urban puerietprimaeuofloreiuuentus 

Theb.  iv  133,  134  pater  ipse  cruentis  in  exerccntur  equis,  domitantque  in  puluere 

foribus  laudatque  nefas  atque  inspicit  enses.  currus. 

562.  presso]  cf.  note  on  iv  706.  571.    nox]  'tempest',  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  in 

563.  contcnta]    'strained    to  the  full',  194,  195  turn  mihi  caeruleus  supra  caput 
i.e.  plied  in  earnest.  adstitit  imber,  noctetn  hiememque ferens. 

quis  praestet]  i.e.  who  fights  only  at  his  572.     immensae]  'a  groan  like  one  vast 

leader's  bidding.  cry'. 

565.     obit]   'he   visits',    'inspects',    cf.         pondere  lapsi]  ' and  arms  ring  with  his 


256  LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 

pectoris  anna  sonant  confractiquc  ensibus  enses. 
ipse  manu  subicit  gladios  ac  tela  ministrat, 
aduersosque  iubct  ferro  confunderc  uoltus.  575 

promouet  ipse  acics  :    impellit  terga  suorum  : 
ucrbcre  conucrsae  cessantis  excitat  hastae. 
in  plebcm  uctat  ire  manus  monstratque  senatum. 
scit  cruor  imperii  qui  sit  quae  uiscera  rerum, 
unde  pctat  Romam,  libcrtas  ultima  mundi  580 

quo  steterit  ferienda  loco,     permixta  secundo 
ordine  nobilitas  uenerandaque  corpora  ferro 
urgentur:    caedunt  Lepidos,  caeduntque  Metellos, 
Coruinosque  simul,  Torquataquc  nomina,  regum 
saepe  duces,  summosque  hominum  te,  Magne,  remoto. 
illic  plcbeia  contectus  casside  uoltus,  586 

ignotusque  hosti,  quod  fcrrum,  Brute,  tenebas. 
o  decus  imperii,  spes  o  suprema  senatus, 
extremum  tanti  generis  per  saecula  nomen, 
ne  rue  per  medios  nimium  temerarius  hostes,         590 
nee  tibi  fatales  admoueris  ante  Philippos, 
Thessalia  periture  tua.     nil  proficis  istic 
Caesaris  intentus  iugulo :    nondum  attigit  arcem 
iuris,  et  humanum  culmen,  quo  cuncta  premuntur, 
egressus  meruit  fatis  tarn  nobile  letum.  595 

weight  when  he  whose  breast  they  cover  XVII  492,   493  iamque  ardore  truci  lus- 

falls.    cf.  Horn.  II.  iv  504  <5oinrri<j€v  be  7re-  trans  fortissimo,     qnaeque    nomina    obit 

aCov  ap&firi<je  8e  revx^  eir'  avru).  ferro. 

575.     confundere]  'to  disfigure',  cf.  11  585.     duces]    i.e.   who  have  often  had 

191,  in  758.     Oud.  cf.  Theocr.  XXII  no  kings  under  their  command. 

6  6'  dekecrj  7rAayaZs  nav  cxwicpvpe  irpbcr-  remoto']  '  saving  thee',  equivalent  to  ex- 

WTTOV  avtKCLTOS   Ho\vSevK7)s.  ccpto. 

uoltus]  cf.   Caesar's  order  in  Floras  11  586.     contectus]    i.e.   disguised  for   the 

xiii  §  50  miles  faciem  feri.  purpose  of  killing  Caesar. 

577.     cessantis]  'loiterers'.  589.     extrethuni]     'last  bearer   of  the 

579.  scit  cruor]   'he  knows  what  is  the  name  of  a  family  so  great  through  ages', 
life-blood  of  the  empire,  what  the  heart  59:.     admoueris]  cf.  note  on  IV  480. 
of  the  state'.  'philippos]  cf.  note  on  I  680. 

uiscera]   Oud.  cf.  Liv.  xxxiv  48  tyran-  592.    periture]    'thou  wilt  still  die  in 

num  reliquisse...haerentcm  uisccribus  no-  thy  chosen  land  of  Thessaly'. 

biiissimae  ciuitatis.  593.     arcem    iuris]     '  the    summit    of 

580.  unde]    'on    what    side    to   assail  power',  cf.  Tac.  dial,  de  orat.  x  cum  na- 
Rome  .  tura  tua  in  ipsam  arcem  eloquentiaeferat. 

libcrtas  ultima  mundi]  'the  last  hope      Sil.  Ital.  xm  770,  771  quae  te  uia,  fare, 
of  freedom  for  the  world'.  superbum  ad  decus  et  summas  laudum  per- 

581.  sccu?ido]  sc.  the  ordo  cqucs/er.  duxerit  aires. 

584.      7'orquataque nomina]   'those  that  594.       humanum    culmen egressus] 

bore  the  name  Torquatus',  cf.  Sil.  Ital.      'having  passed  the  height  of  human  great- ' 


LIBER    VII.    573—616.  257 

uiuat  et  ut  Bruti  procumbat  uictima  regnct. 

hie  patriae  pcrit  omne  decus :    iacct  aggere  magno 
patricium  campis  non  mixta  plcbc  cadauer. 
mors  tamen  eminuit  clarorum  in  strage  uirorum 
pugnacis  Domiti ;    quern  clades  fata  per  omnes      600 
ducebant.     nusquam  Magni  Fortuna  sine  illo 
succubuit :   uictus  totiens  a  Caesare  salua 
libcrtate  perit :   turn  mille  in  uolnera  laetus 
labitur  ac  uenia  gaudet  caruisse  secunda. 
uiderat  in  crasso  uoluentem  sanguine  membra       605 
Caesar,  et  increpitans  ;    iam  Magni  deseris  arma, 
successor  Domiti ;    sine  te  iam  bella  geruntur. 
dixerat :   ast  ilia  suffecit  pectora  pulsans 
spiritus  in  uocem  morientiaque  ora  resoluit. 
non  te  funcsta  scelerum  mercede  potitum,  610 

sed  dubium  fati,  Caesar,  generoque  minorem 
adspiciens,  Stygias  Magno  duce  liber  ad  umbras 
et  securus  eo  :   te  saeuo  Marte  subactum, 
Pompeioque  graues  poenas  nobisque  daturum, 
cum  morior,  sperare  licet,     non  plura  locutum        615 
uita  fugit,  densaeque  oculos  pressere  tenebrae. 

ness'.   cf.  V  250  Claudian  vi  Consul.  Ho-  604.     caruisse]  'to  have  escaped  a  se- 

nor.  64    inclined  populo  regale    modestia  cond  pardon',  cf.  11  511. 

admen.  607.     successor]  i.e.  my  would-be  suc- 

qito  cuncta  premuntur]  'by  which  all  cesser:  he  had  been  appointed  by  the  se- 
ttlings are  overtopped'  or  'dwarfed',  cf.  nate  to  succeed  Caesar  in  the  government 
Ov.  Met.  vii  447,  448  si  tititlos  annosque  of  Gaul,  Caes.  B.C.  1  6.  With  this  use 
titos  numerare  uelimus  facta  premant  of  successor  for  one  who  had  not  actually 
annos.  Stat.  Silu.  1  ii  165,  166  quantum  become  so  compare  the  use  of  gener  in 
Latonia  nymphas  uirgo premit.  Id.  Silu.  Verg.  Aen.  11  341 — 344  iuuenisque  Coroe- 
Hi  50 premit felix regum  diademata  Roma,  bus  Mygdonides :  Mis  ad  Troiam  forte 
Weise  understands  the  words  somewhat  diebus  uenerat  insano  Cassandrae  incensus 
differently  viz.  'by  which  all  things  are  amore,  et  gener  auxilium  Priamo  Phrygi- 
swayed',  comparing  Verg.  Aen.  x  53,  54  busque ferebat. 

magna   ditione    iubeto   Karthago   premat  60S.     ast   Mi]     'but    the    breath    that 

Ausoniam.     See  also  x  49.  heaved  his  chest  was  yet  enough  to  suffer 

596.     uictima]  rarely  used  metaphori-  him  to  speak'. 

cally,  but  cf.  Sen.  Here.  Oet.  351  me  nup-  611.     dubium  fati]    'doubtful    of   thy 

tiali  uictimam feriat die.    See  also  ix  132,  future  fate',  cf.  6v.  Trist.  in  iii  25  sum 

X  386,  524.  uitae  dubius. 

598.     non  mixta]  i.e.  all  the  dead  are  613.     te  saeuo]  'at  the  moment  of  my 

patricians.    Oud.  following  Sulpitius  reads  death  I  yet  may  hope  that  thou  subdued 

commixta.  in  cruel    war    wilt   pay  a    heavy    penalty 

600.  Domiti]  cf.  ii  479  foil.    This  eu-  to  Pompeius  and  to  me'. 

logy  of  Domitius  is  intended  as  a  compli-  616.     densaeque]  cf.  Horn.  11.  V  659  rbv 

ment  to  his  descendant  Nero.  5£  tear   6<p0a\/j.uii>  ipefievvT)  vv$  iKaXvipev. 

601.  nusquam]  ' nowhere  did  Magnus'  tenebrae]  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  XI  824  tenc- 
fortune  succumb  without  his  presence'.  bris  nigrescunt  omnia  circum. 

ILL.  17 


258 


LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 


impendisse  pudct  lacrimas  in  funcrc  mundi 
mortibus  innumcris,  ac  singula  fata  scquentem 
quaererc,  letifcrum  per  cuius  uisccra  uolnus 
exicrit ;    quis  fusa  solo  uitalia  calcet ;  620 

ore  quis  aduerso  demisso  faucibus  ense 
expulerit  moriens  animam ;   quis  corruat  ictu, 
quis  stetcrit,  dum  membra  cadunt :    quis  pectore  tela 
transmittal  uel  quos  campis  affixerit  hasta : 
quis  cruor  emissus  perruperit  aera  uenis  625 

inque  hostis  cadat  arma  sui :    quis  pectora  fratris 
caedat,  et,  ut  notum  possit  spoliare  cadauer, 
abscisum  longe  mittat  caput :    ora  parentis 
quis  laceret,  nimiaque  probet  spectantibus  ira,        629 
quern  iugulat  non  esse  patrem.     mors  nulla  querela 
digna  sua  est,  nullosque  hominum  lugere  uacamus. 
non  istas  habuit  pugnae  Pharsalia  partes 
quas  aliae  clades :    illic  per  fata  uirorum, 
per  populos  hie  Roma  perit :    quae  militis  illic, 
mors  hie  gentis  erat :   sanguis  ibi  fluxit  Achaeus,  635 
Ponticus,  Assyrius  :    cunctos  haerere  cruores 
Romanus  campisque  uetat  consistere  torrens. 
maius  ab  hac  acie  quam  quod  sua  saecula  ferrent 
uolnus  habent  populi  :   plus  est  quam  uita  salusque 


617.  in  future  mundi\  '  when  the  world 
is  perishing'. 

620.  quis  fusa]  'who  treads  upon  his 
vitals  trailing  on  the  ground'. 

621.  ore  quis  aduerso]  'who  standing 
face  to  face  with  the  foe  exhaled  his 
breath,  when  the  sword  was  struck  deep 
into  his  throat'.  Oud.  cf.  Ov.  Heroid. 
xiv  5,  6  quod  manus  extimuit  iugulo  de- 
mittere  ferrum  sum  rea. 

623.  membra]  i.e.  his  arms. 

624.  transmittal]  'allows  the  weapons 
to  pass  through  his  breast ',  cf.  note  on  in 
660. 

625.  quis]  is  probably  dative  plural 
in  this  line. 

perruperit]  Oud.  cf.  Ov.  Met.  iv  121 
— 124  ut  iacuit  resupinus  humi  cruor 
emicat  alte,  non  alitcr  quam  cum  uiliato 
fistula  plumbo  scindi/ur,  et  tenues  stridente 
foramine  longe  eiaculatur  aquas  atque 
ictibus  aera  rumpiU 


626.  inque  hostis]  cf.  Lucret.  iv  1045 
— 1047  uamque  omnes  plertivique  cadunt 
in  uolnus  el  illam  emicat  in  partem  san- 
guis unde  icii/iur  ictu  ;  et  si  corn-minus  est 
hostem  ruber  occupat  umor. 

630.  mors  nulla]  'no  death  deserves 
a  lamentation  of  its  own',  i.e.  peculiar  to 
it. 

631.  hominum]  'no  individuals',  i.e. 
we  have  no  time  for  special,  only  for  gene- 
ral mourning. 

632.  non  istas]  'had  not  the  same  cha- 
racter of  fighting'. 

636.  cunctos]  sc.  exterorum :  '  the 
torrent  of  Roman  blood  forbids  all  the 
rest  to  linger  and  to  stagnate  on  the 
plains'. 

639.  uolnus]  'a  greater  blow',  cf. 
v  I  Tac.  Agric.  VII  sequens  annus 
graui  uulnere  animum  domumque  eius 
adflixit. 


LIBER   VII.   617—661.  259 

quod  perit :    in  totum  mundi  prosternimur  acuom. 
uincitur  his  gladiis  omnis  quae  scruict  aetas.  641 

proxima  quid  suboles,  aut  quid  merucre  nepotes 
in  regnum  nasci  ?     pauidi  num  gessimus  arma, 
teximus  aut  iugulos  ?     alicni  poena  timoris 
in  nostra  ceruice  sedct :    post  proelia  natis  645 

si  dominum,  Fortuna,  dabas  et  bella  dedisses. 
iam  Magnus  transisse  deos  Romanaque  fata 
senserat  infelix :    tota  uix  clade  coactus 
fortunam  damnare  suam.     stetit  aggere  campi 
eminus,  unde  omnes  sparsas  per  Thessala  rura      650 
adspiccret  clades  quae  bello  obstante  latebant. 
tot  telis  sua  fata  peti,  tot  corpora  fusa, 
ac  se  tarn  multo  pereuntem  sanguine  uidit. 
nee,  sicut  mos  est  miseris,  trahere  omnia  secum 
mersa  iuuat  gentesque  suae  miscere  ruinae  :  655 

ut  Latiae  post  se  uiuat  pars  maxima  turbae, 
sustinuit  dignos  etiam  nunc  credere  uotis 
caelicolas,  uouitque  sui  solacia  casus : 
parcite,  ait,  superi,  cunctas  prosternere  gentes : 
stante  potest  mundo  Romaque  superstite  Magnus  660 
esse  miser,     si  plura  iuuant  mea  uolnera,  coniunx 


640.  in  totum']  '  to  all  the  future  ages  that  Fortune  had  changed  sides. 

of  the  world '.  651.     bello  obstante-]  'while  the  warring 

641.  quae  seruiet]  '  which  shall  ever  hosts  stood  in  his  way',  cf.  Stat.  Theb.  ix 
live  in  slavery'.  490  quid  faciat  bellis  obsessus  et  undis'/ 

642.  proxima  suboles]  'the  next  gene-  Sil.  Ital.  vn  472  std uictae  fera  bella  deae 
ration ' .  uexere  per  acq  nor. 

645.  sedet]  'is  planted',  a  metaphor  653.  ac  se]  nam  exercitus  est  corpus 
from  the  yoke  under  which  defeated  ar-  imperatoris.  Schol.    cf.  supr.  558. 

mies  were  compelled  to  pass.  654.     trahere]  Oud.  cf.  Sil.   Ital.  vm 

646.  dedisses]  i.e.  dare  debebas,  cf.  note  335 — 337  tra/iit  omnia  secum,  et  metuit 
on  439  supr.  demens  alio  ne  consule  Roma  concidat. 

bella]  i.e.  the  chance  of  fighting  for  our  657.     sustinuit]  '  endured  still  to  think 

freedom.  the  gods  worthy  of  his  prayers',  i.e.  not- 

647.  transisse]    'had   changed   sides',  withstanding  their  injustice  to  him. 

cf.  Verg.  Aen.  II  326  ferus  omnia  IuppHter  658.     uouitque]  'prayed  for  something 

Argos  transtulit.  to  comfort  him    in  his   Fall',     uouit   ap- 

648.  tota  uix  clade]  'scarcely  induced  pears  to  be  the  reading  of  the  best  MSS.. 
by  the  whole  disaster  to  be  discontented  but  is  rejected  by  'Weise  on  account  of 
with  his  fortune',  i.e.  still  thinking  that  the  preceding  uotis:  he  reads  uoluit.  For 
his  life  had  been  on  the  whole  prosperous:  uouere  cf.  note  on  1 1 1  127. 

this  seems  better  than  the  explanation  of  659.    parcite]   For  parcere  with  the  in- 

the  Scholiast,  uix  potuit  de  nota  felicitate  finitive,  cf.  Verg.  Eel.  Ill  94  parcite,  ones, 

difndere,  seeing  that  in  the  preceding  line  nimium  procedere. 
it  was  said  that  Pompeius  had  perceived 

17  —  2 


26o 


LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 


est  mihi,  sunt  nati ;    dcdimus  tot  pignora  fatis. 

ciuiline  parum  est  bello  si  meque  meosque 

obruis  ?    exiguae  cladcs  sumus  orbe  rcmoto  ? 

omnia  quid  laceras  ?  quid  perdere  cuncta  laboras  ?  665 

iam  nihil  est,  Fortuna,  meum.     sic  fatur :    et  arma 

signaquc  et  adflictas  omni  iam  parte  cateruas 

circuit,  et  reuocat  matura  in  fata  ruentis, 

seque  negat  tanti.     nee  deerat  robur  in  enses 

ire  duci,  iuguloque  pati  uel  pectore  letum :  670 

sed  timuit  strato  miles  ne  corpore  Magni 

non  fugeret  supraque  ducem  procumberet  orbis : 

Caesaris  aut  oculis  uoluit  subducere  mortem, 

nequidquam.     infelix,  socero  spectare  uolenti  674 

praestandum  est  ubicumque  caput,    sed  tu  quoque,  coniunx, 

causa  fugae  uoltusque  tui :    fatisque  negatum 

te  praesente  mori.     turn  Magnum  concitus  aufert 

a  bello  sonipes  non  tergo  tela  pauentem 

ingentesque  animos  extrema  in  fata  ferentem. 

non  gemitus  non  fietus  erat  saluaque  uerendus      680 

maiestate  dolor,  qualem  te,  Magne,  decebat 

Romanis  praestare  malis.     non  impare  uoltu 

adspicis  Emathiam  :   nee  te  uidere  superbum 

prospera  bellorum  nee  fractum  aduersa  uidebunt. 

quamque  fuit  laeto  per  tres  infkla  triumphos,         685 


662.  tot  pignora]  sc.  in  quae  saeuiant 
si  meo  sanguine  delectantur.     Schol. 

664.  obruis]  So  Sulpitius  reads  with 
some  MSS.  making  the  words  an  apo- 
strophe to  Fortune  :  uolgo  obruat. 

clades  sumus]  cf.  II  708  cxigua  est  fu- 
giens  uictoria  Magnus. 

remote]  cf.  585  supr. 

666.  meum]  facta  enim  sunt  cuncta 
uictoris.     Schol. 

669.  seque  negat  tanti]  sc.  pretii  esse 
ut  pro  se  omnes  mori  debeant.     Schol. 

671.     ne... non  fugeret]    'should  refuse 


tony'. 

674. 
sight'. 

6/5- 


spectare  uolenti]    '  eager   for  the 


ubicumque]  '  wheresoe'er  it  be '. 
Oud.  cf.  Ov.  Amor,  in  x  5  te  dea  munifi- 
cam  gentes  ubicunque  loquuntur. 

676.     uoltusque  tut]     'the    thought    of 
thy  face',  or  perhaps  'the  desire  to  see 


thy  face'. 

fatisque  negatum]  '  but  the  fates  forbid 
that  he  should  die  in  thy  presence ',  i.e. 
Cornelia  was  denied  the  consolation  of 
attending  on  her  husband  at  his  death ; 
she  only  saw  his  murder  from  a  distance, 
cf.  vni  636 — 640.  que  is  to  be  taken,  as 
often,  disjunctively.  Sulpitius,  who  is 
followed  by  Weise,  conjectured  probatum 
est,  but  the  explanation  given  above  seems 
to  me  to  make  any  change  unnecessary. 
-  679.  ingentesque]  '  but  carrying  high 
courage  to  meet  his  final  doom'. 

680.      saluaque]    '  grief  that   deserved 
respect  with  dignity  unimpaired'. 

682.     non  impare]  'unaltered'. 

685.  quamque]  sc.  quamque  minor 
fuit,  i.e.  as  much  as  thou  wast  superior  to 
fickle  Fortune  when  prosperous  in  the 
midst  of  thy  three  triumphs,  so  much  art 
thou  still  superior  to  her  in  adversity. 


LIBER   VII.    662—709.  261 

tarn  miscro  Fortuna  minor,     iam  pondere  fati 
deposito  securus  abis :   nunc  tempora  laeta 
respexisse  uacat :    spes  numquam  implcnda  recessit. 
quis  fueris  nunc  scire  licet,     fuge  proclia  dira, 
ac  testare  deos  nullum  qui  perstet  in  armis  690 

iam  tibi,  Magne,  mori :    ceu  flebilis  Africa  damnis, 
et  ceu  Munda  nocens,  Pharioque  a  gurgite  clades, 
sic  et  Thcssalicae  post  te  pars  maxima  pugnae. 
non  iam  Pompeii  nomen  populare  per  orbem 
nee  studium  belli :  sed  par  quod  semper  habemus  695 
libertas  et  Caesar  erunt :    teque  inde  fugato 
ostendit  moriens  sibi  se  pugnasse  senatus. 

nonne  iuuat  pulsum  bellis  cessisse  nee  istud 
perspectasse  nefas,  spumantis  caede  cateruas  ? 
respice  turbatos  incursu  sanguinis  amnes,  700 

et  soceri  miserere  tui.     quo  pectore  Romam 
intrabit  factus  campis  felicior  istis  ? 
quidquid  in  ignotis  solus  regionibus  exsul, 
quidquid  sub  Phario  positus  patiere  tyranno, 
crede  deis,  longo  fatorum  crede  fauori,  705 

uincere  peius  erat.     prohibe  lamenta  sonare, 
flere  ueta  populos,  lacrimas  luctusque  remitte. 
tarn  mala  Pompeii  quam  prospera  mundus  adoret. 
adspice  securus  uoltu  non  supplice  reges : 


686.    pondere  fati)  cf.  Ov.  Trist.  n  237,  695.     par]  cf.  note  on  vi  3. 

238  mirer  in  hoc  igitur  tantarum  pondere  697.     sibi)  sc.  non  tibi. 

rerum  numquam  te  nostros  enoluisse  iocos?  698.     nee  istud]  'and  to  have  escaped 

688.     numquam  implendd]   '  thy  hopes  the  full  sight  of  these  horrors', 

which  could  never  be  fulfilled'.  702.    felicior]  cf.  II  221. 

691.  tibi]  'for  thy  sake',  cf.  1  45.  703.     ignotis]  cf.  notes  on  1  170,  X  32. 
ceu  flebilis]    'on  the  same  footing  as  705.     crede  deis]    perpetuus  in  te  deo- 

Africa...   on  such  is  the  greater  part  of  rum  fauor  fidem  tibi  faciat  e  duobus  malis 

the  Thessalian  fight  after  thou  art  gone',  id  tibi  euenisse  quod  erat  minus:  minus 

i.e.   a  contest  for  liberty,   not  for  Pom-  malum  est  bello  ciuili  uinci  quam  uincere: 

peius.  ni  ita  esset,  uictorem  te  fecissent  di.    Gro- 

692.  Pharioque]  '  the  disasters  arising  tius. 

from  the  Pharian  wave',  i.e.  the   losses  706.    peius  erat]  cf.  Verg.  G.  II   132, 

sustained  by  Caesar  in  his  contest  with  the  133  et  si  non  alium  longe  iactaret  odorem 

Alexandrian  populace.  laurus  erat. 

694.     non  iam]    '  it  will    not  now  be  sonare]  may  be  either  active  with  po- 

Pompeius'    name   that   will    be    popular  pulus   as   its    subject,    or    less    probably 

throughout  the  world,   nor  eagerness  to  neuter. 

fight   for  him:    but   the   pitted   pair,    we  707.      remitte]     'dispense    with',     i.e. 

ever  have  with  us.   will   be  Liberty  and  although  they  are  thy  clue.    cf.  VI  248. 
Caesar'. 


262  LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 

adspicc  possessas  urbcs  donataque  regna,  710 

Aegyptum  Libyamquc  :   et  terras  elige  morti. 

uidit  prima  tuae  testis  Larissa  ruinae 
nobilc  nee  uictum  fatis  caput,     omnibus  ilia 
ciuibus  effudit  totas  per  moenia  uires  : 
obuia,  ceu  laeto,  praemittunt  munera  flentes :         715 
pandunt  templa  domos ;    socios  se  cladibus  optant. 
scilicet  immenso  superest  ex  nomine  multum : 
teque  minor  solo,  cunctas  impellere  gentes 
rursus  in  arma  potes,  rursusque  in  fata  redire. 
sed,  quid  opus  uicto  populis  aut  urbibus  ?  inquit:  720 
uictori  praestate  fidem.     tu,  Caesar,  in  alto 
caedis  adhuc  cumulo  patriae  per  uiscera  uadis : 
at  tibi  iam  populos  donat  gener.     auehit  inde 
Pompeium  sonipes  :    gemitus  lacrimaeque  sequuntur, 
plurimaque  in  saeuos  populi  conuicia  diuos.  725 

nunc  tibi  uera  fides  quaesiti,  Magne,  fauoris 
contigit  ac  fructus.     felix  se  nescit  amari. 

Caesar  ut  Hesperio  uidit  satis  arua  natare 
sanguine,  parcendum  ferro  manibusque  suorum 
iam  ratus,  ut  uiles  animas  perituraque  frustra         730 
agmina  permisit  uitae.     sed  castra  fugatos 
ne  reuocent  pellatque  quies  nocturna  pauorem, 
protinus  hostili  statuit  succedere  uallo, 
dum  Fortuna  calet,  dum  conficit  omnia  terror, 
non  ueritus,  graue  ne  fessis  ac  Marte  subactis       735 
hoc  foret  imperium.     non  magno  hortamine  miles 
in  praedam  ducendus  erat:    uictoria  nobis 


710.  possessas... donata]  sc.  a  te  olim.  neu  patriae  ualidas  in  uiscera  uertite  uires. 

711.  morti]    emphatic,     non    proelio.  725.     conuicid\  cf.  IX  187. 

Oud.  725.     parcendum  ferro]  cf.  Verg.  G.  II 

712.  Larissa]  cf.  Caesar  B.C.  m  96,  339  hibemis parcebant flatibus  Euri.     Id. 
where  a  different  account  is  given  of  the  Aen.  IX  656  cetera  parce,  puer,  bello. 
feelings  of  the  people  of  Larissa.  731.    permisit  uitae]  gave  over  to  life, 

716.     optant]  'choose',  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  i.e.    'suffered  to  live',  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  IV 

VIII  503  externos  opiate  duces.  640  Dardaniique  rogum  capitis permittere 

718.  teque  minor  solo]  'conquered  by  flammae. 

thyself  alone',  cf.  Hor.  Epp.  1  x  35,  36  734.     calet]  cf.  Cic.  ad  fam.  vin  i  §  2 

minor  in  certamine  longo  implorauit  opes  nam  et  illi  ru mores  de  comitiis  Transpada- 

hominis.  norum  Cumarum  tenus  caluerunt. 

719.  fata]  sc. priora.    cf.  686  supr.  735.     Marte  subactis]    'worn   out    by 
722.    patriae]    cf.  Verg.  Aen.   VI  834  fighting'. 


LIBER   VII.   710—762.  263 

plena,  uiri,  dixit :   superest  pro  sanguine  merces, 

quam  monstrare  meum  est :   nequc  enim  donare  uocabo 

quod  sibi  quisque  dabit.     cunctis  en  plena  metallis  740 

castra  patent :   raptum  Hesperiis  e  gentibus  aurum 

hie  iacet,  Eoasque  premunt  tentoria  gazas. 

tot  regum  Fortuna  simul  Magnique  coacta 

exspectat  dominos  :   propera  praecedere,  miles, 

quos  sequeris  :    quascumquc  tuas  Pharsalia  fecit,     745 

a  uictis  rapiuntur  opes,     nee  plura  locutus 

impulit  amentes  aurique  cupidine  caecos 

ire  super  gladios  supraque  cadauera  patrum, 

et  caesos  calcare  duces,     quae  fossa,  quis  agger 

sustineat  pretium  belli  scelerumque  petentis  ?         750 

scire  uolant  quanta  fuerint  mercede  nocentes. 

inuenere  quidem  spoliato  plurima  mundo 

bellorum  in  sumptus  congestae  pondera  massae: 

sed  non  impleuit  cupientis  omnia  mentes. 

quidquid  fodit  Hiber  quidquid  Tagus  extulit  auri,  755 

quod  legit  diues  summis  Arimaspus  harenis 

ut  rapiant,  paruo  scelus  hoc  uenisse  putabunt : 

cum  sibi  Tarpeias  uictor  despondent  arces, 

cum  spe  Romanae  promiserit  omnia  praedae : 

decipitur  quod  castra  rapit.     capit  impia  plebes     760 

caespite  patricio  somnos  :   uacuomque  cubile 

regibus  infandus  miles  premit :    inque  parentum 

740.     metallis']    i.e.    wealth,    cf.   Hor.  is  festinant :     from   the   combination   of 

Epp.  1  x  $<)  potiore  metallis  libertate  caret,  these  readings  uolant  has  been  conjectured 

742.    prcmnni\  'cover',  'contain',  cf.  and  is  adopted  by  Weise. 

VIII  757,  Mart,  in  xl  2  ex  opibus  tantis  754.     non  impleuit]  sc. massa,  'it  could 

anas  grants  area  premit.  not  satisfy  their  minds  which  were  greedy 

744.     propera]      'haste    to    anticipate  for  all  the  world', 

those  whom  you  are  pursuing'.  755.    fodit]    equivalent    to    effodit    cf. 

746.     rapiuntur]  'are  being  plundered  Liv.  xxvm  3  argentum  etiam  incolae  fo- 

by  the  vanquished',     rapiuntur,  accord-  diunt. 

ing  to  Grotius,  is  the  reading  of  the  best  7'agns]  cf.    Iuv.    ill   54,    55    tanti  tibi 

MSS.     Weise  retains  rapiantur  which  is  non  sit  opaei  omnis  liareua  Tagi  quodque 

the  reading  of  most  editions,    i.e.    'let...  in  mare  uoluitur  aurum.     Id.  XIV  299. 

be  snatched  from  the  vanquished'.  756.     Arimaspus]  cf.  Herod.  Ill  116. 

750.  sustineat]     'could    hold    out    a-  757.     tit]  'though'. 

gainst',     cf.     Ov.    Met.    xm    384,    385  paruo — uenisse]   'they  will  think  their 

Hectora   qui  solus  qui  ferritin   ignemque  guilt  has  been  cheaply  sold',  i.e.  that  they 

Iouemque    sustitiuit    totieus     uuaiu    non  have    been    insufficiently    paid    for   their 

sustinet  iram.  guilty  warfare. 

751.  uolant]  Most  MSS.  have  uolunt,  760.     castra]  sc.  non  Rotnam  Schol. 
some  ruunt :  the   Scholiast's  explanation  761.    patricio]  cf.  Caes.  B.C.  Ill  96. 


264  LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 

inquc  toris  fratrum  posucrunt  membra  nocentcs: 

quos  agitat  uaesana  quics  somniquc  furentes  ; 

Thcs.salicam  miscri  uersant  in  pectore  pugnam.      765 

inuigilat  cunctis  saeuom  scelus,  armaque  tota 

mente  agitant,  capuloque  manus  abscntc  mouentur. 

ingemuisse  putcs  campos  terramquc  nocentem 

inspirasse  animas,  infectumque  aera  totum 

manibus  et  superam  Stygia  formidine  noctem.       770 

exigit  a  miseris  tristes  uictoria  poenas, 

sibilaque  et  flammas  infert  sopor  :    umbra  perempti 

ciuis  adest  :    sua  quemque  premit  terroris  imago. 

ille  senum  uoltus  iuuenum  uidet  ille  figuras  : 

hunc  agitant  totis  fraterna  cadauera  somnis  :  775 

pectore  in  hoc  pater  est :    omnes  in  Caesare  manes. 

haud  alios,  nondum  Scythica  purgatus  in  ara, 

Eumenidum  uidit  uoltus  Pelopeius  Orestes  : 

nee  magis  adtonitos  animi  sensere  tumultus, 

cum  fureret,  Pentheus,  aut,  cum  desisset,  Agaue.  780 

hunc  omnes  gladii,  quos  aut  Pharsalia  uidit, 

aut  ultrix  uisura  dies  stringente  senatu, 

ilia  nocte  premunt:    hunc  infera  monstra  flagellant. 

heu  quantum  poenae  misero  mens  conscia  donat, 

quod  Styga,  quod  manes,  ingestaque  Tartara  somnis 

764.     quos]  sc.  at  eos.   cf.  Hor.  Sat.  I  i  776.     omnes]    singuli,   inquit,  singulos 

32 — 36   sicut  parnola   nam   exemplo    est  uidebant :  Caesar  autem  uniuersos.  Schol. 

magni  formica  laboris  ore  trahit  quodcun-  7S0.     cum  desisset]  sc.furere,  i.e.  when 

que  potest  atque  addit  aceruo  quern  strait  she  discovered  that  it  was  her  son  whom 

hand  ignara  ac  non  incauta  futuri :  quae  she   had   slain,     cf.    Eur.   Bacch.    1270 — 

si mul  inucrsum    contristat  Aquarius   an-  1285- 

num  nomisquam  prorepit.    Id.  id.  41 — 43  782.     ultrix — dies]     i.e.    the    Ides   of 

quid  iititat  immensum  te  argenti  pondus  March  B.C.  44. 

et  auri  furtim  defossa  timidum  deponere  stringente    senatu]     '  when    the    senate 

terra?  quod  si  comminuas  uilem  1'cdiga-  drew  the  sword'. 

tiir  ad  assem.  784.    donat]  equivalent  to  remittit,  '  ex- 

quies]    i.e.  dreams,   cf.   Stat.   Theb.    x  empts  from',  'spares',  cf.  ix  1016.     Pe- 

$2±  praesaga  quies.  tron.  18  contemni  turpe  est,  legem  donarc 

766.  inuigilat]  cf.  Stat.  Theb.  Ill  4,  5  superbum.  The  meaning  of  the  passage 
inuigilant  animo  scelerisque  parati  sup-  is  that  Caesar  gets  off  cheaply  now  while 
plicium  exercent  curae.  Pompeius  is  yet  alive,  as  he  will  have  to 

767.  mouentur]  i.e.  feeling  for  the  suffer  far  worse  pangs  of  conscience  after 
sword,   cf.  Horn.  Od.  XI  531  %l<peos  5'  e7re-  the  death  of  the  latter. 

/jLaiero  Kwirqv.  785.     ingesta]  'thrust  upon  his  sleep'. 

769.  inspirasse]  '  had  breathed  into  Oud.  cf.  Stat.  Theb.  VII  465 — 467  baccha- 
them  the  souls  of  the  slain'.  tur  ut risque    Tisiphone  castris ;  fratrem 

770.  superam — noctem]  'the  night  on  huic  fratrem  ingerit  illi,  aut  utrique  pa- 
earth'  i.e.  infectam  esse.  I  rem. 


LIBER    VII.    763—810.  265 

Pompeio  uiucnte  uidct.     tamcn  omnia  passo  786 

postquam  clara  dies  Pharsalica  damna  retcxit 

nulla  loci  facies  reuocat  fcralibus  aruis 

haercntis  oculos.     cernit  propulsa  cruore 

flumina  ct  excelsos  cumulis  acquantia  colles  790 

corpora,  sidentis  in  tabcm  spcctat  aceruos, 

et  Magni  numerat  populos  :    epulisque  paratur 

ille  locus,  uoltus  ex  quo  faciesque  iacentum 

agnoscat.     iuuat  Emathiam  non  cernere  terrain 

et  lustrare  oculis  campos  sub  clade  latentis :  795 

fortunam  superosque  suos  in  sanguine  cernit. 

ac  ne  laeta  furens  scelerum  spectacula  perdat, 

inuidet  igne  rogi  miseris,  caeloque  nocenti 

ingerit  Emathiam.     non  ilium  Poenus  humator 

consulis,  et  Libyca  succensae  lampade  Cannae,      800 

compellunt  hominum  ritus  ut  seruet  in  hostes. 

sed  meminit  nondum  satiata  caedibus  ira 

ciues  esse  suos.     petimus  non  singula  busta 

discretosque  rogos :    unum  da  gentibus  ignem : 

non  interpositis  urantur  corpora  flammis.  805 

aut  generi  si  poena  iuuat,  nemus  exstrue  Pindi, 

erige  congestas  Oetaeo  robore  siluas, 

Thessalicam  uideat  Pompeius  ab  aequore  flammam. 

nil  agis  hac  ira :    tabesne  cadauera  soluat 

an  rogus  haud  refert :    placido  natura  receptat       810 


788.  nulla — reuocat]  '  does  not  at  all  799.  ingerit']  '  casts  Emathia  in  the 
withdraw',  cf.  note  on  25  supr.  face  of  guilty  heaven'. 

789.  propulsa]  'driven  down  in  flood'.  humator]  cf.  Liv.  XXII  52. 

791.  sidentis]  'settling  down',  so  the  800.  succensae]  '  fired  with  the  Libyan 
MSS.  Weise  reads  depressos  which  is  ap-  torch',  i.  e.  where  the  funeral  piles  of  the 
parently  an  explanatory  gloss.  Roman  dead  were  kindled  by  the  Car- 

792.  numerat]  According  to  Caes.  B.C.  thaginians. 

in  99  the  number  of  Pompeians  killed  at  803.     ciues]  i.e.  non  hostes:  to  them  he 

Pharsalia  was  fifteen  thousand.  would  not  have  refused  burial.     Compare 

794.     non  cernere]  i.e.  because  of  the  the   language   attributed   to  Vitellius   by 

heaps  of  corpses.     Oud.  cf.  Sil.  Ital.  xi  Suetonius,    Vit.    10   optime  olere  occisum 

522  hie  jluuium  et  campos  abscondit  caede  hoslem,  et  melius  cittern. 

uirorum.  805.     non   interpositis]    i.  e.    contiuuis, 

71/1.    fortunam]  Many  MSS.  omit  this  '  with  no  gaps  between  them', 

line,  which  is  awkwardly  introduced:  the  806.     generi]  i.e.  if  you  wish  to  cause 

repetition  of  cernere  is  objectionable.  greater  pain  to  Pompeius. 

798.     This  construction  of  inuidere  with  810.     receptat]  '  gathers',  cf.  Lucret.  1 1 

the  ablative  is  very  rare:  cf.  Tac.  Ann.  I  1000,  root  quod missum  est  ex aetheris oris 

22  ne  hostes  quidetn  sepultura  inuident.  id  rursum  caeli  rellatum  templa  receptant. 


266  LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 

cuncta  sinu  finemque  sui  sibi  corpora  debent. 
hos,  Caesar,  populos  si  nunc  non  usserit  ignis 
uret  cum  terris,  uret  cum  gurgite  ponti. 
communis  mundo  superest  rogus  ossibus  astra 
mixturus.     quocumque  tuam  Fortuna  uocabit,        815 
hae  quoque  eunt  animae.     non  altius  ibis  in  auras, 
non  meliore  loco  Stygia  sub  nocte  iacebis. 
libera  Fortunae  mors  est :   capit  omnia  tellus 
quae  genuit :   caelo  tegitur  qui  non  habet  urnam. 
tu,  cui  dant  poenas  inhumato  funere  gentes,  820 

quid  fugis  hanc  cladem  ?   quid  olentis  deseris  agros  ? 
has  trahe,  Caesar,  aquas :    hoc,  si  potes,  utere  caelo. 
sed  tibi  tabentes  populi  Pharsalica  rura 
eripiunt  camposque  tenent  uictore  fugato. 

non  solum  Haemonii  funesta  ad  pabula  belli     825 
Bistonii  uenere  lupi,  tabemque  cruentae 
caedis  odorati  Pholoen  liquere  leones. 
tunc  ursi  latebras,  obsceni  tecta  domosque 
deseruere  canes,  et  quidquid  nare  sagaci 
aera  non  sanum  motumque  cadauere  sensit.  830 

iamque  diu  uolucres  ciuilia  castra  secutae 
conueniunt     uos,  quae  Xilo  mutare  soletis 
Threicias  hiemes,  ad  mollem  serius  Austrum 

811.    finemque  sui]  'owe  to  themselves  world", 
their  own  end :,  i.e.  naturally  decay.  caelo    tegitur]     Compare    the    line    of 

814.  communis]  This  was  the  doctrine  Maecenas  quoted  by  Seneca  Epp.  xiv 
of  the  Stoics,  cf.  Sen.  dial,  vi  xxvi  §  6  4  -  5  nee  tumulum  euro;  sepelit 
cum  tempus  aduenerit  quo  se  mundus  rcno-  natura  relktos. 

uaturus  exstinguat  uiribus   ista  se   a  820 — 82a.     These  three  lines  are  not 

caedent  et  sidera    sideribus  incurrent   et  found  in  some  of  the  best  MSS.,  and  are 

omni  flagrante' materia  uno  igne  quidquid  not  commented  on  by  the  Scholiast,     in- 

nunc  ex  disposito  lucet  ardebit.     Id.  N.  Q.  humato  funere   seems  a  strange   expres- 

III  xiii  §  2  ita  ignis  exiius  mundi,  umor  sion. 

primordium.  S22.     trahe]  'drink',  utere  'breathe'. 

815.  tuam]  sc.  animam.  Haemonii]     to    be    taken    with 

818.  libera]  'death  is  free  from  For-  belli,  not,  as  "Weise  punctuates,  with  lupi. 
tune's  sway",  i.e.  Fortune  has  no  power  B27.  Pholoen]  A  mountain  in  Arcadia : 
over  the  dead :  for  liber  with  genitive  cf.  the  geography  is  vague. 

IV  384.  Verg.  Aen.  X  1 54  libera  fati.  830.     motum]  'changed',  cf.  Ov.  Trist. 

819.  quae  genuit]  cf.  Aesch.  choeph.  V  vi  23 — 25  non  adeo  toti  fatis  urgemur 
127,  128  koX  yaiav  avrtjv  17  rd  wavra  t'ikte-  iniquis  ut  mea  sit  longis  mens  quoque  mota 
rax  dpi-^aca  5'  aftdis  -  va  \aa^avei.      malis ;  finge  tamen  motam. 

Shelley,  Queen  Mab  "Thus  do  the  gene-  832.     uos]    sc.  grues,    'cranes',   cf.  v 
rations  of  the  earth  Go  to  the  grave  and  7 1 1  foil.  :    these  birds  are  wrongly  sup- 
issue  from  the  womb,  Surviving  still  the  posed  by  Lucan  to  feed  on  carrion, 
imperishable  change  That  renovates  the 


LIBER   VII.    811—858.  267 

istis,  aues.     numquam  tanto  se  uolture  caelum 
induit  aut  plures  presserunt  aera  pennae ;  835 

omne  nemus  misit  uolucres  omnisquc  cruenta 
alite  sanguineis  stillauit  roribus  arbor, 
saepe  super  uoltus  uictoris  et  impia  signa 
aut  cruor  aut  alto  defluxit  ab  aethere  tabes, 
membraque  deiecit  iam  lassis  unguibus  ales.  840 

sic  quoque  non  omnis  populus  peruenit  ad  ossa, 
inque  feras  discerptus  abit :    non  intima  curant 
uiscera  nee  totas  auidae  sorbere  medullas : 
degustant  artus.     Latiae  pars  maxima  turbae 
fastidita  iacet :    quam  sol  nimbique  diesque  845 

longior  Emathiis  resolutam  miscuit  aruis. 

Thessalia  infelix  quo  tanto  crimine  tellus 
laesisti  superos,  ut  te  tot  mortibus  unam, 
tot  scelerum  fatis  premerent  ?     quod  sufficit  aeuom 
immemor  ut  donet  belli  tibi  damna  uetustas  ?        850 
quae  seges  infecta  surget  non  decolor  herba  ? 
quo  non  Romanos  uiolabis  uomere  manes  ? 
ante  nouae  uenient  acies,  scelerique  secundo 
praestabis  nondum  siccos  hoc  sanguine  campos. 
omnia  maiorum  uertamus  busta  licebit,  855 

et  stantis  tumulos,  et  qui  radice  uetusta 
effudere  suas  uictis  compagibus  urnas : 
plus  cinerum  Haemoniae  sulcis  telluris  aratur, 

834.     tanto  uolture]  '  with  such  a  cloud  850.     immemor — donet]     'forget     and 

of  vultures'.  forgive',     cf.  IX  144,  1088.     Cic.  ad  fam. 

835-    presserunt]  'burdened',  'weighed  v  iv  §  2   tuas  inimicitias   ut   reipublieae 

down'.  doitares  te  uieisti. 

837.     roribus]    cf.  Verg.  Aen.  vm  645  uetustas]  'lapse  of  time',  cf.  note  on  III 

sparsi  rorabant  sanguine  uepres.  471. 

841.     peruenit  ad  ossa]  'were  reduced  851.     infecta — herba]    Compare  the  ac- 

to  skeletons'.  count  of  the  field  of  Landen  in  Macaulay's 

844.  degustant]    'they   barely   taste',  History,  vol.  IV  chapter  xjep.  15. 

cf.  Tac.  Ann.  VI  26  (20)  et  tu  Galba  quan-  853.     nouae]    The  usual  confusion  be- 

doque  degustabis  imperium.     Quintil.  IV  i  tween  Pharsalia  and  Philippi,  cf.  note  on 

g  1 4  degustanda  tamen  Iiaec  prooemio  non  I  694. 

consumenda.  856.     et — et]  'both — and'. 

845.  fastidita]  sc.  ab  auibus.  radice — uetusta]     'ancient    tree-roots', 
nimbi]  cf.  Horn.  Od.  I  161  ov  8r/  XeiV  i.e.  of  fig  trees,  cf.  Iuv.  X  143  — 146  tituli- 

6<TTea  wvdiTaL  6/j.f-jpw.  que  cupido  haesuri  saxis  cinerum  custodi- 

847.     quo  tanto]  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  11  42  bus,   ad  quae  discutienda   ualent  sterilis 

0  miseri  quae  lanta  insania  dues?  mala  robora  feus ;    quandoquidem   data 

849.     scelerum  fatis]  '  fated  crimes'.  sunt  ipsis  quoque fata  sepulcris. 
sufficit]  '  is  long  enough '. 


268  LUCANI    PHARSALIAE  VII.  859—872. 

pluraque  ruricolis  fcriuntur  dentibus  ossa. 

nullus  ab  Emathio  religasset  litore  funem  860 

nauita,  nee  terram  quisquam  mouisset  arator 

Romani  bustum  populi :    fugerentque  coloni 

umbrarum  campos,  gregibus  dumcta  carerent : 

nullusque  auderet  pecori  permittcre  pastor 

uellere  surgentem  de  nostris  ossibus  herbam :         865 

ac  uclut  impatiens  hominum  uel  solis  iniqui 

Hmitc  uel  glacie,  nuda  atque  ignota  iaceres, 

si  non  prima  nefas  belli  sed  sola  tulisses. 

o  superi,  liceat  terras  odisse  nocentis. 

quid  totum  premitis,  quid  totum  soluitis  orbem  ?  870 

Hesperiae  clades  et  flebilis  unda  Pachyni 

et  Mutina  et  Leucas  puros  fecere  Philippos. 


859.  dentibus]  cf.  Verg.  G.  I  493 — 497  866.  impatiens  hominum]  '  made  un- 
scilicet  et  tempus  ueniet  cum  finibus  Mis  inhabitable  by  the  zone  of  the  scorching 
agricola  incuruo  terram  molitus  aratro  sun  or  by  ice',  cf.  Hor.  carm.  1  xxii  21, 
exesa  imieniet  scabra  robigine  pila,  aut  22  pone  sub  curru  nimium  propinqui  solis 
grauibus   rastris  galeas  pulsabit   inanes,  in  terra  domibus  negata. 

grandiaque   effossis  mirabitur  ossa  sepul-  868.     si  non  prima]  '  hadst  thou  been, 

cris.  not  the  first,  but  the  only  land  to  endure 

860.  religasset]  'would  have  fastened  the  curse  of  civil  war'. 

to',  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  vn  106 gramineo  ripae  869.     odisse]  i.e.  which  we  cannot  now 

religauit  ab  aggere  classem.    religare  more  do,  as  all  the  world  is  equally  guilty, 

commonly  takes  the  ablative  without  ab.  870.     premitis]     '  weigh     down    with 

cf.  Hor.  carm.  1  xxxii  7,  8  siue  iactatam  guilt',    soluitis,   'free   from  guilt',     nam 

religarat  udo  litore  nauim.     Id.  Sat.  I  v  alter  locus  alterum  liberat  culpa.     Weise. 

18,    19  missae  pastum  retinacula  mulae  871.     Hesperiae]  sc.  at  Munda,  cf.  note 

nauta  piger  saxo  religat.  on  1  40. 

863.     umbrarum  campos]  'the  spectre-  872.     puros]    respectu  maiorum  etiam 

haunted  plains'.  cladium.     Schol. 


M.    ANNAEI    LUCANI 

PHARSALIAE 

LIBER    OCTAVUS. 


ARGUMENT  OF  BOOK  VIII. 


* 


Pompeius  flies  to  Lesbos:  he  consoles  his  wife  i — 85;  her  answer  86 — 108.  The 
people  of  Mitylene  offer  him  shelter,  which  he  declines  109 — 158.  He  sails  from 
Lesbos  159 — 20 r,  meets  his  son  Sextus,  and  sends  Deiotarus  to  rouse  the  East  202 
— 243.  Pompeius  proceeds  to  Phaselis  in  Cilicia,  holds  a  council  and  proposes  to 
seek  the  aid  of  the  Parthians  243 — 325.  Lentulus  opposes  this  plan,  and  recom- 
mends Egypt  as  a  refuge  325 — 455,  to  which  they  sail  456—471.  In  the  council 
of  King  Ptolemaeus  Pothinus  persuades  him  to  murder  Pompeius  472 — 540.  Apo- 
strophe to  Egypt  and  Ptolemaeus  541 — 560.  Pompeius  is  induced  to  enter  a  small 
boat,  and  is  murdered  by  Septimius  560 — 636.  Laments  of  Cornelia  637 — 662. 
The  head  of  Pompeius  is  cut  off  and  embalmed  663 — 691,  reflexions  on  his  death 
692 — 711.  His  body  is  buried  by  Cordus  712 — 793,  reflexions  on  his  burial  793 — 
32S.     Apostrophe  to  Egypt  823 — 872. 

lam  super  Herculeas  fauces  nemorosaque  Tempe, 
Haemoniae  deserta  petens  dispendia  siluae, 
cornipedem  exhaustum  cursu  stimulisque  negantem 
Magnus  agens  incerta  fugae  uestigia  turbat 
implicitasque  errore  uias.     pauet  ille  fragorem  5 

1.     Herculeas  fauces']  i.e.   the  pass  of  obey  the  spur'.     Oud.  cf.  Stat.  Silu.   in 

Tempe,  said  to  have  been  made  by  Her-  i    124  saxa  negantia  ferro,  id.   Theb.   11 

cules,  cf.  vi  347.  668  669  ast  tamen  illi  membra  negant. 

1.    dispendia]  loss  of  time,  and  so  what  4.     incerta]     proleptic,  'confounds    his 

causes  it,  viz.  circuitous  paths,     cf.  Mart,  footsteps  so  that  they  may  not  be  recog- 

IX  c  5  tit  qui  tonga  potes  dispendia  ferre  nised'. 

uiarum.     Compare  also  Ov.  Met.  Ill  234  5.     implicitas  errore  uias]  'paths  made 

std  per  compendia  month  anticipatauia  est.  involved  by  following  winding  courses'. 

3.    stimulisque — negantem]  'refusing  to  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  V  589,  591,  of  the   Laby- 


270 


LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 


t 


motorum  ucntis  nemorum,  comitumquc  suorum, 

qui  post  terga  fcrit,  trepidum  latcriquc  timentem 

exanimat     quamuis  summo  de  culminc  lapsus, 

nondum  uilc  sui  prctium  scit  sanguinis  esse, 

seque  memor  fati  tantac  mercedis  habere  10 

credit  adhuc  iugulum,  quantum  pro  Caesaris  ipse 

auolsa  ceruice  daret.     deserta  sequentem 

non  patitur  tutis  fatum  celare  latcbris 

clara  uiri  fades,     multi  Pharsalica  castra 

cum  peterent,  nondum  fama  prodente  ruinas,  15 

occursu  stupuere  ducis  uertigine  rerum 

adtoniti :    cladisque  suae  uix  ipse  fidelis 

auctor  erat.     grauis  est  Magno  quicumque  malorum 

testis  adest.     cunctis  ignotus  gentibus  esse 

mallet  et  obscuro  tutus  transire  per  orbem  20 

nomine :   sed  longi  poenas  Fortuna  fauoris 

exigit  a  misero,  quae  tanto  pondere  famae 

res  premit  aduersas  fatisque  prioribus  urget. 

nunc  festinatos  nimium  sibi  sentit  honores, 

actaque  lauriferae  damnat  Sullana  iuuentae :  25 

nunc  et  Corycias  classes  et  Pontica  signa 


rinth  in  Crete,  ancipitemqite  mille  uiis 
habuisse  dolum  qua  signa  sequendi  fallerct 
indeprensus  et  irremeabilis  error.  Ov. 
Met.  viil  165 — 167  et  nunc  ad  fontes, 
mine  in  mare  uersus  apertum,  incertas 
exereet  aquas:  ita  Daedalus  implet  in- 
numcras  errore  uias. 

6.  comitum]  sc.fragor. 

7.  ferit\  sc.  aim:  so  Weise.  Oud.  with 
some  MSS.  reads  redit  'comes  echoing 
behind  his  back'.  As  Oud.  remarks 
Lucan  here  contradicts  what  he  had  said 
about  the  fearlessness  of  Pompeius  in  the 
seventh  book,  cf.  vn  677  foil. 

/ateri]  'for  his  side'  sc.  fearing  a  flank 
attack.  The  passage  is  apparently  sug- 
gested by  Verg.  Aen.  II  728,  729  sonus 
excitat  omnis  suspensitm  et pariter  comiti- 
que  onerique  timentem. 

9.  nondum  idle]  'he  knows  that  the 
price  of  his  blood  is  not  yet  slight'. 

10.  fati]  i.e.  cuius  fait  ante  bella 
ciuilia  Schol.  sc.  'his  rank',    cf.  158  infr. 

tantae  mercedis — iugulum]  'as  valuable 
a  throat'. 


12.     daret]  cf.  IX  1024. 
14.     clara]  equivalent  to  cognita  'well- 
known  '. 

16.  uertigine]  'revolution'.  Ammian. 
Marc.  XXXI  10  §  22  rcmotasque  in  ipsa 
uertigine  pereuntium  rerum  dux  cautus  et 
diligens.  The  word  is  used  properly  of  the 
movements  of  the  heavenly  bodies,  cf.  Ov. 
Met.  II  70  adde  quod  adsidue  rapitur  uer- 
tigine caelum. 

17.  fidelis  auctor]  'scarce  a  trustworthy 
bearer  of  ill-tidings',  cf.  I  485  nulloque 
auctore  malorum. 

18.  grauis]  'a  danger',  cf.  Hor.  carm. 
in  xxiii  8 potnifero graue  tempus  anno. 

22.  pondere]  Oud.  cf.  Claud ian  de  cons. 
Stil.  Ill  79,  80  uenerabile  famae pondtts. 

23.  premit]  'crushes  down',  grauiores 
reddit,  Weise. 

24.  festinatos  nimium]  cf.  note  on  1  316 
foil. 

25.  actaque  lam-iferae]  'his  exploits 
under  Sulla  in  his  triumphant  youth',  cf. 
note  on  vn  14;  for  acta  cf.  1  121. 

26.  Corycias]     Corycus  was  a  moun- 


LIBER   VIII.   6—46.  271 

dcicctum  mcminisse  piget.     sic  longius  acuom 

destruit  ingentes  animos  et  uita  supcrstes 

imperio.     nisi  summa  dies  cum  fine  bonorum 

ad f u it  et  celeri  praeuertit  tristia  leto,  30 

dedecori  est  Fortuna  prior,     quisquamne  secundis 

tradere  se  fatis  audet,  nisi  morte  parata  ? 

litora  contigerat  per  quae.  Peneius  amnis, 
Emathia  iam  clade  rubens,  exibat  in  aequor. 
inde  ratis  trepidum  uentis  et  fluctibus  impar  35 

flumineis  uix  tuta  uadis  cucxit  in  altum, 
cuius  adhuc  remis  quatitur  Corcyra  sinusque 
Leucadii.     Cilicum  dominus  terraeque  Liburnae 
exiguam  uector  pauidus  correpsit  in  alnum. 
conscia  curarum  secreta  in  litora  Lesbi  40 

flectere  uela  iubes,  qua  turn  tellure  latebas 
maestior,  in  mediis  quam  si,  Cornelia,  campis 
Emathiac  stares,     tristes  praesagia  curas 
exagitant :    trepida  quatitur  formidine  somnus : 
Thessaliam  nox  omnis  habet :    tenebrisque  remotis  45 
rupis  in  abruptae  scopulos  extremaque  curris 


tain  in  Cilicia,  cf.  Verg.  G.  iv  127,  and  For  morte  parata  cf.  v  773. 

Conington's  note.     Pontica  refers  to  his  35.     impar]  'no  match  for',  cf.  Verg. 

triumph  over  Mithridates.  Aen.  1  475  impar  congressus  Achilli. 

27.  deicctum]  'now  fallen  from  his  36.  flumineis]  i.e.  scarce  safe  even  in 
high  estate'.  the  shallows  of  the  river. 

longius]  'the  lapse  of  lime'.  37.     Corcyra]    i.e.  where    the   fleet   of 

28.  destruit]    'brings   low    a    haughty  Pompeius  was  stationed. 

spirit'.  39.     exiguam]   Oud.  cf.  Justin  11  cap. 

30.  praeuertit]  'has  anticipated',  cf.  13  erat  res  spectaculo  digna  et  aestimatione 
Verg.  Aen.  1  720 — 722  paulatim  abolere  sortis  humanae.rerum  uarietate  mirandae, 
Sichaeum  inciprit  et  uiuo  temptat praeztertere  in  exiguo  latentem  uidert  nauigio  quern 
amore  iam  pridem  resides  animos  desueta-  paulo  ante  uix  aequor  omne  capiebat. 

que  corda.  alnum]  used  of  river-boats,  cf.  Verg.  G. 

31.  quisquamne  secundis]  'does  any  1  136  tunc  alnos  primum  Jluvii  sensere 
venture  to  trust  himself  to  prosperity  save  cauatas. 

when  death  is  ready  to  his  hand?'  So  Sul-  40.     canscia  curarum]   'thou  Cornelia, 

pitius  rightly  :  Wcise  objects  to  this  inter-  partaker  in  his  sorrows,  dost  bid  him,  &c.' 

pretation  and  takes  secundis  as  equivalent  cf.  V  723  foil. 

to  deterioribus,  comparing  infr.   288  uidit-  43.     tristes]  'forebodings  excite  gloomy 

que  loco   Romana  seeundo,   but   the  best  anxiety',  cf.  Catul.  lxiv  94,  95  lieu  misere 

commentary  is  to  be  found  in  the  lines  of  exagitans  inimiti  cordc  furores,  sancte pucr 

Juvenal  x  283 — 386  prouida  Pompeio  de-  curis  hominum  qui  gaudia  misces. 

deral  Campania  febrcs  optandas  ;  scd  mul-  45.    Thessaliam]  'the  whole  night  dwells 

tae  urbes  etpublica  uota  uicerunt,  igiturfor-  on  Thessaly ',  i.e.  is  haunted  by  the  thought 

tuna  ipsius  et  urbis  seruatum  uicto  caput  of  Thessaly. 

abstulit.     It  is  the  common  thought  that  46.     rupis  in  abruptae]  cf.  Catull.  LXIV 

none  can  be  termed  happy  till  he  is  dead.  126,    127  ac  turn  praeruptos  tristcm  con- 


272  LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 

litora  prospiciens  fluctus :    nutantia  longe 
semper  prima  uides  uenientis  uela  carinae, 
quaerere  nee  quicquam  de  fato  coniugis  audes. 

en  ratis,  ad  uestros  quae  tendit  carbasa  portus,  50 
quid  ferat  ignoras :    et  nunc  tibi  summa  pauoris 
nuntius  armorum  tristis  rumorque  sinister, 
uictus  adest  coniunx :   quid  perdis  tempora  luctus  ? 
cum  possis  iam  flere  times,     turn  puppe  propinqua 
prosiluit,  crimenque  deum  crudele  notauit,  55 

deformem  pallore  ducem  uoltusque  prementem 
canitie,  atque  atro  squalentis  puluere  uestes. 
obuia  nox  miserae  caelum  lucemque  tenebris 
abstulit,  atque  animam  clausit  dolor :    omnia  neruis 
membra  relicta  labant :    riguerunt  corda  diuque       60 
spe  mortis  decepta  iacet.     iam  fune  ligato 
litoribus  lustrat  uacuas  Pompeius  harenas. 
quern  postquam  famulae  propius  uidere  fideles, 
non  ultra  gemitus  tacitos  incessere  fata 
permisere  sibi,  frustraque  adtollere  terra  65 

semianimem  conantur  eram  :    quam  pectore  Magnus 
ambit  et  adstrictos  refouet  complexibus  artus. 
coeperat  in  summum  reuocato  sanguine  corpus 
Pompeii  sentire  manus,  maestamque  mariti 

scendere  montes  undc  ackm  in pelagi  uastos  carm.   Ill  iv   18  ut  premerer  sacra  lauro- 

protendcret  aestus,  of  Ariadne  looking  for  que  collataqtie  myrto.     See  also  VII  74:. 

the  return  of  Theseus.  7:7  infr. 

47.     nutantia  longe]    'flapping   in    the  58.     obuid]  'coming  over  her', 

distance',   cf.    Catull.   lxv    53    impellens  59.     animam]  'her  breath'. 

nutantibus  aera  pennis.  60.         relicla]      'abandoned    by    their 

49.  nee]  equivalent  to  nee  tamen.  strength'. 

50.  uestros]  Cornelia  is  identified  with  61.  spe  mortis]  '  deceived  in  her  hope 
the  people  of  Lesbos,  uos,  are  of  death',  i.e.  she  wished  to  die  but  could 
never  used  for  ///,  tuns  in  classical  Latin.  not :  for  a  similar  use  of  spes  Oud.  cf.  V 

51.  et  nunc]  'still  the  worst  that  thou     452  naufragii spes  omnis  abit. 

dost  fear  is  evil  tidings  of  the  war  Ax."  62.     litoribus]  abl.   cf.  note  on  VII  860. 

53.    quid  perdis]  '  why  waste  the  season  64.     non  ultra]  'ut  ad  quas  non  tantus 

for  grief?'  i.e.  by  mere  fear:  non  debes  dolor  quantus  ad  Corneliam  pertinebat'. 

lugendi  tempora  metu  consumere,  Grotius.  Glareanus.    For  ultra  cf.  11  138.    Oud.  cf. 

For  the  contrast  between  dolor  and  metus,  Suet.  Vesp.  2  2  haud  ultra  uerba  excanduit. 

cf.  11  26.     See  also  Plin.  Epp.  vn  xix  §  3,  67.     adstrictos]  equivalent  to  torpentis, 

viii  xvii  §  6.  cf.  1  18. 

55.  crimenque]  cf.  11  288  crime)!  erit  68.  in  summum]  'as  the  blood  returned 
superis  et  vie  fecisse  uocentem.    infr.  800.  to  the  surface  of  her  body',  i.e.  instead  of 

notauit]   The  Schol.  cf.  Cic.  in  Cat.  1  all  rushing  to  her  heart,    cf.  Verg.  G.   11 

§  2  notat  et  designat  oculis  ad  caedem  unum  4*4  frigidtis  obstiterit  circum  praccordia 

quemque  nostrum.  sanguis. 

56.  prementem]    'covering',    cf.    Hor. 


LIBER   VIII.   47—90.  273 

posse  pati  facicm  :    prohibet  succumbere  fatis  70 

Magnus  ct  immodicos  castigat  uoce  dolores : 

nobilc  cur  robur  Fortunac  uolncrc  primo, 
femina  tantorum  titulis  insignis  auorum, 
frangis  ?     habes  aditum  mansurac  in  saecula  famae : 
laudis  in  hoc  scxu  non  legum  iura  nee  arma,  75 

unica  materia  est  coniunx  miser,     erige  mentem, 
ct  tua  cum  fatis  pietas  decertet,  ct  ipsum, 
quod  sum  uictus,  araa:    nunc  sum  tibi  gloria  maior, 
a  me  quod  fasces  et  quod  pia  turba  senatus 
tantaque  discessit  regum  manus  :    incipe  Magnum  80 
sola  sequi.     deformis  adhuc  uiuente  marito 
summus  ct  augeri  uetitus  dolor  :   ultima  debet 
esse  fides  lugere  uirum.     tu  nulla  tulisti 
bello  damna  meo.     uiuit  post  proelia  Magnus, 
sed  Fortuna  perit :  quod  defies,  illud  amasti.  85 

uocibus  his  correpta  uiri  uix  aegra  leuauit 
membra  solo  tales  gemitu  rumpentc  querelas  : 
o  utinam  in  thalamos  inuisi  Caesaris  issem 
infelix  coniunx  et  nulli  lacta  marito. 
bis  nocui  mundo :   me  pronuba  ducit  Erinys,  90 

72.  nobilc  robur]  'the  firmness  of  noble  deformis]  'ignominious',  unsightly  in  the 
blood'.  eyes  of  the  world,  cf.  Li  v.  XLV  44  oration  cm 

73.  auorum]  sc.  as  the  descendant  of  non  lam  honorificam  audientibus  quam 
the  Scipios.  sibi  deformem. 

74.  frangis?]  'break  down',  'enfeeble',  82.  augeri  uetitus]  'admitting  of  no 
cf.  Cic.  in  Cat.  I  §  22  te  ut  ulla  res  fran-  increase',  cf.  VII  371  uetitusque  aetate 
gal?  tu  ut  umquam  tc  corrigas?                       senatus  arma  sequi. 

habes]  '  you  have  an  avenue  to  everlast-  83.     lugere]  sc.  when  dead.  cf.  supr.  53. 

ing  fame',  cf.  Cic.  ad  fam.  VI  x  §  2  si  qui  85.     quod  defies]  i.e.  if  you  mourn  now 

mini  erit  aditus  de  tuis  fortunis,  id  est  de  it  shows  that  your  love  was  for  the  posi- 

tua    incolumitatc,    in    qua    sunt    omnia,  tion,  not  for  the  person,  of  Pompeius. 

agendi.  86.    correpta]  'rebuked',  cf.  note  on  VII 

75.  legum  iura]  'administration  of  the  191. 

law'.     Ho  dare  iura  means  to  administer  89.    infelix  coniunx]  '  a  wife  who  brings 

justice,  cf.  Verg.  G.  IV  562  and  Coning-  ill  fortune'. 

ton's  note.  00.     bis]  twice  i.e.  once  as  the  wife  of 

76.  materia  est]  Bersmann  cf.  Ov.  the  younger  Crassus  killed  at  Carrhac, 
Trist.  V  v  49,  50  scilicet  aducrs is  probitas  now  a  second  time  as  the  wife  of  Pom- 
excrcita  rebus  trist  i  materiatu  tempore  la  it-  peius. 

dis  habet.     For  a  similar  sentiment  Oud.  pronuba   ducit  Erinys]   sc.  instead  of 

cf.  Stat.  Theb.  in  704,   705    nescis,  pater  pronuba  Juno.     cf.  Verg.  Aen.  VII  319^ 

optime,  nescis  quantus  amor  causae  misero  Bcllona  manet  te  pronuba:  Oud.  cf.  also 

fiupsissc  marito.  Ov.    Heroid.    II    117  pronuba    Tisiphone 

77.  pietas]  'affection'.  thalamis  ululauit  in  illis.     ducit  is  equi- 
81.    sola  sequ i]  '  to  be  the  only  follower  valent  to  deducit  sc.  ad  sponsion,    cf.  note 

left  to  Magnus'.  on  U  358. 

ILL.  l8 


274  LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 

Crassorumquc  umbrae,  dcuotaquc  manibus  illis 
Assyrios  in  castra  tuli  ciuilia  casus : 
praecipitcsque  dedi  populos  cunctosquc  fugaui 
a  causa  mcliorc  dcos.     o  maxime  coniunx, 
o  thalamis  indigne  meis,  hoc  iuris  habebat  95 

in  tantum  Fortuna  caput  ?    cur  impia  nupsi, 
si  miserum  factura  fui  ?     nunc  accipc  pocnas, 
sed  quas  spontc  luam.     quo  sit  tibi  mollius  acquor, 
certa  fides  regum,  totusque  paratior  orbis, 
sparge  mari  comitcm.     mallem  felicibus  armis        IOO 
dependisse  caput :    nunc  clades  denique  lustra, 
Magne,  tuas.     ubicumque  iaces  ciuilibus  armis 
nostros  ulta  toros,  ades  hue  atque  exige  poenas, 
Iulia  crudelis,  placataque  paelice  caesa 
Magno  parce  tuo.     sic  fata  iterumque  refusa  105 

coniugis  in  gremium  cunctorum  lumina  soluit 
in  lacrimas.     duri  flectuntur  pectora  Magni, 
siccaque  Thessalia  confundit  lumina  Lesbos, 
turn  Mitylenaeum  pleno  iam  litore  uolgus 
adfatur  Magnum:    si  maxima  gloria  nobis  HO 

semper  erit  tanti  pignus  seruasse  mariti, 
tu  quoque  deuotos  sacro  tibi  foedere  muros, 
oramus,  sociosque  lares  dignare  uel  una 


91.  Crassorum]  i.e.  M.  Crassus  and  101.  lustra]  'expiate  (i.e.  by  my  blood) 
his  son  Publius.                                              '  your  disasters'. 

92.  Assyrios  casus]  the  disasters  in  102.  iaces]  is  equivalent  to  uersaris, 
Assyria,  i.e.  such  as  befel  the  Crassi  in  for  there  was  no  doubt  about  the  place  of 
Assyria,    cf.  note  on  V  703  Hesperii  duces.  her  burial,   cf.    note  on  II    162   quidquid 

94.  a  causa  meliore]  cf.  VII  349  causa  ubique  iacet  scelerum. 

iubet  melior  superos  sperare  secundos.  104.    paelice]  'rival',     cf.  the  words  of 

95.  indigne]  'worthy  of  a  happier  Julia's  shade  in  21—  1$  fort  una  est  niutata 
marriage  than  with  me'.  ton's:    semperque    pot entes    detraliere    in 

98.  sed]  'ay!  and  such  as  I  will  will-  cladem  fato  damna/a  viaritos,  innupsit 
ingly  pay',    cf.  Iuv.  V  147  boletus  domino,  tepido paelex  Cornelia  busto. 

sed quales  Claudius  edit  and  Prof.  Mayor's  105.     refusa]  'sinking  back', 

note.  108.     siccaque]  'Lesbos  brings  tears  to 

mollius]  'smoother'.  those  eyes  that  were  dry  in  Thessaly',  i.e. 

99.  paratior]  'more  ready  to  serve  that  looked  on  the  disasters  at  Pharsalia 
you ',  cf.  Plaut.   Pseud.  I  1  96  quid  ego  ni  without  weeping. 

fleam   cui  nee  paratus   nummus   argenti  no.     si  maxima]   'since  it  will  ever  be 

siet?  our  greatest  glory'. 

100.  sparge  mart]  'throw  away',  'hurl  in.  pignus]  sc.  uxorem,  'to  have 
into  the  sea',  cf.  ix  748.  guarded  the  pledge  committed  to  us  .by  so 

mallem]  '  I  would  rather  have  sacrificed  great  a  husband '. 
my  life  to  prosperous  warfare'. 


LIBER   VIII.    91  —  136.  275 

nocte  tua  :    fac,  Magne,  locum,  quern  cuncta  rcuisant 

saecula,  qucm  uenien,s  hospes  Romanus  adoret.      115 

nulla  tibi  subeunda  magis  sunt  moenia  uicto.. 

omnia  uictoris  possunt  sperare  fauorcm  : 

hacc  iam  crimen  habent.    quid  quod  iacet  insula  ponto  ? 

Caesar  eget  ratibus.     procerum  pars  magna  coibit 

certa  loci,     noto  reparandum  est  litorc  bellum.       120 

accipe  templorum  cultus  aurumque  deorum  : 

accipe,  si  terris,  si  puppibus  ista  iuuentus 

aptior  est:   tota,  quantum  ualet,  utere  Lesbo. 

[accipe:    ne  Caesar  rapiat,  tu  uictus  habeto.] 

hoc  solum  crimen  meritae  bene  detrahe  terrae,       125 

ne  nostram  uideare  fidem  felixque  secutus 

et  damnasse  miser,     tali  pietate  uirorum 

laetus  in  aduersis,  et  mundi  nomine  gaudens 

esse  fidem,  nullum  toto  mihi,  dixit,  in  orbe 

gratius  esse  solum  non  paruo  pignore  uobis  130 

ostendi.     tenuit  nostros  hac  obside  Lesbos 

adfectus  :    hie  sacra  domus  carique  penates, 

hie  mihi  Roma  fuit.     non  ulla  in  litora  puppim 

ante  dedi  fugiens,  saeui  cum  Caesaris  iram 

iam  scirem  meritam  seruata  coniuge  Lesbon,  135 

non  ueritus  tantam  ueniae  committere  uobis 

114.     una  nocte  tua]  'a  sojourn  of  one  cf.   Plaut.  Cure.  I    i  4  (4)  si  media  nox 

night  by  you',  cf.  I  520  nox  una  tin's  non  est,  sine  est  prima  ucspera. 

credita  muris.  ista]  'this  of  ours  '.    cf.  note  on  VI  242. 

fac  locum]  i.e.  'make  this  a  spot  which  124.       accipe]    This   line   is    probably 

&c. '                                                •  spurious  and   is  omitted  in  many  MSS. 

1 16.  nulla  tibi]  'there  is  no  town  that  and  the  earlier  editions. 

thou  shouldest  enter  rather  than  ours  now  126.     ne  nostram]   'that  you  may  not 

thou  art  defeated'.  seem  to  have  embraced  our  loyalty  when 

117.  omnia]  sc.  'all  other  towns'.  prosperous  and  rejected  it  in  misfortune'; 

118.  quid  quod]  'what  of  the  fact  that  for  damnare  cf.  VI  508. 

this  is  an  island  lying  in  mid  sea?  Caesar  128.  in  aduersis]  iunge  pietate  in  ad- 
has  no  ships '.  i.e.  so  far  from  the  fact  of  uersis,  Weise:  this  is  unnecessary:  rather, 
its  being  an  island  rendering  it  unsuitable  laetus  in  aduersis:  'rejoicing  in  the  midst 
for  Tompeius'  stay,  this  is  an  advantage.  of  misfortune'. 

119.  coibit]  sc.  hue.  mundi  nomine]    'for  the   credit  of  the 

120.  certa  loci]  'sure  of  their  locality',  world'. 

i.e.  sure  of  finding  Pompeius  in  Lesbos.  129.   esse]  emphatic:  i.e.  'still  existed'. 

noto]  'familiar',  i.e.  to  the  companions  135.     iam]  to  be  taken  with  meritam 

of  Pompeius.  'knowing  that  Lesbos  had  already  earned 

121.  cultus]  'ornaments'cf.Vell.Pat.n  Caesar's  anger  by  keeping  safe  my  wife', 
xl  §  4  ut  is  ludis  Circensibus  corona  laurea  136.     tantam  ueniae  materiem]  'such  a 
et  omni  cultu  triumphantium  uteretur.  means  of  earning  pardon'  sc.  sc  ipsum,  by 

122.  si — si]  equivalent  to  sine— sine,  giving  up  whom  the  Lesbians  could  obtain 

18—2 


276 


LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 


materiem.     sed  iam  satis  est  fecisse  nocentis  : 

fata  mihi  totum  mea  sunt  agitanda  per  orbem. 

heu  nimium  felix  aetcrno  nomine  Lesbos, 

siue  doces  populos  regesque  admittere  Magnum,    140 

seu  praestas  mihi  sola  fidem.     nam  quaerere  certum  est, 

fas  quibus  in  terris,  ubi  sit  scelus.     accipe,  numcn, 

si  quod  adhuc  mecum  cs,  uotorum  extrema  meorum  : 

da  similes  Lesbo  populos,  qui  Marte  subactum 

non  intrare  suos  infesto  Caesare  portus,  145 

non  exire  uetent.     dixit,  maestamquc  carinae 

imposuit  comitem.     cunctos  mutare  putares 

tellurem  patriumque  solum  :   sic  litore  toto 

plangitur,  infestae  tenduntur  in  aethera  dextrae : 

Pompeiumque  minus,  cuius  fortuna  dolorem  150 

mouerat,  ast  illam,  quam  toto  tempore  belli 

ut  ciuem  uidere  suam,  discedere  cernens 

ingemuit  populus  :    quam  uix,  si  castra  mariti 

uictoris  peteret,  siccis  dimittere  matres 

iam  poterant  oculis  :    tanto  deuinxit  ambre  155 

hos  pudor  hos  probitas  castique  modestia  uoltus, 

quod  submissa  nimis  nulli  grauis  hospita  turbae 

staritis  adhuc  fati  uixit  quasi  coniuge  uicto. 


pardon  from  Caesar  for  protecting  Corne- 
lia. 

138.  agitanda]  'I  must  follow  up  my 
destiny  throughout  ail  the  world',  so 
agitare  uitam,  aeuom  &c.  cf.  Verg.  G.  IV 
154  magnisque  agitant  sub  legibus  aeuom. 

143.  mecum  es]  For  the  bodily  pre- 
sence so  to  speak  of  the  deity,  cf.  Verg. 
Aen.  II  178,  179  numenque  reducant  quod 
pelago  et  curuis  secum  auexere  carinis. 
See  also  vn  298.     308  infr. 

146.  exire]  nam  intrare  etiam  inimici 
patiuntur  ut  capiant.     Schol. 

147.  mutare]  'were  going  into  exile 
from  their  land  and  native  soil',  cf.  Cic. 
Parad.  IV  §  31  omnes  scelerali  atqite  impii 
...quos  exsilio  affici  uolunt  exsules  sunt 
etiam  si  solum  non  mutarunt ;  so  too  uer- 
tere  luv.  XI  49  qui  tiertere  solum  Baias  et 
ad  ostrea  currunt. 

149.  infestae]  sc.  in  anger  at  the  gods, 
cf.  II  44,  IX  187. 

150.  minus]  i.e.  less  than  Cornelia:  in 
the  case  of  Pompeius  it  is  only  grief  for 


the  fall  of  so  great  a  man,    in    that   of 
Cornelia  it  is  personal  affection. 

156.  hos — hos]  These  words  are  not 
intended  to  distinguish  two  classes  but 
are  only  put  more  emphatically  for  hos 
pudor  et pietas,  cf.  IV  16,  Hor.  Epp.  I  ii  63 
hunc /rents  hunt  tu  compesce  catena. 

157.  quod  submissa  nimis]  'in  that  in 
all  humility'  ;  nimis  is  simply  equivalent 
to  ualde  cf.  Verg.  G.  II  458  0  fortunatos 
nimium  sua  si  bona  norint  agricolas, 
Claudian  in  Cons.  Honor.  0  nimium 
dilecte  Deo. 

nulli,  &c]  'a  burdensome  guest  to  none 
of  the  citizens',  nulli  turbae  is  equivalent 
to  nemini ;  so  in  VII  656  Latiac  turbae  is 
equivalent  to  Romanorum :  see  also  VI  593 
VII  844.  For  the  troubles  caused  in  allied 
states  by  the  wives  of  Romans  in  autho- 
rity, cf.  Iuv.  vm  128  Tac.  Ann.  ill  83. 

158.  stantis  adhuc  fati]  sc.  Cornelia 
'with  fortune  yet  erect',  for  the  genitive 
cf.  VII  541  extremi  orbis  Hiberi  infr.  223 
aeterni  Mart  is  Alanos. 


LIBER   VIII.    137—177.  277 

iam  pelago  medios  Titan  dcmissus  ad  ignes, 
ncc  quibus  abscondit,  ncc  si  quibus  exserit  orbcm,  160 
totus  crat :    uigiles  Pompeii  in  pectorc  curae 
nunc  socias  adeunt  Romani  foederis  urbes 
et  uarias  regum  mentes,  nunc  inuia  mundi 
arua  super  nimios  soles  Austrumque  iacentis. 
sacpe  labor  maestus  curarum  odiumque  futuri         165 
proiecit  fessos  incerti  pectoris  aestus, 
rectoremque  ratis  de  cunctis  consulit  astris  : 
unde  notet  terras ;   quae  sit  mensura  secandi 
aequoris  in  caclo  ;    Syriam  quo  sidere  seruet : 
aut  quotus  in  plaustro  Libyam  bene  dirigat  ignis.   170 
doctus  ad  haec  fatur  taciti  seruator  Olympi : 
signifero  quaecumque  fluunt  labentia  caelo, 
numquam  stante  polo.,  miseros  fallentia  nautas 
sidera  non  sequimur :   sed  qui  non  mergitur  undis 
axis  inocciduus  gemina  clarissimus  Arcto  175 

ille  regit  puppes.     hie  cum  mihi  semper  in  altum 
surget  et  instabit  summis  minor  Vrsa  ceruchis, 

159.  medios  dcmissus  ad  ignes]  'sunk  his  course  for  Syria'.     Weise  cf.  in  129. 
to  the  extent  of  half  his  fiery  orb'.  170.     quotus  ignis]   '  which  star  in  the 

160.  si  quibus]  to  those,  if  such  there  wain',  literally,  the  how  manyeth  sc. 
be'  i.e.  the  Antipodes,  the  existence  of  which  in  order,  the  fourth  e.g.  or  the 
whom  was  considered  doubtful,  cf.  I  20  fifth.  Compare  the  use  of  quota  for  'at 
gens  si  qua  iacet  nascenti  conscia  Nib.  what  hour?'  cf.  Hor.  carm.  Ill  xix  7. 

161.  uigiles  curae]  'wakeful  thoughts'  171.  taciti  Olympi]  'the  silent  sky',  a 
cf.  Stat.  Achil.  1  543  tende  animum  uigi-  merely  pictorial  epithet,  cf.  Verg.  Aen. 
lem-  in  515  sidera  cuncta  notat  tacit 0  labentia 

162.  Romani  foederis]  'of  the  Roman  caelo  Hor.  carm.  n  viii  10  toto  taciturna 
alliance'.  noctis  signa  cum  caclo. 

164.  super]  'beyond',  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  17:.  signifero  caelo]  'the  zodiac',  cf. 
vi  795  super  et  Garamantas  et  Lidos  pro-      ill  254. 

feret  imperium.  fluunt]  'move'  simply. 

_  iacentis]    This  is  best  taken  as  genitive  173.     numquam  stante  polo]1  where  the 

singular  agreeing  with  mundi,  cf.  Verg.  loc.  heavens  never  stand  still '. 

cit.  iacet  extra  sidera  tellus.  175.     axis  inocciduus]   'the  pole   that 

165.  saepe  labor]  'oft  the  sad  trouble  never  sets':  the  word  is  used  metapho- 
of  his  thoughts  and  disgust  at  the  future  rically  by  Stat.  Theb.  VI  277  spectat  inoc- 
made   him  throw  off  (i.e.  fling  away  for  ciduis  stellatum  uisibus  Argum. 

a   time)   the   weary    doubts   that   surged  Arcto]   cf.    Horn.    II.    XVIII    487 — 489 

within  his  wavering  breast',  i.e.  he  tried  "Apurov  d'  rjv  ical  afia^av  iirlKX-ncnv  icdKiov- 

to  divert  his  thoughts   by  talking  to  the  atv,    ijr     aurod   arpe^erai.    ko.1    t    'ilpiuva 

pilot  about  navigation.  doKevei,  otrj  r  dp.fiop6s  tVrt  Xoerpuv  wKeavoio' 

168.  unde  notet]  'by  means  of  which  Verg.  G.  1  244 — 246. 

star  he  marks  the  land  :  what  is  his  standard  177.     summis]   'stands  above  the  top- 

(i.e.  guiding  point)  in  heaven  for  cleaving  most  sail-yards',  ccruchi  seems  to  mean 

the  sea'.  the  ropes  attaching  the  yard-arms  (anten- 

169.  quo  sidere]  'by  what  star  he  keeps  nae)  to  the  mast. 


278  LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 

Bosporon  et  Scythiae  curuajitem  litora  pontuni 
spcctamus.     quidquid  descend  it  ab  arborc  summa 
Arctophylax  propiorque  mari  Cynosura  feretur,      180 
in  Syriae  portus  tendit  ratis.     inde  Canopos 
excipit  Australi  caclo  contenta  uagari 
stella  timens  Borcan  :    ilia  quoque  perge  sinistra 
trans  Pharon,  in  medio  tangct  ratis  aequore  Syrtes. 
sed  quo  uela  dari,  quo  nunc  pede  carbasa  tendi    185 
nostra  iubes  ?     dubio  contra  cui  pectore  Magnus, 
hoc  solum  toto,  respond  it,  in  aequore  serua, 
ut  sit  ab  Emathiis  semper  tua  longius  oris 
puppis  et  Hesperiam  pelago  caeloque  relinquas : 
cetera  da  uentis.     comitem  pignusque  recepi  190 

depositum  :   turn  certus  eram  quae  litora  uellem  ; 
nunc  portum  Fortuna  dabit.     sic  fatur:    at  ille 
iusto  uela  modo  pendentia  cornibus  aequis 
torsit  et  in  laeuom  puppim  dedit,  utque  secaret, 
quas  Samiae  cautes  et  quas  Chios  asperat  undas,  195 
hos  dedit  in  proram,  tenet  hos  in  puppe  rudentes. 
aequora  senserunt  motus  aliterque  secante 
iam  pelagus  rostro  nee  idem  spectante  carina 
mutauere  sonum.     non  sic  moderator  equorum, 

178.  curuantem  litora]  'that  makes  1S9.  pelago  caeloque]  'by  your  obser- 
bays  in  Scythia's  shore',     cf.  Hor.  carm.     vation  of  sea  and  sky'. 

I  xxxiii  15,  16  fret 'is  acrior  Hadriae  citr-  191.     depositum]  cf.  II  72. 

uantis  Calabros  sinus.  turn]  i.e.  before  I  recovered  Cornelia. 

179.  quidquid]  ' however  much  Arcto-  193.  iusto  uela]  'but  he  turned  round 
phylax  (i.e.  Bootes)  descends  from  the  top  the  sails  as  they  hung  trimly  from  the 
of  the  mast',  i.e.  the  lower  it  sinks  towards  level  yard-arms,  and  directed  the  ship  to- 
the  horizon:  for  this  use  of  quidquid,  cf.  wards  the  left,  and  that  she  might  cleave 
VII  387  infr.  365.  the  waves  roughened  by  the  Samian  rocks 

181.  Canopos]  A  star  in  the  constella-  and  by  Chios,  slackened  these  ropes  to- 
tion  Argo  invisible  in  Italy,  cf.  Plin.  ward  the  prow,  held  taut  those  in  the 
H.N.  11  §178.  stern'.    This  seems  the  best  interpretation : 

182.  excipit]  'takes  up  the  guidance',  puppis  in  line  194  meaning  the  ship  gene- 
' succeeds'.  rally,  in  line  196  the  stern. 

183.  ilia  quoque]  'go  on  keeping  that  195.  Samiae]  Some  MSS.  read  Asiae, 
too  on  your  left  past  Pharos,  and  your  most  Asinac,  which  is  impossible,  as  that 
ship  will  reach  the  Syrtes  in  mid  ocean ',  is  a  town  in  the  Peloponnese. 

i.e.  not  that  the  Syrtes  lie  in  the  midst  of         197.     motus]  'the  altered  movement', 

the  sea,  but  that  the  ship  will  reach  them  Oud.  reads  motos  sc.  rudentes. 
by  a  course  over   the  open  sea  without  198.     spectante]  'as  the  ship  looks  in  a 

coasting.  different    direction'.      Oud.    cf.    Acts    of 

185.     quo  pede]  'with  which  sheet'  sc.  Apost.  xxvii   15  nXoiov  /lit)  dwa/j-evov  dv- 

port  or  starboard.  To<pda\/j.e?v  t£  ave^us. 

187.     hoc  solum]  'observe  this  alone  in  199.     non  sic]  'not  so  skilfully' 

our  whole  course  over  the  sea'. 


LIBER   VIII.    178—220.  279 

dexteriore  rota  laeuom  cum  circuit  axcm,  200 

cogit  inoftensac  currus  accedere  metac. 
ostendit  terras  Titan  et  sidera  texit. 
sparsus  ab  Emathia  fugit  quicumquc  procella 
adsequitur  Magnum  :    primusquc  a  litore  Lesbi 
occurrit  natus,  procerum  mox  turba  fidelis.  205 

nam  neque  deiecto  fatis  acieque  fugato 
abstulcrat  Magno  reges  Fortuna  ministros  : 
terrarum  dominos  et  sceptra  Eoa  tenentis 
exsul  habet  comites.     iubet  ire  in  deuia  mundi 
Deiotarum,  qui  sparsa  ducis  uestigia  legit.  210 

quando,  ait,  Emathiis  amissus  cladibus  orbis 
qua  Romanus  erat,  superest,  fidissime  regum, 
Eoam  temptare  fidem  populosque  bibentis 
Euphraten,  et  adhuc  securum  a  Caesare  Tigrim. 
ne  pigeat  Magno  quaerentem  fata  remotas  215 

Medorum  penetrare  domos  Scythicosque  recessus, 
et  totum  mutare  diem,  uocesque  superbo 
Arsacidae  perferre  meas :    si  foedera  nobis 
prisca  manent,  mihi  per  Latium  iurata  Tonantem, 
per  uestros  adstricta  magos,  implete  pharetras       220 

-200.     dexteriore  rota']   '  while  with  his  a  Roman  governor, 

right  hand  wheel  sweeping  round  the  left  210.    Deiotarum]  Deiotaruswastetrarch 

extremity  of  the  axle-tree',    i.e.   the  left  of  Galatia.andhad  been  made  by  Pompeius 

wheel  at  that  end  of  the  axle-tree  remains  king  of  Lesser  Armenia, 

almost  stationary  and  so  acts  as  a  pivot  on  sparsa]  i.e.  per  mare. 

which  the  axle-tree  turns.  legit]  'tracked  out',  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  xn 

101.     inoffensae]    'leaving    it    still    un-  481  hand  minus  Aeneas  tortos  legit  obuius 

touched'.  orbes  uestigatquc  uirum. 

203.    procella]  metaphorically,   cf.  Flo-  211.     quando]  'since— has  been  lost'. 

ruslxxii§i2  Ticino  Trebia  succedit :  hie  214.     securum  a   Caesare]    'free  from 

secunda  belli  Punici procella  desaeuit  Sem-  the  fear  of  Caesar'. 

promo  eonsule.  215.     Magno  quaerentem  fata]'  seeking 

205.     natus]  sc.  Sextus,  who  had  proba-  success  for  Magnus',  cf.  infr.  533  cognita 

bly  been  in  Lesbos  all  the  time,  though  fata. 

Lucan  had  in  Book  vi  introduced  him  as  sr;.    totum  mutare  diem]  'change  your 

consulting  the  witch  in  Thessaly.    cf.  Plut.  clime  entirely' ;  for  this  use  of  dies  cf.  vn 

Pomp.  74.  189  Stat.  Theb.  I  200  effusa  sub  omni  terra 

•206.     neque]  equivalent  to  ne  quidem,  alque  undadie :  so  Hor.Epp.  I  xi  27  caelum 

a  silver  age  use,  cf.  Madvig's  third  excur-  non  animum  mutant  qui  trans  mare  cur- 

sus  to  Cic.  de  finibus.   cf.  infr.  497,  ix  681,  runt. 

Mart.    V    lxx    5,    6   0    quanta    est   gula  218.    Arsacidae]  i.e.  the  king  of  Parthia, 

centiens  comesse,  quanta  maior  adhuc  nee  cf.  1  108. 

accubare.  ■219-     iurata — adstricta]    Oud.  cf.   Ov. 

:oS.     terrarum  dominos]  'the  lords  of  Heroid.    XVI    319,    320    tunc   ego    iurabo 

earth',  cf.  Hor.  car.  1  i  6.  quacuis  tibi  numiua,   meque  adstringam 

209.     comites]  '  in  his  train':  this  word  ucrbis  in  sacra  iura  tuts. 
is  commonly  used  of  the  personal  suite  of 


:8o  LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 

Armcniosque  arcus  Gctjcis  intepdite  neruis : 

si  uos,  o  Parthi,  pctcrcm  cum  Caspia  claustra, 

ct  scquercr  duros  aeterni  Martis  Alanos, 

passus  Achaemeniis  late  discurrere  campis 

in  tutam  trcpidos  numquam  Babylona  coegi :         225 

arua  super  Cyri  Chaldaeiquc  ultima  regni, 

qua  rapidus  Ganges  et  qua  Nysaeus  Hydaspes 

accedunt  pelago,  Phoebi  surgentis  ab  igne 

iam  propior  quam  Persis  eram :   tamen  omnia  uincens 

sustinui  nostris  uos  tantum  deesse  triumphis:         230 

solus  et  e  numero  regum  telluris  Eoae 

ex  aequo  me  Parthus  adit,     nee  munere  Magni 

stant  semel  Arsacidae.     quis  enim  post  uolnera  cladis 

Assyriae  iustas  Latii  compescuit  iras  ? 

tot  mentis  obstricta  meis  nunc  Parthia  ruptis         235 

excedat  claustris  uetitam  per  saecula  ripam 

Zeugmaque  Pellaeum.     Pompeio  uincite,  Parthi  ; 

uinci  Roma  uolet.     regem  parere  iubenti 

ardua  non  piguit,  positisque  insignibus  aulae 

egreditur  famuli  rap.tos  indutus  amictus.  240 

in  dubiis  tutum  est  inopem  simulare  tyranno. 

quanto  igitur  mundi  dominis  securius  aeuom 


221.  Armenios — Geticis]  For  the  mix-  228.  ab  igne]  'I  was  nearer  the  fires 
ture  of  local  epithets  cf.  Verg.  Eel.  X  59  of  the  rising  sun,  than  Persia  is',  the 
libet  Partho  torquere  Cydonia  comu  spi-  usual  construction  with  prope,  cf.  Sen. 
cula.  Epist.  IV  xii  (41)  §1  prope  est  a  tc  deus, 

222.  petercm~\    i.e.   in  the   Mithridatic  tecum  est,  intus  est. 

war:   Caspia  clauslra,  the  Caspian  gates,  229.     omnia  uincens]  -Ko.vT0Kp6.Twp. 

cf.  291  infr.  232.     ex  aequo]  '  approached  me  as  an 

223.  aeterni  Martis  Alanos]  'the  ever-  equal',  i.e.  non  supplex  ut  ceteri. 
warring  Alani',  imitated  by  Sidon.  Apoll.  nee  mtinere]  'nor  is  it  once  alone  that 
II  364  Vandalicas  lurmas  et  iuncli  Martis  Parthia  has  stood  uninjured  by  the  gift  of 
Alanos.  cf.  also  158  supr.  245  infr.:  the  Magnus'.  Pompeius  had  dissuaded  the 
Alani  are  here  probably  to  be  identified  Senate  from  renewing  the  Parthian  war 
with  the  Albani  who  dwelt  in  the  Cau-  on  the  plea  of  the  war  in  Gaul. 

casus.  236.     claustris]    'bounds',    sc.    of  the 

224.  passus]    'suffering  you   to  scour  Parthian  and  Roman  empires. 

far  and  wide  the  Persian  plains',    cf.  for  237.     Zeugma]  A  town  founded  by  A- 

the  opposite  Hor.  carm.  11  ix  23  intraque  lexander  at  the  point  where  the  Euphrates 

praescriptum     Gelonos     exiguis    cquitare  was  bridged.   Weise  cf.  Plin.  H.N.  xxxiv 

campis.                                  ,  §  150. 

225.  tutam — Babylona]  'the  protec-  2'ompeio]  'in  Pompeius' cause',  cf.  I  45 
tion  of  the  walls  of  Babylon  '.     For  tutus  quod  tibi  res  acta  est,  IX  259. 

cf.   II   504 ;  for  Babylon  cf.   I   10,  VI  50,  240.     raptos]    equivalent    to    arreptos 

300  infr.  Weise. 

226.  super]  'beyond',  cf.  supr.  1^4. 


' 


LIBER   VIII.   221—267.  281 

ucrus  pauper  agit.     dimisso  in  litora  regc, 

ipse  per  Icariae  scopulos,  Ephcsonque  relinqucns 

et  placidi  Colophona  maris,  spumantia  paruac        245 

radit  saxa  Sami :   spirat  de  litore  Coo 

aura  fluens  :    Gnidon  indc  fugit,  claramque  relinquit 

sole  Rhodon,  magnosque  sinus  Telmcssidos  undae 

compensat  medio  pelago.     Pamphylia  puppi 

occurrit  tellus :    nee  sc  committere  muris  250 

ausus  adhuc  ullis  te  primum,  parua  Phaseli, 

Magnus  adit,     nam  te  metui  uctat  incola  rarus 

exhaustaeque  domus  populis  ;    maiorque  carinae, 

quam  tua,  turba  fuit.     tendens  hinc  carbasa  rursus 

iam  Taurum  Tauroque  uidet  Dipsunta  cadentem.  255 

crederet  hoc  Magnus  pacem  cum  praestitit  undis 
et  sibi  consultum  ?     Cilicum  per  litora  tutus 
parua  puppe  fugit :    sequitur  pars  magna  senatus 
ad  profugum  collecta  ducem  :   paruisque  Celendris, 
qua  portu  mittitque  rates  recipitque  Selinus,  260 

in  procerum  coetu  tandem  maesta  ora  resqluit 
uocibus  his  Magnus  :   comites  bellique  fugaeque, 
atque  instar  patriae,  quamuis  in  litore  nudo, 
in  Cilicum  terra,  nullis  circumdatus  armis 
consultem  rebusque  nouis  exordia  quaeram,  265 

ingentes  praestate  animos  :   non  omnis  in  amis 
Emathiis  cecidi,  nee  sic  mea  fata  premuntur 


•245.    placidi]  For  the  genitive  cf.  supr.  253.     exhaustaeque]  'houses  drained  of 

223.  their  inhabitants',     cf.  II  410. 

247.  aura  fluens]    '  a  breeze  blowing  254.    turba]  '  the  ship's  crew  was  more 
freely  from  the  Coan  shore ',  cf.  Lucret.  1  numerous   than  your    population'.      For 
■281   nee  (uenli)  ratione  flimnt  alia  stra-  this  use  of  turba,  cf.  Ill  647,  666. 
gemque  propagant.  257.     et  sibi  consultum]   'that  he  had 

248.  sole  Rhodon]  For  the  connexion  provided  for  his  own  safety  too'. 

of    Rhodes    with    the     Sun    cf.    Pindar  tutus]  sc.  without  fear  of  the  pirates. 

Olymp.  VII.     The  Colossus  was  a  statue  260.     Selinus]  Selinus  is  a  river  of  Ci- 

of  the  Sun.  licia  falling  into  the  sea  apparently  at  Ce- 

249.  compensat]  'cuts  short  the  long  lendrae. 

windings  of  the  bay  of  Telmessus  by  strik-  263.     instar  patriae]    '  ye  who   repre- 

ing  across  the  middle  of  the  sea',  cf.  Sen.  sent  to  me  our  native  land'. 

Phaed.   8S,   89  hac,  hac  pergatn  qua  uia  265.     rebusque    nouis]     'seek    a    com- 

longum  compensat  iter.  mencement  for  a  new  career'. 

251.    parua  Phaseli]    Phaselis  was  in  266.     ingentes]    cf.  Verg.  G.  IV  83  in- 

earlier  times  a  place  of  considerable  trad-  gentes  animos  angusto  in  pectore  uersant. 

ing  importance,  cf.  Demosthenes  c.  La-  omnis]    'entirely',   cf.  Ilor.  carm.    m 

critum.  xxx  6  non  omnis  moriar. 


282  LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 

ut  ncqucam  rclcuarc  caput  cladcsquc  rcccptas 
excutere.  an  Libycae  Marium  potucre  ruinac 
erigere  in  fasces  plenis  ct  reddere  fastis :  270 

mc  prcssum  leuiorc  manu   Fortuna  tencbit? 
mille  meae  Graio  uoluuntur  in  acquorc  puppes, 
millc  duces  :    sparsit  potius  Pharsalia  nostras, 
quam  subucrtit,  opes,     scd  me  uel  sola  tucri 
fama  potest  rerum  toto  quas  gessimus  orbe,  275 

et  nomen  quod  mundus  amat.     uos  pendite  regna 
uiribus  atque  fide,  -Libyen,  Parthosque,  Pharonque, 
quaenam  Romanis  deccat  succurrere  rebus, 
ast  ego  curarum,  proceres,  arcana  mearum 
expromam  mentisque  meae  quo  pondera  uergant.  280 
aetas  Niliaci  nobis  suspecta  tyranni  est ; 
ardua  quippe  fides  robustos  exigit  annos. 
hinc  anceps  dubii  terret  sollertia  Mauri : 
namque  memor  generis  Karthaginis  impia  proles 
imminet  Hesperiae,  multusque  in  pectore  uano  est  285 
Hannibal ;    obliquo  maculat  qui  sanguine  regnum, 


269.  excutere]   '  shake  off'.     For  Li-  teen  years  old. 

bycae,  cf.  II  88  seq.  note.  282.     ardua  fides]   'faith   that   is  hard 

270.  in  fasces]  '  to  the  consulship'.  to  keep',  i.e.  incases  where  the  tempta- 
plenis  fastis]    'the  lists  filled  with  his  tion  to  break  it  is  strong,  as  now. 

name':  he  was  consul  a  seventh  time  after  283.     anceps  sollertia]  'dangerous  cun- 

his  return.  ning'. 

271.  me  prcssum]  '  shall  Fortune  hold  284.  generis]  According  to  the  Scholi- 
me  down  whom  she  has  crushed  with  less  ast  Juba  was  descended  from  a  sister  of 
heavy  hand?'  prcssum  should  be  taken  Hannibal :  there  does  not  seem  to  be  any 
with  both  leuiorc  manu  and  tencbit.  Many  authority  for  this  statement,  and  Lucan 
MSS.  read  puis um.  probably  regards  both  Carthaginians  and 

272.  uoluuntur]  'are  tossing  on  the  Numidians  simply  as  Africans,  cf.  Hor. 
Grecian  sea'.  The  form  of  the  line  seems  carm.  II  i  25,29  Juno  ct  deorum  qitis- 
to  be  suggested  by  Verg.  Eel.  11  21  millc  quis  amicior  Afris  inulta  cesserat  impo- 
meae  Siculis  errant  in  montibus  a'gnae.  tens  tellure  uictorum  nepoies  rcttulit  infe- 

276.  pendite]  'weigh  and  compare  in  rias  Jugurthae.  cf.  139,  1188-93,  IV  788. 
strength  and  loyalty',  cf.  IV  707  quis  con-  2S5.     imminet]  'is  threatening  Hespe- 

ferre  duces  meminit?  quis pendere  causas?  ria',  cf.  Cic.  pro  leg.  Manil.  §  12  immi- 

277.  Libyen]  sc.Numidia  and  its  king  nent  duo  reges  toli  Asiac.  Ov.  Met.  1  146 
Juba.  imminet  cxilio  uir  coniugis,  ilia  mariti. 

279.  curarum  arcana]  'my  secret  mult  us]  'the  thought  of  Hannibal  is 
thoughts'.  ever  in  his  vain-glorious  heart',  cf.  Florus 

280.  quo  pondera]  '  whither  the  ba-  II  xiii  §  50  mult  us  in  co  proelio  Caesar 
lance    of    my   thoughts    inclines'.     Oud.  fuit. 

cf.    Sen.    Med.    394    '  quo  pondus   animi  286.     obliquo]  Some  think  that  this  is 

uergatV     See   also   Verg.    Aen.    xn  727  a  suggestion  that  Juba  was  illegitimate  : 

quern  damnet  labor  et  quo  uergat  pondcre  others  that  it  refers  to  his  supposed  col- 

letum.  lateral  descent  from  the  family  of  Han- 

281.  aetas]  Ftolemaeus  was  only  thir-  nibal. 


LIBER   VIII.    268—305.  283 

et  Numidas  contingit  auos,  iam  supplice  Varo 

intumuit  uiditquc  loco  Romana  sccundo. 

quare  agite  Eoum,  comitcs,  properemus  in  orbcm. 

diuidit  Euphrates  ingentem  giirgite  mundum,         290 

Caspiaque  immensos  scducunt  claustra  rccessus, 

ct  polus  Assyrias  alter  noctesque  diesque 

uertit,  ct  abruptum  est  nostro  mare  discolor  unda, 

oceanusque  suus.     regnandi  sola  uoluntas. 

celsior  in  campis  sonipes  et  fortior  arcus;  295 

nee  puer  aut  senior  letales  tendere  neruos 

segnis,  ct  a  nulla  mors  est  incerta  sagitta. 

primi  Pellaeas  arcu  frcgerc  sarisas, 

Bactraque  Medorum  sedem,  murisque  superbam 

Assyrias  Babylona  domos.     nee  pila  timentur        300 

nostra  nimis  Parthis,  audentque  in  bella  uenire 

experti  Scythicas  Crasso  pereunte  sagittas. 

spicula  nee  solo  spargunt  fidentia  ferro, 

stridula  sed  multo  saturantur  tela  ueneno. 

uolnera  parua  nocent  fatumque  in  sanguine  summo  est. 


287.  contingit']  'reaches  back  to  Nu-  their  plains  and  stronger  is  their  bow'. 
midian  ancestors',   cf.  Iuv.  xi  61,  62  uc-         297.     segnis]    cf.  Verg.  G.  11    125    et 
nies   Tirynthius  ant  minor  Mo  hospes  et  gens  ilia  quidem  sumptis  non  tarda  pha- 
ipse  lamen  contingens  sanguine  caelum.  retris. 

288.  loco  secundo]  'in  a  position  of  in-  298.  sarisas]  These  were  the  national 
feriority'.  cf.  IV  715  foil.  cf.  Sen.  Epist.  weapons  of  the  Macedonians  aspila  of  the 
v  xii  (52)  §  3  secundae  sortis  ingenium.  Romans,  cf.  x  47,  48  Eoi propius  timuere 

291.  scducunt]  'separate  from  us',    cf.  sarisas  quam  nunc  pila  timent  populi. 
Ov.   Heroid.  xix  142  seducit  terras  haec         299.     Baelra]  This  refers  to  the  Graeco- 
brcuis  unda  duos.  Bactrian  kingdom  founded  by  Alexander's 

292.  et  polus]  Lucan  confuses  Par-  generals,  for  the  history  of  which  see 
thia  with  the  countries  south  of  the  equa-  Hunter's  Orissa,  Vol.  I  pp.  212  foil. 

tor.  300.     Assyrias — domos]    in    apposition 

293.  discolor]  'a  sea  of  different  co-  with  Babylona:  'the  home  of  Assyrian 
lour  in  its  waves  is  cut  off  from  ours':  this  empire'.  For  the  walls  of  Babylon  cf.  \\  50 
refers  to  the  Red  Sea  often  confused  with  Herod.  1  178,  179. 

the  Persian  Gulf,  cf.  Herod.  1  180  ft-Let         302.    experti]  '  having  proved  the  power 

ot  ovtos  (6  Eu^pvjrTjs)  t's  tt\v  'Epvdpi}i>  da-  of  the  Scythian  arrows,  when  Crassus  fell'. 

\aa<rav.    For  the  origin  of  the  name,  cf.  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  VII  234,  235  fata  per  At- 

Quint.  Curt,  vm  ix  §  14  mare  certe  quo  ncae  iuro  dextramque  potentem  sine  fide 

adluitur  ne  colore  quidem  abhor  ret  a  ceteris,  sett  quis  bello  est  expertus  et  arm  is. 
ab  Erythro  rege  inditum  est  nomen  :  prop-  304.     ueneno]  cf".   Verg.  Aen.  XII  857, 

ter  quod  ignari  rubere  aquas  crcdunt,  and  858   armatam    saeui  Parthus  quam  file 

Mr  Heitland's  note.  ueueni  Parthus  sine  Cydon  telum  immedi- 

294.  regnandi]    'their   sole   desire   is  cabile  torsit. 

rule',  i.e.  they  are  not  greedy  of  wealth,  305.     in  sanguine  summo  est]   'death 

and  so  will  prove  faithful,  while  their  am-  is  in  the  blood  on  the  very  surface  of  the 

bition  will  help  us.  body',   i.e.  the  slightest  graze  is  fatal,  cf. 

295.  celsior]  'taller  is  the  war-horse  in  supr.  68  cf.  also  Aetna  158  sed  sum  mis  si 


234  LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 

o  utinam  non  tanta  mihi  fiducia  sacuis  306 

essct  in  Arsacidis.     fatis  nimis  aemula  nostris 

fata  moucnt  Mcdos  multumquc  in  gente  dcorum  est. 

effundam  populos  alia  tcllurc  rcuolsos, 

excitosquc  suis  immittam  sedibus  ortus.  -310 

quod  si  nos  Eoa  fides  ct  barbara  fallunt 

foedera ;    uolgati  supra  commercia  mundi 

naufragium  Fortuna  ferat.     non  rcgna  precabor 

quae  feci ;    scd  magna  fcram  solacia  mortis 

orbc  iacens  alio,  nihil  haec  in  membra  cruente,     315 

nil  socerum  fecisse  pie.     sed  cuncta  reuoluens 

uitae  fata  meae  semper  uenerabilis  ilia 

orbis  parte  fui :    quantus  Maeotida  supra : 

quantus  apud  Tanaim  toto  conspectus  in  ortu. 

quas  magis  in  terras  nostrum  felicibus  actis  320 

nomen  abit  aut  unde  redit  maiore  triumpho  ? 

Roma,  faue  coeptis ;    quid  enim  tibi  laetius  umquam 

praestiterint  superi,  quam,  si  ciuilia  Partho 

milite  bella  geras,  tantam  consumere  gentem 

et  nostris  miscere  malis  ?     cum  Caesaris  arma        325 

concurrant  Medis,  aut  me  Fortuna  necesse  est 

uindicet  aut  Crassos.     sic  fatus,  murmure  sentit 

consilium  damnasse  uiros  :   quos  Lentulus  omnes 

uirtutis  stimulis  et  nobilitate  dolendi 

forte  pittas  concrescere  causis  tantitm  opus,  314.    /era;;/]  '  shall  cany  off',  i.e.  as  a 


and  Dr  Munro's  note. 


prize. 


306.  0  utinam]    '  would  I  did  not  re-  315.     nihil]    'nee  parcendi  nee  puni- 
pose  such  confidence  in  &c.'  but  cf.  Iuv.  endi  in  me  habebit  potestatem '.     Schol. 
x  306   tanta   in   numeribus  fiducia   and  317.     uenerabilis]  'respected'. 

Prof.  Mayor's  note.  318.     quantus]  '  how  mighty '  sc.  when 

307.  fatis    nimis    aemula]    cf.    Verg.  in  pursuit  of  Mithridates  who  took  refuge 
Aen.  IX  136  sunt  et  men  contra  fata  mihi.  with  his  son  Pharnaces  king  of  Bosporus, 

308.  dcorum  est]  '  and  greatly  do  the  cf.  II  637,  X  476. 

gods  favour  the  nation',     cf.  143  supr.  320.     magis  abit]  'has  my  name  spread 

310.      immittam]     sc.      in      Caesarem.  more  widely?' 

Weise.  323.     quam   si]     '  than   by    employing 

ortus]  'the  East'.  Parthian    soldiers   in   thy   civil    wars,    to 

312.  uolgati]   'beyond  the  intercourse  waste  the  strength  of  that  mighty  nation 
of  the  commonly  known  world '.  and  involve  it  in  common  disasters  with 

313.  naufragium]     'our   shipwrecked  ourselves'. 

fortunes',     cf.   Ov.  ex  Ponto  11  ix  9   ex-  327.     uindicet]  'avenge',    cf.  Ov.  Fast. 

cipe    naufragium    non    duro    litorc    nos-  vi  468  quique  necem  Crassi  uindicet  ultor 

trum.  crit. 

non   regna  precabor]  '  I  will  not  be  a  329.     uirtutis    stimulis]      '  in     urging 

suppliant  to  the  kingdoms  I  set  up'.  them  to  valour  and  in  his  generous  indig- 


LIBER   VIII.    306—348. 


285 


336 


praecessit  dignasque  tulit  modo  consule  uoccs :      33c 

siccinc  Thessalicae  mentem  fregere  ruinae? 
una  dies  mundi  damnauit  fata?     secundum 
Emathiam  lis  tanta  datur  ?     iacet  omne  cruenti 
uolneris  auxilium  ?     solos  tibi,  Magne,  reliquit 
Parthorum  Fortuna  pedes  ?     quid,  transfuga  mundi, 
terrarum  notos  tractus  caelumque  perosus, 
aduersosque  polos  alienaque  sidera  quaeris, 
Chaldaeos  culture  focos  et  barbara  sacra, 
Parthorum  famulus  ?     quid  causa  obtenditur  armis 
libertatis  amor  ?     miserum  quid  decipis  orbcm,       340 
si  seruire  potes  ?     te,  quern  Romana  regentem 
horruit  auditu,  quern  captos  ducere  reges 
uidit  ab  Hyrcanis,  Indoque  a  litore,  siluis, 
deiectum  fatis  humilem  fractumque  uidebit, 
extolletque  animos  Latium  uaesanus  in  orbem,      345 
se  simul  ct  Romam  Pompeio  supplice  mensus  ? 
nil  animis  fatisque  tuis  effabere  dignum : 
exiget  ignorans  LaUae  commercia  linguae 


nation',  cf.  supr.  II  324  acres  irarum  mo- 
ult stimnles. 

330.  modo  consule]  '  of  one  lately  con- 
sul', rod  S.pTL  inrarevcravTos.  For  a  similar 
use  of  the  adverb  cf.  ix  283. 

331.  mentem  fregere]  '  broken  our  spi- 
rit', cf.  Hor.  Epist.  II  ii  35,  36  hortari 
coepit  eundem  uerbis  quae  timido  quoque 
possetit  adder e  men  tern. 

332.  secundum]  'is  so  vast  a  contest 
decided  in  accordance  with  the  verdict  of 
Thessaly?'  i.e.  by  the  result  of  the  one 
battle  of  Pharsalia. 

333.  iacet]  '  is  all  powerless  that  could 
avail  to  heal  this  bloody  wound?'  cf. 
Cic.  Farad.  IV  §  27  cum  leges  in  ilia  nihil 
ualebant,  cum  indicia  iacebant. 

33§.  solos — pedes]  'nothing  save  to 
fall  at  the  Partisans'  feet'. 

transfuga  mundi]  '  a  deserter  from  the 
(known)  world',  cf.  supr.  290:  for  the 
expression  cf.  Stat.  Silu.  1  ii  203 — 205 
tumidae  sic  transfuga  Pisae  atnnis  in  ex- 
ternos  longe  fla.mma.tus  amores  flumina 
demerso  trahtt  intemerata  canali,  with  re- 
ference to  Arethusa. 

336.  terrarum]  sc.  noslrarum,  omitted 
as  externus  so  often  is,  cf.  note  on  131. 

338.  focos]  referring  to  the  fire-worship 


of  the  Persians,  between  whom  and  the 
Parthians  there  is  constant  confusion,  deos, 
the  reading  adopted  by  'Weise,  probably 
arose  from  an  explanatory  marginal  gloss. 

339-  quid]  '  why  is  the  love  of  free- 
dom alleged  as  our  plea  for  war?'  i.e.  if 
we  are  to  be  slaves,  it  is  better  we  should 
be  the  slaves  of  Caesar  than  of  the  Par- 
thians. 

34c  te  quern]  'whom  Parthia's  king 
trembled  at  when  lie  heard  of  him  as 
guiding  the  Roman  state',     cf.  IX  1075. 

342.  horruit]  sc.  Parthus. 

343.  Hyrcanis]  to  be  taken  with  siluis. 
For  the  order  of  the  words  Weise  cf.  111 
679,  V  387,  680,  Soo.  Oud.  cf.  Manil.  1 
419  discordes  uollu,  pcrmixtaque  corpora, 
par/us. 

345.  extolletque  animos]  'and  madly 
gather  courage  to  assail  the  Roman  world '. 
cf.  Tac.  Ann.  VI  42  (36)  sustulerant  ant- 
mum. 

346.  mensus]  '  measuring  his  own 
strength  and  that  of  Rome  by  the  fact  of 
Pompeius  being  a  suppliant'. 

348.  exiget]  'in  his  ignorance  of  con- 
verse in  the  Latin  tongue  he  will  compi  I 
thee,  Magnus,  to  beg  of  him  with  tears', 
cf.  Ov.  Trist.  v  x  35,  36  exercent  illi  so- 


286  LUCANI   PHARSALIAE 

ut  lacrimis  se,  Magne,  roge&     patimurne  pudoris 

hoc  uolnus  clades  ut  Parthia  uindicct  ante  350 

Hespcrias  quam  Roma  suas  ?     ciuilibus  armis 

elegit  te  nempe  ducem.     quid  uolnera  nostra 

in  Scythicos  spargis  populos  cladesque  latcntis  ? 

quid  Parthos  transire  doces  ?     solacia  tanti 

perdit  Roma  mali,  nullos  admittere  reges  355 

sed  ciui  scruire  suo.     iuuat  ire  per  orbem 

ducentem  saeuas  Romana  in  moenia  gentes, 

signaque  ab  Euphrate  cum  Crassis  capta  sequcntem  ? 

qui  solus  regum  fato  celante  fauorem 

defuit  Emathiae,  nunc  tantas  ille  lacesset  360 

auditi  uictoris  opes  aut  iungere  fata 

tecum,  Magne,  uolet  ?     non  haec  fiducia  genti  est. 

omnis  in  Arctois  populus  quicumque  pruinis 

nascitur,  indomitus  bellis  et  mortis  amator. 

quidquid  ad  Eoos  tractus  mundique  teporcm  365 

labitur,  emollit  gentes  dementia  caeli. 

illic  et  laxas  uestes  et  fiuxa  uirorum 

uelamenta  uides.     Parthus  per  Medica  rura 

Sarmaticos  inter  campos  effusaque  piano 

Tigridis  arua  solo  nulli  superabilis  hosti  est  370 


ciae  commercia  linguae ;  per  gestum   res  364.     mortis']     This  is  the  reading  of 

est  significanda  mihi.  the  best  MSS.  and  of  the  Roman  edition 

350.     hoc  uolnus]    'this  blow   to   our  of  1469,  cf.  1  461,  462  anitnaeque  capaces 

honour '.  mortis  et  ignauom  rediturac  parccre  uitae, 

353.  cladesque  latcntis]  'our  secret  IV  146,  147  semper  in  arma  mortis  amor e 
disasters',  i.e.  which  ought  rather  to  be  feros  VI  246.  Grotius  with  some  MSS. 
kept  secret.  reads  Marlis. 

354.  transire]  i.e.  Euphraten.  cf.  365.  quidquid]  'however  much',  i.e. 
supr.  236.  Tac.  Hist.  II  17  aperuerat  'in  proportion  as  the  sky  sinks  down',  cf. 
iam  Italiam  bcllumque  trans  miser  at ..  .ala  notes  on  vn  387,  179  supr. 

Siliana.  366.     labitur]  sc.  caelum,  cf.  Verg.  G. 

355-    perdit  Roma]  '  Rome  loses  there-  1  240,  241  mundus  ut  ad  Scythiam  Rhi- 

by\  i.e.  by  this  conduct  of  yours.  paeasque  arduus  arces   consurgit,  prcmi- 

'  admittere]  sc.  intra  fines  suos,   'brook  tur  Libyae  deuexus  in  Austros. 

the  interference  of  no  kings',  cf.  infr.  546.  367.     illic]    cf.   Tac.  Ann.   VI  40  (34) 

359.    fato  celante  fauorem]  '  while  fate  simul  horridam  suorum  aciem,  picta  auro 

concealed  its  preference',  i.e.  while  it  was  Medorum  agmina,  hinc  uiros,  inde prac- 

yet  doubtful  whether  Caesar  or  Pompeius  dam   ostendere,    in  which    passage  Medi 

was  fated  to  be  the  conqueror.  means  the  Parthians. 

361.  auditi  uictoris  opes]  'the  power  369.  effusa]  'spreading  out  in  level 
of  him  he  has  heard  to  be  conqueror'.  ground',  cf.  Tac.  Germ.  30  non  ita  effusis 

362.  non  haec]  'the  nation  is  not  so  ac  palustribus  locis,  ut  cetcrae  ciuitates  in 
self-confident  as  that'.  quas  Ccrmania patescit,  durans. 


LIBER   VIII.   349-394.  287 

libertatc  fugae  :    sccl  non,  ubi  terra  tumebit, 

aspera  conscendet  montis  iuga  ;    nee  per  opacas 

bella  geret  tenebras  inccrto  debilis  arcu, 

nee  franget  nando  uiolenti  uorticis  amncm, 

nee  tota  in  pugna  pcrfusus  sanguine  membra  375 

exiget  aestiuom  calido  sub  puluere  solcm. 

non  aries  1 1  lis  non  ulla  est  machina  belli  : 

haud  fossas  implere  ualcnt :    Parthoque  sequente 

murus  erit  quodcumque  potest  obstare  sagittae. 

pugna  leuis  bcllumque  fugax  turmaeque  uagantes,  380 

et  melior  ccssisse  loco  quam  pellere  miles ; 

illita  tela  dolis,  nee  Martem  comminus  umquam 

ausa  pati  uirtus,  sed  longe  tenderc  neruos, 

et  quo  ferre  uelint  permittere  uolnera  uentis. 

ensis  habet  uires,  et  gens  quaecumquc  uirorum  est  385 

bella  gent  gladiis ;    nam  Medos  proelia  prima 

exarmant  uacuaeque  iubent  remeare  pharetrae. 

nulla  manus  illis  fiducia  tota  ueneni  est. 

credis,  Magne,  uiros  quos  in  discrimina  belli 

cum  ferro  uenisse  parurn  est  ?    temptare  pudendum  390 

auxilium  tanti  est,  toto  diuisus  ut  orbe 

a  terra  moriare  tua  ?     tibi  barbara  tellus 

incumbat,  te  parua  tegant  ac  uilia  busta, 

inuidiosa  tamen  Crasso  quaerente  sepulcrum  ? 

371.    libcrtate  fugae]  'by  his  free  power  385.     uirorum  est]  Grotius  refers  to  the 

of  flight'.  saying  of  Pyrrhus  that  'he  had  fallen  on 

373-  incerto    debilis    arcii\    'disabled  the    man's   chamber,    Alexander   on   the 
when  his  bow  can  take  no  certain  aim',  cf.  women's'. 

Plin.  Epp.  vin  wii  §  g  multi  eiusmodi         388.      manus]     '  confidence     in     their 
casibus  dcbilitati  obruti  obtriti.  hands  ',  cf.  Prof.  Mayor's  note  on  Iuv.  X 

374-  fr*ngef\  cf.  1  222;  for  the  geni-      306. 

tive  cf.  supr.  223.  300.     cum  ferrd]  i.e.  unless  poison   is 

376.     exiget]     'will  he  pass  the  whole  added. 

summer  day',  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  VII  776  solus  391.     tanti]  cf.  in  51  nee  uincere  tanti 

ubi  in  siluis  /talis  ignobilis  aeuom  exi-  tit  bellum  differret  erat. 

geret.     Plin.  Epp.  HI  i  §  1.  toto  orbe]    The  Scholiast  refers  to  Verg. 

379.     murus  erit]  'will  prove  a  wall',  Eel.  1  67 penitus  toto  diuisos  orbe  Britan- 

i.  e.  will  be  equally  defensible,  cf.  VI  201.  nos,  but  in  the  present  passage  the  mean- 

For  erit  cf.  note  on  I  31.  ing  is  '  by  the  whole  width  of  the  world  '. 

380.^   pugna    leuis]    'they    fight    light-  394.     inuidiosa]    'but  which    still  will 

armed  •  bring  odium  on  thee  while  Crassus  seeks 

381.    pellere]  sc.  hostem.  a  sepulchre  in  vain';  for  quaerere,  cf.  vi 

384.     uelint]  sc.  uenti.  154,    ix    965    Phoebci    quaerit    uest 

permittere]  'to  leave  their  blows  to  the  muri. 
winds  to  carry  whither  they  will'. 


288  LUCANI    PHARSALIAK 

sed  tua  sors  leuior,  quoniam  mors  ultima  poena  est 

nee  metuenda  uiris.     at  non  Cornelia  letum  396 

infando  sub  rcge  timet,     num  barbara  nobis 

est  ignota  ucnus,  quae  ritu  caeca  ferarum 

polluit  innumeris  leges  et  foedera  taedac 

coniugibus  ?     thalamique  patent  secreta  ncfandi.     400 

inter  mille  nurus  epulis  uacsana  meroquc 

regia  non  ullos  exceptos  legibus  horret 

concubitus:   tot  femineis  complcxibus  unum 

non  lassat  nox  una  marem.     iacuere  sorores 

in  fratrum  thalamis  sacrataque  pignora  matrum.    405 

damnat  apud  gentes  sceleris  non  sponte  peracti 

Oedipodionias  infelix  fabula  Thebas : 

Parthorum  dominus  quotiens  sic  sanguine  mixto 

nascitur  Arsacides  ?     cui  fas  implere  parentem, 

quid  rear  esse  nefas  ?     proles  tam  clara  Metelli     410 

stabit  barbarico  coniunx  millesima  lecto  : 

quamquam  non  ulli  plus  regia,  Magne,  uacabit 

saeuitia  stimulante  uenus  titulisque  uirorum.  "«■ 

nam  quo  plura  iuuent  Parthum  portenta  fuisse 

hanc  sciet  ct  Crassi :   ecu  pridem  debita  fatis         415 

Assyriis,  trahitur  cladis  captiua  uetustae. 


395.  ultima]  'last  and  worst',  cf.  vil  404.  lassat"\  cf.  Iuv.  VI  130  lassata 
444.  uiris. 

paena]  cf.  note  on  VII  470.  405.     sacrataque  pignora  matrum]  sc. 

396.  at  non]  'but  it  is  not  death  that  in  liberorum  thalamis  iacuere.  matrum  is 
Cornelia  has  to  fear'.  best  taken  as  the  genitive  of  definition,  cf. 

399.  leges  et  foedera]  Verg.  G.  I  60  note  on  VII  272;  for  pignora,  cf.  VII  324  : 
continuo  has  leges  aeternaque  foedera  cert  is  it  is  possible  however,  that  pignora  may 
imposuit  natura  locis.  For  tacdae,  cf.  1  be  nominative  and  mean  'children',  i.e. 
112.  in  mat  rum  thalamis  iacuere. 

400.  patent]  non  ignotum  est  quae  ibi  406.     damnat]  'brings  disgrace  on'. 
thalami  secreta  exerceantur:  in  propatulo  gutes]  sc.  exteras.     cf.  note  on  1  83. 
enim    quasi    fiunt,    neque    absconduntur.  409.     implere]     sc.   praegnantem    red- 
Weise.     For  this  cf.  2  Samuel  xii  n,  12,  dere. 

xvi  22.     Oud.  however  puts  no  stop  after  413.     saeuitia  stimulante]   'goaded  on 

nefandi  but    a    colon    after    nurus,    thus  by  cruelty  and  the  thought  of  her  husbands' 
explaining   the   passage:    communicantur  •  titles'    i.e.    it  will   give   pleasure  to   the 

cum    mille    feminis    quae    uni    seruanda  Parthian  king  to    degrade  one    who   has 

erant,  cf.  vi  139  iam  mundi  iura  pate-  been  the  wife  of  a  Crassus  and  a  Pom- 

bant.  peius. 

402.     regia]  'the  court',  'the  palace',  414.     portenta]   'wonders',  sc.  that  he 

and  so  equivalent  to  reges,  cf.  Liv.  xxiv  22  should  have  in  his  power  the  wife  of  two 

quicunque  aut  propinquitate  aut  affinitate  such  Romans. 

aut  aliquibus   ministeriis   rcgiam    conti-  415.     debita]  i.e.  as  part  of  the  spoil  of 

gisscnt.  Carrhae. 


LIBER   VIII.    395—440.  289 

haereat  Eoac  uolnus  miscrabilc  sortis ; 

non  solum  auxilium  funesto  a  regc  petissc, 

sed  gessisse  prius  bcllum  ciuile  pudcbit. 

nam  quod  apud  populos  crimen  socerique  tuomque  420 

maius  crit,  quam  quod  nobis  miscentibus  arma 

Crassorum  uindicta  peirit?     incurrcrc  cuncti 

debuerant  in  Bactra  duces,  et,  ne  qua  uacarcnt 

arma,  uel  Arctoum  Dacis  Rhcnique  cateruis 

imperii   nudare  latus,  dum  pcrfida  Sujsa  425 

in  tumulos  prolapsa  uirum  Babylonque  iacerent. 

Assyriae  pad  finem,  Fortuna,  prccamur: 

et  si  Thessaliae  bellum  ciuile  peractum  est, 

ad  Parthos  qui  uicit  cat.     gens  unica  mundi  est 

de  qua  Caesareis  possim  gaudere  triumphis.  430 

non  tibi,  cum  gelidum  primum  transibis  Araxen, 

umbra  senis  maesti  Scythicis  confixa  sagittis 

ingeret  has  uoccs  :  tu,  quern  post  funera  nostra 

ultorem  cinerum  nudae  sperauimus  umbrae, 

ad  foedus  pacemque  uenis  ?     turn  plurima  cladis  435 

occurrent  monumenta  tibi :   quae  moenia  trunci 

lustrarunt  ceruice  duces,  ubi  nomina  tanta 

obruit  Euphrates,  et  nostra  cadauera  Tigris 

detulit  in  terras  ac  reddidit,     ire  per  ista 

si  potes,  in  media  socerum  quoque,  Magne,  sedentem 

417.     haereaf\   'if  that  deadly  blow  at  Parthos. 

our  fortune  in   the   East   rankled    in   thy  431.     Araxen]  cf.  I  19. 

heart':  for  the  conditional  subjunctive  cf.  432.     umbra. ..confixa]    The  shades  of 

Verg.  Aen.  VI  30,  31.  the  dead  were  supposed  to  retain  the  marks 

419.     prius]  sc.  quam  cum  Parthis.  of  wounds,  &c.  which  they  had  suffered 

421.     quam  quod]  'than  the  fact  that  when  alive;  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  vi  494 — 499, 

while  you  are  warring  against  each  other',  Propert.  V  vii  7 — 12. 

cf.  Verg.  Aen.  xn  720  Mi  inter  sese  multa  434.     nudae]   'unburied'. 

ui  uolnera  miscent.  436.     monumenta]  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  VIII 

423.     uacarcnt]  'should  remain  idle'.  311,  312  et  singula  /actus  exquiritque  au- 

425.  nudare]     cf.     I     464     Rhenique  ditque  uirum  moiuaiicnta  priorum. 
feroces  deseritis  ripas  et  apertum  gentibus  quae  moenia]  'the  walls  of  which   the 

orbem.  chieftains'  headless  bodies  made  the  cir- 

426.  uirum]  'their  inhabitants'.     So      cuit'. 

Cortius  and  Weise.     Oud.  reads  ducum,  439.     ac  reddidit]  'and  cast  ashore',  cf. 

sc.  Crassorum.  II  217  nee  i am  alliens  amncm  ucc  ret 'incut 

427.  Assyriae  paci]   'the   peace  with  ripae  redditque  cadauera  Campo. 
Assyria',  sc.  Parthia.  440.     si  potes]  i.e.  if  you  can  bear  to  be 

428.  Thessaliae]    locative,   so  Weise.  a  suppliant  to  the  Parthians  after  the  sight 
Oud.  reads  Thessalia.  of  all  this,  you  can  bear  to  be  a  suppliant 

439.     ad  Parthos]  equivalent  to  contra      tn  Caesar. 


II.  L. 


19 


290 


LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 


Thessalia  placarc  potcs.     quin  rcspicis  orbem         441 
Romanum  ?     si  regna  times  proiecta  sub  Austro 
infidumque  Iubam,  petimus  Pharon  aruaquc  Lagi. 
Syrtibus  hinc  Libycis  tuta  est  Aegyptus  :   at  inde 
gurgite  septeno  rapidus  mare  submouet  amnis :     445 
terra  suis  contenta  bonis  non  indiga  mercis 
aut  Iouis  :   in  sola  tanta  est  fiducia  Nilo. 
sceptra  puer  Ptolemaeus  habet  tibi  debita,  Magne, 
tutelae  commissa  tuae.     quis  nominis  umbram 
horrcat  ?     innocua  est  aetas  :   nee  iura  fidemque    450 
respectumque  deum  ueteris  speraueris  aulae. 
nil  pudet  adsuetos  sceptris :    mitissima  sors  est 
regnorum  sub  rege  nouo.     non  plura  locutus 
impulit  hue  animos.     quantum  spes  ultima  rerum 
libertatis  habet.     uicta  est  sententia  Magni.  455 

turn  Cilicum  liquere  solum  Cyproque  citatas 
immisere  rates,  nullas  cui  praetulit  aras 
undae  diua  memor  Paphiae,  si  numina  nasci 
credimus  aut  quemquam  fas  est  coepisse  deorum. 
haec  ubi  deseruit  Pompeius  litora,  totos  460 

emensus  Cypri  scopulos,  quibus  exit  in  Austrum, 
inde  maris  uasti  transuerso  uertitur  aestu  : 


442.  Romanum]  'the  Roman  world ', 
as  opposed  to  the  Eastern  world. 

proiectd\  'stretched  out',  'extending 
far'. 

443.  petimus]  '  our  course  is  for  Pharos'. 
445.     submoitci\  'drives  back'. 

447.  Iouis]  sc.  rain ;  cf.  Verg.  G.  I 
418  Iuppiter  uuidus  Austris,  G.  II  325, 
326  turn  pater  o?nnipotens  fecundis  im- 
bribus  aether  coniugis  in  gremium  laetae 
descendit,  Eur.  Hel.  1 — 3  NetXou  /j,€i>  aide 
KaWiirapdevoi  poai,  6s  avrl  oias  i/'a/cdSos 
AlyvTTTov  iridov  Xtvurjs  TaKeia-qs  xi°vos 
vypalvei  yvas. 

448.  tibi  debita]  Ptolemaeus  had  been 
set  on  the  throne  by  Aulus  Gabinius,  the 
creature  of  Pompeius. 

449.  tutelae]  M.  Lepidus  had  really 
been  appointed  by  the  Senate  as  Ptole- 
maeus' guardian. 

nominis  umbram]  cf.  I  135. 

450.  nee  iura]  'nor  look  for... in  an 
old  king's  court'. 

452.     mitissima]  'the  lot  of  kingdoms 


is  mildest  under  a  new  monarch';  cf. 
Dryden,  The  Hind  and  the  Panther,  Part  I 
271  'and  kind  as  kings  upon  their  corona- 
tion day'. 

454.  quantum]  '  how  much  freedom 
of  speech  is  there  in  despair  ! ' :  for  /ibertas 
cf.  note  on  III  145. 

456.  Cypro  immisere]  'directed  towards 
Cyprus',  Cypro  being  dative;  for  immit- 
tere  cf.  Cic.  ad  fam.  X  xxx  §  3  repente 
equom  immisi  ad  earn  legionem  tironum 
quae  uenicbat  ex  castris  scuto  reiecto. 

458.  undae]  sc.  whence  she  sprang. 

459.  coepisse]  'or  it  is  lawful  for  any 
god  to  have  a  beginning',     cf.  X  266. 

461.  emensus]  'journeying  past',  cf. 
Verg.  Aen.  v  627,  628  cum  freta  cum 
terras  omnes  tot  inhospita  saxa  sideraque 
emensae  ferimur. 

exit]  'projects'. 

462.  inde  maris]  'tlience  he  turns  off 
crossing  obliquely  the  vast  ocean's  tides', 
i.e.  instead  of  coasting  crosses  the  open 
sea  to  Egypt. 


LIBER   VIII.   441—480. 


291 


nee  tenuit  gratum  nocturno  lumine  montem, 

infimaque  Aegypti  pugnaci  litora  uelo 

uix  tetigit,  qua  diuidui  pars  maxima  Nili  465 

in  uada  decurrit  Pelusia,  septimus  amnis. 

tempus  erat  quo  Libra  pares  examinat  horas 

non  uno  plus  aequa  die,  noctique  rependit 

lux  minor  hibernae  uerni  solacia  damni. 

comperit  ut  regem  Casio  se  montc  tenere,  470 

flectit  iter :   nee  Phoebus  adhuc  nee  carbasa  languent. 

iam  rapido  speculator  eques  per  litora  cursu 
hospitis  aduentu  pauidam  compleuerat  aulam. 
consilii  uix  tempus  erat:    tamen  omnia  monstra 
Pellaeae  coiere  domus :   quos  inter  Achoreus  475 

iam  placidus  senio  fractisque  modestior  annis, 
(hunc  genuit  custos  Nili  crescentis  in  arua 
Memphis  uana  sacris ;   illo  cultore  deorum 
lustra  suae  Phoebes  non  unus  uixerat  Apis) 
consilii  uox  prima  fuit,  meritumque  fidemque         480 


463.  nee  tenuit]  i.e.  non  adpulit  ad, 
'did  not  strike'. 

gratum]  'the  mountain  that  cheers  men 
with  nightly  blaze ',  sc.  Pharos. 

464.  pugnaci]  '  struggling  ',  i.e.  a- 
gainst  adverse  winds,  cf.  Plin.  H.  N.  xv 
§13  (oleae)  callosae  contra  umorem  pug- 
naces. 

466.  in  uada]  'flows  into  the  shallows 
of  Pelusium,  the  last  (i.e.  most  Eastern) 
of  seven  streams'. 

467.  pares  examinat]  'weighs  the  level 
hours  in  her  scale',  i.e.  it  was  the  autum- 
nal equinox,  cf.  x  227.  Verg.  G.  1  208 
Libra  die  somnique  pares  ubi  fecerit 
horas. 

468.  non  iino]  i.e.  it  is  only  on  one 
day  during  each  equinox  that  the  day  and 
night  are  of  equal  length. 

noctique  rependit]  'and  the  diminishing 
light  pays  back  to  the  night  of  winter 
consolation  for  its  losses  in  the  spring- 
time '. 

47 1 .  nee  Phoebus]  'neither  does  the  sun, 
nor  yet  the  canvass  flag',  i.e.  the  sun  was 
not  yet  setting,  and  the  wind  continued. 

473.  compleuerat]  'had  filled  with  the 
news  of  their  guests'  arrival'. 

474.  monstra]  cf.  infr.  548. 
476.     senio]  cf.  note  on  I  130. 

fiactis]  'enfeebled',  cf.  Lucret.  11  1152. 


11  S3  f>'acta  est  aetas  effetaque  tellus  uix 
animalia  parua  creat.  Verg.  Aen.  II  13 
fracti  bello  fatisque  repulsi. 

477.  custos]  According  to  Beroaldus 
this  means  that  at  Memphis  was  the  well, 
the  rising  and  falling  of  the  water  in  which 
acted  as  a  Nilometer,  cf.  Strabo  xvn  c. 
817  §48. 

478.  uana  sacris]  'foolish  in  its  rites'. 
illo  cultore]  'while  he  had  been  a  minister 

of  the  gods  not  one  Apis  alone  had  lived 
through  the  lustres  marked  by  its  own 
Phoebe',  sc.  the  time  during  which  it  was 
allowed  to  live,  which  was  apparently 
regulated  by  lunar  time,  suae  Phoebes 
because  Apis  bore  the  mark  of  the  moon, 
identified  with  Isis;  cf.  Plin.  H.  N.  vin 
§  184  bos  in  Aegypto  etiam  nu minis  nice 
colitur:  Apin  uocant,  insigne  ei  in  dextro 
latere  candicans  macula  comibus  lunae 
crescere  incipienlis,  nodus  sub  lingua  quern 
cantharum  appellant,  non  est  fas  eum 
certos  uitae  excedere  antios,  mersumque  in 
saccrdotum  Joule  neeaul,  quaesituri  luetic 
alium  quern  subs/i/uaut,  et  donee  inuciic- 
riut  maereut  derasis  etiam  capitibus.  See 
also  Herod,  in  27,  28. 

4S0.  uox  prima]  'was  the  first  to 
speak',  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  xi  339,  340  lingua 
tnelior  sed  Jrigida  bello  dextera. 

meritumque]  sc.  Pompeii. 

19 — 2 


1 


2Q2  LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 

sacraquc  dcfuncti  iactauit  pignora  patris.  ' 
scd  mclior  suaderc  malis  ct  nossc  tyrannos 
ausus  Pompcium  lcto  damnasse  Pothinus : 

ius  ct  fas  multos  faciunt,  Ptolemacc,  nocentis. 
dat  pocnas  laudata  fides,  cum  sustinct,  inquit,        485 
quos  Fortuna  prcmit.     fatis  accede  deisque, 
et  cole  felices;   miseros  fuge.     sidera  terra 
ut  distant,  .ut  flamma  mari,  sic  utile  recto, 
sccptrorum  uis  tota  perit,  si  pendere  iusta 
incipit :    cuertitque  arces  respectus  honesti.  490 

libertas  scelerum  est  quae  regna  inuisa  tuetur, 
sublatusque  modus  gladiis.     facere  omnia  saeue 
non  impune  licet,  nisi  cum  facis.     exeat  aula 
qui  uolt  esse  pius.     uirtus  et  summa  potestas 
non  coeunt :   semper  metuet  quern  saeua  pudebunt. 
non  impune  tuos  Magnus  contempserit  annos ;       496 
qui  te  nee  uictos  arcere  a  litore  nostro 
posse  putat.     neu  te  sceptris  priuauerit  hospes  ; 
pignora  sunt  propiora  tibi :    Nilonque  Pharonque, 
si  regnare  piget,  damnatae  redde  sorori.  500 

Aegyptum  certe  Latiis  tueamur  ab  armis. 
quidquid  non  fuerit  Magni  dum  bella  geruntur, 


481.  patris]  sc.  of  Ptolemaeus'  father.  sparing  use  of  the  sword'. 

482.  suadere  malis]  'to  give  advice  to  493.  nisi  at  in  facis]  'save  when  you 
wicked  men',  i.e.  to  give  such  advice  as  do  it',  i.e.  the  only  way  of  proving  your 
they  would  be  likely  to  follow.  power  to  act  cruelly  is  to  exercise  it. 

484.  ius  et  fas]  cf.  Verg.  G.  I  269  exeat]  cf.  Iuv.  Ill  153- — 155  exeat,  inquit, 
fas  et  iura  sinunt.  si  pudor  est  et  de  puluino  surgat  eqnestri 

faciunt  nocentis]  poenae  subdunt,  Gro-  cuius  res  legi  non  sufficit. 

this.  i.e.  and  so  they  will  make  us  guilty  495.     coeunt]  'agree',  cf.  Hor.   A.  P. 

in  Cresar's  eyes.  12  ut  placidis  coeant  immitia. 

485.  sustinct]  'tries  to  support',  'up-  pudebunt]  For  this  construction  with 
holds'.  pudere,   cf.  Ter.  Adelph.  754  (iv  vii  36) 

486.  deis]  cf.  1  128.  non  te  haec pudent? 

488.    flam  ma  mari]  cf.  Aesch.  Agam.  497.     nee  uictos]  sc.   ne  iiictos  quidem, 

650,  651  ^wu)/j.o(rav  yap  ovres  Zx@la"roi  T&  c^  note  on  206  supr. 

irpiv  Trvp  Kal  BaXaaaa.  498.     neu  te  sceptris]  'nor  let  a  stranger 

490.  arces]  specially  of  the  despot's  rob  you  of  your  throne',  i.e.  if  you  wish 
stronghold :  cf.  Iuv.  x  306  nulliis  ephebum  to  abdicate,  let  it  be  in  favour  of  your 
deformem  saeua  castrauit  in  aire  tyrannns  sister  rather  than  of  Pompeius. 

and  Prof.  Mayor's  note;  cf.  also  Id.   iv  500.     damnatae]    Cleopatra  had   been 

145  quos  Albanam  dux  mdgnus  in  arc  em  expelled  from  her  partnership  in  the  throne 

traxerat.  which  she  had  had  under  the  will  of  their 

491.  libertas  scelerum  est]  "tis  the  father  Ptolemaeus  Auletes,  cf.  Caesar  B.C. 
freedom  to  commit  crimes  which   is  the  III  103. 

defence  of  hated  tyrannies,  and   the  un-  501.     certe]  'in  any  case'. 


LIBER   VIII.  481—526.  293 

nee  uictoris  erit     toto  iam  pulsus  ab  orbe, 
postquam   nulla  manet  rerum  fiducia,  quaerit, 
cum  qua  gente  cadat  :    rapitur  ciuilibus  umbris.     505 
nee  soceri  tantum  arma  fugit :   fugit  ora  senatus, 
cuius  Thessalicas  sat u rat  pars  magna  uolucrcs : 
et  mctuit  gentes  quas  uno  in  sanguine  mixtas 
deseruit :    regesque  timet  quorum  omnia  mersit : 
Thessaliaeque  reus  nulla  tcllure  receptus  510 

sollicitat  nostrum  quern  nondum  prodidit  orbem. 
iustior  in  Magnum  nobis,  Ptolemaee,  querelae 
causa  data  est.     quid  sepositam  sempcrque  quietam 
crimine  bellorum  maculas  Pharon,  aruaque  nostra 
uictori  suspecta  facis  ?    cur  sola  cadenti  515 

haec  placuit  tcllus,  in  quam  Pharsalica  fata 
conferres  poenasque  tuas  ?     iam  crimen  habemus 
purgandum  gladio,  quod  nobis  sceptra  senatus 
te  suadente  dedit.     uotis  tua  fouimus  arma. 
hoc  fcrrum,  quod  fata  iubent  proferre,  paraui  520 

non  tibi,  sed  uicto.     feriam  tua  uiscera,  Magne : 
malueram  soceri:    rapimur  quo  cuncta  feruntur. 
tene  mihi  dubitas  an  sit  uiolare  necesse, 
cum  liceat  ?    nostri  quae  te  fiducia  regni 
hue  agit,  infelix  ?     populum  non  cernis  inermem   525 
aruaque  uix  refluo  fodientem  mollia  Nilo  ? 


503.     nee   uictoris]    'will   not    be    the  must  wipe  out  by  the  sword',  i.e.  by  kill- 
conqueror's    either ',    oi)5£     tov     vikuvtos  ing  Pompeius. 
ieTOLi.  519.     uotis]  sc.  licet  non  artnis. 

=05.    umhns]  Many  MS S.  read  armis,  521.    sed  uicto]  i.e.  for  the  vanquished, 

but  all  editors  agree  in  iiml>ris  which  is  whichever  it  might  be. 

explained  by  the  following  lines.     Oud.  522.     rapimur]   'we   are  swept  away, 

cf.  x  336.  whither  all  things  tend',  sc.   to  Caesar's 

508.     uno  in  sanguine]  '  piled  in  one  side, 

bloodstained  heap'.  523.     tene   mihi  dubitas]   '  canst   thou 

510.  Thessaliaeque  rats']  'and  charged  doubt  that  it  is  necessary  for  me  to  mur- 
with  Thessaly's  disaster,  refused  admit-  der  thee,  since  I  have  the  power?'  i.e.  the 
tance  in  every  land'.  very  fact  that  you  have  fallen  so  low  as  to 

511.  prodidit]  'betrayed  to  ruin'.  be  in  my  power  obliges  me  to  make  away 

512.  iustior]  i.e.  than  others  ha.ve.  with  you,  for  fear  of  incurring  the  anger 

513.  sepositam]  distant,  cf.  Sen.  Med.  of  your  powerful  enemy  Caesar.  Grotius, 
338,  339  partemque  metus fieri  nostri  mare  not  seeing  the  point,  wishes  to  transpose 
sepositum.     See  also  ix  107 1.  an  and  cum. 

516.     in  quam]   'on  which  to  lay  the  526.     mollia]  'softened  by  the  retreat- 
burden  of  Pompeius'  destiny'.  ing  Nile',  i.e.  yet  soft  as  the  soil  is,  the 
j  1 7.     crimen]  sc.  in  Caesar's  eyes.  Egyptians  are  scarcely  strong  enough  to 
518.     purgandum    gladio]    '  which    we  till  it. 


294 


LUCANI    PHARSALIAK 

metiri  sua  regna  decct  uiresque  fateri. 

tu,  Ptolemaee,  potes  Magni  fulcire  ruinam, 

sub  qua  Roma  iacet  ?    bustum  cineresque  mouere 

Thcssalicos  audes,  bcllumquc  in  regna  uocare  ?      530 

ante  aciem  Emathiam  nullis  accessimus  armis : 

Pompeii  nunc  castra  placent  quae  deserit  orbis  ? 

nunc  uictoris  opes  et  cognita  fata  lacessis  ? 

aduersis  non  deesse  decet,  sed  laeta  secutos. 

nulla  fides  umquam  miseros  elegit  amicos.  535 

adsensere  omnes  sceleri.     laetatur  honore 
rex  puer  insueto,  quod  iam  sibi  tanta  licere 
permittant  famuli,     sceleri  delectus  Achillas, 
perfida  qua  tellus  Casiis  excurrit  harenis, 
et  uada  testantur  iunctas  Aegyptia  Syrtes,  540 

exiguam  sociis  monstri  gladiisque  carinam 
instruit.     o  superi,  Nilusne  et  barbara  Memphis 
et  Pelusiaci  tarn  mollis  turba  Canopi 
hos  animos  ?     sic  fata  premunt  ciuilia  mundum  ? 
sic  Romana  iacent  ?     ullusne  in  cladibus  istis         545 
est  locus  Aegypto  Phariusque  admittitur  ensis  ? 
hanc  certe  seruate  fidem,  ciuilia  bella : 
cognatas  praestate  manus  externaque  monstra 
pellite,  si  meruit  tam  claro  nomine  Magnus 


528.  Magni  ruinam]  '  Magnus  in  his 
downfall':  for  ruina  used  of  what  is  ready 
to  fall,  cf.  Iuv.  in  196  securos  pendente 
inbet  dormire  ruina. 

531.  nullis  aceessimus  armis]  'we 
joined  neither  warring  host',  nullis  is 
here  equivalent  to  neutris  as  quis  to  titer 
in  I  126  and  elsewhere. 

533.  lacessis]  'dost  thou  now  challenge 
the  conqueror's  power  and  proud  suc- 
cess?' 

534.  sed  laeta  secutos]  sc.  sed  solos  laeta 
secutos  decet,  ''tis  becoming  to  support 
adversity,  but  only  for  those  who  have 
attended  on  prosperity '. 

535.  elegit]  '  made  deliberate  choice 
of. 

537.  sibi  tanta]  'that  now  his  servants 
allow  him  so  much  power'. 

539.  perfuia]  probably  referring  to  the 
character  of  the  inhabitants,  not  to  quick- 
sands as  some  take  it. 

excurrit]  sc.  in  marc.   Oud.  with  many 


MSS.  reads  exsultat,  which  he  explains 
by  ascendit,  but  if  the  reading  be  right  it 
more  likely  means  '  boils  up',  referring  to 
the  uada  mentioned  in  the  following  line, 
cf.  Verg.  Aen.  in  557  exsultantque  uada 
which  Oud.  refers  to. 

540.  testantur  iunctas  Syrtes]  '  wit- 
ness to  the  nearness  of  the  Syrtes'. 

541.  sociis  monstri]  'with  partners 
in  the  horrid  deed',  i.e.  others  besides 
Achillas  himself. 

543.  Pelusiaci]  simply  Egyptian,  cf. 
Verg.  G.  1  228. 

544.  hos  animos?]  sc.  sibi  sumit?  cf. 
Cic.  Philipp.  11  §  74  tam  bonus  gladiator 
rudem  tam  cito  ?  and  Prof.  Mayor's  note 
ad  loc.  cf.  also  Iuv.  I  89  alea  quando 
hos  animos? 

546.  admittitur]  'is  allowed  to  inter- 
fere?' cf.  356  supr.  ' 

547.  hanc  fidem]   'this  obligation'. 

548.  praestate]  'employ'.  For  monstra 
cf.  474  supr. 


LIBER   VIII.    527—569.  295 

Caesaris  esse  nefas.     tanti,  Ptolomaee,  ruinam       55° 
nominis  haud  metuis  ?   caeloque  tonante  profanas 
inseruisse  manus,  impure  ac  semiuir,  audes  ? 
non  domitor  mundi  nee  ter  Capitolia  curru 
inuectus  regumque  potens  uindexque  senatus 
uictorisque  gener :    Phario  satis  esse  tyranno  555 

quod  poterat,  Romanus  erat.     quid  uiscera  nostra 
scrutaris  gladio  ?     nescis,  puer  improbe,  nescis, 
quo  tua  sit  Fortuna  loco  :    iam  iure  sine  ullo 
Nili  sceptra  tenes :    cecidit  ciuilibus  armis 
qui  tibi  regna  dedit.     iam  uento  uela  negarat        560 
Magnus,  et  auxilio  remorum  infanda  petebat 
litora :   quem  contra  non  longa  uecta  biremi 
adpulerat  scelerata  manus:    Magnoque  patere 
fingens  regna  Phari  celsae  de  puppe  carinae 
in  paruam  iubet  ire  ratem  litusque  malignum        565 
incusat  bimaremque  uadis  frangentibus  aestum, 
qui  uetet  externas  terris  aduertere  classes, 
quod  nisi  fatorum  leges  intentaque  iussu 
ordinis  aeterni  miserae  uicinia  mortis 

550.  Caesaris  esse  nefas]  ab  ipso  Cae-  560.  uento  uela  negarat]  opposed  to 
sare  occidi.  Grotius.  i.e.  since  Magnus  the  common  uento  uela  dare:  'had  re- 
has  deserved  to  be  the  victim  of  Caesar's  fused  his  sails  to  the  wind',  i.e.  had  furled 
crime,  and  not  of  that  of  any  lesser  man.  his  sails,    cf.  IX  326.   Ov.  Met.  xi  ^  pars 

551.  caeloque]   Oud.   refers  to  III  314  vninire  latus;  pars  uentis  uela  negare. 
217.  563.     adpulerat]  '  approached ' ;  for  ad- 

553.  non  domitor]  'had  he  not  been  pellere  with  ace.  without  preposition,  cf. 
&c.'  Tac.  Ann.  II  24  sola  Germanici  triremis 

ter  Capitolia]  For  Pompeius'  triple  tri-  Chaucorum  terrain  adpulil. 

umph  cf.  I  316:  the  three  triumphs  were  565.       litusque      malignum       incusat] 

1st  B.C.  81    over   Hiarbas,    2nd   B.C.   79  'blames  the  scantiness  of  the  beach  and 

over  Spain  and  the  adherents  of  Sertorius,  the  tides  from  two  seas  setting  upon  the 

3rd  B.C.  61  over  Mithridates.  shoals  that  break   them',    i.e.    the   tide 

554.  uindexque  senatus]  'the  chain-  flowing  from  both  sides  of  the  Casian 
pion  of  the  senate '.  promontory  and  made  rough  by  shallow 

555.  satis  esse]   'still  he  was  a  Roman  water  off  the  point. 

and  that  might  have  been  enough  for  an  567.    classes]  'fleets',  i.e.  ships  of  war 

Egyptian  tyrant'.  opposed  to  the  small  biremi s.    cf.  v  503. 

557.  scrutaris]  'explore',  cf.  Tac.  568.  intentaque  iussu]  'the  close  ap- 
HiVt.  Ill  27  disicctam  Jluitantemque  tcstu-  proach  of  a  miserable  death  inflicted  by 
dincm  lanccis  contisque  scrutantur.  Stat,  the  decree  of  eternal  disposition'.  For 
Theb.  I  614,  615  imas  animae  mucrone  intendere  cf.  Tac.  Ann.  I  28  metum  inten- 
corusco  scrutatus  latebras.  dunt,  Id.  Ann.  Ill  36  probra  sibi  et  minae 

558.  quo., .loco]  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  11  322  intendantur. 

quo  res  sit  in  ma  loco  Panthu  ?  569.     ordinis]  For  ordo  used  of  fate  cf. 

iure  sine  ullo]  i.e.  because  his  right  to  Cic.  de  div.   I  §  125  fatum  autem  id  ap- 

the  throne  depended  on   Pompeius   and  pello,  quod  Graeci  eifiapfi4vriv,  id  est  ordi- 

the  senate.  nem  seriemque  causarum,  cum  causa  cau- 


296  LUCANI    PIIARSALIAE 

damnatum  lcto  trahcrcnt  ad  litora  Magnum,  570 

non  villi  comitum  scclcris  praesagia  dccrant. 
quippe,  fides  si  pura  foret,  si  regia  Magno 

sceptrorum  auctori  ucra  pietate  pateret, 

ucnturum  tota  Pharium  cum  classe  tyrannum. 

sed  ccdit  fatis,  classemque  rclinquere  iussus  575 

obsequitur,  lctumque  iuuat  praefcrre  timori. 

ibat  in  hostilem  praeceps  Cornelia  puppim, 

hoc  magis  impatiens  egressq  deesse  marito, 

quod  metuit  clades.     remanc,  temeraria  coniunx, 

et  tu,  nate,  precor,  longequc  e  litore  casus  580 

exspectate  meos,  et  in  hac  ceruice  tyranni 

explorate  fidem,  dixit,     sed  dura  uetanti 

tendebat  geminas  amens  Cornelia  palmas : 

quo  sine  me,  crudelis,  abis  ?     iterumne  relinquor   584 

Thessalicis  submota  malis  ?     numquam  omine  laeto 

distrahimur  miseri.     poteras  non  flectere  puppim, 

cum  fugeres,  alio,  latebrisque  relinquere  Lesbi, 

omnibus  a  terris  si  nos  arcere  parabas. 

an  tantum  in  fluctus  placeo  comes  ?     haec  ubi  frustra 

effudit,  prima  pendet  tamen  anxia  puppe :  59° 

adtonitoque  metu  nee  quoquam  auertere  uisus 

nee  Magnum  spectare  potest,     stetit  anxia  classis 

ad  ducis  euentum,  metuens  non  arma  nefasque, 

sae  nexa  rem  ex  se  gignat.     Manil.  I  531  in  aduersis  explorat  cornita  tritneis. 

non   casus  opus  est  magni  sed  numinis         582.     dura   uelauti]    'giving    a    cruel 

ordo.  refusal '. 

571.  sceleris   praesagia]    'a    presenti-  585.      Thessalicis... malls']  'am  I  to  be 
merit  of  the  crime  had  not  been  wanting '.  left   behind   again,    I   who   was  debarred 

572.  i/ulppe]    'for   they   might   think  from  sharing  in  the  misfortunes  in  Thes- 
that&c.'  saly?' 

573.  sceptrorum  auctori]  'the  giver  of         586.    poteras  non  flectere]  'you  might 
his  sceptre'.  have  refrained  from  changing  the  course 

576.     timori]  '  to  showing  fear'.  of  your  ship,  and  might  have  left  me  at 

578.     hoc]   '  on  this  account'.  Lesbos'. 

impatiens  deesse]  'less  able  to  endure  to  587.     alio]  i.e.  to  Lesbos,  to  a  different 

quit':    for  the  construction    cf.   Sil.  Ital.  place  from  that  towards  which  you  had 

XI  98  impatiens  ultra  g'emitu  cohibere  Ju-  started,  cf.  640  infr. 
rorem.  589.     in  Jiuclus]    to  be    taken    with 

580.  longe  e   litore... exspectate]    must  comes. 

mean  'wait  for  the  news  of  what  befalls  591.     adtcnlto  metu]  sc.  adtonita  metu. 

me  to    reach    you    from  the  shore  afar'.  Oud.  cf.  Sil.  Ital.  Ill  131,  132  aegramque 

Oud.  with  some  MSS.  reads  a  litore  which  leuare  adtonitis  mentem  curls. 
would  be  simpler,  i.e.  '  at  a  distance  from  593.     ad    ducis    euentum]    exspectans 

the  shore  wait  to  see  what  befalls  me'.  quid  Pompeius  aut  pateretur  aut  ageret. 

581.  in  hac  ceruice]  cf.  11  603  taurus  Schol. 


LIBER   VIII.    570—617.  297 

sed  ne  submissis  precibus  Pompeius  adorct 
sceptra  sua  donata  manu.     transire  parantem         595 
Romanus  Pharia  miles  dp  puppc  salutat 
Septimius  :   qui,  pro  superum  pudor,  arma  satclles 
regia  gestabat  posito  deformia  pile  : 
immanis  uiolcntus  atrox  nullaque  ferarum 
mitior  in  caedes.     quis  non,  Fortuna,  putasset        600 
parcere  tc  populis,  quod  bcllo  hacc  dcxtra  uacasset, 
Thessaliaque  procul  tam  noxia  tela  fugassesi 
disponis  gladios,  ne  quo  non  fiat,  in  orbe, 
heu,  facinus  ciuile  tibi.     uictoribus  ipsis 
dedecus  et  numquam  superum  caritura  pudore      605 
fabula  ;    Romanus  regi  sic  paruit  ensis, 
Pellaeusque  pucr  gladio  tibi  colla  recidit, 
Magne,  tuo.     qua  posteritas  in  saecula  mittet 
Septimium  fama  ?   scelus  hoc  quo  nomine  dicent 
qui  Bruti  dixere  nefas  ?     iam  uenerat  horae  610 

terminus  extremae,  Phariamque  ablatus  in  alnum 
perdiderat  iam  iura  sui.     turn  stringere  ferrum 
regia  monstra  parant.     ut  uidit  comminus  enses, 
inuoluit  uoltus,  atque  indignatus  apertum 
Fortunae  praestare  caput,  turn  lumina  pressit,        615 
continuitque  animam,  ne  quas  effundere  uoces 
posset  et  aeternam  fletu  corrumpere  famam. 

505.     transire]  i.e.  into  the  small  boat.  Trarep  06  tls  aeto  6eQ>v  dXouirepos  &\\or  ovk 

e,o7.      arma     regia]    i.e.    probably    the  eXeaipeis  avdpas  €kt)v  St}  yeiveai  avrds  jxia- 

sarisa,  cf.  notes  on  I  7,  VII  519.  yifxevai  KaKOT-qn  ical  uXyeai  XevyaX^oiffiv. 
safeties]    cf.    I  lor.    Epod.    IX    11  — 16         608.     tuo]     Septimius  had  at  one  time 

Romanus,  eheu,  posteri  negabitis,  emanci-  served  under  Pompeius,  cf.  Plut.  Pomp. 

patus  feminae  fert  nullum  et  arma  miles  78,  Caesar  13.  C.  111  104. 

et spadonibus seruire rugosis potest ;  inter-         610.    qui  Sruti]    'who    called    what 

que  sigua  turpe  militaria  sol  adspicit  cono-  Brutus  did  a  crime'.     Bruti  sc.  facinus. 

plum.  611.     terminus]  'his  last  hour  that  was 

599.  nullaque]  'in  no  way  milder  than  the  boundary  of  his  life'.     The  genitive 
a  wild  beast ',  cf.  note  on  VII  25.  extremae  horae  denotes  that  of  which  ter- 

600.  mitior]  'less  fierce  for  slaughter',  minus  consists,  cf.  note  on  vu  272. 

601.  parcere]  '  that  it  was  in  mercy  to         614.     inuoluit  uoltus]   cf.  Shakspeare, 
the  world',     cf.  11  734.  Julius  Caesar,  act   m  sc.   ii  'and  in   his 

bcllo  uacasset]  'had  been  kept  clear  of  mantle  muffling  up  his  face', 

the  war'.  615.     praestare]     Oud.  cf.  V  370  iu^u- 

60  v     disponis  gladios]    'thou  dost  so  lot  non  tantum  praestitit  enses.  Sen.  Oed. 

distribute  thy  swords'.  179,   180  minus  eruisti  lumina  audacter 

605.     numquam]   '  a  tale  that  will  ever  tua  quam  praestitisti. 

reflect  disgrace  upon  the  gods'.     For  the  616.     continuit]  'held  his  breath', 
sense    cf.    Horn.   Od.    XX    201  —  203    "Ltd 


293  LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 

at  postquam  mucronc  latus  funcstus  Achillas 

perfodit,  nullo  gcmitu  consensit  ad  ictum, 

despexitquc  ncfas,  seruatquc  immobile  corpus,       620 

sequc  probat  moriens,  atque  hacc  in  pectore  uoluit: 

saccula  Romanos  numquam  tacitura  labores 

attendunt,  acuomquc  sequens  speculatur  ab  omni 

orbc  ratcm  Phariamque  fidem.     nunc  consule  famae. 

fata  tibi  longae  fluxerunt  prospera  uitac :  625 

ignorant  populi,  si  non  in  mortc  probaris, 

an  scicris  aduersa  pati.     nc  cede  pudori, 

auctoremque  dole  fati.     quacumque  feriris, 

credc  manum  soceri.     spargant  lacerentque  licebit, 

sum  tamen,  o  superi,  felix,  nullique  potestas  630 

hoc  auferre  deo.     mutantur  prospera  uitae : 

non  fit  morte  miser,     uidet  hanc  Cornelia  caedem 

Pompeiusque  meus.     tanto  patientius  oro 

claude,  dolor,  gemitus :   natus  coniunxque  peremptum 

si  mirantur  amant.     talis  custodia  Magno  635 

mentis  erat :    ius  hoc  animi  morientis  habebat. 


619.  nullo  gemitu]  '  uttering  not  a  630.  nullique  potestas']  cf.  Hor.  carm. 
groan  he  yielded  patiently  to  the  blow'.  in  xxix  45—  4S  non  tamen  irritum  quod- 

620.  despexit\  '  showed  his  contempt  cumque  retro  est  efficiet  neque  diffinget  in- 
for  the  crime'.  Oud.  with  many  MSS.  fectiimque  reddet  quod  fugiens  semel  hora 
reads  respexitque,  i.e.  neque  respexit  the  uexit.  Agathon  apud  Aristot.  £th.  Nic. 
negative  being  carried  on  from  nullo,  cf.  VI  2  fiovov  yap  avrov  koX  6e6s  arepia-KeTai, 
supr.  I  77  note.  ayivrjTa    wouiv    daa'    ac    77    ireirpay/x^va. 

621.  se  probat]  sc.  Pompeium  esse.  Plin.  H.  N.  11  §  27  nullumque  habere 
Weise:  rather,  'shows  his  virtue',  cf.  Cic.  (deum)  in  praeterita  ius praeterquam  ob- 
de  fin.  II  §  80  at  multis  se  probauit  (Epi-  liuionis. 

curus).   Oud.  cf.  Claudian  Epist.  1  35—37  631.     mutantur]   'the  blessings  of  life 

in  breuibus  numquam  sese  probat  Aeolus  are  subject  to  change'. 

antris,  Alpes  ille  quatit.  632.     non  fit]  'a  man  does  not  become 

622.  saecula]  'generations  that  will  unhappy  by  his  death ',  i.e.  if  he  has  been 
ever  ring  with  the  tale  of  the  troubles  of  happy  in  his  lifetime. 

Rome  .  uidet]  For  the  consolation  of  dying  be- 

623.  attendunt]  'are  witnesses'.  fore  the  eyes  of  one's  relations,  cf.  Verg. 
ab  omni  orbc]  'from    every  quarter  of  Aen.  1  94—96  terque  quaterque  beati  quels 

the  world '.  ante  ora  patrum  Troiae  sub  moenibus  altis 

625.  prospera]  to  be  taken  with  fluxe-  contigit  oppetere. 

runt  as  the  predicate.  635.     si  mirantur  amant]  'truly  love 

626.  in  morte]  i.e.  because  all  my  life  me  if  they  admire  me  in  death',  i.e.  they 
I  have  been  fortunate,  only  my  death  is  will  show  their  love  more  by  admiration  of 
otherwise.  my  fortitude,  than  by  grief  at  my  death. 

627.  ne  cede  pudori]  ne  te  pudeat  quod  talis  custodia]  'so  close  a  guard  did 
iussu  pueri,  decreto  spadonum,  manu  de-  Magnus  keep  over  his  thoughts,  such  con- 
sertoris  occideris  :  non  illis  adscribenda  trol  of  his  mind  he  exercised  in  his  death '. 
mors  tin.  sed  Caesari.     Grotius.  morientis  is  transferred  from  Pompeius  to 

62 S.     que]  i.e.  neue,  cf.  supr.  6:0.  animi. 


LIBER    VIII.   618—661.  299 

at  non  tarn  paticns  Cornelia  ccrncre  saeuom 
quam  pcrferre  nefas  miserandis  acthcra  complet 
uocibus:    o  coniunx,  ego  te  scelerata  peremi : 
letifcrae  tibi  causa  morae  fuit  auia  Lesbos,  640 

et  prior  in   Nili  peruenit  litora  Caesar. 
nam  cui  ius  alii  sceleris  ?     sed  quisquis  in  istud 
a  superis  immisse  caput,  uel  Cacsaris  irae 
uel  tibi  prospiciens,  nescis  crudelis  ubi  ipsa 
uiscera  sint  Magni :   properas  atque  ingeris  ictus  645 
qua  uotum  est  uicto.     poenas  non  morte  minores 
pendat,  et  ante  meum  uideat  caput,     haud  ego  culpa 
libera  bellorum,  quae  matrum  sola  per  undas 
et  per  castra  comes  nullis  abstcrrita  fatis 
uictum,  quod  reges  etiam  timuere,  recepi.  650 

hoc  merui  coniunx  in  tuta  puppe  relinqui  ? 
perfide,  parcebas  ?    te  fata  extrema  petente 
uita  digna  fui  ?     moriar,  nee  munere  regis, 
aut  mihi  praecipitem,  nautae,  permittite  saltum, 
aut  laqueum  collo  tortosque  aptare  rudentes :         655 
aut  aliquis  Magno  dignus  comes  exigat  ensem. 
Pompeio  praestare  potest  quod  Caesaris  armis 
imputet.     o  saeui,  properantem  in  fata  tenetis  ? 
uiuis  adhuc,  coniunx,  et  iam  Cornelia  non  est 
iuris,  Magne,  sui.     prohibent  accersere  mortem :    660 
seruor  uictori.     sic  fata  interque  suorum 

638.     quam  perferre]  sc.  patiens  fuisset.  651.     hoc]  'in  this'. 

640.     auia  Lesbos]  i.e.    to  which    you  655.     aptare]    dependent  on  permittite 

■went  out  of  your  way  to  follow  me.  and  coupled  with  saltum. 

642.  quisquis]  'whoe'er  thou  art  who  656.  exigat]  'drive  through  me',  cf. 
hast  been  despatched  by  the  gods  to  take  Verg.  Aen.  X  815,  816  ualidum  namque 
this  life'.  exigit    ensem  per   medium    Aeneas   iuuc- 

643.  uel..  .uel]  equivalent  to  sine. ..sine,  nem. 

644.  prospiciens]    'having   regard  to',  657.    praestare]   'to  do  a  favour  to'. 
cf.   Cic.   in   Cat.    IV   §   3    consuliie   uolns,  658.     imputet]   'which   he  may  reckon 
prospicite  patriae.  as  a  service  done  to  Caesar's  arms',  i.e. 

64^.     qua    uotum]     'where    the    van-  the  killing  of  his  enemy's  wife.     So  the 

qui>hed    would    pray  that    blows    should  Schol. :  and  this  is  the  usual  meaning  of 

fall'.  imputare    in    silver-age    Latin,    cf.    Tac. 

poenas]  'let  him  pay  a  penalty  not  less  Hist.  IV  14  ne  Romanis  qui  Jem  ingralum 

than  death,   by  first  seeing  my  head  cut  id  bellum  cuius  ambiguam  fortunam  Ves- 

off' ;    for   ante  cf.    Verg.    Aen.    XII    630  pasiano  imputaturos,  Iuv.  V  14,  i-./rur/us 

kunc,  oro,  sine  me  furerc  ante  furorcm.  amicitiae  magnae  cibus,  imputat  hunc  rex, 

649.  nullis]  equivalent  to  omnino  non,  et  quamuis   rarum   tamen    imputat,  and 
cf.  note  on  VI]  25.  Prof.  Mayor's  note. 

650.  quod]  sc.  te  recipcre. 


300  LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 

lapsa  manus  rapitur  trcpida  fugiente  carina. 

at  Magni  cum  terga  sonent  et  pectora  ferro, 
permansisse  dccus  sacrae  uencrabile  formae, 
iratamque  clcis  facicm,  nil  ultima  mortis  665 

ex  habitu  uoltuque  uiri  mutasse,  fatentur 
qui  lacerum  uidcrc  caput,     nam  saeuus  in  ipso 
Septimius  sccleris  maius  scclus  inuenit  actu : 
ac  retegit  sacros  scisso  uelamine  uoltus 
semianimis  Magni,  spirantiaque  occupat  ora,  670 

collaquc  in  obliquo  ponit  langucntia  transtro. 
turn  neruos  uenasque  sccat  nodosaque  frangit 
ossa  diu  :    nondum  artis  crat  caput  ense  rotare. 
at  postquam  trunco  ccruix  abscisa  recessit, 
uindicat  hoc  Pharius  dextra  gestare  satelles.  675 

degener  atque  operae  miles  Romane  secundae, 
Pompeii  diro  sacrum  caput  ense  recidis, 
ut  non  ipse  feras  ?     pro  summi  fata  pudoris. 
impius  ut  Magnum  nosset  puer,  ilia  uerenda 
regibus  hirta  coma  et  generosa  fronte  decora         680 
caesaries  comprensa  manu  est,  Pharioque  ueruto, 
dum  uiuunt  uoltus  atque  os  in  murmura  pulsant 
singultus  animae,  dum  lumina  nuda  rigescunt, 


662.  rapitur]  ab  aspectu  litoris.  Weise.  neo  rabidos  cum  rotat  ore  canes. 

663.  sonent  ferro]  'resound  with  the  675.  uindicat  hoc  gestare]  equivalent  to 
blows  of  the  sword'.  Oud.  cf.  Sil.  Ital.  uindicat  hoc  gestandum:  a  Graecism,  cf. 
I  402  perque  ipsum  tegimen  crepitantia  Hor.  carm.  I  xxvi  1 — 3  Musis  amicus  tri- 
dissipat  ossa.  stitiam  et  metus  tradam  proteruis  in  mare 

665.     iratam]  'his  look  of  indignation  Creticum  portare  uentis. 

at  the  gods'.  Pharius  satelles]  i.  e.  Achillas. 

nil... ex  habitu]  'nothing  in  his  mien  or  676.     operae  secundae]  'playing  a  second 

countenance'.  part',    a  metaphor  from  the   stage;    cf. 

669.  uelamine]  i.e.  the  toga  he  had  Dem.  de  corona  §  212,  where  Demosthenes 
drawn  over  his  head,  cf.  614.  taunts  Aeschines  with  having  been  brought 

670.  occupat]   'seizes  on'.  up  to  be  a  Tpira-yuvtaTiis. 

671.  in  obliquo  transtro]  'crosswise  6S0.  hirta]  A  mark  of  manliness,  cf. 
upon  a  bench',  cf.  note  on  I  220.  Ov.  Met.  xm  850  barba  uiros  hirtaeque 

672.  frangit  diu]    i.e.    'takes  a  long  decent  in  corpore  setae. 

time  in  breaking'.     See  note  on  vn  504.  681.     manu]  sc.  of  an  Egyptian. 

673.  caput  ense  rotare]  'to  whip  off  a  ueruto]  'spear',  cf.  Verg.  G.  II  164 
head  at  a  stroke'.     Oud.   refers  to  Suet.  Volscosque  uerutos. 

Calig.  32  saepe  in  conspectu prandentis  ucl  682.     os  in  murmura]   'and  while  his 

comissantis  seriae  quaesliones  per  tormenta  gasping  breath  still  moves  his  tongue  to 

habebantur,  miles decollandi artifex quibus-  utter  murmurs':  pulsant  is  equivalent  to 

cunque  e  custodia   capita   amputabat ;  cf.  moueut,  impellunt. 

also  Ov.  A.  A.  II  373,  37 4  sed neque ful-  683.     dum  lumina    nuda]    'while    the. 

uus  aper  media  tarn  saeuus  in  ira,  fulmi-  unclosed  eyes  are  stiffening'. 


LIBER    VIII.    662—705.  301 

suffixum  caput  est,  quo  numquam  bella  iubcntc 
pax  fuit:    hoc  leges  Campumquc  et  rostra  moucbat : 
hac  facie  Fortuna  tibi  Romana  placebas.  686 

nee  satis  infando  fuit  hoc  uidisse  tyranno : 
uolt  sceleri  superesse  fidem.     tunc  arte  nefanda 
submota  est  capiti  tabes:    raptoque  cerebro 
exsiccata  cutis,  putrisque  effluxit  ab  alto  690 

umor,  ct  infuso  facies  solidata  ueneno  est. 
ultima  Lageae  stirpis  perituraque  proles, 
degener,  incestae  sceptris  cessure  sororis, 
cum  tibi  sacrato  Maccdon  seruetur  in  antro, 
ct  regum  cineres  exstructo  monte  quiescant,  695 

cum  Ptolemaeorum  manes  seriemque  pudendam 
Pyramides  claudant  indignaque  Mausolca : 
litora  Pompeium  feriunt  truncusque  uadosis 
hue  illuc  iactatur  aquis  ?     adeone  molesta 
totum  cura  fuit  socero  seruare  cadauer  ?  700 

hac  Fortuna  fide  Magni  tarn  prospera  fata 
pertulit :    hac  ilium  summo  de  culmine  rerum 
morte  petit,  cladesque  omnes  exegit  in  uno 
saeua  die  quibus  immunes  tot  praestitit  annos : 
Pompeiusque  fuit  qui  numquam  mixta  uideret       705 


684.  quo  numquam]    ordo    est ;    quo  aTravres  fikv  ovu  ol  perd  tov  Tp'irov  ITroXf- 
iubente  bella  numquam  pax  fuit.      Schol.  fxalov  viro  rpvcpTJs  5ie<p6ap/xevoi.  xe^P0V  ^7r°- 

685.  leges  mouebat]  which  Oud.  objects  Xirevaavro  k.t.\. 

to,  proposing  reges  as  a  substitute,  is  not  a  698.    feriunt}   'bruise',  sc.  when  he  is 

technical  expression,  it  must  mean  simply  dashed  against  them  by  the  waves, 

'influenced',  'swayed'.  700.     totum]  'unmutilated',  cf.  Iuv.  x 

686.  tibi  placebas]   'didst  thou  gratify  »88  iacuit  Catiliua  cadauer 'e  toto. 
thyself.  701.     hac... fide]  These  words  may  be 

688.  fidem]  'proof.  taken  ironically    'with   such  fidelity';  or 

689.  tabes]  'the  congealed  blood'.  perhaps  more  simply  'with  such  consis- 

690.  ab  alto]   'from  its  inmost  parts '.  tency  ,  i.e.  never  using  half-measures  with 

691.  ueneno]  'drugs'.  him,    but   giving   him  the  best   and    the 

692.  peritura]    Ptolemaeus   was   soon  worst. 

afterwards  drowned  in  the  Nile,  cf.  Auct.  702.    pertulit]  sc.  ad  cxilum.    Wcise. 

bell.  Alex.  31 .  culmine]   For  the  metaphorical  use  of 

693.  sceptris]  is  the  dat.  'destined  to  oilmen,  cf.  note  on  VII  594. 

yield  to  thy  sister's  rule'.  703.     petit]  'did  she  assail  him  striking 

694.  Maccdon]     i.e.     Alexander     the  him  down  from,  &c.' 

Great,  buried  at  Alexandria.     So  Horace  cladesque    exegit]    'exacted    from    him 

carm.    II    xvi    14    speaks    of   his    father  all  his  disasters  in  one  day',  i.e.  as  if  a 

Philip  as  uir  Macedo.  certain    amount  of    misfortune   was   due 

696.     manes]  cf.    Verg.  Aen.  IV  34  id  from   every  man  to  Fortune,  which  might 

cinerem  aut  manes  credis  curare  sepultos?  be  paid  either  at  one  time  or  by  instal- 

pudendam]  Oud.  cf.  Strabo  xvi  1 1  (796)  ments. 


302  LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 

laeta  malis :   felix  nullo  turbantc  deorum, 

et  nullo  parccntc  miser,     scmel  impulit  ilium 

dilata  Fortuna  manu.     pulsatur  harenis, 

carpitur  in  scopulis,  hausto  per  uolnera  fluctu, 

ludibrium  pelagi  :    nullaque  manente  figura  710 

una  nota  est  Magno  capitis  iactura  reuolsi. 

ante  tamen  Pharias  uictor  quam  tangat  harcnas 
Pompeio  raptim  tumulum  Fortuna  parauit, 
ne  iaceat  nullo,  uel  ne  meliore  sepulcro. 
e  latebris  pauidus  decurrit  ad  aequora  Cordus.      715 
quaestor  ab  Idalio  Cinyraeae  litore  Cypri 
infaustus  Magni  fuerat  comes,     ille  per  umbras 
ausus  ferre  gradum  uictum  pietate  timorcm 
compulit,  ut  mediis  quaesitum  corpus  in  undis 
duceret  ad  terram  traheretque  ad  litora  Magnum.  720 
lucis  maesta  parum  per  densas  Cynthia  nubes 
praebebat;    cano  sed  discolor  aequore  truncus 
conspicitur.     tenet  ille  ducem  complexibus  artis 
eripiente  mari :    nunc  uictus  pondere  tanto 
exspectat  fluctus,  pelagoque  iuuante  cadauer  725 

impellit.     postquam  sicco  iam  litore  sedit, 
incubuit  Magno,  lacrimasque  effudit  in  omne 


706.  felix]  'when  prosperous  none  of  714.  ne  iaceat]  cf.  the  epigram  Anthol. 
the  gods  harassed  him,  when  in  misery  77  marmoreo  Licinus  tumulo  iacet,  at  Cata 
none  spared  him'.  The  use  of  the  parti-  panto,  Pompeius  nullo:  quis  putet  esse 
ciple  in  this  passage  is  somewhat  remark-  deos  ? 

able  as  it  is  put  with  what  might  be  called  715.      Cordus]  So  all  editors  :  all  MSS. 

an  ablative  of  accompaniment,  instead  of  appear  to  give  the  name  as  Codrus,  but 

giving  the  reason  as  is  usually  the  case.  this  would  be  a  Greek  name  whereas  this 

707.  semel]  'once  for  all,  Fortune  after  man  is  a  Roman,  cf.  infr.  767,  as  is  also 
long  holding  back  her  hand  hurled  him  shown  by  his  having  attained  the  rank  of 
headlong';  for  impelltre,  cf.  notes  1  149,  quaestor.  Plutarch  on  the  other  hand 
V  108.  says  Pompeius  was  buried  by  his  freedman 

709.  carpitur]   'he  is  torn  in  pieces';  Philippus,  cf.  Pomp.  cap.  80. 

cf.  Sen.  Thyest.  1063,   1064  artus  corpore  716.     Cinyraeae]     cf.   Ov.  Met.  X  298 

exanimo     amputans      in     parua     carpsi  foil. 

frusta.  JIJ.     comes]    taken    as  Hortensius  re- 

710.  figura]   'no  shape  remaining'.  marks  from  Verg.   Aen.  VI   166  Hectoris 

711.  nota]  qua  agnoscatur.  Weise.  On  hie  magni  fuerat  comes. 

this  whole  passage,  Oud.  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  11  719.     compulit]    'put  pressure   on   his 

454 — 458  haec  finis  Priami  fatorum  ;  hie  fear'. 

exitus  ilium  sorte  tulit  Troiam  incensam  722.     discolor]  'differing  in  colour  from 

et  prolapsa  uidentem  Perguma,  tot  quondam  the  hoary  (i.e.  foam-covered)  sea'. 

populis    terrisque    superbum     regnatorem  727.     lacrimasque  effudit]  Oud.  cf.  Ov. 

Asiae.  iacet  ingens  litore  truncus,  auolsum-  Heroid.  XI   125  uiue  mentor  nostri  lacri- 

que  umeris  caput  et  sine  nomine  corpus.  masque  in  uolnera  funde. 


LIBER   VIII.    706—748.  303 

uolnus,  ct  ad  superos  obscuraquc  sidera  fatur  : 

non  prctiosa  petit  cumulato  ture  sepulcra 
Pompeius,  Fortuna,  tuus :   non  pinguis  ad  astra     730 
ut  ferat  c  mcmbris  Eoos  fumus  odores, 
ut  Romana  suom  gestent  pia  colla  parcntem, 
praeferat  ut  ueteres  feralis  pompa  triumphos, 
ut  resonent  cantu  tristi  fora,  totus  ut  ignem 
proiectis  maerens  exercitus  ambiat  armis.  735 

da  uilem  Magno  plcbcii  funeris  arcam, 
quae  laccrum  corpus  siccos  efiundat  in  ignes. 
robora  non  desint  misero  nee  sordidus  ustor. 
sit  satis,  o  supcri,  quod  non  Cornelia  fuso 
crine  iacet  subicique  facem  complexa  maritum       740 
imperat,  extremo  sed  abest  a  munere  busti 
infelix  coniunx,  nee  adhuc  a  litore  longe  est. 
sic  fatus,  paruos  iuuenis  procul  adspicit  ignes, 
corpus  uile  suis  nullo  custode  cremantis. 
inde  rapit  flammas,  semiustaque  robora  membris  745 
subducens,  quaecumqiie  es,  ait,  neglecta  nee  ulli 
cara  tuo,  sed  Pompeio  felicior  umbra, 
quod  iam  compositum  uiolat  manus  hospita  bustum, 

728.  obscura]  'dimmed  by  clouds',  cf.  735.  proiectis]  It  is  uncertain  whether 
supr.  721.  this    is    equivalent    to    ucrsis    as    in    the 

729.  sepulcra]  seems  to  be  used  of  the  passages  quoted  from  Virgil  and  Tacitus, 
funeral  pile,  rogus,  on  which  the  frankin-  or  as  is  more  probable  '  thrown  on  the 
cense  would  be  placed ;  cf.  IX  10.  funeral    pile'.      See   the    account  of   the 

730.  pinguis]  cf.  Aesch.  Agam.  819  funeral  of  Julius  Caesar  in  Suet.  Jul.  84 
<rwdvr)(TKovaa  8k  airobos  wpoivtixira  irlovas  deinde  tilnanes  et  scaenici  artifices  uestem, 
ttXovtov  wvoas.  quam    ex   triumphorum    instrumento    ad 

731.  Eoos]  cf.  Stat.  Silu.  in  iii  33 —  praesentem  usum  induerant,  detractam 
37  tu  largus  Eoa  germina,  tu  messes  sibi  atque  discissam  iniecere  flammae  et 
Cilicumque  Arabumque  superbis  merge  ueteranorum  militum  legionarii  anna  sua, 
rogis ;  ferat  ignis  opes  heredis  et  alto  aggere  quibus  exculti  funics  celebrabant. 
missuri  nitido  pia  nubila  caelo  stipeutur  736.  plebeii  funeris]  cf.  Hor.  Sat.  I 
cineres.  viii  8,  9  hue  prius  angustis  eiecta  cadauera 

732.  ut]  The  negative  is  continued,  cellis  conseruus  iiili  portanda  locabat  in 
'  that  the  duteous  necks  of  Romans  should  area. 

carry  to  burial  the  father  of  their  country '.  737.     siccos]  i.e.  in  which  there  are  no 

For  the  title  of  parens  patriae,   cf.   Prof,  aromatics  burnt. 

Mayor's  note  on  Iuv.  viii  244;  it  does  not  effundai]  'let  drop'. 

seem  to  have  been  ever  conferred  on  Pom-  738.     ustor]    cf.  Catull.  lix  5  a  semi- 


peius. 


raso  tunderetur  restore. 


734.     totus   ut  ignem]   cf.  Verg.  Aen.  742.     nee  adhuc]  'while  yet  she  is  not 

XI  92,  93  turn  macsta  phalanx  Tcucrique  far  distant'. 

sequuntur    Tyrrlnniquc    oruncs   et   ucrsis  744.    idle  suis]  'neglected  by  its  friends'. 

Arcades  armis.     Tac.  Ann.  m  2  praccede-  747.    felicior]  i.e.  quia  tamen  combu- 

bant  incompta  signa  tier  si  fasces.  reris.     Weise. 


304  LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 

da  ucniam  :    si  quid  sensus  post  fata  relictum  est, 
cedis  ct  ipsa  rogo  patcrisquc  haec  damna  scpulcri, 
teque  pudet  sparsis  Pompeii  manibus  uri.  75  r 

sic  fatur,  plenusque  sinus  ardente  fauilla 
peruolat  ad  truncum,  qui  fluctu  paene  relatus 
litore  pendebat.     summas  dimouit  harenas, 
et  collecta  procul  laccrac  fragmenta  carinae  755 

exigua  trepidus  posuit  scrobe.     nobile  corpus 
robora  nulla  prcmunt,  nulla  strue  membra  recumbunt: 
admotus  Magnum  non  subditus  accipit  ignis, 
ille  sedens  iuxta  flammas:    o  maxime,  dixit, 
ductor  et  Hesperii  maiestas  nominis  una,  760 

si  tibi  iactatu  pelagi,  si  funere  nullo 
tristior  iste  rogus ;   manes  animamque  potentem 
officiis  auerte  meis :    iniuria  fati 
hoc  fas  esse  iubet ;    ne  ponti  belua  quicquam, 
ne  fera,  ne  uolucres,  ne  saeui  Caesaris  ira  765 

audeat:   exiguam,  quantum  potes,  accipe  flammam, 
Romana  succense  manu.     Fortuna  recursus 
si  det  in  Hesperiam,  non  hac  in  sede  quiescent 
tarn  sacri  cineres:   sed  te  Cornelia,  Magne, 
»    accipiet,  nostraque  manu  transfundet  in  urnam.     770 
interca  paruo  signemus  litora  saxo 
ut  nota  sit  busti;    si  quis  placare  peremptum 
forte  uolet  plenos  et  reddere  mortis  honores, 
inueniat  trunci  cineres  et  norit  harenas, 


750.     cedis  et  ipsa  rogo]   There   is   no  deur',    cf.    Hor.    Ep.    II   i   257,   258   sed 

need  of  supplying  si  as  Weise  wishes  to  neque  paruom  carmen  maiestas  recipit  tua. 

do  with  cedis  &c. :  the  meaning  is  'if  there  762.     tristior]    'if  this  funeral    pile    is 

be  any  perception  after  death,  you  of  your  sadder  in  thy  eyes  than  tossing  in  the  sea, 

own  accord,  I  am  sure,  give  way  to  Pom-  than  having  no  funeral  rites  at  all', 

peius',  and  so  the  Schol.  rightly  explains  763.     officiis]  'withdraw... from  this  ser- 

'quippe  Pompeium  inde   gratularis   com-  vice  of  mine', 

buri'.     For  ipsa  equivalent  to  sponte,  cf.  iniuria]  'injustice'. 

Verg.   Eel.  IV   20  ipsae  facte  domum  re-  765.     Caesaris  ira]    bene   post    omnes 

fercnt  distenta  capellae  tibera.  feras  ultimus  Caesar  secutus  est.     Schol. 

755.    procul]  'from  a  distance'.  770.     nostra  manu]  'by  the  help  of  my 

757.  premunf]  'no   timber  (sc.   of  an  hand',  equivalent  to  nostra  ope. 

area)  holds  it  in',  cf.  supr.  56.  772.     nota]   as   above    711,    'a  distin- 

strue]  sc.  rogo.  guishing  mark'. 

758.  admotus]  i.e.  applied  directly  to  773.     mortis  honores]  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  vi 
the  corpse.  383   cemit  ibi  maestos  et  mortis  honore 

760.     maiestas   una]    'crowning   gran-  carditis  Leucaspim,  &C. 


LIBER   VIII.   749— 797-  305 

ad  quas,  Magne,  tuom  referat  caput,     haec  ubi  fatus, 

excitat  inualidas  admoto  fomitc  flammas.  776 

carpitur  ct  lcntum  destillat  Magnus  in  ignem, 

tabe  fouens  bustum.     scd  iam  percusserat  astra 

Aurorac  pracmissa  dies:    ille  ordinc  rupto 

funeris  adtonitus  latebras  in  litore  quaerit.  780 

quam  metuis,  demons,  isto  pro  crimine  poenam, 

quo  te  fama  loquax  omnes  accepit  in  annos  ? 

condita  laudabit  Magni  socer  impius  ossa: 

i  modo  securus  ueniae  fassusquc  sepulcrum 

posce  caput,     cogit  pietas  imponere  finem  785 

officio,     semiusta  rapit  resolutaque  nondum 

ossa  satis,  neruis  et  inustis  plena  medullis 

aequorea  restinguit  aqua,  congestaque  in  unum 

parua  clausit  humo.     turn  ne  leuis  aura  retectos 

auferret  cineres  saxo  compressit  harenam :  790 

nautaque  ne  bustum  religato  func  moueret, 

inscripsit  sacrum  semiusto  stipite  nomen  : 

Hie  SITVS  EST  MAGNVS.     placet  hoc,  Fortuna,  sepulcrum 

dicere  Pompeii,  quo  condi  maluit  ilium, 

quam  terra  caruisse  socer  ?     temeraria  dextra,        795 

cur  obicis  Magno  tumulum  manesque  uagantis 

includis  ?     situs  est,  qua  terra  extrema  refuso 

777.     carpiiur~\  'Magnus  consumes   a-  791.     religato  fune]  'by  tying  a  rope  to 

way  and  melts   into  the   slowly  burning  it',  cf.  Hor.   Sat.    1  v   18,   19  retinacula 

flame  feeding  the  fire  with  his  moisture'.  viulae  naiita piger  saxo  religat. 

-->].  praemissd]  So  Weise  with  many  793.  hie  situs  est]  as  Zvdabe  Keirai  in 
MSS.  for  the  vulg.  promissa;  it  is  best  Greek:  the  regular  inscription  on  a  tomb- 
taken  with  dies,  i.e.  'the  daylight,  the  har-  stone,  cf.  Plin.  Epist.  VI  x  §  4  hie  situs 
binger  of  dawn  ' ;  it  may  however  be  taken  est  Rufus  pulso  qui  Vindice  quondam  im- 
with  astra  referring  to  the  morning  star.  perium  asseruit  non  sibi  sed patriae.  These 

ordine]  'ceremony'.  words  are  commonly  represented  by  the 

780.     adtonitus]  'in  dismay',  cf.  11  22.  letters  H.  S.  E. 

782.     fama     loquax]      'loud-mouthed  placet]  'is  it  thy  pleasure  to  call  this  the 

fame',  so  also  in  Ov.  ex  Pont.  11  ix  3.  tomb  of  Magnus  in  which  his  father-in-law 

quo ..  .accepit]   'for  which. ..has  adopted  would  rather  he  were  interred,  than  that  he 

thee'.  should  have  been  left  unburied?' 

785.     imponere  finem]     '  to    put    the  796.     cur  obicis]  cur  tumulum  tanquam 

finishing  stroke  to'.  obicem    Magno    imponis?     'why    fix    on 

787.     neruis]    'full    of    ligaments  and  Magnus  the  barrier  of  a  tomb?'     For  the 

unburnt  marrow'.     This  seems  to  be  the  sentiment    cf.    Lucret.    11 1   906   urgeriue 

only  passage  where  inustus  is  thus  used,  superne  obtritum  pondere  terrae.     For  the 

elsewhere  it  is  always  the   participle   of  quantity  of  obicis  cf.  ix  188. 

inuro.  797-     qua   terra]    'where    the    farthest 

789.    retectos  auferret]  '  should  lay  bare  part  of  earth  hangs  in  suspension  in  the 

and  sweep  away'.  baffled  ocean',  i.e.  on  the  muddy  shore 

H.  L.  20 


5o6  LUCx\NI   THARSALIAE 

pcndct  in  occano.     Romanum  nomcn  ct  omnc 
imperium  Magno  est  tumuli  modus,     obrue  saxa 
criminc  plena  dcum.     si  tota  est  Herculis  Oete,    800 
ct  iuga  tota  uacant  Bromio  Nyscia;   quare 
unus  in  Aegypto  Magno  lapis?     omnia  Lagi 
arua  tenere  potest,     si  nullo  caespite  nomcn 
haeserit,'  erremus  populi,  cincrumque  tuorum, 
Mamie,  metu  nullas  Nili  calcemus  harcnas.  805 

quod  si  tarn  sacro  dignaris  nomine  saxum, 
adcle  actus  tantos  monumentaque  maxima  rerum, 
adde  truces  Lepidi  motus,  Alpinaque  bella, 
armaquc  Sertori  reuocato  consulc  uicta, 
et  currus  quos  egit  eques:    commercia  tuta  810 

gentibus  et  pauidos  Cilicas  maris:    adde  subactam 
barbariem  gentesque  uagas,  et  quidquid  in  Euro 
regnorum  Boreaque  iacet.     die  semper  ab  armis 
ciuilem  repetisse  togam:    ter  curribus  actis 
contentum  patriae  multos  donasse  triumphos.  815 

quis  capit  haec  tumulus  ?     surgit  miserabile  bustum 


which  is  neither  sea  nor  dry  land,  cf.  I 
409 — 411,  and  so,  being  buried  where 
earth  and  sea  meet,  he  in  a  manner  occu- 
pies both.  The  expression  is  suggested 
by  Verg.  Aen.  VII  225  audiit  et  si  qnem 
tcllus  extrema  refuso  submoiiet  oceano. 

799.  modus]  '  is  the  measure  of  Magnus' 
sepulchre',  cf.  supr.  55. 

800.  criminc  plena  deutri\  'full  of  dis- 
grace to  Heaven',  cf.  v  59,  i.  e.  it  is  a  dis- 
grace to  the  gods  that  Pompeius  should 
be  so  miserably  buried,  and  this  disgrace 
would  be  less  conspicuous  if  there  were 
no  stone  at  all  to  mark  his  tomb. 

801.  uacant  Bromio]  'find  room  for 
Bromius  alone';  for  Nysa  cf.  1  65.  The 
comparison  in  this  case  seems  somewhat 
out  of  place  as  Bacchus  was  not  supposed 
to  be  buried  on  Nysa. 

802.  omnia  Lagi]  i.e.  as  Weise  explains 
rightly  'if  on  no  one  mound  Pompeius' 
name  could  have  been  read  we  might  sup- 
pose him  to  be  buried  everywhere  in 
Egypt'. 

804.  erremus  populi]  'we  the  nations 
of  the  earth  should  be  mistaken,  and  for 
fear  of  treading  on  thy  ashes,  Magnus, 
should  not  tread  the  sands  of  Kile  at  all'. 

805.  nullas]  cf.  vii  25  supr.  599. 


807.  monumenta]  'the  glorious  records 
of  his  exploits'. 

80S.  truces  Lepidi  motus]  B.C.  77,  cf. 
Mommsen  Book  V  cap.  I.  Alpina  bella 
refers  to  Pompeius'  wars  with  the  Alpine 
tribes  when  marching  against  Sertorius, 
at  which  time  he  made  a  new  road  over 
the  Cottian  Alps. 

809.  consule]  i.e.  Metellus,  who  was  not 
however  consul,  nor  yet  recalled,  but  rein- 
forced by  Pompeius. 

810.  eques]  cf.  VII  17. 

811.  pauidos  maris]  'Pompeius  effecit 
ut  piratae  timerent  maria  quibus  ipsi  ante 
grassabantur '  Schol.  For  the  construction 
Oud.  cf.  Sen.  Here.  Fur.  297  lucisque 
pauidos  ante  te  populos  age. 

813.  die  semper  ab  armis]   'tell  how 
he  ever  laid  his  arms  aside  and  .donned— 
again  the  garb  of  peace',  cf.  ix  200  iuuit 
sumpta  uirum  iuuit  dimissa  potestas.    For 
ab  armis  cf.  I  451. 

814.  ter  curribus  actis]  'tell  how  con- 
tent with  thrice  driving  the  car  he  made 
a  present  to  his  fatherland  of  many  tri- 
umphs', i.e.  did  not  claim  them  when  he 
might  have  done  so;  for  donare  cf.  VII 
30,  850. 


LIBER    VIII.    798—834. 


307 


non  ullis  plenum  titulis  non  ordinc  tanto 
fastorum  :    solitumquc  legi  super  alta  deorum 
culmina  ct  exstructos  spoliis  hostilibus  arcus 
haud  procul  est  ima  Pompeii  nomen  harcna,  820 

depressum  tumulo  quod  non  legat  aducna  rectus, 
quod  nisi  monstratum  Romanus  transeat  hospes. 

noxia  ciuili  tellus  Aegyptia  fato, 
haud  equidem  immcrito  Cumanae  carmine  uatis 
cautum,  ne  Nili  Pelusia  tangeret  ora  825 

Hesperius  miles  ripasque  aestate  tumentis. 
quid  tibi  sacua  precer  pro  tanto  crimine  tellus  ? 
uertat  aquas  Nilus,  quo  nascitur  orbe  retentus, 
et  steriles  egeant  hibernis  imbribus  agri, 
totaque  in  Acthiopum  putres  soluaris  harenas.       830 
nos  in  templa  tuam   Romana  accepimus  Isin, 
semicanesque  deos,  et  sistra  iubentia  luctus, 
et  quern  tu  plangens  hominem  testaris  Osirin  : 
tu  nostros,  Aegypte,  tenes  in  puluere  manes.  . 


817.  ordine]  'the  mighty  tale  of  the 
records  of  his  fame',  cf.  Hor.  carm.  IV 
xiv  1 — 5  quae  cura  fat  ruin  quaeue  Quiri- 
tium  plenis  honorum  muueribus  tuas,  Au- 
gustc,  uirtutes  in  acuom  per  titulos  me/no- 
rcsque  fastos  act er net  ? 

819.  arcus]  cf.  Iuv.  x  133 — 137  bello- 
rum  exuuiae,  truncis  affixa  tropaeis  lorica 
et  fracta  de  casside  bitctda  pendens,  et 
curt um  tcmone  ifigum  uictaeque  triremis 
aplustre  et  summo  tristis  captiuus  in  arcit, 
humanis  maiora  bonis  creduntw. 

821.  depressum  tumulo]  'sunk  low 
upon  a  tomb,  which  the  stranger  cannot 
read  without  stooping'. 

823.  noxia]  'stained  with  the  guilt  of 
destined  civil  strife',  cf.  Propert.  IV  xi  33 
noxia  Alexandria  do/is  aptissima  tellus. 

825.  cautum]  For  this  prohibition  cf. 
Cic.  ad  fam.  I  vii  §  4  where  writing  to  P. 
Lentulus  proconsul  of  Cilicia  he  says  esse 
et  luae  et  nostri  imperii  dignitatis,  Ptole- 
maidc  aut  aliquo  propinquo  loco  rege  col- 
localo,  tecum  classc atque  exercitu prqficisci 
Alexandria/// :  ut  c/111/  can/  pace  praesi- 
diisque  Jiri/iaris  Ptolcmacus  redcat  in  reg- 
num :  it  a  fore  ut  per  te  restiluatur,  quem- 
adn/odum  senatus  initio  censuit,  ct  sine 
multitudine  reducatur,  quemadmodum 
homines  religiosi  sibyllae  placere  dixerunt. 

826.  aestate]  cf.  vi  474,  x  223  foil. 


828.  uertat]  This  word  is  not  to  be 
pressed,  the  river  might  be  said  to  turn 
its  course  if  it  ceased  to  flow  as  it  did 
before,  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  VIII  86 — 87  Tybris 
eajluuium  qua///  longa  est  nocte  tumentem 
leniit  et  tacita  rc/iuci/s  ita  substitit  unda. 

829.  hibernis  imbribus]  i.e.  not  that  rain 
did  usually  fall  in  Egypt  in  winter,  but 
the  poet  prays  that  there  may  not  be  that 
either  to  make  up  for  the  loss  of  the  over- 
flow of  the  Nile. 

830.  soluaris]  'be  dissolved  into  the 
crumbling  sands  of  the  Aethiopians '  i.e. 
the  dry  sands  of  the  desert. 

832.  semicanesque  deos]  For  this  con- 
tempt of  the  Egyptian  gods,  cf.  Yerg. 
Aen.  viii  698  omnigenumque  deuin  inons- 
tra  et  latrator  Anubis,  Propert.  IV  xi  41 
a/tsa  Ioui  nostro  latrai/tcm  opponere  Ann- 
bim,  Iuv.  XV  8  oppida  tola  ca/ic/u  nencran- 
tur,  ne  mo  Dianam. 

sistra]  cf.  Iuv.  XIII  92,  93  dccer/iat 
qiiodcuiiiq/ic  uolet  de  corpore  nostro  Isis  et 
irato  fcriat  mca  lumina  sistro. 

833.  hominem]  Grotius  quotes  the  say- 
ing of  Xenocrates  to  the  Egyptians,  ovtoi 
el  /j.ev  deol  elai  fxij  OpTji'eire  avrovs'  el  5k 
avOpwTroL  ixrj  dvere  avroh.  For  Osiris  cf. 
Iuv.  viii  29  and  Prof.  Mayor's  note. 

834.  nostros]  i.e.  and  so  Egypt  has  the 
advantage  in  the  exchange. 

20 — 2 


$08  LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 

tu  quoque,  cum  saeuo  dederis  iam  tcmpla  tyranno, 
nondum  Pompeii  cincrcs,  o  Roma,  pctisti :  836 

exsul  adhuc  iacet  umbra  ducis.     si  saecula  prima 
uictoris  timuere  minas;    nunc  excipe  saltern 
ossa  tui  Magni,  si  nondum  subruta  fluctu 
inuisa  tellure  sedent.     quis  busta  timebit  ?  840 

quis  sacris  dignam  mouissc  uerebitur  umbram  ? 
impcret  hoc  nobis  utinam  scelus  ct  uclit  uti 
nostro  Roma  sinu :   satis  o  nimiumquc  beatus, 
si  mihi  contingat  manes  transferre  reuolsos 
Ausoniam,  si  tale  ducis  uiolare  sepulcrum.  845 

forsitan  aut  sulco  sterili  cum  poscere  finem 
a  superis  aut  Roma  uolct  feralibus  Austris, 
ignibus  aut  nimiis,  aut  terrae  tecta  mouenti, 
consilio  iussuque  deum  transibis  in  urbem, 
Magne,  tuam,  summusque  feret  tua  busta  sacerdos. 
nunc  quis  ad  exustam  Cancro  torrente  Syenen      85 1 
ibit  et  imbrifera  siccas  sub  Pleiade  Thebas 
spectator  Nili :    quis  rubri  stagna  profundi, 
aut  Arabum  portus  mercis  mutator  Eoae, 
Magne,  petet,  quern  non  tumuli  uenerabile  saxum  855 
et  cinis  in  summis  forsan  turbatus  harenis 


835.     tyrannd\  sc.  Caesari.  of  Orestes  to  Sparta  in  Herod.  I  67  foil. 

837.     saecula  prima]  i.e.    cum   recens  and  that  of  the  bones  of  Theseus  to  Athens 

uicerat  Caesar.     Schol.  in  Plutarch  Thes.  36. 

839.  si  nondum]  '  if  they  are  not  yet  bustd\  here  is  equivalent  to  cineres,  cf. 
uprooted  by  the  waves,  but  still  repose  Stat.  Theb.  xn  245—247  hand procul — 
in  that  hateful  soil '.  Ogygias,  Argia,  domos,  ei  egena  sepulcri 

840.  sedent]   So  sedes  is  used   of  the  busta  iaccre  reor. 

place  of  a  person's  burial,  Verg.  Aen.  vn  852.   siccas]  'parched  even  beneath  the 

3,  4.et  nunc seruat hotios  sedem •  tuus ossaque  rainy  Pleiad',  cf.  Val.  Flacc.  II  357,  358 

nomen  Hcsperia  in  magna  si  qua   est  ea  Pleiada   lege  poli   nimboso  mouerat  astro 

gloria  signat.  Iuppiler. 

842.    scelus]   i.e.    of    disturbing    their         853.     spectator]    cf.    Tac.    Ann.   II   59 

sepulchre.  Germanicus  Aegyptum  prroficiscitur  cogno- 

844.  transferre  reuolsos]  '  to  tear  up  scendae  antiquitatis.  See  also  the  remarks 
and  transport '.  of  Merivale  History  of  the  Romans  under 

845.  tale]  emphatic:  'when  it  is  such  the  Empire  cap.  xliii  pp.  186 — 7  on  the 
as  this'.  antiquarian  curiosity  of  the  Romans. 

847.     Austris]  Oud.  cf.   Ov.  Met.  vn  854.    mutator]  cf.  Verg.  Eel.  iv  38,  39 

^iletifcris calidispiraruntjlalibus  Austri,  nee  nautica  pinus  mutabit  merces. 
Hor.   Sat.    II  vi   18,   19  plumbeus  Austcr  855.    quern  non... aducrtet] '  who  will  not 

auctumnusque  grauis   Libit inac    quaeslits  be  attracted  by — and  who  will  not  rejoice 

acerbae.  to   appease   &c.  ?'    with    iuuabit    supply 

850.    summits  sacerdos]  sc.  the  Pontifex  quemque  non  ? 
Maximus.  cf.  the  transference  of  the  bones 


LIBER   VIII.    835—872. 


309 


aducrtct,  manesque  tuos  placare  iuuabit, 

et  Casio  praeferre  Ioui  ?     nil  ista  nocebunt 

famac  busta  tuac.     templis  auroquc  sepultus 

uilior  umbra  fores:  nunc  est  pro  numine  summo  860 

hoc  tumulo  Fortuna  iacens.     augustius  aris 

uictoris  Libyco  pulsatur  in  aequore  saxum. 

Tarpeiis  qui  saepe  deis  sua  tura  negarunt, 

inclusum  fusco  uenerentur  cacspite  numen. 

prodcrit  hoc  olim  quod  non  mansura  sepulcri         865 

ardua  marmoreo  surrexit  pondere  moles. 

pulucris  exigui  sparget  non  longa  uctustas 

congcriem  bustumque  cadet  mortisque  peribunt 

argumenta  tuae.     ueniet  felicior  aetas 

qua  sit  nulla  fides  saxum  monstrantibus  illud :       870 

atque  erit  Aegyptus  populis  fortasse  nepotum 

tarn  mendax  Magni  tumulo  quam  Creta  Tonantis. 


858.  Casio... Ioui]  There  was  a  temple 
of  Jupiter  on  Mount  Casius. 

8f)0.  nunc  est. ..iacens]  Grotius  fol- 
lowed by  Weise  explains  this  thus:  'For- 
tuna quodammodo  cum  ipso  Pompeio  se- 
pulta  cui  semper  adfuerat'.  This  is  harsh, 
but  if  the  reading  be  sound  there  appears 
to  be  no  other  way  of  explaining  it.  Oud. 
mentions  that  some  MSS.  have  es  instead 
of  est:  but  the  double  address  to  Pompeius 
and  to  Fortune  is  perhaps  still  harsher,  nor 
does  Oudendorp's  own  conjecture  at  nunc 
pro  numine  summo  hoc  tumulo,  Fortuna, 
iacens  solve  the  difficulty. 

861.  augustius]  'more  awful  than  the 
conqueror's  altars  is  that  stone  storm- 
beaten  on  the  Libyan  plain'  or  'near  the 
Libyan  sea ';  for  the  latter  Oud.  cf.  IV  634 
hiacliiis  in  unJis  i.e.  'by  the  Inachian 
waves '. 

863.  Tarpeiis. ..dcis]  sc.  Caesarilnts. 
Weise.  It  seems  to  me  better  to  take  it 
as  'the  gods  of  the  Roman  Capitol'  sc. 
Jupiter  and  the  other  gods  who  had 
temples  on  the  Capitol,  or  generally  '  the 
gods  of  Rome'. 

864.  fusco]  Most  MSS. read  Tuscovrhich 
is  certainly  out  of  place:  it  seems  to  have 
arisen  from  the  reading  fulmen  instead  of 
numen  at  the  end  of  the  line  which  is  also 
found  in  some  MSS.  as  the  copyist  then 
thought  of  1  584  foil,  where  the  Tuscan 
Aruns  is  described  as  burying  the  thun- 
derbolt; so  Weise,  who  also  suggests  that 
fusco  is  a  corruption  of  fulto  comparing 


supr.  V  3 1 6  stetit  aggere fulli  caespitis.  But 
this  seems  unnecessary  ;  fusco  makes  good 
enough  sense  as  explained  by  Sulpitius : 
'manes  Pompeii  sepultos  terra  nigra:  talis 
enim  prae  pinguedine'.  Others  explain  the 
epithet  as  transferred  to  the  soil  from  the 
colour  of  the  inhabitants.  For  the  black 
soil  of  Egypt,  cf.  Herod.  II  12  p-eXayyaiov 
re  Kal  KaTepp-qyvvfxiviqv  (Hare  eovcrav  l\vv 
re  Kal  ■jrpoxi'Gt-''  «s  Aldiowirjs  Karevrjveiy- 
ixtv-qv  virb  tov  Trora/xou,  Verg.  G.  IV  292 
et  uiridem  Aegyptum  nigra  fecundat 
harcna. 

865.  mansura]  'permanent';  Tacitus 
speaking  of  the  tomb  of  Otho  uses  a 
similar  expression,  though  the  meaning 
is  somewhat  different,  Hist.  II  49  Othoni 
sepulcrum  exstructum  est  modicum  et  man- 
surum. 

sepulcri]  Oud.  with  some  MSS.  reads 
futuris,  cf.  X  270. 

867.  non  longa  uetustas]  'no  distant 
futurity  '.  For  uetustas  of  future  time,  cf. 
Ov.  Met.  xv  871 — 872  iamqne  opus  exegi 
quod  ncc  Iouis  ira  nee  ignes  nee  potcrit 
ferrum  nee  edax  abolere  uetustas. 

S69.  argumenta]  'all  the  proofs  of  thy 
death'. 

871.  populis]  cf.  vil  207. 

872.  Creta  Tonantis]  cf.  Callimachus 
Kpfjres  ad  \pevo~rai '  Kal  yap  racpov,  iZ  dva, 
otlo  Kpr/res  irtKT-qvaTO'  crii  8'  ov  Odves' 
icrcrl  yap  alel,  Cic.  N.  D.  Ill  §  53  tcrtium 
[louem)  Cretensem,  Satumi  f ilium,  cuius 
in  ilia  insula  sepulerutn  ostenditur. 


M.   ANNAEI    LUCANI 

PHARSALIAE 

LIBER   NONUS. 


ARGUMENT  OF  BOOK  IX. 


Apotheosis  of  Pompeius  i— 18.  Cato  retreats  to  Corcyra  and  thence  to  Africa  19 — 50, 
where  Cornelia  joins  him;  her  lamentations  51 — 119.  Meeting  and  conversation 
of  the  sons  of  Pompeius  120 — 166.  Mourning  for  Pompeius  167 — 185.  Cato's 
panegyric  of  him  186 — 217.  Tarchondimotus  wishes  to  desert;  the  fugitives  are 
recalled  by  Cato  217 — 293.  Cato  captures  Cyrene,  and  proposes  to  join  Juba; 
description  of  the  Syrtes  294—318.  A  storm  arises;  description  of  Tritonis  319 — 
367.  The  fleet  reaches  Africa;  Cato  determines  to  march  by  land  to  Mauretania 
368 — 410.  Description  of  Libya  411 — 497.  The  troops  suffer  from  thirst;  Cato 
refuses  to  drink  498—510.  They  arrive  at  the  temple  of  Hammon  511 — 543. 
Labienus  urges  Cato  to  consult  the  oracle  544—563,  he  refuses  564—586.  The 
march  continues;  Cato's  endurance  587—618.  Origin  of  the  Libyan  serpents  619 
— 699.  Deaths  of  soldiers  by  the  bite  of  various  serpents  700 — 838.  Complaints  of 
the  soldiers  839—889,  they  are  helped  by  the  Psylli  890— 94 1.  Cato  reaches 
Leptis  942—949.  Caesar  in  pursuit  of  Pompeius  visits  the  Troad  950—999,  and 
reaches  Egypt,  where  he  is  presented  with  the  head  of  Pompeius  1000 — 1034,  he 
weeps  at  the  sight  of  it,  and  reproaches  the  Egyptians  1035 — 1108. 

At  non  in  Pharia  manes  iacucre  fauilla, 
ncc  cinis  exiguus  tantam  compescuit  umbram. 
prosiluit  busto,  semiustaquc  membra  relinquens 
degeneremque  rogum  sequitur  conuexa  Tonantis, 
qua  niger  astriferis  conectitur  axibus  aer,  5 

1.     at    non]     In   this   account   of  the  thosque  reposcere  signa.     For  conuexa,  cf. 

apotheosis  of  Pompeius  Lucan,  as  Micyl-  Verg.  Aen.   IV  451  taedet  caeli  conuexa 

lus  remarks,  adopts  the  doctrines  of  Plato,  tueri. 

for  which  cf.  Plat.  Rep.  Bk  x  and  Cicero  5.     niger]  i.e.  in  comparison  with  the 

de  Rep.  VI.  aether  and  the  stars.     Weise. 

4.     sequitur]   'seeks'  'makes  for',   cf.         astriferis  axibus]  i. e.  the  poles  on  which 

Verg.   Aen.   IV   361    Italiam    non  sponte  the  stars  revolve.     Oud.  cf.  Ov.  Trist.  IV 

sei/uor,  Id.  VI I  606  Auroramque  scqui  Par-  iv  62  paene  sub  eiusdem  sideris  axe  iacent. 


LIBER    IX.    1—24. 


1 1 


quaquc  patct  terras  inter  lunaeque  meatus, 

(semidei  manes  habitant,  quos  ignea  uirtus 

innocuos  uita  patientis  aetheris  imi 

fecit)  ct  aeternos  animam  collcgit  in  orbcs. 

non  illuc  auro  positi  nee  turc  scpulti  10 

perucniunt.     illic  postquam  se  lumine  ucro 

implcuit,  stellasque  uagas  miratur  ct  astra 

fixa  polis,  uidit  quanta  sub  nocte  iacerct 

nostra  dies,  risitque  sui  ludibria  .trunci. 

hinc  super  Emathiae  campos  et  signa  cruenti  15 

Caesaris  ac  sparsas  uolitauit  in  aequore  classes, 

et  scelcrum  uindcx  in  sancto  pectore  Bruti 

scdit,  et  inuicti  posuit  se  mente  Catonis. 

ille,  ubi  pendebant  casus,  dubiumque  manebat 

quern  mundi  dominum  facerent  ciuilia  bella,  20 

oderat  et  Magnum,  quamuis  comes  isset  in  arma 

auspiciis  raptus  patriae  ductuque  scnatus : 

at  post  Thessalicas  clades  iam  pectore  toto 

Pompeianus  erat.     patriam  tutore  carentem 


6.  pate/]  sc.  aer,  i.e.  the  air  is  regarded 
as  filling  the  space  between  the  earth  and 
the  orbit  of  the  moon,  the  nearest  of  the 
planets. 

7.  semidei]  For  the  parenthesis  cf.  infr. 
823,  Yerg.  Aen.  in  13 — 14  terra  procul 
vast  is  colitur  Mauortia  cam  pis,  1 "h  races 
aranl,  acri  quondam  regnata  Lyairgo. 

ignea]  i.e.  so  fitting  them  to  endure  the 
fiery  aether,  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  VI  730 — 732 
igneus  est  ollis  vigor  et  caelestis  origo  se  mi- 
nibus, quantum  non  noxia  corpora  tardant 
terrenique  hebetant  artus,  moribundaque 
membra,  Cic.  de  Rep.  VI  §  15  hisquc  ani- 
mus datus  est  ex  Mis  sempilernis  ignibns 
quae  sidera  et  Stellas  uocalis. 

8.  innocuos  uita]  probably  active, 
'harmless  in  their  lives';  but  it  may 
possibly  be  passive,  'unharmed  by  life', 
i.  e.  uncorrupted  by  it,  cf.  Verg.  1.  c.  supr. 
and  Id.  X  301,  302  sedere  carinae  o/iiues 
innocuae. 

9.  animam]  'joined  his  soul  to  the 
company  of  the  eternal  spheres',  cf.  Plat, 
l'haedrus  p.  247  foil. 

10.  auro  positi]  cf,  vm  859. 

11.  lumine  ucro]  i.e.  the  light  of 
heaven,  of  which  that  of  earth  is  only  a 
feeble  counterpart :    there  is  a  reference 


to  the  Platonic  doctrine  of  ideas.     See 
also  13  infr. 

1 2.  stellas  uagas]  sc.  the  planets. 

miratur]  cf.  Verg.  Eel.  V  '56,  57  can- 
did us  in  suet  um  miratur  limen  Olympi 
sub  pedibusque  uidet  nubes  et  sidera  Da- 
plinis. 

13.  nocte]  i.e.  compared  to  the  lumen 
uernm  of  line  11.  Compare  Milton, 
Paradise  Lost,  VI  9 — 12  Light  issues 
forth,  and  at  the  other  door  Obsequious 
darkness  enters  till  her  hour  To  veil  the 
heaven,  though  darkness  there  might  well 
Seem  twilight  here. 

14.  ludibria]  'the  mockery  done  to  his 
headless  corpse'. 

19.  pendebant]  'were  doubtful',  cf. 
Val.  Flacc.  V  301,  302  cunctaque  adhne 
magni  ueniant  dum  regis  ad  urbem  am- 
bigua  el  dubia  return  pendentia  summa. 

21.  et  Magnum]  i.e.  as  well  as  Caesar. 

22.  auspiciis  patriae]  cf.  Horn.  II.  XII 
243   eh  oiwvos  apiaTos  d/j.vveada.1  wepl  wa- 

TpT]$. 

24.  tutore]  A  metaphor  from  the  rela- 
tion of  a  ward  to  his  guardian  :  compare 
n  297  foil,  when-  <  himself 

as  standing  in  a  kind  of  parental  relation 
to  Rome;  see  also  note  on  ii  3S8. 


U2 


LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 


25 


cxccpit,  populi  trepidantia  membra  rcfouit, 
ignauis  manibus  proicctos  reddidit  enscs : 
ncc  fegnum  cupiens  gessit  ciuilia  bclla, 
nee  seruire  timens.     nil  causa  fecit  in  armis 
ipse  sua:    totac  post  Magni  funera  partes 
libcrtatis  crant :    quas  ne  per  litora  fusas  30 

colligerct  rapido  uictoria  Caesaris  actu, 
Corcyrae  secrcta  petit,  ac  mille  carinis 
abstulit  Emathiae  secum  fragmenta  ruinae. 
quis  ratibus  tantis  fugicntia  credcret  ire 
agmina?    quis  pelagus  uictas  artassc  carinas?  35 

Dorida  turn  Malean  et  apertam  Taenaron  umbris, 
inde  Cythera  petit:    Boreaque  urgente  carinas 
Creta  fugit:    Dictaea  legit  cedentibus  undis 
litora.     tunc  ausum  classi  praecludere  portus 
impiilit,  ac  saeuas  meritum  Phycunta  rapinas  40 

sparsit:    et  hinc  placidis  alto  delabitur  auris 
in  litus,  Palinure,  tuom :    neque  enim  aequore  tantum 


25.  excepii]  in  tutelam  suam,  Weise. 
i.e.  after  the  loss  of  its  former  guardian 
Pompeius. 

28.  nee  seruire  timens]  i.e.  because  he 
could  put  an  end  to  his  life  whenever  he 
chose,  cf.  Sen.  Epist.  I  xii  §  10  noli  timere 
aliqilid  secum  fert.  quare  aliquid  dixi? 
multum.  quid  enim  hac  uoce  praeclarius, 
qnam  illi trado ad te  perferendam?  '  malum 
est  in  necessitate  uiuere:  sed  in  necessitate 
uiuert  necessitas  nulla  est',  quidni  nulla 
sit?  patent  undique  ad  libertatem  uiae 
mullae  breucs  faeiles.  agamus  deo  gratias 
quod  nemo  in  uita  tcneri  potest:  calcare 
ipsas  necessitates  licet.     Id.  Ep.  X  i  (77)  § 

15- 

29.  paries']     'the    whole    party    after 

Magnus'   death   was    the    party  of  free- 
dom', cf.  infr.  97. 

31.  colligerct]  'lest  Caesar's  victory 
sweeping  swiftly  on  should  gather  them 
up' ;  for  actus  cf.  Lucret.  in  193  et  pigri 
laticcs  magis  et  cunctantior  actus,  Verg. 
Aen..XH  687  fcrtur  in  abruptum  magno 
Dions  improbus  actu. 

32.  mille]  generally  for  a  large  number: 
there  were  really  300. 

35.  artasse]  narrowed,  and  so,  thronged 
the  sea,  cf.  Mart.  11  xc  6  atriaque  immo- 
dicis  arlat  imaginibus. 


36.  apertam  Taenaron  umbris]  '  Tae- 
narus  to  which  the  shades  have  free  pas- 
sage ',  i.  e.  where  they  are  allowed  to  go 
as  far  as  the  entrance  to  the  infernal 
regions,  cf.  VI  648 — 651  mm  Taenareis 
sic  faucibus  aer  sed  it  iners,  macs  turn  mundi 
confine  lalentis  ac  nostril  quo  noil  metuant 
emittere  manes  Tartarei  reges.  So  Verg. 
G.  iv  467  speaks  of  Taenarias  etiam  fauces 
alta  ostia  Ditis.  For  apertam  cf.  1  465 
apertum  gentibus  orbem. 

38.  Creta  fugit]  '  Crete  flies  from  them ', 
i.e.  seems  to  do  so,  as  they  fly  along  its 
shores;  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  Ill  72  prouehumtr 
portu ;  terraeque  urbesque  recedunl. 

legit]  sc.  Cato,  cf.  v  513. 

cedentibus  undis]  'as  the  waves  give 
way  before  him '.  Oud.  cf.  Ov.  Heroid. 
xvn  1  ib  per  mihi  cedentes  node  firebar 
aquas. 

39.  classi]  'to  close  their  port  against 
his  fleet',  cf.  Caesar  B.  C.  Hi  12  illi  datu- 
ros  se  negare  neqiie  portus  consuli  prae- 
clusuros. 

40.  impulit]  'he  assailed  and  plundered 
Phycus  which  well  deserved  cruel  devas- 
tation '.    Phycus  was  a  town  in  Cyrenaica. 

42.  Palinure]  There  was  a  promontory 
in  Africa  so-called  :  Oud.  cf.  Strabo  §  XVII 
22  (838)  where  it  is  called  ku/j.tj  UaXiovpos. 


LIBER    IX.   25—65.  313 

Ausonio  monumenta  tenes,  portusquc  quictos 

testatur  Libyc  Phrygio  placuisse  magistro. 

turn  procul  ex  alto  tendentes  ucla  carinac  45 

ancipitcs  tenucre  animos,  sociosne  malorum, 

an  ueherent  hostcs.     pracceps  facit  omnc  timendum 

uictor  et  in  nulla  non  creditur  esse  carina. 

ast  illae  puppes  luctus  planctusque  ferebant, 

et  mala  uel  duri  lacrimas  motura  Catonis.  50 

nam  postquam  frustra  prccibus  Cornelia  nautas 
priuigniquc  fugam  tenuit,  ne  forte  repulsus 
litoribus  Phariis  remearet  in  aequora  truncus, 
ostenditque  rogum  non  iusti  flamma  sepulcri : 
ergo  indigna  fui,  dixit,  Fortuna,  marito  55 

accendisse  rogum  gelidosque  effusa  per  artus 
incubuisse  uiro  ;    laccros  exurere  crines, 
membraque  dispersi  pelago  componere  Magni ; 
uolneribus  cunctis  largos  infundere  fietus ; 
ossibus  et  tepida  uestes  implere  fauilla ;  60 

quidquid  ab  exstincto  licuisset  tollere  busto 
in  templis  sparsura  deum.     sine  funeris  ullo 
ardet  honore  rogus  :   manus  hoc  Aegyptia  forsan 
obtulit  officium  graue  manibus.     o  bene  nudi 
Crassorum  cineres :    Pompeio  contigit  ignis  65 


43.  monumenta]  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  vi  381  funebribns  confectis,    Ov.  Trist.  iv  x  80 
aetcrnumquc  locus  Palinuri  nomen  habebit.  matri  proximo,  iusta  tuli.     See  also  note 

44.  magistro]   'pilot',   cf.  Verg.    Aen.  on  67  infr. 

VI  353,  354  quam  tua  ne  spoliata  armis  55.     ergo]   expostulantis,   as  often,  cf. 

excussa  magistro  deficerel  tantis  nauis  sur-  Hor.  carm.  I  xxiv  5  ergo  Quintilium  per- 

gentibus  undis.  petuus  sopor  urget. 

47.    praeceps]  predicate,  'by  his  energy',.  57.    laceros  exurere]  'to  tear  and  burn', 

cf.   II  656   Caesar  in  omnia  praeceps  nil  cf.   Aesch.  cho.   7  w\6Kafj.os  wevdrjTripios : 

actum  credens  dum  quid  superesset  agen-  but  this  custom  does  not  seem  to  have 

dum.  been  usual  at  Rome. 

=0.       duri]     airaOovs     utpote     Stoici.  59.     uolneribus]  cf.  VIII  727. 

Weise.     cf.  II  380.  60.     tepida]  cf.  Hor.  carm.  II  vi  23  ibi 

52.   priuigni]  i.e.  Sextus  Pompeius  who  tu  calentem  debita  sparges  lacrimafauillam 

was  the  son  of  Cn.  Pompeius  by  his  former  uatis  amid.     For  the  custom  of  gathering 

wife  Aemilia.  the  bones   in   the  folds  of  the  dress  cf. 

ne  forte]  '  lest  haply  the  headless  corpse  Tibull.  I  iii  5   non  hie  milii  mater  quae 

beaten  back  from  the  shore  should  float  I e gat  in  maestos  ossa  perusta  sinus,  Id.  ill 

out  again  to  sea',  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  II  545  ii  9  seq. 

rauco  quod protinus  aere  repulsion.  63.     Aegyptia]  cf.  VIII  767. 

54.     non  iusti]  'irregular';  iustus  is  a  64.     graue  manibus]  'displeasing  to  his 

word  specially  used   in    connexion   with  shade', 

funeral  rites,  cf.  Caesar  B.  G.  vi  18  iustis  nudi]  'unburied'. 


314  LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 

inuidia  maiore  deum.     similisnc  malorum 
sors  mihi  semper  erit  ?   numquam  dare  busta  licebit 
coniugibus :    numquam  plenas  plangemus  ad  urnas  ? 
quid  porro  tumulis  opus  est  aut  ulla  rcquiris 
instrumenta,  dolor  ?     non  toto  pectore  portas  70 

impia  Pompeium  ?    non  imis  haeret  imago 
uisceribus  ?     quaerat  cincres  uictura  supcrstes. 
nunc  tamen,  bine  longe  qui  fulget  luce  maligna 
ignis,  adhuc  aliquid   Phario  de  litore  surgens 
ostendit  mihi,  Magne,  tui.     iam  flamma  rcsedit,       75 
Pompeiumquc  ferens  uanescit  sob's  ad  ortus 
fumus,  et  inuisi  tendunt  mihi  carbasa  uenti. 
non  mihi  nunc  tellus  Pompeio  si  qua  triumphos 
uicta  dedit,  non  alta  terens  Capitolia  currus 
gratior:    elapsus  felix  de  pectore  Magnus;  80 

hunc  uolumus  quern  Nilus  habet,  terraeque  nocenti 
non  haerere  queror :   crimen  commendat  harenas. 
linquere,  si  qua  fides,  Pelusia  litora  nolo, 
tu  pete  bellorum  casus,  et  signa  per  orbem, 
Sexte,  paterna  moue :   namque  haec  mandata  reliquit 
Pompeius  uobis  in  nostra  condita  cura :  86 

me  cum  fatalis  leto  damnauerit  hora, 


66.  inuidia]  'bringing  more  odium  on  straining  my  ship's  sails',  i.e.  hateful  be- 
the  gods',  i.e.  that  Pompeius  should  have  cause  carrying  me  away  from  Egypt, 
such  miserable  funeral  rites  is  a  greater  79.    non  altd\  'nor  yet  his  car  treading 
disgrace  to  the  gods  than  that  he  should  again  and  again  the  lofty  Capitol'.     For 
have  none  ;  see  note  on  VIII  800.  terere  of  repeatedly  passing  over  the  same 

67.  busta]  So  Weise  reads  with  all  ground  cf.  Verg.  G.  I  380  angustum  for- 
MSS.    Oud.  reads  iusta  quoting  the  words  mica  terens  iter. 

of  the  Schol.  'ut  ait  Cicero  qui  nondum  80.     elapsus]   'Magnus  as  a  happy  man 

omnia paterno funeri iusta soluisset', which  .has  passed  from  my  memory';   cf.  Verg. 

seems  to  show  that  the  Schol.  read  iusta.  Eel.  1  6+qua/u  nostro  illins  labatur pectore 

cf.  54  supr.  noltns. 

68.  p/cnas]  cf.  Aesch.  Agam.  440  82.  non  Jiaerere]  'complain  that  I 
irvpudh  e£  T\iou  (pikoiffi  irip.-Kei  fiapu  \pijy-  cannot  linger  on  the  guilty  shore'. 

fjta  dvoB&KpvTov  avr-qvopos  crirodov  ye/j-ifav  commendat]   'graces'  'gives  credit  to', 

X^/37/ras  evdtrovs.  cf.  Cic.   Brutus  §  216  nulla  re  una  magis 

70.     instrumental  'means  of  displaying  oratorem    commendari    quam     uerborum 

thyself,  cf.  Gellius  xvm  cap.   7  ittinaiu  splendore  et  copia. 

mutt  homines  omncs  essent:  minus  impro-  83.     l/uquere]  This  line  appears  in  va- 

bilas  instrument!  habcret.  rious  places  in  the  MSS.  and  is  rejected 

72.  quaerat]  'let  a  wife  who  intends  to  by  most  editors:  but  it  is  commented  on 
live  on  as  his  survivor  seek  her  husband's  by  the  Schol.,  and  is  found  at  this  place 
ashes'.  in  the  Roman  edition  of  1469. 

73.  maligna]  'scanty.'  86.     uobis]  sc.  to  you  and  your  brother. 
77.     inuisi]    'the    hateful    winds    are 


LIBER    IX.   66— in.  315 

excipite,  o  nati,  bellum  ciuile,  ncc  umquam, 

dum  terris  aliquis  nostra  dc  stirpc  mancbit, 

Cacsaribus  regnare  uacct.     uel  sccptra  ucl  urbcs      90 

libcrtate  sua  ualidas  impellite  fama 

nominis :    has  uobis  partes,  hacc  arma  relinquo. 

inueniet  classes,  quisquis  Pompcius  in  undas 

uenerit :   et  nostcr  nullis  non  gentibus  hcrcs 

bella  dabit :    tantum  indomitos  memoresque  paterni 

iuris  habete  animos.     uni  parcre  decebit  96 

si  faciet  partes  pro  libertate  Catoni. 

exsolui  tibi,  Magne,  fidem  ;    mandata  pcrcgi. 

insidiae  ualuere  tuae  deceptaque  uixi, 

ne  mihi  commissas  auferrem  perfida  uoces.  100 

iam  nunc  te  per  inane  chaos,  per  Tartara,  coniunx, 

si  sunt  ulla,  sequar :    quam  longo  tradita  leto 

inccrtum  est :    poenas  animae  uiuacis  ab  ipsa 

ante  feram  ;    potuit  cernens  tua  uolnera,  Magne, 

non  fugere  in  mortem  :  planctu  concussa  peribit,    105 

effluet  in  lacrimas  ;    numquam  ueniemus  ad  enses 

aut  laqueos  aut  praecipites  per  inania  iactus. 

turpe  mori  post  te  solo  non  posse  dolore. 

sic  ubi  fata,  caput  ferali  obduxit  amictu, 

decreuitque  pati  tenebras,  puppisque  cauernis  no 

delituit :   saeuomque  arte  complexa  dolorem 

90.  sceptra]  'kingdoms'.  103.    poenas  animae]  'I  will  first  exact 

91.  impellite]  'urge  to  the  strife'.  from  my  spirit  itself  the  penalty  for  its 

93.  quisquis  Pompeius]  'whoever  of  the     length  of  life'. 

nanie  of  Pompeius'.  104.    potuit]  sc.  anima. 

94.  nosier  nullis]  'there  is  no  nation  105.  concussa]  Some  MSS.  followed 
which  my  heir  will  not  rouse  to  war'.             by  Oud.  read  contusa,  but  this  word  could 

97.    si  faciet]  '  if  he  shall  gather  a  party  hardly  be  applied  to  anima. 

to  fight  for  freedom',  cf.  supr.   29,  infr.  106.      ueniemus]    'I    shall    never    be 

22S.  obliged  to  have  recourse  to  the  sword  &c.' 

99.  insidiae]  i.e.  suggesting  that  Pom-  cf.  Verg.  Eel.  ix  2 — 4  0  Lycida  uiui 
peius  had  given  her  this  commission  in  pem/enimus,aduenanostri,  quod  nunquam 
order  to  prevent  her  from  committing  ueriti  sumus,  ut  possessor  agelli  diceret, 
suicide.  hacc  mea  sunt,  ueteres  migrate  coloni. 

100.  auferrem]  'carry  away  with  me  107.     iactus]  cf.  VIII  654,  655. 

to  the  grave',  cf.  note  on  1  113.  108.     turpe]    'it  were  a  disgrace  after 

102.     longo  leto]    'how  distant   is   the  thy  death  not  to  be  able  to  die  of  grief 

death  I  am  doomed  to  I  know  not',  in-  alone'. 

certum  est  quando  moritura  sim,  Schol.  1 1  r.     complexa]   'closely  hugging  her 

Oud.  objects   to   this   interpretation  and  bitter  grief,  cf.  Ov.  ex  Ponto  I  vi  9  nee 

explains  letum  as  'death  in  life',  but  the  quisqnam  meliore fide  complectilur  illas,  sc. 

ante  of  line  104  seems  conclusive  against  artes  ingenuas. 
this;  longo  is  the  predicate. 


3i6  LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 


perfruitur  lacrimis  ct  amat  pro  coniuge  luctum. 
illam  non  fluctus  stridensque  rudcntibus  Eurus 
mouit  et  exsurgcns  ad  summa  pcricula  clamor: 
uotaquc  sollicitis  faciens  contraria  nautis  115 

composita  in  mortem   iacuit  fauitquc  procellis. 

prima  ratem   Cypros  spumantibus  accipit  undis: 
inde  tcnens  pclagus,  scd  iam  moderatior,  Eurus 
in   Libycas  cgit  scdes  ct  castra  Catonis. 
tristis,  ut  in  multo  mens  est  praesaga  timore,         120 
adspexit  patrios  comites  e  litore  Magnus 
et  fratrem  :    medias  praeceps  turn  fertur  ad  undas  : 
die  ubi  sit,  germane,  parens  :    stat  summa  caputque 
orbis,  an  occidimus,  Romanaquc  Magnus  ad  umbras 
abstulit  ?     haec  fatur :    quern  contra  talia  frater :     125 
o  felix,  quern  fors  alias  dispersit  in  oras, 
quique  nefas  audis  :    oculos,  germane,  nocentis 
spectato  genitore  fero.     non  Caesaris  armis 
occubuit  dignoque  perit  auctore  ruinae  : 
rege  sub  impuro  Nilotica  rura  tenente,  130 

hospitii  fretus  superis  et  munere  tanto 
in  proauos,  cecidit  donati  uictima  regni. 

112.    perfruitur']  cf.  Horn.  Odyss.   xi  121.     Magnus]  sc.   Cn.   Pompeius  the 

•2  11  6<ppa  Kal  eiv   'AtcSao  (pi\as  irepl  Xe*Pe  younger. 

jiaXovre  a,jj.<poTepu3  Kpvepoto  TerapirwixeaOa  123.     summa]  cf.   Verg.    Aen.    II    322 

yioLo.  quo  res  summa  loco  Panthu? 

amat]  'cherishes  grief  in  her  husband's  124.     Romana]  sc.   res  J?omaiias;   cf. 

stead'.  viii  341. 

114.  clamor]    cf.    Verg.    Aen.     I    87  125.     abstulit]  cf.  supr.  100  note. 
inscquitur    clamorque    uirum    stridorque         127.     audis]  cf.  Hor.   A.   P.    180,  181 
rudentum.  scgnius  irritant  animos  demissa  per  aurem 

115.  contraria]   uidelicet    precata,    ut  quam  quae  sunt  oculis  subiectafidelibus. 
interiret  nauis.     Weise.  128.    fero]  cf.  Verg.   Aen.  Ill  490  sic 

116.  composita    in    mortem]    'settled  oculos  sic  ille  manus  sic  orafercbat. 
down  to  death';  the  word  composita  pro-  129.     dignoque]  i.e.  nee  digno. 

bably  combines  the  ideas  of  settling  the  131.     hospitii   superis]    'the  gods  that 

body,  and  making  up  the  mind;  for  the  preside  over  hospitable  rites',  Oeoh  £eviois, 

latter,  cf.   Tac.    Hist.   II   9  compositus  in  cf.  Aesch.  Agam.  509  viraros  x^pa-s  Zet/s. 

maeslitiam ;  for  the  former,  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  Oud.    however    doubts    whether    hospitii 

I  698  aulaeis  iam  se  regina  superbis  aurca  supcri  as  equivalent  to  hospitii  dii  is  good 
composuit  sponda.  Latin.    The  MSS.  reading  hospitiis  is  thus 

118.     te?iens]  'swaying'  cf.    I  406  non  explained  by  the  Schol.  hospitiis  dextris. 

Cannes  in  ilium  his  habet  out  Zcphyrus  Omnibonus  explains  superis  as  superioris 

Hor.  carm.  I  iii   14  rabiem  AToti  quo  non  temporis,  for  which  Oud.  cf.   Verg.  Aen. 

arbiter  Hadriac  maior.     See  also  note  on  in    14  hospitium  antiquom  Troiae,  but  I 

II  454.  can  find  no  authority  for  such  a  use  of 
120.    ut  in  multo]  'seeing  that  in  great  superus. 

fear  the  mind  feels  presentiments  of  ill'.  132.     cecidit]  'was  slaughtered  to  atone 


LIBER    IX.    ii2— 1G0.  317 

uidi  ego  magnanimi  lacerantis  pcctora  patris: 
ncc  crcdens  Pharium  tantum  potuisse  tyrannum 

litore  Niliaco  socerum  iam  stare  putaui.  135 

sed  me  nee  sanguis,  nee  tantum  uolnera  nostri 

adfecere  senis,  quantum  gestata  per  urbem 

ora  ducis,  quae  transfixo  sublimia  pilo 

uidimus:    haec,  fama  est,  oculis  uictoris  iniqui 

seruari,  scelerisquc  fidem  quacsisse  tyrannum.  140 

nam  corpus  Phariaenc  canes  auidaequc  uolucres 

distulerint,  an  furtiuus  quern  uidimus  ignis 

soluerit,  ignore     quaccumquc  iniuria  fati 

abstulit  hos  artus,  supcris  haec  crimina  dono : 

seruata  de  parte  queror.     cum  talia  Magnus  145 

audisset,  non  in  gemitus  lacrimasque  dolorem 

effudit,  iustaque  furens  pietate  profatur: 

praecipitate  rates  e  sicco  litore,  nautae  ; 

classis  in  aduersos  erumpat  remige  uentos  : 

ite,  duces,  mecum  :    numquam  ciuilibus  armis  150 

tanta  fuit  merces,  inhumatos  condere  manes, 

sanguine  semiuiri  Magnum  satiare  tyranni. 

non  ego  Pellaeas  arces  adytisque  retectum 

corpus  Alexandri  pigra  Mareotide  mergam  ? 

non  mihi  Pyramidum  tumulis  euolsus  Amasis        155 

atque  alii  reges  Nilo  torrente  natabunt  ? 

omnia  dent  poenas  nudo  tibi,  Magne,  sepulcra : 

euoluam  busto  iam  numen  gentibus  Isin, 

et  tectum  lino  spargam  per  uolgus  Osirin, 

et  sacer  in  Magni  cineres  mactabitur  Apis,  160 


for  having  conferred  on    them  the  king-  149.     in  aduersos]  'force  a  way  against 

dom'.    For  the  metaphorical  uictima,  cf.  the  opposing  winds'. 

note  on  vn  596.  151.    tantafuit  merces']  'has  there  been 

136.     nostri  senis]   'of  our  aged  sire',  such  a  desirable  object',  i.e.  there  will  be 

cf.  Stat.  Silu.  111  iii  32,  33  Aoniasquc  tuo  no  guilt  of  civil  war  incurred  by  burying 

sacrabimns  tdtro  in/erias,  Jitrusce,  sent.  Pompeius  and  slaughtering  Egyptians. 

138.    transfixo]  'driven  through  them'.  155.    Pyramidum  tumulis] '  the  mounds 

140.    fidem]  'confirmation',  Weise  cf.  of  the  pyramids'   probably,    not,  'tombs 

VIII  688.  in    the   pyramids',   cf.  note   on  vm  611. 

143.  iniuria fiati]  equivalent  {ofiitum  For  Amasis  cf.  Herod.  II  161  foil. 
iniustum.  157.     nudo]  cf.  supr.  64. 

144.  dono]  'I  forgive',  cf.  note  on  vn  158.     iam   numen]   Oud.   cf.  I  63  sed 
850.  mihi  iam  numen. 

145.  seruata  parte]  sc.  his  head.  159,     tectum  lino]  cf.  note  on  x  175. 


318  LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 

suppositisquc  deis  uram  caput,     has  mihi  pocnas 
terra  dabit :    linquam  uacuos  cultoribus  agros, 
nee  Nilus  cui  crcscat  crit :    solusque  tencbis 
Acgyptum  populis,  genitor,  supcrisque  fugatis. 
dixcrat,  et  classem  sacuas  rapicbat  in  undas.  165 

sed  Cato  laudatam  iuuenis  compescuit  iram. 

intcrea  totis  audito  funcrc  Magni 
litoribus  sonuit  pcrcussus  planctibus  aether : 
excmploque  carens  et  nulli  cognitus  aeuo 
luctus  crat,  mortem  populos  deflere  potcntis.  170 

sed  magis,  ut  uisa  est  lacrimis  cxhausta  solutas 
in  uoltus  effusa  comas  Cornelia  puppi 
egrediens,  rursus  geminato  uerbere  plangunt. 
ut  primum  in  sociae  peruenit  litora  terrae, 
collegit  uestes  miserique  insignia  Magni,  175 

armaque,  et  impressas  auro,  quas  gesserat  olim, 
exuuias,  pictasque  togas,  uelamina  summo 
ter  conspecta  Ioui,  funestoque  intulit  igni. 
ille  fuit  miserae  Magni  cinis.     accipit  omnis 
exemplum  pietas,  et  toto  litore  busta  180 

surgunt  Thessalicis  reddentia  manibus  ignem. 
sic,  ubi  depastis  submittere  gramina  campis 
et  renouare  parans  hibernas  Apulus  herbas 
igne  fouet  terras,  simul  et  Garganus  et  arua 

161.     suppositis]    'placed    beneath    as  played  to  Jove',  i.e.  on  the  Capitol  on 

fuel '.  the  occasions  of  his  three  triumphs;  cf.  vn 

163.     cut]  'for  whose  advantage',  equi-  685,  vm  553  814,  599  infr. 

valent  to  cuius  in  usum.  179.     ilk  fuit]  'this  was  for  her,  poor 

165.     sacuas]  Oud.  would  change  this  lady,    Magnus'   ashes',    i.e.   it   took   the 

to  saeitus:  there  certainly  seems  no  point  place  of  them.     For  the  whole  passage 

in  the  epithet,  nor  is  there  any  mention  of  cf.  Eur.  Hel.  1056 — 1067. 

a  storm.  omnis  pietas]  'the  affection  of  all'. 

169.     exemploque  carens]  'it  was  a  grief  182.     depastis]  'grazed  bare', 
without  parallel  and  never  known  to  any  submittere]  'to  make  to  grow',  cf.  Co- 
age,  that  subjects  should  mourn  a  ruler's  lumel.  IV  cap.  14  nee  uitis  plus  quam  in 
death',    deflere  is  in  apposition  with  luctus,  unum  flagellwn  est  submittenda. 
as  Micyllus  rightly  remarks.  183.     hibernas  herbas]  'grass  for  winter 

171.  sed  magis]  to  be  taken  wiih  plan-  use',  i.e.  the  shepherds  set  fire  to  the  dry 
gunt  in  line  173.  grass  on  the  plains  and  lower  hills,  such 

172.  solutas]  'with  her  loosened  hair  as  Garganus,  in  order  that  the  new  and 
hanging  clown  over  her  face'.  tender  growth  may  serve  as  winter  pas- 

176.  impressas    auro]    'stamped   with      ture. 

gold'.  184.    fouet]  'warms  and  nourishes',  cf. 

177.  pietas]  'quae  palmatae    appella-  Verg.  G.  1  86 — 88  siue  inde  occitl/as  tares 
bantur,  id  est  triumphales'.     Schol.  et  pabula  terrae  pinguia  concipiunt;  siue 

178.  ter  conspecta   Ioui]    'thrice   dis-  Hit's  omne  per  ignem   excoquitur  iiitium 


LIBER   IX.    161  — 198. 


3i9 


Volturis  ct  calidi  lucent  buccta  Matini.  185 

11011  tamen  ad  Magni  perucnit  gratius  umbras 
omne  quod  in  supcros  audct  conuicia  uolgus 
Pompciumquc  deis  obicit,  quam  pauca  Catonis 
ucrba  sed  a  plcno  uenientia  pectorc  ucri. 
ciuis  obit,  inquit,  multum  maioribus  impar  1 90 

nosse  modum  iuris,  scd  in  hoc  tamen  utilis  acuo 
cui  non  ulla  fuit  iusti  rcucrcntia  :    salua 
libcrtate  potens,  ct  solus  plcbe  parata 
priuatus  scruirc  sibi,  rectorque  scnatus, 
sed  regnantis,  crat.     nil  belli  iurc  poposcit :  195 

quaeque  dari  uoluit  uoluit  sibi  posse  negari. 
innnodicas  possedit  opes,  sed  plura  rctentis 
intulit :    inuasit  ferrum,  sed  ponerc  norat. 


atqitc  exsudat  inutilis  u/uor:  Oud.  cf. 
Sil.  Ital.  vii  364 — 366  quam  multa  uiJct, 
feruoribus  atris  cum  Calabros  urunt  ad 
pingiiia  pabula  saltus,  uertice  Gargani 
resiJcus  incendia  pastor. 

185.  buccta]  Sulpitius  reads  buxefa,  i.e. 
'box-groves',  but  Grotius  with  all  MSS. 
restores  buccta  cf.  Gell.  XI  1  buccta  in  ea 
terra  gigni  pasciquc  solita  sunt  plurima, 
so  also  Sid.  Apoll.  II  2  Tilyri  nostrorum 
montium  inter  gregis  per  depasta  buccta 
reboantcs. 

186.  non  tamen]  '  but  not  more  wel- 
come was  the  sound  that  reached  the  shade 
of  Pompeius  in  that  all  the  populace  dared 
to  utter  reproaches  against  the  gods,  and 
accused  heaven  of  Pompeius'  fate,  than 
Cato's  words,  few,  but  proceeding  from  a 
breast  filled  with  truth". 

187.  audct  conuicia  in  supcros\  i.e. 
audacter  uituperat  superos.  For  audere 
with  accus.  cf.  'Per.  Eunuch.  V  5  17  qua 
audacia  tantum J acinus  audct? 

190.  multum]  to  be  taken  with  impar. 
Most  MSS.  and  many  old  editions  read 
mul/um,  YYeise  multo,  which  is  the  read- 
ing of  the  Roman  edition  of  1469  :  the 
former  is  certainly  right,  as  multo  could 
only  be  used  with  the  comparative  or 
superlative.  See  Bentley's  note  on  Hor. 
sat.  II  iii  313  tantum  dissitnilem  ct  tan  to 
ccrtarc  minor  em,  where  the  common  read- 
ing is  tan/o  dissitnilem  which  in  that  case 
has  arisen  from  the  succeeding  tanto. 
Here  multo  probably  arose  from  the  fact 
that  the  comparative  maioribus  immedi- 
ately succeeds. 


191.  nosse]  dependent  on  impar,  'far 
inferior  to  our  ancestors  in  recognising 
the  due  bounds  of  power'.  For  impar 
with  infin.  cf.  Gratius  Cyneg.  8r  magnum 
opus  ct  tangi,  nisi  cura  uincitur,  impar. 
for  ius  cf.  supr.  1  2. 

192.  cui]  sc.  acuo,  'an  age  which  has 
never  shown  any  respect  for  justice'. 

salua]  '  powerful  without  destroying 
freedom'. 

193.  solus]  sc.  solus  ex  proceribus, 
"Weise.  '  alone  acting  the  private  citizen 
when  the  populace  were  ready  to  be  his 
slaves':  i.e.  acting  unlike  Sulla,  Caesar 
&c. 

195.  sed  regnantis]  cf.  v  21  cuncta- 
quc  iussuri  primum  hoc  a'cecruite  pa/res, 
id.  45 — 47  uos  quorum  finem  non  est  sen- 
sura  potest  as  consulite  in  medium,  patrcs, 
Magnumque  iubete  esse  ducein. 

belli  iurc]  cf.  Tac.  Hist.  IV  74  iurc 
uictoriac  id  solum  nobis  addidimus  quo 
pacem  tueremur. 

196.  quaeque  dari]  Grotius  cf.  Veil. 
Paterc.  II  xxix  §  2  potent iac  quae  honoris 
causa  ad  eum  defcrrc/ur,  non  ui  ab  eo 
occuparetur,  cup u iissim us. 

198.  intulit]  sc.  in  aerarium.  Com- 
pare what  M.  Antony  says  of  Caesar  in 
Shakespeare  J.  C.  Act  ill  sc.  11,  'He 
hath  brought  many  captives  home  to 
Rome,  Win isc  ransoms  did  the  general 
coflers  fill;  Did  this  in  Caesar  seem  am- 
bitious?' 

inuasit  ferrum]  'he  seized  upon  the 
sword',  cf.  I  242  410  infr. 


LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 

praetulit  arma  togac,  scd  pacem  armatus  amauit. 

iuuit  sumpta  ducem,  iuuit  dimissa  potcstas.  200 

casta  domus  luxuquc  carcns  corruptaquc  numquam 

fortuna  domini.     clarum  et  ucnerabilc  nomcn 

gentibus  ct  multum  nostrae  quod  prodcrat  urbi. 

olim  ucra  fides  Sulla  Marioque  rcccptis 

libertatis  obit :    Pompcio  rebus  adempto  205 

nunc  et  ficta  perit.     non  iam  regnare  pudebit : 

nee  color  imperii  nee  frons  erit  ulla  senatus. 

o  felix,  cui  summa  dies  fuit  obuia  uicto, 

et  cui  quaerendos  Pharium  scelus  obtulit  enses. 

forsitan  in  soceri  potuisset  uiuere  regno.  210 

scire  mod  sors  prima  uiris  sed  proxima  cogi. 

et  mihi,  si  fatis  aliena  in  iura  uenimus, 

da  talem,  Fortuna,   Iubam.     non  deprecor  hosti 

seruari,  dum  me  seruet  ceruice  recisa. 

uocibus  his  maior,  quam  si  Romana  sonarent    215 
rostra  ducis  laudes,  generosam  uenit  ad  umbram 
mortis  honos.     fremit  interea  discordia  uolgi : 


200.  iuuit  sumpta]  hoc  est  'lubens  im- 
perium  sumpsit,  lubens  deposuit'.    Weise. 

204.  olim]  'long  ago  all  real  security 
for  freedom  perished,  when  Sulla  and 
Marius  were  admitted  within  our  walls : 
now  that  our  commonwealth  has  lost 
Pompeius  even  the  pretence  of  confi- 
dence vanishes'. 

receptis]  i.e.  as  both  had  occupied  Rome 
with  troops,  as  a  conquered  city.  For 
ficta,  cf.  11  303. 

207.  nee  color]  'nor  will  there  be  any 
decent  veil  for  empire,  nor  any  shame  on 
the  senate's  part',  i.e.  empire  will  be  un- 
disguised, there  will  be  no  pretence  that 
the  emperor  is  the  servant  of  the  senate, 
and  the  senate  will  feel  no  shame  in  ad- 
mitting that  such  is  the  case,  color  is  the 
technical  word  for  an  excuse  urged  in  pal- 
liation of  a  crime,  and  is  used  so  con- 
stantly by  Seneca  in  his  controuersiae, 
e.g.  I  1  §  16.  cf.  also  Iuv.  vi  279  die 
aliquem,  sodes,  die,  Quintiliaue,  colorem, 
Id.  VII  155  quis  color  ct  quod  sit  causae 
genus,  and  Prof.  Mayor's  note.  For  frons 
cf.  Ters.  v  103  exclamet  Melieerta  perisse 
frontem  dc  rebus.  Iuv.  xm  24  r,  242 
quando  recepit  eiectum  scniel  attrita  de 
f route  ruborem  ? 


20S.  o felix]  'happy  he,  whom  the  day 
of  death  met  when  he  was  vanquished ', 
i.e.  without  his  having  to  seek  it  himself. 

209.  quaerendos]  'presented  the  sword 
he  must  have  sought '.  For  scelus  used  of  a 
person  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  xi  407  artificis  scelus 
used  of  Drances. 

211.  scire  mori]  'the  happiest  fate  for 
men  is  to  know  how  to  die,  the  next  to 
be  compelled  to  die',  cf.  as  somewhat 
similar  Soph.  O.  C.  1225 — 1228  firi  <pvvai 
rbv  cnravTa  vikq  \6yov  to  5'  eTrd  <pa.vrj, 
Prjvai  Keidev  odev  irep  tjkh  tto\v  devrepov  ws 
Taxwra. 

213.  da  talem]  'grant  that  Juba  may 
be  such'  i.e.  as  the  Schol.  explains,  'sicut 
Ptolemaeus  Pompeium  ita  me  Juba  occi- 
dat\ 

non  deprecor]  'I  do  not  refuse  to  be 
kept  for  the  foe,  if  only  he  keep  me  with 
my  head  cut  off,  i.e.  dead  not  living. 
Oud.  cf.  Stat.  Theb.  vm  116  nee  deprecor 
umbram  acapere. 

217.  discord/a  uolgi]  Weise  puts  no 
stop  after  uolgi,  but  the  double  genitive 
after  discordia  would  be  very  awkward : 
it  is  better  to  make  easlrorum,  with  Oud., 
depend  on  piget. 


LIBER    IX.    199—240. 


321 


castrorum  belliquc  piget  post  funera  Magni : 

cum  Tarchondimotus  linquendi  signa  Catonis 

sustulit ;   hunc  rapta  fugientem  classe  secutus         220 

litus  in  cxtremum  tali  Cato  uoce  notauit : 

o  numquam  pacatc  Cilix,  iterumnc  rapinas 

uadis  in  acquoreas  ?     Magnum  Fortuna  rcmouit : 

iam  pelago  pirata  rcdis.     turn  respicit  omnes 

in  coetu  motuquc  uiros :    quorum  unus  aperta        225 

mentc  fugac  tali  compellat  uocc  rcgcntem  : 

nos,  Cato  da  ucniam,  Pompeii  duxit  in  arma 

non  belli  ciuilis  amor,  partesque  fauore 

fecimus.     ille  iacet  quem  paci  praetulit  orbis, 

causaque  nostra  perit.     patrios  permitte  penates    230 

desertamque  domum  dulcesque  reuisere  natos. 

nam  quis  erit  finis,  si  nee  Pharsalia,  pugnae, 

nee  Pompeius  erit  ?     perierunt  tempora  uitae, 

mors  eat  in  tutum  :    iustas  sibi  nostra  senectus 

prospiciat  flammas.     bellum  ciuile  sepulcra  235 

uix  ducibus  praestare  potest,     non  barbara  uictos 

regna  manent :    non  Armenium  mihi  saeua  minatur 

aut  Scythicum  Fortuna  iugum :    sub  iura  togati 

ciuis  eo.     quisquis  Magno  uiuente  secundus, 

hie  mihi  primus  erit :   sacris  praestabitur  umbris    240 


-219.  Tarchondimotus]  A  grandson  of 
Deiotarus  prince  of  Cilicia,  mentioned  by 
Cic.  ad  fam.  xv  i  §  2.  The  name  was  re- 
stored by  Grotius  for  the  old  reading 
Tarchon  motus. 

221.  notauit]  'rebuked',  cf.  Cic.  de 
orat.  II  §  349  nee  bontim  uirum  proprie 
et  copiosc  laudari  sii'c  uirtutum,  nee  im- 
probum  notari  ac  uituperari  sine  uitiorum 
cognitione satis  insignite  atque  aspere posse. 

225.  in  coetu  motuque]  'in  bustling 
crowds '. 

aperta  wenie]  'disclosing  his  intention 
of  flying',  cf.  Ov.  A.  A.  Ill  713  quid  tibi 
mentis  erat  cum  sic  male  sana  lateres? 
see  also  note  on  vi  1. 

226.  rcgcntem']  sc.  Cato  trying  to  re- 
strain them. 

228.  partesque  fauore  fecimus]  'and 
through  regard  for  him  we  adopted  his 
side',  cf.  supr.  97;  so  too  faceir  consuefu- 
dinem  is  used  by  Cic.  ad  fam.  xm  xxiii  §  1. 

229.  ille  iacet]   'he    lies  dead,   whom 

H.  L. 


the  world  preferred  to  the  maintenance  of 
peace,  and  so  our  cause  has  vanished'. 

231.  dulcesque]  probably  from  Verg. 
G.  I  414  dulcesque  reuisere  nidos. 

232.  pugnae]  dependent  on  fn is;  for 
the  transposition  of  the  words,  Weise  cf. 
in  68?,  V  387,  800,  vm  344. 

233.  perierunt]  'our  life-time  has  been 
wasted'. 

234.  mors]  'let  our  death  find  a  safe 
retreat',  mors  is  equivalent  to  'the  short 
time  we  have  to  live  before  death':  cf.  the 
use  of  mors  for  an  old  man  with  one  foot 
in  the  grave,  Plaut.  Bacchid.  1152  (v  ii  33) 
mortem  amplexari. 

iustas  fam  mas]  'the  funeral  pile  that 
is  its  due',  i.e.  regular  funeral  rites:  see 
note  on  supr.  67. 

236.  uix  ducibus]  nedum  nobis,  quia 
Pompeius  insepultus  est.     Schol. 

238.  togati  ciuis]  'a  fellow-citizen  in 
the  garb  of  peace';  ciuis  being  opposed  to 
barbari,  togati  to  duels. 

21 


322  LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 

summus  honor :    dominum  qucm  cladcs  cogit  habebo : 
nullum,  Magne,  duccm.     te  solum  in  bclla  secutus, 
post  tc  fata  sequor :    ncque  enim  sperare  secunda 
fas  mihi,  nee  liceat.     fortuna  cuncta  tcnentur 
Caesaris :    Emathium  sparsit  uictoria  ferrum.  245 

clausa  fides  miscris,  et  toto  solus  in  orbe  est 
qui  uelit  ac  possit  uictis  praestare  salutem. 
Pompeio  scelus  est  bellum  ciuile  perempto, 
quo  fuerat  uiuente  fides,     si  publica  iura, 
si  semper  patriam  sequeris,  Cato,  signa  petamus  250 
Romanus  quae  consul  habet.     sic  ille  profatus 
insiluit  puppi  iuuenum  comitante  tumultu. 
actum  Romanis  fuerat  de  rebus  et  omnis 
indiga  seruitii  feruebat  litore  plcbes. 

erupere  ducis  sacro  de  pectore  uoces :  255 

ergo  pari  uoto  gessisti  bella,  iuuentus, 
tu  quoque  pro  dominis,  et  Pompeiana  fuisti, 
non  Romana  manus  ?     quod  non  in  regna  laboras, 
quod  tibi  non  ducibus  uiuis  morerisque,  quod  orbem 
adquiris  nulli,  quod  iam  tibi  uincere  tutum  est,     260 
bella  fugis  quaerisque  iugum  ceruice  uacante, 

241.       summus    honor]    'the    highest  so  Forcell. ;  perhaps  rather  'which  needed 

honour  shall  be  paid  to  thy  sacred  shade :  I  a  master '  i.e.  could  not  get  on  as  free  men ; 

shall  have  as  a    master  him  whom  our  cf.    infr.  262  nescis  sine  rege  pati.     For 

defeat    imposes    on  us,    I  shall  have  no  indiga   cf.  Verg.  G.    11    428    ui  propria 

leader    in    warfare';    the    honour    being  nituntur  opisque  hand  indiga  nostrae. 

shown  by  refusing  to  follow  another  leader  plebes]     used     contemptuously    of    the 

in  war.  'common   soldiers',     cf.    vn    760    impia 

243.    sperare  secunda]  sc.  fata,  i.e.  after  plebes. 

Pompeius'  death.  256.    pari  uoto]  sc.    eodem   uoto   quo 

.245.    sparsit]  '  his  victory  has  dispersed  Caesariani ;  pro  domino,  non  contra  domi- 

the  swords  that  fought  in  Thessaly',  sc.  natum.     Grotius. 

Pompeianum  exercitum.  258.   in  regna  laboras]  'because  you  are 

246.     clausa  fides]  'all  hope  of  protec-  not  now  toiling  to  produce  tyranny'.    Oud. 

tion  is  cut  off':  cf.  Cic.  de  off.  I  §  35  qui  cf.  Sen.  dial,  ix  i  §  3  non  ignoro  etiam 

nationes  deuictas  bcllo  infidetn  recepissent.  quae  in  speciem  laborant,  dignitatem  dico  et 

249.    fides]   'loyalty':    'civil  war   is   a  eloquent iae  famam  et  quicquid ad alienum 

crime,    now    Pompeius    is    dead    during  suffragium  iienit,  mora  conualescere.     See 

whose  life-time  it  was   loyalty',    fuerat  note  on  1  306  in  classem  cadit  ornne  nemus. 

is  apparently  equivalent  to  fuisset,  cf.  infr.  259.     tibi]  cf.  VII  697  oslendit  moriens 

253.  sibi  se  pugnasse  senattis. 

251.     consul]  sc.  Caesar,  cf.  v  389  foil.  260.     nulli]  sc.  nulli  alii.     cf.  I  31. 

253.  actum  fuerat]  sc.  'it  would  have  quod  iam]  'since  now  'tis  safe  for  thee 
been  all  over  with  &c,  if  Cato  had  not  to  conquer'  i.e.  with  no  fear  of  your  own 
spoken '.     These  two  lines  are  not  found  leader  becoming  your  master. 

in  many  MSS.  and  early  editions.  261.     quaeris]  'feel  the  want  of,  '  re- 

254.  indiga  seruitii]  'greedy  of  slavery',      gret'. 


LIBER    IX.    241—283.  323 

et  nescis  sine  rcge  pati.     nunc  causa  pcricli 
digna  uiris.     uestro  potuit  Pompcius  abuti 
sanguine  :    nunc  patriae  iugulos  ensesque  negatis, 
cum  prope  libertas  ?     unum  Fortuna  reliquit  265 

iam  tribus  e  dominis.     pudeat :    plus  regia  Nili 
contulit  in  leges  et  Parthi  militis  arcus. 
ite,  o  degeneres,  Ptolemaei  munus  et  arma 
spernite.     quis  uestras  ulla  putet  esse  nocentis 
caede  manus  ?     credet  faciles  sibi  terga  dedisse,     270 
credet  ab  Emathiis  primos  fugisse  Philippis. 
uadite  securi :    meruistis  iudice  uitam 
Caesare,  non  armis  non  obsidione  subacti. 
o  famuli  turpes,  domini  post  fata  prioris 
itis  ad  heredem.     cur  non  maiora  mereri  275 

quam  uitam  ueniamque  libet  ?     rapiatur  in  undas 
infelix  Magni  coniunx  prolesque  Metelli : 
ducite  Pompeios  :    Ptolemaei  uincite  munus. 
nostra  quoque  inuiso  quisquis  feret  ora  tyranno 
non  parua  mercede  dabit.     sciet  ista  iuuentus        280 
ceruicis  pretio  bene  se  mea  signa  secutam. 
quin  agite  et  magna  meritum  cum  caede  parate : 
ignauom  scelus  est  tantum  fuga.     dixit  :    et  omnes 

262.  pati]  'to  endure  existence',  cf.  won  by  betraying  the  sons  of  Pompeius  and 
note  on  v  314  disce  sine  armis  posse  pati.  Cato,  as  is  clear  from  the  following  verses : 

263.  uestro]  'Pompeius  might  have  Weise  wrongly  explains  maiora  as  liber- 
made  an  ill  use  of  your  blood'.  tatcm. 

266.  pudeat]  'you  should  be  ashamed'  276.  in  undas]  i.e.  in  nauem,  to  be 
i.e.  of  what  follows:  'to  your  shame  I  say  conveyed  to  Caesar,  cf.  note  on  super 
it  •  aetjuora  II  726. 

267.  contulit]  'has  done  more  to  fur-  278.  ducite]  'lead  captive',  cf.  Cic.  de 
ther  legal  rule  than  you  have  done',  i.e.  orat.  11  §  255  quanti addiclus?  millenum- 
by  killing  one  of  the  'domini'  sc.  Pom-  mis... nihil  adido:  ducas  licet. 

peius.  Ptolemaei]  ' surpass  the  gift  of  Ptolemy', 

Parthi]  sc.  by  the  death  of  Crassus  at  i.e.  Ptolemaeus  only  gave  Caesar  the  head 

Carrhae.  of  Pompeius;  do  you  give  him  those  of 

268.  munus]   sc.    the   gift    of    liberty  his  sons  and  mine. 

which  Ptolemaeus  has  given  you,  by  kill-  280.'    dabit]  cf.  infr.   1024. 

ing  Pompeius  one  of  your  masters.  sciet]  'this  soldiery  will   learn    by  the 

269.  quis  uestras]  'who  will  believe  reward  they  receive  for  my  head,  that 
that  your  hands  are  stained  with  the  guilt  it  was  to  their  advantage  that  they  fol- 
of  any  slaughter? '  i.e.  that  you  have  fought  lowed  my  standard  ',  i.e.  so  as  to  have  me 
bravely  in  the  civil  war.  in  their  power. 

270.  credet]  sc.  hostis.  282.    parate]  'purchase';  cf.  note  on  1 
faciles]  'that  you  have  readily  fled  from      34. 

him',  cf.  II  3  [4  ad  iwsa  cur  faciles  populi?  283.     tan  turn  fuga]  'mere  flight  is  but 

275.      heredem]  sc.  Caesarem.  a  cowardly  kind  of  treason '.  cf.  VIII  330 

maiora]  i.e.  the  favour  of  Caesar,  to  be     modo  consule. 

2 1 2 


324  LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 

haud  alitor  medio  reuocauit  ab  acquorc  puppes, 
quam  simul  effetas  linquunt  cxamina  ccras,  285 

atque  oblita  faui  non  misccnt  nexibus  alas, 
sed  sibi  quacquc  uolat,  nee  iam  degustat  amarum 
desidiosa  thymum :    Phrygii  sonus  incrcpat  aeris, 
adtonitae  posuere  fugam,  studiumque  laboris 
floriferi  repetunt  et  sparsi  mellis  amorem :  290 

gaudet  in   Hyblaeo  securus  gramine  pastor 
diuitias  seruasse  casae :    sic  uoce  Catonis 
inculcata  uiris  iusti  patientia  Martis. 

iamque  actu  belli  non  doctas  ferre  quietem 
constituit  mentes  serieque  agitare  laborum.  295 

primum  litoreis  miles  lassatur  harenis : 
proximus  in  muros  et  moenia  Cyrenarum 
est  labor :    exclusus  nulla  se  uindicat  ira  : 
poenaque  de  uictis  sola  est  uicisse  Catoni. 
inde  peti  placuit  Libyci  contermina  Mauris  300 

regna  Iubae,  sed  iter  mediis  natura  uetabat 
Syrtibus :    has  audax  sperat  sibi  cedere  uirtus. 
Syrtes  uel  primam  mundo  natura  figuram 
cum  daret  in  dubio  pelagi  terraeque  reliquit ; 
(nam  neque  subsedit  penitus,  quo  stagna  profundi  305 
acciperet,  nee  se  defendit  ab  aequore  tellus, 
ambigua  sed  lege  loci  iacet  inuia  sedes ; 

285.  effetas  ceras]  'the  comb  from  sprcti.  Some  MSS.  and  the  Roman  edition 
which  the  young  bees  have  been  hatched',  of  1469  read  sacri,  for  which  cf.  Verg.  G. 
cf.  Columel.  vm  cap.  v  oua  silentio  revio-      IV  1  acrii  mellis  caelestia  dona. 

tienda  sunt  nc  inenbans  inani  spe  dctinca-  294.     iamque  actu  belli]  'and  now  he 

tur  effeta.  determined  to  arouse  minds  untaught  to 

286.  non  misceut]  non  conglobatae  endure  repose,  by  warlike  operations  and  a 
uolant,  Weise  :  'do  not  intertwine  their  succession  of  laborious  tasks'.  71011  doctas 
wings  in  flight '.  &c.,  as  Weise  explains,  is  equivalent  to 

288.     Phrygii  sonus  increpat  aeris]  'the  seditiosas. 
din  of  Phrygian  brass  chides   them,  and  296.     lassatur]  i.e.  probably  by  fortify- 
then   they  cease   to  fly'.     The  two   sen-  ing  a  camp  on  the  shore, 
tences  are  put  as  coordinate  instead  of  the  297.     in  muros]  '  is  directed  against  &c.' 
former  being  conditional,   cf.   supr.   223,  299.     poenaque]   'and  the  only  punish- 
224  Magnum  Fortunaremou.it:  iampelago  ment  Cato  inflicts  on  the  conquered  is  to 
pirata  redis.     There  is  no  need  to  change  have  conquered  them'. 
increpat,  which    is    the  reading  of  many  304.      in  dubio]   'she  left  doubtful  be- 
MSS.  and  of  the  Roman  edition  of  1469,  tween  sea  and  land',  cf.  Goldsmith's  Tra- 
into  increpet,  as  Oud.  does.     For  Phrygii  veller,  'While  the  pent  ocean  rising  o'er 
aeris  cf.   Verg.  G.  iv  64  tinnitusque  cie  the  pile,   Sees  an  amphibious  world  be- 
ct  Matris  quale  cymbala  circum.  neath  him  smile'.    See  also  note  on  I  409 

290.     sparsi]  i.e.  '  scattered  among  the  foil, 

flowers':    so   Badius.     Oud.    conjectures  307.     ambigua]    'the  condition  of  the 


LIBER    IX.    284- 


-32( 


325 


310 


aequora  fracta  uadis  abruptaquc  terra  profundo, 

et  post  multa  sonant  proiccti  litora  fluctus. 

sic  male  deseruit  nullosque  exegit  in  usus 

hanc  partem  natura  sui.)     uel  plenior  alto 

olim  Syrtis  erat  pelago  pcnitusque  natabat : 

sed  rapidus  Titan  ponto  sua  lumina  pasccns 

aequora  subduxit  zonae  uicina  perustae  : 

et  nunc  pontus  adhuc  Phoebo  siccante  repugnat.  315 

mox  ubi  damnosum  radios  admouerit  aeuom 

tellus  Syrtis  erit :    nam  iam  breuis  unda  supernc 

innatat  et  late  periturum  deficit  aequor. 

ut  primum  remis  actum  mare  propulit  omne 
classis  onus,  densis  fremuit  niger  imbribus  Auster  320 
in  sua  regna  furens:    temptatum  classibus  aequor 
turbine  defendit,  longeque  a  Syrtibus  undas 
egit,  et  illato  confregit  litore  pontum. 
turn  quarum  recto  deprendit  carbasa  malo 
eripuit  nautis,  frustraque  rudentibus  ausis 
uela  negare  Noto  spatium  uicere  carinae, 


325 


spot  is  doubtful  and  it  lies  a  tract  im- 
passable '.  cf.  Ov.  (?)  Halieut.  32  et  sub  lege 
loci sumit  nnttatque  colorem,  Ov.  Amor,  ill 
ii  20  haec  ex  lege  loei  commoda  circus  habet. 
„  308.  aequora  fracta  uadis]  'the  expanse 
of  sea  is  broken  by  shallows  and  the  earth 
is  cut  off  from  the  mainland  by  the  deep '. 

309.  el  post  multa]  'and  the  waves 
break  and  roar  after  passing  over  a  number 
of  shores',  litora  as  the  Scholiast  ex- 
plains is  equivalent  to  dorsa  i.e.  reefs. 
proiccti  probably  means  'thrown  forward' 
and  so  'curling  over  and  breaking'. 

311.  uel  plenior]  'or  whether  once  the 
Syrtis  was  more  completely  filled  with 
deep  sea,  and  was  inundated  to  its  depths'. 
cf.  campi  natantcs  in  Lucret.  V  489,  VI 
1 1 40;  also  Verg.  G.  1  372  omnia  plan's 
rura  ualaut  fossis. 

313.  pascens]  cf.  notes  on  l  415,  vn  5, 
X  258 — 261. 

316.  damnosum]  'destructive',  cf.  Ilor. 
carm.  m  vi  45  damnosa  quid  non  immi- 
null  dies? 

317.  nam  iam]  'for  now  but  shallow 
'  water  floats  upon  its  surface,  and  the  sea 

is  failing  (i.e.  diminishing)  destined  to 
disappear  over  a  wide  extent':  i.e.  when 
this  tract  which  is  now  neither  sea  nor 
land   has   been  exposed  for   ages  to   the 


sun's  heat,  it  will  become  entirely  dry 
land,  for  already  owing  to  the  heat  the 
sea  has  become  shallow  and  is  gradually 
being  evaporated. 

319.  ut  prim  it  1 11]  'when  first  all  the 
burden  of  the  fleet  drove  before  it  the  sea 
smitten  with  their  oars'.  Oud.  cf.  Pro- 
pert.  IV  xxii  1 1  tuque  tuoColchum '  propellas 
rcmige  Phasim;  for  onus  cf.  VII  1 27  puppis 
onus. 

321.     sua  regna]  sc.  terras  australes. 

'temptatum]  'with  a  whirlwind  he  de- 
fended the  sea  invaded  by  the  fleet,  and 
drove  the  waves  to  a  distance  from  the 
Syrtes,  and  broke  up  the  sea  (sc.  inter- 
rupted its  continuity)  by  raising  sand- 
banks in  its  midst '.  cf.  supr.  30S,  infr.  335. 

324.  turn  quarum]  'the  sails  of  those 
ships  which  it  caught  extended  on  the 
upright  mast' :  when  the  sails  were  not 
being  used,  the  mast  would  be  lowered. 

335.    frustraque]  'and  though  the  ropes  <* 
ventured  to  refuse  the  sails  to  the  south 
wind,  they  (sc.  the   sails)   surpassed  the 
length  of  the  ship',  sc.  were  blown  out 
beyond  the  end  of  it. 

326.      uela  negare]  cf.  VIII  560. 

uicere]  cf.  Vqg.  G.  11  123  ubi  aera 
uincere  sumtnum  arboris  hand  u/lae  iactu 
potuere  sagittae. 


326  LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 

atquc  ultra  proram  tumuit  sinus,     omnia  si  quis 

prouidus  antennae  suffixit  lintca  summae, 

uincitur  ct  nudis  auertitur  armamentis. 

sors  mclior  classi  quae  fluctibus  incidit  altis  330 

et  certo  iactata  mari.     quaccumque  leuatae 

arboribus  caesis  flatum  cfifudere  frementem, 

abstulit  has  uentis  liber  contraria  uolucns 

aestus  et  obnixum   uictor  detrudit  in  Austrum. 

has  uada  destituunt,  atque  interrupta  profundo      335 

terra  ferit  puppes :    dubioque  obnoxia  fato 

pars  sedet  una  ratis,  pars  altera  pendet  in  undis. 

turn  magis  impactum  breuibus  mare,  terraque  saeuit 

obuia  Gonsurgens :   quamuis  elisus  ab  Austro, 

saepe  tamen  cumulos  fluctus  non  uincit  harenae.  340 

eminet  in  tergo  pelagi  procul  omnibus  aruis 

inuiolatus  aqua  sicci  iam  pulueris  agger ; 

stant  miseri  nautae,  terraeque  haerente  carina 

litora  nulla  uident.     sic  partem  intercipit  aequor : 


S  327.  omnia  si  quis]  'if  anyone  had 
with  foresight  furled  all  his  sails  close 
to  the  yards',  sc.  by  rolling  them  up  and 
tying  them  tight  to  the  yard. 

329.     auertitur]    'is    driven    from    his 

J  course  under  bare  poles',  armamenta, 
though  it  sometimes  includes  the  rigging 
and  sails,  is  more  especially  the  mast  and 
yards,  cf.  Liv.  xxxvi  44  uela  contrahit 
malosque  inclinat  et  simul  armamenta 
componeus  opperitur  inscquentis  naues;  in 
this  case  the  sails  are  carried  away,  though 
furled  and  tied  on. 

331.  eerto]  'undoubted  sea',  i.e.  not 
a  mixture  of  land  and  water,  as  in  the 
shallows. 

lettatae]  'lightened  by  the  cutting  away 
of  their  masts',  cf.  Iuv.  XII  53,  54. 

332.  flatum  effudere  frementem]  'shook 
off  (sc.  let  pass  harmlessly  over  them)  the 
raging  blast'.  For  this  use  of  effundere 
Oud.  cf.  Val.  Flacc.  iv  273 — 2752^ deinde 
urgentis  effudit  nubibus  iras  ardoremque 
uiri,  paulatim  insurgere  fesso  integer,  et 
summos  manibus  dedueere  caestus ;  cf.  also 
Pers.  1  64  tit  per  leue  seueros  effundat 
iunctura  ungues.  Oud.  retains  the  old 
reading  prementem,  taking  it  as  a  meta- 
phor from  horse-racing :  he  compares  Sen. 
Phoen.  67,  68  qualis  insano  ratis  pre- 
mente  ucnto  rapitur. 


333.  abstulit]  '  these  the  tide  uncon- 
trolled (sc.  by  the  wind)  carried  away, 
sweeping  them  in  the  opposite  direction 
to  the  wind,  and,  winning  the  day,  drives 
them  in  the  teeth  of  the  opposing  south'. 
Oud.  cf.  Sen.  Thyest.  438,  439  sic  conci- 
tatam  remige  ct  uelo  rat  em  aestus  rests  tens 


For  the  adverbial 
v    217,  218  pontics 


remigi  et  uelo  refert. 
use  of  contraria  cf. 
rauca  gemit. 

335.  interrupta  profundo]  'separated/ 
by  intervals  of  deep  sea',  or  perhaps  in  a 
middle  sense  'bursting  up  in  the  midst  of 
the  deep  sea'.  Oud.  cf.  Sen.  Agamem. 
592 — 594  haerent  acutis  rupibus  fixae 
rates:  has  inopes  undac  breuia  comminu- 
unt  uada  :  pars  uehitur  hunts  prima, 
pars  scopulo  sedet. 

339.     elisus     ab     Austro]      'pressed',  J 
'  squeezed '  by  the  South.     The  use  of  the 
preposition  is  in  this  passage  probably  to 
be   explained   by   the   personification    of 
Auster. 

341.  procul  omnibus  aruis]  i.e.,  as 
Oud.  rightly  explains,  at  a  great  distance 
from  the  main  land. 

344.     litora  nulla]   'no  real  shore'.  ' 

intercipit]  'cuts  off',  'destroys',  cf. 
Quintil.  VI  prooem.  §  1  si  me,  quod 
aequom  et  optabile  fuit,  fata  intercepts- 
sent. 


LIBER   IX.    327—368.  327 

pars  ratium  maior  regimen  clauomque  secuta  est  345 

tuta  fuga,  nautasquc  loci  sortita  peritos 

torpentem  Tritonos  adit  illaesa  paludem. 

hanc,  ut  fama,  dcus,  qucm  toto  litore  pontus 

audit  uentosa  pcrflantem  murmura  concha, 

hanc  et  Pallas  amat,  patrio  quae  uertice  nata        350 

terrarum  primam  Libycn  (nam  proxima  caelo  est, 

ut  probat  ipse  calor)  tetigit,  stagnique  quieta 

uoltus  uidit  aqua,  posuitque  in  margine  plantas, 

ct  se  dilecta  Tritonida  dixit  ab  unda. 

quam  iuxta  Lethon  tacitus  praclabitur  amnis,         355 

infernis,  ut  fama,  trahens  obliuia  uenis: 

atque  insopiti  quondam  tutela  draconis 

Hesperidum  pauper  spoliatus  frondibus  hortus. 

inuidus  annoso  qui  famam  derogat  aeuo, 

qui  uates  ad  uera  uocat.     fuit  aurea  silua,  360 

diuitiisque  graues  et  fuluo  germine  rami : 

uirgineusque  chorus  nitidi  custodia  luci, 

et  numquam  somno  damnatus  lumina  serpens 

robora  complexus  rutilo  curuata  metallo. 

abstulit  arboribus  pretium  nemorique  laborem        365 

Alcides :    passusque  inopes  sine  pondere  ramos 

rettulit  Argolico  fulgentia  poma  tyranno. 

his  igitur  depulsa  locis  eiectaque  classis 


345.  ~  regimen   clauomque]    'the  guid-  353.     posuitque']  'and  stood  rooted  on 

ance  of  the  rudder'.  its  brink'. 

348.  dens]  sc.  Triton.  356.     uenis]    'from    its   source   in   the 
toto  litore]  cf.   Verg.  G.  iv  527  Enry-  world  below',  cf.  infr.  50T,  x  325.     Plin. 

dicen  toto  referebant  Jiumine  ripae.  Epp.  VI11  viii  §  1  hun:  subter  exit  fo/ts  et 

349.  perflantem  murmura]  I  have  re-  exprimitur  pluribus  uenis  sed  imparibus. 
tained   the   reading  which    is   apparently  357.     atque]  sc.  quam  iuxta  est. 
found  in   all    MSS.   except  a  few  which          tutela]  'care'  passively;  cf.  Hor.  carm. 
have  litora,  an  obvious  repetition  of  the  IV  vi  33  Deliae  tutela  deae,   Propert.  iv 
preceding  line :   if  genuine,  it  must  mean  viii  3  Lanuuium  annosi  tutus  est  tutela 
'who  blows  murmurs  through   his   shell'  draconis. 

i.e.   who    produces  murmurs  by  blowing  359.     inuidus]    '  spiteful    is   the    man 

through    his     shell,      ileinsius     suggests  who  impairs  the  credit  of  past  ages,  who 

marmora   as   an   emendation,   for   which  calls  on  poets  to  tell  the  truth'. 
Oud.    refers  to   Verg.   Aen.   1    83   terras         364.     rutilo]     'bending    beneath    the 

turbine  pcrflant,    Id.  VI    171  forte   caua  ruddy  metal'. 

dum  personat  aequora  concha.    Oud.  him-         365.     laborem]  i.e.  'the  labour  of  sup- 
self  proposes  proflantem  murmura,  com-  porting  their  weight', 
paring  Verg.  Aen.  IX  326  toto  projlabat         366.    passus]    '  suffering  them    to   re- 
pectore  somnum.  main '. 


328  LUCANI    PIIARSALIAE 

Syrtibus  haud  ultra  Garamantidas  attigit  undas : 
sed  duce  Pompeio  Libyes  melioris  in  oris  370 

mansit.     at  impatiens  uirtus  haerere  Catonis  " 
audet  in  ignotas  agmen  committcrc  gcntcs, 
armorum  fidens,  ct  terra  cingcrc  Syrtim. 
hacc  eadem  suadebat  hiemps,  quae  clauserat  acquor, 
et  spes  imber  erat  nimios  metuentibus  ignes :         375 
ut  ncque  sole  uiam  nee  duro  frigorc  saeuam 
inde  polo  Libyes  hinc  bruma  temperet  annus : 
atque  ingressurus  steriles  sic  fatur  harenas  : 

o  quibus  una  salus  placuit  mea  castra  secutis 
indomita  ceruice  mori,  componite  mentes  380 

ad  magnum  uirtutis  opus  summosque  labores. 
uadimus  in  campos  steriles  exustaque  mundi, 
qua  nimius  Titan  et  rarae  in  fontibus  undae, 
siccaque  letiferis  squalent  serpentibus  arua, 
durum  iter:  ad  leges  patriaeque  ruentis  amorem    385 
per  mediam  Libyen  ueniant,  atque  inuia  temptent, 
si  quibus  in  nullo  positum  est  euadere  uoto, 


369.  haud  ultra]  'did  not  go  further 
and  reach  the  Garamantian  waters'. 

370.  Libyes  melioris]  'the  more  fruit- 
ful part  of  Libya'. 

373.  armorum  fidens]  I  am  unable  to 
find  any  other  passage  in  which  fidens  is 
used  similarly  with  the  genitive :  in  Tac. 
Ann.  iv  59,  quoted  by  Forcellini,  con- 
stantiae  is  probably  dative  :  fidens  animi 
in  Verg.  Aen.  n  61  is  entirely  different. 

cingere]  equivalent  to  circumire,  cf.  note 
on  1  594. 
s/  375*  spes  imber  erat]  '  stormy  weather 
was  a  ground  for  hope,  as  what  they 
dreaded  was  excessive  heat',  cf.  v-588; 
Verg.  Aen.  11  281  0  lux  Dardaniae  spes  0 
fidissima  Teucrum. 

376.  ut  neqtie  sole]  '  that  the  season 
would  temper  their  march,  formidable  from 
neither  the  sun's  heat  nor  freezing  cold, 
on  the  one  hand  by  the  Libyan  clime,  on 
the  other  by  the  winter',  i.e.  they  hoped 
it  would  be  neither  too  hot  nor  too  cold, 
as  on  the  one  hand  it  was  the  winter  time, 
but  on  the  other  they  were  in  Africa. 

377.  temperet]  There  does  not  seem 
to  me  to  be  any  satisfactory  way  of 
accounting  for  the  present  tense  following 
the  past  erat.  The  past  tense  in  a  de- 
pendent sentence  after  a  present  (historic) 


is  sufficiently  common:  see  notes  on  11 
651,  vii  463. 

380.  indomita  ceruice]  cf.  infr.  603, 
Aesch.  Agam.  328  oiVe'r'  e£  iXevdtpov 
5tpT]S  diroi/Aw^ovai  (pCKraTUiv  fxopov. 

componite  mentes]  '  prepare  your  minds 
for';  cf.  Quint.  XII  ix  §  20  animum  ad 
omnes  casus  componere,  Val.  Flacc.  I  321 
nee  ad  hos  animum  componere  casus  ante 
datum. 

384.  squalent]  'are  foul  with',  cf.  Ov. 
Met.  XIV  410  humus  serpentibus  atris 
squalere. 

385.  durum  iter]  It  seems  best  with 
Weise  to  take  these  words  in  apposition 
with  the  preceding  sentence.  Oud. 
prefers  to  unite  them  with  what  follows, 
'let  them  pursue  a  toilsome  road,  &c.' 

ad  leges]  'to   maintain   the   laws   and  1/ 
our  love  for  our  perishing  native  land'. 

387.  si  quibus]  'whoever  have  not 
made  it  the  object  of  their  prayers  to 
reach  their  journey's  end  in  safety,  who- 
ever are  satisfied  with  marching  only'. 
Oud.  cf.  Sil.  Ital.  XI  163  magnum  atque 
in  magnis  positum  populisque  uirisque 
aduersam  ostentare  fidem.  For  euadere 
cf.  Verg.  Aen.  11  730,  731  iamque  pro- 
pinquabam  portis  omnemque  uidebar  cua- 
sisse  uiam. 


LIBER    IX.    369—407. 


329 


si  quibus  ire  sat  est.     ncquc  enim  mihi  fallcre  quemquam 

est  animus  tcctoque  metu  perducere  uolgus. 

hi  mihi  sint  comites,  quos  ipsa  pericula  ducent,     390 

qui,  me  teste  pati  uel  quae  tristissima,  pulchrum 

Romanumque  putant.     at  qui  sponsore  salutis 

miles  eget  capiturquc  animae  dulccdinc,  uadat 

ad  dominum   meliore  uia.     dum  primus  harcnas 

ingrediar  primusque  gradus  in  pulucre  ponam,        395 

me  calor  aethereus  feriat,  mihi  plena  ueneno 

occurrat  serpens ;   fatoque  pericula  uestra 

praetemptate  meo :   sitiat,  quicumquc  bibentcm 

uiderit :   aut  umbras  nemorum  quicumque  petentem, 

aestuet  :  aut  cquitcm  peditum  praecedere  turmas,  400 

deficiat ;   si  quo  fuerit  discriminc  notum 

dux  an  miles  earn,     serpens  sitis  ardor  harenae 

dulcia  uirtuti :    gaudet  patientia  duris. 

lactius  est  quotiens  magno  sibi  constat  honestum. 

sola  potest  Libye  turbam  praestare  malorum  405 

ut  deceat  fugisse  uiros.     sic  ille  pauentis 

incendit  uirtute  animos  et  amore  laborum, 


389.  tcctoque  metu]  '  to  draw  on  the 
multitude  by  concealing  my  fears'. 

390.  quos  ipsa]  'to  whom  the  danger 
in  itself  will  be  an  inducement'. 

391.  me  teste]  sc.  with  me  to  witness 
their  prowess. 

392.  sponsore]  'who  needs  someone 
to  guarantee  his  safety'. 

394.  meliore  uia]  'by  an  easier  road', 
i.  e.  than  that  on  which  I  shall  lead  you 
through  the  desert. 

^    398.    praetemptate]   'get  a  foretaste  of 
your  danger  by  what  befalls  me '. 

sitiat]  'may  he  thirst  who  &c.',  sc.  and 
no  one  else,  and  then  there  will  be  none 
who  will  do  so. 

400.  aestuet]  For  aestuare  used  of  a 
person,  cf.  Iuv.  m  103  si  dixeris  'aestuo'' 
sudat. 

equitau]  'on  horseback',  cf.  Verg. 
Aen.Vl  857,  858  hie  rem  Romanam  magna 
turbante  tumultu  sistet ;  eques  stern  J 
Poenum  Gallumque  rebellcm. 

peditum  turmas]  turma  being  a  word 
properly  applied  to  cavalry,  these  words 
perhaps  refer  to  dismounted  cavalry:  cf. 
Hor.  carm.  1  ii  39  Mauri  peditis. 


401.  si  quo  fuerit]  These  words  are  a 
repetition  and  summing  up  of  the  pre- 
ceding protases,  'if  any  one  sees  me 
drinking  first  &c.  or  in  any  way  taking 
advantage  of  my  position'.  For  a  some- 
what similar  construction  see  X  214  foil. 
where  a  second  protasis  is  introduced. 

404.  lactius  est]  '  virtue  is  all  the  more  . 
welcome  when  it  costs  the  virtuous  man 
dear',  sibi  refers  grammatically  to  ho- 
nestum, virtue  being  identified  with  the 
virtuous  man,  the  abstract  with  the 
concrete.  The  sentence  is  equivalent  to 
plus  laetitiae  sentit  quiuis  quotiens  plus 
sibi  constat  honestum:  cf.  Ov.  A.  A.  ill 
539,  540  adde  quod  insidiae  sacris  a  uati- 
bus  absunt,  et  facit  ad  mores  ars  quoque 
nostra  suos. 

405.  sola]  'Libya  alone  can  supply 
such  a  host  of  sufferings  as  to  make  it 
creditable  for  brave  men  to  have  fled', 
i.e.  from  Pharsalia  to  Africa;  flight  to 
the  latter  involving  greater  danger  and 
suffering,  and  so  showing  that  it  was  not 
from  cowardice  that  we  fled  from  the 
former.  So  Glareanus  rightly  explains 
the  passage.     Oud.  reads  turba. 


<J 


330 


LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 


irreduccmquc  uiam  dcscrto  limitc  carpit : 

et  sacrum  paruo  nomen  clausura  sepulcro 

inuasit  Libye  sccuri  fata  Catonis.  410 

tertia  pars  rerum  Libyc,  si  credere  famae 
cuncta  uelis :    at  si  ucntos  caclumque  sequaris, 
pars  erit  Europae.     neque  enim  plus  litora  Nili 
quam  Scythicus  Tanais  primis  a  Gadibus  absunt, 
unde  Europa  fugit  Libyen,  et  litora  flexu  415 

oceano  fecere  locum  :    sed  maior  in  unam 
orbis  abit  Asiam.     nam  cum  communiter  istae 
effundant  Zephyrum,  Boreae  latus  ilia  sinistrum 
contingens  dextrumque  Noti  descendit  in  ortus     419 
Eurum  sola  tenens.     Libycae  quod  fertile  terrae  est 
uergit  in  occasus :    sed  et  haec  non  fontibus  ullis 
soluitur :    Arctoos  raris  Aquilonibus  imbres 
accipit  et  nostris  reficit  sua  rura  serenis. 
in  nullas  uitiatur  opes  ;  non  aere  neque  auro 
excoquitur,  nullo  glaebarum  crimine,  pura  425 


408.  irreducem]  per  quam  non  ipse 
erat  rediturus,  Schol.  I  can  find  no  other 
instance  of  the  use  of  this  word. 

409.  clausura]  i.e.  because  Cato  was 
destined  to  be  buried  at  Utica  in  Africa. 
,  410.  inuasit]  'Libya  assailed  the 
destiny  of  Cato,  who  recked  not  of  it', 
i.e.  Libya,  knowing  as  it  were  that  Cato 
was  destined  to  die  in  her,  tried  to  bring 
about  his  death  before  the  fated  time. 
For  inuadere  cf.  11  315. 

411.  icrtia  pars]  Weise  refers  to 
Sallust  Jug.  17.  Oud.  cf.  Sil.  Ital.  I  195 
who  speaks  of  Libya  as  ant  ingens  Asiae 
latus  ant  pars  tertia  terris. 

414.  primis]  'Gades  the  first  place 
in  the  west',  i.e.  the  first  place  you  come 
to,  starting  from  the  western  Ocean. 

415.  unde]  'from  which  point  begins 
the  separation  of  Europe  and  Libya,  and 
the  shores  by  their  retreat  have  made 
room  for  the  Ocean'. 

416.  sed  maior]  'but  a  greater  portion 
of  the  world  goes  to  form  Asia  alone ' :  cf. 
Cic.  ad  Att.  XI  ii  §  2  in  anas  enim  sump- 
tics  abeunt  fructus  pracdiorum  ? 

418.  effundant]  '  while  they  (sc.  Eu- 
rope and  Africa),  are  alike  the  source 
whence  blows  the  West  wind'. 

Boreae  latus  ilia]  'Asia  touching  the 
left  side  of  the  North  and  the  right  side 


of  the  South  slopes  toward  the  sun-rise, 
alone  possessing  the  East  wind ',  i.e. 
being  the  source  of  it.  The  meaning  of  ' 
the  passage  is  that  Asia  is  equivalent  in 
size  to  Europe  and  Libya  combined,  as 
while  Europe  and  Libya  share  between 
them  the  source  of  the  West  wind, 
Europe  and  Asia  that  of  the  North, 
Libya  and  Asia  that  of  the  South,  Asia 
has  that  of  the  East  all  to  herself. 

422.  soluitur]  'even  this  is  not  broken 
up  by  any  running  streams',  i.e.  has  no 
streams  to  loosen  the  soil  and  carry  it 
down  as  fertilising  silt;  cf.  note  on  11 
408  quoque  magis  nullum  tellus  se  solicit 
in  a  inn  em. 

Arctoos]  sc.  from  the  north,  the  rainy 
quarter  in  Italy. 

423.  et  nostris]  'and  refreshes  its 
fields  when  we  have  cloudless  skies'. 
Oud.  cf.  Stat.  Theb.  Viii  411  cum  Li  by ae 
Boreas  Italos  niger  attulit  imbres,  also  Id. 
v  11,  12  qualia  trans  pontum  Phariis  de- 
fensa  serenis  rauca  Paraetonio  descendunt 
agmina  Nilo. 

424.  uitiatur]     'it  is  not  debased  to  / 
any  form  of  wealth';  cf.  Ov.  Met.   I  140 
effodiuntur  opes  irritamenta  malorum. 

425.  excoquitur]  '  it  has  not  copper 
or  gold  smelted  out  of  it',  excoquitur  is 
equivalent  to  exhauritur  coqueudo,  cf.  V 


LIBER    IX.   408—444. 


33i 


et  penitus  terra  est.     tantum  Maurusia  genti 

robora  diuitiae  quarum  non  nouerat  usum, 

seel  citri  contenta  comis  uiuebat  ct  umbris. 

in  nemus  ignotum  nostrae  uenere  secures, 

cxtremoque  cpulas  mensasque  petiuimus  orbe.        430 

at  quaecumque  uagam  Syrtim  complectitur  ora 

sub  nimio  porrecta  die  uicina  pcrusti 

actheris  exurit  messes,  et  puluere  Bacchum 

enecat,  et  nulla  putris  radice  tenetur. 

temperies  uitalis  abest :   et  nulla  sub  ilia  435 

cura  Iouis  terra  est  :    natura  deside  torpet 

orbis  et  immotis  annum  non  sentit  harenis. 

hoc  tarn  segne  solum  raras  tamen  exserit  herbas, 

quas  Nasamon  gens  dura  legit,  qui  proxima  ponto 

nudus  rura  tenet,  quern  mundi  barbara  damnis      440 

Syrtis  alit.     nam  litoreis  populator  harenis 

imminet,  et  nulla  portus  tangente  carina 

nouit  opes,     sic  cum  toto  commercia  mundo 

hac  ire  Catonem 


naufragiis  Nasamones  habent 


333  exhaustaque  sanguine  turba:  see  also 
Ov.  Fast,  iv  785,  786  omnia  purgat  edax 
ignis  uitiumquc  metallis  excoquit. 

-  nullo]  'its  clods  are  innocent'. 

'  426.  et  penitus]  'and  is  mere  earth  to 
its  lowest  depths',  i.e.  earth  unmixed  with 
metal. 

^  tantum]  'the  only  wealth  of  its  in- 
habitants is  the  Maurusian  wood,  whose 
use  they  knew  not,  but  lived  content  with 
the  foliage  and  shade  of  the  citron',  i.e. 
until  the  Romans  came,  the  natives  used 
the  citron  only  to  wreath  their  hair :  this 
was  the  wood  of  which  the  most  costly 
tables  were  made  by  the  Romans ;  cf.  Cic. 
in  Verrcm  n  iv  §  37  tu  maximum  et  pul- 
cherrimam  mensam  citream  a  Q.  Lutatio 
Diodoro  (abstulisti),  Pers.  I  52  non  quid- 
quid  denique  lectis  scribiturin  citreis? 

430.  epulas]  cf.  1  166  totoque  accersi- 
tur  orbe  quo  gens  quaeque  petit. 

431.  uagam]    'shifting'. 

432.  nimio  die]  sc.  sole  torrenti, 
Schol. 

434.  putris]  '  crumbling ',  sc  mere 
loose  sand  :  to  he  put  re  to  a  certain  extent 
is  a  merit  in  soil,  cf.  Verg.  G.  11  204  et 
cui  putre  solum  namque  hoc  imitamur 
arando  optima  frumentis. 

tenetur]    'is    held    together',    i.e.    as 


sandbanks  are  by  the  roots  of  grass. 

435.  uitalis]    'life-giving  moderation^ 
in  the  heat',   cf.  Cic.    N.   D.    11   24  ca- 
loris  naturam  uim  habere  in  se  nitalem. 

436.  cura  Iouis]  'there  is  no  Jove-sent  * 
provision  under  that  soil',  i.e.  springs  of 
water  &c.  fed  by  rains  from  heaven.     So 

I  would  understand  it:  cf.  Verg.  G.  11  49 
quippe  solo  natura  subest.  Weise  explains 
it  as  a  case  of  hypallage,  equivalent  to 
tellus  ilia  sub  nulla  est  Iouis  cura. 

437.  immotis]  'and  with  its  unvary- u 
ing  sands  feels  not  the  changes  of  the 
seasons'.  In  this  passage  immolus  evi- 
dently cannot  mean  '  fixed '  as  the  sands 
are  described  as  shifting,  but  is  equivalent 
to  cons  tans. 

440.  mundi  damnis]  sc.  the  wrecks 
of  vessels;  cf.  Sil.  Ital.  111320,321  hint 
coit  aequoreus  Nasamon  inuadere  Jim  tit 
and  ax  naufragia  et  praedas  auertere  ponto. 

441.  populator]  'plunderer'. 

442.  nulla  portus]  'and  though  no 
ships  touch  at  havens  there',  i.e.  implying 
that  they  have  no  havens  for  ships  to 
touch  at. 

443.  nouit  opes]  'are  acquainted  with  - 
luxury'. 

444.  naufragiis]  'have  dealings  with 
all  the  world  by  means  of  shipwrecks'.      *- 


332 


LUCANI    PIIARSALIAE 


dura  iubct  uirtus.     illic  secura  iuuentus  445 

ucntorum  nullasque  timens  tcllurc  proccllas 
aequoreos  est  passa  metus.     nam  litore  sicco 
quam  pelago  Syrtis  uiolcntius  accipit  Austrum  ; 
et  terrae  magis  illc  nocens.     non  montibus  ilium 
aduersis  frangit  Libye  scopulisquc  repulsum  450 

dissipat,  ct  liquidas  c  turbine  soluit  in  auras : 
nee  ruit  in  siluas  annosaquc  robora  torquens 
lassatur :    patet  omne  solum,  liberque  meatu 
Aeoliam  rabicm  totis  exercet  habenis : 
et  non  imbriferam  contorto  puluere  nubem  455 

in  flexum  uiolentus  agit :   pars  plurima  terrae 
tollitur  et  numquam  resoluto  uertice  pendet. 
regna  uidet  pauper  Nasamon  errantia  uento 
discussasque  domos  :    uolitantque  a  culmine  raptae 
detecto  Garamante  casae.     non  altius  ignis  460 

rapta  uehit :    quantumque  licet  consurgere  fumo 
et  uiolare  diem,  tantus  tenet  aera  puluis. 
turn  quoque  Romanum  solito  uiolentius  agmen 
adgreditur,  nullusque  potest  consistere  miles, 
instabilis  raptis  etiam,  quas  calcat,  harenis.  465 

concuteret  terras  orbemque  a  sede  moueret, 
si  solida  Libye  compage  et  pondere  duro 
clauderet  exesis  Austrum  scopulosa  cauernis : 


445.  secura]  'not  thinking  of  the 
winds '. 

447.  acquorcos~\  quales  nauigantes  in 
mari  experiuntur.     Weise. 

448.  uiolentius]  Oud.  cf.  Sil.  Ital.  in 
652,  653  nos  tulit  ad  sit  per os  perfundens 
sidera  Syrtis,  nos  paetie  aequoribus  tellus 
uiolentior  hausit. 

v  449.  non  montibus]  'Libya  has  no 
mountains  to  oppose  and  break  the  force 
of  its  blast,  no  rocks  to  drive  it  back  and 
scatter  it,  and  reduce  it  from  a  hurricane 
to  calm  clear  air':  cf.  Vcrg.  Aen.  x  272 
liquida  si  quando  nocte  comctae  sanguinei 
lugubre  rubent.  For  soluere  cf.  Propert.  v 
iv  79  Romulus  excubias  decreuit  in  otia 
solid. 
y  453-  liberque]  'and  with  free  passage 
everywhere  vents  the  rage  of  Aeolus  in  all 
unchecked  career '.  For  totis  habenis  Oud. 
cf.  II  500  haec  ubi  dicta,  Icuis  lotas  ac- 
cepit  habenas  in  cainpum  sonipes,  and  for 


the  metaphor  Verg.  Aen.    xn  499   ira- 
mtmqite  omnes  effudit  habenas. 

456.  in  flexum  agit]  'drives  circling 
round'. 

457.  numquam  resoluto]  'and  hangs 
in  mid  air,  as  the  whirlwind  never  breaks 
up'. 

458.  regno]  'his  country'.    - 

459.  uolitantque]  '  and  the  huts  fly 
aloft  torn  away  roof  first  and  leave  the 
Garamantian  exposed'. 

461.  rapta]  sc.  ashes  &c.  Weise. 

462.  et  uiolare  diem]  'obscuring  the 
light  of  day',  cf.  Claudian  in  Rufin.  I  63 
et  flatu  uiolare  diem,  speaking  of  Allecto. 

465.  instabilis]  '  failing  to  stand,  since 
the  very  sand  he  treads  on  is  swept  away '. 

467.  si  solida]  'if  Libya  of  solid  tex- 
ture and  firm  heavy  substance  were  rocky 
and  shut  up  Auster  in  hollowed  caverns', 
i.e.  so  that  it  would  have  to  force  a  pas- 
sage out. 


LIBER   IX.   445—495-  333 

sed  quia  mobilibus  facilis  turbatur  harems 

nusquam  luctando  stabilis  manct,  imaquc  tcllus    470 

stat  quia  summa  fugit.     galcas  ct  scuta  uirorum 

pilaquc  contorsit  uiolcnto  spiritus  actu 

intcntusque  tulit  magni  per  inaqia  caeli. 

illud  in  externa  forsan  longcque  rcmota 

prodigium  tellure  fuit :    delapsaque  caelo  475 

arma  timent  gentes,  hominumque  erepta  lacertis 

a  superis  demissa  putant.     sic  ilia  profecto 

sacrifico  cecidere  Numae,  quae  lecta  iuuentus 

patricia  ceruice  mouet :   spoliauerat  Auster 

aut  Boreas  populos  ancilia  nostra  ferentis.  480 

sic  orbem  torquente  Noto  Romana  iuuentus 

procubuit,  metuensque  rapi  constrinxit  amictus, 

inscruitque  manus  terrae :    nee  pondere  solo 

sed  nisu  iacuit  uix  sic  immobilis  Austro : 

qui  super  ingentes  cumulos  inuoluit  harenae  485 

atque  operit  tellure  uiros.     uix  tollere  miles 

membra  ualet  multo  congestu  pulueris  haerens. 

adligat  et  stantis  adfusae  magnus  harenae 

agger  et  immoti  terra  surgente  tenentur. 

saxa  tulit  penitus  discussis  proruta  muris  490 

effuditque  procul  miranda  sorte  malorum  : 

qui  nullas  uidere  domos  uidere  ruinas. 

iamque  iter  omne  latet :    nee  sunt  discrimina  terrae 

ulla  nisi  aetheriae  medio  uelut  aequore  flammae. 

sideribus  nouere  uias  :    nee  sidera  nota  495 

470.     stabilis']    '  it    remains   stable   by  thrown  down  from  walls   dashed  all   to 

offering  resistance  nowhere'.  pieces'. 

473.  intent  us]  'forcibly',  cf.  Cic.de  491.  miranda]  'with  harm  which  it 
orat.  II  §211  sic  haec  {oral io)  quae  snsci-  was  strange  should  happen',  deiq.  tivI 
pit  it  r  ab  oratore  ad  commutandos  animos,  kolkQv  tvxv- 

...intcnta  et  uehemens  esse  debet.  492.     ruinas]    There  were  no  houses 

474.  externa]  sc.  respectu  Libyae.  near,  so  the  ruins  must  have  been  carried 
Weise.     Oud.  reads  extrema.  from  a  distance. 

477.  ilia]  sc.  the  ancilia.  493.    nee  sunt  discrimina]  '  nor  is  there     y 

478.  cecidere]  '  fell  before  Numa  as  he  aught  to  mark  the  difference  in  the  ground, 
offered  sacrifice'.  save  only,  as  in  mid  ocean,  the  fires  of 

lecta  iuuentus]  sc.  the  Salii,  for  whom  heaven '. 
cf.  1603.  494.    ulla]  This  line  is  omitted  by  some 

4S4.     sed  nisu  iacuit]   'but  lay  on  the  MSS.  but  is  found  in  others  and  is  in  the 

ground  with  an  effort',   i.e.  clinging  to  it  Roman  edition  of  [469. 
with  all  their  strength.  495.     nee  sidera]  '  nor  does  the  horizon 

490.     saxa   tulit]    '  it    carried    stones  that  bounds  the  realm  of  Libya  suffer  the 


334 


LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 


ostcndit  Libycac  finitor  circulus  orae, 
multaquc  deucxo  tcrrarum  margine  eclat. 

utquc  calor  soluit  quern  torserat  aera  uentus, 
incensusque  dies,  manant  sudoribus  artus, 
arent  ora  siti :    conspecta  est  parua  maligna  500 

unda  procul  uena  :   quam  uix  e  puluere  miles 
corripiens  patulum  galeae  confudit  in  orbem, 
porrexitque  duci.     squalebant  puluere  fauces 
cunctorum :    minimumque  tenens  dux  ipse  liquoris 
inuidiosus  erat.     mene,  inquit,  degener  unum  505 

miles  in  hac  turba  uacuom  uirtute  putasti  ? 
usque  adeo  mollis  primisque  caloribus  impar 
sum  uisus  ?     quanto  poena  tu  dignior  ista  es, 
qui  populo  sitiente  bibas.     sic  concitus  ira 
excussit  galeam  suffecitque  omnibus  unda.  510 

uentum  erat  ad  templum  Libycis  quod  gentibus  unum 
inculti  Garamantes  habent :    stat  sortifer  istic 
Iuppiter,  ut  memorant,  sed  non  aut  fulmina  uibrans, 
aut  similis  nostro,  sed  tortis  cornibus   Hammon. 
non  illic  Libycae  posuerunt  ditia  gentes  515 

templa,  nee  Eois  splendent  donaria  gemmis  : 
quamuis  Aethiopum  populis  Arabumque  beatis 


stars  they  know  (i.e.  those  of  the  northern 
hemisphere)  to  be  seen '. 

497.  multaquc  dcuexo]  '  but  with  down- 
ward sloping  edge  conceals  many',  cf. 
viii  292. 

498.  utquc  ca/or]  '  and  when  the  heat 
dispersed  the  air  which  the  wind  had  dri- 
ven hither  and  thither'.  The  whirlwind 
is  apparently  regarded  as  consisting  of 
condensed  air,  cf.  note  on  I  531. 

499.  incensusquc]  '  and  the  day  was 
lighted  up',  sc.  by  the  sun.  cf.  Ov.  ex 
Ponto  II  i  41  deque  triumphato  quod  sol 
incenderit  auro.  incendere  diem  is  found 
in  a  different  sense  in  IV  68. 

After  dies  many  MSS.  insert  iam  spis- 
sior  ignis... calcatur  from  infr.  604 — 606, 
continuing  et  timor  in  Noton  omuis  alrit : 
these  words  were  rightly  ejected  by  Gro- 
tius :  with  manant  and  arent  continue  tit 
as  part  of  the  protasis. 

500.  maligna']  'scanty',  cf.  VIII  565. 
502.     confudit]   '  poured  it  all'. 


503.  squalebant]  'were  parched',  cf. 
supr.  1  205  note. 

505.  inuidiosus]  'was  an  object  of 
envy',  cf.  Cic.  de  leg.  agrar.  11  §  68  qui 
possessiones  inuidiosas  tenebant. 

507.    primisqtie  caloribus]  'the  morn- 


ing heat ' 


508.  poena — ista]  i.e.  this  punishment 
which  I  inflict  on  myself,  viz.  to  go  with- 
out drinking. 

510.  suffecit]  i.e.  all  were  content  to 
go  without,  after  Cato  had  set  the  exam- 
ple. Compare  the  story  told  of  David  in 
1  Chronicles  xi  15  foil.  Oud.  quotes  from 
Frontinus  Strateg.  I  vii  7  a  similar  story 
of  Alexander. 

511.  Libycis]  'which  alone  common 
to  all  the  tribes  of  Libya  &c.'  cf.  inf.  518. 

512.  sortifer]  ' oracular',  some  MSS. 
read  corniger. 

516.  donaria]  6rj<ravpoi  '  treasuries'. 

517.  beatis]  cf.  Hor.  carm.  I  xxix  1 
led  beatis  nunc  Arabum  inuides  gazis. 


LIBER    IX.   496-536.  335 

gentibus  atque  Indis  unus  sit  Iuppitcr  Hammon, 

pauper  adhuc  dcus  est  nullis  uiolata  per  aeuom 

diuitiis  delubra  tenens :    morumque  priorum  520 

numen   Romano  templum  defendit  ab  auro. 

esse  locis  superos  testatur  silua  per  omnem 

sola  uirens  Libyen.     nam  quidquid  puluere  sicco 

separat  ardentem  tepida  Berenicida  Lcpti 

ignorat  frondes :   solus  nemus  extulit  Hammon.     525 

siluarum  fons  causa  loco,  qui  putria  terrae 

adligat  et  domitas  unda  conectit  harenas. 

sic  quoque  nil  obstat  Phoebo  cum  cardine  summo 

stat  librata  dies  :   truncum  uix  protegit  arbor : 

tarn  breuis  in  medium  radiis  compellitur  umbra.    530 

deprensum  est  hunc  esse  locum  qua  circulus  alti 

solstitii  medium  signorum  percutit  orbem. 

non  obliqua  meant,  nee  Tauro  Scorpios  exit 

rectior,  aut  Aries  donat  sua  tempora  Librae, 

aut  Astraea  iubet  lentos  descendere  Pisces.  535 

par  Geminis  Chiron,  et  idem  quod  Carcinos  ardens 

518.  Indis']  For  the  confusion  between  no  defence  against  the  sun,  when  the  day 
Indians  and  Aethiopians  cf.  Verg.  G.  iv  stands  balanced  evenly  on  the  highest 
293  usque  coloratis  amnis  deuexus  ab  In-  pole  :  scarce  can  the  tree  protect  its 
dis,  used  of  the  Nile,  and  Conington's  trunk,  into  so  narrow  a  space  in  the  cen- 
note.  tre  is  the  shade  driven  by  the  sun's  rays'. 

519.  uiolata]  'defiled',  cf.  Iuv.  xi  cardo  hie  uocatur  summa  pars  medii  caeli 
116  pic  til  is  et  nullo  uiolatus  hippitcr  auro,  quam  sol  occupat  meridie,  media  aestate. 
on  which  see  Prof.  Mayor's  note.  Weise.     cf.   iv  672,  also  11  587  umbras 

5:0.     morumque   /riorum]      'a    good  nusquam  flectente  Syene. 
old-fashioned  deity'.  531.     qua  circulus]  '  where  the  circle  of  J 

521.     Romano]     cf.    Sen.    contr.    II   9  the  solstice  in  the  sky  (sc.  the  equinoctial 

quietiora  tempora pauperes  habuimus:  bella  circle)  cuts  the  zodiac  in  its  centre'. 
ciuilia  aurato  Capitolio  gessimus.  cf.  also  533.     non   obliqua   meant]    'they,    sc. 

Persius  II   59 — 69  durum  uasa  Numae  the  constellations  of  the  zodiac,  do  not 

Saturniaque    impulit    aera,     Vestalesque  move  obliquely',    i.e.   as  with  us.     Oud. 

urnas  et  Tuscum  fictile  mutat.     0  curuae  cf.  Verg.  G.  1  239  obliquus  qua  se  siguo- 

in  terras  animae  et  caelestium  inanes,  quid  rum  uerterel  ordo. 

iuuat  hoe,  templis  nostros  immittere  mores,  nee  Tauro]  'nor  does  the  Scorpion  rise 

et  bona  dis  ex  hae  seelerata  ducefe  pulpa?  more  vertically  than  the  Bull'. 
...peeeal  et  liaee,  peccat ;  uitio  tamen  uti-  534.     aut  Aries]    'nor  does  the   Ram 

///;-,  at  tios  dieite,  pontijiees,  in  sane  to  quid  give  back  his  hours  to  the  Balance',  i.e. 

faeit  aurum  ?  as  many  hours  of  the  day  as  there  are 

524.     Berenicida]  Berenicis  was  in  the  when  the  sun  is  in  Libra,  so  many  are 

Cyrenaic    Pentapolis,    Leptis    near    Car-  there  of  the  night  when  the  sun  is  in  Aries, 

thage  and  Utica.  and  vice  versa. 

526.     qui  putria]   'which  binds  toge-  535.     aut  Astraea]  'nor  does  Astraea 

ther  the  crumbling  soil  and  with  its  wa-  (Virgo)  bid  the  Fishes  set  slowly', 
ters  subdues  and  unites  the  sands'.  536.     par    Geminis]   'Chiron  (Sagitta- 

528.     sic  quoque]   'even  thus  there  is  rius)   is  on  a  level  with  the  Twins',   i.e. 


336  LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 

umidus  Aegoceros  :    ncc  plus  Leo  tollitur  Vrna. 
at  tibi,  quaccumque  es  Libyco  gens  igne  dirempta, 
in  Noton  umbra  cadit  quae  nobis  exit  in  Arcton  : 
ct  segnis  Cynosura  subit :    tu  sicca  profundo  540 

mcrgi  plaustra  putas,  nullumque  in  uertice  summo 
sidus  habes  immune  mari ;  procul  axis  uterque  est, 
et  fuga  signorum  medio  rapit  omnia  caelo. 

stabant  ante  fores  populi  quos  miserat  Eos, 
cornigerique  Iouis  monitu  noua  fata  petebant,       545 
sed  Latio  cessere  duci :   comitesque  Catonem 
orant  exploret  Libycum  memorata  per  orbem 
numina,  de  fama  tarn  longi  iudicet  aeui. 
maximus  hortator  scrutandi  uoce  deorum 
euentus  Labienus  erat.     sors  obtulit,  inquit,  550 

et  fortuna  uiae  tarn  magni  numinis  ora 
consiliumque  dei  :    tanto  duce  possumus  uti 
per  Syrtes  bellique  datos  cognoscere  casus, 
nam  cui  crediderim  superos  arcana  daturos 
dicturosque  magis  quam  sancto  uera  Catoni  ?         555 
certe  uita  tibi  semper  directa  supernas 
ad  leges  sequerisque  deum.     datur  ecce  loquendi 
cum  Ioue  libertas :    inquire  in  fata  nefandi 
Caesaris  et  patriae  uenturos  excute  mores: 


rises  no  higher,    'and  the  blazing  Crab  548.     iudicet]  'to  pass  judgement  on  a 

rises  just  as  high  as  watery  Capricorn'.  reputation  maintained  for  so  many  ages', 

idem  sc.  tollitur,  not  to  be  taken  with  or-  i.  e.  by  testing  the  truth  of  the  oracle. 

dens  as  Weise  would  have  it.  549.     scrutandi]    'prying  into  the  fu- 

538.  Libyco']  'cut  off  from  the  world  ture  by  the  oracle  of  the  god'. 

by  the  heat  of  Libya'.  550.     Labienus]     For  Labienus,  cf.  v 

539.  umbra]    See  the  account  of  the  346. 

circumnavigation  of  Africa  in  Herod,  iv  553.     datos]  'and  discover  the  issue  of 

42  :  also  note  on  ill  248.  the  war  assigned  by  fate'. 

540.  subit]  'and  slow-moving  Cyno-  554.  arcana]  '  secret  oracles'.  Weise 
sura  sinks  below  the  horizon'.  cf.  v  137. 

542.  immune]  cf.  Ov.  Met.  xin  294  556.  directa]  'thy  life  has  ever  been 
immunemque  aequoris  Arcton.  For  the  ordered  in  accordance  with  the  laws  that 
construction  of  immunis  with  the  ablative  dwell  on  high  '.  cf.  Cic.  pro  Mur.  §  3 
cf.  note  on  II  257,  VIII  704.  Catoni  uitam  ad  certain  rationis  nor  mam 

procul]  i.e.  both  poles,  north  and  south  dirigenti. 

are  equally  distant.  559.     excute]    'search  into  the  future 

543.  et  fuga]  'and  the  movement  of  character  of  thy  native  land',  cf.  Ov.  ex 
the  zodiac  sweeps  all  its  constellations  Ponto  iv  viii  17,  18  seu  genus  excutias ; 
along  in  the  midst  of  the  sky'.  cquites  ab  origine  prima  usque  per  innu- 

545.     noua  fata]    'destinies    unheard  meros  inucniemur  auos. 
before'. 


LIBER   IX.    537-575. 


337 


iure  suo  populis  uti  legumquc  licebit,  560 

an  bellum  ciuile  perit.  tua  pcctora  sacra 
uoce  reple:  durae  semper  uirtutis  amator 
quaere  quid  est  uirtus  et  posce  exemplar  honesti. 

ille  dco  plenus  tacita  quern  mente  gerebat 
efiudit  dignas  adytis  e  pectore  uoces :  565 

quid  quaeri,   Labiene,   tubes  ?     an  liber  in  armis 
occubuisse  uelim  potius  quam  regna  uidere  ? 
an  sit  uita  nihil,  et  longa  ?    an  differat  aetas  ? 
an  noceat  uis  ulla  bono  ?     Fortunaque  perdat 
opposita  uirtute  minas  ?    laudandaque  uelle  570 

sit  satis,  et  numquam  successu  crescat  honestum  ? 
scimus  et  haec  nobis  non  altius  inseret  Hammon. 
haeremus  cuncti  superis,  temploque  tacente 
nil  agimus  nisi  sponte  dei :    nee  uocibus  ullis 
numen  eget :    dixitque  semel  nascentibus  auctor    575 


560.  populis]  used  of  the  Roman 
people,  cf.  note  on  VII  185. 

licebit]  For  the  mood  of  this  word,  of 
perit  in  the  following  line,  and  of  est  in 
563  cf.  note  on  l  126  quis  iustius  induit 
arrua  scire  nefas,  also  Hor.  Epist.  I  vii  39 
inspice  si  possum,  Pers.  ill  66 — 72. 

561.  perit]  'is  wasted',  'is  in  vain', 
cf.  notes  on  IV  252,  VI  54,  VII  558,  1058 
infr. 

562.  semper]  Oud.  with  some  MSS. 
reads  saltern  not  semper,  i.e.  at  all  events 
if  you  will  not  enquire  about  future  events, 
enquire  into  the  nature  of  virtue,  semper 
must  be  taken  with  amator,  cf.  notes  on 
VIII  330,  supr.  283. 

563.  exemplar]  'and  ask  for  a  pattern 
of  right'. 

565.  dignas  adytis]  i.e.  worthy  to  have 
been  uttered  by  the  oracle.  Oud.  cf. 
Lucret.  I  737  foil,  quamqiiam  mitlta  bene 
ac  diuinitus  inuenientes  ex  adyto  lanquam 
cordis  responsa  dedere  sanctins,  et  vmlto 
certa  ratione  magis  quam  Pythica,  quae 
tripode  ex  Phoebi  lauroquc  profatur. 
Grotius  refers  to  Senec.  controu.  1  §  9 
erratis  nisi  illam  uocem  non  Ad.  Catonis 
sed  oraculi  creditis.  quid  enim  est  oracu- 
lum  ?  nempe  uolttnlas  diuiria  hominis  ore 
enuntiata.  et  quern  tandem  antistitem 
sanctiorem  inuenire  sibi  diuinitas  potuit 
quam  M.  Calonem  ? 

567.  regna]  'tyranny',  cf.  in  145,  VII 
444. 

568.  an    sit    uita    nihil,    et    longa  ?] 

H.  L. 


'whether  life  is  of  no  account  even  when 
prolonged?'  Weise  cf.  Sen.  Epp.  IX  ii 
(73)  §  1 3  non  est  uirtus  maior  quae  longior. 

an  differat  aetas?]  'whether  a  man's 
age, makes  any  difference?'  i.e.  it  is  in 
Stoic  language  a.Hiia.<popov.  The  reading 
in  the  text  is  due  to  Cortius,  and  is  adop- 
ted by  Weise  and  is  apparently  that  which 
the  Scholiast  had  before  him  ;  his  explana- 
tion is  an  aliquid  intersit  parum  uixisse, 
uel  plurimum.  Most  MSS.  read  sed 
lougam  differat  aetas?  the  reading  of  the 
Roman  edition  of  1469  is  sed  longa?  an 
differat  aetas? 

569.  perdat]  'and  Fortune's  threats 
are  vain  when  virtue  is  set  against  them  '. 

571.  successu]  'and  the  right  never 
grows  greater  by  success'. 

572.  scimus]  'this  we  know,  and  Ham- 
mon will  not  implant  it  more  deeply  in  our 
hearts'. 

573.  haeremus]  'we  are  in  constant 
intercourse  with  heaven',  cf.  Plin.  Ep. 
VII  27  obtinenti  Africam  comes  haeserat. 

temploque  tacente]  '  and  though  the  oracle 
be  dumb'. 

574.  sponte  dei]  'by  the  inspiration  of 
God'.  For  this  silver-age  use  of  sponte 
with  a  genitive,  cf.  I  99,  234.  Tac.  Ann. 
II  59  non  sponte  principis. 

575.  dixitque]  i.e.  by  means  of  the 
conscience. 

auctor]  sc.  generis  human/',  cf.  I  lor. 
carm.  I  ii  35,  36  sine  neglectum  genus  et 
ncpotes  respicis  auctor. 

22 


333  LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 

quidquid  scire  licet :    steriles  nee  legit  harenas, 

ut  caneret  paucis,  mcrsitquc  hoc  puluere  uerum  : 

estque  dci  sedes,  ubi  terra  ct  pontus  et  aer 

ct  caelum  et  uirtus.     supcros  quid  quacrimus  ultra? 

Iuppitcr  est  quodcumquc  uides  quodcumque  moueris. 

sortilegis  egeant  dubii  sempcrque  futuris  581 

casibus  ancipites  :    me  non  oracula  certum, 

scd  mors  certa  facit.     pauido  fortique  cadendum  est: 

hoc  satis  est  dixisse  Ioucm.     sic  ille  profatur  : 

seruataque  fide  templi  discedit  ab  aris  585 

non  cxploratum  populis  Hammona  relinqucns. 

ipse  manu  sua  pila  gerens  praecedit  anheli 
militis  ora  pedes  :    monstrat  tolerare  labores, 
non  iubet:    et  nulla  uehitur  ceruice  supinus 
carpentoque  sedens.     somni  parcissimus  ipse  est,   590 
ultimus  haustor  aquae,     cum  tandem  fonte  reperto 
indiga  conatur  laticis  potare  iuuentus, 
stat  dum  lixa  bibat.     si  ueris  magna  paratur 
fama  bonis  et  si  successu  nuda  remoto 
inspicitur  uirtus,  quidquid  laudamus  in  ullo  595 

maiorum,  Fortuna  fuit.     quis  Marte  secundop 
quis  tantum  meruit  populorum  sanguine  nomen  ? 

576.  steriles  nee  legit]  'nor  did  he  quacunque  in  parte,  totus  est  sensus,  tot  us 
choose  out  these  barren  sands '.  The  sim-  uisus,  totus  audit  us,  totus  animae,  totus 
pie  form  legere  more  commonly  means  to  animi,  totus  sui,  and  further  on  §  18  deus 
skirt  or  traverse  or  else  to  gather  up  :  for  est  mortali  iuuare  mortalcm.  The  com- 
the  former  cf.  v  513,  supr.  38,  for  the  latter  raon  reading  retained  by  Oud.  is  quo- 
VII  756.     Oud.  accordingly  proposes  to  cunque  moueris. 

read  here  sterilesne  elegit.  582.     me  non  oracula]   'it  is  not  oracles 

577.  mersit]  'buried',  cf.  Ov.  Met.  x  that  make  me  certain,  but  the  certainty  of 
498  mersitque  suos  in  cortice  uoltus.  death '. 

579.  caelum]  cf.  Eur.  frag.  Melanippe  585.  fide]  'preserving  the  temple's 
7  6/j.vvfii  8'  lepbv  aldtp'  oUrjaiv  Aid?,  credit',  i.e.  as  he  had  not  tested  it. 

ultra]    'beyond    ourselves',    cf.    Sen.  586.    populis]  sc.  extends;  dative. 

Epp.   iv  xii  (4r)  §§    1,    2    non   sunt  ad         588.    pedes]  'on  foot',  cf.  Verg.  Aen. 

caelum  cleuandae   manus   nee   exorandus  VI  880  sen  cum  pedes  iret  in  hoslein. 
aediluus  ut  nos  ad  azirem  simidacri,  quasi  589.    ceruice]  'is  not  borne  reclining  on 

magis  exaudiri  possimus,  admit  tat ;  prope  men's  shoulders  or  seated  in  a  chariot'. 

est  a  te  deus,  tecum  est,  in/us  est.    ita  dico,  cf.    Iuv.    I  64  cum  iam   sexta  ceruice  fe- 

Lucili ;    sacer  intra    nos    spirit  us    sedet,  ratur. 

maiorum    bonorumque    nostrorum   obser-         593.     dum]  '  till  the  camp-follower  has 

11a  tor  et  custos.  drunk. 

580.  quodcumque]  'all  that  you  see,  594.  bonis]  neuter;  'is  won  by  real 
and  all  your  feelings,  that  is  Jupiter',   i.e.  merits'. 

both  the  external  world  and  the  soul  of  nuda]  cf.  Iuv.  X  141  quis  enim  uirtutem 

each  individual,  cf.  Verg.  G.  IV  219 — 227,  amplcclitur  ipsam  pi-aemia  si  tollas  ? 

Aen.  VI    724—734,    Plin.  H.  N.   II  §  14  596.     Fortunafuit]  'was  Fortune',  i.e. 

quisquis   est  deus,   si   modo   est  alius,   et  '  Fortune's  gift ',  i.e.  rather  than  Virtue's. 


LIBER    IX.    576—620.  339 

hunc  ego  per  Syrtcs  Libyacquc  extrema  triumphum 
ducere  malucrim,  quam  ter  Capitolia  curru 
scandere  Pompeii,  quam  frangere  colla  Iugurthae.  600 
ecce  parens  uerus  patriae  dignissimus  aris 
Roma,  tuis  ;    per  quern  numquam  iurare  pudebit, 
ct  quern,  si  stetcris  umquam  ccruice  soluta, 
nunc  olim  factura  deum.     iam  spissior  ignis, 
et  plaga,  quam  nullam  superi  mortal ibus  ultra       605 
a  medio  fecere  die,  calcatur,  et  unda 
rarior.     inuentus  mediis  fons  unus  harem's 
largus  aquae,  scd  quern  serpentum  turba  tenebat 
uix  capiente  loco,     stabant  in  margine  siccae 
aspides,  in  mediis  sitiebant  dipsades  undis.  610 

ductor  ut  adspexit  perituros  fonte  relicto 
adloquitur:    nana  specie  conterrite  leti, 
ne  dubita,  miles,  tutos  haurire  liquores: 
noxia  serpentum  est  admixto  sanguine  pestis : 
morsu  uirus  habent  et  fatum  dente  minantur :       615 
pocula  morte  carent.     dixit,  dubiumque  uenenum 
hausit :    et  in  tota  Libyae  fons  unus  harena 
ille  fuit  de  quo  primus  sibi  posceret  undam. 
cur  Libycus  tantis  exundet  pestibus  aer~ 
fertilis  in  mortes,  aut  quid  secreta  nocenti  620 

599.  ter  Capitolia']  cf.  note  on  supr.  21  pone  sub  curru  nimium  propinqui  solis 
]78-  in  terra  domibus  negata.     Verg.  G.  1  237 

600.  frangere]  i.e.  than  the  triumph  of  has  inter  mediamque  duae  mortalities 
Marias.  aegris  munere  concessae  dinom.     ultra  is 

602.  iurare]  cf.    VII    459  inque  deum     to  be  taken  with  quam. 

templis  iurabit  Roma  per  umbras.     Hor.  609.     uix]     '  while    the    space    could 

Epist.  II  i    16  iurandasque  tuom  per  no-  scarce  hold  them  all'. 

men  ponimus  aras.  6  r  r.    fonte  relicto]   'if  they  abandoned 

603.  ceruice]  cf.  supr.  380.  the  spring'. 

604.  nune  olim]  'now  or  at  some  614.  noxia]  'the  poison  of  serpents  is 
future  time',  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  IV  627  nunc,  deadly  if  mingled  with  the  blood'.  For  the 
olim,  quocunque  dabunt  sc  tempore  uires.  construction  cf.  Verg.  Eel.  X  55  interea 
Grotius  reads  tunc  apparently  with  little  mi.xtis  lustrabo  Maenala  Nymphis  equiva- 
MS.   authority:    most  MSS.   have  nunc,  lent  to  mixtus  Nymphis. 

For  the  omission  of  cs  after  the  participle  616.     dubium    uenenum]   sc.    de    quo 

cf.  VI  616.  dubitabatur   an    uenenum    esset.    cf.  Ov. 

iam  spissior  ignis]  'now  the  heat  was  Met.  xuijs+siguarat  dubia  tencras  lanu- 

more  intense',  cf.  the  use  ol  flam  ma  x  57.  gine  malas. 

For  spissus   cf.  Verg.    Aen.   11  621  spissis  618.    primus]  i.e.  so  as  to  be  the  first 

noctis   sc    condidit    umbris.      Sen.    Here,  to  drink  it. 

Fur.    712    quern   grauilnts    umbris   spissa  619.      exundet]   'breaks  out    into',     cf. 

caligo  adligat.  Sil.  Ital.  Ill  316  inde  Meduseis  terrain  cx- 

605.  quam  nullam]  'beyond  which  the  undasse  chelydris. 

gods  have  made  none  for  mortals  on  the  620.    fertilis  in]  'rich  in  producing', 

side  of  the  south',     cf.  Hor.  carm.  I  xxii  nocenti]  proleptic  :  'so  that  it  is  deadly'. 

22 2 


340  LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 

miscucrit  natura  solo,  non  cura  laborque 

noster  scire  ualet :    nisi  quod  uolgata  per  orbem 

fabula  pro  uera  deccpit  saecula  causa. 

finibus  extremis  Libyes,  ubi  feruida  tellus 

accipit  oceanum  demisso  sole  calentem,  625 

squalebant  late  Phorcynidos  arua  Medusae, 

non  nemorum  protecta  coma,  non  mollia  sulco, 

sed  dominae  uoltu  conspectis  aspera  saxis. 

hoc  primum  natura  nocens  in  corpore  saeuas 

eduxit  pestes  :    illis  e  faucibus  angues  630 

stridula  fuderunt  uibratis  sibila  Unguis, 

femineae  qui  more  comae  per  terga  soluti 

ipsa  flagellabant  gaudentis  colla  Medusae. 

surgunt  aduersa  subrectae  fronte  colubrae, 

uipereumque  fluit  depexo  crine  uenenum.  635 

hoc  habet  infelix  cunctis  impune  Medusa 

quod  spectare  licet,     nam  rictus  oraque  monstri 

quis  timuit  ?    quern  qui  recto  se  lumine  uidit 

passa  Medusa  mori  est  ?     rapuit  dubitantia  fata 

praeuenitque  metus  :    anima  periere  retenta  640 

membra  nee  emissae  riguere  sub  ossibus  umbrae. 

Eumenidum  crines  solos  mouere  furores  : 

Cerberus  Orpheo  leniuit  sibila  cantu  : 

Amphitryoniades  uidit  cum  uinceret  Hydram  ; 


622.     nisi  quod]  as  Weise  explains  'all  tatur  crinis  scilicet,  nam  uoltum  nemo  im- 

I  know  is  that  a  false  tale  spread  through  pune  adspexerit. 

the  world  in  place  of  the  real  cause  has         637.     rictus oraquc]  'gaping  mouth', 
deceived  all  ages '.    cf.  Sail.  lug.  67  pa-         638.     quis  timuit ?]  '  who  has  had  time 

nun  compcrimtis ;  nisi  quia  uidetur,  &c.  to  shudder  at?'  i.e.  because  he  would  be 

625.  accipit]  'admits',  i.e.  is  bathed  by.  turned  to  stone  at  once. 

calentcm\  cf.  Iuv.  xiv  280  audiet  Her-         recto  se  lumine  uidit]  'who  has  looked 

culco  stridentem  gurgite  solem.  her  full  in  the  face'. 

626.  squalebant]  cf.  note  on  I  205.  639.     passa]  non  patitur  eum  Medusa 

628.  saxis]  saxa  enim  fecerat  Medusa,  mori,  quia  iam  mortuus  est.     Weise. 
quidquid  adspexerat.     Schol.  640.    praeuenit  metus]  'was  too  quick 

629.  hoc  primum]  '  it  was  in  her  body  for  their  fear'. 

first  that  nature  with  intent  to  harm  pro-  641.    nee  emissae]  equivalent  to  necdum 

duced  these  fierce  plagues'.  emissae,  '  before  they  have  left  the  body'. 
633.     gaudentis]  'who  gloried  in  them',  642.     solos   furores]    'merely    frenzy', 

or  'who  felt  pleasure  in  their  movement',  i.e.  not  immediate  death  by  turning  into 

635.  depexo  crine]  'from  her  trimmed  stone. 

hair',    cf.    Ov.  A.  A.    1  630   depexaeque         643.     Orpheo]  cf.  Verg.  G.  IV  467  foil. 

iubae.  Taenarias  etiam  fauces,  &c. 

636.  hoc]  sc.  the  serpents  on  her  head.  644.  uidit]  'saw  the  Hydra,  when  he 
So  Grotius  explains  following  the  Schol.  :  conquered  her',  i.e.  whereas  none  could 
hoc  unum  est  Medusae  quod  impune  spec-  look  on  Medusa  and  yet  live. 


LIBER    IX.   621—664.  34 r 

hoc  monstrum  timuit  genitor  numenque  secundum  645 

Phorcus  aquis  Cctoque  parens  ipsaeque  sorores 

Gorgoncs  :    hoc  potuit  caelo  pclagoque  minari 

torporem  insolitum   mundoque  abducere  terrain. 

e  caelo  uolucres  subito  cum  pondere  lapsae  : 

in  scopulis  haesere  ferae  :    uicina  colentes  650 

Aethiopum  totae  riguerunt  marmore  gentes. 

nullum  animal  uisus  patiens,  ipsique  retrorsum 

effusi  faciem  uitabant  Gorgonis  angues. 

ilia  sub  Hesperiis  stantem  Titana  columnis 

in  cautes  Atlanta  dedit :    caeloque  timente  655 

olim  Phlegraeo  stantis  serpente  gigantes, 

erexit  montes,  bellumque  immane  deorum 

Pallados  in  medio  confecit  pectore  Gorgon. 

quo  postquam  partu   Danaes  et  diuite  nimbo 

ortum  Parrhasiae  uexerunt  Persea  pennae  660 

Arcados  auctoris  citharae  liquidaeque  palaestrae, 

et  subitus  praepes  Cyllenida  sustulit  Harpen, 

Harpen  alterius  monstri  iam  caede  rubentem, 

a  Ioue  dilectae  fuso  custode  iuuencae : 

645.  geniior]  'Phorcus  her  sire,  the  658.  in  medio]  'the  Gorgon  in  the 
deity  propitious  to  the  waves'.  centre  of  Pallas'  breast'  (i.e.  on  the  aegis 

646.  ipsaeque  sorores]  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  held  before  her),  '  put  an  end  to  the  fearful 
VII  327  of  Allecto  odit  et  if se  pater  Pinion,  strife  among  the  gods'. 

odere  sorores  Tartareae  monstrum.  659.     quo  postquam]     '  whither    when 

648.     mundo]    probably  as    Oud.    and  the    Parrhasian   wings   of    the  Arcadian 

Weise  take  it    'to  remove  all  earth  from  inventor  of  the  lyre  and  the  supple  wrest- 

the  world'  by  turning  the  earth  as  well  as  ling  bore  Perseus,  sprung  from  Danae  and 

the  sky  and  sea  into  stone.     For  a  similar  the  shower  of  gold,  and  he  with  sudden 

contrast  between  terra  and  saxum  cf.  Plin.  swoop  lifted  high  Cyllenian  Harpe,  Harpe 

Epp.  v  vi  §  8  has  inter  pingues  terrenique  already  crimsoned  with  another  monster's 

colles,  neque  enim  facile  tisquam   saxum,  blood'. 

etiam  si  quaeratur,  occurrit,  diuite]  cf.  Hor.  carm.  Ill  xvi  1  —  8. 

651.     riguerunt  marmore]   'stiffened  in  66r.      Arcados]  sc.   Mercurii.  cf.    Hor. 

stone'.  carm.  I  x  1 — 4  Mercurifacunde  nepos  Ai- 

654.  Hesperiis  columnis]  sc.  Calpeand  lantis  qui  feros  cult  us  hotninum  recentum 
Abyla,  the  pillars  of  Hercules.  uoce  formasti  catus  et  decorae  more  palaes- 

655.  in    cautes    dedit]     '  turned    into  trae. 

stone'.  liquidac]  vypas,  or  as  Forcellini  explains 

656.  Phlegraeo]   'the  giants  at  Phlegra  it,  quia  oleo  perungebantur. 
supported  uponserpents':  for  the  hypallage  662.     Harpen]  ap-n-qv  ;  the  curved  sword 
Weise  cf.  Hor.  Epod.  X  12  Graia  uictorum  lent  by  Mercury  to  Perseus. 

tnanus.    Lucret.  II  $00 purpura  Thessalico  663.     alterius]    sc.  Argus. 

concharum  tincta  colore.  664.     a  Ioue]     This  line  is  omitted  by 

657.  erexit  montes]  'made  them  stand  some  MSS.  and  is  rejected  as  unnecessary 
up  as  mountains',  cf.  Verg.  Eel.  vi  02,  by  Oud.  and  Weise,  but  it  appears  to  me 
63  turn  Phaelhontiadas  viusco  circumdat  that  the  words  alterius  monstri  in  the 
amarae  corticis,  atque  solo  procerus  erigit  preceding  line  require  some  further  expla- 
alnos.                 >  nation.     Vox  fuso  cf.  VII  652. 


342  LUCANI    PHARSALIAK 

auxilium  uolucri   Pallas  tulit  innuba  fratri,  665 

pacta  caput  monstri :   tcrraequc  in  fine  Libyssae 

Persea  Phocbcos  conucrti  iussit  ad  ortus 

Gorgonis  auerso  sulcantcm  rcgna  uolatu  : 

ct  clipcum  laeuac  fuluo  dedit  acre  nitcntcm, 

in  quo  saxificam  iussit  spectare  Mcdusam.  670 

quam  sopor  aetcrnam  tracturus  mortc  quictem 

obruit  haud  totam  :  uigilat  pars  magna  comarum 

defenduntquc  caput  praetenti  crinibus  hydri : 

pars  iacet  in  medios  uoltus  oculique  tenebras. 

ipsa  regit  trepidum  Pallas,  dextraque  tremente       675 

Perseos  auersi  Cyllenida  dirigit  Harpen, 

lata  colubriferi  rumpens  confinia  colli. 

quos  habuit  uoltus  hamati  uolnere  ferri 

caesa  caput  Gorgon :  quanto  spirasse  ueneno 

ora  rear :    quantumque  oculos  efifundere  mortis.      680 

nee  Pallas  spectare  potest :  uoltusque  gelassent 

Perseos  auersi,  si  non  Tritonia  densos 

sparsisset  crines  texissetque  ora  colubris. 

aliger  in  caelum  sic  rapta  Gorgone  fugit. 

ille  quidem  pensabat  iter  propiusque  secabat  685 

aethera,  si  medias  Europae  scinderet  urbes  ; 

Pallas  frugiferas  iussit  non  laedere  terras 

et  parci  populis.     quis  enim  non  praepete  tanto 

665.  uolucrifratri]  'her  flying b/other',  681.  nee  Pallas]  equivalent  to  nc  Pallas 
sc.  Perseus,  both  beiffg  children  of  Jove.  quidem,  cf.  note  on  vin  497. 

666.  pacta]  'bargaining  for  the  mon-  gelassent]  sc.  oculi ;  or  the  word  may 
ster's  head.'  perhaps  be  here  used  in  a  neuter  sense, 

667.  ad  ortus]  i.  e.  Perseus  was  to  turn  for  which  Oud.  cf.  Stat.  Theb.  iv  727 
his  head  to  the  east  and  fly  westwards.  gelant  uenae  et  steels  cruor  aeger  adhaeret 

668.  auerso  uolatu]     sc.    'flying  back-      uisceribus. 

wards .  682.     auersi]     i.e.     '  even    though    he 

670.  Medusam]  sc.  her  reflexion  in  the     turned  away'. 

shield.  684.     sic]      seruatus      arte      Palladis. 

671.  tracturus]   'destined  to  bring  on      Weise. 

her  the  eternal  rest  of  death.'  i.e.  if  she  685.    pensabat]  'would  have  been  short- 
once  slept,  she  was  doomed  to  die.  ening  his  journey,  and  cleaving  the  sky  by 

674.  oculi  tenebras]  'her  closed  eyes',  a  nearer  course',  cf.  vm  248,  249  mag- 
°f-  nl  735  nox  subit  at  que  oculos  uastae  nosque  sinus  Telmessidos  undae  compen- 
obduxere  tenebrae.  sat  medio  pelago.     Compare  also  the  use 

675.  dextra]  sc.  of  Perseus.  of  dispendia  in  vin  2  and  see  infr.  1002. 
677.     confinia]  'the   broad    boundaries      For  the  mood  oi  pensabat  cf.  note  on  X  25. 

of  the  neck',  i.e.  where  it  joins  on  to  the  686.     si  scinderet]   "'should    he    have 

body.  made    his    way    through    the     midst     of 

680.     quantum — mortis]   '  what  power  Europe's  cities '. 

of  deadly  freezing  ! '  688.     parci]   For   the   coupling   of   an 


LIBER    IX.    665—706. 


343 


aethcra  rcspiceret  ?     Zcphyro  conuertitur  ales, 

itque  super  Libyen,  quae  nullo  consita  cultu  690 

sideribus  Phoeboque  uacat :  prcmit  orbita  solis 

exuritque  solum  :  nee  terra  celsior  ulla 

nox  cadit  in  caelum  lunacque  meatibus  obstat, 

si  flexus  oblita  uagi  per  recta  cucurrit 

signa,  nee  in  Borean  aut  in  Noton  effugit  umbram.    695 

ilia  tamen  stcrilis  tcllus  fecundaquc  nulli 

arua  bono  uirus  stillantis  tabe  Medusae 

concipiunt  dirosque  fcro  de  sanguine  rores, 

quos  calor  adiuuit  putrique  incoxit  harenae. 

hie  quae  prima  caput  mouit  de  puluere  tabes         700 

aspida  sorriniferam  tumida  ceruice  leuauit. 

plenior  huic  sanguis  et  crassi  gutta  ueneni 

decidit :    in  nulla  plus  est  serpente  coactum. 

ipsa  caloris  egens  gelidum  non  transit  in  orbem 

sponte  sua  Niloque  terms  metitur  harenas.  705 

sed  quis  erit  nobis  lucri  pudor  ?    inde  petuntur 


active  and  passive  inrin.  cf.  Yerg.  Aen. 
in  61  linqui  pollution  hospitiUm  et  dare 
classibus  Austros. 

praepete  ianto]  'when  such  a  flier  past'. 
cf.  Ov.  Met.  v  257  dura  Medusaei  quern 
praepetis  ungitla  rupit. 

689.  Zephyro]  probably  ablative,  to  be 
taken  with  ales ;  'he  turns  his  course  sped 
by  the  west  wind'. 

691.  uacat]  'is  exposed  to  the  power 
of  the  stars  and  sun'. 

692.  nee  terra]  'and  in  no  part  of  the 
earth  does  darkness  (i.e.  the  earth's 
shadow)  fall  from  a  greater  height  on  the 
sky  and  check  the  course  of  the  moon '. 
i.e.  because  of  the  bulging  of  the  earth  at 
the  equator  its  shadow  rises  higher  and  so 
is  the  cause  of  eclipses. 

694.  si  plexus]  'whenever  forgetful  of 
the  curved  track  on  which  she  wanders, 
she  has  hastened  straight  through  the 
zodiac,  and  does  not  escape  the  shadow 
by  bending  to  the  south  or  north '.  Lucan's 
notion  seems  to  be  that  the  earth  bulging 
at  the  equator  casts  its  shadow  on  the  sky, 
which  shadow  the  moon  usually  avoids 
by  making  her  path  diverge  towards  the 
north  or  south,  but  that  eclipses  are  caused 
by  her  occasionally  forgetting  to  diverge. 

696.  fecundaque]  I  can  rind  no  other 
certain  instance  oificundus  with  dative. 


698.  concipiunt]  'drink  in  the  venom 
of  gore-dripping  Medusa'. 

699.  incoxit]  'burnt  into  the  crumbling 
soil'. 

700.  quae  prima]  'the  first  blood-clot 
which  lifted  a  head  from  the  dust',  i.e. 
coming  to  life  as  a  serpent. 

This  enumeration  of  serpents  is  imitated 
by  Dante,  cf.  Inferno  xxiv  82 — 90  Cary's 
translation. 

I  saw  a  crowd  within 
Of  serpents  terrible,  so  strange  of  shape 
And  hideous  that  remembrance  in  my 

veins 
Yet  shrinks  the  vital  current.     Of  her 

sands 
Let  Libya  vaunt  no  more  :  if  Jaculus, 
1'areas  and  Chelyder  be  her  brood, 
Cenchris  and  Amphisbaena  plagues  so 

dire, 
Or  in  such  numbers  swarming  ne'er  she 

show'd 
Not  with  all   Ethiopia,  and  whate'er 
Above  the  Erythraean  sea  is  spawned. 

702.     huic]   'to  form  this'. 

705.  sponte  sua]  sc.  though  it  is  ex- 
ported ;  see  below. 

Niloque  teuus]  'but  only  as  far  as  the 
Nile'. 

706.  inde]  from  Africa:  hue  to  Italy. 


344 


LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 


hue  Libycac  mortes  ct  fecimus  aspida  mercem. 

at  non  stare  suom  miseris  passura  cruorcm 

squamiferos  ingens  haemorrhois  cxplicat  orbes  : 

natus  et  ambiguae  coleret  qui  S)'rtidos  arua  710 

chersydros,  tractique  uia  fumantc  chclydri : 

ct  semper  recto  lapsurus  limitc  cenchris : 

pluribus  ille  notis  uariatam  pingitur  aluom 

quam  paruis  tinctus  maculis  Thebanus  ophites : 

concolor  exustis  atque  indiscretus  harenis  715 

ammodytes :    spinaque  uagi  torquente  cerastae : 

et  scytale  sparsis  etiam  nunc  sola  pruinis 

exuuias  positura  suas  :   et  torrida  dipsas : 

et  grauis  in  geminum  uergens  caput  amphisbaena : 

et  natrix  uiolator  aquae,   iaculique  uolucres,  720 

et  contentus  iter  cauda  sulcare  pareas : 

oraque  distendens  auidus  spumantia  prester: 


707.  mercem]  'an  article  of  trade'. 

708.  at  non  stare]  '  which  will  not 
suffer  the  blood  of  its  hapless  victims  to 
stand  still'. 

710.  ambiguae]  i.e.  neither  land  nor 
water,  cf.  supr.  307.  The  chersydrus 
(from  x^pcos  and  vdwp)  is  described  as  an 
amphibious  serpent  by  Nicander  Ther. 
366 — -371  os  5'  177-01  to  irplv  fj.ev  virb  j3pox- 
0u>5et  XlfxvQ  duTreiffTov  {3a.Tp&xot.(Ti  (pepei 
kotoV  d\V  orav  vowp  Set'ptos  avi}vri<jL, 
TpvyT]  5'  ev  irvdfxtvi  Xlp.vr)s,  /cat  rod'  6  y' 
iv  x^^V  reX^dei  \pa6apos  re  /cat  d'xpoi/s, 
OdXwuiv  -qekLip  (iXocrvpbv  oV/ias,  ec  5e  KeXtv- 
601s  yXutrcrr]  troMpuydrjv  pe^terat  5t\l/r]peas 
6y[iOVS. 

711.  fumantc]  Sulpitius  explains  this 
by pnluerulenta,  Oud.  by  graucolente.  cf. 
Verg.  G.  Ill  415  galbaneoque  agilare 
graices  nidorc  chelydros.  Weise  explains  it 
of  the  track  they  leave  in  the  water  when 
swimming,  chclydri  are  water-snakes, 
so  called  from  the  hardness  of  their  skins 
(xAt/s  v5a}p). 

712.  semper  recto]  i.e.  which  always 
moves  straight  to  its  victim,  cf.  Nic.  Ther. 
481  Wtlav  5'  wkuttos  ewi*pofxib~t}v  arifiov 
'ipwet.  The  name  cenchris  is  derived 
from  Kiyxpos  millet,  referring  to  the  small 
spots  mentioned  in  the  next  line. 

714.  ophites]  A  kind  of  marble  found 
in  Egypt,  for  which  Oud.  refers  to  Plin. 
H.  N.  xxxvi  §§  55,  158. 


715.  indiscretus]  'not  to  be  distin- 
guished from',  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  x  391,  392 
simillima  proles  indiscrela  suis  gratusque 
parentibus  error. 

716.  torquente]  Weise  takes  this  as 
neuter,  'cum  spina  hue  illuc  torqueatur', 
but  I  can  find  no  instance  of  such  a  case : 
perhaps  it  means  'torturing'. 

717.  scytale]  A  serpent  so  called  from 
its  resemblance  to  a  club  (o~kvt&Xt])  being 
of  uniform  thickness,  cf.  Nic.  Ther.  384. 

etiam  nunc]  to  be  taken  with  sparsis 
pruinis,  i.e.  in  the  early  spring  instead 
of  in  the  summer,  as  is  the  case  with  other 
serpents,  cf.  Verg.  G.  Ill  135  foil,  et  cum 
tristis  hiemps  etiam  num  frigore  saxa 
rumperet. 

"jig.  et  grauis]  'deadly  amphisbaena 
tapering  to  two  heads',  i.e.  it  was  sup- 
posed to  have  a  head  at  each  end  of  its 
body  and  so  to  be  able  to  move  equally 
in  both  directions  (d/xepis  Baiveiv),  cf.  Plin. 
H.  N.  VIII  §85. 

720.  uiolator  aquae]  hie  et  aquam 
quam  tetigerit  inficit  de  uenenis.     Schol. 

721.  pareas]  A  serpent  sacred  to 
Asclepius,  cf.  Aristoph.  Plut.  690,  said 
by  Isidorus,  as  quoted  by  Forcellini,  to 
walk  upright  on  its  tail :  the  name  is  said 
to  be  derived  from  its  swollen  cheeks 
(wapeiai). 

722.  prester]  i.  e.  the  sweller  (irpijdeiv). 


LIBER    IX.    70/-745-  345 

ossaque  dissolucns  cum  corporc  tabificus  scps : 

sibilaquc  effundcns  cunctas  tcrrcntia  pastes 

ante  ucnena  nocens  late  sibi  submouet  omne  725 

uolgus  ct  in  uacua  regnat  basiliscus  harena. 

uos  quoquc,  qui  cunctis  innoxia  numina  terns 

serpitis,  aurato  nitidi  fulgorc  dracones, 

pestiferos  ardens  facit  Africa;  ducitis  altum 

aera  cum  pennis,  armentaque  tota  sccuti  730 

rumpitis  ingentes  amplcxi  uerbere  tauros. 

ncc  tutus  spatio  est  elephas :    datis  omnia  leto : 

nee  uobis  opus  est  ad   noxia  fata  ueneno. 

has  inter  pestes  duro  Cato  milite  siccum 

emetitur  iter,  tot  tristia  fata  suorum  735 

insolitasque  uidens  paruo  cum  uolncrc  mortes. 

signiferum  iuuenem  Tyrrheni  sanguinis  Aulum 

torta  caput  retro  dipsas  calcata  momordit. 

uix  dolor  aut  sensus  dentis  fuit :    ipsaque  leti 

frons  caret  inuidia,  nee  quicquam  plaga  minatur.  740 

ecce  subit  uirus  taciturn  carpitque  medullas 

ignis  edax  calidaque  incendit  uiscera  tabe. 

ebibit  umorem  circum  uitalia  fusum 

pestis  et  in  sicco  linguam  torrere  palato 

coepit ;    defessos  iret  qui  sudor  in  artus  745 


723.  seps]  from  o-qirciv,  cf.  Aesch.  Cho.  nent,  equivalent  to  Libye,  not  as  it  usually 
994,  995  tL  <tol  doicei;  /xvpawd  y'  eir'  does  the  Roman  province  of  Africa,  cf. 
(X^v'    ^0",    (TrjireLf    diyovcr'   av    dWov    oil  IV  793,  infr.  854,  874. 

dedrjyfj.ei'ov.  ducitis  altum  aerd\    uolatis  per   altum 

724.  pestes]  sc.  serpentes.  aera.    "Weise. 

725.  ante  uenena]  i.e.  by  its  mere  730.  cum]  Weise  takes  this  as  a  prep, 
breath  without  biting.  cf.  supr.  736  :    Oud.  following  Ascenscius 

726.  basiliscus]    (3ao-i\i<TKos,  a  serpent  as  an  adverb,  'when  ye  fly,  &c.' 
supposed  to  wear  a  crown  on  its  head,  731.     uerbere]  'by  the   blows  of  your 
and  have  authority  over  others,     cf.  Plin.  tail'. 

H.  N.  VIII  §  78,  xxix  §  66.  732.     spatio]  'size',  cf.  Iuv.  IV  39  spa- 

727.  uos  quoque]  According  to  Weise  tium  admirabile  rhombi. 

harmless  serpents   were  worshipped  and         elephas]     For  an  account  of  these  dra- 

called   ij.yo.6oi    5ai/j.oves.      Compare    Plin.  cones  and  their  encounters  with  elephants 

II.  X.  xxix  §  67  draco  non  habet  ucnena.  and  oxen,  see  Plin.  H.  N.  VIII  £§  32 — 37. 

caput  eius  limini  ianuarum  subditum  pro-  740.   frons]  equivalent  to  aspect  us,  'the 

piliatis  adoratione  dis  fortunaiam  dotnuin  external  appearance  of  the  deadly  wound 

facere promittitur.  is  harmless'.   Oud.  cf.  Sen.  Phaedr.  286, 

729.    pestiferos]  'deadly',  not  'venom-  287  non  habet  latum  data  plaga  front  em, 

ous'  as  below  it  is  said  that  they  kill  by  sed  uoral  teetas penitus  medullas. 

stricture  not  by  venom,  infr.  733.  743.     ebibit]    'the    venom    drains    the 

Africa]  in  this  passage  means  the  conti-  moisture  that  spreads  around  the  vitals'. 


346 


LUCAXI    PHARSALIAE 


non  fuitj  atque  oculos  lacrimarum  ucna  refugit. 
non  decus  imperii  non  maesti  iura  Catonis 
ardentem  tenuere  uirum,  quin  spargere  signa 
auderet  totisque  furens  exquireret  agris 

quas  posccbat  aquas  sitiens  in  corde  uenenum.      750 
illc  ucl  in  Tanain  missus  Rhodanumque  Padumque 
ardcret  Nilumquc  bibens  per  rura  uagantem. 
acccssit  morti  Li  bye,  fatisquc  minorem 
famam  dipsas  habet  terris  adiuta  perustis. 
scrutatur  uenas  penitus  squalcntis  harenac :  755 

nunc  rcdit  ad   Syrtes  ct  fluctus  accipit  ore, 
acquoreusque  placet  sed  non  sibi  sufficit  umor. 
nee  sentit  fatique  genus  mortemque  ueneni, 
sed  putat  esse  sitim,  ferroque  apcrirc  tumentis 
sustinuit  uenas  atque  os  implere  cruore.  760 

iussit  signa  rapi  propere  Cato :    discere  nulli 
permissum  est  hoc  posse  sitim.     sed  tristior  ilia 
mors  erat  ante  oculos :  miserique  in  crure  Sabelli 
seps  stetit  exiguus,  quern  flexo  dente  tenacem 
auolsitque  manu  piloque  adfixit  harenis.  765 

parua  modo  serpens,  sed  qua  non  ulla   cruentae 
tantum  mortis  habet.     nam  plagae  proxima  circum 
fugit  rapta  cutis  pallentiaque  ossa  retexit. 


746.  ucna]  'the  spring  of  tears  failed 
his  eyes'. 

747.  decus  imperii]  i.  e.  the  eagle. 
iura  Catonis~\  is  not  equivalent  to  iitssa 

Catonis   but    to    imperium    Catonis,    i.e. 
Cato's  authority  as  general. 

748.  spargere~\  'throw  away '.  cf.  \'III 
100. 

752.  per  rura  uagantem]  i.e.  even 
when  in  full  flood. 

753.  accessit  morti]  '  increased  its 
deadliness'. 

/at is]  So  Weise  reads  with  some  MSS. 
instead  of  the  vulgate  fati.  Translate  'a 
name  that  imports  less  than  the  death  it 
causes',  i.e.  its  name  would  only  imply 
that  it  causes  thirst,  whereas  it  really 
causes  death. 

755.     saua/entis]  cf.  I  205,  supr.  626. 

757.  sed  non  sibi]  Oud.  with  many 
MSS.  and  the  earlier  editions  reads  ei  in- 
stead of  sibi.  Weise  thinks  that  this  read- 
ing has  arisen  from  a  gloss  of  ei  on  sibi. 


I  have  retained  sibi  as  the  more  difficult 
reading,  and  because  it  is  hard  to  see  how 
it  could  have  arisen  from  et.  If  sibi  be 
genuine  it  probably  refers  to  aequoreus 
umor  'the  salt  water  gives  pleasure  but 
does  not  quench  itself,  i.e.  the  thirst 
which  it  creates  ;  and  therefore  still  less 
the  thirst  caused  by  the  serpent's  bite. 

758.  mortem  ueneni]  'death  by  poison'; 
the  genitive  is  explanatory,  cf.  Cic.  pro 
Sulla  §  25  uerbi  inuidiam  contumeliamque 
maledicti  and  Dr  Reid's  note  ad  loc. 

762.  hoc]  i.e.  to  make  a  man  throw 
away  the  standard. 

764.     stetit]    'fixed  itself. 
flexo  dente]    'hooked  fang'. 

766.  modo]  'in  size',  qita  non  ulla  is 
apparently  put  for  qua  non  alia  as  Oud. 
explains;  cf.  Hor.  Epp.  II  i  240  alius  Ly- 
sippo:  or  else  Lucan  was  going  to  write 
plus  mortis  and  then  changed  it  to 
tantum. 


LIBER    IX.    746—792.  347 

iamque  sinu  laxo  nudum  est  sine  corpore  uolnus  ; 
membra  natant  sanic :    surae  fluxere  :    sine  ullo      770 
tegminc  poplcs  erat  :  femorum  quoque  musculus  omnis 
liquitur  et  nigra  distillant  inguina  tabe. 
dissiluit  stringens  uterum  membrana   fluuntque 
uiscera :    nee  quantum  toto  de  corpore  debet 
effluit  in  terras:    saeuom  sod  membra  uencnum      775 
decoquit ;    in  minimum  mox  contrahit  omnia  uirus 
uincula  neruorum,  et  laterum  contcxta  cauomquc 
pectus  et  abstrusum  fibris  uitalibus,  omne 
quidquid  homo  est,  aperit  pestis.     natura  profana 
morte  patet  :   manant  umcri  fortesque  lacerti :         7S0 
colla  caputque  fluunt.     calido  non  ocius  Austro 
nix  resoluta  cadit  nee  solem  ccra  sequetur. 
parua  loquor,  corpus  sanie  stillasse  perustum  ; 
hoc  et  flamma  potest:  sed  quis  rogus  abstulit  ossa  ? 
haec  quoque  discedunt  putresque  secuta  medullas     7S5 
nulla  manere  sinunt  rapidi  uestigia  fati. 
Cinyphias  inter  pestes  tibi  palma  nocendi  est : 
eripiunt  omnes  animam,  tu  sola  cadauer. 
ecce  subit  facies  leto  diuersa  fluenti. 
Nasidium  Marsi  cultorem  torridus  agri  790 

percussit  prester.     illi  rubor  igneus  ora 
succendit,  tenditque  cutem  pereunte  figura 


/ 769.   sinu  laxo]  '  as  the  opening  widens',  779.    profana] '  profanam  mortem  dicit 

cf.  Sen.  Oed.   595  subilo  dehiscit  terra  el  quod  naturae  secreta  patefecerit'.     Schol. 

immenso  sinu  laxata  patuit.     For  the  ex-  782.     sequetur]  'will  be  found  obedient 

aggeration  in  the  latter  part  of  the  line  to  the  sun'.     Compare  the  use  of  erit  in 

cf.  infr.  814  totum  est  pro  uolnere  corpus,  I  31,  VIII  379.    For  sequi  cf.  Stat.  Achill. 

also  Stat.  Theb.  v  598  quoted  by  Oud.  1  332,  333  qualiter  artificis  uicturae  pol- 

tolumque  in  uolnere  corpus.  lice  cerae  accipiunt  formas  ignemque  man- 

773.  stringens  uterum]    'which  holds  unique  sequuniur.     Iuv.  X  58  descendant 
the  stomach  together'.  statuae  restemque  sequuniur. 

774.  quantum  toto]   'nor  only  as  much  783.     corpus]  i.e.  carnem,  the  flesh,  cf. 
as    might    be   expected    from    the    whole  supr.  769. 

body'.  785.     discedunt]   'disappear',  cf.  notes 

776.     decoquit]  i. e.  melts  down.    Trans-  on  11  121,111655. 

late  '  soon  the  poison  reduces  to  a  very  787.     Cinyphias']  African,  cf.  Verg.  G. 

little   fetid  juice  all   that    binds   together  III  312. 

the  muscles,  and  lays  bare  the  framework  pal  ma]     cf.    Justin   XII   cap.   vi    Clitus 

of  the  sides  and  the  hollow  of  the  chest,  fiducia    amicitiae    regiae    cuius   palmam 

and  all  that  hidden  by  the  vitals  composes  tenebat. 

a  man',     contcxta  means  the  ribs  of  com-  789.    diuersa]  contraria.  cf.  Liv.  xxxiv 

pages  hum  ana,  cf.  V  119.  4  diuersa  duo  uilia,  auaritia  et  luxuria. 


343 


LUCANI    PIIARSALIAE 


misccns  cuncta  tumor  toto  iam  corporc  maior: 
humanumquc  cgrcssa  modum  super  omnia  membra 
cfflatur  sanies  :  late  pollcnte  ueneno  795 

ipse  latet  penitus  congesto  corpore  mersus : 
ncc  lorica  tenet  distenti  corporis  auctum. 
spumeus  accenso  non  sic  exundat  acno 
undarum  cumulus  :    ncc  tantcs  carbasa  Cauro 
curuauere  sinus,     tumidos  iam  non  capit  artus       800 
informis  globus  et  confuso  pondere  truncus. 
intactum  uolucrum  rostris  cpulasque  daturum 
baud  impune  feris  non  ausi  tradere  busto 
nondum  stante  modo  crescens  fugere  cadauer. 
sed  maiora  parant  Libycae  spectacula  pestes.  805 

impressit  dentes  haemorrhois  aspera  Tullo, 
magnanimo  iuueni  miratorique  Catonis. 
utque  solet  pariter  totis  se  effundere  signis 
Corycii  pressura  croci,  sic  omnia  membra 
emisere  simul  rutilum  pro  sanguine  uirus.  810 

sanguis  erant  lacrimae :    quaecumque  foramina  nouit 
umor,  ab  his  largus  manat  cruor:    ora  redundant 
et  patulae  nares :    sudor  rubet :    omnia  plenis 
membra  fluunt  uenis  :   totum  est  pro  uolnere  corpus. 


793.  toto]  'already  exceeding  the  mea- 
sure of  his  body'. 

795.  cfflatur}  'is  puffed  out'. 

796.  ipse  latet]  'he  himself  disappears 
completely  swallowed  up  in  his  swollen 
body'. 

798.  aciid]  For  the  simile  cf.  Verg. 
Aen.    VII    462 — 466    magno    ueluti   cum 

'  flamtna  sonore  uirgca  suggeritur  cost  is  un- 
dantis   aeiii,    exsultantque    acstu    /at ices ; 

furit  intus  aquai  fumidus  atque  alte  spu- 
tnis  exubcrat  amnis ;  ncc  iam  se  capit 
unda  ;  uolat  uapor  ater  ad  auras. 

799.  ncc  lantos]  '  nor  do  sails  form 
such  big  bellying  curves  before  the  north- 
wind's  blast'. 

800.  iam  non  capit]  'no  longer  can 
contain '. 

802.  uolucrum  rostris]  'leaving  it  un- 
touched and  destined  to  give  a  feast  to 
the  beaks  of  birds  and  to  wild  beasts  to 
their  destruction,  his  comrades  fled  from 
the  swelling  corpse,  whose  size  did  not  yet 
reach  a  fixed  limit  (i.e.  which  continued 
to  swell  after  death)  and  dared  not  consign 


it  to  the  tomb'.     For  modo  cf.  supr.  766. 

807.  viiratori]  '  imitator',  Oud.  cf. 
Verg.  Aen.  VIII  516 — 7  tua  cernere  facta 
adsucscat primis  et  te  miretur  ab  annis. 

808.  signis]  'statues' which  may  have 
been  used  as  the  fountains  from  which  jets 
of  saffron  were  discharged  in  the  theatre, 
but  there  appears  to  be  no  authority  for 
this  use  of  them.  For  the  use  of  saffron 
cf.  Propert.  IV  i  14  pulpita  solkmnes  non 
olucre  crocos.  Weise  cf.  also  Mart.  V  xxv 
7,  8  hoc  rogo  11011  melius  quam  rubro  pul- 
pita nimbo  spargere  et  effuso  perviaduisse 
croco?  Id.  de  spect.  in  8  et  Cilices  nim- 
bi's hie  maduerc  suis. 

809.  pressura  croci]  i.e.  crocus  ex- 
pressus.  cf.  Verg.  G.  11  466  nee  casia  puri 
corrumpitur  usus  oliui. 

810.  uirus]  cf.  I  615. 

811.  sanguis  erant]  This  is  the  passage 
which  Lucan  is  said  to  have  repeated  while 
bleeding  to  death. 

813.  patulae]  a  stock  epithet. 

8 1 4.  totum]  '  his  whole  body  is  nothing 
but  one  wound',     cf.  supr.  769. 


LIBER    IX.    793-834.  349 

at  tibi,   Leue  miser,  fixus  praccordia  pressit  815 

Xiliaca  scrpente  cruor :    nulloquc  dolore 

testatus  morsus  subita  caligine  mortem 

accipis  et  Stygias  somno  descendis  ad  umbras. 

non  tarn  ucloci  corrumpunt  pocula  leto, 

stipite  quae  diro  [uirgas  mentita  Sabaeas  S20 

toxica  fatilegi]  carpunt  matura  Sabaci. 

ecce  procul  saeuus  sterilis  se  robore  trunci 
torsit  et  immisit,  iaculum  uocat  Africa,  serpens  : 
perque  caput  Paulli  transactaque  tempora  fugit. 
nil  ibi  uirus  agit :    rapuit  cum  uolnere  fatum.  825 

deprensum  est,  quae  funda  rotat  quam  lenta  uolarent, 
quam  segnis  Scythicae  strideret  harundinis  acr. 

quid  prodest  miseri  basiliscus  cuspide  Murri 
transactus  ?     uelox  currit  per  tela  uenenum 
inuaditque  manum  :    quam  protinus  ille  retecto       830 
ense  ferit  totoque  simul  demittit  ab  armo: 
exemplarquc  sui  spectans  miserabile  leti 
stat  tutus  pereunte  manu.     quis  fata  putaret 
scorpion  aut  uires  maturae  mortis  habere  ? 

815.    fxus]    equivalent    to  congelatus.  see  Hor.  Epod.  xvn  27 — 29  ergo  negatum 

Weise.  uincor  ut  ordain  miser  Sabella  pectus  in- 

819.  pocula]  equivalent  to  uenena.  cf.  crepare  carmina  caputque  Marsa  dissilire 
the  use  of  pyxis  for  a  box  of  poison  Iuv.  iienia. 

xiii  25.  823.    iaculum]  cf.  Plin.  H.  N.  vm  §  85 

820.  Sabaeas]  This  is  the  MS.  reading  iaculum.  ex  arborum  ramis  uibrari,  nee 
which  Scaliger  changed  into  Sabinas  on  pedibus  tantum  pauendas  scrpentes  sed  et 
account  of  the  Sabaei  in  the  next  line,  missili  uolare  tormento.  Aelian  VI  18  77017 
Cirotius  explains  Sabinas  as  referring  to  5e  koX  clkovt'luv  hlK7]v  eavrbv  ns  /J.e8iiicn 
the  uirgae  of  the  Roman  lictors,  supposed  koX  ewKplpeTai,  ko.1  to  ye  ovoixa  e'f  ov  5p<£ 
to  be  derived  from   the   Sabines:  but  as  ?Xe''   K€K\i]TaL  yap  aKovrias. 

'Weise  remarks  matura  points  to  poisonous  825.     rapuit]  'death  carried  him  off  at 

fruits  which  could  hardly  be  compared  to  the  moment  of  the  wound'. 

rods,    and  the   word   toxica  seems  to   be  826.     quam  lenta]   'how  slow   (i.e.   in 

redundant  ;   accordingly  he  would  strike  comparison)  is  the  flight  of  stones  hurled 

out  all  the  words  from  uirgas  to  fat 'ilegi  by  the  sling'. 

inclusive.     It  appears  however  from  Verg.  827.    harundinis  acr]  '  the  whizz  of  the 

culex    404    herbaqut    tun's    opes   priscis  arrow  through  the  air '. 

imitata  Sabinis  that  the  Sabines  cultivated  829.     transactus]     For  a  similar  use  of 

some  plant  to  take  the  place  of  the  genuine  the  participle  Oud.   cf.  Ov.  Ileroid.  1  47 

Sabaean  tits.     Compare  with  this  passage  sed  mihi  quid  prodest  ucstris  disiecta  la- 

Yerg.   G.   I   57  India  mil  tit  cbur,   molles  ccrtis  Ilios? 

sua  tura  Sabaei,   Id.  G.    11   117  soils  est  831.     simul]  'at  a  blow'. 

turca  uirga  Sabaeis.     A  consideration  of  832.     exemplar]  ut  in  manu  sua  agnos- 

these  passages  leads  me  to  suspect  that  ceret  quern  ad  modum  fuisset  periturus 

the  true  reading  is  stipite  quae  diro  uirgas  nisi  eandem  decidisse  properasset.   Schol. 

mentita    Sabaeas   toxica  fatilegi  carpunt  834.    uires  maturae  mortis]  'the  power 

matura   Sabini.     For   Sabine   witchcraft  to  inflict  a  speedy  death'. 


LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 

e  minax  nodis  et  recto  uerbere  saeuus 
:      r.   caelo  uicti  decus  Orio:    - 
quis  calcare  tuas  metuat.  solpuga,  latebra- 
et  tibi  dant  S:    .  a  hla  sororc- 

-  nee  nox  dabat  atra  quiete: 
in  qua  tellure  iacebant  _o 

m  neque  congestae   si        ere  cubilia  frondes 
nee  culm  ,:ere  tori:    sed  corpora  fat  ~ 

:oluuntur  humo,  calidoque  uapore 
adliciunt  gelidas  nocturno  frigore  pesto- 
innoc:  .  diu  rictus  torpente  ueneno  5  4  5 

nbra  fouent  nee  quae  mensura  uiarum 
quisue  modus  norant  caelo  duce :  saepe  querent 
redciite.  df,  clamar.:    miser  -  .  fugimus  arma : 

reddite  7  diam.     patimur  cur  segnia  fata 

in  gladios  iurata  manus  ?     pro  Caesare  pugnant     850 

psades   et  per  ig  1  bella  cerastae. 

ire  libet  qua  zona  rubens  atque  axis  inustus 
so!  5  €       -  :  aetheriis  adscribere  cau-  - 

quod  per:   :.      raeloque  mori.     nil,  Africa,  de  te, 
nee  de   :      natura,  queror :    tot  monstra  ferentem   S  5  - 

ntiObus  m  dederas  serpentibus  orbem  : 

impatirr.5: pi     -  ilereris  cultore  negato 

atque  hoc  ines  uolui-       leesse  uene:    - 
in  loci  serpentum  nos   uenimus:    accipe  poer 

•uerbere\  bodies. 

.  was 
:  S  : :  r- 

-  a  -_  .it  menrurd\  'how  long  their 

been,  c:  "as  to  t- 

.  :  by  the   sty 

ver.  :—  :  ji  an:.  ::'.  PI:-.  H.  N    :::::::  §  92.       alone'.     Weise  ::'.  493  snpr. 

3 S.  read  arua. 
'■'-  :  ■  ere  --worn 

to  1  ord:,  i.~  this 

■  -'. 

.  t.  rather  than 

.  :  ]  -=_._—:  I  c£.  I    te        - 1        z,T. 

'■    -  "to  which  cultnre 

a  crauri 

j  et  we,  though 
■ .-.     nafcr  ]  sc  ;  serpents   realm'. 


LIBER    IX.     835—  S80. 


35i 


tu,  quisquis  supcrum,  commercia  nostra  perosus,    860 

hinc  torrente  plaga  dubiis  hinc  Syrtibus  orbem 

abrumpens  medio  posuisti  limitc  mortes. 

per  secreta  tui  bellum  ciuile  rccessus 

uadit;   et  arcani  miles  tibi  conscius  orbis 

claustra  petit  mundi.     forsan  maiora  supersunt       865 

ineressis.     cocunt  igncs  stridcntibus  unci  is 

et  premitur  natura  poli.     sed  longius  ista 

nulla  iacet  tellus,  quam  fama  cognita  nobis 

tristia  regna  Iubac.     quaeremus  forsitan  istas 

serpentum  terras  ?    habet  et  solacia  caelum  :  870 

uiuit  adhuc  aliquid.     patriae  non  arua  requiro, 

Europamquc  alios  soles  Asiamque  uidentem : 

qua  te  parte  poli  qua  te  tellure  rcliqui 

Africa  ?     Cyrenis  etiam  nunc  bruma  rigebat : 

exiguanc  uia  legem  conuertimus  anni  ?  875 

imus  in  aduersos  axes  :   euoluimur  orbe : 

terga  damus  ferienda  Noto.     nunc  forsitan  ipsa  est 

sub  pedibus  iam  Roma  meis.     solacia  fati 

haec  petimus:    ueniant  hostes,  Caesarque  sequatur 

qua  fugimus.     sic  dura  suos  patientia  questus        8S0 


860.  commercia  nostra pcrosus\  'hating 
all  intercourse  with  mankind'. 

862.  abrumpens]  cf.  Hor.  carm.  I.  iii 
21 — 23  nequidquam  dens  abscidit  prndens 
oceano  dissociabili  terras. 

medio  limitc]  'in  the  interval  between', 
cf.  Ov.  remed.  amor.  325,  326  quam  poles 
in  peins  dotes  deftecte  pncllae  iudiciuiuquc 
breui  limite  falle  I  no  in. 

864.  tibi  conscius]  'sharing  thy  know- 
ledge of  this  secret  clime'. 

865.  claustra]  'the  limits'. 

866.  ignes]  cf.  Iuv.  XIV  279,  2S0  sed 
longt  Calpe  relicta  audiet  Ilerculco  striden- 
tern  gurgite  so/em. 

867.  premitnr]  cf.  Verg.  G.  I  240,  241 
mundus  ut  ad  Scythiam  Rhipaeasquc  ar- 
duus  arces  consurgit,  premitnr  Libyae 
deuexus  ad  Austros,  and  Conington's  note. 

869.  quaeremus]  'we  shall  regret'. 
istas]  equivalent  to  has,  cf.  note  on  ill 

126. 

870.  habet  et  solacia]  'this  clime  has 
even  something  to  console  us  :  as  yet 
something  can  live',  i.e.  perhaps  where 
we  are  going  not  even  serpents  can  live. 


cf.  Coleridge  Ancient  Mariner  part  IV. 
'Beyond  the  shadow  of  the  ship  I  watched 
the  water-snakes... O  happy  living  things  ! 
no  tongue  Their  beauty  might  declare;  A 
spring  of  love  gushed  from  my  heart,  And 
I  blessed  them  unaware'. 

872.  Europamquc]  'and  Europe  and 
Asia  which  see  another  sun  than  this'. 

874.  Africa?]  i.e.  we  have  not  only 
left  Europe  and  Asia  behind  us  but  even 
Africa  too.  For  Africa  cf.  note  on  729 
supr. 

875.  legem  anni]  'the  order  of  the 
seasons'. 

876.  imus]  pergimus  ad  polum  antarc- 
ticum  et  ad  Antipodas.     Weise. 

877.  Noto]  i.e.  Notus  being  regarded 
as  blowing  from  the  equator,  when  we 
cross  that,  though  we  are  still  marching 
southwards,  it  will  blow  at  our  back. 
Compare  the  theory  about  the  Hyper- 
boreans in  Herod,  iv  36  el  5£  elai  rives 
i'-irepfibpeoi  avOpuwoi  dai  ko1  inrepvorioi. 
a\\oi. 

879.  sequatur]  i.e.  follow  us  and  so 
endure  the  same  sufferings. 


352  LUCANI    PIIARSALIAE 

cxoncrat :    cocjit  tantos  tolcrarc  laborcs 

o 

summa  ducis  uirtus,  qui  nuda  fusus  harena 

cxcubat  atque  omni   Fortunam  prouocat  hora. 
omnibus  unus  adcst  fatis :    quocumque  uocatur 
aduolat,  atque  ingens  meritum  maiusquc  salute      885 
contulit.  in   letum  uires  :    puduitquc  gementem 
illo  teste  mori.     quod  ius  habuisset  in   ipsum 
ulla  lues  ?     casus  alieno  pectorc  uincit, 
spectatorque  docet  magnos  nil  posse  dolorcs. 

uix  miseris  serum  tanto  lassata  periclo  890 

auxilium  Fortuna  dedit.     gens  unica  terras 
incolit  a  saeuo  serpentum  innoxia  morsu 
Marmaridae  Psylli :    par  lingua  potentibus  herbis  : 
ipse  cruor  tutus  nullumque  admittere  uirus 
uel  cantu  cessante  potest,     natura  locorum  895 

iussit  ut  immunes  mixti  serpentibus  essent. 
profuit  in  mediis  sedem  posuisse  uenenis. 
pax  illis  cum  morte  data  est.     fiducia  tanta  est 
sanguinis :    in  terram  paruus  cum  decidit  infans, 
ne  qua  sit  externac  ueneris  mixtura  timentes,        900 

•    881.     exonerat]  'disburdens  itself  of  its  Plin.  II.  N.  VII  §  14,  xxi  §  78. 

complaints',   cf.  Tac.    Ann.   Ill    54  hunc  par  lingua]  'their  tongue  is  as  effectual 

ego  et  laudo  et  exonerari  laborum  meonun  as   powerful   drugs',    lingua   is    used    for 

partem  fateor,  and  Nipperdey's  note.  incantations,  cf.  infr.  895,  not  for  sucking 

883.  prouocat]  cf.  Sen.  dial.  I  ii  §  9  venom  out  of  the  wound  as  Weise  under- 
ecce  par  deo  dignum,  uirfortis  cum  fortuna  stands. 

mala  compositus,  utiquc  si  et  prouocauit.  894.     cruor]  apparently  equivalent   to 

884.  adcst]  'he  faces'.  sanguis  'the  blood  in  their  bodies':  but 

886.  in  letum  uires]  'strength  to  meet  perhaps  cruor  is  used  because  the  shed- 
death',  ding  of  blood  is  implied,   although  it  is 

puduitque]  'and  a  man  was  ashamed  not  the  blood  which  flows  from  the  wound 

to   groan   when   dying   in  his  presence',  but   that  which  remains   in  their   bodies 

For  the  idiom  cf.  note  on  1  457.  which  might  be  expected  to  suffer  from 

887.  quod  ius]  'what  power  could  any  the  venom. 

destruction  have  had  over  him?'  896.     iussit  ut]     For  the  use  of  inhere 

888.  casus]  'he  conquers  fortune  in  with  ut  cf.  Hor.  Sat.  I  iv  121,  122,  Liv. 
another's  breast'.  XXXI I  16. 

889.  docet]  '  and  as  he  looks  on  proves  898.  pax  illis  cum  morte  data  est] 
to  them  that  great  pain  has  no  power',  'they  have  peace  with  death  granted  to 
cf.  supr.  569  an  noceat  uis  tel/a  bono?  them',  i.e.  by  Nature:  not  implying  that 

890.  tanto    lassata   periclo]    lassatam  they  do  not  die  at  all,  but  that  they  have 
dicit     Fortunam     inferendo     discrimina.  as  it  were  a  treaty  with  death  that  they, 
Schol.  should  not  die  by  serpents'  poison.     It  is 

892.  a  saeuo — innoxia]  'unharmed  by  possible  however  that  data  is  ablative, 
the  deadly  bite  of  serpents',  cf.  Columell.  'they  have  peace  with  given  death',  i.e. 
II  cap.  x  faba  sic  condita  a  curcidionibus  non-natural  death,  that  which  is  brought 
erit  innoxia.  about  by  some  external  agency  and  not 

893.  Psylli]  Oud.  cf.  Herod.  IV  173,  by  destiny,     cf.  Tac.  Ann.  vi  16  (10)  per 


LIBER   IX.   881—921.  353 

letifera  dubios  explorant  aspide  partus. 

utque  Iouis  uolucer  calido  cum  protulit  ouo 

implumes  natos  solis  conuertit  in  ortus : 

qui  potuere  pati  radios  et  lumine  recto 

sustinuere  diem  caeli  seruantur  in  usus,  905 

qui  Phoebo  cessere  iacent :    sic  pignora  gentis 

Psyllus  habet,  si  quis  tactos  non  horruit  angues, 

si  quis  donatis  lusit  serpentibus  infans. 

nee  solum  gens  ilia  sua  contenta  salute 

excubat  hospitibus  contraque  nocentia  monstra      910 

Psyllus  adest  populis.     qui  turn  Romana  secutus 

signa,  simul  iussit  statui  tentoria  ductor, 

primum  quas  ualli  spatium  comprendit  harenas 

expurgat  cantu  uerbisque  fugantibus  angues. 

ultima  castrorum  medicatus  circuit  ignis.  915 

hie  ebulum  stridet  peregrinaque  galbana  sudant 

et  tamarix  non  laeta  comis  Eoaque  costus 

et  panacea  potens  et  Thessala  centaurea  : 

peucedanumque  sonat  flammis  Erycinaque  thapsos, 

et  larices  fumoque  grauem  serpentibus  urunt  920 

abrotanum,  et  longe  nascentis  cornua  cerui. 

idem  tempus  L.  Piso  ponli/ex,  rarum  in         90S.    serpentibus]  abl.   with  lusit.   cf. 
tuiita  claritudine.fato  obi  it.  Hor.  carm.  ill  xxiv  55,  56  hidere  doctior 

901.  explorant]    Oud.   cf.  Sil.    Ital    I      sen  Graeco  iubeas  trocho. 

413  ac  dubiam  admoto  subolem  explorare  910.   excubat]  'is  on  the  watch  to  help'. 

Ceraste.  cf.  Plin.  H.  N.  xxxv  §  118  omnis  eorutn 

902.  ulque  Iouis  uolucer]  cf.    Lucian  ars  urbibus  excubabat. 
Icarom.  §  14  irapa  77-0X1)  twv  &\\u>i>  fauv  911.    populis]  sc.  externis. 

deros  iariv  6i;vuirt<TTaTos,  were  p.6vos  avriov  916.    ebulum]  For  this  Micyllus  cf.  Plin. 

StdopKe  rip  i]\iu),   ical  toutS  ianu   6  /3ctcn-  H.  N.    XXV    §    119   ebuli  quoque,   quam 

Xei/s    Kai    yvr}<nos   aeros,    rjv    aaKapda/xvKTl  nemo  ignorat,  fumo  fugautur  serpeutes. 

7T/30S  rdj  aKTivas  /SXiirr).      Id.  The  Fisher  galbana]    cf.   Verg.   G.    ill    415  galba- 

§  46.  neoque  agitare  graues  uidore  chelydros. 

905.  diem  caeli]    The  Scholiast  takes  sudant]  'distil  their  juice'. 

caeli  with  usus  explaining  it  by  ad  uolatum.  917.     non  laeta  comis]  'with  its  scanty 

Oud.  explains  caeli  in  ustts  as  in  usum  foliage'. 

Iouis,  comparing  the  passage  in  Claudian  918.     centaurea]  cf.  Verg.  G.  IV  270. 

de    tert.    cons.    Honor,    praefat.    14,    15  920.    larices]    Micyllus  cf.  Plin.  H.N. 

imitated  from  this,  nutrilur  uolucrumque  XVI  §  43  foil. 

potens  et  fulminis  lures  gesturus   sum  mo  921.     longe  nascentis]  All  commentators 

tela  trisidca  loui:  this  seems  to  be  better  take  this  as  '  living  far  away',  quoting  Plin. 

than  with   Weise  to  combine  caeli  with  H.N.  VIII  §  1 10  centos  Africa prope modum 

diem,  i.e.  'the  brightness  of  the  sky'.  sola  non  gignit ;  but  although  no  deer  are 

906.  iacent]  'are  left  to  perish  on  the  found  south  of  the  Sahara,  the  Fallow 
ground'.  deer  is  a  native  of  northern  Africa;  cf. 

pignora  gentis]  'guarantees  of  the  purity  Wallace's  Geographical  Distribution  of 
of  their  blood'. -cf.  Aetna  459  certaque  Animals  vol.  11  p.  219.  Compare  note 
uenturae pracniittit  pignora  Jlantmac.  on  the  distribution  of  bears,  vi  221. 

H.  L.  23 


354  LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 

sic  nox  tuta  uiris.     at  si  quis  pcstc  diurna 

fata  trahit,  turn  sunt  magicae  miracula  gcntis, 

Psyllorumquc  ingens  ct  rapti  pugna  ucncni. 

nam  primum  tacta  dcsignat  membra  saliua,  925 

quae  cohibet  uirus  retinejque  in  uolncre  pestem. 

plurima  turn  uoluit  spumanti  carmina  lingua 

murmure  continuo,  nee  dant  suspiria  cursus 

uolncris,  aut  minimum  patiuntur  fata  tacere. 

saepe  quidem  pestis  nigris  inserta  mcdullis  930 

excantata  fugit :   sed  si  quod  tardius  audit 

uirus,  ct  elicitum  iussumque  exire  repugnat, 

turn  superincumbens  pallcntia  uolnera  lambit 

ore  uenena  trahens,  et  siccat  dentibus  artus, 

extractamque  tenens  gelido  dc  corpore  mortem     935 

exspuit:   et  cuius  morsus  superauerit  anguis 

iam  promptum  Psyllis  uel  gustu  nosse  ueneni. 

hoc  igitur  mclior  tandem  Romana  iuuentus 

auxilio  late  squalentibus  errat  in  aruis. 

bis  positis  Phoebe  flammis  bis  luce  recepta  940 

uidit  hareniuagum  surgens  fugiensque  Catonem. 

iamque  illis  magis  atque  magis  durescere  puluis 
coepit  et  in  terram  Libye  spissata  reuerti. 
iamque  procul  rarae  nemorum  se  tollere  frondes : 
surgere  congesto  non  culta  mapalia  culmo.  945 

923.  turn  stmt]   'then  are  to  be  seen  930.     nigris']  sc.  poisoned. 

the  wondrous  doings  of  the  race  of  magi-  931.     audit}  'obeys',  cf.  Verg.  G.  1  514 

cians  and  a  fierce   contest   between  the  fertur  equis   auriga  neque  audit  currus 

Psylli    and    the   poison   drawn   into   the  habenas. 

frame  .  935.     mortem]  sc.  the  deadly  poison: 

924.  rapti]      equivalent     to     concepti  cf.  vn  517  inde  cadunt  mortes. 

Weise.  cf.  Ill  509  ignis— taeda  raptus  ab  936.    et  cuius]  '  and  it  is  now  easy  to  the 

omni.    Sulpitius  takes  it  as  proleptic,  i.e.  Psylli  to  know  by  the  mere  taste  of  the 

the  poison  drawn  out  of  the  wound.  poison  what  serpent's  bite  has  overcome 

925.  tacta  saliua]  i.e.  tactu  saliuae.  the  man'.  ¥  ox  promptum  cf.  Verg.  G.  11 
Weise  remarks  that  tacta  is  used  in  a  255  promptum  est  oculis  pracdiscere  ni- 
quasi-transitive   sense,    because    what   is  gram  et  quis  cut  color. 

touched  also  touches.  938.     melior]    Weise  says   that  this  is 

926.  retinet]  i.e.  keeps  it  from  spread-  the  technical  word  used  in  medicine,  cf. 
ing  further.  Celsus  III  ()  quando  aeger  febricitat,  quaiiao 

927.  uoluit]  cf.  Sen.  Oed.  574 — 576  melior  est:  the  common  reading  is  leuior. 
carmenque  magicum  uoluit  ct  rabido  minax  941.  surgens  fugiensque]  sc.  as  she 
decaniat  ore  quidquid  aut  placat  leues  aut  rose  and  set  during  two  months,  harcni- 
cogit  umbras.  itagus  seems  not  to  be  used  elsewhere. 

928.  ncc  dant]  'nor  does  the  swift  pro-  943.  in  terram]  ' to  solid  ground '  as 
gress  of  the  wound  allow  them  to  take  opposed  to  shifting  sands. 

breath',  cf.  supr.  iv  328.  945.     non  culta  mapalia]  'rude  huts'. 


LIBER   IX.   922—967.  355 

quanta  dcdit  miseris  melioris  gaudia  terrae 
cum  primum  saeuos  contra  uidcrc  leoncs. 
proxima  Leptis  erat,  cuius  statione  quictam 
exegerc  hiemem  nimbis  flammisque  carcntcm. 

Caesar  ut  Emathia  satiatus  cladc  recessit,  950 

cetera  curarum  proiecit  pondera  soli 
intcntus  genero :   cuius  uestigia  frustra 
terris  sparsa  legens  fama  duce  tendit  in  undas, 
Threiciasque  legit  fauces  et  amore  notatum 
aequor,  et  Heroas  lacrimoso  litore  turres,  955 

qua  pelago  nomen  Ncpheleias  abstulit  Hclle. 
non  Asiam  breuioris  aquae  distcrminat  usquam 
fluctus  ab  Europa,  quamuis  Byzantion  arto 
Pontus  et  ostriferam  dirimat  Chalcedona  cursu, 
Euxinumque  ferens  paruo  ruat  ore  Propontis.        960 
Sigeasque  petit  famae  mirator  harenas, 
et  Simoentis  aquas,  et  Graio  nobile  busto 
Rhoetion,  et  multum  debentis  uatibus  umbras, 
circuit  exustae  nomen  memorabile  Troiae, 
magnaque  Phoebei  quaerit  uestigia  muri.  965 

iam  siluae  steriles  et  putres  robore  trunci 
Assaraci  pressere  domos,  et  templa  deorum 


For  mapalia  used  of  the  dwellings  of  the  posuit  Saturnia  tellus,  i.e.  lost  its  former 

Africans  cf.  II  89,  IV  684.     Verg.  G.  Ill  name  and  received  a  new  one. 

340.  958.     quamuis]    '  though  narrow  is  the 

947.  contra]  ivJiwiov,  'over  against  strait  by  which  Pontus  separates  Byzantium 
them';  the  sight  of  lions  showed  that  there  and  Chalcedon  rich  in  oysters,  and  small 
was  vegetation  to  feed  their  prey.  is   the   mouth   through  which    Propontis 

948.  Leptis]  ie.  Leptis  Minor  in  Liby-  flows  bearing  the  Euxine  waves'.  For 
phoenicum  regione.     Weise.  ostriferam  cf.  Verg.  G.  1  207. 

949.  flammisque]  cf.  note  on  x  37.  962.     Graio    busto]    sc.    the    tomb    of 
951.    pondera]     'he    threw   aside    the  Ajax. 

weight   of  every  other   care',     cf.    Stat.  963.     multum     debentis     uatibus]    cf. 

Theb.  iv  38 — 39  aeger  pondere  curarUm.  Hor.  carm.  IV  ix  25  foil,  uixere fortes  ante 

953.  legens]  'tracking  out',  cf.  vm  210  Agamemnona  multi,  sed  omnes  illacri- 
qui  sparsa  ducis  uestigia  legit.  Verg.  Aen.  mobiles  urgentur  ignotique  longa  nocte 
IX  392  uestigia  retro  obseruata  legit.  carent  quia  uate  sacro. 

954.  legit]  'coasts',  carelessly  put  after  964.  nomen]  i.e.  the  mere  name,  all 
legens  in  the  preceding  line.  that  was  left  of  Troy.     cf.  11  303. 

notatum]    simply  'renowned',   'distin-  966.     iam  siluae]  'already  forest-trees 

gushed',    not    'branded',      cf.    Mart.    X  bare  with  age  ami  trunks  of  rotten  timber 

xxxviii  4,  5  0  nox  omnis  el  hora  quae  notata  have  overspread  the  palace  of  Assaracus, 

est  can's  litoris  Indict  lapillis.  &c.'     For  siluae  cf.  Verg.  G.  11  iS.  19  his 

956.     nomen   abstulit]    i.e.    took    away  genus  omne  siluarum  frit tie unique  uiret. 

its  former  name  and  gave  it  her  own.    cf.  steriles  refers  to  the  age  not  to  the  nature 

Verg.    Aen.    vm    329  saepius  et   nomen  of  the  trees. 

23—2 


356  LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 

lam  lassa  radice  tencnt,  ac  tota  teguntur 

Pergama  dumetis :    etiam  periere  ruinae. 

adspicit  Hesiones  scopulos,  siluasque  latentis  970 

Anchisae  thalamos ;    quo  iudex  sederit  antro : 

undc  puer  raptus  caelo:    quo  uertice  Nais 

luserit  Oenone :    nullum  est  sine  nomine  saxum. 

inscius  in  sicco  serpentem  puluere  riuom 

transierat  qui  Xanthus  erat :    securus  in  alto  975 

gramine  poncbat  gressus ;    Phryx  incola  manes 

Hectoreos  calcare  uetat.     discussa  iacebant 

saxa  nee  ullius  faciem  seruantia  sacri  ; 

Herceas,  monstrator  ait,  non  respicis  aras  ? 

o  sacer  et  magnus  uatum  labor,  omnia  fato        980 
eripis  et  populis  donas  mortalibus  aeuom. 
inuidia  sacrae,  Caesar,  ne  tangere  famae : 
nam  si  quid  Lath's  fas  est  promittere  Musis, 
quantum  Zmyrnaei  durabunt  uatis  honores, 
uenturi  me  teque  legent :    Pharsalia  nostra  985 

uiuet  et  a  nullo  tenebris  damnabimur  aeuo. 

ut  ducis  impleuit  uisus  ueneranda  uetustas, 
erexit  subitas  congestu  caespitis  aras, 
uotaque  turicremos  non  irrita  fudit  in  ignes  : 


968.     lassa]   'worn  out  with  age',     cf.  can  find  no  other  instance  of  the  use  of 

I    324.     Oud.    cf.    Sen.    Oed.    546    foil,  monstrator  without  a  genitive. 

curuosque  tendit   quercus   et   put  res    situ  981.     aeuom]    'eternity',      cf.    Lucret. 

annosa   ramos:   huius  abrupit  latus  edax  I  634  innumerabilibus  plagis  uexata  per 

uetustas;   ilia,   iam  fessa   cadens   radice,  aeuom. 

fulta  pendet  aliena  trabe.  982.     inuidia]     i.  e.    do   not,    Caesar, 

970.  scopulos]   sc.  where  Hesione  was  feel   jealousy   of  the   fame    of    Homer's 
exposed  to  the  sea-monster.  heroes. 

971.  quo — antro]     'the   cave    wherein  983.     si  quid  Latiis]  '  for  if  it  be  lawful 
sat  the  arbiter',  sc.  Paris.     For  the  idiom  for  the  Latian  Muse  to  promise  aught'. 
cf.  note  on  IV  201,  202.  984.     Zmyrnaei  uatis]    sc.  Homer,    cf. 

972.  puer]  sc.  Ganymede.  the  epigram  Zmyrna,  Rhodos,   Coloplion, 
caelo]  equivalent  to  in  caelum,  cf.  Verg.  Salamis,  Chios,  Argos,  Athenae,  orbis  de 

Aen.  V  451  it  clamor  caelo.  pat7-ia  cert  at  Homere  tua. 

974.     inscius]     cf.    Hor.    Epod.    xin  985.     me  teque  legent]  cf.   Verg.  Aen. 

13—14    te    manet   Assaraci    tellus   quant  IX  446,  447  foriunati  ambo,  si  quid  ?nea 

frigida  parui findunt  Scamandri  flumina.  carmina  possunt,  nulla  dies  umquam  me- 

Oud.  cf.  also  Pomp.  Mela  1  iS  Scamander  mori  uos  eximel  aeuo. 

et    Simois  Jama    quam    natura    maiora  988.     subitas]    i.e.    subitarias,     hastily 

flumina.  built,     cf.  1  517,  vi  53. 

979.     Herceas — aras]     /Sw/xdi'    'Epicelov  989.     uota]    i.e.  the  offerings  promised. 

Atos.     Oud.  cf.  Sen.  Agam.  469  sparsum  cf.    Verg.    Aen.    11    15   uotum  pro  reditu 

cruorc  regis  Hcrceum  Iouem.  simulant.     Id.  Aen.  in  279  lustramurque 

monstrator]   'the  guide ',  'cicerone'.     I  Ioui  uotisque  accendimus  aras. 


LIBER   IX.   968—1015.  357 

di  cinerum,  Phrygias  colitis  quicumque  ruinas,       990 
Aencacque  mei,  quos  nunc  Lauinia  scdes 
seruat  ct  Alba,  lares,  et  quorum  lucet  in  aris 
ignis  adhuc  Phrygius,  nullique  adspccta  uirorum 
Pallas  in  abstruso  pignus  mcmorabilc  templo, 
gentis  Iuleae  uestris  clarissimus  aris  995 

dat  pia  tura  ncpos  ct  uos  in  scde  priori 
rite  uocat :    date  felices  in  cetera  cursus. 
rcstituam  populos :    grata  uice  moenia  reddent 
Ausonidac  Phrygibus  Romanaque  Pergama  surgent. 
sic  fatus,  repetit  classes  et  tota  secundis  1000 

uela  dedit  Cauris,  auidusque  urgente  procella 
Iliacas  pensare  moras  Asiamque  potentem 
praeuehitur  pelagoque  Rhodon  spumante  reliquit. 
septima  nox  Zcphyro  numquam  laxante  rudentes 
ostendit  Phariis  Aegyptia  litora  flammis.  1005 

sed  prius  orta  dies  nocturnam  lampada  texit 
quam  tutas  intraret  aquas,     ibi  plena  tumultu 
litora  et  incerto  turbatas  murmure  uoces 
accipit  :   ac  dubiis  ueritus  se  credere  regnis 
abstinuit  tellure  rates,     sed  dira  satelles  1010 

regis  dona  ferens  medium  prouectus  in  aequor 
colla  gerit  Magni  Phario  uelamine  tecta, 
ac  prius  infanda  commendat  crimina  uoce : 

terrarum  domitor,  Romanae  maxime  gentis, 
et  quod  adhuc  nescis  genero  secure  perempto  ;     1015 

991.  Aeneaeque    mei — lares']    'house-      note. 

hold  gods  of  my  ancestor  Aeneas',     cf.  I  potente»i\  i.e.  opibus  'wealthy',    cf.  Cic. 

196  foil.  de  inuent.  §  169  quibus  rebus  non  Mud 

992.  Alba]  cf.  Iuv.  IV  60,  61  uli/ue  solum  conjicitur,  id  saluae  et  incolumes, 
lacus  suberanl  ubi  quamquam  diruta  ser-  uerum  etiam  ut  ai/iplae  atque  potentes  sint 
uat  igncm   Troianum  et  Vestam  colit  Alba  ciuilates. 

minorem  and  Prof.  Mayor's  note  ad  loc.  1005-     Phariis]   here  used  properly  of 

994.     Pallas]   sc.  the    Palladium,  pre-  the  lighthouse  on  the  isle  of  Pharos, 
served  in  the  temple  of  Vesta.  1007.     tutas]    'safe   from  storms',     cf. 

in  abstruso  templo]  i.e.  in  ititimo  templo  Verg.    G.    IV   421    deprensis    olim   statio 

'in  the  secret  recesses  of  the  temple'.  tutissima  nautis. 

998.     reddent]     Compare    the    project  1009.     dubiis]  'of  doubtful  faith', 

attributed   to  Julius    Caesar,    Suet.    Iul.  ioro.     abstinuit]    For  the  construction 

§  79  quin  etiam    uaria  fama  percrebruit  cf.  Livy  1    1    duobus   Aenea   Antenoreque 

migraturum  Alexandream  uel  Ilium  trans-  omne  ius  belli  Achiuos  abstinuisse. 
latis  simul  opibus  imperii,  &c.  1012.     Phario]  sc.  of  linen,  for  which 

1002.     Iliacas  pensare  moras]  'to  make  Egypt  was  famous, 
up  for  his  delay  at  Ilium',     cf.  supr.  685,  1013.     commendat]  'sets  off'. 


358  LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 

rex  tibi  Pcllacus  tcrrac  pelagique  labores 

donat,  et  Emathiis  quod  solum  defuit  armis 

cxhibct :    absenti  bcllum  ciuile  peractum  est. 

Thcssalicas  Magnus  quacrens  reparare  ruinas 

ense  iacct  nostro  :   tanto  te  pignore,  Caesar,  1020 

emimus :   hoc  tecum  percussum  est  sanguine  foedus. 

accipc  regna  Phari  nullo  quaesita  cruore  : 

accipe  Niliaci  ius  gurgitis :    accipe  quidquid 

pro  Magni  ceruice  dares ;    dignumque  clientcm 

castris  crede  tuis  cui  tantum  fata  licere  1025 

in  generum  uoluere  tuom.     nee  uile  putaris 

hoc  meritum  nobis  facili  quod  caede  peractum  est. 

hospes  auitus  erat :    depulso  sceptra  parenti 

reddiderat.     quid  plura  feram  ?   tu  nomina  tanto 

inuenies  operi,  uel  famam  consule  mundi.  1030 

si  scelus  est,  plus  te  nobis  debere  fateris, 

quod  scelus  hoc  non  ipse  facis.  |   sic  fatus  opertum 

detexit  tenuitque  caput,     iam  languida  morte 

effigies  habitum  noti  mutauerat  oris. 

non  primo  Caesar  damnauit  munera  uisu  1035 

auertitque  oculos  :  uoltus  dum  crederet  haesit : 

utque  fidem  uidit  sceleris  tutumque  putauit 

iam  bonus  esse  socer,  lacrimas  non  sponte  cadentis 

efifudit  gemitusque  expressit  pectore  laeto, 

1016.  Pellaeus]  sc.  Macedonian,  i.e.  of     u  22. 

Ptolemy's  line.  1030.     inuenies]  i.e.  you   shall   decide 

1017.  donat]  '  saves  thee  all  thy  toil  by  whether  to  call  the  deed  a  service  or  a 
land  and  sea',  cf.  VI  58.  Sil.  Ital.  1  487  crime,  or  if  you  please  find  out  what  the 
niualem  Pyrenen  Alpesque  tibi  mea  dextera  world  thinks  of  it,  who  would  call  it  a 
donat.  service  to  you. 

1018.  exhibet]  'presents  thee  with'.  1031.     plus]  'all  the  more'. 
absenti— peractum  est]  cf.  1  4$  quod tibi         1034.     effigies]  'the  features',  habitum 

res  acta  est.  'the  expression',     cf.  Cic.  N.  D.  1  §  99 

102 1.     hoc]  to  be  taken  with  sanguine,  oris  quidem   habitus  ad  uitae  firmitatem 

'by  this  victim's  blood    our  treaty  with  nihil pertinet. 

thee  is  ratified  .  1036.     auertitque]  i.e.  ncque  auertit. 

1024.     dares]    quae    tu    largiri    uelles.  haesit]  'dwelt  on  it',  not  '  hesitated'  as 

Schol.    cf.  supr.  280.  some  have  taken  it. 

1028.  erat]  sc.  Pompeius.  cf.  supr.  1037.  fidem  sceleris']  'sure  proof  of  the 
130  foil.  crime',     cf.  Justin.  11  cap.  9  ea  primum 

1029.  feram]  'tell',    cf.  Verg.  Aen.  11    fides  inopiae  Scythicaefuit. 

160  tu  modo  promissis  maneas  seruataque  1039.     expressit]   'forced  out'  with  an 

semes  Troia  fidem  si  tcera  feram  si  magna  effort,     cf.  vi  599.     Caes.  B.  G.  I  32  cum 

rependam.  ab  eis  saepius  quaereret  neque  unam  om- 

nomina]   plur.   for   sing.     cf.   note   on  uino  uocem  exprimere  posset. 


LIBER   IX.    1016— 1067.  359 

non  aliter  manifcsta  putans  abscondere  mentis     1040 

gaudia  quam  lacrimis :    mcritumquc  immane  tyranni 

destruit,  ct  generi  mauolt  lugere  reuolsum 

quam  deberc  caput,     qui  duro  membra  scnatus 

calcarat  uoltu,  qui  sicco  luminc  campos 

uiderat  Emathios,  uni  tibi,  Magne,  negare  1045 

non  audet  gemitus.     o  sors  durissima  fati  : 

hunccine  tu,  Caesar,  scelerato  Marte  petisti 

qui  tibi  flendus  erat  ?     non  mixti  foedcra  tangunt 

te  generis  nee  nata  iubet  maerere  neposque  ? 

crcdis  apud  populos  Pompeii  nomen  amantis       1050 

hoc  castris  prodesse  tuis  ?     fortasse  tyranni 

tangeris  inuidia,  captique  in  uiscera  Magni 

hoc  aliis  licuisse  doles,  quererisque  perisse 

uindictam  belli,  raptumque  e  iure  superbi 

uictoris  generum.     quisquis  te  flere  coegit  1055 

impetus  a  uera  longe  pietate  recessit. 

scilicet  hoc  animo  terras  atque  aequora  lustras 

necubi  suppressus  pereat  gener.     o  bene  rapta 

arbitrio  mors  ista  tuo.     quam  magna  remisit 

crimina  Romano  tristis  Fortuna  pudori,  1060 

quod  te  non  passa  est  misereri,  perfide,  Magni 

uiuentis.     nee  non  his  fallere  uocibus  audet, 

adquiritque  fidem  simulati  fronte  doloris  : 

aufer  ab  adspectu  nostro  funesta,  satelles, 
regis  dona  tui :    peius  de  Caesare  uestrum  1065 

quam  de  Pompeio  meruit  scelus :    unica  belli 
praemia  ciuilis  uictis  donare  salutem 

1042.  destruit]  'seeks  to  disparage'.  1058.  necubi  suppresses  pereat]  'that 
cf.  Tac.  Hist.  I  6  Galbam  inualidum  senem  thy  son-in-law  may  not  be  wasted  by 
Vinius  et  Laco  contemptu  inertiae  destrue-  dying  hidden  from  thee  in  some  corner', 
bant.  The  metaphor  is  taken  from  a  i.e.  but  that  Caesar  may  have  the  satis- 
river  undermining  its  banks.  faction  of  killing  him  himself,     suppressor 

1043.  debere]  'to  count  it  as  a  debt'.        was  the  technical  term  in  law  for  a  man 
io-fis.     qui tibi  flendus  erat]  'for  whom     who  concealed  another's  runaway  slave. 

thou  hadst  to  weep'.  For  perirc  cf.  notes  IV  252,  vii  558,  supr. 

1 05 1.     castris    tuis]    'thy    side',    'thy  561. 
party',     cf.  vni  532  Pompeii  nunc  castra         1059.     ouom    magna]    'from    what    a 

placent  quae  deserit  orbis.  crime  did  cruel  Fortune  save  the  shame  of 

1054.     e  iure]  '  from    the  power',     cf.  Rome,  in  that,  &c.' 
IV  821.  1063.    fronte]    'appearance',    'show'. 

1056.     recessit]  'was  far  removed  from  cf.  Iuv.  II  Hfroutis  nulla  fides. 
true  affection',     cf.  Plin-  Epp.  ix  5  §  3  a         1067.     uictis] cf.VH 319 ciuisquifugerit 

quo  uitio  tu  longe  recessisti.  eslo. 


36o  LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 

perdidimus.     quodsi  Phario  germana  tyranno 

non  inuisa  foret,  potuissem  reddere  regi 

quod  meruit,  fratriquc  tuom  pro  muncrc  tali        1070 

misissem,  Cleopatra,  caput,     secreta  quid  arma 

mouit  et  inseruit  nostro  sua  tela  labori  ? 

ergo  in  Thessalicis  Pellaeo  fecimus  aruis 

ius  gladio  ?    uestris  quaesita  licentia  regnis  ? 

non  tuleram  Magnum  mccum  Romana  regentem:  1075 

te,  Ptolemace,  feram  ?     frustra  ciuilibus  armis 

miscuimus  gentes,  si  qua  est  hoc  orbe  potestas 

altera  quam  Caesar,  si  tellus  ulla  duorum  est. 

uertissem  Latias  a  uestro  litore  proras : 

famae  cura  uetat,  ne  non  damnasse  cruentam      1080 

sed  uidear  timuisse  Pharon.     nee  fallere  uos  me 

credite  uictorem  :    nobis  quoque  tale  paratum 

litoris  hospitium  :    ne  sic  mea  colla  gerantur 

Thessaliae  fortuna  facit.     maiore  profecto 

quam  metui  poterat  discrimine  gessimus  arma:  1085 

exsilium  generique  minas  Romamque  timebam : 

poena  fugae  Ptolemaeus  erat.     sed  parcimus  annis 

donamusque  nefas.     sciat  hac  pro  caede  tyrannus 

nil  uenia  plus  posse  dari.     uos  condite  busto 

tanti  colla  ducis  :    sed  non  ut  crimina  tantum      1090 

uestra  tegat  tellus ;    iusto  date  tura  sepulcro 

et  placate  caput  cineresque  in  litore  fusos 

colligite  atque  unam  sparsis  date  manibus  urnam. 


107 1.  secreta]  'far  removed',  i.e.  and  1082.     nobis]  ' for  me  too  was  prepared 
so  which  might  have  remained  neutral,  a  like  welcome  on  your  shore'. 

cf.  VIII  513,  514  quid scpositam  semperque  1087.     poena  fugae]    'the    penalty   of 

quietam  crimine  bcllorum  macnlas  Pha-  flight  was  destined  to  be — Ptolemy',  i.e. 

ron  ?  death  by  his  orders. 

1072.  inseruit]  cf.  vni  551,  552  caelo-  annis]  'his  youth'. 

que  tonante  prof  anas  inseruisse  manusim-  1088.     donamus]  'forgive',   cf.  VI1850. 

pure  ac  semiuir  audes?   Tac.  Ann.  vi  8  Ovid   ex    Ponto   11   vii    51    culpa  grauis 

(2)    Togonius    Gallus   dum    ignobilitatem  precibus  donatur  saepe  suorum. 

suam  magnis  nominibus  inserit  per  deri-  1089.     nil  uenia  plus]  Grotius  cf.  Quint. 

diculum  auditur.  Curt.  VIII   xii  §   3  ille  facto  impunitatetn 

1073.  fecimus]  cf.  iv  821.  dedit,  ko7iore?n  denegauit  exe?nplo. 

1077.  potestas]  cf.  note  on  X  136.  1090.     sed  non]  'aye,  and  not  merely 

1078.  si  tellus]  'if  any  land  yet   be-  that  the  earth  may  hide  your  crime', 
longs  to  two',  i.e.  if  I  am  not  to  be  the  1093.     manibus]    'remains',     cf.   vin 
sole  master  of  the  world.  696,  x  24.     Verg.  Aen.  iv  34  id  cinerem 

1080,     damnasse]  cf.  note  on  VII  242.  ant  manes  credis  curare  sepultos? 


LIBER    IX.    1068— 1 108.  361 

sentiat  aduentum  soceri  uocesque  qucrentis 
audiat  umbra  pias.     dum  nobis  omnia  praefcrt,    1095 
■    dum  uitam  Phario  mauolt  debere  clienti, 
laeta  dies  rapta  est  populis:   concordia  mundo 
nostra  perit :   caruere  deis  mea  uota  secundis, 
ut  te  complexus  positis  felicibus  armis 
adfectus  abs  te  ueteres  uitamque  rogarem,  1100 

Magne,  tuam :    dignaque  satis  mercede  laborum 
contentus,  par  esse  tibi,  turn  pace  fideli 
fecissem  ut  uictus  posses  ignoscere  diuis, 
fecisses,  ut  Roma  mihi.     nee  talia  fatus 
inuenit  fletus  comitem,  nee  turba  querenti  1 105 

credidit :    abscondunt  gemitus  et  pectora  laeta 
fronte  tegunt,  hilaresque  nefas  spectare  cruentum, 
o  bona  libertas,  cum  Caesar  lugeat  audent. 

1095.     dum   nobis]   'by  his   preferring  quemquam    iam   ferre    potest     Caesarne 

everything  to  me',  i.e.  to  trusting  himself  priorem  Pompeiusue parent. 

to  my  hands.  1 103.    fecissem]     The  omission  of  the 

1090".     clienti]  sc.  Ptolemaeo.  personal  pronouns  with  fecissem  and  fe- 

1097.     concordia]  'the  world  loses  the  cisses,   where  they  are   so   strongly  con- 
benefit  of  our  concord'.  trasted,  is  remarkable. 

1100.     rogarem]   sc.  amorem  pristinum  1104.     ut  Roma]  'thou  should'st  have 

et  ut  uelles  uitae  a  me  donatae  munere  made  Rome  pardon  me', 

frui.    Weise.     cf.    supr.    210  forsitan    in  1 106.     et  pectora]  'and  veil  their  real 

soceri  potnisset  uiuere  regno.  feelings  with  a  show  of  joy'. 

1 102.    par  esse  tibi]   cf.   1   125 — 6  nee 


M.   ANNAEI    LUCANI 


PHARSALIAE 


LIBER   DECIMUS. 


ARGUMENT  OF  BOOK  X. 


Caesar  enters  Alexandria  and  visits  the  tomb  of  Alexander  i — 19.  Alexander's  life 
and  exploits  20—52.  Cleopatra  begs  for  the  protection  of  Caesar  53 — 103,  and 
entertains  him  at  a  banquet  104 — 171.  Caesar  questions  Achoreus  concerning  the 
source  of  the  Nile  172 — 192;  his  explanation  193 — 331.  Pothinus  urges  Achillas 
to  murder  Caesar  332 — 398  ;  they  collect  troops  399 — 433,  and  besiege  Caesar  in 
the  palace  434 — 503.  Caesar  occupies  Pharos  504 — 546,  and  the  poem  ends 
abruptly. 

Vt  primum  terras  Pompeii  colla  secutus 
adtigit  et  diras  calcauit  Caesar  harenas, 
pugnauit  fortuna  ducis  fatumque  nocentis 
Aegypti,  regnum  Lagi  Romana  sub  arma 
iret,  an  eriperet  mundo  Memphiticus  ensis  5 

uictoris  uictique  caput,     tua  profuit  umbra, 
Magne,  tui  socerum  rapuere  a  sanguine  manes : 
[ne  populus  post  te  Nilum  Romanus  haberet] 
inde  Paraetoniam  fertur  securus  in  urbem 


1.  colla]  'the  severed  head'. 

2.  diras]  'blood-stained',  cf.  note  on 
I  444. 

3.  pugnauit]  'there  was  a  contest  be- 
tween the  chieftain's  fortune  and  the 
destiny  of  guilty  Egypt,  whether  &c.'  For 
the  omission  of  utrum  cf.  Tac.  Ann.  1  1 1 
incertum  metu  an  per  iintidiam. 

6.  tua  profuit  umbra]  '  thy  shade  was 
of  service  to  him ';  explained  by  the  next 
line :  the  service  consisted  in  warning 
Caesar  of  the  treachery  of  the  Egyptians. 


8.  ne  populus]  This  line  is  wanting  in 
most  MSS.  and  does  not  appear  in  the 
Roman  edition  of  1469.  The  MSS.  seem 
to  vary  between  haberet  and  amaret,  but 
neither  gives  any  satisfactory  meaning  ; 
the  line  is  apparently  made  up  from  387 — ■ 
389  infr. 

9.  Paraetoniam  in  urbem]  sc.  Alexan- 
dream,  a  Paraetonio  portu  et  oppido  Ae- 
gypti non  longe  ab  Alexandrea  sito. 
Paraetonius  is  used  as  Pharius  and  Pelu- 
siacus  for  Egyptian  generally.     Weise. 


LIBER   X.    1—24. 


363 


pignorc  tarn  saeui  sceleris  sua  signa  secutus :  10 

sed  fremiti!  uolgi  fasces  et  iura  querentis 

inferri  Romana  suis  discordia  sensit 

pectora,  et  ancipites  animos,  Magnumque  perisse 

non  sibi.     turn  uoltu  semper  celante  timorem, 

intrcpidus  superum  sedes  et  templa  uetusti  15 

numinis  antiquas  Macetum  testantia  uires 

circuit :    et  nulla  captus  dulccdine  rerum, 

non  auro  cultuque  deum,  non  moenibus  urbis, 

effossum  tumulis  cupide  descendit  in  antrum. 

illic  Pellaei  proles  uaesana  Philippi,  20 

felix  praedo,  iacet  terrarum  uindice  fato 

raptus  ;    sacratis  totum  spargenda  per  orbem 

membra  uiri  posuere  adytis :    Fortuna  pepercit 

manibus  et  regni  durauit  ad  ultima  fatum. 


securus — pignore]  'confident  by  the  gua- 
rantee of  such  a  horrid  crime',  i.e.  the 
murder  of  Pompeius  made  Caesar  confident 
of  the  friendship  of  the  Egyptians. 

10.  sua  signa  secutus}  'following  his 
standards',  i.e.  'with  his  standards  borne 
beforehim'.  cf.  Caesar  B.C.  in  106.  Gro- 
tiuswith  some  MSS.  reads  secutam  remark- 
ing that  soldiers  or  allies  are  said  to  follow 
the  standards,  the  general  to  lead  them. 

12.  suis]  sc.  iuribus.  'that  the  laws 
of  Rome  should  be  introduced  among 
their  own '.  darciura  is  used  of  rule  over 
conquered  nations,  cf.  Verg.  G.  IV  561, 
562  uictorque  uolenlis  per  poptdos  dat 
iura. 

13 — 14.  Magnumque  perisse  non  sibi\ 
'and  that  it  was  not  for  his  sake  that 
Magnus  had  been  slain',  cf.  vn  697  osten- 
dit  moriens  sibi  se  pugnasse  senatics,  also 
infr.  81. 

16.  numinis]  Isidis.     Weise. 

17.  nulla  captus  dulcedine]  i.e.  oninino 
non  captus  dulccdine.  cf.  note  on  vn  25 
nullas  tuba  uerberet  aures. 

19.  effossum  tumulis  a?itrum~\  'the 
cave  dug  out  among  the  tombs'.  Compare 
the  account  of  the  visit  of  Augustus  to 
Alexander's  tomb  in  Suet.  Aug.  18  per 
idem  tempus  conditorium  et  corpus  Alex- 
andri  Magni  cum  prolatum  e  penetrali 
subiecisset  oculis  corona  aurea  imposita  ac 
floribus  aspersis  uencratus  est,  consultusque 

num  et  Ptolemaeum  inspicere  uelle/,  regent 
se  uoluisse  ait  uidere  non  mortuos. 

20.  uaesana}  cf.  Pope  Essay  on  Man 


IV  219  foil.  'Heroes  are  much  the  same, 
the  point's  agreed,  From  Macedonia's  mad- 
man to  the  Swede;  The  whole  strange 
purpose  of  their  lives  to  find  Or  make  an 
enemy  of  all  mankind'. 

21.  uindice]  'by  fate  the  avenger  of 
the  world'.  Oud.  cf.  Ov.  Met.  IX  241 
timuere  dei  pro  uindice  terrae,  i.e.  Her- 
cules. Compare  also  Iuv.  X  164  sed  ille 
Cannarum  uindex  et  tanti  sanguinis  ultor 
annulus. 

24.  manibus]  sc.  'his  ashes  '.  cf.  vm 
696,  ix  1093. 

regni  durauit  ad  ultima  fatum]  Weise 
explains  this  difficult  passage  as  meaning 
'the  good  fortune  of  his  kingdom  has 
lasted  till  the  latest  times',  identifying 
the  kingdom  of  Egypt  with  that  of 
Alexander  of  which  it  formed  a  part : 
but  ad  ultima  as  equivalent  to  ad  ultima 
tempora  is  a  somewhat  strange  expres- 
sion, and  it  is  very  doubtful  whether 
Lucan  would  thus  speak  of  Egypt  as 
Alexander's  kingdom.  The  Scholiast 
takes  it  'his  good  fortune  lasted  till  the 
last  days  of  the  kingdom',  i.e.  of  Egypt; 
but  his  'good  fortune',  i.e.  the  peaceful 
repose  of  his  remains  lasted  longer  than 
this,  for  they  were  not  disturbed  when 
Egypt  was  reduced  to  a  province  by  Au- 
gustus, and  had  not  been  disturbed  when 
Lucan  wrote.  I  venture  to  suggest  an- 
other explanation,  viz.  'his  good  fortune 
has  lasted  till  these  last  times  of  tyranny ', 
i.e.  the  empire  of  the  Caesars,  i.e.  com- 
paring the  following  line,  there  has  been 


3^4 


LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 


nam  sibi  libcrtas  umquam  si  recldcrct  orbem,  25 

ludibrio  scruatus  erat,  non  utile  mundo 

cditus  excmplum,  terras  tot  posse  sub  uno 

esse  uiro.     Macctum  fines  latebrasque  suorum 

deseruit  uictasque  patri  despexit  Athenas  : 

perque  Asiae  populos  fatis  urgentibus  actus  30 

humana  cum  strage  ruit,  gladiumque  per  omnes 

exegit  gentes :    ignotos  miscuit  amnes 

Persarum  Euphratcn   Indorum  sanguine  Gangcn : 

terrarum  fatale  malum,  fulmenque  quod  omnes 

percutcret  pariter  populos,  et  sidus  iniquom  35 

gentibus.     oceano  classes  inferre  parabat 

exteriore  mari.     non  illi  flamma  nee  undae 

nee  sterilis  Libye  nee  Syrticus  obstitit  Hammon. 

isset  in  occasus  mundi  deuexa  secutus 

ambissetque  polos  Nilumque  a  fonte  bibisset :  40 

occurrit  suprema  dies  naturaque  solum 

hunc  potuit  finem  uaesano  ponere  regi ; 

qui  secum  inuidia  qua  totum  ceperat  orbem 


no  interval  of  freedom  during  which  they 
would  have  been  scattered :  for  this  use 
of  regnum  cf.  VI I  444  ex popidis  qui  regno. 
ferunt  sors  ultima  nostra  est  quos  seruire 
pudet.     For  fatum,  cf.  vm  10,  infr.  45. 

25.  na?n  sibi]  'for  had  freedom  at  any 
time  restored  the  world  to  her  own  sway 
he  would  have  been  preserved  to  be 
treated  with  mockery',  cf.  IX  685,  Verg. 
G.  11  132  si  non  alium  longe  iactaret 
odorem  laurus  erat. 

27.  editus]  'set  forth  as  an  example 
pernicious  to  the  world '.  Compare  the 
use  of  edere  miotics,  edere  spectaculum. 

28.  fines  latebrasque]  '  the  obscure 
territories'. 

29.  uictas]  Philip  conquered  the  Athe- 
nians at  Chaeronea  B.C.  338. 

31.  humana  cum  strage] 
of  the  human  race'. 

32.  exegit]    'he   plunged 
cf.  vm  656,  Verg.  Aen.  x 
namque  exigit  ensem  per  medium  Aeneas 
iuuenem. 

ignotos]  cf.  notes  on  1  170,  vn  703. 
miscuit]  'dyed'. 

33.  Gangen]  Alexander  never  reached 
the  Ganges;  he  turned  back  from  the 
banks  of  the   Hyphasis   (Sutlej),   cf.    in 


'with  havoc 

his   sword '. 
815  ualidum 


233,  Quint.  Curt.  IX,  cap.  3. 

34.  main///]  'a  curse  to  the  world', 
cf.  Plin.  H.  N.  XVIII  §  154  caeleste  frugum 
uinearumque  malum  rubigo. 

fulmeti]  cf.  the  comparison  of  Caesar  to 
a  thunderbolt,  I  151 — 157. 

quod—percuteret]  '  such  that  it  smote '. 

35.  sidus]  '  a  planet  baneful  to  the 
nations',  cf.  infr.  89,  Hor.  Sat.  1  vii  25 — 
26  canem  ilium  inuisum  agricolis  sidus 
uenisse. 

36.  oceano]  'he  was  preparing  to  launch 
his  ships  upon  the  ocean  by  way  of  the 
outer  sea',  sc.  the  sea  on  the  further 
side  of  India. 

37.  flamma]  'heat'.  Compare IX 949, 
also  the  use  of  ignis  IX  604. 

39.  isset]  'he  would  have  marched  to 
the  west,  following  the  world's  downward 
slope '. 

40.  ambisset]  _'  would  have  encom- 
passed the  poles'. 

43.  qui  secum]  '  who  carried  with  him 
to  the  shades  his  empire  with  that  same 
jealousy  of  others  through  which  he  had 
subdued  the  whole  world',  i.e.  as  he  could 
bear  no  partner  in  power  in  his  lifetime, 
so  he  would  leave  no  successor  at  his  death. 
For  abstulit  cf.  1  in — if4  nam  pignora 


LIBER  X.   25—60. 


365 


abstulit  impcrium,  nulloque  herede  relicto 

totius  fati  lacerandas  pracbuit  urbes.  45 

sed  cecidit  Babylone  sua  Parthoque  ucrendus. 

pro  pudor,  Eoi  propius  timuere  sarisas 

quam  nunc  pila  timent  populi.     licet  usque  sub  Arcton 

rcgnemus,  Zephyrique  domos  terrasque  premamus 

flagrantis  post  terga  Noti  ;    cedemus  in  ortus  50 

Arsacidum  domino,     non  felix  Parthia  Crassis 

exiguae  secura  fuit  prouincia  Pellae. 

iam  Pelusiaco  ueniens  a  gurgite  Nili 
rex  puer  imbellis  populi  sedauerat  iras, 
obside  quo  pacis  Pellaea  tutus  in  aula  55 

Caesar  erat :    cum  se  parua  Cleopatra  biremi, 
corrupto  custode  Phari  laxare  catenas, 
intulit  Emathiis  ignaro  Caesare  tectis ; 
dedecus  Aegypti,  Latii  feralis  Erinys,  59 

Romano  non  casta  malo.     quantum  impulit  Argos 


iuncti  sanguinis  el  diroferales  omine  taedas 
abstulit  ad  manes  Pa  rear um  Iulia  saeita 
intereepta  maim. 

44.  nulloque  herede]  'and  leaving  no 
heir  to  his  entire  fortune  behind  him  ex- 
posed the  cities  to  the  spoiler's  grasp',  i.e. 
ut  unusquisque  sibi  singulas  urbes  uin- 
dicet.     Schol. 

46.  Babylone  sua]  '  but  when  he  died 
Babylon  was  his  own  and  he  was  a  terror 
to*  the  Parthians'.  Alexander  died  at 
the  real  Babylon  on  the  Euphrates,  but 
Lucan  is  probably  thinking  of  Ctesiphon 
the  capital  of  the  Parthians  on  the  Tigris, 
cf.  note  on  1  10. 

47.  propius  timuere]  'had  a  closer 
dread  of. 

sarisas]  i.e.  the  long  spears  which  were 
the  national  weapons  of  the  Macedonians 
as  the  pila  were  of  the  Romans.  For  an 
account  of  the  sarisa  cf.  Polyb.  xvm  12. 

49.  premamus]  'rule  over',  cf.  Verg. 
Aen.  I  288  Mycenas  seruitio  premet  et 
uictis  dominabitur  Argis. 

50.  flagrantis]  cf.  ix  877. 
in  ortus]  'towards  the  East'. 

51.  Arsacidum  domino]  'the  master 
of  the  Parthian  kings',  i.e.  Alexander. 
Weise  takes  this  as  referring  to  the  king 
of  Parthia;  but  the  Arsacidae  were  only 
the  royal  family  in  Parthia  not  the  Par- 
thians generally,    cf.  Tac.  Ann.  VI  37  (31). 


non  felix]  'fatal  to  the  Crassi'. 

52.  exiguae]  'was  a  province  which 
caused  no  anxiety  to  tiny  Pella',  i.e.  was 
a  peaceful  province  of  the  Macedonian 
empire. 

53.  Pelusiaco]  i.e.  from  the  Pelusiac 
branch,  the  most  eastern,  where  he  was 
waging  war  with  his  sister  Cleopatra  who 
had  raised  forces  in  Syria  to  oppose  him, 
and  was  herself  at  the  head  of  an  army, 
not,  as  Lucan  seems  to  suppose,  a  prisoner 
in  Pharos,  cf.  Caesar  B.  C.  111  103. 

54.  imbellis]  to  be  taken  with  populi. 
cf.  viii  525,  infr.  64. 

57.  Phari  catenas]  sc.  the  chain  which 
closed  the  mouth  of  the  harbour. 

58.  Emathiis]  sc.  Macedonian,  and  so 
Alexandrian,  as  Alexandria  was  founded 
by  the  Macedonians. 

59.  feralis]  A  favourite  word  of  Lucan. 
cf.  1  112. 

Erinys]  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  11  573  Troiae 
et  patriae  communis  Erinys.  This  ap- 
parent imitation  by  Lucan  is  perhaps  an 
argument  for  the  genuineness  of  the  pas- 
sage in  the  second  Aeneid  in  which  the 
words  quoted  above  occur. 

60.  Romano]  '  whose  wantonness  was 
ruinous  to  Rome',  cf.  Plaut.  Amphit.  165 
olet  honu<  quidam  malo  suo. 

impulit]  '  hurried  to  ruin ',  '  overthrew '. 
cf.  1  149. 


366  LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 

Iliacasquc  domos  facie  Spartana  nocenti, 

Hesperios  auxit  tantum  Cleopatra  furores. 

terruit  ilia  suo,  si  fas,  Capitolia  sistro, 

et  Romana  petit  imbelli  signa  Canopo, 

Caesare  captiuo  Pharios  ductura  triumphos  :  65 

Leucadioque  fuit  dubius  sub  gurgite  casus 

an  mundum  nc  nostra  quidem  matrona  tcneret. 

hoc  animi  nox  ilia  dedit  quae  prima  cubili 

miscuit  incestam  ducibus  Ptolemaida  nostris. 

quis  tibi  uaesani  ueniam  non  donet  amoris,  70 

Antoni,  durum  cum  Caesaris  hauserit  ignes 

pectus,  et  in  media  rabie  medioque  furore, 

et  Pompeianis  habitata  manibus  aula, 

sanguine  Thessalicae  cladis  perfusus  adulter 

admisit  uenerem  curis,  et  miscuit  armis  75 

illicitosque  toros  et  non  ex  coniuge  partus  ? 

pro  pudor,  oblitus  Magni  tibi,  Iulia,  fratres 

obscena  de  matre  dedit :   partesque  fugatas 

passus  in  extremis  Libyae  coalescere  regnis 

tempora  Niliaco  turpis  dependit  amori,  80 

63.  si  fas]  'if  it  be  lawful  so  to  say'.  Hor.  carm.  I  xxxvii  32  non  humilis  mu- 
cf.  for  the  full  expression  Ov.  ex  Ponto     Her  of  Cleopatra. 

iv  viii  55  di  quoque  carminibus,  si  fas  est  69.    ducibus]  sc.  first  Julius  Caesar  and 

dicere,  fiunt.  then  Marcus  Antonius. 

Capitolia]    cf.    Hor.    carm.    1    xxxvii  Ptolemaida]  'the  daughter  of  the  Ptole- 

6 — 9  dum  Capitolio  regina  dementes  rui-  mies'. 

nas  funics  et  imperio  parabat.  71.     hauserit]  Oud.  cf.  Ov.  Met.  X  252 

sistro]   a   kettle-drum,    the  instrument  haurit  pectore  Pygmalion  simulati  corporis 

used  in  the  worship  of  Isis.  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  ignes. 

viii   696   regina   in  mediis  patrio  uocat  73.  habitata]  'and  in  the  palace  haunted 

agmina  sistro.     Propcrt.    m    (iv)  xi  43  by  Pompeius'  shade'. 

Romanamque    tubam    crepitanti    pellere  75.     admisit]     The  indicatives  admisit 

sistro.  and  miscuit  following  the  subjunctive  hau- 

64.  imbelli  Canopo]  'with  the  unwar-  serit  are,  as  Weise  remarks,  worthy  of 
like  hosts  of  Canopus'.  notice.     There    is  a    somewhat     similar 

65.  Caesare]  sc.  Augusto.     Weise.  mixture  of  moods  in  Pers.  m  66 — 72.    It 
Pharios]  i.e.  instead  of  Komanos.                is  possible  however  to  avoid  the  difficulty 

66.  sub  gurgite]  This  must  mean  at  or  by  making  a  fresh  sentence  begin  at  et  in 
near  the  Leucadian  waves,  cf.  Propert.  m  media,  i.e.  'even  in  the  midst  of  his  fury  &c.' 
(iv)  ix  36  tut 'a  sub  exigno  Jluminc  nostra  77.  fratres]  sc.  Caesarion,  who  was 
mora  est,  where  however  the  reading  is  said  by  Cleopatra  to  be  the  son  of  Julius : 
doubtful,  cf.  also  Ov.  Trist.  I  iii  19  nata  he  was  put  to  death  by  Augustus. 
procul  Libycis  aberat  diuersa  sub  oris.  79.     coalescere]  'to  gather  strength' sc. 

67.  an  mundum]  'whether  a  woman  under  Cato.  cf.  Tac.  Hist.  I  21  dum 
should  sway  the  world,  and  she  not  even  Galbae  auctoritas  fluxa,  Pisonis  nondum 
a  Roman'.  For  matrona  used  for  a  woman  coaluisset. 

generally  cf.  the  use  of  mints  in  I  165.  80.     dependit]    'he   shamefully   spends 

68.  hoc  animi]  'this  high  spirit',     cf.     his  time  on  an  Egyptian  intrigue'. 


LIBER   X.   61  —  103.  367 

dum  donare  Pharon,  dum  non  sibi  uinccrc  mauolt. 

qucm  formae  confisa  suae  Cleopatra  sine  ullis 

tristis  adit  lacrimis,  simulatum  compta  dolorem 

qua  decuit,  ueluti  laccros  dispersa  capillos, 

et  sic  orsa  loqui :   si  qua  est,  o   maxime  Caesar,     85 

nobilitas,   Pharii   proles  clarissima   Lagi, 

exsul  in  aeternum   sccptris  depulsa  paternis, 

si  tua  restituat  ueteri  me  dextcra  fato, 

complector  regina  pedes,     tu  gentibus  aequom 

sidus  ades  nostris.     non   urbes  prima  tcnebo  90 

femina  Niliacas :    nullo  discrimine  sexus 

reginam  scit  ferre  Pharos,     lege  summa  perempti 

uerba  patris,  qui   iura  mihi  communia  rcgni 

et  thalamos  cum  fratre  dedit.     puer  ipse  sororem, 

sit  modo  liber,  amat  :   scd  habet  sub  iure  Pothini     95 

adfectus  ensesque  suos.     nil  ipsa  paterni 

iuris  inire  peto :   culpa  tantoque  pudore 

solue  domum  :    remoue  funesta  satellitis  arma 

et  regem   regnare  iube.     quantosne  tumores 

mente  gerit  famulus  Magni  ceruice  reuolsa?  100 

iam   tibi,  sed  procul  hoc  auertant  fata,  minatur. 

sat  fuit  indignum,  Caesar,  mundoque  tibique 

Pompeium  facinus  meritumque  fuisse  Pothini. 


81.  donare]  sc.  Cleopatrac.  85.     si  qua  est]  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  11  536 
non  sibi]  sc.  sed  Cleopatrac  si  qua  est  caelo  pietas  quae  talia  etiret. 

82.  sine  ullis]  'sad  but  tearless'  i.e.  87.  exsul]  'doomed  to  everlasting 
because  weeping  would  have  spoiled  her  banishment  when  expelled  from  my  an- 
beauty.  cestral  throne'. 

u    83.  si mulatum]  'decked  with  pretended  88.     si  tua]  'in  the  hope  that  &c.' 

grief  so   far  as  it  became  her',    eompta  fato]  'good  fortune'  'position',  cf.  note 

takes  the  accusative  on  the  analogy  of  on  23  supr. 

such  words  as  indutus.  90.     sidus]  cf.  note  on  35  supr. 

84.    qua]  equivalent  to  quatenus.    Oud.  95.    amat]  The  common  reading  is  aunt 

cf.  Ov.  Heroid.  X  53  et  tua,  qua  possim,  but  as  Oud.  remarks  the  indicative  besides 

pro  le  uestigia  tango.     See  also  286  uo.fr.  having  the  better  MS.  authority   shows 

ueluti]  'with  her  locks  dishevelled  as  more  confidence  in  her  statement, 

though  torn',  i.e.  so  that  the  disorder  of  96.     adfectus]  'but  his  feelings  and  his 

her  hair  might  appear  to  have  been  caused  sword  are  subject  to  Pothinus'  sway', 

by  violence,  though  it  was  really  her  own  97.    culpa  tantoque pudore]sc.  marriage 

doing  in  order  to  set  off  her  beauty.    Oud.  between  a  brother  and  sister, 

cf.    Ov.  A.  A.   in    153,    154   el    neglecta  99.     quantosne  tumores]  For  the  double 

decet  multas  coma;  saepe  iacere  liesternam  interrogative  cf.  note  on  VII  301.    For  tu- 

credas ;  ilia  repexa  modo  est.    For  the  con-  mores,  'swelling  pride',  cf.  v  233. 

struction    cf.    Verg.  Aen.    I  320  nodoque  103.    facinus  meritumque]  'that  Pom- 

sinus  collecta  Jluentis.  peius  should  have  been  the  guilt  or  merit 


368 


LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 


nequiquam    duras  tcmptasset   Cacsaris   aures  : 
uoltus  adest  precibus   facicsquc   inccsta  perorat.     105 
exigit  infandam  corrupto  iudice  noctcm. 
pax   ubi   parta  duci  donisquc  ingcntibus   cmpta  est, 
excepere  epulac  tantarum  gaudia  rcrum  : 
explicuitque  suos  magno  Cleopatra  tumultu 
nondum   translatos  Romana  in  saecula  luxus.         no 
ipse  locus  templi  quod  uix  corruptior  aetas 
exstruat  instar  erat :    laqueataque  tecta  ferebant 
diuitias  crassumque  trabes  abscondcrat  aurum. 
ncc  summis  crustata  domus  sectisque  nitebat 
marmoribus :   stabatque  sibi   non  segnis  achates,    115 
purpureusquc  lapis,  totaque  effusus  in  aula 
calcabatur  onyx :   hebenus   Maroetica  uastos 
non  operit  postes,  sed  stat  pro  robore  uili, 
auxilium  non  forma  domus.     ebur  atria  uestit, 
et  subfixa  manu  foribus  testudinis   Indae  120 


of  Pothinus';  so  Ptolemaeus  is  called 
crimen  deorum  v  59.  Oud.  refers  to 
Verg.  Aen.  xi  443,  444  nee  Drances potiits, 
sine  est  haec  ira  deornm,  morte  lit  at ;  sine 
est  uirtus  et  gloria  tollat. 

105.  peroral]  'winds  up  her  speech'. 

106.  exigit]  'she  spends',  'passes',  cf. 
Verg.  Aen.  vn  776  solus  ubi  in  silnis 
/talis  ignobilis  aenoin  exigeret.  See  also 
viii  376,  infr.  354. 

107.  pax]  sc.  between  Cleopatra  and 
her  brother. 

duci]  sc.  by  Caesar,  acting  as  mediator, 
cf.  Caes.  B.  C.  Ill  109. 

109.  tumultu]  'bustling',  cf.  Hor.  carm. 
111  xi  9 — 10  cuncta  festinat  mantis,  hue 
et  illuc  cursitant  mixtae  pueris puellae. 

no.  saecula]  'fashion',  'manners', 
cf.  Tac.  Germ.  19  nono  illic  uitia  ridet; 
nee  corrumpere  et  corrumpi  saeculum 
tioeatur,  Mart,  ix  xxviii  9  et  cum  theatris 
saeculoque  rixaris. 

ill.  ipse  locus]  'the  place  itself  was 
like  a  temple  such  as  a  more  degenerate 
age  (i.e.  such  as  ours)  could  scarcely- 
rear '. 

113.  crassum  aurum]  'a  thick  coating 
of  gold'. 

114.  crustata]  'nor  was  the  glittering 
palace  veneered  with  marble  on  the  sur- 
face only  and  in  slabs ',  i.e.  the  walls  were 
built  of  solid  marble,  cf.  Plin,  H.  N. 
Xxxvi  §  47  seeaudi  in  crustas  {marmoris) 


nescio  an  Cariae  fuerit  inuentum,  foil, 
also  Sen.  de  Benef.  IV  vi  §  2  non  tenues 
crustas  et  ipsa  qua  secantur  lamina  graci- 
liores  sed  integras  lapidis  pretiosissimi 
moles.  Id.  Epp.  xix  vi  (115)  §  9  mira- 
mur  parietes  tenia  mar  more  induclos,  cum 
sciamus  quale  sit  quod  absconditur.  oculis 
nostris  imponimus,  et  cum  auro  tecta  per- 
fudimus  quid  aliud  quam  mendacio  gau- 
demus?  scimits  cnim  sub  illo  auro  foeda 
ligna  latilare. 

115.  stabatque  sibi]  'and  agate  stood 
there  on  its  own  account  as  no  mere  idle 
ornament '.  sibi  is  apparently  equivalent 
toper  se  as  Weise  takes  it.  Compare  the 
use  of  the  dative  in  II  547  ut  Catulo  iacuit 
Lepidus. 

non  segnis]  i.e.  useful  for  supporting 
the  roof,  not  merely  as  an  ornamental 
covering  of  the  walls. 

116.  purpureus  lapis]  sc.  porphyry. 
effusus]  'spread  widely' '  in  abundance ', 

cf.  Plin.  H.  N.  VII  §  94  effusas  opes. 

117.  Maroetica]  This  is  the  correction 
of  Grotius  for  Mareotica.    cf.  infr.  303. 

119.  auxilium  non  forma]  'a  support, 
not  an  ornament'. 

120.  subfixa  manu]  'attached  with 
laborious  skill',  cf.  Verg.  G.  11  156  tot 
congesta  manupraeruptisoppidasaxis.  For 
the  use  of  tortoise-shell  cf.  Verg.  G.  11 
463  nee  uarios  inhiant  pulcra  testudine 
postes. 


•/ 


LIBER    X.    104— 141. 


3^9 


tcrga  sedent  crcbro  maculas  distincta  zmaragdo. 

fulget  gemma  toris  et  iaspide  fulua  supellex. 

strata  micant :    Tyrio  quorum   pars  maxima  suco 

cocta  diu  uirus  non  uno  duxit  acno ; 

pars  auro  plumata  nitet;   pars   ignea  cocco,  125 

ut   mos  est   Phariis  miscendi  licia  telis. 

turn  famulae  numerus  turbae  populusque  minister; 

discolor  hos  sanguis,  alios  distinxerat  actas : 

haec   Libycos,  pars  tarn   flauos  gerit  altera  crines 

ut  nullis   Caesar  Rheni  se  dicat  in  aruis  130 

tarn   rutilas  uidisse  comas,     pars  sanguinis  usti 

torta  caput  refugosque  gerens  a  fronte  capillos: 

nee  non  infelix   ferro  mollita  iuuentus 

atque  exsccta  uirum.     stat  contra  fortior  aetas 

uix   ulla  fuscante  tamen  lanugine  malas.  135 

discubucre  illic  reges  maiorque  potestas 
Caesar:    ct  immodice  formam  fucata  nocentem, 
ncc  sceptris  contenta  suis  nee  fratre  marito, 
plena  maris  rubri  spoliis  colloque  comisque 
diuitias  Cleopatra  gerit  cultuque  laborat.  140 

Candida   Sidonio  perlucent  pectora  filo, 


tai.  crebrd\  'studded  with  many  an 
emerald '. 

124.  cocta  diu]  'long  steeped  in  Tynan 
dye  imbibed  the  colouring  matter  in  more 
than  a  single  vat'  i.e.  they  were  what 
the  Greeks  called  dlfiacpa.  cf.  Hor.  carm. 
11  xvi  35 — 37  te  bis  Afro  murice  tinctae 
uestiunt  lanae:  for  uirus  cf.  Verg.  G.  11 
465  alba  nee  Assyria  fucatur  lana  ucneno. 

125.  plumata]  '  part  gleams  with 
feather-work  of  gold',  called  in  Greek 
troXvfxiTa.  Weise  cf.  Mart.  XIV  150  haec 
tibi  Memphitis  tellus  dot  munera;  uicta 
est  pectine  Niliaco  iam  Babylonis  urns. 

126.  licia]  cf.  Plin.  H.  N.  vm  §  196 
pluribus  ucro  liciis  texere,  quae  polymita 
appellant,  Alexandria  instituit. 

127.  turn  famulae]  supple  :  admiratio- 
nem  excitabant :  est  autem  aposiopesis. 
Weise. 

numerus]  cf.  note  on  vn  538. 
populus]   cf.    in    665    nutaretque  raits 
pop  it  I 0  p(  ritura  receph  >. 

128.  discolor]  to  be  taken  with  both 
sanguis  and  aetas.  Oud.  cf.  Sen.  dial.  X 
xii  J;  2  qui  uinctorum  suorutn  greges  in  acta- 
Hum  et  eolorum  paria  diducit. 

H.  L. 


129.  Libycos — crines]sc.  'of  the  African 
type'  i.e.  black  and  woolly. 

131.  rutilas]  This  word  is  used  as  a 
synonym  of  faints,  also  by  Ausonius  Epp. 
iv  44,  45  sic  certe  crinetn  fauus  niucitsque 
lacertos  caesariem  rut  Ham  per  Candida 
colla  refundis. 

sanguinis  usti]  '  of  scorched  com- 
plexion'. 

132.  torta  caput]  'with  twisted  hair 
and  wearing  their  locks  receding  from 
their  forehead'. 

134.  fortior  aetas]  sc.  adult  men.  cf. 
Verg.  Eel.  iv  37  hinc  ubi  iam  firmata 
uirum  tefecerit  aetas. 

135.  uix  ulla]  carent  enim  Afri  barba. 
Weise. 

136.  potestas]  For  the  personal  use  of 
this' word  cf.  ill  106,  IX  1077,  Iuv.  X  100 
an  Fidenarum  Gabiorumque  esse  potestas. 

140.  cultuque  laborat]  'is  oppressed 
by  her  ornaments' weight',     cf.  1x365. 

141.  Sidonio]  probably  means  only 
purple.  The  material  was  close-woven 
(compressum)  by  the  Seres  and  pulled  out 
so  as  to  be  transparent  by  the  Egyptians: 
so    I    understand    it,    not    as    Weise   dues 

24 


370  LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 

quod   Nilotis  acus  compressum  pectine  Scrum 

soluit  ct  extenso  laxauit  stamina  uelo. 

dentibus  hie  niueis  sectos  Atlantidc  silua 

imposuere  orbes ;    quales  ad   Caesaris  ora  145 

ncc  capto  uencre  Iuba.     pro  caecus  et  amens 

ambitione  furor,  ciuilia  bella  gerenti 

diuitias  aperire  suas,  incendere  mentem 

hospitis  armati.     non  sit  licet  ille  ncfando 

Marte  paratus  opes  mundi  quaesisse  ruina :  150 

pone  duces  priscos  et   nomina  pauperis  aeui 

Fabricios   Curiosque  graues :   hie  ille  recumbat 

sordidus  Etruscis  abductus  consul  aratris, 

optabit  patriae  talem  duxisse  triumphum. 

infudere  epulas  auro,  quod  terra,  quod  aer,  155 

quod  pelagus  Nilusque  dedit,  quod  luxus  inani 

ambitione  furens  toto  quaesiuit  in  orbe, 

non  mandante  fame :   multas  uolucresque  ferasque 

Aegypti  posuere  deos  :    manibusque  ministrat 

Niliacas  crystallus  aquas :   gemmaeque  capaces       160 

excepere  merum,  sed  non  Mareotidos  uuae, 

nobile  sed  paucis  senium  cui  contulit  annis 

indomitum  Meroe  cogens  spumare  Falernum. 

accipiunt  sertas  nardo  florente  coronas 

et  numquam  fugiente  rosa  :  multumque  madenti    165 

apparently,   that  it  was  woven  at  Sidon  dentalia   Quinti  cum   trepida  ante  bones 

and  altered  by  the  Egyptians  using  the  dictatorem    induit   uxor    et    tua    aratra 

pecten  of  the  Seres :   but  the  pecten  was  domum  lictor  tulil. 

used  in  weaving,    cf.  Ov.  Met.  VI  55  foil.  157.    quaesiuit]  cf.  1  163,  Petron.  §  119 

tela  iugo  uincta  est;  stamen  secemit  ha-  ingeniosa gida est...ut rcnouent per  damna 

run  do  ;  inseritur  medium  radiis  subtemen  famem. 

acutis,   quod  digiti  expediunt  atque  inter  160.     crystallus']  glass. 

stamina   ductum  percusso  feriunt  insecti  gemmaeque  capaces]  cf.  Iuv.  V  37 — 39 

pectine  denies.  ipse  capaces  heliadum  crustas  ct  inaequales 

143.  laxauit]    'loosened   the   threads  beryllo  Virro  tenet  phialas. 

by  stretching  the  fabric'.  162.    senium]  'ripeness "maturity',  cf. 

144.  dentibus]  sc.  on  feet  of  ivory,  cf.  Plin.  H.  N.  xiv  §  21  principalis  datur 
Iuv.  XI  122  latos  nisi sustinct  orbes grande  Amineis  firmitateni  p7-opter  senioque profi- 
ebur.  cientem  uini  eius  utique  uitam. 

sectos  Atlantidc  silua]  sc.  of  citron  wood  163.     spumare]  to  ferment,  and  so  to 

from  Africa,    cf.  IX  427 — 430,  Plin.  H.N.  ripen,   i.e.  the  climate  of  Meroe  caused 

XIII  §  91.  wine   to   mature    in    a   few   years,    even 

146.  ncc]  equivalent  tone-quidem.  cf.  Falernian  which  is  indomitum  i.e.  difficult 
note  on  VIII  497.  to  mellow. 

147.  ambitione]  'ostentation'.  165.     numquam  fugiente]  i.e.   perpet- 
153.     aratris]  cf.   Plin.    II.    N.    XVIII      ually  blooming. 

§§  9 — 14  Persius  1  73 — 75  sulcoque  terens 


LIBER   X.    142—187.  371 

infudcre  comae  quod  nondum  cuanuit  aura 
cinnamon  externa  nee  perdidit  aera  terra : 
aduectumque  recens  uicinae  messis  amomum. 
discit  opes  Caesar  spoliati  perdere  mundi 
et  gessisse  pudet  genero  cum  paupere  bcllum,        170 
et  causas  Martis  Phariis  cum  gentibus  optat. 

postquam  epulis  Bacchoque  modum  lassata  uoluptas 
imposuit,  longis  Caesar  produccre  noctem 
incohat  adloquiis  :   summaque  in  sede  iacentem 
linigerum  placidis  compcllat  Achorea  dictis :  175 

o  sacris  dcuote  scnex,  quodquc  arguit  aetas 
non  neglecte  deis,  Phariae  primordia  gentis 
terrarumque  situs  uolgique  edissere  mores 
et  ritus  formasque  deum  :   quodcumque  uctustis 
insculptum  est  adytis  profer,  noscique  uolentis  180 

prode  deos.     si  Cecropium  sua  sacra  Platonem 
maiores  docuere  tui :   quis  dignior  umquam 
hoc  fuit  auditu  mundique  capacior  hospes  ? 
fama  quidem  generi  Pharias  me  duxit  ad   urbes, 
sed  tamen  et  uestri :  media  inter  proelia  semper    185 
stellarum  caelique  plagis  superisque  uacaui, 
nee  meus   Eudoxi  uincetur  fastibus  annus. 


166.  aura]  'by  exposure  to  the  air'.  have  granted. 

167.  externa .. .terra]  'by  being  in  a  180.  itolentis]  i.e.  willing  to  have  their 
foreign  land'.  secrets  disclosed  to  Caesar. 

aera]   'its   scent',    cf.  iv  439  odoratae         183.     mundi  capacior]  'more  fit  to  hold 

metuentes  aera  pennae.  the  secrets  of  the  world '. 

168.  messis]  cf.  Stat.  Silu.  in  iii  34,  186.  uacaui]  referring  to  the  Julian 
35  tu  messes  Cilicumque  Arabumque  sit-  Calendar,  for  which  cf.  Mommsen,  vol.  iv 
perbis  merge  rogis.  cap.  xi  p.  555  :   it  was  founded  on  that  of 

169.  perdere]  'to  waste  in  luxury'.  Eudoxus,  for  whom  cf.  Verg.  Eel.  in  41, 
172.     lassata]  Oud.  cf.  Sen.  de  benef.  42    descripsit   radio    totum    qui  gentibus 

iv  vi  §  3  inritamenta  lassae  uoluptatis.  orbem,  tempora  quae  messor  quae  curuus 

x73-    producere  noctem]     cf.    Mart.    II  arator  haberet.    • 
lxxxix   1  quod  nimio  gaiides  noctem  pro-  187.     uincetur]     As  this  conversation 

ducere  uiuo  ignosco.  is  supposed  to  be  held  in  the  year  48  B.C. 

174.  adloquiis]  simply  'conversation',  and  the  Julian  Calendar  did  not  come 
not  consolation  as  in  Hor.  Epod.  xni  18.  into  effect  until  the  1st  January  45  B.C., 

175.  linigerum]  The  linen  ephod  was  it  is  possible  that  by  the  use  of  the  future 
the  special  dress  of  a  priest  among  the  tense  Lucan  intends  to  represent  Caesar 
Eastern  nations  generally,  cf.  Merivale,  as  speaking  about  what  he  has  determined 
vol.  vi  ch.  liv  p.  432.  It  was  also  used  on  but  not  yet  carried  out.  It  is  however 
as  a  covering  for  the  statues  of  the  gods,  at  least  equally  likely  that  Lucan  would 
cf.  ix  160.  pay  no  regard  to  such  a  detail  of  chrono- 

176.  arguit]  i.e.  the  gods  show  their  logy,  and  that  the  force  of  the  future  is, 
regard  for  you  by  the  length  of  life  they  'will    not   be   found    inferior';    compare 

24 — 2 


372  LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 

sed  cum  tanta  rrico  uiuat  sub  pectore  uirtus, 
tantus  amor  ucri,  nihil   est  quod  nosccre  malim, 
quam  fluuii  causas  per  saecula  tanta  latentis         190 
ignotumque  caput:   spes  sit   mihi  certa  uidendi 
Niliacos  fontes,  bellum  ciuile  relinquam. 
finierat,  contraque  sacer  sic  orsus  Achoreus : 

fas  mihi   magnorum,  Caesar,  secreta  parcntum 
proderc  ad  hoc  aeui  populis  ignota  profanis.  195 

sit  pietas  aliis  miracula  tanta  silere : 
ast  ego  caelicolis  gratum  reor  ire  per  omnes 
hoc  opus  et  sacras  populis  notescere  leges, 
sideribus,  quae  sola  fugam  moderantur  Olympi 
occurruntque  polo,  diuersa  potentia  prima  200 

mundi   lege  data  est.     sol  tempora  diuidit  anni, 
mutat  nocte  diem,  radiisque  potentibus  astra 
ire  uetat  cursusque  uagos  statione  moratur. 
luna  suis  uicibus   Tethyn  terrenaque  miscet. 
frigida   Saturno  glacies  et  zona  niualis  205 

cessit.     habet  uentos  incertaque  fulmina   Mauors. 
sub  Ioue  temperies   et  numquam  turbidus  aer. 
at  fecunda  Venus  cunctarum  semina  rerum 
possidet.     immensae  Cyllenius  arbiter  undae  est. 
hunc  ubi  pars  caeli  tenuit  qua  mixta  Leonis        210 
sidera  sunt   Cancro,  rabidos  qua   Sirius  ignes 
exserit,  et  uarii  mutator  circulus  anni 

notes  on  erit  1  31,  vin  379,  and  on  seque-  II  7  seq. 

tur  ix  782.     The  form  faslus  for  fastos  is  202.    potentibus]    i.e.    the   sun   causes  •> 

found  in  some  MSS.  in  Columel.  ix  cap.  the  planets,  when  they  have  reached  their 

14  and  Sil.  Ital.  11  10.  fixed  limits,  to  appear  to  remain  stationary 

190.     latentis]   cf.    1.  20  gens   si  qua  for  a  time  and  then  to  return.     So  Weise 

iacet  nascenti  conscia  Nilo.  explains   the  passage,   referring  to   Plin. 

194.    fas   mihi]   imitated   from   Verg.  H.  N.  11  §  59  loll.     See  also  Cic.  de  Rep. 

Aen.  11   15J  fas  mihi  Graiorum  sacrata  vi§i7 deinde  subter  mediamfere  regionem 

resoluere  iura.  sol  obtinet,  dux  et  princeps  et  moderator 

197.     ire  per  omnes]  omnibus  aperiri,  lumimtm  reliqitorum,  mens  mundi et  tem- 

Weise.     cf.  Ov.  Met.  VI  146,   147  Phry-  pcratio. 

giaeque per  oppida  facti  rumor  it.  204.     miscet]  i.e.  causes  the  tides. 

199.  fugam  Olympi] '  the  movement  of  206.  cessit]  '  has  passed  under  Saturn's 
the  heaven'.  sway'. 

200.  occurrunt]  Physici  dicunt  septem  209.  arbiter]  'ruler',  cf.  Hor.carm.  I  iii 
Stellas  quarum  nomina  dies  tenent  contra  15  quo  non  arbiter  Hadriae  maior  tollere 
caelum  niti ;   quae  si  non  occurrerent  in  sen  ponere  uoltfreta. 

inmensa  raperetur  et  praecipitaretur  tanta         212.     circulus]  i.e.  the  Zodiac,  accord- 
uertigine.     Schol.  ing  to  the  Scholiast. 

prima   lege]  'the   primaeval  law',     cf. 


LIBER   X.    iSS— 238.  373 

Aegoceron    Cancrumquc  tenet,  cui   subdita  Nili 
ora  latent :    quae  cum  dominus  percussit   aquarum 
igne  superiecto,  turn   Nilus  fontc  soluto  215 

exit,  ut  oceanus   lunaribus  incrementis 
iussus  adest,  auctusque  suos   non  ante  coartat 
quam   nox  aestiuas  a  sole   receperit  horas. 

uana  fides  uctcrum    Nilo  quo  crescat   in  arua 
Aethiopum  prodesse  niues.     non  Arctos  in  ill  is     220 
montibus  aut  Boreas,     testis  tibi  sole  perusti 
ipse  color  populi  calidique  uaporibus  Austri. 
adde  quod  omne  caput  fluuii,  quodcumque  soluta 
praecipitat  glacies,  ingresso  uere  tumescit 
prima  tabe  niuis.     Nilus  neque  suscitat  undas        225 
ante  Cam's  radios  nee  ripis  adligat  amnem 
ante  parem  nocti  Libra  sub  iudice  Phoebum. 
inde  etiam  leges  aliarum  nescit  aquarum  : 
nee  tumet  hibernus,  cum  longe  sole  remoto 
officiis  caret  unda  suis  :    dare  iussus  iniquo  230 

temperiem  caelo  mediis  aestatibus  exit 
sub  torrente  plaga :   ne  terras  dissipet  ignis 
Nilus  adest  mundo,  contraque  incensa  Leonis 
ora  tumet :   Cancroque  suam  torrente  Syenen 
imploratus  adest :    nee  campos  liberat  undis  235 

donee  in  auctumnum  declinet  Phoebus  et  umbras 
extendat  Meroe.     quis  causas  reddere  possit  ? 
sic  iussit  natura  parens  discurrere  Nilum  : 

214.     ora]    equivalent    to    caput,    the  225.     prima  tabc  niuis]  'with  the  first 

source:    more    commonly    used    of    the  melting  snow',    cf. Liv. XXI jfaper nudam 

mouth  of  a  river.  glacietn    Jluentemquc     tabeni    liqucscentis 

quae  cum]     The   introduction   of  this  niuis  ingrediebantur. 

second  and  subordinate  protasis  is  worthy  226.     ripis   adligat  amnem]    'confines 

of  notice;  cf.  note  on  IX  401.     dominus  its    stream    by    banks',     i.e.     withdraws 

aquarum  is  Mercury,  cf.  209  supr.  within  its  banks. 

216.  ut  oceanus]  i.e.  the  rise  and  fall  227.  Libra  sub  iudice]  cf.  Verg.  G.  I 
of  the  Nile  is  caused  by  Mercury  in  the  20S  Libra  die  somnique  pares  ubi  fecerit 
same  way  that  the  ebb  and  flow  of  the  horas. 

tide  in  the  sea  are  by  the  moon.  230.     ojjiciis  suis]   i.e.  cooling  the  air 

217.  coartat]  sc.  Nilus.  and  moistening  the  ground. 

218.  receperif]  'until  night  has  recover-         caret]  'foregoes'. 

ed  the  hours  of  summer  from  the  sun',  i.e.  233.     contra]   'swells  up  to    meet  the 

until  the  autumnal  equinox.  Lion's  fiery  face'. 

219.  uctcrum]  e.g.  Euripidis,  cf.  He-  237.  extendat]  because  at  midsummer 
lena  1 — 3  "SeiXov  niv  a'ioe  KriWiTrdpOtvoi  there  were  no  shadows  cast  at  Meroe. 
poai,  os  avrl  5Las  i/<a/ca6os  Alyvvrov  iridov  cf.  II  587  umbras  nusquam  /leclente  Syene, 
\euKi7s  Taicdo-Tjs  \i6vos  iiypaivei  yvas.  See  also  infr.  305. 


374  LUCANI    PIIARSALIAE 

sic  opus  est  mundo.     Zcphyros  quoquc  uana  uctustas 
his  adscribit  aquis,  quorum  stata  tempora  flatus     240 
continuique  dies  ct  in  acra  longa  potestas: 
uel  quod  ab  occiduo  pcllunt  tot  nubila  caelo 
trans  Noton  et  fluuio  cogunt  incumberc  nimbos : 
uel  quod  aquas  totiens  rumpentis  litora  Nili 
adsiduo  fcriunt  coguntque  rcsistcre  fluctus  :  245 

ille  mora  cursus  aduersique  obiice  ponti 
aestuat  in  campos.     sunt  qui  spiramina  tcrris 
esse  putant  magnosque  cauae  compagis  hiatus, 
commeat  hac  penitus  tacitis  discursibus  unda 
frigore  ab  Arctoo  medium  reuocata  sub  axem,       250 
cum  Phoebus  pressit  Meroen  tellusque  perusta 
illuc  duxit  aquas,     trahitur  Gangesque  Padusque 
per  taciturn  mundi ;    tunc  omnia  flumina  Nilus 
uno  fonte  uomens  non  uno  gurgite  perfert. 
rumor  ab  oceano  qui  terras  adligat  omnes  255 

exundante  procul  uiolentum  erumpere  Nilum, 
aequoreosque  sales  longo  mitescere  tractu. 
nee  non  oceano  pasci  Phoebumque  polumque 
credimus  :   hunc  calidi  tetigit  cum  bracchia  Cancri 
sol  rapit,  atque  undae  plus  quam  quod  digerat  aer 
tollitur.     hoc  noctes  referunt  Niloque  refundunt.     261 

239.     Zcphyros  adscribit']  i.e.  Zephyros  G.  iv  363 — 373:  also  Plat.  Fhaedo  in  c 

causam  esse  ait.    Weise.     He  also  thinks  — 112  E.    For  discursibus  cf.  diucrsa  locis 

that  the  Etesian  winds  are  here  meant,  in  the  passage  of  Verg.  cited  above, 

which  however  blew  from  the  north.  250.     medium    sub    axem]   sc.    to    the 

242.     uel  quod]     Democriti   placitum.  equator,     cf.    Verg.   G.    ill    351    quaque 

Grotius.  redit  medium  Rhodope  porrecta  sub  axem. 

244.  uel    quod]     Thaletis     placitum.  See  also  note  on  iv  673. 

Grotius.  253.    per  taciturn  mundi]  per  cauernas 

totiens  rumpentis  litora]  'bursting  out  latentis.      Schol. 

into    the    sea    by  so    many    (sc.   seven)  254.     non   uno  gurgite  perfert]  'does 

mouths'.  not  bear  them  to  the  sea  in  one  single 

245.  cogunt]   'and   compel   its  waves  flood';  referring  to  the  seven  mouths  of 
to  halt',  i.e.  to  flow  clown  more  slowly,  the  Nile. 

cf.    Verg.  Aen.    vm    86 — 89    Tybris   ea         255.     adligat]    'surrounds',     cf.  Verg. 

jluuium  quam   longa  est  node  tumentem  Aen.   VI    438   tristique  pains  inamabilis 

leniit  et  tacita  rejluens  ita  substitit  unda,  unda  adligat. 

////lis    ut    in    morem    stagni  placidacque  257.     mitescere]  'lose  their  savour'. 

paludis  sterneret  aeqnor   aquis   rcmo   ut         258.    pasci]  cf.  notes  on  1  415,  vil  5. 
luctamcn  abesset.  260.     undae  plus]  'more  moisture  than 

247.     spiramina]  '  breathing  places  in  the  air  can  disperse',    cf.  Plin.  H.  N.  XXXI 

the  earth  and  vast  chasms  in  the  hollow  §    53  pier u ///que  uero  damnosi  torrentes 

of  its  frame'.  conriuantur  detracta   collibus  silua   eon- 

249.     commeat]  '  penetrates '.    cf.  Verg.  tinere  nimbos  ac  digerere  consueta. 


-     LIBER   X.    239— 2S5.  375 

ast  ego,  si  tantam  ius  est  mihi  solucre  litem, 
quasdam,  Caesar,  aquas  post  mundi  sera  peracti 
saecula  concussis  tcrrarum  erumperc  uenis, 
non  id  agente  deo,  quasdam  compagc  sub  ipsa      265 
cum  toto  coepisse  reor,  quas  ille  creator 
atque  opifex  rerum  ccrto  sub  iure  coercet. 

quae  tibi  noscendi  Nilum,  Romane,  cupido 
et  Phariis  Persisque  fuit  Macetumque  tyrannis  : 
iuillaque  non  aetas  uoluit  conferre  futuris  270 

notitiam  :    sed  uincit  adhuc  natura  latendi. 
summus  Alexander  regum  quos  Memphis  adorat 
inuidit  Nilo,  misitque  per  ultima  terrae 
Aethiopuirrlectos  :    illos  rubicunda  perusti 
zona  poli  tenuit ;    Nilum  uidere  calentcm.  275 

uenit  ad  occasus  mundique  extrema  Sesostris, 
et  Pharios  currus  regum  ceruicibus  egit : 
ante  tamen  ucstros  amnes  Rhodanumque  Padumque 
quam  Nilum  de  fonte  bibit.     uaesanus  in  ortus 
Cambyses  longi  populos  peruenit  ad  aeui,  280 

defectusque  epulis  et  pastus  caede  suorum 
ignoto  te,  Nile,  redit.     non  fabula  mendax 
ausa  loqui   de  fonte  tuo  est :    ubicumque  uidcris 
quaereris ;    et  nulli  contingit   gloria  genti 
ut  Nilo  sit  laeta  suo.     tua  fiumina  prodam,  285 

263.  post  mundi]  'after  the  latest  ages  necks  of  kings',  i.e.  he  made  the  conquered 
of  the  completion  of  the  world'.  kings  drag  his  triumphal  car. 

264.  concussis]  i.e.  apparently  by  earth-  280.  longi  populos  aeui]i.e.  Tois  ixanpo- 
quakes.  fiiovs.    For  the  account  of  these  Ethiopians 

265.  non  id agente deo]  sc.  casu.  Weise.      and  the  march  of  Cambyses  cf.  Herod,  m 
compage  sub  ipsa]  'at  the  time  when  the      17 — 25.    For  the  genitive  cf.  note  on  vin 

world  was  framed'.  223. 

266.  cum  toto  coepisse]  'had  their  be-  281.  defect  us -epulis]  'destitute  of  food', 
ginning  along  with  the  universe',  cf.  vin  cf.  Tibull.  11  v  75  ipsum  etiam  sole/n 
459.  defectum  lumine  uidit.     Ov.  Met.  x  194 

creator]  'founder';   cf.  Cic.  pro  Corn,  defecta  uigore  ipsa  sibi  est  oneri  cerui.x. 

Balb.  §  31  creator  hums  urbis  Romulus  ;  282.     non  fabula] '  not  even  lying  fable  | 

not  'maker'  which  is  expressed  by  opifex.  has  ventured  to  tell  of  thy  source',  this  is 

27  r.     natura  latendi]  'its  native  power  how  this  passage  is  rightly  explained  by 

of  hiding'.  the  Scholiast,  not  as  Weise  takes  it,  'nor 

272.  adorat]  This  refers  to  the  deifi-  is  the  proverb  false  which  lias  ventured  to 
cation  of  the  Ptolemies.  say  of  thy  source,  where'er  thou  art  seen, 

273.  inuidit  Nilo]  'grudged  the  Nile  thou  art  sought  in  vain'. 

its  secret '.  285.     suo]  ut  iactet  se  habere  fontem 

275.     tenuit]  i.e.  coutinuit  'stopped'.  Nili.     Schol. 

Nilum]  non  fontes  eius.     Weise.  fiumina]  emphatic  ;    your   course,   not 

-77-     regum  ceruicibus]  'yoked  to  the  your  source. 


3/ 


76  LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 


qua  deus  undarum  cclator,  Nile,  tuarum 

tc  mihi  nosse  dedit     medio  consurgis  ab  axe 

ausus  in  ardentem   ripas  adtollere  Cancrum  : 

in  Borcan   is  rectus  aquis  mediumque  Booten. 

cursus   in  occasum  ficxu  torquetur  et  ortus,  290 

nunc  Arabum  populis  Libycis  nunc  acquus  harenis : 

tequc  uident  primi,  quaerunt  tamen  hi  quoque,  Seres, 

Aethiopumque  feris  alieno  gurgite  campos : 

ct  tc  terrarum  nescit  cui  debeat  orbis. 

arcanum  natura  caput  non  prodidit  villi,  295 

nee  licuit  populis  paruom  te,  Nile,  uiderc, 

amouitquc  sinus,  et  gentes   maluit  ortus 

mirari  quam   nosse  tuos.     consurgere  in  ipsis 

ius  tibi   solstitiis,  aliena  crescere  bruma, 

atque  hiemes  adferre  tuas  :    solique  uagari  300 

concessum  per  utrosque  polos,     hie  quaeritur  ortus, 

illic   finis  aquae,     late  tibi  gurgite  rupto 

ambitur  nigris   Meroe   fecunda  colonis, 

laeta  comis  hebeni,  quae  quamuis  arbore  multa 

frondeat  aestatem  nulla  sibi  mitigat  umbra :  305 

linea  tarn  rectum   mundi   ferit  ilia   Leonem. 


286.  qua]  equivalent  to  quatenus  '  so  niuibus  terrae  longe  ad  orientem  remotae, 
far  as',   cf.  83  supr.  Liv.  xxxix  48  statui  which  would  contradict  line  219. 

non  ultra  attingere  externa  nisi  qua  Ro-  301.     hie  quaeritur]  'here  none  know 

manis  cohaerent  rebus.  the   source,  there  none  the  goal  of  thy 

287.  medio    ab    axe]    sc.    'from    the  waters'. 

equator',     cf.  supr.  250.  302.     rupto]  'divided'. 

288.  in  ardentem  Cancrum]  sc.  ad  305.  nulla — umbra]  i.  e.  because  the 
Zodiacum,  ubi  Cancer.     Weise.  sun  being  vertically  over  it  the  tree  casts 

292.  Seres]   The  ancients  thought  that  no  shade. 

the  Nile  came  from  the  east.     cf.  Verg.  306.     lined]     For  the  astronomical  in- 

G.  IV  293  usqtie  coloratis  amnis  deuexus  formation    in    the   following   note    I    am 

ab  Indis.  indebted   to  Mr  R.   Pendlebury,   Fellow 

293.  alieno  gurgite]  'and  dost  inundate  of  St  John's  College.  Weise  takes  linea 
the  Ethiopians'  plains  with  a  flood  from  mundi  to  be  the  equator,  'above  which 
a  foreign  land'.  the  Lion  rises  perpendicularly';  but  this 

297.  amouit]sc.  natura,  the  preceding  at  the  equator  would  be  equally  the  case 
line  is  a  parenthesis.  with  all  other  constellations.  Other  corn- 
www]  equivalent  to  latebras  'retreat',  mentators  understand  by  linea  mundi  a 
'lurking  place',  cf.  Tac.  Agric.  30  line  drawn  vertically  from  the  sun  to  this 
reeessus  ipse  ac  sinus  famae  in  hunc  diem  portion  of  the  earth,  which  passes  directly 
defendit.  through  the  Lion ;  but  if  a  line  drawn 
299.  aliena  bruma]  'with  winter  (i.e.  from  the  sun  to  a  point  on  the  equator 
floods  which  are  the  sign  of  winter)  out  would  pass  through  the  Lion,  a  line  drawn 
of  season',  cf.  Verg.  G.  11  149  alienis  to  any  other  point  on  the  earth's  surface 
meusibus  aestas ;   not  as  Weise  takes  it,  ex  would   equally   do   so.      Perhaps   Lucan 


LIBER    X.    286—329.  377 

inde  plagas   Phocbi  damnum  non   passus  aquarum 

praeuehcris  stcrilcsque   diu   mctiris  harcnas, 

nunc  omnes  unum   uires  collcctus   in  amncm, 

nunc  uagus  et  spargens  facilem  tibi  ccderc  ripam. 

rursus  multifidas  rcuocat  pigcr  alueus  undas,  311 

qua  dirimunt  Arabum   populis  Acgyptia  rura 

regni  claustra  Philae.     mox  tc  dcserta  secantem, 

qua  dirimunt  nostrum   rubro   commercia   pontum, 

mollis   lapsus  agit.     quis  te  tarn   lene  fluentem       315 

moturum   tantas   uiolenti  gurgitis   iras, 

Nile,  putet  ?  sed  cum  lapsus  abrupta   uiarum 

excepere  tuos  et  praccipites  cataractae, 

ac  nusquam   uetitis  ullas  obsistere  cautes 

indignaris  aquis  :    spuma  tunc  astra  lacessis  :  320 

cuncta  fremunt  undis :    ac  multo  murmure  montis 

spumeus  inuictis  cancscit  fluctibus  amnis. 

hinc  Abaton  quam  nostra  uocat  ueneranda  uetustas 

terra  potens  primos  sentit  percussa   tumultus, 

et  scopuli,  placuit  fluuii  quos  dicere  uenas,  325 

quod  manifesta   noui   primum   dant  signa  tumoris. 

hinc   montes  natura  uagis  circumdedit  undis, 

qui   Libyae  te,  Nile,  negant :    quos  inter  in   alta 

it  conualle  iacens  iam  molibus  unda  receptis. 

thought  that  Regulus,  the  principal  star  mare  discolor  unda. 

in  the   Lion,   passed   vertically  overhead  318.    cataractae]   This  word  is  specially 

at  the  equator,  but  the  distance  of  Regu-  used  of  the  cataracts  of  the  Nile ;  it  is  also 

lus  from  the  zenith  would  be  not  less  than  applied  to  artificial  flood-gates. 

120  30'.     If  this  explanation  is  right  linea  319.     ac  nusquam]  'and  thou  dost  fret 

mundi  ilia  probably  means  the  line  from  that  any  rocks  should  oppose  thy  waters 

the  place  of  observation   to   the  earth's  nowhere    debarred    from    flowing ',    i.  e. 

centre,  or,  more  in  accordance  with  an-  which  force  a  passage  for  themselves  every - 

cient    ideas,    the    perpendicular    to    the  where. 

surface  of  the  earth  at  the  place  of  ob-  321.     multo  murmure]  from  Verg.Aen. 

servation,  i.  e.  the  zenith  line.  I  55  Mi  indignantes  multo  cum  murmure 

311.  pigcr  alueus]  'the  gently  sloping  montis  circum  claustra  fremunt. 
channel'.  324.     terra  potens]     The  epithet  may 

312.  qua  dirim nut]  'where  Philae,  the  be  probably  explained  by  a  passage  in 
key  of  the  kingdom  (sc.  of  Egypt),  sepa-  Seneca  N.  Q.  IV  ii  §  7  exiguo  ab  hoc 
rates  the  land  of  Egypt  from  the  Arabian  spatio  pelra  diuiditur:  "Ajiarov  Graeci 
tribes'.  uocant,    nee    Mam    it  Hi    nisi    antistites 

',14.     qua  dirimunt]  'where  the  track  calcant. 

of  commerce  separates  our  sea  (i.e.   the  325.     uenas]  'the  springs  of  the  river'. 

Mediterranean)  from  the  Red  Sea',    com-  cf.  vin  477.     For  uenae  ci.  IX  356.    Hirt. 

mercia  refers  to  the  isthmus  of  Suez.     The  B.  G.  VIII  43  cuniculis  uenae  fontis  inter- 

repetition  of  qua  dirimunt  is  very  awk-  cisae  sunt  atque  auersae. 

ward,    but  cf.  note  on   V   79;.      for  uos-  320.     molibus  receptis]  'having  nowgot 

/rum  mare  cf.  vin  293  abruptum  est  nostra  a  barrier',  sc.  the  mountains  mentioned  in 


373  LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 

prima  tibi   campos   pcrmittit  apcrtaque   Memphis 
rura  modumque  uctat  crescendj  poncrc  ripas.        331 

sic  uclut   in  tuta  securi  pace  trahebant 
noctis   iter  mediae :    sed   non  uaesana   Pothini 
mens  imbuta  semel  sacrata  caede  uacabat 
a  scelerum   motu.     Magno  nihil  ille  pcrempto       335 
iam  putat  esse   ncfas  :    habitant  sub  pectore  manes 
ultricesque  deae  dant  in  noua   monstra  furorem. 
dignatur  Pharias  isto  quoque  sanguine  dextras 
quo  Fortuna  parat   uictos  perfundere  Patres  ; 
poenaque  ciuilis  belli   uindicta  senatus  340 

paene  data  est  famulo.     procul  hoc  auertite,  fata, 
crimen  ut  haec  Bruto  ceruix  absente  secetur. 
in  scelus  it  Pharium  Romani  poena  tyranni, 
exemplumque  perit.     struit  audax  irrita  fatis, 
nee  parat  occultae  caedem  committere  fraudi,         345 
inuictumque  ducem  detecto  Marte  lacessit. 
tantum  animi  delicta  dabant  ut  colla  ferire 
Caesaris  et  socerum  iungi  tibi,  Magne,  iuberet : 
atque  haec  dicta  monet  famulos  perferre  fideles 
ad  Pompeianae  socium  sibi  caedis  Achillam,  350 

quern  puer  imbellis  cunctis  praefecerat  armis 
et  dederat  ferrum  nullo  sibi  iure  retento 

line  327  which  confine  it  and  prevent  its  swell  the  guilt  of  Egypt,'  i.e.  what  was 

spreading  over  its   banks.     Weise  takes  righteous  vengeance  on  the   part  of  the 

molibusoi  the  large  merchant  vessels  called  senate  would  have  been  mere  murder  on 

[lapis  by   Herod.   II  96,   quoting  the  de-  that  of  an  Egyptian.     For  the  expression, 

scription  of  the  rafts  in  IV  418  and  445,  cf.    Ov.    Met.   X  492 — 494  mediaqitc  ?na- 

but  this  explanation  appears  to  me  far-  nente  medulla  sanguis  it  in  sucos  in  mag- 

fetched  and  unnecessary.   Oud.  conjectures  110s  bracchia  ramos  hi  pamos  digiti.    Sen. 

moribus.  contr.  praef.  §  6  quae  nos,  dementissimi 

331.  crcscendi~\  'forbids  thy  banks  to  homines,  tanta  tiaecordia  agitat?  par  urn 
set  a  limit  to  thy  increase',  cf.  I  81  laetis  uidelicet  in  poenas  notae  crudelitatis  it. 
hunc  numina  rebus  crescendi  posuere  mo-  Tac.  Ann.  111  50  uita  Lutorii  in  integro 
aunt.  est,  qui  neque  seruatus  in  periculum  rei 

332.  trahebanf]  simply  spent,  cf.  Phae-  pitblicae  neque  interfectus  in  exemption  ibit. 
drus  IW  37  uitam  quae  luxu  trahit.  344.     exemplumque  peril]  'the  warning 

335.     a  scelerum  motu']  sc.  a  mouendis     is  lost'. 
sceleribus.  346.     inuictumque]  'but  assails  the  un- 

337.  ultricesque  deae]    Oud.    cf.    Sen.     conquered  chief  with  open  war'. 

Med.  975,  976  discedere  a  me,  frater,  xtl-  347.   ferire... iungi]  For  the  active  in  fin. 

trices  dcas  manesque  ad  inios  ire  securas  coupled  with  the  passive  cf.  Verg.  Aen. 

iube.  in  60 — 61  omnibus  idem  animus  scelerata 

338.  dignatur]  'he  deems  his  worth-  excedere  terra  linqui  pollutum  hospitium  et 
less  hands  worthy  to  shed  that  blood  as  dare  classibus  austros. 

well  with  which  &c.'  352.     nullo  sibi]    'retaining   no  power 

343.     in  scelus  it  Pharium]   'goes  to     for  himself. 


LIBER   X.    330—  374.  379 

in  cunctos  in  sequc  simul.     tu  mollibus,  inquit, 
nunc  incumbe  toris  ct  pingues  exige  somnos : 
inuasit  Cleopatra  domum.     ncc  prodita  tantum  est, 
sed  donata  Pharos,     cessas  accurrere  solus  356 

ad  dominae  thalamos  ?     nubit  soror  impia  fratri : 
nam  Latio  iam  nupta  duci  est :    interque  maritos 
discurrens  Aegypton  habet  Romamque  meretur. 
expugnare  senem  potuit  Cleopatra  uenenis :  360 

crede,  miser,  puero  :   quern  nox  si  iunxcrit  una 
et  semel  amplexus  incesto  pectore  passus 
hauserit  obscenum  titulo  pietatis  amorem, 
meque  tuomque  caput  per  singula  forsitan  illi 
oscula  donabit.     crucibus  flammisque  luemus  365 

si  fuerit  formosa  soror.     nil  undiquc  restat 
auxilii :   rex  hinc  coniunx,  hinc  Caesar  adulter  : 
et  sumus,  ut  fatear,  tarn  saeua  iudice  sontes. 
quern  non  ex  nobis  crcdet  Cleopatra  nocentem 
a  quo  casta  fuit  ?     per  te  quod  fecimus  una  370 

perdidimusque  nefas,  perque  ictum  sanguine  Magni 
foedus,  ades :    subito  bellum  molire  tumultu : 
irrue  nocturnus :    rumpamus  funere  taedas, 
crudelemque  toris  dominam  mactemus  in  ipsis 

354.  pingues somnos]  'luxurious sleep',  the  Latin  chief  she  is  wedded  to  him  al- 
cf.  Ov.  Amor.   I  xv  7  nunc  etiam  somni     ready'. 

pingues.      Plin.  Epp.  v  vi  §  45  altius  ibi  359.     discurrens]    'and  hurrying  from 

otinm  et pinguius  eoqne  securius.  husband  to  husband,  Egypt  she  has,  and 

355.  inuasit]  'has  seized  upon  the  plays  the  whore  for  Rome '.  F or  meretur 
palace',  cf.  I  242,  ix  198,  410,  Suet.  Iul.  9  cf.  Prop,  iv  xi  39  incesti  merctrix  regina 
dictaluram  Crassus  inuaderet.  Canopi.      Tac.    Hist.     I    30  habitune    et 

nee  prodita]  i.e.  Egypt  is  not  only  be-  incessu  an  Mo  mulicbri  ornatu  mereretur 

trayed  to  Caesar  by  Cleopatra  but  given  imperium  f 

by  him  to  Cleopatra.  360.     senem]   sc.  Caesar  now  52  years 

356.  cessas  accurrere  solus]  'do  you  of  age  is  called  senex  compared  with  the 
alone  delay   to  hurry  to  your  mistress's  young  Ptolemaeus. 

chamber?'  i.e.  to   salute   her  as   queen.  uenenis]  'love  potions'. 

This  is  Weise's  explanation,  but  if  this  be  361.     crede]  ironical. 

the   meaning  one   would   have   expected  363.     titulo   pietatis]       Oud.    cf.    Ov. 

units  rather  than  solus:  it  is  possible  that  Heroid.  iv  129  foil. 

the  words  may  be  intended  to  be  ironical,  365.    luemus]  'we  shall  pay  the  penalty 

'do  you  hesitate  to  hasten  by  yourself  to  with  the  gallows  and  the  flame  should  he 

your   mistress's   chamber?'    i.e.    to   rush  find  his  sister  beautiful'. 

into  the  very  jaws  of  danger  with  none  to  368.     sontes]   'guilty  in  the  eyes  of  a 

help  you.  judge  so  cruel ',  explained  by  the  succeed- 

357.  dominae]  sc.  of  her  who  is  now  ing  line. 

your  mistress.  371.    perdidimus]  '  committed  in  vain '. 

nubit]  i.e.  is  on  the  point  of  marrying.       cf.  VIII  53. 

358.  nam]    explains   nubit  'for  as  to  372.    foedus]  cf.  IX  102 1. 


3S0  LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 

cum  quocumquc  uiro.     ncc  nos  deterreat  ausis       375 
Hesperii  Fortuna  ducis.     quae  sustulit  ilium 
imposuitquc  orbi  communis  gloria  nobis : 
nos  quoquc  sublimes  Magnus  facit.     adspicc  litus, 
spem  nostri  scelcris :    pollutos  consulc  fluctus 
quid  liccat  nobis :    tumulumque  c  pulucre  paruo     380 
adspicc  Pompeii  non  omnia  membra  tegentem. 
quern  metuis  par  huius   erat.     non  sanguine  clari : 
quid  refert  ?    nee  opes  populorum  ac  regna  moucmus  : 
ad  scelus   ingentis   fati  sumus.     adtrahit   illos 
in   nostras  Fortuna  manus.     en   altera  uenit  385 

uictima  nobilior.     placemus  caede  secunda 
Hesperias  gentes.     iugulus   mihi   Caesaris  haustus 
hoc  praestare  potest   Pompeii  caede  nocentis 
ut  populus   Romanus  amet.     quid   nomina  tanta 
horremus  uiresque  ducis  quibus  ille  relictis  390 

miles  erit  ?     nox  haec  peraget  ciuilia  bella, 
inferiasque   dabit  populis,  et  mittet  ad   umbras 
quod   debetur  adhuc  mundo  caput,     ite  feroces 
Caesaris  in   iugulum :    praestet   Lagea  iuuentus 
hoc  regi,  Romana  sibi.     tu  parce   morari :  395 

plenum  epulis  madidumque  mero  uenerique  paratum 
inuenies :    aude :    superi  tot  uota   Catonum 
Brutorumque   tibi  tribuent.     non   segnis   Achillas 
suadenti  parere  nefas.     haud  clara   mouendis, 


375.     quocumque]    sc.  whether   Caesar  auro  latus  haurit  apertum. 

or  Ptolemaeus.  390.     quibus  ille]    'apart    from    which 

377.  gloria]    sc.   of  conquering  Pom-  he  will  be  a  simple  soldier',   i.e.  and  so 
peius.  easily  killed.     Weise  cf.  v  365.     See  also 

378.  litus~\  in  quo  Pompeium  interfeci-  Shak.  J.  C,  Act  1  Sc.  ii  'I  was  born  free 
mus.     Weise.  as  Caesar  &c.' 

379.  pollutos']  'ask  of  the  bloodstained  392.     inferias]  'offering  to  the  shades 
waves'.  of  the  slain  multitudes',    cf.  iv  789. 

382.    par  Indus]  'Pompeius'  rival',    cf.  394.     praestet]    'let   the  Egyptian    sol- 

1  7*  diers  do  this  service  for  their  king,   the 

non  sanguine  clari]    '  we  are  not,  you  Romans  for  themselves '. 

say,  of  noble  blood'.  395.     Romana]      This    refers    to    the 

384.     ad  scelus]  '  still  we  are  of  mighty  Roman  soldiers  serving  in  the  Egyptian 

power  for  crime',     cf.  supr.  45.  army.     cf.  Caes.  B.  C.  Ill  no. 

illos]  duces  Romanos.     Weise.  397.      Catonum]  'to  you  the  gods  will 

386.  uictima]  cf.  note  on  vu  596.  grant  to  fulfil  the  many  prayers  of  the 

387.  haustus]  'drained  of  its  life-blood'.  Catos  and  the  Bruti'.     For  the  plural  cf. 
cf.  Verg.  Aen.  X  313,  314  huic gladio per-  note  on  1  313  nomina  nana  Catones. 

que  aerea  suta   per  tunicam   squalentem 


LIBER   X.    375—419.  381 

ut   mos,  signa  dedit  castris,  nee  prodidit  anna      400 
ullius  clangorc  tubae:   temere  omnia  saeui 
instrumenta  rapit  belli,     pars  maxima  turbae 
plebis  erat  Latiae :    sed  tanta  obliuio  mentes 
cepit,  in  extemos   corrupto  milite  mores, 
ut   duce  sub  famulo  iussuque  satellitis  ircnt,  405 

quos  erat  indignum   Phario  parere  tyranno. 
nulla  fides  pietasque  uiris  qui   castra  sequuntur; 
uenalcsque  manus,  ubi  fas,  ubi   maxima  merces, 
aere  merent  paruo ;    iugulumquc  in   Caesaris  ire 
non  sibi  dant.     pro  fas,  ubi  non  ciuilia  bella         410 
inucnit  imperii   fatum   miserabile  nostri  ? 
Thessaliae  subducta  acies  in  litore  Nili 
more  furit  patrio.     quid   te  plus,  Magne,  recepto 
ausa  foret  Lagea  domus  ?  dat  scilicet  omnis 
dextera  quod  debet  superis :    nullique  uacare  415 

fas  est  Romano.     Latium  sic  scindere  corpus 
dis  placitum :    non   in   soceri  generique  fauorem 
discedunt  populi :   ciuilia  bella  satelles 
mouit  et  in  partem  Romani  uenit  Achillas. 


401.  temere]  'hastily'.  belli?  quod  mare  Dauniae  non  decolora- 

402.  rapit]  celeriter  adducit,  cf.  I  uere  caedes?  quae  caret  ora  encore  uos- 
■228  noctis  tenebris  rapit  agtnina  ductor.  tro? 

Weise.  412.     Thessaliae  subducta]  'withdrawn 

405.  duce  sub  famulo]  cf.  note  on  VIII  from  Thessaly'. 

597.  413.    patrio]  cf.  I  95 — 97.    Hor.  Epod. 

406.  Phario  tyranno]  i.e.  the  Egyp-  VII  17 — 20  sic  est ;  acerba  fata  Romanos 
tian  king  himself,  still  more  his  famuli  agunt  scelusque  fraternae  necis,  ut  im- 
and  satellites.  merentis  fluxit    in    terrain    Remi    sacer 

408.  uenalcsque    manus]     '  and    their  nepotibus  cruor. 

venal  hands  serve  for  a  pittance  on  the  te  recepto]  sc.  had  they  welcomed  Pom- 
side  whereon  is  right  and  the  highest  re-  peius  and  helped  him  against  Caesar, 
ward   in    prospect',   i.e.  the  recovery  of  415.     uacare]  sc.    scelere,  bello  ciuili. 
liberty.     The  meaning  is  that  they  fight  cf.  11  56. 

on  the  right  side,  against  Caesar,  but  it  416.     corpus]  cf.  Liv.   1  17  Sabini  sui 

is  for  their  soldiers'  pay  not  for  glory  and  corporis  creari  regent  uolebant. 

liberty.  418.    discedunt]   The  metaphor  is  taken 

409.  iugulumquc]  'to  assail  the  throat  from  dividing  on  a  motion  in  the  Senate, 
of  Caesar  they  grant  as  a  favour  not  to  cf.  Liv.  m  41  in  hanc  sen/en tia/11  ut  dis- 
thcmselves',    i.e.    but  to   the  Egyptians,  cederetur  iuniores patrum  euincebant. 
For  sibi  cf.  VII  697  ostendit  moriens  sibi  419.     in  partem  Romani   uenit]    'suc- 
se pugnasse  senatus.  ceeded  to  the  position  of  a  Roman'.    The 

410.  ubi  non]  cf.  Hor.  carm.  II  i  29 — 36  metaphor  is  taken  from  succession  under 
quis  non  Latino  sanguine pinguior  campus  a  wili,  cf.  Cic.  pro  Caec.  §  12  heredem  P. 
sepulcris  impia  proelia  testatur,  auditum-  Caesennium  fecit ;  uxori  grande  pdndus 
que  Medis  Hesferiae  sonitum  ruinae?  qui  argenti  matriquc partem  bonorum  niaiorem 
gurges  aut  quae  flumiua  lugubris  ignara  legauit;  itaque  in  partem  mulicrcs  uocatae 


38: 


LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 


ct  nisi  fata  manus  a  sanguine  Caesaris  arccnt       420 
hac  uinccnt  partes,     aderat   maturus  uterque : 
et  districta  epulis  ad  cunctas  aula  patebat 
insidias:   poteratque  cruor  per  regia  fundi 
pocula  Caesareus  mensaeque  incumbere  ceruix. 
sed  metuunt  belli  trepidos  in  nocte  tumultus,        425 
nc  caedes  confusa  manu  permissaque  fatis 
te,  Ptolemaee,  trahat :    tanta  est  fiducia  ferri. 
non  rapuere  nefas  :    summi  contempta  facultas 
est  operis  :   uisum  famulis  reparabile  damnum 
illam  mactandi  dimittere  Caesaris  horam.  430 

seruatur  poenas  in  aperta  luce  daturus. 
donata  est  nox  una  duci  uixitque  Pothini 
munere  Phoebeos  Caesar  dilatus  in  ortus. . 
Lucifer  a  Casia  prospexit  rupe  diemque 
misit  in  Aegyptum  primo  quoque  sole  calentem  :    435 
cum  procul  a  muris  acies  non  sparsa  maniplis 
nee  uaga  conspicitur,  sed  iustos  qualis  ad  hostes 
recta  fronte  uenit.     passuri  comminus  arma 
laturique  ruunt.     at  Caesar  moenibus  urbis 
diffisus  foribus  clausae  se  protegit  aulae  440 

degeneres  passus  latebras.     nee  tota  uacabat 
regia  compresso  :   minima  collegerat  arma 
parte  domus  :   tangunt  animos  iraeque  metusque  : 
et  timet  incursus  indignaturque  timere. 
sic  fremit  in  paruis  fera  nobilis  abdita  claustris,     445 
et  frangit  rabidos  praemorso  carcere  dentes : 


tint,  partiarius  was  the  technical  legal 
term  for  a  man  who  shared  property  under 
a  will. 

422.  districta  epulis]  'occupied  with 
feasting',  cf.  Corn.  Nepos  Hannibal  cap. 
ult.  hie  tanlits  uir  tantisque  bellis  districtus 
nonnihil  temporis  tribirit  litteris. 

426.  confusa  maini\  'carried  out  dis- 
orderly and  trusted  to  chance',  cf.  Tac. 
Ann.  VI  52  (46)  mox  incertus  animi,  fesso 
corpore,  consilium,  cni  impar  erai,  fato 
fermisit. 

427.  trahat]  'involve  in  destruction'. 

428.  rapuere]  maturauere.     Weise. 
summi]    '  the  occasion  for  completing 

their  work  was  neglected'.     It  is  better  to 
take  summum  opus  thus,  than  as  equiva- 


lent to  maxima  res,  which  is  Weise's  ex- 
planation. 

430.  mactandi]  This  sacrificial  term 
carries  on  the  metaphor  of  uictima  in  386 
supr. 

431.  in  aperta  line]  sc.  in  the  senate- 
house. 

433.  Phoebeos  dilatus  in  ortus]  '  re- 
prieved till  sunrise',  cf.  Ov.  Met.  xm  518, 
519  quid,  di  crudelcs,  nisi  quo  nouafunera 
certiam,  uiuacem  differtis  anum  ? 

435.  primo]  sc.  diem :  apud  nos  sol 
feruet  in  meridie  ;  apud  Aegyptum  etiam 
mane.     Schol. 

438.  passuri  arma]  'ready  to  bear  the 
shock  of  arms'. 

441.     uacabat]  'was  available'. 


LIBER   X.   420—472.  383 

ncc  sccus  in  Siculis  furcret  tua  flamma  cauernis, 
obstrueret  summam  si  quis  tibi,  Mulciber,  Aetnam. 
audax  Thessalici  nuper  qui  rupe  sub  Hacmi 
Hesperiae  cunctos  proceres  aciemquc  scnatus  450 

Pompciumque  ducem  causa  spcrare  uetante 
non  timuit  fatumque  sibi  promisit  iniquom, 
expauit  seruile  nefas  intraque  penates 
obruitur  telis :  quern  non   uiolasset  Alanus, 
non  Scytha,  non  fixo  qui  ludit  in  hospite  Maurus,     455 
hie  cui  Romani  spatium  non  sufficit  orbis, 
paruaque  regna  putat  Tyriis  cum  Gadibus  Indos, 
ecu  puer  imbellis,  ecu  captis  femina  muris, 
quaerit  tuta  domus :   spem  uitae  in  limine  clauso 
ponit  et  incerto  lustrat  uagus  atria  cursu  ;  460 

non  sine  rege  tamen  ;   quern  ducit  in  omnia  secum 
sumpturus  poenas  et  grata  piacula  morti, 
missurusque  tuom,  si  non  sint  tela  nee  ignes, 
in  famulos,  Ptolemaee,  caput,     sic  barbara  Colchis 
creditur  ultorem  metuens  regnique  fugaeque  465 

ense  suo  fratrisque  simul  ceruice  parata 
exspectasse  patrem.     cogunt  tamen  ultima  rerum 
spem  pacis  temptare  ducem  :    missusque  satelles 
regius  ut  saeuos  absentis  uoce  tyranni 
corriperet  famulos,  quo  bellum  auctore  mouerent.      470 
sed  neque  ius  mundi  ualuit  nee  foedera  sancta 
gentibus  :   orator  regis  pacisque  sequester 

451.     sperare]    'he   did   not   fear   then         462.     piacula]  'a  welcome   atonement 

though  the  badness  of  his  cause  forbade  for  his  death '.     suae  morti  expiationem 

him  to  hope  and  he  looked  for  (sibi  pro-  Ptolemaei  caede  facturus.     Schol. 
misit)  a  disastrous  fate,  but  now  although         463.    mistorus]  'intending  to  discharge 

fighting  against  slaves  (and  so  in  a  good  thy  head  shomd  darts  and  torches  fail '. 
1  cause)  he  fears'.     Weise  with  some  MS  S.  466.     ense   suo]    sc.  par  at 0,   'standing 

reads  spectare  which  he  thus  explains  '  as  with    her    own    sword    ready    and    her 

the  badness  of  his  cause  ought  to  have  for-  brother's  head  as  well', 
bidden  him  even  to  look  on  such  oppo-         470.     corriperet]    'to  upbraid   his  ser- 

nents,  as  he  was  a  rebel  against  the  state':  vants,  asking  by  whose  authority  &c.' 
in  this  case  we  must  take  fatum  iniquom  471.     ius  munJi]  equivalent  to  ius  gen- 

as  'unmerited  success':  but  the  old  read-  tinm,  i.e.  the  law  common  to  all  countries, 

ing  spcrare  seems  to  me  preferable  and  to  guaranteeing  the  inviolability  of  ambassa- 

give  more  force  to  the  antithesis.  dors. 

455.  qui  ludit]  qui  exercitii  causa  hoste  472.  pacis  sequester] '  mediator  of  peace', 
interfecto  afhxo  pro  scopo  utitur  in  quern  cf.  Sen.  dial,  xn  §  5  Menenius  Agrippa 
tela  ingerat.     Weise.  qui  inter  patres  ac  plebem  publicae  gratiae 

456.  non  sujjicit]  cf.  Iuv.   X   16S  units  sequester  Juit. 
Pellaeo  iuiteni  non  sufficit  orbis. 


384  LUCANI    PHARSALIAE 

acstimat  in  numcro  scclcrum  ponenda  tuorum 

tot  monstris  Acgypte  noccns.     non  Thcssala  tellus, 

uastaquc  regna  Iubac,  non  Pontus  et  impia  signa     475 

Pharnacis,  et  gclido  circumfluus  orbis  Hibero 

tantum  ausus  scelerum,  non  Syrtis  barbara,  quantum 

deliciae  fccere  tuac.     prcmit  undiquc  bcllum, 

inque  domum  iam  tela  cadunt  quassantque  penates. 

non  aries  uno  moturus  limina  pulsu  480 

fracturusque  domum,  non  ulla  est  machina  belli  : 

nee  flammis  mandatur  opus :   sed  caeca  iuuentus 

consilii  uastos  ambit  diuersa  penates, 

et  nusquam  totis  incursat  uiribus  agmen. 

fata  uetant  murique  uicem  Fortuna  tuetur.  485 

necnon  et  ratibus  temptatur  regia,  qua  se 

protulit  in  medios  audaci  margine  fluctus 

luxuriosa  domus.     sed  adest  defensor  ubique 

Caesar,  et  hos  aditu  gladiis,  hos  ignibus  arcet : 

obsessusque  gerit,  tanta  est  constantia  mentis,       490 

expugnantis  opus,     piceo  iubet  unguine  tinctas 

lampadas  immitti  iunctis  in  uela  carinis. 

nee  piger  ignis  erat  per  stuppea  uincula  perque 

manantis  cera  tabulas  :    et  tempore  eodem 

transtraque  nautarum  summique  arsere  ceruchi.      495 

473.    acstimat  ponenda]  'are  a  measure  diuolsa,  Oud.  diuisa. 
of  what  is  to  be  set  down '.   Weise's  note  is         485.    uicem  tuetur]  '  performs  the  part ', 

'aestimare  hoc  loco  est  aestimari  faciunt'.  cf.  the  use  of  defendcre  in  Hor.  A.  P.  193 

If  the  reading  which  is  found  in  all  MSS.  actoris  partes    chorus    officiumque    uirile 

be  genuine  this  must  be  the  right  expla-  defendat. 

nation,  but  I  can  find  no  case  of  a  similar         487.      audaci  margine]  'with  its  bold 

use  of  aestimare.     Grotius  conjectures  res  frontage',     cf.  Hor.  carm.  II  xviii  20 — 22 

minima,     caesns  must  be   supplied  with  marisque  Baiis  obstrepentis  urges  submo- 

orator  and  sequester  in  the  preceding  line,  uere  litora  parum  locuples  continente  ripa. 

475.  impia]  because  Pharnaces  re-  492.  iunctis  in  uela  carinis]  'to  be 
belled  against  his  father  Mithridates.  discharged  at  the  ships  fastened  together, 

476.  circumfluus]  used  passively,  as  upon  their  sails',  the  dative  depending  on 
TreplppvTos.    cf.  IV  407.  inmitti  and  in  uela  being  added  as  expla- 

478.    deliciae]  'than  thou  Egypt  with  all  natory.    The  common  reading  is  in  bella 

thy  luxury',    cf.  Iuv.  vi  259,  260  quarum  i.e.   'on  the  ships  fastened   together  for 

delicias  et  panniculus  bambycinus  urit.  warfare 'i.e.  for  assaulting  the  walls  of  the 

482.  caeca]    For  caecus  with  gen.  cf.  palace. 

note  on  11  14.  494.    manantis  cera]  '  the  planks  oozing 

483.  diuersa]  cf.  notes  on  vi  783,  Verg.  with  pitch';  for  this  use  of  cera  cf.  Ov. 
Aen.  IV  163  diuersa  per  agros  tecta  metu  Met.  XI  514,  515  iamqtie  labant  cunei 
petiere.  This  reading  seems  to  have  the  spolialaque  tegmine  cerae  rima  patet  prae- 
best  MSS.  authority  anil  is  found  in  the  betque  uiam  lelalibus  undis. 

Roman   edition   of   1469.      Weise   reads         495.     ceruc At]  cf.  VIII  177. 


LIBER   X.   473-524.  3«5 

lam  propc  semustae  merguntur  in  acquorc  classes, 

iamque  hostes  et  tela  natant.     nee  puppibus  ignis 

incubuit  solis:    scd  quae  uiclna  fuere 

tecta  man  longis  rapuere  uaporibus  ignem  : 

et  cladem  fouere  Noti,  percussaque  flamma  500 

turbine  non  alio  motu  per  tecta  cucurrit 

quam  solet  aetherio  lampas  discurrere  sulco 

materiaque  carens  atque  ardens  aere  solo. 

ilia  lues  clausa  paulum  reuocauit  ab  aula 

urbis  in  auxilium  populos.     nee  tempora  cladis      505 

perdidit  in  somnos,  sed  caeca  nocte  carinis 

insiluit  Caesar,  semper  feliciter  usus 

praecipiti  cursu  bellorum  et  tempore  rapto. 

turn  claustrum  pelagi  ccpit  Pharon.    insula  quondam 

in  medio  stetit  ilia  mari  sub  tempore  uatis  510 

Proteos :    at  nunc  est  Pellaeis  proxima  muris. 

ilia  duci  geminos  bellorum  praestitit  usus: 

abstulit  excursus  et  fauces  aequoris  hosti; 

Caesaris  auxiliis  aditus  ac  libera  ponti 

ostia  permisit.     nee  poenas  inde  Pothini  515 

distulit  ulterius  :    sed  non  qua  debuit  ira 

non  cruce  non  flammis  rabido  non  dente  ferarum  : 

heu  facinus,  ceruix  gladio  male  caesa  pependit : 

Magni  morte  perit.     necnon  subrepta  paratis 

a  famulo  Ganymede  dolis  peruenit  ad  hostes  520 

Caesaris  Arsinoe :   quae  castra  carentia  rege 

ut  proles  Lagea  tenet  famulumque  tyranni 

terribilem  iusto  transegit  Achillea  ferro. 

altera,  Magne,  tuis  iam  uictima  mittitur  umbris: 

499.     rapuere]    'caught  up  the  flame  kik\ti<t kovctiv  k.t.X. 
with  its  widespreading  heat'.  511.     at  nunc]  i.e.  it  was  now  joined 

501.     non  alio  motu]  'as  swiftly'.  to  the  mainland  by  a  mole. 

;o2.     sulco]  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  II  697,  698  518.      male]  'wrongly',    'as  it  should 

tu in  longo  limite  sulcus  dat  luccm.  not  have  been'. 

503.      materiaque  carens]'  with  nothing         519.      Magni  morte]  quali   Fompcius. 

solid  to  feed  it',     cf.  note  on  1  156.  Schol. 

505.     cladis]   sc.    the    burning   of  the  521.     Arsinoe]    The  younger  sister  of 

ships  and  fires  in  the  town.  Cleopatra. 

507.    semper]  cf.  the  character  of  Caesar  carentia  rege]  i.e.  because  Caesar  kept 

I  143 — 157.  the  young  king  with  him  as  a  hostage. 

510.     in  medio]  cf.  Horn.  Odys.  IV  354  523.      Achillea']  for  Achillan;  so  2^>£ea 

seq.  vrjeros  £irena  rts  Zoti.  woXvKXtiffTy  ivi  is  used  by  Herod.  VII  4  as  the  accusative 

ir6vTu)  AlyviTTou    Trpoiva.pot.Oe,   $&poi>  6^   e  of  'Zip^rjt. 

H.  L.  25 


386  LUCAN1    PHARSALIAE. 

ncc  satis  hoc  Fortuna  putat.     procul  absit  ut  ista      525 
uindictae  sit  summa  tuae.     non  ipse  tyrannus 
sufficit  in  poenas  non  omnis  regia  Lagi. 
dum  patrii  ucniant  in  uisccra  Caesaris  enscs 
Magnus  inultus  erit.     sed  non  auctore  furoris 
sublato  cccidit  rabies:    nam  rursus  in  arma  530 

auspiciis  Ganymedis  cunt,  ac  multa  secundo 
proelia  Marte  gerunt.     potuit  discrimine  summo 
Caesaris  ilia  dies  in  famam  et  saecula  mitti. 
molis  in  exiguae   spatio  stipantibus  armis, 
dum  parat  in  uacuas  Martem  transferre  carinas     535 
dux   Latius,   tota  subiti  formidine  belli 
cingitur :    hinc  densae  praetexunt  litora  classes, 
hinc  tergo  insultant  pedites :   uia  nulla  salutis, 
non  fuga,  non  uirtus :    uix  spes  quoque  mortis  honcstae. 
non  acie  fusa  nee  magnae  stragis  aceruo  540 

uincendus  turn  Caesar  erat,  sed  sanguine  nullo, 
captus  sorte  loci,     pendet,  dubiusne  timeret, 
optaretne  mori.     respexit  in  agmine  denso 
Scaeuam  perpetuae  meritum  iam  nomina  famae 
ad  campos,  Epidamne,  tuos,  ubi  solus  apertis        545 
obsedit  muris  calcantem  moenia  Magnum. 

525.  nee  satis]  i.e.  nothing  short  of  the  542.  sorte\  i.e.  natura.  cf.  IX  491  mi- 
death  of  Caesar  himself.  randa  sorte  malorum. 

526.  non  ipse]  The  young  Ptolemaeus  543.  respexit]  It  is  doubtful  whether 
soon  after  escaped  from  Caesar,  but  was  this  is  to  be  taken  literally  or  figuratively, 
drowned  in  the  Nile.  'looked  back  at'  or  'thought  on';  it  de- 

532.    potuit]    'that   day,    by   Caesar's  pends   on   whether   Scaeva   died   of  the 

deadly  peril,  might  have  become  immor-  wounds   received  at    Epidamnus :  cf.    vi 

tal',  i.e.  on  that  day  Caesar  was  in  ex-  144 — 195   where  it  appears  that  Lucan 

treme  peril,  and  might  have  been  killed,  thought  he  was  killed  :  but  Caesar  B.C.  m 

which  would  have  made  that  day  memor-  53  seems  to  speak  of  him  as  surviving, 

able  for  ever.  546.     obsedit]    'kept  Magnus  besieged 

534.     molis]  i.e.  the  mole  which  joined  even  when  the  works  were  forced '.    Weise 

the  island  to  the  city,  called  by  Plutarch  explains  the  passage  differently,  viz.  ita 

Xw/ua.  fortiter  pugnauit  ut  paene  uideretur  Pom- 

stipantibns  armis]    'while  his  enemies'  peius  a  Scaeua  obsideri,  non  Scaeua  a 

arms  kept  him  close  prisoner'.  Pompeio.     But  it  was  Scaeva  who  under 

537.    praetexunt]  Oud.  cf.  Ov.  A.  A.  I  the   command   of  Caesar  was  besieging 

255  praeiextaque  litora  uelis.  Pompeius. 

540.    non  acie]  'it  needed  no  rout  of  his  muris   moenia]    Both   words   refer   to 

troops,  no  vast  heap  of  slaughtered  men  the  siege  works  which  Caesar  had  thrown 

for  Caesar  to  be  conquered  then  &c.'  up  to  enclose  Pompeius. 


INDEX. 


a,  ab  with  non-personal  ablative  II  86, 
493  vii  214;  ab  armis  1  451  VIII  813; 
a  Caesar e  1  59  vii  503;  a  gurgite  vii 
692  ;  a  medio  IV  673;  a  morte  III  39 

A  baton  x  323 

abducere  mundo  terrain  ix  648 

abirc  in  11  626  IV  491  V  135  VIII  320  ix 
416 

ablative,  use  of,  I  480  II  213 

abnegare  in  263 

abrumpere  V  659  VI  57,  87,  293  IX  308, 
862 

absoluere  11  2=0 

absque  cruore  vi  152 

abstinere  IX  10 10 

abstract  used  for  concrete  III  152  VI  62 
viii  480  ix  209,  404,  809 

Absyrtis  fiumen  ill  190 

abuti  ix  263 

Abydos  II  674  VI  55 

accedcre  II  139  IX  753 

accipere  II  259  VII  92  VIII  782 

accusative,  omission  of,  11  495,  728 

achates  x  1 1 5 

Achillas  VIII  538  foil.  ;  accusative  Achil- 
lea x  523 

Achoreus  VIII  475  foil.  X  175  foil. 

actus  v  659  ix  31,  294 

ad  ultima  V  122  X  24 

adclinis  II  356 

addere  gradutn  IV  759;  addere  sub  iuga 
11  279 

adducere  cutem  iv  287;  adductus funis  in 
700 

adfectus  x  96 

adferre  ncfas  n  98 

adfigere  n  31  in  636 

adfusus  vn  71 

aditusfamae  vm  74 

adloquia  X  174 

admittere  vin  355,  456 

admouere  II  674  vn  50,  591;  admotum 
fatum  IV  480;  ncfas  V  471;  admotus 
ignis  vin  758 

adpcllere  vin  563 

adscribere  x  240 


adserere  III '56 
adsertor  IV  214 
adstringere  foedere  vin  220 
adtouitus  11  22  v  476  vn  134 
aduectus  vi  85 
aduersus  1  54 

adverb  with  substantive  vm  330  ix  283 
Aegae  in  227 

aeger  with  genitive  VII  240 ;  with  abla- 
tive vi  424 
Aeneas  ix  991 

aequare  I  641   II  177  III  456  IV  680 
aer  liarundinis  IX  827;   =  scent  IV  438  X 

167 
aestimare  x  473 
aestuare  IX  400 
aetites  lapis  VI  676 
Afranius  iv  4  foil. 
Africa  used  for  Libya  IV  793  IX  729,  854, 

874 
African  fury  II  93 
agere  used  absolutely  in  53;   =deal  with 

1  310;    =hunt  1  307  VI  731;  diem  vn 

201 ;  rimas  vi  728 
agitare= employ    I    417;    agitanda  fata 

vm  138 
agnoscere  super os  iv  255;  agnoscendus  II 

191— 193 
a  tea  vi  7,  603 
alere  vi  61 
ales  ix  689 
Alexander  the  Great  in  233  VI II  694  ix 

154  x  20  foil.  272  foil. 
alieua  brutna  x  299;  aliena  colla  v  169; 

alienus  gurgcs  X  293 
alio  11  230  vin  587 
Allia  vii  409 
Almo  1  600 
Alpes  I  219 

alphabet,  invention  of  in  220  foil. 
Alpheus  fiumen  in  176 — 177 
altare  distinguished  from  ara  III  404 
alter ni  meatus  aeris  IV  327 
alteruter  vi  8 

altuscruori  329  111  572;  sanguis  11  214 
Amanus  mons  in  244 

25 — 2 


3SS 


INDEX. 


Amasis  ix  155 
amatura  feta  vi  456 
ambigua  lege  loci  IX  ,507 
ambiri  urbetn  1  593 

a mbit io  X  147 
ambitiosa fames  iv  376 

a  mint  us  1  179  IV  S17 

a  in  01  ta  re  VI   2:1 

ainphisbaena  IX  719 

amplecti  111  386 

ampliare  111  276 

Anauros  vi  370 

aiuilia,  origin  of  IX  477 — 4S0 

an  11011  a  111  56 

annus =  calendar  x  187 

,,     =  harvest  m  70,  452 

,,     =season  of  the  year  ix  377 

,,     =  year  of  office  11  130 
Antaeus  IV  590  foil. 

ante  used  adverbially  III  303  VIII  646 — 7 
Antipodes  VIII  160 
Antonius,  M.,  the  elder  11  121  foil. 
,,        C.  iv  406  foil. 
„         M.,  afterwards  triumvir  V  476 
foil.  X  70 
aperiri  1  68 ;  apertus  1  465  ix  36,  225 
apex  =  head-dress  of  flamen  1  604 
Apis  viii  478—479 
aplustre  in  586 

apostrophe,  sudden  m  i6r,  281 
Appenninus  11  396  foil. 
Appius  v  67  foil. 
Arar  1  434  vi  475 
arare  iv  334  vi  356 
arbiter  mundi  vi  743  ;  undae  X  209 
area  in  513  vi  60 
Aricia  VI  75 
Ariminum  1  231 
anna  —  shield  ill  620  VI  259 
arniamenta  IX  329 
ars  tribunicia  IV  800 
Arsacidae  x  51 
artare  IX  35 
Aruerai  1  427 

arx  VIII  490;  iuris  VII  593 
Asia,  size  of  ix  416  foil. 
aspis  ix  700  foil. 
Asturian  gold  mines  iv  298 
ater  11  299 
Athens,  small  navy  of  in  181 ;  conquered 

by  Philip  of  Macedon  x  29 
athletes,  contrasted  with  soldiers  vn  271 
attraction  III  160  vi  663 
auctor  1  454;  cladis  VIII    18;  eloquiivil 

62;  generis  humani  ix  575;  malorum 

I  485  ;  with  dative  I  30 
audere  with  accusative  ix  187 
audi  re  ill  594   ix  931 
auertere  III  150  V  240  vi  585 
auferre  nomen  ix  956;  ruinas  vn  505 
augere  stiiuulos  VII  143 


auidus  in  1  1S1  ;  auidum  solum  1171 
auspcx,  presence  of  at  marriage  II  371 
ant  =or  else  IV  4*0 
avTo^vXa  II  413 
auxilia  VII  548 
Auxinion  11  466 

axis  inocciduus  vm  175;  medius  n  586 
in  69  x  250;  </.m  =  plank  in  455 

Babylon  1  10  vi  449  x  46;  walls  of,  vi 

50  vni  299 
Bactros  flumen  III  267 
Baetis  flumen  II  589 
Bardi  1  449 
basiliscus  IX  726,  828 
bears,  distribution  of,  VI  221 
Bellona  1  565 
belhim  n  682,  712  in  64  vi  191  vn  507, 

.651 
bt dental  I  608 
Britain,  another  world  1  369 ;  Caesar  fails 

to  conquer  II  572 
Brundisium  II  609  foil. 
Bruti  v  207  vn  440 

Brutus,  Junius,  mourned  by  the  Roman 
matrons  vn  39 

,,       Decimus  in  514  foil. 

„       M.  11  234  foil,  vn  586  foil. 
buceta  IX  185 
bueina  II  689 
buslttm  II  152  VIII  850 

caecus  with  genitive  11  14  x  482 

Caesar,  character  of  1  143  foil,  n  439  foil. 

calendar,  Julian  x  187 

Campus  Martius,  Sulla  buried  in  I  580 

n  222 
capax  mortis  I  461  ;  mundi  x  183 
capere—  contain  I  in    ix  800 
caput  —  mouth  of  a  river  11  52  in  202 

„     =  source  of  a  river  in  256  vi  379 
x  191,  223,  295 

„     Latiale  I  535 
cardo  iv  73,  672  v  71  vn  381 
carere-lose  in  741  vi  311  vn  604 
castra  =  campaigns  I  374 

,,  =  marches  V  374 
castrensis Jlamma  I  380 
cataractae  x  318 

Cato,  character  of  n  380  foil.  IX  587  foil. 
Catulus  11  174,  547 
cauda  leonis  I  208 
causae= principles  III  303  ;  causarumserie 

vi  612 
cautus  IV  409 
cauus  II  422 

cedere  n  438  in  1   x  206 
eels  us  I  245 
cenchris  ix  712 
census  in  1^7   IV  95 
cera  III  684 


INDEX. 


3*9 


cerastes  IX  716 

ceruix  1  609  n  604;  certtice  uclii  ix  589 

ceruchi  v  1 1 1  177 

cessare  m  451    iv  24  V  157 

Cethegi  11  543  vi  794 

Cicero  VII  63  foil. 

ci  in  tits  Gab in  its  I  596 

Cinga  flumen  1  432  i\'  21 

ct9igere=make  the  circuit  of  1  572,  594 

ix  .57;. 

,,      =hold  in  III  400 
Circitts  1  40S 
circumspicere  in  142 
extra  iv  728  vi  2  1 1 
clarus,  title  of  senators  vil  356 
claustra  1  253  vm  222  x  313 
Cleopatra  x  56  foil, 
clouds,  theory  of  I  415 
coacti  gladii  in  323;  coacta  nox  VII  395; 

coacta  iiirtns  IV  798 
coepisse  vm  459  x  266 
coerce  re  II  400  V  617 
rc^wt'  =  call  together  in  104 

,,      =  carry  by  force  I  176 

„     =close  1  73 

„     =unite  1  537  vil  518 
col  ere  in  230  v  6 

colligere  am' mam  IX  9  ;  tram  I  207  11  93 
Colline  gate,  battle  of  11  135 
color — excuse  ix  207;  extorum  1  618 
color  a  tits  in  239 
Comata  Gallia  1  443 
comes  with  genitive  n  346 
comet es  I  529 
commendare  ix  82,  1013 
commercia  x  314 

committer e,  construction  with  in  328 
,,  =consign  in  199 

„  =  match  1  97 

,,  =  unite  in  382 

commodore  1  83 

communis  tnundo  rogus  vn  814 
compages  1  72  x  265;  humana  v  119 
compensare  vm  249 
compescere  I  62,  370 
componere=  match  m  196  v  469;  carbasa 

uentis  in  596 ;  cittern  modicum  vn  267  ; 

composite!  in  mortem  ix  116;  wm  1  568 
comprcssae  mantis  II  292 
comptus  X  83 
conamen  iv  286,  287 

>a  uia  II  446 
concipere  11  403  vn  476;  zwfo  v  105 
conclamatus  n  23 
concordia  discors   I  98;  mundi  sains   IV 

190 
condere  n  577  vn  132 
cancel  ere  V  ()6  IX  5 
confectae  Laliuae  I  550  V  402 
conferred  compare  iv  707 
,,      =  match  iv  803 


confine  vi  649;  confinia  III  63  ix  677 

confundcre  II   i<"A   kji    111  758  VII  575 
conscins  1  20  iv  j88  VII    54,   1S2   vm  4o 

IX  864 
consent  ire  ad ictttm  VIII  619 
conserere  in  513,  560  iv   i//>;  consertus 

11  44:  111  575  iv  31,  490  vn  520 
constarc  11  17;  uigorem  in  715 
consul  menstruus   v    399 ;    mark    of  re- 
publican government  vn  441 
consumere  ins  vi  824;  locum  vn  461 
contact  us  Jiominuin  V  91  « 

content  us  VII  563 

contingere  I  32  V  529;  aww  VIII  287 
contra  VI I  2 

contraria  adverbially  ix  333 
contra ritts  I  77   III  231    vn  21    IX  115 
conuenire  —  to  fit  II  173 
conuertere  1  441   11  629 
conuicia  festa  n  369;  t«  </«w  VII  725  IX 

187 
Cordus  vm  715  full. 
Cornelia  n  349  foil. 
corpus  Lalium  X  416 
corripere  —  rebuke  VII  191  vm  86 

,,        =  seize  upon  n  100 
couinnus  I  426 
Crastinus  VII  471 
crates  I  241  III  485 
creator  reru/u  x  266 
credit  us  1  259,  520 
crescere  111  534  v  625  ix  842 
Cretan  hounds  iv  440,  441 
Cretans,  liars  VIII  872 
crimen  deoruin  V   59  VIII   55,   800;   erit 

sttperis  II  288 
crocus  IX  809 

crudus  III  387,  507   IV  317 
cruor  IX  894 
crustatus  X  1 1 4 
culmen  humanttm  vn  594;  reritnt   vm 

702  ;  tremtilum  V  250 
c idter  I  610 
e»»j  1  642 
cuueta  mens  hominum  VII    202  ;   cunctae 

sorores  =  all  three  sisters  in  18 
cttppae  iv  420 
cupressus  m  442 
Curio  1  209  foil. ;   his  character  IV  8 1  1 

foil. 
curuare   iuga    II    695;    litora    vni    178; 

nem us  IV  138;  curuari  bracchia  iv  266 
curiiata  cuspide  pila  I  242 
cttstodia  VIII  635 
custos  conchae  vi  678 
Cynosura  guiding  star  of  Phoenicians  in 

218 


Dacians  and  Gctae  n  54  III  95 
damuare  =  despair  of  iv  217,  338 


390 


INDEX. 


damnare= disapprove  of  v  247  vn  242 

\  111  398 
,,        =  reject  iv  270  vin   127   ix  1035 
„       with  genitive  vi  508  vm  406 
dare  11  146  iv  688  X  409,  410;  in  catties 

i\  655;  in  »tc  Jilt  m  vil  366;  Jut  us  IX 

898  ' 
dative,  use  of  1  45  11   126  VII  451   VIII 

237  ix  259,  101S 
de  and  di  in  composition  1  44S  11  294 
debere  VII  431 
debilis  VIII  373 
decantare  trib/ts  v  394 
(/trtvv  used  personally  III  511    VI  771 
delimits fluctUS  V  672 
decurrere  1  536  vm  224 
dediteere  carbasa  11  697;  colonos  iv  397 
difcitus  I  695  II  560;    with  ablative  m 

625  x  281 
deform  is  VIII  81 
degustare  vn  844 
deification  of  emperors  1  35  vi  809  vn 

455  foil.;  of  Julius  Caesar  vin  835;  of 

the  Ptolemies  x  272 
Delphi,  oracle  of  v  71  foil. 
Demogorgon  vi  497,  744 
d  1  past  its  IX  182 
depopulation  of  Italy  I  24  foil.  VII  387 

foil. 
deposit nm  II  72 

deprendere  ill  425  IV  172,  335  V  738 
descendere  1  31   iv  703 
deserere  anta  rastris  V  403,  404 
despumare  vi  506 
destitnere  VI  734;  used  absolutely  11  728 

v  298 
destruere  ix  1042 
di  melius  II  537   III  93 
Diana  Scythica  1  446  m  86  VI  74 
dies  1  153  vil  189,  454  vm  217  ix  432 
diffcrre  vil  256 

diffundere  iv  379  diffusus  iv  82,  379 
dimittere  I  448 
dirigere  VI  475 

dims  I  355,  444  III  404  IV  705  X  2 
discedere  —  disappear   11    r2i    in  655    ix 

785;  infauorem  x  418 
discrimen  v  76;  discrimine  nullo  in  119 

iv  218 
discriminare  II  357 
dispendia  vm  2 
dissuasor  IV  248 
distinere  IV  675 

distinguere  sacada  infastos  v  399 
districtus  X  422 
disturbare  iv  210 
din  vii  504  vin  672,  673 
diitersits  II  275,  467  III  681  VI  783  X  483 
diuortia  II  404,  580 
dolor  opposed  to  metus  II  27 
dominus  Arsacidum  x  5 1 


Domitius  11  478  foil,  vn  599  foil. 
donare  m  243  iv  28  vm  814 — 5 

,,      =forgivevn  850  ix  144  108S 

,,      =save  IV  764  vi  58  vn  784  ix  1017 
donariii  ix  51 6 
Druidism  1  449  foil. 
dit/>iitm  lit  us  1   409;    ueiienitm    IX   616; 

ditbiae  herbae  VI  1 13;  ditbios  uanescere 

monies  in  7 

ditbitandits  IV  60 

dueere  =  \cad  captive  ix  278;  acra  IX  729; 

cacumina  v  548;  colorem  vi  828 
dum  1  506 
durare  quo  vil  479 
ditrits  IX  50 

echeneis  VI  675 

eclipse,  cause  of  ix  694 

edere  dolor  em  vil  43 

editus  X  27 

cffetits  IX  285 

effigies  i  11  >i itinera  VI 1  10 

effundere  IX  332,  418;  cjfusiis  iv  271  VI 

270  vn  30V,  5^9  V1U  369  x  ,l6 
egerere  iv  644 
egestas  in  151 — 2 

Egypt,  description  of  vin  444  foil. ;  for- 
bidden to  Roman  army  vm  823  foil. 
elidere  vn  476  IX  339 
Emathia  1  1 
emensus  vm  461 
emere  urbcm  iv  824 

emeritum  ius  v  7;  emcritae  naues  in  520 
emeritus  I  344;  =vvell  earned  1  357  in  622 
Encheliae  III  189 

eques  vin  8io;   =on  horseback  ix  400 
ergastula  II  95 
Erichtho  vi  507  foil. 
erigere  1  124  n  397  vn  141 
error  III  606  iv  91  vn  546  VIII  5 
es,  omission  of  vi  616  IX  604 
et=axi&  then  iv  487 
Eudoxus  X  187 
euentus  iv  730 

Euphrates  flumen  III  256  foil. 
Euripus,  tides  in  V  235 
Europe,  boundary  of  III  275 
Euxine,  connexion  of  with  the  Ocean  ill, 

277 
exa??iinare  vm  467 
cxardere  vn  140 
excantare  vi  458 

excedcre  muros  I  497;  nubes  n  271 
excoqui  aere  IX  425 
excutcre  1  573;  excussus  laeertus  1  424  III 

567    IV  386;    excussac  lonsae  III   539; 

excussi  tori  II  605 
exemplum  n  513 — 4  in  730  x  344 
cxhaurire  II   210    IV  638  VIII   253;  ex- 

hausto  anno  v  44;  exhaustum  in  cuinu- 

los  V  644 


INDEX. 


39 T 


exigere  =  complete  n  577 

,,      =drive  home  iv  565  vm  656  x  32 

,,       =  pass  VIII  376  X  106,  354 

,,      =require  11  24  vm  70;, 
exirt  1  812,  668  in  112  v  380,  410  vm 

401  ;  e  fat  is  vi  313 
exonerare  ix  881 
expellere  11  345  in  12 
txperiri  vm  302 
expers  pelagi  v  412 
explere  vi  213  vn  387,  415 
explicare=  display  vi  9  vn  417 
„        =lay  low  iv  629  v  81 
„        =  unfold  vn  201 
explorare  n  603  iv  695 — 6  ix  901 
expositus  iv  423  V  102 
exserere  n  96;  exserttts  —  bare-armed  n  543 
ex  tender e=\a.y  low  vn  148 
„        =  prolong  I  76,  170 
„        carinas  iv  418 
exuuiae  1  137  ix  177;  of  a  serpent  ix  718 

fabula  vn  392 

fieere  jidem   I  467  v  141  ;  manes  vi  561  ; 

partes  IX  97,  228;  K*'m  1   34S;  //.ww 

II  97;  fecisse  iv  182 
yarw  belli  1  262 ;  legit  imae  11  356 
fades  simillima  fato  vn  130 
facilis  I  284:  ad  iuga  II  314;  frt/z  II  656 
Jin  in  its  x  103 
flil!  its  1  181 
yi?t'.i-  mundi  vn  405 
fames  1  164 

ftmostts  iv  654  vn  277 
fastigia  n  684  iv  296 
fast  us— fasti's.  187 
fatigare  VI  45 
fatum  =  position  vm   10   x  24,  \$;  fati 

ingentis  x  384;  stantis  vm  158 
fecundus  II  331 ;  with  dative  IX  696 
yivYx  used  of  Sulla  II  221,  582 
fern  I  is  I   112,616   II  17 

/t^.*  1  464 

yiwv  1  393  n  92  ix  128 
,,     =  bring  on  II  10 
„     =take  away  n  461,  487 
„     =  tell  ix  1029 

,,     =  win  V  663 ;  fert  animus  1  67 
ferrum  1  31  IV215,  wi; ferri  amor  1  355 
fertilis  III  260 

festa  conuicia  11  369;  omina  m  101 
fdens  armor  urn  ix  373  ;  contingere  IV  615 
fides  =  credit  I  182;    =  truth  1636  II    17; 
lil'ertatis  ix  204;  manifesto  1  524;  ««V- 
/«/«  11  243;  umbrarum  vi  433 
fiducia  vm  362;  with  genitive  ill  358; 

with  <h  and  ablative  vm  306 
figere  II  9;  terram  in  457 
Figulus,  P.  Nigidius  1  639 
figura  v  713  vi  1 1  710 
//;//.»•  rerum  in  32S;  fine///  tenere  n  381 


frmior  act  as  n  631 
fame//  I  604 

jlamma     heat  IX  949  X  37 
fluere=xo\  1  241   n  166 

,,     =  spread  1  636  vn  412 
/!  nidus  vi  89 
/)<■/  Chaldaei  vm  33N 
foedera  mundi  1  No;  rerum  11  2 
/w?'  m  630  iv  567 
form/do  IV  437 
frangere  1  103  m  522  vm  74,  374;  «//- 

r«#?  moneta  vi  404 
fratres   Thebani  iv  551 ;  fralr/tm  gladii 

vn  453 
frons  ix  207,  740,  1063 
fugare  in  369 — 70 
ft //us  inhumatum  vn  820 
furor  iv  517  v  103 
ft rt urn  iv  416 
fuscator  iv  66 
fuse  its  caespes  VII I  864 
fusits  IV  134,  670  IX  664 
future  tense,  use  of  I  31   iv  259  vm  379 

ix  7S2  x  187 

Gabiiius  cinctus  I  596 

Gades  III  278 — 9  IX  414 

Ganges  in  230  foil,  x  33 

gelare  ix  681 

gener  and  jwv;-  1  289  IV  802 

genitive,  definitive  VII  272  VIII  405,  611 
ix  155,  758;  descriptive  VI  325  VII  541 
VIII  158,  223,  245,  374  x  2  So 

gentcs  =  (oxe\gn  nations  1  83,  93  n  47  VIII 
406 

Getae  n  54  m  25 

Gracchi  I  267   VI  796 

grad/cm  addere  IV  759 

grassari  vi  42 1 

grauidum  cornu  1  218 

Greeks,  character  of  m  302 

gymnasia  vn  271 

habere  II  13 

haemorrhois  ix  806  foil. 

haerere  vm  417  IX  573 

Hammon,  oracle  of  ix  511  foil. 

hareniuagus  ix  94 1 

Harpe  ix  662 

hie-hie  IV  116  VIII  156 

brier  >glyphics  m  223 

hirtus  n  386  vm  680 

/;w«o  =  human  nature  v  168 

ho/ios  III  137  v  383 

hora  —  hour  n  689  v  507 

horae—  seasons  1  16  ;  hi //arcs  1  414 

horror  III  411  v  154  446 

hospes  curia  v  1 1 

ho  spit  a  III  43 

hospitii  superi  1 X  1  3  i 

hostilis  pars  1621 


392 


INDEX. 


host  is  I  203,  682 
fun  usque  I  192 
humanum  culmcn  vn  594 
hyaenae  nodus  vi  672 
hypallage  1  40,  74  11  391,  397,  599  m  94 
vn  156  ix  656 

iacere  1  307,  624  n  92,  547  in  524  vm 
333   x  3^8;  =esse  1  20  11  162  vm  102 
iactare  1  267 
iactumflectere  m  478 
iaculus  ix  823 
torn  11  27  in  388 
iain  dudum  11  524  iv  545 
iam  pridem  I  347 
ianvtor  sedis  laxae  vi  702 
Ianus  1  62  v  6 
ichneumon,  habits  of  IV  724 
ignea  ttirtus  ix  7 

a£77/V  IX  604 

ignotus  1  170  in  194  vn  703  x  32 
Ulibatus  11  342 
immemor pugnae  VII  525 
imminere  1  295  vm  285 
immittere  11  202  in  426 
immortuus  m  613 
immotus  IX  437 

immunis  11  257  vi  764  vm  704  ix  542 
impar  VII  682;  with  infinitive  IX  190 — 1 
ivipatiens  with  infinitive  VIII  578 
impellere= hasten  on  v  41  vn  451 — 2 
,,        =  overthrow    1    149    v    108    757 
vm  707  x  60  ;  im pulsus  11 1 

389  v  33° 
impendere  II  382,  569  IV  112  V  491 

imperii  color  IX  207 

iv  1  pet  ere  vi  223,  394 

improbus  I  629  V  130,  277  VI  29 

impune  \  289  626 

imputare  vn  325  vm  658 

*'«  classem  I  306;  z'«  medium  1  89  I  v  491  v 
46  vil  366;  innumerum  II  in;  in  par- 
tan  x  419;  in  ptignam  111  674;  in  uiccm 
I  61 

inanis  v  275 

incautus  v  500 

incendere  diem  iv  68  IX  499 

incerhim  stridere  vi  623 

/wf0«rtV/«.f  =  unburied  vi  101 

incoquere  IX  699 

inc  res  cere  I  627 

indespectus  vi  748 

Indians,  habits  of  ill  237  foil. 

indicative  in  indirect  sentence  1  126  ix 
560,  563  x  75  ;  potential  use  of,  11  617 
v  600  vn  706  ix  253,  685  X  25  ;  rhe- 
torical use  of,  vi  76  x  95 

indiccre  II  4 

indigus  IX  254 

indisci-etus  IX  715 

indulgere  IV  664  VII  54 


titers  vi  419 

in/amis  Incus  vn  438 

infaustae  jiammac  1  591 

i /if erine  II  175  IV  789  X392 

infer  re  I  470 — 1 

infest  us  II  19S  VII]  149 

infinitive  exclamatory  V  695 
,,         as  substantive  iv  280 
,,  for  supine  n  656  in  347 

infremcre  I  209 — 10 

inftla  II  355  V  144 

ingcrere     vn    799;    ingest  us    11    J36  VII 

.   785 

inhibere  remis  in  659 

inhumatum  funits  VII  820 

inicere  manum  fatis  III  242 

innocuus  IX  8 

innoxius  IX  892 

innubere  m  23 

innumerus  VII  10,  485 

inocciduus  VI 1 1  175 

inoffensus  vni  201 

iusanus  vil  413 

ins  tare  I  148 

instrumenta  ix  70 

insuper  III  611 

intendere  IV  262    VIII    568;  intcntus   IX 

.  473 
intermanere  vi  47 

interpositus  vn  805 

interrogative,  double  VII  301  x  99 

interruplus  IX  335 

imtadcre  I  242   IX  198,  410  X  355 

inuidere  with  ablative  vn  798 

,,  with  infinitive  II  551 

inuidia  II  36  IV  244  IX  66  X  43 

inuisus  1  488 

inuolare  VI  588 

inustus  vm  787 

7/>J£  v  161 

2T^  II  47,    324,  529    VII  386 

ire  fatis  IV  144;  ire  in  x  343 

irredux  IX  408 

wfc  11  265  in  126  v  351,  585,  588  vi  158, 
242  vn  90,  115  ix  280,  508,  869 

Isthmos  1  101 

Italy,  boundary  of  I  404 

Iuba,  his  connexion  with  Carthage  VIII 
283  foil. 

iuhar  uolgare  v  220 

inhere  with  ut  IX  896 

Iudaea  n  593 

iuga  nauis  II  695 

Iulius,  lulus  1  197  in  213 

f//ppiler=  rain  vm  447  ix  436 

iurari  V  396 

ins  dare  I  2  ix  838;  facere  IV  821  ix 
1073;  fnundi  X  471;  with  genitive  n 
321  V  226;  iuris  tui  I  51  VI  302;  iure 
uicto  I  267;  iura  Catonis  IX  747;  iura 
legum  vm  75 


INDEX. 


393 


iustitium  n  rS  v  31,  116 

kkt/wj  11   379  111    2:7   v    738    ix    5-),  67, 

234 
iuuari  1  293 

in  id)  it  us  I  : 

Labienus  v  346  ix  550 

/a/wr  1   556    vi   492    vii    312    ix    365; 

mundi  1417 
laborare  cultu  x   140;  ?'//  rf^wa   ix  258; 

with  infinitive  1  265 
lacessere  se  114: 
laedert  111  447  V  456 
languere  11  7:3  iv  169  vni  471 
languidus  V  421,  504 
languor  1  194 

lassare  111  19  v  621  vm  404 
lassus  1  324,  336  11  340,  61S  ix  </>N 
/(?/,■;-«■  1  623   11  iS   in  458  vm  353 
I. at i ale  caput  ;  535 
latifundia  1  167 
Latinae  1  550  v  402 
Latium=  Italy  II  196,  432,  447 
I  at  rare  vi  66 
/aunts  1  287 
lautus  IV  376 

laxare  in  17  v  533  vi  72,  270  x  143 
la.vus  11  71  vi  702 
/<ytw  in  44  v  S13  vii   756  vm   210  ix 

3.8,  576 
leu  is  iv  1  r 

Leo,  the  constellation  x  306 
Lepidus  11  547  vm  808 
lelum  longutn  ix  102 
leuare  VI  610 

Leucas  =  Actium  1  43  V  479  VII  S72  x  66 
leu  is  1  210 

lex  anni  ix  875  ;  loci  ix  307 
liber  with  genitive  VI  106  301  VII  S18 
liber tas  III  145  VI II  ^54 
limes  1  623  11  412  vii  298,  363  ix  862 
linea  mundi  x  306 
liniger  x  175 
I  in  it  m  ix  159 
I  iq  it  id  us  IX  661 
lis  vi II  332 — 3 
litare  vi  524  VII  171 
longe  nascens  ix  921 
lor  it  in  11  413  iv  444 
Incus  I  453 — 4  ;  in /'amis  VII  438 
litnare  Hints  VI  669 
lustralis  VI  786 
lyueis  uiscera  VI  672 

mat' tare  x  430 

Maeander  tinmen  m  208  vi  475 
Maeotis  palus  in  277  foil. 
max  is  said  plus  ill  66 
mater  1  479 
ma/e=  for  evil  I  87  248 
,,    =  wrongly  x  518 


mam  vi  S09  vii  45s  vm  096  ix  1093 

X  ?4 
mansuescere  1  332  iv  238 
#ttZKtt£= grapnel  n   712  111  035;  —  milites 

V   252,   311  ;  sit  111  ma  V  483 — 4;  ma  11  it 

iv  13  x  120 
Matins  11  70  foil. 
Marsya  Humeri  in  207 
Massilia  m  300  foil. 
materia  I  156  x  503 
matroua  X  67 
meatus  v  191 
medicina  11  142 
meditari  V  479 
me tl ins  in  f>r   VI  99 
Medusa  ix  623  foil. 
melior  ix  938 
OT*»j=courage  vm  331 

,,    =  intention  vi  1   ix  225 
meiistruus  consul  v  399 
me  us  ura  VIII  168 

meutiri  II  612   III  19S  v  3S6  VII  447 
merer i  x  359 
mergere  1  159  VI  8 
Meroe  X  163,  237,  303 
met  all  u  m  iv  223 
metator  1  382 
metiri  II  133 
Milo  1  320  foil.  11  480 
minor  1  596  11  717  V  506 
miscere=  combine  I  88  v  387 — 8  vi  754 
ix  286 

,,       =destroy  I  380  II  188 

,,       —  level  with  I  271    II  545 
mitts  1  660 

mittere  11  709  VI  299 
modicus  iv  1 1  vii  267 
modus  v   182,   709    VI    76    ix  766,  804; 

moJitm  perdere  VII  532;  servare  11  381 
moles  111  1 16 
moliri  III  489 
mollis  I  221 
Molossi  canes  iv  440 
momentum  m  56  33S  IV  3,  819  VII  118 
Moneta  vi  404  ;  Moneta  castrensis  1  380 
Monoeci  portus  1  405  foil. 
monstrare  V  1 1  o 
monstrator  IX  979 

mora  1  100  V  587;  with  genitive  II  525 
viorari  11  426,  581 
mors  vi  619  vii  471  ix  234,  935;  data  ix 

898;  mortes  1 1  1,^6  vi  486  vn  517 
vws  11  179  ;  mores  I  161 
motus  I   184  II  68  VI  322  VII  385;  sede- 
runt x  33£ 
mouere  11  -29;  moueri  IX  sSo;  motus  vn 

830 
miiudus  I  664 

miuiera  harenae  iv  709;  Palladis  111  205 
mittare  VII   150;  <//c'w  VIII  217 
mittus  V  218 


394 


INDEX. 


nat \ilis  VII  391 
natare  1x31 1 — 2 
natura  laiendi  x  2  7  1 
naturam  sequi  11  382 
naufragium  vin  3 1 3 

.  neque—et  non  1  72  13S  in  554  iv  17, 
584   V  210 
,,      ,,     =  ne  quidem  vin  206,  497    ix 

681   x  146 
nefattdus  1  493 
;/,/.?y  I  6   11  4,  507  vi  79  vii  315 

ire  with  dative  vin  3;  «t-/<?  vin  560 

ix  326 
negative  carried  on  I  77   II  40,  235,  440 

in  2S;   v  =42  vin  620,  732  IX  1036 
neglectus  dextrae  11  126 
Nemesis  v  233 
Nero,  poems  of  in  261 
nescire  iv  443  vii  133 
neuter  participle  or  adjective  =  Greek  to 

with  infinitive  1  5,  70,  462    m  258 
niger  I  652  III  4 1 1 
Nile,  description  of  X  194  foil. 
nimis  iv  696  vin  157 
nimium  n  276 
Niphates  in  245 
nisus  in  612  vi  482 
niti  in  V  180 

nodus  Herculeus  iv  632  ;  Iiyaenae  vi  672 
nomen  dare  1  608 
non  with  imperative  V  18 
notare  vn  197,  200  vin  -,-,,  168  IX  221 
nubes  used  of  hair  vi  625;  of  weapons  n 

262  ;  nubes  terroris  vi  297 
Nuceria  n  473 
mtit us =bare-armed  vi  794 

,,      —desolate  n  90 

,,     =mere  in  481   IX  594,  769 

,,      =unburied  VIII  434  IX  64,  157 
ii  ill  I  us  =  Mi  ntcr  vin  531 

,,     =nullus  extemus  1  31  in  314  ix 

260 
„      =  omnino  non  1   331    n   19  iv  169 
573  vn  25  vin  599  x  17 
Numa  vn  396 
numerosus  iv  25 

Humerus  VI I  538  X  127;   nuiucri  I  641 
nunc  olim  IX  604 
nurus  I  165   V  307 
Nysa  I  65  VIII  801 

obliquus  1  55,   154  III  562,  609   iv  422, 

625 
olntius  III  36 r 
occupare  V  555 
occurrere  IV  480 
olim  11  230 
omnis  vin  266 
onus  vn  126 — 7   ix  319 — 20 
operae  secundae  vin  676 
ophites  ix  713 


op  tare  VII  716 

orbis  1  457  ;  orbe  medio  1  57  ;  orbes  actemi 

1x9 
order  of  words  I  14,  113,  279,  292,  377—8, 

508,    523    III    679    V    3X7,    680,    Noo    VI 

710 — i    vin  343  ix  232 
ordo= fate  vin  569 

,,   =  line  of  soldiers  vi  146 
,,   =  senate  v  13 
Osiris  vin  833  ix  159 

otia  terere  n  488 
ou ilia  n  197 
ovation  1  287 

paclex  in  23  vin  104 

paene,  position  of,  n  136  v  242 

pain t ia  in  103 

Pallene  VII  150 

pall  ere  vi  502  VII  178 

pallidas  IV  96,  322 

pal  ma  IX  7S7 

par  vi  3,  191  vn  695 

parare  1  13  vn  28  IX  282 

pareas  IX  721 

parens  rcrum  n  7 

pares  =  matched  17  iv  710  v  2 — 3 

,,     ^equally  matched  I  129  II  415 
pars  =  party  IV  348  vn  118;  partes  1  280 

v  14 
Parthians,  character  of  vm  293  foil. 
participle  or  adjective  containing  the  main 

idea  of  the  sentence  1  457  VII  4  19 
participle  past,  pregnant  use  of,  II  342   in 

132  IV  190  VI  436 
parum  IV  742 
paruom  sanguinis  II  128 
pascere  1  172 
pati  v  314,  778  ix  262 
patria  III  73 
pax  II  648  IV  437,  473  ;  Assyria  VIII  427  ; 

exhausta  III  132;  Sullana  II  171;  uio- 

lata  vn  94 
pecten  in  609  X  14 1 — 2 
pedes  ix  588 
pendere  n  41,  163,  697  v  686  vin  797 — 8 

ix  19 
penitus  ix  426 
pensare  V  38  IX  685,  1002 
per  membra  iv  628  vi  756;  per  ortus  1 

543 ;  per  uiscera  n  1 19 
perdere  n  190,  442   in  706  v  371,  423 

vm  53  X371 
pererrare  1  432 
perflare  murmura  IX  349 
perire  iv  252,  491   v  371 — 2,  794  VI  54 

VII  558  IX  561,  1058  X  344 
per  it  us  VII  202 
perstare  IV  30 
pe.  uersd  pompa  VI  531 
peruius  11  310 
Perusina  fames  1  41 


INDEX. 


395 


pcssum  dare  V  616;  siJcrc  III  674 
pestifer  ix  729 

Pharsalus  and  Philippi  1  693 

Phocis  and  Phocaea  in  340  v  53 

Plioebea  naualia  m  181 — 2 

Phoenicians  invent  alphabet  III  2:0  foil. 
pietas  11  63 

pignora  1  1 1 1   11  .',70  in  33  v  474  vu  376 
viii  40^  ix  906;  turgentia  suco  vi  455 
—6 
/z'/a  1  7  x  47 — 8 
pinguis  x  354 
piratae  I  346 
////j  1  238 
placere  11  276 

Plato  X  181 

pleilUS  IV    122    V    166    VI  622,    708 

plural  for  singular  1  313  11  125  X  397 
plurimus  11  58 
plus  and  magis  in  66 
poena,  mors  cunctis  VII  470 
Tro\v/u.LTa  x  125 
pomcria  I  594 
Pompeius,  character  of  1  129  foil,  ix  190 

foil. 
pondera  II  669;  mentis  VIII  2S0;  renew 

HI  337  VII  504 
Pontifices  1  595 

Pontus  1  693  III  278;  poisons  of  1  337 
population,  mongrel,  of  Rome  1  511  VII 

542 

populus  =  multitude  in  665  x  127;  popuh 

=  tribes  of  Italy  11  314  VII  185,  436 
port  us  v  721 
posse  mori  n  109  VI  725 
possidere  n  454 
post    omnia   flumina    n    589;     Tethyos 

aequora  in  233 
potens  IX  1002  X  324 
potentia  1  333 
potestas  used  of  a  person  in  106  ix  1077 

x  136;  with  infinitive  II  40 
pot  ins  vn  45 1 
praeconia  1  472  IV  813 
Praenestinae  sortes  II  193 
praepes  ix  688 
praepouderare  VI  603 
praeses  II  538 
praeuertere  vm  30 
premere  =  be  close  upon  1  656,  674 

,,       =contain  vn  742  vm  56  757 

,,      =  dwarf  vn  594 

,,       =hold  down  I  612  v  341 

„       =rulex49 

,,       =stille  III  541   V  132 

,,      =urge  on  608 
preposition,  position  of  n  675;  repetition 

of  vn  498 
pressus  iv  706  v  86  vn  562 
primi pili  centurio  1  356 
primus  VII  360   IX  414 


prina/iis  n  27S,  533  iv  688  v  539,  668 

probare  se  Vm  621 

proeei/a,  metaphorical  use  of  vin  203 

procul  iv  587 

prodere  vi  42 S  vn   1  =  [ 

prodesse  x  6 

prodigies  1  526  full,  vu  151  foil. 

producere  funus  n  29S;   noctem  x   [73; 

productus  iv  710 
proieere  IV  612  vi  401  ;  proiectus  VIII  442, 

7/o   IX  309 
prom itt ere  IV  36 
prompt  us  ix  936 — 7 
pronuba  VIII  90 

pronus  1  546,  573  11  412   v  501,  693 
prorumpere  1  493 
prosed  a  vi  709 
prosequi  II  303 
proserere  IV  411 
prouentus  11  60 — 1 
pronincia  I  338 
prouocare  IX  883 
1'sylli  IX  893  foil. 
publica  fata  II  239;  «£•««  VII  164 
pudere,  construction  of  vm  495 
pudor  fortunae  V  59;  sitperum  VIII  605; 

with  infinitive  I  145 
pulsare  in  murmura  vm  682 
pitnieeus  Rubicon  I  214 
/w<z  /£»•«  vn  17 
Pytliones  VII  156 

<7^«  =  quatenus  X  84 

quaercre  V   z8o   VI    154  VIII   394    IX   261, 

869,  965;  quaesitus  II  572   III  450 
quaestor  VIII  715 — 6 
quam,  omission  of  1  446 
quantum,  adverb  I  2^9;  =how  little  IV 

378 
que  =  sed  I  134,  633  II  442   III  569  IV  519 

vi  756  vn  676  x  346 
quereiis  I  358 
qui=sed  ille  vn  764 
quidquidxu  363  387    VIII  1 79,  365 
<////<■.?  vn  764;  saeua  V  442 
quindeeimuiri  I  595,  599 
Quirites  v  358 

quis  — liter  I  126  V  602   VI  8ro  VII  259 
qi/isque=uterqite  I  127 
</w  1  68  r 

</«^/anticipative  1  24 
quo  tits  vm  170 

;W/7  vn  458 

rrt/w  vn  34 

recedere  iv  409  VI  483  IX  1056 

reeidere  n  141 

recipe  re  n  8   IV  711 — 2;  rceeptus  ix  2  04 

;vf/«.v  IV  166   i\  63S,  (J04 

red ile re  I  53S   v  4.3] 

redirc  —  spring  back  1  391    in  431 


39^ 


INDEX. 


referrt  i  358 
dere  iv  292 

refit  sits  \'in  797 

VII  350,  515;  regens  VII  529 

r<£M  VIII   402 

"/£•;/  VI]    1  26 
regnum  1  4,  85—6,  93,  315   ix  258,   567 

X  24 
relative   clause,   position  of,    iv   20;,    ix 

258— 26  [ 
religart  vn  860 


remeare  x\\  256 


IX 


remittere  1  17  iv  398  vi  248  vn  5 

[059 
rerum  finis  in  328 
resoluert  x  1 10 
retemptare  11  514 
;v/r,)  /Iv/v  \'II  426 
rt'.r  Nemorensis  1 1 1  86 
Rhodanus  flumen  1  433  vi  476 
Rhodes,  sacred  to  Sun  VIII  24S 
rimas  agere  x\  728 
robur=  forces  ill  5 1 7,  584 ;  robora  =  prison 

11  125 
rogatus  vii  549 

communis  mundo  vn  814 
Roma  worshipped  as  a  goddess  1  199 
rostratits  eouinnus  I  426 
rotare  111  673  vm  673 
Rubicon  1  214 
Rubrum  mare  vm  293 
mdentes  11  683 
rudis  11  8  iv  634  V  80 
mere  in  se  1  81 
ruina  1  494  iv  393  vm  528 
rursus  11  660  vi  596 
rus  uacttom  vn  395;  vara  1  318,  344 
rut i! us  x  131 
Rutupiae  vi  67 

Sdbaei  or  Sabini  ix  820 — 1 

Sabine  witchcraft  IX  820 

sacer  111  315 

Sacriportus  11  134 

saecula  =  fashion  x  1 10 

saeua  nox  v  709;  ^wrw  v  443 

Salamis,  battle  of  III  181 — 3 

Salii  I  603   X  47.S 

Salonae  IV  404 

Salus  rerum  11  221 

sane t us  II  327 

sanguis = strength  11  338  in  678 

tarisae  vin  298  x  47 — 8 

Sason  11  627 

satis  in  388 

Scaeua  VI  144  foil.  X  543 — 4 

scelus  11  266  vn  558  vm  842  ix  209 

scytale  ix  717 

Scythians,  nomad  1  253  n  641 

sect  a  11  381 

sector  1  178 


secundum  vm  332 

sal  vm  98 

re  1  32   in  380  V  643  VII  645  VII]  S40 
se  J  lie  ere  vm  291 
senilis  x  115 
Selloe  in  180 
semel  vi  716,  824  vm  707 
semina  belli  I  159  in  150 
senex  x  360;  noster  ix  136 — 7 
senium  1   130  iv  811 — 2  vm  476;  used 

of  wine  x  162 
sentire  11  598  v  45  VI  470 
scpositus  x\\\  513 
j^/j-  ix  723,  764  foil. 
Septimus  am  /lis  VIII  466 
sequester  X  472 
,f<v//c/  V  433   IX  4,  7S2 
sercnum  I  530  IV  55;  in  plural  IX  423 
series  causarum  vi  612;  fatorum  1  70 
■si/'i  v  805   IX  4O4,  757   X  115 
Sibylla  x  137 — 8,  186 
sic  eat  n  304  v  297 
shadow,  direction  of  III  248 
siccus  iv  638 — 9 
sidere pessum  in  674 
sidus,  metaphorical  X  35,  89 ;  secundum  1 

413;  sidcra  1  15 
signata  iura  in  302 
signifer  iv  800;  /o/?«  in  253 — 4;  5/^«?'- 

fera puppis  III  5.58 
siluae  in  506  vi  766 
similes  gladii  vn  453 
sistrum  vm  832  x  63 
sodales  Titii  I  602 
sollemnia  V  392 
sollicitare  11  279 
Solpuga  IX  837 
soluere  =  acquit  vn  870 

,,       =  break  up  IV  332   IX  449 

,,      =let  loose  1  106  v  140 
solutus  11  559  vn  514 
sonare  vn  706 
.5W'.r  III   318  v  764;  loci  X  542;  miranda 

ix  491  ;  obscura  vi  771;  ultima  v  692 

vn  122,  444;  sorte  secunda  IV  1 10 
spargere  11  682  m  64  vm  100  ix  748 
Spartan  hounds  IV  440 — 1 
spa t iu m  ix  732 
#"  ri3  v  455   IX  375 
spondere  VII  246 
.r/w//t>  1  99,  234  V  136  IX  574 
spumare  x  163 
squalere  1  205  vi  625  ix  3S4 
stagnarc  II  4 1 7 
stare  n  103,  490  III  566;  /o«>  1  145 

•f/<7//0  I  45,  4O2,   408    X   2O3 

stellatus  in  455 

Stoica    I    128,   644  II    377  foil.   V  103    IX 

566  foil. 
stridere  1  574 
riringere  ix  773 


INDEX. 


397 


studio  ciuilia  iv  687 

sub  gurgite  x  66;  Noton  vu  364 

subducere  11    [68  iv  47  vi  250;  uela  vi 

287 
subesse  1  158 

subitus  1  312,  517   iv  29  vi  33   IX  988 
submittal   IX  i^: 

submouere  11  385,  497  v  71   vm  445 
s  11  boles  v  474 
subsidere  1  553 
subsidere  v  226 
successor  vu  607 
succinctus  1  596  vu  430 
succistts  i\'  138 
Sulla  and    Pompeius  1  326,  335  vn  307 

vm  25 
sun,   feil   by  moisture  I  415   VII  5   ix  313 

x  258—261 
super  IV  303,  333  vm  164,  226 
superare  1 1 1  84 
stipe  ri  Iiospitii  1x131 
superstes  in  747 
siipinus  iv  58 

suppam  11  364;  uelorum  v  429 
suppresses  getter  ix  105 8 
suspendere  m  397,  490 
sustinere  iv  538  vu  750 
mom  iv  500 
Syene  11  587 
Syrtes,  description  of  IX' 431  foil. 

tacitus  1  247 

laedae  I  1 1 2 

Tages  1  637 

tacta  saliua  ix  925 

tanti  in  51  vi  768  vu  669 

Taranis  I  445 — 6 

Tarchondimotus  IX  219 

Tarpeiidei  vm  863 

Tarsos  in  225 

IclXUS  III  419 

temerare  in  194 

templa  I  155 

lei/ipora  1    181  ;  legion  vn  440;  Punica 

"  45 
temp  tare  I  311   vi  79 
tein/ere  vn  328 

tenere  in  607  IX  118  ;  feȣri  IV  156 
/t'Mtfr  v  709 
tenses,    sequence   of  n   651    vn   464    IX 

377 

tepescere  IV  284 

tepid  us  III  23 

A.W/Y  ix  79 ;  otia  1 1  488 

terra  opposed  to  saxum  ix  648 

Teutates  1  445 

theatrum  Pompeianum  1  133  vn  9 

Thebani  rogi  1  552 

Themis  v  8t 

Tliessaly,  description  of  VI  333  foil.;  apos- 
trophe to  vn  847  foil. 


Thyestes  1  544  vn  451 

Tigris  flumen  11 1  256  foil. 

Tit ii  saddles  I  602 

titubare  vi  482 

titulus  11  555   v  1 1 1  817 

toga  1  130  in  143  v  382  vn  6$ 

fOgtltttS   I    31  2     IX    238 

tollere  in  386,  527 

torquere  1  x  716 

tort  His  vi  198 

lotus  n  485   V  742 

trakere=  drag  to  ruin  iv  222,  738  vu  46, 

346,  654  x   427 

,,      =  drink  VII  822 

,,      =  prolong  1  275 
tractu  exiguo  vn  241 
transcendere  1  304  vi  325 
transfuga  mundi  VIII  335 
transire =cha.nge  sides  VII  647 

,,       =cross  the  frontier  vin  354 

,,       =outstrip  11  565  iv  499  vi  436 — 7 
transmittere   in   661    vi   582    vn  624; 

transmissus  vu  213 
trees,  respect  for  1  143 
tremulus  n  621  iv  432,  444 
trepidus  HI  35 
t >ie t erica  V  73 — 4 
triumph,  early  of  Pompeius  1  316  vn  13, 

14  vni   24;  only  over   foreigners    I  12 

III  79  vi  260 — 1 
tnumphi—populi  triumphati  n    644  vn 

Iruiicus  v  252 

tu,  not  emphatic  n  638 

tueri  II  247;  uieem  x  485 

tumidus  n  672  v  233 

tumor  X  99 

tumultus  I  233  X  109 

tumulus  IV  589   IX  155 

turba  VI  593  vn  656,  844  VIII  157; 
=  ship's  crew  in  647,  661,  666  vin 
254  ;  used  of  two  persons  1  86 

titrbare  in  593  vi  471  vn  322  vm  4, 
706 

turbo  II  243 

turritus  n  358 

t u tela  iv  6  ix  357;  nauis  in  511 

tutor  ix  24 

tutus  n  504  in  341  vm  225 

uacare  II  56  VI  203  VII  389  VIII  423  X 
415;  with  dative  V  342  vn  206  vm 
801  x  186;  with  infinitive  n  119  vn 
631 

uacuus  1  536 

uadere  v  804  vn  33 

uagari  vn  434 

uari  iv  439 

uar ins  IV  704 

Varus  flumen  1  404 

ttetta  iv  302  ix  356,  500 — 1  x  325 


398 


1NDKX. 


inna/is  campus  i  i  So 
uenditart  V  24N 

,  i    \    129  II]   469  536 

[5  )    VI  483  VII]   2S0 

uertere  11  3 

uertex  1  546 

uertigo  \i  460;  rerumviu  16 

uerum  lumen  ix  1 1 

uetustas  111  406,  470 — 1   IV  590  VII  850 

vu  1  867 
uices  11  13  v  445  vi  461 
uictima,  metaphorical  use  of  vu  596  ix 

132  x  386,  5:4 
11  / /is  1  17  3 

uiiiior—  surpass  1  326  IX  278  x  187 
uindicare  with  infinitive  viii  675 
mhaz  11  506 

uiolare  ix  462  ;  uiolata  dextra  11  1-26 
nirgae  Sabacac  ix  820 
uirgenei  ddliv  141 
uirus=dye  x  124 

»u  materna  11  338;  mensura  iuris  1  176 
nitidis  ix  435 
uitiari  in  ix  424 


«#m  as  centurion's  badge  vi  146 
ultimus=v/OTsl  v  692  vu  122,  380,  444 

VIII  395  :  ad  ultima  V  122   X  24 
»/toi   11  13S    v    534   vu   23    viii  64  ix 

579 
ul  11 1  a  re  VI  261 

«w/'0  III  476   VII  493 

it  lit/arc  V  100 

//wet-  eximius  1 1 1  696 


?5i 
v  1    vu  639  IX 


itolare  with  infinitive  VII 
uolnus  in  568,  582,   70; 

769 

uolucres  Latiae  vi  129 
w/a  ix  989 
uoiicrc  in  127  VII  658 
//;r;v  IV  52,  578;   w/7«  X  131 
urgere  1  148,  406,  491    n  719 
usque  adeo  1  366  iv  185 
?«/cr  VIII  738 
us  lira  I  181 

««M  II  97,  477    III   557,  719    IV  364    V  698 

ix  905 
///«'  III  694   VII  69,  822 


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The  New  Testament,  in  Greek.    With  English  Notes,  &c.     By 
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CAMBRIDGE    GREEK   AND    LATIN    TEXTS. 

.ffischylus.    By  F.  A.  Paley,  M.A.     3s. 

Csesar :  De  Bello  Gallico.    By  G.  Long,  M.A.    2s. 

Cicero  :  De  Senectute  et  de  Amicitia,  et  Epistolae  Selectee.  By 

G.  Long,  M.A.     Is.  6d. 
Ciceronis  Orationes.  Vol.  I.  (in  Verrem.)   ByG.  Long,  M.A.  3s.  6d. 
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Homeri  Bias.    I.-XII.    By  F.  A.  Paley,  M.A.     2s.  6d. 
Horatius.    By  A.  J.  Macleane,  M.A.    2s.  6d. 
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Terenti  Comcediae.    By  W.  Wagner,  Ph.D.     3s. 
Thucydides.    By  J.  G.  Donaldson,  D.D.    2  vols.    7s. 
Virgilius.    By  J.  Conington,  M.A.     3s.  6d. 
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A  Selection  of  the  most  usually  read  .1/'  the  Greefc  and  Latin  Authors,  Annotated/or 
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Euripides.    Alcestis.— Medea.— Hippolytus.— Hecuba.—  Bacchse. 
I,„,     3,  —Orestes.  —  Phoenissro.  — Troades.  —  Hercules  Furens.—  Andro- 
Ihe.— lphigenia  in  Tauris.    By  F.  A.  Paley,  M.A. 

.Eschylus.     Prometheus  Vinctus.— Septern  contra  Thebas.— Aga- 
memnon.— Persse.— Eunionides.     By  F.  A.  Paloy,  M.A. 

Sophocles.    (Edipus  Tyrannus.  — tEdipus  Coloneus.  — Antigone. 
By  F.  A.  Paley,  M.A. 

Homer.    Iliad.     Book  I.     By  F.  A.  Paley,  M.A.     Is. 

Terence.   Andria.— Hauton  Timorumenos.— Phormio.— Adelphoe. 
Bv  Professor  Wagner,  Ph.D.  m 

Cicero.     De  Senectute,  De  Amicitia,  and  Epistola3  Select®.      By 
G.  Long,  M.A. 

Ovid.    Selections.    By  A.  J.  Macleane,  M.A. 

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The  Acharnians.    By  F.  A.  Paley,  M.A.    4s.  6d. 

The  Frogs.    By  F.  A.  Paley,  M.A.    4s.  6d. 

Cicero.     The  Letters  to  Atticus.   Bk.  I.   By  A.  Pretor,  M.A.  4s.  6d. 
Demosthenes  de  Falsa  Legations.    By  R.  Shilleto,  M.A.    6s. 

The  Law  of  Leptines.     By  B.  W.  Beatson,  M.A.     3s.  Qd. 

Livy.     Book  XXI.     Edited,  with  Introduction,  Notes,  and  Maps, 

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Plato.     The  Apology  of  Socrates  and  Crito.    By  W.  Wagner,  Ph.D. 

8th  Edition.    3s.  6d.     Cheap  Edition,  liuip  cloth,  2s.  6d. 

The  Phffido.     9th  Edition.    By  W.  Wagner,  Ph.D.     5s.  6d. 

The  Protagoras.   4th  Edition.   By  W.  Wayte,  M.A.   4s.  6d. 

The  Euthyphro.    3rd  Edition.     By  G.  H.  Wells,  M.A.    3s. 

The  Euthydemus.    By  G.  H.  Wells,  M.A.     4s. 

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Plautus.  The  Aulularia.   By  W.  Wagner,  Ph.D.  3rd  Edition.  4s.  &d. 

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Terenoe.    By  W.  Wagner,  Ph.D.     10s.  &d. 

Theocritus.    By  F.  A.  Paley,  M.A.    4s.  6d. 

Thucydides.     Book  VI.     By  T.  W.  Dougan,  M.A.,  Fellow  of  St. 

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Aristophanis  Comcediae.     By  H.  A.  Holden,  LL.D.     8vo.     2  vols. 

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Horace.     Quinti  Iloratii  Flacci  Opera.    By  H.  A.  J.  Munro,  M.A, 

Large  8vo.    11.  Is. 
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Or  Books  I. -1U.  3a.  6d.     IV.  and  V.  3s.  6d. 

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Vols.  I.  :uk1  II.  Introduction,  Text,  and  Note  .     i         VoL  III.  Ti 

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Auxilia  Latina.     A  Series  of  Progressive  Latin  Exercises.     By 

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2s.     Part  II.     4th  Edition,  revised.     2s.     Key  to  Part  II.  2s.  6d. 
Scala  Latina.      Elementary  Latin  Exercises.     By   Bev.    J.    W. 

Davis,  M.A.     New  Edition,  with  Vocabulary.     Fcap.  8vo.    2s.  6d. 
Latin  Prose  Lessons.   By  Prof.  Church,  M.A.   7th  Edit.   Fcap.  8vo. 

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Latin  Exercises  and  Grammar  Papers.    By  T.  Collins,  M.A.    5th 

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Unseen  Papers  in  Latin  Prose  and  Verse.    With  Examination 

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in  Greek  Prose  and  Verse.    With  Examination  Questions. 

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Latin  Mood  Construction,  Outlines  of.      With  Exercises.     By 

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Latin  of  the  Exercises.     Is.  6d. 
Scala  Grseca:  a  Series  of  Elementary  Greek  Exercises.  By  Bev.  J.  W. 

Davis,  M.A.,  and  R.  W.  Baddeley,  M.A.  3rd  Edition.  Fcap.  Svo.  2s.  6d. 
Greek  Verse  Composition.  By  G.Preston,  M.A.  Crown  8vo.  4s.  6d. 
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Materials  for  Latin  Prose  Composition.  New  Edition.  Fcap.  8vo. 

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Analecta  Grseca  Minora,  with  Introductory  Sentences,  English 

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Materials  for  Greek  Prose  Composition.    New  Edit.    Fcap.  8vo. 

3s.  6d.     Key,  5s. 
Florilegium  Poeticum.    Elegiac  Extracts  from  Ovid  and  Tibullus. 

New  Edition.    With  Notes.     Fcap.  8vo.  3s. 
Anthologia  Grseca.  A  Selection  of  Choice  Greek  Poetry,  with  Notes. 

By  F.  St.  John  Thackeray.    4th  and  Cheaper  Edition.    16mo.    4s.  6d. 
Anthologia  Latina.     A  Selection  of  Choice  Latin  Poetry,  from 

Nsevius  to  Boetbius,  with  Notes.   By  Rev.  F.  St.  John  Thackeray.  Revised 

and  Cheaper  Edition.    16ino.    4s.  Gd. 

By  H.  A.  Holden,  LL.D. 

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.22schylus.    Translated  into  English  Prose  by  F.  A.  Paley,  M.A. 
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Translated  into  English  Verse  by  Anna  Swanwick.     4th 

Edition.    l\i-t  8vo.    5s. 

Horace.    The  Odes  and  Carmen  Saeculare.    In  English  Verse  by 

J.  Conington,  M.A.    9th  edition.     Fcap.  8vo.    5s.  Cd. 

The  Satires  and  Epistles.    In  English  Verse  by  J.  Coning- 
ton, M.A.    6th  edition.    6s.  6d. 

Propertius.    Verse  Translations  from  Book  V.,  with  revised  Latin 

Text.     By  F.  A.  Paley,  M.A.     Fcap.  8vo.    3s. 
Plato.    Gorgias.     Translated  by  E.  M.  Cope,  M.A.    8vo.     7s. 

Philebus.    Translated  by  F.  A.  Paley,  M.A.    Small  8vo.    4*. 

Theffitetus.  Translated  by  F.  A.  Paley,  M.A.   Small  8vo.    4s. 

Analysis  and  Index  of  the  Dialogues.  By  Dr.  Day.  Post  8vo.  5s. 

Reddenda  Reddita  :  Passages  from  English  Poetry,  with  a  Latin 

Verse  Translation.    By  F.  E.  Gretton.     Crown  8vo.    6s. 
Theocritus.    In  English  Verse,  by  C.  S.  Calverley,   M.A.    New 

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REFERENCE    VOLUMES. 

A  Latin  Grammar.    By  Albert  Harkness.    Post  8vo.     6s. 
By  T.  H.  Key,  M.A.   6th  Thousand.   Post  8vo.    8s. 

A  Short  Latin  Grammar  for  Schools.     By  T.  H.  Key,  M.A. 

F.R.S.    15th  Edition.    Post  8vo.    3s.  6d. 
A  Guide  to  the  Choice  of  Classical  Books.  By  J.  B.  Mayor,  M.A. 

3rd  Edition,  with  a  Supplementary  List.     Crown  8to.  4s.  6d.     Supple- 
mentary List,  Is.  Gd. 

The  Theatre  of  the  Greeks.    By  J.  "W.  Donaldson,  D.D.    8th 

Edition.     Post  8vo.    5s. 

Keightley's  Mythology  of  Greece  and  Italy.    4th  Edition.    5s. 


CLASSICAL   TABLES. 

Latin  Accidence.    By  the  Eev.  P.  Frost,  M.A.    Is. 

Latin  Versification.    Is. 

Notabilia  Quaedam ;  or  the  Principal  Tenses  of  most  of  the 
Irregular  Greek  Verbs  and  Elementary  Greek,  Latin,  and  French  Con- 
struction.   New  Edition.    Is. 

Richmond  Rules  for  the   Ovidian  Distich,  &c.     By  J.  Tate, 

M.A.    Is. 

The  Principles  of  Latin  Syntax.    Is. 

Greek  Verbs.  A  Catalogue  of  Verbs,  Irregular  and  Defective ;  their 
leading  formations,  tenses,  and  inflexions,  with  Paradigms  for  conjugation, 
Rules  for  formation  of  tenses,  &c.  &c.    By  J.  S.  Baird,  T.C.D.    2s.  6d. 

Greek  Accents  (Notes  on).    By  A.  Barry,  D.D.    New  Edition.   Is. 

Homeric  Dialect.  Its  Leading  Forms  and  Peculiarities.  By  J.  S. 
Baird,  T.C.D.    New  Edition,  by  W.  G.  Rutherford.     Is. 

Greek  Accidence.    By  the  Eev.  P.  Frost,  M.A.    New  Edition.    Is. 


CAMBRIDGE    MATHEMATICAL    SERIES. 

Arithmetic  for  Schools.     By  C.  Pendlebury,  M.A.     4s.  Qd. 

Algebra.  Choice  and  Chance.  By  W.  A.  Whitworth,  M.A.  4th 
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Euclid.  Books  I. -VI.  and  part  of  Books  XL  and  XII.  By  H. 
Deighton.    4s.  6d. 

Euclid.  Exercises  on  Euclid  and  in  Modern  Geometry.  By 
J.  McDowell,  M.A.    3rd  Edition.    6s. 

Trigonometry.   Plane.   By  Eev.  T.Vyvyan.M.A.   3rd  Edit.    3s.  6d. 

Geometrical  Conic  Sections.  By  H.  G.  Willis,  M.A.  Man- 
chester Grammar  School.    7s.  6d. 

Conies.  The  Elementary  Geometry  of.  4th  Edition.  By  C.Taylor, 
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Educational  Works. 


Geometrical    Optics.    By  W.  S.  Aldis,  M.A.     '2nd  Edition.    4s. 
Rigid  Dynamics.    By  W.  S.  Aldis,  M.A.     4s. 
Elementary  Dynamics.    By  W.  Garnett,  M.A.    4tli  Edition.    6s. 
Dynamics.  A  Treatise  on.    By  W.  H.  Besant,  D.Sc,  F.E.S.  7s.  Gd. 
Heat.    An  Elementary  Treatise.     By  W.  Garnett,  M.A.    4th  Edit. 

Hydromechanics.    By  W.  H.  Besant,  M.A.,  F.B.S.     4th  Edition. 

Port  I.    Hydrostatics.    5s. 
Mechanics.    Problems  in  Elementary.    By  W.  Walton,  M.A.     Gs. 


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A  Progressive  Course  of  Examples.    "With  Answers.    By 

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Algebra.    By  the  Eev.  C.  Elsee,  M.A.     7th  Edit.    4s. 

Progressive     Course     of    Examples.       By    Eev.    W.    F. 

11  'Michael,  M. A.,  and  R.  Prowde  Smith,  M.A.     4th  Edition.     3s.6d.   With 
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Hydrostatics,  Elementary.  By  W.  H.  Besant,  M.A.  12th  Edit.    4s. 

Mensuration,  An  Elementary  Treatise  on.  By  B.T.Moore,  M.A.  6s. 

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Optics,  Geometrical.  With  Answers.   By  W.  S.  Aldis,  M.A.   3s.  Gd. 

Analytical  Geometry  for  Schools.  By  T.  G. Vyvyan.  4th  Edit.  4s.  Gd. 

Greek  Testament,  Companion  to  the.    By  A.  C.  Barrett,  A.M. 

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Music,  Text-book  of.    By  H.  C.  Banister.     12th  Edit,  revised.    5s. 

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ARITHMETIC    AND    ALGEBRA. 

See  the  two  foregoing  Series. 


8  George  Bell  and  Sons' 

GEOMETRY   AND    EUCLID. 

Euclid.     Books  !.   \  I.  and  part  of  XT.  and  XII.    A  New  Trans- 
on.     Bj   ll.  Deighton,    Crown  Kvo.    4s.  6d. 

The  Definitions   of,   with    Explanations    and    T. 

and  ;im  Appendix  of  Exercises  on  the  First  Book.    By  E.  Webb,  M.A. 
..I.  i«'. 

Book  I.     With  Notes  and  Exercises  for  the  use  of  Pre- 

paratory  Scho  Bradtbwaite  Arnett,  M.A.    Svo.  4.<.  6<l. 

The  First  Two  Books  explained  to  Beginners.    By  C.  P. 


Mason,  B.A.    2nd  Edition.     Fcap.  8vo.    2s.  6d. 

The  Enunciations  and  Figures  to  Euclid's  Elements.    By  Kev. 
J.  Brasse,  D.D.    New  Edition.    Fcap.8vo.    Is.    On  Cards,  in  case,  5s. 
Without  the  Figures,  6d. 

Exercises  on  Euclid  and  in  Modern  Geometry.  By  J.  McDowell, 

B.A.     Crown  8vo.     3rd  Edition  revised.    6s. 
Geometrical  Conic  Sections.     By  H.  G.  Willis,  M.A.     7s.  Gd. 

Geometrical  Conic  Sections.    By  W.  H.  Besant,  M.A.   5th  Edit. 

4s.  6d.    Solution  to  the  Examples.    4s. 
Elementary  Geometrical  Conic  Sections.     By  W.  H.  Besant, 

M.A.  [In  tlie  press. 

Elementary  Geometry  of  Conies.    By  C.  Taylor,  D.D.    4th  Edit. 

8vo.    4s.  6d. 

An  Introduction  to  Ancient  and  Modern  Geometry  of  Conies. 

By  C.  Taylor,  M.A.     8vo.    15s. 
Solutions    of   Geometrical    Problems,  proposed  at  St.  John's 
College  from  1830  to  1846.    By  T.  Gaskin,  M.A.    8vo.    12s. 


TRIGONOMETRY. 

Trigonometry,    Introduction   to  Plane.    By  Bev.  T.  G.  Vyvyan, 
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An  Elementary  Treatise   on  Mensuration.    By  B.  T.  Moore, 
M.A.   5s.  

ANALYTICAL   GEOMETRY 
AND    DIFFERENTIAL    CALCULUS. 

An  Introduction  to  Analytical  Plane   Geometry.    By  W.  P. 

Turnbull,  M.A.    8vo.    12s. 

Problems  on  the  Principles  of  Plane  Co-ordinate  Geometry. 

By  W.  Walton,  M.A.    8vo.    16s. 

Trilinear  Co-ordinates,  and  Modern  Analytical  Geometry  of 

Two  Dimensions.    By  W.  A.  Whitworth,  M.A.    8vo.    16s. 

An  Elementary  Treatise  on  Solid  Geometry.    By  W.  S.  Aldis, 

M.A.    3rd  Edition  revised.    Cr.  8vo.    6s. 

Elementary  Treatise  on  the    Differential    Calculus.     By  M. 

O'Brien,  M.A.    8vo.    10s.  6d. 

Elliptic  Functions,  Elementary  Treatise  on.  By  A.  Cayley,  M.A. 
Demy  8vo.    15s. 

MECHANICS   &    NATURAL    PHILOSOPHY. 

Statics,   Elementary.    By  H.   Goodwin,  D.D.     Fcap.  8vo.     2nd 

Edition.    3s. 
Dynamics,   A  Treatise  on   Elementary.    By   W.  Garnett,  M.A. 

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Dynamics.    A  Treatise  on.    By  W.H.  Besant,  D.Sc.,F.R.S.  7*.6A 

Elementary  Mechanics,  Problems  in.    By  W.  Walton,  I\I.A.   New 

Edition,    down  8 vo. 
Theoretical  Mechanics,  Problems  in.    By  W.  "Walton,  M.A.      3rd 
tion.     Demy  8vo.    16s. 

Hydrostatics.  ByW.H.Ecsant,  M.A.  Fcap.  8vo.  12th  Edition.  4s. 

Hydromechanics,  A  Treatise  on.  By  W.  H.  Besant,  M.A.,  F.Pt.S. 
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Optics.  Geometrical.  By  W.  S.  Aldis,  M.A.  Crown  8vo.  2nd 
Edition. 

Double  Refraction,  A  Chapter  on  Fresnel's  Theory  of.    By  W.  S. 

Aldis,  M.A.    Svo.    2s. 
Heat,  An  Elementary  Treatise  on.    By  W.  Garnett,  M.A.    Crown 

8vo.    4th  Edition. 

Newton's  Principia,  The  First  Three  Sections  of,  with  an  Appen- 
dix ;  and  the  Ninth  and  Eleventh  Sections.  By  J.  H.  Evans,  M.A.  5th 
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Astronomy,  An  Introduction  to  Plane.     By  P.  T.   Main,   M.A. 

Fcap.  Svo.  cloth.    5th  Edition.    4s. 
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Astronomy,  Elementary  Chapters  on,  from  the  '  Astronomie 
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Pure  Mathematics  and  Natural  Philosophy,  A  Compendium  of 
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J.  McDowell,  M.A.     Fcap.  8vo.    3s.  6d. 

Elementary  Mathematical  Formulae.  By  the  Eev.  T.  W.  Open- 
shaw.    Is.  6d. 

Elementary  Course   of  Mathematics.     By  H.  Goodwin,  D.D. 

6th  Edition.    Svo.    16s. 

Problems  and  Examples,  adapted  to  the  '  Elementary  Course  of 
Mathematics.'    3rd  Edition.    8vo.    5s. 

Solutions  of  Goodwin's  Collection  of  Problems  and  Examples. 
By  W.  W.  Hutt,  M.A.    3rd  Edition,  revised  and  enlarged.    Svo.    9s. 

Mechanics  of  Construction.     With  numerous  Examples.     By 

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10  George  Bell  and  Sons' 


HISTORY,  TOPOGRAPHY,  &c. 

Rome  and  the  Campagna.  By  R.  Burn,  M.A.  With  85  En- 
gravings and  26  Maps  and  Plans.    With  Appendix.    4to.    31.  3s. 

Old   Rome.      A  Handbook  for  Travellers.      By  R.  Burn,  M.A. 

With  Maps  and  Plans.     Demy  8vo.    10s.  6d. 

Modern  Europe.  By  Dr.  T.  H.  Dyer.  2nd  Edition,  revised  and 
continued.    5  vols.     Demy  8vo.     21.  12s.  6d. 

The  History  of  the  Kings  of  Rome.    By  Dr.  T.  H.  Dyer.    8vo.  16s. 

The  History  of  Pompeii :  its  Buildings  and  Antiquities.  By 
T.  H.  Dyer.    3rd  Edition,  brought  down  to  1874.     Post  8vo.     7s.  6d. 

The  City  of  Rome:  its  History  and  Monuments.  2nd  Edition, 
revised  by  T.  H.  Dyer.     5s. 

Ancient  Athens :  its  History,  Topography,  and  Remains.  By 
T.  H.  Dyer.    Super-royal  8vo.    Cloth.    11.  5s. 

The  Decline  of  the  Roman  Republic.     By  G.  Long.     5  vols. 

8vo.     14s.  each. 

A  History  of  England  during  the  Early  and  Middle  Ages.  By 
C.  H.  Pearson,  M.A.  2nd  Edition  revised  and  enlarged.  8vo.  Vol.  I. 
16s.     Vol.  II.  Us. 

Historical  Maps  of  England.    By  C.  H.  Pearson.    Folio.    3rd 

Edition  revised.    31s.  6d. 

History  of  England,  1800-15.  By  Harriet  Martineau,  with  new 
and  copious  Index.    1  vol.    3s.  6d. 

History  of  the  Thirty  Year3'  Peace,  1815-46.  By  Harriet  Mar- 
tineau.   4  vols.    3s.  6d.  each. 

A  Practical  Synopsis  of  English  History.    By  A.  Bowes.    4th 

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Lives  of  the  Queens  of  England.  By  A.  Strickland.  Library 
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with  Notes,  by  W.  Glaister,  M.A.,  B.C.L.    Crown  8vo.    4s.  6d. 

Outlines  of  Indian  History.  By  A.  W.  Hughes.  Small  Post 
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The  Elements  of  General  History.  By  Prof.  Tytler.  New 
Edition,  brought  down  to  1874.    Small  Post  8vo.    3s.  6d. 

ATLASES. 

An  Atlas  of  Classical  Geography.  24  Maps.  By  W.  Hughes 
and  G.  Long,  M.A.    New  Edition.    Imperial  8vo.    12s.  6d. 

A  Grammar-School  Atlas  of  Classical  Geography.  Ten  Maps, 
selected  from  the  above.     New  Edition.    Imperial  8vo.    5s. 

First  Classical  Maps.  By  the  Rev.  J.  Tate,  M.A.  3rd  Edition. 
Imperial  8vo.    7s.  6d. 

Standard  Library  Atlas  of  Classical  Geography.  Imp.  8vo.  7s.  6 d. 


Educational  Works.  11 

PHILOLOGY. 

WEBSTERS    DICTIONARY    OF    THE    ENGLISH  LAN- 
GUAGE.   With  Dr.  Malm's  Etymology.      1  vol.  1628  pages,  3000  Ulus- 
•      tnitiuns.     2L.     With  Appendices    and  70  additional  pages  of   Illustra- 
tions, 1919  pages,  3ls.  6d. 
'The  best  practical  English  Dictionary  extant.'— Quarterly  Review,  1873. 
Prospectuses,  with  specimen  pages,  post  freo  on  application. 
Richardson's  Philological  Dictionary  of  the  English  Language. 
Combining   Explanation  with  Etymology,    and   copiously   illustrated   by 
Quotations  from  the  best  Authorities.     With  a  Supplement.     2  vols.  4to. 
41.  14s\  6d.;  half  russia,  51.  15s.  6d.;  russia,  61. 12s.     Supplement  separately. 
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An  8vo.  Edit,  without  tho  Quotations,  15s.;  half  russia,  20s.;  russia,  24s. 

Brief  History  of  the  English  Language.    By  Prof.  James  Haclley, 

LL.D.,  Yale  College.    Pcap.  8vo.    Is. 
The  Elements  of  the  English  Language.    By  E.  Adams,  Ph.D. 

21st  Edition.     Post8vo.    4s.  6d. 
Philological  Essays.    By  T.  H.  Key,  M.A.,  F.K.S.     8vo.    10s.  6d. 

Language,  its  Origin  and  Development.  By  T.  H.  Key,  M.A., 
F.R.s.    8vo.    14s. 

Synonyms  and  Antonyms  of  the  English  Language.  By  Arch- 
deacon Smith.    2nd  Edition.    Post  8vo.    5s. 

Synonyms  Discriminated.  By  Archdeacon  Smith.  Demy  8vo. 
2nd  Edition  revised.    14s. 

Bible  English.  Chapters  on  Words  and  Phrases  in  the  Bible  and 
Prayer  Book.     By  Rev.  T.  L.  O.  Davies.     5s. 

The  Queen's  English.    A  Manual  of  Idiom  and  Usage.    By  the 

late  Dean  Alford     6th  Edition.     Fcap.  8vo.     5s. 
A  History  of  English  Rhythms.     By  Edwin  Guest,  M.A.,  D.C.L., 

LL.D.     New  Edition,  by  Professor  W.W.  Skeat.     Demy  8vo.  18s. 

Etymological  Glossary  of  nearly  2500  English  Words  de- 
rived from  the  Greek.    By  the  Rev.  E.  J.  Boyce.    Fcap.  8vo.  3s.  6d. 

A  Syriac  Grammar.  By  G.  Phillips,  D.D.  3rd  Edition,  enlarged. 
8vo.   7s.  6d. 

See  also  page  14. 


DIVINITY,   MORAL   PHILOSOPHY,  &c. 

Novum  Testamentum  Greece.  Editio  major.   By  F.  II.  Scrivener, 

A.M.,  LL.D.,  D.C.L.    Being  an  enlarged  Edition,  containing  the  Readings 
of  Westcott  and  Hort,  and  those  adopted  by  tho  Revisers,  &c.     7s.  6d. 

For  other  Editions  see  pnge  2. 

By  the  same  Author. 
Codex  BezsB  Cantabrigiensis.    4to.    26s. 
A  Plain  Introduction  to  the  Criticism  of  the  New  Testament. 

With  Forty  Facsimiles  from  Ancient  Manuscripts.    3rd  Edition.    8vo.  18s. 

Six  Lectures  on  the  Text  of  the  New  Testament.    For  English 

Readers.    Crown  8vo.    6s. 
The  New  Testament  for  English  Readers.   By  tho  late  H.  Alford, 
D.D.     Vol.  I.  Part  I.  3rd  Edit.  12s.      Vol.  I.  Part  II.  2nd  Edit.  10s.  6d. 
Vol.  II.  Part  I.  2nd  Edit.  16s.     Vol.  II.  Part  II.  2nd  Edit.  16s. 

The  Greek  Testament.    By  the  late  H.  Alford,  D.D.     Vol.  I.  6th 

Edit.  11.  8s.    Vol.  II.  6th  Edit.  II.  4s.     Vol.  III.  5th  Edit.  18s.     Vol.  IV. 
Part  I.  4th  Edit.  18s.    Vol.  IV.  Part  II.  4th  Edit.  14s.    Vol.  IV.  11.  12s. 


12  George  Bell  and  Sons' 

Companion  to  the  Greek  Testament.    By  A.  C.  Barrett,  M.A. 
5th  Edition,  revised.    Fcap.  Svo.    5s. 

The  Book  of  Psalms.    A  New  Translation,  with  Introductions,  &o. 

By  the  Very  Rev.  J.  J.  Stewart  Perowne,  D.D.    Svo.    Vol.  I.  Gth  Edition* 

18s.    Vol.  il.  6th  Edit.  16s. 
Abridged  for  Schools.     5th  Edition.     Crown  8vo.     10s.  6i. 

History  of  the  Articles  of  Religion.    By  C.  H.  Hardwick.    3rd 
Edition.    Post  8vo.    5s. 

History  of  the  Creeds.     By  J.  B.  Lumby,  D.D.     2nd  Edition. 

Crown  Svo.     7s.  6d. 
Pearson  on  the  Creed.     Carefully  printed  from  an  early  edition. 

"With  Analysis  and  Index  by  E.  Walford,  M.A.     Post  8vo.    5s. 

Liturgies  and   Offices  of  the   Church,  for  the  use  of  English 
in  Illustration  of  the  Book  of  Common  Prayer.     By  the  P^ev. 
Edward  Bnrbidge,  -M.A.    Crown  Svo.  'Js. 

An   Historical  and  Explanatory   Treatise   on  the   Book  of 

Common  Prayer     By  Rev.  W.  G.  Hi  mihry,  B.D.    6th  Edition,  enlarged. 
Small  Post  8vo.  2s.  6d. ;  Cheap  Edition,  Is. 

A  Commentary  on  the   Gospels,  Epistles,  and  Acts   of  the 

Apostles.     By  Rev.  W.  Denton,   A.M.     New  Edition.     7  vols.  8vo.     18s. 
cept  Vol.  II.  of  the  Acts,  14s.    Sold  separately. 

Notes  on  the  Catechism.    By  Et.  Kev.  Bishop  Barry.  7th  Edit. 

Fcap.    2s. 
Catechetical  Hints  and  Helps.    By  Kev.  E.  J.  Boyce,  M.A.    4th 

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Examination  Papers  on  Religious  Instruction.    By  Eev.  E.  J. 
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The  Winton  Church  Catechist.    Questions  and  Answers  on  the 

Teaching  of  the  Church  Catechism.     By  the  late  Rev.  J.  S.  B.  Monsell, 
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The  Church  Teacher's  Manual  of  Christian  Instruction.    By 

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FOREIGN    CLASSICS. 

A  Scries  for  use  in  Schools,  with  English  Notes,  grammatical  and 
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Schiller's  "Wallenstein.    By  Dr.  A.  Buchheim.   5th  Edit.     5s. 
Or  the  Lager  and  Piccolomini,  2s.  6d.     Wallenstein' s  Tod,  2s.  6d. 

Maid  of  Orleans.    By  Dr.  W.  Wagner.    2nd  Edit.    Is.  6d. 

Maria  Stuart.    By  V.  Kastner.     2nd  Edition.     Is.  Gd. 

Goethe's    Hermann  and    Dorothea.      By  E.  Bell,  M.A.,   and 
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German  Ballads,  from  Uhland,  Goethe,  and  Schiller.    By  C.  L. 
Bielefeld.     3rd  Edition.     Is.  6d. 

Charles  XII.,  par  Voltaire.    By  L.  Direy.     7th  Edition.     Is.  &d. 


Educational  Works.  13 


Aventure3  de  Telemaque,  par  Fenelon.    By  C.  J.  Delille.    4th 

Edition.    2s.  6d. 
Select  Fable3  of  La  Fontaine.  By  F.E.  A.Gasc.  18th  Edit.  ls.6d. 
Piooiola,  by  X.  B.  Saintine.  By  Dr.  Dubuc.  15tb  Thousand.  1«.  dd. 

Lamartine's  Le  Tailleur  de  Pierres  de  Saint-Point.     Edited, 
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French  Grammar  for  Public  Schools.   By  Eev.  A.  C.  Clapin,  M.A. 

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French  Primer.    By  Rev.  A.  C.  Clapin,  M.A.    Fcap.  8vo.  7th  Edit. 

Is. 
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2nd  Edit.    Is. 
Le   Nouveau   Tresor;    or,   French   Student's    Companion.      By 

M.  E.  S.     18th  Edition.     Fcap.  8vo.     Is.  6J. 
French  Examination  Papers   in   Miscellaneous  Grammar  and 

Idioms,     I  i  I iv  A.  .M.  M.  Stcdinan,  M.A.     Crown  8vo.  2s.  6d. 

Manual  of  French  Prosody.  By  Arthur  Gosset,  M.A.  Crown 
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F.  E.  A.  GASC'S  FBENCH  COUESE. 

First  French  Book.    Fcap.  8vo.     %th  Thousand.     Is.  6<f. 

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Key  to  First  and  Second  French  Books.  5th  Edit.  Fcp.8vo.  3s.  6<2. 

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Practical  Guide  to  Modern  French  Conversation.  lGth  Thou- 
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French  Poetry  for  the  Young.  With  Notes.  5th  Edition.  Fcap. 
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The  ABC  Tourists'  French  Interpreter  of  all  Immediate 
Wants.    By  F.  E.  A.  Gasc.    Is. 


14  George  Bell  and  Sons' 

GOMBERT'S  FKENCH  DKAMA. 

Being  a  Selection  of  the  best  Tragedies  and  Comedies  of  Moliere, 

Raciiio,   Oorneille,   and   Voltaire.     With  Arguments  and  Notes  by  A. 

Gombert.    Now  Edition,  revised  by  F.  E.  A.  Gasc.    Fcap.  8vo.    Is.  each; 

sewed,  6d.  Contents. 

Molierk  : — Lo  Misanthrope.    L'Avare.    Le  Bourgeois  Gontilhomme.    Le 

Tartutfe.    Le  Malade  Imaginaire.    Los  Femmes  Savantes.     Les  Fourberies 

de  Scapin.    Les  Precieuses  Ridicules.     L'Ecole  des  Femmes.     L'Ecole  dea 

Maris.    Le  Me'dccin  malgre"  Lui. 

Racine: — Ph&lre.     Esther.     Athalie.     Iphige'nie.     Les  Plaideurs.     La 
TWbaidc ;  ou,  Les  Freres  Ennemis.    Andromaque.     Britannicus. 
P.  Cornf.illk.— Le  Cid.    Horace.    Cinna.    Polyeucte. 
Voltaire  :—  Zaire.       

GERMAN    CLASS-BOOKS. 

Materials  for  German  Prose  Composition.    By  Dr.  Buchheim. 

10th  Edition,  thoroughly  revised.    Fcap.  4s.  6d.    Key,  Parts  I.  and  II.,  3s. 
Parts  III.  and  IV.,  4s. 

Advanced  German  Course.  Comprising  Materials  for  Trans- 
lation, Grammar,  and  Conversation.  By  F.  Lange,  Ph.D.,  Professor 
R.  M.  A.  Woolwich.     Crown  8vo-    Is.  6d. 

Wortfolge,  or  Rules  and  Exercises  on  the  Order  of  Words  in 

German  Sentences.     By  Dr.  F.  Stock.     Is.  6d. 
A  German  Grammar  for  Public  Schools.     By  the  Rev.  A.  C. 

Clapin  and  F.  Holl  Muller.     4th  Edition.     Fcap.    2s.  6d. 
A  German  Primer,  with  Exercises.     By  Rev.  A.  C.  Clapin.    Is. 
Kotzebue's  Der  Gefangene.  With  Notes  by  Dr.  W.  Stromberg.  1*. 

German  Examination  Papers  in  Grammar  and  Idiom.      By 

It.  J.  Morich.  [In  the  press. 


MODERN  GERMAN  SCHOOL  CLASSICS. 

Meister  Martin,  der  Kiifner.     Erzahlung  von  E.  T.  A.  Hoffman. 

By  Prof.  F.  Lange,   Ph.D.     Fcap.  8vo.     Is.  6d. 
Hans  Lange.     Schauspiel  von   Paul  Heyse.     By   A.    A.   Mac- 

donell,   M.A.,   Ph.D.    Fcap.  8vo.     2s. 
Auf  Wache.     Novelle  von  Berthold  Auerbach.     Der  Gefrorene 

Krss.   Novelle  von  Otto   Roquette.   By  A.  A.  Macdonell,  M.A.      Fcap. 

8vo.  2s. 

Der  Bibliothekar.     Lustspiel  von  G.  von   Moser.     By  Prof.  F. 
Lange.  Ph.  D.    Authorised  edition.    2s. 

Die  Mournalisten.      Lustspiel  von    Gustav   Freytag.     By   Pro- 
fessor F.  Lange,  Ph.D.    2s.  6d. 

Eine    Frage.      Idyll   von    George    Ebers.     By  F.   Storr,  B.A., 
Chief  Master  of  Modern  Subjects  in  Merchant  Taylors'  School. 

[Nearly  ready. 

ENGLISH    CLASS-BOOKS. 

A  Brief  History  of  the  English  Language.   By  Prof.  Jas.  Hadley, 
LL.D.,  of  Yale  College.     Fcap.  8vo.     Is. 

Comparative  Grammar  and  Philology.     By  A.  C.  Trice,  M.A. 

2,s.  6d. 

The  Elements  of  the  English  Language.    By  E.  Adams,  Ph.D. 
2lst  Edition.    Post  8vo.    4s.  6d. 


Educational  Works.  15 


The    Rudiments    of   English  Grammar   and    Analysis.     By 
K.  Adams,  Ph.D.    ltJth  Thousand.    Fcap.  8vo.    2s. 

A  Concise  System  of  Parsing.    By  L.  E.  Adams,  B.A.     Fcap.  8vo. 
Is.  6d. 

By  C.  P.  Mason,  Fellow  of  Univ.  Coll.  London. 

First  Notions  of  Grammar  for  Young  Learners.     Fcap.  8vo. 
24th  Thousand.    Cloth.    8d. 

First  Steps  in  English  Grammar  for  Junior  Classes.     Demy 

18mo.    41st  Thousand.     Is. 

Outlines  of  English  Grammar  for  the  use  of  Junior  Classes. 
53rd  Thousand.    Crown  8vo.    2s. 

English    Grammar,   including    the    Principles  of    Grammatical 
Analysis.    2Sth  Edition.     110th  Thousand.    Crown  8vo.    3s.  6<i. 

A  Shorter  English  Grammar,  with  copious  Exercises.   2Gth  Thou- 
sand.   Crown  8vo.    3s.  6d. 

English  Grammar  Practice,  being  the  Exercises  separately.     1*. 

Code  Standard  Grammars.    Parts  I.  and  II.  2d.  each.    Parts  JJI., 
IV.,  and  V.,  3d.  each. 


Notes  of  Lessons,  their  Preparation,  &c.  By  Josu  Bickard, 
Park  Lane  Board  School,  Leeds,  and  A.  H.  Taylor,  Rodley  Board 
School,  Leeds.    2nd  Edition.    Crown  8vo.  2s.  6d. 

A  Syllabic  System  of  Teaching  to  Read,  combining  the  advan- 
tages of  the  '  Phonic*  and  the  '  Look-and-Say '  Systems.   Crown  8vo.     Is. 

Practical  Hints  on  Teaching.  By  Eev.  J.  Menet,  M.A.  Gth  Edit, 
revised.    Crown  8vo.  cloth,  2s.  6d. ;  paper,  2s. 

How  to  Earn  the  Merit  Grant.  A  Manual  of  School  Manage- 
ment. By  H.  Mnjor,  B.A.,  B.Sc.  2nd  Edit,  revised.  Part  I.  Infant 
School,  3s.    Part  II.  4s.     Complete,  6s. 

Test  Lessons  in  Dictation.    3rd  Edition.    Paper  cover,  Is.  6d. 

Drawing  Copies.  By  P.  H.  Delamotte.  Oblong  8vo.  12s.  Sold 
also  in  parts  at  Is.  each. 

Poetry  for  the  Schoolroom.    New  Edition.    Fcap.  8vo.     Is.  6d. 

The  Botanist's  Pocket-Book.  With  a  copious  Index.  By  W.  R. 
Hayward.    5th  Edition,  revised.     Crown  8vo.  cloth  limp.    4s.  6d. 

Experimental  Chemistry,  founded  on  the  Work  of  Dr.  Stockhardt. 
By  C.  W.  Heaton.    Post  8vo.    5s. 


Picture  School-Books.  In  Simple  Language,  with  numerous 
Illustrations.  Royal  16mo. 
The  Infant's  Primer.  31.— School  Primer.  61.— School  Reader.  By  J. 
Tilleard.  Is.— Poetry  Book  for  Schools.  Is.— The  Life  of  Joseph.  Is.— The 
Scripture  Parables.  By  the  Rev.  J.  E.  Clarke.  Is.— The  Scripture  Miracles. 
By  the  Rev.  J.  E.  Clarke.  Is.— The  >*ew  Testament  History.  By  the  Rev. 
J.  G-.  Wood,  M.A.  Is.— The  Old  Testament  History.  By  the  Rev.  J.  G. 
Wood,  M.A.  Is.— The  Story  of  Bunyan's  Pilgrim's  Progress.  Is.— The  Life 
of  Christopher  Columbus.  By  Sarah  Crompton.  Is.— The  Life  of  Martin 
Luther.    By  Sarah  Crompton.    Is. 


16       George  Bell  and  Sons'  Educational  Works. 


Suitable 

for 
Infants. 


BOOKS   FOR  YOUNG    READERS. 

AScrirs  of 'Reading Books d  'litatefhecu  >wer 

of  Reading  by  very  young  <  %Udren.    la  9  ,<<  cloth,  G''.  each. 

The  Old  Boathouse.    Bell  and  Fan  ;  or,  A  Cold  Dip. 
Tot  and  the  Cat.     A  Bit  of  Cake.     The  Jay.     The 

Blaok  Hen's  Nest.    Tom  and  Ned.    Mrs.  Bee. 
The  Cat  and  the  Hen.    Sam  and  his  Dog  Red-leg. 

Bob  and  Tom  Lee.     A  Wreck. 

The  New-born  Lamb.    The  Rosewood  Box.    Poor 

Fan.    Sheep  Dog. 
The  Story  of  Three  Monkeys. 
Story  of  a  Cat.     Told  by  Herself. 
The  Blind  Boy.     The  Mute  Girl.     A  New  Tale  of 

Babes  in  a  Wood. 

The  Dey  and  the  Knight.     The  New  Bank  Note. 

The  Royal  Visit.     A  King's  Walk  on  a  Winter's  Day. 

Queen  Bee  and  Busy  Bee. 
Gull's  Crag. 

A  First  Book  of  Geography.     By  the  Eev.  C.  A.  Johns. 
Illustrated.     Double  size,  Is. 


Suitable 

for 
Slam 
I.  &  II. 


BELL'S    READING-BOOKS. 

FOR    SCHOOLS    AND    PAROCHIAL    LIBRARIES 
Now  Ready.  Post8vo.   Strongly  bound  in  cloth,  l's.  each. 

*  3-rimm's  German  Tales.    (Selected.) 
*Andersen's  Danish  Tales.    Illustrated.     (Selected.) 
Great  Englishmen.  Short  Lives  for  Young  Children. 
Great  Englishwomen.     Short  Lives  of. 
Great  Scotsmen.     Short  Lives  of. 
*Masterman  Ready.  ByCapt.  Marryat.  Illus.  (Abgd.) 
"Friends  in  Fur  and  Feathers.    By  Gwynfryn. 
The  Story  of  Little  Nell.  Abridged  from  the  '  The  Old 

Curiosity  Shop.' 
Parables  from  Nature.    (Selected.)    By  Mrs.  Gatty. 
Lamb's  Tales  from  Shakespeare.     (Selected.) 
Edgeworth's  Tales.     (A  Selection.) 
Gulliver's  Travels.    (Abridged.) 

*  Robinson  Crusoe.     Illustrated. 

*  Arabian  Nights.    (A  Selection  Eewritten.) 
Light  of  Truth.    By  Mrs.  Gatty. 
The  Vicar  of  Wakefield. 

*  Settlers  in  Canada.    By  Capt.  Marryat.    (Abridged.) 
Marie :  Glimpses  of  Life  in  France.  By  A.  R.  Ellis. 
Poetry  for  Boys.     Selected  by  D.  Munro. 
Southey's  Life  of  Nelson.     (Abridged.) 
*Life  of  the  Duke  of  Wellington,  with  Maps  and  Plans. 
Sir  Roger   de    Coverley  and  other  Essays  from  the 

Spectator. 
Tales  of  the  Coast.    By  J.  Eunciman. 

*  These  Volumes  are  Illustrated. 


Suitable 

for 
Standards 

in.  a- 1  v. 


Standards 
IV.  &  V. 


Standard 

V.  VI.  & 
Vll 


London  :  Printed  by  Strangeways  &  Sons,  Tower  Street,  St.  Martin's  Laue. 


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