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3 


PHILOSOPHICAL 

TRANSACTIONS. 


• Giving  fome 


ACCOU 


r-ar 


O F T H E 


^refent  Undertakings^  Studies  and  Labours 


O F T H E 


INGENIOUS,: 

III  many 

i' 

Confiderable  Parts  of  the  World. 


VOL.  XXVI.  For  the  Years  1708  and  ijc^. 


LONDON: 

Printed  for  H.  Clement at  the  Hfdf-Moon  in  St  FattFi 

Church-Yard.  MDCCX. 


i 


t 


* 


■ \ 


t- 


I 


T O 

Sir  Ifaac  Newton,  K* 

PRESIDENT, 

And  to  the 

C)ouncil  and  Fellows 

OF  THE 


Royal  Society 

O F 

LONDON, 

, FOR  T'H  E 

Advancement  of  Statural  K^otpledge 

THIS 

Twenty  Sixth  VOLUME 
O F T H E 

Philofophical  T ranfaftions 

r s 

HUMBLY  DEDICATED 

' / 

B Y 

Hans  SloanCy  R.  S.  Seer, 


• r 


a 

i I 


1 


) 


\ 


9 


(Numb.  3 1 3 J 

PHILOSOPHICAL 

T R A N S A C T rO  N S. 

' . ; • , f ^ 

, n . . " ** 

Fof  the  Months  of  ]i\\xidL(y  <tW  ^February,  1708. 


The  CONTENT  s;- . 

* 

I.  Experimenta  8c  Cbfervationes  ds  Soni^  aliifque  / 
ad  id  attinentibus,  a Reverendo  D.  W.  Derham- 
.Ecclefise^  Upminfteri^nfis  Redtore,  8c  Societatis  Re.r 
galisLondinenfis  Socio, 

* II,  A Relation  of  the  fl range  Effe&'r  of  J hinder  and  Lights 

ning^  which  happened  at  Airs.  Clofe’s  Hcmfe  at<  New- 
Forge,  in  the  County  of  Down  in  Ireland,  on  the  ^th  of 
Augud,  1707;  dcmmuvuated  by  Samuel  Molygeux  Efq’y. 
Secretary  of  the  Philcfc  phical  Society  at  Dublin. 

III.  Rart  of  a Letter  from  Dr.k^ch'ihM  Adams, Dr.  Hans 
Sloane,  R.  S.  Seer,  concerning  an  Apople&ick  Perfn/, 

' - in  whom^  ObfruBion  in  the  Left  Ventricle  of  the 

* Brain^  the  Nerves  on  the  Oppofite  Jide  were  affelLed. 

- IV.  A' Letter  from  Air.  Ra.  Calep,  to  Air.  William  Cow- 
per,  F.  R.  S.  concerning  a Woman  62  Tears  of  Age  (who^ 
is  flid' Living j that  loft  her  Leg  and  greateft  part  of  her 
'Thigh  by  a Gangrene,  ,f 

'V.  The  Manner  of  malftng  Styrax  liquida,  alias  Rofa  Mai?- . 
las.  Communicated  by  Mr.  James. Petiver,  F.  R.S, 


A 


( i ) 


I.  Experimenta  <sr  Obfenatmes  dc  Soni  Motu,^ 
alii/que  ad  id  attinentibuSj  faEiA  a {^yerendo  D, 
fV,  I)erham  EccleJtA  Hpmmjlerienjis  ^SlorCy 
Societatis  Recalls  Londinenjis  Socio» 

J.  I.  CeUberyimorum  Authorum  dijfettfus  de  Soni  Fro- 
grejftiy  & C(X!pti  mi  Ratio. 


Hilofophi  celeberrimi  opera?  pretium  exiftimarunf,  ia 


jucundum  8c  myfticum  de  Sono  argumentum  inqui- 
rere  5 fpeciatim  de  ejus  Motu  8c  Frogreffk. 

Ec  quoniani  magna  inter  eorum  OM'ervationes  difcre- 
pantia  ell,  ideo  partim  ut  fcrupulos  meos  eximerem  5,par- 
tim  ut  memet  horis  raeis  fubfecivis  recrearem,  conatus 
fum,  quantum  in  me  fuit,  rem  cotara  exponere  8c  decer- 
nere. 

Et  quandoquidem  Inftrumenta  mihi  Hint  aptiliima,  oc- 
cafionefque  aon  contemnendae  rera  experiendi,  ideo  hoc 
faciendo,  arbitror  me  tantiim  proprium  raanusobire,  five 
debitum  folvere  Mundo  Philofophico,  praecipue  infignilli- 
mae  Socletati  nojir£  Regali,  quae  me  in  fuum  nuraerum  co- 
optare  dignata  efl. 

Diffenfus  inter  Authores  ccleberriraos  de  Soni  Veloci- 
tate  facili  intuitu  in  fequente  Tabella  confpici  poteft.*  In 
qua  (Pedibus  Anglicanis)  Spatium  exhibetur  quod  Sono- 
rum  ProgrefTui  in.  uno  • Minutd  Secundo  Temporis  aferi- 
bunt. 


D.  If. 


Pedes 


D.If.Newton  Eq.  Aur. 
Nobilis  D.  Roberts 
Nobilis  D.  Boyle 
D.  Walker 
Merfennus 

D.Flamfteed  ScHalley 
Florentini  celebres 
Galli  celebres 


968|Prin.Ph.Naf.Math.L.2.Prop.5o. 
rgbojPhilor.  Tranfad.  N.  209. 
i20o'ElTayof  Languid  Motion  p.24. 
i338^PhiloC  Tranfad.  N.  247. 
r474Baliftic.  Prop.  39. 

1142I 

1 148  Exp.perAcad.de!  Cimen.p.141. 

[ 172011  Hamel  Hirb.  Acad.  Reg. 


Inter  ultimum  5c  penultimum  difTenfus  non  eft  magnus, 
8c  Gallorum  non  multo  major  5 casterorum  vero  magnus 
eft.  Et  Ratio  manifefte  hxc  eft  5 vel  fcilicet  ab  Inftru- 
menti  deteftu  ^ vel  a Diftantia  5 vel  a Ventis. 

I.  InflrumerttHm^  quo  nonnulli  virorum  horutn  incly- 
toruna  dimenfi  funr,  non  fuit  Automaton  5 fed  Bolk  funl^ 
penduia,  quae  Minuta  Secunda  vibrat.  Sed  omnibus,  in 
hifce  rebus  excrcitis,  manifeftum  eft,  Bolidem  multo  mi- 
nus commodam  efte,  nec  tani  accurarara  ac  Automaton  ^ 
quoniam  neceflarium  eft,  Oculum  primb  occupatum  efle 
in  obfervando  Corufcationem,  deinde  ad  Bolidem,  five 
Pendulum  refpicere  ; quod  cempus  conterit,  8c  confufto- 
nem  creat.  Hoc  autem,  una  cum  Senfuum,  6c  Captus  five 
Attentionis  noftrae  tarditate,  magnum  errorera  efficere  po- 
teft  5 uti  bene  notum  eft  iis  qui  Experimenta  de  bis  fccc- 
runt.  Praefertim  fi. 

a.  Intervallum  inter  rem  fonantem,  8c  Obfervatorem 
parvum  fuerit.  , At  vt  ro  manileftum  eft,  quod  plerique 
iftorum  laudatorum  Virornm  Experimenta  lua  tecerunt 
ad  intervallura  tantiim  paucorum  Pedum,  8c  per  Soni^re- 
dituni,  five  Echo  dimenfi  funt.  Horum  enira  nonnulli 
vix  ultra  6 vel  700  pedes  menfurationem  extendebant, 
aliique  non  ultra  Milliare  unu:n.  Sed  Temper  obfervavi 
ambiguitatem  oriri  in  tarn  parva  diftantia,  quamvis  opti- 
mum adhiberetur  Inftrumeatum.  Errorque  levifiimus  in 


( 4 ) 

tantillis  diftantiis,  raagnus  eft  habcndus.  Nam  Pendulum 
forfan  dimidiura  fui  diadromi,  five  arcus,  pra?fcriit  ab  ul- 
tima pulfatione,  cum  Sonus  primo  fuerit  emiftus:  Sed  nos 
iftum  Pulfum  numeramus,  ac  ft  Vibratio  fuiftet  tota  8c 
completa  ^ vel  forfan  Vibrationem  anticipamus.  Et  poft- 
quam  Sonus  nospcrtigir,  forfan  plus  vel  minus  quani  par 
eft  numeramus* 

Vel  (i  Diftantia  fat  fuerit  longa,  tamen  error  cxinde 
poteft  oriri,  ft  ' 

3.  Vefitornm  ratio  non  fit  habita.  De  quo  in  fequen- 
tibus. 

Hsec  funt  certa,  inevitabilia,  8c  perpetua  incommoda, 
quse  Menfuratiouera  progreflus  Sonorum  comitantur  ; qu£C 
in  parvis  intervallis  (ut  dixi)  prsefertim  .fi  Inftrumenta 
mala  fint,  rnagnos  errores  producere  pofTunt : 8c  fine  du- 
bio  maxima  fuere  caufa  tanti  inter  tantcs  Authores  dif- 
fenfus.^ 

Sed  obfervari  poteft,  quod  Spatia  a tribus  ultimis  inTa- 
bella  OBfervatoribusaffignata,  quam  proxime  conveniunf* 
Quod  proculdubio  hinc  provenit,  quia  nempe  bonis  Au- 
romatis  inftrufti  fuerunt.  In  quorum  ufu,  Anris  fola  OC' 
cupatur  in  Vibrationibus  Penduli excipiendis,  dumOailus. 
attendit  Corufcationem,  five  aliquam  aliam  Soni  emiffio- 
nem.  Has  quoque  Obfervationcs  intervallis  longinquis 
fadtsc  fuere,  in  quibus  error  pufillus  non  magni  erit.  Do- 
mi  norum  enim  celeberrimorum  Flamjleedti  6c  Halleii  Ob- 
lervationes  fa(ft£e  funt  ad  intervallum-  trium  fere  mill iari- 
um  (paucis  Perticis  plus  vel  minus  exceptis)  ab  Obferva- 
torio  Regio,  fuper  Collem  Sheoterianum  : 6c  Sonus  adve- 
nit  in  13  i Secundis  Temporis.  Nobiles' ifti  8c 

celeberrimi  ex  Acad,  del  Cimettto  ad  idem  fere  inrervallum 
Experimenta  fua  fecerunt  ^ 8c  qusedam  ad  inrervallum 
unius  tantum  Milliaris.  Et  denique  celeberrimi  D.  D. 
Cajfini,  Picard,  8c ad  interval lum  1280  Hexape- 
darum  Gallicarum,  quod  eft  plus  quam  1 I Milliare  An- 
glicanuro, 

lit 


( y) 

lit  verltas  inter  prsedida  difCdia  innotefcat,  experiment 
ta  plurima  ad  varia  intervalla  feci  ^ Scil.  a&  uno^  ad  12 
miiliaria,  8c  plura.  Et  ad  Terapus  dimetiendum,  habeo 
accuratiflimum  Automaton  yortubiley  cum  Pendulo  Semife- 
cunda  vibrante- 

Tutius  autera  ut  procederem,  fequentes  Quaftiones  ,a 
meipfo  difcutiendas  propofui. 

1.  Quantum  Spatium  Sonus  percurrit  in  Secundo  Mi- 
nutoTemporis,  vel  alio  Temporis  intervallo  ? 

2.  An  Sclopus  verfus  Obfervatorem  difplofus,  in  eo- 
dem  temporis  intervallo  Sonum  mittit,  ac  cum  in  contra- 
riam  partem  difplodatur  ? 

3.  An  in  quolibet  Atmofphaerae  fl:atu,  cum  Mercurius 

in  Barometro  afcendit  vel  delcendit,  Soni  percurrnnt  idem 
Spatium  in  eodem  Temporis  intervallo?  * 

4.  An  Soni  velocius  Die  quam  Node  moventur  ? 

5.  An  Ventus  favens  Sonum  acceleraC,  8c  adverfus  re- 
tardat  ? Sive'an,  8c  quoraodo  Venti  Sonum  afficiuat  ? 

6.  An  tranquillo  Coelo  Sonus  velocius  movetur,  quam 
Vcnto  flante  ? 

7.  An  vehemens  Ventus  in  tranCverfum  flans  accelerar* 
an  retardat  motum  Soni  ? 

8.  An  Soni  eundera  habent  motum  ^ftate  ac  Hyeme, 

Die  ac  Node  ? 

An  etiam  in  Nivofo,  ac  Sudo  Coelo  ? 

10.  An  Sonus  magnus  & exiguus  eundem  habent  mo 
tum  > 

11.  An  in  omnibus  Scloppeti  elevationibus,  viz.  Hori*  / 
zontali,  10  gr.  20  gr.  ad  90  gr.  Sonus  in  eodem  temporis 
intervallo  Obfervatoris  aurem  pertingit  ? 

12.  An  omnimodi  Soni,  Scloppetorum,  Campanarum, 
Malleorum,  8cc.  eundem  habent  motum  ? 

13;  An  vark.Pulveris  Pyrii  vires  motum  Soni  vari- 
ant ? 


B 


14.  An 


' f 6 ) 

14.  An  in  Cul minibus  Monti um  altoruin,  ScVallibiisj 
five  in  fummis  Atmofphserce  partibus,  8c  imis,  Soni  idem 
percurrunt  Spatiura  in  eodem  Temporis  intervallo  ? 

1 5.  An  vSonus  acclivis  8c  declivis  eundem  habet  motum  > 
Sive  an  a Jugo  Montis  defcendit  in  Kadiccra  eodem  paflu, 
ac  a R.adice  afcendit  in  Jugum  ? 

16.  An  Sonus  principio  velocius,  8c  in  finetardius  mo- 
vetur,  ut  in  plurimis  aliis  motibus  violends  accidir  } 

17.  Annon  potius  ik  sequabilis  } Nempe  Annon  in  di- 
midio  Temporis,  diniidium  Spatii^  in  quarta  p>rte  Tem- 
poris, quartam  partem  Spatii,  8c c.  movejtur? 

18.  An  in  omnibus  Regionibus,  Septenrrionalibus,  Sc 
Auftralibus,  in  Anglia^  Gallic,  Qf^rmanui-,  8cc.  eun- 
dem habcnt  motum 

19.  An  Sonus  refta,  five  brevifijnio  itinere,  a loco  in 
locum  tranfit  3 an  fecundum  ruperfidera  interjacentis  tel- 
luris? 

Ad  bsec  determinanda  Amicos  Generofos  mihi  vicinos 
petii  (quorum  beneficia  hie  gratifiime  agnofeo)  ut  Sclo^ 
pos  ex  Turribus,  aliifque  locis  eminentibus  difplodcrent, 
ad  intervallum  i,  2,  3,  ufque  ad  8 milba  pafiuum  ( quod 
maximum  die  intervallum  reperi,  ex  quo  Sclopi  Sonum 
audire  potui  in  his  partibus,  arboribus,  &c.  obfitis.)  Hsec 
Scloppeta  magno  mihi  fuerunt  ufui.  'Sed  Tormenta,  qvx 
maxime  propofito  inferviebant,  bellica  ilia  fuerunt  apud 
’ Black^heath  ^Sakers  vocata]  quse  exercentur  in  educandis 
Tyronibus  Tormentariis  Inclytiflitnse  noftrae  Regin^e  mi- 
niftratiiris.  Homm  Tormentorum  micantes  flammuJas  ex 
Ecclcfiae  me^e  turre  videre,  8c  fragorem  audire  potui  in 
omnibus  ferecoeli  tempeftatibns  5 etiam  interdiu,  ope  Tc- 
lefcopii.  Ideoque  cum  omni  cur^  8c  diligentia  me  ad 
horum  Tormentorum  obfervationem  accinxi,  ufque  a Feb- 
ruario  17O7. 

Poft  paucas  obfervationes  inter  eorum  difplofiones  fa- 
^as,  fpeciale  quoddam  experimentum  faciendum  compa- 
ravi,  beni^nitate  nuperi  D.  Baronis  Granville  tunc  Pric- 
, ‘ ' fedi, 


(7 } 

fefti,  & cseterorum  Virorum  darorum  qui  m Tune  Ion- 
Rei  Tormentarise  Regime  rainifftrant  (quorum  be- 
’nefida  hie  gratiffime  agnofco.)  Duo  Tormenta  bdlica 
(Sakers  vocata)  juxta  (b  fita  funt,  adverfo  unius  ore,  a- 
verfo  alterius.  Hsec  duo  Tormenta  Feb.  13.  170?.  dirplo-' 
fa  fuere,  unaquaque  Semihora  ab  Hor^  fext^pomeridiana 
ad  mediam  nodem,  leni  aura  direde  adverfusSonum  fpi- 
rante.  Temporis  intervallum  inter  Corufeationem  finguli 
Torraenti  (quarn  nudo  oculo  videre  potui)  8c  Soni  ad- 
ventum,  Temper  fuit  dreiter  120  vel  122  Semifecunda 
Temporis.  Dixi  120  vel  122,  quoniam  Sonus  duplica- 
tus  advenit  5 fdl.  prior  Sonus  intra  120  Semifecunda  (qui 
languidior)  fecundus  intra  122  (qui  intentior.)  Et  eo- 
dem  modo,  per  totum  obfervationis  tempus,  fingulorum 
Torraentorurr;  fragor  advenit,  nempe  duplicatus.  • 

Haec  Reduplicatio  Soni  mihi  videtur  Echo,  repercuffa, 
ut  opinor,  a Molendlno  Blackjoeathenfi,  vel  Domibus  juxta 
fitis.  De  quo  nullam  habeo  Dubitandi  rationem,  prseter 
fententiam  contrariam  Amici  cujufdam  dodi,  8c  4gacis 
Philofophi  ty  qui  credit  nullam  Echo  audiri,  nifi  quse 
fada  eft  per  Objeda  Phonocamptica  non  procul  ab  Ob- 
fervatore,  non  per  ea  prope  Vocale,  five  Sonorum,  vel 
lia  longinqua  Objeda.  Proxima  igitur  Difquifitio  erit 

2.  De  Sonk  longe  repercujjis^  five  Echo  longln^Ha, 

Pro  Digrefiione  forfan  habebitur  hsec  Difquifitio  : fed 
quoniam  ad  Soni  fubjedum  attinet,  ideo  paucas  de  h§c 
re  Obfervationes  ingeniofis  non  fore  ingratas  fpero. 

Et  prime  hoc  Legibus  Echus  non  contrarium  credo. 
Deinde  notandum  eft,  hunc  duplicem  Sonum  direde  a 
Blackhcath  veniffe  : neque  enim  prior  Sonus  indeveniebat, 
& alter  (Echus  more)  aliunde  5 nempe  ultra  me,  vel  a 
dextr^,  vel  liniftra,  vel  ab  ulla  ali^  parte.  Idemque  fie- 
pius  obfervavi,  ciim  Tormenta  magna  e Navibus  difplo- 
derentur  ia  Bluvio  Thamejt  (prsecipue  fi  aer  fuerit  ferenus 
“ “ B 2 . & 


( » ) 

Sc  tranquillus)  vcfperiSc  mane,  cumTormsnta  Vigifaria 
(Anglke  JVau6  gH»j)  exonerarenrur,  Poftquam  Fragor 
Tormenti  aureni  pertigit,  audivi  eum  longe  percurrentem 
fecus  Fluvium,  8c  a Ripa,  Montibus,  8c  Scopulis  (juxta 
Jiuus  Cantiamm  Gonfertim  fitis)  per  plura  MHliaria  rebo- 
antem. 

Hsec  omnia,  inquit  AmicuSy  a Hepercuflione  DcJmuum, 
8cc.  prope  Te,  proveniunt.  Sed  nequid  de  Debilitate  Soni 
dicam,  poftquam  plurima  MiUiaria  percurrir,  8c  de  ejuf- 
dem  incapacitate,  fi  tarn  procul  veniffet,  uc  repellereretur 
'per  Cbjefta  Phonocamptica  jaxta , Obfcrvatorem,  potius 
quam  per  Obje^ta  Phonocamptica  juxta  Sonorum  fita  5 
(ut  nihil  de  his  dicam)  exemplum  unum  vel  alterum  da- 
bo,  unde  plane  conftabit,  quod  Echo  fafta  per  Objefta 
^Phonocamptica  prope  Rem  vocalem  five  fonantem,  poteft 
per  plura  milliaria  audiri,  seque  ac  prkmrius  Sonus,  ali- 
quando  etiam  eodem  intentior. 

Sappe  obfervavi  Tormenta  magna  bellica  e Navibus  in 
Thameff  Fluvio  vefpere  difplofa  circa  loca  vocata  Deptford 
8c  Cuckolds- plerumque  fragorem  edere  duplicaium, 
trrplicatum,  quadruplicatum,  vel  adhucamplius  mulripli- 
catum  ; 8c  quod  Fragorcs  pofteriores  funt  magis  Sonor4, 
Et  cum  hinc  8c  illinc  Stadium,  etia  m quad  ran  tern  vel  di- 
midium  Milliaris  in  tranfverfum  ivi,  Somis  tamen  idem, 
fuit..  Memini  quod  odavo  Martii  noviirmie  elapfi  plud- 
mx  Bombards  magnse  difplofag  fuere  alicubi  inter  Dept^ 
ford  Sc  Cuekolds  Foint  pr^edidas,  e Nave  quam  in  Tbamefi 
ex  mci  Ecclefia  profpexi.  Harura  fragor  quinqpies  vel 

fexies  hoc  modo  rcpetitus  eflr  ^ • I^ter  Cb- 

rufcatlonem  8c  Sonum  122  Semifectmda  numeravi  Ven- 
to  in  tranfverfum  flante.  Tunc  temporis  ideo  Tor- 
menta a me  difiabani  plus  quam  i^^millia  palluura.  Duo 
prim!  crepitus languidiores  erant  quam  tertii  fed  crepitus 
ultimi  omnium'  maxime  Sonori;..  Et  cum.  a dextr4  qua- 

drantemi 


' bus  repercuflam : quod  fcepenutnero  tunc  obfervavi,  quo- 
ties  Tormenta  diCplafa  fuere. 

^ Alia  hu)us  generis  Obfervatio  fuit  quodam  die 
liico,  circa  biennium  veltriennium  abhinc,  ex  Sono  Tor- 
ipenri  magni  militaris  diTplofi  alicubi  in  Thamefi  flnvio 
cis  vel  trans  Oppidum  vocatum.  Hnj:s  Tor- 

mend  fragor  tuit  multiplicatus  ad  minimum  odies,  no- 
vies,  vel  decks,  fecundum  hanc  temporis  menfuram 


rimi  (ad  Dei  cultum  tunc  temporis  accedentesj  putabant 
efTe  Fragores  multorum  Tormentorum  e Navedimicanti : 
(Sed,  ut  opinor,  nil  aliud  fuit  nili  Echo  polypliona,  ex 
iinius  vel  alterius  & alterius  Tbrmenri  dirplod'  Sono,  a 
Navibus  pluribus  vd  Littore  juxta  litis  repercuffo.J  Quod 
autem  pro  me  facit,  hoc  eft,  qu6d  non  ipfe  folum  (dum 
in  meo  Horto  deambularemj  audivi,  fed  etiam  multi aHi 
qui  procul  diftabant.  Item  D.  Barret  (Societatis  noftr^e* 
Regise  ingeniofus  8c  dodns  Socius)  domi  fuae  eundem  re- 
petitum  Sonum  audivit,  ad  intervallum  4 fere  milliarium: 
ab  Z)pm»fier,  ubi  ipfe  audivi; 

Ex  quibus  omnibus  luculentercondrat  fententiam  prse- 
di6ti  Amici  ( plurimis  nominibus  colendi)*  dfe  falfam. 

3.  De  EcBoy  five  Repercufiione  Sanorum  in  Acre, 

His  de  Echo  didis,  (pero  non  ingratum  fore  exempIUm. 
ad  jiccre  de  Repereujfiono  Soni  ab  aerek^  partmtik  3 quod 
poteft  Gonfirmare  quse  dida  funt. 

Cii.m  andivf  Fragores  magnorum^  Tormentorum  belli- 
©orum^-praecipuein  trangaillo  8©  fereno  Codo,  fkpenu- 


* Hunc  multiplicatum  Sonum  plu- 


mef' 


( 10  ) 

mero  obfervavi  Murmur^  excelfe  in  acre,  praecefTiffe  Cre- 
pitum.  Et  in  l^Ma  tenui^  fsepe  Bombardarum  Sonutn 
audivi  in  Sublime, .fupra  caput,  in  acre,  perplurima  Mil- 
liaria  percurrentem  ^ adeo  uC  N^urmur  iftud  per  15^^ 
temporis  perduraverit.  Diutinum  hoc  Murmur,  meo  ju- 
dicio,  provenit  a Partkulis  Vaporofis  in  atmofphjer^  fu- 
fptnfis,  qu^e  curfui  Undulationum  Soni  oppugnant,  eafque  ; 
Ob(ervatoris  auribus  reverberant,  indefinitarum  nio-  h 
re  : quas  Murmur  in  'aere  vocamus. 

jHis  rife  perpenfis,  manifeftum  erit  Echo  longinque  fa-;  ; 
6lam  ^pode  audiri^  & Reduplicationem  iftam  prsedidatn  j 
' fragoris  Tormentorum  BUckheathenfium  proculdubio  ve- 
nifle  ab  ipfo  Blackheathy  prout  modo  afferui. 

‘ 

. J.  4.  - De  Sonis  Sehpetornm  omnifariam  difphforumy 
8cc. 

Utautem  redearri  a Digrefficne  de  Repercuffione  Sono- 
' rera,  pergam  ad  Obfervationes  meas  de  eorum  Progrejfuy 
quas  ex  plurimis  Experimentis  feci.  Et  quod  jamjam  de 
' Sono  Bombardarum  Blackheathenjium  fuggeffi,  in  omnibus 
aliis  reperi,  viz.  Motum  Soni  nec  vclociorem  nec  tardio- 
‘ remefle,:  five  Tormentum  verfus’  Obfervatorem,  five  e 
contrario  difplodatur. 

In  omnibus  item  Sclopt  po/tUombus,  Horizontali,Ereda$ 

! in,  omnibus  ejnrdem  elevationibus,  lo  gr.  20  gr.  &c. 
nulla  eft  variatio  Soni.  Adeo  vera  eft  ilia  de  hac  re  ob- 
fervatio  Nobilium  & Indy torum  iftorum  Virorum  ex 
. demid  del  Cimento  Florenti^: 

Pulveris  Pyrii  quoque  Vis^  five  fit  fortis,  five  debilis, 
ejufque  major  vel  minor  Quantitas,  licet  augeat,  vel  rai- 
^ nuat  Sonum,  non  tamen  accderat,  aut  retardat  ejuCdetn 
Motum.- 


I 


( “■) 

* t 

l'  « • 

5*  M.otn  Som  in  qualihet^  Ccslt^  ^ Anni  tem^> 
i pefiate, 

■s.  - 

K-ircherus  dicit  fe  femper  diverfam  Soni  cehritatem  im)t»  phonurg.  l.'r. 
mjje^  diver jis  Umporibus,  marA^  meridie^  vefperi^  ■ 

Sed  ego  (mcljore  Chronometro  fretus,  & commodiore  di- 
ftantia)  nunquatn  reperi  ccleritatem  Soni  eiTe  diverfam  his 
temporibu^.  In  omni^anrem  tempeftare,  five  Coelum  fit 
Sudum  8c  Seremim,  (ive  N fib ilofi/m  S^Turbidaw  five  Nix  * 
decidit,  five  Nebula  (qiisc  ambs  forciter  retundunt  Soni  . 
Audibilitat  .nij  j feu  Tonat^  aut  fulgurat  ^ five  JEjius  vel  . 

Frigm  adnrit  5 five  Diet,  vel  Nox  fic,  JEjias  vel  Hpems  5 , 

.five  M€rcnriud  m BaroMCtro  afcendit  vel  defcendit : verbo  - 
dicam,  m omnibus  quibuf  unque  Atmofpha?r^e  mutitioni-. 
fbus  (Yentis  tantum  excepris)  MoiusSoni  nec  velocior nee  ■ 
i tardier  eft  ^ tinriini  inagis  vel  mmiis  clariis.  eft  ex  ilia  5^  . 

'Medii  variatione*  Qaod  ioiian  Kirchernm  fagacein  de— 

.cepir, 

. Hinc  fequitur  Conclufiones  D.  WAk^r  a Dodoris  P/i?/,'Philor.Ti2iiC  ;. 
}3lbArcheri,  & fuis  ingeniofis  -Obfervationibas  deductas  er-^  2^7^ 
(roneas  fuifle. 

j 5.1  6.  De  Motu  Smi  inHnf  d^  langnidi,  .diver forum  . 

I corporum  Sonantium, ■ 

Lkct  Kircheruf  contra,  fen tiat,  attamen  non  du'fitoibid;  j ^ 

]uin  omnium  corporum  Strepinis,  Sclopecorum,  Campa- 
larum,  Malleorum,  6cc.  eandem  Velocitatem  habeant*  ~ 

IVnno  170.^.  Pul fationes  Mallei  8c  Yr.^gorenj  Sclopeti 
Lomparavi,  ad  Milliaris  intervallum  ^maximum  fpatium 
1 d quod  Mallei  fonum  audire  potui)  8c  reperi  ucrorumq^  • 
i jonum  in  eodem  tempore  advenifle  : 8c  quod  r,  Sc  5 e-  - 
iafdem  Spatii  pertranfiverunt  in -I,  i>  6c  i ejufdem  tern- 
^tpriso 

Quod.,i 


( 11  )- 

Quod  ad  So  nos  lutenfos  8c  Lartguidos  attinct,  non  du« 
bito  quin  idem  Spatium  in  eodem  Temporis  intervallo 
percurrant.  lit  ex  his  Experimentis  aliqua  ex  parte  ma- 
nifehum  erit. 

Jan.  13.1 70?.  Archibombardarius  AxcisJU buriefifis  meo 
hortatu  difplofit  unum  8c  alterum  Sclopetum,  8c  Tor- 
mentum  magnum  Militare,  in  quod  injedium  pulvercm 
pyrium  bene  fiftulaverat.  Horum  omnium  Strepitus  in 
eodem  tempore  ad  me,  tria  dreiter  milliaria  diftantem, 
pervenit. 

Archibombardarius  quoquQ  A^glU  Sept.  ii.  1705.  poft 
Solis  occafam,  in  mei  gratiam,  difplofit  fuper  Blackf>cath 
nonnulios  Sclopos  (Anglice  Muskets^)  Tormenta  magna 
bellicofa  (>S'<2^erx  vocata,)^  ScPyrobola  ( kv\^\ct  Mortars,') 
Sclopos  exaudire  non  potui,  propter  magnam  diftantiam, 
vel  quia  aer  non  fat  ferenus  fuit.  Sed  Tormentorum  8c 
Pyrobolomm  Sonos  in  eodem  Temporis  intervallo  exau- 
- divi,  licet  Fragor  Pyroboli  fuit  multo  torpidior  8c  re- 
miffior,  quam  Tormentorum. 

Quanquam  maximam  curam  in  his  Experimentis  adhi- 
. bui,  poftea  tamen  idem  denuo  ad  majora  interyalla  expe- 
riri  veilem,  fed  defuit  opportunitas.  Hoc  proinde  aliis 
melius  tentandum  relinquo. 

7.  De  JEquabilitate  Mot  its  Soni, 

Proxima  Obfervatio  erat  de  Mquabilitate  Motus  Sono*  ■ 
rum.  Quam  quidem  talera  efle  deprehendi,  qualem  Aca^-  • 
dema  del  Cimento  illuftris  dudum  prsefinivit.  Soni  quippe; 
progrediuntur  Dimidium  Spatium  in  Dimidio  Temporis  j 
intervallo  5 Quartam  Spatii  partem  in  Quarto  Temporis  5 
intervallo  5 8c  lie  deinceps.  Quod  ex  exemplis  in  fe-- 
quenti  Tal^lla  conflabit. 


Locus  s 


( T i ) 


—■ r" — 

Locus  quo  difplolio 
fada  fuit.  - 

Penduli 

Vibrat. 

nume- 

rus. 

.Diltantia  Locorum. 

Ventorum 

Tendemia 

Tri geno- 
me trice. 

Per  Sonum. 

Hornchurch  Ecclefia 

9 

Milliaria. 
0, 9875: 

Milliaria. 

tranfverfo. 

Okendon  Bor.  Ecclef. 

i8i 

2,  004 

2,  6 

tranfverfo. 

Mola  Upmlnfterienfis 

5 22f 

>2,  4 

f 2,  4 

) 2,  48 

favent. 

nive:tr3nfv. 

Warley  patvsc  Eeclef. 

^ 27t 

^ 3j  a 

2,  97 

forte  faven. 

Rainham  Ecclef. 

3.  58 

3,  59 

tranfverfo. 

Mola  Alveleientis 

33 

3.  58 

3,  57 

tranfverfo. 

Dagenham  Ecclef. 

35 

3.  85 

3»  78 

faven  ti. 

Weal  Auftrin.  Ecclef. 

45 

4»  59 

4,  86 

tranfverfo. 

Thorndon  Orient.Ecc. 

46t 

5,  09 

5,  03 

paulo  fay. 

Barking  Ecclefia 

7»  7 

7.  >2 

fovente. 

Tormenta  Blackheath 

116 

12,  5 

12.  55 

tranfverfo. 

Intervalla  Locorum  ab  Vpmwjler  (ubi  obfervavi)  in 
hAc  Tabelli  notata,  quanta  potui  accuratione  dimenfus 
fum  vel  Virga  Menfuratoria,  vel  Arte  Trigonometrica. 
Et  ex  magni  confonantia  inter  intervalla  hoc  modo,  ea- 
demque  per  Soni  motum  dimenfa,  ciim  Inftrumentorum 
meorum  prseftantia,  turn  Obfervationum  & Calculorutn 
veritas  patet.  Differentia  enim  inter  Intervalla  dimenfa,  8c 
eademSono  capta,autprorfus  nulla  eft,aut  tantum  paucu- 
larum  centefimarum  partium,  nifi  ciim  Ventus  fuerit  fe- 
cundus  (Ecclefia  Weal  Aufirin£  excepta,  de  quo  pofthac.) 
Ita  nempe  in  Obfervationibus  ex  Ecclefiis  DdgenhametjJt, 
Warleie»/,  Thorndonienfi,  8c  Barkingeftfi  fadis,  diftantiae 
per  Sonum  notatse  paulo  breviores  vife  funt  5 quia  Ventus 
Sonum  acceleravit.  At  in  conficienda  h^c  Diftantiarum 
per  Sonum  Columna,  nihil  propter  Ventorum  acceleratio- 
nem  concefli  ^ fed  numerum  Vibrationum,  five  Semi-fe- 
cundorum  tantum  divifi  per  9 vel  9,25  (numerum 
Scmi-fecundorum  in  quibus  Sonus  Mille  paffus  tranfit.) 

C ^(pHabiliUs 


lEqtiahUUai  quoque  motiis  Soniex  hac  Tabella  manife* 
prout  patebit  ex  collatione  Vibrationum  & Di- 
ftantiarum  : five  ex  fold  X^olumni\  Difiantiarum  per 
Sonum* 

Ut  autem  nihil  deelTet  in  harum  rerum  confirmationetn, 
iter  feci  ad  Arenas  hoHlnejianas  in  lictcre  noftro  Ejfexiano.. 
Wx  Aren^e  (Maris  quotidiano  ^ftu  allure,  8c  obted^e). 
faciunt  magnam  8c  exadam  Planiciem  multorum  milliari- 
um.  Super  hanc  Planitiem  tantiim  fex  milliaria  dimenlus- 
fum,  quia  neque  Maris  a^ftus,  neque  mora  mca,  ut  majus 
intervallum  dimetirer,  permitterent.  Ad  cuju'quc  fere 
Milliaris  finem  experimenta  feci  per  Scloppetoruin  ExrJo- 
fionem,  non  finemagno  Vitae  periculo,  ex  Maris  Fluxu,  8c; 
Nodis  tenebris.  Ex  quibus  Exoeriraentis  compei  j Ot>fer- 
vationes  meas  priores  omnes  jurtillimas,  8c,  verns  juifie, 
fcilicet  Sonum  unutn  Miiliare  pertranfire  in  9 Semi  fe- 
cundis:  duoMilliaria  in  18  k Semi  fecuiidis;  tria  Millia*- 
ria,  in  27  ^Semi  (ecundis,  8c  fic  Jeinceps. 

8.  De  Acclivl  & Dedwi  SanorumMotn:  five  De 
- eoruttdem  Afcenfn  Defeenfu.  Irem  an  re^a^  vel 
fiecundum  interjdcentk  tellurk  fnperficiem  d loco  in  lo^ 
cum  tranfennt  ^ 

Quod  ad  15  8c  19'Quifita  attinet  5 ingenue  fa teor  me 
nunquiirn  ullis  quse  feci  hadenus  Experimentis  mihimec 
ipfi  fuper'his  rebus  rarisfecifTe.. 

Et  primo  de'Progrefiu  Soni  per  brevifiimam  viam,  in 
Qusef.  19.  Ratio  de  hoc  dubitindi  fuit  diferepantia  inter 
Spatium  Weal  Villse  8c  ZJpminJkr  Tr-igonometrice,  8c  per 
Sonurn  dimenfum^  prouc  in  Tabella prsecedenti  exhibetur. 
Mv^nfuraiio  Trigonon7etrica  tot  modis,  8c  tarn  bonis  An« 
gulis  capta  efi,  ut  de  ca  nullusdubitem.  Sed  quoniam  per 
Soni  motum  diftantia  major  videtur,  8c  SuperfiLies  inter, 
jaceiitis  Soli  bujufmodi  formam  induit,  qualis  in  hac 


( ) 


figura  exhibetur  5 ideo  fubdubitavi  annon  paululum  tor- 
tuofi  Sonus  vagatur  ? five  annon  Acdivitas  ilia  interja- 
cens  in  (A)  Soni  Undulationibus  oppugnando  retundit, 
eafque  tarda t } 

Ut  nodum  hunc  quodainnmodo  folverem,  Experimen- 
tum  fieri  curavi,  Sono  Sclopi  a Q^iCxxxmnQ  CoUk  I a?jgdo- 
nktjfis  in  Vallem  fubjacentem,  ad  intervallum  3,79  mil* 
lia  pafiiium.  Inter  vallum  Trigonometrice,  ex  Angulis  8c 
Bafi  fat  magnis,  bene  dimenfum  eft  5 8c  Experiraentum 
faftum,  cum  lenis  aura  paululum  Sono  oppofuerir.  Inter 
Corufcationem  8c  Crepitum  35  t Semi-fecunda  numeravi. 
Qui  numerus  ad  intervallum  adeo  quadrat,  8c  cum  ca:?te- 
ris  experimentis  tarn  proximeconvenit,uC  non  dubitandum 
fit  quin  Sonus  a Cacumine  in  vallem  reda  (per  aerem}; 
defcenderit,  8c  non  juxta  Superficiera  curvatara  interjacen- 
tis  Soli. 

Errorem  igitur  aliqualemfuifle  credo  in  Obfervationibus^ 
Wealkfifbus  prsediftis,  quoniam  nec  in  Experimento  novifi- 
fimo  Langdortknji^  neque  in  ullis  aliis  tale  aliquid  ob- 
fervavi. 

Quod  ad  Soni  Motum  furfiim  8c  deorfum  attinct  5 an 
fcilket  pari  tenore  eodemque  gradu  a Montis  cacumine  ad  * 
Radicem,  8c  retrorfum  ferantur  >'  Vix  fpero  me  unquam 
mihimet,  vel  aliis  fatisfafturum.  Neque  enim  EjfexU^ 
neque  conterminis  partibus,  fat  alti  Colies  occurrunt,  un- . 
de  quis  fatis  Experimentorum  in  hunc  finem  inftituat. 

C 2 Qpippe 


Qaippe  omnium  altiflimi,  quos  hue  ufque  videre  contigi^' 
(quales  funt  ii  quos  Langdonknfes  vocant)  Semiflem  Stadii 
non  multura  fuperant.  Jugum  enim  editiflimum  ejufdem 
dimenfus  fum  turn  Trigonometrice,  turn  Barometro  porta- 
till*,  llludque,  priore  modo,  ^6^  pedes altum  eflereperio,, 
pofteriore  modo  ...... 

Superiore  ^utem  .ffiftate,  cum*  in  Occidental's  R'egni 
plagas  iter  facereoTi’Colle  quodam,  cujuS'^ltitudinem.pau- 
cis  abhinc  annis  trium  circiter  Stadiorum  fuilTe  (ni  fallit 
memoria ) dimetiendo  compertus  fum,.  experiri  volui. 
Quo  tempore,  Ventus  tranfverfim,  fed  tam  leniter  fpira- 
bat,  lit  candelam  accenfam  baud  extingueret,  Scloppeta- 
qu^dam  8c  ad  Radicem  8c  Jugum  Montis  difplodi  jufli  3:. 
Sonumque  eodem  fere  temporis  intervallo  utrinque  perve— 
nire  Senfi  Si  quam  Teviculam  diferepantiam  obfervavi,. 
in  hoc  confiftere  videbatur,  nempe  quod  Sonus  aliquanto 
citius  in  montem  afeenderet,  quam  ab  eodem  defeen- 
deret. 

Sed,  ut  dicam  quod  res  eft,  vix  potui  ea  qu^  par  eft' 
tempus  dimetiri,  quippe  infeliciter  evenerat  ut  ip- 
fum,  quo  ufus  fum,  Cbronometrum,  aliquantulum,  itine- 
lis  concuflione,  turbaretur. 

Proinde  hoc  Exi^erimentum  aliis  felicius,  8c  certiiis  ca.*^ 
piendum  relinquo.  Atque  utinam  politioris  Literatura?, 
Philofophiasque  Cultores  apud  halos  (quibiis  infita  eft  In- 
genii  curiofa  felicitas)  hoc  ipfum  ad  Alpes  experiri^  veU 
lent. 

5.  De  SonoYum  irattjlatione  five  Motu  in  hali^i 

Cum  autem  ItalommmQntiontm  fecerim,  baud  alicnuni 
videtur  referre  ObfervatipnesquafdamSc  Experimenta,  in 
mei  gratiam,  ibidem  ab  acutiffimo,  doftiffimo  8c  hu- 
maniffimo  amico  D.  Do&orc  Nevoton  Regi^  Majeftatis  Bru 
tannicae  EorentU  Ablegaco.  Ita  verb  fe  habuit  occafio.  . 

Ingeniofus 


r • r 'X  ) 

milefrnlmp  ^ R’^^ordw  rmnUim  kr- 

mclyt®  noftrae  Societati  familiare  & era-, 
wm)  Litens  ad  me  datis  Anno  1704.  fienifimerlf 

« SueT  Jonge  ac 

“ Se.  Reg’o»ii»,.  Speciatim  vero aiebat, 

“ dir^cTfl5  7 “">m°'-atus  eft,  dum  Bombard*  qes- 
« Sur  tnn5  nuncia  difplode- 

Pc  n^’n.^“  ” “ ° eandem  diftantiam  fito 

Et  poft  e;us  mortem  Frater  ejufdem  mihi  Scrioto  ret  1^' 
quod  Anno  1688,  ‘‘  Cun,  rUi  Ro^a  ad 
dMo  Cemmentiorem  quendam  locum  prope  Lacum  Al 
W,  duodeam  circiter  Italka  Mrllkria  i ^0  „ 

“ fonum  Sha  anitnadverofie 

“ Curru  circa, 

•‘  L Bombardsque  ineen- 

" .o.allbi  raters*" “ '“i- 

Cum  hxc  aduobusliaud  vulgaris  I’ncr^n;;  v • i 
verterenfnr  inr„mr..  ni  mgenii  vjris  animad- 

vcrrerentun  plumque  Pha^nomenon  novum  nmrfn^R/ 

J5  D.W  Ne.,..  fuperibs  laudamm  de^  Jui  quid.’ 

Oftob^r?f,or  ^"Pf ^ obfervaver^?  ’Je  ft 

oe^bri  1706,  refcnbere  baud  dedignatus  eft 
Narrat  autem  qudd  in  itinere  R ••  r, 
verfus,  Bombarda?um  exoneratarum  ifetmn  2T  a7' 
c6ael.s  i>^  Btfco  mhtm  (in  vkk 

K '““^"Bombard*  kw«//difb  Xa^^ 

in  Appennimt  pernoftaret  Sonum,  cmn. 

motuO  exaudS  ° P-^^Tuum  longius  re- 

Obfervationes- 


f i8  ) 

■ Obiervationes  verb  8c  Experimenta  quas  idem  VJr  infig- 
niffimus,  pro  fua  humanirats  8c  benevolentia  ab  aliis  fieri 
euravit,  fpeciklem  quendam  locum,  gratiafque  maximas 
ob  bxc  beneficia  quse  illius  Dignitas  in  me  contulif,  me- 
rito  fibi  vendicant. 

Cum  noftras  Literas  acceperit,  Nobili  cuidam, 

eidemque  Fhiiofopbo  eminenti  quid  vellemus  aperuit:  qui 
deinceps  bxc  Vota  noftra  Magno  Duci  nota  fecit.  Idem 
“ verb  Magmis  Dhx  (uti  inquic)  pro  fuo  fingulari  Artium 
“ 8c  Doftrinse  Studiorum  amore,  & in  eorum  Cultores  be- 
“ nigna  indulgentiei,  qu^  una  cum  Sceptro  a Majoribus 
“ tradita  accepit)  Experimenta  ftatim  fieri  juffit,  unde 
mihi  plenc  de  hac  re  fatifieret : Jofephumqhe  Averraniy 
inciytum  Fife  Pbilofophum,  8c  politioris  cujufeunque  Ar- 
tis peritum,  bifee  Experimentis  infpiciendis  8c  dirigendis 
prsefecit.  Cujus  bonoratiflimi  Viri  Narrationem  Hofiora- 
tijjlmus  Ablegatus  mihi  idfe  perferibere  dignatus  eft.  Sum- 
matim  verb  buc  redit,  viz. 

Poftquam  plurima  non  minus  caute  quam  ingeniofe 
praefatus  eflet,  quse  magnam  in  Sonorum  progrefiu  diffe- 
rentiam  excitare  potuiflent  3 tandem  refert,  “ Qubd  in 
‘‘  hac  inferiori  Florentiie  arce,  Bombarda  Colubrina  inter 
boras  primam  8c  tertiam  Noftis  crebrb  difplodebatur  3 
Virique  quidam  Ligurni  alTervabantur,  qui  diligenter 
obfervare  jafli  funt,  an  ejufdem  crepitum  exaudire  pof- 
fent.  Quorum  nonnulli  qui  ad  Lanternamy  8c  Mar%occo 
“ pofiti  erant,  nullum  audiebant,  Qforte  quia  Maris  fre- 
‘‘  mitus  Sonum  infufeabat:)  alii  vero  qui  ftabant  fuper 
Veferis  Arcis  munimenta  (quse  Donjon  appellant)  quique 
ad  Montem  Rotondo  diiftum  (qui  quinque  circiter  mil- 
liaria  a Ligurno  abeft  verfus  montem  Nero j miffi,  au- 
' “ ribus  exceperunt.  Et  quotiefeunque  exonerabatur,  to- 
ties  ejusfragor  iifdem  in  locis  clareexauditus  eft.  Hujus 
“ autem  Arcis  Florentin\e  diftantia  a Monte  Rotondo  redi 
“ linea  vix  minor  55  milliaribus  cenfetur.  Et  notata 


( I?  ) 

obdta  flint,  qui  paulb  imped itiorem  Soni  vjam  reddant 
necelle  eft.  His  accedir;  qiJbd  eodem*  vcTpere  ventus 
“ quidam  Occidentalis  leniter  fpirabat,  qai  (cum  Ligur- 
“ ficus  fit  ad  Libonotum  refpc(ftuF/m//l//^J  liberiorem 
Soni  expanfioncm  aliqaatenus  prsepedire  merito  ere* 
darur. 

“ Quo  au’rem  locus  apertus  5c  undique  patens  habere-: 
“ tur,  feligebatur  tiadus  ille  Maris  qui  LigumHm  8c  For- 
turn.  Fen7/z(?  didum.  interj.acet,  cujus  diftanrij  fccuir 
“ dum  pentiflimorum  Nautarum  calculum  6o  milHarium 
die  deprdienditur.  Tormentorum  autem  militarium 
fragor  a ad  prxdidium  Fortum  Ferraio^  locaque 

“ vici;ia  haud  raro  pervenit.  Necafpirantiuna  Ventortim 
“ auxilio  opus  eft,  ad  promovendum  huncce  Soni  pro-  - 
grefium,  quo  neiiipe  exaudiatur,.  Imb  verb  ventus  qui'. 
liber,  five  fic  fecundus,  five  adverfus,  eidem  impedi* 

“ mento  eft,  ipfumque  Sonum  minus  (bnoruin  reddits: 
fortean  quia  Maris  liinc  agitati  fremitus  magis  obeft, 
quam  Aeris  eodem  conftuentis  curfus  prodeft.  Proinde 
“ tunc  folum  exaudiriir  Sonus,  ciim  Vcnius  prorfus  filet, 

“ vel  tantum  lenifiTime  fufurraf,  cun.  Aer  ferenus  eft,  8c 
“ Mare  traiiquillum.  Neqne  turn  quidem  ab  omnibus 
**  locis  indiferirninatim  exaudicur,  fed  ab  iis  folis  qu^g  ^ 
“ paulb  cminentiiis  fira  funt  ^ rujufmodi  funt  duo  ifta  ' 
Proptignacula,quce  StcFa  Falcon  nominantur  8c  Locuim 
‘‘  Mulini  didus.  Praeterea  requiritur  ut  ipfe  Obiervator 
quam  attentiirimum  fe  prasbeat,  nec  ulla  obftrepentium  , 
“ voce  aut  clamore  impediatur,  8c  infeftetur.  Turn  verb 
interdiu  seque  ac  noftu  ("modo  Atraofphsera  fit  ferena 
Sc  tranquilla)  exaudiat  ^ nifi  quod  nodurno  tempore 
fortior  8c  acutior  aliquantb  v ideal ur  Sonus,  cum  nulli  • 
'occurrunt  Strepitus,  qui  luci  fiepius  aures  offendere. 

*'■  folent. 

“ Porro  nobis  nunciatum  fuit  a Teftibus  fide  digniftl- 
mis,  quod  pluribus  abhinc  annis,  cum  grafiaretur  SedL 
“ t/o  McJfamnJiSy  ipfaque  Utbs  obfidione  premere^ur, 

• ‘^Tor- 


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Tormentoram  bellicorum  fragor  Aftgufi^  & Syratufat^ 
norum  Incolarum  aures  percelleref. 

‘‘  Item  cum  Qalli  Tormentis  muralibus  Gemam  concu- 
terentjConftat  quod  eorundera  crepitus  ad  Montem  ufque 
Nigrum,  qui  Ligurno  fupereminet,  pertigerit. 

“ Ex  hifee  Obiervationibusproclives  fura^s  ad  creden- 
dum  nullum  die  fuper  hac  re  diferimen  inter  Italiam  & 
Plagai  Boreates, 

“ Quod  autem  ad  altemm  Qusefitum  attinet  5 utrum 
Ventus  direde  vel  adverfe  fpirans,  Sonum  accelerar  vel 
retardat,?  Eidem  hadenus  certo  refponderi  baud  po- 
teft;  .Neque  enim  ipfa  quse  adhibuimus  Experimenta, 
quibus  veritatem  indagatamfore  lperaviraus,  Queeftioni 
dirimend^  fufficiunt.  Quippe  seftivo  tempore  (quo 
plerumque  interdiu  venti  fpirant  a Mari,  8c  Occidental 
cum  autem  advefperafeit,  filere  folent)  defuere  nobis 
commodiffimse  occafiones  hanc  rem  Ikpius  8c  certius 
experiundi.  Speramus  tamen  , inclinante  Anno , 
poftquam  alia  faccefferit  Tempeftas^  opportunio* 
ra  nancifei  tempora,  quibus  hujufmodi  Experimen- 
ta  feliciiis  8c  iterate,  8c  cum  majori  inftitui 

8c  comprobari  polCnt.  Imprsefentiarum  autem  re- 
ferre  fufficiat  quid  nobis  evenertt  10  Augufti  po- 
(Vremb  elapfi,  cum  quse  fequuntur  experimenta  capere 
licuerit. 

“ Coleurina  quaedam  (60 ) fuper  Cortinam  inferioris 
Propugnaculi  Florentia  adducebatur,  ibique  fic  pofita 
ut  Os  ejufdem  verfus  Artemino  fpedaret  (quod  eft  Ru- 
fticanum  Magni  HetrurU  Duck  Palatium,  Colic  quo- 
dam  altiore  (itum,  praediftique  Propugnaculi  latus  Oc- 
cidentale  refpiciens,  a quo  etiam  circiter  12  millia  paf- 
fuum  diftat.)  Diem  quendam  felegimos  cum  Ventus 
occidentals  aliquanto  fortius  fpiraret,  ut  Soni  motus 
contrario  vento  repelleretur.  Hoc  autem  parum  juva- 
bat : quippe  fub  vefperam,  codum  omnino  tranquillum 
erat,  vel  {altem  adeo  tenui  aur^  agitabatur,  ut  candelx 

flammam 


if  2 I ) 

‘‘  flammara  baud  disjiceret.  Hic  Loci  relidis  quibufdani 
“ harum  rerum  peritis,  quibus  antea  quas  potifiitmxnl  cu- 
rarent  in  mandatis  dedimus,  ad  praediftum  FaUthm 
“ Artemino  conceffimus,  quo  Honoratijjimus  Ablegatus  ad- 
‘‘  elTe  voluerit,  Prout  juftimus,  inter  Horas  primam  8c 
“ tertiam  Nodis,  CoUeurina  Lepius  exonerata  Sc  49 
“ SecundaMinuta  inter  ejufdem  Corufcationem  ScFrago- 
“ rem  jugiter  numeravimus.  Nos  etiam  in  Artemino  Rora- 
“ bardas  quafdam  accendimus  5 atque  inter  harum  coruf- 
cationem  8c  fragorem  prjedifti  Spedatores  (quos  in 
Arcc  reliquimus)  tantum  48  Minuta  Secunda  • numera- 
“ verunt.  Unde  conftabat  Sonum  unius  tantum  Minuti 
“ Secundi  intervallo  vdocius  ab  Artemino  ad  Florcntkm^ 
“ quam  retrorfiim  ferri. 

“ Hand  adebnoftrjEobfervationi  confidimus,  ut  minu- 
‘‘  tulum  hoc  Velocitatis  difcrimen  ad  Vend  confpirantis 
aut  renitentis  vim  referre  audeamus.  QuippcipfiusOb- 
“ fervatoris  error,  qui  Penduli  vibrationes  numerabaf, 
“ huic  fortean  occafionem  dederit.  Quod  fane  facile  fieri 
“ poffif.  Sxpius  enim  cveniat  necefle  ed,  ut  emicantem 
‘‘  flammam  non  nifi  poft  inceptam  Penduli  Vibrarionein 
videat,  Sonitufque  fragorem  fiondum  terminata  Vibra- 
done  exaudiat:  adeo  ut  ipfe  Calculum  una  Vibratione 
“ audiorem,  quam  par  eft,  hoc  pado  faciat,  dum  inte- 
“ rest  Temporis  fpadum  fit  uttinque  par  8c  idem. 

“ Sperabamus  autem  proximo  mane  Ventum  forte  con- 
“ trarium  exoriturum,  (Saepius  enim  hic  loci,  primo  fal- 
tem  diluculo,  Ventus  ab  Oriente  fpirare  folet)  qui  in- 
“ cepds  Experimentis  magis  inferviret,  Colubrinam  igitur 
“ rurfus,  ciim  illuxerit  Dies,  exonerari  jufleramus : Ven- 
“ tus  autem  nee  Votis  nee  Operi  favebat  ^ quippe  qui  pau- 
“ lulum  tantum  ad  Borealera  plagam  fe  convertiflet.  Adeo 
“ ut  variatip  Temporis,  8c  Velocitatis  Soni,  in  tantilU 
•*  Venti  mutatione,  vix  perciperetur.  Solitas  proinde  49 
“ Penduli  Vibrationes,  ut  prius,  nnmerabamus.  Inte- 
rea  temporis  hggp  eadem  Experimenca  expendere  fpera- 

D “ muSf 


I 


( tl  ) 

‘‘  mus,  quamprimum  tempeflas'  magis  idonea  occurred, 
Veiitorumque  crebriores  mutationes,  commodiores  occa- 
“ fiones  dabunt  eadeni  melius  experiendi,  unde  tandem 
pleniflime  nobis  fatisfiat. 

Quod  ad  Spatium  attinet,  quod  Soni  quovis  aflignato 
tempore  percurrun%  de  eodem  nondum  inter  feconftat ; 
fed  ab  experimentisquibufdamconjiciebant  rem  ita  fe  ha- 
bere, prout  Experimenta  Acddem^e  del  Cimertto  tefta* 
bantur. 

Hadtenus  Vir  ifte  acutus  8c  folers  fuperias  laudatus. 

Ex  cujus  Obferva'tionibus,  una  cum  iis  quas  Honora- 
tiffimus  Infigniffimufque  legatus  npbifcumcommunicavit, 
abunde  patet,  Multo  longiiis  exaidiri  polTeSonosin  hdia^ 
quam  prsedidus  Amicus  ingeniofus  nosdocuir.  Ipfeenim 
eximius  Ablegatus  Bombard  arum  .ingentium  ftrepitum  ad 
6o  Milliarium  diftantiam  auribus  percepit.  Quae  etiam 
ejufdem  fuafu  exonerabantur,  Cccdem  55  Millia 

paffuum  audiebantur.  Tormenta  militaria  Ligurni  dif- 
plofa  ad  60  Milliarium  intervallum  aures  fierkbant.  Quss 
Mejfan^  exonerabantur  (ut  ex  Tabulis  Geographicis  pa- 
tet) eorem  aures,  qui  centum  fere  Italica  Milliaria  femoti 
funt,  pereellebant.  Qu^  denique  in  concutienda  Genus 
difplofa  funt,  eorundem  fragor  plus  quam  90  Millia  paf- 
fuum  Italicorum  (ut  ex  Mappis)  pervenit, 

‘ Quibus  omnibus  in  mentem  revocatis,  8c  ferio  perpen- 
fis^  vix  poffum  quin  credam  non  minus  late  propagari 
Sonos  in  omnibus  Meridionalibus^qu'nm  inhifce  Boreahbus- 
Terrarum  plagis.  Quamvis  baud  defunt  exempla  longio-, 
ris  Sonorum  progreffus  in  quibufdam  Septentrional.ibus 
Terrse  partibus.  Generofus  quidam  Danus  (infigniffimi 
noftri  Danici  Principk  Famulus)  mihi  inter  confabulandum 
narravit  fe,  cum  in  Danid  vitam  ageret,  Bombardarum 
Cdrolfirooma  difplofarum  crepitum,  80  Milliaria  Anglica- 
na  (ni  fallit  memoria)  remotum  dare  exaudiviffe.  Vir 
item  peritiflimus  Do&or  Hearn  (illuftriffimi  Regis  Sueclie 
Medicui)  narrationem  quandam  ad  Regakm  nollram  So- 

wtdtm 


f ) 

cutatem  mifit,  deBombardis  Holmt£  explofis,  cumexequia! 
uniiis  ex  regiis  Principibus  cdebrarentur,  A.  D.  1685  5 
quarum  fragor  30  Suevorum  Milliarium  intercapedinem  • 
percurrit,  quas  180  Millisria  Anglicana  fere  exaiquant. 
Navalietiam  illaPugna  quasgefta  eft  Angliam  imcr  ^ Hoi- 
fandiam  A.  D.  1672.  Tormentor um  bellicorum  Strepitus 
plus  quam  ducentis  Milliaribus  interjacentium  attoni^as 
aures  percuftit  quippe  qui  trans  Inffdam  noflram  ad  Salo- 
piam  ufque  & W alii  am  pertingebat,  ‘ 

Quod  proinde  ambo  Fratres  T<7ji>»/fzVobrervarunt,  idem 
prsedidro  Cajlello  S.  Angelo^  vel  Rom<e  fa  Item,  proprium 
omnino  eft,  8c  peculiare.  Neque  enim  perfpicax  eorun- 
dem  ingenium,  fidamve  ciiram  male  fufpicari  licet,  Ifta 
jgitur  Soni  diminutio,  quam  iidem  animadvertebant  f nifi 
male  auguror^  vel  ad  prardidi  Caftelli  Situm,  vel  ad  in- 
ter jacentes  Domos  (^paffim  8c  ubique  in  ifta  confertiffima  ' 

Urbe  furgentes)  vel  ad  Strepi'us  ejufdem  undique  perfo- 
nantes,  vel  ad  Ventos  adverfos,  vel  demum  aJiam  conft- 
milem  caulara  referendum  eft:  Quam  iis  teliciori  con- 

jedura  affequendam  relinquo,  quibus  ibi  loci  vixifle  conti- 
gif.  Vel  forfan  hi  Viri  ^rsedidas  fuas  Obfervationes  fe- 
cerunt  eo  Aeris  ftatu,  quo  Soni,  quamvis  maxime  fecuii- 
dos  habeant  Ventos,  multo  tameri  languidiores  funt,quam 
aliis  temporibus,  ciim  prorfus  adverli  funt.  Et  quondam 
perfuafum  me  habui,  quod  ejufmodi  Aeris  temperies  Ro- 
nt£  femper  occurrit,  8c  non  in  aliis  luli£  paitibus  5 do- 
nee in  contrariam  Kirchcri  fententiam  incidi  : qui  dicit^ 

“ Hie  Rom£,  rairum  didu,  Spirante  Borea^  maximum  vi- 
‘‘  gorem  acquirit  QEcho  vel  Sonus  53  \d«/?r(?iflaceercit  3 
“ Euro  8c  Subfolatio  mediocriter  fe  ha  bet. 

Hanc  autein  Aeris  temperiem,  quoniam  Sonos  adeo  phonur.  nbi 
albeit,  baud  abs  re  erit  fpeciatira  confiderare.  De  eadem 
jgitur  proximo  loco  fufius  diirerere,quafque  fuper  ea  Ob- 
fervationes fcci,  proponere,  in  animo  eft. 

^ ‘ D 2 : S’.  10.  ■ 


( 24  ) 

J.  lO.  De  varii  Sortoru^t  Remjpone  ^ Intenfione  (five 
Andihilitate)  pro  diver fo  Atmofph^rs  (latu, 

Sxpius  lEfiate^  cum  jam  incalueiit  aer,  obfervavi  Sonos 
fupra  modum  languidiores  videri,  debilefque  admodum 
ad  aures  ferri  5 cum  alia  tempeftate,  prselenim  Hjem,  fi 
forte  gelafcit,  mulco  magis  argutos  8c  ftridulos  eofdera 
fortiufque  aures  perculiSe.  Spirante  etiam  Berea 
vel  Euro  (quantumvis  adverfe ) Sonos  clariores,  magifque 
ftridulos  efle  fenfi,  quam  fi  ex  contrariis  plagis  Vend  fpi- 
rarent  5 ut  Kircherut  quoque  Roms  obfervavit.  Hoc 
aucem  non  conftans  8c  perpetuum  eft. 

Neque  quid  magis  certum  ex  Meraml  in  Barometro  a- 
fcendentis  vel  defcendentis  infpediione  colligerem,  quod 
tamen  credulus  autumabam.  Sonos  enim  aliquando  max- 
imc  claros  8c  argutos,  aliquando  maxime  debiles  8c  lan- 
guidos  cum  ad  fummum  afcenderet  ^ e contra  aliquando 
maxime  ftridulos,  interdum  maxime  deficientcs,  cum  Mer- 
cur i us  ad  imum  defcenderet,  comperi. 

Pariter  etiam  incerte  fe  res  liabet  quoad  Sercnum  8c  Ne- 
bulofum  aerem.  Tempore  pluviofo  8c  humido  ftepe  ob- 
fervavi  Sonos  obtundi,  8c  “ Poft  imbres  vehementiores 
“ plurimum  virium  acquirere,  ut  Kircherus  Roms.  Sed 
contrarium  quoque  faspe  evenit.  Maii  31.  A.  D.  1705. 
Aer  hie  loci  magis  ferenus,  Vaporumque  expers  fuit,  quara 
unquam  antea  me  vidiffe  memini.  Tam  purum  etenim 
Jiquidoquc  ferenum  erac  Goelum,  ut  objefta  longiflimc  re« 
mota  dare  facileqiie  profpicerem.  Sed  tamen  Bombardas 
in  agro  Blackf^eath  tunc  temporis  explofas  exaudir«  non 
potui  (ft  unam  excipias,  cujus  fragorem  jam  prorfus  lan- 
guentem  auribus  perceperim)  quamvis  omnium  eminiis 
micantera  flammulam  dare  cernerem.  Eodemque  tem^ 
pore  Nubium  8c  Venti  motus  cum  fono  confpirabat  5 Au- 
ra etiam  leniffima  tunc  fpirabat,  quae  compofitos  crines 
vix  moveret  5.  8c  orania  denique  ad  Soni  vim  raotumque 

pro- 


( ) 

promovendum  ncceffaria  concurrere  videbantur.  E con- 
tra vero,  ciim  prorfus  mutatus  fuerit  Aeris  8c  Coeli  (lams, 
cum  omnia  turbida  viderentur,  8c  Atrr.ofphsera  vapcribus 
plena,  faepe  ftridulos  Sonos,  ncc  minus  crebro  eofdem  he- 
betes  8c  remillbs  cxaudivi. 

Caufas  harum  Variationum  aliis  inquirendas  relinquo, 
quoniam  noftri  ingenii  cap:um  eas  aeque  fuperare  fateor^ 
ac  affignare  quid  fit  proprium  Soni  Medium,  five  Vehicu- 
lum  ^ an  seiherea  8c  fubtilior,  an  vaporofa  Sc  crafTior  At- 
mofphserse  pars,  five  ambse  fimul  > 

Quod  autem  Nebnlas  fpjjfts  fpedat,  eafdem  certum  eft 
Sonos  quam  maxime  hebecare.  Soni  enimtunc  admodum 
languidi  8c  obtufi  plerumque  videntur.  Quod  ab  inceri 
pofius  vaporibus,  8c  fpifiis  particulis,  quas  Nebulam  con* 
ftituuut,  certiflime  provenk. 

Idem  etiam  de  Nivofo  Ctslo  obfervavi;  Cum  enim  Nix^ 
recens  in  terram  decidit,  protinus  hebcfcunt  Soni.  Ciim 
verb  glaciata  fuerit  ejus  fuperficies,  Sonkrepente-acutiores 
fiunt,  Campanafque  Sc  Bombardas  tinnientes  8c  reboanteS'. 
eo  ufque  exaudivi,  ae  fi  Nix  humum  non  conCpcrferat.* 
TovpnUius  amicus  nofter  prsedidus  baud  ita  pridem  fe  ob- 
ferv^ffe  aiebat  (cui  non  abfimile  egomet  expertus  fum) 
dum  per  oppidumquoddam  equo.  veheretur,  Campanaruo 
(qiise  turn  baud  ita  procul  pulfabantur)  Sonum  ad  aures  • 
vix  pofle  pervenire,  fi  quando  Domus  Nive  tefta  occur* 
reret  interjacens.  Adeo  ut  ipfe,  oppidulum  ingreflus^^. 
plurimum  miratus  fit,  Carapan as  tarn  fubito  filere,  dum . 
primas  interjeftas  aedes  praetergrederetur  5 deinde  repemb 
refonare,  cum  proximum  vacuum  inter  vallum  prseteriret*- 
Quod  quidem  per  totum  vise  curfil^in  eodem  oppidoob*^  - 
fervavit,  Campanarum  nempe  Sonum  ad  aures  pertingere,, 
vel  non  5 prout  sedificia  nive  oblita  occurrerent  snterpo=*~ 
fita,  vel  non. 

Sed  de  his  plus  quam  latis.  Ad  alia  jam  majoris  mo-- 
menti  defcendimus. 


( -S ) 

N 

1 1.  De  Veniortim  vi,  five  ififinefttui  in  Sonl  Motum* 

Illuftriftima  Academia  del  Qimento  ab  experimentis  in- 
'Vcnit  Sonorum  motuin  nec  ab  adverbs  Ventis  retardari, 
neca  fecundis  accelerari : Sed  utcunque  fpirarent  Venti, 
femper  idem  Spatium  in  eodem  tempore  percurrere.  In 
ifta  fententia  fuit  Gajjendus,  cseterique  fere  omnes  qui  an- 
tea  vel  poftca  Philoibphaci  funt. 

Quoniam  verb  contrarium  hujus  patet  ab  ipft  Experi- 
entia,  erroris  coarguendi  funt.  In  quern  ideoincidilTe  vi- 
dentur,  qu6d  ad  nimis  breve  inrervallum  Experimenta  fua 
inftituerentur.  Omninb  enirn  verifimile  eft  hofce  Philo- 
fophos  ad  unius  tantum,  vel  ad  fummum,  duorum,  tri- 
umve  Milliarium  diftantiam.  obfervationes  fuas  fecifte. 
Quas  proinde  vitiofas  efte  hand  miror.  Sin  autem  ad  lo 
aut  12  Millia  pafluum,  accuratis  Inftrumentis  adhibitis, 
rem  tentaftent  (quod  ipfe  ftepius  feci)  errorem  facile  ag- 
nofcerent. 

Quem  communem  errorem  Egomet  (horum  Virorum 
authoritate  fretus)  diu  admifi  5 donee  tandem  Bombarda- 
rum  in  agro  Blackjoeath  obfervatione  triennali,  5c  amplius, 
cundem  feliciter  detexi.  Cum  autem  primiim  Sonos  ali- 
quando  citius,  aliquando  tardiiis  ad  aures  pertigifte  fenfi, 
erroris  cujufdam  a me  fadi  fufpicio  anim'um  fubiit,  vel 
quod  Automati  vibrationes  minus  rede  numeravi,  vel  co- 
rufeantem  Bombardae  flammulam  male  obfervavi  j vel  in 
alium  confimilem  errorem  baud  attentus  inciderim.  Poft- 
quam  vero  BombardeC  de  induftria  in  mei  gratiam  exonera- 
rentur  fingulis  femihoris,  ab  hora  fexta  vefpertina  ufque 
ad  msdiam  nodem,  Sonumque  perpetuo  fine  ulla  notabili 
varietate,  120  vel  122  femifecundorum  fpatio  pervenire 
fenfi,  qnamvis  Ventus  direde  adverfus  fuiflet  5 aliis  au- 
tem temporibus,  cum  Ventus  fecundus  fpiraret,  five  e di- 
• redo,  five  ex  tranfverfo,  aut  obliquo,  earundem  Bombar- 
darum  Sonum  iii,  112,  113,  114,  115,  iiS  vel  ad 

fummum 


I * 

fnmmum  117  Setnifecundorum  fpatio  ad  venire  deprefien-- 
di  5 turn  demum  me  certiffime  perfuafum  habui,  reale  ali- 
quod  difcrimen  fuifle,  quod  iftam  in  Obfervationibus  va- 
rietatem  p:p:riifet.  . , 

Neque  folum  Secundi  aut  Adverfi  Venli  Sonorum  moUtm 
accekraf7t  ant  tardani^  fed  etiam  fro  gradunm  varietate^  qitd 
ziehemcntilfs  aut  lenius  fpiraut,  eo  r/tagk  miuufve  eundem 
promovent  aut  impediunt,  De  quibus  omnibus  in  majorera 
certitudinem,  fpeciales  quafdam  obfervationes  in  feqnenti 
Tabella  fubneftam  5 poftquam  prsenotavi  Bombardas  in’ 
2igxoBlackhtath  circiter  60  gradus'a’  Meridie  diftare,  hoe 
eft  ad  Plagam  S W b W aliquantb  remotiorem  * ver- 
gere..  * . . ; 

.0 


'^bells - 


( i8  ) . 

. Tabella  Sonorum  Bombardamm  in  Agro  Blackheath,  pro 
Ventorum,  Viriumque  quibus  agitantur,  varietate. 


Dies 
Menfis 
Anni.  ■ 

1 

HoraDfei. 

riis  Vi- 
3iatio- 
num. 

Vento- 
rum Pla- 
ga. 

Nubium 

Piaga. 

Altitu- 
do  5. 

1704. 

? 

f 

Tebr.  13^ 

6 h.  ad  / 
med.noc.  \ 

120 

122 

NEbEi 

NEbE 

29 

« 

99 

11 

III  mane 

119 

E2 

E 

30 

22 

1705. 

• 

Mar.  30 

10  mane 

II3 

S W7 

S W 

29 

30 

Apr.  2 

8ip.  M. 

ii4j 

SbW  1 

3 

3 

10  mane 

ii6i 

S4{ 

[Inferior  S? 
iSup.WbN  V 

29 

80 

5 

M. 

III 

SWbW7  S W b W 

29 

70 

8 i mane 

120 

NbE2 

29 

26 

24 

5 p.  M. 

116 

SWbWo 

NW 

29 

59 

Sept,  iii 

6 ^ p.  M. 

7 p.  M. 

1 W 2 -1 
WbN2j 

WbN  5 

Saker. 

Mortar. 

29 

10  5 mane 

II2 

SSW6 

ssw  ^ 

29 

38 

Odob.'  6 

10  mane 

*17 

ESE1&2 

S E 

^9 

34 

Nov.  30 

meridie 

1 15 

SSW4 

SSW 

29 

10 

Febr.  1 5 

II  mane 

116 

Sb  W 1 

SW 

29 

60 

1706. 

- 

- 

Nov.  29' 

1 1 i mane 
meridie 

116 
1 18 

s Wo ; 

SWbSi  f 

SWbW 

30 

06 

Febr.  7 

meridie 

113 

SWbW4l 

W 1 

29 

83 

Ex 


(ip) 

Ex  qnamplurim’is  aliis  has  obfervatlones  fe^egi  5 omncs 
caute  iactas,  fingulas  nimirum  bis,  ter,  aiit  fepius  reped- 
tas.  Adeo  iK  de  veritate  eorum  quae  fupra  diximus,  la* 
culenrer  8c  indubitate  confiei.  Ita  abExperimeniis  Ap.5. 
8c  Sept.  29.  fadtis,  patct  Ventos  vehemenciores  urgere  ^ 
muturare  Sonorum  motura.  Qninro  enirn  Aprilis,  cum 
prope  confpiraret  Vcnti  Sonique  morus,  fortior  etiam  ali* 
quanto  idem  Venrus  fuerit  (prouc  figiira  [7]  annexa  de- 
notat,  pari  ter  ac  Cifra  [o]  rranquillura  Coelum  5 8c  Fi- 
gurse  I,  2,  3,  4,  See.  varias  Ventorum  vires  fignificanc) 
tunc  temporis,  irquam,  Sonus  in  Semifecundornm  fpa- 
tio  iter  contecit.  Aprilis  autem  24,  cum  Ventus  ab  ea- 
dera  Plaga  fpiraret,  8c  Aer  tranquillus  efiet,  idem  itineris 
fpatium  non  nifi  116  S^iTecundorum  intervallo  Sonus 
peragrafTet,  Ita  etiam  Feb.  7. 1706,  cum  abeodemCar- 
dine  fpiraret  Ventus,  8c  fecum  deferret  Sonum,  viribus 
autem  jam  dimidio  minoribus,  113  Semi-fecunda  elapfa 
funt  priufquara  Sonus  afTuetum  contecit  iter.  Ita  demuni 
Sept.  29.  1705.  Vento  vehementiore  fpirante,  8c  minus 
fecundo,  Sonus  intra  1 1 2 Semi-fecunda  progrelTum  abfol- 
vit.  Exquibus,  aliifque  inTabella  exemplis  liquidocon- 
(lat,  Ventos  hortiores  Soni  propagationem  adjuvarey  Leniores 
autem  eandem  minus  promovere. 

Idem  etiam  conftat  de  iis  Vends,  five  Aeris  torrentibus, 
qui  Soni  progreffui  e d1s'^Hft:o  favent,  vel  obdant  5 eos  ni- 
mirum ejufdem  moUm  celeriorem  vel  tardiorem  reddere, 
Qiiique  Intermedii  volvuntur  Atmofphserae  floxiis,  eos  In. 
termediumpariter  Soni  progrejjumy  fire  Penduii  Vibrationum 
numerum  efficere. 

Maximum  diferimen,  quod  in  Soni  progrefiu  per  13 
fere  milliarium  fpatium  hadenus  aiiimadverti,  novem  cir- 
citer  aut  decern  Semifecunda  exsequat,  cum  nempe  Venti 
fortes  promovent,  8c  lenes  tantum  impediunt  Sonum. 
Oim  verb  tenues  folurn  aut  prorfus  nulli  obftant,  vel  ad- 
juvant eundem,  turn  quid^m  differentia  duo  vel  tria  Semi- 
fecunda  baud  fuperar.  ^ 

Pofl- 


E 


t ;o  ) 

Poftquam  hoc  padto,  quas  vires  habuerint  Venti,  cum 
ad  accelerandum,  turn  ad  morandum  Sonorum  curfum, 
perfpexerim,  ipforum  tandem  Ventorum  Velocifatem  quas- 
rere  curiofitas  me  duxit.  Quod  utut  alienum,  non  tameii 
prorfus  ingratum  curiofis  videbitur,  uti  fpero,  fi  quafdam 
fuper  haG  re  Obfervationcs  in  medium  proferam.- 

V 

12.  De  Veniomn  Vdocitate. 

• ^ 

Ut  quantum  fpatium  quo^is  affignato  tempore  per flenf 
Venti  pro  certo  fcirem,  leviufaila  qusedatn  corpora  in  pa- 
randis  experimentis  adhibui.  Cujufmodi  funt  Pappus, 
Plumse  leves,  &c.  quse  propofito  melius  infervire  videban- 
tur,  quam  Inftrumentum  illud  quod  in  Adis  Phildfophicis,, 
No.  24.  defcriptum  habemus^  vel  etiam  v illud  alterum  * 
magis  commodum  Molae  alatse  figuram  referens,  ab  acu- 
tiffimo  D.  Dodore  Hook  napero  Amico,  ni  fallor,  exco* 
giratum. 

' Ex  plurimis  qux  feci  experimentis,  leviufculorum  cor- 
porum  ope,  cum  variae  Ventorum  vires  fuerint,  depre- 
Iicndi,  Ventum  vehementiffimum  vix  60  Miilia  palTuum 
horae  fpatio  percurrere.  Exempli  gratid^  Aug.  ii.  1705.’ 
tantam  Procellam  excitavit  Venti  vehementia,  ut  ipfam 
Molam  Pneumaticam,  juxta  locum  quo  obferVationes  me- 
ns feci,  penc  fubverteret.  [Ventorum  Vires  (uti  niodo 
diximus)  hike  Charaderibus  plernmque  notavi  5 o,  i,  2, 
3,  4,  5,  6y  ufque  ad  10,  15,  aut  plures  gradus.]  Prsedifti 
autem  Venti  vires  12  circiter  aut  14  graduum  horum  re- 
fpondere  jeftimavi;  & a quimplurimis  iteratis  experimen- 
tis animadverti,  Turbinem  iftnm  circiter  55  pedes,  fpatio 
Scmi-fecundi  Minuti  pCTCurrere,  live  45  Milliaria  in  HorS. 
Unde  colligo  Ventum  concitatiffimum  8c  raaxime  nimbo- 
fum  (*ilio  vehementifTimo,  qui  Menfe  Novembris  1705 
furebat,  baud  cxcepto)  non  plus  quam  50  aut  60  miliia 
pafiuura  hor»  fpatio  prstervolare. 

Poftquam 


( ?»  -) 

Poftquam  rapldorum  Ventorum  Velocitatem  dimen fi 
fumus,  quas  fit  minus  rapidorum  celeritas  conjicere  baud 
difficile  eft.  Horuiu  enira  curfus  pariter  hotavi,  variifque 
ab  Experimentis  edoftus  fum,  horum  nonnullos  15,  quof- 
dam  15-,  alios  multo  plara,  aliofque  multo  pauciora  mil- 
liaria  hors  fpatio  conficere : quofdam  auttm  ram  lento  mo- 
tu  ferri,  ut  vix  unura  milliare  in  bora  peragrent.  Alii 
porroVenti  funt  adeo  tardigradi,  uteofdem  aliquis,  equo 
vel  pedibus  iter-  taciens,  facile  prsevertat.  Quod  Senfibus 
patet ; quoties  gradutn  fiftimts,  knem  aiiram  nos  placidc 
ventilantem  percipinms : fin  autem  cum  eodem  pergimus, 
nullam  prorfus  fentinius : fi  vero  cekrius  pedem  move- 
mns,  comjtantis  8c  confpirantis  Aurse  loco,  adverfantem, 
8c  in  ora  vultufque  fpirantem  aerem  perfentimus.  Ita, 
quiefcente  prorfus  Atmofpbser^,  8c  ftagnante,  fi  forte  am- 
bulamus,  aut  equitamus,  lencm  Auram  nos  tunc  premen- 
tem  fentimus,  tantarum  nempe  virium,  quanrse  motui  quo 
ferimur  refpondent.  Eodemque  Motus  gradu,  five  Ve- 
locitate,  fertur  Venti  aura,  five  Aeris  fluxus,  cum  pari 
impctu  nos  morantes  autceftantes  premat. 

Ex  bdfce  Obfervationibus  circa  Velocitatem  Ventorum^ 
plurima  baud  inutilia  noraie  licet.  Speciatim  vero  ratio- 
nem  unam  aftignare  quare  Mercurius  tarn  diu  afcendit  8c 
dekendit,  priufquam  Sudura  Coelum,  vel  Pluvia  infe- 
quitur. 

Hsec  autem  tanquam  a propofito  aliena  omictam  5 fb- 
lumque  hoc  unum  quoad  Sonos  obfervabo  : nempe,  cum 
eorum  Motus  Vento  celerior  fit,  patet  quod  iftas  Atmo- 
fphxTx  partes  quibus  knprimuntur,  aut  deferuntur  Soni, 
non  funt  esedem  ac  illse  ex  quibus  conflantur  Veati,  fed 
quaedam  alise  magis  sethereae  8c  volatiles,  quantum  divt- 
nare  licet.  Ver/ti  enim  celerrimi  baud  plus  quam  60  mil- 
liaria  Horse  fpatio  prsetervolant : So»i  verb  plus  quam 
700  millia  pafliium  eodem  tempore  percurrunt. 


( ) 

Sin  auteni  objiciatur  quod  Venti  Sonos  celeriores  aut 
tardiores  reddunt:  Pvefponderetur  i Hoc  non  a folo  pro- 
pricque  ventofarum  particularum  fiuxu,  feu  tendentia 
profidfci/ed  potius  ab  omnium  Apiofphaijrse  particularum. 
Cum  craffiorum,  turn  setherearum  conjunfto  & confpirante 
motu.  Qiia?  Curfus,  five  Motus  diredio,  fi  Sonorum  Un- 
dulationibus  faveat,  Sonorum  appulfum  exinde  accekrari  j, 
fin  adverfetur,  retaidari,  omnino  verilimile  eft. 

§*,  13.  De  SanorumVelocitate* 

Poftquam  Ventorum  operationes  & efFedus  in  Sonorum 
progrulium  hoc  padFo  expofuimus,  8c  de  Velocirate  Sono- 
rum generatim  tantiim  qu^edam  diximus  5 fupereft  tan- 
dem ut  fpecialiores  quas  feci  obfervationes  fuper  hac  rc 
tradam. 

Ex  didis  proinde,  aliifque  quamplurimis  qu^  prsenota- 
vimus,  firmifiime  concludo,  Sonos  hoc  Velociratis  gradu 
propagari,  Nempe,  ad  Milliaris  intefvallnm  5280 

Pedum  Anglicanorwfi)  fpatio  9 \ Semi  fecundorum  pereur- 
rere:'Vcl  (quod  codem  red  it)  Pedes  571  unius  Senii- 
fecundi,  vel  1142  Pedes  unius  Secundi  Minuti  Temporis 
fpatio. 

Hocautem  prsedidum  fpatium  pertranfeuntSoni,fi  tranf- 
verfus  Atmofphaerse  fluxus  intercurreret,  8c  eft  Aiediuf  eo- 
rum  Progrcjfus  five  Motus,  Sin  autem  Ventus  Soni  rapidi- 
tatem  augeat,  poflibile  eft  ut  plufquam  600  Pedes  Semi- 
fecundi  fpatio  prsetereat.  Vel  e contra,  fi  moram  ei  in- 
nedat,  baud  plus  quam  560  Pedes  eodem  temporis  inter- 
vallo  progrediatur.  | 

Ita  tandem  Hiftoriolam  noftram  ad  finem  perduxi^ 
fummatim  compledentera  prsecipuas  quas  feci  Obfervatio- 
nes circa  Sonorum  Progr^llum,  & quor undam  aliorum  eum 
fpedantium.  Quam  quidem  Expofirionem  folcrtes  8c  in- 
geniofi  viri  in  plurimos,  nec  contemnendos  ufus  baud 
difficulter  convertant.  Speciatim  vero,  pradidae  Obier- 

• vationes, 

w * 


. C n ) 

vationes,  8c  Exp:rimenta  non  pirum  conducerc  vr 
demur, 

1.  Philofop^o  5 qui  vel  hinc  aliqua  ex  parte  inftrudior 
fit  ad  arcanam  SOnorum  Naturam  inveftigandam  • 6c  eo- 
nin-dcm  plurima  Ph^eiiomena  abftrufa  explicanda. 

2.  Naut£  ^ qui  hinc  difcat  quanto  intervallo  abfunt 
N^ves,  quas  procul  flu6tujiites,  vel  ad  anchoras  ftantes 
cernit ; quatn  longe  item  Tcllus,‘aut  oprata  Arena,  emi- 
nus  conTpe^fta,  diftar.  Qu^e  ex  Scloppetis  de  indultria. 
exploits,  figno  quodam  daco,  facile  certdque  innote 
Gant. 

Militi  r ad  inveniendum  quam  procul  Hoftis  Caftra- 
locavit^  ad  qu.im  diftantiam  fica  eft  Urbs  obfelTa,  Arx, 
Armamentarium,  8cc.  ad  Tormenta  muralia  libranda,  6c 
dirigendos  Pyrobolos,  glandefque  ignivomas. 

4.  Geographo : ad  Locorum  diftantias  tacilius  8c  certius 
menfuraridas.  Quivis  enim  intra  horain  unam  aut  alte- 
ram, parva  pulveris  pyrii  copia  inftrudus,  totam  fere- 
Regionem  Tabula  aGcuratillime  dcfcriptam  hoc  padfo  ex- 
hibeat.  Scloppeta  enim  difplofa  pidantias  (prout  dixi- 
rnus)  oftendent:  5c  quodvis  Indrumentiim  Matbematicum 
quo  nieriuntur  Angulos,  vel  Indru  ncntum  illud  vulgare 
quo  Decern pedatores  utuntnr  (the  PUln  Table  vocatum,) 
vel  fola  Regula  Pinacidiis  infirui^a,  variorum  locorum. 
Sims  indicabit  3 quse  deinde  deiineare.  baud  difficile, 
eft.  ‘ , # 

^ Hacetiam  ratione  in  Mapparum  reditudinem,  Severn 
tatem  quis  tacile  inquirat  3 & fiquos  habeant  errores,  cou«- 
rigar. 

HiEC  demum  (Sonis)  obfervandi  ratio,  Locorum  ioac-- 
cefforum,  prefer lim  verb  latiffimorum  f'iuyiorum,  6c  tjuf- 

. • ' modiv 


ru) 

modi  locorum  baud  aliter  menfurabilium,  diftantiis  dime- 
tiendis  magnopere  inferviat. 

In  cujus  rei  fpeciraen,  mecum  ftatui  (amicorum  ope) 
•diftantias  quorundam  Sinuum  8c  Fretorum  celebriorum 
comparare  ^ fpeciatim  Freti  Gaditani,  Tiftgitanos  inter  8c 
Gebraltariam  5 8c  Britannici^  inter  Dubridem  Artgli<e  8c 
, Caletum  Gallia  5 cujus  Freti  latitudo  fecundum  Gallornm 
ru  Hamel  ingenioforum  men(uram  eft  22,7  milliaria  Anglicana.  Sed- 
Hift.  Acad.  hi(ce,  aliifque  rei  literarise  promoVcndce  conatibus  lugu- 
bria  hsc  IBelli  tempora  qliftiterunt. 

5.  Echomtra.  De  hoc  ludicro  8c  jucundo  Soni  Pha:- 
nomeno  (fcil.  Echo')  licet  plurimi  dofti  viri  olim  8c  poftea 
‘ follicite  quasfiverint,  de  plurimis  tamen  ad  idem  fped^an- 

tibus  non  bene  inter  fe  convenit:  fpeciatim  de  fpatio  Loci 
ad  repetitionem  i , 2,  5 vel  plurium  Syllabarum  neceftario  5 
vel  (quod  eidem  redit)  de  fpatio  ab  Echo  peregrato  in 
certo  quodam  lemporis  intervallo.  Merfennui  . . • ; 
paftus  ad  Vocem  Monofyllabam  repetendam  concedit  5 
Bla»cams  24.  paftbs  feui  aftipulatur  noftras  celeberrimus 
Dr.<P/(?^tJ  fed  -Ath,  Klrcherus  afterit  nihil  omnino  certi 
de  eo  dcfiniriipolTe,  quod  nempe  Ventorum  variatio,  vi- 
riumque  Soni  intenfiu  8c  remiffio,  8c  multa  alia  immenfara 
variarionem  parlunt. 

' Rationem  autem  hujus  diftenfus  inter  laudatos  hpfee 

viros  reddere  baud  difficile  eft.  Ex  plurimis  enim  caufis 
oriri  poteft  5 ex  tarditate  nimirum  8c  diverfa  noftrorura 
< Senfuum  difpofitione  5 vel  ex  varia  Sonorum  audibilitate  5 
ex  Syllabarum  ipfarum  gravi  vel  acuto  fono  five  earun- 
dem  contrafta  vel  produfla  pronunciatione  3 vel  ex  qua- 
' libet  alia  caufa  temporis  intervallum  profrahente.  Nullns| 
enim  dubito  (Exempli  gratid)  quin  ,fi  Ob).dum  aliquocf 
Phonocampticum  repercutere  potuerit  omnes  Syllabas  hu- 
jufee  fequentis  carminis,  viz. 

Vtcalis  N^wfhe^  qu£  nec  reticcre  loqmnti^  r 

Quod  • 


( 5 ? ) 

Qpod  haud  valeret  repercutere  omnes  Syjlabas  fequentis 
carminis,  quoniam  paulo  produdior  eft  ejus  pronuncia- 
tio,  Scil. 

' Cdrptff  adhuc  Echo^  nonVox  & tmen  ufum  : 

Et  multo  mitius  repetere  valeret  afperas  omnes,  & pro- 
dudas  SylLibas  fequentis  liujus  carminis,  liek  numero 
pauciores,  viz.  • 

Arx^  fridcns,  ro(irh,  fph:nx^  pr£fi&^  torrida,fepi^  Jirix. 

Verum  a prj^cedentibus.  de  Soni  motu  Obfervationibus 
concludere  licet,  Quod,  uti  Soni,  ita  certa  8c  deter-  - 
minata  fpatia  in  certo  quodam  praefcriproque  tempore  per- 
currunt.  Quod  ipfum  ab  experientia.laipius  edodus 
fcilicet,  Eclio  redire  in  duplo  temporis  interval lo,  quo 
Vox  Primaria  Obje(ftum  Phonocampticum  pertingebat.  > 
Exempli  gratia  : Si  Objedum  Phonocampticum  Stadium 
diftaret  5 Echus  regreffus  in  eodem-.  temporis  intervallo 
fuerit,  in  quo  primarius  Sonus  duo  Stadia  percurrilTet,  fi 
non  reperculTus  fuiifet. 

Et  hoc  in  dimetiendis  Locorum  diftantiis  magno  raihi  i 
ufui  fepe  fuit.  Exempli  gratia;  Cum  in  ThameJIs  BlUvu'^ 
rip^  ftarem,-  Villx  Woolwich  oppofitd,  monofyllabse  Vocis  > 
Echo  a Domibus  adveidis  rcpercufla  fuit  in  fex  Seraifccun- 
dis  Minutis  temporis.  Unde  colligo  Latitudinem' fluvii  « 
Thamefisj  eo  loci,  a margine  unius  Rip^e  ad  marginem  al- 
terius,  1712  pedes  Anglicanos  efle,  five  fupra  quadrantem 
milliaris.  Nam  ut  9,25  fSemifecunda) : ad  5280'  (pe- 
des in  milliari  uno)  : : Ita  6 (Semifecunda)  ; ad  3424,8 
^edes.  Cujus  dimidiumeft  1712,4  pedes. 

5.  Denique  hoc  pado  Intonantium  Nubium  Altitndo^  '. 
8c  ipfiiis  Tonitru , FHlgurifqnQ  Diftantia  facile  inno--- 
tefcant. 


vv 


0^  the  o^  T^huiidcy  4ud 

Lightning,  which  happened  at  Mrs.  CloCd’s  Houfe  at 
New-Forge,  in  theComtjvf  Down  in\cthnA.  on 
the  ^tlj  of  Auguft,  1707.  Communiifated  hy 
Samuel  Molyneiix  Eff,  Secretary  of  the  Philo- 

fophical  Society  af  Dublin. 

WHEN  I w«tit  to  wait  upon  this  Gentlewoman  a- 
bout  a Fortnight  after,  to  intorm  my  f,-lf  in  all 
the  Particulars  ot  this  Extraordinary  Accident,  Qie  then 
told  me,  That  the  whole  Day  was  Clofe,  Hot  and  Sul. 
try,  little  or  no  Wind  ftirring  until  towards  the  Even- 
ing ; That  there  was  a fmall  Breeze  with  fome  mizlin-v 
Rain,whichlafted  about  an  Hour;  That  as  the  Airdark^ 
ned  after  Sun-fet,  fhe  faw  feveral  faint  Flaflies  of  LighN 
ning,  and  heard  fome  Thunder- Claps  as  at  a diftance  •' 
That  between  ten  and  eleven  a Clock  both  were  very  vi’ 
olent  and  • terrible,  and  fo  increafed  and  came  on  more 
frequent  until  a little  before  twelve  a Clock  ; That  one 
Flalh  of  Lightning  ?nd  Clap  of  Thunder  came  both  at 
the  fame  time  lowder  and  more  dreadful  than  all  the  reff 
which,  as  Ihe'  thought,  (hook  aud  inflamed  the  whole 
Houfe;  and  being  fenfible  at  that  Inftant  of  a violent 
ftrong  Sulphureous  Smell  in  her  Chamber,  which  (he  did 
not  i?srceive  bef<»e  now,  and  feeling  a thick  grofs  Du(i 
falling  on  her  Hands  and  Face  as  (he  lay  in  Bed,  (he  con-  ^ 
eluded  no  lefs  than  that  part  of  her  Houfe  was  thrown 
down  by  the  Thunder,  or  fetonfireby-the  Lightnin°- 
Thatarifing  in  this  Fright,  (he  call^*!  up  her  family,  and’ 

Candles  ' 

V ■ •/.  * 


( ) 

Candles  being  lighted,  (lie  found  her  Bed-chamber  full  of 
Sinoak  and  Duft,  as  alfo  the  Kitchin  that  was  beneath  it: 
The^reft  of  the  Houfe  being  fafe,  (he  was  not  follicitous 
at  that  time  about  any  other  damage  (he  might  have  fuf- 
tained,  more  than  that  (he  obferved  the  Looking-glaft, 
that  hung  in  her  Chamber,  to  be  broken. 

The  next  day  again  (he  found  upon  further  fearch  and 
inquiry^  that  part  of  the  Top  or  CornHhof  theChimney, 
which  (food  without  that  Gabel-end  of  the  Houfe  where 
her  Chamber  was,  was  ftruck  ofF^  That  part  of  the 
Copeing  of  the  Splay  of  the  Gabel-end  it  felf  was  broken 
down,  and  the  Shingles  on  the  Roof  adjoyning  thereto 
(to  the  number  of  12  or  16)  were  raifed  or  ruffled,  but 
none  (batter’d  or  carry’d  away  5 That  part  oSf  the  Ceiling 
in  her  Chamber  beneath  thofe  Shingles’ was  forced  down, 
and  part  of  the  Plaifter  and  Pinning  Stones  of  the  adjoyn- 
ing  Wall,  was  alio  broken  off  and  loofened,  (the  whole 
Breach  16  or  20  Inches  broad.)  That  at  this  place  there 
was  left  on  the  Wall  a fmutted  Scar  or  Trace,  as  if  made 
black  by  the  Smoak  of  a Candle,  which  was  direded 
downwards  towards  another  place  on  the  (ame  Wall 
whereon  a Breach  was  alfo  made  as  the  former,  and  of 
the  fame  Dimenfions,  part  of  which  was  behind  the  place 
where  the  Looking-glafs  did  hang^  That  the  Boards 
on  the  back  of  a large  hair  Trunk  full  of  Table  and  other 
Linnen,  handing  beneath  the  Looking-Glafs,  were  forced 
in,  and  fplinter’d  as  if  by  the  Blow  of  a Smith’s  Sledge  5 
That  two  parts  of  three  of  the  Linnen  within  this  Trunk 
were  pierced  or  cut  thro’,  the  Cut  appearing  of  a Qua- 
drangular Figure,  and  between  two  or  three  Inches  over  5 
That  the  End  of  the  Trunk  was  likewife  forced  out,  as 
the  Back  was  drove  in  5 That  at  about  two  Footdiftance 
from  the  End  of  this  Trunk  (where  the  Floor  and  the 
Side-Wall  of  the  Houfe  joyn’d)  there  was  a fmall  Breach 
made  in  the  Plaifter,  where  a fmall  Chink  or  Crevice  was 

E to 


( ) 

to'bc  feeh  between  the  fide  Board  of  the  Floor  and  the 
Wall,  fo  wide  as  that  a Man  could  tliruft  his  Fingers 
down  ^ and  tha^  juft  beneath  this  again  in  the  Kii^hin 
the  Ceiling  was  forced  down,  and  fome  of  the  Lime  or  ' 
Plaifter  of  the  Wall  broke  off  ^ That  exaftly  under  this^ 
again  ftood  a large  Tub  orVeffel  of  Wood  inclofed  with  k 
Crib  made  of  Brick  and  Lime,  whigh  was  broke  and 
fplinter’d  all  to  pieces,  and  raoft  of  the  Brick  and  Lime- 
Work  about  it  forced  and  fcattered  about  the  Kitchin.  ' . 

As  the  Gentlewoman  gave  me  this  Account,  I went 
from  pkce  to  place  viewing  each  particular  5 and  aS'  I 
found  all  was  done  on  or  near  the  Gabel* endr^of  the 
Houfe,  I have  endeavoured  to  explain  this  Defcripiion' 
by  a Draught  thereof,  wherein  the  feveral  Breaches  are 
diftinguilhed : And  as  I conceived  all  to  be  effected  b)r 
fomeTrrefiftible  Body,  I have  alfo  by  two  Parallel  Line? 
traced  out  its  Irregular  Motion.  the  Fignrer\ 

The  further  Circumftances  judged  materidhto  be  offer' 
ed,  which  cannot  be  reprefented  in  the  Draught,  are 
thefe  : That  the  Looking  glafs  was  broke  with  that  Vio- 
lence, that  there  was  not  a Piece  of  it  to  be  found  of  the 
largenefs  of  Half  a Crown  ^ That  feveral  Peices  of  it  were 
IVicking  like  Hail-fhot  in  the  Chamber  Door  (being  of 
Oak)  and  on  the  other  fide  of  the  Room  5 That  feveral 
of  the  Edges  and  Cornet'S  of  fome  of  the  Pieces  of  the 
' broken  Glafs  were  tinged  of  a Light  Flame  Colour,  as  if 
heated  in  the  Fire  5 that  the  Curtains  of  the  Bed  were 
cut  in  feveral  Pieces,  thought  to  be  done  by  the  Pieces  of 
the  Glafs  ^ That  feveral  Pieces  of  Mufiin  and  Wearing 
Linnen,  left  (on,  going  to  Bed)  by  this  Gentlewoman 
and  Daughter  on  the  great  hair  Trunk,  were  thrown  and 
fcatter’d  about  the*  Room,  no  way  finged  or  fcorched  5 /^ 
and  yet  the  Hair  on  the  Back  of  the  Trunk,  where  the 
Breach  v/as  made,  was  finged  5 That  the  uppertnoft  part 
■ of  the  Linnen  within  the  Trunck  was  fate  and  well,  and 

the 


I 


( ;?  ) 

the  lowermofl:  Parcel,  confifting  of  3$o  odd  Ply  of  Lin- 
nen,  pierced  thro*,  of  which  none  wasany  wayfmutted, 
but  the  uppermoft  Ply. of  a Tablecloath  that  lay  above 
ail  the  reft.  The  Gentlewoman  told  me,  there  was  a 
yellow  Singe  or  Stain  perceivable  on  fome  part  of  the 
other  Linnen  fo  damage  the  next  day  5 and  that  the 
whole  Linnen  fmelt  ftrong  of  Sulphur  ^ but  neither  this 
yellow  Stain  or  Smell  was  perceivable  when  I was  there : 
That  the  Glafs  of  two  Windows  in  the  Bed-Chamber 
above,  and  two  Windows  in  the  Kitchin  beneath,  was 
fo  Blattered,  that  there  was  fcarceone  whole  Pane  left  in 
any  of  them  5 That  the  Pewter,  Brafs,  and  Iron  Furni- 
ture in  the  Kitchin  were  thrown  down,  and  fcatter’d  a- 
bout  the  Kitchin,  particularly  a large  Girdle  about  20 
Pounds  weight,  that  hung  upon  an  Iron  Hook  near  the 
Ceiling,  was  found  lying  on  the  Floor  5 That  a Cat  was 
found  Dead  the  next  Morning  in  the  Kitchin,  with  its 
Legs  extended  as  in  a going  pofture,  in  the  middle  of  the 
Floor,  with  no  other  Sign  of  being  hurt,  than  that  the 
Furr  was  finged  a little  about  the  fetting  on  of  the 
Tail. 

The  Gentlewoman  told  me  too,  That  about  fome  few 
Days  before  this  Accident  happened  to  her,  (he  removed 
a Table  Prefs-Bed  from  the  Place  where  the  Hair  Trunk 
ftood,  wherein  two  little  Girls  (her  Daughters)  ufed  to 
lie  5 which  (he  looked  upon  as  a particular  Piece  of  Pro- 
vidence. 

I muft  further  remark,  That  the  Wall  both  above  and 
below  a little  Window  in  the  fame  Gabel-eud  was  fo 
(batter’d  at  the  fame  time,  that  the  Light  could  be  feen 
thro’  the  Crevices  in  the  Wall  ^ and  that  upon  a large 
Stone  on  the  outfide  of  the  Wall  beneath  this  Window, 
was  to  be  feen  a mark,  as  if  made  by  the  Broke  of  a 
Smith’s  Sledge  or  large  Iron  Crow,  with  which  a Splinter 
or  piece  of  the  Stone  was  broken  oif  of  fome  Pounds 

F 2 weight. 


\ 


( 4°  ) 

f was  further  informed,  -That  from  the  time  of  that  great 
Tunder-clap  both  the  Thunder  and  Lightning  diminifh’d 
gradually,  fj  that  in  an  Hours  time  all  was  ftill  and  quiet 
again*. 


III.  Tart  of  a Letter  from  Vr.  Archibald  Adams, 
to  Dr,  Hans  Sloane,  5^.  S,  Seer,  concerning  an 
ApopleBick^  Terfon^  in  whom^  from  an  OhflruBion 
in  the  Left  Ventricle  of  the  Drain^  the  TSleryes  on  the,. 
Oppofite  fide  were  affeSied. 

Norwich,  February  i8.  1707.* 

SOME  time  ago  I opened  the  Head  of  a Woman  who 
dy’d  of  an  Apoplexy,  and  in  the  left  Ventricle  of. 
the  Brain  I found  betwixt  four  and  five  Ounces  of  clot— 
tered  Blood,  in  the  right  Ventricle  no  Blood  at  all,  but 
every  thing  as  ufual^  and  all  the  Nerves  which  command-' 
ed  the  right  fide  of  the  Body  were  as  ftrong  as  any  I ever 
obferv’d  in  a found  Animal,  efpecially  in  their  Origin, 
and  as  far  as  I could  trace  them  in  their  courfe.  It  was 
my  Opinion,  that  which  ever  Ventricle  the  Obftrudion 
was  in,  the  Nerves  andMufcles  correfponding  to  that  fide 
were  affected,  but  here  the  contrary  appear’d  plainly  5 
for  altho’  the  Obfiruftion  was  in  the  left  Ventricle,  yet 
the  fenfe  and  motion  of  the  right  fide  were  intireJy  loft, 
and  the  final  I remains  of  either  were  obfervable  in  the 
left  fide. 


c 41  y 


IV.  u4  Letter  ftom  Mr,  Ra.  Calep,  to  Mr.  Willi- 
am Cowper,  F.  R,  S,  concerning  a Woman  6t 
. Years  of  Age  (who  is  flill  Living)  that  loji  her  Leg^ 
mid gi^e ate Jl  part  of  her  Lhigh  hy  a Gangrene. 

\ 

T he  Wife  of  Jho,  Steven  of  Maidenhead  in  the  Coun- 
ty of  Berkos,  (aged  about  62  Years,),  was  feized  with 
a Fever  about  the  latter  end  of  November  1697.  HerPhy- 
hcian  ufed  various  Pvemedies  to  remove  her  Fever^  which 
in  about  14  days  terminated  in  a Tumor  and  Numnefs- 
jn  her  left  Foot,  both  which  did  by  degrees  creep  up  her 
Leg,  and  half  way  up  her  Thigh.  A Fomentation  was 
order’d  by  herPhyiician  made  6i  Centam'.AbJinth.Hyperic. 

hoyl’d  in  a ftrong,  Lixivimr^  and  after  fomenting,  he 
order’d  them  to  Anoint  her  Foot  and  Leg  with  0/.  Tcre- 
hinth.  wherein  Galhannm  was  diffolved.  This  Method 
they  had  ufed  daily  fora  Month  before  Ifavv  her.  Coming: 
Jan.  3.  i678r  from  Henly  upon  Iharnes  (where  I then  li* 
ved)  to  fee  fome  Friends  ana  Relations  1 had  at  Maydeni* 
head,  , they  defired  me  to  go  and  fee  this  Poor  Woman  5;, 
which  I did,  and  found  her  in  the  following  Condition, 
(viz.)  Her  Foot  and  Leg  cold,  infenfible,  wither’d,  hard 
as  if  dry’d  in  a Chimney,  and  of  a dark  Tawney  Colouro  , 
Her  Knee  was  (well’d,  and  had  feveral  large- black  Spots •• 
upon  it,  which  pitted  when  preft  with  ray  Finger.  There  , 
was  feveral  Difcolourations  in  the  Skin,  half  way  up  her 
Thigh.  She  complained  of  great  Pains,  efpecially  at  : 
Nights,  in  her  Knee  and  Thigh,  yet  cou’d  not  feel  me 
when  I touched  thofe  Parts.  Her  Fever  was  now  enfre.a- 
fed  again,  and  (he  was  delirious  fometimes.  She'^J^egg’d 
heartily  of  me  for  help  ^ but  alafs ! what  coifd  I pfopofe 

to  > 


(4^) 

to  relieve  her  ? Nothing  but  the  taking  off  Her  Thigh,  » 
which  (be  wou  d not  confent  to.  I was  not  forry  tor 
her  not  admitting  of  that  Operation,  becaufe  I could  not 
expe^i:  any  Succefs  in  the  performing  it,  by  reafon  of  her 
Age,  Weaknefs,  &c.  So  I took  leave  of  her,  fuppofing 
I Ihou’d  never  fee  her  more.  I advifed  her  Friends  to 
continue  the  ufe  of  the  Fomentation,  which  they  did 
almoft  Night  and  Diy.  About  a Month  ^fter,  I coming 
to  Maidenhead^  was  furprized  to  find  this  poor  Woman 
alive.  There  was  now  a difeharge  of  a Black  Foetid 
Matter,  at  a fmall  Orifice  about  the  middle  of  the  Infide 
of  her  Thigh,  which  Orifice  I enlarged  to  make  a better 
difeharge  for  the  Matter.  I likewife  cut  into  a Tumour 
that  appeared  upon  her  Knee,  but  found  nothing  in  it 
hut  Wmd.  I then  took  my  leave  of  her,  (as  before) 
advifing  to  continue  fomenting  daily.  About  a Month 
or  5 Weeks  afterwards,  I came  to  Maidenhead  again,  and 
found  her  alive,  and  to  my  admiration  faw  that,  which 
thro’  the  whole  courfc  of  my  Life  I may  never  fee  again, 
how  Nature  had  made  a perfed  Separation  of  the 
mortify ’d  Flelh  from  the  found, quite  round  theThigb,the 
Bone  of  the  Thigh  lying  wholly  bare  above  the  breadth 
of  4 Finger*,  and  deprived  of  its  Periofieum.  The  Flefh 
above  was  frefh  and  florid,  and  had  good  white  Matter 
upon  it.  I now  perfwaded  her  .to  let  me  take  off  her 
Thigh,  which  I did  about  2 Fingers  breadth  in  the  found 
Flefh,  (becaufe  the  Flefh  run  tapering  down  to  the  Bone,) 
by  which  I made  the  Stump  pretty  even.  The  Bleeding 
was  little,  by  reafon  that  the  Veins  and  Arteries  (which 
were  eaten  afunder  by  the  mortifying  Matter)  Nature 
had  clofed  again.  I Dreft  the  Stump  with  P«/.  Refiring, 
mixt  with  Album.  Ovor.  fpread  upon  Pledgets,  and  dipt' 
in  01,  Terebinth,  hot.  The  next  Dreffings  Fufed  Dige- 
ftives,  and  performed  the  reft  of  the  Cure  according  to 
the  Rules  of  our  Art.  The  Woman  is  alive  to  this  Day, 
and  now  liveth  in  Maidenhead  over  againft  the  Bear  Inn. 

I 


f 4.^} 

'Pwou’d  have  preferved  this  Leg,  to  have  diilededit,  but- 
the  Friends  of  the  Woman  deceived  me.  They  promifed  ' 
me  to  keep  it  for  me  till  the  next  day,  which  F relying- 
upon,  left  it  with  them.  So  they  took  that  opportunity 
to  Bury*  it,  where  I never  cou’d*  find  if.  I (hall  forbear 
fending  you  my  poor  Refiedfion  on  this  cafe,  for  fear  I 
ffiou  d not  judge  aright.  But  (liall  leave  it  to  you,  and., 
others,  who  are  more  Competent  Judges  thaa 


1.707. 


r - 

* 


Yours,  &c, 

Ra.  Calep: 


About  the  beginning  of  O^oher  laft  I happened'  to 
“ beat  Maydenheady  where  I faw  the  Woman  whofe 
“ Cafe  is  here  related  5 Ihe  appeared  to  be  very  decrepid, 
“ and would  have  (hevyrT  me  the  Stump  of  her  Thigh 
bare  , but  the  coldnefsof  the  Weather,- (he  faid,  would  * 
make  it  uneafie  to  her.  I felt  it  through  her  Qoaths, 
*‘-and  the  end  of  the  Stump  feenfd  to  be  not  above  four  ' 
or  five  Inches  below  the  Trunk  of  her  Body. 

Since  I have  fo  frequently  'found  the  large  Trunks  • 
-of  the  Arteries  ot  the  Thighs  and  Legs  of  Aged  Peo- 
pie  petrified,  as  I have  mention’d  in  the  Tranfa^lons, 

“ and  moft  commonly  in  thofe  whohavehad 

“ Gangreens  in  the  Legs,  I am  apt  to  fufpedfc  the  like  : 
happen’d  in  the  Crural  Artery  of  this  Woman  ^ .which, 

**  like  a Legature,  did  at  length  put  a total  ftop  to  the  ' 
“ Influent  Blood  below  that  Stridure.  ^ 


W dll  am-  Cowpery  • . 


V.  TUj 


Novemk  27.^ 
1707. 


( 44- ) 


' V.  Tlje  Manner  of  mahjng  Styrax  liquida,  alias  Ro- 
la  Mallas.  Communicated  by  Mr.  James  Petiver, 
F.'  S.  ■ 

^ ' • 

ROfa  grows  upon  thelfland  Cohrofs,  at  the  up- 

per end  of  the  Red  Sea  near  Cadefi,  which  is  3 days 
Journey  from  Suez  : It  is  the  Bark  off  a Tree  (taken  off 
every  Year,  and  grows  again)  boiled  in'  Salt  Water  till 
it  comes  to  a Confidence  like  Birddime,  then  feparated 
^ and  put  into  a Cask  and  brought  to  Judda,  and  fo  to 
Mocha  in  June  and  July,  where  it  fells  from  60  to  1 20 
Dollars Barrel,  according  to  its  Goodnefs : The  bed 
is  what  is  freed  from  Clay  and  Dirt,  which  is  commonly 
mixed  with  it  5 and  the  way  to  try  it  is  by  wadiing  it 
Jn  Salt  Water,  which  will  cleanfe  it  ; The  Arabs  and 
Turks  call  it  Cotter  Mija. 


N.  B.  A Barrel  is /!^20  \.'  ‘ 

. ‘ -■  ' ■ ‘ f 


LONDON, 

Printed  for  Henry  Clements  at  the  Half-Moon  in 
St.  PW’s 'Church- yard;  MDCGVIII. 


< 45  ) 


(Numb.  514  J 

PHILOSOPHICAL 

TRANSACTIONS. 


For  the  Months  of  Mzxch  and  1708.  ' 


The  C O N T E N T S. 

I.  The  Vra&ice  of  Pnrging  and  Vomiting  Medicines  aceord-- 
ing  to  Dr.  Cockburn  / Solution  of  hk  Problem  5 with  Ta^ 
hies  Jhewing  their  Dofes  in  particular  Ages  and  Conjlitu^ 
tions, 

II.  Microfcopical  Obfervations  on  the  Blood  Vejfels  and 
Membranes  of  the  Inteflines.  In  a Letter  to  the  Royal 
Society, Mr.  Anthony  Van  Leeawenhoek,ER.5*. 

III.  An  Account  of  the  Manner  of  Manuring  Lands  by  Sea* 
fhells.^  as  pra&ipd  in  the  Counties  of  Londonderry  and 
Donegall  in  Ireland.  By  hk  Grace  the  Lord  Archbijhop 
of  Dublin.  Communicated  by  Samuel  Molyneux 

IV.  De  Linearum  Curvarum  Longitudine  : Authore  Jo. 

Craig. 

V.  An  Account  of  a New  JJland  raifed  near  Sant-Erini  itt 
the  Archipelago  3 being  part  of  a Letter  to  Mr.  James, 
Petiver,  F.  R.  S.  from  Dr.  W.Sherard,  Conful  at  Srairna, 
8cc. 

VI.  Experiments  of  the  Luminous  Sualities  Amber,  Dia- 
monds, and  Gum  Lac,  by  Dr,  Wall,  in  a Letter  U 
Dr.  Sloane,  R>  S.  Seer. 


G 


I.  The 


I.  The  TraBlce  of  Turning  Vomiting  MedichieSy 
according  to  Dr,  Cockburn^^  Solution  of  his  Dro^ 
Hem  5 with  Tables  JJ?ewing  their  Dofes  in  particu- 
hr  Ages  and  Cofijlitutions,  InJcriFd  to  the  Learned 
■ Dr,  Garth,  F.  5^.  S.  by  W.  Cockburn,  M.  D* 


Thil.  7t4»/-T3  Y my  Solution  of  the  Problem  for  determining  the 
4^.  iVo.303.  jQ  (iue  Dofes  ot  Purging  and  Vomiting  Medicines,  in 
Pohi  Cafes,  it  is  manifeft  in  general,  that  thefe  Medi- 

cines operate  either  upon  the  account  of  their  being  mix- 
Schol.  ^d  with  the  Blood,  or  by  their  ftimulating  the  Stomach 
and  Guts  : 2.  That  this  their  Operation  is  more  or  lefs 
j according  to  the  Quantity  and  Thicknefs  of  Blood,  h.  e. 
a greater  Quantity,  and  the  thickeft  Blood  require  the 
Trop',ii  greateft  Dofes : And  5,  that  when  the  Quantities  of 

“ Blood  are  the  fam^,  the  Dofes  of  Purging  and  Vomiting 

Medicines  are  in  a duplicate  proportion  of  the  Bloods 
' thicknefs.  As  alfo,  that  in  every  cafe  thefe  Dofes  muft 
Trop.  2.  2 proportion  compounded  of  the  Quantity  of  Blood 

and  thofe  Squares  of  its  thicknefs. 

Now  fince  the  Operations  of  Purgative  and  Vomitive 
Medicines  depend  fo  much  on  the  Quantity  and  Vifcidity 
Medicines fooi  the  Blood,  which  have  not  been  duely  confiderd  be-. 
hard  to  he  fore  3 it  is  no  wonder  that  the  Pradice  of  Phyfick  in  thefe 
foitnd.  Evacuations  has  been  fo  uncertain,  and  that  the  rnoff  ex- 
pert Phyficians,  from  their  moft  accurate  Obfervations, 
could  never  determine  the  true  Dofes  of  Medicines,  which 
alter  fo  much  according  to  the  various  Subjeds  they  work 
]upon  3 they  not  being  acquainted  with  the  true  Method 
of  determining  either  the  quantity  of  the  Blood,  or  the 
degrees  of  its  thicknefs. 


Becaufe 


( 47  ) 

Becaufe  Experience  is  equally  the  Foundation  and 
Touchftone  of  all  reafoning  in  Phyfick,  we  will  here  fub- 
mit  our  Solution  to  common  Obfervations,  and  try  whe- 
ther every  thing  propofed  in  it,  does  not  exaftly  anfwer 
Matters  of  Fad,  and  the  vihble  Operations  of  Na- 
ture. 

Firft  then,  it  plainly  follows,  that  thefe  Medicines  2lV  The  different 
ways  purge  beft  and  moft  conftantly  in  a liquid  iorm  thefe 

becaufe  they  are  more  eafily  convey’d  into  the 
and  can  Simulate  more  parrs,  and  that  upon  the  account 
of  this  their  Fluidity  5 whatever  may  be  the  way  th'st form:\ 
Purges  and  Vomits  work,  or  whatfoever  their  Nature 
may  be.  This  explains  very  eafily  a very  common  Oh- 
fervation,  hitherto  very  difficult  to  Phyficians,  about  the 
different  Operation  of  the  fame  Medicine  in  different' 
forms : Why,  viz.  the  Infufion'of  a due  quantity  of  a 
Purging  Medicine  produces  its  effeds  fooner  and  more 
conftantly  than  a like  quantity  of  the  fame  Medicine  in  a 
Powder,  tho’  ftill  more  conftantly  in  a Powder  than  a 
Bolus,  tho’  ftill  fooner  and  more  conftantly  in  a dry  Bo- 
lus, than  if  it  be  given  in  Pills  made  into  that  form  with 
Gums  that  do  not  purge*^  and  this  difference  in  Purging 
fliall  even  be  notable,  according  to  the  diffolubility  of 
the  ‘Gums. 

From  whence  it  follows,  that  the  Evacuation  made  by 
fuch  Medicines,  is  in  proportion  ro  the  quantity  of  thofe 
Medicines  that  happens  to  be  diffolv’d,  and  not  to  the  . . 
quantity  adminifter’d. 

Secondly,  That  purging  by  Draughts  is  the  moft  Their  effect i 

cellent  form,  and  will  always  have  the  moft  conftant^#^^"r, 

of  the 

* di^CTCHt 

The  next  Confideration  is,  that  a certain  quantity  oithicknefs  of 
any  purging  Medicine  affeds  us  after  a different  manner, 
according  to  the  different  Quantity  and  Conftitution  of 
the  Blood,  or  its  thicknefs,  and  it  was  (hewn  in  the  So- 
lution, that  if  its  thicknefs  were  the  fame,  the  Dofe 

ftiould  ! 


( 4^^  ; 

ihould  always  be  as  its  Quantity,  but  the  Blood  differing 
iikewile  in  thicknefs,  the  Dofes  of  Purging  and  Vomiting 
^ledicines  muft  be  augmented  on  account  of  its  thicknefs. 
1 his  is  perfedly  well ' confirm’d  by  daily  experience  5 
where  we  find,  that  People  tick  with  a manifefi:  thick- 
nefs  of  Blood,  as  in  Dropfies,  the  Jaundice,  8cc.  cake  far 
greater  Dofes  than  they  did  at  any  other  time  when  they 
were  not  fick,  or  in  that  manner. 

By  a further  Difquifition  into  this  matter,  Wje  find  that 
the  Dofes  muft  not  only  be  greater  where  the  thicknefs 
of  Blood  is  greater  ; but  that  they  muft  be  encreas’d  in  a 
duplicate  proportion  of  their  Vifcidicy.  This  is  evident' 
by  the  Tables  in  Ca^a.  viz,.  9 ^ 8 ^ : 4 : 3 i 3, 
13  \gr,  and  therefore  .altcrnAndo  9 : 4 : : 8 3 : 3 5,  19, 
Therefore  the  Dofes  are  as  the  Squares  of  the 
Conftitutions.  So  likewife  9 : 8 ^ : 16  : 14  3,  13 
and  alternando  9 : 16  : : 8 3 : 14  5,  \ gr.  h.  e,  the 

Dofes  are  as  the  Squares  of  the  Conftitutions. 

The  fime  is  true  in  any  other  Conftitution  befides  the 
mean  : For  Example,  in  the  loweft  and  higheft  4:16:; 
213  I ^r:  853  f So  that  by  this  means  we  arc  not  only 
led  diredly  to  a right  ufeof  thefe  Medicines,  and  are  able 
to  find  the  true  caufe  why  the  ordinary  Dofes  produce  fo 
very  different  effeds  in  different  Conftitutions  3 but  hke- 
'A  Problem:  wife,  The  §Harttity  of  Blood  in  any  Perjhn  being  given 
together  with  the  ordinary  and  extraordinary  ef'eCb  of  a 
Dofe  of  a Purging  Medicine^  the  Change  of  that  Perfons 
ConfUtHtion,  and  the  Nature  of  that  Change  may  be  deter^ 
mind. 

ThisDoElrine  It  cannot  but  bc  a great  fatisfadion  to  the  mind  to  find 
trite  becaufe  a Dodrine  founded  on  a few  fimple  Experiences  leading 
us  into  the  caufe  of  many  more  that  are  ^very  complexf, 
difficult,  and  obfcure  3 which  is  fufficient  to  prove  its 
conformity  to  Nature.  But  ray  prefent  endeavour  being 
to  redify  the  common  Pradice  of  thefe  Medicines  by  this 
Dodrine,  I fhall  frame,  by  this  Method,  Tables  of  the 

Purging 


( 49  ) 

'ut^ing  and  Vomiting  Medicines  in  prefent  ufe  5 better 
dapted  to  Experience  than  are  hitherto  to  be  found. 

The  Method  of  framing  fuch  Tables,  is  by  fetting  o&fioiv  they  art 
he  pradicable  Conftitutions  in  the  different  Ages  that  I 
lave  obferv’d  to  take  notable  Quantities  of  Purging  and 
'■bmiring  Medicines  5 fo  that  by  comparing  thefe  Condi- 
utions  with  the  Ages,  v/e  have  the  different  Dofes  in  all 
hofe  cafes,  which  is  all  that  is  requir’d  for  a better  pra- 
fice  5 tho’  a more  proper  occafion  may  produce  a more 
lice  and  exaft  divifion  of  Conftitutions,  very  much  to 
he  advantage  of  the  Pradice  of  Phyfick  in  all  Difeafes. 

The  Ages  wherein  thefe  different  Dofes  are  taken,  I 
ind  to  be  four  5 when  a Man  is  about  16  or  20  Years  of 
\ge,  and  weighs  about  12  Stone,,  he  then  takes  thecom- 
non  Dofe  : One  of  nine  Y^ears  takes  three  quarters  of 
hat  ^ one  of  fix  the  half,and  one  of  three  Years  a quarter. 

Vlorcover,  it  having  already  been  (hewn,  that  the 
ale  healthy  Conftitutions  are  but  three,  as  alfo  the  nota-^j/ 
ble  Pulfes  of  each  of  thefe:  Let  then  thefe  Conftitutions p.  1124. 
be  as  2,  5,  4.  That  of  the  moft  fluid  Blood  as'^e'^-^- 
the  firft  number,  and  fo  on  ^ in  that  cafe,  the  Dofe  of 
iny  Pcrfon  will  be  found  by  multiplying  the  common 
Dofe  for  his  Age  into  the  Square  of  his  Conftitution  and 
dividing  by  the  Square  of  the  middle  Conftitution.  For 
inftance,  If  5)*  CaJ/t£  is  the  common  Dofe,  or  the  Dofe 
of  the  middle  Conftitution,  oiij*  and^r.  15  f is  the 
Dofe  of  the  firft  Conftitution,  and^xiv.  19  ^ that  of 
the  grofleft  or  laft  Conftitution  5 and  fo  proportion  ably 
for  every  Medicine  in  all  the  Ages,  as  appears  by  the 
Tables. 

This  Method  feems  to  anfwer  fo  exadly,  (hat  there  is  Ojilyexcep- 
not  any  thing  neceflary  befides,  except  a Perfon  is  more 
Loofe  or  Coftive  than  ordinary  ( which  may  be  known 
from  the  Patient  or  otherways)  it  is  fo  be  reputed  the 
fame,  as  if  he  had  taken  an  equivalent  quantity  of  a Me- 
dicine proper  to  produce  thefe  effeds.  Any  Phyfician, 

- - H who 


( fO  ) 

who  has  conlkier’d  this  cafe  in  fome  People  after  Flur« 
ing,  will  allow  the  jiiftnefs  of  this  Exception. 

The  Dofes  of  As  Vomifing  Medicines  have  the  fame  common  Dofes 
r omiting  with  tliofc  that  Purgc,  they  admit  alfo  of  the  like  divi- 

Aiedh'mes*  Dofes  5 which,  therefore  may  be  found  by  the  fame 
Tables.  Only,  as  People  thatareinore  Coftive  than  or- 
dinary require  a proportionable  greater  Dofe  of  a Purg- 
ing Medicine  : So  they  require  their  Dofe  of  a Vomiting 
Medicine  to  be  conliderably  lefs,  as  is  very  very  well 
known  in  hot  Countries. 

Not:  I.  hut  it  muff  be  obferved,  that  in  the  Tables,  Jge  ftands 
inftead  of  ^tanthy  of  Blood  5 becaiife  they  encreafe  pret- 
ty equally,  and  it  makes  the  practice  more  eafie  to  fuch  as 
are  not  accuftom*d  to  Weights  and  Numbers. 

^ The  more  Skilful  are  defir’d  toobferve,  that  the  mean 
Ages,  multiply ’d  into  the  mean Conftitutions,  give  Dofes 
more  nicely.  - 

The  TABLES. 

Some  Inflances  Jhewwg  the  T)efe^s  of  the  prefect  Bra&tce, 
ttfid  hoiv  mended  by  the  foregoing  Tables, 

The  Dofes  of  the  foregoing  Tables,  arifing  from  Cal- 
culation, agree  perfectly  well  with  the  common  Obferva- 
lion  of  the  beff  Authors  ^ tho*  their  Obfervation  is  very 
general  and  ill  made,  if  we  except  the  very  fir  ft  Steps. 
'Authors  Cu>  For  in fta nee.  Authors  of  all  Countries,  Englifi,  Dutch, 
py,  bi^  do  German^  Italian  and  French,  reckon  the  Dofes  after  the 
mtObjerv:.  manner  5 whereas,  if  they  had  been  obferv’d,  they 
muft  .have  been  different  as  are  the  Conftitutions  of  Men 
in  the  different  Countries. 

IL  The  defeift  of  their  Obfervation  is  manifeft  by  the^ 
difproportion’d  Dofes  of  fome  Medicines,  their  high  Do- 
fa  being  fometimes  double  and  fometimes  triple,  and 

more 


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fOL 


''•  "V, 


( 5‘  > 

more  of  their  low  Dofes,  which  is  not  conform  to  Na- 
ture for,  let  the  low  Dofe  be  what  it  will,  the  high  Dofe 
of  one  Medicine  muft  always  bear  the  fame  proportion  to 
the  high  Dofe  of  another,  as  did  their  low  Dofes,  viz* 
even  in  Manna,  they  reckon  it  from  5;.*  commonly  to  jiij. 
and  |iv.  If  it  is  faid  that  the  fiift  Dofe  is  the  lowelt 
Dofe  that  is  taken  by  a Man  of  a due  Age,  it  is  neither 
true  in  fadt  nor  conform  to  their  own  way  of  reckoning: 

For  inftancc.  Rhubarb  is  faid  to  be  taken  from  5}.  to 
No  body  will  fay  that  this  is  the  loweft  Dofe  taken  by  a 
Man  of  a due  Age  as  formerly  ^ becaufe  itis  notin  fact  true, 
nor  that  the  high  natural  Dofe  is  ?/>  5 for,  as  I faid  be- 
fore, if  ?j.  of  Manna  and  5j,  of  Rhubarb  are  the  refpe- 
dtive  low  Dofes,  then  |iv  and  ^ij.cannot  be  the  refpedtive 
high  Dofes.  As  to  what  concerns  fome  extraordinary 
Dofes  given  by  thcmfelves,  and  far  exceeding  the  ordina- 
ry Dofe,  is  eafily  accounted  for  by  the  Solution.  There 
are  many  Examples  of  this  Nature:  Turbith,  ^2:..  is  com- 
monly reckon’d  among  them  from  J).  to  5 yet  Marg» 
gravluf,  and  good  Authors,  have  given  it  to  ^iv.  So  Co^ 
locynthK  from  gr,  vi.  to  gr.  xi  j.  and  Fulgin.  Dhti- 

can,  fay  they  have  given  it  to 

III.  Authors  have  been  far  from  being  exadi^  for  they7^^> 
have  only  dos’d  thefe  Medicines  for  People  of  full  Age 

but  have  left  the  Dofes  of  the  different  Ages  in  filence 
nor  have  they  told  us  at  what  time  a Man  takes  his  high-^X^. 
eft  Dofe,  or  how  that  alters  in  the  Growth  and  Decline 
of  Age,  which  is  ftill  a very  great  diflSculty  for  the  moft 
experienc'd  Phyficians  to  manage. 

IV,  Their  general  Method  is  founded  in  a Miftake  • 
their  loweft  l5ofe  being  really  the  common  Dole  taken 

by  the  generality  of  Men,  which  produces  a multitude ^ 
of  Erfours  in  the  Praftice.  This  is  manifeft  in  their  do- 
ling every  Medicine. 

H 2 


V,  The 


This  V.  The  mentioned  Cafe  is  more  manifeft  by  thefeTa- 

Tank'd *irly,  and  it  is  two  to  one  but  that  a Phyfician  over  Pur- 

ges or  under  Purges  any  Perfon  in  Health  ^ and  if  more 
Cafes  in  Sicknefs  arc  fuppos’d,  the  odds  will  encreafepro- 
portionably.  Experience  confirms  this  exactly ; For  if 
the  middle  Dole  is  given  to  one  of  the  lowed  Conditu- 
rion,  and  the  middle  Dofe  is  to  purge  7 or  8 times  5 in 
that  cafe,  the  Perfon  of  the  lowed  Conditution  is  purg’d 
near  twice  as  much  as  he  ought  to  be  3 and  if  given  to 
one  oi  the  highed  Conditution,  he  is  purg’d  but  half  of 
what  he  lliouid  be.  But  if  the  Dofe  of  tiie  highed  Con- 
ditution is  given  to  one  of  the  middle  Conditution,  he 
is  purg’d  twice  as  much  as  he  ought  to  be  5 and  if  given 
to  one  of  the  lowed,  he  is  purg’d  four  times  as  much,  or 
about  thirty  times,  as  we  find  true  by  daily  Experience. 
But  if  the  Quantity  of  Blood,  the  Age,  or  Sicknefs  con- 
tribute to  the  Errour,  it  may  prove  fatal.  If  this  Confi- 
deration  were  illudrated  by  a proper  number  of  Exam- 
ples, we  (hould  find  fomc  hundreds  of,  othervvays  una- 
- Toidable,  Midakes  now  prevented  by  the  Pradice  of 

thefe  Tables. 

jheje  Tahlis  Ladly,  We  may  eafily  account,  by  thefe  Tables,  for 

Children  over  purging  fome  People  of  good 
0-  Health,  and  of  due  Age  ; a Fh£nomenon  fo  lurprizing, 
ver  that  the  fmallnefs  of  the  Dofe  is  commonly  thought  a 

Ftopko}  fulignod  Excufe  for  theMidakc* 


II.  Micro/coptcd 


* -J 


( jO 

— : — ■ • n», . 

c • 

II.  Microfcopical  Oh/eryations  o?i  the  'B.lood  VeJJels  and 
Membranes  of  the  InteJHnes.  In  a Letter  to  the 
Royal  Society  from  Mr.  Anthony  Leeii-~ 
wenhoek,  F.  jR*  S,. 

Delft  iti  Holland^  A^ril  20.  170^. 

JTake  the  Liberty  to  acquaint  your  Honours,  that 
Profeflbr  Bidloa  came  to  my  Houle  March  7.  deliring: 
me  that  he  might  view  thro’  a Microfcope  a little  piece 
of  Gut,  which,  he  faid,  was  part  of  the  Bowels  of  a 
Woman  5 whereupon  I-  having  feparated  a fmall  Particle 
thereof  from  the  reft,  we  difeovered  in'  one  of  the  thine 
Membranes,  of  which,  for  the  moft  part,  the  Gut  is 
compofed,  a great  number  of  little  Fibres  and  Veflels, 
which  lay  in  great  Multitudes  over  and  acrofs  each  other, 
as  alfo  fome  Particles  of  Fat,  which  lay  like  Bunches  of. 
Grapes  upon  the  faid  Fibres^ 

After  that  the  faid  ProfefTor  Bidloo  was  gone,  F was 
deftred,  that  in  cafe  I had  difeovered  any  thing  remarka- 
ble in  that  little  piece  of  Gut,  I would  give  a brief  Ac- 
count of  it. 

Whereupon  the  fame  Evening  .1  writ  to  the  Perfens 
who  defired  that  of  me,  that  t was  conftdering  whithtr  * 
or  no  thofe  Particles  of  Fat,,  which  we  had  difeovered, 
might  not  be  fuppofed  by  many  People  to  be  Glands  or ' 
Kernels,  and  that  the  fame  were  to  be  found  likewife  in 
the  Skin  y and  the  rather^  becaufe  that  I have  difeovered 
in  the  Skin  and  Guts  of  Animals  none  of  thefe  Glands, 
of  which  People  talk  fo  much,  but. Particles  of  Fat  im 
great  number. 


./jr 


I 


( 54  ) 

Mr.  Bidloo  having  acquainted  me  how  this  Woman 
died,  I writ  to  him  thereupon,  as  follows. 

When  f^ohfefved  that  little  piece  of  Gut,  that  was  un- 
prepared, nicely  thro*  iny  Microfeope,  I could  perceive  a 
great  Quantity  of  Blood  lying  without  the  Veflds,  which 
1 never  did  difeover  in  the  Guts  of  other  Animals  before  5 
from  whence  I concluded,  that  as  a great  many  Animals 
k)fe  their  Lives  by  the  fpilling  of  their  Blood,  that  fame 
Blood,  notwithftanding  the  quicker  Motion  of  the  Heart 
in  the  Pangs  of  Death,  continues  its  Circulation  : Where- 
as in  thofe  that  are  Hanged  or  Strangled,  as  this  vVoraan 
was,  the  Circulation  of  the  Blood  is  in  a great  meafure 
interrupted  by  the  P^ope  : To  which,  if  you  add  the 
difmal*  Thoughts  of  approaching  Death,  upon  Account 
of  the  deferved  Punifhment  they  undergo,  (which  Thing 
does  not  occur  in  Beads)  and  the  great  Concern  at  that 
time,  there  will  be  a much  greater  protrufion  of  the 
. Blood  of  a Rational  Creature,  than  that  of  a Bead. 

Now  the  Blood  being  protruded  out  of  the  Heart  in 
great  Quantities  at  once,  and  not  being  able  to  circulate 
with  the  fame  quicknefs  thro*  the  fmall  VefTels,  I fup- 
pofe  that  the  Tunica’s  or  Coati  of  the  exceeding  fmall 
VefTds  are  fo  extended,  that  the  Blood  filtrating  thro’ 
them,  is  found  in  great  Quantities  without  the  Guts, 
where  it  is  dried  upon  the  extream  Membrane  or  Skin, 
and  is  found  in  little  Lumps  here  and  there  without  any 
Order. 

Soon  after  this,  having  acquainted  Profedbr  Bidi0o 
with  thefe  my  Thoughts,  he  had  the  Goodnefs  to  fend 
me,  on  the  12  th  of  March^  two  Differtations  fubferibed 
with  the  Name  of  Peter  Evtrtfe,  in  Latin  ^ from  whence 
a day  or  two  after  it  was  explained  tome,  that  the  Wo- 
man to  whom  that  Gut  belonged  had  been  Hanged,  and 
that  in  her  Life-time  (he  was  troubled  with  a Falling- 
Sicknefs. 


In 


( yy ) 

In  the  faid  DifTertations  I obferved  three  di/Hntt 
Draughts  of  the  Figure  and  form  of  the  laid  Gut,  and 
taken  by  the  help  of  a Microfeope  ^ and  forafmiich  as 
thefe  Figures  did  not  agree  with  my  Obfervations,  I have 
Mken  the  Liberty  to  delineate  fomc  fmall  Particles  of  the 
faid  Gut,  )aft  as  they  appeared  to  me  thro*  feveral  Mi- 
crofeopes,  hoping  that  it  will  not  be  taken  ill  of  me. 

I then  placed  a fmall  Particle  of  the  faid  Gut  with  the 
Ourfide  thereof  before  a Microfcope>  to  (hew  how  the 
Blood  lay  coagulated  upon  the  extream  Membrane  of  the 
faid  Cut  which  was  unfpeakably  thin. 

Fig,  i.  A,  B,  C,  D,  E,  F,  (hews  the  Blood  as  it  lay 
fpread  within  a fmall  Compafs  upon  the  outmoft  Mem- 
brane of  the  Gut. 

By  G,  G,  G,  G,  we  reprefented  the  Oblong  fort  of 
Drops,  where  the  Blood  had  been  protruded  in  an  extra- 
ordinary thieknefs,  and  vvas  coagulated  like  that  Blood 
that  lay  upon  thofe  Parts  which  are  deferibed  by  B,  Q 
D,  E,  and  F. 

Now  as  we  fee  how  this  Blood  was  protruded  thro’  the 
VefTels  of  the  Gut,  we  may  very  well  fuppofe  that  the 
fame  happens  in  other  Parts  of  the  Body. 

After  this  I feparated  the  Membranes  of  the  Girt,  (b 
Carefully  from  one  another,  that  I imagined  1 was  come 
to  the  innermoft  Membrane  5 but  after  that  I had  obfer- 
ved  it  with  greatet  Curiohty,  I difeovered  that  that  Mem- 
brane which  is  here  deferibed  by  Fig.  2,  H,  I,  K,  L . M, 
N,  O,  P,  Q,  which  is  the  Circumference  of  it  as  it  ap" 
peared  to  the  Painter,  was  a double  Membrane. 

In  this  fmall  Particle,  which  was  drawn  thro’  a larger 
Microfeope  than  that  of  Fig.  i.  there  were  fuch  a vafe 
number  of  fmall  Vefiels  and  Fibres,  that  it  is  almoft  in- 
conceivable, as  it  was  impoffible  for  the  Painter  to  de- 
feribe  all  thofe  that  he  faw  of  them,  efpecially  by  rea- 
fon  of  thofe  two  thin  Membranes  lying  one  upon  the 
other  ^ for  how  thin  a Membrane  foever  one  places  be- 


. ( 50 

fore  the  Microfcope,  if  it  be  not  broken,  one  can  difco-* 
vcr  not  theleaft  Hole  or  Paffage  in  it  3 and  when  one  of 
thefe  fmall  Fibres  or  Veifels  appear  to  the  Eye,  they  dif- 
appear  as  icon  and  efcape  the  Sight  5 partly  becaufe  they 
are  cover’d  by  other  Particles  that  lie  by  or  near  them, 
and  partly  becaufe  they  are  torn  from  the  Membrane  that 
lies  upon  them,  to  which  they  had  been  before  united. 

By  L,  M,  N,  O,  are  reprefented  the  little  Veflels  or  Fi- 
bres, which  by  being  feparated  are  handing  out  of  the 
Membrane. 

Now  as  for  thofe  Vellels  which  are  difeoyered  in  the 
aforelaid  Membranes,  it  is  impoffible  for  me  to  judge 
whether  they  are  Arteries,  Veins,  Ladeal,  or  Lymphatick 
Veflels  5 for  altho’  there  are  divers  Arteries  and  Veins  in 
Inch  a thin  Membrane  as  is  here  reprefented, and  tho*  there 
were  Blood  in  them,  yet  cannot  that  Blood  be  difeover- 
ed,  becaufe  in  fuch  fine  Veifels  it  loies  its  Colour  3 be- 
fides  the  Globules  of  Blood  in  fuch  exceeding  fmall  Veins 
and  Arteries,  if  they  are  not  difiblved  of  themfelves,  yet 
by  the  Expanfion  of  the  Gut  to  bring  it  into  a flat  po- 
fture,  they  muft  necelfarily  bedifperfed  and  diflblved. 

In  the  faid  Figure  by  R,  R,  R,  R,  R,  and  upon  more 
other  Places  are  reprefented  the  little  Globules  of  Fat. 

I placed  before  another  Microfcope  a little  Particle  of 
the  faid  Gut,  in  which,  to  the  beft  of  my  Power,  I had 
feparated  the  Membranes  that  lay  upon  one  another,  and 
that  compofe  the  thicknefs  of  the  Gut,  in  order  to  fee 
them  the  better. 

In  Fig.  4.  By  A,  B,  C,  D,  E,  M,  P,  W,  a,  b,  c,  dy 
X,  Y,  R,  O,  L,  is  reprefented  a fmall  Particle  of  the  Gut 
(becaufe  it  (hould  it  fhould  not  take  up  too  much  Paper) 

. wherein  none  of  the  Parts  are  deferibed,  becaufe  it  is 
only  to  fhewhow  the  Membranes  are  feparated  from  each 
other  5 the  Circumference  of  the  extreameft  Membrane, 
of  which,  together  with  the  Coagulation  of  the  Blood 

upon 


< 57  ) 

upon  k after  It  had  been  protruded  thro*  the  fmall  VclTels^ 
is  reprcfented  by  A,  B,  C,  D,  E,  F,  G,  H. 

The  uppermoft  Membrane  is  of  an  exceeding  thinneft, 
tnd  very  near  of  fueh  a Form,  as  in  Fig.  2. 

In  the  abovementioned  Fig.  4,  A,  G,  F,  I,  K,  L,  is  re- 
prefented  the  third  Membrane  ^ L,  K,  I,  M,  N,  O,  the 
fourth  5 O,  N,  P,  Q>  R,  the  fifth  5 P,  T,  V,  the  fixth  5 
P,  W,X,  Y,  thefeventhj  and  by  W,4,  ^,c,<i,theeighth 
Membrane. 

So  that  the  abovementioned  Gut,  as  far  as  we  have 
been  able  .to  reprefent  it  here,  confifts  in  Subftance  or 
Thicknefs  of  eight  Skins  or  Membranes  lying  upon  one 
another. 

Between  two  of  the  faid  Membranes  I obferved,  that 
there  lay  lome  Fibres  without  any  Branches  or  Sprigs  pro- 
ceeding from  them  5 and  purfuing  my  Obfervations,  there 
occur’d  to  my  fight  fome  other  fmall  Fibres  lying  clofe 
to  the  reft,  which  feem’d  to  me  to  be  torn  from  other 
Parts  5 and  a little  on  one  fide  there  lay  one  of  thofe  Par- 
ticles, which  I caufed  the  Painter  to  view  thro*  the  Mi- 
crofeope,  and  to  draw  it  as  it  appears  here  in  Fig.  5. 
A,  B,  C,  D,  E. 

But  puftiing  on  the  faid  Obfervations  farther,  and 
meeting  with  very  few  of  the  fame  Appearances,  I con- 
fidered  whether  this  Figure  might  not  be  purely  acciden* 
tal  by  its  (hrinking,- 

I did  alfo  obferve,  that  about  the  Blood- Velfcls  which 
I have  already  told  you,  I difeovered,  as  it  were  (hut  up 
under  the  outmoft  Membrane^  a great  many  Fat  Particles 
lying  5 from  whence  I concluded,  that  the  Woman,  who 
was  the  Owner  thereof,  had  been  very  Fat. 

I caufed  fome  few  of  thofe  Particles  of  Fat  to  be  drawn 
by  my  Painter,  only  tolhow  you  how  thofe  faid  Parti- 
cles lie  near  a Blood-Veflelj  they  are  deferibed  by F/j.  6* 
F,  C,  H,  L 

I 


Whea 


When  we  confider  the  great  Protrufion  of  Blood  with- 
out the  Veflels,  as  it  appeared  to  oar  Eyes  by.  the  help  of 
a Microfcope, we  may  fuppofe  that  fuch  Protrufjon  orEx- 
pulfion  of  the  Blood  was  occafion’dbya  great  and  fuddeii 
Fright  or  Sorrow,  or  any  other  Paffion  3 from  whence  we 
may  conclude,  that  in  any  fuch  Accidents  Bleeding:  is 
highly  necelTary,in  order  to  give  the  Blood  room  enough 
in  the  Velfels  for  a free  Circulation. 

Now  if  the  All-Wife  Creator  had  not  covered  thofo 
Blood- Velfels  that  lie  upon  our  Bowels,  which  to  our 
Natural  Sight  feem,  as  it  were,,  to  lie  naked,  with  a very 
thin,  but  a very  ftrong  Membrane  5 that  Blood,  which, 
as  is  faid  before,  is  forced  thro*  the  Veins,  would  run  in- 
to the  Cavity  of  the  Belly,  and  there  ftagnating  in  great 
Quantities  would  rot  and  putrify,  and  confequently 
Death  mufl:  follow  : Whereas  now,  as  it  is  found  to  lie 
in  fmall  Parcels  on  the  Bowels  and  other  Places,  it  may 
be  eafily  dilfolved  again  5 which,  if  it  were  not,  it 
would  be  the  Caufe  of  one’s  Death,  or  at  lead  of  Sick- 
nefs:  But  pardon me,‘that  I have  gone  thus  far  beyond 
my  Laft. 


HI.  An. 


1 


in.  An  Account  of  the  Manner  of  Manuring  Lands 
hy  Sea-Jhellsy  as  praBifed  in  the  Counties  of  Lon- 
donderry and  Donegall  in  Ireland.  1%  his  Grace 
the  Lord  Archbijhop  of  Dublin.  Communicated  hy 
Samuel  Molyneux 

Both  there  Counties  are  very  mountainous,  and  thofe 
Mountains  covered  with  Boggs  and  Heath,  in  fo 
much  that  there  is  little  Arable  Ground  in  them,  except 
what  has  lately  been  made  fo.  There  are  three  ways 
pradis’d  to  reduce  Heath  and  Bog  to  Arable  Land : The 
firft  is  by  cutting  of  the  Scurf  of  the  Ground,  making  up 
the  Turf  fo  cut  in  heaps,  and  when  the  Sun  has  dryed 
thete  Heaps,  they  are  then  fet  on  Fire  ^ when  burnt  as 
much  as  they  can  be,  then  thofe  heaps  are  fcattered  on 
the  Ground,  and  it  being  Plowed,  it  beareth  Barley,  Rye, 
or  Oats,  for  about  three  Years. 

The  Inconveniences  are  firft,  that  fuch  Burning  defiles 
the  Air,  caufeth  Rain  and  Wind,  is  not  pradicalin  a wet 
Summer  5 and  by  deftroying  the  Sap  of  the  Earth  and 
Roots  of  the  Grafs,  and  all  other  Vegetables,  renders  it 
ufelefs  for  feveral  Years  after  the  third,  in  which  it  is 
Plowed. 

The  fecond  way  is  by  Liming  5 this  is  much  better  than 
the  former,  becaufe  it  doth  not  fo  much  Depauperate 
the  Ground,  will  laft  long,  and  beareth  better  Grain,  and 
whatever  is  pretended,  doth  not  deftroy  the  Grafs,  if  due 
care  be  taken  not  to  over  Plow  it  5 but  then  this  is  very 
dear,  and  Lime-ftone  is  not  every  where  to  be  had,  and 
in  many  Places  Fire  is  wanting. 

I 2 Dung 


. Dung  is  the  Common  Manure  in  all  places,  and  there- 
fore I (hall  fay  nothing  of  it. 

Marl  is  not  ufed,  that  I have  obferved,  in  the  North, 
but  about  the  Sea  fide  the  great  Manure  is  Shells:  Any 
one  that  will  look  into  the  Map,  will  fee  how  the  Bay 
of  Londoft^  commonly  cdXVd  Loughfoyle^\\t% towards  the 
Eaftern  part  of  it  there  lies  feveral  Eminencies  that  hard- 
ly appear  at  Low  Watery  thefeare  made  of  Shells  of  Sea- 
filh  of  all  forts,  more  particularly  of  Perriwinkle,  Cockles, 
Limpet,  The  Country  Men  come  with  Boats  at 
Low  Water,  and  carry  Loads  of  thefe  Snells  away  5 they 
leave  them  in  heaps  on  the  Shear,  and  there  let  them  lie 
till  they  drain  and  dry,  and  by  that  means  become  much 
lighter  for  Carriage  ^ they  carry  them  by  Boats  as  far  as 
the  Rivers  will  allow  them,  and  then  in  Sacks  on  Horfes 
perhaps  fix  or  feven  Miles  into  the  Country  5 they  allow 
fometimes  40,  but  moftly  80  Barrels  to  an  Acre  5 they 
agree  with  Boggy,  Heathy,  Claiy,  Wet,  or  Stiff  Land, 
but  not  with  Sandy.  They  feemto  give  the  Land  a fort 
of  ferment,  as  Barra  doth  to  Bread,  opening  and  lofen- 
ing  the  Clods,  and  by  that  means  making  way  for  the 
Roots  to  penetrate,  and  the  Moifture  to  enter  into  the 
Fibers  of  the  Roots  : The  Manure  continues  fo  long,  that 
I could  find  none  that  could  determine  the  time  of  its  en- 
during. 

The  Reafon  of  its  long  continuance  feems  to  be  this, 
that  the  Shells  melt  every  Year  a little  till  they  be  all 
fpent,  which  requires  a confiderable  time,  whereas  Lime, 
^c.  operates  all  in  a Manure  at  once  5 but  it’s  to  be  ob- 
ferved, that  in  fix  or  feven  Years  the  Ground  grows  fo 
mellow,  that  Corn  that  grows  on  it  becomes  rank  and 
runs  out  in  Straw  tofueh  a length,  that  it  can’t  fupport 
it  felf,  and  then  the  Land.miih  be  fuffered  to  lie  a Year 
or  two,  that  the  ferment  may  be  a little  quieted  and  the 
do;] s harden,  and  then  itr  will  bear  as  long  again,  and. 


( &{ ) 

for  ought  I know*  and  could  find  itj  continues  to  dp  Co 
with  the  like  in^ermiffions  for  20  or  30  Years. 

In  the  Years  in  which  the  Land  is  not  Plowed,  it  bear^ 
a fine  Grafs  mixed  with  Dafies  in  abundance  5 and  it  is 
pleafant  to  fee  a fteep  high  Mountain,  that  a fevr  Years 
before  was  all  Black  with  Heath,  on  a fuddcn  look  white 
with  Dafies  and  Flowers. 

It  fines  the  Grafs, but  makes  it  (hort  rho  thick:  Obfer-- 
ving  that  this  Manure  produced  flowers  in  the  Field,  I 
made  my  Gardener  ufe  tliefe  Shells  in  my  Flower  Garden, 
and  never  faw  bett-r  Carnadons,  or  Flowers  fairer  or- 
larger  than  in  that  Gold  Climate  5 and  it  contributes  to  * 
deftroy  Weeds,  at  leaft  doth  not  produce  them  fo  much, 
as  Dung  5 it  likewife  produces  very  good  Potatoes  at  a- 
bout$  Foot  diftance  from  one  another  5 and  this  is  one - 
Method  of  reducing  Bc^y  Vjarrtn  Land.  They  lay  a little  • 
Dung  or  Straw  on  the  Land,  and  fprinkle  it  with  Shells  5 - 
fcmetimes  they  cut  the  Potatoes  if  large,  that  they  may 
go  the  farther,  and  then  dig  Trenches  about  fix  or  feven 
Foot  diftance,  and  throw  the  Earth  or  Soil  they  take  out 
of  them  on  the  Potatoes,  fo  as  to  cover  them,  and  then 
fencing  the  Plot  of  Ground  fo  planted,  let  them  grow. 
Plant  them  in  J/r/i  or  Maj',  and  they  are  ripe  m 3 - 

they  dig  themasthey  have  occafion,  and  let  them  lie  till 
next  Year,  then  dig  them  again,  and  fo  the  third  Year, . 
every  Year  they  by  this  means  go  deeper  in  the  Earth,  and 
the  laft  they  dig  them,  then  p ck  them  out  as  carefullya»  ' 
they  can,  that  little  Seed  may  remain^  and  the  fourth  . 
Year  they  Plow  the  Ground  and  Sow  Barley,  and  the 
Produce  is  very  good  for  fome  Years  j fome  Potatoes  will- 
remain  and  grow  up  without  any  hurt  to  the  Barley  or' 
Oats,  and  those  they  dig  and  pick  out,  and  the  Ground 
remains  good  and  Arable  ever  after; 

Tisobfervable,  that  Shells  do  heft  in  Boggy  Ground ^ - 
where  the  Surface  is  Turf  5 Turf  generally  is  nothing  but 
theProdu<ft.  of  Vegetables,  fuch  as  Grafs,  Heath,  &c. 

tha-^- 1 


, ( ) 

that-  being  rotten  the  Salt  is  waQied  away  by  the  Water, 
and  there  remains  only  the  Earthy,  and  efpeciaJly  the 
Sulphureous  parts  of  them,  as  appears  from  the  Inflam- 
mability of  Turf  3 now  Shells  being  chiefly  a Salt,  it  in- 
corporates with  the  Sulphur  of  the  Plants,  and  renders 
them  fit  for  the  Vegatation  of  New  Plants. 

And  this  appears  further  from  this,  that  Shells,  that 
have  been  under  the  Salt  Water,  are  much  better  then 
fuch  as  have  been  in  the  Earth,or  dry  at  the  Strands : Al- 
moft  about  the  Bay  of  Londonderry  if  you  dig  a Foot 
or  two  it  yields  Shells,  and  whole  Banks  are  made  up  of 
them  3 but  thefe,  tho’  more  intire  then  fuch  as  are  brought 
out  of  the  Shell  ifland,  are  not  fo  profitable  for  Ma- 
nure. 

lobferved  in  a place  r\.'^2iX  NewtovpnLamavady^^^o'jitt'^o 
Miles  from  the  Sea,  a Bed  of  Shells,  fuch  as  lie  on  the 
Strands  the  place  was  cover’d  with  a Scurf  pf  wet  fpouty 
Earth  about  a Foot  thick  3 the  Country  People  ufed  the 
Shells,  but  they  were  not  reckon’d  fo  good  as  thofe  that 
are  found  in  the  Sea  or  near  it. 

. The  Land  about  the  Sea- fide  bears  very  indifferent 
Wheat,  nor  will  the  Shells,  in  that  particular,  without 
fome  t)ung3  but  I very  much  doubt  whether  that  be  not 
due  to  the  ignorance  of  the  Farmers  that  generally  under- 
ftand  nothing  of  Wheat. 

Some  thoufands  of  Acres  have  been  improved  by  the 
Shells,  and  that  which  formerly  was  not  worth  a Groat 
per  Acre,  is  now  worth  four  Shillings : They  have  in 
many  Places  thus  improved  the  very  Mountains  that  be- 
fore were  very  Turf  Bogs.  In  thefe  they  meet  with  this 
inconveniency,  that  if  the  Seafon  for  Plowing  proves 
wet,  their  Horfes  fink  fo  deep  in  the  Soil,  that  they  can’t 
Plow  it,  efpecially  after  two  or  three  Years. 

They  commonly  made  Lime  of  the  Shells  formerly, 
and  fome  do  fo  ftili.  I have  not,  that  I remember,  feen 
any  fuch  Lime,  but  I underftood  that  it  bound  very  well, 

and 


and  I believe  it  is  not  fo  oorpofive  as  Lime  made  of  Stone? 
for  1 find  m theHiftOry  of  Q^ton,  that  they  make  up  their 
•Land  with  Lime  of  Oyftcr-Shellsj  and  which,  I believe',  • 
would  be  irnprafticable  with  common  Lim'e. 

About  thirty  Years  ago  they  made  Lime  of  the  Shells,  - 
ind  Manured  their  Land’s  With  it  5 hut  a poor  Country- 
man, that  out  of  Lazinefs  or  Poverty  had  not  provided 
to  make.  Lime,  threw  the  Shells  unburnt  on  his  Land  5, . 

, his  Crop  proved  as  good  as  his  Neighbours,  and  the  fe- 
eondand  third  Crop  better,  and  all  took  the  hint,  and  ^^ 
have  ufed  them  fo  ever  fince. 

Where  Shells  are  not  to  he  procured,  .Sea  Rack  or  Sand 
fupply  the  want  of  them,  but  are  not  fo  good  3 Sea  Rack 
lafts  but  three  years,  and  Sand  little  longer. 

*Tis  certain  Ireland  has  been  better  Inhabited  than  it 
is  at  prefent : Mountains,  that  now  are  covered  with 
Boggs,  have  formerly  been  Plowed  5 for  when  you  dig 
five  or  fix  Foot  deep, you  difeover  a proper  Soif  for  Vege- 
tables,and  find  it  Plowed  into  Ridges  and  Furrows  j This  * 
is  obfervable  in  the  Wild  Mountains  between  Ardmagh 
and  Dundalk^  where  the  Redoubt  is  Built,  and  likev/ife  * 
on  the  Mountains  of  Alt  more : The  fame,  as  I am  inform- 
ed, has  been  obferved  in  the  County  of  Londonderry 
Donegall^  a Plow  was  foui}d  in,  a very^deep  Bogg.iq  t^ie- 
latter,  and  a Fledge  with  Wattles  handing,. under  a Bogg  ; 
that  was  five  or  fix  Foot  deep  above  it . I -have  feen  the 
Stump  of  a large  Trep  in  a Bogg  ten  Foot  deep  at  Cafiie^ 
Forbes  5 the  Trunk  had  been  burnt,  and  fome  of  the  Cyn- 
ders  and  Allies  lay  ftih  on  the  Stump.  I have  leen  like- 
wife  large  Old  Oaks  grow  on  Land,  that  bad'  the  ’ 
Remains  of  Ridges  and  Furrows.  And  I am  told-,  Thar-- 
on  the  top  of  an  higbjdoun'tajn  in  the  North,  there  are. ' 
yet  remaining  the  Streets  and  Footftepsof  a large  Town  3:- 
and  in  truth,  there  are  few  places,  but  either  vifibly,  or 
when  the  Bogg  is  removed,  there  remains  marks  of  the  ’ 
Plow  ^ wjiiich  fure  muft  prove,  that  the  Country  was  well  - 
' * Inhabited^ . 


{HI  . 

Inhabited.  lt*s  Ifkely  .that  the  Danes  firfl:,  tnd  then  the 
Englifi  deftroyed  the  People  j and  the  old  Woods  (eem 
. to  thofe  that  pretend  to  judge,  to  be  about  three,or  four 
hundred  years  (landing,  which  was  near  the  time  that 
Courcey  ‘2ind  the  Engltjh  fubdued  the  North  of  Ireland^ 
and  *tis  likely  made  havock  of  the  People  that  remained 
efter  the  Danes  were  beat  out  of  Ireland, 

* 

I iil"  ' , . II.  , 

^1. 

IV.  De  Linearum  CurVarum  Lon^itudine 
Juthore  Jo.  Craig. 

LEMMA.  * 

t 

Duortm  ^adratorum  fumnsam  in  alia  duo  SsadraU  di* 
videre. 


SINT  dz  t ds  duo Qaadrata data,  quorum  fumma 
d s^  ds*  dividenda  eft  in  alia  duo  Quadrara 
d x\  d Z'  ^ fintque  ben  duo quilibet  numeri  ad arbi- 
trium  fumendi.  Jam  ex  conditione  Problcmatis  eft 


d/  ^ dz  d s"^  unde  (ut  ex  Diophanto  conftat j 

j ■ m m 
erit  4 X = 


n n * d z 2 m n d s 


mm'\-nn 


o=. 


nn-^mm*ds  2 m n d z 
mm  n m 


• « « 


Q.  E.  J. 


'm 

ii; 


PRO- 


r<5) 


t 


P El  O B L E M A. 


Curvas  htnunttras  invenire^  qu£  fint  ejufdem  LongUudifiJi^ 
cum  Curva  qhavk  ^ropofta^  five  Algebraica  five  Tranfceri^ 
dente* 

Defignent  a,  s Coordinatas  Curva:  propofitse  ^ Sc  x,  j 
Coordinatas  Curvse  qusefitse,  qu*e  ejufdem  fit  longitudinis 

Z 2. 

cum  propofita  5 Unde  ex  Curvarum  Elementis  dx  dj/ 

= dz  -i-  d / 9 Idcoque  per  Lemma  prsecedens 

^ ^ — tt  n * d % 7 m u d s 

^ m m » n ^ 


nn^mt»*ds-^'7mndz 

i»  I.  ■ ' --  ' ^-1  III  I • 

m m n n 9 


Quarum  integrales  funt 


X 


m 


n 


a + 7 m n s 


m m n n 


z . 

m ^ s 7 m m z 
m m n n 


Et  fic  innotefcunt  Coordinatas  y unius  ex  Curvij 
quaefitis  3 fimiliter  ex  hac  una  invenietur  fecunda,  ex  fe- 
cunda  tertia,  6c  fic  porro  innumerse  invenientur  . . . . 

a E.  7- 


Exempla  jam  non  addo,  nara  poftea  (Deo  volente) 
opportunior  dabitur  locus,  in  quo  Methodushaecadplura 
hujufmodi  Problemata  extendetur,  6c  SolutioProblematis 

K hujas 


( 06  ; 

hujas  perExempla'illuftrabitur.  Et  quidem  banc  Soluti- 
onem  femel  iterumque  tarn  aperte  indicavi,  ut  tacillime  a.  ' 
qoovis  in  his  verfato  deduci  poffit  ex  iis,  qu^e  fubjiingun- 
tur  Solmioni  Casus  Ipeci^lis  huju,s  Problcniatis,  in  quo 
fcil.  Curva  propofita  eft  Algebraica,  quanique  exhibui  in* 
Aftis  Phil.  R,  S.  Jan.  1704,  ut  ClarifTmio  Probleraatis 
propofitori  D.  Jo.  Bernoulli  conftaret  illius  Solutionem  q. 
Methodis  Calculi  differential's  inveriis  maxime  tritis  pofle 
obtineri,  utpotequi  in  privatis  fuis  ad  D.  Cheyna^um  Li- 
teris  fignificabat  eandem  non  poffe  exhiberi  per  Theore- 
mata  nodra  in  Adtis  Phil.  R.  S.  Mart.  I709.  publicata. 

Ft  quoniam  ex  Aftis  Erud.  Aug*  1705.  percipiodblucioneni 
illam  (quis  fcopo  pra;difto  fatis  fuperque  Puisfaciebar) 
Doftidimo  Viro  non  arridere,  id,eo  mg, dp  pr^emillam  So-  g 
lutionem  nulli  ob)edioni  obnoxiam  publici  juris  fac/o. 
Neceffe  itaque  eft  ut  Clarifl!  Bernoulli  agnofcat  vix  ullum* 
dari  Problema,  ciijus  Solutio  ex  Calculo  Integrali  facilius 
deducitnr,  quam  Ibi  de  Transformatione  Cur  varum. 

Quse  verb  in  iplius  Bernoulli  Solutionedifplicent  paucis  * ' 
enarrabo.  Et  Prime,  Quod  ad  Curvas  tantum  Algebra!-  ! 
cas  eandem  extenderit.  Secimd_o,  Qnod  Mechanica  tan- 
tura.  lit,  a Motu  (ut  vocat)  Reptorio  tofa  dependens. 
Immortali  quidem  tionore  digaus  eft  Hugenius  ob  inven- 
tum  Evolucionis  Motum,  quia  & ipfe  & poft  ipfum  alii 
' plurima  egregia  Theoremata  Geometrice  exinde  deduxe- 
runt.  Sed  nec  Motus  Leibnitii  Tradionis^  nec  Bernoulli  | 
Motus  reptorius  cum  Hugenii  Motu  evolutionis  compara-  •] 
buiitur,  donee  cum  Hugenio  celeberrimi  viri  Curvas  per 
Morus  fuos  genitas  ad  leges  Geometricas  revocayerint 
quod  cum  neuter  eqrum  pr^^ftiterif,  ideo  Problematum  So- 
lutiones  dependentes  a Curvis  per  Motus  fugs  genitis  in-  1 
ter  Mee-hanicas  folum  annumerari  polTunt. 


V. 


( (>7  ) 


V-  Account  of  a 7^ew  Ifland  raifed  near  Sant- 
Erini  in  the  Archipelago  5 being  pari  of  a Letter 
to  Mr,  James  Petiver,  F.  ^ S,  from  Dr,  W* 
Sherard,  Conful  at  Smirna, 

Smirna^  Jnly  24.  1 707. 

IJiifi:  now  receiv’d  a Letter  from  our  Conful  at  Alila, 
with  the  following  Account  of  a New  iQand,  &c. 
Take  it  in  his  own  Words. 

“ There  happening  in  this  part  of  the  Archipelago^  at 
“'the  iiland  of  ^ant-Erini,  a great  Curiofity,  I have 
“ thought  it  worth  your  Notice.  On  the  12th  of  the 
“ lafl:  Month  there  began  to  rife  up  an  Iflind  a Musket- 
“ (hot  diftant  from  the  lOand  of  Sant-Erini,  which  con- 
“ timially  increafing  from  Day  to  Day  in  the  fame  man- 
“ ner,  and  troubling  the  Sea,  there  arofe  up  feveral 
“ Rocks,  that  fixed  themfelves  to  this  Ifland  ; fo  that 
“ at  this  time  it  is  about  half  a Mile  in  Circumfe- 
“ rence. 

Milo^  June  21,  1 707,  N.  S. 

Several  others  have  much  the  fame  Account.  I have 
writ  to  Sant-Erini  for  a piece  of  the  Rock,  and  a more 
diftind  Relation,  which  you  may  exped  by  my  next,  if 
worthy  of  Communication. 

I 

- W,  k 


K 2 


From 


\ 


1 


( a ) 

% 

From  the  Paris  Gazette,  dated  April  14,  1708/ 

Confiantitiople^  Jaft.  1708. 

They  write  from  the  Ifland  of  Sant^Erini  in  the  Ar* 
ehipelago,  about  28  Leagues  North  of  .the  Town  of  Caft^ 
diuy  of  the  firft  of  December  laft,  that  there  was  fprungup 
an  Ifland  from  the  Bottom  of  the  Sea,  which  at  that  place 
is  very  deep,  formed  of  Stones  caft  up  by  a Volcano  under 
ground  at  the  Bottom  of  the  Sea,  which  has  often  pro- 
duced the  fame  Effects,  and  after  the  fame  Manner.  In 
the  Year  726,  in  the  time  of  the  Emperor  Leo  Ifauricm^ 
there  was  formed  an  Ifland  on  the  North'flde,  called-the 
Burnt  Ifland^  by  Matter  vomited  up  and  heaped  together 
by  this  Vo'cano.  In  the  year  1427,  in  the  Month  of  - 
December,  this  Jjland.was  increafed  by  great  Rocks 
eaftup  by  Subterraneous  Fires.  In  the  year  1650,  in  the  • 
Month  of  September^  the  Volcano  again  took  Fire,  and 
produced  the  fameESedls,  without  . forming  any  Ifland, 
but  only  a Shelf  or  Bank  10  Fathom  under  Water  in  the  \ 
Sea,  where  it  has  no  Bottom.  Laftly,  In  *. the  Month  of  ‘ 
November  lafl,  1707,  the  Volcano  made  an  Ifland,  which  ' 
is  already  two  Miles  in  Circumference,  and  increafes  yet 

oi  December')  by  Rocks  and  other  new  Matter  | 
that  is  thrown  up.  This  Burning  was  preceeded,  as  at  | 
all  other  times,  by  violent  Shakings  of  the  Earth, Tol-  I 
lowed  by  a thick  Smoak  that  rofe  out  of  the  Sea  in  the  | 
day  time,  and  Flames  in  the  Night,  and  accompanied  ' 
with  a terrible  roaring  under  Ground.  There  is  no  Ex-  * 
ample  of  the  Effedts  of  any  Volcano  at  Land  like  thefe  in 
the  Sea  5 and  yet  what  renders  them  the  more  credible,  , 
is,  that  the  Ifland  of  Sant-Erini  it  felf,  is  almofl:  all  of  it 
compofed  of  Burnt  Rocks  and  Pumicc-floncs : It  produ- 
ces fome  forts  of  Grain,  but  has  neither  Rivers  nor 
Springs,  nor  any  other  AVater  but  what  is  faved  in  Ci- 
fierns. 

VI.  Expe-  ‘ 


1 


( ^9  ) 


VI.  Experiments  of  the  Luminous  Qualities  of  Ambery  . 
Diamonds,  and  Gum  Lac,  hy-  Dr,  Wally, 
in  a Letter  to  Vr,  Sloahe,  R-.  ^'Secr. 


SIR, 

Having' lately  obferv’d  feveral  natural  folid  No&^l^ 
Iffcas,  not  hitherto  by  any,-  as  I knovr,  taken  no-  * 
rice  of,  (I  think  I may  be  well  allur’d  fome  of  the  ' 
fi0/»e»a  never  ■ were,)  at  your  Requeft  I give  you  • 
the  larger  account  ot  ’em  : But,  before  I fpeak  of  my 
own  Obfervations,  give  me  leave  to  inform  you  a little 
concerning  the  lArtificial  ^ which,  you  know,  .. 

is  a Subjed  I’m  pretty  wcli-acquainted  with,  having  made 
a great  number  ot  Experiments  about  it,  whereby  I was  ’ 
naturally  led  to  the  following  Remarks. 

You  may  remember  my  telling  you  many  Years  a go -of 
my  good  Friend  Mr.  Pfl'y/es communicating  to  me,  about  ^ 
the  Year  1680,  his  way  of  making  the  Plrfphorus  with 
Urine,  at  the  fame  time’deliring  me  to  ufe  all  ray  Endea-  ■ 
vours  to  Pnd  out  fome  •' other  Subject,  from  whence  »c 
might  be  made  in  greater  Quantity,  and  perhaps  he 
might  have  made  the  like  Requelf  to  many  more  s,  - 
for,  to  ufe  his  own  Words,  he  faid,  he  really  pitty’d  his'^ 
Chymiff,  who  was  forc’d  to  evaporate  fo  ' prodigious  a ' 
Quantity  of  Urine,  to  get  a very  little  of  the  Pho  fphori^s,  '■ 
Soon  after,  in  order  to  fee  fome  Experiments  in  Chymi»  - 
(fry,  I lodg'd  fora  fhorc  time  at  his  Chymifi’s  Houfe,  one  - 
Mr  Bilgar,  then  living  in'ALry  le^Bone  Street  near  Ficca*  ■ 
d'U/j,  who  indeed  was  equally,  if  not  more  importunate' 
with  me  than  Mr.  Boyle,  to  try  if  I cou’d  find  out-  Ibme  - 


■ ( 70  ) 

‘ ocherMatter,  from  which  more  might  be  made  than  from 
Urine,  telling  me  there  was  fo  great  a demand  for  it,  that 
it  w^ou’d  be  of  very  great  advantage  to  him.  It 
being  then  a very  hot  Summer,  I caufed  a piece  of 
the  dry’d  Matter  in  the  Fields,  where  they  empty 
the  Houles  of  Office,  to  be  di'gg’d  up,  in  which,  when 
broken  in  the  Dark,  a great  number  of  rmali  Parti- 
cles of  Pfjofphorns  appear’d : This  Matter  I carry ’d  to 
Mr.  w'ho  view’d  it  with  great  Satisfadion,  and 

Mr.  Bilgar,  by  his  Direction,  fell  to  Work  thereon,  but 
from  it  cou’d  make  very  little  or  no  Phofphorus,  till  ano- 
ther Matter  was  added  to  it  in  Di  filiation,  and  then  he 
cou’d  therewith  make  large  Quantities,  to  his  great  Pro- 
fit ^ for  while  1 was  at  his  Houfe,  I often  faw  him  make 
it,  and  fell  it  for 'fix  Guineas,  and  fix  Louis  d*Ors  ?ix\ 
Ounce,  whereby  he  got  fo  much  Money,  that,  I believe, 
he  thought  himfelf  above  his  Bufinefs,  and  quickly  left 
England  ^ fo  that  we  lofi  an  Honefi:  and  Ingenious  Chy- 
milf,  and  Mr.  Boyle  a Faithful  and  Induftrious  Servant.  I 
forbear  to  mention  the  abovefaid  Matter  in  kindnefs  to 
Mr.  Godfrey,  who  fucceeded  Mr.  Bilgar  as  Chymilf  to 
Mr.  Boyle^  and  is  the  only  Perfon,  that  I know  of,  who 
now  makes  it. 

Now,  vSzV,  my  being,  as  you  have  heard,  well  ac- 
quainted with  the  Artificial  Phofphoms^  was  the  occafion 
of  my  making  many  Refledtians  about  it,  and  caus’d  me 
to  confider,  whether  there  might  not  be  in  rerum  naiura 
other  natural  ones,  befides  thofe  that  Mr.  and  fome 
others  have  given  an-  account  of. 

You  well  know,  6'/>,  that  Humane  Urine  and  Dung  do 
plentifully  abound  with  an  Oleofum  and  Common  Salt,  fo 
that  I take  the  Artificial  Phofphorus  to  be  nothing  elfe  but 
that  Animal  coagulated  with  the  Mineral  Acid  of 

6pirit  of  Salt,  which  Congtdum  is  preferv’d  and  not  dif- 
folv’d  in  Water,  butaccended  by  Air. 


Thefe 


f M ) 

Thefc  Confidentions  made  me  conjecture  that 
which  I take  to  be  a Mineral  OkoCiim  ccas.u1:uecl 
with  a Mineral  Volatile  Acid,  might  be  a Natural  i^hof- 
phorf^s,  fo  I fell  to  make  many  Experiments  upon  ir, 
^and  at  laft  found,  that  by  gently  rubbing  a well  po- 
liQi’d  Piece  of  Amber  with  my  Hand  in  the  dark,  which' 
was  the  Head  of  my  Cane,  k produc’d  a Eighty  wh?re- 
upon  I got  a pretty  large  piece  of  Amiber,  which  I cat7- 
fed  to  be  made  long  and  taper,  and  drawing  it  gently 
thro’  my  Hand,  being  very  dry,  it  afforded  a conlidcra"  ■ 
ble  Light.  I then  us'd  many  Kinds  of  foft  Animal  Sub- 
ilances,and  fcijiid  none  did  fo  well  as  that  of  Wool,  And 
now  new  offered  themfelvcs  f,  for  upon  draw-' 

ing  the  piece  of  Amber  fwifdy  thro’  the  Woollen  Cloth, 
andfqueczing  it  pret'y  hard  with  my  Hand,  a prodigious 
number  of  liule  Cracklings  were  heard,  and  every  one 
of  thofe  produc’d  a little  fl  ;Qi  of  Light  *,  but  when  the- 
Amber  was  drawn  gently  and  H'ightly  thro’  the  Cloath,  it 
prodiK^’d  a Light  but  no  Crackling:^  but  by  holding  one’s  - 
Finger  at  a liitic  dihance  from  the  Amber,  a large  Crack- 
ling is  produc’d,  with  a great  llalb  of  Light  fuccecuing  ir, 
and,  what  to  me  is  very  furprizing,  upon  its  eruption  it 
ffrikes  the  Finger  very  ren(ibly,whcrcfpevcr  apply’d,  wirh  - 
a pufti  9r  puff  hke  Wind.  The  Crackling  is  full  as  loud 
as  that  of  Charcoal  on  Fire^  nay,  live  or  lix  Cracklihgs, 
or  mere,  according  to  the  quicknels  of  placing  the 
Finger,  have  been  produc’d  from  one  Tingle  Fndfion, 
Light  always  fucceed ing  each  of ’em.  Now  I make  no - 
qaeftioHjbut  upon  ufiuga  longer  and  larger  piece  of  Am- 
ber, both  the  Cracklings  and  Light  would  he  much  grea’-- 
ter,  bccaufe  I never  yet  found  any  Crackling  from  the  - 
Head  of  my  Cane,  altho’  ’tis  a prcity  luge  one  5 and  it 
feems,  in  feme  degree,  to  rcprcfcnt  Tbuiukr  and  Light- 
ning 5 but  what  to  me  is  more  frrange  than  all  I have-, 
been  telling  you  is,  thattho’  upon  friefion  with  Wool  in 
tlae  day  time,  the  Cracklings  Teem  to  be  full  as  many  and 


( ) 

.as  large, 'yet  by  all  .the  Tryals  I have  made,  very  Jittle 
Light  appears,  tho’  in  the  darkeO:  Room  5 and  the  heft 
time  ot  making  thefe  Experiments,  is  when  the  Sun  is  i3 
Degrees  below  the  Horizon  5 and  when  the  Sun  is  fo,  tho* 
the  Moon  Ihines  never  fo  bright,  the  Light  is  the  fame  as 
in  the  darkeft  Room,  which  makes  me  chufe  to  call  it  a 
No&iluca. 

I will  not  prefume  to  give  you  my  Thoughts  concern- 
ing Amber,  (which  Teems  to  be  a Receptacle,  and  an  in- 
exhauflible  Treafuie  of  Eighty)  why  upon  a hardfridtion 
rile  Light  rhould,  as  it  were, be  ftrain’d  out  of  fuch  a num- 
ber of  places?  Nor  why  upon  an  eafie  fridion  it  fhou’d 
not  give  thofe  Cracklings  and  Light,  unlefs  the  Finger, 
or  Tome  other  Body,  be  held  at  a little  diftance  from  it  ? 

Nor  why  in  a dark  Room, tho’  it  Crackles, it  (hou’d  give  lit- 
tle or  no  Light  till  the  Sun  is  near  down  ? But  I have  men- 
tion’d thefe  few  things,  amongft  many  others,  to  fee 
if  I cou’d  provoke  you,  Sir,  to  give  me  your  Thoughts 
about  them,  not  knowing  any  one  fo  capable  of  doing 
it  as  your  felf:  And  the  Friendfhip  you  have  al- 
ways profefs’d  tome,  makes  me  hope  you’ll  be  pleas’d  to 
excufe  this  irregular  account  of  my  Obfervations,  for  you 
have  ’em  in  the  fame  order  juft  as  I made  ’em.  ! 

As  the  Artificial  Fhofphorus  led  me  to  that  of  Amber,  i 
fo  Amber  direded  me  to  that  of  a Diamond^  from  its  be-  j 
ing  Eledral  as  well  as  the  other,  which  is  alfo  a Natural  j 
Phofphorus,  or  rather  a No^iluca,  exceeding  all  others,  and 
may,  without  any  Exception,  be  call’d  a Mineral  ■ 

phorus,  it  being,  as  I think,  the  moft  pure  of  all  ’ 

fums^  coagulated  with  a Mineral  Acidum^  and  if  in  ■ 
the  Difeovery  of  this  I have  not  oblig'd  the  Learned,  I’m 
in  hopes  I (hall  all  thofe  who  deal  in  Diamonds  5 for  none 
of  the  many  I have  talk’d  withal  know  any  thing  of  the 
Matter  5 tho’  Mr.  Boyle  has  given  the  World  an  Account, 
at  the  latter  end  of  his  Book  of  Colours,  of  Mr.  Claytons 

Diamond, 


^ 7?  ) 

Diamond,  and  aftervvai;ds  fays,  that  feme  Diamonds 
wou’dj  and  iomc  wou'd  not  Qdno  in  the  Dark:  But  if 
any  one  elfe  has  fince  then  made  a Difeovery,  that  all 
Diamonds  wou’d  give  Light  in  the  Dark,  they  have  been 
very  unkind  to  -the  World  in  not  letting  them  know  k, 
becaufe  Pm  well  affur’d  that  a great  many  People  have 
• been  but  too  often  cheated  with  ’em,  which  I hope  to 
prevent  for  the  future  5 hut  thus  much  I muft  take  leave  to 
lay,  that  I never  underftood  any  fuch  thing  till  I difeo- 
ver’d  it  my  felf,  tho’  now  I remember,  that  Mr. 
veral  times  fpoke  tome  of  Mr.  Claytons  Diamond,  lament- 
ing that  he  cou’d  not  prevail  with  the  Owner  to  part 
with  it  at  any  rate.  I have  now  by  me  a yellow  Dia- 
mond, which  I have  (heWn  to  a great  many  Jewellers 
and  others,,  and  but  a very  fewof  em  will  allow  it  to  be 
a Diamond 5 but  by  as  many  Tryals  as  I have  made,  I 
think  my  way  of  diftinguiOiing  Diamonds  is  fo  certain, 
that  none  need  fear  to  affirm  ’em  to  be  fo,  even  upon 
Oath.  ' . , 

A Diamond, byan  eafie  flight  fridion  in  the  Dark, with 
any  foft  Animal  Subftance,  as  the  Finger,  Woollen,  Silk, 
appears  in  its  whole  Body  to  be  Luminous  5 nay,  if 
you  keep  rubbing  for  a little  while,  and  then  expofe  it 
to  the  Eye,  ’twill  remain  fo  for  fome  little  time  : But  if 
the  Sun  be  18  Degrees  below  the  Horizon,  if  any  one 
holds  up  a piece  of  Bays  or  Flannel  ftretch’d  tight  be- 
tween both  hands,  at  fome  diftance  from  the  Eye,  and 
another  rubs  the  Bays  or  Flannel  with  a Diamond  fwiftly 
and  pretty  hard  on  the  other  fide  of  it,  the  Light  to  the 
Eye  of  him  that  holds  it,  feems  much  more  pleafant  and 
perfed  than  any  other  way  I have  yet  try’d.  But  what 
to  me  feems  more  furprizing  than  all  I have  mention’d, 
is,  that  a Diamond  being  expos’d  to  the  open  Air  in  view 
of  the  Sky,  gives  almoft  the  fame  Light  of  it  felf  with- 
^ rubbing,  as  if  rabb’d  in  a dark  Room  ^ and  if  in  the 

L open 


open  Air  you  put  your  hand  or  any  thing  elfe  a littic 
over  it,  to  hinder  its  Communication  with  the  Sky,  it 
gives  no  Light:  And  Ido  alTureyou,  I have  try*d^^ll  or 
moft  of  the  other  Precious  Stones,  but  could  find'  no'fuch 
in  any  of  them  ^ and  I muft  further  add,  that 
all  the  Experiments  here  related  were  made  at  the  latter 
end  of  May  and  beginning  of  and  thereforel  can*t 
pretend  to  account  for' the  Fk^namena  that  may  attend 
Experiments  made  while  the  Sun  is  on  the  other  fide  ot 
the  Equator. 

There  are  fome  other  Bodies  that  afford  Light,  and  [per- 
haps many  more  remain  yet  undifeover’d,  but  I’m  well 
allur’d,  that  all  or  moft  of  the  Bodies  which  haA  C an 
£le<ftricity  yield  Light  5 for  in  my  Opinion,  ’fis  the  Light 
that  is  in  ’em,  which  is  the  caufe  of  their  being  Eledtral; 
yet  this  Eledtriciry  never  (hows  it  feU  wkhout  fridtion  ^ 
if  ycu  rub  any  Body  that  has  an  Ele(ftricity,  and  apply  it 
near  to  Tome  light  Bodies,  as  particularly  very  thin  Sli- 
ces of  Cork,  ’twill  put  them  into  a great  Agitation,  and. 
makqthera  feetn  to  the  Eye  as  hanging  at  the  Body  by  a 
fine  Hair. 

I forbear  fpeaking  of  Jet,  which  Teems  to  me  to  be  a 
black  Amber,  having  moft  of  the  Properties  of  Amber, 
but  not  fo  perfedf  and  pure. 

I muft  not  forget'to  fpeak  of  another  Subftance  fo  fre* 
qnently  made  ufe  of  by  almoft  all  forts  of  People,  not 
hitherto  by  any,  I as  know,  taken  notice  of  to  be  endu’d 
with  a luminous  Quality,  wdiich  is  alfo  another  Natural 
Pkofphorfis^oT  No&iluca^SLnd  that  is  Gum  L^r,and  alfo  Red 
Sealing-Wax,  which  is  made  with  Gum  Lac  3.nd  Cinabar^ 
the  way  impeding, but  rather  promoting  itsLu** 

minous  Quality,  for  I caus’d  long  taper  Rolls  to  be  made 
up  of  Lae  alone,  and  of  pure  Red  Sealing-Wax,  both  be* 
ing  well  polifh’d  :■  The  Sealing-Wax  upon  fridfion,  feems 
tome  to  emit  its  Crackling  and  Light  fooner  than  the 

which. 


( 75  ^ 

I knpute  to  the  Cinabars  conftringing  its  parts,  tho*  1 
think  Lac  ’per  fe  has  the  greateft  Eleftricity,  both  having 
all  or  moft  of  the  Properties  ot  Amber  5 and  by  all  the 
Tryals  I have  hitherto  made  of  Lac  and  Sealing-Wax,  I 
find  that  tho* -the  Cracklings  are  as  plentiful  in  the  day 
time,  as  when  the  Sun  is  down,  yet  in  the  darkeft  Places 
I coud  difeover  but  a little  appearance  ot  Lighr,  fo  that 
this  deferves  the  Name  of  a NodHluca  or  Phofphornt,  as 
well  as  the  others  already  fpoken  of,  it  being  no  other 
than  a Vegetable coagulated  with  an  Animal  Vo- 
latile Acidam.  I don’t  know  in  the  Animal  Kingdom, 
any  thing  but  Pifmires  that  affords  a Volatile  Acid,  and 
in  the  Eafi-L/dies  there’s  a large  kind  of  em,  that  live 
on  the  Sap  of  certain  Plants,  affording  both  a Gum  and 
a Colour,  which  Sap  paffing  thro*  the  Body  of  thofe^ 
Infers  or  Animals,  is  by  their  Acid  Spirit  converted  into 
an  Animal  Nature^  which  is  the  rcafonthat  with  the  Co- 
lour extracted  from  Gnm  Lac  (which  Lac  is  nothing 
elfe  but  the  Excrements  of  thefe  Infeds  or  Animals)  al- 
rnoft  as  good  and  full  as  lafling  Colours  are  made  as  from 
.Cochif^ele:  I’m  the  uiorc  confirmed  herein,  becaufe  1 
know  of  an  Artificial  way  of  converting  Vegetable  Co- 
louis  into  an  Animal  Nature  very  much  like  this,  by 
which  the  Colours  are  made  more  pleafant  and  perma- 
nent, the  Method  v/hereof  I fhall  forbear  mentioning 
at  prefen f,  and  refer  it  to  wdiat  I may  hereafter  have  oc- 
cafion  to  write  in  relation  to  Colours.  After  the  fame 
manner  the  remaining  Gum,  which  is  an  Oleofam^  being 
digefied  and  paffing  thro’  the  Bodies  of  thofe  Infeds  or 
Animals,  is  by  their  Volatile  Acid  converted  into  a Ve- 
getable-Animal Phofphorm^  or  No&iluca  ^ the  Artificial 
Phofphorns  is  a Mineral- Animal  Phofphorus,  wdaereas  I 
take  the  others  to  be  altogether  Mineral. 

Perhaps,  Sir,  this  hafty  and  fhort  Account  of  my  Ob- 
fervations  may  by  fome  be  thought  little  better  than  a 

L 2 Tnffe, 


(t6) 

Trifle,  fo  might'^’probably  be  the  attradion  of ’Iron  by 
the  Loadftone,  when  that  was  the  firfl:  obfervable 
votmnon  in  it  j which  tho’  fmall  in  it  felf,  yet  gave  to 
the  Carious  an  occafion  of  finding  out  the  other  Pro. 
perties  of  that  Mineral,  which  have  been  fiirice  improv’d 
to  an  Univerfal  Benefit  in  the  difeovery  of  new  Arts  arid 
new  Worlds.  And  I am  not  without  hopes  but  that  fome 
more  elevated  and  happy  Genius  may  ariTc,  under  whofe 
Conduft  thefe  Hints  may  be  carry ’d  on  to ‘an  height  not 
eafie  to  be  forefeen  by  Rerfons  of  fhort  Views,  whofd 
Conceptions  are  confin’d  within  the  narrow  limits  of 
what’s  already  known,  and  whofe  Self-fufficiency.  fooths 
*em  with  a plus  ultra. 

Thus,  i’/r,  I pleafe  my  felf  with  the  remote  profped  of. 
new  Scenes  iu  Nature,  which,  tho’  imperfed  at  prefent, 
may  in  time  by  fome  skilful  Hand  be  finifh’d  and  fitted 
for  a nearer  view,  tho’  before  that  time  fnall  come,  no-, 
thing  may  remain  of  me  befides  this  Teftimony  of  my 
good  Will  to  Mankind,  and  particular  refped  for  you. 


N. 

W 

M»wi.ii,ii  II  ^ r 


\ 

■ ! 


\ 


N 

ADVER- 


t 


'si-;-  H'  ,;9ltntna!s 


pfpyi  M M I ■ ■ y'  ■ [ * 

; s.i  - i'  ,2s  r,  ■ i -t 


-♦  ♦ 


' i \ .1, 


W 


» ‘ « u j 


^crciisin  the,  perufal  of  ths  late  M/:.  Ray  V 

' P'^ffico'theoiogical  Vifeourfes^ 
deCochlitis  Angliae,  Dr.  Robert  lories  of 

Oxford  (hire  and  StafFordlbire,  Dr.  \^,ood  ward  V Effay,  fmie 
Papers  in^the  PhilO’bphical  Tranfadions,  federal  other 
Books  ‘y  thef^tifeourfes  on  PormedftoneJ,^  and  their  Origin ^ 
areyiotfoeVeay^  mderfoody.  jor^sraf^t  of  .a  competent  know- 
ledge  of  thofe  Bodies  1-  Notice  is  hereby  given^  that  the  Curi- 
ous in  that  part  of  ■ NafuralUifory^.  may  for  one  Guinea,  be 
fupplyd  with  Specimens  of  all  the  following  figurd  Bojjils  by 
Alban  Thomas,  Librarian  of  the  Afhmolian  Repojitory,  m ^ 
Oxford.  : - 


' *,  1 ' i ■ Vj  I '»'i  - .J  0 .■>  X j # j . 


■ 1 ’ • A.\- , .:a 

I;  A Culeus,  Fairy  Pins,  ox  Fojjih  B fifties' of  Hhe  Sea- 
Dr  chin  or  Hedge-hog,,  call'd  otherwije  the  Sea  ' 

ni  Alveolus',  1 he  Scale.  ' * ' r.  • : 

5.  Afteria,  The  Star-fone.  ’ • ' '•  ''  - 

Aftroites,  The  Afroite.  An  Irregular  Coralline-flone,  ' 
.turally  Engravn  with  Ajierisks. 

5 . Auricularia  Plotii,  The  Lid  or  Cover  of  a fmall  Capfulary 
Offer, 


B, 


frS) 

B.  ' 

6.  Belemnites,  TheThunderholt. 

7.  Bidentula,  The  Forket, 

8.  Bratichiale,  The  Gill-jiofie, 

9.  Baccinites,  The  Trumpet-Fifl), 

10.  Butonites,  The  Toad-pone^  or  Capful ar  Ichthjodont, 

C. 

11.  Cochlites,  The  Cochlite  or  SnaiFjiohe. 

12.  Columellus,  J'he  Shaft,  * 

15.  Corallium,  Fojfil  Coral, 

14.  Cornu  Hammpnis  five  nautilites,  TheSayler  (or  as*tk  , 

''  \tommonly  caW(F^  $ht  Snake>pone,  ^ \ 

15.  Cryftal|us,‘‘Crj/^^/,'^'* 

16.  Curviroftra,  The  Wry-neh,  ‘ . 

E. 

17.  Echinites,  ThlFckmU^  ox  FoJJil  Sea  Z)rchh. 

1 8.  Echinodos,  The  Ekinod  or  Fojfil  Tooth  of  the  Sea- 

Urchin.  * . . ; . . . 

1 9.  Entrochus,  The  Bead,  St.  CuthbertV  Bead. 

20.  Fluor,  Spar: 

'll.  Fungi tes,  T he Chan/plnion  or  Toad  Pool. 

G. 

22.  Gloflbpetra,  The  Lancet,  ox  Mucronated  Ichthjodont,  ^ 
fome  forts  whereof  are  Fo[fil  Shark! s Teeth. 

23.  Gryphites,  The  HavpJ(s-BiU,  or  Ague-fheU. 

H. 

24.  Hippocephaloides,  The  Horfe-head.  This  is  only  the  \ 

Kernel  or  Stone  included  in  the  Wry-neb.  . . 

25;  Tchthyofpondylus,  The  Spondyl,  or  Fairy  Salt  feller.  \ 

L.  ; 

s6.  Lapis  Judaicus  five  Radiolus,  The  Ecknite  fpoke,  or  \ 
Fairy  Cucumber. 

27.  Lithoxylon,  The  Pierdebois,  or  (^as  commonly  fuppo-  ‘ 
fed J petrify  d Wood. 

M. 


) 


M. 

28.  ^Mufculites,  The  River  Mufcle-flone^  . . 

29,  Mytiloidcs,  The  Mytilod,  or  Sen  Mufcle-ftom* 

N.  • , • 

50.  Nerites,  The  Nerlte^  or  FoJJU  Sen  Sftail,  * 

51/  Oft;eites,  Fofpl  f ;oi  J ^ 

34t‘ PeftrafeeS^We^ftf^. ' ". 

33.  Pholas,  F he  P hoi  ad,  or  Shrouded  Shell*'*  • 

34.  Pifolirhus,  The  Pifollte,  oxGUnd. 

3$.  PIc<^ronites,  The  Argot,  or  Cock,  fpur  IchthjodouL 
36-  Porpites  Plotii,  T/>e  Porpite,  or  Capillary  DHtton-flone: 

37.  Porus,  The  Pore  Stone,  or  Pore  CoraL 

38.  Pundrnlaria,  The  PunCfulary,^  Sope  ftoncj  or  Poroux' 
Marble  JlTiquajlre* 

R. 

39.  Ricinus,  T/>e  Tyk^  fit  qua  fire, 

S. 


40.  Saccilus,  The  Satchch  T'  — 

41.  Selenites,  Moon  flone,  or  Cat  Silver. 

42.  Siliquaftrum,  The  Shale,  or  Siliquaftre  :An  IchthyodontT 
refembling  leguminous  Husks. 

43*  Siphunculus,  The  Syringe,  or  Greater  Pipe-ftone.'^ 

4^.  Stalagmifes,  The  Drop-flone. 

45.  Strigofula,  The  Furrow  Shell..* 

T. 


46.  Talcum,  Talck-  -- 

47.  Tellinites,  TheTellinet,  or  Lcfer  Mufcle-fell.  * 

48.  Terebratula,  T he  Hole^neb^  or  Oilet-felT  :• 

49.  Trichites,  Jhe  Brjftle  ftone, 

50.  Trochites,  The  Whirle,  or  Top-fjell.  * 

5 1.  T ubularia,  The  Tubulary,  or  Leffer  Pipe- fell. 

52.  Turbinites,  The  Spindle  Periwinkle.'^ ' 


1 • ' 


I -N 


• f 


Any  Genii  tmft  deprout  of  foci}  a Col  leflion , tnaj  plo^e  tp  ^ 
Jend  their  Orders  either  to  the  above  mention  d Alban  Tho-  * 
mas,  «?r  to  any  of  their  correfoondents  in  Oxford,  ^ach  Fojjil  ~ 
(^as  alfo  the  place  where  Joundy  roilt  be  named  according  to 
Mr,  Lhuyd  / Lithophyladi  Britan nici  lchnographia' 5 
they  may  command^  ^f  they  pleafe,  two  or  three  ^ampleSy  or 
elfe  diftinCl  Species  of  each  kjnd  5 excepting  thofe  which  am 
diftinguifdd  with  an  Afterifc. 


LO  FI  D O N, 

Printed  for  Nenry  Clements  at  the  Half-Moon  in 
St.  ?auh  Church- yard.  M DC<3  VIII. 


( 8i  ) 


(Numb.  31 5J 

PHILOSOPHICAL 

TRANSACTIONS. 


For  the  Months  of  May  af?d  June,  1708. 


The  CONTENTS. 

I.  An  Account  of  the  Repetition  of  an  Experiment^  touch’ 
ing  Motion  given  Bodies  included  in  a Glafs  by  the  Ap- 
proach of  a Finger  near  its  out  fide  : With  other  Experi- 

ments on  the  Effluvia  of  Glafs,  By  Mr.  Fr.  Hanks  bee, 
F.  R.S, 

ir.  An  Account  of  fome  Experiments  touching  the  EleBricity 
and  Light  producible  'on  the  Attrition  of  fever  al  Bodies, 
By  Mr.  Fr.  Hauksbee,  F.  R.  S. 

III.  An  Account  of  an  Experiment  of  the  different  Denfities 
of  the  Air,  from  the  greatefl  Natural  Heat,  to  the  Great- 
eji  Natural  Cold  in  this  Climate,  By  Mr.  Fr.  Hauksbee, 
F.R,)^. 

IV.  Joannis  Keiil  ex  Mde  Chrifti  Oxon.  A.M.  Epifiola  ad 
Cl.  Virum  Gulielmum  Cockburn,  Medicinee  DoBorem. 
In  qu  i Leges  AttraBionis  aliaque  Rhyjices  Principia  tra- 
duntur, 

V.  Microjcopical  Obfervations  upon  the  Tongue  in  a letter 
to  the  Royal  Society  from  Mr.  Anthony  Van  Leeuwen- 
hoek, F.  R.  S. 

VI.  Part  of  a Letter  from  the  Reverend  Mr.  W,  Derbam, 
F.  R.  S.  to  Dr.  Hans  Sloane,  R.  S.  Seer,  concerning 
the  Migration  of  Birds. 


M 


I.  Am 


( 8i  ) 


I.  An  Jccmnt  oj  theKepetitknof  an  Experiment  touching 
Motion  given  Bodies  included  in  a Glafs^  by  the 
Approach  oj  a Finger  near  its  outjide : With  other 
Experiments  on  the  Effluvia  of  Glafs,  By 
Mr,  Fr*  Hauksbee,  F.  S. 

T'HIS  Experiment  having  been  but  imperfedly  made 
before,  I thought  a Repetition  of  fuch  a fnrpri* 
fing  Y^hiefjomenon  would  not  be  unacceptable  to  the  Socie- 
ty, feeing,  not  only  the  Apparatus  was  better  adapted, 
but  ihe  Appearance  was  much  more  confpkuous.  For  it 
was  obfervable,  that  after  the  Motion  and  Attrition  had 
been  continu’d  about  2 or  3 Minutes,  and  then  ceahng,  the 
Threads  within  feem’d  to  hang  in  a carelefs  Confubon, 
and  were  not  Inftantaneoufly  erefted,  bur  in  about  3 or  4 
Seconds  of  Time  they  v;ere  fo,  every  way  towards  the 
<i)!rcumference  of  the  Glafs  ^ and  feemingly  with  fomuch 
Stoutnefs,  that  a Motion  of  the  Glafs  alone  would  give 
them  no  great  Diforder  : but  that  which  was  the  moft 
furprifing,  was  to  fee  a Morion  given  them  by  the  Ap- 
proach of  ones  Hand,  Finger,  or  any  other  Body,  at 
more  than  3 inches  diftance  from  its  outward  furfacc, 
notwithftanding  the  Threads  within  touch’d  not  the  in- 
ward one.  And  it  waS  farther  cbfcrvable,  that  after  e- 
very  Repetition  of  the  Motion 'of  the  Wheel,  and  the 
new  Attrition  of  the  Glafs,  that  the  diftance,  at  which 
the  Threads  might  be  mov’d,  feem’d  to  be  Increas’d.  And 
I have  fince  found  that  the  Threads  could  have  a notable 
Motion  given  them,  by  blowing  towards  the  Glafs  with 
(Ones  Mouth  at  3 or  4 Foot  diftance  3 by  which  means 

’the 


the  Air  was  put  in  Motion,  and  confcquently  the  EfflnvU- 
of  Glafs  were  fo  too.  And  at  another  time,  when  1 have 
fuddcnly  clapt  my  fpread  Hands  on  the  Upper  and  Lower 
Parts  ot  the  Globe,  there  has  been  inch  a Violent  Agita- 
tion of  the  Threads  within,  as  was  very  furprifing,  and 
continu’d  fo  for  fome  time.  But  how  to  Account  for 
fuch  Unccmmon  ?h£mmefia  feemsvery  difficult.  Yet  give 
me  leave  to  make  fome  Obfervations  on  former  Experi- 
ments of  the  like  kind, which  with  Remarks  on  fome  others 
lately  made,  may  in  fome  meafure  folve  that  difficulty. 
The  Experiment  where  the  diredfed  Threads  on  the  out- 
fide  of  the  Glafs  would  fly  the  Approach  of  any  thing 
held  near  them,  feems  to  me,  that  the  Parts  of  the  £/- 
flnvia  are  ft  iff,  and  continu’d,  fliat  when  any  part  of  them 
are  puftit,  all  that  are  in  the  fame  Line  fuffer  the  fame 
Diforder.  So  even  in  this  Experiment  (I  have  juft  now 
been  relating)  allowing  a (ontinmm  of  Parts,  (as  I fee 
no  rcafon  to  the  contrary)  the  bfflhvtawithm^  and  thofe 
withc'ut'  are  all  of  a Piece,  ("for  they  are  both  begot  by 
the  f me  Attrition)  that  when  the  Fffiuv/a  are  puffit,  or 
difturb’d  without,  the  Effluvia  within,  m the  fame  dire- 
dion  are  fo  too,  and  confcquently  the  Threads  which  are 
upheld  and  dirededby  ’em.  The  Effluvia  which  are  pro- 
vok’d from  the  Glafs,  feem  to  be,  and  are  nothing  elfe 
but  part  of  the  fame  Body  exerted  from  it  by  rubbings 
therefore  (I  rhink)  can  be  no  Impediment  to  the  Motion 
of  its  own  Effluvia,  for  ntherwife  I do  not  fee  how  the 
Effluvia  w'ithm,  can  be  produc’d  by  an  Attrition  without. 
And  for  a farther  Confirmation  that  the  Effluvia  of  Glafs 
ad  not  but  in  d.  Continuum  of  their  Parts,  take  the  follow-* 
ing  Experiments. 


E X P E 


V 


I took  a piece  of  Leaf  Brafs,  and  laid  it  between  two 
pieces  ot  Wood  about  an  Inch  in  thickntfs,  and  the  fame 
dihance  afunder*  Then  lapply’da  well  rubb’d  Tube  to 
attradt  the  Brafs,  evenfo  near  as  the  Wood  would  lufFer, 
but  gave  it  no  manner  of  Motion  3 but  fo  foon  as  the 
Wood  was  remov’d,  and  the  Coutimum  of  its  Sphere  re- 
ftor’d,  the  Brafs  was  driven  to  it  very  vigoroufly,  with- 
out any  frelh  Attrition  ^ which  I think  moft  plainly  proves, 
that  the  Adtion  of  the  Effluvia^  or  at  leaft  in  a great  mea- 
fure,  is  loft,  if  the  Parts  of  it  are  difcontinu’d  by  any 
thing  Interpofing,  or  Interrupting  its  Spherical  Figure. 
Nay,  I have  try’d,  by  holding  the  Tube  fo,  that  its 
Sphere  might  meet  with  no  Interruption  by  the  Wood  in 
its  Circle  round  the  Axis  of  the  Glafs,  yet  this  would 
exhibit  nothing  neither  3 by  which  I find,  that  if  the 
Parts  of  the  Effluvia  are  in  a manner  interrupted,  their 
Adtion  is  loft,  or  at  leaft  mightily  impair’d. 


( 85 ; 


EXPERIMENT  II. 


Again,  after  the  Tube  had  been  frefh  rubb'd,  and  the 
Leaf-Brafs  fcatter’d  on  the  Table  as  ufual,  if  a piece  of 
Paper  was  held  to  touch  the  upper  part  of  the  Tube,  it 
would  not  attraft  at  all,  altho’  approach’d  very  near  5 
but  fo  foon  as  the  Paper  was  remov’d,  it  recover’d  its 
Sphere  of  Adivity,  which  was  very  fcnfible,  by  giving  a 
brisk  motion  to  thofe  Bodies,  which  juft  before  were 
Quiefcent.  And  it  may  be  remembred,  that  it  is  menti- 
on’d in  the  Experiment  for  producing  Light  by  the  Ef- 
flnvU  of  the  outward  Glafs  falling  on  the  inward  exhau* 
fted  Glafs  in  Motion,  that  after  the  Motions  were  ceas’d, 
it  was  but  approaching  one’s  Hand  near  theSurface  of  the 
outward  Glafs,  to  produce  a Light  in  the  inward  one  : 
Whence,  by  thefe  Experiments  *tis  plain,  the  Efflnvia 
within  were  puftit  more  vigoroufly  on  the  inward  Glafs, 
by  the  approach  of  the  Hand  without,  otherwife  no 
Light  would  have  enfii’d.  And  farther  to  prove  the 
ftiffnefs  of  the  Body  of  the  Effluvia^  *tis  obfervable,  that 
when  a piece  of  Leaf-Brafs  is  hunted  about  a Room,  that 
the  Brafs  fwimS  or  floats  on  the  Surface  of  the  Effluvia^ 
and  as  that  is  more  or  lefs  exerted,  fo  the  Brafs  keeps  its 
diftance  from  it,  nor  will  by  any  means  be  fuffer’d  to  fink 
within  it’s  Sphere,  unlefs  it  meets  with  a Body  in  its  way, 
and  then  it  is  attradfed  and  return’d  again  feveral  times 
with  great  fwiftnefs. 


( ) 


E X P E R I M E N T III. 

Having  try’d  fhe  Effeft  of  the  difcontinuing  or  inter- 
rupting of  the  Effluvia  of  the  Affric^ted  Tube  on  its  out- 
ward Surface,  I was  willing  to  try  what  would  enfue,  by 
filling  its  Cavity  v/ith  a Body,  which  I did,  by  plugging, 
up  one  end  of  it  with  a Cork,  then  pouring  in  at  the  o- 
ther  dry  Writing  Sand  till  it  was  near  full : After  that,  the 
Attrition  was  diligently  made,  and  when  held  towards 
the  pieces  of  Brafs  as  ufual,  no  motion  was  given,  till  it 
arriv’d  within  an  Inch  or  thereabouts  of  them.  And 
thus  on  leverai  Tryals  it  anfwer’dmuch  alike*  And  if  at 
the  fame  time  the  Sand  be  (hot  fuddenly  out,  the  Tube 
will  attrad  the  fame  Bodies  at  double  or  treble  the  fore- 
mention’d  dilfance,  without  any  frefh  Attrition  5 which 
plainly  fhews,  that  altho’ the  Tube  will  attradt  wheh  ap- 
proach’d near,  yet  the  Body  within  is  a fenfible  Impedi- 
ment to  the  Extenrion  of  its  Adion  without.  This  brings 
to  my  mind  the  unfuccersfulnefs  of  the  Attempt  I made 
tp  attrad  Bodies  vvith  a Tube  exhaufted  of  its  Air  3 which 
feems  to  conclude,  there  being  no  Air  within,  to  bear 
the  hffluvia  from  its  Body,  a centimum  of  their  Parts 
maft  conlequently  be  prevented, 

Now  how  far  thefe  Experiments  and  Obfervatjons 
lerve  to  A 'count  for  the  premention’d  Eh^nomenon^  in 
Relation  to  the  Modon  given  Bodies  within  the  Glafs' 
by  the  appro  ach  of  a Body  towards  its  ourfidc,  I leave 
wholly  to  ihi^-Homnrabk  Society  to  determine. 


ll  Aa 


II.  An  Account  of  Jome  Experiments^  touching  the 
Eledricity  and  Light  producible  on  the  Attrition 
of  federal  Bodies.  By  Mr.  Fr.  Haiiksbee, 
F.  % S. 

According  to  the  Commands  of  the  Society^  I have 
made  the  following  Experiments. 

I caus’d  a piece  of  Wood  to  be  turn’d  into  the  form 
of  a ftiort  Cylinder,  it  being  about  four  Inches  Diame- 
ter, and  three  in  length.  This  being  fixt  on  an  Axis,  I 
melted  in  a Ladle  about  a Pound  and  half  of  the  befi: 
Sealing-Wax  I could  procure,  and  when  it  was  fluid,  I 
plung’d  the  Wooden  Cylinder  into  it,  where  I kept  it 
moving  round  till  it  had  got  a Coat  of  it  about  half  an 
Inch  thick  on  its  Surface,  (I  mean  that  part  of  it  which 
is  mod  remote  from  its  Axis :)  when  it  was  perfeftly  cold, 
I plac’d  it  on  the  Machine,  which  gave  Motion  to  it  by  a 
large  Wheel  (as  ufual  in  the  Experiments  on  the  Attri- 
tion of  the  Globe  Giafs  5)  alter  the  Motion  and  Attrition 
had  been  continu’d  fome  fmall  time,  I held  the  Hoop  of 
Threads  over  the  Cylinder,  which  were  attradcd  and 
diredted  towards  its  Center,  as  in  the  like  Experiment 
made  with  the  Globe  Giafs.  The  Threads  likewife, 
while  they  remain’d  direded,  would  fly  the  Approach  of 
a Finger.  Thus  in  all  Kefpeds  relating  to  Eledricity, 
the  Effluvia  of  Wax  feems  very  agreeable  to  thofe  pro- 
ducible on  the  Attrition  of  Giafs : For  on  rubbing  a 
Stick  of  the  fame  premention’d  Wax,  the  Leaf  Brafs 
would  be  attraded,  and  return’d  with  great  Velocity  5 

N 2 and 


• ( 88  ) 

and  fometimes  a Piece  of  the  fame  Brafs  might  be  car- 
ried all  about  a Room,  feemingly  riding  or  floating 
on  the  Surface  of  its  Effluvia.  In  (hort,  1 find  no  diffe- 
rence in  the  Laws  of  cue  different  Effluvia,  tho’  thofe  of 
Glafs  feeni  to  be  much  the  ftrongeft,  and  to  aft  with  the 
' greateft  Vigour.  Thus  far  the  Day  light  Experiments. 

Upon  the  Approach  of  Night,  Icaufed  the  fame  Mo- 
tion  to  be  given  to  the  Wax  Cylinder  (begging  leave  to 
call  it  fo)  as  I had  done  in  the  Day  time,  to  fee  what 
Light  might  then  be  produc’d  on  the  Attrition  of  it.  I 
apply ’d  foine  clean  new  Flannel  on  it,  but  could  difcc- 
ver  little  or  no  Light  ^ yet  afterwards  upon  holding  my 
naked  hand,  as  ufual,  on  the  Glafs  Globe,  a confidera- 
ble  Light  was  vilible,  tho  only  where  the  Attrition  v/as 
made,  nor  would  it  live  any  longer  than  the  Motion.  [ 
try’d  if  a Light  would  be  communicated  to  one’s  Finger 
approacht  near  it,  (as  in  the  Experiment  of  the  premen- 
tion’d  Glafs,)  but  could  obtain  no  fuch  Appearance  with- 
out touching  it.  This  in  a great  meafure  befpeaks  the 
Weaknefs  of  its  Effluvia.  I likewife  have  try’d  what  Light 
might  be  produc’d  from  it,  by  giving  Motion  to  it  in 
Vacuo  5 and  altho  I was  forc’d  to  ufe  Flannel  there,  yet  a 
very  diftinguilhing  Light  appear’d  on  each  Arm  of  the 
Brafs  Spring  that  gently  embrac’d  it 3 and  doubt  not,  but 
if  my  Hand  could  be  made  ufe  of  to. rub  the  Wax  in  fuch 
a Medium,  the  Light  would  have  been  much  greater : 
For  the  Light  produc’d  upon  the  Attrition  of  the  Flannel 
on  the  Wax  in  Vacuo,  was  rather  better  than  that  which 
was  produc’d  upon  the  Attrition  of  it  with  my  naked 
Hand  in  common  Air. 

From  all  which  Experiments  it  appears  to  me,  that 
the  largenefs  or  littlencfs  of  Light  or  Attraftion,  pro- 
ducible from  Bodies  by  Attrition,  proceeds  from  the 
Number  and  Strength  of  their  Refpeftive  Effluvia,  and 
fo  of  all  Bodies  reciprocally  falling  under  the  fame 
Claffis, 


Now 


( 8p ; 

Now  whether  thefe  ^Q\tX2\'Ph£nomna  are  attributable 
to  the  Quality  of  the  Lac^  or  Vermilion^  (which  1 
take  to  be  the  foie  Compound  of  the  Wax  5)  or, 
whether  the  Mixtion  of  both  thefe  Bodies  is  abfo- 
lutely  neceffary  in  the  Production  of  thefe  Appear- 
ances, is  worthy  Enquiry. 

A ConUniiatlon  of  thefe  Experiments, 

I have  farther  purfu’d  the  Experiments  on  the  Eledrl- 
city  of  different  Bodies  in  the  following  manner. 

I caufed  two  Wooden  Cylinders  to  be  Turn’d,  of  the 
fame  Dimenfions  as  mentioned  in  the  Experiment  of  the 
Sealing-Wax  ; and  in  the  fame  manner  as  in  that,  I coat- 
ed their  outward  Surfaces,  one  with  melted  Sulphur,  the 
other  with  Colophony  or  Rofin  mixt  with  Brick-duff, 
(which  was  put  into  it  on  purpofe  to  bind  and  make  k 
more  hard  5 and  firff  ihe  Cylinder,  which  was  cloathedi 
with  the  melted  Flow’ers  of  Sulphur,  I fixt  to  give  Mo- 
tion to  it  as  ufual  in  Experiments  of  this  kind  5 and  af- 
ter my  Hand  had  been  held  on’t  a little  while,  I caufed 
the  Motion  to  be  ffopt,  then  bringing  near  it  the  Hoop 
with  Threads,  mention’d  in  former  Experiments,  the 
Threads  were  attraCfed  and  direCfed  to  its  Center,  butno' 
thing  foftrongly  as  to  the  Sealing-Wax.  And  this  upoa 
feveral  Tryals  was  much  fhe  fame.  Then  I try’d  the  Ro- 
fin in  the  fame  manner,  and  found  the  EleCfrical  Quality 
in  that  ratch  (frongcr  than  the  former:  For  the  Threads- 
were  drive  1 towards  its  Cente*,  feemingly  with  greater 
Vigour  than  that  of  the  Sealing-Wax  ; bu-t  the  Rofin  at 
that  time  was  not  quite  cold  from  its  being  melted.  la 
both  thefe  Experiments  the  Threads  would  fly  the  Ap- 
proach of  one’s  Finger  ^ but  if  Sealing-Wax  or  Amber 
were  held  near  them,  they  would  very  eagerly  fly  and 

adhere 


( po  ) 

adhere  to  them  without  being  rubb’d  5 and  that  is  what  I 
never  took  notice  ot  before.  1 farther  obferved,  that  the 
Rofin,  while  warm,  would  attract  Leaf-Brafs  at  an  Inch 
or  two  diftance  without  any  Attrition.  But  next  day 
when  I came  to  repeat  the  Experiment,  its  Eledricity  was 
fo  inconfiderable,  as  well  as  that  of  the  Sulphur,  that  I 
, did  not  think  them  worthy  to  trouble  the  Society  with 
the  fight  of  ’em,  alcho  the  knowledge  of  their  Perfor- 
mances may  not  be  altogether  unncceffary.  At  Night  I 
try’d  what  Light  thefe  Bodies  would  afford  on  their  At- 
trition in  the  Dark,  but  could  produce  none  from  the  Ro- 
tin,  nor  indeed  but  very  little  from  the  Sulphur,  and  that 
not  by  my  Hand,  but  by  holding  the  ends  of  my  Nails 
very  hard  on  it  while  it  was  in  motion.  I try’d  likewife 
wiiether  the  Sulphur  would  emit  any  Light  by  its  Attri- 
tion in  the  Dark  in  Facuo,  but  could  difcover  none  altho  ‘ 
diligently  endeavour’d. 

The  moft  furpiifing  of  all  Experiments  that  I have 
met  with  yet,  are  the  following. 

I took  my  Glafs  Globe  that  I ufe  for  (liewing,  the  Ex- 
periment of  the  included  Threads,  which  would  point  ' 
every  way  from  the  Center  to  the  Circumference  upon 
the  Attrition  of  it  5 and  in  that  (fate  a Motion  might  be  ; 
given  thofe  Threads,  by  the  Approach  of  one’s  Hand  i 
near  its  ontfide.  But  this  proceeded  from  the  Effluvia  of  i 
its  own  Body  exerted  by  rubbing,  therefore  not  fomuch 
to  be  wondred  at.  But  that  thofe  Threads  contain’d  in  j 
the  fame  Globe,  ftiould  have  motion  given  them  by  the  i 
Effluvia  of  an  Heterogenious  Body  feparate  from  it,  and  1 
the  Globe  at  the  fame  time  to  have  no  manner  of  mo-  ^ 
tion  or  Attrition  given  it,  is  very  arnafing  ^ and  that  it  ^ 
is  fo,  is  matter  of  faff.  For  when  I held  rubb’d  Seal-  A 
ing  Wax  near  the  outfide  of  the  Globe,  the  Threads  ^ 
within  would  have  motion  given  them  in  a very  afto* 
nifhing  manner,  altho’  the  Body  of  Wax  touch’d  not  the  | 
Glafs  by  a or  4 Inches.  The  like  I found  might  be  per- 
form’d 


I 


1 


C pj  ) 

Form’d  by  a rubb’d  Glafs  Tube,  or  by  Amber  ^ and  if  the 
Threads  were  plac’d  in  a Bottle  well  cork’d  up,  or  any 
other  clofe  Glafs,  I fuppofe  it  would  anfwer  the  fame. 
This  Difcovery  was  made  this  day,  being  the  23d  of 
ffine,  1708.  and  I doubt  not  but  to  carry  it  farther  than 
what  I here  now  give  an  Account  of. 

f t 

F 0 S T S C R I P T. 

r have  fince  repeated  this  Experiment  with  Leaf-Brafs 
cover’d  with  a Glafs  Difh  on  a Table,  and  it  was  obier- 
vable,  that  (alcho’ the  Diih  was  very  thick;  upon  hold- 
ing the  well  rubb’d  Sealing  Wax  over  it,  the  Pieces  of. 
Leaf-Brafs  wdthin  v'ouid  have  a brisk  Motion  given  them, 
and  continue  fo  a confiderable  time,  ere  ihe  Wax  would 
require  any  frelh  Attrition.  But  this  Appearance  will 
not  always  fucceed  ^ for  fome  time  after  erdeavouring 
the  fame  Experiment,  i could  by  no  means  make  it  an- 
fwcr  as  betore  rThe  Temperature  of  the  Air  being  then 
alter’d,  its  moift  Effiavia  vvere  condens’d  on  the  Glafs  5- 
and  fo  long  as  it  remain’d  under  fuch  Circumftance,  it 
v^as  attempting  it  in  vain.  But  I found,  that  if  theGlafs: 
was  a little  warm’d  by  the  Fire,  or  plac’d  a while  in  the 
Sunlhine,  or  well  rub’d  with  a warm  dry  Linnen  Cloath, 
any  of  which,  whereby  the  Humid  might  be  eva- 

porated, that  then  the  included  Pieces  of  Leaf-Brafs^ 
would,  from  the  affricated  Wax',  have  as  brisk  a Motion 
given  them  as  before.  Now,  whether  the  Fire,  Sunlhine, 
or  the  rubbing  the  Glafs  with  a warm  dry  Linnen  Cloath, 
not  only  clears  it  from  the  moift  Efflnviu  condens'd  on  ir, 
but  likewife  gives  motion  to  the  Particles  of  the  Glafs  hi 
felf : Which  Motion  Ferns  to  produce  Effinvia,  which 
in  conjundtion  with  that  of  the  Sealing-Wax,  facilitates 
its  Adfion  on  the  premention’d  Bodies^  and  that  it  does 

fo 


( pi  ) 

To,  I conclude  from  this  Particular : That  when  I had 
warm’d  the  Glafs  by  the  Fire,  or  had  evaporated  the 
Humid  Efflfivia  by  any  of  the  other  means,  I found  I 
could  give  Motion  to  the  included  Brafs  Bodies,  by  only 
rubbing  my  Finger  on  the  outfidc  of  it,  without  the 
afliftance  of  the  Wax.  But  at  fuch  a time  when  the  well 
rubb’d  Wax  was  held  over  it,  the  Motion  of  thofe  Bo- 
dies would  be  much  encreas’d  ^ and  ’twas  obfervable, 
that  fometimes  the  Brafs  Bodies  would  continue  to  be  in 
Motion,  after  the  Wax  was  withdrawn  from  them.  But 
if  the  Air  be  naturally  warm,  and  free  from  Humid  Va- 
pours, there  needs  none  of  the  prementioned  means  to 
affift  the  Effluvia  of  the  Wax  to  give  Motion  to  the  in- 
cluded Brals  Bodies ; Yet  at  the  fame  time  I muft  believe, 
that  the  Particles  of  the  Glafs  are  then  in  a greater  Mo- 
tion, than  when  the  Experiment  will  not  fucceed.  And 
Yis  very  probable  I had  never  difeovered  this  odd  Eh<eno- 
menon^  had  I firft  attempted  it  at  an  improper  Temperature 
of  the  Air  3 which  will  caution  me  another  time  in  Ex- 
periments of  this  Nature,  not  to  conclude  till  I have  had 
lecourfe  to  fuch  helps  as  juH:  now  related.  What  farther 
I have  to  take  notice  of  is,  that  the  Effluvia  of  the  Wax 
may  very  fenfibly  be  felt  on  the  Back  of  the  Hand,  the 
Wax  being  mov’d  to  and  fro  near  it,  as  I have  formerly 
taken  notice  of  the  like  fenfible  Stroaks  given  by  the 
Effluvia  of  Glafs. 


III.  Jn 


V- 


< 91  ) 

Iv  -[  z.  . 


HI.  Jn  Account  of- an  Experiment  touching  the  different 
T)^njities  of  the  Air^  from  the  greatefl  Natural 
Heat^  to  the  greatejl  Natural  Cold  in  this  Climate. 
(By  Idr.  Fr.  Hauksbee,  F.  S. 


ITook  a Glafs  Tube  about  2 Feet  in  length,  and  near 
two  tenths  Diameter  5 which  at  about  6 Inches  from 
one  end,  I bent  in  form  of  a Syphon,  as  reprefented  by 
the  Figure : at  whofe  end,  which  was  fartheft  diftant 


from  the  Angle,  I cemented  on  a Brafs  Screw  with  afmall 
Perforation  in  it  3 by  which  means,  when  I put  a little 
Quickfilvcr  into  the  (horter  Leg,  1 could  by  declining  the 
Tube,  or  longeft  Leg,  bring  it  to  reft,  any  where  3 as 
fuppofe  at  A A.  the  fuperfluous  Air  within  paffing  the 
premention'd  Perforation.  Then  fcrewing  a Cap  on  if, 
the  Mercury  was  detain’d  in  the  fame  Place,  and  pofteft 
in  length  about  half  an  Inch.  In  this  manner  it  was 
convey’d  into  a Wooden  Trough,  with  a Thermometer: 
Then  putting  in  as  much  warm  Water  as  would  cover 
its  Ball,  the  Syphon  lying  at  Bottom  in  an  Horizontal 

O Pofition, 


( 94  ) 

Pofftion,  its  (horter  Leg  appearing  above  the  Water, 
(which  was  purpofely  fo  contriv’d  to  prevent  any  Incon- 
venience that  might  arife  by  the  Waters  getting  into  if, 
and  to  give  a free  liberty  for  the  preflbre  ot  the  outward 
Air  to  exercife  its  full  power.)  When  the  Spirit  ot  Wine 
had  afcended  by  the  heat  of  the  Water  into  its  fmall 
Ball  on  top,  which  I thought  was  neceffary,  that  I might 
make  my  Obfervations  with  the  more  exadtnefs  upon  its 
Defcent  ^ fuppohng  by  that  time  it  lliould  fall  to  the 
Degree  defign’d  to  begin  at,  that  the  Spirit  in  the  Ball, 
would  haue  receiv’d  an  equal  Degree  of  heat  in  all  its 
Parts.  Accordingly  I began  my  Obfervations,  when  it 
had  defcended  to  130  Degrees  above  the  Freezing  Point 5 
at  which  time,  I found  the  length  of  the  Column  of 
Air,  from  the  clofed  end  of  the  Syphon,  to  the  near- 
eft  Surface  of  the  Quickfilver,  to  be  )aft  144  tenths  of 
of  Inches.  After  the  Spirit  had  defcended  10  Degrees 
lower,  ^he  Air,  which  before  pofTcfs’d  144  Parts,  lack’d 
one  of  them  now  5 and  fo  on  fucceflively  at  every  10 
Degrees  defcent  of  the  Spirit,  the  Column  of  the  con- 
tain’d Air  was  leffen’d  in  its  length  one  exa6t  tenth.  When 
it  had  defcemied  to  30  Degrees  above  the^reezing  Point, 
the  Air  was  found  to  polTefs  but  134  of  the  prementioii- 
ed  Parts : So  that  from  hence  it  will  be  eafie  to  conclude, 
that  at  the  Freezing  Point,  the  Air  in  the  Syphon  would 
be  reduc’d  to  3 tenths  lefs  than  the  laft  Obfervation. 
And  confequently  at  50  Degrees  below  the  Freezing 
Point,  (which  I am  informed  is  the  greateft  degree  of 
Cold  that  has  happen’d  in  our  Climate,)  it  would  be  re- 
duc’d to  1 26  Parts  of  the  whole,  and  in  that  ftate  would 
be  one  eighth  more  denfe  than  when  at  the  greateft  De- 
gree of  our  Natural  Heat : and  the  Reafon  why  I could 
not  prove  this  latter  part  by  Experiment  was,  that  when 
I came  to  expofe  the  Thermometer  and  Syphon  in  the 
open  Air,  or  Freezing  Mixture,  the  Syphon  would  in- 

ftantly 


( 95  ) 

ftantly  receive  the  Impreflion  of  the  Cold,  and  the  Air 
contain’d  in  it  be  confiderably  contraded,  before  the 
Thermometer  gave  any  fign  of  fuch  Alteration.  But 
feeing  the  former  part  of  the  Experiment  fucceeded  fb 
exaftly  regular,  I think  there  can  be  no  doubt  of  the  truth 
of  the  whole  Calculation,  which  yet  1 do  not  fee  how 
better  to  be  perform’d.  I (hall  add  a Table  of  the  diffe- 
rent Degrees  of  the  Airs  denfity  at  every  lo  Degrees, 
from  1 30  above  the  Freezing  Point,  to  50  Degrees  be- 
low it.  , 

This  Experiment  was  made  February  the  nth,  1708^ 
the  Mercury  in  the  Barometer  at  th^^fame  time  hand- 
ing at  30  Inches 


— 0.2^. . Degrees 


The  2d  Column  (hews  the 
extent  of  the  Air  at  the 
feveral  Stations,  from  the 
Greateft  Heat,  to  the 
Created  Cold. 


o ' o 2 o- 
g ^ T « 

> ^ W 

^ -'fei  ^ 

- iJ  -=-  .2 

<s  &°c3-- 

c O o ^ .i? 

Q XJ  4-,  .*5  c/5 

„ o ^ (i> 

J2  -5 

*•3  _ C 

< S -S  P 


0> 


a^.B' 

u-  c2  g-- 
° M^'S- 

O C t_ 

c ‘n  ^ Sb^ 

^ p 

iSu;  o^' 
»- 

XI  -a 
<L>  dj  c«(  a 

vJC!  ^ (_r*} » 

*-  o o 

X 

^ "P 

^ ^ 
CJ  O C *-J 
X cyv-  cc. 

-.ti  o 

s-S°^  : 

^ o wi" 
o .5 

^ s .; 

Vi  QJ  <U  ' 

•p  w W)  -1 
“ flj 't*  o , 

Q2  -C  ■ 

Q«  M 0 


« 

IV.  Joannis 


( ) 


IV-  Joannis  Keill  ex  JEie  Chrijii  Oxon.  A.  M. 
Epijlola  ad  Cl.  Virum  Gulieltmim  Cockburn^ 
Medictride  DoHorem,  In  qua  Leges  Attrafiionk- 
aliaque  Thyjices  Trmcipia  tr admit ur. 

CUM-fummA  benevolentia,  & non  vulgar!  Amiciiii 
me  complexns  fis,  Iniquus  eflbn,  vir  ornatiflime, 
nifi  conarer  aliquara  tibi  viciiiirn  reterre  gratiam.  Theo- 
remata  igitur  hsec,  quibus  non  modo  rem  Pbyficara  fed. 
8c  Medicam  aliquatenus  illuftrari  pofTe  arbitror,  ad  te 
initto  3 .munus,  uti  quibufdam  fortade  videri  poteft,  per- 
exiguum,  Tibi  tamen  8c  gfatidimum  tore  fpero,  & non 
parvi-seftimandum-.  Cum  enim  turn  Philofophiani.  Me* 
chanicam  penitns  perfpexeris,  8c  in  Praxi  MeiicaTeli*-  ^ 
cidinte  (is  verfatus  ^ turn  etiani  utrique  promovendie  gna« 
viter  incumbas,  Gratiffima  line  dubio  tibi  eruiu  vera.Mc-? 
dicinae  Principia,  q loniam  optime  intelligis,  quam  pericii; 
loliex  faifis oriancur  error.es.  H^ec  igitur  Theoremata  ti-*- 
bi,  Vir  Clariffime,  in  maniis  trado,  tuoque  arbitrio  libens - 
permitto... 

Ponenda  funt  fundamemi  loco  Ii^'C  tria,  qrdbas  omnb- 
Phyfice  innitirur,  principia.  i.  Spatimn  inane.  2.  Qiian- 
titatis  in  infinitum  divifibilitas.  5.  Materise  vis  Attraftrix, 
Dari  fpatium  inane  confiat  ex  mota  corporum-  Qaanti- 
tatis  in  infinitum  divifibilitatem  ex  continuse  c[uantitati^ 
natura  uemonftrant  Geometrse.  Miterise  indie  vim  si>, 
tradricem  confirmat-experientia.  Ex  duobusprlmis  prirr: 
eipiis  fequitur 


T H:E 


: ( ) 

- 

T H E O K E M A I 

ltAaUri£  exigud  qudibet  pdrticuU  poteji  ita  fpatium  qudH* 
tiwwis  largnm  occupare,  ut  porornm  feu  emnium  med^ 
iHum  diametri  fint  data  re^a  minores^  vel  ut  parthulk 
omnes  fint  a fi  invicem  remote  intervallo  data  re^j 
mnore, 

T H E O R.  II. 

Dari  pojfnnt  duo  corpora  mole  £qualia,  at  ponder e feu 
denjitate  (id  efi  quantitate  materia J utcunque  inaqu'a* 
lia^  in  quibus  erunt  meatuum  feu  porornm  fnmma  fere 
a quale  s, 

' * i. 

Sit  V.  G.  digitus  cubicus  alter  auri,  alter  aeris:  quam- 
vis  materia  in  cubo  aureo  vicefies  mil  lies  fuperat  materi- 
am  in  cubo  aereo,  fieri  tamen  poteft  ut  fpatia  vacua  in 
digito  cubico  auri  fint  fere  sequalia  fpatiis  vacuis  in  di- 
gito  cubico  aeris,  fcil.  ut  auri  vacuitates  fint  ad  vacuitates 
aeris  ut  999999  ad  1000000. 

T H E O R.  III. 

Particula  qua  aquam  vel  aerem  vel  alia  ejufmodi  fluida 
conflituunt  C fi modo  Je  tangant)  non  funt  abfolute  fo* 
lidat  fed  ex  aliis  compojita  particulis  mnltos  meatus 
poros  intra  fe  CQntinentibuf, 

Particulae  corporum  minimse  & abfolute  fblidae,  hoc  ^ 
eft  vacui  omnino  expertes,  vocentur  prima?  compofitio- 
nis  5 Molecule  ex  pluribus  hifee  particulis  coalefcentibus 
ortje  vocentur  particulje  fecundae  compofitionis  5 Moles 
ex  pluribus  moleculis  coeuntibus  conflatse,  vocentur  par- 
ticular ter  tise  compofitionis  5 8c  fic  dcinceps,  donee  tan- 


( 99  ') 

dem  perventum  fuerit  ad  particulas,  e quibus  corporum 
fit  ultima  compofitio,  5c  in  quas  eorundem  fit  prima  rc- 
folutio. 

Materise  inelTe  vim  Attra<^l:ricem,  qua  oranis  materia 
particula  trahit  ad  fe  omnein  aliam  materia  particulam,- 
8c  viciffim  trahitur,  primus  ex  Ph^enomenis  coilegit  L)o- 
minus  K’aacus  Newtonus.  Vis  bsecdata  matena  in  diver- 
fis  difiautiis  reciproce  proportionalis  eft  quadratis  diftan- 
tiarum  ^ ex  qua  oritur  vis  ilia  quamGravitatem  dicimus^ 
qui  corpora  omnia  terreftria  ad  ferram  reda  feruntur^ 
eftque  pond  us  corporum  quantitati  raaterise  feniper  pro- 
portionale.  Prolata  hac,  quam  ipfe  primus  detexit,  Ma- 
reriae  vi  atrra(ftrice  omnes  Pianetarum  morus  cometarum- 
que  apparitiones  pulcherrime  explicavit,  Phyficamque 
caeleftem,  ab  iis  quae  tot  retro  fluxerunt  faeculis  vix  dum* 
inchoatam,  feliciftime  xonfummavit  Dominus  Newco- 
nus  ^ vir  ingenio  pene  fupra  humanam  fortem  admirabi- 
li,  dignufque  cujus  fama  per  omnes  terras  pervagata, . 
coeli  qnos  defcripfic  meatibus  permaneat  coseva. 

Divina  fagaciflimi  viri  inventa  ftepenumero  mecum 
recolens,  in  earn  tandem  cogitationem  incidi,  principium 
quoddam  Newtoniano  non  abfimile,  ad  Phcenomena  tei-- 
reftria  explicanda,  adhiberipofte.  Poftiterata  faepiusex. 
perimenta  5 - matcriie  Terreftri  inefte  deprehendi  vim- 
quamdam  attraftricem  5 ex  qua  plurimorum  Pfta:nome- 
n*n  ratio  petenda  eft  5 Meaque  hac  de  re  cogitata,  ab-~ 
hinc  quinquennio,  Domino  Nevt’tono  indicavi  5 ex  eo  an- 
tern  intellexi,  eadem  fere,  qu^e  ipfe  inveftigaveram,  fibi- 
diu  ante  animadverfa  fuifle,  Quagftioiies  aliquot  ad  hanc 
vim  attra<ftricem  fpedantes,  fub  finem  Optices  abhinc  bi- 
ennio  Latine  editae,propofuit  Dominus  Newtonus  ^quem 
cum  iftiufmodi  ftudia  ulterius  excolcre  aetas  ingravef'cenSj 
8c  alia  negotia  vetant,  tanti  viri  veftigiis  infiftere,  earn- 
que  longo  licet  intervallo  fequi,  baud  alienum  duxi. 
praientiarum  nuda  qu^dam  proponaiu  Theoremata,  qua 

fortafi^- 


( too  ) 

fortafl’e  allquando  fufius  enunciata  8c  demonftrata,  jufto 
voluaiine  fum  traditurus. 

T H E O R.  IV. 

^Fr<.eter  vim  ilUm  Attra&ricem,  qua  Vlanetartim  Gomefn* 
rnmqtie  corpora^  in  propriis  orbitis  retinentur^  did  eii- 
am  inejl  materia  potenfia^  quj  fingtil^^  ex  qttibus  ilia 
' ' conftat,  particfil£  fe  invicem  attrahunt^  reciproce  a 
fe  invicem  attrahmtnr  : qu£  vk  decrefcit  in  ore qnam 

diiplicatii  rations  dijiantia  angejcentis, 

Theorema  hoc  multis  poteft  probari  experimentis  5 at 
ratio  qua  minuitiir  vis  ilia,  dum  a fc  invicem  recedunt 
particulae,  num  fcilicetfit  triplicata,  quadruplicata,  velalia 
qusevis  diftantiarum  augefcentium  ratio,  quas  major  fit  du- 
plicat'^,  nondum  ieque  per  experimenta  patet  ^ erit  for- 
talTsaliquando  tempus,  cum  accuratiore  adhibit^  diligen- 
tia  innotefcer.  , 


T H E O R.  V. 


* VMe  prop. 
80.  & 91. 
Princip.^ 
Ncwtoni. 


Si  corpus  conjiet  ex  partied is^quarum  fngd<e  vi  poUent  at^ 
traUrice^  in  triplicata  vel  plufqHam  triplicata  rations 
cliflantiarum  decrefeente  ^ erit  vis  qua  ah  eo  corpora 
' nrgetur  corpufculum,  in  ipfo  conta&H^  vel  intervallo  k 
conta&H  infinite  exiguo,  infinite  major ^ qnam  fi  cor^ 
pufenhim  illud  ad  datam  a dilio  corpora  difiantiam 
iocaretur,  ^ 

T H E O R.  VI. 


Jifdem  fofitis,  fivis  ilia  attraUiva  in  ajjignahili  difiantia, 
ad  Gravitatem  ohtineat  rationem  finitam  5 eadem  in 
ipfo  conta&H^  vd  in  difiantia  infinite  parvi^  vi  Gra^ 
vitatis  erit  infinite  major . 


T H E O R. 


( rot  ) 

T H E O R.  V[I. 

t 

« ^ 

Si  vcro  in  ipfo  contciUu-,  vis  corporum  AttraHiva  ad 
Gravitatem  ohtineat  rationem  fnitam^  eacLm  in  omni 
di(lanti'i  ajjignubili  e (I  vi  gravitai is  infinite  minor ^ -t- 
deoqne  evanefciu 

T H E O Pv.  VlIE 

Vis  Attra&iva^  qua  pollent  jingul<e  materia  pariicul^  in 
ipfi  conta&H^  vim  gravitatis  prope  in  immenfum  fnpe- 
rat  3 non  tamen  e[i  vi  Gravitatis  infinite  major  3 adeo- 
qH6j  in  data  difiantia^  vis  ilia  evanefcet. 

Vis  igitur  hsec  materia  fuperaddita,  non  nifi  per  fpa- 
tiola  admodum  perexigaa  diffunditur  3 in  majonbus  di- 
ftantiis  prorfus  nulla  eft  3 unde  motus  corporum  Coele- 
ftium  (quae  longis  intervallis  a fe  invicem  disjunda  funt) 
per  vim  hanc  Attradivam  nulli  ratione  turbari  poflunr, 
fed  eadem  ratione  continuo  peraguntur,  ac  fi  vis  ilia  a 
corporibus  iis  prorfus  abeflk. 

T H E O R.  IX. 

Si  corpufadum  aliquod  corpus  tangat,  vis  qui  urgetur  H- 
lud  corpufculum^  hoc  e(i^  vis  qua  cum  eo  corpora  coheerety 
erit  quantitati  conta(dh  proportionalis  nam  partes 
a contain  remotiores  nihil  conferunt  ad  cohoiren- 
tiam, 

Adeoque  pro  vario  particularum  contadu  varii  orien- 
tur  cohserentise  gradus  3 omnium  autem  maximse  fuat 
vires  cohaerentiae,  quando  fuperfieks,  in  quibus  (e  invicem 
' tangunt  corpora,  planae  exiftunt  3 quo  in  cafu,  ceteris 

P paribus, 


V 


paribus,  vis  qua  corpurcalum  cum  aliis  cobseret,  erit  ut 
fuperficierum  partes  fefe  tangentes. 

Hinc  patet  ratio,  cur  duo  marmora  exadtiflimc  polita, 
6c  lefe^  fc^cundum  fuperficies  planas  tangentia,  a fe  invi- 
cem  divelli  non  poflimt,  nifi  a pondere,  quod  Gravitatem 
Aeri^  incumbenti^  multum  fuperat. 

Idfinc  etiam  decantatifBmi  iftius  Problematis,  de  cohse- 
rcntia  materise,  folutio  elicipoteft. 

X ^ 

T H E O R.  X. 


, corpufcula  fuclUme  d fe  invictm  feparantnr,  quarnm 
conta&u^  cum  aliis  fnnt  paHciffimi^  minimi  3 quales 
contingere  folent^  in  corpufatlis  Sphsricis  infinite. 


exjguis. 


Hinc  fluiditaus  ratio  redditur. . 

T H E O R.  Xl;  , 

^ • r ^ 

Pss  ■ qnd  corpufcuhtm  diqnocl  ad  aliiid  corpus  maxima 
pTOpinqnum  attrahitur,  quantitatem  fuam  non  mutate  fi- 
ve augeatur  corporis  attrahentis  materia^  five  mimutHr^ 
eddem  manente  corporis  denfitate^  corpufculi  di- 
' fi  ant  id,  . , * 

« 

Nam  cum  vires  particnlarum  AttraQiri- 
ces  per  minima  taotura  diffundantur  fpa- 
fia  5 liquet  partes  remotiores  ad  C D 8c 
E,  nihil  conferre  ad  attrahendum  cor- 
pufculum  A.  Adeoque  eadem  vi  verfusB 
trahetur  corpufculum  five  adfint  par- 
tes, five  amoveantur,  five  denique  alk  ipfis  conjun- 
gantur. . 


T.H  E O R. 


■ C ) 

t 

\ « 

T H E O R.  Xir.  ' ^ 

Si  ea  Jit  corporis  alhujustextura,  ut  particuU  ulthm  com- 
pojitionis^  per  vim  qHa»4^m  externam  Qfualis  eji  ponm 
dus  ^as  comprimens,  vel  ab  alter o corpore  proveme»s 
i&us J a'  primlgenns  fnis  coni aU thus  paulnlnm  dimo» 
veantur^  nec  interim  in  novos  contaUus  commigrent^  _ 
particul£,  per  vim  attrai^ivam  fefe  muUio  petentes^  ad 
contaUus  primigenios  citu  redihunt  : iifdem  vero^  rede- 
nntihus  partictdarum  corpus  quodvis  componentium  con- 
fab thus  & pojitiombus^  eadem  quoque  redibit  cor  pork 
figura  ^ adeoque  per  vim  attraUivam  corpora,  prijiinas 
quas  amiferunt  figures  pojpmt  denuo  recuperare, 

Hinc  Elafticitatis  ratio  reddi  potefi:.  Cum  autem  per 
vim  Elafticam  corpora^  in  fe  invicem  inipingentia,  a fe 
mutuo  refiliant  (uti  demonftratum  eft  in  Ledtionibus  no- 
ftris  Phyficis)  a vi  attradiva  corporum  oriri  etiam  debet 
eorundem  a fc  invicem  difctftus. 

I 

* 

T H E O R.  XIII. 

^od  ji  ea  fit  corpork  textnra,  ut  particfi<e  a priori  bus 
contaidibus  per  vim  imprejfam  dimot£,  in  alios  qui 
ejufdem  funt  grades  immediate  deveniant,  corpus  il- 
lud  in  priflinam  figuram  non  fe  rejiituet, 

Hinc  qualis  fit  textura,  in  qua  corporum  mollities  ccn- 
(iftit,  inteiligi  poteft.  " 


Pa  T H E O R. 


I 


t 


C 104) 

r H E O R.  XIV. 


Particula  Materia  pro  diverfi  ipfarnm  Jlru&Hrd  ^ compo^ 
jiuom  diverfis  poUebnnt  viribus  attra&ivis^  pHta  non  ■ 
erit  aqid  fortff  attra&io,  cum  particula  data  magnifu- 
diuff  pluribus  perforata  fit  meat i bus ^ ac  fi  omnino  folida  -' 
vacni  expers  effete 

T H E O a.  XV, 

Particularum  perfe&e  folldarum  vires  attrac^iva  exfigur/s  - 
ipfarum  mnltum  pendent^  Nam  fi  pirva  aliqua  mate- 
rise  particula  in  laminam  circularera  indefinite  exi- 
gux  crafiitudinis  formctur,  8c  corpufculum  in  reda 
per  centrum  tranfeunte  8c  ad  planum  circuli  Nor- 
mal! locetur  5 fitque  diftantia  corpufculi  ccqualis  de« 
cimse  parti  lemidiametri  .circuli : vis  qua  urgetur 
corpufculum  tricefies  minor  erit,  quam  li  materia  at- 
trahens  coakfceret  in  Sphseram,  & virrus  totius  par- 
liculae  ex  uno  quafi  pundo  Phyfico  diffunderetur. 
Quin  etiam  eadem  circuUris  lamella  fortius  ad  fe 
trahit  corpufculum,  quam  alia  ejufdem  ponderis  > 
particula,  quae  in  tenuern  8clongum  formatur  Cyliur 
drum.  * 

T H E O R.  XVI.' 

Sales  Junt  corpora,  quorum  particula  ultima  compofitionh  ■ 
magm  in  attra&iv  'r  poUent  ^ inter  quas  iamen  particulas  * 
plurimi  interjacent  fneatus,  particulk^  quas  hahet  aqua ^ 
ultima  compofitionis  pervii  : qua  igitur  a falinis  partK  . 
culis  farther  attraBa,  in  eas  cum  impetu  ruunt,  & a 
mutuo  contaUu  eas  disjungunt^  coharentiamque  falum  ■ 
dfjfolvunt. 


i 


T;H  E O R. 


T H E O R.  XVIL 


Si  coYpnfcula  duo  viribus  attraUivfs  decrefcentihuf  in  tri^ 

plicatd  ant  plufqnam  triplicata  ratione  di^antiarum  fe 

mutno  petunt^  trit  vdocitas  in  fe  invicem  impingcnti’ 

• nm  infinite  major  qnam  in  dato  intervallo.  Vide  Prop, 

39.  Princip.  Newtoni. 

/ ^ 

T H E O R.  Will 

Corporis aqHt  graviorit  eo  nfque  diminni  potefi  magnitude^ 
ut  tandem  in  aqua  fnfpenfitm  maneat^  tiec  vi  propri<s^ 
Gravitatk  defeendat. 

Hinc  patet  ratio,  cur  pardculse  Salina?,  Metallicie,  8c 
alise  ejufmodi,  in  minima  redaftse,  in  fuis  menQruis  fufpen? 
fae  hse reant. . 

T H E O R;  XIX. 

Corpora  majora  minore  velocitate.  ad  fe  invicem  acccdunt^ 
qndm  minora.  . 

Vis  enim,  qua  fe  mutuo  petunt  • 
corpora  A 8c  B,  particulis  raax- 
ime  propinquis  tantum  ineft  5 
remotiorum  quippe  vires  nullse 
funt.  Non  igitur  major  vis  ad- 
hibetur  ad  movenda  corpora  A 
8c  B quam:  ad  particulas  c%Ld  mo  vend  as,  fed  cofporum 
eadem  vi  raotorum  vclbcitates  funt  corporibus  reciproce 
proportionalcs : unde  erit  vdocitas  qua  corpus  A tendic 
verfus  B,  ad  vdocitatera,  qua  particula  c,  a c^rpore  fo- 
Ittta,  verfus  idem  B tenderer,  ut  particula  c ad  corpus  A,^ 

Multo  V 


Multo  igitur  minor  eO:  velocitas  corporis  A,  quatn  foret  ^ j 
vdocitas  particulas  c a corpore  folutcT.  1 

Hinc  fit,  ut  corporum  majorum  motus  fna  natura  adeo  ^ 
lan8[uidus  8c  lentus  fit,  iit  ab  ambiente  flui  Jo  8c  aliis  cir-  ’ 
cumjacentibus  corporibns  pleruiTique  impeciatur.  In  mi- 
nimis  verb  corpnfculis  vigec  virtns,  8c  ab  iis  perplurimi 
prcducuntur  effedus:  tanto  plus  Energise  minoribus  ineft'  ^ 
corporibus,  quam  majoribus. 

Hinc  patet  ratio  iftius  Axiomatis  Cbymici,  Sales  non  ' ■ 
agunt  nifi  foluti.  ; 

T H E O R.  XX. 

Dho  corpnfcHla  feje  »on  contingcntia^  adeo  fiht  vicina  lo-  | 
can  pojfnnt^  ut  vky  qttd  fe  mutuo  petunt,  vim  Gravita^  ^ 
tk  mnltum  ffiperet-  9 

T H E O K.  XXL  1 

Si  corpufculum  in  flnido  locatum  a particulk  amhientibus  |l 
undiqHe  <eqnaliter  trahatur^  f7ullHs  exinde  orktur  cor- 
pufculi  moius  ^ quod  fi  ab  aliis  particnlk  magk^  ab  alik 
minus  nrgeatur^  ad  earn  partem  tendet  corpufculum^  ubi  'i 
major  eji  aftr0io  : motus  produ&us  in£qualitati  \ 

attra&ionk  refpondebit^  fcilicet  in  majori  in<equalitats 
major  erit  motus  ^ in  min  ore  minor » 

T H E O R.  XXIL  ‘ ' 

Corpufcula  in  fluido  natantia  & magk  fe  invicem  trahen- 
Ha  quam  fluidi  particulas  inter) e^ as ^ depul fs  fluidi  par. 
ticulk  ad  fe  invicem  accedent  ea  vi,  qua  ipforum  at- 
traUio  mutua  fuperat  attra&ionem  pariicularum  fuidi. 


T H E O R. 


T H E O R.  XXm. 


Si  corpus  aliquod  in  fluido  lacetnr,  cujus  partes  fluidi 
particulas  magis  ad  fe  trahunt,  qnam  flfiidi  parlicul^  d 
fe  tnvicem  trahuntur  ^ fintqnc  in  corpore  meatus  plnri- 
mi  particuHs  finidi  pervii^  per  hws  meatus  finidfim  ih 
lud  cito  fc  difnndet  5 /?  partium  in  corpore  con' 

nexto  72on  tarn  fi'rma  jit^  quin  ab  impetii  irruentiufn 
pariicularum  Jupsrari  pojjlt^  orietur  exinde  corpork  im- 
merji  dijfolutio. 

Hinc  ut  m^nftruum  dato  corpori  dilTolvendo  fit  idone- 
um,  tria  requirumur,  i.  Ut  partes  corporis  particidas 
menftrui  magis  ad  fe  trahant,  quam  e^e  a fe  invicem  tra- 
huntur. Q.  Ut  corpus  habeat  meatus  particulis  men- 
ftrui  patentes,  Sc  pervdos.  3.  Ut  coh^rentia  particula- 
rum  corpus  conftituentium  tanta  non  fit,  quin  ab  impetu 
irruentiura  particularum  raenfirui  divclli  pcfiit.  Hinc 
quoque  confiat  particulas  Spiritum  Vini  conUituentes,  raa" 
gis  a fe  invicem  trahi,  quam  a.  pai  dculis  corporis  falini  in 
Spiritu  Vini  demerfi. 

T H E O R.  XXIV. 

Si  corpufiu/a  in  fuido  natantia.  O'*  fe  invicem  petentia, 
Elajiica  Jint^  po[i  cjngrejfmn^  d fe  mutuo  refilienf  ^ ^ 
inae  in  alia  corpnft  ula  rurfus  impingentia^  denuo  re-- 
fie&entur:  ex  quo- Jient  innumeri  alii  cum  aliis  cor- 
pufculis  conjli^us  conthmaque  rcfilitiones.  Per  vim 
autem  attraWivam.  contimu  angebitur  corpufculorum 
velocitaSy  C^'  fenfui  patcbit  partium  motus  Intcjiinus  5 
fed  pront  fortius  aiit  bubedllius  fe  invicem  Irahunt  cotr- 
pifiula^  pro  zuirid^  .71  poUcnt  EUficitate^  varii 
enr  - brmutus,  O*  diverjis  gradibus  atque  temporibur^ 
fiem  fenfbiks* 


THEOR. 


✓ 


T H E O R,  XXV. 

Si  corptifcula  fe  invicem  trahentia^  fe  wutHf  cafttingant^ 
ffuUus  orietur  mot  us  ^ propius  cmm  accede  re  nequenut,  ^ 
Si  ad  exigmm  admodum  a fe  tnvicem  feponatiiur  jpaiu 
um,  orietur  motus  ^ fed  ft  longius  difteut^  non  majore 
vi  fe  tnvicem  trahent^^quam  fluidi  particulas  interje^as  ^ 
adeoque  null  us  producetur  motus. 

Ex  hifce  principiis  pendent  omnia  Fermentationis  & 
EfFervefcenti^  Phspnomena.  Hinc  patet  rajtio  cur  oleum 
Vitrioli,  cui  paululum  aquae  immittitur,  cffcrvefcit  atque  . 
ebullic ; corpufculaenim  falina  infufa  aqua  a mutuo  con- 
tadu  paululum  dimoventur^  undeciim  magis  fe  invicem 
trahant  quam  aquae  particulas,  Sc  cum  undique  aequaliter  j : 
non  trabuntur,  motum  exinde  oriri  necefle  eft.  ; 

Hincetiam  liquet  ratio,  cur  tanta  cietur  ebullitio,  cum.|: 
limatura  Chalybis  mixturse  fupradidae  injicitur:  particulse  1 
enim  chalybis  magna  pollent  Elafticitate,  unde  valida  * ] 
oritur  refledio.  Hinc  etiam  videre  eft,  cur  menftruaquse-  • | 
dam  fortiori  vi  agunt,  citiurque  corpus  aliquod  dilToP  < 
vunt,  ft  aqua  diliitiora  fiant. 


T H E O XXVI. 

I 


Si  corpufcala  fe  mutuo  attrahentia  vi  Elaflic  i careant,  a fe 
tnvicem  non  refle^untur  ^ fed  congeries  feu  moleculas 
particnlarum  efficient ^ unde  fet  Coagulum  : Jt  par^ 

ticuUrum  fie  coacervatarumQravitas  fuperet  Gravitatem 
fluidiy  fnccedet  quoque  Praecipitatio.  Oriri  quoque 
potejl  pr<ecipitatio  ex  auUs  vel  diminuta  Gravitate  men* 
firuiy'm  quo  n at  ant  corpufcula, 


i 


T H E O R. 


( io9  ) 

T H E b R.  XXVII. 


Si  corpufcnlornm  fefe  invicem  attrakentium^  & irt-fluldo 
natanlium^  ea  Jit  figurUy  ut  in  datk  quibufdam  ipforum 
partib^y  majori  vi  attra^ivi  palleafity  quam  in  aliky 
major  Jit  in  iifdem  conta&us  5 corpuJnU  ilia  coihunt 
in  corpora  datas  fignras  habentidy  ^ inde  emergent 
ChrjJiallifationes  ^ corpHfculorumque  componentium  Jign- 
r£^  ex  data  Jigurd  Cryjialli  per  Geo?netriam  determinari 
.pojjfifft* 

T H E O R.  XXVIir. 

Si  corpnfcula  magis  trahantur  a Jiuidi  partictdisy  quam  d 
fe  invicem  5 Jiet  ut  quaji  fe  mutuo  fugientes^  d Je  invv 
cem  recedant,  per  omne  fluidum  cito  diffundentur. 

. THEOR.  XXIX. 

Si  inter  duos  Jiuidi  particular  aliquod  inter cedat  corpuf- 
ctdumy  cujur  bin£  oppoJit£  facies  maxi  mis  pollent  vi~ 
ribus  attra&ivky  hoc  interjeBum  corpufculum  particular 
Jiuidi  Jihi  agglutinabit  5 plura  ijiiufmodi  rorpujcula 

per  fluidum  diffufa  ejus  particular  omnes  in  corpus  fir- 
mum  compingenty  fluidumque  in  Glaciem  reducent, 

THEOR.  XXX. 

Si  corpus  aliquod  maximam  emittat  efjluviorum  copiamy 
quorum  vires  atfra&rices  funt  fortijJim£  ^ cum  effluvia 
h£c  corpori  alicui  leviufculo  appro  jin  quenty  ipfoium  vi- 
res attraHrices  Gravitatem  corporis  leviork  tandem 
fuperabunt  ^ effluvia  corpus  illud  ad  fe  furfum  tra- 
hent  5 cumque  multo  magis  conferta  funt  Ejftuviay  in 
minoribus  ab  emittente  cor  pore  dijiantiisy  quam  W rna- 

I Q ^joribus'^ 


/ 


j or  thus  ^ corpus  I eve  verfus  denftora  Rfftatiit  fe  viper  ur. 
gebilur^  dovec  tandem  ipji  corpori  e^nvia  emittenti  ad~ 
h£reat.  Hinc  plnrima  Eleftricitatis  Ph£nomena  ex- 
plicari  pojfunt. 

Contra  noflram  hanc  de  viribus  attradricibus  dodri- 
nam,  fortaffe  objiciec  aliqais  ^ Si  vis  hcec  attradrix-  omni 
inellet  materix^  corpora  poiidcrofiora  & plus  materi.^  in 
dato  rpatip  habentia,  plus  debere  attrahcre,  quam  cor- 
pora minus  Gravia,  quod  experientise  repugnar.  ^ Sed  huic 
objedioni  facile  refpondetur.  Particulse  fcili'cet  alrimie 
compofitionis  (qujbus  foJis  tcibuicur  vis  attradrix)  con- 
fertim  juxta  fc  inVicem  locatse,  poflunt  corpus  pondero- 
fum  condituere,  etiamfi  ipfse.infe  fint  rariores,  quam  ese 
quae  corpus  leve  conftituunt  ultimas  compodtionis  parti- 
cular, a (e.  invicc'm  remotiores,  8c  plures  & patentioies 
meatus  inter  fe  habentes. 

Alia  multa  funt  Naturae  Phsenomena,  quae  mihi  viden- 
eur  iifdem  principils  explicari  pofie,  uti  afcenfus  fucci  in 
Plantis  Sc.Arboribus,  foliorum  8c  florum  determinatae  8c 
conftantes  figurae,  eorumque  virtutes  fpeciErae,  8cc.  Multa 
quoque  quae  incorporeaniniali  qaotidie  occurrunt^  praeci- 
pue  qu^  ad  flgidoruni  curfus  Secretionefque  (pedant,  ab 
iifdem  materi^e  qualitatibus  pendent,  8c  hinc  morborura 
Jheori£  8c  medicamentorum  effedus  oprime  eruuntur. 
Qiantum  huic  Ufui  infer vianc  hujufmodi  Principia  meli- 
us innotefeet  ex  eo,  quod  Prater  meus  nunc  meditatur, 
Opufculo  5 qui  quidem  Matbematicas  cum  Anatomicis 
rationes  confocians  in  eo  elaboravit,  m aliquam  etiam 
P/axi  Medicse  Lucem  afterrer. 


V.  MicrofcoYical 


V.  Microfcoplcdl  Oh/ervations  upon  the  Tongue  • In 
a Letter  to  the  Royal  Society  from  Mr.  Antho- 
ny Van  Leeuwenhoek,  F.  5. 

Delff  in  Holland^  December  6.  1707. 

After  1 had  fatisfied,  my  felf  concerning  that 

ter  which  is  found  upon  the  Tongue,  and  which 
we  call  the  Thrulh,  1 let  my  Thoughts  wander  a little 
further  upon  the  Confideration  of  the  Tongue  it  fdf,  in 
order,  if  it  were  poflible,  that  I might  difeover  the  Pores 
in  the  Tongue,  by  which  that  Matter  is  imbibed,  wdiich 
is  afterwards  protruded  out  of  the  Tongue  : wherefore  T 
did,  as  it  were,  rej^d  or  lay  afide  all  my  former  Remarks 
about  the  Tongue,and  having  taken  four  diftind  Tongues 
of  Oxen  or  Cows,  I fet  my  felf  to  examine  the  Skins  of 
the  fame,  and  particularly  the  External  -Particles,  that  are 
upon  the  thicknefs  of  the  Tongue,  and  where,  as  I con- 
ceive,is  the  place  that  admits  the  Juices  into  the  Tongue, 
by  which  that  Senfation  is  produced  which  we  call  the 
Tafte. rfeparated'thofe  aforefaid  External  Par- 

ticles as  well  as  I cou  d from  thofe  that  lay  under  them, 
andobferv^d  that  the  latter,  that  is  to  fay,  the  Internal 
were  furni(h*d  with  a very  great  number  of  pointed  Par- 
ticles, the  tops  of  which,  for  the  moft  part,  were  broken 
I off,  and  remained  fticking  in  the  outmoft  Skin  ^ and  ic 
!has  often  happen’d,  that  when  I placed  one  of  th^ife  In- 
iternal  Particles  of  the  Tongue  before  a Microfeope,  itap- 
Ipear’d  to  me,  to  be  as  ’twere  a tranfparent  Body,  fomc- 
ithing  larger  than  a Thimble,  and  I coud  difeover  in  ic 
\ Iktle  Internal  Holes  or  Cavities,  thro’  which  a greater 

Q.  2 quantity 


( lit  ) 

quantity  of  Light  was  admitted, than  by  the  other  parts  5 * 
and  I alfo  imagined,  that  the  Extream  Parts  of  thofe  Ca- 
vities had  exceeding  fmall  Orifices  in  them. 

Now  that  we  may  the  better  conceive  an  Idea  oi  the 
forementioned  protuberant  Particles  which  are  found  in 
the  thickeff  part  of  the  Tongue  of  an  Oxe,  I caufed  the 
fame  to  be  drawn  juft  as  they  they  appear  to  the  naked 
Eye,  as  you  may  fee  in  Fig.  i.  A,  B,  C,  which  Particles . 
are  a little  bigger  than  they  were  upon  the  Tongue,  be- . ' 
caufe  thofe  were  a little  dried  Up. 

Notwithftanding  that  I took*  a great  deal  of  pains  to 
feparate  the  uppermoft  Skin  from  the  Parts  that  lay  un- 
der, to  the  end  that  I might  view  thofe  latter  intire  and , 
unbroken,  yet  I cou’d  not  bring  it  to  bear  any  farther, 
than  as  it  b reprefented  here  in  F/g.  2.  D,  E,  F,  G,  H,  I, 
in  which  I cou  d only  difeover  a few  pointed  Particles  be- 
tween G,  H,  and  I. 

Upon  viewing  with  a Microfeope  that  fpace  of  the 
Tongue,  whioh  is  between  the  Protuberances,  I obferv’d, 
that\was  all  over  cover’d  with-  a great  number  of  ex- 
ceeding fmall  rifing  roundneffes,  that  were  fo  clofe  to  one  . 
another,  that  you  cou*d  not  put  in  two  Hairs  between 
them,  as  you  fee  in  Fig.  3.  K,  L,  M. 

Moreover  I dripp’d  off  the  Superficies  of  the  Tongue 
with  a (harp  Knife,  , and  repeated  the  fame  a fecond 
time^  and  then  difeover’d  an  unfpeakable  Number  of  lit- 
tle Holes,  fome  of  which  feera’d  to  be  fill’d,  others  were 
cut  through  length- ways. 

Fig.  4*.  N,  O,  P,  a B.,  S,  reprefents  one  of  the  afore- 
mentioned thin  Slices,  in  wdu'ch  we  had  difeover ’d  divers* 
fmall  Holes  ^ the  great  Hole  in  the  faid  Figure  at  T,  is 
the  place  where  there  was  a little  Protuberancy  like  thofe  - 
In  Fig.  i.  and  which  had  been  cur  off.  At  P,  Q andR, 
you  may  obferve  the  place  where  a much  greater  Protu-. 
berancy  had  ftood  5 and  the  daik  little  Strokes  or  Line§> 
between  Q and  R,  are  thofe  Panicles  which  were  cut 


thro’  length  ways  ^ and  the  Particles  that  lie  near  thom^ 

tire  thofe  that  were  cut  a crofs.  I did  likewife 

- feparate  the  uppermoft  thick  Skin  of  the  Tongue  from  the 
parts  that  lay  under,  as  well  as  I was  able,  to  the  end  I 
might  difeover  what  thofe  Particles  were  that  were  placed 
in  the  faid  Openings  5 and  at  laft  I difeover’d  in  the  un- 
derlying Parts,  a great  number  of  long  Particles,  which  I 
concluded  to  be  as  long,  or  fomething  longer,  than  the 
thicknefs  of  the  uppermoO:  Skin,  and  time  the  Points  of 
thofe  long  Particles  were  ftieathed  into  the  fmall  little 
Cavities  or  roundnelles,  deferibed  above  by  Fig.  3.  K, 
L,  M. 

From  this  appearance  I alfo  imagined  to  my  felf,  tha-C 
when  we  prefs  our  Tongues  againd  the  R.cof  of  our* 
Mouth  (in  order  to  tafte  any  thing,)  the  aforementioned 
long  Particles,  the  ends  of  which  are  exceeding  flendcr,,, 
prefs  thro’  the  uppermoft  Skin,  which  at  that  place  is 
alfo  very  thin,  (or  to  fpeak  more  properly,  is  endued 
with  fmall  Pores  or  Holes)  and  fo  receives  a little  Juice  ^ 
from  all  which  proceeds  fuch  a fort  of  Senfacion,  which 
wc  call  Tafte. 

Thefe  long  flender  Particles  appear'd  fo  numerous,  as 
we  view’d  ’em  thro’  a Microfeope,  that  no  Grafs  in  the 
Field  coil’d  feem  rliicker  to  the  naked  Eye.  See  Fig.  5. 
V,W.X,Y.  and  at  firft  they  flood  {freight  up  an  End,  but 
by  growing  dry,  they  affumed  fuch  crooked  Figures  asare 
reprefented  between  X and  Y. 

Sometime  ago  a certain  Gentleman  related,  as  a very 
wonderful  thing,  that  the  ■ Oxen  or  Cows  had  their* 
Tongues  armed  with  very  (harp  Particles  ^ hut  i told  him 
that  that  muff  neceffarily  be  fo,  becaufe  thofe  Beafts  had. 
no  Teeth  in  the  upper  Mouth  or  Jaw,  and  therefore 
were  forced  to  prefs  the  Grafs  with  t heir- Tongues  a gain  ft '' 
the  Roofs  of  their  Mouths,  in  order  to  break  it  to  - 
piecesr. 


w 


Tiigfe .. 


V ‘ y 

Thefe  (harp  Particles  are  Bones,  that  are  bent  or  crook- 
ed a little,  and  the  outward  parts  of  them  (land  towards 
the  inmoft  part  of  the  Mouth,  and  the  nearer  they  come 
to  the  thickeft  part  of  the  Tongue,  where  thofe  Particles 
are  to  be  found  that  are  reprelented  by  Fig.  r.  A,  B,  C, 
the  fmaller  they  grow,  and  thefe  Bony  Particles  have  al- 
fo  a thin  Skin  over  them. 

I alfo  caufed  a Hog- Butcher  to  bring  me  at  fevcral 
times  divers  Tongues  of  Hogs,  and  cut  off  the  protube- 
rant Particles  which  are  found  at  the  top  of  the  Throat, 
and  I caufed  one  of  thofe  fmall  Particles  to  be  drawn  by 
the  Painter,  whi  'h  appear’d  as  large  to  him,  as  ’tis  here 
reprefented  in  Fig.  6.  between  A and  B. 

I placed  feveral  of  thefe  protuberant  Particles  before  a 
Microfeope,  andobferv’d  upon  one  of  the  Tongues  other 
iharp  pointed  Particles  (ticking  out  of  the  f orementioned 
protuberant  ones  5 whereupon  I caufed  it  to  be  Painted, 
as  it  appeared  to  me,  in  Fig.  7.  C,  D,  E,  F,  the  moft 
pointed  part  is  at  F,  where  it  pierces  thro’  the  uppermoft 
Skin,  and  between  E and  G you  may  obferve  four  Icfler 
fharp  Particles  of  the  fame  Nature. 

Fig.  8.  H,  I,  K,  L,  M,  reprefents  likewife  one  of  the 
foremention’d .protuberant  Particles-of  a Hogs  Tongue, 
in  which  between  K and  L you  may  obferve  (landing 
out  three  (harp- pointed  Parts,  and  at  M a fonr-th  5 and 
’t was - moreover  all  cover’d  with  the  foremention’d  Tu, 

. mors  or  Roundneffes. 

' Furthermore,  after  feveral  Difledions  of  the  faid  Par- 
ticles, I made  a (hi ft  to  feparaie  the  uppermoft  Skin  of 
the  faid  Particles,  and  viewing  divers  of  them  with  a 
Miciofcope,  I cou’d  perceive  that  each  of  ’em  were  of  a 
different  Figure  5 but  all  agreeing  in  this,  that  they  were 
arm’d  with  an  unconceivable  Number  of  painted  Parti- 
cles, which  lay,  as  ’twere  all  involved  or  hid  in  the 
Skin  3 and  thefe,  as  I imagine,  are  endued  with  a Power 

(when 


/ 


( »i5  ) 

(when  the  Ton^e  is  preil  againll  the  Roof  of  the  Month)  ' 
to  produce  the  Senfation  ot  Tifte. 

Fig,  9.  N,  O,  P,  Q,,  R,  fli:ws  you  one  of  thofe  Pro- 
minent Parcs,  as  ’twas  deveited  of  its  Skin,  and  as  well 
as  the  Painter  cou‘d  dd'eribe  it  ^ and'  alrho‘  the  Points 
that  ftick  out  feem  to  be  very  blunt,  yet  I fancy  if  one 
were  to  fee  them  in  their  true  State  and  Nature,  they 
would  be  very  (harp^  and  rhereafon  why  they  don’t  ap- 
pear fo  now,  is  that  the  Points  are  probably  broken  off,' ’ 
and  remain  fticking  in  the  Skin. 

A did  like  wife  view  the  Tongues  of  Hogs  in  thofe 
Parts  where  there  were  no  Protuberances,  even  to  the  .• 
end  of  the  Tongue  ^ and  with  great  wonder  always  dif- 
coverda  mighty  Number  of  very  (lender  long  Particles,  s 
which  always  run  into  a (harp  Point  at  the  end,  juft  as 
any  Needles  do  appear  to  the  naked  Eye. 

tig.  10.  S,  T.  V,  W,  X,  reprefents  a very  fmali  Par- 
ticle of  the  Tongue,  with  three  Protuberances  on  it  • , 
which  being  dryed,  appeared  fo  (landing  out  as  is  deferi- 
bed,  each  of  th^m  having  four  pointed  Particles,  one  of 
wliich  at  W,  was  ftanding  our  much  higher  than  the 
reft  5 all  thefc  unevenneffes  out  of  the  Skin  ate  occafion’d,  . 
as  f conceive,  by  rcafon  that  the  Parrs,  in  which  the  faid  < 
(harp-pointed  Particles,  are  as  ’twere  riveted  or  faftned, 
lying  lengthways,  do  not  equally  (brink  in,  in  the  dry- 
ing. 

After  all  this  I took  a veryfharp  Razor,  and  therewith  ; 
cut  off  from  the  Tongue  a few  Slices  as  thin  as  I con’d  . 
po(Tible,  and  placed  theni  before  the  Microfcopes,in  order 
todifcover  how  the  aforementioffd  pointed  Particles  lay 
in  the  Skin. 

Fig.  II-  A,  B,  G,  D,  E,  F,  G,  reprefents  one  of  thofe  ^ 
Tmall  Slices  of  the  Tongue  5 in  which  at  D,  E,  F,  lobfer- 
ved  three  (harp  Particles  5 and  that  which  was  deftribed  ? 
by  E,  had  four  pointed  Particles  together  3 and  wiio 

knbvv^  i 


( ) 

’knows  but  in  D and  F there  may  be  other  (harp  Particles 
Ihut  up  in  them. 

In  the  Fnd  Fig.  by  H,  H,  H,  H,  H,  H,  are  reprefented 
ten  Particles,  in  which  theftiarp  Points  are  placed,  vyhich 
were  partly  cut  off,  and  which  appear’d  to  the  Eye  like 
To  many  Cavities  5 but  which  proceeds  alone,  in  niy  Opi- 
nion, from  hence,  that  the  Matter  with  which  thole  Parts 
were  fill’d,  was  dryed  in  5 for  thofe  Parts  were  not  • 
drawn  in  by  the  Painter,  but  at  the  end  of  ieveral  days 
after  they  were  cut  off  f^rom  the  Tongue.  ^ 

Forafmuch  as  thole  Parts  of  the  Tongue  are  not  of 
equal  bignefs,  nor  do  hand  equally  clofe  to  one  another, 

I caufed  to  be  drawn  another  little  piece  of  the  upper 
part  of  the  abovementioned  Tongue,  as  you  may  fee  in 
Fig>  12.  where  I,  K,  L,  M,  are  thofe  Partich  s from  | 
which  the  very  lharp  Points  are  cut  off,  andM,  N,  O,  I,  i 
the  (harp-pointed  Particles  themfelves,  which  appear  '■ 
here  very  plainly  to  the  Eye.  1 

Now  when  I ftroked  my  Finger  upwards  and  down-  ' 
wards  over  that  part  of  the  Tongue,  where  the  fore- 
meniioned  pointed  Parts  are  found  in  great  number,  in 
order  to  difeover  the  SharpnelTes  thereof,  I muft  own, 
that  I con’d  perceive  no  more  roughnefs  than  if  I had 
been  feeling  a piece  of  Velvet.  ‘ i 

Now  when  I perceived,  that  a great  number  of  very  1 
ficnder  and  Qiarp  pointed  Particles  had  no  hardnefs  nor  i 
ftiffnefs  in  them,  I began  to  think  whether  thofe  Parti-  ' 
cles  that  are  reprefented  in  Fig.  11.  by  H,  H,  H,  or  in  j 
Fig,  1 2.  by  I,  K,  L,  M,  may  not  be  flieathed  up  when  | 
they  are  at  reft,  and  forbear  to  exert  their  Sharpnefs,  or»  j 
to  thruft  themfelves  out  of  the  Skin,  but  only  at  fuch  * 
times  when  the  Senfation  of  Taft  is  to  be  excited ^for 
bow  can  one  conceive,  that  fuch  foft  Parts-^ftlbuld  be 
able  to  withftand  all  thofe  Motions  which  are  produced-  ■' 
in  them  by  the  Tongue,  both  in  eating  and  other  Occa- 
fions : Moreover  it  came  into  my  Thoughts,  that  when 

the 


( 117  ) 

the  Butchers  kill  the  Hogs,  the  pain  that  is  caufed  by  the 
Wounds  they  then^ive  them,  might  alfo  force  thofe 
(lender  (harp- pointed  Particles  to  come  out  of  the  places 
cf  the  retv. 

I difcoverd  likewife  a great  many  round  protuberant 
Particles  between  the  faid  Particles,  the  Diameter  of 
which  was  twice  as  big  as  of  thofe  in  Fig»  12.  between 
Kand  and  when  the  Skin  came  to  dry,  I cou’d  difco- 
ver  in  a great  many  Places,  the  extern  il  or  flicking  out 
Membranes  drawn  inwards  in  fuch  a manner,  that  one 
wou’d  take  ’em  for  Valves. 

From  this  appearance  I began  to  confider,  whether 
thofe  fort  of  Particles  were  not  made  for  the  difcharging 
the  Tongue  of  its  fuperfluous  Matter  5 and  the  rather, be- 
caufe  I had  oftentimes  obferv’d,  that  thofe  Veffels  had 
nothing  included  in  them,  but  a moifVnefs  which  moflly 
evaporated,  and  left  as  ’twere  an  empty  place  behind  it, 
which  extended  it  felf  as  far  as  the  thicknefs  of  the  Skin. 

After  I had  brought  my  Obfervations  thus  far,  I de- 
termin’d to  feparate  the  uppermoft  Skin  from  the  Parts 
that  lay  under,  which  I brought  to  pafsin  fmall  Parcels^ 
and  when  I had  divided  fuch  an  uppermoft  Skin,  I cut 
from  it,  (in  chat  part  where  it  had  been  united)  with  a 
(harp  Razor,  feveral  Scaley  Particles,  which  having  pla- 
ced before  the  Microfcopc,  I obferved  with  wonder  a 
great  Number  of  Holes  or  Cavities,  which  when  they 
were  placed  oppofite  to  the  fight  appear’d  wider,  but 
when  removed  from  the  fight  narrower,  fo  that  each  Ca- 
vity feem’d  to  be  of  the  Form  of  a Tap  or  Funnel  5 and 
forafmuch  as  each  of  the  faid  Cavities  had,  as  it  were,  a 
Body  fa  ft  about  them,  I concluded,  that  thefe  were  cer- 
tainly thofe  Parts  which  in  Fig,  ii.  are  deferibed  by  H, 
H,  or  in  Fig,  12. by  I,  K,  L,  M,  and  thn  they  were  bro- 
ken of  from  their  bottom  or  part  that  lay  under  them. 


R 


Now 


( US  ; I 

Now  the  better  to  receive  the  aforeraentioned  Part?, 
canfed  a fmall  Particle  of  ’em  to  be  drawn,  as  you  may  fee  ^ 
in  Fig.  13.  between  P,  Q and  A. 

From  thefe  Difeoveries  I confidered  with  my  felf,  whe-  . 
ther  thofe  (harp-poinred  Particles  in  Fig,  10,  ii,  12, 
might  not  proceed  out  of  thofe  boll  jwneflls  that  are-  re-  : 
prclented  in  Ftg.  13.  For  my  luriiier  Siristaction  there-  ^ 1 
fore,  1 cut  OiF  a fm.dl  Slice  with  a ibarp  Razor,  from  ^ 
that  part  from  which  I had  cut  off  Fig  13.  before,  and 
placed  it  before  a Microfeope  and  obftrveJ,  that  for  fo  jt 
many  Cavities  which  I had  found  in  Fig.  as  many  | 
pointed  Particles  appeared  in  this,  having  their  Roots,  J 
or  being  faftned  into  a Flefhy  Subltance  lying  under  the 
uppermoh  Skin  5 and  forafmuci]  as  the  laff  mention’d  _'|l 
Particle  with  its  Points  flood  oppofite  to  the  fight,  I tut  |j 
off  a fmall  Slice  of  it,  and  placing  the  pointed  Particles  II 
uppermoft,  I caused  itto  be  drawnasin  Fig,  14.  A,  B,  C,  M 
D,  E,  F,  G,  of  which  D,  E,  F,  G,  A,  are  thofe  Parts  that  « 
are  placed  in  Fig.  13.  of  which  fome  are  bent  crooked,  M 
which  I fuppofe  is  not  their  natural  State,  but  what  has 
been  acquired  either  by  my  handling,  or  by  their  grow-  " 
ing  dry  and  ftirinking  5 as  alfo  that  the  pointed  fharp  ^ 
Parts,  reprefented  in  Big.  10,  1 1,  1 2.  are  joyned  together,  g 
and  in  the  feparating  of  the  uppermoft  Skin,  the  tops  of  'M 
’em  are  either  broken  oft,  or  remain  fticking  in  the  faid  f 

Skin.  4 

In  Fig,  14.  by  A,  B,  C,  P,  is  deferibed  a very  fmali  | 
part  of  the  Fltfti  of  a Tongue,  in  which  thofe  pointed 
Particles  are  as  ’ewere  planted,  and  in  which,  the  Pain-  M 
ter  cou’d  juft  perceive  feme  roundifti  Particles,  which  he  y 
has  reprefented  as  he  faw  them,  and  which  Particles  I f * 
conclude  are  Particles  of  Flefti  that  were  cut  through 
acrofs.  ^ 

I next  turn’d  my  Thoughts  to  the  Examining  how  the  aj 
poin^-ed  Particles  in  Fig.i^,  D,  E,  F,  G,  A,  were  difpofed  ! f 
in  the  parts  of  the  Flefti  5 whereupon,  I cut  acrofs  the  ' ^ 

Fleih  ' 


( ll?  ) 

Flefh  of  the  Tongue  in  that  part  of  it,  where  the  point- 
ed Particles  are  rooted  in,  and  obferved  oftentimes,  that 
when  1 came  to  a pointed  Particle,  juft  where  it  was 
planted  in  the  Flefti,  it  did  confift  of  7 or  8 Particles  of 
Ficfti,  and  fometimes  more,  that  infinuated  themfelves 
between  the  parts  of  the  Fiefh  of  the  Tongue  5 and  the 
long  Fiefh  Particles  of  the  Tongue  (which  did  as  ’twere 
furround  the  pointed  Particles  that  are  rooted  in  the 
Fle(h)  appear’d  to  be  Analagous  to  thofe  perpendicular 
Vcifels  in  Wood,  which  do  alfo,  as  it  were,  incompafs  the 
Horizontal  Veflels,.  of  which  1 have  formerly  given  you 
an  account. 

Now  when  I obferved  that  the  pointed  Parts  defcribed 
by  E,  F,  G,  in  F/g,  14.  did  conlift  of  feveral  long  Flcfti 
Particles,  I began  to  confider,  whether  each  of  thofe  long 
Flefti  Particles,  did  not  end  in  fuch  Points  as  in  Fsg,  ii. 
are  reprefeiired  by  D,  E,  F.  . 

Fig.  I H,  I,  K,  L,  M,  reprefents  a very  fmall  piece 
of  the  Tongue  of  a Hog,  fo  as  it  appeal’d  through  the 
Microfcope,  in  which  you  may  obferve  five  particular 
Particles  which  had  been  cut  through  acrofs  5 in  fome 
little  Slices  I have  obferved  feven  fuch  roundifh  Fiefh 
Particles : The  long  Particles,  which  are  extended  from 
L to  K,  and  from  M to  I or  H,  and  which  encompafs  the 
forementiond  Particles,  are  the  Flefti  parts  of  the 
Tongue. 

1 did  moreover  cut  through  lengthways  fome  of  thefe 
pointed  Particles,  defcribed  in  Fig.  14.  by  E,  F,  G,  juft  at 
the  place  where  they  aretaftned  into  the  Fiefh,  in  order, 
if  it  were  poftible,  to  difeover  how  deep  thofe  Particles 
were,  rooted  into  the  litrle  Mufcles  of  the  Fiefh,  but  I 
could  profecute  my  Delign  but  a very  little  way. 

I caufed  the  Painter  to  draw  one  of  thofe  very  fmall 
Particles,  fo  as  it  appeared  through  the  Microfcope,  and 
as  it  is  reprefented  by  Fig.i6.  N,  O,  P,  Q.  1^  j and  where- 
as in  the  foregoing  Fig.  t$.  the  Fiefh  Particles  are  de- 

R 2 feribed 


( 116  ) 

fcfibed,  cut  through  lengthways,  here  the  fmall  Mufcles 
of  Flefh  are  reprefented  cot  through  acrofs  5 and  the  faid 
Flefh  Mufcles,  as  far  as  the  Painter  could  perceive  them, 
appear  to  be  four  in  number,  viz,  oneju.fbyN,  ano- 
ther by  O,  the  third  by  P,  and  the  fourth  by  and 
thofe  Particles  which  run  in  length  from  R to  O,  or  from 
Q.ta  P,  are  the  FleQi  Parrs  of  thofe  pointed  Particles, 
which,  as  I faid  before,  go  in  between  the  Flelh  Parii- 
cles;  bur ’twas  impofliblc  for  me  to  difeover  how  far 
they  go  in  5 1 had  enough  to  do  to  place  them  in  this 
manner  before  the  Eye  of  the  Painter,  and  i have  wifli'd 
more  than  once,  that  I could  get  them  fo  dra  wn  as  they 
appeared  to  me  5 for  the  Parts  dry  away  fo  faft  whilft  I 
am  viewing  them,  that  they  do  in  a manner  difappear 
before  I deliver  them  to  be  drawn  by  the  Painter. 

Amongft  others  I obferved  the  pointed  Particle,  which 
was  Hit  in  two,  one  part  of  it  fpreading  it  felf  to  the  . 
Right,  the  other  to  the  Left  of  a little  Flefh  Mufcle  that  1 
was  cut  through  acrofs. 

It  will  appear  very  ftrange  to  fome  People,  what  I am 
going  to  fay  of  thefe  fmall  Mufcles  of  Flefh,  viz,  that 
according  to  the  beft  Judgment  I could  make  of  their 
Magnitude  to  my  Eye, as  the  Diameter  of  a Hair  of  one’s 
Head  gives  one,  fo  the  Diameter  of  one  of  thefe  Mufcles 
of  Flefh  gives  two:  Yea,  I have  feen  a Flefh  Mufcle  that  • 
I had  cut  acrofs  as  it  lay  in  its  length,  which  at  both  the  i*^ 
Ends  was  no  thicker  than  a fingle  Particle  ot  Flefh,  but 
in  the  broadeft  part  of  it  had  fix  Flefh  Particles,  and  in  i 
the  middle  of  the  fix  there  lay  part  of  a feventh  Flefh/ 
Particle,  and  fo  made  the  likenefs  of  a Weaver's  Shuttle^' 
and  this  Flefh  Mufcle  lay  furrounded  with  the  Flefh 
Mufcles  that  lay  in  their  length. 

Now,  when  we  often  fee  that  the  Diameter  of  one  ofk^ 
thcYe  little  Mufcles  of  Flefh  f fuch  a one  as  is  deferibed  in  ^ 
JF/V.  16.  by  N,  O or  ?)  does  not  exceed  two  Hairs 
breadth  of  one’s  Head  3 aqd  when  we  compute  that  fix  ’ 

hundred 


.1 


t ^ . \ 

t 


V. 


^ 111  ; 

hundred  Breadths  of  a Hair  does  noi  exceed  the  Dia* 
meter  of  one  Inch  5 it  follows,  that  300  Diameters  of 
thefe  fmall  Mufclcs  is  but  equal  to  the  Diameter  of  one 
Inch  5 and  confequcntly  then,  that  90000  of  the  faid 
fmall  Mufcles  ol  Flefli  make  no  more  than  the  thicknefs 
of  one  Inch. 

Thefe  long  Flefh  Particles,  which  compofe  the.Muf- 
des  of  FleQi,  are  likev^ife  themfelves  compofed  of  abun- 
dance of  fmaller  Particles  5 but  how  unfpeakably  fiiall 
then  muft  thefe  Particles  be,  of  which  the  whole  Bundle 
is  made  up. 

One  muft  alfo  confider,  that  thefe  long  Flefli  Parii' 
cles  are  not  round,  but  each  aflbrnes  fuch  a Figure,  as 
fujts  beft  to  the  others,  to  which  ’{is  jayncd,  an  j fo  as 
to  leave  no  fpace  nor  Vacuity  between  them,  infomuch 
that  I have  feen  fome  of  them  that  were  in  a manner  of 
a Triangular  Figu'e. 

Now  forafmuch  as  the  Particles  reprefented  by  Fig:. 
15  and  16,  were  in  a manner  dryed  away  before  the* 
Painter  couM  fix  his  Eye  upon  them,  I bethought  my  felf' 
of  an  Expedient  to  place  them  before  his  Eye,  even 
whilft  they  remain’d  moift  and  plump. 

Fig.jj.  A,  B,  C,  D,  E,  F,G,G,G,  H,  I,K,  L,  M,  reprefents 
a fmall  piece  of  die  Tongue  of  a Bog,  in  which  the  point- 
ed Flefti  Partictes  chat  in  Fig.  14.  are  deferibed  by  D,  E,- 
F,  G,  A,  appears  rq  b;  comir;g  out  or  rather  joyned  to- 
and  faftned  in  thofe  pairs  which  are.ftiewn  by  G,  H,  I, 
K,  L,  M,  and  the  Tips  or  Points  of  ’em  are  alfo  broken 
off. 

This  little  niece  was  cut  off  from  a different  part  of 
the  Tongue  than  the  foregoing  and  you  muft  obfe:  vc,- 
• that  you  may  ottvO  cut  Sikes  from  the  Tongue,  without 
being  fo  happy  as  to  cut  the  Particles  length vrays. 

Y‘  u may  fee  hew  thofe  foreinentioned  Particles  fpread 
themfelves  amongft  the  \?.ft  number  of  little  Flefti  Muf^ 
cles  wiiich  are  ail  cut  acrofs  j and  you  may  likewUe  per- 
ceive:' 


( 122  ) 

celve  how  the  other  Particles  cuC  lengthways,  and  de- 
•fcribed  by  G,  being  divided  into  two  Branches  at  the  i 
»top,  are  joyn’d  in  one  a' little  lower,  and  then  afterwards 
divide  themfdves  again,  and  fo  continue  till  they  are  cut 
off  at  F and  D ^ in  like  manner  thofe  Particles  cut  length- 
ways,  and  ddcribed  by  H,  I,  K,  are  prefen tly  joyned  and  ' 
foon  after  feparated  again,  as  you  may  fee  at  C and  E 5 
and  again,  other  Particles  of  the  fame  nature,  reprefent- 
ed  by  K,  L,  M,  are  united,  and  a little  above  B,  G,  are 
again  disjoyned  5 and  between  the  faid  C and  B,  is ano-  vi 
therlmali  Particle,  which  is  alfo  divided.  . Jj 

The  Painter  told  me,  that  in  drawing  he  cou’d  per- 
ceive  Holes  or  Cavities  in  thofe  Particles,  which  are  de-  i] 
feribed  to  be  cut  lengthways,  but  as  I cou’d  not  be  fure  J 
of  that,  I chufe  rather  to  give  them  the  name  of  Fleffi  fi 
Particles,whofe  inmoft  parts  are  as  ’twere  ffirunk  inwards  5 ^ 

and  how  many  foever  cuts  I made  in  the  Tongue/the  J 

'Ph^mmetja  or  Appearances  thereof  were  always  various,  ^ 

yea,  fo  much  that  we  were  quite  aftoniftied  at  it,  and  if 
I cou’d  reprefent  them  to  any  other  Bodies  Eyes  in  the 
fame  manner  as  I faw  ’em  my  felf,  they  wou’d  cry  out, 

Wonders  are  thefe  ! *i 

Between  thofe  Flefla  Particles  that  are  cut  thro’acrofs,  a 
and  which  arc  furrounded  by  the  other  Particles  that  ^ 
are  cut  thro’  lengthways,  you  may  obferve,  that  feveral  J 
of  them  are  diftinguifhed  from  the  reft  by  a darker  Circle 
of  the  red  Pencil,  which  Circle  you  moft  fuppofe  to  be  1 
little  Membranes  that  encompafs  the  fmall  Mufcles  of  m 

Flefti,  which  fmall  Mufcles  are  likewife  in  part  reprefent- 
ftd  by  G,  Gj  G.  ^ 

I have  often  thought  that  our  Tafte  proceeds  alone  1 
from  the  Tongue  but  within  thefe  few  days,  I am  be- 
come  of  another  Opinion  ^ for  when  I viewed  that  part 
of  the  Roof  of  rhe  Mouth,  oppofite  to  the  top  of  the 
Throat,  where  the  notch’d  or  jagged  parts  of  the  Hog’s 
Tongue  are  determined,  I judged  that  that  was  the  place 

from  J 


( ) 

from  whence  the  Head  did  partly  difchargQ  it  feif,  and 
the  Master  to  be  caft  out,  which  co  ues  into  the  Mouth 
without  its  proceeding  from  the  Lungs^  as'alfo  that  there 
are  a great  many  parts  in  it,-  which  receive  the  Matter 
which  vve  call  the  Tafte  ; but  this  wants  a further  Eft- 
quiry. 


VI.  Tart  of  a Letter  from  the^  T^eVerend  iVr.  W.  Der- 
h.i:n  F-  % 5.  to  z)r,  Haas  Sloane/(^.  5, 
concerning  the  Migration  of  Tirds, 


Upmnjier^  April  ift.  1708.  ' 

I Remember  that  fomo  rime  fince,  I promifed  to  fug- 
gelt  a thing  to  the  relating  to  the  Migration 

or  Birds,  which  I conceii^e  may  conduce  to  thc'Difcdvey- 


ry  of  that  pretty  Vh^nomenon  and  I am  forry  I forgot . 
it  till  the  fynx  ()'•  ft  now  conK')  hath  brought  it  to  niy 
Thoughts.  The  Buhners  I would  hambly  recommend' 
is,  That  the  Membe.  s of  the  all  over  rhe  Retvlm, 

would  themfdves,  at  rTocu»e  their  inquifitive  FriUnds  to  > 
obferve,  and  note  doA'n  the  very  D y they  hrftTee  of 
hear  of  the  Approach  of  any  ol  the  Migamory  Birds.. 
And  it  maybe  convenient  alio  voobferve  how  the  Winds, 
lit  at  the  fame  time,  cQymialiy  tovvards  the  Sea-coafts» 
The  feveral  Obftrv cions  ongne  to  be  comtnanicated  to  - 
tht?  S(rietj.  Which  when  co'- spared  together,--  we  may 
probably  ra  tke  a good  guefs  whic  h way  thole  Birdscome^ 
whether  fromward  the  or  any  other  Point.  The 
Jyfix  or  Wryneck  (for  iaftance)  which  I take  to  be  un- 
doubtedly a Bird  ot  Palidge,  I hrft  heard  this  "^^ear  on 
2^,  the  Wind  Southerly,  or  S.  VVefterly  that  and 
the  preceding  Day  5 but  Eafterlj  before.  The  Certh-jn  ■ 

. 5iCo) 


( it4  ) ‘ 

alfo  or  Creeper  (which  leaveth  us  in  Ejfex  until  the  } 
Spring,  hue  whether  a Bird  ot  Paffage  I can’t  tell,  this 
Bird  I fay)  I favv  firft  on  March  23,  the  Winds  that  Day 
varying  from  S.  to  N.  but  blowing  ftrongly  the  Day  be- 
fore from  the  Weftward.  Now  it  thofe  Birds  in  the 
more  Wefterly,  or  any  other  parts,  at  ico,  200  or  more  r, 
Miles  diftance,  (liould  be  difeovered  to  come  fooner  or 
later,  we  might  conclude,  that  accordingly  they  came 
fromward  the  Eaft  or  Weft,  or  other  Point,  efpecially 
if  about  the  fame  time  the  Winds  feemed  to  favour  their  i 
Flight.  Thefe  are  all  the  Migratory  Birds  I have  feen 
^ as  yet  this  Year.  But  for  a farther  Sample  I (hall  annex  f 
tny  Obfervations  laftYear,  z/iz.  The  Swallow  came  March  ■ 
31,  making  a great  Outcry  at  his  Approach,  as  if  hefaw  % 
fomething  ftrange.  Jpril  i,  the  Jj/nx  firft  yelped  here; ' ^ . 
April  4th,  1 firft  efpied  the  Ruticilla  or  Redflart.  The  5th  V 
I faw  the  Martin,  The  6th  the  Nightingale  firft  fang  ^ 
with  us.  The  7th  the  Cuckpw  I was  told  was  heard, and 
the  9 th  I heard  it  my  felf.  The  17th,  I heard  the  Swift 'i 
OT  Black- Martin  fqueek  in  an  Hole  in  my  Houfe,  in  which  ;| 
it  hath  quietly  built  for  feveral  Years : But  it  being  cold  'j 
Weather,  he  did  not  fly  abroad  till  fome  Daysafter.  Asm 
to  the  Coaft  of  the  Winds  about  thofe  times,  they  maytj 
(if  defired)  bebeft  feen  in  my  Tables,  which  I will  fend  5 
you,  &c.  '1 




■ 1 

LONDON,  ^ M 

Printed  for  Hearj  Clements  at  the  Half-Moen  in 
St  P4«/’s  Churchyard.  MDCGVIII. 

.4 


f 


B 


4 


1 


:\ 

\ 

1 


1 


I 


( nj  ) 


(Numb.  3i^.> 

PHILOSOPHICAL 

TRANSACTIONS.  ■ 


For  the  Months  of  July  and  Augufl:,  1708. 


The  C O N T E N T S. 

I.  Microfcopcd  OhfervaUons  on  Red  Corral : hi  a Letter  to 
the  Royal  Society ^ from  Mr,  Anthony-Van  Lecuen- 
hoek,  F,  R,  S, 

II.  Part  of  a Letter  from  Mr  Ralph  Thoresby,  F.  R,S. 
to  Dr,  Hans  Sloane,  K.  S.  Secr^  concerning fome  Roniau 
Coins  found  in  Yorklhire. 

III.  Part  of  a Letter  from  Orlando  Bridgman  V.R.S. 
to  Capt.  Wine  *,  giving  an  Account  of  a Storm  of  Thun- 
der and  Lightning  that  happen'd  ai  Ipfwich,  July  16, 

IV.  A Letter  from  Mr.  Jol.  Nelfon,  concerning  the  Ef 
fells  of  the  abovementioned  Storm  of  Thunder  and  Light- 
ning at  Colchefter. 

V.  Part  of  a Letter  from  the  Reverend  Dr.  Arthur  Bur}', 
to  John  Chamberlayne  Eff,  F.  R,  S.  concerning  the  Ma- 
nuring of  Land  in  Devonlnire  by  Sea-Sand. 

VI.  A Letter  from  Mr.  Edward  Lhuyd,  Kjeper  of  the 

Afhmolean  Mufeum  in  Oxford,  to  Dr.  R.  R.  in  York' 
(hire  ; giving  an  Account  of  a Book,  Entituled,  OYPE- 
2ROITHS  Helveticus,  five  Itinera  Alpina  Tria,  Sec. 
Authore  Joh.  Ja.  Scheuchzero,  M.  D.  Lond.  Ato* 
MDCCVIII.  ^ ‘ 

9 

^ S I,  ■ Micro/ copied 


/ 


V 


C n<5  )'  ' , / 

V • 

— — \ , 

,..  ,..- s..'  • r ■^■^..  ■-.  - J:'  ^ ^ ' 

* ' / 

I.  Microfcopicd  Ohjervations  on  ^ed  Coral j In  a Let^ 
ter  to  the  Royal  Sociccy  from  Mr,  Anthony 
Van  Leeuwenhoek,  F.  (^.5. 

• ' 

brings  you  (purfuantto  your  ow^n  Rcquefi:), 

1 fome  Obfervations  which  I made  about  two  Years  ^ ■ 
ago,  concerning  Red  Coral,  which  are  thefe  that  fol-- 
low. 

In  a Letter  of  mine -of' the  29th  of  December  17  05:,, 

I acquainted  .you  how  I had  found  fome  fmall  Parts- ef 
Blood-Corral  upon  a little  Scollop  Shell,  and  upon  a-  ■ 
piece  of  a little  Hor'a^  or  fmall  Fifh  fo  called,  and  that 
-I  was  of  Opinion,  that  that  Corral  did  not  grow,  bdt 
was  only  coagulated  upon  the  fetd  Shells. 

I had  forfnerly  feveral  times  flit  both  in  length  and 
thicknefs  Pieces  of  Blood-Corral, that  were  very  fair  and 
of  a fhining  Rednefs,  and  cut  off  as  thin  Scaley  Parti- 
cles as  ’twas  poflible  for  me  to  do,  to  the  end  that  I “ 
might  difcover  the  V effeis  in  the  fame  ; . in  doing  which, 

I fancy’d  to  my  felf,  that  now  and  thea  I cou’d  perceive 
Ibme  very  fmall  Orifices 'of  the  faid  Veffels,  but  they' 
were  fo  exceeding  fmall,  that  I cou’d  make  no  perfeA 
Remarks  of  them,  tho’  I could  eafily  obferve,  that  in , 
thofe  Parts  that  I had  cut  thro’  acrofsy  there  ran  fuch 
Fibres  from  the  Centre  to  the  Circumference,  as  are 
found  in'the  Roots  of  underground  Fruits  ; and  not- 
■ withftanding  all  my  End'da^urs,  I conMmot  find  any 
Pores  in  them,  at  leaftfo  as  to  fay  anything  certain  of. 
them ; but  it  feem’d  to  me,  as  if  molt  Paws  of  the  Cor- 
^-al  were  made  up  of  roundifh  Particles,  fucii  as  fome 

certain.. 


( 127  )' 

certain  Fruits  are  compos’d  of,  but  their  round.nefs  was 
fuch,  that  each  pf  them  were  in  a manner  of  a different 
Figure,  fuch  as  might  bed:  fuit  with  all  the  reit,  and 
fo  as  to  leave  no  Vacuity  in  them  ; and  thus  the  Saps 
which  are  not  in  the  Velfeis,  are  conveyed  from  one  of 
thofe  round  Parts  to  the  other,  and*fo  ferve  for  Clia- 
nals. 

I could  never  liave  thought,  that  the  Parts  of  Red 
Corral  were  fo  clofely  united  to  another,  as  I liave  fince 
difcovcr’d ; I know  indeed,  that  there  are  Pieces  of. 
Blood' Corral  prefer ved  as  Rarities  in  a great  many  Clo-  • 
fets,  that  are  like  little  Trees  with  their  Branches,  fad:-, 
ned  to  Stones  or  other  Subdances,  and  pretended  to  be  . 
miraculoudy  growing  out  of  the  fame  ; but  oneds  not 
obliged  to  believe  it,  unlefs  it  cou’d  be^>proved,  that  fuch 
Corrals  had  Roots  and  little  Fibres  proceeding  from, 
them,  which  if  tliey  did  not  penetrate  into  the  Stone, 
mud:  at  lead  be  fo  Ipread  over  the  Surface  of  dt,  as  to 
be  obvious  to  the  .Sight. 

I will  rather  fuppofe,-that  Goiral  whild  it  is  grow- 
ing at  the  Bottom- of  the  Sea,  is  very  foft  ; and  that 
thofe  Idants  of  Corral,  or  the  Branches  thereof  being 
broken  od'  by  the  Corral  Fifners,  the  thick  Ends  of 
them  may  accidentally  fall  upon  a Stone,  or  fome  other 
Subdance  ; and  by  reafon  of  theaforefaid  Softnefs,  and 
of  a Glutinous  Matter  with  which  it  is  endued,  might 
very  eadly  befadened  to  the  Stone,  and  afterwards  Peo- 
ple made  to  believe,  that  it  is  a Wonderful  Excrefcence  , 
from  fuch  Stones  or  other  Subdances. 

I have  two  Pieces  of  Corral  by  me,  that  were  no  - 
bigger  than  a Hen’s  Qiiill  ; I broke  one  of  them  into 
fcveral  Parts,  and  found  in  three  places  Cavities  tliat 
took  up  more  than  half  the  fpace  of  the  Corral  it  felf;f 
between  thefe  Cavities  the  Parts  of  the  Corral  were  fo- 
did  and  clofe  : In  each  of  thofe  Cavities  there  was  a 
thin  Membrane©  that  one  wou-’d  judge  to  be  a bit  of  a 

•dry’fl 


( n8  ) 

dryM  I»eaf,  becaufe  the  long  Parts  that  appeared  In  them 
in  great  Numbers,  feein’d  to  be  Canals  or  Vcffels  ; but 
upon'a  ftrift  Examination  into  the  fame,  I judged  tliein 
to  be  coagulated'  Salt  Particles,  and  the  rather,  becaufe 
they  were  fharp  at  both  Ends. 

Now  I muft  confefs,  it  is  unconceivable  to  me,  how 
fuch  Particles  Ihou’d  be  found  in  the  middle  of  the  Cor- 
ral, efpecially  if  we  allow  that  Subffance  to  receive  its- 
Nourifhment  and  Increafe,  after  the  fame  manner  as 
other  Plants. 

.For  my  further  Satisfa£Hon  I took  a little  Piece  of 
very  fine  Red  fhining  Corral,  and  put  it  into  the  Fire, 
and  obferved  that  a little  heat  cauled  the  fine  Rednefs 
to  vanilh,  and  turn’d  it  into  an  Afh-colour. 

The  Corral  being  in  this  condition,  the  Superficies  of 
it  ftill  retains  the  fame  Smoothnefs,  bur  under  it  the  Par- 
' tides  feenPd  like  Ribs  extended  lengthway^s  in  the  Cor- 
ral ; and  viewing  the  fame  more  narrowly,  I obferved, 
that  the  faid  Rib-like  Particles  compofed  a Circle  of 
round  Scales,  and  that  feveral  Roundneffes  were  made 
by  tliofe  Rib-like  Particles,  till  the  middle  Point  of 
the  Corral,  in  which  there  was  no  opening,  became  a 
long  fingle  Particle. 

Now  having  obferved,  that  the  Corral,  by  being  heat- 
ed, did  not  burff  in  Pieces,  but  was  only  fplit  or  rent  in 
one  place,  I imagined,  that  the  Matter  which  was  dri- 
ven out  of  the  Corral  by  the  heat  of  the  Fire,  evapo- 
rated thro’  that  rent  that  was  made  in  the  Corral ; or 
elfe  that  the  Parrs  of  the  Corral  being  open’d  fey  the 
Pleat,  the  Moifture  that  was  in  the  Internal  Parts 
might  be  drawn  up  towards  the  External. 

After  this  I took  a little  Piece  of  Corral,  and  put  It  in- 
to a Glafs,  and  put  that  into  the  Fire,  encreafing  the 
Degrees  of  Heat- lb  faff  till  the  Glafs  was  melted,  but  I 
preferved  the  Matter  that  was  drawn  off  as  well  as  I 
could,  and  viewing  it  thro’  a Microfeope,  I difeover’d 

a 


f 11S>  ) 

a watcrifh  Moiflure,  which  to  the  naked  Eye  Teem’d 
yellowilli,  and  which  was  mingled  witli  an  exceedin^^ 
number  of  fmall  Particles,  which  made  the  Liquor 
thick  and  troubled,  and  ’twas  alfo  mingled  with  a yel- 
lowifli  Oyl,  which,  where  it  lay  thickeli,  was  of  a Red- 
difli  Colour. 

I took,  moreover,  fome  other  Pieces  of  Corral,  and 
laid  them  upon  glowing  Wood-coals,  and  put  them  into 
fo  great  a heat,  that  the  Colour  turn’d  from  Red  to  a 
•fine  Whitenefs^  and  in  that  condition  I threw  it  into 
fome  clear  Rain  Water,  and  obferved,  that  the  Parts 
thereof  were  immediately  feparated,  and  the  moil:  parc 
of  it  in  appearance  turn’d  into  a White  and  Chalky  Sub- 
Rance  ; and  the  reafon  why  all  the  reft  of  the  Corral 
was  not  diffolved,  was,  in ’my  Opinion,  becaufe  afuEi- 
cient  heat  cou’d  not  reach  the  Parts  of  it  ; for  when  1 
took  the  Remainder,  and  heated  it  as  I had  done  before, 
the  fame  Efi'ed:  was  produced  in  that  likewife. 

The  Water  in  which  the  Corral  was  quenched,  had 
•not  Rood  a Minute,  but  that  I cou’d  perceive  a Scum 
or  Membrance  of  Salt  Particles,  with  which  it  had^  been 
impregnated,  upon  the  Surface  of  it,  and  which  conllfted 
of  fuclian  unfpeakable  Number  of  fmall  Salts  joyn’d  to 
one  another,  that  it  was  impoflible  to  difeover  the  Ei- 
■gure  of  them. 

After  the  Water  had  Rood  fome  Hours,  I difeover’d 
abundance  of  Salt  Particles,  and  of  fo  many  feveral  Fi- 
gures, that  it  was  impoffible  to  deferibe  them  ; fome,  of 
them  were  as  clear  as  ChryRal,  and  it  was  a very  plaa- 
fing  Speftacle  to  fee  fo  many  feveral  Figures  of  Rich  dif- 
ferent Shapes  and  Sizes,  lying  together  in  Rich  a narrow 
compafs ; and  as  fine  and  fhining  as  they  were  when  fur- 
rounded  with  Water,  no  lefs  Dark  were  they  almoR  all 
of  them  when  the  Water  was  evaporated,  and  then  it 
' appear’d*  as  if  they  were  diffolved  into  a great  many 
fmall  Particles,  Teeming  to  be  of  a Whitilh  SubRance  ; 


( I JO  ) 

ar  another  time,  I fancy’d  that  I faw  the.  Watery  part, ^ 
which  lay  upon  or  about  thofe  Salt  Particles, impregnated 
with  abundance  of  others  much  m’ore  fmall  than  the 
former,  which  in  the  evaporating  of  the  Water,  were 
coagulated  upon  the  firit  mentionrd  clear  Salts,  and  fo> 
eclipfed  the  Ihining  or  glazinefs  of  thofe  Salts. 

After  fome  Days,  -having  decanted  the  Water  off 
the  Whitifli  Matter,  and  poured  frefli  upon  it,  I ob- 
ferved,  that  there  were  Salt  Particles  Ifill  coagulating 
upon  the  Superficies  of  the  Water;  and  thofe  Salt  Par-- 
ticles  were  exti*a£led  from  the  Corral  in  fo  unfpeaka- 
ble  a Number,  that  no  Body  wou’d  believe  it  unlefs  he 
had  the  Experience  of  it. 

From  hence  we  may  conclude,  that  the  hardnefs  of 
the  Corral  proceeds  from  no. other  Caufe  but  the  great 
number  of  itis  fix’d  Salts. 

NoW'forafmuch  as  the  Heat  of  the  Fire  was  fufficient 
to  take  away  the  Rednefs  of  the  Corral  as  foon  as  it  was 
put  into  it,  I laid  three  little  Pieces  of  Corral  on  Aqua, 
fortisy  to  try  whether  that  wou’d  have  the  fame  Effedf ; 
and  I had  no  fooner  poured  the  Aqua  fortis  upon  the 
Corral,  but  the  Air  Bubbles,  which  came  out  of  the  faid 
Corral,  took  up  four  times  the  fpace  the  Aqua  fortii  had- 
filled  before ; and  tlte  Corral,  moreover,  by  Reafon  of 
the  great  Multitude  of  Air  Bubbles,  that  continually 
came  out  of  it  (fome  of  which  alfo  -Ruck  upon  was 
raifed  from  the  Bottom  to  the  Superficies  of  the  Water, 
but  the  faid  Water  was  not  in  the  leaft  tinged  with  the 
Reel  Corral,  but  it  became  Whitifh'  wiiich-was  occafi- 
on’d  by  all  thofe  Parts  feparated  from  the  Corral ; and 
when  the  Aqiia  fortis  had  no  more  power  to  dilfplve(^tlie 
Corral,  by  reafon  that  I had  poured  but  a very  little  up- 
on it,  the  aforemention’d  dilTolved  Parts  fubfided  to  the  i 
Bottom,  and  the  Superficies  of  th^  Aqua  fortis  refumed 
its  firft  clearnefs.  . : * 


After  I 


After  the  Ao[ua  fortis  had  ftood  about  two  Hours 
on  the  Red  Corral,  I took  a little  of  that  Whitilh  Mat- 
ter that  had  funk  to  the  Bottom  of  the  Glafs,  and  put- 
ting  it  upon  a clean  Glafs  Plate,  I difcover’d  an  unfpeak^ 
able  Number  of  long  Particles,  that  lecm’d  juft  like  the 
very  fine  Plair  of  one’s  Beard  after  it  had  been  fliavcd  off 
two  or  three  Days.  ' 

I took  alfo  fome  of  the  upper  part  of  t\\Q  Aquafortis  tlut 
was  clear,  and  pouring  It  upon  a clean  Glais,  I likewife 
difcover’d  therein  a great  many  long  Particles,  fuch  as 
are  mention’d  before;  and  wJien  I examined  more  ftrid- 
iy  into  that  White  Matter  that  had  fubfided  to  the  bot- 
tom of  the  Glafs,  I found  that  ’twas  notliing  elfe  than 
the  llender  Particles  abovementioned,  fome  of  which 
were  longer  tlian  the  reff. 

' The  Aquafortis  having  not  been  fufficient  to  dilfolve 
all  the  Corral,  I added  a little  more  to  it,  and  then  ob- 
ferved,  that  in  a fliort  time  the  remaining  part  of  tlie 
Corral  was  not  dilfolved,  faving  that  a very  few  Parts, 
which  were  compofed  of  much  fmaller,  for  rather  thofe 
fmaller  were  again  coagulated/'  floated  upon  the  top  of 
the  Water,  but  ’twas  impof^ible  to  difeover  of  what  Fi- 
gure they  were  ; and  then  tliQ  Aqua  fortis  which  had  been 
impregnated  with  the  Red  Corral  was  very  clear,  but 
when  I came  to  view  it  thro’  a Microfeope,  I difco- 
ver’d, that  there  were  flill  an  unfpeakable  Number  of 
the  albrefaid  long  Particles  floating  therein. 

I placed  the  faid  very  fmall  Particles  before  a Glafs, 
which  magnified  much  more  than  that  I had  already  u- 
fed,  and  then  I difeovered  fuch  exceeding  flender  Parti- 
cles, as  did  almoft  efcape  my  fight,  and  which,  I fup- 
pofe,  were  altogether  invifible  before. 

With  this  Glafs  Ldifeover’d  long  Particles,  which  did 
not  only  exceed  the  reff  in  length,  but  in  thicknefs  too, 
and  the  Ends  of  which  were  blunt ; and  having  difco- 
ver’d in  fome  few  of  them  three  difldnd  Tides,  I con- 

T 2 * ' eluded 


( IJi  ) 

eluded  that  they  were  of  an  - Hexangniaf  Figure,  and 
conlequently  that  they  were  Salt-peter  Particles. 

From  thefe  Obiervations,  T confidoi'M  with  tiry  felf, 
whether  all  thofe  Salt  Particles,  in  which,  I fa id  before, 
I had  difeover’d  fo  many  diflerent  Figures, , were  not 
Originally  of  the  fame  Shape  with  thofe  very  flender 
Salt  Particles  that  I difeover’d  vvhen  I dillolved  the  Cor- 
ral in  the  Aquafortis^  notwithflanding  they  were  a thou- 
fond  times  fmaller  than  they  appeared  thro’  theJVIicro*- 
fcope  ; and  the  difference  of  their  Figures  may  perhaps 
be  only  occafion’d  by  the  Acceflion  or  Coagulation  of 
other  Particles,  wliich  in  one  place  may  be  greater  or 
lefs  than  in  another;  and  accordingly  the  Figure  and 
Size  of  them  are  determined  by  their  nearnefs  or  diftance 
from  one  another. 

Afrer  this  I broke  off  twb  little  Pieces  of  Red  Corral 
from  a fmall  Shell  1 had  lying  by  me,  and  which  is  de^ 
feribed  in  a preceding  Letter,  by  Fig.  4.  Letter  A ; and 
placed  that  likewife  upon  a piece  of  Wood-coal,  which 
I made  red'  hot  by  blowing  on  it  the  Flame  of  a Wax^ 
Candle  ; and  in  that  condition  threw  it  into  a little  clean 
Rain-water,  and  prcfently  obferved  the  Corral  to  be 
diffolvcd  into  a fine  White  Matter,  and  foon  after  the 
Matter  overfpread  with  a Scum;  which  from  time  to 
time  encreafe'd  in  thicknefs ; and  about  two  hours  after, 
amongfl  the  infinite  Number  of  exceeding  fmall  Salt 
Particles,  I fa  w feme  of  a larger  fize  coagulated,  agree- 
ing with  the  aforementioned  Salt  Particles ; in  fhort,  one 
wou’d  imagine,  that  the  Salt  Particles  that  were  fepa-- 
rated  from  that  little  piece  of  Corral,-  and  which  were 
coagulated  in  and  upon  the  Water,  did  aitogether  make 
a greater  Body  than  even  all  the  Parts  of  the  Corral  it 
felf  would  amount  to. 

Now  having  been  informed,  that  a certain  Phyfician 
or  Surgeon  feffeemed  by  fome  Perfons,  but  of  fmall  Re- . 
• with  others  who  have  Skill  in  Phyfick;  did  make 

ufe, 


c.»n  ) 

life  of  Corral  in  his  Medicines  ; and  being  my  fdf  of' 
Opinion,  that  Corral  can  be  of  no  manner  of  Service  to 
the  Bodies  of  Men,  I took  fome  of  die  hneB  Red  Cor- 
ral that  onefliall  fee,  and  put  it  into  Poft  Paper,  and  beat 
it  witli  a Hammer  upon  an  Anvil  to  Powder ; after  diat 
rput  the  fame  Powder  into  a clean  Giafs,' and  poured 
upon  it  fair  Rain-water,  till  the  Particles  of  theC'orral 
were  cover’d  with  Water  ^ then  I heated  thefaid  Water 
fo  much,  that  I caufed  it  to  boil  about  a Minute,  and 
put  a little  of  this  Water,  after  it  had  hood  feme  time 
and  was  grown  cokhupon  four  feveral  places,- ‘and  trpOn 
the  cleaneli  Glaffes  I cou’d  get,  to  the  end  that  the  Wa- 
ter might  for  the  moft  part,  or  rather  altogether  eva- 
porate , and  that  I might  by  this  means  difeover,  whe- 
ther any  of  the  Salt  Particles  were  gone  over  to  the  Wa- 
ter ; for  in  cife  none  of  the  Salt  Particles  fliou’d  go  over 
to  the  Water,  how  can  any  one  fuppofe  that  Corral  has 
any  influence  upon  .our  Bodies^  1 in’  refped  to^iouTi 

Health.  . ’ . v . f v 

After.that  this'Watcr  was  uitircly  evaporated!  view- 
ed it  carefully,  but ‘couM’ difeover  nodimg  remarkahle  . 
in  it  ; and  when  I had  alfo  caufed  the  clean  Rain-water 
to  evaporate,  I cou’d  not  but  think  diar  there  was  no 
other  diflerence  between  that-  and  the  pdier  Water  in 
which  the  powder’d  Corral  was  boiled,  than  that  there 
were  more  Particles  in  the  Rain-water,  than  in  that 
which  was  bpiled.- 

I alfo  viewed  the  Water,  In  the  bottom  of  which' the- 
boiled  Corral  lay,ffeveral  times  with  my  naked  Eye,  fo 
long  till  the  Waterwas  in  manner,  evaporated,  but  I 
cou’d  not  in  the  leafl;  difeover  any  Salt  Particles  in  it; 
and  the  Water,  moreover,  remained  very  clear  : In 
fhort,  I conclude,  that  ’tis  impoflible  that  thofe  fix’d 
Salts,  of  which  Corral  is  for  the  mofl:  part  compoled,. 
can  pofTibly  be  dilfolved  in  the  Body,  but  only  by 
fharp  Salts  or  by  .Fire,  and  confequently,  that  itisalto- 

getlisr .. 


( m ) ■ ^ 

gether  an  unprofitable  thing  in  Phyfick  ; and  who  knows 
whether  they  that  cry  up  Corral  fo  much,  did  ever  make 
any  ufe  of  it,  unlefs  it  were  to  amufe  common  People 
with  uncommon  Medicines,  and  thereby  get  themfeives 
a Name,  whilft  they  are  in  the  mean  time  only  cheating 
the  World;  of  which  we  have  fo  many  Examples. 

I have  likewife  examined  into  two  other  forts  of 
White  Corral,  and  noted  fome  few  Remarks  upon 
them  ; but  I fhall  not  trouble  you  with  more  at  prefent, 
but  conclude,  and  remain 

.•  ro//rSj  S^^c. 


Ilv  ^art  of  a Letter  from  Mr,  Ralph  Xhoresby, 
F.  K.  5.  to  T>r,  Hans  Sloane,  5^.  5.  Seer:  con^ 
^ >cernmg  fome  Roman  Coins  fomid  in  Yorkfliire. 

• lij  • • . ■ ' i.  i j 

Saturday^  ^laft'  Mr.  Arthington  obliged  me  with 
the  peryfal  of  fome  Rciman  Qoins^  which  a few 
days  ago  were  Plowed  up  at  in  fome  Grounds 

he  purchafed  of  Mr. Junior,  and  area  confirrnati- 
onof  the  Conjeffure  of  his  Ingenious  Father  (the  late 
Thomas  KJrk  Hfq;j  that  Roman  V4a  Vtcinalis  (which 
comes  from  the  great  Military  Road  upon  Bramham- 
Moor')  palled  from  that  Station  at  Adellocum  (of  which' 
there  is  an  Account  No.  282'.  of  the  BhUofoph.  TranfaH,) 
thro’  thefe  Grounds  to  Ilk  ley,  . 

There  are  but  few  of  them,  (not  above  Twenty  that 
the  Servants  confefs  to;  but  thofe  molflj'  vety  fair  : I'he 
eldeft  he  has  is  of  Domitian^  An,  Vrh.  Cond,  846.  which 
you  know  falls  in  with  the  Year  of  our  Lord  95  ; his 

Plead 


/ M5 

Head 'IS  furrounded  with  this  Infcription,  IMPerator 
CAESar  DOMITianus  AUGuftus.GERManiciis  P.  M. 
('Pontifex  Maximusj  T R.  P.  ('Tribunitia  PoteEate/ 
XIIII.  The  Reverfe  (hews  he  was  then  faluted  Empe- 
ror the  22d  time,  IMP. 'XXII.  COS  fConiul.)  XVI 
CENS.  JPP.  (Pater  Palri*,)  the  FUvUn  Family  particu- 
larly allefted  the  Title  of  C enfors^  and  Domittm  is  the 
laft  Emperor  who  has  that  Title  upon  >his  Medals ; the 
Figure  upon  this  Reverfe  has  a Helmet  upon  the  Head, 
and  a Spear  in  the  Right  Hand. 

The  next  is  of  Nerva\ 

'!  . .0 

' IMP.  NERVA.  CAES.  AUG.  PM.  TRP.  COS.  Re- 
verfe CONCORDIA  EXERCITVVM.  Dextr^  junHa*,. 


The  next  Seven  arc  of  Trajm\  but  all  different, 


IMP.  CAES.  NERYA.  TRAIANVS.  GERM.  Rev,.. 
PM.  TRP.  COS.  III.  jPP.  figura  ftolata  ftans,  finiftra 

cornucopia.  • ' • * ' 

■ , ■ ■ 

The  next  has  the  fame  Infcription,  fave  riiat  it  it  was  in. 
his  4th~Conful0iip,  and  has  fgura  galeau  cum  hafia, 

• 1iMP/!t^AIAN0.  'aUG.  G-^^^  pm.  TRP. 

■Rev.  COSL'V.  PP.  SPQR;’'(S§natus  Populufque  Roma- 
nusj  OPTIMO  PRINCipi.  Pads  fiantis  typus,  dextra : 
facem  admoventis  fpotiis,  ea^conflagraturus,  finillracoiv 
nucopiae- tenentis. /exucgejuPAXi  '•  • ^ - j .. 

IMP.  CAES.  NER.  TRAIANO.  OP.TIMO.  AVG., 
GER.  DACico.  ,rReVi  PM.  1 RP.  COS.  VI.  PP.  SPQR.  , 
Deus  Genius  Ifans,  dextra^  pa<teram.  - 
TMP.  TRAIANVS.  AVG.  GER.  DAQ.  PM.  TPvR 
Rev.  COS.  VI.  SPCiR.  OPTJMQ.  PRiNC,  fig.^ftolata. 

. . a A,'  it  i'.ii  -fi  r.  ■■ 

' ■ ^ IMP-- 


1 1 • .f 


IMP.-  TRAIANO.  QPTIMO.  AVG.  GER.  DAC. 

. PM.  TR.  P.  p.  Rev.  COS.  VI.  PP.  SPQR.  figura  ilo- 
lata  dextra  Caduceutn,  finiftra  cornucopia’.  .. 

IMP.  TRAIANO.  AVG.  GER.  DAC.  PM.  TRP. 
COS.  VI.PP.  Rev.SPQR.  OPTIMO.  PRINCIPI.  Co- 
lumna  cochlidis  2 ryam.  ( > . 

''  * r . W • - 

,'j  The  reft  that^are  legible,  zvq  Hadria/A,  viz.  . 

I 

HADRIANVs.  AVGVStvS.  Rev.  COS.  HI.  Vi- 
ftoria  cum  Palma. 

r 

The  other  has  upon  the  Reverfe, 

FELIClt  ATI.  A VGVSTI.  Above'  the  Navis  Pre- 
toria, and  below  it  COS.  III.  PP. 

Thefe  are  all  of  Silver : There  was  a large  one  of  Copper 
of  the  Emperor  Domitim^ 

IMP.  CAES.  DOMIT.  AVa  GERM.  ! ...  . . 
but  the  Reverfe  was  not  legible. 

^ohn  Dynelej  of  Bramhofe  Efq;  has  alfo  three,  one  with 
FIDES  EXERCITVVM,  one  of  aiiii  one  of 

TrajarA  with  Dacia,  Captive  under  a Trophy',  but  I want 
the  inferiptions';  all  the  reft  are  in  the  Polteflion  of  the 
Ingenious  Cyril  Arthington.  of  Arthington  Efq;  the  Lord 
of  the  Mannor,  who  obliged  me  with  one,  for  Lectu- 
ring upon  the  reft,  the  Figure  whereof  I fend  you,  it 
being  upon  a remarkable  Qccafion,  and  not  mentioned 
in  Occo  (at  leaft  in  my  Edition  of  that  Author;)  his.  in- 
feribed  HADRIANVS  AVG.’ COS.  HI.  PP.  - Rev. 
RESTITVTORI  HISPANIAi.  This  was  upon  his 
peaceable  fetling  of  Aftairs  irithat  his  Native  Country^ 
iipam  is  reprefented  here  as  a Woman  with  a Branch  in  her 


■right  Hand  to  denote  her  Fruitfuhiefs,  kneeling  before 
the  Emperor,  who  kindly  takes  her  by  the  Hand  to 
raife  her  up. 


By  thefe  it  appears,  that  this  Station  flounfl'ied  when 
the  Roman  Empire  was  in  its  prime ; and  there  being 
none  of  a later  Date,  makes  it  probable,  that  it  periili- 
ed  in  fome  of  the  Infurre6lions  of  the  Native  Brigantes, 
■ about  <Sez/en^'*s  Time,  as  it  was  conjeTured  from  the 
form  of  the  Letter  A in  the  Infcriptions  upon  the  Fune- 
.lal  Monuments  formerly  accounted  for.  (Philofoph. 
Tranfaci,  No,  28 2. J 

Leedsy  A^ril  19,  1708. 


‘ Ill,  ^art  of  a Letter  from  Orlando  Bridgman  Efq>^ 
F,  2^.  S.  to  Capt.  Wine,  an  Account  of  a 

.Storm  of  Thunder  and  Lightning  that  happen  d 
Ipfwich,  July  16,  1708. 

. * < 

..  Ipfivichy  "July  20,  1708. 

I ^HERE,  happen’d  here  on  the  i6th  pah,  a molf  Vi- 
; .J  olcnt-^^torm  of  Thunder  and  Lightning,  the  Ef- 
^fei^  of  which  iiave  been  both  wonderful  and  difmal ; it 
began  about  S^x  to  be  perceived  at  fome  dihance,  aiida- 
T rofein  the  South  Well:  I happened  then  to  be  on  the 
^higI^e^t  Erhinence  about  this  Town, from  whence  I could 
^ very  plainly 'diftihguifli  the  working  of  the  Storm,  and 
can  Y but  talve  notice  to  you  of  one  tiling  I thought  very 

U ' re- 


{ 158  ) 

Vcmarkabiej  and  what  I had  never  met  with  before  ; I 
judged  it  then  to  be  about  foui\Miles  diliance  from  me  : 
The  Inftant  I perceiv’d  the  hlaili,  it  feemed  to  extend  it 
felf  like  a Bow,  and  calf  its  Light  a eonfiderable  way 
round  it,  and  the  Shaft  of  Lightning  fif  I may  lb  call. 
ItJ  did  not  run  in  a waving  Angular ‘Figure  as  ufualy, 
but  in  a Ifrait  Siiafc  of  Fire,,  like  the  Fuze  of  a Bomb, 
diretfly  from  the  Cloud  to  the  Ground  ; upon  which,, 
''  and  linding  the  Storm  approach,  I haftned  home,  which 
was  not  a Mile.  Soon  alter,  we  had  two  or  three  of  the 
' greatelf  Flafhes  of  Lightning,  and  the  noife  of  Thunder 
that  fucceeded  them  was  lb  very  great,  and*caufed  fo 
great  an  Fmption  in  the  Air,  that  it 'made  the  Rooms> 
lliake,  and  the  Windows  rattle,  as  in  a*  great  Storm  of 
Wind.  ■ Dr.  D-ide  a Phyfician,  and  very  Ingenious  Gen- 
tleman, allured  me,  as  he  came  from  his  Houfe  to  me  juft' 
at  that  time,  the  Lightning  feemed  to  dwell  fome  confide- 
rable  fpace  on  the  Ground;  and  that  he  could  very  plain- 
ly feel  the  heat  of  it  in  his  Face.  I'he  Palfage-Boat  was 
at  that  time,  coming  from  Harwich^  and  juft  got  to  the 
Town  or  very  near,  when  came  a terrible  Flalli,  which 
killed  the  Mafter  and  three  Perlbns  more  that  were  on 
Board.  I law  one  the  next  day  that  underwent  that  dif- ' 
mal  Fare,  he  had  a Wound  in  his  Thigh,  his  Breaft  was 
lacerated  as  if  he  had  been  whiped  wkli  Wires,  and  his 
Face  and  Body  as  black  as  if  he  had  been  blown  =up  with 
Gunpowder,  and  thoufands  of  fmall  Black  Spots  about 
him.  The  Mafter  of  theVeftel  was  not -at  all  disfigured, 

■ but  had  one  Wound  of  his  Side  like  a frefli  Burn,  and 
no  other  Mark  about  him,  fave  the  Chain  of  his  Watch 
w'as  melted,  and  no  harm  nor  Burn  could  be  perceived 
on  his  Breeches  or  Cloafhs.  I'lie  thirdPerfon,  who  was  a 
Servant,  was  very  much  torn  and.lhatrer’d  about  the 
Head,  the  Crown  of  his'Hat  was'takcn  clear  out,'  as  if 
it  had  been  cut  out, and  feveral  Parcels  of  his  Hair  drove 
into  the  Subftance  of  the  Hat.  The  fourth  was  very  lit- 

' • 'de. 


( 159 ; 

tie  disfigured,  only  a Black  Spot  on  his  fide,  and  a finah 
Wound,  as  if  made  with  a Cauterifing  Iron  ; thei*e 
were  feveral  others  aboard  wounded  and  llunn’d.  One 
Artls^  among  the  former,  had  his  Hair  burnt  clofe  to  his 
Head  behind,  and  his  Peruke  untouchM  *,  he  had  a 
Scratch  on  his  Arm  about  4 Inches  long,  and  a fmall 
hurt  below  the  Elbow  5 he  fell  that  Night  into  a Vio- 
lent Fever,  grew  delirious,  and  if 'not  dead  yet,  is  pro- 
nounced irrecoverable  5 whether  he  receiv’d  any  hurt  on 
his  Brain,  or  the  Violence  of  the  Fever  caufes  the  De- 
lirium, remains  undetermined  ; there  was  no  mark  to 
be  feen  on  his  Coat,  Waftcoat,  or  SHrt,where  he  had  his 
Jiurt  on  bis  Arm.  Two  of  the  Ferfons  kill’d  were  on 
the  outfide,  and  the  other  two  under 'the  Tilt  of  the 
Boat  ^ and  what  is  pretty  remarkable,  the  two  that 
were  within  the  Tilt,  fate  on  each  Hand  of  a Woman 
that  received  no  damage  : one  Perfon  had  the  Sole  of  his 
Shooe  unripped  from  the  Leather,  and  no  other  Damage, 
I wonder  the  Blafi:  lighting  fo  diretfly  on  the  Boat, 
did  not  fhatter  it  all  to  pieces  : there  was  another  Boat 
that  followed  them,  and  received  no.  damage,  and  took 
out  the  reft  of  the  poor  frighted  Wiretches  ^ the  Mailer- 
of  which  does  affirm,  hefaw  the  Fire  lighten  theBow- 
fprit  of  the  fol'iner  Boat,  where  meeting  a fmall  refill- 
ance,  it  flew  into. fmall  Streams  like  a Rocket,  part  into 
the  Boat,  part  into  the  Watery  which,  if  true,  no  doubt 
was  the  caufe  of  the  Mifchief  being  done  in  fo  inany 
different  Parts  of  the  Boat,  whoever  was  unfortunate 
enough  to  be  in  the  way  of  thofe  fiery  Darts,  being  the 
Sufferers  ^ and  does  in  fome  meafure  folve  the  feeming 
difficulty  of  the  Womans  being  unhurt  between  the  two 
Perfons  that  were  kill’d ; andtho’  there  has  been  a great 
many  very' pretty  Conjectures  by  Learned  Men,  to  ex- 
plain the  EffeHs  of  Lightning,  yet  every  remarkable 
new  Accident  of  that  kind,  furnifhes  frefli  Difficulties 
different  from  the  former:  If  this  proves  any  thing  en- 
tertaining to  you,  it  will  be  a great  Satisfaction  to  me. 

U 2 IV.  PArt 


/ 


( 


(•  1 40- )‘ 


IV.  A Letter  from  Mr,  Jof.  Nelfon,  concerning  the 
EjfeHs  of  the  ahoVementlvied  Storm  of  Thunder- 
and  Lightning  at  Colchefter. 

Colchefier^  July  26,  1708. 

.8  I R, 

Ha  V I N G taken  notice  of  the  Strange  Effecls  of  ’ 
Thunder  you  Publillied  for  the  Months  of  Jam- 
ary and  Lehr  nary  laft,  tlie  like  was  ftrange  in  this  Town 
o^i  Colchefler.  On  J(ily  16  die  Veneris  1708,  about  Eight 
of  the  Clock  at  Night  (the  greater  part  of  the  After- 
noon being  Cloudy,  but  more  thick  toward  Night,  with' 
Thunder  at  a diltance  for  above  an  Hour  before,  and 
much  Lightning)  1 heard  a Thunder-Crack  fo  loud,  as 
if  it  were  clofe  to  me,  (the  like  I never  heard  before;)  at 
which  time  the  Thunder  and  Lightning  broke  into 
Mr.  Jojhaa  I\jngh  Houfc,  at  the  Sign  of  the.  Hart  in 
Maudiin-fireet  in  Colchefier^  beginning  at  the  South  fide 
thereof  at  the  Gable-end,  breaking  leveral  Roof- Tiles, 
and  near  20  other,  as  at  f in  the  Figure^  continuing  its 
Courfe  Per-pendicular,  and  in  a ffrait  Line  (the  only 
Motion  that  feems  confiflent  with  fuch  Violence,  which 
it  feems  was  otherwife  in  the.  Gentlewomans  Houle  in 
Ireland')  it  went  into  a Lean-to,  and  lighting  on  a 
bunching  out  of  the  Wall  at  it  entered  into  the  Strong- 

Beer  Buttery  thro'  the  Laths,  and  forced  a Cork  put  of 
the  lower  Tap-hole  of  a Butt,  to  theLofs  of  fome  GaL 
Ions  of  Beer;  in  its  way  at  a,  it  fhiver’d  a Stud  about 
three  Inches  Square,  fo  that  one’ fide  remain’d  mail’d  to 
Laths,  yet  not  mucli  .thicker,  than  a Lath,  andalfo  brake 

' • it. 

• ^ . 

n 


s 


it  in  two  as  if  it  were  a Tobacco-Pipe.  Below  the  Beam 
at  it  clave  of  fplit  a Stud,  about  4 Inches  fquare,  feve- 
ralFoot  down,'which  is  there  Banding  ? this  was  from 
its  violent  ra7.ing  on  the  outfide.  At  the  time  of  this  Blow 
the  faid  Mr.  IQr.g  was  in  the  Lean-too,  and  thought  he 
fliould  have  been  delfroyed  with  the  Lightning,,  but  re- 
ceived no  hurt he  fmelt  a Brong  Sulphurous  Scent.  It 
caB  the  broken  Wall  divers  Rood  with  the  Violence. 
There  was  fome  little  damage  done  to  Alhdloivi  Church 
about  the  fame  time  in  the  laid  Town. 

But  that  which  was  moB  lamentable,  divers  Boats 
were  carrying  Perfons  from  Harwich  to  Jpfwich  on  the 
Orwell ; the  violence  of  the  Thunder  and  Lightning  kilfd 
four  dead  immediately,  made,  a Irad  run  Mad,  and 
wounded  the  reB  that  were  in  that  Boat,  which  were 
twelve  Perfons,  and  melted  a Watch  and  the  Chain  all 
of  a Lump  which  was  in  a Dead  Mams  Pocket ; this  was 
about  the  fame  time  of  the  aforementioned.  Mr.  Thomas 
Holborow  oi  Colchefier^  Goldfmith,  w^as  Eye-Witnefs  to- 
this  : being  in  one  of  the  Boats,  he /melt  Inch  a Scent  of 
Sulphur  as  he  could  not  bear.  This  was  about  eighteen 
Miles  N.  E.  of  Colchejler'^  and  one  Mile  S.  E.  it  was  no  ^ 
more  violent  than  an  ordinary  Storm.  < 

/ 

•'  r • 

; • . I 

y . ■ ■ • 


Y.  Ban 


’ ) ’ ; 


( »4^  ) 


V.  Tart  of  a Letter  from  Dr.  Arthur  Bury^  to  the 
^{eVerend  John  Chamhcrlayne  Ejq-^  F.T^S.  cotu. 
cerning  the  Manuring  of  Land  in  Devonfhire  by 
Sea-Sand. 


Compton^  Mdrch  8,  1708. 

SIR, 

I Have  your  obliging  Letter  of  Febmarji  28.  aceora- 
panied  with  the  Archbifliop  of  Duhlirt's  to.  the  Koyd 
Society,  &c.  The  Burning  of  the  Surface  is  fo  much 
pra6tiiedin  Devonfhire,  that’cis  elfewhere  known  by  the 
Name  of  Dezwijhirwg  ; but  it  is  ufed  only  for  bad  Lands, 
and  by  worfe  Husbands ; for  it  robs  the  Ground,  as  the 
Good  Prelate  remarks. 

Salt  quickens  dead  Land,  and  is  ufed  in  the  South 
Wefl  part  of  that  Country,  which  would  elfe  be  the 
barrenefl,  but  is  now  the  richefl:  part  of  it.  They  go  as 
far  as  the  Sea  will  permit  them  at  loweft  Ebb,  and  take 
the  Sand  in  Bags,  and  carry  it  on  Horfe-back  14  Miles 
into  the  Country,  and  fpread  it  upon  the  Land,  and 
thereby  improve  it  both  tor  Corn  and  Grafs.  In  other 
Parts  they  forc^  their  Barren  Land,  by  mingling  the 
Earth  with  Lime,  and  calling  it  upon  the  Ground. 

In  this  they  differ,  that  Crude  and  Tingle  Salt,  if 
Brew’d  upon  the  Ground,  does  not  improve,  but  cor- 
rode it;  but  Lime,  tho’ unmingled,  betters  it : but  in 
this  they  agree,  that  they  produce  not  Grafs  fit  for  their 
Scythe,  but  for  failure,  fhort  and  Tweet,  and  growing 
all  the  Winter  ; fo  that  their  Sheep  know  not  either  Hay 
or  Water,  nor  are  their  iiighell  Grounds  parched  by  the 
Sun  in  the  hottefl:  Summer.  This  is  Matter  of  Fail 

known 


known  to  every  Plowman;  what  I further  add,  Lwi/?? 
were  fo  to  every  Gentleman, that  by  the  Marriage  of  thel^ 
Male  and  Female  Salts,  they  might  enrich  both  thei^* 
Country  and  themfelves.  The  Sea-SaJt  is  too  lufty  and 
a6live  of  it  fell,  the  Lime  has  a moreBalfamick,  but  gen- 
tler Salt;  and  regularly  joined  with  the  other,  is  there- 
by invigorated.  How  to  match  thefe  two,  Glauber 
thus  directs.  (fays  lie^  Qjiick’Limey  let  it  [lack  by  time 
without  Water  ; then  take  Salt  and  IVater,  mingle  them  toge^ 
ther^  and  make  them  into  Balls  or  Pieces^  which  you  fleaj'e  • 
dry  "^em  as  you  do  Bricks^  then  burn  them  for  about  two  Hours 
This  Compofi  Will  enrich  your  poorefi  Land. 

Were  I fo  devoted  to  Agriculture,  as  you  fuppofe,  I 
flioiild  remove  my  Dwelling  to-fucha  Situation,  as  were 
bed:  accommodated  with  thefe.  three,  Lime,  Salt,  and 
'Coals;  and  did  our  Gentry  underlland  this  Husbandry, 
they  would  fo  far  free  Salt  from  its  Tax,  as  it  fliould  be 
employed  upon.  Land,  which  is  not  intended  to  pay  for 
itv  -'v*/ 


VI.  A Litter  from  Mr.  Edward  L\myAyi\eeper  of 
AnimoIcaa  Mufeum  in  Oxford,  to  Dr.  R.R. 
■in  York  (hire  an  Account  of  a Entw  i 

tuled^  OYPEsHOITHs^  Helveticiis,  five  Itinera 
Alpina  Tria,  6cc.  Authore  Job.  Ja.  Scheuch-  i 
. zero,  M.  D.  Lond.  4to.  MDCCVIII.  . 


Honoured  Sir:, 

HAving  had  the  Favourof  a Perufal  of  Dr.  Scheuch^ 
zePs  Itinera  Alpina,  as  the  Sheets  were  printed  off, 
rl  take  an  Opportunity  offer’d  by  a.  Friend,  of  fending 
'yon  fome  Account  of  Part  of  tliat  very  Learnedand  In« 

genious 


( 144) 

• ' gcnions  Gentleman’s  Obfervations ; becayfe  all  the  plates 
being  not  yet  Engraven,  it  may  be  fome  time  e’re  the 
’ Book  is  publifh’d;^  and  in  regard  nothing  clfe  occurs  at 

prelent,  that  I can  fuppofe  fo  acceptable,  or  indeed  worth 
lending.  ' * ♦ • 

What  chiefly  falls  under  his  Confideration  is  the  Na-r 
tiire  of  the  Alpine  Waters  and  Meteors  ; the  Height, 
&c,o^  the  Mountains,  and  the  moil  Remarkable  Mi- 
nerals and  Plants  they  afford  He  has  alfo  fome  Occafi- 
onal  Obfervations  on  Animals ; and  others  in  the  Pra- 
ftice  of  Phyfick,  and  on  the  Cuffoms  and  Diet  of  the 
Inhabitants;  together  with  fome Inffances of  theSuper- 
ffition  of  the  Common  People,  and  a few  Notes  rela- 
ting to  Antiquities.  Any  of  tliefe  Subjeffs  he  takes  no- 
tice of,  after  the  manner  of  other  Journals,  as  they  oc- 
cur ; but  having  now  read  the  Sheets  all  over,  and  feen 
feveral  of  the  Tables,  the  Account  I fend,  tho’  imper- 
fedf,  is  according  to  thefe  General  Heads. 

Firff  as  to  the  ALPINE  WATERS*,  Befides  thofe 
which  are  Medicinal,  he  has  feveral  Obfervations  oii  the 
Rivers  and  Brooks.  The  Rhine  he  affirms  to  have  chang- 
2.  h 27.  ed  its  old  Courfe,  between  Roncaglia  and  the  DISTRICT 
OF  SCHAMS.  As  for  the  VdUy  ('fays  he_)  of  La  iVia 
mala  ; If  rve  m^y  not  fuppofe  it  to  have  been  anciently  at  the 
. - lower  end  unopen  ; we  mujl  of  necejjity  allow  it  to  have  been 
. gradually  one  Age  after  another  conftderably  deprefsd^  by  the 

Impetuous  Current  of  the  Latter  Rhine.  >Tis  niofl  certain^ 
and  from  the  Track  of  the  Water  which  has  polifAtheStones^ 
demonfir  able  \ that  very  anciently  (we  may  perhaps  fuppofe  it: 
in' the  FirH  Ages  after  the  Deluge  f the  Courfe  of  the  R.\\m€ 
was  along  La  Via  mala,  whereas  it  now  runs  thrc^  Deep 
Caverns  and  Clefts  of  Rocks  about  200  Foot  below  that 
Road.  The  like  Obfervation  is  alfo  made  by  Mr.  C<?/- 
on  the  Courfe  of  x\\^Taminna^  which  runs  by  the 
--  Pepper  Bath^  in  his  German  Treatile  jof  thofe  Waters ; 

' but  our  Author  judges  it  andiffidult  Experhnexit,if  at'all 

pra&- 


f 


( <45  . 

prafticable,  to  make  any  Computation  ot  [the  Depth  a Valjey- 
fmksina  Century,  by  marking  Yearly  the  Height  of  the  U^atcr 
on  the  Stones  in  the  narrow  Paflages  of  the  Mountains,  becaufe 
of  the  Annual  and  even  Daily  Variations  of  the  Quantfty  and 
Force  of  Water,  which  depends  on  the  Quantity  of  Rain,  asal- 
foof  melted  Snow  and  Ice  ;-aslike\vi{e  of  the  Rehifance  made 
by  Stones  and  Trees  eradicated  by  the  Torrents. 

Betwixt  Andtrct  and  Speluca  he  takes  notice  of  the  frcf^uent  ,j 
Catarrhadls  on  the  Rhi'ne-,  where  the  foaming  Wateis  are  fo 
dafh’d  againft  the  Rocky  Precipices,  that  the  adjoyning  Cliil’s 
are  thereby  continually  Water’d,  nor  do  the  Travellers  alv\ayse- 
fcape.  One  of  thefe,  being  that  which  feem’d  mdl  Remarkable,  he. 
gives  us  a Draught  of,  in  the  8th  Table  of  his  Second  JoarKey.  Thefe 
Catarrhaffs  are  alfo  not  uncommonin  the  Tenirory  ENGEL-  i.  i, 
BERG-,  amongfl;  which,  that  of  D6VSBACH-,  over  againft  the  ce- 
lebrated Mountain  T/J'L/S^F^C,  affords  the  pleafanteft  ProrpecT. 

But  the  moft  agreeable  Caftade  he  met  with  in  all  ^his  Travels,  is 
on  the  River  ^JMaira,  oppofite  to  the  Place^  where  tfie  Town  of 
Elnrs  once  ftood,  which,  is  now  only  Fields  and  Meadows-,  that 
being  the  moft  Remarkable  of  any,  for  Breadth  as  well  as  Depth, 
which  he  computes  to  be  about  icoFoot.  The  River  ha\ing  fo 
Great  a Fall,  the  neighbouring  Fields  are  continually  bedew’d  with 
its  conftant  fprinkling;,  and  the  Spectators  become  foon  dropping 
wet;  which  inconveniency  the  Pleafant  Profped  not  only  of  the 
Catarrha<fl:,  but  alfo  of  a Circular  Rainbow  they  ftand  in,  makes 
fuch  amends  for,  that  ftis  not  in  the  Icaft  regarded.  SUch  Raiii' 
bows  are  alfo  feen,  at  fome  CatarrhaCls  ofthe  Rhine-,  as  particular- 
ly that  noted  Waterfall LAVFF in  ZVRICH,  well  deferib’d  by 
ClareanM  in  his  Panegyricon  Helvetia. 

On  the  23d  of  Ahgnfi  he  afeended  Monte  di  Sett,  or  fas  the 
Germans  Call  it )SETMERBERG, which  is  part  ofthe  Julian  Alps, to 
fee  on  the  top  of  it  the  celebrated  Springs  of  three  Rivers,  at  the 
diftance  of  fcarce  twenty  Perches  : viz.,  thofe  that  How  North- 
ward, conftitute  part  of  the  Rhine',  thofe  on  the  South  Weft, 
the  River  Maira,  which  runs  through  BERGEL  and  Clavenna-, 
and  thofe  on.the  Eaft,  the  Aqua  de  PiU.  But  the  Mountain  about 
the  Springs  being  all  cover’d  with  Snow,  his  Guriofity  was  fatis- 
fy’d  with  the  Plants  and  fome  other  Rarities  that  occui’d. 

This  Obfervation  maybe  parallell’d  in  the  Origin  of  divers  of  cur 
own  Rivers  3 ‘as  particularly  of  the  Severn,  the  Wye  ztA  Rheidtol^ 
at  Pymlymon  on  the  Confines  Mongomery  ^nd  Cardiganjlnre,  and. 

X * feveral 


/ 


C H ^ 

, ieveral  other  Places  on  the  Mountains  of  rvales  and  Scotland.  But ' 
Vis  to  be  obferv’d,  that  as  it  is  not  one  Spring  that  makes  any  con- 
fiderable  Brook,  much  lefs.  a large  River  ^ To  no  Rivulet  carries 
the  Name  of  the  River  it  flows  into,  to  the  Fountain  Head  ; the 
Names  the  Rivers  are  diftinguilh’d  by,  being  given  to  the  Conflu- 
ence of  divers  Rivulets  in  the  Lower  Valleys ; where  if  they  form  » 
a Lake,  as  they  very  often  do,  that  Lake  is  moft  commonly,  not> 
to  fay  always,  denominated  from  the  River*,  and  not,  as  fomc' 
contend,  the  Rivers  from  their  Lakes.  The  realbn  of  which  is, 
that  the  Inhabitants  on  the  Rivers,  found  it  neceflary  to  give 
them  Names,  more  early  than  to  the  Mountain  Lakes,  which  at 
the  firft  Peopling  of  a Country,  were  known  comparatively  but  to 

■ very  few. 

. But  the  molt  Remarkable  Place  our  Author  mentions  for  Springs, 
istheTown  of  F/w/j,  which  he  fays  is  thence  denominated  ^ the 
Word  Firm  fignifying  a River  in  the  Grlfon  Language.  About  half 
a Mile  out  of  Town,  there  are  moR  clear  Springs,  v hich  break* 
forth  at  the  Foot  of  the  Mountain,  which  Immediately  conftitute 
Rapid  Streams,  and  in  the  Village  it  fdf  are  reckon’d  thirteen  ^ 
where  the  Waters  gufli  forthwith  a fort  of  noife,  in  Rivulets 
from  half  a Foot  to  two  Foot  broad.  Some  ofthefe  are  Tempo- 
rary, which  the  Inhabitants  aferibe  to  the  melted  Ice  and  Snow  ^ 
others  Perennial,  fupplied  from  the  Great  HyarophyUaa  in  the 
Bowels  of  the  Mountain.  The  molf  confiderable  or  theft*  Foun- 
tains is  call’d  the  quafi  Garges-j  which  is  a Perennial  one, 
and  of  it  felt  ferves  to  turn  a Mill.  Another  place  is  call’d  Fur- 
where  four  Rivulets  fpring  within  the  Diftance  of  eleven 
Feet,  lly  Da'vos  is  alfo  a Temporary  Spring,  but  nothing  fo  cold 
as  the  reft,  whoever  would  be  Curious  (lays  he)  to  tract  out  the 
frjl  Sources  of  thefe  Fountains,  in  the  very  Borocls  of  the  Earth,  may 
receive  fome  Light  if  he  confiders  that  the  Town  is  ftuated  at  the 
Foot  of  r/;eOBBR  ALP,  which  Mountain  is  not  generally  they 
are  in  the  rais'd  to  a jharp  Ridge',  but  composed  of  exceeding 

'broad  Rockj-,  fueh  as  have  no  Fiffures,  hut  are  continued,  after  the 
manner  of  Jlembitk-  He  compares  it,  he  fays,  to  an  Alembick  ; 
becaufe  he  is  fully  perfwaded,  that  this  Phenomenon  ought  to  be  con- 
ceiv’din  the  fame  manner,  as  DiftilHtion  is  commonly  and  eafily 
explain  d:  vii.>  that  there  are  Aqueous  Vapours  rais’d  in  great 
plenty  from  the  deep  Bowels  of  the  Mountain,  to  the  Top,  by 
means  of  Subterraneous  Heat ; and  that  they  are  (quoad  minimam 
tatrtem')  exhald  into  Air  j which  meeting  with  the  Rocks  lliuc  on 


t 


< '47  ) 

all  fides,  iscondenfed  into  Water ; and  that  triekline  down  ftag. 
nates  in  thofe  great  Cavities  we  call  Bydt-ophy/acm.  whence  after- 
wards by  Subte  raneous  Natural  Aqueduclts,  the  Waters  are  con 
vej'd  to  this  Village,  and  thofe  Neighbouring  Places  where  we  lie 
them  break  forth.  The  Inhabitants  are  laid  to  have  made  an  Ex- 
periment to  find  out  the  Subterraneous  Pafiage  of  the  Gorf  • which 
was,  the  calling  down  fome  Saw-Dull  at  a Cleft  of  the  Mountain, 
towards  the  pp,  where  they  heard  the  noife  of  running  Water* 
and  thofe  who  were  left  to  watch  below,  found  the  Dull  come 
out  at  the  Spring.  They  pretend  to  diftinguilh  fome  of  thofe 
Waters  from  others  as  to  Goodnefs,  tho’  our  Author,  upon 
Tryal,  found  them  aU  of  the  fame  weight.  The  People  that  live 
here,  tho*  in  all  other  Refpeas  very  lively  and  healthy,  b-coine  ‘ 

fooner  Gray  and  Bald  pated  than  elfewhere;  and  this  tliev  all  ar 

tribute  to  their  drinking  thefe  Waters.  ^ 

I mull  not  here  omit  the  giving  you  fome  Account  of  the  ^Iph?e 
Torrents,  which  do  fometimes  Incredible  Damage  in  t'hefe  Conn 
tries  Thefe  they  call  a Word  agreeing  with  v-ur 

BRVNNEN  [Springs]  does  With 

The  Firll  he  takes  notice  of,  is  the  SVREITENBACH  at  the  . 
LESSER  AVBRIG  ; which  often  lays  the  Farms  walleby  its  fud-  * * 
den  Inundations,  I he  River  Nolla,  fays  he,  vehkh  fprinas  at  the  it  2 v 2? 
Ftfcf  o/Beiierin  Monntain,  vom  fo  called  hy  the  AncientSy<juaJi 
Ja,  but  in  oar  Day  sit  enlarges  daily  its  Botmds  \ and  is  fo  Rapid  and 
Defiraaive,  that  it  often  raines  whcle  Fields,  Hoafes,  and  Stables 
It’S  eafily  diftinguilh ’d  in  the  Rhine  from  that  River,  by  its  Black  ' 
Colour  j which  he  attributes  partly  to  the  Swiftnefs  of  both 
Streams,  but  chiefly  to  the  weight  of  the  Nolla,  by  which  it  for- 
ces It  felf  thro’  the  lighter  Water  of  the  Rhine.  The  Black  Mud 
of  the  Nolla,  which  contains  plenty  of  very  fraall  Cubical  Pyriu 
IS  the  occalion  of  its  Colour.  At  Flims  he  faw  the  Deftrudion 
wrought  by  a fraall  Brook  [a  little  before  his  coming)  call’d  ^ 

Deri^  BLAVNE,  which  flowed  with  fo  much  Violence  ft^om  the 
abovementioned  OBERALB  Mountain,  that  breaking  its  Bank 
and  taking  a new  courfe,  it  almoll  ruin’d  half  the  Town  The’ 

Houfes  were  batter’d  thro*  by  an  Infinite  number  of  Stones  • Sta- 
bles and  Barns  broken,  and  Rooms  of  dwelling  Houfts  fill’d  up  with 
Mud,  Earth  a.id  Gravel.  Such  a Flood  they  call  where 

of  one  had  happen  d at  this  Place  before,  in  the  Year  1687,  an4 

^ ^ another 


; ( ms  ) 

another  in  1572,  when  feveral  Houfes,  and  part  of  the  Church, 
2.  f.  <^1,  were  batter’d  down.  Batthe  moil:  furprifingof  all  he  mentions, 
IS  that  at  NJDER  VRN^  which  had  almoft  deftroy’d  the  whole 
'Fowti.  Of  this,  the  Minifter  of  the  Place  Pent  him  the  following 
Relation.  ThisDilailer  happen’d  (faphe)  on  the  2d  of  Jh- 
gHj}\  which  was  a clear,  calm  Day.  Towards  the  Evening  the 
Sky  feem’d  to  threaten  Rain,  hut  not  io  much  to  us  as  others  ^ 

, ‘ upon  which  I began  to  be  concern’d  for  thofe  of  MOLLIS, 
“ and  others  of  the  higher  Villages.  There  Teem’d  to  be  there 
and  elfewhere  a great  Rain^  tho’ fo  tolerably  clear  with  us, 
‘‘  that  we  v/ere  rather  in  hopes  ’twould  Toon  be  over,  than  appre- 
“ henfive  ol  Danger.  But  ’tw^as  not  long  after,  that  our  Sky 
. “ was  alio  cover’d  with  Black  Clouds  ; and  between  the  Hours  of 
“ Six  and  Seven  the  Rain  began  to  fall,  not  in  Drops,  hut  as  if 
“ pour’d  out  of  Pitchers^  whence  fearing,  asMvell  as  others, 
Come  Mifchief  from  our  Brook,  1 began  to  run  to  a neighbour- 
“ ing  Bridge;  to  alTifl:  at  the  removing  it,  but  too  la:e  as  well  as 
“ others ; foras  foon  as  I got  out  of  the  Houfe,  I met  the  People 
“ in  a greatConfternp.tion  in -the  Grove  adjoyning,  taking  their 
“ Flight  aiui  forfakingtheir  Houfesand  Streets  for  fear  of  the  fwel- 
“ ling  Rivers  making  the  beft  of  their  way  to  my  Houfe  for  their 
Security,  and  advifing  me  either  to  flee  quickly,  or  return.' 

• “ Whilft  I was  in  this  Surprize,  and  returning  home,  the  Flood 

‘‘  begins  to  daPn  the  Walls  of  the  Houfe,  tho’-iemote  enough 
“ from  the  Channel  of  the  River  •,  and  to  beat  fo'hard  afour  Heels, 
that  I could  fcarcc  fhutthe  Door.  Looking  out  at  a Window, 
nothing  appearkl  in  View,  but  Sky  and  Sea,  a Lake  I mean, 
“ brought  fuddenly  over  the  whole  Town,  breakmg  down- 
Mounds,  carrying  away  Ti'mber  and  whatever  elfe  it  met  with 
breaking  in  many  places  the.  Doors  of  Houles  and  Cellars  j 
“ driving  before  it  all  Bridges,  and  in  Ibme  place  throwing  down- 
Walls.  Deftroying  feveral  Fruit  Trees  by  rooting  them  up, 
“ and  rpoiling  much  more.  The  Seats  were  found  fwimming  in 
“ the  Church;  the  Buildings  near  the  firll  Effort  of  the  Flood,  a 
“ Tucking  and  Grinding  Mill  (butfuchaswerenot  ihhabited)  fo 
t*  entirely  deftroy’d,  that  there  was  not  the  lead  Track  of  them  • 
remaining.  Some  Men  carryd  'the  Feeble  Women  on  tbeir 
“ Shoulders  to  the  higher  Places;  and  many  by  avoiding  one 
“ Danger  fell  into  a worfe  • whilft  leaving  their  Houfes  to  flee 
“ elfewhere,  they  were  oblig’d  to  climb  Trees,  Thecaufe  of  fo' 
“ii^teaLand  ihrprizing  a Deluge,  fe'ems  to  have  been  a vaft -Storm 

‘‘  io 


c 149  ') 

in  the  higher  Grounds  mixt  with  Hail,  which  fell  in  fuch  a qiian- 
“ tity'on  the  Mountains  of  Niderurn^  that  there  were  Heaps  of 
“ them  as  high  as  Houfes^  wherein  whole  Firr- Trees,  which  the 
‘‘  Waters  had  eradicated,  fwam  upright  •,  whence  fo  immenfe  a 
‘ Quantity  of  Water  colleded  in  the  after  having  ruin’d 
‘‘  the  Mountain  PaUurcs,  was  born  down  with  fuch  Violence, 

I “ rooting  up  Firrs  and,  other  vaft  Trees,  and  rowling  before  it  ' 

' “ Gravel  and  ^tones.  By  this  means  the  Channel  of  the  Brook, 
at  the  Foot  of  the  Mountain,  may  be  fuppos’d  to  have  been 
' Hop’d  for  feme  time ; whence  breaking  forth  afterwards  with 
' the  greater  force,  and  at  unufual  and  deep  Places,  the  fatal  con- 
i “ fequence  here  defer ib’d  naturally  enfii’d. 

The  Helvetian  and  Grifofj  Jlps  afford,  it  feems,  no  fmall  number 
of  Periodical  Rivulets,  fuch  as  our  Latribourn  in  Bcrk(lnre  de- 
ferib’d  by  the  Poet  Sylvefier  and  Mr.  Hippipy^.  Thefe,  they  call 
METBRVNNE^S^  or  May  Springs ; one  of  which  he  met  with  in 
his  Firft  Journey,  from  its  White  Colour,  calld,  DER  MILCH- 
BACH\  w'hich  flows  out  of  a Mountain  Lake,  call’d,  ALVELEli  * 

SEE  LI  only  in  the  Months  of  7«wand  Juiy.  Another  he  men- 
tions at  GRAFF  £ NORTH,  betwixt  the  Abbey  of  £ NGELBERG, . 
and  the  Town  of  IT(9LFAi['A"5C///£5',  calPd'from  the  extraordi- 
nary Coldnefs  of  the  Water,  DEi- K ALTE  BRl  'NN.  This  2. 
breaks  out  about  the  third  Alay,  and  dcTiHs  towards  the  middle  of 
tember.  It  was  look’d  upon  as  ominous,  that  in  the  Year  1700, 
it  Ihould  continue  to  the  Month  of  Ollober.  Another  of  the  fame 
fort,  not  far  off,  is  call’d,  DER  DVRBRVNNEN.'  In  the  Val-//,  2.  c.  ie» 
ley  of  F'ATTISTFIAL  he  takes  notice  of  two  Brooks,  call’d, 
gORBSBACH,  one  whereof  is  about  two,  and  the  other  three 
Foot  over,  at  their  firfi:  appearance  out  of  the  Rocks  •,  whence  he 
I concludes,  there  muft  be  fome  vaft  HydrophyUdhm,  or  Natural 
Ciftern  in  the  Bowels  of  the  Mountain.  Thefe,  tho’  they  are  not 
fo  call’d,  obferve  the.  fame  Courfe.  with  the  MtTBRVNNEN'^ 
and  in  the  2d  Table  he  has  given  us  a Drauglu  of  the  Mountain, 

.and  the  ifluing  forth  of  thefe  Springs.  But  the  moft  eeiebrated,  z/.  i.  t,  2c^ 
I and  particularly  remarkable,  is  that  of  the  Valley  of  HASHTHAL  . * 

I in  BERN.  This  Fountain  ohferves  a double  Courfe  or  Period  \ one  ^ 
i Annual,  and  the  other  Diurnal  or  Horary.  It  flows  oqly  three 
I Months,  viz.,  from  .the  midlt  of  AUy  to  the  midit.  of  A 

* fPloF^  7^41.- Hp  of  ScafFordillire,  p.  57..  Para^r^ph.  46. 


Jt.  1-  f,  6. 


2 7. 


h.  U;,  7. 


Jt.  p.  4c. 


( *50  ^ 

but  not  (as  the  reft  of  the  METBRVNNEN)  continually  : For 
generally  it  flows  only  about  Eight  in  the  Morning  and  Four  in  the- 
Afeernoon.  But  its  Courfe,  for  what  has  been  hitherto  oblerv’d, 
is  very  Irregular.  Sometimes  the  Water  breaks  forth  in  an  Even*^ 
ing,  and  continuing  all  Night,  ccafesin  the  Morning-,  at  other 
times  it  refumes  its  Courfe  in  the  Morning,  and  often  recovers 
it  at  other  times  of  the  Day  ; very  often  it  runs  three  or  four  Days 
together  ^ and  at  other  times  for  fevera!  Days  no  Water  at  all  ap- 
pears. Reaffirms  the  Water  of  their  Alps  in  general  to  be  ex- 
ceeding  light,  inforauch,  that  tho'  they  are  drunk  plentifully, 
they  do  not  in  the  leaft  dog  the  Stomach,  which  is  ufually  offend- 
ed by  other  Waters*,  and  this  he  Parallels  with  an  Obfervation  of 
Sir  Robhert  Sibb^ld'sof  the  Water  of  Hoia  in  Orl^ey.  Several  of 
their  Spring  Waters  when  boiPd,  turn  of  a whitifli  Colour,  and 
precipitate  a white  Powder;  as  particularly  that  of  the  MEZG. 
BRVNNBE^  at  L AC  HEN ^ which  is  therefore  thought  impreg- 
nated with  Alum.  ^ 

Having  done  with  his  Obfervations  on  the  Rivers  and  Brooks, 
and  Common  Springs  *,  what  remains,  are  thofe  he  has  on  the  Mi- 
neral and  Medicinal  Waters.  On  the  highelt  Plain  ot' Hackftty 
he  met  with  a cold  Sulphureous  Spring,  encompaffed  with  a Wall, 
and  cover’d  with  Tiles  tor  the  ufe  of  Fravellers ; who  take  large 
Draughts  of  the  Water,  without  the  leaft  Inconveniency  ^ tho’  it 
has  a black  claiey  Earth,  of  a ftrong  Sulphureous  Scent 

Not  far  from  the  Springs  of  the  River  Oen^  are  the  Waters  of 
St  Maurice,  fo  much  frequented  by  the  GrifonSj  Switz^ers^  Germans 
and  Italian's.  He  declines  here  f which  is  alfo  lus  Laudable  Me- 
thod throughout  the  whole  Book)  the  T ranferibing  what  has  been 
written  by  other  Authors  concerning thefe  Waters^  contenting 
himfelf  with  the  Ch&vadier  Paraceijm  gives  them  ; and  adding  ' 
Tome  few  Obfervations  of  his  own.  Before  all  the  Acidulas  I k^oiv  in 
Europe  (fais  Paracelfus.**')  I mnfl  celebrate  thofe  1 met  with  at 
St.  Maurice’j  m Engedin,  which  runs  moji  ulcid  in  the  Alonth  of 
. Anguft.  Whoever  drmks  that  Water  04  Medicinal,  acquires  Health  ; ^ 
' and  never  becomes  Subje^  to  the  Stone^  Gravel  nor  Gout  i For  it  fo 
(Ircnzthens  the  Stomach,  that  it  enables  it  to  dtlfolve  Tartar  and  di- 
vers 0^  her  Bodies,  which  taken  in  our  Meat  and  Drink  occafion  Di- 
fiempers.  This  Spring  gufties  out  bubling  at  the  Foot  of  the  Moun- 


Theophr.  Paracelf.  de  Morbis  Tartar  (is,  c.  16,  p.m.  32?. 


tain 


( i5<  ) 

tain  in  a corner  of  a Fenny  Meadow,  about  a quarter  of  a 
oat  of  the  Village.  The  Well  is  half  a yard  over  ; and  has  ^ 

( Bui’ding  like  a fmali  Chappel  for  preferving  it,  and  to  keep  ‘-C 
i from  a mixture  with  Rain.  The  Water  has  a ftroiig  Vitrioiick 
^ Tafte,  and  upon  Try^I,  he  found  it  to  be  the  heaviell  of  aii 
J he  examin’d  that  whole  Journey,  viz  ^ii.^vi.rr  37  Sothat  a 
j Pound  of  it  contains  -:i.  ^r.  xxvi.  of  Vitriolico-Salfne  and  Chaly- 

Ibeac  Particles.  That  they  contain  fuch  Bodies  appears  not  only 
from  the  Talle,  but  alfo  from  thefe  following  Experiments. 

'Spirit  of  Sal  Armoniac  with  Spirit  of  Wine  a little  alter’d  it,  and 
the  fame  Spirit  with  Urine  turn’d  it  of  a whitilh  Colour.  Alfo 
Oylof  Tartar  per  dchtjuipim  made  ic  Milk  v;hite ; and  Powiefof 
Gauls  turn’d  it  firll;  carneous,  and  then  of  a Blacki.h  Red.  So 
that  thele  Waters  mult  proceed  from  Vicfiolico  Chalybeat  Veins, 
wherewith  the  adjoyning  Mountains  and  V^alleys  abound.  There 
are  here  and  there,  other  Chalybeat  Springs  in  the  fame  Moun- 
tains,  which  leave  a yellow  Sediment,  and  have  an  Acid  Tafte,  as* 
particularly  that  on  the  North  fide  of  the  Valley  over  againit  this 
St.  Maurice  % Well.  1 he  Waters  of  AnderUf  call’d  D ^dS  B Jt.  2,  29, 

forjthe  is  an  Infipid  Chalybeat,  containing  in  a Pound 

weight  51  Grains  of  Heterogeneous  Particles.  It  turns  a little 
whitifh  with  Spirit  of  Sal  Armoniac  prepar’d  with  ^urc  3 fome- 
what  muddy  with  Spirit  of  Sal  Armoaiac  cum  S.  K.  Milk-white  on 
Affufton  of  Oyl  of  Tartar,  with  a Sediment  of  the  fame  Colour , 
and  reddilh  with  Powder  of  Galls.  Not  far  from  the  faid  ondera 
is  a very  clear  Water,  which  if  drunk  plentifully  creates  an  Ap- 
petite. It’s  of  the  fame  weight  v/ith  the  above  mention^  Chaly- 
beat, and  ftrongly  impregnated  with  Iron  Particles,  to  which  he 
aferibes  its  Quality. 

But  his  largeftand  moft  particular  Account  is  that  of  the  Pep-  p.  rC  • 
per  Bath  {^or  PFEFFERS  PVASSE'i{J  which  if  it  does  not  ex- 
ceed all  the  Baths  of  Europe^  may  vie  with  the  moft;  celebrated 
of  them.  There  has  been  an  Account  given  of  it  in  particular 
Ttafts,  by  ParaceLfm^  Mr.  Kohxeck.  Secretary  to  the  Abbey  of 
Pfeff'ersy  tyr.  Zimmerman^  AugujHnus  Stockli??^  Abifs,  ^ndSchmu- 
and  bccafionally^by  divers  other  Authors.  They  were  dif- 
covered  by  a Falkoner  accidentally,  in  the  Year  12.^0.'-  The  Wa- 

i!  ter  breaks  forth  in  a dreadful  Place,  fcarce  acceffible  to  the  Siin- 
I beams,  or  indeed  to  Men  unlefs  of  the  greatefl:  Boldnefs,  and 
I fuch  as  are  not  in  the  leaft  fubjeU  to  Dizzinefs;  fo  terrible  is  the 
I »arrowi>efs  of  the  way,  and  of  the  Bridge  which  is  fupportedal- 
I R3o2;»j 


r 


Cib 


‘U  f. 1 

iC. 


uiofl:  every  where  on  Rocks’,  and  fo  affrighting  the  fwifc  Coiirie 
and  Noife  of  the  Tamlnna  dalh’d  agaiiiftthe  Rocky  Precipices  im- 
derneath.  The  Aqueduft  and  Bridge  are  in  length  about  cco  P;i. 
ces.  It  is  not  one  Tingle  Stream  that  breaks  forth,  but  fevci  al,  the 
chief  whereof  which  is  lock’d  up,  is  To  large  that  it  fuffices  to  turn 
a Mill.  The  fide  Springs,  tho’  the  Water  be  ot  the  fame  dearnefs 
andgoodnefs,  are  not  preferv’d  for  any  ufe;  but  having  got  out 
th;o'  the  Fill’ures  of  the  Rocks  and  claiey  hartli,  mix  their  Wa- 
ters with  the  Rapid  Tamlnna^ 

Thefe  Baths  have  that  fingularity  of  all  others,  that  they  com- 
monly break  forth  in  the  Month  of  and  that  with  a Ihrt  cf 
Impetuournefs  with  Beech-leaves,  Crabs,  or  other  Wood  Fruit, 
. their  Courfe  defifting  at  Sefterr.ber  or  OStober  ; fothat  they  may  he 
reckon’d  among  the  aJl<fETB  RV N deferib'd  above  ^ tho’ it 
muff:  be  own’d  they  flow  more  plentifully  fome  Years  than  others. 
> In  the  Year  1704,  the  Author  took  a Journey  to  thefe  Baths  for 
the  Recovery  ot  his  Health.  His  D-ftemper  being  certain  Ob. 
ftrudions  with  no  fmal!  pain  in  the  Cutaneous  and  Glandulous  part 
of  the  Head,  efpecially  at  Full  and  New  Moon,  which  he  had 
been  afflided  with  for  fome  Years  v_and  which  occafioaed  at  lafl 
a violent  Headach,  which  the  Drinking  of  thefe  Waters  remov’d, 
tho’  not  the  firff:  Malady.  Having  on  this  occafion  a great  deal  of 
leifure  time  at  the  Bath,  he  made  it  one  main  point  of  his  Bufi- 
- nefsto  examine  the  Nature,  Qtialities  and  Effedsof  the  W ater  ^ 
and  after  repeated  Experiments,  he  profeffes  himfelf  of  Opinion, 
for  feveral  Reafons  moving  him  thereunto,  that  thefe  Waters  are 
not  impregnated  with  any  Minerals*,  or  if  they  do  contain  any, 
that  their  Virtues  in  curing  Diftempers  and  preferving  Health,  do 
not  proceed  from  them. 

I They  are  exceeding  dear,  deftitute  of  Colour,  Tafte  and 
Smell:  For  as  for  that  Teeming  Sweetnefs,  which  fome  Drinkers 
think  they  perceive,  ’cis  nothing  but  what’s  common  to  all  warm 
Water. 

2.  It  is  therefore  accommodated  to  the  Taft  of  all,  becaufe  be- 
ing perfedly  infipid,  it  affeds  the  Organs  of  all  Men  alike;  that 
is,  their  Palates  are  not  made  fenfible  by  any  figures  of-Sulphur, 
Saks,  or  other  Minerals. 

3.  By  Infufionof  Various  Liquors  or  Powders;  of  Acjua  fortis^ 
Tindure  of  Tornefof,  Juice  of  Berberries,  Syrup  of  Violets,  Di- 
ftillation  of  Vinegar,  Spirit  C.  C Spirit  of  Vitriol,  no  change 
at  all  enfued:  altho’each  Infufion  flood  for  the  fpacc  of  two  Days. 

Upon 


' . . ^ * n 

Upon  pouring  on  a Solution  of  Mercury  Sublimate,  lie  perceived 
at  firft  no  change ; butfoonafe'  there  appeal’d  on  the  Surface  a 
imall  Film  of  the  Beautiful  Colour  of  a Peacock’s  Feather.  Aifo. 
Oylof  Tartar  per  caus’d  no  fudden  Alteration,  fave  on- 

ly that  fome  Hours  ^ter  a finall  circular  white  Cloud  fubfided,  the 
Li(]uor  remaining  diaphanous.  In  like  manner  Tartamm  tturtari' 
zamm  Ludoyict  produced  a certain  Whitenefs.  As  for  the  Red  Co- 
lour it  receiv’d  from  the  Tindture  of  Red  Rofes  it  foon  difappear’d, 
the  Water  recovering  itsclearnefs.  Thefe  are  but  fmaii  Changes, 
and  common  enough  in  other  Spring  Waters,  as  well  cold  as 
hot. 

4.  By  feveral  repeated  Experiments,  he  found  it  to  be  of  the 
fameSpecifick  Gravity  with  Rain  Water,'  whence  he  fuppofes  it 
deftituce  of  heavier  Bodies  of  what  fort  foe ver,  or  at  lead;  not  fo 
far  impregnated  with  fuch,  as  the  Effeds' might  be  attributed 
thereunto.  He  found  this  Water  when  warm,  lighter  than  the 

-cold by  a Grain,  in  the  Quantity  of  feven  Drams,  which  he  at- 
tributes to  the  rarify’d  Air  in  the  Pores. 

5.  No  Flowers  are  here  fublimated,  no  Cremor  fwimmingonthc 
Surface  no  adhering  to  the  Walls  or  found  in  the  Aquedudf, 
nor  any  Crocm  precipitated.  He  infers  hence,  that  this  PEPPSll 

. BATH  is  more  pure  and  refin’d  than  any  other  Waters,  whether 
Fountain  or  Mineral,  if  together  with  this,  their  moderate  Heat 
be  confider’d,  and  the  extraordinary  refinednefs  of  the  Particles 
compoling  the  Water,  thefe  Obvious  Phanomena  of  their  Healing 
and  Prefervatory  Faculty  may  be,  he  prefumes,  without  much  dif- 
ficulty explain  d 5 which  Explanation,,  tho’  new  and  curious,  be- 
canfe  fon?ewhat  long.  Heave  to  your  perufal  in  his'own  Words. 
As  for  the  life  and  Vertues  of  thefe  Waters,  he  fays.,  ’twould  re- 
quire a particular  Tra(ft  •.  and  therefore  he  only  Tranferibes  the 
following  brief  Account  of  them  out  of  Wagmrm. 

Thefe  mojl  celebrated  and  ivholejvme  Waters  (fays  he)  are  an  incx- 
hattflihie  Treafure  of  Healthy  becanfe  by  drinking  them  as  well  as 
bathing  rn  them,  they  remove  the  ObfirnHions  of  the  Brain  and  Nerves, 
.afford  great  benefit  to  fuch  as  arc  troubled  with  the  Falling  Sichnefs, 
Apoplexy,  Headach,  Decay  of  Ademory,  Hearing  or  Sight ‘,  the  Fal~ 
fte,  Cra'np^  Convitlfion,  Stiffnefs  of  the  Limbs,  ObfiruSlions  of  the 
Liver,  Spleen  or  Mefentcry,  or  Hypochondriac  Melancholy.  Tloey 
yield  Xplief  to  the  Goaty,  and  to  thofe  who  are  affixed  with  Tediom 
Agnes,  or  with  bruis'd  or  broken  Limbs  and  Malignant  Ulcers  ; with 
the  Stone  in  the  Reins  or  Kidney.  They  dry  up  Tetters,  Cancers,  Fi- 
' Y 


( I'H'  5 

f fore  immoderMe  Flax  0/ Mcnflrua,  (Fc.  But 

let  thofe yeho  nre  afflified  with  the  Drep/tCj  Confumption^  HefHch^Fe- 
, very  Fellow  Jaimdice-y  GortorrhaUj  Xeprofy  or  Bloody  Flux,  as  alfo 

allbreedinglVomen,  avoid  the  nfe  of  them. 

Of  the  lame  -weight  with  this  of  the  Pepper  Bath,  which,  as  is 
faid  above,  is  equal  to  that  of  Rain  Water,  he  often  found  the 
Waters  of  other  Springs,  which  he  therefore  efteems  the 
niorerefinedly  dilUlfd^  and  as  fuch,  they  are  not  only  drank,  but 
even  quaiT’d  off  in  large  Qitantities,  by  Strangers  as  well  as 
tives. 

II.  Several  of  his  Obfervations  about  METEORS,  are  nolcfs 
remarkable  than  thole  on  the  Waters.  The  South  fide  of  the 
SL’ RENE IV  j^LPSy  he  tells  us,  are  perpetually  cover’d  with 
I p.  9.  Snow,  and  thofe  Rocks  of  Perennial  Ice  of  a pale  blew  Colour, 
call’d  FlRNfjy  which,  as  it  feems  from  other  Writers,  as  well  as- 
our  Author,  are  no  great  Rarity  in  tjie  Alpsy  tho’  1 could  hear  of 
no  fuch  thing  in  Scotlandy  and  am  Pure  there’s  nothing  like  it  at 
Snowdoriy  and  our  other  High  Mountains  of  Wales.  For  this  rea- 
fon,  the  Natives  call  the  Southern  fide  of  Alps ^ DIE  WIN- 

TERLICH  SEITE  for  Winter  fideQ  and  the  Northern,  DIE 
SOMMERLICH  SEIT.  Even  the'  Valley  of  ENGELBERG\ 
bccaufe  guarded  on  all  fides  with  fuch  High  Mountains,  has  al- 
ways fuch  a cold  Air,  that  it  has  given  occafion  to  the  Proverb ; 

The  pleafant  Weather  of  Engelberg  *,  winter  thirteen  Alonthsy 
and  all  the  refi  of  the  year  Summer  : 

Which  agrees  with  that  of  the  Grifons  in  RHiNWALDy  wiliofay,  ■ 

The  Year  with  them  has  three  Months  of  exceeding  cold  Weather, 
and  nine  Winter. 

it,  2.  p.  4.  He  is  of  Opinion  that  cold  Weather  gains  Ground.  Jn  this 

cay  d Age  of  the  World^  fays  he,  mofi  of  the  Seafons  of  the  Tear  grow 
colder 'y, the  Winter  longer  y the  Summer  Jhorter^  the  Wine  pale  and 
harjh.  The  People  take  notice,  and  he  adds,  that  he  can 
alfo  confirm  their  Obfervation;  that  the  Quantity  of  Siiqw  on 
their  Mountains  increafes  annually;  infomuch  that  in  Places 
where  in  Man’s  Memory,  the  Snow  th  ic  fell  in  Winter  would  all 
dilToJve  the  Summer  following,  to  the  great  fupport  of  Cattle  and 

Coro- 


f 


( 155  J 

Comfort  of  their  Owners-,  ’tis  now  piled  in  great  Heaps,  fijch  as 
never  melt  at  all , but  on  the  contrary  are  -annually  increa- 
' fed, 

. Whilfl:  they  afeehded  the  High  Mountain,'  call’d  5£rAfp/?- 2.  ^ .p 
BERG^  which  is  part  of  the  Alp^  cn  the  21ft  of  Augkfi\  ' * 

they  were  fatigued  with  the  fevere  Rain  and  Sleet  that  fell,  attend- 
ed with  a cold  Northernly  Wind.  This  Rain  lalted  all  Night  in  the 
Valley, -tho'  the  adjoyning  Mountains  were  almoft  hall  cover’d 
with  Snow;  and  to  Snow  on  Mountains  whilfl:  it  rains  in  their 
Valleys,  is  but  what  often  happens  in  our  Mountains  of  and 

doubtlefs  in  the  North  as  well  in  England  As  Scotland. 

Kt  Selva  ftana  he  takes  notice  of  their  Fountains  being  coverd  ^ ^ 
with  a very  thick  Ice  on  the  24th  of  Aagitfi. 

On  the  'W ALL€ NbTAErER  SEE^  or  Lactu  Ruvavitts^  in  ^ 

calm  and  fair  Weather  they  have  Periodical  Winds;  which  the  - 
Watermen  make  good  ufe  of,  as  they  fail  from  Wefen  to  WahUnflad, 
as  alfo  in  their  return.  Early  in  the  Morning  before  Sun-riling,  * . 
an  Eafl:  Wind  begins,  and  blows  in  the  calm  Summer  Weather  * . 
(whence  its  common  Name  of  Hay-wcather  Wind)  till  about  Ten. 

From  Ten  to  Twelve  the  Wind  ceafes,  and  the  Air  is  calm.  Af-  , 
ter  Twelve  a Weft  Wind  begins,  and  continues  till  the  Evening; 
and  after  Sun-fet  the  Eaftern  (which  is  then  call’d  DER  OBER- 
WIND)  refumes  its  Turn.  The  Northern  Wind,  no  very  wel- 
come Gueft  to  the  Sailers,  fometimes  interrupts  thefe  Regular 
Gales.  A Reflexion  on  the  ficuation  of  this  Lake,  will  give  us  a 
clear  Account  of  tht  Phenomenon.  ThcL?ikeof  WALL ENST A E 
is  extended,  from  Eaft  to  Weft,  in  a free  open  Air  ; and  that  Air 
foon  admits  of  the  Rays  of  the  Eaftern  Sun  ; as  Tis  influenc’d  aL 
To  by  the  Weftern  till  the  late  Evening.  But  on  the  North  and 
South  fides  of  the  Lake,  there  are  exceeding  High  Mountains, 
which  occafion  that  the  Waves  being  dafli’d  againft  the  Rocks, 
are  forced  b.ick^  whence  that  boifterous  Roughnefs,  which  fo 
often  threatens  the  Sailers.  Hence  Tis  eafy  to  conclude,  that  the 
Atraofphere  being  rarifyM,  or  at  leaft  in  fome  degree  expanded  by 
the  Rifing  Sun,  cannot  diffiife  it  felf  to  all  Quarters  alike;  and  ib 
not  being  able  to  make  an  equal  Diftribution  of  its  Air,  nor  alto- 
gether to  get  rid  of  it,  being  imprifon’d  betwixt  the  High  Ridges 
of  G LARIS^  ZVG ^ ?itid  SARGAAS,  ftis  forced  to  take  its  Courfe 
Weftward.  And  whereas  it  deflfts  at  Ten  in  the  Morning,  ’cis 
becaufe  the  Sun  begins  then  to  culminate  the  Meridian  of  the  Lake, 
and  to  alfed  the  whole  Atmofphere  impending  thereon  : But  from 

Y 2 Twelve 


( 15^  ) 

Tv/elve  to  Five  or  Six  in  the  Evening,  that  part  of  the  Atmolphere 
which  pertains  to  is  the  more  expanded,  and  fo  driven 

to  iVjiLLENSTAD  direc!Ily  in  the  fame  manner  as  the  Courfe  of 
the  Eaftern  Wind  has  been  explain’d.  And  as  for  the  return  of 
the  Eallern  Wind  at  Seven  or  fomewhat  later  in  the  Evening,  -lie 
thence  infers,  that  the  Portion  of  the  Air  v/hich  was  expanded  fay 
the  Heat  of  the  Sun,  and  driven  towards is  by 
that  time  returned  to  its  narrow  fpace,’  and  forced,  as  ’twere  by 
its  weight,  towards  wESEN.  This  Account  Dr.- gives 
of  the  Wind,  puts  me  in  mind  of  his  Obfervation  on  the  Air  of 
^ this  Mountainous  Trad.  From  repeated  Obfervations  ffays  he)  on 
//.  the  Height  of  the  Adcremj  in  the  Barometer^  J gather  that  the  Ela~ 

fiicity  of  the  Air  is  much  greater  in  theft  Alpine  Countries^  than  with 
ZURICEI,  which  I attribute  to  its  greater  Parity  the  Sxg la- 
nation  whereof  I had  rather  hear  from  others  of  better  Judgment  and 
Experience^  than  pretend  to  it  my  felf,  by  obtruding  my  own  Con- 
jecture. . 

I mull  not  here  omit  thofe  Obfervations,  he  tells  us,  the  Alpine 
People  make,  concerning  the  Signs  of  Fair  Weather.  Thofe  of 
ENG ELBERG  expedRain,  when  they  fee  the  Top  of  STnL- 
LICSTGCK  cover’d  with  Clouds ; or  when  they  fee  grey  Clouds 
appear  Northward  at  the  Entry  of  the  Valley.  In  other  Places  of 
the  AlpSy  ail  extraordinary  Noife  and  Murmuring  of  the  Torrents 
it.i.  f.  17.  is  a Token  of  Rain,  At  FiUfur  among  the  Grifons  they  have  a 
Proverb  of  the  Weather,  which  I Tranfcribe,  becaufe  the  only 
Words  I have  feen  in  that  Ancient  Dialed  of  the  Italians^ 


Cura  cl)  il  f itz.  da  Stiervi  fo  chiapi  ; 

tafeha  dtr.  U fotjeh^  & piglia  ilrajti : 

]VHEJ^  STERWISKNOLL  A CAP  DOT  A 
. MAKT; 

AJVJT  mrii  srriiT , . a.nd  fetch  the 

KAIif. 


So  at  near  the  Fountain  of  the  Rhincj  a Cloud,  great  or 

j'mall,  on  Cucarnil  Mountain  prefages  Showers  of  Rain  that  E- 
- veningornexc  Morning,  kt  SIL  m the  FJPPE.R  ENG A^DIN 
is  a Lake  about  a Mile  in  length,  and  half  a Mile  broad,  on  which 
vvlR'never  there  are  Clouds,  Tis  an  Infallible  Sign  of  Rain  , but  he 

quotes 


C M7  ) 

quotes  J.  Leofoldm  Cyfat  for  an^Obfervation  (if  his  Proverb  be  noei 
an  Ironical  one)  contradidory  to  thefe  Piefages ; which  is,  that 
Mons  Pilati  at  Lucern  betokens  fair  Weather  when  it  puts  on 
its  Hood.  The  Proverb  (hews  fo  much  the  Identity  of  the  High 
Dutch  and  Ancient  EnghJhj  that  it  needs  no  Tranflation  : 

WANN  DER  PILATUS  HAT  EIN  HVT,  . 

60  1ST  1>AS  WETTER  t'ElN  VA'D  GVT. 

The  Rupture  with  a thiwidering  Noiie  of  the  Alpine  Tee,  and  tlie 
Defcending  of  the  Chnmoifes-f  or  Alpine  Goats,  into  the  lower 
Mountains,  are  aUb  look’d  upon  as  Forerunners  of  Storms.  The'  2.  f, 
PASCHOLER  SEE  prelages  Rain  by  its  rumbiing  noife;  and  a 
fmallL  ke,  call’d  is  whirl’d  about,  and  Twells  before  an 

approaching  Storm  ; and  roars  fo  loud,  as  to  be  heard  in  the  Op- 
ponte  Mountains  and  V^alleys,  to  the  diflaiice  of  iix  Hours of 
which  Phuinamenon\iQ  gives  us  the  Solution  of  Cardan  and  Morho-  ' 

fiasy  and  laltly  offers  his  own  Thoughts. 

tx7L- he  tells  us,  that  there’s  almoff  continually  a' //  9 p 
White  Cloud  hovering  about  an  Ered  Pillar,  call’d  DER  SEJV-  ’ ’ 
AE^V  STEIT^,  nc^r KVIPKELS.  Thefe  fort  of  WhiteCIouds 
the  Mountaineers  call  TROCKHP^  and  HEVWETfER^  NE- 
PEL  [ ; affirming,  that  inch  Clouds  (from  the  Appearance  where- 
or  they  forctel  Fair  Weather)  arile  conifantly  from  the  Earth; 
vyhich  he  afterwards  found  tiye  himfelf,  in  the  Afceiirof  SVebicra 
and  Givers  other  Mountains.  The  Pillar  above  mentioned,  he. 
fays,  is  not  (as  thole  or  Stonehenge,  and  divers  other  Places 
tlnoughout  Britain  iind  Ireland)  ei'cded  by  Mens  Hands,  but  Na- 
tural ^ tho  the  height  of  Thirty  Foot.  This  one  would  think  fcarce 

Opinion  he  is  (aid  to  maintain,  of  an  Acomi- 
^ I 1 hings  the  rerreffrial  Globe  confifled  of  ar 

thepeliige;  forif  fo,  weare  left  tofeek,  whatMqivld  fuch  a Pil 


245 


. 20, 


long  fince  fullkieiidy  exploded  in  the  ingenious  Examination  of  it. 
For  in  his  EpifUe  beforethe  Tranflation.of  Dr.  modirard's  Eflay, 


t Tiz.r  Tfay~\veathcr  Ciokds. 


■ ^ 


he: 


/ 


( I j8  ) 

iie  only  tells  him,  that  his  Bookiiad  convinced  him,  the  Foffi! 
Shells,  &c.  were  of  Marine  Origin ) which  amounts  to  no  more 
< than  what  I had  publifh’d  in  the  ‘Fhllofopbical  ’TranfaBions  two 
Years  before  that  ElTay  appear'd  tho’  1 fince  humbly  propos’d  to 
Mr.  Rafs  Examination,  the  Hypothecs  you  find  at  the  end  of  the 
Lithof  hylacij  Britannici  Ichnographia  \ which  had  not  he  and  other 
Friends  thought  ufcful,  on  Account  (whatever  may  be  faid  of  it 
felf)  of  the  Obfervations  attending  it,  I ihould  not  have  been  in 
the  leaf:  fond  of  Pubiilliing. 

III.  The  MOUNTAINS  he  takes  notice  of,  as  moll  remarka- 
ble for  their  Height,  are  about  an  hundred , the  Height  of  a great 
many  whereof  he  calculates  by  the  Barometer^  as  particularly 
that  of  the  Broken  Mountain  or  Mom  PiUtm-,  one  of  the  Tops 
of  Spelnga^  ^lAons  above  Bevio  for  Stahidum  hivium~\  and  di- 
2.  !>,  9.  vers  others;  tho’ according  to  his  wonted  Candour,  he  owns  that 
Method  liable  to  a great  many  Objedions.  Some  of  the  Helvetian 
Mountains,  raofl:  celebrated  for  Height,  are  TITLISBERG^  com- 
monly reputed  the  highell  in  all  Swifferland,  the  height  whereof  he 
computes  to  be  358  Perches ; SPJTZMEJL^  an  exceeding  High 
Mountain  in  ^ BAMBERG  or  BANBERGy  to  the  Top  of 
' - which,  call’d  EGK  and  SVRENENECICy  are  five  Hours  almoft 

^ continual  Afcent ; whereof  above  one  Hour  was  thro’ Snow,  tho’ 
in  the  Month  of  Augufi.  Amonglt  the  Grifons  he  takes  notice  of 
Tcherler  anf  Ammon-y  Tertfnerbergy  Molferbergy  Segnes  Zuor 

Z out  []i.  e.  ZJpper  and  Lower yJi  Cefil’d  by  the  Swifs  Ftimferbercry 
St.  Joannesbergy  Heinz^enbergy  BeverivSy  BmtZy  Calandy  Calveijfen,' 
Den  JuUerty  Mortjlyen,  Mamony  Maloyay  Monte  di  Sety  &c.  The 
The  Names  of  thefe  Hills  are,  as  we  may  guefs  by  fome  Notes  of 
the  Author,  fo  Ancient  and  Obfeure,  for  the  moft  part  of  them, 
as  not  to  be  Intelligible  to  the  prefent  Inhabitants.  The  Word 
^ BERGy  which  is  the  Termination  of  fo  many  of  tlicm,  and  which 
might  be  added  to  all,  is  well  known  to  Mountain  j and  we 
find  A/p  [^Plur.  Alpen2  to  have  been  anciently  another  Appellative 
for  any  Mountain  of  extraordinary  Height  y whence  Obhagalpy 

Hermfalpy  Ochfenalpy  Alplein-  Firnalpeny  Gerjieinalpeny  Schwen-t 

alpeny  &c.  The  latter  of  thefe  two  Words  Servm  tells  us,  is 


EpifioU  ad  D.  Chriflophorum  He?nmer  Al,  D.  Hafnienfem.  Ail, 
' Phil.  Bond.  zoo. 

Celticy 


fi59) 

Cettlcj  as  tire  Other  is  TfWfomV.  ’Tis  doubtlefs  from  this  kttown  *' 
llgnification  of  the  Word  in  that  Country,  that  our  Author  ta’  cs 
the  Liberty  of  ufing  it  occafionaliy  in  the  Singular  Number. 

WAT^DT^  ‘whence  DIE  WAND,  DIE  GLATTESWAND, 

DIE  STAFFED  WAiV D,&c.  fignifics  properly  a Wall  •,  and  is 
j commonly  ufed,  as  we  find  by  Rahmans  Verfes  on  the  Chamoifeit. 

Hunters,  for  any  fmooth  perpendicular  Rock.  GRADT  and  ' 

ECK,  whatever  they  may  herefignify,  are  alfo  no  unufual  Termi- 
nations in  the  Names  of  their  Mountains.  As  Nj^cffccks  Storec, 

Sandeckj  Schcidecki-  Roferech-^  Setle?2gradt,  Flangcngradt,  Rigm- 
thalcrgradt^  &C.  Bamberg  he  fuppofes  fo  call’d  e^uafi  B ANBhKG ^ 
becaufe  of  the  Penalty  innicxed  on  any  one  that  cuts  a Tree  there- 
on, leaft  by  the  Fall  of  Stones,  &c.  Houfes  iliould  be  dellroy’^d, 
and  Men  and  Cattle  kill’d  or  wounded.  Ban  or  B^an  in  Ireland^ 

Scotland,  and  Pfalti,  we  call  any  Hill  of  extraordinary  Height; 
and  peradventure  the  word  here  had  no  other  Origin ; as  their  Ri- 
ver which  comes  from  the  Pepper-Bath,  is  perhaps  no-.- 

other  than  our  Tnymyn  warm,  which  is  alfo  the  Name  of  a River 
in  Mongo mery (hire,  Thofe  that  have  STOCK  added  to  their  ■ 

Names,  as  G I TSCfU  STOCK,  iMLPEN  STOCK,  OCHSEN^- 
STOCK,  &c.  either  ftiiJ  are,  or  have  been  heretofore  Woody  ; and 
the  fame  may  be  faid  of  wALD  (whence  UNTFklFALD,  BA-~ 
RlfNPVALD,  &c  ) which- the  Gauls  feem  tp  have  pronouBC’d  - 
Gaht,  feeing  that  in  fome  Parts  of  South  PFaUs y they  flill  ufe  the  * 
word  in  that  Senfe 

As  to  the  Alteration  thefe  Mountains  have  undergone  ;that  they-' 

^ are  made  more  fleep  one  Age  after  another,  is  manifeft  from  the 
‘Account  of  the  Inundations  of  t\\Q  A fine  Torrents.  That  moll: 

Learned  and  Indefatigable  Naturalift  Conradus  Geftiems  has  long 
fince  given  ais  a Particular  Defeription  of  the  Brcken  Mountain  - 
and  I daily  exped  to  fee  fome  Additional  Obiervatiens  tliereon,  in 
the  Ingenious  Dr.  of  Lucern's  Hiftory  of  the  Figur’d 'Fof- 

idcsoi  Switurland  and  the  Countries  adjoyuing. 

On  the  25th  of  Aagufl'm  the  Year  1618,  a confiderable  part  of  a 2*  • 

Mountain,  call’d  Conto  among  the  Grijons,  a fmall  Rock  on  the 
lide  Of  it  being  undermin’d  by  Water,  fell  dowm  on  the  Town 
©f  Plurs,  a very  Rich  and  Populous  Place  ; wh  ich  together  with  an 
Inundation  of  the  Maira  at  the  fame  time,  fo  entirely  deffroy’d 
it,  that  there  remain’d  not  fo  much  as  the  leafb  Iign  of  there  ha- 
\ ving  ever  been  a Town,  excepting  one  Pallace,  belonging  to  the  • 
i Family  of  Wertemat,  {till  extant;  which  tho’  a ftately  Fabrick,.-, 

✓ 


' ( «6o  ) 

It.  2.  f.  3S.  was  yet  but  aSummer-boufe  to  a Pallacc  they  had  therein..  CaJ^cU 
another  Town  feated-atthe  Bottom  of  two  Moilntains  above  mea- 
‘ , tioned,  <tJMaloya  and  Septmer-,  was  half  buried  in  the  Ruins  of 

one  of  them  in  the  Year  1673  *,  an  immenfe  quantity  of  Blue 
Clay  being  born  down  by  a great  Storm  of  Rain  in  Jfdy^  which 
had  been  let  at  Liberty  before,  by  the  melting  of  the  Snow  in 
April.  ' • 

The  RcepellHillhe  afeended,  and  that  which  gave  Irim  more  fa- 
' * ' tiguc  than  ail  the  reft,  was  FLIMSERBERG^  or  (as  the  Grifons 

call  iX.)  Mount  Segnes]  but  the  moll  dangerous  way  was  the 
TV  AND  ZVR  pfAND,  almoft  at  the  Bottom  of  TSCBEJN- 
GEL  Mountain.  This  Paflage  wants  not  for  Length  and  Tediouf. 
nefs  3 but  is  moreover  fo  exceeding  narrow,  that  in  fome  Places 
, Tis  fcarce  three  Inches  over  5 and  the  Rock  under  it,  in  many 

Places  bare  and  almoft  as  fteep  as  a Wall,  of  the  Depth  of  fome 
Hundreds  of  Feet.  Above  it  is  another  continued  Wall  of  Rock  3 
inforauch  that  the  Security  of  the  PalTengers,  muft  depend  chiefly 
on  their  faftning  on  the  Bulhes  or  Trees  growing  out  of  the  Chinks 
or  Fiflures  of  the  Rock  above  them.  Such  as  are  in  the  leaft  fiib- 
jed  to  Dizxinefs  are,  to  avoid  fuch  danger,  conducted  a great 
. way  about. 

As  to  the  Caves  of  thefe  Mountains,  it  Ihould  feem  they  either 
are  not  very  numerous,  or  elfe  fo  common  that  he  fcarce  thought 
them  worth  the  mentioning,  as  affording  little  or  nothing  re- 
markable. Thefe  they  only  call  LOCH^S  [^or  Holes'}  whereof 
lu  I.  f,  6,  mentions  are  GEISSLOCH  and  BRVDERLOC with 

the  SJLBSRLOCH  and  GOLDTLoCH  on  the  fteep  Mountain  of 
It.  2.  t.  46.  Diathelm  *,  and  which  is  moft  worth  notice.  Si:.  MARTIN'S 
P.12*.  LOCH,  or  rather  (as  fome  probably  conjediircj  AlATtHIS- 
XOC’/:^ohthe  Top  of  FLIMSERBERG.,  through  which  the  Inha* 
' bitants  of  the  Town  of  ELM  fee  the  Sun  yearly  on  St.  Matthew  i 
Day,  as  through  an  Optick  Tube ; concerning  which  he  refers  us 
to  IVaffneFs  Ht(t.  Nat.  Curiofa  Helvetia  He  mentions  an  Delian 
Cave  at  B L At  LIS  BERG  near  WESEN'^  but  the  moft  remarka- 
ble in  that  kind  are  thofe  at  Kiavenna,  or  (as  the  Germans  call  itj 
CLEF  FEN.,  amongft  which  the  Inhabitants  build  thofe  pleafant 
* ’ Cellars,  call’d  Grotti’^  where  in  the  Summer  Time,  on  account  of 

the  continual  motion  of  the  Air,  the  Wine  is  fo  e.xceeding  cold, 


* Wagn.  H.N.  Helv. 


that 


( xSx  ) 

that  it  cannot  be  drunk  in  them,  but  by  thofe  of  a hardy  ConfUtu* 
t on  without  fome  hazard  of  Health.  Nor  is  it  fafe  for  Men  to 
continue  longinany  of  them.  If  a Paper  be  Hack  up  m onoof 
thefe  Grotto’s*,  ’tls  always  bandied  to  and  again  with  the  VVjikI. 
They  are  remarkably  warm  inthe  Winter  *,  but  in  the  Dog  U.iys 
fo  exceOive  cold,  that  in  fome  of  them  one  is  fcarce  able  to  con- 
tinue halt  an  Hour.  It’s  nofmall  Labour  in  the  building  thde 
Grotto’s,  to  find  out  the  or  Vent-ho.es,  whereof  there 

are  either  one,  or  two,  or  three,  and  feldom  more  in  eachCd  ar. 
The  molt  cold  are  thofe  which  have  their  Vent  from  above.  They 
who  enter  them  Sweating,  fometimes  catch  Agues,  ordfefome 
other  Fever.  On  account  of  the  V'apours  being  coileued  into 
Drops,  the  Locks,  and  any  other  Irons  of  the  Doors,  become 
Wet  on  the  change  of  Fair  Weather  to  Rainy.  The  Liqijor  in- 
cluded in  a Thermometer  defeended  in  thefe  Cellars  remarkably ; 
and  in  the  Barometer,  the  Mercury  afeended  a ..cruple  and  a 
half. 


IV.  Having  fome  Years  f\nctVuh\\9[i'dhh  Specimen  Lithograp^^^ 

Helvetica,  and  perhaps  defigning  a his  Obfervations 

on  Figur’d  FolTils  arc  not  fo  numerous  as  welhould  other  wile  have 
wifii’di  which  defea  he  makes  amends  for,  by  taking  notice  of  all 
the  other  MINERALS  that  anywhere  occurr’d^  which  tho  IVc 
reduced  to  a Catalogue,  I omit  fending  you  at  prefent,  as  not  ha- 
ving time  to  Tranfcribe  it.  , . 

TheSrr^uof  Foffils  he  tells  us,  in  their  Mountains,  are  not  Ho- 2.;.  4^- 
rizontal,  but  generally  inclining  towards  the  South,  He  takes 
notice  that  the  Mines  at  the  SCHAMS,  and  elfewhere  among  the  it.  2.  ?.  2?. 
Crifons  (the  Iron-works  excepted)  are  rarely  found  in  continued 
Veins  i but  that  the  Oar  lies  fcatter’d  in  Lumps  at  uncertain  Di- 
ftances  *,  nor  are  they  here,  as  in  the  Rich  Mine  Countries  of  Hun- 
7(iYy  and  Saxony,  found  in  the  deep  Bowels  of  the  Mountains,  but 
near  the  Surface  of  them;  a Particular  Inftance  whereof  he  gives 
us  of  the  Mines  near  JNDER,  where  the  Oar  next  the  Surface  is 
well  known  to  be  confiderably  richer,  than  that  which  lies  thir- 
teen Fathom  deep.  He  alfo  affirms,  that  the  Grounds  where  thefe 
Oars  are,  in  this  Countrey,  are  exceeding  fertile  , whereas 

in  Saxony  and  Hungary  fuch  places  are  generally  barren  ; the  Grafs 
beinc^  flirivel’d  up  by  the  Exhalations  of  their  Rich  Mines,  which 
the  "aIvs  do  not  feem  to  abound  with  ^ and  where  thofe  they  have,  " ' 

^ Z the 


( ) 

the  Layers  arc  of  e>:cecding  thick  Stone,:  which  fupprefs  thofc 
Noxious  Steams. 

« 

• V.  His  Obfervadons  on  PL  ANTS  being  very  numerons  and  Cu- 
rious*, and  on  fuchas  are  tor  the  mofl:  part,  unknown  to  me; 
1 can  fay  litcieor  nothing  to  them.  Hss  Gratnen  montanum  fpica  fo- 
licicca  gr  amine  a Kaij,  which  t have  often  fcen  at  Snowdon  siud  our 
other  High  Mountains,  is  well  reprefented  in  his  IVth  Table /b2. 
as  is  aifo  his  Saxifraga  j^lpina  ericotdes  fiore  arpdeo  Tourn. 
whereof  they  have  great  Plenty  at  the  Van  above  Brecknock,  as 
well  as  at  Snowdon  and  Inglchurroagh'.  The  Mofs-figur’J  /ter.  I, 
Tah.  VI.  fig  2.  which  he  entitles  a Variety  of  Mr.  Kay's  aWnf. 
CHS  terreflns  repens  davis  fingularibHi  ereSHs  fioliojls,  teems  referable 
rather  to  the  Mufcm  abieitformis^  and  indeed  from  the  Figure,  I 
thould  take  it  for  no  other  than  our  common  Ftr^A/ofs  y as  I thould 
she  lit  Figure  of  the  fame  Table  for  our  A'/ufcta  terreflris  Poly  [per- 
mos  *,  beeaufe  the  Fangs  by  which  it  creeps,  and  which  would' 
lufficiently  have  diftinguilh'd  it,  are  not  exprefs’d.  I find  our  High 
Mountains  of  Wales  and  Ireland-  afford  feveral  Plants  not  yet  dif- 
cover’d  inthefe^//?^*,  and  perhaps  thofe  of  the none 
of  which,  tho’  they  are  numerous,  have  been  yet  ftarch’d,  may 
afford  fome  others  •,  or  at  lead  fome  Alpine  Plants  not  yet  difco- 
^ ver’d  to  be  Natives  of  Britain.  But  on  the  other  hand,  the  Alps 
afford  much  more  Variety  than  we  can  pretend  to.  By  the  Moun- 
tains  he  mentions  as  abounding  with  Plants,  and  his  Account  of 
the  height  of  them,  I find  that  their  Highefl:  Mountains,  as  well 
as  ours,  afford  the  greatcft  Variety  of  thefe  Alpine  Vhcits.  You 
have  found,'  Sir,  by  Experience,  thatthe  Monntainsof  A4» 

‘ and  san  Berys  in  Carmrrzanfinre,  afford  more  forts  of  Alpine  Plants, 
than  have  been  as  yet  difcover’d  on  all  the  ocher  ' ‘ountains  of  the 
Ifie  of  Britain ; and  that  amongft  the  Rocks  of  thofe  Moun- 
tains, Klogwyn  Karne^  i Vy/va.,  which  being  under  the  Peak  of 
Snowdon.,  is  the  very  Higheft  of  them,  has  the  mofl:  Variety^  and 
indeed  where  fiich  High  Mountains  vvant  naked  Rocks,  the  Al- 
pine Plants  they  afford,  are  but  few ; as,  I have  experienced  by  Pym 
Lymon,Kader  Ve^nyn.^nd  the  Mountains  of  Brecki^oehTbofe  he  moft 
lakes  notice  of  in  Sveitz.erUnd  for  Rare  Plants,  are  the  ECKE 
SVRENENECK.  THLiSBERG.  IOC H [or  the  roke~\  EN- 
^ CELBERG,  OCHSBNSTOCK,  and  WALDNACI/T',  and  a- 
iBOng  the  Grifons,  Spel-Hca,  Afonte  de  Set,  Monte  dcSoglio,  Segnes/ 

aiid 


( ) 

mUMaUpaj  not  tat  that  the  other  Mounta'ins  he  names,  may 
l ave  probably  the  fame  Plants ; but  amongft  thofe  he  reaVrhvf 
• there  aiffarded  the  bell  Satisfaaion.  ® 

The^/;)j  he  tells  us,  above  a certain  Height,  produce  no  Trees  • 
and  It  fliould  fterti  that  even  in  their  Fcrtil  V alleys,  fomc  forts  do 
not  grow  fo  high,  as  they  do  elfew,here,  feeing  he  looks  upoiw 
as  a 1 hrng  very  Extraordinary,  that  a Hawthorn  on  the  Bank  of 

almoftTen  taof  --eat.hchcigta  o( 

On  Mountain  above  Sar^.m,  the  Beech  nceodkohCn-- 

ved  to  be  harder  and  heavier  than  elfewliere;  and  much  more 
wreath-d  and  knotty.  The  Inhabitants  attribute  this  itkS 

r».,  „d  f, 

an  any  other.  The  prcks  or  (as  they  are  commonly  call’d  j 
dears,  are  clofer  ; fo  that  thofe  Trees  of  GI  /irjk  \ C- 

jjflO  ^ ^ tho’  of  the  fame  Hand!' 


2. 

>•  2. 


*.  2d. 


P.  V7, 


PredLflbf •’  '’/'i  r“'’V°T  Defervedly  Famous 
1 reaeceilor  having lefthim  little  tofav  andhi^ 

being  to  pars  by  fas  I have  before  obferv’d;  whatevcfha  been 

well  perform’d  by  others ; we  had  but  little  to  expefl  h ve  ta 

Udes  the  following  Account  he  pives  of  the  n,.  r ’ u 

GriPofTt  rail  rh^m  ri,*  ri  l ^ Chamotfes,  or  as  the 

Alps  With  HercO  ef  the  Chamoifts  ; feme  MceilTef  whill 

J }7iHjt  not  omit  on  this  occafion'^  whirh  U/^t  -c  zr  j i » 

Animals  ^ One  is,  Th.,t  they  meet  often  chut  cerium  Smdy  Recks,  ' 

*•»  d ! T~^  ^ — — — ^ — — 

I-  r*M3i- 


Z 2 


anff 


f A 


■ ; ' ( 1^4  ) 

And  thence  lick^  ojj  Sand^  as  Tame  (Rattle  do  Salt^  in  order  to  deanje 
, their  Tottgnes  and  provoke  Appetite.  7 he  Alpine  SWIZZERS^ 
inch  T laces  SULZEN,  as  if  Salt'y  and  its  njual  for  the  Hurnfmen 
to  lodge  thesnfelvcs  in  fome  Private  Shelters  near  them,  that  fo  they 
may  be  ready  ivith  their  Gnns,  whenever  they  come  to  lick.  Alfb 
Wagner  in  his  Natural  iiiitory  ot  ^wiz.z.erUnd,  mentions  ‘\ocks 
impregnated  with  jdjtre  ^ refort ed  unto  by  the  Chamoifes.  Such 
Places^  fays  our  Author,  are  not  ut.cofnmonintheAlpSjfo  rvorn 
for  many  ylgcs  by  the  Tongues  of  Beafis^  that  even  the  Rocks  Are 
made  hollow.  The  Crifons  call  it  GLACK^  and  thole  of  Claris 
and  the  other  LACKlNST^^atS.  SVLTZ  LACKI- 

NEN.  But  fuch  Stones  are  not,  or  at  leaft  but  very  few  of  them, 
impregnated  with  any  Salt  ; but  fbmewhat  Gritty  and  Fri- 
able,  infomuch  that  they  can  ealily  lick  off  Sand  from  them. 
But  whether  they  do  this  to  excite  the  Appetite,  or  to  rid  their 
Tongues  of  Slime,  or  elfe  to  promote  Digeftion,  is  whathewili 
not  undertake  to  determine-  but  affirms  it  is  certain,  that  when 
they  cannot  come  at  fuch  Places,  they’ll  take  up  with  any  Earth 
or  Sand  that  comes  in  their  way  •,  as  will  alfo  fometimes  the 
Cows  and  Goats.  “ When  they  are  hunted,  fays  gefner.^  they 
“ conftantly  alcend,  till  they  get  into  fuch  high  Steep  Rocks, 
‘‘  £S  arc  TnaccelTible  to  the  Dogs ; where  Dr.  Schcuchzer  takes 
notice,  that  in  thefe  Days,  they  ufe  no  Dogs  in  the  Hunting 
them  ; And  whereas  gejher  fays,  that  when  taken,  they  may 
be  tamed  • he  fays,  he  could  not  mean  thofe  that  were  full 
grown,  but  their  Young  ones;  which,  if  only  a few  Days  or 
Weeks  old,  are  ealily  caught,  becaufe  they  cannot  follow  the 
Herd.  If  older,  their  Method  is,  when  a Huntfman  llioots  one 
of  the  Old  ones  fuckling  her  Young,  he  lies  down  on  the 
Ground,  and  holding  her  up  as  well  as  he  can  on  the  four  Feet, 
the  Young  one  coming  to  Suck,  is  fnatch’d  up  and  carried  home 
bound  *,  and  even  fometimes  the  Slaughter’d  Goat  on  the  Huntf- 
man’s  Back,  is  enough  to  allure  the  Kid  to  follow  him  down  to 
his  Houfe.  Thefe  Kids  (or  rather  as  fome  others  would  call  them 
Fauns*)  being  brought  home,  are  fed  with  the  Milk  of  Dome- 
ftick  Goats,  whereby  they  become  fo  tame,  that  they  afterwards 


* RaijSynopf.  Meth,  Quadrup.  & Serp.  p 78.  Quod  ad  for- 
mam  corporis  hoc  animal  ad  cervinam  nobis  accedere  vifum 
eft. 


herd 


( ) 

herd  with  them  In  the  Alfmc  Paftures,  and  alfb  return  to  the  Cots 
I at  their  Dairy  Houfes : Tho’  fometimes  they  forfake  the  Lower 
Paiturcs,  and  betake  themfelves  totheHighefl:  Rocks,  as  Places 
more  agreeable  to  their  Nature.  They  generally  wander  about 
the  Alps  in  Herds*,  but  not  without  fome  Order.  They  have  a 
Leader,  whom  the  Huntfmen  call  the  f^oR~GElS  or  Fore-Goat  y, 
which  Handing  on  fome  remarkable  Eminence,  liftens  diligently 
with  ere£t  Ears,  whilft  the  red  are  feeding,  looking  about  on 
alludes  at  the  leaftnoifet  And  if  it  hears  or  fees  any  thing,  it 
alarms  all  the  relt  with  a kind  ot  VVhiflle  ^ all  which,  .after 
twice  or  thrice  cropping  whatever  they  feed  upon,  lift  up  their 
Heads,  and  take  their  Flight  to  fome  other  Place.  And  thusthey 
never  livefecurc,  excepting  in  the  Inaccefuble  s,in  the  Win- 
ter Time,  or  at  Night.  They  are  no  lefs  caieful  in  preferving  the 
Lives  of  their  Kids  than  their  own ; and  therefore  defend  them  ' 
with  allpofiible  Diligence  from  the  Vultures;  which  when  very 
Young  and  Tender,  are  apt  to  fnatchthem  m their  Claws,  and 
when  fomewhat  Older,  by  beating  them  with  their  \V mgs  on 
the  Shells  of  the  Rocks,  to  force  them  down  Precipices,  that 
they  may  afterwards  Prey  on  them.  They  alfo  take  efpecial  caic, 
not  to  bring  them  to  any  dangerous  Rocks,  till  they  have  had- 

fome  Experience  in  Climbing  and  Leaping. 

In.  the  Winter  they  lodge  themfelves  under  fuch  Parts  of  the- 
Rocks  as  arc  hollow  or  (helving  about  the  midiu  of  th'-  Mountains, 
which  fecures  them  from  the  danger  of  being  involv’d  in  thofe  valb 
Heaps  of  Snow,  thatfo  frequently  Aide  down  the  Alpit?e  Roc-^s; 
during  which  time  their  Food  is  cither  tne  Koots  of  Heros,  the 
Sprigs  of  Trees  and  Shrubs,  or  Green  Herbs  which  the  Snow  had 
cover’d.  The  other  part  of  the  Year,  they  feed  m Sunny  Places ; 
but  before  Sun-riling,  and  after  Sun  fet,  they  ek.ier  iic  in  thv. 
Snow,  or  under  the  Shaoows  of  the  Rock.s.  a hey  who  iiunc 
theft  ^Beafts  have  a very  laborious  as  v/ell  as  dangerous  1 ask; 
The  high  and  fteep  Ridges  of  the  t^lps  muft  be  climb’d,  thro’ 
Horrid  Rocks  and  Cliffs,  to  other  Men  inaccefTible,  and  over  Pe- 
rennial Ice  and  Frozen  Snow,  for  which  reafon  they  walk  with 
Iron  Inffruments  faften’d  with  Tongs  to  the  Soles  < f their  Shoes. 
It  liapnens  that  fometimes  ftanding  on  a narrow  Snelf  Ci  a ivock, 
havins/  ftarce  halt  the  breadth  of  theii  Feet  to  fnppvnt  tnen\ 
they  drive  a Chamoife  to  that  Pafs,  that  it  has  no  ether  v.  ay  but' 
that  inoft  niiTOw  Parage  to  eCcape.  in  fuch  an  Acciden-,  cit  -r 

the  Bead  is  (hot  by  the  Huntlinan,  or  elfeic  endeavours  to  make 

itsr* 


h,  2.  />.  21, 


It.  I.  z-.  19. 


( \66,  ) 


Its  Hfcape  by  him  ^ in  Which  cafe  thebefl:  Courfe  he  can  take,  is 
fo  todofe  up  his  Body  to  the  Rock,  that  there  be  no  Intermedi- 
ate Space  •,  fo  that  then  the  Bead:  returning  on  the  outhde,  the 
i luncfmaii  is  fafe  himfeif,  and  moil  commonly  forces  the 
down  the  Precipice.  But  if  it  fliould  perceive  the  lealfc  vacant 
fpace,  betwixt  the  Man  and  the  Rock,  it  endeavours  to  enter  it 
with  fuch  force,  that  the  Man  is  thrown  down  Headlong.  To 
fuch  neccffity  are  thefe  Men  fometimes  driven,  that  in  order  to 
fave  their  Lives  by  Leaping,  they  are  obliged  to  take  off  their 
Shoes  and  flafo  their  Heels  with  a Knife,  that  their  Feet  being 
Bloody,  may  be  the  more  Clammy,  and  fonot  fo  apt  to  Aide. 
It’s  remarkable,  that  when  thefe  Goats  are  thus  purfued,  they 
will  rather  Hand  ftill  and  expole  themfelves  to  be  foot  by  the 
Huntfman,  than  enter  a orRock,  as  it  maybe  call’d,  of 

Perennial  Ice,  crpe^-ially  thefe  of  a Blue  Colour,  unlefs  they  foould 
be  cover’d  wdeh  Sn  'W;  by  wnich  means  a Grifot?,  not  long  fince, 
Aiot  three  of  them  ui  the  fpace  of  one  Hour.  Thefe  HuntAmen 
expefo  the  belt  Succefs  when  the  Wind  is  in  their  Faces;  for  if  it 
be  with  them  they  fmclb  the  Powder,  and  even  Men,  tho*they 
Ihouid  not  have  any  about  them,  at  a very  great  diftance,  which 
immediately  fets  them  a running  And  indeed  were  it  not  a 
thing  well  known,  that  they  excel  in  the  Senfe  of  Smelling,  the 
Largenefs  of  their  Oifadlory  Nerves  would  be  a fulficient  Indi- 
cation of  it. 

As  for  that  fort  of  T opho  or  Ball  found  in  the  Stomachs  of  thefo 
Animals,  thofe  that  live  on  the  Galand  feldom  or  never  have 
any  of  them  •,  which  the  Mountaineers  attribute  to  the  Barrennefs 
of  thofe  Rocks.  However  that  the  Chamoifes  of  one  Mountain 
are  much  more  apt  to  have  them,  than  thole  of  another,  is  what 
all  the  Alpine  Huntfmen  agree  in  •,  and  it’s  well  known,  that  in 
the  Northern  iViOuntainsof  RHlNWALDi\iz^  never  have  any; 
whereas  thofe  of  the  Southern,  after  they  are  three  Months  old, 
feldom  or  never  want  them. 

In  the  Year  1699,  it  happen’d  that  one  of  thefe  Goats  quitting 
its  own  Kind  and  Native  Soil,  which  is  always  the  Higheil  AU 
pine  Rocks,  defeended  to  the  Lower  Paftures  in  the  Valley  of 
ENGBLBERGj  and  there  herded  among  the  Cows  and  Horles, 
nor  would  by  any  means  be  driven  away.  A Neighbouring  Cha~ 
Hunter,  furprizedjto  hear  a thing  fo  nnufual,  gets  his  Gun 
and  does  that  without  any  Trouble,  which  at  other  Times  had 
coft  him  a great  deal  of  Fatigue.  A Curious  Gentleman,  being 

defirous 


/ ( n?7  J 

dellrous  to ’learn  the  Caufe'ofa  Thing  fo  unnatural,  difleds  it, 
and  finds  the  T>nra  meninx  cover’d  with  '^ViHyciatis  full  of  Scrim 
and  TmallSand;  whence  it  appear’d,  that  this  Chamoife  had  the 
Vertigo  or  Giddinefs,  feeing  that  fuch  an  Bydatis  is  well  known 
in  all  Countries,  tobetheCaule  of  it  in  Cows  and  Sheep.  When 
the  Cows  are  troubled  with  it  in  the  Mps^  the  Effed  it  often  has, 
is  that  they  turn  thcmfelves  about  continually,  making  at  any  place 
where  they  hear  the  noife  of  Water,  until  they  come  to  the  Bank 
of  that  Brook  or  River,  where  negledling  their  Food,  thevftand^ 
itock  ftill,  as  if  delighted  with  the  5iound. 

Thus,  Sir,  I have  given  you  fome  fmall  Account  of  that  Part  of 
the  Author’s  Obfervations,  that  regards  Natural  PhiUfophy,  pro- 
perly fo  call’d  V all  which  (together  with  the  other  Part  of  the 
Work)  is  illufiratcd  with  about  40  Copper  Plates.  As  to  thofe 
he  has  on  the  Cuftoms  and  Incluftry  of  the  People  •,  on  the  Dili- 
gence of  the  Grjfous  in  repairing  the  Alpine  Roads  -,’on  fome  late- 
Improvements  in  Agricnlture  and  Gardenings  and  the  Anticjuities 
he  takes  occafion  to  mention  , 1 leave  them  to  your  Perufal  in  his 
, own  Words  ^ adding  only,'  that  to  mchefeemsa  Perfon  of  no  lefs- 
Candour  than  Learning,  and  that  1 doubt  nor,  but  making  Allow- 
ance for  the  Interrupted  Traniitions,  unavoidable  in'  a Diary  of 
fuch  Variety  of  Subjcds,  you’il  find  the  Perufal  of  the  remaining 
Part  of  the  Work,  agreeable.  At  leaft  I mull  acknowledge  the- 
whole  appear’d  fo  to, 

Oxford,  Honoured  S 1 

April  3d. 

17^^*  Tour  mo Humble  Servant^ 

E..  Lhuyd. 


LONDON,  ' 

Printed  for  Henry  Clements  at  the  HalfMo&n  in^ 
Se  Panh  Church’ yard*  M-DGC  VUL. 


I 


f 


( i6p  ) 


(Numb.  517  J 

PHILOSOPHICAL 

TRANSACTIONS. 

^ ^ 1 

■ ■ ' ' .■■■ 

For  the  Months  of  and  Odiohit,  1708. 


The  C 6 N T E N t S. 

' ‘ * • * 

I.  A ReUtion  of  an  Idiot  at  Oftend;  with  two  $ther  QhU 
rurgical  Cafes,  By  Mr,  Claud.  Amijand,  in  a Letter 
to  Mr,  Wilfon : Communicated  by  Mr,  de  la  Page. 

II.  - Jo.  Keill  ex  j^de  Chrifti  Oxonienfis,  A.  M.  Epillola 
ad  Clariflimum  Virum  Edmundura  Halleium  Geo- 
metrise  ProfelTorem  Savilianum,  de  Legibus  Virium  - 
Centripetarum. 

- ' ' ' .n 

.TIL  An  ExtraB  of  Two  Letters  from  the  Miffionary  Jefua. 

^ its^  concerning  the  Difcovery  of  the  New  Philippine- 
IJlandsy  with  a Map  of  the  fame, , 

. % 

.IV.  A Relation  of  a New'ljland  thrown  uf  near  the  Ifland'  ' 
of  Santeiini  ; fent  to  the  Marquis  of  ¥ Qrno\y^  _ Ambajfa^  - 
^ dor  Extraordinary  of  France,  at  the  Ottoman  Port.  - 
Taken  from  the  Memoirs  of  the  Hiftory  of  Arts  and  Sci^ 
Trevoux,  the-Month  of  July,  1708,  . 


I - *'  • . 

' ‘ t 

A a 


t 


I.  A Relation  of  an  Idiot  at  Oftend  with  two 
other  Chirurgical  Cafes,  Mr,  Claud.  Amijand; 
in  a Letter  to  , Mr,  Wilfon  : Communicated  by 
Mr.  de  la  Page. 

Ghefit^  January  the  30th,  N,  S,  1708. 

i ^IS  now  about  five  Weeks,  fince  an  Idiot  from  his 
■ j[^  Infancy  ’died  at  OJiendy  the  place  of  his  Birth,  in 
the  33d  Year  of  his  Age;  his  Death  having  been  prece- 
ded with  twelve.  Days  continual  remitting  Fever,  and  a 
confiderable  Tumour  and  Pain  about  the  Region  of  the 
Liver.  His  Brother,  in  whofe’Houfe  he  had  been  a con- 
ftant  Dweller,  being  -defirous  to  know  the  Caufc  of  it, 
defired  an  Eminent  Surgeon,  (who  at  that 

time  had  the  Cure  of  me)  to  open  him ; but  as  ^ the  A- 
perture  was  to  be  perform’d  gratis^  he  put  it  oif,  and 
fent  his  -Son, 'lik’ewife''Mafi:er  Surgeon  of  the  lame 
City,  with  his  Servant ; wlio  did  the  Work  in  pre fence 
of  the  Brother  of  the  Deceafed  and  a Nun,  brought 
thither  by  thedefireof  difcovering'the  Caufe  of  her  Spit- 
ting or  Vomiting  of  Blood,  to  which, this  Fellow  had 
been  very  liable,  (as  wefi^as  to  bloody  Stoles^  for  fix 
Weeks  before  his  Deatli.  • A''l3,rge  Abcels  or  Impofihumc 
* was  found  in  each-Lobe,  ;of  the  .Liver,  whole  Bulk  did 
far  exceed  the  ordinary  Stint.  The  Brother  was  fatis-»  . 
'fied  with  this  Dilcovery,  and  would  have  had  the  Sur- 
geon to  feek  no  further ; but  he  was  perfwaded,  at  the  ! 
prelfiiig  Sollicitations  of  the  Nun,  to  let  the  Stomach  be  : 
s opened,  which  was  found  extreamly  contra  died  and  pon-  ' 
dejL'Ous.;  and  indeed  it  was  thought  no  Wonder,  when  1 

upon  I 


' . ( >71  ) 

upon  the  aperture  of  it,  was  found  Bundle  of  the 

tilings  following,  dofely  involved  and  embraced  the 
Stomach,  vtz.  Nine  Cart-wheel  Nails,  and  fixleffer ; a 
large  and  long  Iron  Screw ; two  pair  of  Compalies,  tae 
the  onehavinga  Circle  two  Inches  m Diameter ; amid- 

dle-fize  Key ; a large  Iron  Pin,  as  big  as  my  1 humb,  and 
4 Inches  long,  with  a Ring  at  the  end  on  t ; ano  lei  o 
Brafs  but  much  lefs  ; the  Handle  of  an  Iron  Spring- 
Knife,  (fwallowM  as  ’tls  believed  mtire,  but  the  fidcs 
mid  tU  pieces  making  up  the  Spring  of  it,  found  aiun- 
der  • ^e  Pegs  of  the  Knife,  tying  thofe  fcveral  pieces  to- 
gether, were  not  found  the  upper  and  lowermoft  end 
of  a Brafs  Pommel,  infervient  to  a Sea-coal  Gi  ate,  w eigh- 
ing  nine  Ounces ; a broad  piece  of  Lead  “ 

Ounces  and  a half : the  whole  confifting  of  28  Pieces, 
weii^hing  betwixt  two  and  three  Pounds.  Some  ot  Uiele 
weiS,  and  mightily  fought  for  by  his  Brother  foon 
after  the  Siege  of  OJlend,  and  the  reft  at  difteient  Tim 
fince  • they  were  found  all  in  a Bundle  with  the  h.vge 
Ss’onelay,  and  the  fmalleft  the  other;  the  fmall 
End  of  one  of  the  large  Nails  was  fo  bent,  that  it  would 
Lve  made  aperfea  Drcle,  had  not  the  very  tip  of  that 
fameNail  bin  bent  back  again;  this  End  was 
and  wonderfully  fharp,  as  were  likewife  the  Ends  ot 
the  Comoaffes  ^ None of  the  Pieces  were  found  polifh  d, 
Jefther  cS  i find  the  Brafs  nor  the  Lead  any  ways 

impar’d  or  -da^g^^  ScT;"  III 

Knife  wMi  had ’lain  ?n  the^Stomach  about  8 Months, 
was  eaten  quite  thro’  in  two  or  three  places,  towards 
4-1  A Fnd  * and  three  or  four  Nails  mightily  in- 


( wi) 

touch’d  ; the  Lead  had  lain  in  the  Stomach  about  eight 
Months,  and  the  Brafs  Pin  above-mentioned  above 
twelve.  It  was  very  eafy  to  guels  at  the  time  thofe  dif- 
ferent pieces  of  Iron  had  been  in  the  Stomach,  in  confi- 
dering  how  much  one  piece  had  fuffered  more  than  the 
.other.  This  Obfervation  is  like  to  give  a check  to  the 
Notion  of  thofe  who  believ’d  that  Oltridges  did  diflblve 
Brafs  and  Iron  by  Fridion  only  ; for  if  fo,  I fee  little 
reafon  why  the  Iron  Branches  of  the  Compaffes  ihould 
have  been  found  fo  very  much  worn  out,  and  the  Brafs 
Branches  notin  the  leall  impair’d.  Mr.  Ricks\  Son,  who 
open’d  him,  told  me.  That  the  Stomach  had  been  no 
ways  wounded  orindamag’d  5 which  does  not  appear  to 
me  probable,  when  the  Patient  was  known  to  have  vo- 
mited and  evacuated  Blood  by  Stole  for  fix  Weeks  before 
he  dyed,  as  I have  already  mention’d.  It  could  have 
been  wifh’d  the  Gullet  and  Guts  had  likewife  been  0- 
pen’d  j for  ’tis  plain,  fome  of  the  Pieces  had  pafTed  the 
Pylorus^  as  the  Pegs  of  the  Knife ; and  perhaps  fome  fmal- 
ler  Pieces  than  thofe  that  were  found  in  the  Stomach, 
might  have  been  forc’d  thither.  It’s  needfary  to  re- 
mark, That  this  Fellow,  from  his  Youth,  had  accuftom- 
ed  himfef  to  fwallow  large  Morfels,  Glutton  like,  and 
without  Chewing  ; which,  no  doubt,  made  the  PalTagc 
of  the  Oefophagus  wider,  and  difpofed  it  to  give  Entrance 
to  all  tliole  Extraneous  Bodies.  It  may  oe  alfo  taken 
notice,  Tliat  this  Idiot,  and  fometimes  Mad  Fellow, 
was  never  known  to  Seep  a Wink,  tho’  he  was  often 
compcll’d  to  go  to  Bed,  and'  had,  to  inclint  him  to 
Sleep,  been  very  much  harrafs’d  and  fatigu’d  before : 
he  was  always  known  to  eat  three  times  as  muCh  as  the 
reft  of  Mankind,  and  when  furious,  to  grow  quiet  upon 
the  approach  of  Meat.  ,, 

Mr.  Vandenheyde^  another  famous  Surgeon  of  OJlend^ 
did  procure  me  the  fight  of  the  largeft  Tumour  I ever 
yet  fa w,  which  is  the  fecond  Cafe  I have  promifed  to  de- 

feribe 


^ '7}  ; 

fcrfte  to  you.  This  Tumour  is  of  a Schirrous  Nature, 
fprmgmg  from  the  Thigh-bone,  fomewhat  terniina  to 
that  of  a Cancerous.  It  firft  took  its  rife  about  two 
Years  ago,  in  a Child  of  lo  Years  Old,  juft  above  the 
PatA,  without  any  evident  caufe,  and  Iiath,  notwitli- 
ftandingallpoffiblecare,  expanded  it  felffo,  that  it  now 
occupies  the  vtdiole  Thigh  tb  the  very  Groin  and  has  ex  - 
tended It  to  above  a Dutch  Yard  in  Circumference.  As 
« encreafes  very  much  daily,  itmuft  foon  exliauft  the 
Patients  Strength.  TheSui-geon  intends  to  open  him 
and  to  make,  after  his  Death,  two  Draugiits,  the  one 
of  the  Tumour,  and  another  of  what  he  fhall  difeover 
in  the  DilTeaion ; and  has  promifed  to  fend  them  both 
to  me  with  a Relation,  to  get  inferted  in  Dr. 
Obfervations,  with  the  former  Account ; If  they  keen 
their  Word,  I fhall  fakecare.to  have  them  communS 
ted  to  you  in  time. 

Whilft  I am  upon  thefe  odd  Cafes,  I can’t  but  take 
notice  of  a very  remarkable  FracTure  of  the  Skull,  we 
had  lalt  Campaign  in  our  Hofpital  here ; it  was  in  the 
interior  part  of  the  Si^uamofe  Hoik,  and  occafioned  bv  i 
■ Splinter  of  a Fellow  Soldier’s  Piece  burfting,  tliatftruck 
. him  there.  Some  time  had  pafs’d,  before  the  Accidents 
.made  us  fiifpeft  a Fraflure,  and  obliged  us  to  make  a 
'Triangular  Incifion  upon  the  Temporal  Mufde-  a Fif 
Ifure  was  difcover’d,  which  indicated  the  iNeceffity  of  the 
'Trepan.  It  was  apply’d  twice,  the  firft  not  makinn- 
iroom  fuihcient  to  extrad  a large  piece  of  the  interml 
'Table  very  much  deprelfed.  After  this  all  the  Accidents 
tdifappear’d  ; but  twelve  Days  after  the  Operation  Ri- 
tgors,  cold  Sweats,  an  intermitting  Pulfe,  and  feme  other 
tSigns  of  an  approaching  Death,  did  make  us  defpair  of 
ithe  Recovery  of  our  Patient.  He  died  the  15th  from 
tthe' Operation,  and  about  the  20th  from  his  Wound. 
IHis  Skull  was  open’d,  and  in  it  three  very  remarkable 
TifTures  obferved.  ‘ The  firrt  had,  notwichihiidiiKT  the 
• . Bb  ^agital 


■ ( 174)  _ • 

Sagital  SuturCj  ‘crofs’d  from  one  Parietal- Bone  to  the  o-, 
tlicr,  as  far  as  tiie  Coronal  Suture  on  that  fide  oppofite 
to  the  Wound.  5 another  had  gone  crols  the  Coronal 
Bone  ; and  the  third  was  on  the  Parietal  Bone  on  the 
fide  ot  the  Wound,  pretty  near  t\\Q  Sutura  Squamofa; 
but  what  is  mofi:  fingular,  is  that  none  of  thefe  Fiffures 
did  reach  that,  upon  which  the  Trepan  had  been  apply- 
cd.  An  Empjema  was  found  in  ‘the  Thorax^  and  a confi- 
derable  Impofihuine  in  the  Liver. 


II.  Jo.  I^elll  ex  Mde  Chrifti  Oxormijis^  A.  M,  EpU 
jhla  ad  Clarijfimtm  Virum  Edmundum  Hallelum 
Geometric  ^rofejferem  SaViUanum^  de  Legibus 
rium  Centripetanm, 


HAUD  oblitus  es,.  uti  arbitror,  Vir  Clarillime,  te. 

cum  nuper  eifes  Oxonii,  Theorema,  quo  Lex  vis 
ccntripet^e,  QuAntita.tibus  Jnitis  exhiberi  poflit,  mecum 
communicafle  : Qiiod  Theorema  tibi  monhravit  Egre- 
giiis  Mathematicus  D.  Abrahanius  De  Moivre,  Dixit- 
que  Dominum  Ifaacuni  Newtonum,  Theorema  huic  (i- 
mile  prius  Invenilfe.  Cum  autem  ejus  demonftratioper-  , 
faciiis  fit.  Earn,  itemque  alia  de  eadem  re  cogitata,  non 
poifum  tibi  non  impertire.  Etfi  minime  dubitem,  quin, 
ii  idem  argumentum  pertradtarc  libuilfet,  tu  acerrimo 
quo.polles  mgenij  acumine,  rem  omnem  penitus  exhau-  i 
rire  potuilfcs. 


the  0-v 


/ 


.(  »75  ) . ' ' 

’ ' ■ T H E O R E M A. 

\ 

S/  corpus  Vrgente  'vl  Qentrlpeta  in  cur’vx  diqux  movex- 
tiir  \ Erit  vis  illx  in  quovis  ciirvx.  puncfo^  in  rati  one 
compojUa  ex  dlrecfa  rations  dtjlintiin  corporis  a centra 
virium^  reciproca  rations  Cubi  perpendiailaris  a Cen- 
tro in  reBam  in  eodem  punBo  Curvam  'langent^n  ae- 
mijf<ey  duBi  in  Radium  Curvature  q_uem  ib:  obtinei 

curva. 


.Sit  0^x4  O Curva  qnselibet 
a mobili  urgente  vi  centripeta 
ad  pun<5liun  S tendente  de- 
feripta.  Sitque  A O arcus  in 
minimo  qiiovis  tempore,  per- 
curfus,  P m ejustangens,  A R 
Radius  circuli  aquicurvi, 
hoc  eh  CLijus  Peripheri^e  pars 
minima  cum  Arcu  A O coin- 
cidat.  Et  fit  S P re8;a  a pun- 
£loS  intangentem  perpeiidi- 
culariter  demilla  ; Ducantur 
O ad  S A 8c  O ad  S P Pa- 
rallelje.  Et  exponatO  vim 
qua  mobile  In  A urgetur  verfus  S.  Vis  qua.perpendicu- 
, lariter  a tangente  recedit  corpus,  erit  ut  O id  eh  vis 
tendens  verfus  R 8c  faciens  ut  mobile,  eadem  qua  prius 
velocitate  latum,  deferibet  circulum  ^quicurvum  arcui 
' A O erit  ad  vim  tendentem  verfus  S,  qua  corpus  in  cur- 
va A O movetur,  ut  O ad  0 w,  vel  ob  icquiangula  tri- 
angiila  ut  S P ad  S A.  Sed  corporum  in  circulis  latorum 
vires  centripeta  funt  ut  qiiadrata  velocitatum  applicata 
ad  Radios;  per  Corol. 'rheorem.  4.  Princip.  Ncwioni; 
, '-Bb2  ■ • Eh 


( \y6  ) 

I 

Eft  verd  velocitas  reciproce  ut  S P,  five  dire£le  ut 

o if 

adeoq;quadratum  velodtat.erit  ; vis  igitur 

live  vis  qua  in  circulo  xquicurvo  moveri  poteft  corpus, 

flit  ut  ■ p : Oflenfum  autem  eft,eiTe  S P adS  A 

Ut  vis  tendens  verfus  R,  qua  corpus  in  circulo  sequicur- 
vo  moveri  potcll,  ad  vim  tendentem  verfus  S : fed  eft  vis. 

tendens  verfus  R ut  ^ adeoque  cum  fit 

♦ 

erit  'vis.  tendens 


S P 


^ AR 
S A 


O "p  • ^ /I  * • - 

^ ^ - ^ S P^  X AR'S.P^x  ar 

s a 

verfus  S,  tit  ^ p ^ ^ ^ ^ E.  £)., 


i ^ 
f 


Cor^  Si  curva  Q^A  0 fit  circii- 
lus,  erit  vis  centripeta  tendens 

verfus  S,,  ut  p-.  Adeoque.fi 
o r 3 

vis  centripeta  tendat  ad  S pun- 
dlum  in  circumferentia  fitum, 
erit  [per  3 2 tertii]  ang.  PAS 
■=  ang.  A Q^S ; adeoque  ob  fi- 
milia  triangula  A S P,  ,A  SQ,, 
erit  A Q.  ; A S : : A S : S P ; 

unde  S P = ~ & S P ^ =r 


S A X A (75 

XS^ 


A 

A (^5 


unde  - 


S A 


S.P5 


Ad 
A (D  ^ 

= t)b  datum  A Q.,  erk  vis 


reciproce  ut  A S ^ 


Sit 


( >77  ) 

SkDAB,  Ellipfiscu- 

jus  Axis  D B,  foci  F Sc  S, 

A R,  O R duae  perpen- 
dicularcs  in  curvam  fibi 
proximae : ducantur  KL, 

O Tins  A,  8c  KM  in 
O R perpendiculares; 

Qiiia  S A : 5 K:  : ^aj 
F A + S A.  : F S,  hoc 
eft  data  ratione,  erunt; 
redarum  S A,  S K Fiux- 
iones  A T,  K ipfis  S A, 

SK  proportionales  eft 
AL  = (^)  1 lateris  Rcdi 
= i L.  Porro  ob  K A 
ad  S P parallelam,  eft 
angulus  A S P = K A L 
= T O A ob  ang.  T A O 
utriufque  complemen- 
tum  ad  redum  : quare 
K A : A L : : S A : S P, 

I-xSAg 
unde  S P ~ 8c 

2 KA 


KA  = 


L X S A 
2 S P * 


Porro  ob  aequiangula  tfiang.  K M . 


GPS  Sc  OTA,  SPA. 

Eft  K M : K ir  : : G P 
' Item  K I'  : A,  T 
Item  A T ; A O 


G S : : A P : S K. 
: - S K : S A 

A P : S A 


Erit  K M-;  AO:;  A P,  : S : : S A— 's  P » : S A 


: : SA‘ 


L*  X S A* 


4Tk^  ••  S A‘  : : .'4  AX*  — L*  : 4 A K*, 
unde  L* : 4 A K . : : (A  O - K M : A O : :)  A K : A R. 


(a)  P/uj>,  5^. Con.  Miinij. 


ac  proincle  A R = ^ - — . Eodem  prorfus  ratiocinid 

Invenietur  Radius  Ciirvaturse  in  Hyperbola  sequalis 
4 A K 5 L X S AJ  ■ ■ 


L 


O 


Spj 


In  Parabola  vero  facili- 
or  eft  calculus.  Nam  ob 
clatam  fubnormalem,  eft 
K k femper  = AT=Fluxi- 
oni  Axis  5 & trianguia 

k^^m,ato,spa,  akl, 

sequiangula,  unde  KM: 
K X’  : : A P,  S A,  item  eft 
AT  velK/^:AO::AP:SA, 
unde  KM : AO  : : A P » 
:SA^•:SA^  — SP^:SA^;; 
unde  erk  S P S A" : : AO 
-KM:  AO  ::AK:  AR, 

ac  proindfe  AR  — . 

: SP^  ’ 

fed  eft  AL  ~ i lateiis  Re61:i  = i L,  & AK ; AL ; : SA  : SP, 


. l;;sa 

quare  erit  — 

^ 2 AK 

4A  KJ 


X S A^ 


rit  X R 


erit  A R = • 


L-S  A^ 
2 SP5  ' 


'S  P)  8c  S P^  — quare  e- 

vel  quoniam  eft,  A K = — ^ ^ 


2SP 


Atque  ex  his  faciftima  oritur  conftru(ftio,  pro  determi- 
nando  Radio  curvaturx  in  qua  vis  Sedlione  Conica.  ^it 
cnim  A K pcrpendicularisin  Seftionem  occurrens  Axi  in 
K,  ex  K fuper  A K erigaturperpcndicularis  H K,  cum 
A S produiia  'concurrens  in  H.  Ex  H erigatur  fuper 
A H,  perpendicularis  H R,'erit  A R radius  curvature. 

In 


Vi. 


( V79  ) 

In  Parabola  pauIo*  fim- 
plidor  adbuc  evadit  ‘ 
conftrudio.  Nam  quo;  ' 
niamex  natura  Para- 
bola eft  S A ^ S Kj  Sc 
ang.  A-KH  redus,  e- 
rit  S centrum  circuli 
per  A K H tranfeuntis, 
unde  invenitur  Radius 
curvaturx  producendo 
S AinH,  ut  SH=SA, 

8c  in  H erigendo  per-  . ^ 

pendicularem  M R i Et-R  ent  centrum  circmi  olculantis 

Parabolam  in  A. 

Vis  Centripeta  tendens  ad  focum  Sedionis  Conicx  in 
qua  corpus  movetur,  eft  reciproceprpportionalis  quadra- 

to  diftantise.  Nam  quohiam  " ' " ‘ ^ 

LxSA^  . SA 
AR~ — ent 


2SP? 

S A X 2SP5 


SP3  X ar 

2 - 


“'SP^xE’^SA^  LxSA^ 

2 

hoc  eft  ob  datam  ^ ent  vis 

I 

centripeta  ut 

Sit  EUipfis  BADquam'tan- 
git  in  A reda  G E.^  'Sintque 
S P per  centrum  Elliplis  6c 
KA  per  contadum,  tranfe- 
untes,  perpendiculares  in  tan- 
gentem.  Erit  S P K A = 
quartx  parti  figurx  Axis  feu 
= . quadra  to  femiaxis  mi  no- 


(I8o0 

ns  = B 0 X D E.  Nam  ob  squianguk  trian£  G B ft' 
-GLA,  GA  K,  GPS&GDE,  ^ » 

S P : S G ; ; B O : G O 

S G : D G : : B G ; L G : .••G  O : G A 
DG:DE  ::  GA:AK' 

unde  SP:DE  ::BO.:AK;&SPxAK  = DE«BO 
= iLxSB.  oBu 

.■Hinc  fi  Mobile  moveatur  in  Ellipfi,  vi  c'entripeta  ten 
dente  ad  centrum  Ellipfis,  erit  vis  ilia  direae  ut  diftan- 

tia ; Nam  qft = dati  quantitati.  Quia 

•eft  S P X A K quantitas  data.  Vis  igitur,  ut  - ^ ^ ' 

erit  ut  S A diftantia.  « AR, 

111  figura  tertia  DemilTa  ab  altcro  umbilico  F-  in  Tan 
gentem  Perpendiculari  F I.  Ob  squiangula  Triangula 

SAP,  F A I,  erit  S A : S P : : F A ; F I = ” F A 

SA, 


unde  erit  S P ,»  F I = 


SP»xFA 
S ^ — quadrate  lemiaxis 


min'oris : unde  fi  Axis  major  vocetur  i,  minor  autem  2 d 

mtSP»=^^&SP=rA?_^  ■ 

^-SA 

In  Hyperbola  autem  eft  S P = ^ ® 


^ “i"  S A 

In  Parabola  ell  S P ^ S A,  pofito  ejus  latere  redo 
4 

Qiioniam  eft  T A»  : T 0‘i  : A P^  ; S P^  ; : S A ^ 

' SP*:SP;!SA*-f— !4:-;^4::SA_ 


S A.  * If — S A 


h — S A 


i. 


^ S A — S A""  -T  ^ V;  ^ % erit  S A — S A‘  — 

id 


% 


( i8i  ; ' 

; : T A : T 0 cuinque  fit  T A S A,  eric  T O =rr 

A ‘ ' • 

- \ 

Sit  jam  (i  A O.  Qudibet 
curva,  CLijus  arcus  minimus  fit 
A O,  tangentes  in  pundis  A & 

O,  AP,  O^.  Radius  Cuiva- 
tur»  A R,  Perpendiculares  in 
tangentes  fine  S P,  S P.  erit 
S AkTA  ‘ ' 

— T^is = A R.  Nam  ob 

equiangula  triangula  eft 

/P  ; AO  ; : P A : R A 
&AO;TA::SA  :PA; 
unde  ex  ^quo  erit  / P : T A 

ycl  S A : : S A : R A,  eft  ve- 
» 

ro  / P = S P,  quare  erit  R A = 


i 

S A X S A 
S P 


Hinc.fi  diftantia  S A,  in  fuam  Fluxionem  ducatur,  5c 
dividatur  per  Fluxionem  perpendicularis,  habebicur  ra- 
dius Curvaturx  ; Qiio  Theoremate  facile  determinatur 
Curvatura  in  Radialibus  curvis.  Exempli  Gratia. 
Sit  A,Qj  Spiralis  Nautica  ; quoniam  angulus  SAP 
datur,'  ratio  quoque  S A ad  S P dabitur ; fit  ilia  ratio 

4ad^,  eritSP  =*M8cSP  =i^8rAR  = -— 

■?  . 4 . S P 

• • j S A - ~ 

= — 7 — , unde  facile  conftabit,  Spiralis  Nauticge  Evo- 

• U I . • - r _ ' ^ 

lutam  efleeandem  Spiralem,  in»alia  pofitione. 

V*  \ ^ SASA  . SA**  SP 
Q.uoniam  A R = 


.S  P ’ ^‘^‘’^SPiKAR  SP5.SA 
Atquehinc  rurfus,  Vx  data  relatione'S  A ad  S P,  facile 
invenietuf  lex  vis  centripetJc. ! - - - 
' G c Exem- 


V 


V 


C 182) 

Exemplum.  Sit  V A B EI- 
iipfis  cujus  focus  S,  Axis  major 

V B = Axis  minor  = 2 
latus  Rectum  = 2 R.  Sitque 

V ^ Q.  alia  curva,  ita  ad  haiic 
relata,  ut  fit  perpetuo  angulus 

V S A angulo  V S 4 propordo- 
"ttalis,  & fit  S 4 =:  S A , Quseri- 
^iir  lex  vis  centripetse  tendentis 

S,  qiia  corpus  in  curva  V ^ Q. 
^overi  poteif.  -- 

Quoniam  ang.  V S A eft  ad 

V S in  data  radoire-  • horum 
' angulorum  iiKremen'ta  .erurit  in 

eadein  ratione,  • fitque  ea  ratio 

y.  , - . . ' » X o T 

ad ;; ; unde  erit  0 ^.= 


m 


Eft  autemOT= 


1 1 


yi’SA.-SA^-d^ 


unde  erit  of= 


ndS  A 


SA-SA^.^^ 


\r' 


^ Quoniam  autem  eft  S -f  S.P* ; S ::  t a* 0 : o t% 

' d^SKi  ^ ‘ ^ d^^^ 


r-’  . 

s ; SA  ^-f 


w^^SA  — SA^r"^*  * 7»*^SA  — SA^  — d *• 
n^d^  n'^'d^ 


^ h SA—SA—d^^'  x S A — SA*  — ^ ’ 

m'^b  SA  — S A^  d"^  4-  d^  d^,  unde  erit 

. / , (!  S-., 

m^bS  A-^  S d^  n''  d^  i ^d  : : S A 1 


SP,  Sf  S P - 


n d S A 


r» 


^S  A— S A^-^m^,d  ^.j^'n^d  s 
Cujus.iit,  habeatuE  fluxio  pro  w » ^ S A'  ~ w ^ S A ^ — 


C •..  4.  I 


\ 


( >S5  ) 


d^,  Seri^tur  x & erit  S P ^ ^ 


y 


x^ 


n'^  d^  ^ A}  . . , 

& S P ^ ; — ; & eft  jf  =m  » h S A— 2 m * S A S A, 


X I 


&.  S P = ^ S A 


»<  X 


— . 1 

z 


« A S A .V 


Jf  I 


-,  &:  redu- 


cendo ^partes  ad  eundein  denominatotem ; erit  S P 

nd^Ax—lndSAx  ^ 

— . Et  m niimeratore  loco,  a:  &: 


jf  I 


Of,  ponendo  ip  forum  valores,  8c  ordinando  fit  S P 

ndSAx\m'^bSA — d'^ n'^  d^  , SP 

— - , unde  erit 


jc  1 


*r*r 


__  ^ bS  ^*4-  n"^  d 


SP^.SA 
S P 


4 S A^ 

ut  vis  centripeta,  quare  erit  vis,  ut 


“ w*  b SA—m^  ^’n^d^ 


d-^  ^ A^ 

■ vel  ob  datam  d^  in  denominatorc  erit  vis,  ut 

bS  A — d^  ^ d^  . bn 

" ^ •,  vel  loco  d^  ponendo  — , 


erit  VIS  ut 


S A 5 

im^bSA  — fm^bR  4 

SA^  ^ 


S A 


2 

feu  ob 

z 

.+ 


datam  ut  f.^.S  A - R 4- . 

2’  SA^ 

R'»  ^ - R w * 

omnia  exa£le  coincidunt,  cum  iis 

qu^  a Domino  Newtono  de  vi  centripeta  corporis  inea- 
dem  curva  mo'ti,  traduntur,  in  Pro/^,  44.  Prwdp, 

Quoniam  vis  Centripeta  tendens  ad  punclum  S,  qua 
urgente  corpus  in  curva  mover!  poteft,  eft  femper  ut 

St  ' 

; nine  ex  data  lege  vis  Centripeta,  Inveniri 


S ? s X S A 


C c 


2 / 


poteft 


I- 


'(  «S4  ) , 

pdtcfi  relatlo  SA  3-d  S P,  a(y.  proinde  per.  mcthodoin 
Tanc^entium  Inverfam,  exhiberi  poteft  Curva  qus  data 
vi  Centripeta  defcribi  polTit. 

Sit  verb!  gratia  Vis  reciproce  ut  diftantb  Digmtas 

SP  -h  . SP 

quselibet  w,  hoc  efl:^  fit  t*:: rr^  rr:.  erit 


S P ^ ^ S A ^ " S A S P ^ 


A 


, 3c  capiendo  liarum  fluxionum  fluentes  *,  erit 

S A-’  ^ 

iSP---~^  SA  ^ ^ 

^ a ^ , unde  erit  , _ „ — ^ - 

S P % & imiltiplicando  tarn  numeratorem,  qmm  deno- 
minatorem  fradionis,  per  S A”**“S  ^ ^ 

JaOAw  — I ' 

nendo<i%  = SP  ; quaieeiit  SP  = 

^ -f  e S A“-> 


«IVS  A”""' 


Quod  fi  quantitas  conftans  e fit  nihilo  asqualis  erit  S P 
^ S A • 

Adeoque  fi  vis  reciproce  ut  diflantia  quadiatum,  po- 
ni  poteft  S P = k curva  eilt  parabola  cujus 


4 ci 


V' 


S A 


laws  reaum  eft  — vel  poteft  effe  S P - i « 

& curva  erit  Ellipfis  vel  denique  poteli  clTe  S P •:=  « 

V'~S~A 


&■  curva  evadit  Hyperbola.. 


/ 


Si 


(.‘Sj  ) 

Si  vis  fit  rcclpvoce  ut  diftantix  cubus  fupponi  potcit, 
ut  S P 'fit  ==  ^ curva  fit  fpiralis  Nautica,  vel  fie- 

ri  potefl:  ut  fit  S P - -p=rL_==^,  & Curva  erit  eadem 

cum  ea  cuius  confiruaionem  a fedore  hyperbolie  petit 

^ S A 

Dominus  Newtonus ; vel  potcft  elTe  S P = 

& ejus  Curva  conftruftionem  per  Seaores  ElUpticos  tra- 
dltidem  Newtonus,  Cor,  j.  Proj'.  i.  lib,  i.  Princif 

Si  vis  centripeta  fit  reciproce  ut  diftantia  ; relatio  inter 
S A &■  S P,  aquatione  Algebraica  definiri  nequit,  Curva 
tamen  per  Logarithmicam  vel  per  quadraturam  Hyper- 
bola conftruitur,  fit  enim  S P = L.  S A 


I C A ’ 


defignat  Logarithmum  ipfius  S A.  ^ ^ 

' Hxc  omnia  fequuntur  ex  celebratifliina  nunc  dierum 
Fluxionum  Arithmetica,  quamfine  omni  dubio  Piirnus 
Invenit  Dominus  Newtonus,  ut  cui  libet  ejus  Epilrolas 
a Wallifio  editas  legenti,  facile  conftabit,  eadem  tamen 
Arithmctica  poftea  mutatis  nomine  & notationis  modo  j 
Domino  Leibnitio  in  A^is  Eruditorum  edita  eft. 


Moveatur  jaan  corpus  in  Curva  Q^A  O,  vide/^.  i.  ui- 
eente  vi  centripeta  tendente  ad  S v & Celentas  corporis 
m A dicatur  C *,  ccleritas  autem  qua  corpus  urgente  ea- 
dem  vi  centripeta,  in  eadem  diftantia, -nn  circulo  maven 
noteft,  dicatur  r.  Conftat  ex  Theoremate  primo, 
cTUod  fi  S A exponat  vim  Centripetam  tendentem  ad  ^ ; 
vis  Centripeta  tendens  ad  R,  qua  urgente,  corpus  cum 
celerkate  C,  circulum  cujus  radius  elt  A R ^efcnbet  ; 
ner  S P exponetur.  Corporum  autem  circulos  defcriben- 
tium  vires  Centripetas  funt  ut  velocitatiim  quadrara  ad 
circuiorum  radios  applicata,  quare  erit  S P : S A 


\ I VU  J __ 

C t ' - 

- ^ unde  erit  S P « A R A * : : C ^ : c i 6c  C ; c : : 

y S P X A R : S A.  ^ 

Si  SP  cam  SA  coincidat^  ut  fit  in  figurarum  vertici- 
bus  erit  C : c: : V hR:  VS  A.  Qpod  fi  curva  fit  Se- 
tlio  Conica  A R,  radius  curvature  inejus  verticeefl:  se- 
qiaalis  dimidio  lateris  redi  = i JL,  ac'proinde  erit  velo- 
citas  corporis  in  vertice  Sedionis,  ad  Velocitatem  corporis 
in  eadem  diitantia  circulum  delcribentis,  in  dimidiata 
ratione  lateris  reft],  ad  diftantiam  ilia m duplica tarn. 

SAxSA  * 

Qiioniam  efi:  A R = — j--; — , erk  C * : c » ; : 


SP  S A ^ S A 


: S A 


SP 
S P X S A 


: S A : : S P x S A 


SP  S P 

: S A X S *p,  adeoque  ex  data  relatione  S P ad  S A,  dabi- 
tur  ratio  C ad  JExempIi  Gratia.  Si  vis  fit  reciproce 

ut  diftantk  dignatas  m.  Hoc  efl:  fit  = “Tc^  ; 

' ^ ^ SPJ  xSA  S A'”’ 

8c  erit  S P =: adeoque  erit  C * : ^ • 

S P « S A : ; ; z S A ^ S P ^ 


^ ^ S A ^ 

^ S A - 


* S A - ~ 

a 


Unde  fi  ponatiir  S P’  = 

. V b ' 

•erit  f ^ : :,i2^  S A-—  * : ” ~ S A— ^ iz 

ac  proinde  erit  C ; ^ ^ ^ m — i.  * 

j'A  SA-~^ 


Quod  fi  ponatur  S P ^ =r 


b — e S A'^  ~ * 


. w — ^ bSi  ^ 

iiet  C 1 ad  c % ut  a-  S/ A’^  — * ad  fioe  efi: 


Ut 


I 


X 


( «‘87  )■'  ■ , 

ut-^  — e S A”"*  ad  K fed  eft  ratio  b — t S yl"—  • 

ad  K minor  ratione  d ad  b^  feu  ratione.2  ad 
m — I,  unde  erit  C ad  r in  minors  ratione  <^uam  efl 

^adt^^zri.  . 

. • . * ^ " . d S ‘ • 

Similiter,  ficapiatur  SP  invenietur  ef- 

fe  C ad  f ill  hiajorc  ratione  quam  elt  ^ 2.  m — i. 

Cor.  Si  corpus  in  Parabola  moveatur,  Sr>vis  Centri- 
peta  tendat  ad  focum  S,  erit  velocitas  corporis,  ad  : 
velocitatem  corpoi^in  eidem  didantia,  circulumde  fcri- 

bentis  ubique  ut  ^ 2 ad  i,  nam  ineo  cafu  eft'z?^  =12  3c 
m — i = 1.  Velocitas  corporis  in  Ellipfi  eft  ad  veloci- 
tatem corporis,  in  circulo_ad  eandem  diftantiam  mod,  in 

1 minors  ratione  quam  2 ad  i.  Velocitas  in  Hyperbola 
(eft  ad  velocitatem  in  crculo  in  majore  ratione,  quam  ''^’2., 

Si^,  Corpus  in  Spirali  NauciCa  deferatur,  eft  ejus  veloci- 
ttas  ubique  asqualis  velocitati  corporis  in  eadcm  diftantia. 
tcirculum  deferibentis  nam  in  eo  cafu  eft  «?  ==  3 .8c  , 

==2.  • ■;  '"  -• 

» A L5  A hAnod.  . ^ • - 


i/i  -V  A :i‘0  "vi  18 


J ‘ V ci  ql  ^i^£' 


C A m il  .1  - 
$}  li  A'if;lu:..bnt.q  i*..q  *A  I.  1*1  Fi  - ' 
5 Bid  ^ marioiiftoq  f *'  .’i  H 
FA!.;nFI  >i  0 bB  hH  :)  jH  A.  A 1*  4. 

10  .nlcdrind  i;”qio-:j  11: . 

'ft BO  fa  3 1.  A ’.''1  .'T 

hr,  ''M  : i,'/.  di!n;  :rr  i'  --’A'i  I-i 
♦qd'4  >e 

1L-  ih.  ^5  A 4 A c — a:; A 

• w J ^ A . 


■''t 


1 R O- 


f 


( »«8  r , 


P R 0 B'  L E'M  A. 


cjl,)  fit  rcciproce  ut  diftantU  qundratum  & frojiciatur  cor- 
pus j'ecundam  datum  return  cum  daU  velocitate.  Invenire 
curvam  m qua  mfTvetur 'corpus,  ^ r.'' f. 


dius  curvature  in  A.  Ex  R inAS  deinittatur  perpcn- 
dicularis  R H 8c  ex  H in  A R perpendicularis  H K,  & 
duda  reda  S K,  dabit  axis  pofitionem ; Fiat  angulus 
F A K = angulo  S A K.  Et  fi  F A fit  ad  S K Parallela 
ligura  in  qua  movetur  corpus  erit  Parabola.  Si  autem 
Axi  S K occurrat  in  F *,  8c  punda  S 8c  F,  caclant  ad  ean- 
dem  partem  pundi  K,  figura  erit  Hyperbola  ; fin  ad 
contrarias  partes  cadant  punda  S 8c  F,  erit  figura  Ellip- 
fis,  unde  focis  S8cF8cAxe=SA-|-  FA  delcribetur 

icdio,  in  qua  corpus  movebitur. 


quarta  propqrtionalis  ipfis  c * C * 8c  8c  erit  A R,  ra- 


III.  Ja 


/ 


III.  An  Extr^n  of  Two  Letters  from  'the  Mifiotury 
. Jejuits,  concerning  the  Tijcoyery  of  the  New-  Plii- 
, , ^^2?^nz-JpnJs,  .ipith .a  Map  of  the  fame. 

I t 

L E T T E R , ' I, 

’..From  Father  Paul  Clain  of  theSocielf  of  [efus  to  the 

Reverend  Father  Thy  ills  Qo\\zz.hizjGlnerahf  that 
o octet  Y. 

» 

% 

\ ^ . Marti  Li,  -June  lo,  1607.  - 

I ’A  FTER  the  Ship  had  failed,  that  carried  the  Let- 
^ ters  I writ  to  you  lait  Year,  -moft  Reverend  Fa- 
ther ; there  arrived  here  another,  that  brought  me  Or- 

the  Reverend  Father  Fattio 

>ot  fte/tj,  our  new  .Provincial  of  this.  Country.  In  vi- 
lilting  with  Iiini  o-ur  Religious ’Houfes,  I ‘travelled  over 
ithe -Country  ol  the  Fmtados;  ’-whieli^ire  large  Iflands 
tfcparatcd  fromone  another’by  Arms  of  the  Sea,  whofe 
lEbbing  and  Flowing  renders  their  Navigation  very  dit- 
ncult  and  dangerous. 

At  tlie  Town  of  Guivam  in  the  Ille  of  Samd yx\\(t  lail  ‘ 
a molt  Southern  Illand  of  the  EalternT^z/^^^^t?/  we 
■found  twenty  nmePa/aos,  or  Inhabitants  of  certain  new- 
IraifcoverM  Illands.  The  Eafterly  Winds,  that  blow  on 
thefe  Seas  from  December  to  May,-  had  driven  them  three 
hundred  Leagues  from  their  own  Illands,  to  this  Town 
of  the  life  ot  Samal^  where  they  arrived  in  two  fmall  Vel- 

. Jels,  called  Fxraos : Of- which  we  received  this.follow- 
ng  Account,  " . 


Dd 


The 


, ( ipo  ) 

They  imbarked^to  the  number  of  thirty  iive  Perfons, 
topafs  over  to  one  of  the  Neigfibouring  lllauds;  when* 
there  arofe  a very  flrong  Wind,  that  forced  them  out 
into  the  Main  Sea,  fo  that  they  could  not  gain  the 
idand  they  ^igti’d  ibr,  nor  any  of  tlie  Neighbouring 
ones.  Attef  having  made  feveral  Attempts  to  get  a- 
fhore  on  fome  Ifland  within  their  knowledge,  but  in 
vain,  they  were  driven  before  the  Wind  for  feventy  days 
together,  without  being  able  to  make  any  Land.  At 
* lah,  out  of  all  hopes  of  returning  to  their  own  Country, 
and  half  dead  for  want  of  Water  and  Provifions,  they 
refolved  togive  themfelves  up  to  the  mercy  of  the  Winds, 
and  Land  at  the  firfl:  Ifland  Wefterly  that  they  ihould 
come  to.  They  had  no  fooner  taken  this  Refolution, 
but  they  found  themfelves  in  fight  of  the  Town  of  Gui- 
‘•vAm  in  the  Ifle  of  SamaL  A Gmvamdis  that  was  then  on 
•Jhoar,  perceiving  them,  and  judging  by  the  Make  and 
Smallnefs  of  their  Veffels,  that  they  were  Strangers,  and 
out  of  their  way,  took  a piece  of  Cloath,  and  made 
them  a Signal  of  entering  the  Road  he  diredfed,  to  a- 
void  the  Shoals  and  Banks  of  Sand,  they  would  other- 
wife  run  upon..,  Thefe  poor  People  were  fo  frighted  at 
the  fight  of  this  Stranger,  that  they  began  to  put  out  a- 
gain  to  Sea  ^ but  notwitliilanding  all  their  Endeavours, 
the  Wind  forced  them  back  a fecond  time  towards  the 
Shoar.  When  they  were  near,  the  GuivAmois  again 
made’the  Signal  as  before ; ' but  feeing  they  did  not. mind 
it,  but  would  unavoidably  be  loll,  he  threw  himfelPin^* 
to  the  Sea,  and  fwum  to  one  of  their  littleyeffcls,  oh  pur- 
pofe,  to.bring  them  fafein  to  flioar.  He  was  no  fooh^ 
got  to  them,  but  the  Women  with  their  Childrenat  their 
Backs,  and  all  that  were  in  the  Veifsl, .threw  themfelves 
over-board  and  fwamtothe  other:  He,  feeing  himfeif 
alone  in  the  Veflel,  refolved  to  follow  them,  and  getting 
aboard  the  fecond,  fhew’d  them  how  to  avoid  the  fhoals, 

and 


I 


a ^ 

^ >9'  > , ... 

and  brought  them  fafc  to  Land.'  In  the  mean  time  they 
ftood  immoveable,  and  refign’d  thcmfelves  up  intirdv' 
to  the  Condud  of  this  Stranger,  as  fo  many  Pnfoners. 

They  landed  on  St.  Innoceni'i  Day,  tlie  28th  oi  De- 
cember  1696.  The  Inhabitants  of  Guivam^  running  to 
the  Shoar,  received  them  very  kindly,  and  brought  them 
Wine  and  other  Refrefhments.  They  eat  Coco’s^very 
freely,  which  are  the  Fruit  of  the  Palm-Trees  of  th^ 
Country ; The  Pulp  of  them  is  fomewhat  like  that  ot 
Chefnuts,  except  that  it  is  more  oily,  and  furnifiies 
them  with  a fort  of  fweet  Water,  very  pieafant  to  drink. 
They  gave  them  Rice  boyled  in  Water,  which  is  ear 
here  and  all  over  as  Bread  is  in  Europe,  ,'1'hey^ 
looked  on  it  with  Surprize ; and  taking  fome  Grains  ot 
it,  threw  it  on  the  Ground,  imagining  it  to  be  Worms. 
They  rejoyce  if  one  brings  them  great  Roots,  call’d 
Vdiivm^  which  they  eat  greedily. 

In  the  mean  time  they  brought  to  them  two  Women, ^ 
that  had  formerly  been  driven  onflioar  on  the  Coaft  ot- 
Guivum  \ who  knowing  a little  the  Language  ot  this 
Country,  it  was  by  their  means  they  learnt  what  I fliall 
hereafter  relate.  One  of  thefe  Women  found  among 
thofe  Strangers,  one  of  her  Relations,  who  as  foon  as 
they  knew  one  another,  fell  a weeping.  The  father, 
who  has  on  him  the  Care  of  this  Town,  having  heard 
of  the  Arrival  of  thefe  People,  fent  for  them  to  Guivam. 
As  foon  as  they  faw  him,  and  what  Refped  was  paid 
him,  imagining  that  he  was  the  King  of  the  Country, 
and  that  their  Lives  were  in  his  Hands,  they  threw 
themfelveson  the  Ground,  to  ask  his  Pardon,  and  beg 
their  Lives.  The  Father  moved  with  pity  to  fee  them 
fo  difconfolatc,  did  all  he  could  to  comfort  them  ; he 
carefTed  their  Children,  three  of  which  iHll  fuck’d,  and 
five  others  were  fomewhat  older  j and  promifed  their 

Parents  to  give  them  all  the  afTiftance  in  his  Power. 

' ^ 

A 

D d 2 The 


X 


f Ipr  ) 

Tlie  Inhabitants  of  Guivdm  ftrove  one  with  another,  ‘ 
who  fhould  entertain  thefc  Strangers  at  their  Hou- 
fes,  and  furnifli  them  with  Provifions  and  Cioaths,  and  ^ 
whatfoevcr  elfe  fhould  be  neceffary  ; whicli  die  Father 
gr^anted  them,  on  condition  diey  did  not  feparate  thoFe  * 
that  were  Married,  or  take  lefs  than  two  of  them  toge- 
ther, for  fear  any  iliould  die  of  Grief  if  left  alone.  Of  . 
thirty  five  Perfons  thatdmbarked,  there  remained  but 
thirty ; five  dying  thro’  want  of  Provifions  and  other  ’ 
Hardfhips  in  fo  long  a Voyage;  and  fome  time  after 
their  Arrival  here,  died.' another. 

They  relate  that  their  Country  confijffs  of  twa  and 
thirty  Iflands which  tannot  be.  far  difiant  from  the  . 
Mdrianas^  as  may  be  judged  by  the*  make  and  fmallnefs 
' of.  their  Vefiels,  and  form  of  their  Sails,  whicli  are  very'  • 
fike  thofe  of  the  Mdr  'umois.  It  is  likely  thefe  Ifiitnds  may  • 
be  eleven  or  twelve  Degrees  of 'Northern  Latitude,  more 
So  ithern  than-  the  Mananas^  and  under  the  fame  Degree  • . 
of  Longitude  as  Guiudm  ; for  failing  direflly  from  Eafi: 
to  Welt,  they  came  afhore  at  this  Town.  It  is  alfo  pro-  . 
bable,  that  it  was  one  of  thefe  Iflands  that  was  difco-  r 
Ycr’d  fome  Years  ago  at  a diitance,  when  a Ship  belong- , . 
ing  to  the  FhilipfmeSj  leaving  the  common  Road,  which  d 
is  from  Eafi:  to  Weft  under. the  third  Degree  of  Longi- 
tude, and  running  further  to  the  South  Eafi,  firfi  per- 
ceived it..  Some  called  thisifiand  Carolhayh'om  Charleslh  ‘ 
King  ; and  others  the  Ifland  of  St.  -Rtr/ifj^K,  be- 

cauie  <lifco,vei*cd  on  the  Day  that  the  Church  celebrates  • 
the  Feafiof  that  Apofiie.  It  was  again  feen  lafi  Year, 
by  another  Vefiel  that  a Storm  had  driven  out  of  its  . 
PvOad,  in  going  from,  hence  to  the  MarUfias.  The  Go-  \ 
tremor  of  the  ^hihppims  has  .often  given  Orders  to  a - 
VelTel,  that  goes  almblV  yearly  to  the  Mariams,  to.look 
for  this  and  other  Iflands  that  they  fufpeaed  to  be  here- 
abouts.;. but.  thefe.  Orders  were  incffedual,-God  pre- 

ferving  . 


f ) 

fcfving  to  this  time  the  Difcovery.  of  tfiem,  and  (as  r/s 
hope  alfo)  the  intire  Converfiorf  of  tlierc'Fcople. 

liiefe  Strangers  add,  that  of  thefe'  two  and  thirty  ' 
Iilands,  there  arethvee' of  cm  that  are'un‘inhabrted,  iin- 
lefs  it  be  with  Wild  Fo\yls  ^ but  the  others  are  very  well  ’ 
J^opfed.  If  one  asks  tlieiiT  the  Number  of  Inliabitants,  ' 
they  point  to  a heap  of  Sand,  to  fhewrhat  their  Number  ’ 
IS  infinite.  The  Names  of  thele  Ifl'^nds  are  T.t/V,  * 

Uslutup^Sarao^^Taropte,  Valajyaj,  Satavdh,  Cunc,  Tfdcu,  F/- 
rnulopy^Ttdy  Pic,  Piga,  Lamurrec,  Puc,  pdat, 
mvong^  rUt-u,  JumuUm,  Tav^s,  Sayperj,  Tac.tuiap',  JUpi^' 
ymg,  Td'uon,  Mutacufan,  'PtyU,  OLxtdn,  PaIu,  Queumyxt, 
PiyaUctmung,  The  threethd't  iiaye  nothing  on  them  but  ^ 
Wild  Fowls,  ^i-^^PiculAt^  ]dulAtxn^  PdgiA?i,  Lxmurr'ec  \s 
the  moil  confidefhbie  of  alPthefe  Iflands : ‘It  is  there  that 
the ®ng  of  the  Country  keeps  his  Court;  the  Gover- 
nors of  all  the  otlier  Iflands  are  fubjeG:  to  him.  'Amono- 
thefe  Strangers  there  is  one  of  tJiefe  Governors,  and  iiis  '*  ' 
Wife,  who  is  the  King’s  Daughter.  I’ho’  they  go  half 
nak«d,'^  yet  their  Carriage,  and  a peculiar  Air  of  Great-" 
nefs,  fofficiently  difhnguifhes  thciri  from  the  rdf.  The  - 
Husband  has  his  Body  painted  ail  over  with  certain  T.ines, 
in  fuch  manner  tha  t they  formTeveral*  Figures  : I'lie  rdf 
||  of  the  Aden  are  alfo  paintedin  like  manner,  more  or  "Ids.  ' ■ 
■ The  Women  and  Childrcn-arc  not  painted  at  all.  'Fhere  ‘ 

U are  nineteen  Men  of  them;'  and  ten  Women,  of  different 
Ages.  The  Make  and -Colour  of  riieir  Face  is  much  like  ' 
ithac  of  the  ■Philippinvis,  The  Men  have  no  other  Cioaths, 
ttham-a-fort  of  Safh,  feveraf  times  wrapt  about  theirBo-  ' 
(dy,  that  cover-s  their-  Reins  and  Thighs.-"  They^  wear  ^ 
-upon  their  Shoulders  above  an  Ell  and  half  of  courle  Li- " 
j ncii  CIoath,  like  a Cowl, -tied' bdore,  -and  Banging  loofe 
. behind.  * Both  Men  and-^Woitien  are  drdfcd  tiiuch  alike,  ' 
except  that  the  Women  have  a piece  of  Cloath  fomewhat 

.longer,  that  hangs  from  "their- Waffe  down  to  their 
■pKneos.  r . 

' ■ ' Th.kr'»'- 


( ) 

Theiiv  jUliinguage  different  from  that  of  tjie  Vhilh* 
fines  and  Marianas : Their  Manner  of  pronouncing  ^it 
comes  nearefl  that  of  the  Jral?s^  as  fome  who  underflaiid 
that  Language  have  obferved.  The  Woman,  that  feerrrs 
. the  moh  conuderable  amongft  them,  has  feveral  Rings 
and  Necklaces  of  Tortoife-meli,  (call’dliere  Carej J and 
others  made  of  a Subftance  yet  unknown  to  us,  much 
refembiing  Ambergrifc,  but  not  tranfparent.  ' 

The  Manner  of  their  living  at  Sea,  which  was  for 
feventy  days  together,  continually  driven  by  the  Wind, 

' was  thus:  They  calf  out  a for-c  of  Net,  made  of  a great 
number  of  little  Twigs  of  Trees  tied  together,  having  a 
large  Mouth  for  die  Fifh  to  enter  in  at,  and  ending  in  a 
Point  to  prevent  their  getting  out  again.  The  Fifli  they 
took  after  this  manner,  was  all  the  Nourifhment  they 
• had,  and  Rain-water  faved  in  Coco-fliells,  which  is  the 
Fruit  of  the  Palm-tree  (as  obferved  before)  of  the  Fi- 
, gure  and  Size  of  a Human  Scull. 

. Theydiave  no  Cows  in  their  Iflands  : As  foon  as  they, 
faw  them,  they  ran  a\yay,  as  diey  did  like  wife  at  the 
Barking  of  a Dog,  in  one  of  the  Miffionaries  Houfes. 
'Neither  have  they  Cats,  Stags,  Horfes,  or  in  general 
. any  ‘Quadruped.  Nor  any  Fowls  but  Sea-Fowls ; ex- 
cepting Hens,  which  they  breed  up,  but  never  eat  their 

■ . 

Notwithhanding  this  then  want  of  every  thing,,  they 

are  very  merry  and  contented  with  their  Condition. 
Their  Songs  and  Dances  are  exa£f  and  regular  : When 
they  Sing,  it  is  altogether,  every  one  obferying  the  fame 
' Humour  and  Geftures,  which  makes  it  vei;y  agree- 
able.  . ^ f 

They  are  furprized  at  the  Gpvernrnent,  Politenefs,  . 
and  Manners  of  the  Europeans^  of  whom  they  had  not 
the  Icaff  knowledge.  They  admire  not  only  the  Solem- 
nities and  Ceremonies  of  the  Church  in  celebrating  DR 
. vine  Service ; but  alfo  the  Mufick,  Inffruments,  Dances . 

. ; of 


I 


/ 


■oft\\QSf^l^^hr<is^  and  tfieir  Arms;  but  Gunpowder  is 
wiiat  raifes  in  them  the  greateft  Admiration.  They^ 
wonder  at  the  Whitenefs  ot  the  Euro^ems^  in  refpedi:  oi 
whom  they  are  perfe£^ly  Tawny,  as  well  as  the  Inha- 
bitants of  this  Country. 

It  does  not  yet  appear,  that  they  have  either  any 
Knowledge  of  a Deity,  or  that  they  wordiip  Idols. 
Their  Life  is  perfetlly  Savage,  taking  care  of  nothing 
but  Eating  and  Drinking,  in  which  they  obferve  no  let 
time,  but  eat  and  drink  at  any  time  time  or  place,  when 
hungry  or  thirhy,  or  they  can  find  any  thing  to  fatisfy 
themfelves  ^ yet  they  eat  but  little  at  a tinie,  and  ne- 
ver enough  to  fuffice  for  a wdible  day.  They  fliew-  a 
great  RefpeQiand  DefeVence  for  their  King,  and  Gover- 
nors c^'  their  Towns,  and  obey  them  very  precifely. 

Their  Civility  and  Refpe6l  confifts  in  taking  hold  of 
the  Hand  or  Foot  of  the  Ferfon  they  honour,  and  rub- 
bing gently  his  Face.  They  have  among  their  Utenfils 
fome  Saws,  not  made  of  Iron,  but  of  a large  Shell,  cal- 
led here  TaMo^  rubbed  and  lharpen’d  upon  a certain 
kind  of  Stone . They  were  furprized  at  a Merchant 
Ship  that  was  building  at  Guivam^  to  fee  the  number  of 
Carpenters  Tools  that  were  ufed  about  it:  They  view- 
ed them  all,  one  after  another,  with  a great  deal  of  ad- 
miration. They  have  no  Metals  in  their  Country.  The 
Father  Miffionary  made  each  of  them  a Prefent  of  a 
large  Piece  of  Iron,  which  they  received  with  as  much 
Joy,  as  if  it  had  beenfo  much  Gold  5 and  are  fo  afraid 
it  Ihould  be  Role  from  them,  that  they  lay  it  under  their 
Heads  when  they  go  tofleep.  They  have  no  other  Arms 
but  Lances  or  Darts,  made  of  Human  Bones  very  well 
fiiarpen’d  and  fix’d  on.  They  are  very  peaceful  of  tbem- 
felves  ^ but  if  any  Qtiarrel  happens  among  them,  it  is  de- 
cided with  fome  Blows  on  the  Head  with  the  FiR,  which 
yet  very  rarely  happens^  for  when  they  w'ould  corns  to 
a^clofe  Fight, they  feparate  them, and  they  are  foom recon- 


( \9^  ) 

;^dled  again.  ' They  are  not  dull  and  heavy,  button  the 
contrary,  have  a great  deal  of  Liyclineft  and  Courage. 

^ The)^  arc  not  fo  lully  as  tlie  Inhabitani;s  of  the  M^irunis^ 

\ but  neverthelefs  are  well  proportioned:!,  and  of  a Shape 
?nuch  liketlwfe  of  thz  Philippines,  Bgth  Menjind  Wo- 
. men  let  their.  Hair  grow  long,  and  hang  loofc  on  their 
Shoulders.  ' • 

^ When  they  underftopd  they  were  to  be  conducted  to 
tlie  Prefence  of  the  Father  Miflipnaiy,  they  paintdd 
their  Bodies  all  over  with  a Ycllo^w  Colour,  which  is 
lookM  upon  by  them  as  a great  beauty.  They  arc  fo 
well  fatisfied.with  finding  here  plenty  of  of  every  tiling 
that  is  neceffary  for  Life,that  they  offer’d  to  return  home, 
.and  bring  with  them  their  Countrymen  to  enter  into. a 
Commerce  with  thefe  Illands  : Which  defign  our  Go- 
vernor liked  very,  well>,  in  hopes  thereby  to  gain  this 
Country  to  the  King  of  Spam,  The  Oldefi:  of  thefe 
Strangers  was  once  before  caff  on  the.  Coaff  of  Caragan^ 
in  one  of  our  Iffands  ^ but  finding  there  none  but  Infi- 
dels, that  .lived  in  the  Mountains  and  Defarts,  he.  return- 
.ed  home  again,  - without  knowing  ^ny  thing  of  the  Pien-  > 
jty  a«d  Riches  of  thefe  Illands.  They  are  very  expert  at 
Diving  ^ and  they  fay,  they  lately,  in  Fifliing,  took  two 
large  Pearls  in  their  Shells,  but  threw  them  into  the  Sea 
;^gain,  not  knowing  the  Value  of  diem. 


\ , JL  E T T E R TI.  , 

ySrom  Father  L.e  Gpbien,  to  the  Jefuites  of  France. 
Fever  end  Father 

JHcre  fend  you,  as  T prpmifed,  a iVIap  _of;thc  new 
Philippines  j which  is'  one  of  the  moff  Extraordinary 
Icovcries  that  has  been  made  in  thefe  laft  Ages.  It  is 
Itrange  that  thefe  Illands,  being  fit.uate  between  the  Mo- 

l(HC0\Sp 


( ~i  p7  ) 

luuo\  the  old  and  th&  Mar Ufj as,  which 

have  been  known  near  thefe  two  hundred  Yoars,  fhould 
remain  undifcover  d ’till  now.  They  are  eighty  feven 
in  Hunger,  and  make  one  of  the  fineft  Archive  I afo\  in 
the  Eaft ; being  inclofed  on  tlie  North  and  ^uth  be- 
uveen  the  Line  and  the  Tropick  of  Casicer,  and  on  the 
halt  and  Welt  between  the  Marianas  ^ndPhtlhpines. 

relating  theLargcnefs 
or  thefe  New  Iflands,  their  Diftances  one  from  another 
or  their  Order  and  Situation  j all  which  may  be  eafilv 
f«en  in  the  Map.  ^ ' 

It  has  elfewhere  been  fliown  how  this  New  Country 
came  firft  to  be  difcover.d,  Iviz.  in  the  former  Letter  ;1 
fo  that  I fhaU  only  relate  here,  what  ought  to  be  reftified 
therein,  according  to  our  laft  Advices  received  from 

The  Map  I here  fend  you,  was  not  made  by  Europe- 
ens,  for  none  have  yet  been  upon  thefe  laands,  but  by 

after  this  manner.  Some  Jf 
the  molt  skilful  of  em  ranged  upon  a Table  as  many  lit- 
rie  Stones  as  there  are  Iflands  belonging  to  their  Coun- 
^ t^  ; and  marked  out,  as  well  as  they,  could,  the  Name 
9 of  eadi.  Its  Extent  and  Diftance  from  the  others ; And 
J this  IS  the  Map,  thus  traced  out  by  the  hdUns,  that  is 
[ here  mgraved.  Not  that  I can  warrant  the  exaftnefs 

1 ^ n V mj®’  when  our  Miffionaries 

I fliaU  have  trayeyd  over  thefc  Illands,  and  got  a more 

I :perfea  Knowledge  of  them,  there  will  befounda  great 
DiinEny  things  m it  that  will  need  Corr®<flifon. 

The  Natives  of  thefe  Iflands  never  offer  any  Violence 
rito  one  another:  Murder  and  Homicide  areu4nownw 
tthem } and  they  have  a Proverb  among  them  That 
lime  Man  never  kiUs  another  It  is  probabll  thefe  Iflands 
: may  abound m Gold,  Amber  and  Drugs;  being  fituate 
I ..early  under  the  fame  Degree  of  Longitude  as  the  mI 

I luccos. 


i 


I 


hiccx>%  froca  jivlience  bavQ  Nutmegs,  and  other  va-  * 

luable  Spices. 

Tho^  tliefe  People  fecm  barbarous  to  us,  yet  they 
among  themfelves  a fort  of  Politenefs  and  regular 
Gov^riiHienj:,^  Every  I Hand  obeys  its  Chief,  who  hina- 
Pelf  is  fubjed  to  the  King  of  the  Country.  This  Prince 
holds  his  Qourcinthe  liland  of  fduy  called  likewifeJL^ 
fntmeo  \ which  multiplicity  of  Names  feems  to  be  the 
reafon  why- we  cannot  find  in  this  Map  fcarce  any  of  the 
Karnes  mentioned  in  Father  C/^/Vs  Letter  ; or  perhaps 
becaufe  at  firh  from  the  Natives  pronunciation  of  the 
Names  of  their  Iflands,  they  were  written  by  the 
niArds  after  a difierent  manner  from  what  they  are  at 
prefen  t.  I 

Tho’  thefe  lijands  were  never  heard  of  in  Europe ^ hill  j 
w'ithin  thefe  five  or  fix  Years,  yet  his  a long  time  fince, 
from  the  High  Mountains  of  Sanid  they  have  difeover’d 
thick  Smoaks  on  thatCoaft;  which  . commonly  happens  j ^ 
in  Summer  time,  when  thele  Iflanders  fet  ‘fire  to  their  . | 
\Yoods  and  Forefts  to  clear  up  the  Ground.  Thele  ; 
Smoaks,  whicli  the  VlihQrmQn  of  and  other 

liiands,  have  alfo  obferved  when  Tar  out  at  Sea,  have  ^ 
made  them  conjedure,  th^t  there  was  Land  Eahof  the ' L 
Vhilqpius  ; but  they  never  had  any  certain  knowledge  , 
of  it,  till  fomc  time  before  the  abovementioned  Arrival 
of  thefe  iflanders.  at  Y/j.vW : Which  happened  thus. 

The  King’s  Brothev  of  thefe  new  Phiii^pmesy  in  a Sea 
Voyage,  was  driven  on  -the  Coaft  of  C at agan^  in  the 
great  Illand  of  The  Spmifi)  Fathers,  who 

have  a very  fine  MilFion  there,  received  this  Prince  with 
a great  deal  of  Honour  and  Frieiidfhip,  and  intruded 
him  in  the  ChriftU»2  Religion  5 which  he  was  fo  well 
pkas’d  with,  that  he  never  thouglit  of  returning  again 
to  his  own  Cotiutry. ' In  the  mean  time  the  King,  dif- 
farisfy’d  at  the  Lofs  of  his  Brother,  fitted,  out  a Fleet  of 
aa hundred  fmall  Y effels,  which  he  fent  to  every  Illand 

under 

/ 


( >99  ) 

under  bis  Dominion,  to  feeif  they  could  learn  any  News 
ofhim.  -One  of  tliefe  little  VelTels  was  tbrced  by  a 
Storm  on  the  Coaft  of  Garngntt^  at  th«  fame  place  as  the 
King’s  Brother  was  before.  Where  landing,  they  im- 
' mediately  knew  him,  and  with  Tears  told  him  the  o(> 
cafion  of  their  Journey,  the  Difcontent  ol  the  King  his 
Brother,  and  defired  him  to  .-rettwn  back  with  them. 
The  Prince  thanked  them  for  the  trouWe  they  had  been 
at,  and  defired  thena-  to  latisfy  the  King,  that  he  was 
well  and  contented,  bbt  coutef  not,  by  any  means^  be 
perfwaded  to  return  home  again. 

Explanation  of  the  Map. 

Xhe  Figure  in  the  midjl  of  every  jhorvs  harv  m*ny 

days  fail  it  is  in  Circumference, 

The  Figure  between  each  Ifland^  Jbews  how  many  days  Are 
rey^uired  to  fafs  from  one  to  the  other. 

As  for  Inftance.  The  Figure  -3  0,  in  the.JJle  of  Pahlog, 
fhews  that  it  is  50  days  in  Circumference  \ and  the  Figure  5, 
between  the  ^ Gulvam  and  the  Jfe  of  fhewsf 

that  it  is  three  days  faffage  to  it. 

The  Indians,  who  were  the  occafon  of  thofe  IJlands  being 
difeovered^  imbarked  in  the  IJland  Amorfot,  marked  in  the 
Map:,  by  the  Tetter  C,  with  a defgn  to  pafs  to  the  IJle^of 
taiz,  marked  by  the  Letter  B ) but  were  driven  by  a Storm 
out  to  Sea^  and  after  -jo  days  Sail^  call  onJhe  Cape  of  GyXi’ 
vam  in  the  IJland  ^of  Samal,  called  by  the  Spaniards,' 

- Ibabao. 

,A,  the  largefi  of  thefe  IJlands^  natned  Panlog.  ‘ ’ 

D,  the  IJle  of  Fatu,  or  L»amuirec,  where  tm^Kjng  hold^. 
his  Court.  . ^ it 


1 e 5 - IV.  ^ 


\ 


( 2CQ  ) 


% . 


«.  I 


= i .. 


IV.  Ablation  of  the  New  IJImd  thrown  up  near  the 
IJland  o/Santerini  5 fent  to  the  Marquis  oj  Fcrriol, 
Amlajfador  Extraordinary  of  France  at  the  Otto- 
man Port.  Tahfn  from  the  Memoirs  of  the  Htftory. 
of  Arts  and  Sciences  at. TxcyouXj  for  the  Motuhof 
July,  1708. 


^ Lor  dry 

This  new  Fh^nemenoNy  that  has  appear’d  in  our 
‘part  of  the  World,  feems  to  us  fo  extraordinary 
and  Curious,  that  I am  perfwaded,  a True  and  Parti- 
eular  Relation  of  it  will  be  very  acceptable  to  your  Ex- 
cellency ; in  which'!  fhall  do  my  felf  the  Honour  to  write* 
at  large,  whatfoever  I judgedTOoflr  remarkable  and- de- 
ferving  your  Notice. 

On  Monday  the  23d  May ^ ^7^1 1 atSumrifing,  we 
obferyed  between  the  two  Burnt  IJ^ands^  commonly  cak 
led  the  IJttle  and  Great  Cameny^  as  it' were  a Floating 
Rock  •,  which  we  thought  at  firft  had  been -fame  V elfcl' 
Shipwrack’d  on  that,Coaft,  and'  feem’d  as  if  it  would  in 
a little  time  be  dafh’d’to  pieces  againft  the  Lefer  Came- 
ny^  that  was  hard  by:  On  which  account  fome- Mari- 
ners, in  hopes  of  Booty,  put  out,  immediately  to  fee  what 
it  was.  Soon  after  we- wero  amazed  to  hear  by ’em, 
that  it  was  a Shoal  v/hich  began  to  fpring  up  from  the» 
Bottom  of  the  Sea;  and  was  not  as  yet  very  plainly  to 
be  difcerned.  Next  day  (the  24th)  feveral  Perfons, 
¥oth  Ecdefiafticks  and  Seculars,  went  out  of  Curiofity 

to 


( 20t  ) 

to  fatisfy  themfelves,  not  eafiiy  believing  what  the  Mar 
riners  related  : But  they  were  no  fooner  got  to  the  place, 
than  their  Eyes  fully  convinced  them,  that  it  was  Mat-, 
ter  of  Fad.  Some  of  ’em  were  fo  bold  as  to  get  a-flioai? 
on  this  new  Shoal,  which  was  Bill  moving,  and  fenfibly 
increafed  under  thiir  Feet.  They  brought  us  back  fe* 
veral  Curiofities,.  and  among  others  a kind  of  Oyfters, 
very  largp,  and  of  an  Exquifite  Tafte,  which  they  found 
flicking  to  the  Rock,  and'  raifed  out  of  the  Water,  as 
the  Shoal  had  increafed  in  height.  Above  all  I obferved 
a.  fort  of  Stone,,  that  at  firll  n^it  look’d  muclr  like  Bis- 
ket,  but  in  reality,  was  nothing  but  a very  line  Pumice-. 
Bone,  furpafling  all  that  I ever  faw  in.  France^  or  any 
other  Parts  of 

Two  days  befor^e  the  fpringing  up  of  this  Shoal,  on  the 
2ift,  between  twelve  anid^  one  at  Noon,^there  was  an 
Earthquake  over  the  whole  Illand  ; which  we  cannot 
reafonably  attribute  to  any  other  Caufe  than  the  rifing 
up  of  this  Mafs  of  Rock:  And  this  was  the  only  Trou- 
ble and  Fear  that  this  New  Illand  gave  us ; for  from  its 
firfl:  appearance. to.  the.  13  th  or  14th  of  June^  it  has  con- 
tinually increafed  very . fenfibly,  as  v/ell.ia  bignefs  as 
height,  without  any  noife,  or  giving  any , other  di*  ■ 
flurbanceor  concern  to  any  Body,  than  the  uncertain- 
ty and  expedation  of  what  would  be  the  Confequences 
of  it. 

This  Slioal  is  .very  pleafant  to  look  on,  of  a wixite  Cor 
lour,  and  round  Figure.  The  Earth  that  it  is  compofed 
of  is  light,  with  a fmail  Mixture  of  Clay.  Perha  ps  I 
Ihould  be  thought  too  extravagant,  if  I fhould  affirm 
this  New  Illand,  according  to  the  Report  of  fome 
Learned  and  Skilful  Perfons  that  were  upon  it  in  the  be*, 
ginning  of  to  be  half  a . Mile  in  Circumference, 
and  from  20  to  25  Foot  high.  Its  increafmg  for  4 or  5 
days,  was  not  fo  lend  b leas  before .;  in  fomuch  that  moft 
were  perfwaded,  that  it  had  intirdyjccafed : Every  Bo- 


< 1101  ) 

v1y  then  thought  themfelves  fafe,  anci  tlmt  there  was  no- 
thing fnrtheT  to  be  fear’d ; but  they  were  afterwards 
convinced  of  the  contrary.  For  the  Sea,  already  much 
troubled  by  die  raifing  up  of  this  Mals  of  Earth,  appear- 
ed more  troubled  every  day  than  other';  not  fo  much  by 
reafon  of  this  Shoal  lately  removed,  and  M\  floating,  as 
on  account  of  the  Mixture  of  a vaft  Quantity  of  different 
Matters,  continually  thrown  up  Night  and  Day  from 
the  Bottom  of  the  Sea  ; fo  that  one  might  eafily  diftin- 
guifh  leveral  forts  of  Minerals,  by  the  diverfity  of  Co- 
lours they  made  on  the  Surface  of  the  Water ; but  Sul- 
phur was  in  greateft  abundance,  infomuch  that  the  Sea 
was  colour’d  with  it  about  Santerimy  to  near  20  Allies 
diftance.  I'he  exceflive  rolling  of  the  Waves  about  the 
new  Shoal  was  greater  tlian  ever ; and  a more  than  01- 
dinai-y  heat  was  i'enfibie  to  any  one  that  approach’d  too 
near,  which  undoubtedly  wasthe  Caufe  of  fuch  Quan- 
tities of  Full  being  found  dead  on  the  Shear.  Every 
Body  perceived  a horrible  Stench,  that  infefted  the 
Neighbouring  Air;  and  which  we  our  felves,  thofmorc 
than  5 Miles  diftant,  often  found  of  dangerous  confe- 
quence.  Tlie  boiling  of  the  Waters,  which  fome  befoi’c 
doubted  of^  proved  now  too  true;  and  inftead  of  de- 
creafing,  grew  every  day  confiderably  greater.  This 
ftriick  all  Feople  with  a frefh  fear ; -and  changed  die  Re- 
folutions  of  thofe,  who  were  fo  bold  before  as  to  venture 
on  this  New  Ifland,  more  out  of  Diverfion,  than  any 
' commendable  Curiofity.  But  their  fear  was  increafed, 
when  on  triday  July  i 6th  at  Sun-fet,  they  perceived  be- 
tween this  new  Iflaad  and  the  Leffer  Cameny^  as  it  were 
a Chain  of  Black  Rocks,  that  rofe  up  from  a prodigious 
depth  of  the  Sea,  to  the  Number  bf  17  or  18,  not  very 
diAin£b  from  one  another,  but  feeni’d  as  if  they  would 
fhortly  unite  together,  and  joyn  themfelves  to  this  n'cw 
Ifland,  as  tliey-adually  did  fome  few  days  after.  Next 

day, 


( lo;  ) 

day,  being  Saturday^  we  faw  them  plainer ; and  thefe 
whofe  Tops  we  could  only  fee  the  Night;  before,  now 
appeared  extraordinary  large.  On,  Sundxy  we  firh:  per- 
ceived Smoak  to  break  forth,  much  refembling,  in  thick- 
nefs  and  colour,  that  of  a burning  Furnace  \ and  at  the 
£me  time  heard  certain  Murmurings  under  Ground, 
which  feemed  to  proceed  from  the  Center  of  this  New 
Ifland,  as  yet  too  deep  in  the  Sea,  to  be  plainly  diftki-  • 
guiflied. 

Every  Body  then  of  both  Sexes-  were  more  frighted 
than  ever,  and  thought  of  nothing,  but  liow  they  lliould 
llielter  themfelvcs  from  the  approaching  Danger,  and 
avoid  die  Fire  that  they  forefaw  in  all  likelihood  W'ouid 
foon  follow.  Whole  Families  went  for  refuge  to  the 
neighbouring  Wands;  and  others  contented  themfelves 
only  with  changing  their  Habitations,  and  living  in  the 
open  Country,  thinking  themfelves  Dfer  there.  In  the  . 
meantime  the  Rocks  abovementioned  united  together, 
and  feemed  already  to  form  another  Wand  diftind  from 
the  former.  The  Smoke  appeared  in  greater  abundance ; 
and  the  Fire,  which  w^c  fo  m iich  dreaded,  at  lalf  began . 
to  break  forth  about  the  i9tli  ol  ,*  It  was  fo  little  at 
firll,  and  of  fo  dull  a colour,,  that  few  believed  it  to  be 
really  fo  ; but  afterw^ardsiiicreafing  by  degrees  as  the.  I- 
Iland  increafed,  and  breaking  out  more  and  more,  and  in 
different  Places,  all  were  fuBiciently  convinced  of  it. 

It  wasnolefs  frightful  and  amafing  than  curious,  to 
fee  every  Night  on  the  top  of  this  Mount,  that  Nature 
had  lately  formed,  a vaft  number,  as  it  were,  of  burning 
Furnaces,  all  of  a bright  Flame;  in  order  and  pofition 
not  unlike  thofe  Illuminations  of  the  Mimrets,  which  the 
Turks  ufually  make  at  certain  times  every  Year.  One 
Night  at  the  end  of  "July,  about  an  Hour  after  Sundec, 
as  we  were  obferving  the  different  of  this 

New  Ifland,  there  appear’d  of  a . hidden,  in  the  middle 


1 


( »04  ) 

Region  of  the  Sky,  a fiery  Lance,  fecming  to  come  from 
Ealt  to  Weft ; but  it  difappearing  again  to  foon,  we 
cculd  not  exadly  obferve  the  dimenfions  of  it.  In  the  , 
.m-an  time  the  Burnt  IQand  increafed  prodigioufly,  and 
extended  it  felf  principally  on  the*  South  "and  North  Tides. 
The  Sea  alfo  Teemed  much  more  dhturbed  and  loaded 
with  Sulphur  and  Vitriol.  The  boiling  of  the  Water 
was  more  fiei'ce  and  violent ; The  Smoak  thicker,  and 
in  greater  abundance;  and  the  Fire  bigger  and  more 
frightful.  But  above  all,  a Stench  that  infeded  tip 
whole  Countrey,  grew  To  infupportable,  that  Perfbns 
of  the  ftrongeft  Conftitutions  could  fcarce  breath  it  ; 
others,  that  were  weaker,  fell  into  frequent  Paintings  ^ ^ 
and  almoft  every  Body  was  feized  with  Vomitings,  i 
could  not  then  but  imagine  my  felf  on  Board  fome  Man 
of  War,  whereat  a general  Difcharge  of  all  the  Guns, 
the  confufed  ftiuk.of  the  Powder,  Tar,  and  ftenchofthe 
Ship,  efpecially  in  foul  Weather,  often  overcomes  the 
ftrongeft  Seamen.  Juft  fucli  a naufeous  ftiiik  we  were 
fiDixed  to  breath  in,  without  being  able  any  ways  to 
void  it,^or  defend  our  felves  from  it.  But  as  we  were  in- 
fefted  with  it  but  at  times,  and  as  the  Wind  brought  if, 

. fo  it  was  fometimes  more  in  one  place  than  another,  and  • 
•more  or  lefs  tolerable,  as  the  Wind  fate.  This  ill  Scent 
was  very  mifehievous : It  fpoiled  moft  of  the  Vines  ; 
and  a great  Smoak,  that  rofe  out  of  the  raidft  of  this 
New  lllandlikea  Mountain,  joyning  it  felf  to  a thick 
Fog,  that  commonly  hangs  over  tianterini  when  the  Wind 
is  at  South,  burnt  and  deftroy’d,  in  the  beginning  of  Au~ 
gufl^  in  lefs  than  three  hours  time,  all  the  Fruit  that  was 
ripe,  and  ready  to  be  gathered ; efpecially  in  fuch  Vine- 
yards, as  lay  moft  expofed  to  the  South.  A few  days 
after  I was  obliged  to  go  to  Naxus^  fo  that  I wasabfent 
15  or  14  days ; in  which  fliort  fpace  of  time  there  was 
To  great  an  Alteration  in  thefetwoNew  Iflands,  that  I 

fcarce 


- f 205  ) 

fcarce  knew  ’em  again  at  my  return  ; fo  dillercnt  they 
were  from  what  I left  them.  The  White  one,'  that  did 
not  Teem  to  increale  any  more,  w'as  now  grown  confide- 
rably  higher ; and  the  Black  one  was  much  longer. 
Both  of  them,  tho’  different  in  colour,  were  now  united 
together,  and  made  but  one  Illand,  as  they  remaui  at 
this  time.  The  Fire  and  Smoak  had  made  new  Vent- 
1 holes  • and  the  noife  under  Ground  was  more  frequent 
and  audible.  They  told  me,  that  in,  my  abfcnce  they 
heard  from  the  midft  of  the  Ifland,  as  it  were,  fo  ma- 
ny large  Cannon  fhot  oft  and  at  the  fame  inftant  fa w 
a great  quantity  of  Burning  Stones  thrown  into  the  Air. 

I could  fcarce  Believe  it  at  firft  and  tho’  I did  not  look 
on  it  as  altogether  improbable,  yet  I could  not  per- 
fwade  my  felf  but  that  they  had  much  exceeded  the 
truth.  But  a few  days  after  I was  my  felf  an  Eye-Wit- 
nefs  of  fo  Prodigious  and  Frightful  a SpeTacIe.  I watch- 
ed Day  and  Night  thefe  furious  Difeharges,  which  made 
the  Doors  and  Windows  of  our  Chambers  fliake,  and 
fometimes  the  very  bell:  built  Houfes : And  faw 
with  my  own  Eyes,  more  than  once,  Stones  all  on 
Fire  darted  into  the  Ait  out  of  fight,  and  after  falEa-^ 
gain  like  a Bomb,  and  quench’d  in  the  Sea  at  more  than 
Eve  Miles  diftance. 

When  thefe  Difeharges  happen’d,  which  were  as  loud 
asthofe  of  a Cannon,  we  commonly  faw  immediately 
a great  Flaflh  of  Fire  like  Lightning  ; and  after  that, 
there  fprung  up  very  fwiftly,  a black  and  difmal  Smoak, 
mixt  with  Afhes,  and  fo  prodigioufly'  thick,  that  when 
fpreadin  the  Air,  it  made  a thick  Cloud  of  feveral  Co- 
lours*, which,  by  degrees,  diffolving  it  felf  in  a fine 
Duft..  fell  like  Rain  on  all  the  Neighbouring  Country, 
and  ^more  particularly  on  our  Ifland,  where  it  was  in 
fuch*  abundance,  that  the  Ground  was  often  covered 
with  it.  The  Noife  grew  ifronger,  and  was  louder 

F f than 


( 20^  ) ^ 

than  if  fix  or  feveii  Cannons  had  been  difcharged  to- 
gether : 'file  Fire  made  it  lelf  evety  Day  more  Vent- 
holes, and  became  more  dreadiui.*  We  commonly 
fate  up  the  greacefi:  part  of  the  Night  to  oblerve 
it.  ^ 

Every  Night  Nature  reprefented  as  great  variety  of 
Scenes, has  the  Fire  broke  forth  in  different  Forms; 
iometimes  burning  Aflies  I’pread  themfelves  in  the  Air, 
like  a Fl' ii>e  of  Feathers,  which  faUing  again  on  the 
Shoal,  made  it  appear  all  of  a light  Fire.  Other  times 
one  would  think  it  was  actually  the  difcharging  of  fo 
many  Mortar  pieces,*  which  threw-  intire  Rocks,  like  fo 
many  Bombs,  capable  of  deftroying  the  largeff  Ships; 
tlio’  for  the  moft  part,  thele  Stones  were  or  a mid- 
dle fize,  but  in  fuch  Quantities,  that  I often  faw  this 
little  Ifland  all  cover’d  with  them,  and  fo  plealantly 
illummated,  that  one  would  never  Jbe  weary  of  looking 
on  it.  ‘ 

Thefe  dreadful  Diftharges  were  lefs  frequent  at  the 
■ end  of  but  increafed  m'Segtember,  were  daily  ' 

inO^ober^  and  at  this  timearealmOft  inceffantly.  ’Tis  I 
true,  the  Noife  is  not  fo  loud  ^ the  Stones,  that  are  caff  I 
up,  are  not  fo  big,,  nor  fo  many-;  the  Boy  ling  and  Dif- 
order  of  the 'Water  is  much  abated  ; the  Sea  begins  to 
recover  its  former  Colour  y th«  Stench,  that  was^be^ 
fore  infupportable,  has  been  very  little' for  thefe  fix' 
Weeks.  Aet  the -Smoak  grows  every  day  thicker, 
blacker,  and  in  greater  abundance  : The  Fire  is  more 
than  ever,  and  feems  fometimes  to  ffrike  the  very 
Sky:  The  Subterraneous  Noife  is  continual,,  and  fo 
violent,  that  it  can’t  be  diftinguifli’d  from  Thunder : 
Duff  and  Allies  fall  daily  on  this  our  Ifland.  The 
Countryman  is  dejeded  at  the  Lpfs’of  his  Corn, 

' which  icarce  fprung  out  of  the  Ground,  begins  fo  fade 
already  : And  the  Mariner,  not  fo  bold  as  before, 

contents 


C ’07  ) 

contents  h’mfslf  w’th  viewing  it  at  a diftance,  Ctice  the 
lots  of  a Bii-lc  of  this  Country,  which  going  too  near, 
took  F;re  and  was  burnt. 

In  a word,  our  New  Ifland  grows  every  Day  more 
Curious,  more  Dreadful,  and  lefs  AccefTible : And  is 
fo  far  from  ceafmg  to  increafe,  at  tile  Approach  of 
■Winter,  as  fonie  Pretenders  to  Philofophy  would  per- 
fwadeus,  that  we  fee  it  continually  increafing'  on  the 
South  Weft  fide ; where  Nature  feems  as  if  Hie  la- 
bour’d to  make  a large  Fort,  capable  of  holding  all 
manner  of  Ships,  whicli  may  one  Day  render 
rim  not  fo  pradicabie  as  heretofore.  * . 

This,  my  Lord,  is  in  fubftance  what  I thought  moft 
remarkable,  in  relation  to  this  New  Illand,  from  the 
firft  beginning  of  it,  to  this  eotli  of  November,  'I  leave 
our  Philofophers  and  Curious*  Men,  to  reafonon  itas 
they  lhall  think  fit  3 and  our  Geometricians  to  con- 
demn  me  for  faying  nothing  of  its  Demebfions.  I 
had  rathet  be  blamed  by  them,  than  expofe  my  felf 
to  a juft  Cenfure,  in  fpeaking  blindly  of  what  I know 
V nothing  of/and  which  it^  is,  as  yet,  impolTible  to  be 
truly  informed  in.  But  if  I may  be  permitted  to  give" 
,,my  Judgment,  barely  from  Appearance,  and  theCo'm- 
mon  Opinion  of  People  here,  1 think  I fhould  not  ex- 
ceed the  Truth,  if  I affirm  this  New  Shoal  to  be  at 
prefent  at  leaf!:  three  Miles  in  Circumference,  and 
more  than  from  thirty  five  to  forty  Foot  high.  I hope 
in  time,  as  this  Ifhnd  becomes  eafier  of  Accefs,  we 
fliill  then  find  means  to  fpeak  more  particularly  of  it, 
and  of  giving  your  Excellency  a more  faithful  and  ex- 
act Relation. 


F f 2 


I ffiali 


( 2g8  ) ^ 

I fhall  then  do  it  with  the  fame  Pleafure,  as  I am 
^it  prefent,  and  ihall  always  be,  My  Lord,  with  the  • 
greateil  Refped, 

ToNr  Excellency'* s 

mojl  Htimble 

and  mofi  Obedient  Servant, 

Bourguignon. 


I 


ERRATA.  ^ 

Philofoph.  TranfaO:.  Numb.  316.  p.  12$,  1.  12.  and  p.  137.  'i 
1. 14.  fos  Capt.  J^Vine  read  Capr.  Winde, 

\ 


LONDON, 

Printed  for  H.  Clements  at  the  Hdf-Moon  inBt.  P<«rs 
Church-yard.  MDCCIX. 


( 10J>  ) 

(Numb.  318J 

PHILOSOPHICAL 

TRANSACTIONS. 

For  the  Months  of  November  and  December,  1708. 

' The  CON  TENTS.  " 

I.  A Letter  from  Mr.  Anthony  van  Leeuwenhoek, F.iR.5'. 
containing  his  Obfervations  upon  the  White  Matter  on  the 
Tongues  of  Fever ijh  Perfons^  8cc. 

II.  A Letter  concerning  a Colliery  that  took  Fire,  and  was 

blown  up  near  killing  69  Perfons,  on  Auguft 

18,  1708.  Communicated  by  the  Reverend  Dr.  Ai^tiiur 
Charlett,  Mafter  of  Univerfity  College  in  Oxford. 

III.  An  Account  of  the  Succefs  of  an  Attempt  to  continue  fe-- 
veral  Atmofpheres  of  Air  condensed  in  the  fpace  of  one,  for 
a con fider able  time.  By  Mr.  Fr.  Hauksbe«,  F.R.S. 

IV.  An  Account  of  an  Experiment  touching  the  Production 
of  Light  within  a Globe  Glafs,  whofe  inward  Surface  is 
lirddwithSealingAVax,  upon  an  Attrition  of  its  out  fide. 
By  Mr.  Fr.  Hauksbee,  F.  R:  S. 

V.  An  Account  of  Jeveral  Experiments,  in  relation  to  the 
Weight  of  Co?nmon  Water,  under  different  Circumjlance^. 
By  Mr.  Fr.  Hauksbee,  F.  R.  S. 

VI.  A Relation  of  fome  firange  and  wonderful  Effects  of  the 
Scurvey,  whuh  happened  at  Pms  in  the  Tear  1699.  By 
Mr.  Poupart.  Taken  from  the  Memoirs  of  the  Hiftory 
of  the  Academy  of  Sciences. 

yil.  An  Extract  of  a Memoir,  concerning  the  Difcovery  of 
a Pajfage  by  Land  to  California ; with  a Map  and  Defcrip^ 
tionof  thatCountry.  Prefented  to  the  Royal  Council  ofGiVi- 
dalaxara  in  Mexico,^j  Francis  Maria  fkolo.Takenfrom 
the  Letters  of  the  Mijjionary  Jefuits,  printed  at  Paris. 

yill.  De  Variis  Animalibus  Philippenfibus,  ex  MSS.  R.P^ 

. Geo.  Jof.  Camelii.  Communicavit  D.  Jac.Petiver,iS'.R..S- 

G g I.  A 


L A Letter  from  Mr,  Anthony  van  Leeuwen- 
hoek, P,  5.  containing  his  OhferVatwns  upon 
the  White  Matter  on  the  Tongues  of  FeVeriJh  <?er- 
fonsj  8cc, 


Delfiy  fune  1708.  N.  S.. 
Honourable  Gentlemen^ 

y % 

SINCE  my  laft  Obfervations  concerning  the  Matter 
that  was  found  upon  the  Tongues  of  Feverili  Per- 
Ibns  r as  alfo  on  the  protuberant  Parts  on  the  Tongues, 
of  Oxen,  Cows  and  Hogs,  which  I have  communicated 
fome  time  fince  to  your  Honours  ; I take  the  liberty  to 
lay  before  you  the  following  Remarks.  In  the  latter 
end  of  the  Month,  of  April  lalf,.  I was  again  attack’d 
by^  a violent  Feverj  which  lafted  with  me  four  Days, 
and  was  every  Night  accompany’d  with  an  encreafing : 
And  forafmuch  as  my  Tongue  was  again  cover’d  with 
a thick  whitifh'  Matter,  I took  a Penknife,  and  fome- 
times  a Silver^  Tongue  Scraper,  wherewith  I feraped 
off  the  whitifh  Matter,  which  feem’d  to  be  very  ftrong- 
ly  united  to  the  Particles  of  the  Tongue,  and  view’d 
the  fame  thro’  a Microfeope  divers  times ; but  could  dif- 
cover  nothing  more  than  I have  already  mentioned  in 
my  former  Obfervations  on  that  ^ubjcdl  ; faving  only 
that  I cou’d  not  now  perceive  fo  many  of  thofe  brancht 
Particles,  as  I did  formerly  ; which  perhaps  might  pro- 
ceed from  my  paft  Fever’s  being  more  violent  than 
ibis. 


r 


I 


' C »M')  . 

; L took  tyj^ice  .|^e  of  the  aforefald  -Mattcr  ofi'  my 
Tongue,  and^rfSTit  into  a clean  China  Coace-dif]i,  .and 
pour’d  upon  J^oylihg  Rain-water,  and  moreover  cau- 
led  it  to  boil  half  .an  hour  in  the  laid  Wa  ter  f to  the  ln» 
tent  that  the  vifeousor  flimy  Matter,  which  did,  as  if 
were,  gibw  the  Particles  together,  miglit  tliereby  be 
feparated,  and  fo  1 might  the  better  oblerve  them. 

• Andaltho’the  faid  Matter  of  the  Tongue  was  well 
boil’d,  and  had  lain  in  the  Water  fome  days,  whereby 
thofe  Particles  were  pretty  well  feparated  from  each 
other,  and,  as  it  were,  loofed  from  the  flimy  Subdance, 
yet  each  Particle  remain’d  entire.  Amongfl  thofe  fe- 
parated Particles,  I faw  divers  that  had  the  Figure  of  a 
Pear  ; fome  of  which,,  at  the  fmailer  end,  were  bent  a 
little,  others  were  roimdifh,  but  none  of  ’em  had  any 
part  that  anfwer’d  the  .'italic  of  a Pear. 

Now  fince  the  faid  Particles  were  fo  link’d  together,, 
that  they  were  hardly  to  be  feparated  by  boiling  and  (fir- 
ing in  the  Water,  I took  divers  of ’em  out  and  divided 
them  my  felf,  and  fo  likewife  did  I proceed  with  fome 
of  the  faid  Matter  julf  as  I feraped  it  from  my  Tongue ; 
and  as  often  as  I repeated  thefe  Experiments,  wliidi  I 
did  feveral  days  together,  it  always  appear’d  to  me,  that 
they  were  partly  compos’d  of  little  final]  Particles, 
which  I one  while  believ’d  to  be  little  Scales  of  the  out- 
ward Skin  of  the  Tongue  ; but  at  another  time  I 
chang’d  my  Opinion  of  ’em,  becaufe  tiiey  feem’d  to  me 
to  be  too  fmall,  and  that  they  were  mingl’d  with  an  un- 
foeakable  number  of  fmall  roundifli  Particlfc,  about  the 
fame  bignefs  as  the  Globules  of  the  Blood  which  caufe 
Rednels,  and  that  they  feem’dtobe  divided  each  of ’em 
into  fix  parts : Now  tho’  they  were  not  of  a reddilR 
Colour,  yet  I imagin’d  them  to  be  fmalJ  divided  Blood, 
particles,. 


C- 1 11  ) 

Now  when  I had  again  obferv'd  with  the  greatefi 
camion  thofe  Particles,  which  I had  divided  as  well  a-s 
1 could  from  one  another,  and  view’d  them  thro’  one 
of  my  bed  Micro fcopcs,  I obierved  lying,  and  alio  float-  ^ 
ing  in  the  liquid  Subitance,  an  unfpeakable  Number  of 
long  Particles,  which  were  very  bright  and  exceeding 
flender  ; fome  of  them  were  much  longer  than  others, 
and  the  longed  of  all  agreed  in  length  with  the  Hair  of  a , 
Man’S  Beard,  who  had  not  been  fliaved  in  eight  or  ten 
days;  fome  of  them  allb  appeared  a little  crooked.  >1 
Now  whereas  in  my  former  Obfervations,  I did  not 
difcover  the  aforefaid  long  Particles,  it  might  perhaps 
proceed  from  hence,  that  I did  not  then  fo  nicely  attend  ^ 
unto  it ; for  having  now  again  looked-over  little  of  that  « 
Matter  which  I had  fcraped  from  my  Tongue  in  my  for-  ||: 
mer  Sicknefs,  and  which  lay  by  me  on  a Giafs,  I judg’d  g: 
that  Matter  likewile  was  compofed  of  Particles.  ^ 

I believe  like  wife,  that  in  my  endeavouring  to  fepa-  M 
rate  thofe  Particles  from  one  another,.  I broke  a great 
many  of ’em  to  pieces. 

1 was  likewife  conddering  whether  dr  no  thefe  long  ® 
'Particles  might  not  be  that  Matter  that  isfeparated  from  g 
• the  Blood,  and  which'we  call  the  Serum  or  Whey  of  H 
the  Bloody  but  if  it  be  fo,  how  can  one  conceive  that  i 
fuch  Matter  fhould  boil  half  an  hour  long  in  Water,  S 
. and  remain  in  the  fame  feveral  Days,  without  being  dif- 
folvedor  feparated.  • 

Some  People,  perhaps,  might  be  ready  to  think,  that  fl 
hereafter  br|ght-  Particles  might  be  produced  by  fome  ' | 
Medicine  o.r  other,  that  I had  made  ufe  of,  but  that  iH 
w^ould  be  a rhiftake ; for  during  my  Fever,  I did  not  take  jT 
tiie  lead:  Phyfick,  or  indeed  any  thing  elfc  but  a little 
Caudle,  or  a little  Veal  Brotli  with  fome  Bread  in 
it. 

C-- 

Now 


C i ) 

Now  fmce  we  perceive  that  that  Matter,  which  is  ta- 
ken from  the  Tongue  of  a difeafed  Body,  is  not  united 
but  by  the  flimy  Stuff,  which  is  as  it  were  peculiar  to 
our  Mouth  ^ and  that  the  faid  flimy  Matter,  is  as  it  were 
diflblv’d  by; boiling  Water ; and  that  the  Particles  which ' 
are  protruded  out  of  the  Tongue,  lie  in  the  Water  fepa- 
rate  from  each  other,  and  that  feveral  Days  after  that 
we  have  divided  them,  tho’  it  be  into  Particles  no  big- 
ger than  a Grain  of  Sand;  we  fhoiild  judge  that  the 
whole  Matter  did  in  a manner  only  confifl:  of  long  flen- 
der  Particles,  which  I imagine  had  at  firft  been  much 
longer  ^ but  in  the  endeavouring  to  feparate  ’em,  were 
broke  into  fuch  fhort  Pieces,  as  they  now  appear  to  me  : 
which  being  fo,  we  ought  not  to  doubt,  but  that  the  faid 
Matter  is  protruded  out  of  the  Tongue,  and  no  evapora- 
tion or  Coagulation  from  the  Intrails. 

In  time  of  my  Fever  I had  alfo  a great  Cough  ; info- 
much  that  I was  often  apprehenfive,  that  by  the  vio- 
lence thereof  I might  break  fome  of  the  Blood  Veifels  in 
the  Lungs. 

I fpit  fome  of  the  Phlegm,  which  with  great  Violence 
I had  brought  up,  into  a clean  Pewter  Pot,  into  which  I 
had  put  a very  little  fair  Water  aforehand  ; and 
perceiving  at  the  bottom  of  the  faid  Pot,  a longifli  Par- 
ticle about  the  thicknefs  of  a Pin,  but  not  quite  fo  long, 

I took  it  out  of  the  Water,  and  placed  it  before  a Mi- 
crofeope,  and  judg’d  it  to  be  fome  coagulated  Blood, 
tiio’  it  was  not  of  a red  Colour-  for  I could  fee  the  Glo- 
bules as  plain  as  ever  I difeover’d  them  in  the  Blood  ; 
and  one  would  at  firft  have  imagined  them  to  be  Blood 
Veftelswith-their  Branches^  but  obferving  them  more 
nicely,  I difeovered,  that  that  Appearance  was  only  oc- 
cafioned  by  fome  of  the  Globules  of  Blood  lying  in  their 
length  fomething  thicker  upon  the  other. 


Hh 


Moreover 


( ) 

Moreover  1 oblerved  forne  brown  cloudy  Particles^  , 
floating  very  near  the  bottom  of  the  Water,  of  which 
having  taken  out  feveral,  and  view’d  them  by  a Micro- 
fcope,  they  appeared  to  my  Eye  to  be  moftly  Blood 
Globules.  After  that  that  Matter,  which  I had  taken 
from  my  Tongue,  had  lain  above  a Fortnight  in  the 
Water  in  which  it  was  boy  I’d,  and  that  that  Water  was 
almoft  evaporated  5 1 poured  a little  freih  Rain-water 
upon  them,  which  had  Rood  in  a clean  Bottle  upon  my 
Desk  near  the  faid  boil’d  Water : and  five  or  fix  days  af- 
terwards I took  a tliin  flender  Glafs  Tube,  one  of  the 
Ends  of  which  was  open,,  and  turn’d  it  haftily  upfide 
down  into  the  bottom  of  the  ChinA  Cup,  in  which  moll 
of  the  Particles  which  I ferap’d  from  my>  Tongue  lay; 
with  this  defign,  that  by  the  r 11  filing  in  of  the  Water  in-  | 
to  the  Tube,  fome  of  thofe  Particles  of  the  Tongue 
Ihould  be  likewife  carried  upwards  into  the  Glafs  Tube, 
and  that  by  this  means  I might  have  a frefh  Opportunity 
of  viewing  the  faid  Particles ; and  it  happen’d  as  I wifh-  | 
ed,  and  I difeovered  an  unconceivable  Number  of  ex-  j 
ceeding  fmall  Animalcula,  and  thofe  of  difi'erent  forts ; ; 

but  the  greatefl  Number  of  them  were  of  one  and  the 
fame  Size,  but  they  were,  fo  little,  that  without  a care- 
ful Obfervation,  and  a very,  good  Microfeope,  they 
would  have  efcap’d  my  Sight.  Moft  of  thefe  Animalcula  - , 

rendezvous’d  in  that  part  of  the  Water  where  the  faid  ^ 
Matter  of  my  Tongue  Jay  ; whicli  made  me  think  whe-  | 
ther  thofe  Animalcula  might  not  receive  their  Nourifii-  J 
ment  from  the  aforementioned  Particles : After  thefe  ’ 
Animalcula  had  been  about  two  hours  in  the  Glafs  T ubc, 

I perceiyed  that  a great  many  of  ’em  were  dead. 


l\/A 


II.  A Letter  toncernlng  a.  tolliery  that  took.  Fire,  and 
was  blown  up  near  Newcaftle,  killing  69  ^er/ons, 
on  Auguft  18,  1708.  Communicated  hy  the  (^e- 
yerendPr.  Arthur  Charlett,  MaJlerofUniwetfity 
College  »n  Oxford. 

Chefter  Le  Street^  O^ober  8,  1708. 

ON  WednefdAy  the  i8th  Day  of  Augufi  laft,  at 

fieldj  in  the  Parifh  of  Chjler  Le  Street,  about 
Three  of  the  Clock  in  the  Morning,  by  the  fudden  E- 
ruption  of  a violent  Fire,  which  difcharged  it  felf  at  the 
Mouths’of  three  Pits,  with  as  great  a noife  as  the  firing  of 
Cannon*  or  the  loudefl:  Claps  of  Thunder,  threefcore 
and  nine  Perfons  were  deftroyed  in  one  inftant.  Three 
1 of  them,  viz.  two  Men  and  a Woman  were  blown 
quite  up  from  the  bottom  of  the  Shaft,  fifty  feven  Fa- 
thom deep,  into  the  Air,  at  a confiderable  Diftance  from 
the  Mouth  of  the  Pit.  One  of  the  Men  with  his  Head 
almoft  off,  and  the  W oman  with  her  Bowels  hanging  a- 
bout  her  Heels. 

The  Engine,  by  which  the  Coals  were  drawn  up,  and 
is  of  a great  weight,  was  removed  and  cafi:  afide  by  the 
force  of  the  Blafi: ; and  what  is  more  wonderful,  the  Fifli, 
which  were  in  the  Rivulet,  that  runs  twenty  Yards  un. 
der  the  Level,  and  at  as  a -great  a diftance  from  th® 

; Mouth  of  one  of  the  Pits,  were  in  great  Numbers  taken 
\ up  dead,  floating  upon  the  Water,  by  feveral  of  the  In- 
■ habitants.  Now  whether'this  happemd  by  the  violent 
Concuflion  of  the  Air,' or  they  were  choaked  with  the 
Sulphur,  that,  to  be  fure,  in  abundance  difpers’d  it  felf 
abroad,  I mult  leave  to  you  and  the  Ingenious  Gentle- 

H h 2 mefii 


( 11^  ) 

men  ©f  the  Royal  Society  to  determine  ; only  I fliall  tell 
you,  that  for  feveral  Days  k very  ftrong  and  noifome 
Smell  continued'to  come  out  of  the  Pits. 

And  that  I may  give  you,  Sir,  the  fulled:  Account  I 
can  of  this  Fire,  I lliall  endeavour  to  make  the  beft 
Conjedure  of  the  Caufe.  of  it,  that  I can  cfraw  from  the 
Keport  or  Experience  of  the  Men  entruded  with  the 
Management  of  the  Colliery,  who  being  above  Ground 
that  Morning,  fhared  not  in  the  common  Calamity. 
In  order  to  which  I mud  acquaint  you  with  the  Nature 
of  Coal  Mines,  which  are  in  general  fubjed  to  Stith  or 
Sulphur. 

St f thy  as  vulgarly  fo  called  by  the  Pitmen,  I think 
corruptly  from*  Stench,  or  Stink,  is  a,  want  of  Air,  of  ra- 
ther fucli  a Foulnefs  in  the  Air,  that  overcomes  the  Spi- 
rits of  the  Men,  and  fo  fuffocates  them,  as  well  as  extin- 
giiifhes  the  Candles, 

Sulphur. differs  in  this,  that  as.  the  other  differs  not 
the  Candles  to  burif,.  this  makes  them  burn  too'fad  ; 
and  the  Flame  by  the  impulfive  Quality  of  the  Air,  or 
attraded  by  the  Sulphur,  extends  it  feif  upwards  into  a 
prodigious  length,  and,  as  a Match  lighted  for  the  Did 
charge  of  a Cannon,  as  fpeedily  fets  on  Fire  that  Va- 
pour, equally  dedrudive. 

Now  to  prevent  both  thefe  Inconveniences,  as  the, 
only  Remedy  known  here,  the  Viewer  of  the  Works 
takes  the  bed  care  he  can  to  preferve  a free  Communi- 
cation of  Air  thro’  all  tbe  Works  ; and  as  the  Air  goes 
down  one  Pit,  it  fhould  afeend  another ; but  it  happen’d 
.in  this  Colliery,  that  there  was  a Pit  which  dood  in  an- 
Eddy,  where  the  Air  had  not  always  a free  Paffage,  and 
which  in  Hot  and  Sultry  Weather  was  very  much  fub- 
;jed  to  Sulphur  ; and  it  being  then  the  middle  of  Juguft, 
andfome  Danger  apprehended  from  the  Clofenefs  and 
Heat  of  the  Seafon,  .the  Men  were  with  the  greated  care 
and  caudon  withdrawn  from  their  Work  in. that  Pit, 


( 1.17  ) 

and  turned  into  another  ; but  an  Overman,  iome  Days 
after  this  Change,  and  upon  fome  Notion  of  his  ,own,. 
being  induce^;  as  is  fuppofed,  by  a frefla,  c6oI,  jfrofty 
Breeze  ot  Wind,  which  blew  that  unlucky  Morning, 
and  which  alwVys  clears  the  Works  of  all  Sulphur,  had 
gone  too  near  this  Pit,  and*  had  met  the  Sulphur  juft  as 
it  was  purging  and  difperfing  it  felf  y upon  which  the 
Sulphur  imt|fediately  took  Fire -by  his  Candle,  and 'fo 
he  proved  the  occafion  of  theLofs  of  himfelf  and  fo  ma- 
ny Men,  and  of  the  greateft  Fire  that  ever  was  known' 
in  thefe  Parts. 


r 

! III.  y^n  Account  of  the  Succefs  of  an  Attempt  tocontU 
nue  federal  Atmofpkeres  of  Air  ' conderifed  in  the 
fpKce  of  one^  for  a co^ifderahj^-^irrre.'^  (By  Mn  Fr. 
Hauksbee,  E 

March  iQf  VJoS. 

I Injected  witli  my  Siringe  into  a very  thick  Hint- 
Glafs  Bottle,  (which  I had. procur’d  to  be  made  on'- 
purpofe  for  the  Experiment)  between  four  and  five  At« 
inofpheres  of  Air,  as  the  included  Gage  demonftrated,  • 

' wJiich  continu’d  in  that  State  till  about  the  yth  of  Au-:' 
following ; when  looking  on’t,  (as  ufually  once  in 
four  or  five  Days)  I found  that  the  Air  InjeQ:ed  at  the 
^rementioned  time,  had  made  its  Efcape,  .the  Weather' 
For  a W eek  before  (or  thereabouts)  having  been  very « 

I hot  ^ efpecially  one  Day  I obfervd  the  Spirit  in  the  Ther- 
t mometer  had  afeendedone  hundred  and  twenty  Degrees 
( above  the  Freezing  Point.  And  notwithftanding  the 
Bottle  was  continnallv  kent  under  Wacfir,  yet  the  Ce-,- 

men;^' 


r ) 

• ment,  thatwa-s.made  ufe  of  to  fafteii  the'BraYs  Cap  to  it, 
fuffer’d  fuch  a Softnefs,  as  render’d  it  uncapable  to  refift 
'*  the  Spring  of  the  Injeded  Air.  I obferv’d,  that  altho’ 
all  the  Air-  as  was  capable  of  fpring  was  fled,  yet  the 
Mercury  in  the  Gage  remain’d  about  three  quarters  of 
an  Inchin  height,  above  the  Surface  of  that  in  which  its 
open  end  was  immers’d ; which  was  about  a 6th  part  lefs 
fpace,thaivwhat  the  lame  Air  poflefl:  before  die  Injeftion, 
and  ftill  remains  fo,  notwithlfanding  it  is  conftantly  ex- 
pos’d to  the  open  Air.  Which  manifellly  fhews,  that  the 
Springs,  or  conflituent  Parts  of  the  Air,  do  not  in  time 
totally  reflore  themfelves  after  {landing  fo  long  bent. 
And  had  not  the  Accident  of  Heat  happen’d,  but  it  had 
continu’d  in  that  State,  as  at  firfl  Injefted,  for  a Year  or 
two,  (as  1 hop’d  for)  I doubt  not,  but  the  Springs  of  it 
would  have  been  render’d  much  more  incapable  of  their 
Reiloration.  From  hence  it  is  eafie  to  conclude,  that  if 
nine  or  ten  Atmofpheres  of  Air  were  condens’d  in  the 
fpace  of  one,  and  to  remain  in  that  State  for  a Year  or 
two ; that  when  the  Veflcl,  that  contains  them,  fliall  be- 
. come  expos’d  open  to  the  Air,  that  then  Bodies,  fuch  as 
very  thin  Glafs  Bubbles,  (fuppofing  them  not  to  be  a- 
bove  five  or  fix  times  fpecifically  heavier  than  their  like 
Bulk  of  common  Air)  would  float  .on  fuch  a Medium, 
which  would  be  very  furprifing,  to  fee  a Body  fupport- 
ed  by  an  Invifible  Agent.  But  I am  not  fure  of  this,  for 
I cannot  tell  but  it  may  be  a means  to  render  Air  vifi- 
ble ; From  whence  fome  Difeoveries  may  be  made, 
which  otherwife  it  may  be  impoflible  to  know.  But  let 
it  happen  how  it  will  (for  Nature  will  have  her  own 
ways)  I doubt  not  but  feveral  ufeful  Inferences  may.be 
made  from-  fuch  an  Experiment. 


IV.  An 


( 219  ) 


IV.  An  Account  of  an  Experiment^  touch  mg  the  Tro* 
duElion  of  Light  %vit\nn  a Globe  Clafs^  whofe  inward  • 
Surface  is  lind  with  SealingAVax , upon  an  Attrition 
of  its  outjide.  Sy  Mr.  Fr.  Hauksbeej  f.  R.  S. 

The  feeming  Congruity  that  appears  to  be  between « 
Sealing-Wax  and  Glafs,in  feveral  Experiments 
already  made  in  relation  to  Light  and  Eledricity,  pro- 
ducible on  the  Attrition  of  them,  has  already  been  ta-  . ' 
' ken  notice  of:  And  for  a farther  Confirmation  of  their 
agreablenefs,  take  the  following  Experiment. 

I took  a Globe  Glafs  about  fix  Inches  Diameter,  into 
which  when  I had  put  a convenient  quantity  of  broken 
Sealing-Wax,  I held  it  over  a moderate  Fire,  and  con- 
tinu’d fo  to  do,  till  the  Wax  was  melted-,  then  turning 
it  about  from  part  to  part,  it  foon  had  got  a pretty  thick 
Lining  of  it,  (efpecially  fome  parts,  for  I could  not  make 
it  all  alike)  on  more  than  half  its  infide  ; Thus  placing 
! it  in  a convenient  Pofiure,  I left  it  till  it  was  perfedfly 
- cold.  When  (being  Evening)  after  having  fixt  the  Brafs-  - 
\ work  to  it,  I caufed  it  to  be  exhaufted  of  its  Air ; then 
i fixing  it  on  the  Machine,  to  give  Motion  to  it  as  ufual, 
f I no  fooner  held  my  Hand  on  that  part  of  it,  under 
i which  it  was  lin’d  with  the  prementionM  Wax,  but  the  . 

Figure  of  the  Parts  that  touch’d  it,  was  a^  vifible  on  the 
I inward  Surface  of  the  Sealing-Wax,  as  when  the  Glafs 
\ alone  is  us’d  for  that  purpofe  : The  Sealing-Wax,  where  . . 
it  is  fpread  thinneft  on  the  Glafs,  one  can  but  juli  difeem 
the  Light  of  a Candle  thro’  it  in  the  Dark  but  fome- 

Parts  are  fo  cover’d  with  it,  that  it  is  at  leafi:  one  eighth . 

part 


• ( 120  ) 

part  of  an  Inch  in  thicknefs  ; and  even  on  thofe  Parts, 
for  ought  that  I could  difcover,the  Light  and  Figure  ap- 
peared, as  vivid,  and  diftinguifhible,  as  any  where 
elfe.  The  Light  produc’d,  is  not  at  all  difcernible  thro’ 
the  Body  of  the  Wax,  but  only  to  be  lookM^  upon  thro* 
the  tranfparent  part  of  the  Glafs  : and  notwithffanding  ^ 
fome  parts  of  the  Sealing- Wax’did  not  adhere  fo  clofe  to 
the  Glafs,  as  others,  yet  the  Light  appeared  "on  thofe  • 
parts  as  on  the  other.  Now  whether  the  Light^roduced  • 
on  the  Sealing-Wax,  was  from  t\\Q  Effluvia  provokt  by  j 
the  Attrition  of  the  furrounding  Body  of  Glafs,  or  from 
its  own  difpofitioil-fo  to ‘do  in  mch  a Medium,  I cannot 
determine;  it  being  of  the  fame  colour  and  likenefs  to 
that  of  Glafs,  in  all  refpeds,  except,  that  upon  a fmall  ' 
quantity  of  Air  being  let  into  the  Receiver,  the  Light  ■ 
wholly  difappear’d  in  that  part  lin’d  with  the  Wax,  and  ' 
notin  the  other.  I' farther  obferved,  when  all  the  Air 
was  let  in,  that  the  Hoop  of  Threads  being  held  over  f 
the  Glafs,  the  Threads  would'be  attracted  at  a larger  di- 
ftance,  from  that  part  of  it  lin’d  with  the  Wax,  than  the  t 
other ; which  feems  to  me  to  proceed  from  the  United  f 
Strength  of  both  their  Effluvia,  I 

Upon  a .Repetition  of  this  Experiment,  I obferved, 
that  the  AVax  within  the  Glafs  would  attrad  Bodies  ap-  ’ 
preach’d  near  its  outfide,  and  that  even  in  Facuo  fwhich  ; 
is  a Difeovery  that  I never  could  make  from  any  other  f 
Body,  in  fuch  a Medium,  except  the  Magnet.) ' For  hold-  ]■ 
ing  the  Hoipp  of  Threads  over  it,  while  it  was  in  that  | 
State,  the  Threads  would  be  directed,  but  not  with  that  J 
Vigour  as  when  all  the  Air  was  let  in ; yet  here  was  that  f 
fenfible  difference,  that  when  the  Threads  were  held  o-  t 
ver  that  part  of  the  Glafs  free  from  the  lining' of  Wax,  ‘ 
the  Threads  would  not  be  attra£fed,  b*it  approaching  * ; 
them  within  the  reach  of  tliQ  Effluvia  of  the  Wax,  they 
would  eagerly  fly  towards  it.  Hence  it  feems  deduci- 
ble,  that  the  Figure  of  the  Parts  of  Glafs  and  Sealing- 

Wax 


are  much  alike,  other  wife  I cannot  conceive  how 
the  Effluvia  of  one  can  penetrate  and  pafs  with  fucJi  cafe 
the  Body  of  the  other,  and  there  to  aft  as  if  it  v/as  one 
and  the  fame  with  it. 


V.  Account  of  fome  Experiments^  in  relation  to 
the  Weight  of  Common  Water  under  differ  ait  Ciremir 
fiances,  Mr.  Fr.  Hauksbee,  F.  S, 

Flrft,  I took  a Glafs  of  Common  Water,  and  ha- 
ving weigh’d  nicely  a Glafs-Bottle  in  it,  wliofc 
Bulk  was  equal  to  the  Bulk  of  575  Grains  of  the  fame 
Fluid  ; then  I caus’d  fome  of  the  fame  Water  to  be  boy  Pd 
over  the  Fire,  and  after  that,  it  was  included  in  Facm., 
and  there  remained  till  it  became  of  the  fame  Tempera- 
ture fas  to  coolnefsj  with  common  Water.  Thus  to  the 
ntmoh  of  my  power,  I endeavour’d  to  extricate  all  the 
Air  out  of  the  Water,  thinking  in  that  State  it  would 
become  more  denfe  than  when  I weigh’d  my  Bottle  flrit 
in  t ; but  contrary  to  my  Expeftation,  I found  that  the 
Bottle  had  juft  the  fame  weight  in  it,  as  before,  which 
feems  to  confirm  the  impombility  to  comprefs  Water 
by  force  into  a lelfer  fpace  than  it  naturally  polfelTes ; for 
if  upon  the  removal  of  fuch  a quantity  of  Air  from  out 
of  its  Body,  the  Farts  do  not  Aide  any  clofer  toge- 
ther, how  fhoulda  Weight  laid  upon  its  Surface,  when 
its  Interftices  feem]  to  be  replete  with  Air,  make  any 
impreflion  on  it.  The  Body  which  was  forc’d  out  of  the 
Water  by  the  prementioned  means, I call Air,fince,for  any 
thing  to  the  contrary  that  I can  difeover,  it  is  fubjeft  to 
all  the  fame  Laws  .with  it ; but  that  the  Water  upon  its 

IT  Abfence 


( ”1 ) 

Ablence  fiiould  not  unite  more  clofely  than  before,  feems  - 
very  furprizing  to  me  • for  I cannot  conceive  what  Mat-  . 
ter  muil:  fiipply  the  Vacancies,  fince  the  Particles  of  Wa- 
ter themfelves  remain  at  the  fame  Dihanccs  as  if  tlie  : 
Air  was  not  withdrawn,  otherwife  the  Water  of  necefli- 
ty  muh  become  more  denfe.  But  to  proceed,  I caus’d 
fome  Water  to  be  heated  about  Blood  warm,  when 
weighing  my  Bottle  in  it  I found  the  Bulk  of  Water  equal 
to  the  Bulk  of  the  Bottle,  which  was  about  three  Grains 
lefs  than  when  cold  5/  which  iGiews,  that  the  component 
parts  of  the  . Water  are  eafily  feparated  by  Heat,  and  the 
Matter  lodg’d  in  its  Interftiges,  capable  of  Dilation; 
Then  I took  that  Water  that  I had  purg’d  of  all  its 
Air  (as  near  as  I could,)  and  gave  it  a degree  of  Heat, 
not  exceeding  luke-v/arm ; upon  weighing  the  prementi-  > 
on’d  Bottle  in  it,  I found,  that  altho’  the  Heat  it  had 
receiv’d  w as  very  inconfiderable,  yet  the  Bulk  of  the 
Water,  in  that  State,  equal  to  that  of  the  Bottle,  was 
now  diminifli'd  two  Grains ; which  plainly  fhews,  That 
notwithftanding  the  Water  contain’d  no  Air  that  I could 
difeover,  yet  there  feems  a Matter  latent  in  it  capable 
of.  Intumefcencs, 


YI.  A 


VI.  A ^latlon  of  fome  jlrcai^e  and  wonderful  EffecU 
of  the  Scuryey^  which  happened  otEsins  tn  the  Tear 
Mr,  Pouparc.  Taken  from  the  Me^ 
moirs  of  the  Hi  [lory  of  the  Academy  of  Sciences, 

The  Gentlemen  Adminiftrators  of  the  Hofpital  at 
Parisy  commonly  call’d  Hotel-DieUj  having  becii 
advertis’d  of  the  vaft  number  of  Scorbutick  Perfons, 
which  came  daily  into  that  Houfc,  or  were  brought 
there ; as  alfo  of  the  ftrange  Symptoms,  and  dangerous 
Confqquences  of  thi^  contagious  Diftemper,  they  gave 
Orders  for  their  being  remov’d  to  the  Hofj^tal  of 
St  Lewisj  the  2d  day  of  March^  where  many  m them 
continued  till  the  end  of  AuguJI,  in  the  fame  Year. 

The  fame  of  this  fad  Difeale  was  now  fpread  abroad, 
when  I went  to  the  Hofpital  of  St.  Leivis^  with  a ddign 
to  make  my  Obfervations  on  it,  in  that  place  : And  ha« 
ving  obtained  a free  permiflion  froin  Mr.  Tibault^  who 
was  then  chief  Chirurgeon  of  that  Houfc  ; I foon  per- 
ceived, that  this  Diftemper  had  fomething  in  it  of  that 
cruel  Plague,  with  which  Athenims  formerly  were  La.  ^ 
fo  unfortunately  affliTed. 

The  Difeafe,  which  I am  now  going  to  treat  of,  was 
f yet  a true  Scurvey*;  for  they,  who  were  Sick  of  it,  felt, 
as  common  Scorbutick  Perfons  do,  pains  in  their  Tliighs, 
the  Calves  of  their  Legs,  their  Belly,  and  Stomach,  and 

fw^ere  deprived  of  the  Motion,  or  Ufe  of  their  Limbs, 
tho’ they  Bill  retained  their  feeling.  They  were  trou- 
t bled  with  Head-achs,  Convulfions,  and  fuch  Brangeitch- 
f ing  in  the  Gums,  that  the  Children  pulled  off  certain 
\ pieces  of  them  with  their  Nails.  The  Blood,  which 
' Tin.  came 


( ) 

came  from  them,  was  W ateiy,  Salt,  and  Corrofive ; and 
the  StinkjWhich  came  from  their  Mouth, was  intolerable. 
They  had  hard  blew  Spots  on  their  Legs  and  Thighs, 
frequent  H^morrhagies,  or  Bleedings  at  the  Nofe  and 
.Fundament,  and  alfo  fo  great  a Weaknefs  in  their 
Knees,  that  they  could  not  go  without  reeling  or  dag- 
gering. Thefe  were  the  Symptoms  which  they  Iiad 
common  witli  other  Scorbutick  Perfons;  now  let  us  fee  - 
what  they  had  in  particular. 

When  we  removed  thefe  Sick. Perfons,  we  heard  a 
fmall  clattering  of  their  Bones,  which  particularMr. 
a Phyfitiaii  oi' Rochell,  hath  mention’d  in  his  Treatife-  of 
the  Scur'vy^  but  he  ingenioufly  confefleth  he  knoweth ' 
not  the  true  reafon  of  it : Here  you  have  it,  as  I have 
-obferved  it  by  my  Experience.  , ! 

I obferved  at  the  opening  of  all  tfeofe  Bodies  or  Ca-  ’ i 
clavers,-in  which  we  heard  the  aforefaid  little  noife,  that  , 
tlie  Epifhyfes  were  entirely  feparated  from  the  Bones, 
which  by  rubbing  againft  each  other  occafioned  this-  . 
clattering.  . 

We  have  opened  feverai  young  Perfons,  in  whom  wo 
alfo  perceived  a fmall  low  noife  when  they  breathed.  In 
all  thefe  fort  of  Bodies  we  found,  that  the  G riffles  of  the 
Sternum  were  feparated  from  the  Bony  part  of  the  Ribs ; - 
and  as  the  Griffles  are  of  a fofter  Subffance  than  the  £-  i- 
■piphyfesy  the  noife,  which  their  rubbing  produced,  was  ^ 
greater  than  that  of  thofe  Bones  which  rubbed  againff  ‘ "j 
the  Epphyfes.o  . f 

They,  in  whom  we  heard  this  noife  at  the  time  when  • 
they  breathed,  are  all  dead,  except  one  young  Man,  i 
whofe  ribs  were  vifibly  reunited  to  the  Griffles,  for  af-  - 
ter  his  Cure,  we  heard  no  more  of  this  noife.  ] 

All, thofe,. in  whofe  Breaffs  any  Matter  or  Serofity  ' 
were  found,  had  their  Ribs  feparated  from  their  Gri- 
ifles,  and  that  Bony  part  of  thofe  Ribs,  which  were  over 
againlf  the  .Sternum^  was  rotted  for  the  ien'gth  of  four 
' • Fingers, 


( lij  ) 

Pingei's ; which  is  an  Evidence,  that  the  Lymph  a of  thefc 
Bodies  was  extreamly  Cauftick. 

I'lie  greateft  part  of  thofe  Bodies,  which  were  opeii« 
ed,  had  their  Bones  black,  worm-eaten,  and  rotten. 

Mod:  of  the  Sick  went  ftaggeiing : tliis  is  an  Accident 
i common  or  ufual  to  Scorbutick  Perfons,  and  very  \yell 
I known  to  mod  Phyfitians ; bat  the  reafon  of  it,  which 
you  have  here,  is  not  fo  well  known.  It  is  certain,  that 
the  fupport  of  the  Joints  proceedeth  from  the  force  and 
fpring  of  the  Ligaments,  which  bind  the  Bones  clofe  to 
each  others  the""  Ligaments  of  thefe  Sick  Perfons,  were 
corroded,  loofe,  and  the  Bones  were  feparatcd  from  each, 
other  ; which  proceeded  from  this,  that  inftead  of  find- 
ing in  their  Joynts  that  fweet  Oily  Lymphs  (which  com- 
monly aboundeth  there  in  order  to  make  the  Joynts  flip- 
pie,  and  give  them  an  eafie  free  Motion)  there  was  no- 
thing but  a greenifli  Water,  which  by  its  over  Cauftick 
Quality  had  corroded  the  Ligaments,  and  confequently 
deftroyed  the  force  of  their  Spring. 

All  the  young  Perfons  under  Eighteen,  had  in  fome 
degree  tliQii'  Epiphyfes  feparatcd  from  the  Body  of  theft 
Bones,  and  by  the  lead  endeavour  or  force  we  feparatcd 
them  entirely.  The  reafon  of  it  is  tliis,  that  young 
Perfons  have  not  yet  their  Epiphjfes  fo  drongly  faden’d 
to  the  Bones,  fo  that  when  they  are  never  fo  little  foak’d 
with  that  Corrofive  LymphA  which  is  irf  the  Joynts,  that 
Cauftick  Liquor  may'eafily  feparate  them  entirely  from 
the  Bones. 

All  the  Bones,  which  we  found  entirely  feparatcd  irom 
their  Epiphyfes^  were  mere  than  twice  as  big  as  they  ^ 
fhould  be  in  their  Natural  State,  becaufe  thefe  Epipbyfes 
were  feparated  in  them  only,  whofe  Bones  were  well 
I foak’d  with  a Water  which  had  penetrated  into  their 
I very  Subftance  and  made  it  fv/cll, 

^ The  Bones  of  thofe  whi^h  recovered,  or  were  recover-  - 

: ing,  remained  fwclPd,  without  giving  tliem  any  pain ; 

They 


( ii6  ) 

They  might  grow  lefs  in  .time,as  it  happens  to  Children^ 
wliich  are  troubled  with  the  Rickets,  whofe  Bones  grow 
dry  by  little  and  little  as  they  grow  up. 

All  they  wlio  had  any  difficulty  in  Breathing,  or  had 
their  Breahs  hufl'd^or 'flopp’d  up,  had  there  good  llore 
of  Ljmph.^.pv  Matter ; and  we  often  found  more  or  lefs  of 
them  in  their  Lungs,  according  as  they  were,  oppref- 
led. 

We  have  feen  fome  Sick  Perfons,  whofe  Breads  have  * \ 
been  fo  opprelfed,  that  tliey  died  all  on  a fudden ; in  the 
mean  while  we  ibund  no  Serofity  neither  in  their  Breads  ; 
nor  in  their  Lungs:  .But  the. Perk ardium  was  entirely  \ 
faflen’d  to  the  Lungs,  and  the  Lungs  were  glued  to  the  ^ | 
Pleura  and  Diaphragma  5 and  all  the  Parts  were  fo  mixed  1 
and  blended  together  with  each  other,  that  they  all  made  i 
up  but  one  Mafs  or  Lump,  fo  confounded,  that  one  j 
could  fcarce  dillinguiffi  the  one  from  the  other:  Now  as 
the  Lungs  were  Iqueez’d  together  in  the  midft  of  this 
Mafs,  they  were  deprived  of  their  Motion,  and  the  lick 
Perfon  was  clioak’d  for  want  of  Breath.  The  clofe  ad- 
hefion,  and  confufion  of  thefe  Parts  one  with  another,  i 
proceeded  from  this,  that  being  Ulcered  as  they  were, 
they  mull  needs  fticit  to  each  other.  , 

The  ordinary  or  common  Scorbutick  Perfons  have  the 
Glands  of  their  Mefcntery  much  obilrudted  and  fwell’d  ; 
thofe  we  treat  off,  have  theirs  partly  corrupted,  and  Im- 
poflhumes  in  theSubflance  of  it. 

In  the  Liver  of  fomc  few,  the  Matter  or  Corruption 
was  hardned,  and  as  it  were  petrified ; their  Spleen  was 
tiiree  times  bigger  than  it  fliould  be,  and  fell  to  pieces  as  j 
if  it  had  bedn  compos’d  of  coagulated  Blood  ; and  fome- 
times  the  Kidnies  and  the  Breafl  were  full  of  Impofl- 
humes. 

There  were  fome.  Bodies  or  padavers  of  thofe  of  Fif- 
teen, in  which,  if  we  fquecz’d  betwixt  two  Fingers 
the  end  of  the  Ribs,  which  began  to  be  feparated  from 

the 


( 227  ) 

theGrifties  there  came  abundance  of  corrupted  Mat« 
ter,  whic  n was  the  Spungy  part  of  the  Bone  ; fo  that 
after  the  fqueezing  of  it  together,  there  remain’d  no^ 
thing  of  the  B ib,  bat  two  bony  Plates. 

We  have  feea  fome  certain  Perfons,  who  had  no  other 
token  of  the  Scurvey,  but  fome  liight  Ulcerations  in  the 
Gums : They  had  afterwards  fome  fmall,  red,  hard  Tu- 
mours on  their  Hands,  their  inheps,  and  in  fome  other 
parts  of  the  Body.  After  that,  there  appeared  large  Xm- 
pofthuines  on  their  Groin,  and  under  their  ilrm-pits,  at- 
tended with  feveral  Blue  Spots  over  all  their  Body,  wdiich 
were  the  certain  Fore-runners  of  Death.  We  found  that 
the  Glandules  under  their  Arm-pits  were  very  big,  and 
fuiTOunded  with  Matter  or  Corruption  ; as  well  as  the 
Mufcles  of  their  Arms  and  Thighs,  whofs  Intervals 
were  all  Filed  with  them. 

We  obferved  fome  wliofe  Arms,  Legs,  and  Thighs 
were  of  a reddifh  Black,  and  as  it  were  burnt  j which 
proceeded  from  that  black  and  coagulated  Blood,  which 
we  always  found  under  the  Skin  of  thofe  Perfons. 

Et  fmul  ulcerihtis  quafi  imiJHs  omne  ruheu  ' 


V' 

We  aifo  found  their  Mufcles  fwelled,  and  as  hard  a?: 
Wood  ; which  proceeded  from  the  Blood,  which  was 
fixM  in  the  Body  of  the  Mufcles,  which  were  foinetimes 
fo  full  of  it,  that  their  Legs  remained  bent  without  be- 
ing able  to  extend  or  ftretch  them  out. 

We  obferved  that  die  Blue,  Red,  Yellow,  and  Bhuic 
Spots,  which  appear  in  their  Bodies  who  have  the  com- 
I mon  Scurvey,  proceed  purely  from  extra vafated  Blood 
. under  the  Skin.  As  long  as  the  Blood  kept  its  red  Co- 
' lour,  the  Spot  was  red ; if  the  Blood  is  black  cr  coagu- 
lated, the  Spot  is  alfo  black ; when  there  is  feme  Bile 
mix’d  with  it,  the  Spot  is  of  a yellow ifli  black  ^ in  fliort., 
f gccorcL 


( ) 

according  as  the  Blood  is  mixed' with  the  Humours  of 
'different  Colours,^  fo  alfo  the  Spots  appear  of  a different 
Colour. 

We  fometimes  faw  on  the  Bodies  of  thefe  Perfons  cer- 
tain fmall  Tumours,  which  grew  bigger  everyday;  we 
applied  Emollient  Ointments  to  foften  them,  and  thofe 
Tumours  on  their  breaking,  formed  a Scorbutick  Ul- 
cer, which  proceeded  from  the  Blood  with  which  the 
Tumour  was  filled  j for  as  often  as  we  took  off  the  Plai- 
fter,  we  ftill  found  under  it  a great  deal  of  coagulated 
Blood  ; we  put  on  a frefh  Plaifter,  and  fome  time  after 
-we  ffill  found  under  it  coagulated  Blood : we  continued 
•dreffing  of  them  after  this  manner,  and  by  thus  taking 
away  the  Blood,  we  entirely  dried  up  the  Tumour,  and 
the  Perfon  was  cured.  Some  old  Perfons  had  fucli  large 
Bleedings  at  the  Nofe  and  Mouth,  that  they  died  of  it, 
it  being  impoffible  to  flop  it,  becaufc  the  Ljmpha  of  thefe 
Perfons  was  fo  fbarp  and  corrofive  (as  I faid  before)  that 
it  corroded  and  eat  thro’  the  Coats  , of  the  Veins.  And 
this  kind  of  Haemorrhage  was  fo  much  the  harder  toffop, 
becaufe  the  Blood  of  Old  Perfons  is  more  fluid  and  wa- 
tery thenthat  of  young  Perfons,  who^arefeldom  fubjeO: 
to  this  Accident. 

-etUm  fauces  intr'mfecm  atro 
Sanguine  ; ulcer ibus  ‘vocis  via  f^pta  coibat : 

Aut  etiam  ?nultus  capitis  cum  fepe  dolore 
Corruptus  fanguis  plenis  ex  naribus  ibat. 

Old  Perfons,  as  well  Women  as  Men,  were-  troubled 
with  fuch  mighty  Fluxes,  that  the  weakeff  of  them  died 
under  them  ; but  if  they  had  ffrength  enough  to  with- 
ffand  them,  they  were  foon  cured. 

Quorum  Ji^uis^  ut  esiy  vitarat  funera  Lett 
^Vlceribus  tetris ^ & nigra  proluvte  alvi:  ' 

' There 


( i2p  ) 

Tlicic  Were  fbiTie  oF  tliefp  Poi*r  r 
CofHve  in  their  Body  that  thei?  np 
without  taking  fome^GIitrs  ^ 

Bodies,  thek  ‘Sdt  ArSlidfeer£  ^ 

luve  been  blown  up.  We  cured  fCTer.'nf-  i?^ 

Glffters,  and  Av'eS  P- 

of  them,  and  fe;ved  nLo  at^d'h^/t 
tolerably  ftinking.  '“s  l^teath  was  in- 

S/JrUas  ore  for  as  tetram  volvehat  oioren, 

RaMtda  Cj^Ho  ferolent  frojeCU  cadaver  a ritu. 

The  Chirurgeon  was  obliged  to  pull  out  all  hi.  t , 
for  the  better  dreffing  of  his  MnnW,  ^ > 
have  fallen  out  of  themfelves  • His  ^ would 

b«.  d,„..„fea  Tum™?.\" 
big  as  a Walnut.  In  the  middle  of  i-hic  T 3s 

, was  a bluifli  Hole,  which  degenerated  intern ‘u  ’"*’-'' 
which  eat  up  half  the  Tumour,  the  other  half  rem 
ed  whole  and  entire.  Some  fnLll  tiiSe  h . ®* 

peared  another  Tumour  in  the  Cheek,  whfcl  ’ wfs  veT 

■Si-ki  srsf ^ 

libfe  cS  rf  ° w?  Sif '“re  ««y  vi- 
H«„,  »,  big  „ o„S  Kic'‘; ci"g£.S' 
which  by  putting  a itop  to  the  Circulation  of  the  R 
brought  an  inevitable  Death  on  thj 

of  feveral  a fmall  White 
Ulcer,  which  wp  hard  all  round  ; unlefs  w“  ook  ca re 

to  flop  it  prefently,  and  to  take  it  off  with  the  Spirit  of 

Vitriol, 


( n° ) 

Vitriol,  it  grew  prefently  livid  or  blue,  black  and  iHnk- 
iiig’  and  cat  up  part  of  the  Cheek,  fo*  that  one  might 
fee  the  Teeth  thro’  it. 

We  have  fecn  feveral  from  the  Age  of  Eighteen  to  the 
Age  of  Thirty,  who  were  without  pain  caftdown  flu- 
pid  and  without  any  Motion,,;  They  had  their  Mouth 
open,  tlieir  Eyes  funk  iii,  their  Looks  frightful,  and  ap- 
peared rather  like  Statues  chan  Men. 


Atque  mimi  frorfum  'vires  totius^  omne 
hanguebAt  corpus f lethi  jam  limine  in  iffo. 

• Q avail  oculi^  cava  tem^ora^  frigida  fellis^ 

Diirdc[uey  inhorrebat  riBum— ■ - . . 


All  thefe  Perfonshad  no  apparent  Sicknefs,  only  their' 
Gums  were  Ulcered  ; their  Skin  was  fmooth  and  fair, 
without  any  Spots  or  Hardnefs  : Yet  we  found  their 
Mufcles  were  Gangrened,  and  all  wet  with  a black  cor- 
rupted Blood,  and  in  handling  ©f  them,  they  fell  into 
Pieces  in  our  Hands. 

There  was  a Man  who  had  a Carbuncle  on  his  Inftep, 
his  Lips  and  his  Noftrils  were  chopped,  and  a ftinking 
Water  flow’d  gently  from  his  Noftrils,  This  Man  lin- 
ger’d out  a longtime  in  a dying  Condition;  His  Cada-- 
ver  made,  me  afraid,  I durft-  not  open  it. 

A Young  Man,  who  as  to  all  outward  appearance 
fcem’d  not  to  be  very  111,  died  fuddenly.  We  found  his 
Idertcardium  was  fo  eaten  up,  that  there  remain’d  but  a 
little  of  it,  and  his  Heart  was  Ulcer’d  all  about  very 
deeply. 

Scorbutick  Perfons  are  commonly  better  in  the-  Sum- 
mer, than  they  are  in  the  Winter,  which  may  proceed 
from  their  great  T ranfpiration.  On  the  Cither  fide,  thefe 
weredndiflerentiy  well  from  the  Month  of  Agrily  to  the 
beginning  of  ’^une^  the.Spots,  hardnefs,  and  other  Ac- 
cidents oL.thc.Scurvey  then  difappearing  ^ but  on  the 

coming 


i 


I 


{til  ) . 

coming  of  the  great  Heats,  all  thofc  Accidents  returned. 
They  who  were  fo  well,  as  to  be  in  a readinefs  to  quit  the 
Hofpital,  relapfed  again : Their  Legs  and  Thighs  grew 
all  Black,  and  Death  often  put  a Period  to  their  Mife- 
ries.  This  Diforder  might  arrive  from  this,  that  there 
wasfuch  a great  quantity  of  corrofive  Ljmpha  in  them, 
that  it  was  in  a manner  impoflible  for  it  to*  be  carried  ofl 
by  Tranfpiration,  fo  that  by  Itagnating  in  their  Bodies 
it  grew  hot,  fermented,  fower,  and  putritiedyfrom  thence 
arofe  thofe  Corrofioiis,  Ulcers,  and  great  Impofthumes, 
Corruptions  and  other  Accidents  which  we  fpoke  of  be- 
fore. 

All  thefe  Poor  People  eat  very  heartily  to  the  laft 
Moment  of  their  Life ; this  proceeded  from  a fharp  Hu- 
mour, with  which  their  Stomach  always  aboundetl, 
which  created  in  them  a kind  of  Fames  Canina. 

Nothing  isfo  apt  to  corrupt  the  Blood  as  long  Want ; 
the  ufe  of  ill  Foot  is  Bill  worfe ; Cold  flops  the  Circula- 
tion of  the  Blood,  and  makes  the  Blood  remain  too  long 
in  the  Parts,  where  it  foureth  and  foon  corrupteth  •,  Sad- 
nefs  and  Grief  (which  thefe  poor  Creatures  are  fubjeQ 
to)  is  worfe  than  all  the  reft  ; and  what  all  thefe  may 
do  when  they  meet  altogether  in  one  Perfon,  we  may 
cafily  judge.  They  produced  there  LymphA^s  of  difterent 
Colours,  with  whic^i  the  Belly,  the  Breaft,  and  feveral 
other  Parts  of  their  Bodies  were  fill’d.  Thofe  Lymph a\ 
were  fo  Cauftick,  that  having  put  our  Hands  into  their 
Cadavers,  the  Skin  of  them  came  off,  and  .our  Faces 
were  thereby  ulcered  ^ fo  that  we  were  obliged  to  rife 
in  the  Night  to  wafh  one’s  Face  with  frefli  Water,  to 
take  off  the  Heat  and  Inflammation  of  it. 

But  that  which  was  very  furprifing  in  this  great  Di- 
feafe,  was,  that  the  Brains  of  thefe  poor  Creatures  were 
always  very  found  and  entire.  Thus  you  have  the  weak 
Account  of  the  diflaial  Effefts  of  a Difeafe  fo  etuel,  that 

Kk2  there 


C ) 

there  was  no  viewing  it  with  your  Eyes,  without  rai- 
ling a Sadnefs  in  your  Heart. 


' ' ' I I nil  ■■  I I II  , 

VII.  An  Ext  raft  of  a l/iemoir^  concerning  theDi/co^ 
Very  of  a ^affage  hy  Land  to  California  5 it?ith  a 
ivfap  and  Defeription  of  that  Country,  ^refented 
to  the  Royal  Council  of  Guadalaxara  in  Mexico, 
hy  Francis  Maria  Picoloi  Taken-  from  the  Let- 
ters of  the  MiJfionaryfefuitSy  printed  atV^.xls, 

m 

GuAdiilaxitra^  February  10,  1702. 

My  Lords^ 

IN  Obedience  to  the  Orders  you  feme  Days  ago  ho- 
noured me  with,  I fhall  give  you  an  Exaa  and 
Faithful  Account  of  tile  Difeoveries  and  Settlements, 
that  Father  de  Salvatierr/t2in^  my  felf  have  made  in  O- 
Hforma^  for  thefe  'five  Years  paft,  that  we  have  been  in 
this  large  Country. 

AVe  imbarked  in  i6‘97,  and  pafled  the  Sea 

that  feparates  C aliform  a from  New  Mexico-,  As  foon  as 
wefet  Foot  on  Land,  the  People  being  ignorant  of  our 
Defign,  (as  not  underftanding  our  Language,  or  we 
theirs)  imagining  that  we  came  to  take  from  them  their 
Pearl  Fifliery,  as  had  been  attempted  feveral  times  be- 
fore by  others,  came,  in  great  Multitudes  againft  us,  who 
had  but  an  inconfiderable  Number  of  Spaniards  to  de- 
fend us.  The  Y iolence  with  which  they  attack’d  us,  and 
multitude  of  Darts  and  Stones  they  threw  at  us,  our 
Soldiers  fuftained  fovigoroufly,  that  they  beat ’em  back 
with  Suctefs;  and  foon  put  them  to  flight. 


Thofe 


( ) 

ble”^  Md  morctrafta- 

ble , and  leeing  they  could  not  gain  any  thin?  on  us  bv 

force,  deputed  iome  amongll  ’em  to  eVaeand  S 

k«Ld%f  daLT*''’^,  “d  foon 

learned  of  them  enough  of  their  Language,  to  let  ’em 

know  the  reafon  of  our  coming  into  their  Countt^ 

Thcfe  Deputies  undeceived  the  red  ; fo  that  beint^  fatis" 

fied  of  our  good  Intentions,  they  came  to  i^meat 

Numbers,  and  fhew’d  a great  deal  of  Joy  to  fee  that  we 

weie  willing  to  mftrufl:  them  in  our  Religion  This  hao 

py  Difpofition  incouraged  us  to  ftudy  througlily  the 

A/oa^ai  Language ; na  which,  and  in  inltruaing  the^Peo- 
ple,  we  fpent  two  Years.  ^ cneico- 

thought  of  difeovering  other  Nations  • 
which  that  we  might  do  more  fuccelsiiilly  the  Father 

T diffqient  ways : He  went  to  the  North  anr! 

I to  the.  South  ami  Weft.  By  this  means  Fadier  * Iw 
'vauen^  by  little  and  little,  difeover’d  all  thok  Habta 

and  bc.Joh»oi  Lofida  ; and  I,  all  that  Countri/ 

'’f  St.  Francs  XaTur  lh 
, Bia^do,  which  extends  it  felftothc  South  Sea 

ral  Natkn^s^nf  ^ ° w'®  o^ferved  feve- 

laiJSations  of  different  longues  mixt  together  ■ Some 

of  them  fpoke,  the  Mo^jru,  which  we  underftood  ancl 

L'P'wo.v,  whicii  we  yet  knew  nothing  of  'This 

obhged  us  to  learn  die  LayrJ,  which  is  of  JeJer  Ex! 

tent  than  the  and.  feems  to  be  Univcrfalin 

t iisl  ai^e  Country.  We  apply’d  our  felves  lb  doll  to 

f^a  hSdme“'a  Tk‘  it 

leither  ’ indifferently  in 

Since  our  fecoiid  Difeoveries  we  Iiave  divided  all  thk 

The  firftis  tharof  i f 
or.  out  Lady  of  W/.. , The  fccoiid,  that  of 


( ' 

^ or  St.  Trams  Kavier,  The  third,  that  of  Todivinegge^ 
or  our  Lady  'of  Grief.  "And  the  fourth,  which  is  not  yet 
founded,  or  fo.  well  eftablillfd  as  the  other  three,  is  that 
ot  St.  "Joh-a  of  Lo/ido. 

Every  Million  contains  feveral  Towns  : That  of  Lo- 
reno-Concho.,  has  nine  belonging  to  it  ; viz.  Liggige, 
two  Leagues  from  Concho  ; three  Leagues  5 Tmddei 
four  Leagues  : Thefe  three  lie  to  the  North,  and  the  fix 
following  to  the  South  : Vonu  two  Leagues  diftant ; 
Nutn[wlo  four  Leagues  ; Chuyenqui  nine  Leagues;  Liggui 
twelve  Leagues ; Trigue  fourteen  Leagues  j Loppu  fifteen 
Leagues.  There  are  eleven  Towns  in  the  Million  of 
St.  Francis  Xavier  of  Biaundo^  viz.  Quimiauma^  or  the 
Guardian  Angal^  at  two  Leagues  diftance  j Lichu^  ov  the 
Mountain  of  the  Knight ^ at  three  Leagues ; Tenuyomu  at 
five  Leagues ; Z)ndua  at  fix  leagues ; Tnulaylo  at  ten 
Leagues  ; Picolopri  at  twelve  Leagues  j Ontta  at  fifteen 
Leagues  ; Onemaito  at  twenty  Leagues : Thefe  eight  lie 
to  the  South,  the  two  following  to  the  North  ; Nuntei 
at  three  Leagues,  and  Ohhe  at  eight  Leagues Cuivuco, 
or  St.  Rofalia^  at  four  Leagues  diftance  towards  the  Ealf. 
The  MilTion  of  our  Lady  of  Grief  comprehends  only 
Vnubbe,  on  the  North  ; Niumqui,  or  St.  ‘fofeph^  and 
Todivinegge.,  or  our  Lady  of  Grief  which  gives  Name  to 
the  whole  Milfion.  Niumqui  and  Todiviuegge  are  tw'o 
Townsvery  well  Peopled,  and  near  one  another.  Laft- 
ly,  the  Minion  of  St.  John  of  Londo  contains  five  or  fix 
'Fowns,  The  principal  arc  Teupnon^  or  St.  Bruno,  three 
Leagues  diftant  to  the  Eaft : Jnchu,  at  the  fame  diftance, 
to  the  North:  Tamonqui,  at  four  Leagues;  and  Diutro 
at  fix,  both  towards  the  Eaft : Befides  Trippue  and  Loppu^ 
two  Towns  to  the  South,  lately  difeovered. 

Having  given  you  an  Account  of  the  State  of  Religi- 
on in  this  New  Colony,  I fhall  proceed  to  anfwer,'as 
well  as  I can,  thofe  other  Articles  you  did  the  Honour 

to 


( 215  ) 

to  ask  me;  and  iliall  relate  what  we  obferved  concern- 
the  Cuftoms  and  Difpofitions  of  thefe  People,  their  man- 
ner of  Living,  and  the  Produd  of  their  Country. 

Califorma  is  pretty  well  placed  in  our  common  Maps. 
The  Heats  in  Summer  are  very  great  along  the  Sea- 
Coafts  ; and  iffeldom  Rains:  But  the  Air  of  the  In- 
land Countries  is  more  temperate,  and  the  Heats  not  fo 
exceffive.  It  is  the  fame  in  Winter  proportionally.  In 
the  Rainy  Seafon  there  are  Floods ; but  when  that  is 
over,  inftead  of  Rain,  the  Dew  lalls  in  fucli  plenty  eve- 
ry Morning,  that  one  would  think  it  had  Rained  ; which 
renders  the  Earth  very  Fruitful.  In  the  Months  of 
April,  May  and  there  falls  with  the  Dew  a fort  of 

Manna,  whiclx congeals  and  hardens  upon  the  Leaves  of 
Reeds,  from  whence  they  gather  it ; It  is  as  fweet  as  Su- 
gar, tho’  not  altogether  lo  White. 

The  Climate  muft  needs  be  Healthy,  if  we  may 
judge  of  it  by  our  felves  and  thofe  that  were  with  us : 
For  durint^  the  five  Years  we  were  in  this  Kingdom,  wc 
continued^  very  well  in  Health,  notwithftandhig  the 
great  Fatigues  we  underwent : And  of  the  other  Spani^ 
ards  there  died  but  two  ; one  of  which  was  a Woman, 
who  occafionM  her  own  Death,  by  imprudently  bathing 
her  felf  when  fhe  was  near  Lying-in. 

There  arc  in  CaltformaQiS  in  the  mod  beautiful  Coun- 
tries in  the  World)  Large  Plains,  Pleafant  Vallies,  Ex- 
cellent Failures,  at  all  time,  for  great  and  fmall  Cattle  ; 
fine  Springs  of  running  Water,  Brooks  and  Rivers,  with 
their  Banks  cover’d  witli  Willows,  Reeds,  and  Wild 
Vines.  In  their  Rivers  they  have  plenty  of  Fifl'i,  cfpe- 
cially  Crayfifl^,  which  they  keep  in  a kind  of  Confer-^ 
vatorics,  till  they  have  occafion  for  them  : Three  of 
thefe  Confervatories  I have  feen,  that  were- very  large 
and  beautiful.-  There  is  alfo  plenty  of  Xicam-es,.  of  a 
better  Talfe  than  thofe  of  Mexico.^  So  that  we  may 
conclude  California  to  be  a ve>y  fruitful  Country.  On 


( 2 3 ) 

the  Mountains  there  are  all  the  Year  long  Mefcales^  a 
Fruit  peculiar  to  this  Country  ^ and  in  mod:  Seafons, 
large  Fiilachio’s  of  leveral  forts,  and  Figs  of  different 
Coidlirs.  Tile  Trees  are  very  beautiful  j and  amongft 
others,  that  which  the  Chinos  ^who  are  the  Natives  of 
the  Country)  call  Calo  Santo^  bears  a'  great  deal  of 
Fruit  ^ from  this  they  draw  Excellent  Frankincenfe. 

As  this  Country  abounds  in  Fruit,  it  docs  no  lefs  in 
Grain  ; of  which  there  are  fourteen  forts  that  the  People 
feed  on.  They  ufe  the  Roots  of  Trees  and  Plants,  and 
among  others,  thofeof  the  to  make  their -Bread- 
of.  I'hcre  are  Excellent  Skirrets ; a fort  of  red  Straw- 
berries, of  which  they  eat  plentifully ; and  Citrons  and 
Water-Melons,  of  an  extraordinary  lize.  The  Land  is 
fo  good,  that  moft  Plants  bear  Fruit  three  times  a Year : 
So  that  with  fome  labour  in  cultivating  it,  and  skill  in 
managing  the  Water,  they  render  the  Country  extream- 
ly  fertile.  Nor  is  there  any  fort  of  Fruit  or  Grain,  but 
what  they  gather  in  great  abundance  j which  we  expe- 
rienc’d our  lelves : For  bringing  with  us  from  New  Spain 
Corn,  Indian  Wheat,  Peafe,  Lentils,  8fc.  we  fowed 
them,  and  had  a very  plentiful  Increafe,  tho’  we  had 
not  any  Cattle  or  proper  Inftruments  to  Till  the 
Ground. 

Befides  feveral  forts  of  Animals  that  we  knew,  which 
are  here  in  plenty,  and  are  good  to  eat,  as  Stags,  Hares, 
Coneys,  and  the  like  • we  found  two  forts  of  Deer,  that 
we  knew  nothing  of:  We  call  them  Sheep,  becaufethey 
fomewhat  refemble  ours  in  make.  The  firfl:  fort  is  as 
large  as  a Calf  of  one  or  two  Years  old : Its  Head  is 
much  like  that  of  a Stag  ; and  its  Horns,  which  are  ve- 
ry large,  like  thofe  of  a Ram  : Its  Tail  and  Flair  are 
fpeckled,  and  fliorter  than  a Stags : But  its  Hoof  is  large, 
round,  and  cleft  as  an  Oxes.  I have  eaten  of  thefe 
Beaffs ; their  FleBi  is  very  tender  and  delicious.  The 
other  fort  of  Sheep,  fome  of  which  are  White,  and  others 

Black, 


A 


< ) 

Black,  differ  lefs  from  ours : They  are  larger,  and  have 
a great  deal  more  Wool,  which  is  very  good,  and  eafy 
to  be  Spun  and  Wrought.  Befides  thefe  Animals,  that 
^ ferve  for  Food,  there  are  Lyons,  wild  Cats,  and  many 
others  of  the  like,  as  in  New  Spam,  We  brought  to  Calt- 
forma  fome  Cows,  and  ftore  of  fmall  Cattef,  as  Sheep 
and  Goats ; which  would  have  increafed  very  much  had 
not  the  Neceflity  we  were  once  in,  obliged  us  to  kill  the 
greateft  part  of  them.  We  likewife  brought  with  us 
Horfes  and  Colts  to  ffock  the  Country,  and  began  to 
I ^ -breed  up  Hogs ; but  as  chefe  do  a great  deal  of  damage 
/ ' in  the  Villages,  and  the  Women  are  afraid  of  them,  wc 
F have  refolved  to  extirpate  them, 
f As  for  Fowls,  there  are  in  Caltform/i  all  that  arc  in 
' Mexico  and  New  Spain  ; as  Pigeons',  Turtle-Doves,  Larks, 

PatridgesofanexquifiteTalte,  and  in  great  Quantities’ 
Geefe,  Ducks,  and  many  other  forts  both  of  River  and 
Sea-Fowls. 

The  Sea  affords  great  Plenty  of  very  good  FiOi  : 
They  take  Pilchers,  Anchovies,  and  Tunnys  • which 
\ laft  they  catch  with  their  Hands  on  the  Shoar.  ’ We  of- 

f = ten  fee  Wliales,  and  aU  forts  of  Tortoifes.  The  Shoars 

are  fill’d  with  Heaps  of  Shells,  larger  than  thofe  of  Mo- 
ther of  Pearl.  The  Salt  that  they  have,  is  not  from  the 
Sea,  but  out  of  Pits  : It  is  as  bright  as  Chryftal,  and 
fo  hard  that  they  are  often  forced  to  break  it  with 
Hammers.  It  is  a very  good  Commodity  in  New  Spain^ 
where  Salt  is  fcarcc. 

California  has  been  known  near  thefe  two  Centuries  * 
and  its  Coaffs  are  famous  for  the  Pearl  Fifhery,  which 
» has  made  the  Europeans  fo  defirous  of  cffablifliing  a 
Trade  here.  It  is  certain,  if  the  King  would  ered  a 
Fifhery  here  at  his  own  Charge,  he  might  draw  great 
advantage  from  it.  Nor  do  I doubt  but  that  there  are 
Mines  to  be  found  in  feverai  placesj  if  they  were  fought 

•C  1 lor  ^ 


( ) 

for ; fince  the  Country  is  under  the  fame  Degree  as  the 
Provinces  of  Cindno  and  Sonority  where  there  are  very 
rich  ones. 

Tho’  Heaven  has  been  fo  bountiful  to  the  Cdiforni- 
ms^  and  the  Earth  brings  forth  of  it  felf  what  it  does 
not  produce  elfewhere  without  a great  deal  of  Labour 
and  Pains,  yet  they  make  no  efteem  of  the  Plenty  and 
Riches  of  their  Country  ; contenting  thcmfelves  with 
what  is  only  necelTary  for  Life,  they  take  little  care  for 
the  reft.  The  Tn-land  parts  of  the  Country  are  very 
Populous,  efpecially  towards  the  North:  And  tho* 
there  is  fcarce-aTown,  but  what  has  20,;  30,  40,  or  50 
Families  in  it,  yet  they  have  no  Houfes  ^ but  defend 
themfelves,  from  the  heat  of  the  Sun  in  the  day  time 
under  the  Shade  of  the  Trees,  and  of  their  Leaves  and 
Branches  make  a fort  of  Roof  againft  the  Inclemency 
of  the  Night.  In  the  Winter  they  fhut  themfelves  in 
Caves  in  the  Earth,  and  live  there  together  little  better 
than  like  fo  many  Beafts. 

The  Men  go  naked ; at  leaft  all  were  fo,  that  we' 
faw.  They  wear  about  their  Head,  a fine  linnen  Fil- 
let, or  fort  of  Network ; and  about  their  Neck,  and 
fometimes  about  their  Arms,  for  Ornament,  Mother 
of  Pearl  in  divers  Figures,  very  finely  wrought,  and 
prettily  intermixt  with  little  round  Fruits,  fome- 
what  like  the  Beads  of  a Chaplet.  They  have  no  other 
Arms  than  Bows  and  Arrows,  and  a fort  of  Jave- 
lin, which  they  always  carry  in  their  Hand,  either  to 
kill  their  Game,  or  defend  themfelves  from  their  Ene- 
mies; for  their  Towns  often  make  War  upon  one 
another.. 

The. Women  are  fomewhat  more  modeftly  cloathed^ 
wearing  from  their  W afte  down  to  their  Knees  a 
kind  of  Apron,  made  of  Reeds  very  neatly  wrought 
and  matted  together^.  They  cover  their  Shoulders. 

with 


( ^19  ) 

With  the  Skins  of  Beafts,  and  wear  about  their  Heads, 
like  the  Men,  a very  curious  kind  of  Net-work ; 
which  -our  Soldiers  find  fo  convenient,  that  they 
make  ufe  of  them  to  tye  up  their  Hair  with.  Thev, 
as  well  as  the  Men,  have  Necklaces  of  Mother  of 
rear!,  mixt  with  the  Stones  of  fome  forts  of  Fruit 
and  Sea-fhells,  hanging  down  to  their  Wafle  ; and 
Bracelets,  in  like  manner  of  the  lame. 

The  common  Impioymcnt  of  both  Men  and  Wo- 
men, is  Spinning.  They  make  their  Thread  of  long 
Plants,  which  fervc  them  inftead  of  Hemp  and  Flax  - 
1 or  clfe  of  -a  Cotton-like  Subllance  found  in  the  Shell 
•of  fome  forts  of  Fruit.  Of  the  finer  fort  of  Thread, 
they  make  the  Ornaments  abovementioned,  and  of 
the  coarfer,  Fifhing-Nets,  and  Sacks  or  Bags  for  fe- 
veral  Ufes.  The  Men  moreover,  of  certain  Plants, 
whofe  Fibres  are  very  clofe  and  thick  fet,  and  which 
they  are  very  well  skilled  .in  working,  injploy  them- 
felves  in  making  Diflies,  and  other  Kitchia  Neceffa- 
nes,  of  all  Fafliions  and  Sizes.  The  fmaller  Pieces 
fcrve  for  drinking  Cups ; thofe  that  are  larger,  for 
^ Plates  and  Difhes,  and  fpmetimes  for  Umbrello’s  for 
the  Women  ; and  the  largefl:  fort  for  Baskets  to  ga- 
ther Fruit  in,  and  fbmetimes  for  Pans  and  Bafins  to 
drefs  their  Meat  in  ; But  they  take  care  to  keep 
them  continually  moving,  while  they  are  over  the 

Fire,  for  if  the  Flame  catch  them  they  are  foon 
' burnt. 

The  CAlifornims  have  a 'great  deal  of  Livelinefs 
and  are  naturally  addifted  to  Rallery  j as  we  found 
when  we  began  firft  to  inftrua  them : For  if  we  com- 
mitted any  Eriour  in  their  Language,  they  jelled  and 
made  Sport  at  us.  But  after  we  wereigrown  better  ac- 
quainted and  more  familiar  with  them,  if  we  com- 
mitted any  Faults,  they  civilly  advifed  us  of  them. 


( 240  ) 

And  if  at  any  time  we  explained  any  Myftery,  or 
Point  of  Morality,  not  conformable  to  their  Prejudi- 
ces and  Errors,  they  waited  for  the  Preacher  after 
Sermon,  and  difputed  againfl  him  with  a great  deal 
' of  force  and  W4t:  If  we  could  give  them  good  Rea- 
fons  for  it,  they  liften’d  very  attentively ; -and  when 
at  lali:  convinced,  fubmitted,  and  did  accordingly.  We 
have  not  found  among  them  any  Form  of  Govern- 
ment, Religion,  or  Regular  Worfhip.  They  adore 
the  Moon,  and  cut  their  Hair,  fas  I remember)  in 
her  Decreafe,  in  Honour  of  their  Deity  ; which  they 
give  to  their  Prielfs,  wlio  imploy  it  to  feveral  Super- 
llitious  Ufes.  Every  Family  makes  Laws  as  they  pleafe, 
which  is  plainly  the  reafon  that  they  are  fo  often  at 
War  with  one  another. 


^■1 


VUL  X>t 


f i4'  J 


VIII.  Tk  V irits  Animalibiis  Philippcnfibus,  ex  MSS. . 

. (P.  Geo.  Jo£  Camelli.  LommmicaVit  D.  Jac. 

• Peciver,  S.%S.. 

4 

S E C T.  I.  ’ 

« 

Df  Ranis,  Bufonibus,  Lacertis,-  Teftudinibus,  &c.-  . 

k 

i:. 

f , Ra/74,  . " 

1.  Abaca b.  > ^ 

2.  Palaca..- . 

Timbabal^c.  . ■ . . _ ^ 

* Bufo^fcso 

4..  Carao. 

5.  Cocac. 

6.  Colabocab. 

7.  Palacan  languit. 

Lacerti, 

8.  Bangcalang..  Vid.  No.  26.  .. 

9.  Bayavac.  No.  25. 

10. -Butiqui.  No.  j»o.  '*  • 

11.  Cagafagan.  Vid.  No.  24.  & GAZOPH.  NAT.  T 

lab.  40.  Fig.  9.  , / ' 

12.  Chamaeleon.  No. 

I Crocodili  feu  Cay  manes. 

14.  Dracunculus  volans.  No.  6 

15.  HaJo.  N.jy:  . ' 

16.  Halobiran.  No.  2 9.. 

17.  Ibir.  No.  28. 

. 10.  Labi  labi.  No.  32. 

19.  Lacerti  Parana.  ’ 

«o.  Mabitaa  No,  27..  . , 


( 

2r.  Tagoto.  No.  31. 

21.  Timbabalac.  No.  47. 

23.  Toco.  No.  45. 

24.  Ygiiana  edulis,  capltee^rulefccnteGAZO- 
PHYL.  NAT.  Tab.  40.  fig.  9.  Cagafaga^^-No.  XL  vel 
Layngdn^  fpecies  - eft  Tguan£^  feu  ^Lacertus  Sdmoides  bku- 
bitaijs,qui  Caput  habet  Pavonine  caerulefcens,  roftrum  ob- 
tufum,  tinguAm  fimplicem  5 ex  fronteper  nares  protenfam 
rubram  8c  carneam  excrefcentiam,  quails  eft  Gallo-Pavo- 
ftis  Indie aliam  verb  Iiuic  fimilem  a vertice  ad  dorfum 
dedinantem  ; Corpus  fufeum,  parvis  fquamis  ut  Scincus 
defenfum  ; per  dorfum  excurrentem  ferratam  8c  magis 
proftantempinnam  ^ pedes  anteriores  fefquipalmares,  po- 
fteriores  fpithama  loiigiores,  pentadadylos;  longitudo 
Ventris  fpithamea,  prouti  caud£,  qux  fpithama  longi- 
ori,  8c  palmam  iat^L  pinna  fuperne  criftara  eft.  Came 
vefeuntur  Indi, 

2 5.  Bayava  Luzonis^  8c  Iguana  Mexicenfiiini. 

'26.  .Bancalang.  Lacertus  magnus.  Species  Iguana, 

27.  Mabitan,  Species  Iguana,  magnjE,  nigra?,  infeftse. 

28.  Ibir  vel  Ibid^  Layagan  feu  Lalayan*  Species  eft  Igua- 
minor  Halone^  coloris  fubfufei,  carens  fquamis. 

29.  Halobiran.  Lacertus  magnus,  magnitudinis 
Yop£i^  coloris  Ibtr. 

^o.  Butiqui  W Tabili.  albicans,  cantans, 

cauda  lata. 

31.  Ta^oto  W Pinit.  cantans  akcra,  ar- 

genteo  8c  fufeo  varia. 

32.  Labi  la bi.  Htfpan.  Efeuerzo.  Species  St elUoniSy 

vel  potius  Utipo  caudatus.  Vide  Nic.Monardum  de 

ba  Scorzonera.  Gaudet  paluftribus  : Corpus  tovo{\Imy  non 
prolongatum  ut  Ligerti^  fed  breve  ut  Bufonis, 

33.  Chamxleontes  dX\t  Luzon  : mifli  fuere  caved  incluft 
D.  Gubernatori  ex  Provincia 

34.  Lagarto  fin  cola. 

3 5.  Dracunculus  volans  Looganus^xx  ficco  defumptusj 

GAZOPH.  NAT.  Tab.  39.  fig.  2.  Gin- 


( ) 

Ginyayangao  vel  Manyayangao  Tagd,  Taborknr 
. Tambabuca  Bucabuca,  Amumuga  Tamomocaa- 

, . Boholams,  Galagag  Famfaptgis,  Sicrpe  vclaiite  & Saetia 
^ Hijp.  Laceita  eB  volaas,  minor  Chucone^  figura; 

cancans ut  No.  91,  volans  expiicatis  Membra- 

nis,  qu^  contialiit  cum  quiefcit,  fub  cauda  nelcio  quid 
tintinnabuli  gerens  quo  ftrepitum  excicac,  moiTu  vene- 
nofimma  & mortalis.  J Alz,in:t  veneno  carens,  colons 
ex  flavo  virentis  ('fed  plures  affirmanc  coiorem  referre 
ici  cui  inha^ferit,  ut  Qhamdeonem)  alis  membranaceis  ni-« 

I ^ lubio  vaiiegatis  ab  antcrionbus  ulque  ad  pofte- 

‘ riores  pedes  protenfis,  volans  ad  50  paifus  uno  volatu  • 

( Ck/ue  gratiofo,  ereao,  fimili.  duplex, Venenata* 

p Sc  Veneno  carens,  colorisconlrantis,  & mutabilisp  ’ 

^6*  Diacunculus  volans  Md/igondAnus  ex  dcco  deli- 
k neatus.  Spithameus  feri  erat,  fed  admodum  gracilis  • 
y colons  fufei,  ad  dorfam  coerulefcens ; dentatus  ferr^e 
j modo ; digit!  quini  in  quolibet  pede  gracillimi  : mem-  ^ 

, branae  alarum  vices  prxbentes  fubrotunda',  at  an-  • 

^ terioiibus  ad  pedes  pofkriores  protenlk,  quinis  coftulis 
;•  fulcitae : Cauda  tenuis,  reliquo  corpore  duplo  longior 
r Iquamata.  b > 

^ 37'  Lacerti  eif  Species^  feu  ‘Iguan,^^  quam  in  - 

Luz,onekiiyzg^n^lhlvvoca?2t,  Major  eft,  ru- 

bris,  flavis,  8c  nigns  vaiius  ; amphibium  animaj,nec  no- 
! civum,  fquamolum,  velcum  ut  Gnui  pfQcrfgfUfyj’ 

linguam  exporredam  gerit.  Vejdtur  frudibus  k gall> 
ms.  Lapidem  aifervo  ex  Halone  aterrimum  duWi- 
mum,  ut  Pyrites  ad  ignem,  excitandum  aptum glol3ofo- 
; fubplanum,  fcabrum,  fubluftrem  ut  P/>,  variis  attere- 
biatum  orbiculai ibus  foi aminibus,  pendentem  drachmas 
decern.  Ad  quid  deferviat  ignore. 

^8.  Buaya.  Crocodilus  major.  Vulgo  Cayt?nn 

59.  Crocodilus  minor,  amans  fluyics. 

40.  Bayo.^  Crocodilus  aterrimus. 

41.  Bacarjuiin  Qrocodilus  flavens,  ^ fimiiitudine  Cor*  „ 

ticisx... 


( J44  ) 

tids  Bexucl  Cariun;  Dentes  invicem  arde  3^  ped:inatim 
ialeruntur,  fupcriorcs  inferioribus  8c  vidfTim  ; Oi^^mag- 
nitudinis  ovorum  StrutbioniSj  mollia  ut  Tefiudmis,  quibus 
non  incubatjfed  arena  fepulta  ad  fluviorum  margines  in- 
veniunturd  Cauda  pinnata  eft.-.  Inter  fenos  parvos,  quos 
ddrecui,ni|Lrculuin  non  reperi.FugitfrudusHt?^^/??  nucem, 

42.  Crdcodtlus'XtnQBns  vulgo  Draco^c[m  in  Patria  mca 
Brum-MoraviajJm  Civitatis  Domo  Sanatoria  fulpenfus 
vifitur,  ed:  inagiiitudipis  majoris  QrocodUi  Indici,  fed  cau- 
da  pinnis  caret.  ^ Itueremptus  fuit  vitulo  exenterato,  eal- 
CO  vivo  impleto.  .j 

43.  Lacerti  Torrentis  Parana  in  Peruvio,  orgyia  lon- 
giores,  binos  occuicos  gerunt  teJHculos  magnitudinis  ovi 

tant^  fragancice  \xt  Ambariy  Mofchi^h  Z^bethi 
fuaveolentiani.fnperent.  Ant,  Calantha'xw  luaHqf. 

44. -  Buaja  Bajo.  Batangan.  Binatang,  Btrangitao, 

Bacariun.  . Nomuia  funt  Crocodtlgrum,  Vi/i  funt  longi- 

r tudinis  orgyia  rum  odojinquorumiaacibus  apertis  homo 
raaioris  ilaturs  ilare  poteir.  liifidianiur  Bohus^  Equis^ 
Buffdux ytiomiritbus jEAnopihusfit.  Cambus.  Ocu- 
los  habcnc  biiios  j unde  haiiucmai.tur,quiduos  lilos  hiatus 
^ ad  mandtbularn  inferiorem  inlpiraaoiu  dciervienccs,pro 
‘ oculis  habuere.  Carent  lingua  dilcreta  8c  langUine ; vias 
verb  communes, quibus  corpus  exonercnL,habcTit.  Ova  80 
8c  100  unicus  pomt  , Hlios  mater  hiante  oreexupkSc  de- 
vorat.  Pmguedo  iaudaturad  vuinera  8c  nervoiuni  cen- 
trablionem.  Cincrem  pellis  Crocodili  ferunt  tollere  8c  abo- 
lerc  fenlum,  cum  membi  um  aliquod  amputandum  eft, 
aceto  fubadtum  8c  Cataplafmatis  forma  impo^iturn.  Pro 
Ventriculi  aifedu  pulverem  verb,  cum  Vino  calido  po- 
turn,  urlnam  efticacitcr  pdlere. 

4<j.  Stellionem  Luzonts  five  Lacertam  C2.ntorcm  majo- 
rem  feu  Nirembergiq^  Hifpan.  Chacon^  Indi  13.  Ticqui^  vei 
Tac,  Toco  vel  Tucqu  T.  Mexicani  Teque  vocant.  Longa 
eft  fdqulfpithamam ; Caj?ut  biunciam,  amphim  ; dences 
acuti  ; lingua  majufcula  j oris  ridus  magnus,  proud  8c 

Oculi 


8c  Ainiiim  finuSj  cauda  ejufclem  cum  cornore  Jnr'rV 

!iL»r ,S‘T 

ginofurnymaculilve  rubeo-ferrucrineis  ca?rulei^ 
variegatum.  Scncdam  Ibii  exuvialem 
Serpentum'more  ad  Fni!^-nr  ^^beiideni  deponit 

citui  UjeBu,  praferuni,  & Prorcarabefs  tr, 

fe 

>/  “btogendi,  tchaalbas  Ver™i?d'*l5 

chifera,  non  vefca,  tant,T  quandoque  matn^f,di  ' 

in.ejusfcutotres  homines  fimulacfemel  talmS  f.f’  ' 

noxylo  aut  cymba  flu vios  tranare  polTint.  Hsc^l  , 
do  totahter  Candida  capta  fuit.  Annulum  ex  Jll  ' 

ratum  aenscontagiorefiftereferunt  ^ ‘ 

&S'ob“sS£r'“’*‘'"‘“' 

5^*-  P^gong  T.  Tejiudo  eft  terreflris  • r^i 

*«<.ex  ea  Febrifug^m  parant  modofe^fern^  ^ ' 

dinem  montanam  minorem,  cui  ner  medl,,;!  r , 

e^rafto  foi-amhii  A?' ' 
fenicialbi  5j.  immittito,  &Teltudinemadliucfoh-  rom  . 

Fobe  oblutatam,  in  cinercm  reducito.  Gnerem  ‘deui  , ' ' 
into  cbligenter  feparatiim  miicilagine  Oriz^  fubipe  /v  n 
luks  forma.  Pifl  magnitudinis/qfarum  ' 

ifmum  febiilem  exhibita  febrim. fugat.  N.  B ff/cain> 

ium  diifolvere  tradunt.  caiui- . 

51.  Pampangi  Pau. ' Byfaiani  Pahas  vocant. 

52.  Pauycan,  Tf/a^io  marina  niasna 

Mm 


5J.  J-abikbi. 


( 14  <5  ) 

'5'5.  Labilabi.  Tejltido  m2ixm2iMalwdigenfiSo 

De  Tcfiudhnhus  marinis  communiGavit  Francifcus  Jnto- 
r/H(s  de  la  fequeiitia. 

54.  Tefhido  marma  ^aQnQnCQ  Pamca;7, 

55.  Paukaii Specifice  Teftudo  eft  magna,  vefca,  tefta 
tenui,  inutili,  circa  littora  clegens. 

56.  Magdarahic  Fmnm,  Daranauan  Mas.  Species 
eft  PAutcan  fed  major,  pariter  vefca,  Sc  tefta  tenui,  non 
■ nifi  in  ako  Mari  obvia. 

57.  CatoAn  Faemina.  Afog  Mas  Boholams.  Olaniban 
Leytenftbus,  Teftudo  eft  magna,  non  vefca  j tefta  cralfa, 
fubfuica,  8c  vix  pida. 

58.  Capala  Boholan.  Hag  Leytens.  Teft-udo  eft  ma- 
rina, non  vefca ; concha,  feu  tefta,  crafta,  & alba. 

59.  Teftudo  Marina  5.  Concha  eft  tenui,  roftro  fi- 
mili  Pftttaco ; inteftinum  habet  unicum,  8c  hoc  breve. 
Ort?  venenum  eft  mqrtiferum. 

SECT.  II. 

De  Infedis  RePtilibus : Formicis,  Lumbricibus,  Tere- 

di'ne,  Scorpione,  Onifeis, 

60.  Bondo.  eft  maxima.  Nidus 

mo  cum  variis  fornicibus  8c  concamerationibus,  ubi  fepe- 
ratim  aftervant  alimentum  ex  gi'anis,  ex  infedis  mortuis,  ’ 
Sc  excrementa : in  medio  nidiRex  mbeus,aut  albicans, cor- 
poris magnitudine  quandoque  digiti  Indicis.  An  Nirem- 
bergij  Formica  fex  digitos  longa?  Sulum. 

61.  Hantic.  Formic  A nigra,  magnitudinis  Byfk- 

ianis  Amimitas,  Nidum  componit  in  arborum  ramis  ex 
convolutis  foliis  8c  telis,  telis  aranearum  ftmilibus.  Ex 
morfu  dolor  vehemens,  ut  Bondoc.  Harum  No.  4,  vel  6, 
exhibent  veterinarij  cum  Oriza  caballis,  quibus  devora- 
tis  Vermes,  in  cavernofis  Ulceribus  fcatentes,  expellun- 
tur  8c  excidunt. 

62.  Amtig.  Formica  nigrA.^  minor  prsecedente,  ex  mor- 
jfu  intollerabilis  pruritus  & inflammatio.  6^,  Acot. 


. ( M7  ) 

6^.  Aeot.  Formica  nigra,  p«irva,  Innocua,  fimilis  Eu- 

rofjsa: 

64.  Langam.  K?m/V4rufa,fatua,longipes,  communis. 

65.  Gujam.  Minor  prsecedente. 

66.  Hantic.  Formica  ell  altera,  rufa,  capite  magno, 
mordens,  nocifera.  Vulgl  Holandefa. 

67.  Cuyitib.  Formica  parvo  pediculo  fuppar,  albi- 
cans, morfu  molefta  ; hse  notabilem  &:  molellum  eduht 
ftridorem  in  culcitris  & ccrvicalibus,  ubi  nidulari  alfu- 
evere,  ut  incredulus  expertus  fum. 

68.  Culitap.  Formica  albicans,  longipes,  innocua, 
major  priore. 

69.  Dalodalo.  Formica  eft  alata. 

70.  Lae-ha  Indorum.  Formica  eft  fubrufa,  Europ^ea 
triple  major,  in  arbore  Narr^j  feu  Ligno  Nephritico  de- 
gens, & ibidem  cx  materia  fufea,  rcfinofo-gummofa,  In- 
dis  Bufc[u  8c  Baroque,  nidos  conftruens,  ad  favi  apicularum 
fimilitudinem  efformatos. 

71.  Lac-ha  major.  Ad  rnaris  littoralia,  aftuaria,  Sc 

paludofa  loca,  in  acervis  ex  raiHufculis,  aliifque  quilqui- 
liis  congeftis  nidulatur.  Bufqu  & Baroque^  feu  Laccam  con- 
gerens,  ut  prior.  Hxc  Lacca^  feu  Relinofa  materia  ludis 
defervit  in  fuffumigio  pro  puerperis  ad  facilitandum  par- 
tum,  fecundinas  ciendas,  aliofque  merinos  afteSlus-,  pro 
Cera  item  figillatoria  conficienda  : Sinenfibus  verb  Infe- 

(ftoribus  non  ad  coloris  florem,  fed  colorem  conftantem 
reddendum. 

7^.  Lac-ha.  Item  nefcio  quale  prseterea  infeftum  vo- 
cant  fimilc  Formic<£,  cujus  ovis  Indi  antiquitiis dentes  ru- 
bro  inficere  folebant.  An  Cochinilla  arb.  Anfuhang  ? 

73.  Jmy.  Species  eft  m2i\ons  Formica,  candicans,  ca- 
pite rubro,  vetula  nigricat,  brevipes.  -InfeSlum  damno- 
ftllimum,  Blattis,  Tmeis,  8c  Teredme  pejus  ; lignis,  vefti- 
bus,  & Libris  unica  node  plus  damni  inferens,  quam 
BlatUy  Finely  aut  Teredo  plures  Menfes : hinc  ali)  He- 
luones  Lihrorum  yocavere.  Progrediens  femper  fub  for- 
nicata  prorepens  femita,  five  arbores-ftve  Parietes  fubeat. 

Ubi 


( ^4S  ) 

Ubi  nidulatur,  attollit  liniofe  materlig  aeerv^os  magnos, 
interne  favi  Apum  ritu  elaborates,  variifque  femitis 
pulchro  ordine  pervios.  Limofa  Nidi  materia  in  fufFu- 
migio  ulcera  deficcat  manantia. . 

74.  CoJOfus,  Indis  Avdim?Ly, 

75.  So^ot  Mor  urn  Teredo.  Hifpan. 

cum  forcipula  nigra. 

76.  T^imhiiloc  T/idorum.  Species  eft  maxima, 

vefca.  Vermis  eft  pinguioulus,  albicans,  digitum  auricu- 
lareiii  crafTus,  aliquando  etiam  fefquicubitum,  ut  ferunt, 
longus  : innafeitur  lignis  in  littoribus  computrefeentibus, 
unde  extrahunt,  8c  in  liodiernum  Hs  vefeuntur  Indi  Lu^. 
sjoniiSi  8c  adjacentium  Infularum. 

77.  Lumbricus  terrejlris  ordinarius.  Indis  Bulati, 

78.  Lumbricus  major.  Tiva, 

79.  Humanus.  Olay,  Anno  i68i.  In  Iii- 
fula  Catariduan  affeHiis  Endemius  plurimos  fiiftulit : con- 
quasrebantur  ^egri  de  tufli  ficca  8c  rofionis  fenfuin  ventri- 
culo.  Aperto  tandem  defiindorum  uno,  invenit  Lucas 
Cadahdab  Medicafter  Indus  in  ventriculo  extrane^e  figur^e 
vermem,  qui  in  prsefentia  D.  Vrandfei  de  Quiros.^  nec  fu- 
perafufo  aceto,nec  fucco  Limomorumynce  fpiritu  0W^4?,fed 
i'accoPif^£y  feu  frudus  Ananas  tandem  interiit : quo  vifo, 
dein  plures  centum  eodem  affedu  laborantes,  affumpto 
in  aurora  frudu  Ananas.,  liberati  fuere. 

8p.  Lumbriem  Q2immiiS.  OHyabir. 

81.  Tinea  pilorum  radices  exedens,  Hiffan,  Zarzuela* 

82.  Onifei  vel  ordinar.M;^  Bavibavian  Babuybabuyan. 

83.  Species  altera  ad  pontes  degens  major  eft,  cauda  bif  urcata. 

84.  Albulus.  Vermis  eft  Onifeo  gracilior,  hexapus,  antennis 
8c  caudd  trifurcata  donatus,  argented  quafi  farina  illitus,  Libras 
deftruens  8c  arrodens. 

85?.  Antaxius  Kirsbaumer  iQtullt  fe  fapius  cum  Sociis  obferil 
vafte  Ingo/ftadij,  fub  Fyro  quiefeens,  delapfos  ramunculos  rudes 
8c,  natives  in  Vermes  converfos,  mox  in  vefte  obrepiffe.' 

86.  Scorpio.  Indis  Alangatang  8c  Urangurang.  Exuviam  de- 
pon’t,  vix  nocuus,  idus  dolorificus.  Huic  medetur  8C 
Lapis  Coliibrinus  vulgaris.  

O^D  0 A',  Printed  for  H.  Clements.,  at  the  Ua/f-y^oan  in 
Sr.  P<7«/’s  Church-yard,  MDCCIX. 


\ ■ 


(NiJmb.  51 9 J 


PHILOSOPHICAL 

TRANSACTIONS.  ' 


L ~A  Letter  from  Mr.  Anthoiw  van  Leeuwenhoek, 
concerning  the  Circulation  of  the  Blood,  in  Fijhes^  8cc, 

II.  Several  Experiments  touching  the  feeming  Spontaneous 
Afcm  of  Water.  By  Mr.  Fr.  Hauksbee,  F.  R.  S. 

III.  An  Account  of  an  Experiment  touching  the  diferent 
Denfities  of  Common  Water j from  the  greatefi  degree  of 
Heat  in  our  Climate.^  to  the  Freezing  Pointy  ohfervd  by 
a Thermometer.  By  Mr.  Fr.  Hauksbee,  F.  R.  S. 

IV.  An  Account  of  Jome  Experiment Sy  in  relation  to  the 
Weight  of  Common  Watery  under  different  Circum (lances. 
By  Mr.Fr.  Hauksbee,  F.  R.S. 

y.  Epiftola  D.CmdonlsGv9.ndl,  Societatis  Regalis  (Loa- 
din.  Sociiy  ad  lUuJl.  Comitem  D,  La u Pentium  Maga- 
lotti,  dilfx  Societatis  Sociumy  DeFlaturac^  Proprietati- 
bus  Soni. 

yt.  Part  of  a Letter  from  Mr.  Ralph  Thoresby,  F.  R.S. 
to  Dr.  Hans  Sloane,  Reg.  Soc.  Seer,  concerning  fome 
Roman  Antiquities  found  in  Yorkihire:  and  a Storm  of 


For  the  Months  of  January  and  February,  1709. 


The  C ON  T£N  T5. 


( ?50  > 


L A Letter  from  Mr.  Anthony  van  Leeuwen- 
hoek, P.  (?(.  S.  concerning  the  QrcuUtion  ofjthe 
Shod  inFijhes^  &c. 

Delft  In  HolUnd,  Augufi  2S,  1708. 

SOME  time  ago,  I viewed  the  Hearts  of  feveral 
Fifhes,  and  particularly  that  of  the  great  Silver- 
Eel,  which  I cou’d  not  be  weary  of  looking  on,  and 
obferving  its  motion  that  lafted  near  four  Hours,  after 
"twas  out  of  the  Body  of  the  Fifli ; and  the  rather  be- 
caufc  that  Motion  was  fo  regular ; for  when  the  Blood  is 
protruded  out  of  the  Heart,  it  is  not  brought  into  the 
great  Arteries  with  the  fame  fwiftnefs,  which  in  that 
cafe  wou’d  be  over-charged  with  the  great  quantity  of 
Blood  : but  the  Blood  thus  coming  from  the  Heart,  is 
forced  into  a little  white  VelTel,  almoft  of  the  Figure  of 
a Pear,  and  which  one  would  take  for  a kind  of  a Blad- 
der ; one  Orifice  of  which  was  united  to  the  great  Ar-^ 
tery,  and  the  other  to  the  Heart ; in  the  latter  Orifice  is 
a Valve,  theufe  of  which  is,  that  (when  the  Blood  is 
protruded  from  the  Heart  into  theaforefaid  Veffel  that 
I deferibed  to  be  like  a Pear)  it  might  not  run  back 
again  into  it : which  Veffel  having  been  cut  acrofs,  I 
obferved  the  infide  of  it  to  befurnifhed  with  fo  many 
fmall  Particles,  that  ’twas  in  a great  meafure  fill’d  with 
them ; and  thefe  internal  Particles  I conceive  to  be  made,^ 
to  the  end  that  wlien  the  Blood  is  protruded  into  the 
Veffel,  by  dilating  and  contrading  it  felf  it  may  pre- 
fently  force  the  fame  into^  the  Great  Artery.. 


.■When 


( 251  ) 

f When  this  Blood  at  every  Protrufion  came  from  tlic 

Heart  inco  the  aforefaid  Pear-like  Veffel,  the  faid  VefTcl 
was  very  much  extended  in  roundnefs;  and  then  imme- 
diately the  extended  Parts  were  again  contfaded,  or 
drew  themfeK^es  in,  to  the  end  that  they  migiit  in  this 
manner  regularly,  and  without  intermiffion,  protrude 
the  piood  into  the  Artery  : for  if  this  fort  of  Velfd  were 
not  united  to  the  Heart,  the  Blood  couM  not  be  con- 
veniently carry’d  into  theArteries,  becaufe  the  Arteries 
cou’d  not  fo  largely  extend  themfelves;  and  then,' in  my 
Opinion,  at  every  Protrufion  of  the  Blood  from  the 
Hearty  there  wou’d  be  a Itop  put  to  its  flowincr  into 
the  Ai  teries  for  a fmall  inlfant  ot  time:  whereas  in  tliis 
cafe  the  Blood  is  almoft  always  running  with  an  eafy 
and  conftant  Courfe;  tho’  at  every  Protrufion  it  muft 
be  in  fonie  manner  quickned,  yet  that  is  fo  infenfibly,  in 
my  Opinion,  that  no  Body  can  obferve  or  feel  it. 

Now  according  to  this  conhant  Protrufion  of  the 
Blood  into  theArteries  of  Fifhes^  without  the  leafl:  inter- 
miflion,  I am  of  Opinion,  that  the  fame  thing  happens- 
as  regularly,  and  after  the  fame  manner,  in  the  Protru- 
fion of  Blood  out  of  the  Heart  into  the  Arteries  of  Beads- 
and  the  rather  becaufe  we  always  find,  that  the  Great 
Creator  of  all  things  does  bring  about  his  Operations  in 
the  bigger  Creatures,  after  qnc  and  the  fame  manner 
tho’  their  Hearts  are  of  a different  Figure  from  thofe  of 

^ I have  formerly  communicated  to  the  Honourable  So- 
ciety fome  Difcoveries  of  mine,  relating  to  the  Circula- 
tion of  the  Blood  in  Eels,  confiding  in  this  to  wit,  that 
the  Blood  coming  out  of  a great  many  fmall  Vcifels  in 
the  Tail  of  an  Eel,  falls  in,  and  is  united  in  one  greater 
Blood- Velfel,  where  is  the  fird  beginning  of  the  Fid?- 
Bones,  and  where  the  Blood  runs  thro*  a Valve  whidi  J 
have  not  only  obferved  my  felf,  but  ha  ve  Jikewife  fliewn 
to  feveral  Curious  Gentlemen,  who  view’d  it  with  a- 

bundance 


r ^5^  > 

bundance  of  Pleafure  and  Surprize-;  for  the  Blood-Wiii 
v/as  not  only  moved  in  that  part  where  the  Valve  i% 
but  the  Parts  about  the  Blood-VelTel,  of  the  breadth  of 
four  or  five  Hairs/  were  likewife  moved  or  ftirr’d ; from 
vy hence  it  appear’d,  that  at  every  Protrufion  of  Blood' 
into  the  Heart  thro’  tlie  Valve,  the  Blood  flood  ftill  a- 
bout  an  inflant  of  time,  and  that  the  fame  Blood,  fal* 
ling  thro’  the  Valve,  ran  with  great  fwiftnefs,  and  was 
thickeft  juft  at  its  Protrufion  out  of  the  Valve,  but  ran 
thinner  or  flenderer  like  the  Figure  of  a Pear;  and  the 
Vein  that  received  this  Protruded  Blood,  was  not  intire- 
ly  fill’d  with  it,  but  feemM  for  a fmall  foace  to  -be  as  it 
were  empty,  and  the  Parts  of  it  contratted,  which  we 
cou’d  perceive  for  a fmall  time,  and  further  obferving  it, 
faw  the  Blood  run  flowly  and  leifurely  along  the  fame 
Vefiel, 

From  tills  Obfervation  I imagin’d,  that  tlie  fame  thing 
happen’d  in  the  Heart  of  a Humane  Creature,  that 
there  is  a gentle  and  flow  Protrufion  of  the  Blood  out 
the  Heart  into  that  V-eflel,  which  we  call  the  Artery, 
and  confequently  that  there  is  no  fuch  motion  there,  as 
what  is  called  a Pulfe,  and  which  is  felt  in  the  extreme 
Parts  of  the  Body;  but  that  the  fo  named  Puifes  are 
only  caufed  by  the  Protrufion  of  the  Blood  thro’  the 
Valves  that  are  in  the  Veins,  but  I never  obferved  any 
violent  or  fwift  Protrufion  of  the  Blood  into  the  Arte- 
ries, as  often  as  I have  viewed  the  Circulation  thereof : 
and  tho’  the  Blood,  by  the  Contra£Hon  of  the  Heart, 
be  fuddenly  and  haftily  protruded  out  of  it,  yet  its  flow- 
ly carried  into  the  Artery  ; whereas  on  the  contrary,  it 
runs  into  the  Heart  from  the  Veins  with  a violent  and 
fwift  Courfe;  from  whence  it  happens,  as  I fuppofe, 
that  the  remaining  part  of  the  Blood  in  the  Veins  being 
unable  to  follow  with  fo  fwift  a Motion,  are  as  it  were 
violently  and  per  faltum  drawn  or  forced  thro*  the 
Valves,  and  that  it  is  this  fort  of  Motion  which  we  take- 
for.Pulfcs  in  the  Arteries.  That 


( ij  5 ) 

That  I might  fatlsfy  my  felf  in  the  abovemention- 
ed  Obfervations,  I have  feveral  times  viewed  that 
fort  of  Motion  in  my  Arm,  which  we  call  the  Pulfe,  at 
the  time  when  my  Body  was  without  motion  and 
warm  ; and  after  a diligent  Confideration  of  it,  I judg’d 
that  that  Motion,  which  we  perceive  in  the  Blood-Veifel, 
was  not  derived  from  the  Heart  to  the  Hand,  but  con- 
trariwife  from  the  Hand  to  the  Arm,  and  fo  to  the 
Heart  : From  whence  I concluded,  that  like  as  in  the 
Tail  of  an  Eel  there  are  no  Valves  in  the  Blood-VelTels, 
as  far  as  I cou’d  perceive,  and  that  a great  many  fmall 
Blood- Veifels,  are,  as  it  were,  united  in  that  part  where 
the  Fifh-bones  begin,  and  make  one  large  Blood-Vef- 
fel,  and  that  there  is  the  firh  Valve;  in  the  fame  man« 
nerin  Humane  Bodies,  a great  many  fingle  Blood-Vef- 
fels  running  out  of  the  Hand,  are  joyned  in  the  Arm, 
where  likewife  the  firfl:  Valve  is,  thro’  which  the  Blood 
at  each  Protrufion  falls  into  the  Heart,  and  that  that  is 
what  we  call  the  Pulfe. 

I have  feveral  times  obferved  in  the  exceeding  fmall 
Veins  or  Capillary  Veifels,  a little  lifmg  or  fwelling  oc- 
cafion’d  by  a ftronger  Motion  of  the  Blood,  whfch  I 
now  firmly  conclude,  to  proceed  only  from  the  fudden 
Motion  or  running  of  the  Blood  thro’  the  Valves : I 
have  alfo  obferved,  that  m fudden  Frights,  and  other- 
wife,  one  feels  fuch  Motions  at  the  end  of  one’s  Fingers, 
juft  as  if  there  were  Valves  likewife  in  them,  thro* 
which  the  Blood  gufhes ; but  thefe  fort  of  Motions,  I 
fuppofe,  do  only  depend  on  that  quick  Motion  made  by 
the  Blood,  when  it  runs  thro’  the  Valve  in  the  Arm  by 
the  Hand,  to  which  we  give  the  Name  of  a Pulie; 

’Tis  faid,  that  there  are  Valves  in  all  the  Veins  of 
one's  Body;  but  I can  hardly  admit  that  Aifertion,  for 
if  there  were  Valves  in  thofe  Veins,  which  we  can  fee 
with  our  naked  Eye  thro’  the  Skin,  forinflance,  either 
of  the  Hand  or  the  Arm,  we  fliou  d certainly,  in  my 

' O 0 Opinion, 


c ) 

Opinion,  clifcover  likiwife  the  Blood  running  thro’  thofe 
Valves : and  again  if  there  are  Valves  in  the  aforemen- 
tioned Veins  of  the  Arm  or  Hand,  we  fbould  not  be 
able  by  prefling  thofe  Veins  with  the  Finger  to  drive 
the  Blood  back  again,  which  notwithftanding’  is  often 
done. 

Moreover,  if  there  were  Valves  in  the  Veins  that  lie 
^ in  the  Skin  expos’d  to  our  fight,  there  wou’d,  in  my  O- 
' pinion,  a great  many  Inconveniencies  arife  therefrom  ; 
for  if  a Blow  or  Thrull:  were-made  upon  that  part 
where  the  Valve  lies,  the  Blood  would  not  be  able  to 
retire  back,  by  which  means  the  Valve  or  even  the  Vein 
it  felf  might  burft : whereas,  if  there  are  no  Valves,  the 
Blood  can  eafily  retreat  upwards  or  downwards  in  the 
Veins,  as  we,  in  Faff,  obferve  of  thofe  Veins  that  run 
on  both  Tides  in  the  Tail-Fins  of  an  Eel,  which  d©  not 
unite  in  one  greater  Vein  where  a Valve  is,  at  lead:  as  far 
we  coil’d- follow  thofe  Veins  with  our  Eyes. 

Having  thus  far'eommitted  thefe  my  Obfervations  to 
Papers,  1 confidered  with  my  felf,  whether  I might  not 
have  fomething  of  this  nature  lying  by  me,  having  for- 
merly confider’d  this  Subjefl;  of  Eels  j and  I find  amongft 
other  Papers,  thefe  that  follow.  . 

In  the.  Month  of  September  1706,  having  opened  an 
Eel,  and  ,taken  out  the  Guts,  the  Diameter  or  thicknefs 
of  which  was  about  an  Inch  and  a half  ; and  having  alfo 
laid  open  the  Heart,  I coifd  not  dilcover  that  part 
which  receives  the  Blood  out  of  the  Great  Vein  in  oiv 
der  to  bring  it  into  the  Heart. 

But  to^the  end  that  I might  better  difeover  that  part, 

I prepared  a little  Glafs-Tube,  and  put  it  into  the  great 
Vein  at  a. little  didance  from  the  Heart,  and  then  blew 
fome  Air  into  the  faid  Vein,  as  much  as  might  take  up 
the  fpace  of  about  half  a Pea  : this.  Air  pafs’d-  thro’  the 
Great  Vein  into  a little  Bladder  that  lay  on  the  fide  of 
the  Heart,  the  like  of  which  I had  never  before  obferr 

ved 


_ c ijn  ■ . 

ved  thereabouts  5 and  no  fooner  was  the  Air  got  into  tliat 
Bladder,  but  it  did,  as  it  were,  firll:  contrad  and  then 
dilate  it  felf,  fo  regularly  and  in  fuch  a manner,  that 
when  the  Heart  contraded  it  felf  fjuft  as  if  it  were  go- 
ing to  throw  out  it’s  Blood,)  the  aforefaid  little  Bladder 
with  Air  in  it  was  dilated  ^ and  this  did  not  happen  for 
a fmall  time,  but  the  Bladder  continued  in  fuch  a Mo- 
tion above  five  full  Hours  together ; but  indeed  in  the 
lafl  libur  it  was  fo  faint,  that  one  could  but  juft  per-- 
ceive  it ; and  as  for  the  Heart,  its  Motion  was  difeonti- 
nued* 

I caufed  moreover  a Pike-fifli  to  be  brought  me  about 
two  Foot  long,  and  open’d  it  immediately  whilft  it  was 
in  its  full  ftrength  of  Life,  *and  obferv’d  not  only  the 
Motion  of  the  Heart,  and  the  regular  Motion  of  that 
part  which  receives  the  Bipod,  and  brings  it  into  the . 
Heart,  but  alfo  the  Motion  of  that  other  part,  wliich 
receives  the  protruded  Blood  from  the  Heart,  and  car- 
ries it  gently  into  the  Arteries. 

Now  becaufe  very  few  have  any  manner  of  know- 
ledge of  the  Heart  of  a Pike,  and  the  Motion  thereof,  I 
have  caufed  fuch  a Heart,  with  the  VelTels  and  Inftru- 
ments  belonging  to  it,  to  be  drawn  by  my  Fainter. 

tig,  I.  A,  B,  C,  D,  fhews  the  Heart  ofa  Pike;  D,  E, 
F,  A,  reprefents  that  part  into  which  the  Blood  is 
brought  from  the  Veins ; and  C,  D,  G,  that  other  part 
which  receives  the  Blood  from  the  Heart,  to  carry  it  in- 
to the  Arteries. 

■ Now  when  the  Heart  receives  the  Blood  which  is 
conveyed  into  it,  it  dilates  it  felf  into  its  utmoftround- 
nefs^  and  then  that  Inftrument  or  Velfel  deferib’d  by' 
A,  D,  E,  F,  does  at  that  very  inftant  fall  as  it  were  quite 
down  from  its  Swelling  or  Extenfion,  and  difeharging 
it  felf  of  its  Blood  into  the  Veffel  C,  D,  G,  all  Parts  of  it 
become  extended  by  the  hidden  pouring  in  of  the  Bloody 
and  no  fooner  is  it  fo  dilated,  but  it  draws  it  ielf  in  a- 

O 0 2 gain, 


( ) 

rain  and  is  contra£led  on  al)  Cdes,  to  the  end  that  it 
mWforce  the  Blood  into  the  Arteries.  In  fhort,  when 
A D E,  F,  is  contraded^  and  throws  the  Blood  into ' 
the  Heart,  the  Heart  is  dilated ; and  when  the  Heart 
flirinks  it  felf  in,  and  is  contracted  by  the  Difcharge  of 
the  Blood,  C,  D,  G,  is  dilated  ; and  thefe  three  fevefal 
Motions  happen  in  fo  fhort  a time,  and  are  perform’d  fo 
regularly,  thatthofe  who  have  obferv’ditcurioufty,  are 
qifite  aftonifh’d  at  it : and  from  lienee  we  can’t  but  con- 
clude, that  fuch  a Motion  as  this  cou’d  not  be  brought 
about,  unlefs  the  Velfel  A,  D,  E,  F,  had  a Valve  at  A D, 
where  it  is  joyned  to  the  Heart,  which  Valve  is  to  pre- 
vent the  Blood  that  is  ‘thrown  into  the  Heart,  from  re- 
turning-the  fame  way,  and  fo  likewife  there  muft  ne- 
ceffarily  be  another  Valve  at  C,  D,  to  hinder  the  Blood, 
that  is  protruded  from  the  Heart,  from  flowing  back  into 
the  fame. 

I have  alfo  taken  the  Heart  of  a Salmon,  arfd  caufed 
that  to  be  drawn,  as  you  may  fee  in  Fig,  2.  H,  I,  K,  L ; 
in  which  Figure  K,  L,  M,  reprefents  that  Inflrrument 
that  was  deferib’d  in  Fig,  i.by  A,  D,  E,  F ; as  I,  N,  O, 
fhews  that  which  in  Fig,  i.  was  C,  D,  G. 

Moreover  in  Fig,  2,  I fhew  you  the  Inflrument  K,  L, 
M,  cut  open,  to  the  end  that  we  might  difcover,  as  well 
as  we  could,  wkh  the  naked  Eye,  the  Sinewy  Parts 
and  their  Branches**,  all  which  appear’d  as  in  Fig, 

P,  Qj  R,  S,  T,  in  which  (i,  R,  is  the  Part  that  was 
joyn'd  to  the  Heart,  and  is  the  fame  that  in  Fig,  2,  is  re- 
prefented  by  K L ; in  the  faid  Fig,  you  mayobferve 
how  the  Sinewy  Parts  and  their  Branches  run  from 
Qj  R,  toT  *,  this  Inflrument,  or  Veflel,  is  very  foft  in 
its  Parts,  and  it  feems  to  me  alfo,  ^that  it  is  not 

ftrong.  ^ 

Fig,  4.  V,  W,  X,  Y,is  that  Veflel  difleCted,  which  in 

Fig,%,  is  reprefented  by  I,  O,  N ; which  Ve&l  is  ex- 
ceeding; thick  and  ftrong^  and  is  like  the  Inflrument  de- 

“ ‘ feribed 


.(  2S7  1 

fcrlbed  by  F/g,  and  is  provided  within  with  ftronor 
Sinewy  Parts,  to  the  end  that  when  the  Parts  are  e)£ 
tended  by  the  Blood  that  is  pour’d  into  them,  tlrey  may 
be  able  both  in  roundnefs  and  length  to  carry  the  Blood 
into  the  Arteries:  thefe.  Parts,  by  reafon  of  the  great 
number  of  them,  cannot  be  delineated  in  fuch  manner  as 
they  ought.  . - . . ^ . . 

Thele  my  new  Pofitions  will  appear  ilrange  to  a great 
many  People,  and  I make  no  queftion,  will  meet  with 
much  Contradidion  ; becaufe  it  has  been  the  fix’d  Hy- 
pothcfisof  all  the  Learned  Men,  both  paft  and  prefent, 
that  have  exercis’d  themfelves  in  Anatomy,  thaitthe  Ar’ 
teiies  receive  fuch  a Motion  from  the  Heart,  as  we  call 
the  Pulfe:  whereas  I have  now  fhewn,  that  the  Heart 
does  protrude  the  Blood  gently  into  the  Arteries  ; and^ 
that  the  Blood,  which  flows  from  the  Veins  into  the 
Heart,  caufes  fuch  a hidden  fnatching  or  revulfion,  that 
it  can  t fb  immediately  pafs  thro  the  Valves*  in  which 
part  alfo  the^  Veins  are  a little  narrower,  by  which  ‘ 
means  tliere  is  a kind  of  a flop  or  intermiflion  in  the 
Circulation  of  the  Blood  :*  and  this,  f f^^yj  is  the  Caufe 
of  that  Motion,  which  we  call  the  Pulfe. 


Hr  Several  Experiments  touching  the  feeming  Sponta^ 
7ieou^  Jfcent  of  Water,  ©jr  Mr,  Fr.  Haubbec, 

F. .(!{,  s: 


EXPERIMENT  I. 

feveral  Experiments,  which  already  hath  been 
' made  in  relation  to  the  Spontaneous  Afcent  of 
■Water  in  fmall  Tubes,  not  only  by  my  felf,  but  feveral 
others,  with  much  the  fame  fuccefs,  gave  me  the  occa« 
fion  of  thinking,  whether  the  Figure  of  the  Veflel  might, 
or  might  not,  contribute  to  the  oddnefs  of  the  Appear- 
ance. And  to  give  my  felf  that  Satisfadion,  ( an  Ac- 
count of  which  I thought  would  not  be  unacgeptable  to 
the  Society J I proceeded  as  follows* 

I procured  a Couple  of  Glafs  Planes,  about  feven  In- 
ches long,  and  one  and  a half  broad  thefe  Planes  were 
part  of  a broken  Looking  Glafs ; and  notwithlfanding 
when  clapt  together,  they  feem’d  to  touch  one  another 
in  fo  many  parts,  yet  when  they  came  to  be  immerfed  in 
a Liquid,  the  Liquid  would  afcend  between  them  ; but 
fo  thin  and  colon rlefs  it  was,  that  it  could  not  without 
difficulty  “be  difcerned,  but  upon  the  reparation  of  them, 
when  they  would  be  found  wet  on  all  their  parts ; there- 
fore to  make  it  more  obvious,  I put  a fmall  piece  of 
thin  Paper  on  each  corner  by  whicl:^  means,  when  laid 
one  on  the  other,  they  became  fep^ated  by  fuch  a di- 
flance,  as  is  equal  to  the  thicknefs  of  the  Paper.  In  this 
manner  I plung’d  one  end  under  fomesftrongly  ting’d 
Liquor where  it  no  fooner  arriv’d,  but  the  Water  run 

(but 


( 2J9  ^ 

(but  not  with  that  Velocity  as  in  a fmall  Tube)  gradu- 
ally,  fometimes  higher  in  one  part  than  in  another, 
fhooting  it  feif  very  pleafingly  into  - Branches  clivers 
ways,  and  fo  v/ould  continue  till  it  had  arriv’d  to  its 
greatefb  height ; but  that  would  be  according  to  the  di- 
lia nee  tile  Planes  were  plac’d  afunder  : for  ifj  inffead  of 
one,  two  pieces  of  Paper  were  laid  on  each  corner  of  the 
Planes,  the  Water  then  would  not  alcend  fo  high  be- 
tween them,  as  when  they  were  feparated  only  by  a (in- 
gle one.  And  then,  if  the  Planes  were  any  ways  declin’d,  ’ 
the  Water  would  ftill  fpread  it  fclf  farther  and  far,ther, 
.agreeable  to  the  degree  of  Declination ; and  this  on  fe.- 
veral  tryals  fucceeded  much  the  fame. 

EXPERIMENT  II. 

Having  feen  the. fuccefs  of  the  former  Experiment  in 
the  open  Air,  I was  willing  to  try  what  appearance' it 
would  afford  inVacuo  ; accordingly  I fixt  the  two  Planes 
fo  to  a Brafs  Wire,  ( which  pall:  thro’  the  Cover  of  a Re- 
ceiver^ that  I could  make  them  d'efeend  at  pleafure.  In 
this  manner,  with  a-  Difli  of  ting’d  Liquor,  I convey’d 
them  within  the  Receiver  ^ which  having  plac’t  on  my 
Pump,  I proceeded  to  exhauff  its  contain’d  Air,  which 
the  Gage,  in  a little  time,  difeover’d  to  be  pretty  nicely 
done.  Then  I plung’d  the  Planes  (feparated  by  Pieces 
of  thin  Paper  as  before)  into  the  Water,  where,  as  in 
the  open  Air,  it  arofe  between  them  ; only  with  this  dif- 
ference,fhat  there  appear’d  more  Intervals,  or  Spaces, be- 
tween the  Branches  of  the  afeending  Liquid,  than  in  the 
former  Experiment : but  when  I came  to  let  in  the  Airj 
thqfe  Intervals  vanifh’d,  and  an  intire  Body  of  the  Li^ 
quid  fucceeded ; yet  the  exad  form  of  the  upper  parrs 
of  it  remain’d  imalter’d. 


EXP  H. 


( i6o  ) 

experiment  III. 

BV  the  foregoing  Experiments  I found,  that  neither 
the  iVure  of  the  V elfel,  nor  the  Prefence  of  the  Air,  did 
any  ways  affift  in  the  Produaion  of  the  forementioned 
A Leainnce  To  try  therefore  whether  a quantity  of 
Matter  would  help  to  unriddle  the  Mifteiy ; I pro- 
duc’d two  Tubes  of  an  equal  Bore,as  near  as  I could,  but 
o(  very  unequal  Subftances,  one  of  them  being  at  leaft 
ten  times  the  thicknefs  of  the  other;  yet  when  I came 
to  plunge  them  into  the  premention  d Liquid,  the  Aftent 
rvf  k feem’d  to  be  alike  in  both.  Now  fince  the  toi  m 
he  Velfel,  the  prefence  of  the  Air,  or  the  quantity 
Af  Matter  that  eompofes  the  Velfel,do  not  any  thing  coii- 
^hum  to  the  Produaion  of  the  Ph^enomenon,^  it  may 
."Samife,  to  inquire  a little  into  the  Nature  and  Pro- 
perty of  fome  other  Body,  that  operates  with  equal  Vi 
SL  J under  the  prementioned  Circumllances  ; and  by 
I Comparifoii  of  one  with  the  other,  we  may  at  length 
arrive  nearer  to  account  for  the  fame. 

AVhat  I thall  now  ufeto  compare  withthefe  Experi- 

‘ A form  will  attraa  Iron. 

So  by  the  firil:  Experiment,  the  Figure  of  the  \ elfel 
, feems  no  ways  to  contribute  to  the  Afcent  of  the 

' Sprondlv  The  Magnet  is  no  ways  lelfen’d  mits  vi- 
gour of  SWaion,  even  info  thin  a Medium  as  a Fa^ 

D 

bv  the  fecond  Experiment  we  find  the  prefonce  of 
th^  Air^to  be  no  ways  necelfary  to  affift  in  the  Afcent  of 
the  Water,  in  fmall  Tubes,  or  between  the  Planes. 

Thirdly, 


, ■ ' r > 

Thirdly,  The  Magnet,  as  fuppofe  one  of  a Pound 
weight,  that  will  take  up  or  lufpend  a piece  of  Iron  of 
die  like  weight,  and  no  more,  (fuppofing  it  to  be 
in  every  part  of  equal  vertue)  when  feparated  and  broke 
into  a number  of  fmall  parts,  (imagining  them  not  to 
weigh  above  half  a Grain  each)and  thc'C  drefl:,and  Arm'd 
according  to  Art,  will  then  be  capable  to  fufpend  fifty, 
nay  perhaps  a hundred  times  more  the  weight  of  Iron  a- 
mongfi:  them  nowfeparate,  than  they  could  when  all  of 
one  Mafs ; which  appears  to  me,  that  the  Attradlive 
Quality  of  the  Stone  feems  to  be  increas’d  in  Proportion 
as  its  Superficies  is  to  its  Biflk  of  Matter. 

So  by  the  third  Experiment,  I found  that  the  Quanti- 
ty of  Matter,  that  was  us’d  to  compofe  one  VelTel  more 
than  tlie  other,  fignify’d  nothing  to  the  Afcent  of  the 
Water,  which  feem’d  wholly  to, depend  on  the  largcnels 
or  the  fmallnefs  of  their  Cavities,  as  to  the  Jiefght  it 
would  arifeinthem;  and  as  their  Cavities  are  leifen’d, 
fo  the  Difprqportions  of  their  inward  Surfaces  to  their 
Cavities  are  increas’d. 

And  as  the  Magnet,  when  feparated  into  the  premen- 
tioned number  of  fmallParts,wiII  attrad  more  than  when 
united  in  one,  and  is  no  more  than  feparating  or  work- 
ing the  prementiond  thick  Body  of  Glafs  into 'a  number 
of  fmall  Tubes,  that  is  multiplying  the  Surfaces;  the 
Water  then  would  arife  in  each  of  them  fmgly,  as  it 
would  when  all  in  one  Body,  its  Cavity  being  the  fame 
with  the  others;  by  which  means,  the  quantity  of  Wa- 
ter afeending  in  them  is  augmented  from  the  fame 
Quantity  of  Matter. 

To  conclude  : There  feems  to  be  fuch  an  agreeable- 
nefs  of  the  Qualities  or  Difpofitions  of  one  widi  the  o< 
ther,  that  I fee  no  reafbn  why  the  Fads  proceed  not 
from  one  and  the  fame  Caufe ; for  as  the  inward  Surfa- 
ces of  the  Tubes  are  made  fmaller  and  fmaller,  fo  the 
Powei  of  their  Attradion  (*as  is  vifible  by  the  higher 

^ P Afcent 


( i6i  ) 

Afcent  of  the  ^V'ate^  in  them)  is  greater  and  greater, 
and  is  moli:  demonlfrable  by  the  Experiments^'  of  the 
Planes  • for  their  inward  Area  being  always  the  fame, 
lb  that  as  they  are  placed  nearer  and  nearer  to  each  other, 
the  Cavity  or  Space  between  them  becomes  lefs  and 
lefs,  and  confequently  the  Difproportions  are  increafed, 
whereby  the  Power  of  their  Attraclion  is  augmented. 

experiment  IV. 

This  Experiment  I take  to  be  very  Analogous  to  thofe 
lately  made  on  the  feeming  fpontaneous  Afcent  of 
AVater  between  Glafs,  Marble,  and  Brafs  Planes,  as  al- 
fo  with  thofe  made  in  Capillary  Tubes ; fince  it  feems  to 
proceed  from  the  lame  Principle,  and  fubjecl  to  the  fame 
Laws  as  appears  by  matter  of  Fadt ; which  take  as  fol- 
lows.’ I took  a Glafs  Tube  about  ^2  Inches  long,  the 
Diameter  of  its  Cavity  near  three  quarters  of  an  Inch  : 
This  when  I had  ty’d  a Piece  of  Linnen  Cloth  at  one 
end, ’(to  prevent  tlie  Afhes  from  falling  out;  I proceed- 
ed to  till  with  Afhes  at  the  other : the  Afhes  were  fifred 
thro’  a pretty  tine  Searfe.  At  every  fmall  Portion  I put 
in,  I ramm’d  them  ftrongly  down  with  a Rammer, 
whofe  Bafis  was  very  little  lefs  than  the  Bore  of  the 
Tube;  by  which  means,  I laid,  or  rather  crouded  them 
as  dote  together  as  potfible.  When  the  Tube  was  be- 
come full,  I ty’d  over  that  end  of  it  by  the  Neck  a fmall 
and  limber  Bladder,  having  firft  exprell:  all  the  Air  out 
of  its  Body,  in  order  to  receive  that  Air,  which  I exped- 
ed  would  be  forc^d  thro’  the  Afhes  upon  the  Afcent  of 
the  Water.  In  this  manner  I plung’d  the  end  of  the 
Tube,  to  which  I had  ty’d  the  Linnen,  (as  it  was,;un. 
der  the  furface  of  Water  in  a Glafs,  and  found  the  Wa- 
terprefently  begin  to  Afcend  in  it : It  arofe  a pretty  pace 
at  firll:  • for  in  16  Minutes  time  it  hadafeended  near  an 

dneh  and  three  quarters:  but  as  it  arofe  higher,  fo  its 

Prog  refs 


( 2^5  ) 

Progi-efs  became  flowei-  for  at  the  end  of  24  Hours, 
the  Water  had  attain'd  but  to  16  Inches  ^ the  Bladder, 
at  the  top  being  near  half  fill’d  with  that  Air  which  had 
deferred  the  Afhesasthe  Water  afeended  in  them.  At 
the  fame  time  I found  the  upper  part  of  the  Tube,  to 
which  the  Bladder  was  ty’d,  to  be  crack’d  round,  and 
foon  after  drop’d  off.  However  I had  the  Satisfa- 
clion  defir  d.  And  fb  continuing  the  Experiment,  I 
found  at  24  Hours  diftance  fromlhe  lafi:  Obfervation, 
the  Water  had  afeended  in  the  Ailies  6 Inches  higher" 
which  was  very  difcernible  by  the  change  of  Colour  it 
gave  thrm,  dillincl  from  thofe  that  were  dry. 

^ Again,  At  the  like  difiance  of  time  from  the  lafi  no- 
tice, the  Water  had  arifen  4 Inches  and  a half,  and  fome- 
thing  better.  On  the  4th  day,  at  the  ufual  time  of  Ob- 
fervation, it  had  afeended  3 Inches  higher:  and  when 
the  following  24  Hours  were  fimfii’d,  the  Water  reach’d 
within  half  an  Inch  of  the  top,  by  its  afeent  of  2 Inches. 
About  10  Hours  after,  it  had  compleatly  reach’d  the 
Extremity  of  the  Tube.  Then  defiring  to  know  what 
Quantity  of  Water  the  Afhes  had  Abforb’d,  I weigh’d  a 
Glafsof  Water  nicely,  part  of  which  I Pour'd  into  the 
Glafs,  in  which  the  Tube  had  all  along  been  kept,  till  it 
reach’d  the  Mark  the  Surface  of  the  Water  fiood  at 
when  the  Tube  was  firfi  plung’d  into  it;  and  found  the 
Quantity  to  be  equal  to  the  weight  of  1792  Grains 
which  is  nearly  the  Bulk  of  7 Cubical  Inches  5 the  Ca- 
pacity of  the  whole  Tube,  in  which  it  arofe,  was  equal 
but  to  about  1 3 Inches  of  the  fame  denomination.  Now 
this  Experiment  to  me  feems  furprifing  enough  from  the 
following  Obfervations. 

Firfi,  That  the  Water  not  only  afeended  in  the  Allies 
as  between  the  premention’d  Planes,'  and  in  the  fmall 
Tubes,  contrary  to  its  Natural  Gravation  ; but  with 
fuch  a Power  too,  as  to  force,  and  put  to  flight  pret- 
ty firongly  imprifon’d  Air,  which  was  contain  d in  the 
Intcrfiices  of  the  Ramm’d  Aflaes.  P p 2 Se- 


( 2(54  ) 

Secondly,  That  the  removal  of  this  Imprifond  Air 
could  not  be  done  without  a Power  furmounting  its 
Kefiftance,  which  mufi:  be  great,  fmec  upon  endeavour- 
ing to  force  Air  thro’  the  Body  of  Afhes  by  the  Prengtli 
of  my  Breath,  when  the  Tube  was  not  above  half  fill’d, 
it  provA  unfuccefsful.  Not  but  that  I beMeve,  if  the  fame 
lorce  had  been  continu’d  for  fome  time,  it  would  have 
found  its  way  through. 

TJiat  the  Water  afeends  fafi-eft  at  firfl,  when  there  is 
a larger  quantity  of  Interflitial  Air  to  remove,  (if  I 
may  call  it  fo,)  than  when  the  Column  of  the  dry 
Afhes  grows  fliorter,  by  the  higher  Afcent  of  the  Water 
in  them. 

Fourthly,  That  notwithftanding.’the  Tube  was  ram- 
med as  full  as  it  could  with  Afhes,  yet  their  Interftices 
were  fo  many,  as  to  receive,  or  imbibe  another  Body, 
equal  in  bulk  to  above  half  the  Content  of  the  whole. 

Fifthly,  That  the  Water  a rofe,  not  only  in  the  Afhes 
ad  joyningto  the  inward  Surface  of  the  Tube,  but  equal- 
ly in  the  whole  Body  of  it,  as  I found  upon  Examina- 
tion. 

Sixthly,  That  the  Air  lodg’d  in  the  Interftices  of  the 
Afhes,  was  protruded  thro’  them  as  the  Water  afeend- 
cd,  was  manifeft  by  the  Intumefcence  of  the  Bladder  : 
And  notwithftanding  the  Accident  of  the  Bladders  fal- 
ling off,  I cannot  but  conclude,  that  the  Quantity  of  it 
muft  be  equal  to  the  like  bulk  of  Water  which  fupply- 
ed  its  place. 

I repeated  the  fame  Experiment  in  Vacuo^  in  a Tube 
much  about  the  fame  Diameter  of  the  other,  but  not 
above  i c Inches  in  length : This  Tube,  being  fill’d  with 
Afhes  as  before,  was  plac’d  in  Vacuo^^  where  it  remain’d 
fome  time,  to  give  liberty  for  the  Air  contain’d  in  them 
to  get  away.  Then  Plunging  the  lower  end  of  the  Tube 
under  fome  Water,  I found  (as  I expeO:ed,j  that  the 
' Water  arofe  fafter  in  the  Aflies  in  that  Medium,  than  in 

Common 


C i6<)  ) 

Common  Air ; for  in  about  4 Hours  time,  it  had  reach’d 
the  Extream  of  its  height ; which  plainly  fliews,  that  the 
Prefence  of  the  Air  is  fo  far  from  being  neceifary  in  the 
Produdion  of  this  old  Phsenomenon^  that  it  is  a manifeft 
Impediment  to  it. 

\ 

J Contlnuatkn  of  Experiments ^ touching  the  feeming 
Spontaneous  Ajcent  of  Water^  or  other  Liquids, 
Mr.  Fr.  Hauksbee,  F.  5^.  vS. 

J H E Afcent  of  Water  in  Capillary  Tubes  has 

1 been  taken  notice  of  feme  Years  ago,  but  that 

it  iliould  arife  between  twoGlafs  Plan&s,  whofc  Sides  lie 
open  to  the  Air,  I had  not  fo  much  as  received  a hint  of 
it  before  I firh:  difeover’d  it.  And  I find  that  this  P/^.f- 
nomenon  is  not  to  be  ty’d  up  to  Glafs  Bodies  alone  ^ for 
Stone,  or  Brafs,  and, lor  ought  I know,  mod  other  Bo- 
dies that  have  fmooth  Surfaces, or  that  their  Surfaces  may 
become  nearly  Contiguous  to  one  another,  may  give  the 
like  Appearance;  as  is  plain  by  the  following  Experi- 
ments. I procur’d  a pair  of  Marble  Planes,  that  were , 
Ground  as  true  as  the  Workman  could  make  them:' 
Thefe  when  I had  joyn’d  together  dry,without any  thing, 
between,  I plung’d  the  Edge  of  them  about  a quarter  of 
an  Inch  under  the  Surface  of  the  Water,  and  continued 
them  fo  for  fome  Minutes  of  lime  : then  taking  them  > 
out,  I found  I could  not  eafily  part  them  without  Hiding . 
them  one  from  off  the  other ; which  when  I had  done, .. 
'twas  eafily  difeoverabie  how  far  the  Water  had  made  its 
way  between  them,  which,  upon  divers  tryals,  I have 
found  different ; but  at  all  times,  when  I had  newly  rub- 
bed over  the  Planes  with  Wood  Afhes,  the  Water  would 
afeend  higheli.  Now  whether  the  fmall  DuH  of  the 
Afhes  adhering  to  the  Planes  may  contribute  any  thing 

towards 


( ) 

towards  It;  or  that  they  better  clear  them  from  an  Oily 
or  Vifcous  Matter,  that  may  be  communicated  to  them 
from  our  Hands,  I cannot  yet  determine  : However, 

whatever  the  occafion  is,  the  Matter  of  Fad  is  true. 
Then  I took  a pair  of  round  Brafs  Plan-g,  and  ordered' 
them  as  before  5 the  Succefs  of  which  wasvery  agreeable 
with  the  former. 

There  is  one  thing  I forgot  to  take  notice  of  in  a for- 
mer Experiment ; which  is  the  Afcent  of  Spirit  of 
Wine,  or  Oyl  of  Turpentine  between  two  Glafs  Planes, 
without  any  thing  to  feparate  them.  It  cannot  be  ima- 
gined but  that  thefe  Planes  muft  touch  each  other  in  a 
multitude  of  Parts ; yet  for  all  that,  and  notwirhifand- 
ing  they  are  held  forcibly  together,  the  Spirit  of  Wine 
will  inhnuate,  and  afeend  feemingly  in  an  intire  Body, 
betw”een  all  the  contiguous  Parts  of  them,  as  before 
and  after  their  Separation  nothing  appears  to  the  con- 
trary. 

To  the  prementioned  Experiments  give  me  leave  to 
add  what  I have  fince  obferved,  in  plunging  the  Planes 
in  Spirit  of  Wine,  Oyl  of  Turpentine,  and  common  Oyl : 
That  all  thefe  different  Fluids  arofe  between  as  the 
tinged  Water;  only  with  this  difference,  the  common 
Oyl  very  fluggiflily ; it  was  near  an  Hour  arifing  fo 
high  between  them,  as  the  other  Liquids 'would  in  Icfs 
than  half  a Minute.  They  all  arofe  in  an  intire  Body 
from  fide  to  fide  of  the  Planes,  without  thofe  Intervals 
or  Spaces,  which  generally  happen  on  the  Afcent  of 
the  Water.  I likewife  took  a couple  of  round  Glafs 
Planes,  and  having  laid  them  one  on  another,  without 
Paper,  or  any  thing  elfe  between  to  keep  them  feparate  ; 
In  this  manner  I plung’d  one  edge  juff  under  the  Sur- 
face of  the  tinged  Liquor,  and  found  the  Water  almoff 
Inftantly  had  reach’d  the  Extreams  of  them  in  all 
Parts : By  which  wc  find,  that  the  Water  not  only  a- 
feends  diredfly  upwards,  but  runs  fideways,  obliquely, 
er  in  any  diredf ion.  HI. 


{ 167  ) 


III.  An  Account  of  an  Experiment  touching  the  dijfc^ 
rent  'Denjities  of  Lomynon  Water^  jroyn  the  gveuteft 
degree  of  Heat  in  our  Clwiate^  to  the  V retiring  ^oint^ 
objcrVd  by  a Thermoyneter.  By  Mr,  Fr.  Haiiksbee, 

F.  R.  S. 

I Caus’d  a Quart  of  Water  to  be  heated  near  fcald- 
ing  hot,  and  then  put  it  into  a convenient  Glafs  with 
my  I'hermoiiieter,  the  Spirit  in  which  fbon  arofc  into 
the  Ball  a-top,  where  it  remain’d  till  the  Water  coolino- 
caiis’d  it  to  defcend  : by  this  time  the  Spirit  in  the  Ther^ 
mometcr  and  the  Water  were  become  of  an  equal  Tem- 
perature; and  when  it  had  deicended  to  150  Degrees  a- 
bove  the  Freezing  Point,  I began  my  Obfervations  ; 
which  take  as  follows.  I weighed  a linall  Bottle  in’t, 
and  found  the  Bulk  of  Water  equal  to  it  in  that  State 
was  574  Grains.  When  the  Spirit  had  deicended  to 
80  Degrees  above  the  Freezing  Point,  the  Bulk  of  Wa- 
ter equal  to  the  Bottle  then  weigh’d  three  quarters  of  a 
Grain  more  than  before.  At  thirty  Degrees  above  the 
Freezing  Point,  the  quantity  of  Water  equal  to  the  Bulk 
of  the  Bottle  was  again  increafed  about  three  quarters 
of  a Grain.  At  the  Freezing  Point,  it  weigh’d  Bill  fome- 
thing  more ; in  all  about  two  Grains  from  1 50  Degrees 
above  the  Freezing  Point,  to  that  very  Point.  Which 
to  me  ieems  confiderable,  and  ought  to  be  taken  notice 
of  by  fuch  Gentlemen,  who  judge  of  a Mineral  or  any 
other  Water  by  its  weight,  when  they  have  not  an  op- 
portunity of  making  the  Experiment  at  the  Fountain- 
head ; for  there  I fuppofe  the  Water  is  at  the  fame  Ds- 
'gree  of  Temperature  at  all  Seafons. 


No^y 


. C 2^8  )■ 

Now  according  to  this  Experiment,  I find,  that  Wa- 
ter is  condenfable  by  Cold  one  28th  part  of  the  Whole, 
frorh  the  greatefi:  Degree  of  Heat  in  this  Climate.  Sup- 
pofing  then,  that  the  Water  in  the  Sea  fhould  fufier  the 
lame  Alterations  by  the  change  of  the  difierent  Seafons, 
(*as  I fee  no  reafon  but  very  nearly  it  muft^  it  would  be 
eafy  to  compute,  that  a Ship  which  fliould  draw  two  Fa- 
'tlioms,  or  12  Feet  Water,  in  fuch  Weather.as  is  under- 
vllood  by  the  greatefi:  Degree  of  Heat,  would  draw  about 
half  an  Inch  lefs  from  the  greater  Denfity  of  the  Fluid, 
when  reduc’d  to  the  premention’d  Degree  of  Cold  ; and 
'Confequently  woul  Sail  better  at  that  time. 

Bat  this  is  not  all  that  occafion’d  the  making  this  Ex- 
'periment,  for  I did  it  in  order  to  another.  And  fince  I 
find  that  Water  is  capable  of  Dilation  and  ContradHon 
' by  Heat  and  Cold,  I fee  no  reafon  why  the  fame  may 
-not  be  performed  by  force,  notwithftanding  the  many 
' /attempts  to  determine  it  have  as  yet  been  fruitlefs.  For 
- lince  the  conlfituent  Parts  of  the  Fluid,  are  capable  of 
.being  remov’d  at  greater  Di'ftances  one  from  the  other 
by  Heat,  and  become  more  clofely  united  by  Cold  ; fo  I 
conclude,  that  there  mufi:  be  fomeBody  contained  in’t 
• -of  an  ElaftickQuality,  which  f I think J mufi:  be  fubjedf 
-to  the  fame  Laws  of  fuch  a Body;  that  is,  be  capable 
of  Compreffion  by  force,  as  well  as  to  become  more 
Denfe  by  Cold.  But  the  Ilfueof  this,  I mufi:  leave  to 
more  proper  Seafon. 


IV.  Jn 


I 


? 2(Jp  ) 


IV.  An  Account  of  fome  Experiments^  in  relation  to 
the  Weight  of  Common  Water ^ under  dijferent  Cir^ 
curnfances.  By  Mr,  Fr.  Hauksbee.  F,  5. 

Flrfl:,  I took  a Glafs  of  Common  Water,  and  having 
weigh’d  nicely  a Glafs-Bottle  in  it,  whofe  Bulk  was 
equal  to  the  Bulk  of  575  Grains  of  the  fame  Fluid,  then 
I caus’d  fome  of  the  fame  Water  to  be  boyhd  over  the 
Fire  ; and  after  that,  it  was  included  in  Facuo,  and  there 
remain’d  till  it  became  of  the  fame  Temperature  (as  to 
coldnefs)  with  Common  Water.  Thus,  to  the  utmoft 
of  my  Power,  I endeavour’d  to  Extricate  all  the  Ah*  out 
of  the  Water,  thinking  in  that  State,  it  would  become 
more  denfe  than  when  I weigh’d  my  Bottle  firfHn’t  j but 
contrary  to  my  Expedation,  I found  that  the  Bottle  had 
juft  the  fame  weight  in  it  as  before  *,  which  feems  to  con- 
firm the  impoffibility  to  comprefs  Water  by  force  intoa 
lefTer  Ipaee  than  it  naturally  poffelTes:  For  if  upon  the 
Removal  of  fuch  a Qiiantity  of  Air  from  out  of  its  Bo- 
dy, the  Parts  do  not  Aide  any  clofer  together,  how 
fhould  a Weight  laid  upon  its  Surface,  when  its  Inter- 
flices  feem  to  berepleat  with  Air,  make  any  ImprefTi- 
on  on  it  ? The  Body  which  is  forc’d  out  of  the  Water, 
by  the  premention’d  means,  I call  Air,  fince  for  any 
thing  to  the  contrary  that  I can  difeover,  it  is  fubjed  to 
all  the  fame  Laws  with  it  ^ but  that  the  Water,  upon  its 
abfence,  fhould  not  unite  more  clofely  chan  before, 
feems  very  furprifing  to  me  ; for  I cannot  conceive 
what  Matter  muff  fupply  the  Vacancies,  fince  the  Par- 
ticles bf  Water  themfelves  remain  at  the  fanie  diftances 
as  if  the  Air  was  not  withdrawn,  otherwife  the  Water 

Q.  q ‘ of 


( 170  ) 

of  necefTity  muft  become  more  denfe.  But  to  proceed  ; I 
c-aus’d  iome  Water  to  be  heated  about  Blood- wrrm,, 
when  weighing  my  Bottle  in  it^  I found  the  bulk  of  Wa- 
ter equal  to  the  bulk  of  the  Bottle  was  about  j Grains 
lefs  than  when  Cold  ; which  fbows,  that  the  component 
Parts  of  the  Water  are  eafilyfeparaced  by  Heat,  and  the 
Matter  lodg’d  in  its  In terftices  capable  or  dilation.  Then 
I took  that  Water  that  I had  purg’d  of  all  its  Air,  (as 
•near  as  1 could,)  and  gave  it  a degree  of  Heat,  not  ex- 
ceeding luke-warm ; upon  weighing  the  premention'd 
Bottle  in  it,  I found,  that  altho’  the  Heat  it  had  recei- 
ved was  very  inconfiderable,  yet  the  bulk  of  the  Wa- 
ter in  that  State,  equal  to  that  of  the  Bottle,  was  now 
deminifh’d  2 Grains:  which  plainly  fhews,  that  not- 
•withftanding  the  Water  contain’d  no  Air  that  I could 
’ difcover,  yet  there  feems  a Matter  latent  in  it,  capable 
of  Intumefcence. 


V.  Eplftola  Guidonis  Grandi,  Societatis 
gaits  Londin.  Socii,  ad  llluft.  Comitem  D.  Lau* 
rentium  Magalocti,  dt&^ie  Societatis  Socium^  De 
Matura  O*  ^roprietatibus  Soni. 

Clariffimo  Viro  Laiirentio  Magalotti 
Guido  Grandus  S. 

ELegantilTimum  Pr^efulis  Armachani  commentario- 
lum  de  Sono,  quod  mihi  nuper  communicafti, 
-fumma  animi  voluptate  perlegi  5 at  circa  Semiplani  figur 
ram  in  calce  ejus  fcripti  comniemoratam,  in  cujus  potil- 
fi»ium  expofitione  meam  a te  operam  defiderari  figni- 


t 27T  ) 

ficaveras  ("five  obargumeiiti  ipfius  difficultatem,  inge- 
nii  mei  viribus  lon:^e  fuperiorem,  five  ob  diagrammatis 
Londino  tranlmifii,  minus  fortalTe  ad  imnreirum  exem- 
plar exadam  delineationem)  vereor,  utfatis  afiequi  nien- 
tem  Auftoris,  tuifque  votis  pro  merito  refpondere  va- 
- iuerim.  Ne  tamen  jufiis  tuis  nihii  interim  videar  dctu- 
liife,  qualefcumque  animadverfioiies,  & conjedurasme- 
as  ad  propofiti  nodi  evolutionem  fpedantes  aperiam  Sr 
fin  minus  Interpretis,  faltem  Divinatoris  perfonam  hac 
in  re  fufcipere  non  gravabor,  ut  eorum  qua>  ad  implen- 
. dam  muneris  injuiidri  provinciam  pertinerent  nihil  a 
me  fuifie,  tuae  auaoritatis  gratia,  prstermifTum  inrel- 
ligas. 

Comparat  doaiflimus  Prxful  fcientiam  auditus  cum 
Theoria  vifionis,  atque  ut  hxc  in  diredam,  refiexam 
& refraftam  dividitur,  ita  illam  pari  ratione  trifariani 
difiribuit,  ut  non  modo  fonos  dired^os,  Sr  reflexos  rquod 
dudum  in  ufu  fuit;  fed  Sr  refradbos  coniideret  • quem- 
admodum  auteni  eximiis  inventis  opticis,  catopcricis 
Sr  dioptricis  vifionem  a majoribus  nodris  magnajamex 
parte  perfadfamfuifleanimadvertit,  ita  compluribus  in- 
llrunientis  Acufticis,  Catacufticis,  Sr  Diacufticis  five 
Phonicis,  Cataphonicis,  Sr  Diaphonicis  (utrovis  enim. 
modo  denominat)  auditum,  tarn  ex  objedi,  quam  me- 
dii  vel  organi  parte  perfici  pofle  non  dubitat,  e6que 
Ipedtantia  problemata  proponit,  qu^  tamen  in  hoc  fcnp. 
to,  nedum  abfque  demonftratione,  fed  Sr  abfque  deter^ 
minatione,  aut  conflruaione  ulla  exhibentur,  unde  non 
major  ad  ipforum  folutionem  lux  nobis  afFuJget,  quam 
qu^,  ante  inventa  a M.  Galileo  fcientia:  motus  principia. 
haberipotuiffet  ad  enodationem  problematum  circa  de- 
terminandam  projediorum  femitam,  vel  aquarum  ex 
data  altitudine  defcendentium  velocitatem  propofito- 
rum  : Neque  enim  aifirmare  verebor,  perinde  ignota 
nunc  efle  Acufticx  do(9:rinse  fundamenta,  certe  nondum 
paflim  vulgata,  aut  inter  erudites  recepta,  licet  fortaifd 


( iKi  ) 

laiidatiflimo  huic  Prsefuri  innotuiiTe  videantur,  (i  qux  ab 
illo  iiidicata,  &promitra  funt,  attendamus,  quorum  qui- 
dem  uberiori  expofitione,  atqiie  a pend  demonftratione 
totam  fibi  literariam  Rempublicam  demeruifTet,.  cum 
vix  credendum  fit,  omnes  fimplici  ilia  Opticorum,  & A- 
culticorum  comparatione  fore  tomentos,  qux  vix  ultra 
fatis  latam  analogiam  extenditur,  ob  tot  dilcrimina,  qui- 
bus  propagatio  Lucis  a diffulione  Soni  fecernitur  : inter 
quae  illud  palmarium  eft,  quod  Lux  per  lineam  re£lam 
femper  exporrigitur,  dumlonusetiam  percurvas,  &in- 
flexas  utcunquc  femitas  quaquaverfum  fpargitur,-atque^ 
intercepto  cujufvis  opaci  corporis  obice,  fenlibilis  red- 
ditur. 

Lt  vero  haec  ipfa,  quae  de  Soni  diffufione  dodiftimus  . 
Auftor  nofter  edilfeiit,  ejus  differentiam  a lucis  propaga- 
tione  manifeftant : docet  liquidetn,  fonum  fecus  parietes, 
aut  fornices  laevigatiftimos,  elliptica,  vel  cycloidali,  po- 
tius  quam  circular!  flexura  donates,  blando  quodam, 
expeditiftimo  lapfu  feliciter  excurrer-e,  nec  non  per  mol* 
lem  aquae  fuperficiem,  fonoris  tremoribus,  quibus  aer 
crifpatur,  obfequentem  valid) us  pronioveri : qu^e  vereor, 
ut  in  luminis  propagatione  adeo  geijeratim  oblerventur  ; 
nam  de  Ellipfi  quidem  hoc  tantuni  habemus  exxatoptrir 
cd  dcnionftratum,  quod jadiilucis'ex  altero  ejusfocoD 

emanantes, . in  ellipti- 
cam  curvam  ABC  iiiir 
pingentes,  ind©  reflexi  in 
altero  foco  E colligentur; 
at  ft  ex  alLo  quovis  pund:o 
G,  prseten  locos,  exeant 
radii,  non  omnes  amplius 
in.  unum  puadum  coi- 
bunt,  fed  ita  rcfle<ftentur^ 
ut  Gurvam  caufticam  - f F f contadlu:  fuo  ejForment,  fu- 
pra  cujus  convexitatem  exiftentes  uno  aut  altero  reflexo 
radio;  aon  pluribus  gaudere  poterunt,.  in  ipfa  vero  cui> 


‘ ( 2:73  ) 

yi  pofiti  aliqpot  ex  maxim evicinis  partlcipabunt';  atqui 
intra  cavitatem  ejufdcm  veiTabiintur,  ab  omni  rcfiexo- 
rum  radiorum  illapfii  immunes  erunt,  adeo  nullum inde 
bbiemoluraentum  obventurum  fperabunt. 

Cydoidem  quod  attinet,  oftendit  quidem  Cl.  V.  Jo- 
annes Bernoullius  in  Adis  LipficC  i69y.  Lucis  radium,  fi 
per  media  tranfiret,  quorum  raritates  in  quolibetpundo 
juxta  rationem  fubdu  plica  tarn  altitudinum  variarent,  ita 
continuo  flexu  refrangendum,  utin  curvam  cycloidis  fi- 
nuaretur:  at  feu  reflexione,  feu  direda  per  idem  medi- 
um propulfione,.  quid  figura  cydoidis  ad  felidorem  lu- 


minis  diffufionem.  conferret,  plane  non  video  v enim 
curva  focis  omnino  caret,  adeb  ut  in  nullo  pundo  ra- 
dios recolligere  poUif,  fed  in  curvas  irregulares  abeunt 
radii  ab  ipla  reflcxi,  nifi  quod  ubi  ad  axem  K L paral- 
lel! radii  P M,  QjN  in  Cydoidem  E M K N H inci- 
derent,  tunc  linea  cauftica  per  contadum  reflexorum 
radiotum  M R,  N-  S,  efformata,  cx  binis  cyeleidibus 
ERL,  H S L,  cireulO'  fubduplse  diametri ' generatisj 
componeretur,- radiofque  reflexos  confertiffimos  circa- 
utriufque  co-nbriiiim-L.,  ad  medium  balls  refledentis  cy- 
cloiclis  exhiberet : Cceterumtam  in  his  quam  in.aliis  can- 
Rids  ex  qualibet  luminoli  pundi  radiorumque  pobtione* 
refiiltantibus,  eaedem'obfervationes  locum  haberent,quaS' 
fub  finem  praecedentis  paragraphi  cauilicis  per  elliplim\ 
cffprmads  competere  diximus, 

* De ... 


o ( 274  ") 

De  plana  aquarum  fupcrficic  nihil  eft  quod  addam, 
cum  pateat,  lucis  radios  per  illam  aut  omnino  refraftos 
tranfire,  aut  ordmata  reliexione  in  adverfam  partem  re- 
mitti,  perindeac  c chryftalli  folidioris  fuperlicie,  imo  ab 
\ac  aliquanto  fortius,  quam  ab  jlla,  tantum  abeit,  ut 
per  illam  facillime  repentes  in  directum  expedltius  pro- 
moveri  poiTint,  illumque  blandum  progrelTum  obtinere, 
quern  tremoribus  harmonicis,  per  mollem  aquarum  fu- 
perficiem,  crifpatione  fua  ipforum  flexui  fe  accomodan- 
tem  ferpentibus  Auctor  tribuit:  immb  & dubitare  licet, 
an  l^Evigatiflimse.  fpeculorum  fuperficies,  perinde  ac  lu- 
minis,  lie  foni  reflexionibus  valde  conducerent,  cum 
Echo  ipfa  fpeluncarum  recelTus  afperrimos,  magis  quam  ^ 
politos,  ae  tenui  gypfo  incruftatos  parieces  habitare  vi-  * 
deatur,  ab  incultis  vallibus,  ab  antraftuofis  antris,  at- 
que  e veterumsedificiorum  ruderibus.frequentius  reipoii- 
dens ; quocirca  Poeta  Mythologus  Metamorpliof.  lib. 
fab.  5.  de  ilia  lie  cecinit : 

' S^retA  Utet  fylvis : pidibunda(^ue  frondibpis  ova 
- Vrotegit^  & folis  ex  illo  vivit  in  Antris, 

Vox  mAnet^  oJJa  ferunt  Upidis  traxijfe  jiguramy 
* hide  Utet  Sylvisy  nullot^ue  in  monte  videtuvy 
Omnibus  Audit ur  : Sonus  ejl  ^ui  vivit  in  ilia* 

Quse  tamen  non  ideo  a me  dicta  velim,  ut  quidpiati 
aut  debitae  fidei,  aut  promerits  laudis  derogem  pronun- 
ciatis  Cl.  AuQ:oris,  quern  potius  extimulandum  cenfeo 
ad  banc  Sonorum  Theoriam  ex  integro  edendam,  aut,  li 
quid  amplius,  &■  abfolutius  julTo  volumine  jam  ediderit,’ 
nobifeum  cymmunicandum : ut  qua  tandem  lege  fonori 
tremores  pefr  aerem,  per  aquam,  & per  varis  denfitatis 
corpora  quslibet,  turn  fluida,  turn  Iblida  progrediantur, 
h in  quo  foni,  lucifqueconvenientia  nondum  fatis  ha£te- 
nus  nobis  comperta  conliflat,  innotefcerc  pollit,  unde 
firmatis  Acuities  fundamentis  mirum  in  modum  feien- 


( ) 

tla  h^c  deinceps  perficeretur,  idoneis  organis  ad  fbnum 
coi^gi'egandum,  augendum,  promovendum,  multipli- 
pndum,  aptiufque  di^^^  excogitatis,  quorum 

Jpeni  fadt/-Sc  dedderium  accendit  Fra^ful 
do  bflimus.  Interim, ego  oilenfurus,  quantum  illius 
verbis  deferendum  exiftimcm,  Acufiicum  ipfum,  feu 
fpheiam  Phonicam  ab  eodem  propofitam,  divinando 
quam  interpretando,  exponere  utcunque  agnre- 
diar,  verbis^illiusprimumadd:i6lis,  ut  cum  meis  conje- 
dturis  moxfubiiciendis  conferri  queant,  & quamexadle 
iildem  refpondeant  cujullibet  polTit  arbitrio  judicari. 

Mdam  hoc  loco,  inquit  Audor,  S^mipUm  AculHcl  feu 
p }€)  u r home  a fguram,  ^^^fiteutamen  admag-num  feienti^ 
hujuspnmipwmexplkandum,  quod  in  fomrum  progreffione 
. conftfttt.  Conftderetis  oportet  rude  hoc  femipUnum  velut 
hortzomt  pArallelum,  ^ mm  Ji  eidem  perpendicuUre  fuerit 
Juppono  extremitatem  illius  fuperiorem  non  cmplius  circuU- 
rem  jut ur am,  fed  byperbolicam,  partem  g/erdjnjeriorem  aqua- 
lem  fore  urn  ex  maximis  terra  circuLis:  adeo  ut  univerfa 
fibers  Phonic  a,  ft  it  a appeliare.^  liceat,  ft  quadam  hyperbola 
Jolt  da , fuper  concava  ^ 

bafs  fpheric£  ftpsrf- 
cie  ereUa.  Porro  Di- 
agramma  Londino 
tFanfmilTum  liujuf- 
modierat,  nullispr^e- 
terea  notis  ad  ejus 
illuftrationein  facien- 
tibus  inftrudum. 

Ipfe  igitur,  hoc  alio  Schemate  fnbftituto,  mencem 
Auaons  apeni-e  fatagam.  Sit  terr*  globus  CG  F E 
atque  ui  punfto  C e,us  1-uperficiei  fonus  aliquir,  excitt’ 
tur.  Hic  per  ten'am  iplam  nec  non  per  aerim  circum- 

S cirfubm  oS  C Her  maximum 

terr^ciiculum  polo  C defcriptum,  riempe  ad  Perinheri- 

am  G B E aut  reipfa  (licet  fortalTe  infenfibiiiter)  perv&- 


A \ \ \ //  / 

•.  ••  ! .*  / 

\ *.  : .•  •• 


..a***** 





C '>■7^  ) 

o nit,  aut  {ahem  fCi  vail- 

S dior  eflet)  perVeniret,  per 
aerem  diffufus,  quoddarn 
^•fpatium  repleret,  pro  va- 
lid tranfitus  facilitate,  non 
prbrfus  fpherice,  fed  iiix- 
qualiter  exporreflum,  &: 
a perimetro  hyperbolse 
G L A K E,  circa  axem 
C A O fonoro  corpori  C 
perpendicularem  pofit^e, 
circumferiptum  : imo  ve- 
ro  a fuperficie  conoid  is 
hyperbolic^,  quam  hy- 
perbola A L G circa  fu- 
um  axem  rotata  generate 
definitum.  Itaque  uni- 
verfa  fphera  phonjea,  per 
quam  dato  tempore  fonus 
extenditur,  erit  folidum  fpatium  comprehenfum  ab  hy- 
perbolica  conoide  G A E B,  qu:^  maximo  terr^e  ..circulo 
G B E infilfit,  & concava  fuperficie  hemifphericd  G C 
E B inferius  terminatur  : quod  quidem  fpatium  piano 
ad  horizontem  parallelo  ubilibet  feduni,  exhibebit  fe- 
micirculum  LI  K,  qualem  oftend:t  Aucloris  figura, 
quern  femiplanum  appellat,  eo  quod  ipfius  diagram- 
matis  profpe^lus  alteram  foliim  medietate-m  ejus  exhibe- 
at,  dimidia  reliqua  trans  hyperbolam  verticalem  fqua? 
& ipfa  phonicam  fphera  m per  axem  bifariam  fecat)  *in- 
confpicua  manente.  Veriim  quse  (it  hujufmodi  hyper* 
bol^  fpecies,  aut  quibus  principiis  dodfrina  hsec  fulciatur, 
nec  Audlor  indicat,  nec  mihi  fuppetit  unde  hac  de  re 
quidpiam  certi  conjiciam. 

(^od  unum  fupereft,  adnitar,  ut  inverfo  veffigandi 
ordine  procedens,  detegam  primo  per  quod  linearum  ge- 
nus tremorcs  fonoros  diffundi  oporteret,  ut  in  ejufmodi 

Jiype’r- 


A 


M/7  > 

hyperbolam  dato  tempore  expanderentur ; fecundo,  qus 
laiitatis  vauatioforet  in  variis  aerisaltitudinibusfuppo- 
nenda,^  ut  /^liante  refra6bionis  communi  lege,  Qualem 
ladii  liicis  obfervant)  foil^rum  diredliones  juxta  inven- 
tam  Imearum  fpeciem  fleaere  poiTet  ; ac  tertio,  qua  vi- 
ciflim  dicenda  lit  lex  refraftionis,  quam  fonori  tremores 
m ejufmodi  curvarum  genus  abeuntes  fequuntur,  fup- 
pohta  rantatis  aeris  variatione  tali,  qualem  plerique 
IMolophorum,  8c  Mathematicorum  in  illo  agnefeunt 
juxta  reciproeam  rationem  ponderis  atmofphera  incum- 
tentis,  & inferiores  partes  gravantis,  quam  experimen- 
tis  congruere  teftantur. 

Pro  quo  conridcremus,  cor- 
pus fonorum  C tremores  fuos 
per  dirediones  C n,  C m,  C h, 
quaquaverfus  communicare, 
aut  certe  juxta  eas  lineas,  per 
quas  impulfum  fuerat,  fe  re- 
Ititiiendo  repellere  aerem,  e- 
umdemque  frequentillimis  o- 
fcillationibus  protrudere,  qui-  • 
bus  crifpatur,  atque  ad  mo- 
tum  tremulum  )uxta  eafdem 
dire6liones  diffufum  follicita- 

tur  ; hi  ergo  tremores  quodam  mimmo  tempore  per- 
veniffe  concipiantur  ad  punda  »,  m,  h,  unde  iter  fuum 
profequentes,  fuccellive  poll  aliud  datum  tempus  fimul 
propagabuntur,  primus  ■ad  punaum  N,  fecundus  ad  M 
temusad  H ; iterumque  poll:  aliud  datum  tempus  limul 
progredientur,  prior  ad  G,  alter  ad  L,  poftremus  ad  A. 
Nunc  igttur  Imeas quidem  C » N G,  CmML  C6HA 
per  quas  -quilibet  tremor  fuccelTivi  diffunditur,  voco 
Radws  fomros  3 lineas  vero  N M H G L A 

quas  pr^edicli  fonori  radiiy  omnelque  alii  fynchroni  iis 
intermedii  dato  quolibet  tempore  fimul  attingunt,  \J^das 
Jonora^s  appello,  - 

R r 


( ) 

Et  quklem  In  medio  prorfus  ubilibet  uniform!,  ceiTante 
caufa,  quse  tremores  fonoros  a fua  clire£lione  in  hanc, 
vel  illain  partem  defledere  c^at,  patet  fonoros  radios 
femper  redos  procedere,  feu  pi*  viam  brevifTimaoi  ab 
uno  ad  alium  terminum  diredc  progvedi,  atqueundas 
penitus  circulares  fonoro  corpori  concentricas  eiBcere, 
quia  cum  non  majorem  hie,  quam  alibi  tranfitus  diffi- 
cultatem  inveniant,utique  ad  pares  diftantias  fingulidato 
quovis  tempore  elongabuntur : Secabit  autem  radius 
quilibet  nndam  fuam  perpendiculariter,  atque  nndse  qux; 
libet  concentricae,  8c  fimiles  erunt,  ut  conftat  ex  de- 
mentis. 

At  in  medio  difformis  deofitatis,  velut  in  acre  terrae 
dreumfufo,  qui  diverfam  pro  varia  aldtudine  (nam  ca- 
loris,  frigoris,  humiditatis,  Sr  ficcitatis  vices,  qu^^  ad 
certam  legem  revocarinon  polTunt,  pro  nunc  feponimus) 
raritatem  obtinet,  folus  radius  C H A perpendiculariter 
trajiciehs  omnes  aereas  lamellas,  five  fuperficies  terr^e 
concentricas,  irrefradus  tranfibit,  ac  redf us  manebit  ; 
csteri  vero  iifdem  fuperficiebus  oblique  impingentes. 
continue  quodam  flexu  in  quolibet  pandto  refringentur, 
8r  in  curvas  C mM  L,  C N G finuabuntur  ; nec  non 
pro  varia  tranfitus  facilitate  non  ad  eandem  ubivis  diftan-. 
tiam  dato  tempore  progredientur,  quare  punda  A,L,G, 
aut  H,  M,  K,  quas  eodem  raomento  fonus  per  quollibet 
radios  emilfus  attingit,  insequaliter  a fonoro  C remota 
erunt,  adebqee  undx  A L G,  H M N,  h m omnino 
circuli  non  erunt  corpori  fonoro  concentric!,  fed  alterius 
‘■^eneris  curvse,  qnas.  tamen  oportet  invicem  fimiles  elfe,^ 
ac  fimiliter  pofitas  : quare  in  hypothefi  noftri  Audoris, 
qui  extremam  illam  undam  AL  G,  ultimos  globi  ter- 
xaanei  fines  lambentem  hyperbolicam  voluit,  necefie  eft 
quafvis  alias  undas  intermedias  HMN.,  hmn^  eife  hy- 
perbolas fimiles,  ac  fimiliter  pofitas,  diverfis  quidem 
verticibus  A,  H,  fed  eodem  centre,,  adeumdem  ax- 
s:m,y  Sc  fub  fimilibus  iatenun  figuris  deferiptas^  nam. 


( 279  ) 

qu^ecamque  fit  ratio,  qux  ofiendat,  ob  fimiiltaneiim  ap- 
pulfum  foni  ad  pun6la  A,  L,  G,  per  vias  fy nchronas 
C H A,  C M L,  C N G,  unde  A L G faccfcere  in  cur- 
vam  tails  fpeciei  ^piita  li^perbolicamj : eadem  prorfijs 
iifdem  fundamentis  evincet,  ob  fimultaneum  appiili'um 
foni  eiiam  ad  puncla  H,  M,  N,  per  lynclironas  lineas 
C h H,  Cm  My  C undam  H M N,  in  curvam 
ejufdem  fpeciei  (oempe  hoc  cafu  in  hyperbolam  fimh 
lem,  ac  fimiliter  pofitam;)  pariter  abire,  ut  de  fe  con- 
Ifat.  Ncc  dubium  infuper,  fonoros  radios  C H A^ 
C M L,  C N G,  femper  undas  illas  fimiles  A L G, 
H M N,  m n debere  perpendiculariter,  five  ad  reclos 
angulos  fecare,  ut  in  circularibus  uridis  contingit^  quod 
ciim  in  fimili  propofito  de  iucidis  undis  olfenderir  jam 
Yir  Cl.  Chrifiianis  Hugenius,  pag.  44.  traO:atus  fui  dc 
Lumine  Gallice  editi,  non  eft  cur  in*hac  obfervationc 
pluribus  momentis  confirmanda  tempos  teratur. 

Itaque  inveftigatio  vise,  per  quam  radii  fonori,  juxta 
hypothefim  Audloris  noftri,  propagantur,  ad  hoc  pure 
geometricum  Problema  redudtur,  utinquiratur  natura 
curvarum,  quaflibet  hyperbolas  fimiles,  circa  eum- 
dem  axem,  eodem  centro  fimiliter  defcriptas,  perpendicu- 
lariter  fecantium.  Sint  hyperbola  fimiles  A L G, 
H M N,  m n,  -aliaque  innumerse-  intermediae,  aut  fu- 
pra,  vel  infra  ipfas  fimiliter  pofit^,  idem  commune  cen- 
trum O habentes,  eodemque  axe  O A H,  cui  alter  O S 
coniugatur,  defcriptae : ducenda  eft  per  punflum  C cur- 
va  C m M L,  aut  C N G,  propofitas  omnes  hyperbo- 
las perpendiculariter  fecans.  Defcribatur  per  datum 
punAum  C,  inter  afymptotos  O A,  O S hyperbola  - 
C^^MLtalis  naturae,  ut  pofita  ratione  tranfveiTi  late- 
ris  priorum  hyperbolarum  AL,HM,  &c.ad  latus  re^ftuni 
earumdem  sequali  ration!  t ad  r,  poteftates  ordinatarum 
L Q denominatje  ab  exponente  r fmt  reciprocp  proportio- 
nales  poteftatibus  abfciirarum.  a centro  O Q denominatis 
ab  exponente  t,  neiupe  fafta  O x,  8c  QL  = ita 

R r 2 * ut 


< i8o  ) 


- J,;  five,  duaa  qualibet  alia  ordinata  /, 

M I,  ita  ut  ratio  diftantiarum  a centre  O r>  n t r<-  .-o 
ciprocp  tarn  muJtjplisata  rationis  applicatarum  I M,'q.L, 

, quam 


/ 


quam  multiplex  eft  fraaio  - unitatls..  Dico  Iianc  fails- 

t 

fac^re  qii^fito ; du£ta  enim-  cujufvis  hyperl^e  A L tan- 
gente  L F in  punao,  ubi  a curva  C M L fecatur,  nec 
non  S L,  R.  tangente  ipfius  hyperbolae  C M L in  eodeni 
puncta,  patet  ex  his  qua?  in  Theorematuin  Hugeniano- 
rum  demonftratione,  cap.  y.  n.  9.  oftendimus,  lore  0 0 
ad  Q.R,  ut  exponenspotehatis  diftantiarum  O Qad  ex- 
ponentem  potehatis  ordinatarum  Q^L,  nempe  ut  / ad  r- 
fed  ut  / ad  r,  nempe  ut  tranfverfuin  iatus  ad  reaun/, 
itaper  ^7.  1.  Conic,  eft  reaangulum  OQPadquadra- 
tuni  Q^L-5  igitur  ut  Oc^ad  QR,  five  fumpta  communi 
altitudine  Q^P,  ut  redangulum  O Q P ad  redlanguJum 
P Q.R,  ita  reftangulum  O QP  ad  quadra  turn  QL,  quod 
ideo  ^quabitur  redtangulo  P Q R ; quare  angulus  P L R 
reftus  erit:  unde  curva  CML  perpendicularitcr  occur- 
ret  inpundo  L hypcrbok  A L G,  eodemque  modoaliis 
hyperbohs  H M N,  h m in  pundis  M,  in  qui- 

bus  illas  fecat,  perpendicularis  efte  oftendetur-  quod-' 
erat,  &c.  ? 1 • 

Hinc  prinio  colligitur,  quod  ft  hvperbola  determinans 
fpheram  Phonicam  Audoris  noftrij  nempe  A L G,  ali- 
^que  fimiles  concentrica?  H M N,  h m fuerint  ceqiiiia- 
ter^j  tunc  pioper  ^qualitatem  lateruni  & r,  hyper- 
bola CML  erit  8c  ipfa  hyperbola  Apolloniana,  qui- . 
dem  pariter  xquilatera,  cjus  enim  xquatio  fuperius  alla.^ 

ta  transformabitur  inhanc  y = ubi  ratio  ordinatarum  • 

fimplicitcr  yeciprcca  erit  rationis  diftantiaruni  a centre-j 
itaque  radii  paiitei  fonori  ^eque-ac  fonora?  undae,  juxta 

fqrent  hyperbolce  ejufdem  fpeciei,  di\'er- 
fa  duntaxat  pofitione  collocate:  Memini  porro  Illu- 
ftriflimum  Equitem  Ifaacum  Newtonum  Optic^e  lux, 
lib.  p.  2&y.  Oblerv.  10.  oftendere,  qubd  Sc  radii  lu- 
cistrans  duorum  cultrorumacies  in  obfcurumcubicukun 
admiftbs,  in  hyperboheas  finibrias,  qualis  elTet  C^M  L, 

pariter  - 


( itl  ") 

'•paiiter  finuari,  cujus  plienomeni  fi  ratio  phyfica  aiTcrrl 
poffet,  eadem  liyperbolicos  pariter  Ibni  radios^  quales 
Armachani  Prseiulis  fyltema  invehere  videtur,  fortalTt; 
peiTuadei’et. 

Secundo  obfer.vandnm  eft,  quod  ft  plures  ejufmodi 
curvce,  I’eii  radii  hyperbolid  m M L,  //  N G,  &c.  fecau- 
tesimdas  hyperboiicas  ALG,HMN,  &c.  perpend iculari- 
ter,  delcribantur,  non  in  unuin  exade  pundtum  C pote- 
runt  convenire,  tametfi  propius,  Sc  propius  coeant  ad 
partes  C,  atquc  ad  intervallum  pervenire  poftint,  minus 
quolibet  dato  intervallo  ; quare  concipiendi  eriint  radii 
iili  hyperboiici  a corpufculo  C alicujus  extenfionis  pro- 
ccdere,  non  ab  aliquo  mathematico  pundo,  quod  ipfum 
convenientiftimum  eft  ^ fonus  enim  ex  collifione  corpo- 
rum  naicitur,  non  ex  unius  rigorofi  pundi,  feu  termini 
extenfionis  tremore  produci  poteft. 

Imo  cum  omnes  undse  a fonoro  corpore  propagataeefte 
debeant^  ut  I'upra  vidimus,  hyperbolae  fimiles,  congru- 
iimeft,  ut  concipiamus,  corpus  fonorum  C quafi  fibril- 
lam  minutiftimam  ftequentifliine  olcillantem,  cujus  mi- 
nima, 8c  veluti  initialis  undj  infinite  propomodiim  exi- 
gua  2^4,  & ipfarevera  iiyperbolica  fit,  feu  potius  apex 
phyficus  alicujus  hyperbola  ; ica  ut  nimirum  fibcilla 
ofcillatoria  corporis  fonori  C,  dum  pulfatur,  ex  fitu  di- 
redo  2 C 4 detrufa  in  fitum  concavum  2 5 4,  vi  percuf- 
fionis  adigatur,  turn  vehementiffimi  elateris  fui,  nec  non 
proprise  tenfionis  vi,  reftituta  in  convexam  hyperbolara 
234  intumefcat,  ac  rurfus  reduda  akernis  vibrationibus 
fluduans  hinc  inde  fuos  tremores  in  hyperboiicas  undas, 
ipfimetinitialibus  234,  254  perpetuo  fimiles,  furfum, 
ac  deorfum  fuapte  natura,  8c  in  medio  utrinque  libero 
expandat,  fed  obice  terreftris  globi  C E (cuius  centrum 
Tj  impedita  fortaffe,  hyperboiicas  undas  fuas  dumtaxat 
furfum  propaget,  8c  Phonicam  Spheram  ab  Audore  no- 

. ftro  excogitatam  deferibat,  hemifpherio  terreftri  ab  in 
feriori  parte  interruptum,  ac  definitam.  Quod  fi  vera 


( 28^  )' 

dTet  P.  Pardies  dodrina  Artie.  Si.  fu«  ftatic^  propofita, 
quod  chordic  extenfe  leipfahyperbolicam  figuram,'  qua- 
lis  diet  2 5 4,  CLijus  centrum  fit  idem  quod  centrum  ter- 
ras, vi  proprii  ponderis  allumant,  nemo  non  videt  earn 
ipfam  confirniando  Auftoris  noftri  fyftemati  fore  con- 
gruentilTimam,  hinc  enim  ratio  haberetur,  cur  fibrilla 
qu^vis  fonori  corporis  C,  dum  ad  vibrationes  harmoni- 
cas follicitatur,  in  hyperbolam  254  excurreret  centrum 
habens  in  centro  terrx  T,  fimiliterque  in  aliam  xqua- 
lem  2 j 4 alTurgeret,  indeque  per  alias  ampliores  hyper- 
bolas tremorem  diffunderet,  quarum  omnium  centrum 
effet  O asque  diffans  a Ibnoro  corpore  C,  ac  fbnorum 
corpus  illud  lemotum  fit  ab  ipfomet  centro  terras  j quare 
diftantia  C.  O a^quahs  femidiametro  Globi  Terraquei  li- 
mitem  definiret,  ultra  quam  nulla  fbnora  unda  propaga- 
letui,  nuliufqae  pofTet  Ibnus  audiri,  8c  iinea  O S,  utpote 
afymptotus  quoi  umvis  hyperbolicorum  radiorum,  per 
• quos  defertur  fonus,  confininm  beatse  illius  regionis  con- 
. iHtueret,  in  qua  ab  omni  terreflarum  rerum  Itrepitu  fe- 
curis  in  fumma  tranquillitate  pliilofophari  iiceret. 

PoHO  ne  quis  fpeculationeni hanc  eo  nomine  contem- 
nendam  putet,  quod  fibrilla  qu^evis  fonori  corporis,  cum 
breviffima  fit,  ac  valide  difienta,,  Temper  in  fitu  redo- 
2 C 4*  maneie  videatur,  nee  pofie  in  concavas,  aut  con- 
vexas  hyperbolas 2 ^ 4,  2 j 4 finuarij  confiderandum  in- 
fuper  efi,  hy^rbolas  quo  majoribus  axibus  pr^editjc  fue- 
iint,  eo  magis  ampliari,  8c  ad  lifieam  redam  accedere  ^ 
itaque  ob  ingentem  difiantiam  centrorum  T,  velO  ficut 
line^quas  gravia  cadentia  deferibunt,  lied  in -centrum. 
T collimantes  pro  parallelis  habenrur,  8c  arcus  circuli 
horizontalis  cum  redd  ejus  tangente  confunditur,  ita  8r 
initiales  illas  hyperbolas  254,  254  ferme  coincidere  di- 
cendae  funtcum  redd  2 C 4,  unde  fenfibilis  non  efi:  in- 
eurvatio  fibrillarum  ofcillantium  in  fonoro  corpore  nec 
fe  prodit  undarum  hyperbolicarum  fnecies,  nifi  ubi  in 
amplius  fpatium  G LA  LG  dilatat^  fu^rint  centro  fuo 
proprius  accedentes».  a 


C ) 

Anlmaclvertendum  adhuc  tameti,  his  prlncipiis  pofi- 
tls,  conrcqaens  fore,  ut  fonus  liinc  inde  ad  latera  non  ex- 
curreret  ultra  fpati,um  ab  hyperbolicis  extremis  radiis 
2 9 8 4 7 6 ^ compreIienfum,quas  tangerent  redle  T 2, 

T 4,  acentro  terra  per  terminos  fibrae  ofcillantis  adu6la ; 
ac  revcra  fibra  illius  tremores  juxta  aliam  diredionem 
non  proccderent,  quamper  T 2,  T T 4,  aliafqnein- 
termedias  angulo  2 T 4 comprehenlas,  fingulis  particu- 
lis  Hbra  ejufdem  correfpondentes,  itaque  fpatium  extra 
didlas  hyperbolas  2 9 8^,4  76^  pofitumab  omni  tremorc 
liarmonico  vacaret,  nec  polTet  juxta  fenfum  Audtoris 
phonica  fphera  ad  integrum  terra  hemirpheidum  expor- 
rigi ; itaque  oportet,  nunquam  reipfa  unicam  aliquam 
fonori  corporis  hbrillam  tremere,  quin  terminos  alia- 
rum  librarum,  quibus  conneditur,  & inter  quos  diften- 
ditur,  eo  ipfo  trahat,  & ad  harmonicum  tremorem  pa- 
riter  follicitec,  qua  rurfus  alias,  quibus  implicantur,  ab- 
ducunt,  &:  ad  tremorem  exllimulant,  quemadmodum 
tenfa  chorda  mufica  ligneo  inftrumento,  cui  alligatur, tre- 
mores fuos  evidenter  communicat ; itaque  harmonica 
ofcillationes  in  alU  corpora,  quibus  mediate,  vel  imme- 
diate conneditur,  perculfa  fibra  fonori  corporis,  fubinde 
transfund untur,  licet  magis  magifque  femper  debilitata, 
ac  demum  infenfibiles  reddita  per  hemifpherii  terreftris 
fupeiiiciem  Iparguntur,  & longiiis  ac  longius  ferpentes 
obrcpunt  (quod  auris  ipfa  terra  applicata,  Sc  magnos 
faltem  fragores  in  maxima  diflantia  excitatos  difcernens 
tclfari  poredj  itaque  ex  aliis  etiam  locis  emergunt  alii 
fonori  radii  hyperboliciper  totum  terra  hemifpherium,  a 
quibus  Phonica  fphera  Frafulis  Armachani  fatis  impleri 
poflir. 

.Vidcs,  Vir  IlluftrifTime,  quam  me  ex  inopinato  pro- 
CLil  abduxerit  dulcifTima  hac  contemplatio  ; fed  parcior 
eroinduobus  reliquis  problematibus  a me  fupra  propofi- 
tis,  noftramque  adhuc  operam  defiderantibus,  prbfe- 
quendis ; conabor  autem  fecuniiam  quseftionem  genera 

Jill 


I 


i ) 


0 


liiis  folvere,  ut  major  inde  fruaus  did  queat ; inteU' 
hgatur  qums  radius  feu  lucidus,  feu  fonorus  N»G. 
in  cujufvis  nature  curvam,  continua  fui  refra£lione 
rautatus : qusntur  qua  lege  variari  fupponenda  fit 
denfitas,  ■ aut  rantas  medii  in  ejus  diverfis  altitudinibus, 
ut  ftante  refraaioms  theoria,  qu*  finum  refraaionis 
Temper  laiitati  medii  refringentis  proportionalem  fup- 
ponit,  radius  ille  in  talis  nature  curvam  obire  potue^ 
rit  ? Sit  axis  curv*  N « G,  quam  radius  refraaus  ef- 
but,  leaa  C O,  in  qua  fumpto  quolibet  ‘ pundo  C, 
raibo  quovis  C L defcribatur  quadrans  circularis  LP^, 
^aaque  ubihbet  refrafti  radii  tangente  N R,  ag(- 

tur  ex  Q radius  did^tangenti  parallelus,  occurrens  StT 
cnJo  in  P,  duftaque  P F axi  parallda  occurrat  ordinate 
N Q ad  axira  perpendiculari  inpunao.  F,}  dico  indeor- 

? f tam 


( 1^6  j 

tarn  cm'vam  F/F  exprimere  fuis  ordinatls  F Q, ra- 
ritates  mediiin  variis  ejus  altitudinibus  ; nam  quia  C P 
eft  parallela  ipft  R N,  erit  anguliis  P C B sequalis  angu- 
lo,  qaem  radius  refra^us  N in  pundo  N efticit  cum 
perpendiculo  ; & ideo  B P,  five  F(i  erit  femper  finus  re- 
fradlionis,  pofitp  C P finu  toto  ; quare  cum  luppofita  fit 
lex  ea  refra&ionis,  ut  finus  ejufdem  proportionalis  fit  ra- 
ritati  medii  5 utique  eadem  F Q^exprimet  medii  raritatem 
ad  altitudinem  Q,,  five  ad  seque  altum  pundum  N,  per 
quod  radius  tranfit.  Quod  erat,  8cc. 


In  noftro  autem  propofito,  ubi  Q N = propter 

X — 

T 7 

r ' 

Y = fi  F Q exponens  raritatem  aeris  vocetur  Z, 

t 

erit  Z =:  fumpta  etiam  r,  & C P 

X + 

t 

r atque  in  cafu^ 

X + 

quod  unda'hyperbolica  fuerit  srquilatera,  adeoque  Sc  ra- 
dius hyperbola  fimilis  aequilatera,  7 = propter(==i. 


pro  unitate,  fiet  Z = y 


fiet  Z 


y-x^ 


+ 1 


Quoniam  vero  turn  Jacobus  Hermannus  in  Adis 
Lipfix  1706,  turn  David  Gregorius  Aftronom.  lib.  5. 
oftendunt  Curvam,  quae  determinat  gradus  raritatum 

aeris  effe  logarithmicam,  adeo  ut  ^Jtitudines  o qy 
' ■ - ■ five 


( 28/  ) 

five  X fmt  logarlthmi  numerorum  exponentium  aeris 
raritates  in  punQiis  Q^,  q:  patet  radii  continue  refracli 
N 7?,  N G curvaturam  ca  lege  procedere,  urfmus 
complementi  incidenti^,  Sr  refraclionis  ad  poteflatcin 

elevati  rationem  habeant  compofitam  ex  rati-- 


r 


one  finuum  redorum  ad  fimilem  potellatem  evedo- 
rum,  8c  ex  ratione  quam  habent  iogarithmi  rarita- 
turn. 


Casterum  etfi  confenferim,  ordinariam  legem  refra- 
£lionis  lucis  dare  finus  incidentix,  h refraQionis  pro- 
portionales  raritatibus  mediorum,  Jion  dilTimulo  tamen 
id  fortafle  non  adeo  exadum  elTe,  ciim  ratio  finuum  in 
refradione' ex  aereinvitrum  fit  circiter  fefquialtera,  aer 
vero  plulquiim  millies  vitro  fit  rarior  ; fed  cum  viderent 
• Geometrse  majorem  fieri  finum  refradionis  in  tranfim 
ad  aliud  medium  pro  majori  facilitate  qua  illud  lux  pe- 
netrat  in  communi  hypothefi,  vel  pro  majori  difficult 
tate  juxta  Cartefium,  qui  fupponit  e contrario  luc^ni 
magis  refringi  ob  majorem  difficultatem  in  raribri  me- 
’dio  quam  in  denfiori  (ut  gravia  corpora  ob  majorem 
difficultatem  penetrandi  denfiora  corpora,  in  his  magis 
refringuntur,  refiliendo  a perpendicularij  Sc  utramque 
legem  in  eo  convenire,  quod  pro  majori  medii  raritate, 
major  fierec  refrabtio  : hinc  invaluit,  ut  finus  proporti- 
onales  dicerentur,  non  quidem  faciiitati,  aut  difiicul- 
* tati  tranfitus,  quarum  alterutra  ab  aliis  in  dubiuin  vo- 
catur,  fed  raritati  medii,  in  qua  omnes  conveniunt, 
licet  vera  proportio  illi  non  prorfus  refpondeat  in  ea- 
dem  geometric  a ratione  5 itaque  ubicunque  rarita  tis 
mentio  fabta  ed,  fubroganda  efi:  fortalTe  facilitas  tran- 
fitus in  communi,  6c  difiicultas  in  Carthefiana  hypo- 
thefi,  pr^terquam  ubi  diximus,  raritatem'ex  pondere 
aeris  incumbentis  variatam  refpondere  altitudinibus  ut 

S f 2 numcri 


- ( iH  ) 

nuineri  logarlthmis  fuis  refpondent ; hoc  enim  exaflc 
veriflimum  eft. 

• Hsec  flint,  Vir  Illuftrifftme,  qusc,  te  jubcnte,  notan* 
da  ccnfui  circa  dodrinam  acufticam,  k Semiplanum  a 
Cl.  V.  Armachano  Praefule  propolitum  ; quse.quidem 
diligentius  expendi,  atque  accuratius  explicari  debue- 
rant,  fed  variis  fubinde  curis  diftrahentibus,  non  nift 
per  intervalla  contemplaLtioni  harum  rerum  vacate  li- 
cuit  ; itaque  meae  erga  Amplitudinem  tuam  obfervaiitiaa 
argumento  hoc  qualiciinque  contentus  eris,  mihique 
t\ix  humanitatis  ofticia  impendere  pergens,  aliis  jullibus 
tuis  paratifhrhuni  feniper  invenies.  Vale.  ■-  . 

% 

Florenti^,  24  Mail, 

17080 


• f ■ 

VI.  fart 


/ 


( 289  ) 


VI*  ^art  of  (I  Lettcy  from  l/r.  Ralph'  Thoresby, 
F,  S.  to  Dr,  Hans  Sloane,  Reg.  Soc.  Seer. 
concerning  fomt  Roman  Antiquities  found  in  York- 
fhire  • and  a Storm  of  Thunder^  Lightnings  and 
^iriy  that  happen  d there ^ Auguft  j,  1708. 

Leeds,  September  18,  1708. 
Honoured  Sir,  ^ 

IF  there  had  been  any  legible  inferiptions  upon  any 
of  the  three  Roman  Monuments  fent  me  fome 
Months  ago  from  our  Adellocim,  you  had  then  heard 
from  me : One  of  thefe  has  been  evidently  an  Altar 
having  the -Difeus  or  Hearth  very  plain  upon  the  top  I 
another  I defire  your  Opinion  of,  for  tho’  it  be  made 
Ifrictly  in  the  form  of  an  Altar  in  all  other  refpefis,  it 
wants  the  Difeus  or  Lanx  upon  the  top,  and  I have 
never  yet  feen  Altar  without  one,  and  it  feems  too 
fmall,  f being  but  eighteen  Inches  high  and  fix  broad  J 
for  a Commemorative  Monument',  the  three  Rolls  or 
Wreaths  upon  the  top  are  fo  entire,  that  it  is  plain 
there  never  was  any  thing  elfe  wrought  upon  it ; Now 
whether  any  of  the  Roman  Ar^^  or  Altaria,  were 
made  without  a Difeus  or  Hearth,  is  what  I dofire  to 
know. 

The  nioie  immediate  occafion  of  this  is  to  acQuaint 
you  with  fome  of  the  eff'edfs  of  a late  Storm  of  Thunder, 

^ Lightning,  and  violent  Rain,  which  happened  the  ctli 
day  of  the  laft  Month.  I was  then  at  the  Sqaw  at  Har- 
rorv-gate,  near  Kjiaresbrough  ^ where  having  a fpacious 
yicw  upon  the  open  ForreR,  I obferved  the  Motion  of 

the  ' 


•t 


( 19°  ) 

the  Clouds  and  Storm,  which  began  in  the  "Wefl, 
wheel’d  about  by  the  North  and  Ealt  to  the  Soutii: 
When  the  Night  drew  on,  the  Lightning  muft  of  necef- 
lity  appear  more  dreadful  The  Intermiflion  betwixt 
the  Flaflies  was  very  fmall ; the  Claps  of  Thunder  were 
fo  very  loud,  and  the  Lightning  fometimes  fo  continu- 
ed, that  Perfons  were  generally  apprehenfive  of  fome 
damage,  tho’  the  more  furprizing  effed  of  the  Storm  was 
by  the  Rain,  as  will  appear  by  the  Sequel.  But  firli:  as 
to  the  Lightning;  It  burnt  down  a Barn  near  Scar- 
brough: but  I fhall  confine  my  felf  tothofe  Parts  where 
I was,  which  I have  attefted  under  the  Minifter’s  Hand 
Mr.  Thomas  Furms  of  Eewerly  near  Pately-Bridge^  about 
fix  Miles  from  Ripley  ^ who  writes,  thd.t  Thomas  Horner ^ 
with  others,  flying  from  the  violence  of  the  Rain,  which 
feem  d rather  to  fall  in  Spouts  than  Drops,  took  fhelrcr 
in  a neighbouring  Barn  ; whence,  after  i'everal  frightful 
Thunder-claps,  they  wereexpelfd  by  the  Bolt^  as  they 
term’d  it,  but  really  the  Lightning,  which  Tinged  the 
Hair  of  the  faid  Thomas  Horner^  blew  another  Man  back- 
ward wdio  was  climbing  up  the  Hay-Mow,  left  a Sul- 
phurous ftench  behind  it,  and  in  the  conclufion,  burnt 
the  Barn  and  Hay.  As  to  the  Inundation  it  was  furpri- 
zing ; it  tore  up  much  of  the  Road  and  Street  from  the 
Church  to  the  Bridge,  and  made  Pits,  in  Tome  places 
feveral  Yards  deep,  threw  down  part  of  a Barn  and  a 
Stable,  both  of  them  lately  built,  it  pu fil’d  into  mofi:  of 
the  Houfes  in  the  Town  ; the  Water,  in  fome,  was  as 
high  as  the  Soles  of  the  Windows,  and  block’d  up  the 
Door  of  one  Ploufe  with  Gravel  aimoft  to  tlie  very  top; 
and  if  it  had  continued  with  that  violence  half  an  Hour 
longer,  moftof  the  Town  had  been  in  the  utmofl:  dan- 
ger : Several  Perfons  were  in  great  danger,  but  only 
one  Woman  drown’d  ; file  was  hurry’d  away  with  the 
violence  of  the  Stream,  and  not  found  till  the  4th  day 
after ; It  removed  the  Bole  of  a large  Oak  (now  fold  for 

about 


( 2^1  ) 

about  4 Noblesj  feveral  Yards ; bore  down  the  moft 
part  of  4 Wood  Bridges  ; and  has  left  at  the  end  of  the 
great  Stone  Bridge,  or  within  about  loo  Yards  of  it,  as  - 
much  Gravel,  as  is  computed  at  above  a thoufand 
Cart  Loads : One  Neighbour  gives  Ten  Pounds  for  re- 
moving the  Stones  and  Gravel  left  in  a fmall  Trad  of 
Ground. 

This,  Sir,  to  me  feems  very  remarkable,  becaufe  ef- 
feded  by  the  Rain  alone  ^ for  the  Minifteradds  exprefly, 
« For  all  this  Deluge,  the  River  JVM  kept  within  its 
Bounds;  Thus  the  Divine  Providence  was  pleafed  to 
temper  Mercy  with  provoked  Juftice  j I wifli  we  may 
be  as  fenfible  of  the  Caufe  of  this  aflonifhing  CalamL 
II  ty,  as  we  are  of  the  Elfeds. 


* 


m ■ 


Adver- 


T 


( 25>i  ) 

I r 

I , • 

f,mi  Min  III  mm  \<\t  ' 

Advertifement. 

WHereas  ,in  the  manj  various  Tapers  which  compofe 
theje  Philofophical  Tranfadions,  there  have  hap» 
pen  d ExpreJJtonSy  which  fome  have  thought,  ReJleBmg  ; the 
Readers  are  de fired  to  look  upon  all  fuch  Exprefftons  as  pror 
eeedin^  only  from  the  Writers^  of  the  Paper s,^  without  recei^ 
ving  any  Authority  from  the  Royal  Society,  who  leave  the 
pumfjing  of  thefeTranf actions  to  their  Secret  ary  ^ and  wit 
out  being  obferved  by  the  Publijher  before  they  came  abroad. 
And  for  preventing  the  like  Reflections  for  the  future^  all 
Perfons  that  are  defrqus  of  having  their  Papers  inferted  in- 
to thefe  TranfaCtions,  are  requefled  to  tranfmit  them  free 
from  fuch  Exprefftons^  as  may  give  offence^  or  caufe  their  Pa- 
pers to  be  laid  afide. 


.r-  T- 


LONDON: 

Printed  for  K Clements^  at  the  Half  Moon  in  St.  PauPs 
Church-yard.  MDCCIX. 


\ 


1 


A 


.i 


r 


• /'i 


V 


: TfMtsact' 


( ^9.1  ) 


(Numb. '5  2 p»^) 

PHILOSOPHICAL 

TRANS  ACTIO  ISIS..  . 


For  the  Months  of  March  and  April,  1709. 


The  G O.N  TENTS. 

% 

L Microfcopical  Ohjervations  on  the  Yalates  of  Oxen^^c.  By 
Mr.  Amhony  van  Leeuenhoek,  F.  R.  S. 

II.  An  Experiment  touching  the  Freezing  of  Common  Water,  and 
Water  purged  of  Air.  By  Mr.  Fr.  Hauksbee,  F.  R.  S. 

III.  An  Account  of  an  Experiment  touching  the  Freezing  of  Com^ 
men  Water,  Ting'd  with  a Liquid  f aid  to  be  ExtraUed  from 
Shell-Ldc.  By  MrTi.  Hauksbee,  K R.5. 

IV.  An  Experiment  touching  the  Weighing  of  Bodies  of  the  fame 
Species,  but  of  xxery  tfnequal  Sutfaces,  in  Common  Water,  being 
of  an  equal  Weight  in  Common  Air.  By  Air.  Fr.  Hauksbee,  F.R  S. 

V.  A Letter  from  the  Reverend  VHr.  W.Derham,  F.R.  S.  to  Dr. 

Hans  Sloane,  R.  S.  Seer,  giving  an  Account  cf  fonte  Inundati- 
ons, Mon/lrous  Births,  Appearances  in  the  Heavens,  and  other 
Ohfervables  he  received Jrom  Ireland.  With  his  Ohfervations 
on  the  Eclipfe  of  the  Sun,  Sepc.  3.  and  of  the  Aloon,  Sept. 
18.  17C8.  ^ 

VL  A' Let  ter  from  Air.  Ralph  Thofesby,  F.R.S.  to  Dr.  Hans 
Sloane,  R.  S.  Seer,  concerning  fame  Roman  Antiquities 
ferved  in  Yorkfhire.  ■ . i'.. 

VII.  Fart  of  d Letter  from  Wm.  Burnet  Efq-,  F.  WS.  to  Dr.  Hans. 
Sloane,  R.  S.  Seer,  concerning  the  Icy  Alountains  of  SwiiZQi- 

land.  • % : . . 

VIII.  A Brief  Narrative  of  the  Shot  of  Dr.  Robert  Fielding  with 
a Ai  ilsket -Bullet , and  its  fir  a nge  maitncr  of  coming  out  of  his 
Head-)  where  it  had  lain  near  Fbjrty  Tears.  Written  by  Hinfelf. 

An  Account  of  Books*  viz.  I.  Frxlebfwnes  Chymicne  0%.o- 
mx  habit£  a Johanne  Freind,  M.  D.  Edis  Chrijli  AJumno. 
II.  An  Account  of  Animal  Secretion,  the  quantity  of  Blood  in 
the  Human  Body,  and  Mufcular  Motion.  By  James  Keili,  M.D. 


( i?4  ) 


I.  Microfco^ical  Ohfer'Vations  on.  the  palates  of  Oxen., 

■ Sec.  By  Mr.  Anthony  van  Leeuwenhoek, 

i 

% 

'Delft  vci  HoUcind,^  O^ober 

I Took  a Cow’s  or  Oxe’s  H^ad,  and  cut  out  of  the 
Mouth  of  it  the  Roof  or  Palate,  clofe  to  the  Throat, 
while  it  was  yet  warm  ; and  having  prejfi:  it  gently,  I 
cou’d  perceive  that  there  iffued  out  of  fevcral  Parts  of  it, 
fmall,  round,  protuberant,  and  tranfparent  Drops ; and 
having  preft  it  a little  harder,  there  followed  a yellow 
Moifture.  ' 

I took  the  uppermofl:  Skin  of  thefaid  Part,  and  view- 
ed it  thro’  aMicrofeope,  andobferved,  That  upon  mod: 
of  the  Places  from  which  the  aforefaid  Moiftnefs  or  Li- 
quor proceeded,  there  was  a round  Ring  or  Circle,  that 
was  of  fomething  a darker  Colour  than  the  Skin  or 
Membrane  that  was  next  it ; I cou’d  like  wife  perceive 
in  fome  of  the  faid  Places,  out  of  which,  the  Liquor 
came,  that  there  were  fmall  Holes  or  Orifices. 

Thefe  moift  places  were  not  all  of  equal  diftance  from 
each  other. 

'From  thefe  Difeoveries I began  toconfider,  whether 
the  clofed  Parts  (which  I had  obferved  in  the  Mem- 
brane after  it  was  flipp’d  offj  out  of  which  the  Moi- 
fture  proceeded,  were  not  Valves,*  fhro’  which  the  Moi- 
ftiire  was  brought  into  the  Mouth,  but  none  of -it  ad- 
mitted to  return  the  fame  way. 


Moreover 


C ipj  ) 

Mdreover  I difcover’d  in  thefaid  Skin  orMcmbrare. 
a very  great  number  of  exceeding  final!  ProtuSl'ancef 
that  flood  cioler  by  one  another  than  the*  tto'  ' 

Iliift  obSIr.hi'^p""  a* 

SkiB,  Holes,  _that  were  fo  yery  finall  that  they  almo/t 
ellaped  my  fight,  tlio'  I viewed  them  thro'  a^Mirm 
fcope  ; for  notwithflanding  theSkin  appears  to  our  , a 1 
ked  Eye  very  fmooth  and  polifhed,  ycrlcondHif 
• that  feveral  parts  of  it  weL  overfprlad  pl^rb'e-' 
rant  Pai tides,  which  far  exceeded  the  aforemcntfnn'H 
in  largenefsj  I judged  -em  to  be  thicker  at  the  Root  thaJ 
aHogs  Briftle,- and  that  they  were  in  height  about  the 
Diametei  of  the  fame  : When  thefe  lalt  protubenm- 
Particles  were  diveiied  of  the  Skin  that  lay  upon  them  T 

‘ p««»- 

fuchllender  Fibres  or  ftnftles  that  were  of  a darkifh^n’ 
our  and  pars'd  Ifra.t  thro’  the  faid  Skin/am  eSfwH; 
the  fina.d  Protuberances  and  little  holes  thatl  ha'd“difcn 
ver’d  in  the  uppermoft  Skin.  ^ 

tliis  Oblervation  I imaginef]  thai  thf>  infi 

..on'dMes  Or.fie^  and  S.e  lSl  '"ra  ;tfck"; 

rokgkp,,,,  „ere,|.ore  Jo„'  S 1 

iXSwirKl”''''''-  si 

nothing  eJfe  than  Yellow  and  Whhp  ri^  i 
bignefsof  acourfeSand;  and  each 
Matters  were  again  compofed  of  a Set  nun  f '°‘'  c 
Waller  Particles,  'having  each  of 'em  a lferFum 
Jy*ng)  as  It  were,  involved  in  one  another  anil 

boot  the  bignefs  of  the  Particles  of  Fat  and  1 ' 
deed  one  wou’d  take  to  be  fuch  Par'^Rle^t^ wl^en 

let 


fip6) 

let  tberadty  they  were  fo  ihrunk  in  together,  that  one 
coL’d  hardiy  diicover  any  parts  of  them,  but  when  I 
moillned  tliein  again,  they  refumcd  their  Ibrmer  Fi- 
gure ; whereby  i was  fully  convinc’d,  tliat  they  were 
no  Particles  of  Fat  : And  between  the  faid  parts  there 
ran  a great  number  of  Vellels,  but  I did  not  take  theiii' 
to  be  Flood  Vdfels;  and  italfo  feemed  to  me  that  each 
Glandule  was  furrounded  with  a Membrane. 

'Fhe  uppermoh  Skin  was  cover’d  with  a very  thin 
Membrane,  which  was  not  very  clofely  united  to  the 
laid  Skin  ; and  uiis  Membrane  is  in  my  Opinion  that 
wliich  by  the  hot  or  lharp  Moillure  is  eafily  feparated 
from  the  Skin  that  lies  under  it. 

The  fecond  Skin  (in  which  the  abovemention’d 
Valves  wered  I have  olten  feparated  from  that  rough 
part  that  lies  under  it,  and  which  one  might  allb  call ‘a 
Skin,  and  whicii  in  fome  Places  was  about  fix  times  as 
thick  as  the  uppermoft  Skin  ; and  I have  as  often  obfer- 
ved,  that  the  Skin  which  I feparated,  did  not  only  al- 
ways remain  failen'd  to  the  Valves,  but  likewife  feveral 
times  part  of  the  VelTels,  to  which  the -Valves  wete  uni- 
ted, remain’d  faften’dto  it,  which  Veifels run  into  the’ 
Figure  of  a Tap  or  Funnel,  that  *is  to  fay,  narrower 
inwards. 

Now-that  we  may  have  the  better  Idea  of  the  Roof 
of  that  part  of  the  Palate  of  an  Oxe  or  Cow,  where  it 
is  cut  olf  next  to  the  Throat,  I caufed  a fmall  Particle 
of  the  Skin  or  Membrane  of  the  fame,  to  be  drawn  by 
my  Painter,  as  it  appear’d  to  him  thro’  a MiQ'O- 
Icope.  ' ; 

fo/.  I.  A B C D,  reprefents  a fmall  Particle  of  the 
aforemention  d Membrane,  in  which  the  round  protube- 
rant Particles  are  oppoled  to  the  Sight*,  and  there alfo 
are  deferibed  by  F,  F,  the  beforementioned  Valves, 
which  are  feldom  fo  clofe  together  as  they  are  here 
Ihewn ; and  in  the  middle  of  which,  in  the  dark  part  of 

them, 


( 297  ) • 

diem,  I feveral  times  difcovcr’d  an  Orifice  or  Opening 
which  I judged  to  come  by  Chance,  and  which  is  entire ' 
ly  lliut  or  clofed  up  when  there  were  no  Juices  conveyed 
out  of  them. 

I told  you  before,  that  the  fmall  Protuberancesilood 
as  clofe  to  one  another  as  the  Hair  upon  a Man’s  Head ; 
at  the  fame  time  I alfo  difeover’d  feveral  long  llender 
pointed  Particles,  wliich  I conceived  to  be  rooted  or 
planted  in  the  Skin  with  a pointed  end,  and  that  thefe 
caufed  the  afoi'ementioned  Protuberances  j and  notwith- 
flanding  that  I did  not  perceive  near  fo  many  of  thefe 
long  Particles,  as  I did  of  the  Protuberances,  vet  I 
conclude,  that  the  long  Particles  were  at  firft  as  nume- 
rous as  the  other,  but  that  a great  many  of  them  in  the 
feparating  of  the  Skin  might  have  remanied  Ificking  in 
it,  as  it  has  often  happened  to  me  in  Operations  of  the 
fame  nature. 

Aftenvards  I obferved,  that  w'hen  I difiTe6i:cd  the 
' Skin,  in  which  the  aforefaid  long  pointed  Partic-es  were 
fheathed,  the  faid  Particles  w^ere  united  to  the  Parts 
that  lay  under,  and  that  they 'were  there  twice  as  thick 
as  the  upper  end  of  them  ; and  as  near  as  I could  mea- 
fure  them  by  my  Eye,  they  were  as  long  as  four  Dia- 
meters of  the  Hair  of  ones  Head. 

Now  as  thefe  pointed  Parts,  which -were  fixed  in  the 
•aforefaid  Protuberances,  were  oppofed  to  the  fight  with 
'the  Points  uppermoft,  one  cou’d  not  eafiiy  make  any 
Obfervation  of  them  • wherefore  I cut  off  one  of  the 
(lender  Particles  from  the  reff,  that  I might  give  you 
the  better  view  of  the  pointed  Parts. 

Fig,  2.  F,  G,  H,  i,  reprefents  a fmall  Particle  of  the 
aforefaid  long  Particle,  fo  as  it  appear’d  thro’  a Micro- 
fcope,  of  which  F G fhews  the  undermoll  part,  which 
is  as  it  were  the  Socket  of  the  pointed  Parts,  and  I H 
are  the  (aid*  pointed  Parts. 

U u 


¥/hen 


( 2p8  ) 

Wlien  I had  feparated  the  Skin  of  the  Roof  of  the 
Mouth  of  a fecond  Gxes  Head,  and  had  cut  the  fame 
thro  into  very  thin  Parts,  I obferved  abundance  of  lit- 
tle Holes,  and  a great  many  more  Parts  that  were  ftopt, 
in  which. the  long^ pointed  Parts -remain’d  kicking  ; 
whereupon  I cut  the  fame  acrofs,  and  obferved,  that  the 
aforefaid  pointed  Parts  flood  fo  thick  by  one  another, 
that  there  was  not  a Hairs  breadth  fpace  between 
them. 

Having  obferved  that  the  Roof  or  Palate  of  the  faid 
Head,'  was  clofely  united  to  the  Bone  that  lay  under  it, 
I examined  the  external  part'  of  that  Bone,  and,  with 
wonder  difeover’d  fo  many  Pores  or  Holes  in  it,  that 
the  Hairs  of  ones  Head  do  not  fland  fo  near  one  another 
as  the  faid  Pores  did  5 however  I perceived  that  a great 
many  of  them  were  fo  clofely  iJiut,  that  one  cou’d  dif- 
Gover  no  opening  in  them,  and  the  biggeft  of  thofe  Pores, 
which,  were  but*  few  in  number,  were  as  large  as  the 
Diameter  of  the  Hairs  of  one’s  Head,  and  in  one  of  them^ 
there  alfo  feem’d  to  be  a Blood  Veflel. 

I mufl  not  omit  that  I was  defirous  to  fcarch  into  the 
Inward  Parts  of  the  Noftrils  of  an  Oxe  or  Cow,  as  well 
as  I was  able  5 in  doing  which  I faw  that  each  fide  of  the 
Mouth  (which  one  might  call  the.  Lips)  was  furnifhed 
with  a great  many  pointed  Parts,  that  were  very  thick 
in  the  inward  Skin,  and  being  round  ran  into  a very 
ftender  Point ; thefe  Particles  feemed  to  me  at  firfl  very 
flrange,  being  unable  to  Guefs  for  v/hat  end  they  were 
framed. 

I likewife  made  my  Obfer various  upon  the  Skin  of  fe- 
veral  of  the  faid  Parts,  which  were^very  flrongly  uni- 
ted to.  the  Parts  that  lay  in  it ; and  found  that  one  of 
thofe  Parts  that  lay  within,  did  confifl  of  a great  many 
pointed  Particles,  which  were  much  thicker^nd  longer 
than  thofe  that  I had  difeover’d  in  the  inward  Parts  of 
the.Tongue  of  an  Oxe  or  Hog. 


I 


t ip9  ) 

I caufed  a very  fmall  Particle  of  the  forementloncd 
'Parts  to  be  drawn,  fo  as  it  appear’d  to  the  naked  Eye,  as 
you  may  fee  in  F/g.  K,  L,  M,  N ; only  with  this  dif- 
ference, that  that  which  is  drawn  is  not  fo  thick  and 
large  as  it  diou  d be,  becaufe  the  Parts  were  dry’d  and 
flirunk  in,  and  they  were  moreover  of  the  fmalleft  fize 
of  any  that  I had  diifefted. 

Fig.  4.  O,  P,Q,R,  S,T,  is  a very  fmall  piece  of  the 
foremention’d  Particle,-  which  was  Ifrip’d  of  its  fecond 
Skin,  and  in  which  fome  few  of  the  pointed  Parts  were 
ftanding  out,  but  mod  part  of  them  lie  clofe  upon  the 

faid  Particle.  , , « 

I obferved,  that  that  pointed  part,  reprefented  by  S, 
ftoodout  longer*  than  the  reft,  and  thatit  wascompofed 
of  feveral  long  Particles  united  together,  the  longeft  of 
which  was  ftanding  out  above  the  reft,  and  ran  into 
ftich  fharp  Points,  that  they  appeared  thro’  the  Micro- 
fcope  juft  as  the  Point  of  the  fmalleft  Sewing  Needle- 
does  to  the  Eye ; and  the  reafon  why  we  caiPt  fee  tliefe 
ftiarp-pointed‘ Particles  always  in  each  part,  is  in  my  O- 
pinion,  becaufe  they  are  fo  united  to  the  two  Skins,  with 
which  they  are  as  it  were  Cover’d,  that  they  can’t  be  fe- 
parated  from  them  without  leaving-fome  part  ftickingin 
one  or  other  of  them  ^ I have  alfo. obferved  fome,  of 
which  the  extream  Parts  confifted  of  four  diftinft  Points 

of  equal  length.  . , t'  n 

In  fome  of  thofe  {harp  Particles  that  are  ftanding  out 

in  Fig.  4.  fuchfor  inltance  as  are  deferibed  by  Q^nd  R, 
we  cou  d fee  very  plainly,  that  each  of  ’em  confifted  of 
three  long  Particles,  the  middle  of  which  was  the  long- 
eft  ; from  whence  I confidered,  whether  each  of  thole 
long  Particles  were  compofed  of  other  long  Particles, 
which,  upon  the  Account  of  their  exceeding  fmallnefs, 
might  efcape  our  fight. 


U u 2 


■I 


( ;oo  ) 

t have  faid  in  my  former  Letter,  that  the  thinnelt 
part  of  the  Tongue  of  an  Oxe  is  compofed  of  Bony 
Particles,  and  that  in  thole  Parts  there  is  no  Taile. 

Now  we  know,  that  an  Oxe  in  the  Chewing  of  his 
Viduals,  does  not  only  grind  it  by  opening  and  Biut- 
ting  of  the  Mouth,  but  by  the  continual  Motion  of  the 
lower  Jaw  from  the  left  to  the  right  fide  does  as  it 
were  fcower  it  over  the  hindermofl:  Teeth,  by  which  the 
Meai  is  yet  more  broken  and  grinded  than  it  could  be 
by  -the  direft  opening  and  Biutting  of  the 'Mouth  as 
aforefaid. 

Now  if  we  fuppofe,  that  bv  the  aforementioned  Mo- 
tion, the  Vi6luals  are  conveyed  among  the  manifold 
Parts,  a fmall  Particle  of  which  has  been  before  defcri- 
bed  in  Fig.  K,  L,  M,  N ; and  that  thofe  Parts  by  the 
Motion  of  the  Mouth,  do  cauie  fuch  a prelTing  or  knead- 
ing of  the  Particles  of  the  Meat,  lying  amongft  them, 
that  the  faid  Meat  is,  as  it  were,  insinuated  into  the 
Parts,  and  by  this  means  a ffronger  fenfation  of  Tahe 
is  produced  in  the  Chewing  of  it  again,  than  the  Tongue 
enjoy’d  at  firh:  ; and  thus  that  which  is  wanting  to  the 
Tongue  to  enjoy  the.Talfe,  is  doubly  made  good  to  it 
hy  thofe  Parts  that  are  in  the  fide  of  the  Moiith. 

As  little  as-  the  fpace  is  between  the  aforemention’d 
pointedParticles,!  thought  with  my  felf  that  there  might 
he  other  and  yet  fmaller  pointed  Particles  lying  in  the 
Skin  between  the  greater, and  faftned  in  the  lower  Parts 
and  thereupon  I difcover'd  that  there  were  a very  great 
number  of  pointed  Particles  fhut  up  in  the  Skin,  and 
which  lay  fo  cl'bfe  by  one  another  as  the  Hair  of  one’s 
Head ; the  Points  of  thefe  feemed  to  me  to  be  mod ly 
blunted  :.  Afterwards  I obferved,  that  a great  many  of 
them  were  thick,  clofe  at  the  Root,  and  that  the  upper 
part  of  them  was  three  times  as  flender  as  the  under- 
mod  ; from  which  Difcovery  I concluded,  that  they 
.were  all  of  them  ofTuch  a Figure,  arid  that  in  fepara- 
ting  them  from  the  Skin,  mod  of  the  flender  Parts  were 

broken. 


( jo  I ) ^ 

broken  ofF,and  left  flicking  therein  ; and  when  I follow’d 
them  into  the  under  Parts,  I found  that  they  were  three 
times  as  long  as  they  had  lain  in  the  Skin 'that  was  ta*-^ 
ken  ofi  ; and  they  were  alfo  (fo  far  as  it  appeared  to 
mej  where  they  ended  in  a great  number  of  veryfmall 

yeflcis,  about  tour  times  as  thick  as  where  they  were 
fixed  in  the  Skin. 

I have  often  thought  with  my  felf,  that  asaecordinf^ 
to  my  Opinion  the  faid  Particles  were  endued  with  a liS 
tie  of  the  Juices  of  the  Meat,  which  we  name  Taile, 
whether  each  of  thefe  Particles  might  not  imbibe  a fmall 
Quantity  of  thofe  Juices,-  and  carry  them  on  fofar,  till 
they  arrived  at  the  exceeding  fmall  and  flender  Blood- 
Velfels,  which  v/e  call  Veins;  and  that  thefe  Juices  are 
as  it  were,  filtrated  or  Urain’d  thro’ the  Tunica’s  of  the 
Veins,  and  fo  conveyed  to  the  Heart ; and  thus  from  the' 
Mouth  does  the  Body  enjoy  a little  Nourifliment ; but 
I fubmit  this  Thought  of  mine  to  the  Judgment  of  the 
Honourable  Society. 

Now  if  each  of  thofe  Particles  in  the  Mouth  fliou’d 
derive  down  to  the  Body  no  more  than  the  thoufandth 
partof  a very  fmall  drop  of  Moiflure,  or  Juice  of  that 
Food  which  the  Oxe  Eats  or  Chews,  in  the  fpace  of  an 
Hour,  what  a vail  quantity  of  Nourifhment '^mull 
the  Body  receive  from  the  Mouth  in  any-  continued 
time  ? ' ' 


!L- 


I 


.11,  An  Experiment  touching  tie  Free::s^ng  of  Com* 
mon  Water^  .and  Water  Tur£dof  Air,  By  Mr,  Fr, 
HauksbeC)  S. 


“Ills  Experiment  was  recommended  to  me,  in  or- 
_ der  to  difcoVer  what  difference  would  happen  in 
the  Swelling  or  Bulk  of  Ice,  producible  on  the  Freezing  of 
Common  Water,  and  Water  Purg’d  of  Air. 
Accordingly  1 procur’d  a couple  of  Glaffes,  in 
form  of  the  Figure  in  the  Margin.  Thefe, 
when  Fil’d  with  the  different  Waters  to  a de- 
terminate height,’  fuppofing  at  itj  I con- 
vey’d into  the  Freezing  Mixture,  (which 
was  nothing  elfe  but  a Compofition  of  Snow 
and  Bay-Salt  po'wder’d  pretty  finej  where 
they  did  not  remain  above  three  or  four  Mi- 
nutes of  time,  before  the  Congelation  began 
in  each  of  them,  which  was  very  difcernible, 
by  the  Afcent  of  the  Water  in  their  refpe£Hve 
Tubes,  above  their  firft  Heights  and  in 
about  an  Hours  time,  it- had  afcended  in  that 
• Glafs,  which  contain’d  the  Water  purg’d  of 

Air,  at  leaft  6 Inches  ; but  in  the  other  Glafs  with 
common  Water,  not  fo  much  by  more  -than  an  Inch  ; 
thei'e  being  fuch  a Difparity  in  the  Content  of  tjie  two 
Glalfes,  the  lafl  mention’d  being  lefs  by  a fifth  part  than 
the  other,  which  contain’d  not  lull  four  Ounces.  It  was 
obfervable,  that  during  the  Glaffes  continuance  in  the 
Frigotifick  Mixtu-re,  fmall  Bubbles  of  Air  did  continual- 
ly afcend  in  that  which  was  fill’d  wfith  Common  Water, 

but 


f 


. f 30?  ) 

but  not  the  leall:  fign  of  any  fuch  appearance  In  the  other. 
When  I had  taken  them -out  of  the  premention  d Mix- 
ture, (which  was  at  fomething  more  than  an  Hours  time 
from  their  firft  putting  in)I  pour’d  from  them  the  Unfro- 
zen Water, which  gave»me  the  Liberty  of  difcoverinf^'  the 
various  forms ‘the  new  madelce  had  (hot  it  felf  into.fhat 
Glafs  which  contain’d  the  Purg’d  Yfater,  appearino-  all 
over  the  Sides  and  upper  part  of  it,  to* the  very  Neck^ 
of  divers  Figures,  much  refembling  thole  of  Salts.  The 
Bottom  part  of  it  ^ c,  difcover’d  it  felf  to  be  feemingly  fo- 
lid,  but  whitilh,  as  if  it  was  lull  of  very  minute  inter- 
fperh:  ^^acuities;  but  not  like  thofe  Cavities,  which  are 
very  obfervable  in  the  Freezing  of  Common  Water  • 
and  what  was  very  notable,  at  the  Bottom  of  the  other 
Glafs  they  appear’d  in  great  Numbers,  of  a longilhl 
Form,  feemingly  pointing  all  round  from  the  Circum- 
ference to  the  Centre  of  it.  There  were  none  of  thofe 
premention’d  Salt-like  Figures  bn  the  Tides*  of  this,  as 
the  other,  but  it  was  almoft  clear  frOm  any  Adherence 
of  Ice,  faving  towards  the  upper  part  near  tlie  Neck, 
where  a little  had  faften’d  it  felf  with  thofe  longifh 
Bubbles,  pointing  from  that  part  downwards,  inciinino; 
to  the  Centre.  From  all  which  ] cannot  but  conclude^^ 
that  the  Ice  produc’d  from  the  Water  purg’d  of  Air,  wa5i 
equally  augmented  in  its  Bulk  to  the  Quantity  of  VVater 
from  which  it  was  produc’d,  as  that  which  proceeded 
from  the- Frozen  Common  Water-  for  had  the  Glalles 
been  of  an  equal  Content,  I fee  iToreafon  to  doubt,  but 
the  Water  would  have  been  equally  Frozen  in  both,  and 
the  Afcent  of  the  unfrozen  part  bf'them  would  iiavc 
been  much  the  fame  in  their  Tubes.  But  if  there  be 
any  difference,  the  Water  purg’d  of  Air  Teems  todaini.^ 
the  ealieft  Difpofition  to  be  Frozen.-.  • 


( ?o4  ) 

• -’.The  Water".! :purg’d  from  Air  in  the  following 

manner. 

• 

I lirfl:  boy  I’d  it  well  over  the  Fire  •,  afterwards  I 
- included  it  Vacuo,  where  it  rem'ain’d  in  that 
iState  till  *it  was  cold;  from  whence  I took  it,  and 
proceeded  prefently  on  the  Experiment,  which 
on  two  Tryais  fucceeded  alike. 


III.  An  Account  of  an  Experiment  touching  the  Free:^- 
hig  of  Common  Water ^ Ting  d with  a Liquid  faid  to 
he  Extracted  from  ShelULac.  By  Mr,  Francis 
Hauksbce.  F,  ^ S. 

^ i “HIS  Liquid  is.  a very'  deep  Red  ^ a fmall  quantity 
1 whicli,  -will  Tinge  twenty  times  as  much  of 

Common  Water  of  a very  good  Sanguine 
Colour  hardly  Tranfparent.  I found  this 
Liquor,  Extraffed  from  Lac^  would  not 
Freeze  ; for  during  the  Coldeft  -Weather 
we  have  lately  had,  it  -retaind  its  Fluidity  ; 
and  when  it  was  mixt  with  Water,  and 
expos’d  to  Freeze,  the  Water,  in  which  it 
was  mixt,  foo^i  fuffer’da  Congelation ; and 
.fo  much  of  it.  as  underwent  the  Change, 
appear'd  of  a fine  but  pale  Tranfparent  Red  ; the  Body  , 
of  the  Cojour  retiring  into'  the  Middle,  in  form  of  the 
Figure  a a,  in  the  Margin,  and  was  wholly  Opake. 
And  when  no  more  of  the  mixt  Liquid  would  be  Frozen, 
I took  the  Body  of  Ice  out  of  the  Glafs  that  contain’d 

' it;' 


( ) 

it,  by  juft  warming  the  Tides  of  it  by  a Fire.  I found  then 
by  pricking  a piece  of  Wire  into  the  dark  part  of  it, 
the  Red  Liquor  immediately  fucceeded  thro"  the  Hole  I 
had  made,  leemingly  as  pure  and  as  abftraded  from  any 
Mixture  of  Water,  as  it  was  before  it  was  put  into  it. 
This  Red  Liquor  I found  to  be  fomething  fpecifically 
lieavier  than  Common  Water ; which  .makes  me  won- 
der, why  the  Figure  it  made  on  its  retiring,  was  not  ra- 
ther the  reverfe  to  what  it  appear’d  : For  1 Ihouid  think 
it  reaibnable  to  exped,  that  the  upper  part,  which  was 
the  broadeft,  fliould,  by  its  own  weight,  alter  or  reverfe 
the  Pofition  of  the  Figure.  Another  thing  very  remark- 
able, was,  that  this  retir’d  Liquid,  as  it  Teem’d  to  keep 
an  equal  diftance  from  the  Tides  of  the  Glafs,  To  did  it 
‘from  the  bottom  and  top  of  it;  which  upon  repeated 
Tryals  anfwer*d  the  Tame. 

I likewife  mixt  Tome  Common  Water  with  a ftrong 
Purple  Liquor,  made  from  Logwood,  boyl’d  in  Water, ^ 
.in  which  Tome  Allom  had  been  diffolv’d.  A little  of 
this  would  give  a ftrong  Tin£fure  to  a pretty  Quantity 
of  fair  Water  ; and  when  expos’d  to  Freeze,  would  re- 
tire towards  the  Middle,  leaving  thefirft  Frozen  Water 
of  a very  .pale  Purple,  in  comparifonto  the  middle  part ; 
which  when  I had  taken  out  of  the  Glafs  that  contain’d 
;it,  and  broke  it,  I found  ItWas'  Frozen  through,  but 
of  To  dark  a Colour  in  the  middle,  that  it  came  neai' 
a Black. 


IV.  Ju 


Xx 


C 306  ) 


— — — — ■ M |i,i  I ,,  r,,,  ^ i„ni„^ 

IV.  Experiment  touching  the  Weighing  of  ‘Bodies 
of  the  Janie  Species^  hut  of  yery  unequal  Surfaces^ 
in  Common  Water ^ heing  of  an  equal  Weight  m Lom^ 
mon  Air.  By  Mr.  Fr.  Hauksbee,  F.  5.- 

I Took  a Piece  of  Sheet-Brafs  (which  I take  to  be  more 
dole  and  folid  than  that  which  is  cafi:^  of  an  exad 
Square  Inch,  weighing  juft  48 2 Grains.  I then  cut  as 
many  Square  Inches  of  Brafs  Tincel,  as  were  equal  to 
the  fame  weight : The  Number  of  thefe  Square  Inches 
were  255.  Now  thefe  being  of  an  equal  weight  with 
the  other  fihgle  piece  in  Common  Air,  I concluded  from 
the  inequality  of  their  Surfaces,  that  a confiderable  dif- 
proportion  in  their  Specifick  Gravities  would  enfue,  by 
weighing  them  in  Water  ; the  Water  in  one  touching 
fo  many  Parts  of  the  Superficies  more  than  in  the  other : 
And  twas  from  what  is  generally  all'erted,  That  the 
fmaller  Bodies  are,  fo  the  Difproportions  of  their  Bulks 
to  their  Superfic^ies  encreafe ; and  that  luppofing  them 
infinitely  fmall,  or  as  Gold  dilfolv’d  in  Aqua.  Regis^  or 
Silver  in  Aqua  Fortis  muft  be,  then  their  Superficies  be- 
ing touch’d  by  fo  many  Parts  by  the  including  Men- 
flruum^  which  is  in  fuch  a Difproportion  to  their  Dia- 
meters or  Bulks  of  Matter,  as  difpofes  them  to  remain 
fufpended  in  it.  This  I take  to  be  the  General  Solution 
of  that  Phenomenon ; and  ’twas  thefe  Confiderations 
that  gave  Birth  to  this  Experiment.  Yet  when  I came 
to  bring  it  to  the  Teft,  I found,  to  my  great  furprize, 
f being  prepoifefs’d  on  the  contrary^  but  two  Grains 
difference,  thefingle  Piece  weigh’d  in  the  Water  about 

422 


( 3Q7  ) 

4'2  2 Grains  ; all  the  other  Bodies  together,  hardly  two 
‘ Grains lefs ; And  this  upon  two  or  three  Tryais  fucceed- 
ed  much  the  fame,  notwithftanding  they  were  made 
with  all  the  Caution  imaginable.  Now  lince  lb  fmall 
an  Inequality  is  the  Matter  of  fa£f,  between  Bodies  of 
the  fame  Species  weigh’d  in  Water,  whole  Difproporti- 
ons  of  Surfaces  are,  as  i to  255,  ffor  I reckon  the  Sides 
of  all  .the  Tincel  Bodies  to  be  equal  to  the  Sides  of  the 
fingleBrafs  piece,;  I muft  conclude,  That  thofe  Bodies 
muff  be  infinitely  fmall,  whofe  inequality  of  their  Surfa- 
ces to  their  Bulks  does  exceed  thofe  in  this  Experiment : 
For  fuppofing  one  of  thefe  thin  Squares  fhould  be 
wrought  into  the  form  of  a Globe,  I am  very  apt  to 
think,  That  the  Difproportion  then  of  its  Surface  to  its 
Bulk  of  Matter,  would  not  be  fo  great  as  its  Prefent 
form  renders  it. 

Moreover,  That  altho  the  Difproportions  of  the  Sur- 
faces of  Bodies,  to  their  bulk  of  Matter  be  very  gi'eat ; 
yet,  that  that  is  the  only  Reafon  why  a Metalick  Body 
. Ihould  be  fufpended  in  a Mefifiruum  fpecifically  lighter 
than  it  felf,  is  very  doubtful : For  certainly  if  it  was  fo, 
we  might  reafonably  have  expeded  to  have  met  with  a • 
much  greater  Difference  in  the  Bodies  made  ufe  of  in 
the  newly  reeked  Experiment : .For  there  it  fliould  feem 
necelfary,  that  where  we  had  fo  great  a Difference  in 
point  of  Superficies,  there  we  fliould  alfo  have  had  a 
Difference  fomething  proportional  in  point  of  weight ; 
which  did  nt>t  happen.  I think  therefore  that  there 
muff  be  fome  other  Agent,  or  Quality,  not  only  to  aflilf, 
but  Govern  in  the  Cafe.  And  what  we  call  a corroding 
Menfiruum^  I take  to  be*a  Fluid  adapt  to  attract  fuch,  or, 
fuch  a Body,  (as  we  find  no  one  of  them  to  operate 
alike  on  all  0 but,  as  I faid  before,  Jqua  Rr^/b  for  fepa- 
rating  the  Parts  of  Gold,  JquA  Fonts  for  Silver:  Now 
tliis  Separation  of  their  Parts  by  Attraction,  feems  to 
proceed  from'the  Menjlruums  Aneflion  to  the  Bodylm- 

X X 2 'mersd, 


{ fo8  ) 

mers’d,  and  the  Body  reciprocally  to  the  Menflruum^  and 
both  to  a6l  on  one  another  with  greater  Vigour,  than 
either  of  their  own  Particles  do  upon  their  contiguous 
Fellows ; by  which  means  a Separation  of  Parts  muff  (I 
think)  confequently  follows.  Thus  being  at  liberty, 
they  with  t\\<^  Merijlruum  become  as  one  Body,  and  re« 
main  lufpended  in  any  part  of  it  by  their  Mutual  At- 
traction. And  that  one  Menfiruum  in  this  Cafe  fhould 
affeCl  one  Body  more  than  another,  is  no  more  than  why 
the  Magnet  fhould  aifed  Iron  only. 


V.  Letter  frm  the  ^Verend  Mr.  W.  Derham, 

S.  to  Dr.  Hans  Sloane,  R.  S.  Sccr.  gL 
Vtng  an  Account  of  Jome  Inundatio?is^  Moyiflrons 
(Btfths.^  Appearances  in  the  HeaVens^  and  other  Ob^ 
ferVables  he  received  from  Ireland.  With  his  Ob^ 
ferVations  on  the  Eclipfe  of  the  Sun^  Sept.  and 
of  the  Moon^  Sept,  1 8,  i;^o8. 

Upminflery  OBoher  26.  lyoB. 

SIR, 

I Received  fome  time  fince  a Letter  from  Ma,ghrafelt  in 
the  North  of  Irelmd,  from  a very  Intelligent  Perlbn 
there,  and  great  Well-wifher  to  oi\r  Royal  Society.^  one 
Mr.  Neve  ; who  out  of  his  own  good  Will  had  collect- 
ed fome  of  the,  Lough-Neagh  Petrifications,  Pieces  of  the 
~ Ciiarits-Caujivayy  and  Other  Curiofities,  and  fent  them,  he  ■ 
tells  me,  as  far  as  Briftol : But  hearing  the  Society  had 
■ of  them  already  in’  th^r  Repofitory,  he  took  no  further 
care  of  theim 

He  ^ 


C ) 

He  hath  fent  me  clivers  Particulars  relating  to  Loug^J^ 
Neagh^  which  I give  you  no  Account  ot  atprefent;  be- 
cauie  there  is  nothing  but  what  is  in  effeci:  in  Mr.  W.  Mo-' 
Ijneatix^s^  and  Mr.  Edu^ard  SmitlEs  Accounts,  already 
pablilhedin  t\\QTranjaciions»  But  there  are fome, other 
Matters  related  by  han,  that  I believe  will  not  be  unac- 
ceptable. 

He  tells  me,  That  onOEtoher  7.  1706.  after  a very  Rai-. 
nyDay,  and  Southerly  Wind,  there  happened  a prodi- 
gious E'lood  (the  like  not  in  the  Memory  ol  Man)  which 
brake  down  feverai  Bridges,  and  the  Sides  of  fome  ot  the 
Mountains  in  that  part  o\'  Ireland.  That  it  came  run- 
ning down  in  vait  Torrents  from  fome  ot  the  Mountains, 
and  drowned  abundance  of  Black>Cattle  and  Sheep, 
fpoiled  a great  deal  of  Corpand  Hay  in  the  Stacks,  that 
it  laid  abundance  of  Houfes  two  or  three  Feet,  deep  in 
Water,  and  brake  down  feverai  of  the  Forge  and  Mill- 

Dams.  , t 1 • 7 

Alfoon  July  1707.  they  had  another  Flood,  wliicn 

came  fo  fuddenly  from  the  Mountains,  as  if  there  had 
been  fome  hidden  Eruption  of  the  Waters.  And  alfo  on 
the  26th  of  the  fame  Month,  in  the  County  ot  Antrim-^ 
there  was  a very  fuddain  and  furprizing  Elood^  which 
railed  the  StX'M.de-Ki'ver  f fo  call’d)  at  that  rate,  that  it 
brake  down  two  ilrong  Stone-Bridges,  and  three  Hou- 
fes, and  carried  away  600  Pieces  of  Linnen-cloath,  that 
lay  a Bleaching,  fill’d  many  Houfes  feverai  feet  deep 
with  Water,  tore  dovvn  fome  large  Rocks  in  its  Paffage, 
and  left  feverai  Meadovrs  covered  a Foot  or  two  deep 
with  Sand.  That  they  in  the  Soiith-Eafi  part  of  the 
County  of  Derry  liad  that  Day  but  little  Rain  witRfome 
Thunder  : But  beyond  the  Mountains,  in  the  North- 
Well:  part  of  the  County,  the  River  Roe  had  a great 
Flood. 

* * Another 


(jVdl, 

Another  thing  he  gives  me  an  Account  of,  is  of  fotne 
Monjlrous  Births^  viz.  That  an  Alderman  of  the  City 
of  Derry  told  him,  That  a Cow  in  the  Year  1706  had, 
within  a Mile  of  that  City,  calved  fix  Calves,  then  all 
dead.  That  the  Barrack-Mafter  told  him,  December  6. 
" ^706,  of  2.  Monftrous  Humane  Birth^  which  the  Barrack- 
Mailer  faid  he  himfelf  law  in  London-Derry^  viz.,  with 
two  Heads,  four  Arms,  and  but  one  Body  at  the  Navel, 
I'hat  it  was  of  both  Sexes,  Female  on  the  Riglit  fide, 
Male  on  the  Left.  That  the  Right  Hand  of  tlie  Male 
was  behind  the  Female’s  Back,  and  the  Left  Hand’ of  the 
Female  behind  the  Male’s  back,  holding  each  other,  as 
in  Loving-manner.  This  Child,  or  Children  were  born 
Ajive,  but  liv’d  but  a little  while;  My  Friend  was  in- 
formed,  that  this  Monftrous  Birth  wasdilfefled  by  the 
Mayor  of  Derry  (his  Acquaintance^  and  fif  it  ‘would 
be  any  Service  or  Satisfaction  to  the  Society)  he  told  me 
he  could  eafily  procure  a full  Account  of  his  Obfer- 
vations. 

The  lall  Curiofity  he  gives  me  an  Account  of,  is,  as  I 
' imagine,  that  which  fome  call  the  Northern  Streaming.^ 
which  I do  not  remember  the  Society  had  ever  any  Ac- 
‘ counts  of ; and  this  being  ("I  muft  confefs)  one  of  the 
. moll  particular  Accounts  I ever  met  with  of  it,  and  ve- 
ry confentaneous  to  fuch  another  Appearance  in  the 
• Heavens,  which  my  Ingenious  Neighbour  and  Friend 
Mr.  Barret  (of  the  Society^  was  credibly  informed 
was  feen  in  his  Neighbourhood  in  September  or  O^&ber^ 
1706  ; I fay  Mr  Neve\  Account  being  fo  particular,  will 
I hope  be  very  acceptable  to  the  Society  ; It  is  thus. 
On  Sunday^  lVovemberi6,  1 707.  after  a Frolly  Morn-* 
ing,  and  Fair  Rill  Day,  Wkid  North-Welterly,  about 
half  an  Hour  after  Eight  in  the  Evening,  there  ap- 
peared  a very  ftrange  Light  in  ehe  North.  The  Even- 
ing  was  clear  and  Star-light,  only  the  Horizon  was 
darkned  with,  conden fed  Vapours  in  the  North,  reach-- 


( ) 

<<  ing,  I guefs,  10  or  15  Degrees  above  the  Horizon. 
Out  ot  this  Cloud  proceeded  feveral  Streams  or  Rays 
of  Light,  like  the  Tails  offome  Comets,  broad  be- 
low,  and  ending  in  Points  above.  Some  of  them  ex- 
tended  almoft  to  the  d ail  of  ‘Urja  Mi/ior,  and  all  were 
« nearly  perpendicular  to  the  Horizon,  and  it  was  ss 
« bright  as  if  tnc  Full  Moon  had  beeicrifing  in  the 
Cloud.  But  wiiat  1 wondered  atmolf,  was  the  Mo- 
non  of  the  dark  and  lighter  Parts  running  Ifranpely 
through  one  another  in  a Moment;  fomecimes  to  the 
Faff,  and  fometimes  to  the  Weft.  It  continued,  after 
I firlf  faw  it,  about  a Quarter  of  an  Hour, ’often 
‘‘  changing  its  Face  and  Appearance,  as  to  Form  and 
Light;  fometimes  broken,  fometimes  entire  and  long 
Rays  of  Light  in  the  clear  Sky,  quite  feparate  from, 
and  above  the  Cloud,  and  none  below  in  the  Cloud. 

‘ To  prevent  Miifakes,  I think  it  necelTary  to  obferve. 
that  this  Light  which  Mr.  faw,  is  very  different 
from  that  like  the  Tail  of  a Comet,  which  hath  been 
feen  in  the  Conflellation  of  Taurus^  or  near  it ; which 
I happened  to  fee  in  1706,  the  Figure  whereof  is  pub- 
Jifhed  in  the  Tranjaef.  N,  ^05,  and  which  fome  are  plea- 
fed  to  call  theyf//r(?r^«  Borealis',  wdiich  Name,  in  my  Qt 
pinion,  would  better  befit  this  Lumerf  Boreale,  wllich  i^ 
feldom,  if  ever  feen  out  of  the  North:  ‘ 


( ) 

T/je  Eclipfe  of  the  Sun  on  September  in  the  Mornings 

at  Upminfter. 


The  cor  reel 

Apparent 

Time. 

h. 

/ //. 

6 

44  15 

8 

8 

32  . 45 

8 

55  45 

The  beginning  of  the  Eclipfe  we  could 
not  fee  for  Clouds. 


The  Sun  peep’d  out  of  the  Clouds,  and  I 
judged,  by  my  Eye,  that  about  one 
Tench  of  a Digit  was  Eclipfed. 

Then  Clouds  nearly  all  the  time  of  the 
Eclipfe.  But  at 

A little  Obfcuration  appeared  through  the 
Telefcope. 

A 'very  little  Obfcuration,  through  the 
Telefcope. 

Then  Clouds.  And  at 
We  could  difcern  no  remains  of  the  E- 
clipfe  through  the  Telefcope. 

From  tliele  Obfervations  I imagine  the  End  of  this 
Solar  Eclipfe  was  much  about  S h.  3 3 ' in  the  Morning. 

The  Eclipfe  of  the  Moon^  September  18.  in  the  Even- 
■ ingy  at  Upminfter. 

* * 

As  I was  that  Evening  coming  from  London^  I obfer- 

ved  for  half  an  Hour,  or  more,  a thin  fhade  to  polTefs 
that  part  of  the  Disk  where  the  Eclipfe  began,  which 
remain’d  a good  while  after  the  Eclipfe  was  over.  Af- 
ter I got  home,  I made  a Hiift  to  mount  my  Telefcopes, 
and  get  all  things  in  readinefs  before  the  Eclipfe  began. 

the  principal  Obfervations  I made  thereof,  were 
thefe  following. 


The 


( in  ) 


The  correct 

Apparent 

Time. 

h. 

/ 

1/ 

7 

56 

7 

57 

40 

7 

■59 

00 

8 

00 

00 

.9 

01 

00 

,9 

16 

40 

10 

2? 

1 1 

10 

25 

00 

16 

26 

00 

10 

28 

15 

« 


. . • ’ r - 

f * ' 

A Thin  Penumbra.  ' - ' 

A darker  Penumbra. 

Yet  darker,  which  may  pafs  for  the  be- 
ginning of  the  Eclipfe. 

The  Eclipfe  no  doubt  begun. 

The  Lucid  Parts  of  the  Moon,  not  long 
before  the  Middle  of  the  Eclipfe,  were 
925.  Parts  of  my  Micrometer. 

Diameter  of  the  Moon  1634  Parts  of  the 
Micrometer. 

The  End  of  the  Eclipfe  draws  nigh.  ' 

A little  Obfeuration. 

Lefs. 

A very  little,  excepting  the  Duskiflinefs 
before  mentioned. 


\ 

V 


. jf  -n:  , . iv 

■'  1 ‘is.  jJ-.f  j , 


\ 


VI.  A 


i'> 


( ?M  ) 


I 

I"  ' ' ^ f"  mp> 

VI.  A Letter  frm.Mr.  Ralph  Thore^by,  P.%S.  ■ 
to  Vr.  Hans  Sloane,  R.  S.  Seer,  mcernhw  foml 
Roman  Antiquities  obJerVed  in  Yorkfliite. 


H$Lioured  S I Ry 


Leedsy  Jprsl  2^, 


There  have  fome  Roma^  Momme^ts  been  /atelv 
found  amongft  the  Ruins  upon  Jdel  or  Echop 
MooYy  but  having  no  legible  inferiptions,  they  are  not 
worth  troubling  you  with  the  Draughts  of  them  only 
their  Size  feem’d  ftrange  to  me  at  firlf ; that  there  fhould 
be  Altars  fo  fmall,  was  indeed  no  furprize,  I having  one 
(infertedin  th^New  BritannUy  p.  782.)  little  diderent  • 

but  that  any  other  fort  of  Commemorative  Monuments 
fhould  be  fo  little  as  eighteen  Inches  highland  only  fix 
broad,  was  new  to  me,  till  I found  others  as  final]  tho 
of  richer  Materials,  being  Marble,  in  the  Noble  Colle- 
ftions  of  Chriftojfher  Wren  Efq;  and  Mr.  Kjm^e  ; whereas 
thefe  are  of  a very  coiirfe  Stone,  as  Dr.  Lifter  h^s  truly 
obferved,  moil  of  thofe  found  in  the  North  are.  One 
of  thefe,  as  appears  by  the  Difeusy  has  been  evidently 
o‘ne  of  their  portable  Altars  5 but' another  infiead  of  the 
Hearth,  having  three  intire  Rolls  or  Wreaths  ’tis  ceiv 
tain  wa*s  never  defign’d  for  that  purpofe.  ^ 

When  the  Veftigid  of  this  Roman  Station  were  firfi: 
difeovered,  (o^  which  fee  Numb.  282  of  the  Philofoph. 
TranfacHons)  I was  ready  to  fancy  it  to  have  been  the 
Adeltocum  of  the  Ancients, from  fome  remains  of  the  Name 
in  the  prefent  Adle  or  Addy  as  it  is, writ  both  in  the 
Monaftic.  Anglic,  and  fome  ancient  Charts  in  my  poffefii-* 
on  \ but  when  I was  lafi:  at  Londony  having  by  the  fa- 


vour 


( ??5  ) 

vour  of  Peter  Le  Neve  Efq;  Norroy  King  at  Arms,  an 
opporttinity  of  perufingtbat  \^encrable  Record  Domefdaj- 
Book  in  the  Exchequer,  I found  befides  and  Echope 
beforementioned,  another  Place  in  the  Neigh bourhcod, 
call’d  Burghedurum  or  Burgdunumy  which  I am  now 
ready  to  conclude,  was  the  Ancient  Romm  Name  of  this 
Station:  That  the  Itineraryvis  filent  herein,  is  no  Argu- 
ment againftit^  for  none,  I prefume,  do  imagine  that 
the  Names  of  all  the  Towns  in  the  Province  are  there 
recited,  but  only  fuch  as  lie  upon  thofe  Roads  that  are 
particularly  mention’d  ; but  that  it  has,  at  leah,  the  Ap- 
pearance of  a Romm  Name  may  be  argued,  becaufe 
Burgi  was  the  common  Name  whereby  they  called  fuch 
Caitles  or  Forts  as  were  convenient  for  War,  and  well 
Rored  with  Provifions  of  Corn,  as  appears  by  the  Au- 
thorities quoted  by  Camden  and  Burton  in  their  Notes  up- 
on the  Roman  Verter^y  or  Burgh  under  Stanemoor ; and 
the  Burgundians  rec’d  their  Name  from  their  inhabiting 
fuch  CaRles  ; and  t©  me  it  feems  probable,  tliat  the  fmaU 
fquared  Stones,  wherewith  the  very  Antique  Church  at 
Mel  is  built,  were  brought  from  the  Ruins  of  fuch  a 
Caftle,  and  gave  rife  thereby  to  an  old  Tradition,  which 
continues  to  this  day,  that  AdeUChurch  once  Rood'  upon 
Black-hilly  the  place  w^here  thefe  Roman  Monuments  were 
found  y the  elevated  fituation  of  which  place  fudiciently 
accounts  for  the  termination  of  the  Name,  the  Gauli(b 
or^BritiJh  Dunuwy  which  fignifies  a Hilly  or  Mountain- 
ous Place,  being  naturalized  in  the  Roman  Provincial 
Language.  I fhall  only  add,  that  within  a Mile  of  it, 
there  are  two  fcattering  Houfes,  that  do  to  this  Day  re- 
tain the  Name  of  Burden-  (fov  Burgdun-)  Head, 


YII.  Part 


VII.  of  a Letter  from  William  Burnet  Efq-^ 
F.  5(.  5.  to.  Dr.  HanSrSloane,  R.  S.  Sccr.  con* 
cernlng  the  Icy  Mountains  of  Switzerland. 


FTER  I had  been  at  Zjirich^  I refolved  to  go  my 
felf  and  fee  the  Mountains  of  Ice.  in  Switz;erUnd, 


Accordingly  I went  to  the  GrmMmdd^  a Mountain  two 
Days  Journey  from  Bern.  There  I faw,  between  two 
Mountains,  like  a River  of  Ice,  which  divides  it  fclf  in 
two  Branches,  and  in  its  way  from  the  top  of  the  Moun- 
tains to  the  bottom  fwells  in  vaft  Heaps,  fome  bigger 
than  St.  P^’s  Church.  The  Original  of  which  feems  to 
have  been  this.  Thefe  Mountains  are  covered  all  the 
Year  with  Snow  on  their  Tops  ; this  Snow  has  been 
melted  in  the  Summer,  and  has  fallen  to  the  Bottom 
where  the  Sun  never  reaches:  There  it  has  Frozen, 

which  every  Body  knows  happens  more-eahly  to  melted 
Snow  than  ordinary  W ater.  'Thus  every  Year  it  has  in- 
creafed,  till  it  has' touched  the  very  Top.  'The  reafon 
why  the  Water  has  always  frozen,  tho’the  Sun  in  tlie 
middle  of  the  Mountain,  and  higher,  fliines  upon  it  fomc 
part  of  the  Day,  is  that  the  .melted  Water  goes  under 
'the  Ice ‘already  formed  and  there  Freezes,  and  fo  ex- 
panding it  felf  raifes  the  Ice  above  it,  and  fometimes 
makes  Cracks  in  it,  that  frighten  the  whole  Neighbour- 
hood : The  reafon  appears  plainly,  becaufe  the  upper 
Surface  being  folid,  cannot  be  dilated  without  making 
great  Chinks,  and  that  with  a terrible  node.  They  told 
Bie^  upon  the  Place,  that  every  feven  Years  the  Moiin- 


Geneva,  06lober  12,  ijoS, 


SIR, 


. tain 


( ?t7  ) 

.tainincrearcsj.and  the  next  feven  dfcreafes ; but  I doubt 
their  Obfervation  is  not  cxa6b,  and  I iul'ped  that  they 
fay  it,  to  feem  to  know  fomething  fingiilar.  . Befides 
there  are  none  there  that  have  themielves.  obferved  it 
long  enough,  to  aiiirmany  thing  of  that  kind  certainly. 
If  there  is  any  ground  in  that  Obfervation,  it  fcciTis  to 
be,  that  in  the  hotted:  Summers  it  increafes,  and  the 
more  moderate  ones  it  cjecreafes,  ther^  being  then  lefs 
melted  Snow  ; in  which  cafe  it  is  at  prefenr,  as  vve  know 
. of  late  the  Summers  have  been  moderate.  [See  Fhuojoph, 
Tra/^fa^.  Numb.  49  and  ic6,] 


Vni.  ^ Brief  TSiarrath^e  of  the  Shot  of  Robert 
Fielding  with  a Iviu^ket^'Bullet^  and  its  firan^e 
manner  of  coming  out  of  his  Head^  where  it  had  lain 
near  Thirty  Tears,  Written  by  Hmfeif, 

At  the  firll:  Nervberry  Figlit,  in  the  Time  of  the  late 
Civil  Wars,  the  DoSior  was  iliot  by  the  Right 
Eye  on  the  Os  Petrofam^  by  the  Orbit  of  the  Eve  to  the 
Skull,  which  was  likewife  broke,  with  great  Etiiidon  of 
Blood  from  the  Wound,  Mouth  and  Nolfnls. 

The  Surgeon  carefully  probing  the  VVound  for  tlic 
difeovery  of  , the  Euliet,  but  failing  of  his  inrenrion,  on 
the  third  day  after  the  Shot,  plac’d  him  Elorizontal  to 
the  Sun  ^ by  which  means  depredmg  t!ic  broken  Skull 
with  the  Probe,  he  could  fee  the  Palpitation  of  the  Brain, 
but  could  not  difeoverthe  Bullet. 

When  tl'Vc  DoTor  begaato  grow  cold,  his  do-'- 

fed  up,  and  10  continued  for  the  dpace  of  half  a Year, 
rill  "iTiany  Fradure.^;  of  Bones  were  come  out  of  t!ic 
Wound,  Mouth  and  Nolfrils  ; and  afcerwards'whcn- 
foev^er.  a Scale  of  .Bone  w^as  to  .come  out,  his- Mock  h 

would 


o 


( 3*8  ) 

would  clofe,  infomuch  that  feveral  Years-aftoi'he  Prog- 
iiorticated  to  fome  Friends,  that  a Bone  was  then  coming 
out,  which  continued  fo  for  6 or  7 Weeks;  at  which 
time  finding  an  itching  in  the  Orifice  of  the-WouiK^ 
with  his  Finger  he  felt  a Bone,  upon  which  he  made 
known  to  fome  Friends  then  prefent,  that  they  fhould 
fee  him  open  his  Mouth,  and  taking  out  a Bone  no  big- 
ger than  a Fins  Head,  he  immediately  opened  his 
Mouth. 

At  tius  fecond  Newberry  Fight  it  heal’d  up,  no  Art. 
' could,keep  'it  open.  After  this,  for  the  fpace  of  Ten 
-Years,  or  more,  a Fiuxof  Sanious  Matter  ilfued  out  of 
• the  right  Noftril,  and  then  ceafing  there,  it  flow’d  from 
thelelt  Noflni  for  fome  Years  : At  length,  forthefpacc 
of  two  Years  or  thereabouts,  upon  riding,  the  Do£lor 
would  fometimes  find  a pain  on  the  left  fide  about  the 
Almonds  of  the  Ear,  which  he  attributed  to  Cold,  but 
more  efpecially  after  riding  in  a cold  dark  Night,  which 
occaflon’d  a kind  of  Deatnefs  too ; and  having  ftop’d 
his  Ear  with  Wool  to  recover  his  Hearing,  one  Day,  ei- 
ther Writing  or  Reading,  fuddenly  an  Huffe  came  in 
the  Ear,  which  made  him  ftart,  and  the  manner  not  to 
be  exprefl,  unlefs  you  can  imagine  a Vacuum ; this  liap- 
pen’d  about  March  or  April  70.  Upon  this  all  that  fide 
of  the  Cheek  hung  loofe.  as  tho’  Paralytick,  and  under 
the  Ear  might  be  felt  a hard  Knotrb. 

After  this,  Tumour  upon  Tumour  appear’d  on  that 
fide  under  the  Jaw-Bone,  which  occafion’d  his  confult- 
ing  fome  Phyficians,  two  atone  time,  one  of  which  fu- 
fpe6ted  the  Bullet,  which,  confidering  the  Shot,  they 
thought  not  credible.  At  length  the  Tumours  coming 
.to  the  Throat,  if  he  held  up  lus  Head  a little,  it  feem’d 
as  if  one  with  a Hook  did  pull  down  the  Jaw-bone,  and 
if  any  thing  touch’d  the  Throat,  ’twas  as  painful  as  if 
prick’d  with  a handful  of  Needles*;  being  at  lafl:  per- 
fwaded  to  make  fome  Applications,  a fmall  hole  appear- 


( ) 

cdj  after  that  another,  and  a third  near  the  Pomiim  Ma- 
mi  ) by  thefethe  Bullet  was  difcover'd,  and  cut  out  in 
AuguH  1672. 


IX.  An  Account  of  • viz.  I,  ^ride^ioncs 
Chymkit  Oxoniar  habited  a Johanne  Freind,  M.  P, 
Mdis  Chrijii  Alumno, 

THO’  the  Art  of  Chymiftry  is  at  prefent  much  im- 
proved, and  abounds  with  many  excellent  and 
uletul  Experiments  ^ yet  it  mult  be  acknowledg’d,  that 
hitherto  there  has  been  made  but  a very  little  Profrrels 
in  the  Fhilofophy  of  it^  and  that'Men  are  ftill  to  feek  for 
the  Reafons  of  the  many  ftrange  Plmiomena.it  produ-' 
* .ces.  Tlie  Chymilfs  generally  making  ufe  of  fuch  Prin- 
ciples as  have  no  foundation  in  Nature,  it  is  no  wonder 
if  their  Philofophy  is  inconliftent  with  it  felf,  and  is  nei- 
ther to  be  explain’d  or  underftood.  On  tills  Account 
the  Learned  Author  of  this  Excellent  Treatife,  w'ithout 
confidering  the -Principles  and  Errors  of  former  Chy- 
mids,  endeavours  here  to  give  a clear  and  eafie  Account 
of  the  chief  Operations  of  Chymillry  from  the  true  Prin- 
ciples of  Natural  Philofophy,  and  chiefly  that  of  Attra- 
which,  he  lays,  is  no  Figment  or  ffypothefis, 
but  deduced  from  many  plain  Experiments,  and  ground- 
ed on  the  Laws  of  Nature  and  that  Habitude  that  is 
found  among  Bodies,  but  particularly  from  the  Obferva- 
tions  that  are  to  be  made  in  Chymiffry  it  felf.  Tins 
Principle  of  Attraftion,  with  feveral  other  Lemma’s  that 
are  borrowed  from  Gcornetry  and  Mechanicks,  he  ex- 
plains and  lays  down  as  Axioms,  which  are  to  be  unclcr- 
flood,  before  any  Progrefs  can  be  made  in  the  Science  of 

Nature.. 


( po  ) 

Nature.  And  becaiife  Chymiiliy  is  an  Art  of  joyning' 
Bodies  that  are  feparated,  or  leparating  fuch  as  are 
joyned,  he  divides  the  Operations  of  Chymiiliy  into 
two  forts  s 'viz,.  Inch  as  difunite  the  Parts  of  bodies 
from  one  another,  and  llich  as  compound  or  mix  them 
together.  The  Chymills  not  agreeing  what  are,  to  be" 
put  in  tl!C  fecond  Clafs  and  wh-at  in  the  lirll,  Jie  folfows 
a new  Order,  and  among  the  lirll  Clals  he  reckons  Cd- 
Sublimanpri  2.nd  DifiilUt;ion\  in  the  fecond  are 
ran  lied  Fermentation^  Digejtwhy  Exiradion^  Precipitation 
a nd  Crjftahization. 

His  defign  in  this  Treatife  is  to  explain  firB,  The  Me- 
thod of  each  Operation  according  to  this  Order,and  the  • 
Mechanical  force  by  which  it  is  produced.  Secondly, 

7 he  different  n ays  by  which  it  commonly  is,  or  may  be 
performed  ; And  Thirdly,  He  gives  us  many  particular 
Experiments,  which  he  explains  and  reduces  to  the  Ge- 
neral Theory  laid  down  at  hrll.  Accordingly  we  have 
here  the  reafon  of  the  Cohefion  of  Bodies,  which  he 
draws  from  the  Principle  of  Attradlion,  and  the  quan- 
tity of  Contaff  ; the  Caufesof  Fluidity  and  Liquation; 
the  reafon  why  lome  Bodies,  as  Wax  and  Metals,  being 
melted  in  the  Fire,  and  afterwards  cooled,  do  return  to 
their  Hril  Form,  whereas  others  by  Fire  acquire  a new 
one ; How  it  comes  about,  that  the  abfolute  weight  of 
.Bodies  is  generally  after  Calcination  encreas’d,  and  the 
'Specifick  Gravity  diminifh  d.  We  have  alfo  the  rea- 
fon, why  Fluids  rife  in  an  Alembick  ; and  he  mows  that 
if  a Globule  of  Water  be  fo  rarihed,  as  to  have  its  Di- 
ameter made  only  ten  times  greater,  it  will  become 
lighter  than  the  Air,  and  confequently  muff  rife  up  in  it  :■ 
But  if  the  Diameter  be  encrealed  in  the  proportion  of  12 
to  r,  the  Bubble  of  Water  becomes  more  than  twice  as 
light  as  our  common  Air,  and  muff  therefore  rife  fo 
much  the  faffer.  Bcfides  this,  the  Air  itfelf  being  rarilied 
muff  neceifarily  rife  up,  and  the  force  of  its  motion  ear- 


- ( ) 

ry  with  it  what-  Bodies  it  meets  with  in  its  way ; which 
will  more  eafily  afQend  according  as  their  Surfaces  are- 
greater  in  proportion  to  their  wc^ight.  And  our  Author 
tells  us,  that  if  the  Specifick  weight  of  Bodie§,  the  force 
that  impels  them,  and  c.he  meafure  of  their  Surfaces  be 
rightly  confider  dj^’ic  will  be  no  hard  matter  to  give  an 
* ^count  of  Volatility  and  Fixed nefs,  and  all  the  appear- 
ances of  Diftillation  and  Sublimation  ; in  which  lalt  on- 
ly lolid  Bodies  arc  raifed  by  the  force  oi  Fire. 

In  hisLeduf e on  Fermentationjhe  deduces  the  caufe  of 
Ebullition  and  Etfervefcence*  from  the  attractive  force  of 
the  Particles  of  Matter,  and  particularly  thofe  of  Salts; 
which  he  fays'  are  very  fi mple  and  fmall  Bodies,  and 
in  proportion  to  their  bulk  very  folid,  and  mult  of 
conlequence  be  endowed  with  a very  Itrong  attractive 
Pp  wer.  Upon  which  account,  and  that  of  the  fmall- 
nefs  of  thiri’'  force  of  Cohelion,  .he  Flows  the  reafon 
why  they  are  fo  eafily  diffolvcd  into  Water,  and  not  in 
Sp  irit  of  Wine;  as  alfo  why  Water  can  only  dilTolve  a 
certain  proportion  of  thefe  Salts,  fo  that  whatever 
qucintity  greater  than  this  is  immerfed  in  Water,  re- 
mains-undilTotved. 

The  Solution  of  all  otli^r  'Bodies  is  to  be  deduced 
from'  the  fame  Principles  ; but  to  uiiderftahd  them  right-, 
ly,  it  is  neceilary  to  elHmate  the  widenefs  of  the  Pores 
of  thefe  Bodies,  the  firce  by  which  the  Parts  cohere 
together,  and  the  efficacy  or  force  of  motion  iiivthe  Parts  • 
of  the  Mehlffuum  ^ which.laft  arifes  from  the  difference 
of  attraftions  of  the  Particles  of  tlie  MeniFruum  to  one 
another,  and  to  the  Parts  of  the  Body,  and  from  their 
elalticity.  And  upon  thefe  Grounds  lie  explains  the  va- 
4'ious  Flioeiiomena  of  Dilfolutions ; particularly*  of  that 
bithertot  unaccountable  one  of  Aqud  Regia  dilTolving 
Gold,  but  not  Silver,  whereas  'Aqua  For\is^  of  which 
t\i€  Aqua  Regia  is  made,  dilToives  Silver  but  not  Gold; 
wliich  he  illulfrates  and  reduces  to  a plain  Calculation. 

Zz  In 


( ) 

In  the  Ledures  on  DigefHon  and  Extra£Hon,he  fhows 
that  there  is  a Tenacity  nn  all  Fluids, by  which  their  FaVts 
do  in  fome  mealure  cohere  together,  and  hinders  their 
Effeds  from  being  the  fame  as  in  a perfed  Fiiiid.  He 
gives  us  tl^e  method  of  dtimating  this  Tenacity,  and  of 
finding  out  the  proportion  it  may  have  to  the  weight  of 
other  Bodies  *,■  and  from  thence  he  explains  how  fmall 
Particles  of  Matter,  that  are  either  fpecifically  lighter  or 
heavier  than  the  Fluid,  may  be  fulfained  in  it,  which  he 
explains  by  a Calculation  ;„and  fhows,thatif  the  Gravi- 
ty of  the  Body  be  to  the  Tenacity  of  the  Fluid  as  P to  i, 
if  the  Body  be  divided  into  Parts,  wJiofe  Diameters 
are  to  the  Diameter  of  the  whole  as  i to  P,  then  thefe 
Bodies  may  be  fulfained  in  the  Fluid,  tho*  fpecifically 
lighter  than  themfelves. 

He  obferves,  that  Tindurcs  made  by  f^elfion  are 
iifiially  very  ftrong,  and  faturated  with  the  Body  whofe 
Tindiire  is  extraded  ; but  if  the  Tindure‘'be  di- 
ftilled  in  an  Alembick,  the  Menlfruum  generally  rifcs 
with  its  former  colour  and  dearnefs,  leaving  the  Body 
behind  it:  The  reafon  of  which  he  explains.  * 

Heconfiders  the  feveral  Preparations  of  Opium,  and 
condemns  fuch  as  are  made,  by  the  fumes  of  Sulphur, 
or  by  acid  Liquors ; in  which  either  the  vertue  of  the 
Opium  is  loft,  by  the  evaporatipn  of  its  Volatile  Parti- 
cles, or  deftroyed  by  acid  Salts,  wliofe  qualities  are  di- 
redly  oppofite^to  that  of  Opium  ; the  one  coagulating 
or  making*  the  Blood  viicid,  whereas  the  other  attenu- 
. ates  it,  and  rend^-rs  :c  fluid;  But  he  approves  of  fudi 
Preparations  of  Opium  cis  are  made  witii  hot  and  aro- 
ma tick ‘Medicines,  which  heighten  its  Vertue  j.  and 
feems.to  prefer  D,r.  S/^;teds  Preparation  with  Canary 
Wine  to  all  others.  . 

Precipitation,  he  fays,  may  be  made  byinfufing*a 
Liquor,  that  is' fpecifically  ligiuer  or  heavier  than  tile 
Menftvuum;  For  by  the  firft  the  iEquilibrum  that  was 

between 


. . f ^ ^ 

between  the  Gravity  of  the  Particles  fwlmming  in  the 
Menftrurm,  and  the  Tenacity  of  the  Fluids,  isdeftroy- 
ed,  on  which  account  they  mud  fink.  By  the  fecond, 

. the  Particles  will  be  carried  down  to  the  bottom  by  the 
force  of  a heavier  Fluid.  He  /hows  likewife,  how  Pre- 
cipitation may  be  caufed  by  .infafion  of  Saline  Men- 
flruums,  whole  Salts  attrading  the  Particles  that  fwim 
in  the  Fluid,  and  cohering  wjth  them,  they  will  form 
fuch  Bodies,  whofe  Gravity  will  over-power  the  Tena* 
city  of  the  Fluid,  and  defeend.  From  which  Principle 
he  deduces  the  realbn  of  all  Chymical  Coagulations. 

In  Crydallization  of  Salts,  he  obferves,  that  a great 
pai*t  of  the  Fluid,  in  which  they  are  diffolved,  is  evapo' 
rated:  On 'which  account,-  their  Particles  coming  near- 
er to  one. another, , their  attraclive  force  is  encreafed, 
and  they  will  come  and  unite  together;  and  becaufe 
the  Figures  of  the  minute  Particles  of  each  Salt  are  al- 
ways uniformly  the  fame,-  and  their  attractions^  being 
ftronger  on  one  fide  than  another,  they  will  always 
cohere  to  one  another  in  -fuch  fides  as  have  the  great* 
eft  attract ve  force.  On  which  account  they  mult'ne- 
celTarily  form  Bodies  of  certain  determin’d  Figures, 
which  in  the  fame  fort  of  Particles  are  always  the 
fame. 


Z Z 2 


n.  j4h 


C ) 


II.  An  Account  of  Animal  Secretion^  the  quantity  of 
of  Blood  in  the  Human  Body^  and  Mufcular  Motion, 

James  Keill/  ,M.  • 

« 

Author  of  cliefe  Difcourfes  prefixes  a Preface, 

- wherein  he  fliows  the  heceffity  of  a right  Know- 
ledge of  the  Principles  oftrue  Philofophy,  and  of  the'A- 
nimal  Oeconom^  in  tlie  Pracbice  of  .Phyfick  ; where 
our  Skill  in  curing  Difeafes,  wliofe  Hiffones  are  known, 
js  always  ’ proportional  to  our  Knowledge  of  the  Ani- 
mal Oeconomy,  which  of  it  felf  is  atonfiderable  part 
of  Natural  Philofophy.  He  does  indeed  blame  the  too 
common  Method  of  Phllofophizing  on  Principles  not 
dra\\^i  from  Nature,*  but  fuch  as  are  the  uncertain 
fidions  of  the  Brain,  whole  real  exiftence  can  never  be 
, deduced  from  Experiments.  This  fort  of  Philofophy, 
he  fays,  is  very  prejudicial  to  Phyfick;  Men  being  ge- 
nerally fond  of  their  own  Produftions,  have  hot  hack 
to  mould  new  Difeafes  to  anfwer  their  Hypothefis  3 fo 
. that  mod:  of  the  late  Hiftories  of  Difeafes  are  only  Phi- 
lofophical  Romances  ; but  notwithhanding  this,  Natu- 
ral Philofophy^  and  the  Hiffory  of  Difeafes  ‘muff  go 
Hand  in  Hand  In  improving  the  Art  of  Curing:  And 
he  affirms,  that  there  is  no  Man  that  pradliles,  but 
who  does  it  on  fome  Knowledge  of  the  Animal  Oeco- 
nomy, orfome  Notions  of  his  own,  which  are  more  or 
lefs  clear,  according  to  his  Skill  in  Natural  Philofophy. 
He  proves  likewife  from  Hyfocrates  and  Gden^  that  the 
'•Principle  of  AttraTion  of  the  fmall  Particles  of  Matter 
to  one  another,  was  known  to  the  Ancients  j the  Phi- 
lofophy of  Hjpocrates  being  built  on  a certain  propenfion 
which  fome  things  have  to  one  another,  whereby  they 
attrad,  retain,  and  alter  each  other. 


In 


(.P5  ) 

In  the  firft  Difcourfe^  he, proves  by  Obfervation,  that 
both  the  red*and  ferous  parts  of  the  iJiood  are  endowed 
with  an  attractive  Power  5 and  as  in  the  Blood  the 
Particles  attraO:  one-  another,  and  coliere  together,  fa 
likewife  do  the  Particles  of  different  Fluids,  that  artj 
.feparated  from  it  by 'Secretion.  He.  fays,  it  is  evident 
that  forne  of  the  Fluids,,  th^t  are  fecern’d  from  the 
Blood  by  the  Glands,  are  really  compos’d  by  the  coheh- 
on  of  ieveral  Ibrts  of  Farticies ; for  in  Milk  there  are 
3 or  4 feveral  forts  of  Subltancxjs.  Urine  has  the  fame 
appearances,  and  contains  perhaps  more  Principles,  and 
there  is  no  doubt  but  that  Tears,  Spittle,  and  Sweat 
are  all  compounded  Liquors.  Now  if  the  Particles 
which  attracl  one  another,  are  hill  more  powerfully  at- 
tracted by  the  Fluid  in  which  they  fwim  than  by  one  a- 
nother,  they  can  never  of  themfelyes  feparate  from  the 
Fluid ; which  is  the  cafe  of  Saks  diffolved  in  a large 
proportion  .of  Water,  and  of  Urine  when  it  neither 
breaks  nor  fettles : But  if  the  Particles  fwimming  in  the 
Fluid  are  more  ftrongly -attraefed  by  one  another  than 
by  the  Fluid,  they  muft  necelfarily  feparate  from  it,  and  : 
go  into  parts  which  will  either  fink,  fwim,  oralcend  in 
the  Fluid,  according  to  their  fpecifick  Gravity.  Thrs 
power  of  AttraHion,  he  fays^  is  univerfally  difufed 
throughout  all  Matter,  and  the  real  exigence  of  it,  he  . 
fays,  can  be  denyed  by  none  that  will  duly  coafider  the 
Experiments  and  Reafons  given  by.  Sir  in  the  , 

QuclPions  annexed  to  the  Latin  Edition  of  his  Opticks  j 
and  it  feems  to  be  the  only  Principle  from  which 
there  can  be  drawn  a fatisfaciory  Solution  of  the  Phsc- 
nomcna  produced  by  the  Minima  Nat ar^e.  And  becaufe 
the  whole  Animal  Oeebnomy  depends  upon  it,  he 
lay^down  in  eleven  Propofitions  lo  many  of  the  Laws 
of  that  univerfal  Attradioh,  with  their  DemoilifracibnS; 
as  are  requifitefor  his  prefent  purpofe  • and'tlieh'pro- 
ceeds  to  Ihow  how  -the  Gorpufcles  th^c  compoiS  die 
* Se-> 


( ) 

Secretions  are  formed  in  the  Blood  before  they  arrive 
at  their  fecerning  Glands : But  becaufe  the  Particles  of 
tile  Blood  returning  by  the  Veins  and  attra6Hng  one 
. another,  are  formed  into  Globules  too  big  for  any  Se- 
cretion, he  Blows  how  thefe  Globules  are  broken  and 
, -divided  in  the  Lungs  by  the  force  of  Refpiration  : And 
from  Experiments,  and  the  Do8:rine  oi  Staticks,  he 
calculates  the  prdfure  of  the  Air  upon  the  Lungs  to  be 
equal  to 'the  weight  of  loo  Pound  ; and  becaufe  the 
did'erence  between  the  greatefl:  and  lead:  Gravity  of  the 
Air  is  To  of  the  greatelf,  he  from  thence  fhows  how 
Alfmatick  People  are  very  fenlible  of  this  difference, 
elpecially  when  they  breathe  thicker  ; for  if  they  per- 
form their  Expiration  in  half  the  ufual  time,  it  will 
make  this  diBerence  equal  to  40  Pound  weight,  which 
is  almoff  equal  to  half  the  Preffure  of  the  Air  in  ordinary 
Breathing.  * • . 

He  Blows,  in  the  nextr  place,  how  from  the  great  Ve- 
locity of  the  Blood,  the  friction  on  the  Coats  of  the 
Veffels,  the  Impetus  of  the  Particles  on  one  another, 
and  their  Elafficity,  there  muB:  needs  arife  near  the 
Heart  a Brong  inteltine  Motion  in  the  Blood,  on  which 
depends  its  heat ; and  by  confequence  near  the  Heart, 
where  the  Motion  is  greatefl: , the  union  of  the  Parti- 
cles will- be  in  a great  meafure  hinder’d  ; and  therefore 
the  Particles  that  unite  firfl:,  are  fuch  as  have  the  ffrong- 
efl:  attraftive  force,  and  fuch  as  have  the  leafl:,  are  the 
lafl:  in  uniting.  The  Particles  endowed  with  the 
iirongefl:  attradive  Powders,  are,  by  his  2d  Prop,  the 
moll  Solid  and  Spherical  Corpufcle^^  and  their  quantity 
of  ContaH:  being  the  leafl:,  the  Secretion  they  compole 
muff  be  the  moil  Fluid  : Such  is  the  Liquor  in  the  Pr- 

ricardium.  ■ 

Upon  the  fame  Principle,  he  giVes  the  Reafon  of  the 
ficuation  of  the  Kidneys  fo  near  the  Heart,  that  the  Salts 
that  are  in  Urine,  being  Brongly  attraftive,  and  uniting 

dofely 


( ) 

clofe'y  witli  the  watery  Fluid,  may  quickly  be  drawn . 
ot  from  the  Blood.  The.Corpufcles  which  are  lioweft  ^ 
in  uniting,  muft  be  fucli  as  have  the  v^eakdl  attradive 
Forces  which  by  his  2d  Prop,  are  fuch  as  have  the  lealK 
Solidity,  but  their  Surfaces  mod:  extended  ; and  there- 
fore Corpufcles,  which  have  plain  Surlaces,  are  longer . 
in  uniting  than  the  Spherical  ones , but  when  united,' 
they  cohere-mod  ftrongly^by  his  9th  Prop,  and  compofe 
the  mod  vifeid  Fluids:  Such  are  the  Mucilages  ol  the 
Joints,  which  are  leparated  at  the  greated  diltance  from 
the  Heart. 

Tho’  the  Secretion  of  the  Gall  by  the  Liver,  and  of 
the  Seed  by  the  Tedicks,  may  feem  to  be  confideraWe 
Ob)e6Pions  againd  this  Dodrine,  yet  there  is  I'^ally  no^ 
thing  that  more  illudrates  and.  confirms  it  than  the 
manner  of  forming  thefe  Secretions.  Had  the  Blood 
been  immediately  convey’d  by  the  Celiack  Artery  to 
the  Liver,  it  is  evident,  thi#  on  the  account  ol  the 
iiearnefs  to  the  Heart,  and  the  Intedine  motion  of  the 
Blood,  that-fo  vifeid  a Secretion,  as  the  Gall  is,  could 
never  have  had  time  to  have  been  formed  in  the  Blood, 
and  fecerned  in  that  place  ; and  therefore  here  feature  is 
ibreed  to  change  her  condant  Courle  of  fending  Blood  i 
to  all 'Parts  by  the  Arteries,  and  forms  a Vein,  by  ' 
M'hich  the  Blood  is  derived  t0  4:he  Liver  from  the  Bran-^  - 
dies  of  the  Mefenterick  and  Geliack  Arteries,  after  d 
has  palTed  through  ali  the  Intedines,  Stomach,  Spleen, 
Caul,  and  Pancreas.  By  tins  extraordinary  contrivance, 
the  tilood  is  brought  a great  way  about,  before  it  arrives 
at  the  Liver  ; and  its  Velocity  being  extrcamly  dimi- 
niih'd,  the  Corpufciilcs  will  have  time  to  unite  and  Ibnn 
the  Gall : And  liere  our  Author  calculates  the  Velocity  - 
■ of  the  blood  that  comes  into  the  Liver,  and  proves, 
that  what  comes  by  the  Mefenterick  A rter)  into  the.  t 
Porta,  moves  177  times  flower  in.  die.  Branches  of  tlie  •; 

Porta 


( 118  ) 

Porta  than  in  the  Trunk  of  the  ‘‘Mefentorick  Artery, 
and  tlie  Blood  which  comes  from  the  Spleen  to  the  Li*' 
ver,  moves  200  times  flower  m the  Spleen  than  in  the 
beginning  of  the  Spienkk  Ai  iery  ; and  from  thence 
deefnees  tlie  long  fought  fbr^U  fe . of  the  Spleen  and  Porta ; ^ 

So  produ6five  is  oneTirtiple  truth  of  many  others/ 

There  is  another  contrivance  for  diminilhlng  the  Ve- 
locity of  die  Blood- in  the  Teificles,  which  the  Author 
explains,  and  fliows  that  the  Blood  mull:  be  150  times 
longer  in  pa  (Ting  to  rhje  Teifioles  the  way  it  does,  than 
if  it  had  gone  according  to  thepmmon  Cgurjeof  Na- 
ture. After  this  tlie  Author  proceeds  to  explain  the 
ways  of  forming  other  Secretions,  as  the  . . . of  the- 

Ear,  the  Lymph,  and  Animal  Spirits.  He  fliows  like- 
wife,  how  from  the  Do6frine  of  AttraiEfion  the  Opera- 
tion of  M^dicihes,'  which  alter  the  quantity  of  Secreti- 
ons, may  be  explained  ; for  Medicines  that  encreafe  the 
quantity  of  any  Secret! A,  operate  by  uniting  to  and 
augmenting  the  Attradhe  force  of  the  Particles,  that 
compofe  the  Humoursvto  be  fecerned,  which  may  be 
more  e^ffually  done  b\  the  Particles  of  one  fort  of 
Medicine  dia'h  tliofeof  another^  and  therefore  different 
Humours  w ill  require  different  Purgatives  to  carry  diem, 
off  through  the  Glands  of  the  Inteifines ; w;fiich  Con- 
fideraticm  will  re-elfablirh-theDodfnne  of  SpecifickPurges,  . 
which  , was  confirm’d  to  Aie  Ancients  by  Experience  and 
Obfervatlon,' but  rejeddd  by -the  Moderns  tllro’ a falfe 
Philofophy.  - - '■i  i > 

He  proceeds  after  this,  to  fhow  how  necefTary  the 
Do6triiie  o£  Secretion  founded  on^Attradion  is,  for  the  - 
uhderftanding  x)f  the  Nature  of  Dileafes^  and  gives  us 
an  example  in  a Diabetes.  He  likewiife  explains  from  it 
fome  of  the  Sytnptoms  of  Rheumatifms,  Gout,  and 
Stone  ; as  alfo  the  Operations  of  Medicines  in  the  HtN 
mane  Body,  efpecially  the  attenuaters  and  thickners  of 

the 


^ ^ 3^?  > 

the  Blood,  but  more  particularly  the  Power  of  Mercu- 
ly  in  the  Cure  of  a Gonorrhea  or  Pox ; which  are  all 
lb  eafily  explained  jby  the  actraclive  pov\^er  of  Matter, 
that  now  no  body  can  doubt  of  the  truth  of  a Principle 
lofimple,  which  yet  like  a Mailer  Key,  opens  the  Works 
of  very  different  contrivances,  and  difcbfes  an  Unifor- 
mity in  all  the  Operations  ol  Nature  : So  that  every 
one  may  fee  and  read  the  fame  thought  and  hand  in  the 
contrivance  and  framing  of  every  part  of  the  Uni- 
verfe. 

Having  given  us  the  Method  by  which  the  feveral 
forts  of  Fluids  are  formed  in  the  Blood  before  they  are 
leparated  from  it,  he  then  explains  the  way  by  which 
thele  Lic^uors  are  lecerned  by  the  Glands,  and  he  proves, 
that  the  Oi  ifices  of  all  the  Glands  mult  be  circular,  and 
that  they  can  only  diher  in  magnitude;  and  therefore 
all  the  Particles  that  arrive  at  the  Orifice  of  any  Gland, 
and  are  of  a lefs  Diameter  than  that  of  the  Or.fi ce,  will 
entei  the  Gland:  So  that  if  tliei*e  were  no  other  contri- 
vance in  it,  the  Fluid  which  contains  the  biggell  Parti- 
cles, will  likewife  confill  of  all  the  Particles  of  the  other 
Secretions  ^ but  this  inconveniency  is  obviated,  bv  ima- 
gining feveral  Tubes  to  arife  from  the  fide  of  the'Canal 
or  Dud  of  the  Gland,  whole  Orifices  are  of  ludi  De- 
menfions,  that  they  will  admit  only  Particles,  which 
are  fmaller  than  thofe  that  are  to  be  fecerned  by  the 
Gland  ; and  a great  many  of  them  a'rifing  from  the  fides 
of  the  Canal,  throughout  its  whole  Circumvolution 
will  carry  back  to  the  Blood  the  Particles  which  are  of 
a lels  Diameter  than  thofe  have,  which  are  to  be  dil- 
cerned  ; fo  that  there  will  at  leall:  remain  in  the  Gland' 
only  thefe  Particles,  with  fuch  a proportion  of  the  wa- 
try  Fluid,  as  is  necelfary  for  the  proper  fluidity  of  the 
Liquor  to  be  fecerned. 

In  the  Dilcourfe  on  the  quantity  of  B’ood,  he  proves 
that  the  common  Opinion  that  there  are  but  i 5 or  20 

. z Founds 


c r,o ) , . 

Pounds  of  Blood  in  the  Body,  is  founded  on  ho  good 
grounds ; they  fuppofing  that  when'an  Animal  bleeds  to 
death,  that  all  the  Blood  in  the  Body  runs  out  of  the 
Wound,  which  the  Author  lliews  tobefalfe  ; for  the 
larger  the  Veifel  that  is  wounded  is,  the  Iboner  mull: 
the  Animal  dye  ^ and  if  tlic  Aorta,  it  fcif  were  cut  a-«* 
funder,  there  would  be  a iefs  effufion  or  Blood  from  it, . 
than  from  a fmall  Artery : And  from  this  he  explains  the 
true  reafon  of  tainting  on  any  fudden  or  violent  Eva- 
cuation, as  in  Bleeding  in  the  Arm,  Copping  in  an  Af- 
cites,  &c. 

By  Blood  he  underftands  not  only  the  Fluids  in  the 
Veins  and  Arteries,  but  all  the  circulating.  Liquors  in 
the  Body,  theybdng  all  parts  of  the  Blood,  and  fepa- 
rated  from  it  by  the  force  of  the  Heart,  and  many  of 
them  by  the  fame  force  returning  again  : And  in  order 
to  eftimaie  its  quantity,  he*  fuppoles  that  the  whole 
Body  is  nothing  but  Tubes  or  Velfels  full  of  Blood  or 
Liquors  derived  from  it ; and  then  according  to  the  va- 
rious proportions  of  the  thicknefs  of  the  Coats  of  the 
Velfels  to  their  Cavities,  he  calculates  what  the  quanti- 
ty of  Blood  mud  be  \ and  finds,  that  if  the  Body  weigh 
i6o  Pounds,  it  mulf  at  lead  contain  loo  Pound  weight 
of  Blood. 

He  next  confiders  the  ^^elocity,  of  the  Blood,  and 
determines  it.  And  fird  he  determines  the  fwiftnefs  by 
which  it  is  thrown  into  the  Aorta,,  which  he  finds  to  be 
fuch  as  woll  make  it  move  52  foot  in  a Minute;  and 
becaufe  the  lum  of  the  Sedion  in  the  Branch  of  an  - 
Artery  is  always  greater  than  that  of  the  Trunk,  the 
Velocity  of  the  Blood  mud  condantly  decreafe  as  the 
Artery  "branches.  And  according  to  the  various  pro- 
portions which  the  Brandies  bear  to  the  Trunk,  he 
calculates  the  Velocity  at  the  extremities  or  evanefcenc 
Arteries,  and  finds  that  if  the  Trunk  did  always  bear 
the  proportion  to  the  Branches  of  41616  to  43506,  the 


' Blood  would  move  at  Icaft  four  times  flower  m the  ex- 
tremities than  in  the  great  Artery.  But  if  the  propor- 
tion of  the  Trunk  to  the  Branches  were  always  41,616 
* to  <2126,  which  is  frequently  ohferved,  the  greateft 
Velocity  of  the  Blood  will  be  to  the  lead  as  10000  is 

In  his  Difeourfe  on  Mufcular  Motion,  he  proves  that 
the  Veficles  of  each  Fibre  in  the  a6lion  of  a Mufcle 
are  inflated  by  the  rarcfadion  of  the  Blood  and  Spirits 
within  their  Cavities  ; and  explains  the  caufe  of  this  In- 
flation and  Rarefaaion  from  the  Principles  ot  Attraai- 

on  • And  then  he  Ihows,  by  increafing  the  number  of 
Veficles,  and  diminifliing  their  bignels,  die  Iwelling  of 
the  Mufcle  may  be  made  fo  little,  as  to  be  unpercepti- 
ble  and  the  expence  of  Spirits  very  much  leffened,  and 
yet’ there  will  be  the  fame  degree  of  Contradtion  in  the 

Mufcle.  . 1 r r , 1^1 

He  then  proceeds  to  determine  the  torce  ot  the  hia- 

Ifick  Fluid,  and  its  Proportion  to  the  weight  that  is  to 

be  raifed,  according  to  the  various  degrees  of  Inflation  : 

His  Dernonftrations  here  are  founded  on  the  fame  Prin- 

* ciples  withthofe  of  Mr.  ^ohtt  Bermulli,  but  more  eafy, 

and  fuited  to  the  Capacity  of  thofethat  are  not  verfed 

in  the  deep  parts  of  Geometry. 


L 0 N D 0 N: 

Printed  for  H.  Clements^  at  the  Half-Moo^  in  St.  PauPs 
Church-yard.  MDCCIX. 


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(Numb.  321.) 

PHILOSOPHIC  AL 

TRANSACTIONS. 

For  the  Months  of  May  and  June,  1709. 


The  CONTENTS. 

I,  Abies  of  the  Baromtrkal  Altitudes  at  Zurich  in 
J Switzerland,  in  thcTear  1708.  obferved  bj  Dr- 
Joti.  Ja.  Scheucbzer,  F/R.  S,  and' at  Upminfter  in 
England,  obferved  at  the  fame  time  by  Mr,  W.  Der- 
hatn,  F.  R,  S.  as  alfo  the  Rain  at  Pifa  in  Italy  in 
1707.  and  1708.  obferved  there  by  Dr.  Michael  Angelo 
Tilh,  F.  R.  <S‘.  and  Zurich  in  1708.  and  at  Up- 
minfter in  all  that  time  : With  Remarks  on  the  fame 
Tables^  as  alfo  on  the  Winds  Heat  and  Cold,  and  di~ 
vers  other  Matters  occurring  in  thofe  three  dijferent  P arts 
of  Europe.  By  Mr.  W.  Derhatn,  Redor  of  Up- 
minfter. ^ 

II-  An  Account  of  an  Experiment,  fjevolng  that  actual  Sound 
is  not  to  be  Franfmitted  through  a Vacuum.  By  Mr.  Fr. 
Hauksbee,  F-  R.  S. 

III.  An  Account  of  an  Experiment,^  touching  the  Propaga- 
tion of  Sound,  pajfing  from  the  Sonorous  Body  into  the 
common  Air,  in  one  DireUion  only.  By  Air.  Fr.  Hauks- 

- bee,  F.  R.  S. 

IV.  An  Account  of  an  Experiment  touching  the  Propagati- 
on of  Sound  through  Water.  By  Air . Fr.  Hauksbee,  F.  R.  S, 

V.  An  Explanation  of  the  Figures  of  a Pagan  Temple  and 
unhyjovpn  CharaHers  at  Cannara  in  the  JJland  of  Salfettc 
in  the  Eaft- Indies.  By  Mr.  Alexander  Stuarr. 


Bbb 


r A ■ 


( ?4i  ) 


A ^ L E S the  ]3iiK0)uettcaI  Altitudes  at 
Zurich  w Switzerland  in  the  Year  o%.  ohfery' 

' ed  hy  Dr.  Joh.  Ja.  Scheuchzer,  ' F,  (?(.  5.  a?id 
at  Upminrter  in  England,  obfer-Ved  at  the 
Jame  time  hy  Mr.  W.  Derham,  F.  5^.  S.  as  alfo 

the  %ain  at  Pila  hi  Italy  in  1707.  and  1708. 

ohferyed  there  hy  Dr.  Michael  Angelo  Tilli,  ' 
F.  R.  S.  and  at  Zurich  in  1708.  and  at 
Upminfter  in  all  that  time  : With  ^marks  on 
^ the  fame  Tables^  as  alfo  on  the  Windsy  Fleat 

and  Coldy  and  ciiVeys  other  Matters  occuvrin^  in 

tho/e  three  diffcYent  Farts  of  Europe.  Dy 
Mr.  W.  Derham,  F^eHor  of  Upminftcr. 

. ^ ' - 

IT  being  the  Pleafure  of  our  mofi:  iiluftrious  Society, 

^ to  put  into  my  hands  (according  to  Dr.  Scheuchzers 
defire)  his  Obfervations  of  the  Weather,  &c.  made  at 
Zurich  in  the  Year  1708.  and  having  alfo  my  felf  receivd 
from  Dr.  Mich.  Afjgdo  Tilli  the  quantity  of  Pvain  which 
he  obferved  to  fall  at  Pifa  5 I have  accordingly  compar’d 
thefe  Obfervations  with  mine  made  at  the  fame  time  at 
Vpmwfler.  And  to  reprefent  them  the  better  at  an 
eafy  view,  I have  put  what  I could  of  them  into  the  an- 
nexed Tables.  In  the  former  of  which,  I have  repre- 
fented  Dr.  Sr^eflrc/^ssfr’sasd  my  Barometrical  Obfervations: 

In  the  later,  his  Rain  Obfervations,  thofe  of  Dr.  Jl.  A. 
Tilly.,  and  mine  own  5 all  reduced  to  the  fame,  that  is, 
our  Englifh  meafure,  that  they  may  the  more  eafily  be 
feen  and  compar’d  together.  But  becaufe  I am  not  as  yet 

cer- 


■(  !4!  , 

certain  of  the  true  Proportion  between  the  Tnjcan-^nd 
Efigliff}  weight,  I have  therefore  giv*en  Dr.  M.  A.  D/iPs 
B.ain,  both  in  the  Tnfcan  Pounds  and  Ounces  as  he  lent 
it  me  ^ as  alforeduced  to  our  Engit[l}  Jroy  pound  ana  Cen- 
tefimals  of  that  Pound,  according  to  Mr.  Greav'a's  pro- 
portion, which  is  different  from  that  affigned  by  Sir  Jo- 
f/as  M(  or. 

As  to  Dn  SchemhzeAs  other  Obfervations  of  the  Winds, 
the  Weather,  the  Thermometer,  and  divers  other  very 
curious  and  remarltable  Matters,  I have  not  inferred  them 
into  particular  Tables,  becaufe  thefe  following  general 
' Remarks  may  in  fome  meafure  fupply  that  defedt. 

L For  the  Tber^mmier.  It  would  have  been  in  vain 
to  have  compared  his  Obfervations  with  mine,  by  reafon 
we  have  not  yet  a Standard  for  Thermometers,  as  we 
have  for  the  barometers  ^ they  being  every  where  in  all, 
or  moft  refpeds  different^  fome  with  large,  fome  with 
fmall  Bottles  of  Spirits  5 fome  accordingly  with  longer, 
fome  with  {hotter 5 fome  with  wider,  fome  with  narrow- 
er Canes,,  or  Shanks  5 fome  filled  with  more  highly  refti- 
fy’’d,  and  confequcncly  more  e^panfive  Spirits,  fome  with 
more  phlegmatick  and  duller  Spirits. 

The  difference  particularly  between  Dr.  Schenchx^erh  ‘ 
and  my  Thermometer  is,  his  isabour  one  Foot  long  5 that. 
I obferved  with  ail  along  (till  it  was  broken  this  Year  j 
about  two  Feet  and  a half  ^ and  that  I now  obfevve  with, 
three  Feet  and  a quarter  5 the  boreof  the  Stalk  is  fmali,  and 
the  Ball  is  large,  and  confequently  th-  Rang  great,  nnfwcr- 
ing  every  the  leaft  alteration  of  Heat  and  Co!d= 

l5uty:  t thus  much  1 have  been  able  to  obferve  by  com- 
paring Dr.  Sebeuebzers  and  my  Thermometrical  OlTerva- 
tions,  viz.  That  notwithftanding  the  Alpif^e  Sfwrvs  have 
mighty  Effeds  on  the  Weather  in  SmtzerU/?d,  and  othci 
conterminoKS  Places,  yet  there  is  much  more  agreement 
between  the  Heats  and  Cold  at  Ztiyu-h  and  , 


C H4  ) 

^lian  before  comparing  them,  I imagined.  fl  fpeak  with 
relation  to  laO:  Year  only,  having  no  other  Obfervations.) 
For  in  Winter,  although  I imagine  we  have  more  warm 
days  than  they  j and  in  Summer,  that  they  have  greater 
Heats  than  we 5 yet  I obferve  that  the  Colds  and  Heats  in 
bo'h  Places,  begin  and  end  nearly  about  the  fame  time: 
Yea,  that  oftentimes  any  remarkable  Weather  (efpecially 
if  of  fomewhat  long  continuance)  affefteth  one  as  well 
as  the  other  place.  Thus  for  inftance,  f/we,  which  was 
pfuivc  part  of  it  at  leaft,  particularly  the  very  day  after 
the  Solftitial-day,  12.)  remarkably  Cold  in  E»g- 

Uncl^  feems  to  have  been  not  very  different  at  Zurich  5 
Dr.  ^cheuihzer'^s  Thermometer  divers  times  that  Month 
("though  not  on  the  very  fame  days  perhaps)  defeending 
as  low,  or  rather  lower  than  in  the  Month  before,  yea 
as  low  as  many  days  in  the  Winter  Months.  But  one 
thing  I farther  obferved  was,  that  all  th-s  Month  their 
cold  Weather  conftantly  preceded  ours  here  about  five  or 
more  Days.  An  Indication  that  (as  dial  I be  farther  ob- 
ferved  hereafter)  the  Weather  in  both  Places  was  influ- 
enced by  the  fame  Caufes,  whether  the  Alpine,  Hills  and 
Cold,  or  the  Influx  of  the  Moon  and  other  heavenly  Bo- 
d!cs,  or  any  other  Caufe,  I fhall  not  enquire. 

And  as  in  June  there  was  a great  agreement  in  the  un- 
nfual  Cold,  fo  in  Augufi  there  was  not  much  lefs  agree- 
ment in  Heat  5 the  Heats  in  both  places  being  great,  and 
beginning  to  abate  about  the  fame  time,  only  a little 
fooncr  here  than  there. 

In  Winter  alfo,  although,  as  I faid,  I imagine  we  have 
a greater  nunober  of  warmer  Days  than  they,  yet  I find 
that  a warm  Winter  Month  there  is  fo  here  5 and  a cold 
one  there  is  a cold  one  here  likewife.  Thus  in  February 
and  March ^ O&^ober  and  November,  a great  agreement  feems 
to  have  been  between  the  Heats  and  Colds  of  both  Places, 
fome  Days  excepted.  But  January  was  at  the  beginning 
not  fo  conflantly  Cold,  for  the  Seafon,  ait  U^mwfier,  as 


■ ) 

It  f^ems  to  have  been  at  Zurkh.  And  Decemki-  laf}' 
winch  from  the  8th  Day  to  waslem  mo^ 

CoW  fh^n  Weather,  and  after  that  more  intenfely 
Cold  than  even  m the  L»,g.F>vJl  Jn„o  i68?.  by  the 

aJSade7hen“tr“-  '^hich  Dr. 

It  7^’  • L f been  intenfely  cold 

SrtafkZj':’ »“ 

Thus  much  for  the  Thermo metrkd  Obfervalions.  The 

If-  I make,  (hall  be  of  the  Windt:  Which 

:a  fo  I did  not  enter  into  Tables,  becaufe  it  may  be  fufFci- 
tent  to  obferve  in  general,  That  although  many  Days  they 

P'-  more  in^which 

tthey  differ.  When  they  do- agree,  I find  it  is  chief! w 

jwhen  the  Winds  are  ftro^^^  an^d  of  long  conhn  tS 

And  more  I think  when  Northerly  and  Effterly  than  in 

the  other  Points  Alfo  I have  obferyed,  That  a ftrong 

ijhnd  in  one  place  hath  been  a vyeak  one  in  thf 

Ilf.  As  to  the  Barometrical OhfervdHont,  I have  thono-ht 
t worth  while  to  fpecify  them.  Mine  own  Obfer! 

.a  ions  I felefted  which  were  made  at  Noon ; and 
»r.  ictocteers  as  near  Noon  as  might  be.  For  which 
;.»afon  I commonly  took  his  Morning  Obfervations,  be- 
mf®  made  for  the  molt  part  about  lo  or  n of  Clock. 
Ifo  I took  thefc  made  with  his  Bent-Barometer  i be- 

IifveilTrfrt'’  Cefpecially  at  the  beginning  of 
ue  lear^  to  be  the  moft- accurate,  ° 

The  Altitudes  of  his  Mercury  he  meafureth  by  the  Pa- 

trioot,  which  I have  reduced  to'  our  Emlijh  meafure 

lat  they  may  be  at  an  eafy  view  compared  with  mine  • 

. Bbb  for’ 


< !iO 

For  which  reafon  I have  alfo  all  along  noted  their  Diffe- 


rences. 


It  is  manifeft  from  the  Tables,  That  throughout  the 
whole  Year,  the  Mercury  was  lower  at  Zurich  than  at 
Upmwfler^  by  fomecimes  one,  fometimes  above  two  In- 
ches The  moft  remarkable  difference  was  at  the 

latter  end  of  September  and  beginning  of  O^ohery  when 
the  difference  was  for  a good  while  above  two  Inches 
The  reafon  of  which,  I giiefs,  was  becaufe  at 
Zurich  I imagine  the  Air  was  more  enclined  to  wet,  at  that 
time,  than  at  Dpmwjier^  as  alfo  becaufe  the  Winds  then 
were  Northerly  and  Eafterly  with  us  5 which,  *tis  well 
known,  do  make  our  Barometers  rife,  even  in  wet  Wea- 
ther. But  the  mean  difference  between  Dr.  Scheu^hzer*s 
and  my  Barometers,  I take  to  be  about  half  an  Inch 
Efiglijh,  From  whence  I conclude.  That  the  Situation  of 
Zurich  is  near  a Quarter  of  an  Englipj  Mile  higher  than 
that  of  Upminjier  above  the  furface  of  the  Sea  ^ or  elfe 
that  that  part  of  the  Terraqueous  Globe,  lying  nearer 
the  Line,  is  (according  to  the  received  Opinion)  higher, 
or  farther  diftant  from  the  Center,  than  ours  is,  lying 
nearer  the  Pole. 

Farther.  It  may  be  obferved  from  the  annexed  Baro- 
metrical Tables,  That  (as  near  the  Equinodial  the  Ba- 
rometer is  obferved  to  ftand  nearly  at  a (lay,  but  the  more 
Northerly  the  Latitude,  the  greater  the  rang  of  the 
Mercury,  fo)  at  Zurich  the  difference  (laft  Year)  was 
not  fo  great  between  the  higheft  and  loweft  ftations  of 
the  5,  as  it  was  either  at  Paris  or  XJpmwfter.  Fora( 
Zurich  the  difference  was  only  one  Inch  P^r/V-meafure 
at  Paris  Dr.  Scheuchzer  faith  it  was  one  Inch  two  Lines 
and  an  half 5 but  at  Dp minjler  it  was  18  Inch,  (ar 
feme  Years  ’tis  more ) which  is  greater  than  either 
them.  I 

The  laft  thing  which  I fhall  take  notice  of  relating  tci 
our  Barometrical Obfervations  is,  That  I obferve  although 

thetjl 


( 3 ) 

there  be  feme,  and  that  a pretty  deal  of  asjreeihent  be- 
tween the  riling  and  falling  of  our  Barometers,  one  be- 
ing very  often  high  or  low,  when  the  other  is  fo  5 and 
one  oftentimes  riling  or  falling  when  the  other  doth  fo^ 
and  one  riling  much  or  little,  or  falling  much  or  little 
when  the  other  doth  : I fay  although  the  matter  is  of- 
ten thus,  yet  it  is  not  fo  certainly  fo,  as  it  is  nearer 
home.  In  our  Philof.  Tranf.  N.  286.  I have  given  a 
Table  of  fome  Heights  of  the  Mercury  oblerved  at 
mnfier,  and  at  200  Miles  diftance  in  Lancajhire  at  the 
fame  time.  And  in  the  Hiji,  de  I' Acad,  Roy,  dcs  Scien, 
Anno  1699.  Monlieur  Meraldi,  by  comparing  his  Obfer- 
vations  at  the  Paris  Ohfervatory  with  mine  at  Upmlnfler,^ 
takes  notice,  “ That  there  is  a great  agreement  between 
“ the  variation  of  the  Heights  of  the  Barometers  in  both 
Places  5 that  he  finds  almoft  always  that  when  'one  ri- 
^ feth  or  falleth,  the  other  doth  fo  too,  although  not 
“ always  alike:  That  the  Days  in  each  Month  whereon 
“ the  Mercury  hath  been  higheft  or  lowed,  it  hath  been 
the  fame  at  Paris  as  at  Z)pmin(ier^  but  ordinarily  fome- 
what  more  than  9 or  4 Lines  lower  at  Paris  than  Z)p^ 
‘‘  ntinfter.'*  But  the  Agreement  between  the  Variations 
of  Dr.  Scheuckzers  Barometers  and  mine,  although  I fay 
often  great,  yet  is  not  fo  conftantly,  nor  fo  certainly 
great  as  nearer  home,  viz.  at  London,  Lancajloire,  Paris, 
and  other  places,  with  which  I have  made  the  com- 
parifon. 

IV.  The  next  Remark  I fhall  make,  (hall  be  on*  the 
Tables  of  Rain,  obferved  at  Pifa  in  Italy,  by  Dr-  Mich. 
Angelo  Tilli,  Botannick  ProfefTor  there  5 and  at  Zurich 
in  Switzerland,  by  Dr.  J.  J.  Scheuchzer  5 both  very  inge- 
nious, curious,  and  diligent  Members  of  this  learned  and 
honourable  Society  5 and  laftly,  by  my  felf  at  Vpmin- 
fter  in  Ejfex.  The  Italian  Obfervations  were  procured 

B b b a for 


C 34°  ) 

for  me  by  the  Society,  as  well  as  my  illuftrious  Friend, 
Dr.  Newton^  Her  Majefties  very  ingenious  and  learned  * 
Envoy  at  Florence^  and  a very  laCeful  Member  of  this 
Society. 

I-  The  firft  thing  that  in  thefe  Rain- Tables  reprefents 
it  felf  to  our  view,  is,  That  the  Rains  for  the  mold 
part  are  more  frequent  at  Upmnjier  than  either  at 
Zurich  or  Fifa  5 I mean  We  have  more  Rainy  Days  than 
They.  But  yet 

2.  The  Rains  in  both  thefe  Places  are  much  greater  in 
Quantity,  in  the  whole  Year,  and  in  fome  Months,  ef- 
pecially  the  Autumnal  and  Winter  Months,  than  our 
Rains  are  at  ZJpmnJier,  Alay,  June,  and  July,  and  a great 
part  of  Auguji  in  1707.  feem  to  have  been  very  dry,  and 
I fuppofe  fearching  Months  at  Pifa,  as  in  fome  meafure 
fome  of  them  were  here : And  in  that  time  lefs  Rain 
fell  there  than  here.  But  the  following  Autumnal  Months 
made,  at  Pifa,  fufficient  amends,  either  by  the  great  quan- 
tity that  fell  at  a time,  I fuppofe  in  Thunder,  and  fuch 
like  hafty  large  Showers  5 or  elfe  by  the  Quantity  and 
Frequency  both.  What  a prodigious  Qpantity  was  that, 
for  inftance,  of  above  32  pounds  on  Augufl  19  > ('if  it  all 
fell  on  that,  and  not  fome  on  the  preceding  days.)  But 
vve  find  very  large  Quantities  at  a time  to  have  fallen  on 
divers  Days,  where  it  is  maniferi:  the  Rain  was  weighed 
every  Day,  vi%.  10  Pound,  9 Pound,  and  other  large 
Quantities  for  feveral  Days  together,  in  the  cooler  autum- 
nal Months.  But  as  the  Weather  groweth  warmer,  I 
imagine  their  Rains  at  Pifa  are  fewer  5 and  what  falletb, 
falJeth  in  large  quantities.  For  which  reafon  the  quanti- 
ty of  Rain  in  the  Spring-months  of  March,  April,  and 
May  1708.  foften times  dripping  Months  in  is- 

nearly  the  fame  both  at  Pif^  and  Vpminfer, 


As 


, ( 54'  )•  , 

As  to  the  Rain  at  TLnrkhy  I obferve,  That  although 
their  Rains^are  lefs  frequent  than  ours  in  Ejffex^  yet  they 
(eem  to  be  more  frequent  than  theirs  at  Eifa:  but  the 

quantity  at  Zurich  is  greater  than  at  TJpminfier.  and  lefs 
than  at  Pifa, 

Tjs  Dr.  Scheuchzers  Opinion,  “That more  Rain  falleth 
in  SwitzerLmd  than  in  France^  at  Zurich  than  at  Paris,' 
To  confirm  which  he  givetb  us  this  Table  of  eight  Years* 
Rain  at  Paris,  to  which  I (hall  add  mine  for  Vvmin- 
Jter, 


the  Rain  at  Paris  in 

8 Tears, 

^tUpm 

The 

Tear, 

Depth  in 
Lines  of 
Paris 
me  a [fire. 

Depth  in 
Inches  of 
Paris  , 
me  a pure. 

Depth  hi 
EngiiOa 
Inches 
& Centf! 

Depth  in 
Englidi 
Inches  and 
Centeftmals. 

1699 

224  i 

00 

00 

19  93 

15  II 

1700 

240  J 

20  1 

21  37 

19  C3I 

1701 

255  j 

21  4 d 

22  77 

i8  69! 

1702 

ip6 

16  4 1 

17  45 

?.o  38 j 

1703 

208  i 

17  4 ^ 

18  51 

99\ 

1704 

238  ^ 

r9  10  i 

21  20 

f5  8o- 

1705 

l66  4 

13 10  j 

14  82 

16  9:5’ 

1706 

183  f 

15  3 i 

16  31 

;24  29 

|ie4  22 

[otal  Depth 

*42  10^ 

152  36 

It  is  manifeft  from  this  Table,  That  the  Zurich  Rain’ 
laft  Year  ^although  it  amounted  not  to  the  Q^iantity 
^ which  fell  at  1 ifiz  in  a whole*  Year,  y^O  exceeded' 
both  the  Paris  and  Vpmwfier  annual  Rains  of  8 Years  be- 
fore. But  whether  it  confiantly  doth  fo  or  not,  if  God 
fl^are  them  Life,  the  future  Obfervations  which  Dr.  Scheuch^ 
zer  and  Dr.  THU  promife  us  will  demonrtrate. 

But  before  I quit  my  Remarks  on  this  laft  Table,  ’tis 
neceflary  that  I take  norice,  That  there  is  a greater  diffe- 
rence 


( j 

rence  between  thefe  lafc  8 Years  Rain  at  Paris  and  Vp* 
mhtfler^  than  I found  in  the  8 Years,  in  which  I former- 
ly compared  the  Rain  of  Towmley^  Paris,  Lijle,  and  Up- 
ntltjjier  together,  in  Philof.  Tranf.  N.  297.  For  by  that 
comparifon  it  appeared,  that  lefs  Rain  fell  at  Upmwjler, 

, than  at  either  of  the  other  three  Places*  But  according  to 
thefe  later  8 Years  in  the  Table,  a fmall  matter  more  fal- 
leth  at  ZJpmwfier  than  at  Paris,  For  the  mean  Proporti- 

- on  for  Paris  fwhich  accordingto  former  Years  was  above 
Qo  Inches  Paris  meafure,  or  22  Inches  Englijh')  is  accord- 
ing to  thefe  laft  8 Years  nomoie  than  17  Inches,  9 Lines, 

i Paris- meafure,  or  19  Inches  Eftglijh:  AndZJpmwJier-Kain, 
which  I formerly  computed  at.  Year  for  Year,  about  20 
Inches  and  an  half  EngUJh,  is  for  thefe  8 Years  much  the 
V fame,  or  a little  more  than  that  at  Paris, 

The  Proportions  therefore  which  I (hall  now  lay  down 
for  the  yearly  Rain  of  all  Places,  whofe  Rain  I have  had 
" Information  of,  are  thefe  5 ior  Zurkh  (till  farther  Ob- 
^fervations  are  made)  52  t Inches  5 for  Pifa  (till  farther 
' Obfervations  alfoj  45  i Inches  5 for  Paris,  19  Inches  5 
for  Life^^  4 Inches  ^ for  Towneley  in  Lancafhire  42  | Inches  3 
for ‘Dpminjier  19  * Inches  3 all  the  fame,  that  is  Englifj- 
« meafure, 

3.  The  laft  Obfervation  I (hall  make  upon  the  Rain 
? Tables  is,  The  great  ufe  of  Cold  to  the  making  of  Rain. 
That  Exhalations  and  Vapours  are  the  matter  of  Rain,  is 

- not  to  be  doubted.  And  how  they  are  raifed,  whether 
according  to  the  learned  and  ingenious  Dr.  Woodmrd\ 
or  any  other  Hypothelis,  I (hall  not  enquire.  It  is  fuffi- 

. cient  for  my  prefent  purpofe  to  fay,  That  when  thofe 
Vapours  are  raifed,  they  are  conftipated  and  condenfed 
into  Clouds  and  Rain,  chiefly  by  the  Cold  of  the  Air  to 
which  they  are  elevated*  And  the  greater  the  quantity 
of  Vapours  raifed  is,  and  withal  the  more  intenfe  the 
' Cold  of  thofe  airy  Regions,  the  greater  is  the  quantity 

of 


( ?4?  ) 

of  Rain.  This  although  probably  a matter  well  known 
and  fcarce  doubted,  yet  may  deferve  fpecial  Confiderati- 
on,  becaufe  it  will  lead  me  to  divers  obfervables.  Nov/ 
this  is  manifeft  from  the  annexed  Tables  compared  with 
Dr.  Sch^chzers  and  my  Weather,  &c,  Obfervations. 
Thus  for  inftance  Januarjiy  which  Dr.  Scheuchzer  frequent* 
ly  obferved  was  fomefimes  warm,  fometimes  cold,  and 
appeareth  farther  to  have  been  fo  by  his  Thermometrkal 
Column,  and  which  was  the  fame  with  us  in  Sonth-Bri-^ 
tain,  that  Month,  I fay,  had  plenty  of  Rain  at  Ztmch 
Vpminfter,  yea,  and  Pifa  too.  The  fame  might  be  faid 
of  February  for  Zurich,  and  probably  Pifa  too.  So  alio 
for  December  in  1707.  at  Pifa  and  Vpminfter  5 De- 
cember laft  at  Zurich  and  Vpminfter.  But  with  us  Februa- 
S was  for  the  moft  part  a cold  Month,  and  the  Rain  the 
lefs,  by  reafon  the  Vapours  either  could  not  be  raifed  in 
plenty  enough,  or  not  be  carried  high  enough,  or  fuf- 
pended  long  enough  to  be  united, but  foon  were  precipita- 
ted back  again  to  the  earth.  r 1 t • 

From  thefe  Caufes  afligned,  the  plenty  of  Exhalations 

and  Cold  of  the  airy  Regions,  I conceived  it  is,  that  at 
Vpminfter,  about  the  Equinoxes,  we  have  often  more  Rain 
than  at  other  Sealons.  But  I cannot  fay  this  is  certain 
and  conftant.  Thus  it  was  at  the  Autumnal  Equmr-x  in 
1707,  not  only  at  Vpminjier,  but  at  Pifa  too : So  at  Zu- 
rich Pifa  and  Vpminjier  about  the  Vernal  in  1708.  and 
at  ^Zurich  and  Vpminfter  the  laft  Autumnal  Equinox. 
And  this  very  28th  of  March  1709.  Whilft  I am  wnring 
this,  I have  a pregnant  Proof  of  what  I am  faying.  For 
not  only  the  unufual  Cold  of  the  Winter  hath  been  fuc- 
ceeded  by  as  unufual  quantities  of  Rain  all  this  Months 
but  at  this  very  time  the  Weather  is  open,  but  w ithal  cool. 
Particularly  March  26,  many  Vapours  arofe,  fo  as  to  fill 
the  Air  with  a warm  (tinking  Fog.  The  Night  fodow- 
ing  a fmart  (bower  of  Hail  tell,  a manifeft  indication  of 
the  Cold  of  the  middle,  or  top  of  the  lower  Reg' on  of 


( U4  ^ 

'the  Air.  And  the  day  after,  vi%i  March  27.  proved  fo 
wet  a day,  that  almoft  5 pound  of  Rain  fell  through  my 
Tunnel,  a large  quantity  for  the  compafs  of  12  Inches 
Diameter  in  1 4 or  1 5 hours  time.  The  Wind  and  Clouds 
were  all  the  while  calm  and  (till,  and  frequeutly  chang- 
ing from  Point  to  Point,  near  round  the  whole  Compafs  5 
and  the  Rain  that  fell,  fell  thick,  in  fmall  drops.  Which 
makes  me  think,  that  the  warm  foggy  Vapours,  raifed 
in  great  plenty  the  day  or  two  before,  as  foon  as  they 
were  mounted  alofr,  met  with  fuddain  extreme  Cold  of 
the  middle  Region,  and  were  thereby  haftily  condenfed, 
and  the  Air  being  at  the  fame  time  very  light  (the  Baro- 
meter being  then  very  low)  they  fpeedily  tumbled  down 
in  fmall  and  thick  Drops  of  Rain. 

And  this  I take  to  be  the  very  cafe  of  the  vernal  and 
autumnal  Rains  already  mentioned,  viz.  In  Spring,  when 
the  Earth  and  Waters  areloofed  frdm  the  brumal  Confti- 
pations,  'the  Vapours  arife  in  great  plenty.  So  alfo  in 
Autumn,  when  the  Heats  that  diftipated  them  in  Summer, 
and  alfo  warmed  the  fuperiour  Regions,  are  abated,  the 
Vapours  raifed  then  in  great  plenty  are  foon  condenfed 
by  the  Cold  of  the  fuperiour  Regions,  and  fo  are  forced 
down  in  more  plentiful  Rains  than  at  other  Seafons,  when 
either  the  Vapours  are  fewer,  or  Cold  of  the  fuperiour 
‘Regions  lefs. 

For  a farther  proof,  or  at  lead  illuftration  of  what  hath 
been  faid,  let  us  again  caft  an  Eye  upon  June  laft,  a Month 
as  unfeafonably  wer,  as  ’twas  unufually  Cold.  The  Cold 
thereof  I have  already  taken  notice  of  3 and  the  wet  Wea- 
ther accompanying  it  was  fo  unfeafonable  to  us  in  South- 
Britain^  that  although  we  had  great  and  welcome  Crops 
of  Hay  after  a great  fcarcity  the  preceding  Year,  yet  we 
had  fcarcely  any  good  Weather  to  make  it  in.  So  Dr. 
Scheuchzcr  faith  it  was  with  them  in  Switzerland^  in 
his  Remarks  on  that  Month ; Fuit  hie  menfis^  nt  ex 
pluviii  menfurata  conjtat^  prater  modum  humidns^  & mag- 

no 


( ) 

00  qttidem  Vegetahilihut  Hommibufque  dunmo*  TS/lultUfH  com-- 
pHtrnit  Tosnum  5 Qramina^  qu(C  tiofidum  fuere  refe^a^  ad  nU 
mium  vencre  maturitatis  gradum*  Kites  eanwsque  Flofctdi 
tnulta  fajUnHermt  daffjna  a Pluvtce  continiio  fere  lapft  5 dc^- 
ciderunt  tenella  Petala^  Foliis  ruhigo  induBa  eji,  nt  macra 
admodnm  fit  Autumm  venturi  fpes,  8cc. 

Having  thus  conhdered  the  ufe  of  Cold  to  the  produ* 
£iion  ot  Rain,  I (hall  (hut  np  thefe  Remarks  with  one 
thing  concerning  the  Alps'j  and  that  is,  I cannot  but 
think  that  thofe  and  all  fuch  like  high  Mountains,  and 
the  Snows  they  are  covered  with,  are  of  great  ufe  to  the 
neighbouring,  yea  more  dif^ant  Countries,  in  generating 
their  Rain,  and  performing  other  great  Offices  of  Nature. 
From  forae  Obfervations  I have  made  in  running  over, 
and  comparing  Dr.  Scheuchzers  and  my  own  larger  Tables, 

1 have  fo  frequently  obferved  the  Rifings  and  Fallings  of 
the  Barometer,  fome  of  the  moft  conliderable  Variations 
of  the  Wind,  the  moft  remarkable  Alterations  of  Heat 
and  Cold,  and  of  wet  and  dry  5 I have,  I fay,  fo  often 
obferved  many  of  thefe  to  precede  in  one  place  what 
hath  follow’d  in  another,  that  I am  apt  to  think  that 
even  England  may  fometimes  partake  of  the  effeifts  of  the 
Alpine  Mountains  upon  the  Air  and  Vapours.  It  is  certain 
that  their  very  cold  Weather  in  December  laft,  and  the 
Relaxation  thereof  preceded  ours ; Which  makes  me  en- 
dined  to  think  it  might  probably  be  derived  from  them 
to  us.  All  the  former  part  of  that  Month,  erpecially 
from  about  the  8th  day  till  the  24th,  was  here  mild  and 
open.  But  on  Chrijimas^day  it  began  to  be  colder,  and 
the  following  days  to  freeze  harder  and  harder  5 infomuch 
that  on  December  30.  my  Thermometer  was  a great  deaf 
lower  than  ever  I had  feen  it  before.  And  two  curious 
Perfons  in  London  told  me,  that  the  Spirits  in  their  Ther- 
mometers fell  feveral  degrees  lower  this  laft  Winter,  than 
they  had  done  in  the  felf-fame  Thermometers  during  all 
the  long  and  remarkable  Froft  in  the  Year  1683.  Whe- 

C c c thcr 


c uO.  . 

ther  at  Zurich  the  Cold  was  more  excelllve,  than  it  ufed 
to  be  in  other  Years»  Dr.  Schcuchzer  doth  not  fay  5 but 
he  ncteth  the  Air  to  have  been  cxceflively  Cold,  and  his 
Thcrmometrical  Obfervations  fhew  it  to  have  been  fo 
fome  time  before,  in,  and  after  Chrifimus,  And  Dr* 

Uff  in  a Letter  he  honoured  me  with  lately  from  Florence, 
faith,  “ The  Cold  was  there  fo  great,  that  for  twenty 
“ Years  pad  they  had  not  been  lenlible  of  greater  5 it 
“ wanting  on  Twelfik^day  but  half  a Degree  of  the  Extre- 
“ miry.  Their  Twelfth’ day  1 reckon  fell  on  December  26. 
0.  S:  and  confequcritly  their  fo  eminently  Freezing-day 
preceded  ours  about  four  Days. 

And  as  their  Cold,  fo  by  Dr.  Scheuchzers  Obfervati- 
ons, I find  the  Relaxation  thereof  preceded' ours  a (hort 
time.  For  about  the  later  end  of  December  the  Weather 
appears  to  have  been  milder,  at  lead  lefs  intenfely  Cold 
with  them.  And  fo  was  ours  at  the  beginning  of  Jam- 
ary,  about  as  many  days  after  theirs,  as  their  Cold  prece- 
ded ours. 

Thus  I have  given  one  eminent  Indance  of  what  I 
found  leder  Examples  frequently,  as  I run  over  Dr.  Scheuch- 
lad  Year*s  Obfervations.  But  whether  there  may  be 
any  farther  Reafons  for  any  fuch  Conclufions  about  the 
Influences  of  the  Alpine  Eminences  and  Colds  upon  far 
didant  places,  future  Obfervations  will  I hope  determine. 
But  as  to  their  Influences  nearer  home.  Dr.  Soheuchzer 
faith,  Al^es  fcecnnda  mater  furit^  ut  Flumlnum  & Nubium, 
ita  quoque  Nwis  Phwi£,  Credibile  omnino  eji,  loca  Ma^ 
ri,  Alpibufque  vicimora^  plus  etiam  experiri  Pluvt£  pr£  remo» 
tioribus  uliis, 

Tothefe  Remarks  I might  add  Dr.  Scheuchzer'^s  Obferva- 
tions  of  the  Occurrences  in  each  Month  of  what  was  enri- 
Giis  as  to  Meteors,  the  State  of  Health  and  Difeafes,  &e. 
aUo  the  increafe  and  decreafe  of  their  Zurich  River,  the 
Limat,  which  (like  other  Rivers  that  have  their  Source 
inthe-^^pj)  he  puts  beyond  all  doubt  (in my  Opinion)  to 

receive 


( ?47  > 

receive  greater  Increments  from  the  melting  of  the  Al'iihe 
Snows,  than  from  all  the  wet  proceeding  trora  their  Rair 
But  as  I have  been  long  alread]^  thefe  things  would  add 
more  to  the  length  of  what  I have  faid  ^ and  therefore  [ 
fhall  rather  chufe  to  refer  to  his  Obfervations  at  large^ 
than  injure  them  by  an  Abridgfnent. 

Here  I was  putting  an  end  to  my  Remarks,  but  in  the 
fame  moment  I received  Letters  from  the  betorc-commended 
Dr.  Newton  from  Florence^  and  Dr.  AI.  A,  THU  from  Pifa» 
Inrhelaterof  which  are  fome  Obfervations  that  fo  dired- 
ly  relate  to  what  I have  before  taken  notice  of,  that  1 
* muft  beg  Pardon  for  a fmall  Addition  to  what  I have 
faid. 

Dr.  Tilirs  half  Year’s  Rain  coming  too  late,  I have 
put  it  alone  in  the  additional  Table.  From  which  Table 
compared  with  the  foregoing  Tables  it  appears,  that  al* 
though,  in  the  Year  before,  Jme  and  other  Summer- 
Months  were  dry^  yet  laft  June  was  a wet  Month  at  Flfa^ 
as  well  as  Zurich  and  Upminfler^  and  fo  likewife  was  it 
about  the  Autumnal  Equinox:  and  for  the  fame  Realons, 

1 imagine,  which  I have  already  mentioned. 

As  to  the  Excefs  of  the  Pifa-Rain  above  that  of  other 
Places  ("concerning  which  I wrote  to  Dr-  Tillij  he  attri- 
buteth  it  to  the  fame  caufe  fhe  faith ) that  I did  tlm  of 
Lancajhire,  namely,  the  Height  of  the  Hdls^  and  the  Blow 
ing  of  the  Windf  for  a long  time  from  fome  one  §)uarter. 
His  Obfervation  is  this,  Libenter  admitto  Pluviam  nojiram 
femper^  vel  ut  plurimfm  veflram  fuperare^  ca  fane  ratione  ut 

animadvertijii  5 preecipu  ft  afpera  Corfica  ja- 

ga,  autumni  tempore,  nive  cito  cooperiantur : Tunc  Aufsraler 
venti  diu  vigent  d*  Imbres,  Aquilonarcs  verd  frequentins 
circa  Florenttnos  colles,  quim  circa  Pifanam  urbem  fpirare 
plane  conftat,  EJl  enim  h£c  civitas  a Boreu  circumdata  mon* 
tibus,  depart  intervallo  circa  milliaria  quinque  difat  a mart. 

The  fame  Account  of  the  Situation  of  Pifa,  and  the 
great  quantity  of  Rain  falling  there,  I remember  I had  fome 

time 


( 148  ) 

time  firsce  from  a very  ingenious  Member  of  this  Society- 
Mr.  A^on^  who  hath  been  there ^ who  withal  added  (if 
I miftake  notj  that  'Pifa  was  for  that  reafon  called,  or 
might  be  called.  The  Pifs-pot  of  Italy. 

Beddes  what  is  mentioned,  there  are  in  the  Letters  of 
diofe  two  carious  Gentlemen  divers  other  things,  fomc 
of  them  relating  particularly  to  this  I aft  Winters  remark- 
ably fevere  Froft  in  Italy,  But  thefe  with  fome  other 
Accounts  relating  to  the  fame  fubjefl:,  as  they  may  be 
more  feafonable,  fo  1 intend  them  for  the  Societies  Diver- 
fion  and  Service  (if  God  fpare  a little  life  and  leifure)  in  a 
fhorr  time. 

Juft  -as  I was  putting  a fiuifhing  Hand  to  this,  I receiv- 
ed from  Dublin^  Mr,  Molyneauxs  Gbfervations  there  of 
the  Weather,  Winds,  R.ain,  during  the  laft  Year- 
Which  1 am  forty  arrived  no  fooner,  that  they  might 
have  accompanied,  -and  been  feen  together  with  the  fore- 
going Obfervations.  Bat  it  being  now  too  late,  I fhall 
take  fume  other,  though  lefs  opportune  time,  to  acquaint 
.this  moft  illuftrious  Society  with  them. 


.•  I 


f 


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^ Table  of  the  Rata  M-Vifa,  m ltdyy  both  and 

“Eti^i^TrojdlVeight^  which  felhhrough  a TunntL  of  half 
A Brace  S quaff  y front  May  till  the  ^ <?/ December  17  07 : 
As  alfqthe  quantity  of  Rain  at  Upminfter  in  Effex  at  the 
fame  time^  which  feU  through  a round  Tunnel  of  12  Inches 
fiiametery  in  Pounds  Trofyand  Centefimals  of  a BouOfU 


?/ 

Mp. 


pis' 

Kain  in 

Tufian 

(Veight, 


May. 


1^  fiaiH  at\ 
Rsinre  Upom 
duced  O 

Eni.IV, 


L oz. 


4 

5 

;7 

8 

9 

lol 

11 

12 

13 

14 

ii 
\6 

17 

18 

19 

W 
2i 

,22|0 

24 

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28 

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June. 

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height. 

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0 58 

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6 27 

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0 46 

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14  50 

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2 90I1 

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4 B 


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1 1 


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I 53 


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I 62 

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6 62 

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^ November. 

1 December. 

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pil'a  tn 
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fter. 

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5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

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0 33 

2 8 

2 4; 

0 44 
0 65 

9 4 

S 57 

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2 ic 

4 89 

2 60 

0 63 

0 25 

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I 67 

I 24 

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fa,  in  the  Tear  1708.  AUreducd 

to  the  Defth  in  Englifj -Inches y and  Qentefin^als  of  an 
Inch. 


January. 

February. 

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Rain  at 

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2 98 

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7 2 

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0 97 

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Odlober.  | 

1 Novemb. 

|December- 

D, 

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( iM) 

A Trof^ft  of  all  the  Ram  in  the  foregoing^Tahlet^  in 
every  Months  Half  Tear,  and  the  )vhole  Tear^  from 
June  orMay  21.  0.  6\  1707.  to  the  end  of 

the  Tear  1708. 


! 

1 

May* 

fune. 

July. 

Augufl:. 

September. 

O&ober. , 

November. 

Depth  J 
the  0 

VlitL  jl 

Rain,  j 

Englijh. 
Inches. \ 

0 12 
0.  88| 
0 , 36 

5 76 

6 45 

?'  43 
4 22 

lepth 
f the 
Jpitt. 
Rain. 

Englijh 

Jnmes. 

1 05 

I 34 

1 27 

2 18 
2'  90 

I 18 

Depth 
}f  the 
Zurich 
Rain. 

Englijh 

Inches. 

Tloe  Half  Tear  s Rain, 

21  2.2 

II 25 

December.  J 

6 J9 

2 43 

Anno  1708. 

1 

January.  ! 

6 41 

2 88 

,I  64 

February.  ; ' ■ 

j 28 

0 46 

I 65 

March. 

2 65 

2 03 

I 

April.'  . 

I 25 

0 96 

4 <59 

May.  i 

r u 

2 02 

I 91 

The  Half  Tear'^s  Rain. 

10  78 

Depth  of  the  whole  TeaTs  Rain. 

44  53 

22  0^ 

June. 

4 90 

2 

5 91 

The  Half  Tear'^s  Rain. 

.*■ 

10  67 

17 

July.  ; 

I 11 

3 50 

Auguir. 

2 27 

2 9^ 

3 15 

September.  _ __ 

7 21 

I 46 

5 02 

Oftober. 

5 3? 

0 2^ 

2 44 

November. 

0 12 

0 86 

0 62 

December. 

I 97 

2 62 

The  Half  Tears  Rain. 

19  S4 

00 

-0 

‘5  35 

The  whole  TeaTs  Ram. 

19  24 

^2  66 

A 


A Pjfa  tn  Jome  of  the  Utter  Six 

Months  of  the  Tear  1708.  in  Tufcan-  Pounds  and 
Ounces^  and  the  fame  reduced  to  Englifh  Pounds  Troy- 
weUht,  and  Centefimal  Parts,  Obferv.ed  by  Dr,  Michael 
AngeloTilH 


June.  II  July.‘  ||  Auguih 


Tufcan  Englifh 


3 

4 


5?  45 


6 

7 


9 

10 


11 

12 

n 

14 

15 


Weight, 


1. 


4 

2 


2 

o 


16 


17 

1 8 


19 


20 


21 

22 

23 

24 

25 


26 


27 

28 


29 

30 
3* 


0?:; 


8 


8?  3 


' I 

10 


I I 


Weight. 


1.  dec- 


75 

99 


06 


45 

98 

6() 


2 

G 


68 

76 


10  17 


Total  ]V' 


28  53 


Depth, 


4 9c 


Tufcan  'fnglifh 
Weight.  yVeighi, 


/,  0^5:..!/.  oz. 


10 

I 


25 

53 


2 82  45 


13  2? 


27 


( Xii  ) 


'/ 


M.T. 


10 


1 

12 

IL 

i5 


i6 

^7 

18 

19 

20 


21 

22 

23 

249 

ii 

26 

27 

28 


29 


,30 

13^ 


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esj 


10 


^»glljh 

Weigh 


12 


8. 


l.  dee . 

I 07 

9 18 


II  17 


Tujcan  iEngltfh 


Weight 


1.  oz, 

. ■ 

5 1 


Weifh 


L dec 


2 45 


10  49  4S' 


48  57 


4 43  9S 


14  5 


L'otal  fV-Ui  92, 
Depth,  ly  21' 


4 ^7 


^3  ^3 


06 


29 

61 


3 7 3 29 


Weight  IWeight 
^•*-.1/.  dec 


3 


3^  o? 
5 3?i 


J J2  98 


0l  84 


TS 


ii 

.An 


( 3^7  ) 

\ 


II.  \An  jiccount  of  an  Experiment^ 

that  aHual  Souyid  is  not  to  be  Tranfmitted 
through  a Vacuiun.  !By  Mr,  Fr.  Hauksbee, 

F.  S. 

That  the  Experiments  already  made,  endea- 
vouring to  produce  Sound  from  a Bell  m Vacuo, 
have  been  altogether  inefFedual,  is  fufficiently  mani- 
•u  that  the  loft  of  it  (hould  be  wholly  at- 

tributed to  the  abfence  of  the  Air,  I think  could  not 
Without  another  Experiment  be  abfolutely  concluded, 
fince  the  following  Query,  (which  very  well  deferves 

an  Anfwer^  might  fairly  be  darted  upon  this  Occa- 
fion. 

Whether  the  Sonorous  Body  in  fuch  a Mediu^f 
might  not  fo*  fuffer,  or  undergo  fuch  a Change  in 
its  Parts,  as  to  be  render’d  uncapablc  of  being  put 
into  fuch  a Motion  as  is  requifite  for  the  Aidion  or 
Produdion  of  Sound.- 

Now  to  fet  the  Matter  of  Fad  in  a true  Light  as 

near  as -I  could,  I contriv’d  the  following  Experi- 
ment. ^ ^ 

I took  a ftrong  Receiver,  arm’d  with  a Braft-hoop 
at  bottom,  in  which  I included  a Bell  as  laro’e  as 
well  it  could  contain.  This  Receiver  I ferew’d  dmn<r- 
ly  down  to  a Braft-Plate,  with  a wet  Leather  between, 
and  was  full  of  common  Air,  which  could  no  ways 
makes  its  efcape.  Thus  fecur’d,  it  was  fet  on  the 
Pump,  where  it  was  cover’d  with  another  large  Re- 
ceiver. 


( ? ) 

cciver.  In  this  manner,  the  Air  contain’d  between 
the  outward  and  inward  Receivers  was  exhaufted. 

Now  here  I was  (ure,  when  the  Clapptrr  ftiould  be 
made  to  ftrike  the  Bell,  there  would  be  adual  Sound 
produc’d  in  the  inward  Receiver,  the  Air  in  which 
-was  of  the  fame  denfity  with  common  Air^  and 
could  fuffer  no  Alteration  by  the  Vacuum  on  its  out- 
fide,  fo  ftrongly  was  it  fecur'd  on  all  (ides.  And  as 
I faid  before,  that  if  the  Sonorous  Body  fhould  fuffer 
in  any  meafure,  by  being  in  a very  rare  Medium^. 
fo  .as  to  contribute  to  the  lofs  of  its  Sound,  that 
this  Method  ‘feem’d  probable  to  difeover  it. 

Thus  all  being  ready  for  Trial,  the  Clapper  was 
made  to  ftrike  the  Bel4  hut  I found  that  there  was 
no  tranfmiffion  of  it  thro*  the  Vacuum,  tho’  I was 
fure  there  was  adual  Sound  produc’d  in  the  Recei* 
ver. 

This  plainly  (hews,  and  feems  pofitively  to  confirm. 
That  Air  is  the  only  Medium  for  the  Propagation 
of  Soundo 


( 1^9  ) 


III.  An  Account  of  an  Experiment^  touching  the 
propagation  of  Sound^  P^P^^  Sono^ 

rous  Body  into  the  common  Air^  in  one  Bire^ 
Bion  ojily,  By  Mr,  Fr.  Hauksbee,  F.  R,S. 

SINCE  by  the  former^  Experiment  aftual  Sound 
could  not  be  tranfmitted  thro'  a Space  void  of 
Air  5 I was  inclin’d  to  try  whether  that  Sound, 
which  (hould  be  propagated  in  a Receiver,  having 
a Communication  with  the  open  Air  at  one  fmalL 
Apperture  only,  but  otherwife  intirely  furrounded  by 
a Vacmm:^  Whether  I fay,  that  Sound  would  be  in- 
creas’d, or  continu’d  Sounding  longer,  at  each  Stroke 
that  Ihould  be  given  the  Bell,  than  it  would  do, 
were  not  its  Body  encompafs’d  by  fuch  a M^dinm, 
In  Older  thereto,  the  Bell  was  included  as  in  the 
pre-mei>tion’d  Experiment^  only?  the  upper  part  of 
its  Receiver  , was  fcrew’d  a Box  with  Collars  of 
Leather  5 and  on  the  Top  of  the  outward  Receiver, 
was  laid  a Brafs-Plate  with  a wet  Leather  between: 
In  the  middle  of  which  Plate,  was  likewife  fcrcw’d 
another  Brafs  Box  with  Collars;  as  before.  Thefe  Re- 
ceivers when  plac’d  on  the  Pump,  had-  their  Boxes 
handing  dircdly  one  over  the  other.  Thro’  both  of 
them  in  that  Pofition,  I paft  a hollow  Brafs  Tube, 
which  exactly  fitted  their  Perforations.*  thus  the  in- 
ward Receiver  had  a Communication  with  the  out- 
ward Air , and  the  outward  Receiver  thereby  was 
fecur’d  from  the  Ingrcfs  of  the  Circumambient  Medi~ 
um.  Now  when  the  Air  contain’d  between  the  Re- 

I i i ceivers 


' - ( ?70  ) 

ceivers  was  pretfy  well  exhaufted,  and  the  Bell  ftrnck, 
the  Sound  was.fenfibly  very  vigorous,  and  (I  think) 
very  nearly  as  great  as  before  any  Air  v/as  taken 
away  at  al4  yet  it  ones  Finger  was  apply’d  to  the 
Apperture  of  the  hollow  Brafs  Tube,  the  Sound 
would  be  fo  much  diminilh’d,  as  but  juft  to  be  di- 
ftinguithed.  By  this  we  fee,  that  fince  the  Sound  in 
that  ftate  cannot  be  tranfmitted  thro’  the  Receiver 
that  includes  it,  by  means  of  the  furrounding  Vacuumy 
yet  the  Receiver  is  certainly  ftruck  with  it  3 but 
finding  no  conveyance  that  way,  reverberates  and 
makes  its  Pallage  where  it  find  leaft  refiftance.  Nor 
-did  I obferve,  that  altho’  the  Sound  had  but  one 
palfage  from  its  Receiver,  and  that  but  a ' fmall  one, 
that  it  continu’d  any  longer  from  the  Stroke,  than  if 
it  had  been  made  in  the  open  Air. 


IV.  An  Account  of  un  Experwie7it  touching  the 
Propagation  of  Sound  through  Water.  By 
" Mr.  Fr.  Hauksbec,  F.  R.  S.  v 

An  Experiment  that  I made  fome  time  (Ince, 
fhewit>g  that  adual  Sound  could  not  be 
tranlmirted  through  a Vacuum,  gave  me  an  Incli- 
nation to  try  what  would  be  the  efFed,  to  furround 
the  Receiver  that  contain’d  the  founding  Body,  with 
fo  dcnfe  a Medium  as  Water.  Accordingly,  as  in 
the  former  Experiment,  the  Receiver  which  con- 
tain’d the  Bell  was  ferew’d  down  to  a Brafs- 
plate,  ^ with  a Leather  between  5 This  Receiver 
with  its  Bell  , was  fufpended  in  a large  Glafs- 
VelTel,  by  Four  Twine-threads  to  the  top,  and  as 
many  to  the  bottom  .•  whereby  it  remain’d  in 
the  middle  between  both.  Concluding  likewife. 
that  thefe  Threads  would  fo  abforbe  the  Water 
when  it  fhould  come  to  be  put  in,  that  there 
could  be  no  Apprehenfion^  that  any  Sound  fhou’d 
be  convey’d  by  them  from  the  founding  Body , 
any  more  than  if  they  were  intirely  Water.  Thus 
provided  , the  Clapper  was  made  ~to  ftrike  the 
Be-ll,  whofe  Sound  was  fomething  lefs  by  the  In- 
terpofition  of  the  Glafs,  than  it  would  be,  had 

it  been  made  in  the  open  Air  5 however  it  was 
very  audible,  and  might  be  heard  at  a confidera- 

ble  diflance  : It  appear’d  to  the  Ear  to  be  very 

harOi,  in  refped  to  the  Tone  it  afforded  us-  But 
now,  when  the  Water  came  to  be  pour’d  in,  and  the 
inward  Receiver  furrounded  by  it,  at  leaft*  an  Inch 
and  an  half  trom  the  neareft  part  of  the  outward 
Glafs,  the  Clapper  again  was  made  to  give  the 

Sound  j which  it  did,  feemingly,  very  little  lefs, 

> ’ iilr 


( 


( ^7^  ) 

ill  refpea:  to  its  Audibility^  but  much  more  mel- 
low, -Tweet,  and  grave  at  leaft  two  or  three  Notes 
deeper  than  it,  was  before  ^ as  was  obferved  by 
Tome  of  the  Society  then  prefent. 


V.'  An  Explanation  of  the  Figures  of  a Pagan 
Temple  and  unkriown  CharaEiers  at  Cannara  in 
Sallet.  Mr.  Alexander  Stuart. 

T/g.  H E rocky  Mountain  Cannara  in  the'Ifland  of 

,JL  belonging  to  the  Portugnefe,  with  the 

Temple  and  Caverns. 

' A.  The  Temple  and  Sacrificing-place,  like  the  Choir 
of  a Church,  arched  and  fupported  by  45  Pillars,  all 
cutoutofthe  Rock.  ‘ ' . 

B.  The  Altar  in  the  furtbermoh end  of  it,  al To  cut 
one  of  the  Rock  ^ with  a narrow  Canal  about  the  foot 
-of  it,  I fuppofe,  defigned  to  be  filled  with  Water. 

C.  C.  The  unknown  Charaders  engraven  on  the  Rock, 
on  each  fide  of  the  fquafeEntry  5 reprefented  in  Fig.  2. 

D.  D.  D.  See.  The  various  irregular  Paths  of  Afcent, 
fome  cut  out  in  Steps  as  Stairs. 

I,  2,  3.  &c.  The  various  Caverns,  moftlyof  a fquare 
■ figure  5 fome  large,  others  fmaller,  cUc  out  of  rhe  Rock  5 
wliofe  Roofs  are  cut  plain,  like  a plaificr*d  Room:  At 
the  Door  oleach  without,  is  a large  Ciftern  or  two,  cut 
out  ot  the  Rock,  full  of  R ain*  water , at  leaft,  I could 
not  perceive  them  to  be  Springs. 

Upon  the  ficles  of  the  Doors  of  fome  of  the  Caverns, 
arc  ChiraftcrsJike  thofe  of  the  Temple. 

Fig.  H.  Charaders  engraveh  on  each  fide  of  the  Door  or 
- Entry  of  the  Pagan  Temple  of  Cannara.  See  Philof,  TranfacE. 
Namb.  20 1.  where  Come  of  the fe  Chara&ers  are  enqraven. 

L 0 N DO  N:  Printed  for  H,  Clements^  at  the  HalF 
Moon  in  St.  Pauih  Church-yard.  1-709. 


) 


1 


I 


> 


t 


r ?7? )' 

. , (Numb.  3;::.) 

PHILOSOPHICAL 

transactions. 


For  the  Months  of  Julyr and.  Auguft,  1 709. 


^ " 


The  C O N T E N T.S. 

J*1|  experiments  upon  Metals^  made  with  the  burning- ^lafs 
JL^  of  the  Duke  of  Orleans.  Monfteur  Geoffroy, 
F,R.  S.  ' ' 

w 

II.  Obfervations  upon  Incifons  of  the  Cornea.  By  Monfieur 

Gandolphe,  Do&or  of  Phjifck  at  Dunkirk.  April, 
1709.  ^ ^ 

III.  An  Account  of  an  Experiment,  /hewing  that  an  OhjePJi 
• may  become  vi/ible  through  fuch  an  Op^e  ^ody  as  Pitch 

in  the  Dark,,  while ‘it  is  under  the  Circumjiances  of  Attri- 
tion and  a Vacuum.  By  Mr.  Fr.  Hauksbee,  F.  R,  S. 

\ 

IV.  A Letter  from  Mr*  Ralph  Thoresby,  F.  R,  S.  to 
Dr*  Hans  Sloane,  R*  S.  Sec,  concerning  fome  Ancient 
Brafs  In (iruments  found  in  York(hire.  - 

V.  A Letter  from  Mr.  Tho.  Hearne,  M.  A ',  of  Qy:^oxd, 
to  Air.  Ralph  Thoresby,  K R.  S.  occafioned  by  fome 

'v  Antiquities  lately  difcoverd  near  Bramhara-Moor  in 
Yorkihire.  i 1 


# 4 


Kkk 


1.  Ex- 


\ 


( 5-74  ) 


f.  Experiments  upon  Metals^  made  with  the  Burning- 
Clafs  of  the  Duke  of  Orleans/  By  Monfteur 
Geoffrey,  F,  ^ S, 


''HE  Duke  of  Orleans^  out  of  the  defire  he  has  to 


promote  ufeful  z\rts  and  Sciences,  having  permit- 
ted fuch  of  the  Royal  Academy  of  Sciences  as  have  had 
moft  Experience  in  fubjeds  of  this  Nature,  to  make  ufe  of 
his  Burning- glafs  ^ I took  this  Opportunity  to  examine 
the  diSerent  Changes  that  Metals  fufPer  when  placed  in 
the  Focus  of  this  Glais,  whofe  Heat  and  Efficacy  far 
(urpafEs  the  force  of  our  common  Fires. 

The  Burning  glafs  is  three  Foot  in  Diameter  5 it  col- 
leds  the  Rays  of  the  Sun  at  ten  Foot  diftance,  where 
it  forms  a Focus  of  about  three  Inches  over,  which  is 
again  contraded  by  means  of  an  other  Glafs- Lens  to, 
an  Inch  Diameter,  and  confequently  is  render’d  three 
times  as  ftrong. 

I fiiall  only  relate  here  what  I have  obferv’d  upon 
the  four  Imperfed  Metals,  viz.  Iron,  Copper,  Tin,  and 
Lead  : And  Qiall  fay  nothing  at  prefent  of  Gold  or  Silver 
becaufe  as  their  Analyfis  feems  to  me  much  more  difficult 
than  that  of  the  other  Metals 5 I (hall  forbear  Inquiries 
upon  themj  fill  I have  examined  as  far  as  poffible  into 
the  Nature  and  Compofition  of  the  former. 

What  was  a great  hindrance  to  me  in  making  thefe 
Experiments  in  the  Focus  of  the  Glafs,  was  the  diffi- 
culty I had  to  find  any  Matter  capable  of  holding  the 
Metals  in  fufion. 


Char- 


.(  575  ) 

Charcoal,  which  is  cominonly  niaic  uie  of,  is  indeed 
a very  proper  fubftaace  ^ but  it  is  impodibk  with  it  to 
vitrify  any  one  of  the  Metals  : 1 he  Particles  ot  the  Me- 
tal, when  held  any  long  time  in  fufion  in  the  Focus  of 
the  Glafs,  dihipate  and  fly  away  in  Fume  or  fmali  Parti- 
cles ^ and  as  long  as  any  part  remains,  that  little  that  does 
remain,  is  always  Metaliick,  until  the  whole  be  quite 
evaporated. 

The  reafon  of  which  I take  to  be  this.  Charcoal  is  a 
fubftance  deeply  impregnated  with  Oily  or  Sulphurous 
Parts  (if  I may  fo  call  them.)  The  hrft  Effea  that  Fire 
has  upon  Metals  is  to  feparate  the  fulphurous  Parts : now, 
if  in  proportion  as  the  Sulphur  is  feparated  from  the- 
Metal,  the  Body  that  fupports  the  Metal  furnidies  it  anew 
with  other  fulphurous  Parts,  the  other  Principles  will  ne- 
_ver  feparate,  and -the  Metal  will  alv\ ays  remain  Metal. 
And  nothing  but  the  greateft  degree  of  Fire  is  able  to 
raife  and  feparate  the  Sulphur,  and  that  but  by  little  and 
little,  and  in  very  (mail  Particles. 

I had  then  recourfe  to  an  other  Matter,  that  could 
not  any  ways  be  fufpeffed  of  containing  any  Oily  Parts. 
Mr^Tfehirnbaus,  to  whom  we  are  obliged  for  Making  -of 
thefe  large  Glafles,  and  the  firftExperiments  that  have  been 
made  with  them,  fays,  he  has  vitri%d  Metals  by  holding 
them  in  China  ware,  ft  is  true,  this/ncceeds  pretty  well, 
provided  the  Pic^s  be  very  thick,  and  the  Glazing  taken 
off:  But  the  difficulty  I had  to  find  a fufficient  quantity 
of  thick  and  proper  China  ware  to  make  all  thefe  Ex- 
periments, forced  me  to  have  recourfe  to  more  common 
fubjefts,  as  well  as  fuch,  if  poffible,  as  v;ere  lefs  capa- 
ble of  melting- 

Of  all  the  different  forts  of  Matter  that  I made  Tryal 
©f,  what  feem  befc  were  the  Cpmmon  Coppels  and  Plates 
of ^ gray  Fire-ftone.  The  Coppels  hold  the  Metal  a long 
time  in  fufion  in  the  Focus  ot  the  Glafs  without  melting^ 
excepting. Lead,  which  eafily  runs  thro’  them  as  foonas 

it 


1 


. ( ?7<5,  ) 

it  vitrifies,  and  helps  to  difTolve  them.  The  Plates  of 
Fire-ftone  bear  the  Heat  of  the  Focus  much  longer  than 
any  other  Mitter  ^ but  great  care  is  to  be  taken  in  heat' 
ing  them  without  breaking, /till  they  become  red-hot, 
and  when  they  are  hot  the  leaft  cold  Air  makes  them  melt. 
Neverthelefs  this  is  the  only  fubfrance  that  1 have  ufed 
with  moft  fuccels,  to  hold  Metals  a long  time  in  fufion, 
tho’  with  thegreateft  caution  that  waspoilible,  to  avoid 
the  Inconveniences  aforememioa’d. 

An  other  thing  that  has  hinder’d  me  from  carrying  on 
thefe  Inquiries  upon  Metals  fo  far  as  I could  have  wi(h- 
ed,  has  been  the  few  clear  Days  we  have  had  for  thefe 
two  Years  pah  ^ for  the  greateft  part  of  ‘thefe  Experi- 
ments require  a bright,  ftrong,  and  conftant  Sun  to  keep 
the  Matter  a long  time  in  perfeft  fufion : And  I have 
fcarce  had,  for  this  laft  Year,  above  three  or  four  fuch  days 
as  I could  wifii  for^  the  Sky  having  been  almofi:  every 
day  cover’d  with  Clouds  about  Noon,  which  is  the  only, 
time  of  the  day  fit  for  thefe  Experiments. 

I come  row  to  the  Particulars  of  what  Experiments  I 
have  made  5 and  (ball  begin  with  thofe  on  Iron. 

Of  Iron, 

I placed  in  the  Focus  of  the  Burning- glafs  a piece  of 
forged  Iron  of  about  a Drahm  weight;  It  turn’d  red* hoc, 
and  its  furface  was  cover’d  with  a black  Matter  like  Pitch 
or  Tar.  If  one  withdraws  the  Iron  out  of  the  Focus  in 
this  ftate,  this  Matter  fixes  itfelf  on  the  furface  of  the  Me- 
tal, and  there  forms  a fraall  Skin  or  very  fine  blackifh 
Scale,  which  is  commonly  very  eafily  feparared  byftriking 
upon  it  5 and  that  part  of  the  Iron  that  was  cover’d  with 
this  Scale  appears  blacker  than  ordinary.  This  Scale  is 
feme  of  the  fulphurons  part  of  the  Iron  that  rifes  to 
and  Surface  of  the  Metal  when  it  is  ready  to  melt, 
the  there  remains  for  fome  time  before  it  exhales. 

It 


( ) 


It  is  plainly 'this  fulpfaurous  part  that  rifes  upon  Iron 
and  polifh’d  Steel  when  beared,  and  gives  them  all  thofe 
different  Colours,  from  a Yellow,  to  a Violet,  Water- 
Colour,  or  Black. 

If  one  continues  to  hold  this  Piece  of  Iron  on  the 
Charcoal,  it  intirely  melts  ^ and  at  the  fame  time  calls 
forth  very  bright  Sparkes  in  a great  quantity,  fometimcs 
to  above  a toot  ancc  from  the  Cod. 


If  one  faves  it  files  off  during  this  fparkling,  by 
holding  a.  Sheet  of  Paper  under  the  Ccal  5 we  find 
that  they  are  fo  many  very  fmall  Globules  of  Iron, 
and  the  greateft  part  of  them  hollow. 

All  the  Iron  »^hat  is  held  in  fnfion  upon  the  Coal, 
flies  away  in  fparkles  after  this  manner,  rhill  none  re- 
mains. Sometimes  the  Metal  leaves  off  fparkling,  when 
the  Coal  is  in  part  confumed,  and  cover’d  w ith  a Bed 
of  Cinders,  upon  which  lies  the  meleed  Iron.  For  as 
the  fparkling  of  the  Iron  Teems  to  me  to  proceed  from 
nothing  but  the  oily  parts  of  the  Coal  ading  upon 
tbofe  of  the  Metal,  the  Cinders  hinder  this  Oil  from 
palling  from  the  Coal  to  the  Iron,  fo  that  it  remains 
quietly  in  lufion.  But  if  thro’  any  fliake,  or  the  like 
accident,  the  Cinders  are  fo  removed  that  the  Iron 
comes  to  touch  immediately,  the  Coal,  it  will  begin  to 
fparkle  afreili.  Sometimes  the  Heat  that  keeps  in  fufion 
the  Metal,  vitrifies  alfo  the  Cinders  ^ and  this  vitrified 
Matter  mixing  wiih  the  Metal  makes  a confiderable 
Ebulfrion.  If  one  at  this  inftant  withdraws  the  Metal 
out  of  the  Focus,  it  appears  half  vittified,  or  reduced 
to  a blackifii  friable  Mafs.  O.hertiines  this  vitrified 
Matter  fwims  on  the  fuiface  of  the  Metal,  and  there 
forms  it  felf  into  Drops,  that  are  fometimes  dear  and 
tranfpirent,  and  other  times  opakc,  according  as  it  is 
more  or  lefs  mixed  with  the  Metal. 


Lil 


( ) 

Furthermore,  if  after  having  let  the  melted  Iron  cool 
upon  the  Coal,  one  expofes  it  again  to  the  Focys  of  the 
Glafs  upon  the  Stone,  it  fparkks  afrcfh  till  it  is  all  confii- 
med  ^ which  common  Iron  will  not  do,  that  hns  not 
been  expofcd  to  the  heat  of  the  Foous  upon  Charcoal. 
This  Sparkling  probably  proceeds  from  the  fudden  Rari* 
fadfion  of  the  Oily  paits  of  the  Coal,  with  which  the 
Pores  of  the  Iron  are  fo  plentifully  faturated  5 or  per- 
haps it  may  be  caufcd  by  the  Salts  of  the  Iron  adfing  on 
the  Oil  of  the  Coal. 

I expo  fed  to  Focus,  upon  a Stone-flate,  Iron  and 
Steel : they  grew  red  hot,  and  mehed  without  crackling 
or  calting  off  any  Sparkes : they  fmoak’d  very  confide- 
rably,  and  the  melted  Metal  turn’d  by  little  and  little  like 
an  0:1.  After  having  withdrawn  this  melted  Matter  out 
of  the  Focus,  it  fix’d  in  a Regulusdike,  friable  Mafs, 
and  appear’d  fometimes  lightly  flriated,  or  fhot  into 
flaarp  Points  like  Needles.  Tho’  this  matter  does  not  ap- 
pear at  ail  fcranfparent^  yet  we  may  look  on  it  as  the 
beginning  of  Vitrification,  or  a middle  (late  between 
Metal  and  Glafs  ^ for  it  would  vitrify  in  the  end  like 
other  Metals,  if  one  could  hold  it  a fufficient  time  in 
the  Focus  without  melting  or  mixing  with  what  fuftains 
ic : But  continuing  it  long  in  the  Focus,  the  extream  Heat 
of  the  Sun,  that  is  necellary  to  keep  it  in  perfeft  fufion, 
melts  likewifc  the  Stone  or  Coppel  that  contains  it,  the 
tefult  of  which  mixture  is  a brown  or  greyiCh  fort  of  En- 
amel* 

We  may  then  take  this  Rcgulus  Mafs  to  be  a half  vi- 
trified Iron,  by  reafon  ic  is  deprived  of  great  part  of  it& 
Sulphur.  If  one  adds  to  this  Mafs  a Sulphur  like  that 
which  was  taken  from  it,  from  being  friable  it  turns  very 
hard  and  malleable^  and  the  dulnefs  ic  had  Rfore,  chan- 
ges to  the  brightnefs  of  a Metal.  This  is  what  I have 
experienc’d  in  expohng  again  this  Matter  to  the  Focus  up- 
en  Charcoal;  it  melts,  and  Ib  continues  a confiderable  time 

in 


• 


( ?79  ) ; 

in  fufion  without  fparkling,  but  at  laO:  it  fparkles  with 
the  fame  brisknefs  as  Iron  itfelf  5 and  when  withdrawn 
from  the  Focus,  appears  nothing  different  from  melted 

Iron.  , . - t T 

It  appears  from  thefe  Experiments,  that  Iron  con* 

tains  a fulphar  or  oily  Subftance,  that  renders  it  brighr, 

malleable,  and  eafy  to  melt. 

That  this  Sulphur  is  raifed  by  the  Fire  of  the  Sun^  when 
the  Metal  is  for  fome  time  held  in  tufion  in  the  Focus  of 
the  Glafs. 

That  this  fame  Sulphur  may  be  raifed  by  the  Flame  of 
common  Fire,  which  tho’  not  ftrong  enough  to  melt  the 
Iron,  yet  is  able  to  reduce  it  to  an  Efchar  or  fort  of 

Riift.  , . 

That  Iron  deprived  of  this  fulphurous  part,  melts  into 
a Regulus,  or  brittle  and  friable  Mafs,  in  colour  much 
like  Antimony. 

That  if  one  can  hold  a fufficient  quantity  of  this  Matter 
long  enough  in  the  Focus  by  itfelf,  without  melting  or 
mixing  with  the  Body  that  contains  it,  it  perfe<5Uy  vitri* 

fies. 

That  this  Glafs  or  metallick  Regulus,  with  the  help 
of  a little  Oil,  returns  to  its  former  ftate  of  a Metal 
That  it  reaffumes  this  metallick  Form  upon  Charcoal, 
by  drawing  thence  this  oily  Subftanee. 

That,  in  (hort,  this  oily  part  contain’d  in  the  Coal,  is 
■ little  di&rent  from  the  Sulphur  of  Iron,  Neverthelefs 
we  muft  imagine  it  to  differ  in  fome  particulars,  in  that 
melted  Iron  that  has  been  faturated  with  it,  crackles  and 
fparkles  very  much  when  melted  again  upon  the  Stone  or 
Coppd. 

Iron  being  the  only  Metal  in  which  I have  obierved 
this  fparkling,  I take  it  to  be  a Property  peculiar  only  to 
Iron  and  not  to  any  other  Metal  Perhaps  we  may  attri- 
bute it  to  the  vitriolick  Salt  that  this  Metal  fo  plentifully 
abounds  with,  which  is  very  greedy  of  Sulphurs. 

L 1 1 2 To 


r?8o ) 

To  tills  fame  greedinefs  alfo,  with  which  the  vitriolick 
Salt  of  Iron  abforbs  the  oily  part  of  the  Coal,  we  may 
attribute  the  eallnefs  with  which  Ircnconfumes  the  Coal 
for  there  is  no  other  Metal*  that  fo  foon  wafts  the  Coal 
In  the  Focus  of  the  Glafs,  as  Iron  does. 

An  other  Obfervation  upon  Iron  is,  that  it  is  the  only 
one  of  the  four  imperfedf  Metals,  on  which  vitrified 
Drops  arife  while  it  is  in  fufion  upon  the  Coal ; The  rea- 
son of  which  I have  not  yet  been  able  to  difcover. 


Of  Copper, 

Copper  cxpofed  to  the  Focus  of  the  Burning-glafs,  at 
firft  turns  white  on  its  furface,  and  afterwards  grows 
black,  and  is  covered  with  a kind  of  Skin,  or  black,  fur- 
row’d, and  uneven  Scales,  till  at  lafc  it  quite  melts. 

I have  withdra  wn  this  Metal  out  of  the  Focus  as  foon 
as  this  white  colour  has  appear’d,  and  after  it  has  been 
cold,  found  nothing  extraordinary  on  its  furface,  which 
has  again  by  little  and  little  recover’d  very  near  the  fame 
Colour  as  it  had  before. 

I have  not  been  able  to  difcover  from  whence  this  w^hite 
Colour  proceeds  ^ unlefs  we  may  attribute  it  to  fome  Vo- 
latile Arfenical  Salt  contain’d  in  the  Copper,  and  driven 
by  extreami:y  of  Heat  to  the  furface  of  the  Metal  ^ or  whe- 
ther it  purely  proceeds  from  the  alteration  that  is  made  in 
the  grofter  parts  of  the  furface  of  the  Metal  when  it  be- 
gins to  melt.  The  black  colour  that  Copper  afterwards 
takes,  feems  to  be  caufed  by  the  fulphurous  Matter  that 
melts  firft  in  this  Metal  as  well  as  Iron,  and  is  raifed  to 
its  furface  by  the  extream  Heat. 

I placed  a piece  of  Copper  in  the  Focus  upon  Char- 
coal : It  melted,  and  emitted  a very  thin  Fume,  and  by 
Ettlc  and  little  diminiftied  till  it  was  all  evaporated. 

I 


( ) 

t put  a piece  of  red  Copper  cn  a Coppcl  into  the 
Focus  of  the  Ciafs:  it  melted,  and  fent  forth  fome  thin 
Fumes  5 and  after  it  had  been  fome  time  in  fuiion,  it  turn’d 
liquid  like  an  Oil.  I withdrew  this  melted  matter,  and 
as  it  grew  cold,  it  fix’d  into  a Regulus  of  a reddifh 
brown  colour,  whkh  was  hard,  brittle,  and  not  du^ile 
under  the  Hammer-  If  one  breaks  it,  it  turns  into  a red 
Powder  like  Cinabar  of  Antimony  5 and  when  view’d 
with  a Microfcope,  appears  fo  many  little,  red,  tranfpa-' 
rent  Grains  like  fmall  Rubies;  in  fo  much  that  one  would 
readily  take  this  Regulus  to  be  a deep* colour’d  red 
Glafs. 

I endeavoured  to  make  this  vitrified  Copper  fpread 
abroad  in  melting,  by  mixing  it  with  common  white 
Glafs  for  which  end  I powder’d  fome  of  this  vitrifi- 
ed Copper  and  common  Glafs,  and  mixing  them  melted 
them  together  5 but  the  Mixture  when  in  fudon  took  at 
firft  a beautiful  green  Colour,  and  continuing  it  longer 
in  the  Focus,  it  turn’d  blewifh.  I believe  we  may  attri- 
bute this  change  of  Colour  to  the  Alcali  Salts  of  the 
Glafs  ading  on  the  Particles  of  Copper  3 for  thofe  Salts 
ufually  draw  a green  or  blewifh  Tinduie  from  this  Me- 

, tab  • 

To  preferve  therefore  this  red  Colour  of  the  vitrified 
Copper,  when  mix’d  with  common  Glafs,  I made  ufe  of 
this  Expedient.  - I melted  in  the  Focus  upon  a Coppel  a 
piece  of  Copper,  and  as  foon  as  it  began  to  vitrify  I caft 
upon  it  fome  common  Glafs  3 as  foon  as  the  Glafs  was 
melted  I took  them  together  out  of  the  Focus  without 
confufing  them  5 and  as  foon  as  they  were  cold,  feparated 
the  Regulus  from  the  Glafs  as  well  as  poffible;  and  pick'd 
out  of  it  fome  pieces  of  the  Glafs,  loaded  with  fora© 
very  fmall  red  tranfparent  Particles  of  the  Regulus. 


Jim 


f ) 1 

This  vitrified  Copper  is  then  nothing  but  Copper  de-  j 

prived,  by  means  of  hear,  of  the  falphurous  part,  that  ^ 

gave  it  the  form  of  a Meta!.  ' A proof  that  this  metallick  ^ 

form  proceeds  from  nothing  elfe  but  this  Sulphur,  is,  that 
if  one  expofes  this  vitrified  Copper  to  the  Focus  upon  i 

Charcoal,  it  realTumes  in  a little  time  the  Colour  and  | 

Confiftence  of  melted  Copper*  and  as  it  grows  cold,  ^ 

fixes  into  a good  red  malleable  Copper,  as  fine  and  hard  j 

as  it  was  before  it  was  vitrified. 

It  follows  from  thefe  Experiments,  that  the  Bafis  of 
Copper  is  a red  Earth  fufceptible  of  Vitrification. 

That  this  Earth  receives  its  metallick  Form  from  a ful- 
phurous  fubftance,  in  appearance  no  ways  different  from 
the  Oil  of  Vegetables  or  Animals. 

That  one  may,deprive  Copper  of  this  Oil,  by  holding  ’ j 
it  long  enough  in  the  Focus,  or  by  calcining  it  in  the 
Flame  of  common  Fire. 

That  Charcoal  reftores  again  this  oily  Part  to  Copper, 
and  at  the  fame  time  its  metallick  Form. 

It  appears  further,  that  the  Oil  of  the  Coal  has  not 
fo  confiderable  an  effed  upon  Copper,  as  it  has  upon 
Iron. 

Copper  expofed  a long  time  to  the  Focus  upon  a Stone 
or  Coppel,  fumes  very  much,  and  diminifhes  in  weight 
very  confiderably.  1 don't  think  that  this  fume  is  on- 
ly the  fulphurous  part  of  the  Metal,  the  Evaporation  of 
which  muft  be  infenfible^  but  I believe  that  with  this  Oil 
there  is  mixed  a great  deal  of  the  earthy,  vitrifiable  part 
of  the  Metal,  which  the  heat  of  the  Sun  fublimes  and 
raifes  in  Flowers. 

OfTw. 

Tin  expofed  upon  Coal  to  the  Focus  of  the  Burning- 
glafs,  melts,  and  emits  a grofs,  white,  thick  Fume,  until 
it  is  all  confumed  in  Vapours. 

If 


( ) 

If  one  melts  Tin  upon  a Coppel  in  the  Focus  of  the 
Glafs,  ic  fumes  very  much,  and  ifs  fnrface  is  cover’d  with 
a white  rarified  Calx 5 on  which  by  little  and  little  arife» 
a tufc,  or  heap  ot  (harp,  needle-like,  tranfparent,  criftal- 
line  Particles,  confifting  of  an  infinite  number  of  fmall 
Points. 

If  one  continues  to  hold  this  Mafs  in  the  Focus  upon 
the  Stone,  thefe  Criftals  at  lenghth  leave  off  fuming, 
and  remain  fixt,  while  the  Stone  meit|  and  vitrifies. 

I took  Calx  ot  Tin,  which  is  Tin  reduced  to  a grey 
Powder  by  means  of  Fire,  that  has  taken  a.vay  by  Calci- 
nation great  part  of  its  oily  Subfiance,  and  expofed  k 
on  a Coppel  to  the  Focus,  where  it  fumed  again  very 
much,  and  was  reduced  into  (harp  chriftalline  Particles 
confifting  of  other  fmall  Points. 

In  re-expofing  thefe  chryfialline  Particles  to  the  Focus 
upon  Charcoal,  they  melted  very  cafily,  and  took  again 
the  Form  of  Tin  5 the  Coal  having  furnifiicd  them  with 
the  fnlphurous  part  that  the  Fire  had  before  taken  away. 
Every  body  knows,  that  if  one  adds  any  Fat,  or  the  like 
inflammable  Matter,  to  the  Calx  of  Tin  when  red-hot  in 
the  Crucible,  it  reaffumes  immediately  the  form  of 
Tin. 

Thefe  Experiments  fhow,  that  Tin  contains  a Sulphur 
that  is  very  eafily  feparated,  fince  common  Fire  can  do  it 
fo  readily 5 and  that  this  Metal  calcined,  or  deprived  of 
its  Sulphur,  is  eafily  faturated  again  with  it  from  the  oily 
part  of  any  inflammable  Matter  whatfoever. 

It  proves  alfo,  that  the  metallick  Earth  which  h the 
Bafis  of  Tin,  is  a CrifiiUine  Earth,  very  diflicuk  to  be 
melted  5 fince  common  Fire  cannot  vitrify  this  Metal  by 
it  felf,  and  that  the  heat  of  the  Sun,  in  the  Focus  of 
this  large  Burning-Glafs  of  the  Palace-Royal,  cannot  per- 
fe(fily  melt  the  Calx  into  which  this  Metal  is  reduced.  We 
may  prefume  that  the  Crifiallifation,  or  reducing  of  this 
Metal  into  lharp-pointed  Particles,, proceeds  from  the  force 


( iH  ) 

file  San’s  breaking  and  melting  together  into  a Sodder 
(if  I may  fo  fpeakj  fome  of  _thefe  fmall  Criftals,  by  de- 
grees as  the  fulphurous  part  leaves  them  ^ it  not  being 
ftrong  enough  to  melt  them  all  down  together  in  one 
intire  Mafs. 


Of  Lead. 

I took  Lead,  and  held  it  in  fafionupon  Charcoal  in  the  • 
Focus  of  theGlafs:  it  all  wafted  away  in  abundance  of 
Fumes. 

I expofed  the  like  quantity  of  Lead  upon  a Sfone  to  the 
Focus,  v; here  it  caft  forth  great  quantities  of  fumes,  and 
by  little  and  little  changed  into  a fluid  Liquor  like  Oil  or 
melted  Rofin.  This  Liquor,  as  it  grew  cold,  fix’d  into 
Glafs^  which  has  this  peculhrto  it  felf,  that  it  is  difpofed 
into  Plates  like  Venetian  Talk,  and  that  it  is  flabby,  foft 
to  the  touch,  tranfparent,  and  in  fome  parts  of  a -green- 
ifh  or  reddiQi  Yellow. 

In  continuing  this  matter  in  the  Focus,  it  fpxad  upon  ^ 

the  Stone  like  Varnifti  ^ and  at  laft  penetrating  it,  help’d  j 

to  melt  it.  ^ 

I placed  this  talfcy  Earth  in  the  Focus  upon  Charcoal.*  ^ 
It  melted,  and  in  a litrietime  after  reaflumed  the  form  of 
melted  Lead.  I withdrew  it  from  the  Focus,  and  having  ^ ' 
let  it  cool,  found  it  nothing  different  from  Lead. 

Thefe  Experiments  (how,  that  there  if  in  Lead,  aS  well 
as  the  other  imperfetft  Metals,  a (ulphurous  part,  that  is 
eafily  feparated  by  common  Fire  or  the  heat  of  theSnn  • 
and  that  this  Metal  has  for  its  Bafis  a foliated  or  talky 
Earth 


Of 


{ 


< 585  ) ■ 

Of  ver, 

I (hail  add  here  fome  Experiments  that  I hai*p 
.upon  Quickfilver^  tho>  I ^anc  yet  draw  ny  poS 

pnclufions  from  them,  not  having  profecuted  them  fo 
Ifar  as  is  neceflary  for  that  purpofe. 

I placed  Quickfilver  in  the  Focus  of  the  Burnino- 
lupon  Charcoal,  upon  the  Coppel,  and  upon  the  Stonl^- 
ilt^^ll  .mmedtately  difperfed,  and  exhaled  in  a very  thick 

I expofed  upon  the  Stone  to  the  Focus  fomf-  M 
ipncipitateperfi  i„  ^ degree  of  heat  equal  to  that  ofdTJe 
fftion:  It  feem  d to  melt,  but  prefently  difpeifed  inVanoIr!  • 
ranly  there  remained  a fmall  quantity  of  a very  rarifcd’ 
IDuft,  like  a Froath  or  Scum;  but  continuing  it  in  the 
Focus,  It  melted  and  gathered  into  a yellowilh  Glafi 

I expofed  fome  Mercury  Precipitate  per  fe  uoon  Cho. 

V and'^^asitWhedTn;  Sx 

together  upon  the  Coal,  but  they  difperfed  ag,?  i!f 
tentJy  in  Vapours.  ^ ^ 

Thefe  Experiments  feem  to  prove,  that  thevf^  ic  • 
,‘iu!ckfilvcr  a Sulphur  that  may  be  feperated  by  a verv 
t;entle  hear,  fuch  as  that  of  Digeftion^.  ^ 

That  as  f&on  as  this  Sulphur  is  taken  away  it  Infes 
luidity  and  Brigfitnefs.  ^ 

That  the  Bahs  of  Mercury  is  a Calx,  or  red  Earth 

Thar  this  Calx  does  not  melt  into  GUfs  as  the^aJx  of 
tther  Metals,  becaufe  it  is  too  Volatile,  and  as  (nan 
melts  is  evaporated  by  the  heat,  . 


M m m 


That 


( ) 

That  if  one  reftores  to  this  Calx  a Sulphur,  by  expo- 
fing  it  again  to  the  Focus  upon  Charcoal,  it  reaffumes 
immediately  its  metallick  Brightnefs  and  Fluidity,  and 
becomes  Quick filver. 

I cannot  tell  whether  this  light  Earth,  that  remains 
upon  the  Stone  after  the  evaporation  ot  the  Calx  of  the 
Mercury,  be  a part  of  the  Earth  ol  the  Mercury  more 
cxadly  deprived  of  its'  Oil,  and  confequcntly  more  fixt 
and  proper  for  Vitrification  5 or  whether  it  may  not 
be  fbme  Matter  foreign  to  the  Mercury,  that  fixes  1 
it  felf,  and  remains  behind  at  its  Evaporation.  But 
this  I (hall  examine  more  particularly  hereafter. 

The  Refult  of  all  thefe  Experiments  is,  that  thefe 
four  Metals  which  we  call  imperfe^^,  viz.  Iron,  Cop- 
per, Tin,  and  Lead,  are  compofed  of  a fulphur  or  oily 
Subftance,  and  of  a metallick  Earth  capable  of  Vitrifica- 
cation. 

That  from  this  Sulphur  proceeds  the  Opacity,  Bright- 
nefs, and  Malleability  of  a Metal. 

' That  this  metallick  Sulphur  does  not  appear  at  all 
different  from  the  Oil  of  Vegetables  or  Animals. 

That  it  is  the  fame  in  Mercury  as  in  the  four  im- 
perfeft  Metals. 

That  thefe  four  Metals  have  for  their  Bafis  an  i 
Earth  fufceptible  of  Vitrification. 

That  this  Earth  is  different  in  every  one  of  thefe 
four  Metals  5 in  that  it  vitrifies  differently  in  each  of 
them. 

And  that  on  this  difference  in  Vitrifying  depends  the  r 
difference  of  Metals. 

It  remains  chat  I fhould  examine  more  particularly 
the  Nature  of  thefe  Earths  or  metallick  Vitrifications^  m 
to  know  if 'any  other  Principles  or  Subftances  maybe  ,:j| 
fcperated  from  them:  But  this  I (hall  endeavour  to  do 
hereafter,  in  profecuting  the  Analyfis  ot  thefe  Metals  as 
tW  as  pofTiblc. 


( 1^7  ) 


II.  OhferVations  upon  Incijtons  of  the  Cornea,  By 
Monjieur  Gandolphe,  DoBor  of  Thyfick.  at 
Dunkirk.  April  1709. 

j/^Ontufions  upon  the  Bodies  of  Animals  do  not  al- 
ways  make  the  greateft  Impreflion  on  the  Parts  that 
iimmediately  receive  them  : I had  an  Inftance  of  this, 
iin  a blow  upoa  the  Eye,  this  prefent  Month  of  April, 
II 709. 

There  was  a light  Contufion  on  the  outfide  of  th» 
R^art,  with  very  little  alteration  to  appearance  5 but  a Vef- 
ifel  being  broken  within,  pour’d  forth  a confiderable  quan* 
L'ity  of  Blood:  The  Eye  alfo  loft  its  Tranfparency,  and, 
tilmoft  its  Sights  which  was  icr  very  weak,  that  it  could 
rcarce  perceive  the  greateft  Light  when  objeded  to  it. 
IThe  Corftea  appear’d  all  over  red,  but  without  any  In- 
llammation  or  Blood-Veffels  5 it  receiving  its  colour  from 
rhe  Blood  pour’d  in  upon  the  Aqueous  Humour. 

I faw  the  Patient  the  6th  day  after  he  had  received  the 
■Hurt:  He  had  been  let  Blood  thrice  5 and  the  8th  day  1 
3aufed  the  Cornea  to  be  open’d  near  the  middle ; my 
kefign  being  to  make  a large  Orifice,  I.  determined  not 
CD  make  it  at  the  bottom  of  the  Cornea,  The  Orifice 
(eiag  made,  there  came  forth  fome  drops  of  the  Aqueous 
Humour  mixt  with  Blood.  The  Cornea  ftill  appear’d  as 
E?d  as  beforcj  and  was  not  fo  even  as  we  could  have 
r ^’fli’d.  This  Circumftance  made  me  refolve  to  majte  a 
;fCond  Orifice  immediately,  as  large  as  the  former,  but 
:)wer:  There  run  out  fome  drops  of  the  Humour;  and 
:ie  Eye  appear’d  not  fo  red  and  convex  as  before.  The 

M m m * Hu 


( ) 

^himour  cor.tinaed  coming  out  of  the  Orifice  for  fome* 
time.  VVe  applied  nothing  to  the  Eye,  but  a Comprefs 
(or  Stupe)  dipt  in  Mixture  of  four  Ounces  of  Plan- 
tain-water, and  two  Ounces  of  a Vulnerary  Water. 

The  day  after  the  Operation,  the  upper  , part  of  the 
Corned  was  tranfparent,  the  lower  parr  not^  fo  red,  and 
the  whole  Membrane  appear’d  to  have  recover’d  its  natu- 
ral Con  \*exity.  It  feems  that  all  the  extravafatcd  Blood 
had  quite  run  out,  had  the  lower  part  of  the  Cornea  been 
open'd,  and  remain’d  fo  for  fome  time. 

I obferved  the  Alterations  of  the  Eye  for  three  days 
together  5 in  which  time  the  extravafatcd  Blood  feem’d 
fome  times  to  fpread  over  the  whole  Cavity  of. the 
nea. 

We  judged  that  the  motion,  that  the  Patient  himfel-fi . 
had  opened  anew  fome  Blood-vefiel,  or  had  mixed  the 
extravafatcd  Blood  with  th  * Aqneous  Humour  ^ for  we  did 
not  perceive  all  that  time  that. there  was  any  fredi  Elfufi- 
•on  of.  more  Blood- 

The  5'th  day  after' the’ two  firft  Incifions  I caufed  a 
third  to  be  made  at  the  bottom  ot  the  Cornea  : there  run 
out  fome  drops  of  the  Humour,  and  continued  fo  to  do  ^ 
for  fome  tithe  5 and'in  two  days-after,  the  Eye  recover'd; 
its  natural  Tranfparency. 

The  Pu^il  was  now  very  much  dilated  5 but  by  little 
and  little  it  contraded  again,  but  not  to  its  ufual. 
fmalnefs.  . 

The  !rh  all  this- while  kept  its  motion;  fo  that  we> 
cannot  fufped  that  the  Lancette,  in  making  the  Incifion 
on  the  Cornea,  any  ways  touch'd  upon  the  Iris,  becaule 
the  Pupil  continued  exadly  round  : And  a firoke,  that  is 
able  to  divide  the  continuity  of  the  Parts  of  theEye,  and 
cauf^  a fuffufion  of  Blood,  is  but  too  capable  of  deprive 
ing  the  Iris  of  its  natural  Power  ot  Contra^ing, 


( ) 

The  Pupil,  ' which  before  the  Blow  was  one  Luie  in 
Diameter  when  the  Irh  was  contrafted  is  at  leaft  two 

Sne”in  Diameter  at  prefent  The  tranfparency  of 
Humours,  and  Convexity  oi  the  Corma  are  tht  lame 

^^The  Si''ht  is  now  reftored  v and  there  remains  no 

otlir  aUemtion  than  what  neceffarily  follows  from<th. 

like  Dilatation  of  the  P»pa/.  , , 

From  hence  we  may  draw  fome  Remarks,  tha 
of  ufe  in  Praftice,  and  Ihew  that  Incifions  may  be  fuc- 

refsfnllv  made  on  the  Cor/tea.-^ 

I.  Incifions  are  made  *is  Part-without  amy-Pa^n^ 

a The  Orifices  unite  again  without  any  Scar,  whici 

has  been  before  obferved,  but  is  known  to  very  tew. 

L We  find  that  Plants  of  a difcuffive  Quality  have  am 
ill  effed  • ■ the  Patient  finding  himCelf  much  worle_aKer- 
ufin^a  CTtaplfme  made  of  Qervile  and  Parlley  r Tdiefo 
Plants  which  are  excellent  in  refolving  Extravafited 
Blood’in  the  Mufcular  Parts,  have  an  ill  effea  when  ap- 
plied  the  to  Eye,  by  caufing  Pam,  and  rendrin^  the 
Sight  more  difturbed.  We  had  twice  experience  o this; , 
and  the  Patient  affured  us  both  times,  that  he  found 
himfelf  much  better  from  the  ufe  of  the  firft  Medicine. 

When  there  is  a confideiable  Effufion  of^  Blood  m the^ 
Eve  in  couching  of  a Cataraft,  and  no  Ormce  is  made  in 

Se  Ciiww  to  let  it  our,  it  may  fo  , 

of  the  Vitreous  UumoHr,  aS  to  caufe  a lofs  of  Sight ; • w 
fometimes  follows  from  this  Operation. 

Additions,*' 

I made  the  Incifion  higher  on  the  Comes,  than  it  oughb 
to  be  becaufe  the  Petfon  that  perform’d  the  Operation, ' 
having  never  before  made  the  life  and  dcfiring  to 
make  an  Orifice  large  enough  to  difcharge  eafily  the 
A f, cons  H«»/t>«r,T  thought  it  pioper  to  make 


( ?9o  ) 

middle  of  the  Corrteay  that  the  Point  of  the  Lancette 
might  not  touch  upon  the  Irh  5 which  would  have  been 
of  much  worfe  confequence  than  a Scar.  The  EfFufion 
of  Blood,  that  fometimes  happens  in  Couching  of  Cata» 
rafts,  is  difculfed  again  either  by  external  Applications 
©r  the  Help  of  Nature  5 but  when  the  EfFufion  is  very 
confiderable,  this  Operation  may  be  neceffary  to  prevent 
worfe  Confequences. 

As  for  the  Scar,  that  fometimes  follows  from  an  Incifi- 
on  of  the  Cornea^  I remember  I have  read  in  an  ancient 
Phyfical  Author,  that  we  need  not  fear  it : But  if  we 
Praftice  Incifions  on  Eyes  affefted  with  Inflammations  $ 
Ulcers,  or  Defluxions,  which  very  ranch  dilate  the  RePitta 
and  Vefiels,  an  Efchar  forms  itfelf  much  more  eafily  in 
thefe  Cafes,  and  confequently  we  ought  to  ufe  the  greater 
caution  5 which  was  not  fo  neceflary  in  my  Patient,  who 
had  no  kind  of  Inflammation  on  the  Eye  or  Cormn, 


HI.  An 


III.  An  Account  of  an  Experiment^  fhewing  that 
m OhjePl  may  become  Vifthle  through  fuch 
an  Opake  Body  as  ^itch  hi  the  Darl^  while 
it  is  under  the  Ctrcumjiances  of  Attrition  and  a 
Vacuum,  By  Mr,  Fr.  Hauksbec,  F.  S. 

THis  Experiment  affords  a fignal  Confirmation  of 
another  formerly  made,  and  differs  only  in  the  Mat- 
ter made  ufe  of.  I before  ufed  Sealing-wax,  but  now 
made  choice  of  Pitch,  which  I ferv’d  as  the  Sealing-wax 5 
that  is,  I melted  it  in  a Globe-glafs,  and  kept  it  turning 
about  ’till  the  larger  half  had  got  a pretty  thick  lineing  ot 
it  • it  was  even  fo  thick  that  a Ray  of  Light  could  no 
way  penetrate  it.  This  Globe  I exhaufted  of  its  contain- 
ed Air^  then  ("being  Night)  I put  it  on  the  Engine  to 
give  motion  to  it^  where,  after  it  had  been  turn’d  a little 
while,  with  my  Hand  on  that  half  lined  with  the  Pitch, 

I could  very  eafily  difcover  thro’  the  tranfparent  part,  on 
the  inward  furface  of  the  Pitch,  the  very  (hape  and  lines 
of  it,  as  likewifeof  my  Fingers^  for  the  moll:  eminent 
Parts  of  the  Hand  and  Fingers  that  toucht  the  Ghfs,  ap- 
peared all  luminous : The  other  Parts  difcovered  them- 
felves  by  the  dark  Intervals  they  made  between  the  en- 
lighten’d Parts;  And  when  the  Fingers  were  fprcad  or 
clos’d,  ’twas  very  obvious  to  tlie  Sight.  Now,  after  a 
fmall  quantity  of  Air  was  let  in,  the  Light  difappear  d on 
the  intide  of  the  lined  part  (but  not  on  the  other,)  which 
began  to  difcover  it  felf  more  and  more  on  the  outfide5 
tho’  even  in  Vacuo  there  was  always  a Light  attended  on 
the  touch  of  thofe  Parts  that  were  moft  contiguous  ta 


( ) 

Glafs : Bat  now  a Circle  of  Light  would  difcover  it 
^eU  juO:  on  the  edge  of  the  Pitch  which  feperated  it  from 
the  tranfparent  Part,  as  likewife  another  ring  of  Light 
fomewhat  nearer  to  the  Axis  of  the  Glafs,  but  both  thefe 
when  the  Hand  was  apply’d  to  the  under  part  5 for  when 
it  was  remov’d  to  the  contrary,  no  fuch  appearance  enfu’d. 
The  tranfparent  half  of  the  Glafs  was  in  allCircumftances 
as  in  former  Experiments.  When  all  the  Air  was  let  in, 
the  Elcdtricity  of  the  Glafs  in  all  its  parts,  the  Lin’d  as 
well  as  the  Tranfparent,  performed  much  alike.  The 
Threads  feem’dto  be  attracted  every  where  with  equal 
Vigour.  To  conclude^  this,  and  the  foremention’d  Ex- 
periment of  the  Sealing-wax,  plainly  difcover,  a tranfpa- 
rent  Quality  in  foine  Bodies  fwe  call  Opake)  under  fuch 
and  fuch  Circumftances : Bodies  which  arc  really  Opake, 
have  hitherto  been  thought  to  continue  always  fo.  It  was 
never  fo  much  as  fufpefled,  that  they  could  exchange 
that  Quality  for  the  contrary  one,  and  then  come  back 
from  that  .contrary  one  to  their  old  State  again  e*  That 
theyfhould  pafs  from  Opake  to  Pellucid,  and  from  Pellu- 
cid to  Opake ^ atone  time  admit,  and  at  another  time  op- 
pofe  the  paflage  of  Light : And  all  this  by  a meet  change 
of  external  Circumftances.  This  Property  I fay  is  as  new 
as  ’tis  real  and  furprizing  ; and  the  bare  confideration  of 
fo  very  unlikely  and  unexpected  a thing,  may  be  a ground 
of  encouragement  to  hope,  that  fome  other  odd  Proper- 
ties of  Bodies,  by  fome  lucky  Trials,  may  hereafter  fas 
this  has  donej  furprize  us  with  a difeovery  of  them- 
fdves.  I fhall  only  add,  that  what  is  faid  towards  a 
Ileafon  of  fuch  an  Appearance  in  the  Experiment  of  the 
Sealing-wax,  1 think  is  very  applicable  to  this^  to  which 
1 refer.  See  Phyf co-mechanical  Experiments  on  various 
Suhje^s,  ?2ig,  1^1^ 


IV.  A 


(?95  ) 


IV-  A Letter  from  Mr,  Ralph  Thoresby,  F,  R, 
to  Dr,  Hans  Sloane,  S,  ^^ec.  coftcernit^g  fome 
Ancient  Brafs  hifiruments  fontid  in  YorkQiire. 

Honoured  S I Ry 

WEapons  of  Brafs  having  been  difcontinued  for 
many  Ages,  it  may  not  perhaps  be  unaccep- 
table to  you  to  have  an  Account  of  fome  that  were  ' 
lately  found  in  thefe  Parts  5 for  \vhat  ufe  they  were 
originally  ddigned  I dare  not  determine,  fo  fhall  on- 
ly relate  Matter  of  Fact  as  to  the  difcovery  of  them, 
and  give  you  their  form,  defiring  your  Sentiment's  ot 
them,  and  fuch  ingenious  Gentlemen  as  you  may  pleafe 
to  communicate  this  unto. 

As  the  Servants  of  Mr.  Ellis  of  Kidcld  (Father  to 
the  prefent  Sheiiff  of  the  County)  were  Plowing  in  a 
Place  called  Ofmond-thicl{,  near  the  noted  Bramham-Moor, 
they  difcovered  five  or  fix  Brafs  Infiruments,  which  are  of 
different  fizes,  from  little  more  than  3 to  4 Inches  and 
an  half  in  length,  and  from  i and  a half  to  2 Inches  and 
an  half  in  breadth.*  They  are  fomewhat  in  thefoim  of 
a Wedge,  as  proceeding  from  a thin  Edge,  which  after 
fo  many  Ages  is  tollerably  fliarp,  to  i and  an  half  or 
2 Inches  ac  the  thicker  end,  where  they  are  wrou^^ht 
hollow  to  put  upon  a Shaft  .*  Each  of  them  has  an  Ear 
or  Loop,  which  that  you  may  the  better  perceive  the 
form  of,  I have  added  the  Figure  of  one  (in  its  exad  tU  Pbu 

fize)  that  was  fen t to  this  Repofitory.  Some  fuppofe 
them  to  have  been  ArrorpsAjcads,  or  Axes  of  the  ancient 
Britains  ; others,  thofe  of  the  Roman  Cat'apult£  ^ but  \ 
think  they  are  as  much  to  heavy  for  the  firft,  as  they  are 

N n n too  ^ 


( ?94  ) 

too  light  for  the  lafV.  I Qiould  rather  take  them  to  hare 
been  the  Heads  of  Spears^  or  Walk^wg-jiaves  of  the  civi- 
lized Britaitjs  ^ and  tho’  of  a fomewhat  different  Form 
from  thofe  defer!  bed  by  Speed  (Eijl,  of  Great  Brit.  cap.  6.^ 
in  their  Portraitures,  taken  I prefume  from  ancient  Manu- 
feripts,  yet  by  the  Loop  in  the  fide  we  may  better  con- 
ceive how  thofe  ornamental  Labels  were  faftened,  than 
by  the  Pictures  there  exemplified. 

That  Swords  or  Daggers  were  ufed  of  the  fame  Me- 
tal in  old  time,  as  well  in  Ireland  as  Great  Britain, 
(o^  which  there  are  feveral  deferibed  in  the  laft  Edi- 
*tion  of  the  Britannia)  I conje^fure  from  fome  that 
were  found  there  of  late  Years,  one  of  which  was 
brought  me  by  a Friend  from  thence  : It  proves  of 
a middle  fize,  viz.  eighteen  Inches  long  in  the  Blade  ; 
whereas  of  thofe  found  in  Wales,  fome  were  but 
Twelve,  others  Twenty  four.  The  Hilt  or  Handle 
probably  was  of  Wood,  ("as  is  that  of  an  old  Sword 
that  I have  now  by  me,  which  is  five  Foot  and 
a half  long)  for  that  it  is  wholly  confumed:  They 
have  been  faftened  together  by  four  larger  or  two 
lefs  Nails,  as  appears  by  the  Holes  in  the  Brafs 
which  are  yet  entire.  And  now  that  I am  upon  this 
fubjedf,  I have  an  ancient  Spur,  that  is  no  lefs  than 
fix  Inches  and  an  half  long,  from  the  Heel  to  the 
middle  of  the  Rowel  5 but  this,  which  is  gilded, 
and  of  nicer  Workmanlhip,  I fuppofe  to  be  of  a much 
later  date. 


1 am.  See: 


Ralph  Thoresby. 


( 59J  ) 


V.  A Letter  from  Mr.  Tho.  Hearne,  M.  A. 
of  Oxfordj  to  Mr.  Ralph  Thoresby,  F.  S. 
occafiorid  by  fame  Antiquities  lately  di/coVeFd 
near  BRAMHAM-MOOR  in  YORK- 
SHIRE. 

J 

WORTHY  SIR, 

§•  ^*1  I Rom  the  great  Variety  of  Antunt  Mommettff  con- 
Jl  tinually  found  in  thefe  IJlands  ’cis  plain  that  vaft 
Improvements  might  be  made  to  the  Accounts  that  Iiave 
been  hitherto  given  of  the  Brhiflj  Antiquities,  and  there 
is  no  reafon  to  doubt  but  if  Mr.  Cambden  were  now  living 
he  could  with  eafe  inlarge  his  Britannia  to  another  Vo- 
lume of  equal  Value  with  the  former,  Coyns  were  not  fb 
generally  taken  notice  of  by  learned  Men  at  that  time  as 
they  have  been  fnce-,^  at  leaft  if  they  did  take  notice  of 
them,  yet  they  were  not  fo  curious  as  to  put  down  the 
feveral  Defiriptions  of  them,  nor  to  confider  their  trueVfe, 
Since  his  Excellency  Baron  Spanhein/s  Book,  and  other 
Works  of  the  fame  kind  were  publifli’d,  Scholars  have 
I been  more  inquifitive  after  thefe  Rslicks  5 and  from  the 
\infinite  numbers  dug  up  amongft  us,  divers  Blaces  that 
'were  of  note  in  the  times  of  the  Romans,  but  are  norv 
quite  dehroy’d,  have  been  found  out,  which  Mr.  Cambdek 
Iknew  nothing  of  in  his  time  for  want  of  thefe  Difcoveries. 
.Add  to  this  that  the  Antiquity  of  fome  other  Towns  may 
Ibe  carried  by  thefe  Helps  much  higher  than  he  has  Hone 
iin  his  refpe^ive  Difcourfes  of  them  3 and  particularly 
Witney,  within  feven  Miles  of  Oxford,  appears  to  be  of 

N n n 2 note 


( ) 

note  long  before  Edward  the  ConfeJfor%  time,  as  I gather 
from  Roman  Co)ns  latdy^  found  there,  fome  of  which  I 
hive  had  communicated  to  me  by  the  Reverend  Dr.  Ral^h 
Trumbull^  not  long  fmce  Re&or  c f that  Rlace.  The  beft 
of  thofe  fent  to  me  is  one  of  impure  Silver  (according 
to  the  Oifiom  of  that  Time)  in  Honour  of  Jidia  Mumm£a, 
Mother  to  Alexander  Severns,  That  which  makes  it  the 
more  likely  that  here  was  a Town  fo  early  is  this,  that 
the  Ickenild  Way  palled  not  farfrom  it  on  ihe  right  hand 
in  i'S  Courfe  to  CircnreJIer,  where  all  the  four  Great  Jfajj 
crofs’d-  [ might  here  mention  orlier  Places^  that  have 
receiv’d  the  fame  Advantage  for  their  Antiquity^  if  [ were 
not  fufficiently  fatisfied  that  you  are  much  better  acquaint- 
ed with  this  Part  of  Learning  , and  with  the  fever  ah 
Z)fes  of  it  than  I am.  Thro’ the  Ignorance  of  divers 
that  light  upon  thefe  old  Monuments  it  is<that  many  of 
them  are  quite  deftroy’d  5 but  then  there  are  not  wanting 
feveral  ingenious  Gentlemen,  who  cut  of  a natural  Love 
to  Antiquity  fpare  no  Cofis  nor  Pains  to  col  left  and  pre- 
ferve  as  many  as  they  can,  and  are  always  ready  to  com- 
municate to  the  Publ  ck  their  Obfervations  upon  them.  A- 
mongfe  thefe  I delervedly  reckon  your  felf,  who  as  You 
have  made  a very  good  Collection,  fo  you  have  withal 
been  plea  fed  to  oblige  the  Learned  World  wich  feve- 
Ta1  curious  Difeourfes  upon  them  in  the  PhUofophied 
Tranfallions.  You  have  likevvife  been  fo  kind  as  to  fa- 
vour me  with  the  Account  of  fome  of  them,  and  when 
I was  ingaged  in  the  Oxford  Edition  of  Livy,  you  took 
care  to  tranfmit  to  me  two  Infcriptions,  which  (hew  that 
the  ix/^  Legion  of  the  Romans  refided  at  Torl{.'  Thefe 
1 have  made  publick  at  the  End  of  the  laft  Volume  in  the 
Annotations  (a).  But  I am  mod:  concern’d  at  prefent  for 
the  old  Inft'ruments  which  you  tell  me  were  fome  Months 

4 


{d)  See  f'd.  VI.  pag,  iS.r, 

(ince 


{ 197  ) 

fince  found  at  a PUe  call’d  Of^oMk^t 

Moor  in  your  County,  ^ 

would  give  \ou  my  Opinion  5 which  I ^all  the  rathe 

do  that  you  may  fee  I am  not  unmindful  of  your  Favours, 

bu»  am  willing  to  make  all  pojfMe  Returns  I can. 

• i.  2.  Thtk  Inllrnntents  it  appears  from  your  Letor  are 

of  Brafs,  and  are  five  or  fix  in  number,  but  oi  ^ different 
Sieves,  from  a little  more  than  three  to  four  Incnes  and  a 
half  in  length,  and  from  one  and  a half  to  two  and  a halt 
in  breadth.  They  are  fomewhat  m form  of  a 'M??.  as 
proceeding  from  a thin  Edge  to  one  and  a halt  or  two 
Ikhes  at  the  thlchr  End,  where  they  are  hoUomd  to  put 
upon  a Shaft.  Each  of  them  has  an  Ear  or  Loo?,  wh.ch 

that  I raay'^the  better  perceive  the /tfmo/,  you  have  bc^ 

at  the  Pains  of  adding  the  Draught  ot  one,  accurately 
done  by  your  felf.  From  your  exaS  and  nu-e  Relmion 
’tis  plain  that  they  are  juft  like  that  we  have  m the  &p.- 
fitory  adioyning  to  the  Bodlejan  Library  at  Oxford.  Jhis 
has  been  kept  there  for  feveral  but  where  twas 

difeovered  there,  is  not  the  leaft  j\^nsor,al  to  inform  us. 
Perhans  it  misht  be  procur’d  by  Dr.  Plot  when  he  was 
writing  the  Natural  tHJlory  of  Stafordjhire,  where  he 
has  Cb)  mentioned  feveral  InUruments  oi  the  fame  kind 
dug  up  in  that  County:  You  have  told  nie  that  tis  your- 
Opinion  that  thefe  Inflruments  were  the  Heads  oj  C:pears 
or  walking  Staves  of  the  eroifeV  Rr’ta.ns  zn<X  for  Cn«- 
iirmation  of  it  you  refer  me  to  Speed  s l^ory  of  Great 
Britain,  (0  where  he  has  publilhd  the  the 

antient  Britains  both  before  and  after  they  were  av.l.^d. 
You  acknowledge  however  that  ihe7t>f’t  of  the  Spears  there 
are  fomewhat  different  from  thofe  we  are  now  confiderm|. 
And  indeed  they  are  not  only  fiwewbat  hut  ^altogether  dijfjer 

L ' 


(i)-y«Chap.X.  19.  &c.  (r)  L.  \.  (.7. 


reniy 


c 39*  ) 

Tnth^rf  Mal^e  with  thofe  we  find 

thhn  ! 1 reprefent  to  us 

the  Mdiuphflnimentsof  the  old  Roma»s,  Grech  &c 

But  had  tl,^.  been  of^  feme  Refembh.ce,  yet  Sot  fee 

hat  thoie  F,guret  in  Speed  are  of  any  Authority.  For  tho’ 

^ou  guefs  that  they  were  copied  from  old  MSS  vet  I 

t>/h  htfiory  that  have  any  fuch  Figures,  If  ever  anv 
one  had  them,  we  have  reafon  to  prefume  that  other  plnL 
upon  the  fame  SubjeH  would  have  retain'd  them  • at  leafl: 

i tiat  IS  the  Method  obierv’d  in  other  Sorts  of  MSS  The 
f“pa«s  o^tf 

metitaL  i arts  or  the  Great  Letters  • but  whpn  onrr  F* 

Were  to  be  depiSed  that  Ihould  illuftrate  and  explain  Xe 
Author,  there  they  were  to  be  exaS  and  punHud,  and  they 
a no  more  Allowance  to  alter  them  than  they  had  to 
alter  ^ni  sufe-poUte  the  Text  of  the  Author  himfelf.  Hen« 

I am  inclind  to  think  that  thefe  Figure,  atemoderu  and 
are  omwg  to  Mr.  Speed  himfelf;  Tis  alfo  what  himfelf 
infinuates  m the  fame  Chapter,  acknowleaeine  that  thev 
were  adapted  to  the  Deferipthn,  given  of  the  Britain,  in 
amseut  Autheut.ck,  Author,.  But  not  to  examine  other  Par. 
Uculars,  the  Form  of  the  Spear,  in  their  Hands  is  not 
ountenanc  d by  any  Authority  of  Note.  For  tho'  Hero, 
dtan  has  acquainted  us  that  they  ufed  fiort  Spear,  yet  he 
is  filent  as  to  the  Make  of  them.  Nor  indeed  have  we 
any  where  a good  Account  of  the  Military  Arm,  of  the 
Britain,.  The  Author,  tranfmitted  to  Pojierity  by  them 
are  modern  m comparifon  of  the  RomaJ  Writer!  and 
are  vvitha!  Romantick  and  not  to  be  rely’d  on.  And  as 

" ’®y  fo  tranfmit  to  Po- 

fterity  thefe  Weapons,  _ or  to  give  us  Relation,  of 

their  Countrymen.  Tis  true,  there  have  been  and  are  ftill 

found  feveral  Injlrument,  made  of  Flint,  which  the  beft 

Judge,  efteem  to  be  Britifi.  The  Flint  Head,  of  their 

Arrow,  are  commonly  called  in  Scotland  Elf-Arrows,  as 

being 


( ?99  ) ' 

being  fuppofed  to  have  an  extraordinary  Vlrtne  againfl:  the 
Elves^  and  to  drop  from  the  Clouds,  There  are  other 
Flints  fomewhat  in  form  of  Axesj  and  thefe  Dr.  Flot 
calls  (d^  Britijh  Axes  5 but  Dr.  Leiglf  thinks  ("ej  they 
are  Indian.  Sir  William  Dugdale  inclines  to  the  Opinion 
embrac’d  by  Dr.  Plot,  and  he  acquaints  (f)  us  with 
feveral  of  about  four  Inches  and  an  half  in  length,  cu« 
rioufly  wrought  by  Grinding,  But  they  might  as  well 
have  been  Roman,  the  Romans  having  ufed  Flint  Weapons 
as  well  as  the  Britains,  and  ’twas  from  the  Romans  that 
the  Britains  learn’d  the  Art  of  worhpng  them.  That  which 
alfo  feems  to  make  us  believe  that  they  might  be  Roman, 
is  that  thole  mentioned  by  Sir  William  were  found  at 
Oldbury,  Aldbury  or  Ealdbury,  which  was  a Roman  Fort, 
and  is  the  fame  in  Signification  with  Alchefier  in  Oxford- 
(hire,  Alchefier  being  nothing  elfe  but  Saib-ceartep,  fo  call’d 
by  the  Saxons  to  (hew  that  ’twas  a Place  of  Antiquity 
even  in  their  Time,  And  tho’  the  Anonymous  Author  of 
the  AnFquities  of  Alchefier  at  the  End  of  the  Parochial 
Antiquities  of  Ambrofden  derive  it  from  Alle&us,  as  if  he 
. were  the  Founder,  yet  there  is  no  Authority  either  from 
Coynsy  inferiptions,  or  Books  to  countenance  the  Conje- 
Uure, 

§.  Now  fince  there  are  no  Anfhentick  Authors  by 
which  we  may  learn  what  Arms  were  made  ufe  of  by  the 
Britains  in  their  Wars,  I can  think  of  no  properer  Me- 
thod for  finding  this  out  than  by  feeing  what  Arms  were 
in  ufe  amongft  thofe  People  from  whom  they  immediately 
bad  their  Original  ,Mr.  Sheringham,  who  was  a learned 
Man  and  endued  with  an  accurate  Judgment,  inclines  to 
the  Story  of  Geffry  of  Monmouth,  who  deduces  the  Bri- 


(d)  LGcofupracitat.  (0  Natural  Bijlory  of  LancaOiiiv',  lib.  I.  p.  181; 
(/;  Warwickfhirc,  pag.  778, 


tains 


( 40®  ) 

tAitis  from  the  Trojans,  And  this  is  the  Opinion  too  of 
feveral  oihct  learned  Men,  But  whatever  their  Abilities 
and  Authority  might  be  in  other  Refpeds,  yet  in  this  they 
mud  be  reckon  d partial^  and  I rather  ftrike  in  with  tliofe 
other  JVrilers  of  n^ore  authority  who  derive  the  Britains 
from  the  Gauls  5 amongft  whom  Mr.  Camden  is  chief.  He 
has  diligently  and  nicely  prov’d  that  the  Gauls  and  Britains 
had  the  fame  lieligion  ^ that  they  both  had  their  Bards 
and  Druids,  enjoy’d  the  {sLmQform  of  Government^  us’d  the 
fame  Method  of  Fightings  had  the  fame  Natural  Genius^ 
were  equally  candid  and  innocent^  were  addided  to  change 
when  provok’d,  were  compafionate  to  their  Relations,  and 
always  ready  to  partake  in  their  Vindication,  He  has 
withal  (hew’d  that  they  both  affeded  great  Numbers  of 
Servants,  that  their  Buildings  were  alike  and  were  fur- 
rounded  with  JVoodsy  that  they  both  ufually  wore  Chains 
of  Gold  about  their  Necks,  and  had  Rings  on  their  Mid- 
dk- Finger s that  they  both  wore  long  Hair,  and  that  the 

Garments  call’d  Brachse  were  common  to  each,  Thefe  Things 
he  confirms  from  the  befi  and  moji  approved  Authors.  And  as 
the  chiefefi  Argument  ho  has  alledg’d  Variety  of  Injiances  to 
flievv  that  they  (poke  the  fame  Language,  Mr.  Sheringham 
himfelf  was  aware  of  this,  and  therefore  to  evade  the 
Force  of  the  Argument  he  makes  (^)  the  Trojans  to  come 
through  Gaul,  which  being  then  thinly  inhabited,  he 
fays  Brute  and  his  Companions  foon  conquer’d  it,  built  a 
City,  and  continued  there  *till  fuch  time  as  they  had  well 
peopled  it,  after  which  they  pafs’d  over  into  Britain^ 
and  by  that  means  the  Britains ' camQ  to  have  the  fame 
Language,  This  is  his  Hypotheps,  which  is  fo  far  from 
cleferving  Approbation^  that  it  does  not  feem  confiftent 
with  ufual  Prudence,  nor  with  the  other  wife  ABs  that 
are  aferib’d  to  Brute,  For  no  one  that  rightly  confiders 
can  think  that  Brule  would  voluntarily  leave  fo  large  a 


(?;  Ssc  his  Book  dc  Origiuc  Gemis  Anglcy.  p>*g.  7.  & feqq. 

Country 


( 401  ) 

Country  d,^\Gaul  for  gone  that  was  fo  much  lef/.  It  is 
therefore  more  likely  that  the  Britain  had  their  imme- 
diate ^Original  from  the  Gauls,  Ctefar  himfelf  thought 
fo  as  to  thofe  that  inhabited  more  near  the  Coajis^ 
notwithhanding  his  ObfervaHon  that  the  Midland  Peo- 
ple were  Aborigines,  Nor  will  Boxhorn's  AJJertion  that 
the  Gallick  Tongue  was  the  fame  with  the^Scphian  over- 
throw this  Eypothejts,  For  it  may  very  well  be  fuppo- 
fed  that  the  Gauls  came  fir  ft  from  the  Scythians^  who 
are  in  Juflin  (b)  obferv’d  to  have  been  the  moft  an- 
tknt  People,  and  to  have  contended  with  the  Mgyp- 
tians  on  that . This  will  exaHly  agree  with 

what  Camden  and  others  have  averted  concerning 
the  Gauls  being  defeended  from  Qomer^  the  eldefl  Son 
of  Japhet,  I know  indeed  that  Mr.  Sammes  derives 
the  Scythians  from  Magog  the  fecond  Son  of  Japhet, 
But  (not  here  to  take  notice  of  his  contradiding  hini- 
felf  in  this  Point)  fince  Strabo  (/)  and  Stephanus  (h) 
mention  a City  call’d  Gogarena  between  Colchis  and 
Iberia,  and  fince  the  City  Hierapolis  in  Celo-Syria,  ac- 
cording to  Pliny  (•/),  wasc^Jl’d  by  the  Syrians  MAGOG, 
'tls  more  probable  that  Magog  feated  himfelf  in  thofe 
Countries,  near  to  which  ’ris  agreed  his  Brethren  fet- 
tied,  than  that  he  wandred  fo  far  out  of  the  Way 
from  them.  Here.  I cannot  but  take  notice  that  the 
Britains  were  like  the  Scythians  a frugal  People,  and 
their  long  Lives  (they  often  living  to  the  Age  120 
Tears)  might  in  great  meafure  be  aferib’d  to  their 
Temperance,  and  their  Milk  Dyet,  f juft  like  the  Hippo- 
molg’s  mentioned  by  Homer  {rn).  And  as  lEfchjlus 
tells  us  that  the  Scythians  were  Hornpa  cdnixoi, 

a jufi  Nation  and  addi&ed  to  the  Feeding  of  Horfes, 


{h)Vn[\  lih.\f  c u a)  \De  Vrhih.  [ms. 

(/)  Nat.  Hui  hb,  V.  23.  (m)  II.  XIII.  v.2.  ' ^ 

*0  o o 


fo 


( 401  ) 

fo  the  fame  may  be  faid  of  our  antkni  Britaifis  who 
were  very  religious  and  obferv’d  the-  Rules  of  their 
Priefis,  and  took  extraordinary  Might  in  Cetile, 
whence  perhaps  they  might  afFed  to.  have  the  figures 
of  Beafts  cut  upon  their  Bodies.  From  what  has  been 
laid  down  I hope  ’tis  plain  that  the  arid  Brk 

laws  were  of  the  fame  Original.  -Wh^t'  wc  have 
next  to  do  is  to  fee  what  were,  us’d  by  the 

Gauls.  There  are  feverai  Jutkors  that  have  written 
of  the  Nature  of  them,  and  particularly  Cluver  and 
Boxhorn.  Their  Idatnes  are  Sfatha;’ 
gdifum')  lancea^  fparun/^  cateia^  wataris  ov  T2Lt\\^  niateris 
^ not  fnatara  , macha^ra , yuiiU,  or 

(?z)  thjreos,  and  cetrum  or  cetra.  I fhall  not  here  iiiiift 
upon  the  Signification  or  reafon  of  the  AWr/,  but  on- 
ly obferve  in  general  that  the  gejfium  was  a ‘Javelin, 
the  fparuns,  cat  ei  a and  mat  avis  were  different  Sorts  of 
Darts,  and  that  the  thyreos  was  ah  oblong  and  the  cetrum 
a fiort  fort  of  Shield.  So  that  the  Spat  ha  only  remains 
(tor  the  nature  of  the  Lance  is  well  known)  to  be 
compar’d  with  the  Weapons  we  are  confidering.  'Tis 
call’d  by  the  Italians  S P J D J,  and  by  the  Spaniards 
ESPJDJ.  From  the  Defeription  that  I fid  or  e h^s 
left  03  of  it,  we  are  inform’d  that  ’twas  a two'cdgd' 
Sreord,  with  which  they  cut  and  did  not  ihrufl.  Whence 
’tis  plain  thefe  Arms  had  rot  fiarp  Tops,  agreeable  to 
wh&i  f ivy  {oj  has  related  that  their  gladij  were  pr^- 
hngi,  ac  fine  mucronihus.  And  Polybius  has  the  lame 
reafon  why  they  did  not  pufh  with  them.  Hence  it 
is  ckar  that  our  Infirnments  which  have  T\oiiwo  Edges, 
but  are  dull  like  wedges  were  not  fpath£,  and  fince  they 
do  not  agree  to  any  of  the  other  Galnck  hzflrumcnts 


(H^SeeUvylih.VlM.  c.  24,  Edit.  Olon.  (0)  A/T'.  XXII.  c.  46 
Edit. Oion. 

* 


wee 


we  mu(V  carry  on  our  Inquiry , and  examin  whether 
they  agree  with  any  of  the  Jrmt  of  fome  other  an- 
tient  Nation  that  made  Figure  in  Britain. 

§.  4.  Our  Ancefiors  the  Saxons  will  have  no  Qiare 
in  this  Inquiry,  For  tis  plain  from  the  Hijiory  of 
them  given  by  Verflegan^  and  the  publifh’d  alfo 

by  him,  that  Spears,  Halberds^  Shields^  Crofs^borrsy 
Swordfy  f which  were  broad  and  borving^  fbmewhat  in 
fafhion  of  a Sythel)  and  Hatchetts,  which  they  call’d 
Bills,  were  the  Arms  made  ufe  of  by  them  5 nor  did 
the  Weapons  of  the  Danes  that  fucceeded  them  much 
vary  if  at  all.  Coming  from  the  fame  Parts  they  usM 
the  fame  Cufioms  in  their  Military  Undertakings,  For 
tho’  the  Normans  endeavour’d  to  make  an  iniire  Alterati- 
on, yet  they  found  the  Attempt  impradicable,  and  they 
were  forc’d  to  acquiefee,  and  lay  afide  their  Propofals, 
which  thwarted  fo  very  much  thofe  antient  Cufioms  that 
were  here  generally  entertain’d,  and  receiv’d.  But  how- 
ever notwithftanding  thefe  Injiruments  do  not  refemble 
either  the  Saxon  or  Danifj  Military  Arms,  yet  I find 
in  iVormiusS  Mufeum  (p)  two  Cimbric  Injiruments  wirh 
which  they  have  fome  Ukenefs,  Thefe  he  tells  us  were 
of  Erafs,  and  he  calls  them  Wedges,  The  larger  of 
them  was  five  Inches  in  length,  and  three  in  Breadth. 
He  is  of  opinion  that  they  were  us’d  in  the  Wars,  ef- 
pccially  when  the  Armies  were  verp  near  each  other.  If 
they  had  Holes  by  which  they  might  have  been  fix’d  to 
Helves  he  would  have  believ’d  them  to  he  Battle-Axes^ 
but  being  neither  hollow  (as  ours  arej)  nor  having  no 
other  way  of  being  faften’d  to  other  Injiruments,  hecon- 
cluded  that  the  Name  of  Wedges  might  be  mold  proper, 
A very  ingenious  Gentleman  fome  time  fihee  inform’d  me 


(r)  P^g.  354. 

O 0 o 2 that 


( 4°4  ) 

that  much  fuch  hfiruments  had  been  found  in  the  IJlg 
ef  Man,  and  that  a great  many  Urns  had  been  alfodid 
cover’d  there,  as  likewife  divers  Infcriptions  with  firangg 
Chara&trs,  I do  not  queftion  but  the  Infcriptions  are 
Runic^.  And  ’tis  highly  probable  that  the,  Inilrnmentj 
were  like  tho(e  in  Wormius  5 but  if  they  agree  exaPUy 
with  ours  they  will  from  what  I (hall  fay  by  and  by 
appear  to  be  Roman.  For  notwithftanding  it  be  com- 
monly held  that  the  Romans  never  were  in  this  Ifle,  yet 
I fee  no  other  reafon  why  it  fiiculd'  be  thought  fo,  than 
that  the  antknp  Authors  npw  remaining  do  not  mention 
it.  This  is  only  a negative  Argument^  and  what  we 
ought  not  to  lay  a,  very  great .upon.^  The  Urns 
feem  clearly  to  evince  that  they  were  here.  I know  in- 
deed that  ’tis  faid  that  thefe  Urns  nmft  be  perfedly  Da- 
nipo,  by  reafon  oi  black.  Bones  Apjes AquuA 

in  them  5 vvhieh  however  is  no  jnre  Ground  to  go  upon. 
For  I have  feen  in  the  Bodlejan  Repofitory  a I^iece.  of  a 
Roman  Urn  whicR*’  'was  dug  up  feveral  Xears  ago  at  an 
old  Roman  Toxrn  in  England  with  many  others,  fome  of 
which  were  of  diffcre?it  Figures.  Tis  now  in  a Box^ 
and  with  it  are  little  black  Bones,  Afloes,  8ec-  wrapped  up 
in  two  Pieces  of  courfe  iJnncn.  This  Linnen  is  in  fhe 
fame  pgute  with  the  Urn,  but  the  Urn  for  one  of  the 
B/eces IS  wanting.  The  Smallnefs  of  the  fliews  that 

they  are  fhe  Relicks  oi  Children,  It  was  cuftomary  a- 
niong  the  Romans  after  the  Bodies  were  burnt  to  wafli 
the  Bones  with  Wine  and  A/i/4,  and  afterwards  the  Wo~ 
we«,v,^rapt.  their  Children  m Linnen,  dry"d  them  in  their 
Bofomsy  and  then  put  them  into  - Urns  to  be  buried. 
This  Cufiom  was  alfo  peculiir  to  the  Danes,  who  learn  d. 
it  from  the  Romans,  from  whom  likewife  they  receiv’d 
Urn- Burial  it  (elf.  SuchLlr/;/  too  are  mention'd  by  the 
famous  Sir  Thomas  Broion  to  have  been  found  at  Old  IVaL 
fifigham  in  TorkfiTr-.  Nor  is  the  Roman  Hifiory  altot^e^ 
iher  filent  of  the  Jpe  of  Mati  s being  kno  wnto  the 

rnans. 


( 4°5  ) 

mms\  For  ’Plniarch  exprdly  tells  us,  that  ont  Demetrlui 
failed  hither,  as  well  as  to  other  Britiflj  JjJes  in  the  Reign, 
of  Adrian.  Tis  no  wonder  that  Runick  hfcriptlons  are 
difcovered  in  the  Rlaces.  Roman  V ms  are  found* 

Thofe  Infcriptfons  might  have  been  made  upon  other 
/lons  xihQx  it  became  in  future  Ages  inhabited  by  Danes 
aj;jid  Normgians,  The  fame  Accident  has  fometimes  hap- 
pen’d, in  England^  And  Mr.  Camden  particularly  relates 
in  the  Clofe  of  his  Difeourfe  concerning  Stone- Henge,  that 
in  the  Time  of  King  Hen.  Vlllth.  was  found  at  S"one» 
Henge  a Table  of  mixt  Metal  on  which  v/cre  ingrav’d  ma- 
ny Letters^  but  the  Chara^i^er  was  fo  firange  that  neither 
Sir  Thomas  Elyot,  nor  Mr,  Lilly^  the  famous  SchwlMa* 
J?er  of'St.  PauPs,  could  tell  what  to  make  of  them,  and 
fo  there  was  no  care  taken  to  preCexve  the  Monument,  the 
Lofs  of  which  was  afterwards  much  lamented  by  Qlaus 
WormiuSy  who  thought  it  to  be  Runic^^  as  without  que- 
hion  it.  was:  and  yet  Stone- Henge  itfelf  is  a Roman 
V/orkt  a-S  has  been  made  out  by  Mr.  Inigo  Jones,  who 
tho*  he  was  confuted  by  the  late  lear  ned  Dr.  Charkto7r, 
yet  Mr.  Jgnes'sOpmion  was  very  well  defended  by  Mr. 
John  Webb^  who  has  in  his  Book  diftindtly  examined  the  x 
Methods  madeufe  of  both  by  the  Romans  and  the  Dams 
in  their  Buildings, 

§.  5.  Having  proceeded  thus  far  in  this  Inquiry,  and 
fliew’d  that  thefe  Inftruments  not  nuiitary  Arms- 

either  of  the  Britains,  or  of  the  Saxons,  or  of  the  Danes,. 

I dial]  now  carry  ioon  farther  and  endeavour  to  prove  that 
they  are  owing  to  the  Romans,  which  is  what  I have  before: 
infinuated.,  I once  thought  that  they  were  a fort  of  Jxes^. 
which  the  Romans  made  ufe  of  in  thhr  Saalfces,  ot 
which  Dr.  Plot  takes  notice  of  two  forts,  the  fecures  La- 
pide<e2ix\{\  the  fecures  Cuprea^  tho’  Dr.  Leigh  will  have  his 
Inflances  to  be  both  Indian.  Upon  a more  narrow  con- 
f deration  of  the  Roman  facrificing  InJirumentSyl  have  quite 

chang’d 


{ 4®*^  ) 

^^hang’d  this  Oftnion^  not  finding  the  leaft  Footfieps  of 
^uch  Axes  in  any  ot  the  Book^s  of  Roman  Antiquities 
I have  hitherto  confulted.  On  the  contrary  they  are 
in  the  Snovetaurilia  or  SoUtanrilia  of  the  Columna  Trajana 
reprefented  in  the  fame  Form^  and  faftened  in  the  fame 
manner^  that  we  life  at  this  Day,  And  fo  alfo  in  other 
Sacrifices^  as  may  partly  be  feen  in  the  Gemms,  Rings, 
publifh’d  out  of  the  Studies  of  Auguflirtus,  and  G<?r- 
laus,  as  well  as  in  the  Monuments  of  Gruter,  Reinejtus, 
Spon  and  Fabretti,  to  omit  the  Authors  collected  upon  this 
Subje^  by  Gr£vius  in  his  large  Body  of  Roman  Antiqui- 
ties. Neither  could  they  have  been  the  Heads  of  Spears, 
as  is  manifeft  from  the  fame  Authorities.  The  Roman 
Spears  ^and  Javelins  occur  very  frequently,  and  yet  not 
one  of  them  either  on  their  Cojns  or  elfewhere  is  to  be 
met  with  in  the  Figure  of  thefe  Inflruments,  ’Tis  true 
fome  of  their  Spears  had  two  Heads,  fo  they  might  ufe 
either  End  uppermoli  as  they  pleas’d.  We  have  one  of 
thefe  in  AugnjUnus  (yj.  The  Heads  differ  from  one 
another,  but  they  neither  of  them  anfwer  our  Monu- 
.ments.  Nor  are  the  moft  antient  Spears  of  the  Romans 
we  meet  with  different  from  thofe  they  made  ufe  of 
in  more  modern  Times,  as  may  in  fome  meafure  be 
feen  in  the  famous  Shield  lately  publilhed  at  Oxford 
frj,  which  is  certainly  authentick;  It’s  Antiquity  is  de- 
fended in  the  Vlace  I have  cited;  It  may  here  be  farther 
added  to  what  is  there  alledg’d  that  Lucius  Florus  gives 
Lf)  us  the  firft  Infiance  of  the  Romans  fighting  upon 
Horfes  without  Bridles  5 and  in  the  Columna  Trajana  (tj 
the  Horfes  are  placed  in  full  fpeed  with  their  Riders  with- 
out any  Bridles  or  other  Curbs  to  reftrain  and  guide  them, 


(^)  Gcmm.  Sculpt,  antiq.  ex  Edit.  Jac.  Gronovii  Franeq.  1694. 
Part.  (/)  Vide  LWij  Edit.  Oxom  Vol.  VI.  p.  (/) 

Lih.  i.c.^.  QO  Nhm.t99. 


( 407  ) 

a great  many  of  the  Ro»taf/s  .hiving  m^dQ  themfelves 
^^Jiers  of  this  Method  of  Fighting  that  they  might 
like  the  Numiddans  fwho  were  fumous  for  it)  be  the 
lefs  incumber'd  in  the  Battle^  and  rulh  upon  the  £//e-" 
n/y  with  the  'more  Force.  Their  Defaltcres  alfo  are 
Proof  enough  of  it’s  being  pra&icahle. 

§'.6.  But  now  tho’ thefe  Injiruments  are  not  properly 
Roman 'military  Weapons,  fuch  as  they  us’d  in  their  Bat- 
tles, yet  they  were  of  fervice  amongft  the  Sculdiers,  and" 
good  Numbers  of  them  were  conjiantly  provided  to 
be  carried  about  in  the  Army.  For  i believe  that  they- 
are  Roman  Chijfells,  and  that  they  were  us’d  to  cut  the 
Stones,  and  othtx  Materials  thit  were  judg’d  ferviceable 
for  building  their  Camps.  This  is  not  Conje&nre  only 
as  appears  from  the  Columna  Trajana,  where  («)’the- 
Soulcliers  are  reprefented  polifhing  the  Stones  for  the 
Roman  Tents  in  the  Dacic  Wars  with  fuch  fort  of  ChiJ^ 
fells  made  of  Brafs.  Thefe  Chi  (fell  s ih^y  beat'  and 
worked  into  the  Stone  and  other  Materials  with  Mai-  " 
lets  of  the  fame  AFtal.  We  have  other  Injlanccs  of  ' 
it  in  the  fame  Pillar,  which  is  one  of  the  bed  Mo^  ' 
numents  we  have  by  which  to  judge  of  the  feveral 
1-nftruments  made  ufe  of  by  them  in  their  mi’itary 
Enterprifes.  Thefe  Chijfells  were  cf  admirable  ferviee ' ' 
in  making  their  Aggeres,  which  confided  of  Kirth, 
Stones  and  Timber.  The  Stones  were  fometsmes  thrown  > 
together  without  any  poliffiing ; but  that  was  more 
rarely,  and,  ’twas  look’d  upon  as  a ‘better  feenrky  to 
have  them  work’d  that  they  might  jyc'  even.  ' By  ' 
this  Account  the  reafbn  v/ill  be  cafily  perceiv  \i  v.^hy 
thefe  lujirnments  are  hollow,  namely  H.indles>- 

to  them  for  more  convenience  in  driving  them.  If:  “ 


( ) 

iJiey  had  been  JVedgesy  ’t would  have  been  a great  In- 
cmvcmence  to  have  had  them  hollow.  Befides  the  Wedges 
by  being  drove  into  the  Wood  or  Stones  would  have  been 
Jlrangely  worn  on  the  Sides^  and  have  receiv’d  confide- 
rable  Alterations,  whereas  the  Sides  of  ours  in  the  Bodle- 
jan  Repojitory  fand  I fuppofe  your’s  are  fo  too)  are  juft 
as  they  were  at  firft,  and  there  is  not  the  leaft  Change, 
unlefs  it  be  on  the  Rdge,  which  is  very  blunt  and  much 
b>'okcn,  which  I guefs  to  have  proceeded  from  the  Stone, 
As  for  the  Ears  or  Loops,  ’tis  probable  they  might  be 
put  on  that  thereby  the  Handles  might  be  fixt  the 
better  5 or  perhaps  they  were  defign’d  for  the  Eafe  of 
the  Souldiers,  who  in  their  Journeys  might  by  this  means 
iaften  them  to  their  Girdles.  For  I believe  moft  if  not 
all  the  Souldiers  had  fuch  Injirumnts,  which  they  were 
oblig’d  to  make  ufe  of  when  NeceJJity  requir’d.  I know 
that  ’tis  the  opinion  of  moft  that  there  were  a few  parti- 
cular Perfons  always  in  the  Army  to  whom  thefe  Works 
were  committed,  and  that  they  were  exempt  from  the 
Oflice  of  Souldiers,  and  that  they  were  marmorarij , qua- 
dr  atari),  tignarij  and  ftmUores.  Thefe  may  be  call’d 
all  by  one  Name^/>n  murarlj,  tho’  that  is  commonly  reck- 
on’d only  another  Name  for  ftru^ores.  But  this  is  a wrong 
Perfwajion,  and  Fabretti  has  (rP)  wellobferv’d  that  there 
are  no  fabri  murarlj^  as  they  are  taken  for  Artijls 
diftinft  from  Souldiers,  on  Trajan  s PiHar.  This  Obfer- 
vation  he  has  made  in  oppofition  to  Santi  Bartoli,  who 
calls  them  exprefly  fabri  murarij,  Fabretti  s Remark,  as 
’cis  very  juft  with  refped  to  this  fort  of  Artijls,  fo  it 
muft  be  noted  that  there  were  no  other  diftinft  Artijls 
that  were  freed  from  the  Dutys  of  Souldiers.  Even 
the  Artijls  that  had  receiv’d  liberal  Education  are  to 


Syntagma  coIirninaTrajana  pag.  20S. 


be 


( 40?  ) 

be  comprehended  in  this  ObJervatlqfj^  I mean  tbek 
Vhyftmns:  which  is  the  reafon  that  in  Fahretti  we 
have  (x)  the  Pi&nre  of  a PhjfitUn  fortified  with  a /^rz- 
ca  OX  Coat  of  Mail  and  moving  his  Hands  to  a fick,  Perfon 
I that  was  his  Patient.  The  lorica  (hews  he  was  one  of 
I the  better  fort  of  Souldiers  c^Wd  evocafi,  thofe  of  the 
inferior  Order  being  allow’d  only  a Pe&oral  oi  thin  Bra/}, 
It  withal  points  out  to  us  that  he  was  after  he  had  fi- 
nifli’d  thefe  Offices  to  the  Sick,  bound  to  betake  himfelf 
I to  tht  other  Ofices  of  a Souldier.  This  was  fometimes 
intermitted,  but  in  Trajans  ftri(5i:  Difeipline  ’twas  always 
<obferv’d,  he  being  refolv’d  to  imitate  and  bring  into  fa- 
j/hion  the  Severity  that  had  been  made  ufe  of  in  the  more 
,iantient  Times.  Fot  this  reafon  we  fee  the  Souldiers  in 
ithis  Pillar  duly  exercifing  and  performing,  when  there 
’was  any  need^  all  the  Offices  of  Xradefnen^  it  being  at 
Ithis  time  cuftomarp  to  lilt  Tradefmen  amonglf  the  Souldi- 
icrs  for  this  Intent. 

§.  7.  Befidcs  the  Ufes  thefe  Injlruments  were  put  to  in 
Iforming  the  Roman  Camps,  they  were  moreover  imploy’d 
iin  making  and  repairing  the  High  Ways,  which  fwal- 
llow’d  up  a large  ^antity  of  Stone,  efpecially  in  fuch 
\Places  as  were  marfhy  and  Fenny i The  Pomptin  Marfhes 
\were  vaftly  large,  and  yet  at  fuch  time  as  the  Souldiers 
were  too  many  to  be  us’d  againfl:  the  Enemy,  a motion 
was  made  that  they  fliould  be  imploy’d  to  drain  them, 
which  was  fo  well  approv’d,  that  the  Senate  iramediate- 
liy  gave  Orders  for  it,  and  the  Soil  was  fo  rich  and  fertile 
v.hat  great  Numbers  Came  and  fettled  here,  infomuch  that 
tlhere  were  no  lefs  than  XXXIil.  Towns  built  upon  the 
3ronnd>  The  Waters  however  afterwards  got  ftrength 
iigain,  and  ’ewas  in  a manner  wholly  drown’d  5 which 
made  Julius  C£far  entertain  fome  Thoughts  of  draining 


vv)  Loco  cit.  217*  . 

r p p them 


( 4'o  ^ 

•hem  afrefl  and  of  carrying  the  Appun  Wap  through  them, 
whereas  it  had  before  went  about  them  ^ but  he  fail’d 
in  his  De/igfT,  and  ’ewas  left  for  one  of  his  Glorious  Suc^ 
cejjbrs  the  Emperor  Trajan^  who  after  he  had  cleans’d  the 
Fens^  caus’d  a Stoue  Way  to  be  made  through  them, 
whereon  were  built  Inns  Vind  magnificent  Bridges 

for  Conveyance  of  the  Water  which  was  in  the  up^ 
per  Part  of  the  Marfh,  For  memory  of  which  he  had 
a Monumental  Stone  ereded  with  a proper  Infcription, 
by  which  it  appears  that  the  Way  was  XIX  Miles  in 
lengthy  there  being  plac’d  at  the  End  of  every  Mile  j 
a Mile-Stone^  and  from  thence  the  Way.  it  lelf  was  in  ) 
fucceeding  Times  call’d  Decennovium.  I might  from  i 
hence  take  occahon  to  mention  other  Works  of  the  i 
Romans  in  Italy  of  this  kind,,  in  which  Chijfells  were  { 
abfojutely  necejfiary  for  cutting  the  Stones  5 but  this  is  | 
necdlefs  at  prefent,  and  therefore  I fhall  only  remark  i 
that  as  Trajan  was  diligent  about  the  Ways  in  Italy  j 
and  ’other  PartSy  To  it  feems  he  was  no  lefs  careful  I 
of;  thefe  Affairs  in  Britain.  For  notwithftanding  feme  i 
tell  us  that  the  four  Great  Ways  in.  Britain  are  owing  to  f 
Molmutius  one  of  the  Britifij  Kings  and  Btlinus  his  Sonjyet  I 
Mr.  Camdcji  and  oth'^rs  have  Oiew’d  that  they  are  rather  I 
to  be  attributed  tojthe  Romans,  being  repair’d  and  made  ) 
as  it  were  quite  anew  fwhereas  before  they  were  very  | 
mem)  hy  Trajan,  after  he  had  reduc’d  the  Britains  to  > j 
Obedience.  Befides  which  Ways  he  alfo  made  divers  other  • I 
Leffer.onts  here,  and  perhaps  thd^  Chiffells  that  have  oc-  i 
caiioned  this  Letter  may  be  fome  of  thofe^  us’d  by  the  ( 
Souldiers  in  his  Reign,  tho’  before  his  Time  ATs  of  this  /J 
kind  had  been  perform'd  by  the  Roman  Souldiers,  who  { 
alfo  forc’d  the  Britains  to  undergo  the  fame  Drudgery ^ j 
which  occafion’d  them  to  complain  to  Agricola^  as  ifthey  . | 
were  too  feverely  md  hardly.dQ^it  with.  . 


( 4“  ) 

§,  8.  If  it  be  ask’d  how  it  comes  to  paCs  that  tbeQ 
InjirHmnts  are  of  Brafs  rather  than  of  any  other  Metal. ^ 
it  may  be  reply’d  that  they  as  well  as  the  People'}  of  other 
Nations  in  former  times  thought  there  was  an  extraordi* 
nary  virtue  in  Brafs,  Whence  it  was  that  they  us’d  brafs 
Injtruments  when  the  Moon  was  in  an  Eclipfe  (ji),  think- 
ing that  by  beating  of  them  Qie  would  the  more  eatily  be 
recover’d  from  her  Labour,  which  cuflom  almost  univerf al- 
ly prevail’d.  And  ’tw^s  upon  account  of  this  peculiar  ' 
Virtue  fuppos’d  to  be  in  Brafs  that  the  Infiruments  made 
uie  of  in  the  facred  Ofices  were  in  the  more  early  times 
all  of  Brafs,  that  the  Tufcans  ufed  Brafs  Plorvfoares  when 
their  Cities  were  built,  and  that  the  Priejiso^  the  Sabins 
were  (hav’d  with  Brafs  Razors  (z),  Hefod  himfelf  tells 
(yi)  us  that  the  Antients  us’d  Brafs  Injlruments  before  Iron 
ones : 

At  which  time  not  only  their  Arms  but  their  Houfes  were 
like  wife  of  Brafs. 

Toif  V w fifP  Jin  '^nt.oh  (a) 

The  Cuftomxm^t  prevail  as  well  mBritain  as  elfewhere.  Iron  " 
being  not  fo  very  plentiful  in  the  fir f time  of  the  Roman 
however  it  might  increale  afterwards  when  the  Bath- Forge 
was  erefted,  and  all  proper  Methods  us’d  upon  that  occa* 
fion.  Nor  ought  it  to  be  wonder’d  how  the  Brafs-Chiffells 
could  be  apply’d  to  the  without  breaking  to  pieces 
immediately,  any  more  than  that  the  Plough-fares  did 
not  fuffer  the  fame  Damage  in  cafting  up  the  Ground  and 
grating  againft  the  Stones  with  more  Violence,  The  Brafs 
in  thofe  early  times  was  of  a different  nature  from  oars, 
and  fo  temper’d  as  to  endure  much  longer  with  lefs  in-  - 
convenience  in  the  feveral  Operations  to  which  imploy'd. 

9.  I have  finiOi’d  what  I have  to  fay  at  prefent  up- 
on thefe  old  Inflruments,  As  for  another  Piece  of  Anti, 

(yj  See  hhy  lih.  XXVI.  c.  5.  Edit.  Oxor.  (^)  Hde  RhoW^nu  an- 

tiq..  Lear.. /.XIX.  c.  10*  ( a)  Ep^*  ^ f G)  i ik  H9- 

quitj  Y 


( 411  ) 

gnitji  which  you  tell  rne  you  have  in  your  Colle&io»^ 
uamcly  a Spur  that  is  no  lefs  than  6 Inches  and  an  halt 
long  from  the  Heel  to  the  Middle  of  the  Romllj  which 
you  take  to  be  of  a much  later  Date  than  the  other  Mo^ 
nnments,  we  have  one  in  the  Bodlejan  Repoftory  of  much 
theTame  lengthy  of  which  I have  made  mention  in  my 
Additions  to  Sir  John  Spdmuns  Life  of  King  -IRlfred, 
There  have  been  feveral  others  found  in  England^  and 
you  have  juftly  guefsd  your*s  to  be  more’  modem  than 
the  other  Infiruments,  For  thefe  Spurs  are  certainly 
niJJdj  as  appears  from  Wormius's  Monumenta  Danica  (d), 
where  he  has  given  us  the  Figure  of  one,  and  there  is  an 
Account  of  divers  others  towards  the  latter  End  of  his 
Mufeum.onQ  of  which  is  afoot  and  fo-meodd/»c/6e/in  length, 
10.  I have  been  the  more  particular  upon  this  Sub^ 
jeSf,  becaufe  I do  not  remember  that  it  has  as  yet  been 
treated  of  by  any  of  our  Antiquaries,  and  I was  willing  '' 
to  difcufs  feveral  Points  that  occafionally  offer’d  them- 
felves  when  I began  to  confider  it.  Conje^ures  in  Affairs 
of  this  nature  are  allowable,  and  accordingly  I have  made 
ufe  of  them  5 but  I have  endeavour’d  to  keep  my  felf 
wiihin  the  'bounds  of  Modefly,  and  I leave  the  whole  to 
your  better  Sagacity,  If  I have  fuggefted  any  thing  that 
may  be  of  ufe  to  you,  as  well  as  ferve  to  gratify  your 
Curiofity,  it  will  be  abundant  Satisfaftion  to, 

Oxon.  ....  Sir, 

1709.  Tour  oblig'd  humble  Servant 

Tho.  Hearne. ' 

I I I — ■ 1,1 

’(0  50*  ' 


LONDON:  Printed  for  H,  Clements^  at  the  Half- 
Moon  in  St.  Paul's  Church.Yard.  1709. 


( 4'3  ) 

(Numb.  325.) 

PHILOSOPHICAL 

transactions 


live  {^iri^UTdfta^  oj  ujs  Diooa  tn  an  pci. 

IIX.  Part  of  a Letter  from  Mr.  B.  Sherman  to  Dr,  Mins 
Sloane,  R,  S.  Seer,  concerning  the  Bones  of  a chad  Fcctns, 
taken  out  of  //6e  Uterus  (?/" a and  of  a Galium  th  is 

. J applied  the  Lofs-ofPart  of  the  Os  Fem  )ris, 

Qqq 


I A' 


( 4'3  ) 

(Numb.  323.  J 

PHILOSOPHICAL 

T RANSACTIONS. 

II  iii^  I ■ I I I I ..  _ _ . I 

For  the  Months  of  September  and  Odober,  1709.' 

■ The  C O N T E,N  TS! 

I.  A Leihr  front  Mr.  James  Yonge,  F.  R.  S.  to  Dr.  Hans 

• d A Sloane,  R.  Sccr . ''jroticcmtt?^  a Rtittcb  of  tiair 

voided  by  Urine^ 

II.  A Letter  from  Mr.  Ant.  Van  Leeuwenhaek,  F.  R,  Ry 
containing  his  Obfervations  upon  the  Hair  mention'd  in- . 
the  foregoing  Letter^  8cc. 

III.  A Letter  from  Mr.  James  Yonge,  F.  R.  S.  to  Dr.  Hans 

Sloane,  R.S.  Seer,  (oncerning  feveral  Solid  Bodies  void- 
ed  by  Hrine>  ‘ 

IV.  A Letter  from  Mr.  James  Yonge,  F.aR.S.  to  Dr.  Hins 

‘ Sloane,  /?.  S.  Seer,  containing  an  A.ccount  of  an  Dnufual  '■ 
Blackf^efs  ofiheFace‘^andoffeveralEySTta.-U.tQr\nQ  Fcecus’s, 
y.  An  Extra^  of  an  other  Letter  from  Air.  James  Yongp, 

F.  R,  S.  upon  the  fame  fubje^s  as  the  fo.  mer. 

VI.  An  Account  of  three  Cafes  of  the  Hydrepbobia.  Bv 
R.  Mead,  M.  D.  F.  R.S. 

VII.  An  Account  of  an  Experiment,  touching  an  Attempt  to 
produce  Light  on  the  In  fide  of  a Globe-Cji.'ifs  lind  lyith 
melted  Flowers  of  Sulphur.,  as  in  the  Experiments  ofSeaF 
ing-Wax  and  Pitch.  By  Mr.  Fr.  Hauksbee,  F.  R,  S. 

VIII.  A Letter  f)  'om  Mr.  Antony  Van  Leeu  wenhoek,  F.R.S.  ' 
Containing  fame  A'l  crof  opicul  Obfervations  on  fhe^ Parti- 
cles of  ChryflalliTj  d Sugar.,  See.  and  his  manner  .of  Qb- 
ferving  the  Circulation  of  the  Blood  in  an  BcL 

!IX.  Part  of  a Letter  from  Air.  B.  Shermat)  to  Dr,  Hm5 
Sloane,  R.  S.  Seer.  concerning  the  Bones  of  a dead  Feetns, 
taken  out  of  the  Wkqxus  of  aComx,  and  of  a Calius  tb.ir 
< Jupplied  the  Lofs-ofPart  of  the  Os  Fem  )ris. 

Qqq  ' 


i A' 


I.  A Letter  from  Mr.  James  Yonge,  F.  R,  S. 
t&  Dr,  Hans  Sloane,  S.  Sec.  concerning  a 
(Bunch  of  Hair  yoided  by  Urine.  ^ 

Plethorick  Woman  about  Fifty  Years  old , 


that  ufed  often  lo  be  afRifted  with  Nephii- 
tick  Pains,  employ’d  me  to  relieve  her  the  Nineth  of 
Mciy  laff.  I found  by  the  Purulency  and  Stench  of 
her  Urine,  that  (he  had  not  only  Stones  and  Gra- 
vel, but  an  Ulcer  in  one  or  both  her  Kidneys  5 and 
therefore  gave  her  a Dofe  of  Cantharides  with  Cam- 
p/me  made  into  Pills,  and  follow’d  it  with  plen- 
tiful Draughts  of  a flippery  Emulfion.  This  made 
her  pifs  on  abundance  of  blackidi  Gravel,  and  v hite 
thick  Matter  like  Bird-Lime,  without*  any  Pain  or 
ill  Symptoms,  and  (he  continued  eafie  for  a Week, 
then  her  Pains  returned,  and  went  off  by  the  fame 
Remedy.  About  Eighteen  Days  afterwards  her  Pain 
feeming  to  threaten  a return,  I repeated  the  Medi- 
cine i but  that  Night  it  gave  her  very  great  Pain 
in  the  fide  of  her  Belly,  and  at  laft  threw  her  in- 
to Convulfions,  which  went  off  upon  the  Difcharge 
of  Urine,  of  a great  deal  of  Matter,  and  in  it  a 
Bunch  of  (hort  Hair  alraofl:  rotten : For  fome  time 
after  (he  ufed  a Nephritick  Courfe,  which  hath 
hitherto  preferved  her  from  the  Return  of  Pain,  Mat- 
ter, Stones,  and  Impediment  of  Urine. 


I here- 


' I herewith  fend  you  a third  part  of  , that  Bunch, 
which  the  laft  Dofe  of  Cantharides  forced  from  her^ 
and  will  make  no  Defcants  on  it,  but  leave  it  to 
thofe  Learned  Gentlemen  before  whom  you  (hall 
lay  it. 

Plimouth,  Sept.  28. 

1707. 


I am  ToHts^  8cc; 


James  YongeJ 


m 


A 


II.  A Letter  from  Mr.  Ant.  Van  Leeuwen- 
hoek, F.  S.  containing  his  Obferyati^ 
ons  upon  the  Hair  mentioned  in  the  foregoing 
Letter^  3cc. 

Delft,  Nov.  22.  1707. 

Honourable  Gentlemen^ 

IN  your  Letter  of  the  24th  of  O&ober  laft  there  was 
inclofed  a fmall  Lump  of  a hairy  Subftance,  which 
was  difcfaarg’d  by  a Woman  about  50  Years  old  or  up- 
wards, after  (he  had  taken  a Dofe  of  Spanifi  Flies  given 
her  for  an  Ulcer  in  the  Kidneys. 

I viewed  part  of  the  hairy  Subftance  thro’  a Micro- 
fcope,  and  judged  it  to  be  the  Hair  or  white  Wooll  of  a 
a Sheep  3 which  Wooll  was  broken  into  fuch  fmall  or 
fhort  Particles,  that  fome  of  ’em  were  no  longer  chan 
fix  Diameters  of  the  breadth  of  a Hair^  which  1 fuppofe 
could  not- proceed  from  the  Body  of  a Man,  but  that  it 
was  rather  found  in  the  heel  of  ones  Stocking.  And  the 
oftner  I repeated  my  Obfervations,  the  more  I was  con- 
firm’d in  my  Opinion  5 for  I could  not  only  difcover  the 
fhort  broken  woolly  Particles, but  Ifaw  alfoagreat  num- 
ber of  the  Ends  grinded  to  pieces,  as  it  were  5 inforauch 
that  not  only  the  Bark  fif  I may  fo  call  it)  or  outfide  of 
the  woolly  Particles  were  rubb’d  off,  but  the  inward  lit- 
tle Hairs,  of  which  the  Wooll  is  compofed,  were  fo  di- 
vided from  one  another,  that  they  appeared  .with  their 
ends  like  little  Bruihes. 


More- 


( 4'7  ) 

Moreover  under  the  faid  Stuff  or  white  woolly  Parts, 
there  lay  very  fmall  Particles  compofed  of  exceeding 
flendcr  little  Tubes  or  Pipes,  which  I look’d  upon  to  be 
fmall  bits  of  Straw,  and  they  were  fo  fmall,  that  one 
grain  of  Sand  cou’d  cover  ’em  ^ there  were  likewifc  other 
fmall  Particles  of  the  fame  figure,  but  I did  not  take 
them  to  be  Straw,  but  rather  the  outraoft  Husk  or  Skin  of 
a Grain  of  Wheat  or  Rye^  and  under  thofe  I faw  one 
Particle  cover’d  all  over  with  fmall  Hairs,  fuch  as  we  fee 
at  the'  top  of  Wheat  or  Rye  ^ as  likewife  fome  few  little 
bits  of  Wood,  fomewhat  thicker  than  a Hair  of  ones 
Head:  there  wras  alfo  a fmall  Particle  of  the  outmoft  Skin 
of  a Man,  for  I could  fee  the  little  Scales  of  which  our 
outmoft  Skin  is  compofed  very  plainly  , Now  thefe  Parti- 
cles that  were  not  Wcoll,  might  be  vCty  eafily  brought 
inta  the  Stocking,  in  cafe  one  fets  ones  bare  Foot  upon 
the  Floor  before  one  puts  it  on- 

There  lay  moreover  in  the  faid  Matter  an  unfpeakably 
great  Number  of  exceeding  (lender  long  Particles,  which 
I imagine  to  be  thofe  hairy  Particles,  of  which  a little  Fi- 
breof  Wool  (fetring  afide  the  Bark  or  Skin  of  ft^  iscom- 
pofed  ; as  alfo  feveral  earthy  Particles,  which  I took  to 
be  part  of  the  Dirt  of  the  Floor  or  of  the  Foot  itfelf. 

There  alfo  lay  a great. many  particular  little  Figures^ 
which  I could  not'  difeover  what  they  were^  and  thefe 
laft  mention’d  Particles  were  fo  ftrongly  joyn^d  to  fome 
little  Hairs  or  Wool  by  the  perfpired  vifeous  Matter  from 
the  Foot,  as  I fuppofe,  that  1 could  not  feparate  ’em  but 
by  the  help  of  fome  W^ater  : amongft  others  I alfo  faw 
two  (lender  Particles  lying,  which  I ftiould  likewife  have 
taken  for  the  outmoft  Skin  of  a Man,  were  it  not  that 
they  were  larger  than  any  of  the  Scales  that  I could  ever 
take  from  my  S in,  which  are  moftly  of  an  equal  thic  - 
nefs,  wherefore  I gave  over  this  Thought.  In  ftiort  there 
appear’d  to  my  Sight  fo  many  and  fuch  particular  Figures, 
that  there  was  no  Account  to  be  given  of  them;  only  I 

R r r obil  rv^ 


( 

obferved  amongft  ’em  one  fmall  Particle,  not  of  a fingle 
Feather,  fuch  as  it  appears  to  our  naked  Eye  upon  the 
Body  of  a Bird,  but  rather  of  the  fineft  Down  ^ and  the 
more  I unravell’d  or  feparatcd  the  Particles  of  Wooll 
from  one  another,  ftill  the  greater  reafon  had  I to  judge, 
that  the  Pcrfon  who  had  worn  the  Stocking  had  been  ufed 
to  go  often  bare*fcoted  upon  the  Floor. 

Now  fuppofing  that  thefe  woolly  Particles  might  have 
fallen  into  any  Spoon-Meat  thicker  than  ordinary,  the 
Perfon  might  fwallow  it  down  without  being  aware  of 
:k  5 and  if  this  had  happened  in  fome  Countries,  ’twould 
have  been  recorded  for  Witchcraft. 

No  w my  reafons  for  guefling  that  thefe  woolly  Parti- 
cles fhould  come  out  of  a Stocking,  and  that  that  fiiou'd 
be  occafion’d  by  the  motion  of  the  Foot,  are  thefe  that 
follow  : I my  felf  always  wear  heavy  white  wooWen 
Under-ftockings,  and  I lye  in  the  fame  5 infomuch  that  I 
Gin  wear  ’em  three  Weeks  together  becaufe,  I am  not  in- 
clin’d to  fweat  in  my  Feet , now  having  fevcral  times 
view’d  the  broken  woollen  Particles  which  lye  in  a heap 
as  it  were  cleaving  together  under  the  Heel,  and  having 
alfo  fingled  out  of  them  feveral  Fibres  or  Threads  of  * 
Wcoll,  to  prove  that  they  are  compofed  of  little  Hairs,, 
and  thefe  woolly  Particles  exactly  agreeing  with  thofe 
that  were  fenc  to  me,  I could  no  longer  doubt  that  the 
faid  Woolley  Particles  that  were  fo  fent  to  me,  were  any 
wiys  different  from  thofe  Particles  that  were  found  in  the  • 
Heel  of  the  Stocking  5 *tis,true  that  amongft  the  woolley. 
Particles  of  my  Stockings  I never  met  with  any  Wood  or 
Scraw,  but  the  reafon  of  that  was,  that  I have  not  touch- 
ed the  Ground  with  my  naked  Feet  for  fome  Years,  being, 
unable  to  bear  any  Cold  in  my  Feet  ^ nay  fo  far  that  in 
the  Nights,  even  in'the  Summer  time,  I put  a Tin  or  Pew- 
ter Bottle  filled  with  warm  Water  to  the  boUom  of  my 
Feet,  by  which  means  I prefer ve  my  felf,  as  I fancy,  from 
that  Plague  called  the  Gout. 


About 


( 4>9  ) 

About  a Year  ago  I had  in  my  Houfe  the  Gut  of  an  un- 
common great  and  fat  Cow,  a part  of  which  I blew  up, 
but  not  much,  leaft  the  Membranes  of  it  fhould  be  too 
much  extended,  but  I made  no  Draught  of  that  Obferva- 
tion^  but  I imagined  that  I obfcrved  one  Membrane  of  tbc 
fame  in  which  there  lay  abundance  of  little  Fibres,  length- 
ways, and  very  regularly  one  by  another  5 and  in  another 
Membrane  in  the  fame  place,  lay  other  Fibres  crofs-ways, 
that  ran  from  the  Centre  to  the  Circumference  of  the 
Gut  5 from  which  Obfervation  I fuppofe  that  that  moti- 
on which  we  fee  in  the  Guts,  as  foon  as  they  are  taken 
out  of  an  Ox,  is  the  motion  that  Nature  ufes,  to  pro- 
trude, and  difcharge  the* Chyle  out  of  thofe  Parts. 

I alfo  took  the  Bladder  of  that  Bead,  and  Mow’d  it  up 
as  big  as  two  common  Fifts,  to  the  end  that  I might  bet- 
ter feparate  ordiftinguilh  the  Membranes  of  it,  and  fo  let 
it  dry  5 and  having  cut  it  through  at  about  two  Fingers 
breadth  from  the  Neck,  I judged  that  there  were  twelve 
•Membrances  lying  one  above  another,  and  I put  the  Mi- 
crofcope  (before  which  a little  piece  of  that  Bladder  was 
placed)  into  the  Hands  of  a Perfon  thatftood  by,  defiring 
» him  to  obferve  how  many  times  double  he  faw  the  faid 
Membranes  lye,  who  told  me  he  alfo  obferved  1 2 of  them ; 
I was  likewife  of  opinion  that  fomeof  thofe  Membranes 
were  divifible  into  two,  to  the  end  that  the  Bladder  might 
be  extended  into  a larger  fpace. 


Antony  van  Leeuwenhoek. 


R.  r r 2 


IIL 


( 4^0  ) 


III.  A Letter  from  Mr.  James  Yonge,  F.  R.  5. 
to  Dr,  Hans  Sloane,  S.  Seer,  concerning 
federal  Solid  Dodies  Voided  by  Urine. 

Honoured  Str, 


£fterday  I did  again  examine  the  Woman  from  whom 


the  Bunch  came,  as  alfb  *her  Daughter,  and  Ser- 
vant that  attended  her  when  it  was  cje(Eted  ^ and  they  all 
affirm  that  the  Chamber-Pot  ufed  was  a White  glazed 
one,  and  very  clean  3 and  the  Woman  tells  me  (he  fenfi- 
bly  felt  it  when  it  came  away,  and  that  a Tumour  which 
(he  felt  in  one  fide  of  her  Belly,  did  thereupon  va- 
nifh.  That  ever  fince,  which  is  eight  Months,  (lie  hath, 
been  unmalefled  with  thofe  Torments,  and  other  Symp- 
tomes  which  feized  her  frequently  before,  as  I related  in 
my  laft- only  now  and  then  fome  fmall  Pains  happen 
about  her  Leins  5 and  fometiraes  (he  brings  off  Mucilage 
in  her  Urine. 

lam  not  very  credulous,  nor  did  I foon  believe  it 
pohible  for  Hair  to  pafs  through  thofe  impervious  ways, 
by  which  the  Urine  is  conveyed  to  the  Kidneys,  d^c,  and 
its  natural  Ciftern.  But  when  I confidered  all  the  Cir- 
cumftances,  and  how  frequently  things  unaccountable 
happen,  the  truth  of  which  we  are  well  afTured,  and 
that  many  like  this,  and  fome  more  flrange  are  related 
by  Authors  of  the  beft  Credit,  and  many  as  furprizing 
(perhaps  much  more  fo)  have  occurred  to  me  within 
a few  Years  in  this  Country  5 I make  no* doubt  of  its 
truth.  ‘ 


The 


( 4^1  ) 

The  Authors  and  Stories  are  numerous.  Dlemerbroeck 
AnaU  lik  1.  c»  17.  mentions  divers  of  his  own  Know- 
ledge, and  many  more  from  ?lutarch^  Langius^  A' ex.  Be' 
vediSfuf^  J,  M,  HejfifiSj  J.  Alexandrims^  N,  Flore fjtinfts, 
P.  Pigr£HS^  and  others,  That  Needles,  Lumps  of  Fat, 
Iron  Keys,  Roots,  Seeds,  Nails,  &c.  have  come  off  in 
Urine.  To  thefe  may  be  added  Jho.  Bartholims^  ASl, 
Med.  Vol,  2.  Obf.  125.  Vol.  g..  Ohf.  68.  VoL  5.  Ohf.  57. 
70.  As  alfo  in  his  Tr.  de  La^.  Ihorac.  Cap.  6.  9.  Fubr. 
Hi  Id  anus  y Cent.  5.  Obf.  51.  who  write  of  Pin;,dv.  caft 
off  by  Urine.  But  our  Country* Man  Dr.  Farfaxy  writes 
of  one  moreflrange^  A Leaden- bullet  fwallnwed  by  a 
Woman  for"  the  Cholick,  was  pifs’d  off  fome  Years  after*- 
ward,  incruhated  with  a gravelly,  gritty-,  and  ftony  Ac- 
crefion.  The  Story  is  publifhed  by  Mr.  Oldenburghy  PF. 
Tr.  No.  40.  to  which  I refer. 

About  twenty  Years  fince  I was  affured  by  a Phyfiiian 
pradifing  in  the  Weft  Part  of  Cornwall^  that  he  knew  a 
Woman  that  pifs’d  out  a fmall  Plumb-Stone.  But  there  , 
happen’d  at  Loo  in  the  fame  County,  about  1 6 Years  ago, 
a more  furprizing  Accident  of  that  fort,  wdYich  1 liere 
fet  you  down  as  I had  it  from  the  Pen  of  the  Phyfitian 
concern’d,  who  is  alive,  and  the  Truth  of  it  well  known 
in  and  about  the  Towm  where  it  happen’d. 

‘ Nathaniel  Mitchell  of  loo  in  Cornwall^  aged  about 
‘ “50,  was  in  the  Summer  1690,  feized  with  violent  Co- 

* lical  Pains  which  he  mitigated  by  Glyfters,  but  could 
‘ not  pertedly  free  himfelt  of  them.  About  Michaelmas 

* 1691.  his  Pains  being  very  violent,  he  v/as  relieved  by 
‘ the  fame  Remedy  5 and  by  the  perfuafion  of  a skilful 
^ Woman,  he  drank  the  Powder  of  Nertle-roots  in 
‘ White  Wine  ; After  the  firft  or  fecond  Dofe  he  dif^ 

‘ charged  a great  quantity  of  Urine,  with  a very  fecu- 
‘ lent  Sediment*  About  the  beginning  of  November  1691. 

^ being  Coftive,  be  eat  Mallow  roots  and  Corinths  boil’d, 

‘ and’ 


-(  411  ) 

' ^ arid  mixed  witli  Butter,  fhis  ufual  Medicine  to  render 
‘ him  Laxative,J  In  a little  time  after  eating  it,  he  was 
‘ much  difordered,  and  complained  of  an  Oppreflion  by’ 

‘ Wind^  at  length  the  Wind  (*as  he  terroed.it)  fettled  at 
the  bottom  ot  his  Belly,  and  in  a very  little  time  with 
‘ his  Urine  he  emitted  fome  of  the  Herbs,  with  above  40 
‘ Corinths : A few  Days  after  he  pifs’d  off  feveral  Parfley- 
* Leaves,  which  he  had  a little  before  eaten.  I was  cal- 
‘ led  to  him  about  the  12th  of  Islovember,  when'  his  U- 
‘ rine  being  (hewn  me,  I thought  that  part  of  his  Excre- 
‘ ments  had  been  evacuated  that  way,  and  that  fome  La-  ‘ 
‘ tent  Ulcer  had  made  a Pallage  through  the  Inteflhum 
‘ Re&u/u  into  the  Bladder,  but  found  it  otherwife^  for 
‘ there  was  no  Faetor  in  the  Urine,  he  had  no  Tenefmus^ 

‘ nor  bloody,  nor  purulent  Dejedions  5 but  to  fatisfy  my 
‘ felf  further  in  this  Particular,  I ordered  him  a Clyfter 
‘ tinfl-ured  v/ith  Indigo,  which  he  retained  above  half  an 
‘ hour,  but  his  Urine  was  not  at  all  difcoloured  with  it. 

‘ I prefcribed  Pills  of , two  of  which  came  off  in  his 

‘ Urine  November  18.  in  an  oblong  form,  about  the  big- 
‘ nefs  of  the  end  of  the  firft  Quill  in  a Goofe’s  Wing.  The 
-Pills  I have  by  me,  except  the  half  of one,  which  I rubb’d 
‘ abroad  with  my  Fingers.  Some  time  after  he  pifs’d  off 
‘ a piece  of  a Raifon.  He  lived  'till  Midfummer  1692. 

in  which  time  he  ejeded  at  divers  times  parts  of  R.oots, 

‘ and  other  things  he  eat. 

-His  Wife  refilled  all  the  Importunity  that  could  be 
made  to  have  his  Body  diffeded  : So  tliat  a great  Secret 
was  buried  with  him-  J,  H. 

Dlemrhrocck^  Farfix,  T.  Bartholiney  0.  Borichins^  N 
.Blegriy,  Mr,  Pecquet,  and  others  are  of  Opinion,  that 
there  is  a concealed  Channel  for  the  Urine  to  the  Emul- 
.. gents,  &c.  than  thofe  commonly  fuppofed^  and  they 
think  it  appears  fo  by  divers  Phenomena,  Experiments, 
iEffays,  tliey  have  made,  (though  like  the  Head  of  NUe 

it 


( 411 •) 

it  be  yet  concealed  J and  that  their  Objeffibns  againfir the 
common  Opinion  are  infuperable.  Its  certain  the  mat- 
ter of  an  Empyema^  and  the  Corruptions  in  the  Thorax^ 
in  penetrating' Wounds  thereof,  have  been  pifs’d  off,'  and 
to  that  purpofe  Diureticks  are  ufed  in  Vulneraries,  &Co 
See  Malpighius^  N*  Bkgny,  Serjeant  Wifiman , &c. 

And  I have  known  a large  ripe  Apoftumation  in  the 
Thigh  fiqjc  fuddenly,  and  ail  the  Matter  come  away  by 
Urine  from  a Woman.  Mr.  Leyfir  hath  the  like  Story 
in  his  Obfervations.  See  the  Tr.  JS}o.,$o. 

I had  once  a Boy  of  about  6' Years  old,  brought  me,- 
that  piffed  off  the  moft  part  of  his  Ufine  ffoih  an  Ofifite 
in  his  Navel.-  I remeniber'B/^^>^>  of  felatb^'' 

the  like,  and*  accounts’ for  ih- 


Plimouth,*  March’ 
1707:  / 


•Ulrr 


James 


IV.  A Letter  front  Mr,  Janies  Yonge,  F.  R,  S, 
to  Dr,  Hans  Sloane,  R.  5*.  Seer,  containing  att 
Account  of  an  Unufual  Blac^nefs  of  the  Face 
r and  of  fever al  Extra- Uterine  Foetus’s. 

Honoured  Sir,  ' , ' 

TH  E Relation  I Cent  September  1707.  of  an  hairy 
Bunch  ejeded  by  Urine  from  a Nephritick  Wo- 
man, I find  did  not  meet  that  Regard,  and  Credit  which 
I think  it  well  deferved.  I own  that  Mr.  Leeuwenhoek! ^ 
Objedions  feem  to  have  Tome  (Ircngrh,  but  cannot  (hock 
my  Belief  at  all  ,*  For  belide  a nice  Examination,  and  full 
Conllderation  ol  ail  Circumhances  atfirh,  lam  confirm’d 
in  the  AlTurance  I then  had,  that  it  came  thorough  the 
Urethra,  was  not  convey’d,  or  by  any  accident  dropt  in- 
to the  Pot,  by  fuch  Evidence  a pojlcriori,  as  are  little 
fnort  of  Demonftration : viz>  That  the  Tumour  which 
was  in  the  fide  of  her  Bdjy,  in  which  her  chief  Anguilh 
lay  before  the  Evacuation,  ^n^nUh’d  with  it^  together 
with  all  thofe  other  Symptoms,  which  molefted  her  5 viz, 
Scrangury,  loctid  and  purulent  Urine,  and  have  not  now 
in  two  Years  made  any  return. 

I have  a couple  of  other  Rarities  to  prefent  f with  my 
humble  Duty)  to  the  R.  Society  one  of  them  is  march- 
Ijfs,  and  to  me  wholly  new.  I will  relate  it  very  briefly, 
becaufe  being  not  yet  at  an  end,  I exped  cccaflon  to  give 
you  a further  account  of  it. 


A 


C 4iJ  ) 


* A Girl  i6  Years  old,  a Daughter  of  Elizabeth  Worth 

* of  this  Town,  had  about  the  end  of  laft  April  a.  few 
‘ hot  Pimples  rife  on  her  Cheeks,  which  Bleeding  and  a 
‘ Purge  or  two  cured.  She  continued  very  well  'till  about 
‘ a Month  afterward,  when  her  Face,  fo  far  as  is  ufual* 

‘ ly  covered  with  a Vizard  mask,  fuddenly  turned  black 
^ like  that  ot  a Negro,  This  furprizing  Accidentmuch 
^ amaz’d  and  frighted  the  Girl : efpecially  after  fome 
‘ foolifh  People  perfuaded  her  fhe  was  bewitch’d,  and 
‘ never  to  be  cured : By  Prayers,  Exorcifms,  and  other 

* Incantations  they  endeavoured  to  relieve  and  take  off 
^ the  Fafcination  5 which  proving  ineffedual,'  the  Paffion 
‘ and  Terror  of  Mind  encreafed  to  a great  degree, 

‘ even  to  Diftraftion,  and  ohen  they  demanded  my  Af- 
^ ftance. 

By  the  Arguments  I ufed,  and  fome  compofing  Anti- 
hyfterical  Remedies,  the  Violence  of  her  Fits  became 
much  pacified.  I alfo  directed  a Lotion  for  her  Face, 
which  took  off  the  Difcoloration,  but  it  returned  fre- 
quently, but  with  no  regularity,  fometimes  twice  or , 
thrice  in  Twenty  Four  Hours,  fometimes  five  or  fix 
times.  It  appears  infenfibly  to  the  Girl,  without  Pain, 
Sicknefs,  or  any  Symptoms  of  its  approach,  except  a 
little  warm  Flufhing  juft  before  it  appears-  It  eafily  comes 
away,  and  leaves  the  Skin  clear,  and  white,  but  fmuts 
the  Cloth  that  wipes  it  from  the  Face  5 it  feels  Unchious, 
and  feems  like  Greafe,  and  Soot,  or  Blacking  mixt.  It 
hath  no  Taft  at  all,  which  is  to  me  very  ftrange,  that 
a fuliginous  Exfudation  ftiould  be  infipid. 

She  never  had  the  Menfes-^  is  thin,  but  healthful  5 the 
Blacknefs  appears  no  where  but  in  the  prominent  part  of 
her  Face.  There  are  a thoufand  Eye-witneffes  to  the 
truth  of  this  Wonder;  but  I am  not  able  to  find,  or 

S f f con- 


( 4^^  )’ 

conjeclure  the  caufed  of  it,  nor  have  I ever  heard  of 
the  like.  1 (hall  be  glad  to  know  your  Opinion,  and 
ready  to  make  fuch  further  Enquiries  as  you  (hall  pleafe' 
to  fend,  iff  order  to  difcover  the  caufe  of  this  dark 
and  ftrange  J?h£tj omen 0)7. 

■■■  The  fecattd  Rarity  I am  to  impart  is  extraordinary,: 
but  not  wholly  new,  and  folitary,  as  the  firlf  is,  hav- - 
ing  been  obferved  by  fome  the  ia(t  Centufy.  It  was 
communicated  to  me  by  a very  Learned  Divine  of  this 

Country,  in  thefe  Words 5 ‘ I fend  this  to  ac- 

‘ quaint  you  with  a ffrange  Occurrence  obferved  here 
^'la^L^Week:  A Gentleman’s  Servant  having  kill’d  an 
^ Ewe,  which  was  thought  fat,  and -taken  out  the 
‘ Bowels,  found  a very  unufual  and  monftrous  lump  of 
‘ Fat,  proceeding  like  a Wen  from  the  middle  of  the 
‘ Omentum,  I was  call’d  to  fee  this  Wonder^  and  having  . 
^ cut  it  open,  found  inclofed  a Lamb  of  the  fame  Parts, 

‘ Feature,  and  Dimenfions  with'  others  of  that  kind. 

‘ How  it  came  there  > And  how  nourilhed  ? are.  Que-  - 
‘ -ft ions  I would  have  refolved.: 

I Toon  apprehended  what  it  w^as  that  feem’d  fo  very 
ftrange  and  unaccountable  to  ray  Friend,  having  thirty 
Years  fince  been  (hewn  the  like,  found  in  a Bitch,  by  an 
expert  and  ingenious  Surgeon  in  Oxford;  and  from  that 
time  obferved,' and  confidered*  all  of  that  Nature  which' 
have  occured  to  me  in  Books,  or  other  wife^  and  fo  was 
ready  to  tell  that  Learned,  and  curious  Gentleman,  that 
that  Lamb  was  not  conceived  in  the  Womb,  but  in  one 
of  the  Fallopian  Tubes-^  wherein  growing  too  big  to  be 
contained,  it  either  broke  out  into  the  place  where  it  was 
found,  or  fljpt  back  toward  the  upper  Orifice,  and  tho- 
rough it  into  the  Belly:-  That  afterward  aftifted  by  the 
prone  and  inclining  Pofture  of  the  Sheep’s  Body,- it  flipc 


(427) 

forward  to  the  and  was  there  nouriflied ‘the 

ufual  v/ay,  W2s.  by  the  Placenta^  which  was  doubtlefs 
fixed  in  the  Tubcy  and  the  Pedunculus  being  kept  whole, 
will  eafily  extend  from  thence  to  the  Fcetus^  where  it 
lay. 

Had  this  Sheep  been  nicely  difleded  by  a skilful  Hand* 
1 verily  believe  we  ftiould  have  found  my  Opinion  true 
in  fad.  Riolan  Jun.  Anthropog.  Nov.  lib.  2.  c.  54.  was 
the  firft  that  publickly  obferved  thefe  ftrange  Concepti- 
ons^  and  he  tells  us  they  have  the  Coats,  Secundine, 
of  fuch  as  are  ingendred  within  the  Womb. 

And  confidering  the  late  Anatomical  Difcoveries,  and 
new  Hypothefis  of  the  genital  Parts  in  Women,  and  their 
ufes  in  Generation,  made  by  Theod.  Kirkringius^  dc 
Graaf,  and  others^  it  Teems  more  than  probable,  that 
fuch  Conceptions  as  we  are  fpeaking  of,  happen  when  in 
Coition  one  of  the  Eggs  defcends  into  the  Tube^  and 
being  unable  topafs  into  the  thorough  the  lower 

Orifice  (which  is  fometimes,  and  in  aged  People  always, 
contraded  5J  and  being  however  impregnated  by  the  Au- 
ra Semirtalis,  or  Antmalada,  wherewith  'the  Tefticles 
and  fcminal  Pans  of  Tome  Males  do  (o  prodigioufly  and 
incredibly  abound^  it  there  grows ’till  too  big  to  be  con- 
tained, and  then  breaks  forth  into  the  Belly  : Though 
fometimes,  as  I (hall  (hew  by  a memorable  Inftance,  they 
continue  in  the  Tube  it  felf.  There  the  Placenta  fixes, 
and  fucks  Nourifhmenc  as  from  the  Fundus  Z)terl  ^ and 
if  the  Pedunculus  holds  together,  conveys  it  to  the  Feefus, 
as  it  doth  to  thofe  in  the  natural  Place  of  Breeding. 

I have  perhaps  with  too  much  freedom  and  too 
little  exadnefs  laid  before  you  my  Notions,  and  the 


>!-  Afr.  Leeiicnhoek  the  Milt  of  a Codfijh  hxth  more  Anim:.i!ai- 
h,  th(r,n  there  ere  People  01  the  Earth.  Dr.  Hook,  Phil.  CoIlevK'-A^i/.  i. 


-S  f f 2 


( ) 

Idea  I have  of  this  Matter  ^ but  ’tis  with  humble  Submifli* 
on  to  your  Cenfure  and  Correction : Craving  leave  to  am- 
plify a little  on  this  fubjeCt,  By  reciting  what  of  the 
kind  hath  b^en  by  feveral  others  difeover’d,  and  conli- 
dered. 

Such  Extra- uterme  Embryos  have  been  fometimes  found 
in  Women  ^ but  not  publickly  taken  notice  of ’till  the  be- 
ginning of  the  laft  Century,  by  the  younger  Riolan,  nt 
Jupra,  with  this  Remark:  (Speaking  of  the  Fallopian 
Tubes)  They  appear,  faith  he,  of  the  fame  Nature  and 
Subftance  as  the  Womb,  ^ia  carnofa  eft,  in  qna^  quod 
fft  mlrabile^  fotumHnmamimconcipi  fait  obfervatum.  Then 
gives  an  account  of  four  fuch  ftrange Conceptions,  which 
/ occured  to  his  Knowledge. 

Since  which  time,  more  marvelous  ones  have  happen’d 
in  that  Country  ^ two  of  them  much  amufed  the  Curious 
every  v/bere.  One  was  found  at  January  ri66^., 

by  Mr.  B.  Fefal,  in  the  right  Tube  of  a Woman.  It  was 
four  Months  old,  and  fo  grown,  and  the  Tube  fo  di- 
ftended,  as  made  him  miftake  it  for  another  Womb,  and 
accordingly  to  call  the  Account  he  pnblifhed  thereof, 
Demonjiration  d*une  double  Matrice.  Mr.  Oldenburgb 
put  an  Extract  of  it  into  the  Philnfaphical  TranfaHionsy 
No.  48.  and  the  German  Academy,  Vol.  i.  Obf.  iio.  did 
the  like;  But  neither  feem’d  to  underftind  the  Myhery, 
’till  de  Gracff  took  it  right,  and  made  ufe  of  this  very 
Obfervation  to  illuilrate  and  confirm  the  Hypothefis  of 
Kii'kringiiis.  And  foon  after  Elfioltins,  a learned  Ger- 
man,  did  rhe  fmie  in  a little  but  curious  Tra6t,  De  con- 
ceptione  Tubarla,  qua  Humani  Feetus  extra  Uteri  cavitatem 
in  tubis  quin  deque  concipiuntur.  He  recites  the  Story  as 
from  Mr.  Vejal,  and  gives  the  Figure  of  the  fiippofed  two= 
Wombs  and  the  Feetus  in  the  diffended  Tube^  and  a- 
among  other  fuch  Conceptions,  mentions  two  large  Ma- 
tas lound'wi  hout  the  Matrix  of  one  Woman- 


About 


( 4»9  ) 

About  Ten  Years  afterward  a much  more  wonderful  i 
and  incredible  one  happen’d  there,  which  puzzled  thc^ 
Philofophers  to  apprehend,  or  believe.  It  comes  very 
well  attefted  by  Mr.  Bayle,  who  firft  publiihed  an  Hifto- 
ry  of  it  in  the  JoHrnal'des  Scavansy  A.  D.  167^.  Soon 
after  M.  Nk,  Blegny  did  the  fame  in  a particular  Tra6l 
with  Figures,  which  I have  by  me:  And  afterward 

Mr.  Oldenhnrgh  put  an  Extract  of  it  into  the  BhiUfophkal 
Tranfd&knsy  No.  139.  » 

‘ A Woman,  A,  D-  1652.  came  to  her  full  time  of 
‘ bearing,  but  altbo’  fhe  had  ail  the  Symptoms  ufual 
‘ at  that  feafon,  no  Child  came.  She  continued  in  that 
‘ Condition  twenty  Years,  ftill  feeling  the'  Child  within 
‘ her.  From  that  time  fhe  felt  not  any  motion  it  had. 

‘ In  June  1708.  fhe  died,  and  the  next  day  was  opened. 

‘ In  her  Belly,  without  the  Womb,  a dead  Child  was 
‘ found  lapt  up  in  thGOmentum:  It  weigh’d  Eight  pounds  5 
‘ and  altho*  it  was  kept  in  that  hot  Seafon'  three  Days 
^ out  of  the  Mothers  Belly,  it  did  nor  (link.  Mr.  Bleg^ 
ny  was  curious  to  Infped,  and  give  a particular  Account 
of  this  wonderful  thing  to  the  World,  not  only  in  the 
TraQ:  above-mentioned,  but  alfo  in  the  firft  Volume  of 
his  Zodiacus  Medicnsy  Ohf,  9.  with  very  remarkable, 
and  learsed  Animadverfions. 

Before  either  of  thefe  appeared  in  Frattce , 
there  happen’d  one  in  Holland  to  H.  Rhoonhuys^-  ‘ A' 

‘ Woman  with  Child,  at  her  full  time,  was  four  Days 
‘ in  Labour,  and  although  (he  had  fo  many  Midwives, 

‘ could  not  be  Deliver’d.  Our  Author  was  called,  De» 

‘ cember  1658.  found  the  Internum  Uteri  Ofadum  dofe 
‘ (hut:  Without  Flowings,  or  other  Fore-runners  of 
‘ Delivery.  He  finding  the  common  Paifage  fo  clofely 
‘ (hut  up,  and. a very  painful  Tumour  above  the  Navel,  , 

‘ pro- 


( 41°  ) 

propofed  the  C<efarean  Scdion.  The  Woman  hav- 
ing feen  that  dreadful  Operation  made  at  Paris^  earneft- 
ly  defired  him  to  perform  it  on  her.  But  he,'  to  obferve 
fome  unnecelTary  Forms,  delay’d  it  ’till  the  Woman 
was  paft  Life:  Who  he  believes  might  with  the  Child 
have  been  preferved,  if  the  Operation  bad  been  done 
when  he  firft  faw-her. 


Opening  the  Belly  after  death,  he  found  a Child  amidft 
the  Intrals  5 and,  as  he  faith,  the  PUcenta  faftned  to  the 
Colon,  and  part  to  the  Fundus  Uteri  3 and  that  there  was 
a Breach  in  the  Womb  capacious  enough  for  the  Infant 
to  pafs  thorough  it  into  the  Belly  5 and  that  Wound  he 
thinks  was  made  by  a blow,  altho*  it  hurt  not  the  exter- 
nal Parts,  nor  made  Impreffions  on  the  tender  Fmhryo, 
I can’t  approve,  nor  will  I cenfure  the  many  things  in 
his  Report  liable  to  exception,  and  which  Criticks  will 
-be  apt  to  think  abfurd.  I prefume  to  believe  he  miftook 
the  extended  Tube  for  a Matrix,  as  Fefal  did.  Erranti 
fsullus  termimus. 


A much  more  famous,  and  learned  Man  than  he, 
(r.  BartholinusC)  did  the  Year  after  Rhoonhuyfe* s Explora- 
tion,  meet  fuch  an  extraneous  Feetus  lapt  up  in  a Mola^ 
which  he  found  in  the  Belly  of  a Woman  5 and  thus  con- 
jectures  pojffum  aliud  divinare,  quam  quod  feetus 

hlc  primo  fuerit  in  Fubis  uteri  conceptus.  He  imparted 
this  Story  iSrft  to  G.  Horjiius,  Ep.  58.  FoL  4.  Afterward 
to  the  whole  World,  in  the  ^id  Obfervation  of  his  fixth 
Century. 

jd.  £).'  1662.  In  the  City  of  Aurange,  D.  Bald- 
rein,  and  Mr.  De  la  fort  found — PuelUm  Egregium,  optime 
formatum  extta  uterum.  The  report  of  this  Difeovery  is 
made  publick  by  the  famous  Sachs,  with  very  learned  Re- 
marks. MifeeJL  Cur,  Vol.  i.  Qbf  no.  which  he  con- 
cludes 


CiV*')' 

dudes  (as  I fhall  J with  one  more  ftupendious  than  all^  I 
have  cited,  which  he  had  from  the  Sile^a  Chronicle,  writ- 
ten long  fince  by  N‘  Polimsj  and  thus  relates  it.  ‘ A.  D.  ' 

‘ 1581.  A Woman  that  had  born  Ten  Children  in 
‘ Fifteen  Years  Matrimony,  conceiv’d  again,  and  at  the 
‘ full  time  was  deliver’d  through  an  Abfcefs  of  the  left  ■ 
‘ 'Hypocondria.' — Px  qna  infdns  boni  habi'usextra&us^  qtti 
^ B apt izatus  fait ^ antinm  unum  cum  demdio  ftipervlxit 

‘ Mater  vero^  fammh  in  doloribas  tertio  die  obiit. 

Sir,  1 humbly  beg  your  Opinion  ot  thefe  Reports,  and 
my  Notions;  that  if  I am  skilful  or  lucky  enough  to  < 
meet  your  Concurrence  and.  Approbation,  I may-  ac-- 
cordingly  value  my  felf,  or  *be  better , informed.  • 


Plimoutli,  Auguft  16. 
1709.J 


JamesrTon^e,  • 


"N 


t 


1 


Vi* 


■.■irit  ■ ...-i.i  i.i  I i.i  I..  I M-  ii  wii  

• # 

V.  An  ExtraB  of  an  other  Letter  from  Mr.  James 
Yonge,  upon  the  fame  fubjeBs  as  the  for- 
mer, 

Hoftoured  Sir^ 

TH  E Anotnalar  Blacknefs  of  the  Girl’s  Face,  of 
which  I fent  the  Hiftory,  is  now  divided  into  a 
few  dark,  dowdy  Specks  5 which  appear  but  feldom,  and 
nothing  fo  livid  as  formerly. 

I am  told  by  a Gentleman  Hunter,  that  he  lately 
found  in  the  Paunch  of  an  Hare,  two  full  grown 
young  Ones  among  the  Bowels  5 but  almoft  rotten : 
And  three  Immature  Embryos  in  the  terns.  The  for- 
mer were  certainly  Feetus  broke  out  of  the  Womb,  &c. 


Plimouth,  Nov.  i. 
1709. 


Mojl  Worthy  Sir^ 


Tours^  See. 


James  Yonge. 


f 


VI.  J 


I 


YI.  An  Account  of  three  Cafes  of  the  Hydropho- 
bia. Bj  R.  Mead,  M.  D.  K <!(.  S. 


TH  E SyrOptoms  from  the  Bite  of  a mad  Dog  are  fo 
furprizing  and  terrible,  that  it  is  hardly  poffible 
to  clefcribe  the  Agony  of  a Patient  in  this  unhappy  Con- 
dition. I have  lately  had  the  opportunity  to  fee  two  In- 
ftances  of  this  Cafe. 

The  firft  was  of  a Lad  of  about  the  Age  of  Nine  Years, 
a fturdy  and  bold  Boy.  A mad  Bitch  of  the  Mungrel 
kind  was  hunted  in  the  Street,  he  ftruck  at  her  with  a 
Stick,  and  (he  flying  in  his  Face,  bit  him  in  the  right 
Cheek,  which  was  tom  with  a large  Wound  to  the  m,d- 
die  of  the  Nofe.  This  was  on  the  aoth  of  April  lalt.  A 
Suraeon  cured  the  Wound  in  about  14  days  time,  by  ap- 
plying for  the  firft  three  Days,  Theriac;  Andromach.  in 
■ Sv  Via.  and  afterwards  dreflang  it  with  Liniment.  Arcat 
and  Bdfam  Terebinthin.  No  other  Care  was  taken,  only 
a BoIhs  oi  'Theriac.  Andromach.  was  given  him  every 
Night  while  under  Cure,  and  quickly  «f«r  he  was  bit, 
he  was  perfuaded  to  eat  the  whole  Liver  of  the  Bitch 

W continued  very  brisk  and  well  to  the  tad  of  Map 
noon  that  day  he  feem’d  dull  and  lick,  would  eat  no  Din- 
net  except  a little  boil'd  Spinnage,  walk’d  out  in  the  After- 
noon  and  in  the  Evening  complained  of  his  Stomach  and 
S-  te  Mother  gave  him  aYmall  Glafs  of  Brandy,  for 
wouH  dS  norhing  elfe.  In  the  Night  he  was  very 
^1  X 1 1 Daa, 


c 4U  ) - 

bad,  ftartled  oiten,  and  (creamed  out  as  in  an  Agony,  ef- 
pecially  when  defired  to  drink,  and  complained  mifera- 
bly  whenever  be  made  Urine,  faying  it  hurt  him.  The 
next  Morning  he  vomited  up  the  Herbs  he  had  eat  the 
day  before,  unalter’d.  I was  fent  for  that  Day  in  the  Af- 
ternoon, and  found  him  in  a perfedl  Agony,  all  in  a 
fweat,  trembling,  tofling  himfelf  up  and  down,  talking 
continually,  looking  very  wild  5 hisPulfelow,  and  fome-- 
times  quicker,  then  flower : His  Urine  made  the  Night  be- 
foie  as  well  Colour’d  as  ordinary.  I delired  hira.toDrink5 
betook  a little  in  his  Mouth,  but  as  it  was  going  down, 
he  threw  it  out  with  Violence,  faying  it  hurt  him 5 and 
praying  that  he  might  take  no  more.  We  over  perfuaded 
him  to  hold  a little  in  his  Mouth  and  fwallow  it  by  de- 
grees and  gently  5 he  did  fo  with  a little  more  eafe,  but 
was  glad  when  ’twas  over.  We  bid  him  fuck  the  Drink 
thro’  a Quill^  he  try ’d,.  but  could  not  get  it  down  by  con- 
tinual Gulps,  but  ftopt  as  foon  as  a very  little  was  pafs’d, 
ftill  crying  out  that  it  hurt  him  to  fwallow  it. 

I,  prefently  declared  the  Cafe  to  be  defperate*  However 
for  the  fatisfaftion  of  the  Relations,  Bliftering  Plafters 
were  apply’d  to  the  Back  and  on  each  fide  of  the  Neck  3 
and' a Diuretic  Bolus  of  SaL  Succin,  Camphor-  and  Conferv, 
LhjhL  was  given  every  fix  Hours  3 for  he  feemed  from  the 
firft  of  his  Complaint  to  have  a difficulty  of  Urine. 

The  next  day,  the  24th  at  Noon,  I found  him  much 
worfe,  he  had  raved  all  Night  3 could  not  bear  the  fight 
of  any  thing  white,  and  faid,  that  if  all  the  Women  in 
the  Room  who  had  white  Aprons  would  go  out,  he 
(houldbc  well  prefently.  He  faid  he  would  drink  if  we 
would  give  him  it  in  a black  Cup^  but  when  brought 
made  many  Excufes  and  could  not,  tho’  at  the  fame  time 
complain’d  he  was  dry,  and  pleafed  himfelf  with  talking 
of  full  Pots.  He  eat  fome  Bread  and  Butter  heartily,  but 
vomited  it  up  quickly  together  with  a frothy  Slime.  We 

dippd 


( 4 V5  ) 

dipp*(i  him  in  a Tub  of  warm  Water  5 he  faid  he  was  not 
afraid  of  Water,  and  was  quiet  in  it  for  a little  while,  but 
foon  fell  into  a Convulfion  Fit,  which  obliged  us  to  take 
him  out.  I obferved  his  Eyes  to  grow  more  ftaiing,  and 
the  Pupil  to  be  prodigioully  inlarged.  He  was  thrown 
continually  with  fuch  Violence  from  Place  to  Place,  that 
it  was  very  hard  to  keep  him  in  Bed  5 and  quite  tired 
and  fpent,  fell  into  cold  Sweats,  and  dy’d  this  day  at 
Four  in  the  Afternoon. 

The  next  day  I obtain'd  leave  to  open  the  Body.  We 
examin’d  the  Brain,  Throat,  Breaft  and  Stomach,  but  met 
with  no  extraordinary  appearance  any  where,  excepting 
that  there  was  a great  quantity  of  greeniCh  vifeid  Bile  in 
the  Stomach# 

The  other  Patient  was  a very  lufty  vigorous  Man  of  45 
Years.  He  had  ten  Weeks  before  been  bit  in  one  of  the 
Fore-fingers  near  the  Nail,  by  a little  Naked  Dog  of  the-  .- 
Guinea  Breed.  On  the  8th  of  November  in  the  Morning 
he  complained  of  a great  Sicknefs  at  Stomach,  and  vomit- 
ed green  and  yellow  C holer.  The  next  Morning  he  took 
a Dofe  of  Rad.  IpecacuanL  Whilft  he  v/as  vomiting,  he 
complained  of  a difficulty  of  fwallowing  3 and  when 
prefs’d  to  drink  to  work  off  the  Medicine,  contrived  him- 
felf  a way  of  fucking  the  Cruel  given  him,  through  a 
piece  of  a Tobacco  Pipe,  but  could  not  get  down  a.  ovc 
one  Pint  ^ and  tho’  he  afterwards  often  try’d  this  Trick, 
yet  it  did  not  fucceed. 

On  the  loth  he  had  eight  Ounces  of  Blood  taken  a- 
way  at  the  Arm,  and  took  a Bolus  of  Theriac,  Andromache 
with  LapXontrayerv. 

I came  to  him  on  the  iith^  found  him  ty’d  in  his 
Bed,  raving  Mad,  biting  and  fpitting  at  the  By-ft^nders, 
crying  out  Murder,  making  an  odd  Noife  as  if  he  cough'd 
. up  fomething  from  the  Throaty  this  motion  I had  alfo 

T 1 1 2 ' ' t ook 


( ) 

took  notice  of  in  the  Boy,  and  iTuppcfe  this  is  what  forae 
Authors  have  call’d  Barking. 

He  fay’d  he  would  drink  if  we  would  unbind  biitJ,  and 
give  him  Water  ^ but  as  foon  as  it  came  to  his  Mouth,  he 
tlirew  away  the  Cup  with  thegreateft  Fury  imaginable,  and 
grew  fo  unruly,  th^t  he  was  with  much  ado  ty’d  down 
again. 

I obferved  that  he  had  a PaUie  of  his  right  Arm,  for  he 
moved  this  only  by  the  help  ot  the  other  ^ and  thofe 
who  attended  him,  had  taken  notice  that  this  Symprome 
began  the  Day  before,  and  that  at  the  fame  time  he  had 
endeavour’d  to  Read,  but  could  not,  complaining  of  a 
Mill:  before  his  Eyes. 

As  he  feem’d  afraid  of  every  body,  fo  he  (hewed  the 
grcateft  Enmity  to  thofe,  for  whom  at  other  times  he  ufed 
to  have  the  moft  Love  and  Refped*  • 

I ordered  a Surgeon  to  take  away  20  Ounces  of  Blood 
at  his  Arm;  And  obferved  it  to  be  very  thick  and  black. 
He  was  very  tame  after  this  for  a few  Minutes,  but  fell 
again  into  his  outragious  Fit,  in  which  he  foon  laid  him- 
felf  down  quite  fpent,  and  dy*d. 

I could  not  by  all  poffible  means  get  leave  to  open  the 
Body. 

Since  tbefe  Accidents  I have  had  an  Account  Lent  me 
by  a Surgeon  from  Stamford  in  LincolfiJInre,  of  a young 
Man  of  about  18  Years,  who  dyd  Hydrophobtts  by  the 
Bite  of  a Mad  Fox,  that  had  been  bit  by  a mad  Dog. 
The  Symptoms  difcovered  themfelves  three  Months  after 
the  Wound,  which  was  upon  the  back  of  the  Hand,  and 
being  healed  by  ?he  Application  of  Theriaca  Andromach* 
had  left  a fmall  black  Scab  behind. 

Three  days  before  his  Death  he  was  feized  with  a Fever; 
for  which  he  was  Blooded,  Vomited  and  Bliftered ; he 
bit  to  pieces  the  Glafs  in  which  Drink  was  given  him. 

When 


r 4J7 ) 

When  DilTeded,  the  Fauces  were  found  very  much  infla- 
med ^ The  left  Lobe  of  the  Lungs  blick,  with  the  Veficles 
full  of  black  Blood  ^jThe  furface  inforae  places,  which  the 
blacknefs  had  not  cover’d,  appearing  Biiftered,  as  if  raifed 
by  Cantharides.  The  Liver  was  hard  and  of  a yellow  bi- 
lious Colour. 

During  the  whole  Violence  of  the  Diifemper,  the  Peuis 
was  obferved  to  be  continually  ereded,  and  as  hard  as 
a Bone.  This  Symptom  is  particularly  taken  notice  of 
by  Colins  Aurellamis, 

The  Surgeon  who  opened  the  Body,  with  his  Knife 
flightly  wounded  his  Fore-finger,  and  wasfarpriz'd  to  find 
that  it  feftered,  and  gave  him  much  more  Pain  than  a 
greater  Cut  had  at  other  times  done.  This  I the  rather 
take  notice  of,  becaufe  fomething  of  the  fame  nature  hap- 
pen'd to  the  Surgeon  who  Difleded  my  Patient.  His 
Hand  the  following  Night  was  taken  with  an  Erjfipelas^ 
attended  with  great  Tenfion  and  Pain;  This  was  owing 
to  a little  Wound  made  in  one  of  his  Fingers  a Day  or 
two  before,  from  which,  in  turning  over  the  Parts,  he  had 
rubb’d  off  the  PJaifter^  and  it  went  not  off  without  the  Con- 
tinued Application  of  Cooling  and  Difeutient  Medicines* 

From  all  thefe  Hiftories,  it  may  not  perhaps  be  wrong  Tid.  Ef 
to  conclude,  that  the  Hydrophobia^  (a.  Name  not  verv-^p-^'^/^ 
proper  for  the  Diftemper)  is  the  Effed  of  a particular  kina 
of  an  Inflammation  in  the  Blood,  accompany’d  with  fo 
great  a Tenfion  and  Drynefs  of  the  Nervous  Membranes 
and  fuch  an  Elafticity  and  Force  of  the  Fluid  with 
which  they  are  filled,  that  the  moft  common  Reprefen.^ 
rations  are  made  to  the  Mind  with  too  great  Effed,  and 
the  ufual  Impreflions  of  Objeds  upon  the  Organs  can-- 
not  be  fuffered  ; Hence  proceed  the  Timoroufnefs,  unac- 
countable Anxiety  and  Inquietude,  which  are  always 
the  forerunners  of  the  Dread  of  Liquids  ^ as  alfo  did  the 

Pain 


f 


V -r--'  V'  *■ 


. t4^') 

Pain  in  making  Water,  and  the  (Irange  Aver  (ion  obferved 
in  the  Boy  at  the  fight  of  any  thing  White  ^ the  Retina  be- 
ing really  hurt  and  grieved  by  "the  ftriking  of  the  Rays 
of  Light  upon  it.  Nor^ii  it  hard  to  conceive  that  when 
the  «S'4/iW»  Liquor  is  hot,  and  the  Throat  inflam’d  and  dry, 
the  fwallowing  of  Drink  (hould  caufe  fiich  an  intolerable 
-Agony 5 no  more  than  it  is  that,  when  things  are  wrought 
up  to  this  wretched  Condition,  the  difinal  Tragedv  fhould 
'■not  laft  above  three  or  four  days  at  moft,  in  which  the 
• Patient  is  perfectly  fatigued  and  torn  to  Death  by  the 
'•Violence  of  his  Adions  and  Efforts. 


Vli:  An 

t 


I 


( 419  ) 


VII.  An  Account  of  an  Experiment^  touching  an 
Attempt  to  produce  Light  on  the  Infide  of  a 
Globe-Glafs  lind  with  melted  Flowers  of  SuU 
phur^  as  in  the  Experiments  of  Sealing-Wax 
. and  Titch,  Sy  Mr.  Fr.  Hauksbee,  F,  5^.  5, 

NOtwithaanding  Sealing-wax  and  Pitch  afford  fuclr 
furprizing  Phenomena,  rendring  the  Form  of  Bo- 
dies viuble  thro’  their  Opake  Subftances;  under  the  Cir- 
cumftances  of  a Vacuum  and  Attrition  5 yet  there  are 
• other  Bodies,  by  which  very  different  Effeds  will  be  pro- 
id  uc’d  5 of  which  I (hall  give  you  a very  remarkable  Ex- 
jampJe;  And  that  is  in  Flowers  of  Sulphur,  or  Sulphur  - 
ISublim'd.  About  half  a Pound  of  this  Preparation  I 
mielted  in  a Ladle,  and  pour’d  it  into  a Globe  Glafs,  and 
mled  it  in  all  refpeiffs  as  in  the  other  Experimentg;  And 
when  it  was  exhaufted,  and  Motion  and  Attrition  given,  ~ 

If  expefled  as  before  to  have  feen  a Light  on  its  infide  .* 
But  all  that  we  could  do  had  no  manner  of  effefl  on  it, 
m relation  to  fuch  an  Appearance,  neither  when  it  *was 
:jxhaufted,  nor  when  repleate  with  Air;  There  was  nothings 
(o  be  obfervd  but  a very  fmall  weak  Light,  which  after 
(ong  rubbing,  ftiew’d  it  felf  in  that  part  where  the  Hand 
vouch’d  the  Glafs.  But  when  I came  to  look  upon  it,  I 
: bund  the  Sulphurous  Lining  all  in  a body  difengag’d 
from  the  Concave  furface  of  the  Glafs.  As  to  the  Ele- 
dricity  of  the  Globe  lin’d  with  this  fort  of  Matter  5 after 
Ihe  Attrition  of  it  had  been  continued  for  forae  tim^, 

and  - 


J. 


1 


1 


( 440  ) 


and  the  Glafs  was  become  pretty  warm  (at  the  fame  time 
tail  of  commoii  Air)  the  Hoop  of  Threads  was  held 
over  it 5 but  the  Attradion  was  very  inconfiderable  on 
the  lin’d  part,  though  on  the  rranfparent  fide  the  Threads  1 
were  pretty  vigorcuUy  directed  5 yet  not  with  that  force 
and  ftrength,  as  when  the  Glafs  is  perfcdly  dear  within,  ' 
as  this  was  not 5 becaufe  the  Fumes  of  the  melted  Sul-  ; 
phur  adhering  to  if,  made  it  appear  fomewhat  Cloudy. 

A Repetition  of  the  foregoing  Experiment  with  Common 

Sulphur. 


T took  a quantity  of  Common  Sulphur,  nearly 
equal  to  what  I had  ufed  before  of  the  Flowers  5 which  • 
having  melted  as  before,  I pour’d  it  into  ano- 
ther Globe- Glafs,  which,  I us’d  in  all  Refpeds  as  the  for-  ' 
mer.  But  when  I had  exhaufted  it,  and  given  the  ufual  ^ 
Motion  and  • Attrition,  the  cfFe£l  was  fo  furprizingly  dif- 
ferent, that  one  would  fcarce  think  it  (hould  proceed  . 
from  the  fame  fort  of  body.  For  the  Figure  of  ray 
Hand  and  Fingers  appear’d  not  only  on  its  infide,  (tho*  9 
more  faint  and  pale  than  in  the  Experiments  of  Sealing-  9 
wax  and  Pitch, J but  on  its  outfide  there  appear’d  a brisk  I 
Purple  Light,  fo  beautiful  and  agreeable  to  the  Eye,  m 
that  it  was  very  pleafant  to  behold.  The  Strength  of  9 
this  Light  may  be  judged  from  hence,  That  the  Lines  of  ■ 
the  Palm  of  my  Hand,  which  being  near  the  touching  9 
Parts,  were  eafily  dilcoverable  by  it  ; and  were  a fmall  m 
Print  plac’d  at  the  fame  diftance,  I queftion  not  but  it  9 
would  be  legible  without  any  great  difficulty.  And  as  ^ 
this  common  Sulphur  differ’d  vaftly  in  that  part  of  the 
Experiment  already  related, .from  the  former,  fo  likewife  . , 

in  the  latter  5 for  when  the  Hoop  of  Threads  came  to  be  'i  , 
held  over  it,  (under  the  fame  Circumftances  as  in  the  ^ «i 
other  J they  were  dire^ed  toward  it  as  vigoroufly  as  in  / ^ 
any  Experiment' heretofore  made.  The  Parts  lin'd  and  1 


( 441  ) 

tranfparent  perform’d  much  alike  3 if  there  was  any  diffe- 
rence, it  feem’d  to  incline  to  that  part  lin’d  with  the  Sul- 
phur. Likewife  in  this  Experiment  as  in  the  laff,  the  Sul- 
phur was  loofen’d  and  feparated  from  the  Glafs  that  con. 
tain’dit:  Which  therefore  cannot  be  urg’d,  as  any  ways 
conducible  to  the  Unfuccefsfulnefs  of  the  former. 

A Repetition  of  this  lafi  Experiment  with  a larger  quantitj 

of  Sulphur^ 

Into  a Globe  Glaf^j  of  the  fame  fize  of  the  former,’ 
which  was  about  five  Inches  Diameter,  I pour’d  about 
two  Pound  of  melted  Sulphur:  This,  when  cold,  contra- 
<3:cd  it  felf,  and  became  loofe  from  every  part  of  the  Glafs, 
as  in  the  former  Experiments:  The  Sulphur  cover’d  more 

than  half  the  inward  furface  of  the  Globe,  and  its  thincft 
part  was  about  half  an  Inch  in  thicknefs.  Towards  the 
Axis  it  appear’d  to  be  more  than  a full  Inch  in  Sub- 
ftance.  This  Glafs,  when  exhaufccd  of  its  Air,  was  ufed 
in  every  thing  as  tHe  former.  The  Light  produc’d  was 
very  confiderable,  I mean  that  on  its  outfide,  and  attend- 
ed with  the  fame  Colour  and  Vivacity  as  before  ; nor 
was  that  lefs  vigorous  on  its  infid(?.  Comparing  it  with 
the  former,  notwithftanding  the  thicknefs  of  the  Lining, 
it  was  at  leaft  four  times  greater^  but  the  Figure  of  the 
Fingers  was  now  not  fo  dihinguifhible  as  in  the  other. 
But  on  the  part  near  the  Axis  (as I hinted  before ) where 
the  fubftanc®  of  the  Sulphur  was  much  the  greateft,  no 
Light  was  produc’d  3 which  may  be  attributed  in  a great 
raeafure  to  the  ilownefs  of  the  motion  and  the  weaknefs 
of  it  there,  ia  comparifon  with  that  which  is  made  more 
remote  from  if,  where  it  was  that  the  Light  w'as  feen 
within.  What  farther  is  obfervable,  was  that  the  Light 
-which  was  vifible  on  its  outfide  only,  appear’d  to  be 

U u u produc’d 


I 44»  ) J 

produc’d  between  the  inward  Surface  of  the  Gla&  and'  ( 
the  convex  Surface  of  the  Sulphur  3 the  Sulphur  being  | 
loofe  from  it  gave  liberty  for  the  Air  to  be  taken  from  ! 
thence  as  well  as  from  the  other  Parts : The  Light  which  ^ 
was  there  produc’d,  being  reflefted  by  the  hard,  pollifh’d, 
and  nearly  contiguous  Body  of  Sulphur,  feems  to  me  to  ^ 
be  the  Reafon  why  it  appear*d  with  fo  much  vigour.  5 
This  outward  Light  would  (bmetimes  break  into  Branches* 
all  over  the  lin’d  part  of  the  Globe,  in  as  odd,  and  as  ■ 
pleafant  a manner,  as  what  has  been  taken  notice  of  in  ' | 
former  Experiments,  with  the  larg^e  Globe  Glafs,  upon  i 
letting  in  a little  Air.  And  whar  farther  occurred  in  this  i 
Experiment  was,  that  when  the  Attrition  was  ceas’d,  but 
the  Globe  continuing  its  motion,  abundance  of  Sparks  of  | 
Light  would  appear  all  round  if,  and  continue  fo  to  do  ■ 
for  fome  time,  without  any  frelh  Attrition.  I cannot  | 
conclude  without  taking  fome  notice,  that  in  the  Experi-  | 
ments  formerly  made  on  Sulphur,  mention’d  in  my  Book  3 
of  Fhjflco- Mechanical  Experiments^  I us’d  the  fame  fort  | 
as  in  the  firft  of  thefe  3 and  had  it  been  my  Chance  to 
have  happen’d  on  the  common  fort,  I doubt  not  but  the  | 
Succcfs  of  it  would  have  been  different  from  what  is  || 
there  related,  which  I hope  to  try  at  one  time  or  | 
other.  I 

Coroll.  Hence  vve  may  fee  what  Remarkable  Changes  | 
may  be  produc’d  in  Bodies,  with  refped  to  their  I 
Ele^rical  and  Qualities,  by  their  different 

Management  2LV\d  Preparation:  As  here ’tis  plain  that  -Jl 

common  Sulphur,  which  is  plentifully  endow’d  with  | 
both  thefe  Qiialities,  by  undergoing  the  Chimicd . | 
Fire  fwhich  fublimes  it  into  Flowers,')  is  almoft  to-  i| 
tally,  depriv’d  of  them  both.  f 

’ I 

K * 

Bi'rhapS'- 


Perhaps  by  other  management  of  the  fame  Body,  this 
Lots  might  be  repair’d  again.  And  ’tis  poffible  there 
may  be  Chymical  Operations,  which  inftead  of  im- 
pairing, rmy' Improve  and  Heighten  thefc  wonder- 
ful Qualities  of  Bodies : Nay  for  ought  that  I know, 
may  as  well  give  them  a nevp,  where  they  never  were 
at  all  5 as  to  take  them  away,  where  they  once  were 
in  a great  de^e  of  Perfeftion.  The  Powers  of 
Nature  are  norro  be  determin  d beforehand  by  De- 
monstration^ but  to  be  fearch’d  out  by  Ohfervation 
and  Experiment,  And  as  thefe  Trials  have  open’d 
the  way  to  Something  that  looks  with  a very  promipng 
AfpeB  ^ fo  we  hope  by  degrees  to  purfue  them  with 
fome  good  Succefs. 


. / 


U U U 3 


VIII.  A 


( 444  > 


VlII.  Letter  from  Mr.  Anth.-  Van  Leeu- 
wenhoek, F.  % S.  Containing  fome  ML 
croJcopicalOhferVations  on  the  Farticlesof  Chry- 
J}alli:^ci  Sugar^  &c.  arid  manner  of  OlferV^ 
mg  the  Circulation  of  the  Blood  in  an  Eel. 


I Send  you  h’ercwich  my  lafl:  Remarks,.  cx)ncerning  the 
Coagulation  of  Sugar,  which  I. had.  traced  upon  Pa- 
per near  Three  Years  ago,  and  cajjfed  them  to  be  En- 
grav’d  upon  a Copper-Plate,  after  that  my  Painter  had’ 
Drawn  them  5,  and  for  as  much  as  fome  of  thefe  fol- 
lowing Obfervations  do  contradict  my  former  Writings,. 
I make.no  fcruple  to  rejed  the  paft,  and  to  take  up  thefe 
which  I judge  to  be  better. 

I have  faid  that  the  Particles  of  Sugar,  which  w^e  call 
Sugar- Gandy,  confifted  of  two  broad  and  two  narrow 
iides^  and  that  the  other,  the  top  and  bottom  ran^ 
into  a (harp  point,,  like  the  Figure  of  a Wedge  or 
Chiflel. 

Since  there  is  not  one  Man  in  a Thoufand  that  knows.^ 
any  thing  of  the  Figures  which  Sugar-Candy  aifumes  in 
it’s< Coagulation,  aliho’  they’ve  often  tafted  of  the  fame,,, 
I;  have  thought  it  not  amifs  to  reprefent  it  to  the  Eye. 
Fig,  r.  A,  B,  C,  D,  E,  F,  G,  H,  I,  K.  riprerencs  a fmall 
bitr:of  Sugar-Candy,  oC  which  one  (hall  feldom  Ce  fo 
perfed'a  Figure  3 becaufe  they  are  almoft  always  faften’d 
ro  fome  other  Particles  of  Sugar,  whereby  we  can  only 
dvfcover  the  Superficies  of  one  fide  thereof,  as  here  in  this- 
Fugure  H.  I,  E.^F.  G,  but  when  it  is.taken  out  of  the  Sy- 


r 445  ) 

nip  OF  Liquor,  without  being  united  to  any  other  Parti- 
des,.  the  other  fide  reprd'ented  by  A.  B.  C.E).  K.  will  alio 
appear  .after  the  fame  manner. 

We  aifo  obferve  that  all  the  Particles  of  the  Sugar  Can- 
dy which  we  buy,  even  that  which  comes  out  ot  th^EaJi- 
hidks^  if  it  be  not  too  irregularly  Coagulated',  and 
laften’d  to  the  fides  ot  other  Particles,  has  generally 
one  fide  blunt,  and  different  from  the  other  three,  whicb 
have  fharp  Angles,  juft  like  a fquare  piece  of  Wood,  one' 
of  the  Corners  of  Whkh  is  partly  cut  away,,  as  you  may- 
fee  in  the  faid  Figure  li  at  f.  K.  ^ 

Fig,  2.  L.  M.  Nv  O.  P.  Q does  alfo  reprefent  a little 
Particle  of  Sugar  Gandy,  which  had  been  joined  to  others>^ 
at  the  fide  L.  M.  N.  and  at  O.  there  appears  a- very  fmalf 
Particle  of  the  Candy  that  Teems  to  have  been  Coagulated 
with  the  faid  Fig^  2.  when  it  was  much  fmaller  5 and  tbaC-^ 
Particle  appear’d  like  Mountain-Chryftal,  and  under^ 
that  there  was  another  compofed  of  about  ten  fmalL 
Cliryftals. 

For  my  farther  Satisfadion  concerning  Sugar  Candy  and- 
the  Coagulation  thereof  in  the  Syrup,  I took  fome  Pow-' 
der’d  Sugar,  and  diffolved  it  in  Water,  and  then  bayled-it 
fo  long,  ’till  I luppoled  all  the  Water  to  be  evaporated 
after  which  I placed  it  upon  feveral  GlafTes,  to  theend  that 
I might  obferve  the  Coagulation  of  tlie  fmail  Particles- • 
thereof. 

After  fome  days  were  paft  fthis  was  in  the  Month  oL 
March)  I obferved  a great  many  compleac  Figures^  which  - 
lay  Coagulated  into  feveral  Shapes,  but  all  of  ’em  as  clear" 
and  tranfparent  as  Chryfial,  infomuch  that  it  was  a greaec 
Pleafure  to  view:  them  ^ but  L did  expeft  to  have  found^ 
them  aU  of  one  and  the  fame  lhape,,  and  that  they  would' 
have  appeared  like  Figure  i.  but  when  I-.  view’d  them  ^ 
with  a Microfeopp,  fome  of  them  appeared,  like  Fig..j.  - 
R.  S.T..W- 


( A ■) 

"This  appear'd  fo  me  at  firft  foraething  ftrange^  bwt 
’ when  I confidered  that  the  Particles  of  Sugar  fof  which 
fome  of  ihetn  are  a great  many  Thoufand  times  fmalicr, 
yea  fo  fmall,  that  they  efcape  the  fight  thro’  a Microf- 
cope)  do  not  appear  to  the  Eye  in  the  fame  pofition, 
nor  that  the  Wedges  thereof  are  reprefenced  as  in 
Fig.  I.  by  B.  C or  G.  F.  but  that  on  the  contrary, 
the  fide  which  is  deferibed  in  the  faid  Figure,  by  C.  D.  E. 
F.  1.  K.  lies  fometime  i^per,  or  undermoft^  then  it  is  no 
wonder  if  the  fame  Particle  of  Sugar  Candy  (hall  appear 
; to  the  Eye  as  in  Fig.  4.  A.  B.  C.  D.  E.  F. 

In  that  Particle  of  Sugar  beforemention’d,  I obferved 
feveral  Streaks  or  Fibres  that  were  internal,  and  which 
by  reafon  of  the  Tranfparency  of  the  Sugar  appear’d 
plainly  to  the  Eye,  as^  you  may  fee  in  the  faid  F'g.  4.  be- 
tween D and  C.  and  D.  and  E.  and  fo  alfo  from  the 
Center  of  the  Sugar  where  thofe  Screaks  extended  on  each 
■fide  to  B and  F. 

From  this  Obfervation  I concluded,  that  the  Sugar  in- 
= creafed  from  time  to  time,  in  proportion  to  the  fpaces 
between  each  Streak  cr  Fibre. 

I likewife  faw  a few  coagulated  Sugar  Particles,  that 
appear'd  in  as  compleat  quadrilateral  Figures  as  I ever  be- 
. held  with  my  Eyes,  one  of  which  you  have  deferib’d  by 
Fig.  5.  G.  H.  I.  K.  and  withal  as  clear  and  tranfparent  as 
any  Diamond  3 you  muft  alfo  obferve  that  thefe  Figures 
5,  4,  5.  were  none  of  *em  bigger  than  a fmall  Grain  of 
Sand*  The  reafon  why  there  were  fb  many  Particles  of 
Sugar,  that  had  but  one  part  of  Fig,  was,  as  I fuppofe, 

■ that  they  were  Coagulated  with  others  that  lay  near  them 
of  the  like  figure,  infomucii  that  they  hinder’d  one  ano- 
ther in  their  Coagulation  3 but  when  they  lye  fo  far  from 
one  another,  that  there  is  no  adual  Contaft  of  the  Parts, 
and  yet  are  Coagulated,  we  can  attribute  that  effeft  to 
nothing  elfe  but  a fecret  Inclination  which  the  invifible 
;Parta  of  the  Sugar  bear  to  each  other. 


In 


( 44/  y 

In  the  middle  of  the  Fig,  3 and  5.  we  obferved  a 
clear  Particle,  which  was  of  the  fame  Figure’  with  the 
whole  Body  5 from  whence  we  conclude,  that  the  faid 
whole  Body  was  much  fraaller  at  its  Coagulation,  but  in-- 
creas’d  continually  by  new  Accellions  of  Matter  round 
about  it  5 and  that  in  proportion  to  the  number  of  Circles 
or  Circumferences,  the  Body  increas’d  from  time  to  time 
in  bignefs : And  who  knows  but  that  every  Circle  was 
made  upon  a particular  Day,  and  in  dry  Weather,  and  • 
that  at  Night  it  remained  in  the  fame  State. 

Thefe  little  Figures  prefer ved  their  compleat  Forms  and  ^ 
chryftalline  Appearances  as  long  as  it  was  dry  Weather  5 
but  when  it  happen’d  to  be  Moift  or  Ivalny,  we  obferved  - 
Moifture  about  the  Particles  of  the  Sugar,  which  in  dry 
Weather  evaporated  again  5 and  then  there  Coagulated  an  ^ 
infinite  number  of  fmall  Sugar  Particles  upon  the  greater, 
and  thofe  werefo  exceeding  fmall,  that  a thoufand  of ’em  ' 
together  were  not  fo  big  as  one  of  thofe  Particles  before 
deferibed  by  Fig,  3.  which,  as  I faid  above,  was  not  fo 
large  as  a fingle  Grain  of  Sand,  *and  thereby  all  the  Bean»  - 
tiiulnefs  of  them  difappear’d:  And  to  the  end  that  thofe  • 
little  Figures  might  keep  their  form  ’till  they  were  drawn, 

1 was  forced  to  carry  both  them  and  the  Microfeope,  be-* 
fore  which  they  ftood,  in  my  Pocket. 

Now'  fince  we  fee  that  from  one  and  the  fame  Matter 
two  different  Figures  are  Coagulated,  it  is  eafie  to  con- 
ceive that  feveral  other  Figures  might  be  produc’d  in  the  * 
firft  Coagulation,  efpecially  when  any  of  thef’arts  of  thofe  ' 
little  Bodies  lye  upon  one  another  3 and  therefore  alfo 
we  (hou’d  not  wonder,  to  fee  in  the  Coagulation  of  Salts- -> 
feveral  Figures  produced  out  of  one  Particle  of  Salt.  , 

I can’t  omit  acquainting  you  upon  this  occafion,  that  " 
Tome  body  fent  me  laft  SummeFa  Piece  of  Mincra’,  which  > 
was  faid  to  be  very  rich  with  Gold,  and  was  brought 
from  Hungary  ^ and  I was  defired  to  enquire  into  the  ‘ 
fubftance  of  the  faid  Mineral^  which  when  I had  done,  I ' 

found-l 


( 44^  ) ] 

"f-ciind'that  the  fine  Gold  Coiour  was  nothing  clfe  but  Su!-  J 
•'phur:  There  was  alfo another  Piece,  which  they  faid  was  j 
Copper.  One  of  thefe  Minerals  was  mix’d  with  a little  ] 
■ftony  Matter,  juft  like  Particles  of  Sand,  which  Teem’d 
Tome  heterogeneous  Matter,  to  be  united  to  theother  Parts  5 
the  Mineral.  i 

I Teparated  Tome  of  the  Sfony  Matter  from  the  reft,  ] 

and  placed  it  before  the  Mictofeope^  and  found  that  Tome  I 

‘Of  the  Particles,  of  which  it  is  compofed,  had  asfmooth  ] 
and  exadt  Sides  and  Angles  as  any  polifh’d  Diamond  can  hj 
4iave,  that  is  to  fay,  when  they  were  not  united,  or  lay 
• under  others^  but  where  there  was  a union  of  the  Parts,  ] 
there  appear’d  feveral  fuch  Circles  or  Circumferences  as  | 

were  in  Figure  3 and  5-.  Tome  of  ’em  having  particular 
4ides,  one  of  which  was  twice  as  broad  as  another. 

Thefe  particular  Rings  or  Circles  1 judged  alfo  were 
•occafion’d  by  the  Increafe  or  Coagulation  of  new  Matter:  1 

I took  a great  deal  of  Pleafure  in  viewing  them,  for  they 
appear’d  as  clear  as  Chryftal.  Both  the  Gold  and  thq  Cop- 
per, that  Teem’d  to  be  in  thefe  Minerals,  were  nothing  l 
elfe  but  Sulphur.  ‘ f ] 

My  Intention  was  to  have  left  off  here,  but’  upon  R-  f ; 

cend  Thoughts  I fhall  trouble  you  with  what  follows.  I ' I 
formerly  fliew’d  the  Circulation  of  the  Blood  in  an  Eel,  | 
and  my  Cufio  ii  was  to  put  the  Eel  into  a long  Glafs  Tube  | ' 
with  the  Tail  uppermoft  : But  I have  left  off  that  way  } 
for  Tome  Years,  and  now  I prepare  Copper  Plates  of  about  { 
a Foot  long  and  feven  Inches  broad  5 one  end  of  w'hich 
of  the  extent  of  an  Inch  I bend,  and  at  the  other  end  I ! 
Huake  a fquare  Hole  of  five  Inc!  es  long  and  two  broad,  in 
which  I put  little  Glafs  Plates  as  dear  and  as  thin  as  I caa  [ 

polfibly  procure  them  ; Upon  fuch  a Glafs  Plate  I lay  one  ' 

of  the  fnalleft  Eels  I can  get,  which  are  fometimes  as  big 
■a-s  ones  Finger^  then  I bind  the  Head  and  the  beft  part 
the  Body  of  the  Ed  about  with  a Linnen  Cioth,  to  the  i 

, cud 


t 449  > 

end  that  it  may  not  fee,  and  then ’twill  lye  the  ftiller  up- 
on the  Copper-Plate  5 and  the  Tail  is  laid  upon  the  Glafs  5 
and  that  part  of  the  Body  of  the  Eel,  that  is  wound  about’ 
with  the  Cloth,  is  alfo  faften*d  to  the  Plate  with  a Wire, 
that  the  Eel  may  not  riggle  it  felf  off. 

The  Eel  being  thus  placed  upon  one  fide  of  the  Glafs 
in  the  Copper  Plate,  The  Microfcope,  through  which 
you  are  to  view  the  Circulation,  is  fatten’d  by  Wires  and 
.Screws  on  the  other  fide,  in  fuch  manner  as  it  may  be 
moved  upwards  and  downwards,  and  every  way.  And  this 
I take  to  be  a better  Method  concerning  the  Circulation 
■of  the  Blood  than  my  former  5 which  if  People  wou’d 
therefore  ufe,  I doubt  not  but  they  might  obttrve  the 
fame  Things  in  an  Eel  as  I have  done : And  then  if  you 
wou’d  .view  the  Arm,  and  with  great  Care  confider  the 
Pulfe  in  the  Veins,  you  wou’d  certainly  difcover^that  the 
Blood,  which  makes  the  Pulfe,  proceeds  from  the  Hand.  I 
,conclude,  and  am. 


Antony  van  Leeuwenhoek. 

# 


o 


X X X 


ix: 


/ 


IX.  ^art  of  a Letter  from  Mr,  B.  Sherman 
to  Dr,  Hans  Sloane,  (2^.  S.  Sec.  concern- 
ing the  Bones  of  a dead  foetus,  taken  out  of 
the  Uterus  of  a Cow  and  of  a Callus 
that  fupplied  the  Lofs  of  Tart  of  the  Os 
Femoris. 


SIR, 

YOU  will  receive  with  this  a Curiofity  which  I 
thought  might  not  be  unacceptable  to  you  5 ‘tis 
the  Bones  ot  a Calf  that  periflied  in  the  Uterus  of  its’ 
Dam  after  the  following  manner,  as  I had  the  Account 
from  the  Perfon  who  fold  the  Cow  to  the  But- 
cher. 

The  Cow  was  very  unthrifry,  for  which  they 
gave  her  Cow  Phylick,  and  fuch  Drinks  as  they  ap^ 
prehended  proper  for  her  ^ notwithhanding  which  (he 
frew  vvorfe,  and  continued  a great  while  in  a lean, 
pining,  wafting  Condition,  and  was  reduc’d  to  fa 
weak  a State,  that  they  concluded  (he  would  dye^ 
when  on  a fudden  (lie  began  to  eat  her  Meat,  and 
did  thrive  fo  very  faft,  that  in  Six  or  Eight  Months 
j&ie  was  fo  fat  as  to  be  Sold  to  the  Butchery  who, 
when  he  kill’d  her,  found  .thefe  Bones  in  her  U- 
iemiSy  jud  as  you  will  fee  them  in  the  Box^  full  as 


(•  4J  »'  ) 

dry,  there  being  no  manner  of  Moifture  in  the  Bag 
(as  he  call’d  it)  in  which  the  Bones  were  contain’d^ 
The  fame  Digeftive  Humour,  which  difTolvM  the  Skin 
and  Mufcular  Parts  of  the  Calf,  might  (“I  prefume) 
reafonably  enough  be  fuppos’d  to  dilTolve  the  Car* 
tilages,  and  ('for  ought  I know)  even  part  of  the  Bones 
in  a Foetus,  I am  pretty  fure  what  I fend  you  is  all 
the  Butcher  found,  and  I believe  you  will  find  them 
compleat  5 but  of  what  Age  the  Fcetus  was,  or 
whether,  if  the  Cow  had  not  been  kill’d,  there 
would  have  been  a total  DifTolution,  I mu(t  leave  to 
your  more  curious  Judgment  to  determine. 

I am  inform’d  by  fome  Phyfitians  to  whom  I have  ■ 
(hewn  thefe  Bones,  that  there  are  many  fuch  In- 
‘fiances  in  Anatomical  Writers 5 and  particularly  one' 
of  a Woman,  whofe  Fcetus  diflblv’d  fo  perfedly,  that 
fome  of  the  Bones  digefted  through  her  Abdomctr^ 
and  (which  I think  is  more  ftrange)  that  the  fame 
Woman  had  Children  afterwards. 

Whether  thefe  Bones  would  in  time  have  made 
their  way  through  the  Abdonjen  of  the  Cow,  I 
not  able  to  judge^  all  I can  aifure  you  is,  That  thefe  - 
Bones  were  found  as  is  above  exprefs’d,  and  that  the  - 
Fad  may  be  proved  by  Witnefies  of  undoubted  Cre^ 
dit. 

•> 

? OSTS  T. 

I Could  not  omit  to  fubjoyn^an  Obfervation  in  my 
own  Pradice,  which  aifo  may  not  be  unworthy 
your  Obfervation;  ’Tis  of  a Compound  Fradure,  which  j 
happen^  on  the  Thigh  of  a Young  Man  about  Se- 
venteen::- 


4 


. , ( 45i  ) 

venteen  : I was  oblig’d  to  take  out  the  whole  Subftance  of 
Os  ftmoris  about  Two  Inches  5 and  yet,  by  keeping 
a due  Extenfion,  Nature  did  in  four  Months  fupply 
Tuch  a Callus,  that  the  Part  is  not  a quarter  of  an 
Inch  (hotter  than  the  other -fide  5 and  the  Perfon  is 
as  ftrong  as  ever,  and  walks  without  any  Lame- 
nefs.  ‘ 


ri^eldon  Witham  in  Effex, 

September . 4.  .1708. 

’ , Teurs,  &c. 


. . , . . : • - Sherman* 


LONDON:  Printed  for  H,  Clement Sy  at  the  Half--  ! 
:H0on  in -St. Church' Yard.  170^, 


. ^ 


> 


(451)  ^ ^ 

(Numb.  324.) 

PHILOSOPHICAL 

transactions.  ' 


For  the  Months  of  November  and  December  1 709. 


The  CONTENTS. 

j.  B ^ H E Hifiory  of  the  Great  Frofi  in  the  lafi  fFin"‘ 
I Ur  1708  and  1708-9.  By  the  Reverend  Mr* 
W-  Derhara,  Re&or  of  Upminfler,  F.  R.  S* 

V. 

II.  Microfcopical  Ohfervatrons  upon  the  Cofifiguration  of 
Diamonds : In  a Letter  from  Mr.  Antony  Van  Leeuwen- 
hoek, F.  R* 

III.  Part  of  a Letter  from  the  Reverend  Mr.  W.  Derham, 
F*  R.  S.  to  Dr.  Hans  Sioane,  R.  S.  Sec.  Giving  an 
Account  of  a Child's  Crying  in  the  Womb. 

IV.  A flwrt  Dijfertation  concerning  the  Child's  Crying 

in  the  Womb.  By  the  Revere-nd  Mr.  W.  Derham, 
F.  R.S.  . 

V.  A Letter  from  Mr.  Antony  Van  Leeuwenhoek,  ^F.  R.  5; 
to  John  Chamberlayne,  F.  R.,S\  . Containing  his 
Obfervations  upon  the  Edge  of  Razor 8cc.  ^ 

VI.  A Second  Letter  from  Mr.  Antony  Van  Leeuwen- 
hoek, F R.S.  ^^7  John  Chamberlayne,  Efq:^  ¥•  R,  S. 
upon  the  fame  Subje^  as  the  former. 

Yyy 


I.  Tjjc 


'454  ) 


I.  The  Hijlory^  of  the  Gnat  Frofl  in  the  lajl  Win^ 
ter  xyo%  and  170*.  By  the 'l^yer end  Mr  ', 
W.  Derham,  KeElor  of  Upminller^  Jh,  !?(.  S, 

This  Fampus  Society  hayiag done  me  the  Honour 
to  put  into  my  Hands  their  Papers  tel  at  in  g to  the 
late  Great  Froft,  and  having,  alio  my  felf  received  divers 
Relations  thereof  from  my  Friends  a<-  Home  and  Abroad, 
as  well  as  made  Gbfervarid'ns  my  felf,  I (hall , endeavour 
to  give  an  Account  of  Two  Things' 3 ‘T;6V  F>egne^  and^ 
of  this  Remarl^able  Frofi,  . 

The  Degree  of  the  Frojl  in  England. 

N 

As  to  this  Matter,  I bfelieve  this  Froft  was  greater  (if 
not  more  univerlal  alfo)  than  any  other  within  the  Me- 
mory of  Man.  The  greateft  that  hath  happen’d  within 
our  Memory^^  was  the  Long  Frojl  in  168^  3 but  the  late 
Froft,  although  of  ftiorfer  doritirioance,  was  more  in- 
tenfe  than  that.  Of  which  I have  already  given  fome 
Account  in  a former  Paper  (which  I find  in  the  Tranf- 
aBions^  No.  521.J  and  rauft  be  forced  to  Recapitulate 
It  here 3 v\%.  That  'rhy  Thermometer  was  much  lower  on 
December  30.  dian'  it  had^  ever  been  fince  1697.  when  I 
firft  began  my  Thetmometticaf  Obfervations  3 That  the 
felf-fame  Thermometer  inour.Repofitory  in  GreJham^CoX- 
lege  was  lower  than  ever  it  was  before  : [The  Particulars  - 
of  its  greateft  DcfcentS'v.are  the fe 3 January  26.  1696. 
41.  Gr.  January  5.’f^83.;  "40  Gr.  and  January  170^. 
43  Gr.]  And  laftly,  that  in  another  felf-fame  Glafs  in 
• London 


(455) 

London  [Mr.  J.  Patrick^'i^  Spirits  were  four  or  five 

degrees  lower  than  in  1683. 

In  the  greateft  Contraction  of  the  Spirits  was 

on  JattHAry  3.  which  was  ah  exceffive  cold  Day  at  ZJpmin^ 
fler  alfo.-  But  the  far  greateft  Contraction  with  us  was 
on  December  30.  before.  The  reafon  of  the  Difference 
is,  because  my  Thermometer  is  always  abroad  ih  the 
open  Air.  w here  no  Sun-fbine  toncheth  5 but  thofe  two 
'London-Qlajfes  arc  withia  Doors,  in  Rooms  where  no 
Fires  are  made.  And  it  is  eafie  to  obferve,  that  the  Froft 
doth  not  prefently  exert  its  greateft  force  within  Doors  •• 
And  when  it  doth,  neither  doth  it  fo  foon  abate  its  force 
within  Doors,  as  without.  The  reafon  whereof  is  plain 
enough,  and  needs  not  be  mention’d. 

Tbefe  Obfervatiohs  of  the  Intenfcnefs  of  the  Cold 
with  us,  I have  received  Confirmations  of  from  other 
Places  in  the  Southern  Parts  ot  our  Ifland  ^ particularly 
I find  them  to  agree  with  fome  Obfervations  made  at 
Streatham  in  Sarrey  by  Mr.  Crejfener^  an  Ingenious  Mem- 
ber of  our  Society. 

I had  like  to  have  forgotten  to  Note,  That  the 
Defcenr  of  ihe  Spirits  in  rny  Thermometer  on  December 
wa's  within  One  tenth  of  an  Inch  as  great  as  the  Defcent 
effected  at  another  time  (and  that  in  a cold  Day  too) 
with  A tifiTil  Freezings  pc  form’d  both  with  Snow  and 
Salt,  and  alfo  Snow  and  Spirits,  Both  which  Mixtures  I' 
have  feveral  times  made  ufe  of,  and  find  them  nearly  of 
equal  Power:  If  any  difference  be,  I have  fometimes’ 
thought  the  preference  due  to  the  Mixture  of  Spirit  of 
Wine  with  the  Snow.  I faid  alfo  the  Contraction  of  the 
Spirits  in  a cold  Day,  becaufe  an  Artificial  Freezing  is 
lefs  vigorous  in  a warm  Diy  than  in  a cold  one.  It  is  well 
known  that  we  can  in  Summer  freeze  witn  Ice  and  Salt, 
and  the  fame  may  be  then  done  with  Sal  Armoniack  dif- 
folv’d  iu  Water  but  sve  cannot  produce  ib  intenfe  a Froft 

Y y y 2^  then  - 


( 45<5  ) 

then  by  thefe  means,  as  in  Winter,  and  efpedally  in  a 
very  told  Day.  But  thefe  Things  by  the  by. 

Degree  of  the  Froji  In  Scotland  and  Ireland* 

\ 

But  notwithftanding  the  Frofl:  was  Ib  extreamly  rigo- 
rous in  the  Southern  Parts  of  our  Ifle,  yer  the  Northern 
lelt  little  thereof  5 as  I have  been  certified  by  Perlbnsthat 
have  come  from  thence,  as  well  as  by  feveral  Letters  my 
Friends  have  received  from  thence.  My  Ingenious  and 
Learned  Friend  Dr.  Shane  writes  to  me  in  general,  That 
he  hath  received  many  Informations  from  thofe  Farts, 
which  do  all  agree. that  the  Winter  was  no  way  extream- 
ly Cold  there,  but  as  other  Winters.  And  as  to  Particu^ 
lars,  the  two  following  Letters  from  two  eminent  Perfons  % 
in  thofe  Parts,  to  my  Ingenious  and  Learned  Friend 
Dr.  Woodtvardy  will  give  an  A<.count.  One  is  from  the 
Right  Reverend  and  very  Learn  d Lord  Bilhop  of  Carlijle^ 
dated  from  Rofey  ISIovemher  5.  1709.  “ In  January  lafl: 

(faith  he)  I had  a fufficient  occafinn  to  take  notice  of 
“ the  Froft  and  Colds  being  more  inrenfe  in  the  Southern 
“ Parts  than  here,  and  the  Snow  much  thicker.  I be- 
“ gan  my  .London-]ourncy  on  the  76th  of  that  Month, 

“ three  days_before  the  Thaw,  and  can  alTure  you  that 
“ for  feveral  Miles  (near  the  Banks  of  the  River  Eden^ 

“ in  both  the  Counties  of  Ounberland  and  IVeJl norland') 

“ my  Horfes  hardly  ever  trod  upon  Snow.  When  we 
came  to  Stammoor^  on  the  C .»nfines  of  ICorkfnre^  we 
“ found  the  Ground  covered  pretry  tinck,  and  the  deep- 
“ er  (fill  the  farther  we  came  to  the  South.  None  of  our 
Rivers  or  Lakes  vvererrozen  over  ^ and  the  extraordi- 
“ nary  Flocks  of  Swans  that  refor ted  hither  ('noihing  of 
“ the  like  having  been  feen  by  the  elded  Man  living}  was 
“ a fare  Argument  that  the  Temperature  of  Climates 
was  ftrangely  inverted.  Thus  far  that  Right  Reve- 
'fcnd  Member  of  this  llluftrious  Society. 

The 


.,  ( 457  ) 

The  other  Letter  is  from  Nove/»Ber  5.  1709.'' 

from  a very  Curious  and  Ingenious  perfon,  Sir  Robert 
SibbM'^  who  faith,  “ I can  learn  no  extraordinary  Ef* 
“ feds  of  the  cold  Searon  here.  Ic  was  a long  Winter  * 
The  Cold  came  early  in  O^ober,  and  continued  till 
“ near  There  was  much  Snow,  which  lay  long 

‘‘  upon  our  South  Hills  near  this  Place.  We  had  not 
“ much  Froft  to  fpeak  of,  and  it  laded  not  long.  There 
was  but  little  Sport  at  Curling  upon  the  Ice  Sport 
in  Scotland,  ufual  in  hard  Frofts,  when  the  Ice  can 
bear  a great  Company  of  People.] 

And  as  in  Scotland^  fo  in  Ireland  the  Froft  was  very 
favourable:  Of  which  among  other  things,  I have  this 
Account  in  a Letter  from  Dublin,  from  Mr.  S,  Molyneaux, 
a very  curious  and  ingenious  Gentleman  there^  who  faith] 
They  had  there  an  harder  Winter  than  ufual,  but  judg- 
“ eth  they  fuffered  not  fo  much  as  their  Neighbours : 
“ They  had  two  or  three  pretty  hard  Frofts,  and  fome 
Snow,  but  not  of  any  remarkable  continuance,  as  here- 
‘‘  members. 

The  Degree  of  the  Frofl  in  other  Farts  of  Europe. 

Having  thus  related  how  the  Cafe  was  near  Home, 
let  us  next  look  farther  Abroad,  and  firft  into  the  more 
Southerly  Parts  of  Europe. 

And  in  the  Comparifon  I have  already  given  the  Socie- 
ty between  L)r.  Scheuchzeri  Obfervations  at  Zurich  and 
mine  here,  I faid,  That  he  noted  the  Cold  to  have  been 
excellive  there  5 but  whether  more  chan  ufual,  he  faith 
not.  But  by  a Letter  I have  lately  feen  from  his  Brother 
(of  which  more  by  and  by)  it  appears  to  have  been  in 
as  great  and  unufual  Excefs  thexe^  as  here  it  was  with 
us.  . ' 

* r 

; ; z z z In 


C 458  ) 

In  that  Paper  alfo  1 have  foreftall’d  my  felf  , and  fa  id 
to  what  Excefs  the  Froft  arrived  in  Italy,  viz.  “ That 
the  Cold  there  was  fo  greatj  that  for  20  Years  pafi  they 
had  not  been  (enfible  of  greater,  and  on  Twdfth^Day 
it  wanted  but  half  a Degree  of  the  Extremity. 

As  to  the  ^Northern  Parts^  the  before  commended 
Dr.  Woodward  tells  me,  that  in  a Letter  he  received  from 
the  Learned  Mr.  Otho  Sperling.,  from  Copenhagen  dated 
April  6.  1 700.  he  calleih  it  Hyems  Atrocijfima.  And  I 
find  it  noted  in  the  Minutes  of  the  Royal  Society  of  May 
4.  1709.  “ That  Dr.  JWjVW  faid  the  Ice  was  frozen 

“ in  the  Harbour  of  Copenhagen  ay  Inches^  and  that 
April  9.  N.  S:  People  had  gone  over  between  Schone 
“ and  Denmark,  on  the  Ice.  Which  Accounts  give  me  a 
better  Opinion  of  fonle  Papers  I have  by  me,  which 
were  Ihew’d'^o' the  Society,  concerning  the  Froft  Sit  Co- 
penhagen^ pretended  to  be  taken  from  the  Obfervations 
of  Mr.  Romer,  ’ I ftiould  not  entertain  any  the  leaft  di- 
ftruft  of  the  Accuracy  either  of  the  Inftruments,  or  Ob- 
fervations of  that  Eminent  Perfon,  were  1 fure  they  were 
his#  But  there  are  fome  Paflages  and  Hints  in  thofe  Pa- 
pers that  leffened  others,  as  well  as  ray  Opinion  about 
them.  ’Tis  faid  there,  That  fuch  a Froft  hath  not 
been  known  in  the  Memory  of  Man  in  thefe  Countries, 

“ and  that  the  Froft  on  January  7.  and  February  25.  170J. 

did  very  nearly  approach  the  Point  of  Artificial  Freez- 
ing. 

In  the  Northern  Parts  of  Germany  alfo  I find  they  had  ' 
the  fame  fare  with  their  Neighbours  of  Denmark'^  Of  • 
which  I have  an  Ingenious  printed  Account  put  into  my  x 
Hands  by  the  foremention’d  Dr,  Woodward,  The  Title 
of  the  Book  is,  Con^deratio  PhyfctfMdthematica  Hyemis  . 
proxime  Pr£tbrlapf^.,  &G.  being  an  Academical  Exercile 
performed  in  the  Univerfity  of  Hall,  June  13.  1709.  by 
G.  Remus  a Dantzicker,  and  Printed  at  the  fame  Place 
{HaU  Magdeburgica.^  ‘ ThisDilTertation  relating  dire£fly 

to  : 


( 4^9  ) 


to  our  Subjed,  and  being  I fuppofe  in  but  few  Hands 
with  us,  a Qiort  Account  thereof  may  not  be  unaccept- 
able. 

The  Ingenious  Author  having  complained  of  the  De- 
feds  of  Meteorology,  and  Mereorological  Inftruments, 
and  given  fome  Diredions  concerning  obferving  the 
Winds,  tells  us,  he  had  the  help  of  the  Obfervati- 
ons  of  three  Eminent  Perfons  in  his  Diflertation  about  the 
Winter,  namely,  of  Dr.  Wolfus^  Mathematical  Profeffor 
of  Hall^  Dr.  namber  ’ger^  Mathematical  and  Natural  Phi- 
lofophy  Profeflbr  of  the  UnivcHity  of  Jena  ^ and  of  the 
Reverend  Mr.  Teuker^  an  excellent  Mathematician  at  Gza, 
The  Winter  he  diftributes  into  five  Periods.  Thefirftof 
which  he  begins  at  O^obcr  19.  1708.  at  which  time  he 
faith  the  cold  Weather  began  with  them,  the  Northerly 
Winds  then  blowing,  andfrofty  Weather  accompanying 
ir.  But  with  us  at  l)pmnfler,  it  began  fome  thing  fooner : 
For  all  the  latter  end  of  September  the  Winds  were  Nor- 
therly, and  an  Hoar-froft  o\\  Michaelmas^  and  the  fol- 
lowing Days.  After  which,  a great  part  of  OUober  to 
the  23th  Day,  my'  Regifter  (hews  the  Weather  to  have 
been  for  the  moft  part  Hoar  frofty,  or  Frofty,  very 
agreeably  to  Mr.  Remus’s  Obfervations.  The  end  of  this 
firft  Period  he  placeth  on  November  3.  the  fame  with  our 
O^ober  23.  0.  S,  their  Stile  i perceive  by  divers  Compa- 
rifoBS,  and  Hints  in  his  Paper,  being  the  New  Style. 

As  to  his  next  Period,  which  with  its  Interval  takes 
in  November  and  December,  I find  a pretty  deal  of  Agree- 
ment between  his  Obfervations  and  mine,  the  Weather 
' often  being  Warm,  or  Cold  here,  as  it  was  there,  and 
the  Winds  alfo  not  very  different.  Only!  obferve  the 
Cold  i«  one  Place  commonly  to  precede  the  other.  Alfo 
the  furious  Wind,  that  he  faith  blew  the  Night  before 
December  13.  was  not  perceivable  here  ’till  the  fecond 


about'  Noon : At 
. ^ which 


Z z z 2 


. ^ 


( 4^0  > 

whkh  time  it  had  much  fp;;nt  it  felf,  • and  was  only  sc 
brisk  Eafterly  Wind,  but  no  Storm. 

The  third  Period  he  begins  on  January  5.  Of  which 
he  faith,  “ Scena  fubitb  matabatury  & cum  univerfae 
“ Europx  admirations  coepit  Periodus,  infolito  prorfu^ 

« frigore  notabilis.  The  very  tame  the 

Wind  and  Weather  began  here  to  change,  as  there  he 
faith  it  did,  and  the  Cold  alfo  to  encreafe.  The  molt 
remarkable  Depreffions  of  the  Spirits  he  hath  put  into  a. 
Table,  v/hich  may  be  feen  with  mine  in  this  following;;, 
little  Table,  fitted  to  our  Old  Style.. ' 


Day  of  the 
Month 

0.  s. 

Degree  of 
the  Ther- 
mometer at 
Hall, 4/  10^ 
p‘  m,  I 

Degree  of 
the  Iher- 
mometer  at 
Uprain- 
der,  at  9*’ 
p.  m. 

Dec*  27 

28 

29 

30 

Jan,  I 

84  1 
84  i 
92  i 
100 

Totus  in- 
tra  SphsB- 
ram. 

6$ 

75 

58. 

45 

52 

63 
_ 54 

For  the  right  Uhderftanding  thefe  Obfervations,  it  is 
to  be  obferved  that  the  Scale  of  their  Thermometer^runs: 
downwards  from  fome  Point  above,  down  towards.  the. 
Ball.  But  the  Ball,  or  Bottom  of.  the  Stalk,  being  st- 
certain  Place  that  all  Thermometers  agree  in,  and  every 
©nc  is  acquainted  with,  I therefore  make  the  Degrees 
mi  the  Scale  ofi  my  TJbermometeis  to  begin  at  the  Top_o£ 

the 


( 4^  • ) 

the  Ball,  or  (which  is  all  one)  at  the  Bottom  of  tfce' 
little  Tube,  or  Sea  Ik  • and  fo  reckon  upwards  ^ every- 
Degree  being  One  Tenth  of  an  EfjgliJJj  Inch  5 the  Freez^ 
ing-Polnt  in  my  dd  Thermometer  (here  noted)  at 
gr.  equal  to  8 Inches  Two  Tenths  from  the  Ball  ^ and  the'^ 
moft  Intenfe  Cold  at  44  gr.  But  in  my  later  Thermome- 
ters (which  I now  ufe„  and  are  much  nicer  than  ray  old/ 
one)  the  Freezing-point  is  at  100  gr.  ten  Englijh  Inches’ 
from  the  Ball,  and  the  moft  Intenfe  Frofl  near  to,  or  juft' 
in  the  Ball.  Which  things  I thought  convenient  to  note, 
as  being  necellary  for  the  right  underftanding  the  little 
Table  abovci  and^alfo  any  of  my  Thermometrical  Obfer-*- 
vationS)  that  (hall  be  mentioned  here  or  elfewhere. 

it  may  from  the  foregoing  Table  be  perceived,  that' 
the  Froft  kept  a pretty  equal  Pace  in  both  Places  at  its 
beginning.  And  my  Notes  give  me  reafon  to  think  ic' 
did  the  fame  the  greateft  part  of  its  duration  : But  I can-* 
not  be  very  fure  thereof,  my  old  Thermometer  (the  on-- 
ly  one  I then  had)  happening  to  be  unfortunately 
broken  on  January  1 1 . For  which  reafon  I-  am  unable 
to  give  fuch  amother  Thermometrical  Table  of  his  next: 
Period  as- 1 have  done  in  rhis. 


This  third  Period'  he  makes  to  end  ^ 5 ^ 

with  a Wefterly  Wind,  and  a Thaw,  which  held  for 
few  Days.  With  us  the  Wind  was  Southerly  at  the  fame 
time,  and:  a Thaw  accompanying  it  for  -a- few  Days* 
likewife. 


The  fourth  Period  he  begins  January 


In 


which  I obferve  there  is  a great  Agreement  between  out’^ 
Obfervations-as  tG  the  Cold  5^  and  thofe  Days  on  which  > 
he  noteth  the  Wefterly  Winds  to  have  been  ftrong,  it  was  * 
the  fame  here.  And  fome  Agreement  alfo,.. but  lefs,  is  ini 
the  Coafting  and  Shifting  of-  the  WindS' throughout  this  > 
Period;;  ' • 

r. 


( ) 

The  fifth  atid  laft  Period  he  placeth  between  Fehrux' 

3*^d  March^"^^  ^ In  this,  he  faith,  the 

^ cold  Weather  returned,  and  continued  long:  And  the 
fame  it  did  with  us*  But  as  to  the  end  of  this  Period,  I 
. find  fome  Difference,  and  fome  Agreement  between  our 
• Obfervations.  The  Snow  was  more  with  them  than  us 
- the  Winds  changed  with  us  from  the  Eafterly  Points,  to 
the  Wefterly  and  Southerly,  a Day  or  two  fooner  than 
with  them  5 then  agreed  with  them  ^ and  foon  after  veered 
about  to  the  Eafterly  and  Northerly  as  it  did  with  them. 
And  I obferve  farther  alfo,  that  when  the  Winds  agreed 
in  both  Places,  my  Notes  (hew  the  Wind  to  have  been  of 
fome  force  here. 

As  to  the  Warmth  of  the  Weather  all  this  time,  I find 
a pretty  deal  of  Agreement  5 only  as  the  Wind  changed 
two  Days  fooner  here,  fo  we  had  the  mild  Weather,  he 
mentions,  two  Days  fooner  .•  Then  it  grew  colder  here, 
as  he  faith  it  did  with  them*  And  whereas  he  noteth 

April  ^ S which 

the  Spirits  rofe  to  the  Point  of  Warmth,  I found  by  my 
Thermometer  (then  renewed)  the  Day  before  to  have 
been  as  warm  as  that,  as  alfo  were  the  following  Days  5 
and  each  of  them  warmer  than  had  been  all  the  preceding 
Winter  5 but  yet  that  we  had  divers  warm  Days  before 
that  time,  partrular^y  Mirch  12,  15,14,  18,  19.  28.  0.  S, 
were  warm  Days,  but  the  reft  in  that  Month  for  the  moft 
part  Cold. 

Our  curious  Author  having  given  this  Relation  of  the 
State  of  their . Winter,  takes  occafion  to  fpeak  next  of 
the  Barometrical  Heights  there.  Of  which  he  hath  given 
us  a little  Table : Which  I (hall  take  a more  convenient 
Opportunity  of  Communicating  to  this  Honourable  Socie- 
ty, together  with  my  own* and  (ome  other  Obfervations 
of  the  fame  Nature,  made  at  the  Tame  time- 

The 


\j* 


I 

The  EffeTs  of  the  Frojl, 

Having  thus  gi^en  the  Hiftof)’  of  the  Degree  to  which'^ 
the  f rort  arrived  in  feveral  diftanc  Parcs  of  Europe,  1 (hall  • 
next  (hew  what  unufual  Effects  this  To  unulual  a Froft  : 
produced j and  that  on  Fluids,  Animals,  and  Vegeta*-' 

- hks. 

The  Ejfei^s  of  the  . Frofi  on  Fluids*  \ 

The  Waters  we  may  eafily  imagine  were  the  firfi:  thing  .‘c 
that  felt  the  dire  Effeds  of  this  Froft.  And  thefe  were  in  ? 
many  Places  frozen  to  an  extraordinary  depth  *,  although  > 
I hardly  believe  to  that  depth,  as  in  the  Long-Froft  in 
1^83.  Of  which  Froft  we  have  a fufficient  inftance  in  X' 
our  Eviver  of  Thames  5 .whofe  Waters  were  fo  frozen,  . 
that  above  Bridge,  ’tis  well  known,  many  Booths  were  - 
erefted,  Fires  made,  and  Meat  drefs’d  and  on  January  ^ 
K2).  i68|.  I my  felf  faw  a Coach  and  two  Horfes  drive 
over  the  River  into  Southmrk,  and  back  again,  a great 
number  of  People  accompanying  it.  But  this  laft  Win* 
ter  the  Cafe  was  greatly  different,. according  to  this  Ac- 
count I received  from  my  Learned  and  Ingenious  Friend  ^ 
Mr.  LotPthorp  5 who  faith, . “ He  law  feveral  People  crofs  ^ 
“ the  Thames  at  Ibme  diftance  above  the  Bridge  : But  > 
that  was  only  towards  Low-water,  when  the  great 
Flakes  of  Ice  that  came  down,  ftopp’d  one  another  ' ‘ 
“ at  the  Bridge,  ’till  they  made-one  continued  Bed  of 
Ice  from  thence  almoft  to  the  Temple,  But  when  the 
Flood  came,  the  Ice  broke,  and  was  all  carried  with 
“ the  Current  up  the  River.  I was  told  the  like  happen* 
ed  between  yVefiminfter  and  Lmbetb^  a little  above  - 

White-halli\ 

. 

An 


\ 


( 4<^4  ) 

fiS  for  other  Waters,  they  alfo  bad  their  (hare  5 efped- 
ally  where  they  lay  expofed  to  the  Northerly  and  North 
Eafterly  Winds.  Nay,  the  Sea-waters  themfelves  efcaped 
not,  but  were  covered  with  Ice  in  many  Places  near  the 
Shore,  in  Harbours,  and  where  they  lay  calm  and  (till. 
Of  this  I have  already  given  a pregnant  Inftance  in  the 
Harbour  of  Copenhagen,  and  the  Sea  between  Denmark 
find  Sshonen.  And  in  a Letter  from  Dr.  Newton^  Her 
Majefty’s  Illuftrious  and  Learned  Envoy  at  Florence, 
he  tells  me,  “ The  Sea  was  frozen  both  on  the  Coaft  of 

Genoa  and  Legorne, 

As  for  the  Northern  Parts  of  Germany,  the  laft  cited 
DifTertanon  gives  this  Account  of  its  Effeds  on  Fluids: 
Aejna  infra  fulitam  profnnditatem  in  glaciem  ahiit,  ^ alii 
liquores  congelati  apparmre,  qui  alias  extra  congelationis 
pericnlum  media  hyeme  confiitunntHr^  Pertinet  hue  Fons  in 
quodam  Sileji£  p^go,  qttl  cum  alias  ajiate  frigidus-,  hyeme 
calidus  deprehendatur,  hac  tamen  hyeme  fpijffa  fatis  glacie  non 
Jine  omnium  admiratione  ohdu&us  fuit>  Certe  l^()vell£  pub~ 
lic£  aliquoties  1 her  mas  tn  glaciem  converfas  nunciarunt : Id 

quod  tamen  calidioribus  non  accidit Halse  Jirias  fonti’‘ 

bus  falfts  adh£rentes  vidimus^  id  quod  intra  feculi  ambitum 
non  contigiffe  firtur.  Per  literas  me  certiorem  reddidit 
D.  Breynius,  in  urbe  patria  Medicus  celeberrimus,  Soc,  Reg. 
Ang.  Soc.  &c.  ipfummare,  quoufque  oculor urn  lacks  etiam  ar~ 
mata  penetrare  poterat,  adhuc  d,  8.  Aprilis  glacie  teCtum  fk- 
iffe.  Cum  is  Lixivium  cineribus  clavellatis  ad  faturitatem 
ferme  impr£gnatnm  aeri  expofuijfet,  licet  nnnqnam  congelare 
ab  hominibus,  qui  pluribus  annis  ad  traUaverant,  ajfereretur, 
brevi  tamen  tempore  in  glaciem  converfum  ej/e  expertus.  Ad^ 
dit,  ami  cum  quendam  fuum  Tartari  quoque  fpiritum  de phlegm- 
matum  congelatum  obfervajfe,  Referunt  obfervationes  Ha- 

lenfes  Sputum  ex  ore  vix  dimijfum  in  glaciem  abiens 

Fluvii  ter  in  glaciem  abiere^  etiam  iUi^  quibus  ob  celerita* 
tern,  qui  feruntur,  frigfts  alias  non  infejium.  Thus  far 
jD-  Remus. 


Thefe 


•(  ) 

Thefo  Effects  I am  apt  to  think  the  Waters  felt  not  on- 
ly in  England^  Denmark,,  Germany^  France  and  Laly  ^ but 
in  all  the  Northern  World  alfo,  excepting  Scotland^  Ireland^ 
and  probably  fome  other  Iflands,  or  Places  near  the  Sea  ^ 
although  even  fome  of  thefe  appear  from  the  foregoing 
Account  to  have  been  great  Sufferers  too.  This  Univer- 
fality  of  the  Froft,  I fufpe^f  from  the  multitudes  of  di- 
vers kinds  of  Birds  (utter  Strangers  to  thefe  Parts,  and 
many  of  them  Inhabitants  of  the  Northern  colder  Coun- 
tries) which  were  feen  and  killed  in  many  Parts  of  Eng- . 
land»  In  our  Ejfex-Marjhefy  near  us,  we  had  many  wild 
Swans,  Brent-Geefe,  many  of  the  rarer -Gull-kind,  and 
divers  other  forts  of  Birds,  utter  Strangers  to  thefe  Parts. 
And  Mr.  Sellers^'  an  ingenious  Gentleman, 

gave  Dr.  Woodward  this  following  Catalogue  of  Birds 
killed  within  four  or  five  Miles  of  Coin  St,  Aldwins,  or 
Edmns,  in  Gloucefierfiire,  between  the  beginning  of  No- 
vember and  the  latter  end  of  March  1708,  which  he  faith 
are  never  found  there  in  moderate  Winters, 

1.  Lanins  clnereus  major.  The  Greater  Butcher-Bird, 
•or  Mattagefs:  Sometimes  feen  in  DerbyJljire^  but  com- 
mon in  Germany^  as  Mr.  Willoughby  faith. 

2.  Fringiila  montana.  The  Brambling. 

3.  Numeninsyfive  Aryuata,  The  Curlew.  Thefe  Birds, 

though  Strangers  to  the  inland  Parts,  I have  feen  com- 
mon enough  on  the  ’Sca-coafts  of  Ejfex  : And. l^r.  Wood- 
ward faith  he  faw  them  feveral  times  this  laft  Winter  at 
the  Poulterers  in  London.  - < • • i 

4.  Gallinna  Erythropus  major*  The  Redfhank,  or 
Pool-Snipe 

5.  Gallinula  Hypoleucos  Gefneri,  The  Sand-piper. 

6.  Schccmclos,  The  Stint.  . - 


A a a a 


7.  CorvKS 


f 466  ) 

7.  CorvHf  aquatjcns  minor,  five  Gracultts  Palmipes^  The 
Shag. 

8.  Merganfer.  The  Goofander. 

9.  Mergus  cirratus  longirojler*  The  Dun-diver. 

10.  MergHs  major  cirratus.  The  Smew,  or  White 

11.  Colymbus  major>  The  Greater  Loon., 
ii.  Larus  major.  The  Greater  Gull. 

13*  Cygnns  ferns.'  The  Elk,  or  Hooper^  or  Wild 
Swan. 

14.  Brenta.  The  Brent-Goofe. 

15.  Anas  niger  Aldrovandf : Seldom  feen  in 
but  frequent  in  Norway. 

16.  Tadoma.  The  Shel- Drake,  or  Burrough-Duck.. 

17.  Anas  Frdigula  primaGefnerii  The  Tufted- Duck.. 

18.  Anas  fera  fafca  Gefneriy  Penelops  Vetenm.  The 
Poker. 

19.  Anas  Platyrhynchas  mas  Aldrov.  The  Golden- 
Eye. 

20.  Anas  Platyrhjnchos  rofiro  nigro  & plana.  The 
^dwalh 

The  Effe^s  af  the  Fro  ft  on  Animals: 

• In  the  Dilfertation  before  cited,  we  are  tofd,  how 
Animals  fuffered  both  with  them,  and  in  other  Places  5 
That  the  • Frelh-water  Fijh  were  every  where  killed  in 
“ their  Parts,  and  that  a vaft  Deftruftion  befel  their 
‘‘  f mall  Birds.  Both  which  things  he  was  informed  hap- 
pened  in  his  own  Country  alfo  at  Dantzick.  Nay 
**  fomc  did  not^  faith  the  Author^  ftick  to  affirm,  that 
^ they  faw  Birds,  as  they  flew  along,,  to  drop  down  out 
“ of  the  Air,  their  Strength  failing : That  the  Lufatia 
Letters  faid  many  Cows  were  frozen  to  Death  in  their 
Stalls^  And  many  Travellers  on  the  Road,  he  tells 

^ were 


n 

cc 

«c 

cc 

<c 


X 4*57  > • 

« were  fonw  quite  frozen  to 

- H.od„  Feet,  Note. » E.J.^  "S" 

were  in  great  thefe  Particulars  he  gives 

too  foon  near  the  Fire.  O ™ two  Gen- 

divert  Iriftances  from  f Vhove  6o  M'^n. 

tlemen,  and  a Smith  in 

» and  many  Cattle  near  Pdtw;  ’f  on 

« wuh  the  Cold.  Wbethe  y^^^^^^^^^  But  we  were  , 

our  Roads  in  'i-uiajiy  fome  Poft-Boys,  and 

told  of  fome  that  did  5 partic^a  y oiw^^^  J 

“ ^ “pTaTo  we^rfraty  of  them  deftroy’d  in  Pond^ 

water  Fiihalfo  a pr^eciallv  if  long  frozen  over  j 

that  were  (hallow,  ponds  were  not  kept 

fome  for  want  of  Ait,  Holes  in  the 

open  i and  fome  with  *e  “W  At  « ^the  M 

Ice,  where  in  great  numbers  tn  T . o„  board 

the’  Italian  TtCcoM  anT  feveral  loft 

“ our  Men  of  War  died  ^ before  named 

« Parts  of  their  Fingers  and  loes.  As  tne  ocio 

Or.  Ilewton  writes  to  me.  Animal-Ringdcm  were 

But  the  grea^ft  S«ffe  A tbe 

Birdt  and  JnfeSs.  ? j-  ygjy  fcarce  about  ns, 

Ftoft  were  numer  Sn  A notwithftand- 

° ReerS  in  the  following  Summer,  yet  even 

mg  their  tvecrmis  u fcarcity  remains, 

(till,  in  this  fucceed.ng  WiuKt  their  plen- 

Larka  a'P®,  both  ^ 5^  igjfg’jjt  \jelody,  became 

tifully  to  enten,,n  wt'J  t^r  M J,  ^ 

in  a manner  ,Sr  half  a Mile  or 

and  A are  they ’as  yet  become  fo  nuraerouJ 

a Mile  off-  N whether  this  was  an  univerfal  Cala- 

as  heretofore  B t h whether  it 

niitv  that  befel  that  , whether  they  were 

only  happened  otir  ^ 't  j t Pay  . 

not  driven  from  thefe  becaufe 


( '468  ) 

becaufe  I have  l3€en  told  that  in  fome-  other.  Counties  of  of 

Euglandy  which  abo^fnd  in  large  common  Ploiigh’d-Field?,  jO' 


and  where  Larks  are  commonly  more  numerous  charr  ! 

about  us,  they  have  had  large  Flights  of  Larks  this  pre-  I tlis 

fent  Winter  But  I have  lately  enquire  Uof  the  I Mi 

LW<?»-Poulterers  ^ and  they  tell  me,  they  -have  Larks  I 

from  alrnoft  all  Parts  of  England,  and  have  not  this  fol-  of 

lowing  Year  received  a Quarter,  nay,  fcarce  a Tenth 
j)art  of  the  Larks  they  ufed  to  have,,  by  reafon  the  Frolic,  & 

killed  them,  as  the  Bird-catcheis  fay.  n 


In  the  Ittfeci-Tribe^  I have  particularly  obferved  the  I s 

VcdicHlHi  Vnlfatorhis , ot  FaiidicHs,  or  Death  Watch^  to  be  \\ 

great  Sufferers.  *Tis  that  Death-watch  I mean,  which  there  L 

IS  the  Hiftory  given  of  in  Phil>  Tranf,  No.  271  and  291.  I, 

Vv^here  I have  taken  notice  of  the  great  Precaution,  and  1 

Art  of  that  Infed,  to  fecure  it  (elf  againCt  the  hard  Wea- 
ther, in  dry  Places  within  Doors,  under  downy,  light 
Dull:,  Notwithftanding  which,  they  feeia  to  have 

' been  great  Sufferers  by  the  Froft.  For  few  of  them  ap- 
peared the  following  Summery  and  in  places  where  they 
ufed  in  July  to  be  very  fonorous  with  their  Ticking  Noife, 
only  now  and  then  one  was  heard  ^ a manifeft  fign  of 
their  being  cither  killed,  or  rendered  lefs  fertile  and  vc-  | 

nefeous.  r 

The  Effe&s  of  the  Froft  on  VegetableSi 

k 

But  among- all  the  Sufferers  by  the  Froft,  the  Vegetable t 
tvere  the  moft  univerfal  5.  few  of  the  tender  Sorts  efcap- 
ing,  to  the  great  Dammage  of  the  Owners.  About  us, 

Bays^  Rofemary^  Cyprejfes,  Myrtles^  moft  of  the  Vhillyreds^ 
yea,  even  Junipers^  among  Shrubs  y and Colly  ^ 

Flowers,  and  a gre^t  many  other  Olitory  Plants  fuffered 
greatly.  In  a word,  fo  great  were  the  Dammages  done 
among  the  Gardens,  that  by  Enquiries  made  on  purpofe 
amoog  the  London  Gardiners,  I have  been  informed  fome 

ci 


■(  4^9  ) 

of  them  have  loft  to  the  Value  of  8oA  iod/.  year. 
200  /. 

But  the  rnoft  exa^  Account  I have  met  with,  is  from 
that  accnrare  Botanift  of  the  Oxford  Phyfick-Garden, 
Ut.  Ja.Boharf,  in  a Letter  to  the  ingenious  W.J.  Thorpe^ 
F.  R.  S.  in  which  he  takes  notice'.  That  the  I>amrnage5 
of  this  Froft  do  not  come  up  to  thofe  in  1683  • which 
Froft  being  of' longer- continuance,  cleft  the  Oal{s^  anl 
Bodies  of  the  Vims,  But  in  the  laft  Froft  there., 
were  Intervals  of  Relaxation,  befides  feveral  confidcrable 
Snows,  which  proved  a good  Guard  to  many  Plants. 
But  the  Snow  melting,  and  the  Cold  withal  coni huing,... 
proved  of  evil  Confequenee  to  many  Bulbous  and  Tube-. 
rous  Pvoots,  and  abundance  of  other  Things.  “ But  (he 
faith)  the  (harp,  dry,  and  cutting  Winds  from  the. 

“ North,  and  North-Eaft,  were  moft  Deftrudtive  to  ma~ 

“ ny  of  the  Ornaments  of  our  Cardens,  which  before  - 
‘‘'Teenrfd  fo  good  Natur’d,  as  to  be  almoft  naturaliz’d  to  . 
our  Clime  5 -as  Cyfrefs,  Bays,  Rofemarj,  Alattrmy  Bhillyr 
rcTs,  Arbuti^  Lafirfijlinesy  See.  as  alfo  to  moft  of  our  ■: 
‘‘  Frutefeent  Herbs,  fuch  as  Lavsffders,  AhrGto?inws^  Rne^ 
^^Tyme,  and  divers  others  of  fuch  Race,  efpecially  fuch 
“ as  had  their  Heads  above  the  kind  coveting  of  the  Snow:. 

“ And  not  luch  Exoticks  only,  but  fome  of  our  own  Na-. 
tives,  as  is  vifible  in  moft  of  our  Furze-fiA dr^  and  di-‘  ■ 
vers  Holl/esy  efpecially  of  the  finer  ftrip'd  Race,  have 
“‘  felt  thefmart  of  fuch  the  Vigour  of  the  Seafon,  by  the 
“‘lofs  of ‘their  Leaves,  beautiful  enough,  and  rometimea- 
“ -their  Lives, 

“ And  what  (he  faith)’  hath  been  more  obfervable  this 
“ Yearj^than  in  others,  is.  The  Sap  of  our  finer  mural 
“ Fruit-Trees,  as  of  Peaches^  AkBarifies^  Jpri€ocI{Sy  &r,  . 
“ was  fo  congealed  and  djfo  dered',  that  it  proved  ftagna- 
“ ted  in  the  Limbs  and  Branches,  and  equal  to  ChilU 
“ blains  in  Humane  Bodies^  which  in  too  many  Parts  of 
“ the  Tree,  turned  to  fo  frequent  Mortifications,  that  it 
“ ii very  much  to  be  doubted  whether  fuliicient  Vigour 


( 470  ) 

is  e^er  to  be  expected  from  them,  to  be  worth  their 
handing,  notwithftanding  their  weak  Endeavours  of 
(hooting,  and  recovering  of  fucll  their  Maladies,  feem- 
iag  to  make  work  for  another  Winter  to  compleat, 
“ what  this  hath  fo  unhappily  begun. 

And  it  is  nolefs  ohffervable  than  extraordinary,  That 
the  very  Buds  in  thefe  finer  Trees^  as  well  Leaf-Buds, 
as  Bloffom-Buds  (which  are  but  the  Ovaries  of  the 
fucceeding  FruitsJ  were  quite  killed,  and  dry’d  into  a 
farinaceous  Matter,  by  the  too  great  Sharpnefs  of  the 
‘‘  Cold,  before  they  grew  our,  though  Life  remained  in 
the  Branch. 

The  Plumbs,  being  more  hardy,  produced  their 
Bloilbms  well  enough  ^ but  through  the  chilling  Wets, 
before  mentioned,  which  happened  too  plentiful  about 
that  time,  and  the  great  Defetf  ot  nutritive  Warmth, 
they  grew  weak  ; with  their  little  Stalks,  or  Pedicles 
languilhing,  and  turning  Yellow,  generally  dropt  off, 
and  came  to  nothing. 

It  might  (he  faith)  reafonably  have  been  fuppofed, 
that  fuch  conjoyn’d  Cold,  with  repeated  Wets,  ftiould 
‘‘  have  deftroy’d  the  injurious  Infe&s,  which  ufually  in- 
‘‘  fefl:  the  firft  Produ(51:  5 but  even  in  this  Year,  they  liave 
‘‘  proved  vivid,  in  too  great  plenty  among  the  Apples 
and  Pears  (efpecially  the  former^  whofe  BlofComs,  as 
well  as  Leaves,  have  been  too  copious  pabulum  for 
thefe  voracious  Erucas,  whofe  Eggs  lay  dormant  all  the 
Winter,  fo  dry  in  their  Bags,  that  there  were  fo  ma- 
‘‘  ny  efcaped  from  being  frozen,  that  in  many  Places  they 
proved  enough  to  deftroy  the  whole  Verdure. 

‘‘  Hg-Trees  fhe  tells  us)  whofe  fofter  Texture  was 
more  eafily  penetrated,  have  fuffered  much,  mofl:  of 
them  being  cut  down,  to  begin  the  World  again. 

“ Many  Exotkk  Greens,  and  rare  Plants  coming  from 
” Africa  and  other  warm  Regions,  have  mightily  fuffered, 

“ efpe* 


/ 


( 47^  ) 

efpecially  in  fuch  Stoves  and  Confervatories  as  were  too 
parfimonioufly  defended  by  Fire. 

What  he  obfervetb  concerning  the  Deftrudion  of 
WheAt^  was  I believe  a general  Galarcity,  as  alfb  the  Par- 
ticulars he  takes  notice  of  much  the  fame  in  other  Places 
too,  vi%,  Where  the  Land  was  poor,  and  coldly  expo** 

“ fed,  there  the  WheAt  was  killed  5 that  many  Lands  of 
‘^'Wheat  efcaped  tollerably  well  on  the  warm  fide,  when 
” the  other  fide  was  quite  kjlled  with  the  Extremity  of- 
“ Cold. 

By  the  wArm  affd  cal d Sider^  I ftippofe  our  ingenious 
^ifObferver  meaneth  the  funny  and  fliady  Sides.  But  with  us  ■ 
the  Wheat  fuffered  rather  more  on  the  Southern,  funny 
Side,  than  the  Northern  ^ I fuppofcby  reafon  the  Ground  - 
was  fomcwhat  opened  by  the  Sun(hine,.and  the  covering 
of  Snow  melted,  and  way  thereby  made  to  the  Severity 
of  the  Nocturnal  Froft.  Upon  which’  account  I have 
heard  it  faid  by  fome  skilful  Obfervers,  Tfoat  VegetabUf  - 
ffiffcred  more  the  lafl  Winter  from  tha  Swt  than  the  Froji, 

In  Bffex  alfo,  about  us,  I obferved  many  final  I Fields 
of  three  or  four  Acres  of  Wheat,  to  efcape  pretty  well, 
where  fenced  with  thick  high  Hedges  againlf  the  cold 
Winds,  efpecially  where  they  were  covered  long  with; 
Snow  5 at  leaft  they  came  off  better  than  other  Parcels  of 
Land  expofed  to  the  Winds,,  that  diflodg’d  the  Snow, 
and  aggravated  the  Cold  alfq.  So  in  the  Parifii. where  t - 
live,  the  beft  Pieces  of  Wheat  were  fuch,  I obferved,  as 
lay  on’  gentle  Defcents  facing  the  Weft  orS.  W*  efpecially^ 

• when  guarded  on  the  Eaftern,  or  N.  Eaftern  fide  with  a ^ 
Hill,  or  a-  Wood  5-  which  fenced  off  the  cold  piercing  , 
Eafterly  and  North^EafteHy  Winds.  - 

And  not  only  Shrubs  and  Plants^  but  the  larger  Trees  • 
have  in  fome  Places*  had' their  (hare  of  Suffering  too, . 
But  it  was  obferved  by  fome  ingenious  Perfons  at  one  of 
the  Meetings  of  our  Society,  That  the  Calamities*  which., . 
Befell  T recs>  arofe  not  p^arel  j from  their  - being  frozen, 

but 


( 47i  ) 

' but  principally  from  the  Winds  fliaking  and 
"them  at  the  fame  time,  which  rent  and  pan 
Fibres. 

Thefe  have  been  fomc  of  the  mofl:  remarkable  Ef- 
fects of  the  Froft  on  the  Vegetables  of  the  more  Smtherly 
Parts  oFour  Ifland,  the  Northerly  (as  hath  been  obferved) 
^reaping  better  ^ as  will  appear  by  another  part  of  the 
foremen tioned  Letter  of  Sir  Rob»  Sibbald  in  thefe  Words: 

“ The  Corn  did  not  rife,  and  ripen  fo  foon  as  vvont^ 
but,  Bleffed  be  God,  there  hath  been  a plentiful  Har- 
veft,  well  brought  into  the  Barns  and  Yards.  And 
“ the  Price  of  Victuals  fwhich  was  high)  falls  lower 
daily.  There  was  no  greater*  number  of  thofe  who 
“ died,  than  was  ufual  during  the  Winter  formerly. 

As  to  other  Places,  I find  the  Effects  were,  in  the  mqre 
Southerly  Parts  of  Europe^  much  tiij  fame  on  their  Ve- 
getables as  in  ours.  In  Italy  my  forementioned  Illuftri- 
‘•ous  Friend,  Dr.  Newton  faith,  “ Almoff  all  the  Lemn 
and  Orange-Trees^  with  thofe  of  the  like  kind,  are  de- 
" ftroyed  in  this  Country  by  the  Froft,  and  a great  ma-  ' 
ny  Olive-Tree's.  The  Leaves  of  the  BajVJrees  have  the 
“ fame  Colour  now,  as  all  others  have  w hen  they  are 
falling  in  O&ober.  Befides  which  Cilarmtics  upon  Ve- 
getables, there  are  two  other  Difafters  he  tells  me 
-owing  probably  to  the  Froft,  which  Iftiall  menrion  here, 
for  want  of  a more  convenient  Place  to  bring  them  im  One  • 
is  a Difafter  that  happen’d  at  TLorence^  where  on  the 
fide  of  a Hill  were  formerly  many  Buildings,  which 
twice  falling  down,  by  the  Earth  giving  way,  a Wall 
“ was  Ereded  in  the  time  of  this  Great  Duke’s  Grandfa-  , 
‘‘  ther,  with  an  Infer! ption  on  the  Wall,  which  fepa rates 
‘‘  the  Ground  from  the  next  Street,  that  for  the  future 
“ no  Perfon  fhould  build  there.  After  the  Great  Froft, 

“ this  Wall  hath  fallen  down  too.  The  Hill  is  full  of 
Stones,  and  they  will  have  it,  that  as  thofe  increafe, 
the  Ground  is  pufhed  forward,  and  thereby  thrown 

down 


rocking 
their 


'(  473  ) 

“ down.  But  I am  apt  to  think,  the  Froft  might  havs 
a great  Concern  herein. 

The  other  Accident  befel  at  Pifa,  where  he  faith, 
That  upon  the  melting  of  the  Snows,  and  the  great 
“ Rains  which  fell  after  the  Froft,  although  the  JrKo  did 
“ not  Twell  over  the  Banks  at  Pifi,  yet  the  Water  at 
“ forac  diftance  from  the  River,  in  a middle  Row  of 
Houfes,  betwixt  the  River  and  the  Great  Street  oa 
the  North- fide,  with  great  Violence  broke  out,  and 
‘‘  if  it  bad  not  been  immediately  perceived,  and  the 
“ Breach  ftopp’d  by  the  throwing  in  of  a great  quanti- 
ty  of  Bricks  and  Timber,  that  part  of  the  Town  might 
have  been  in  danger  of  being  drowned,  where  the 
“ Palace,  and  the  PublickSchooU^  or,  as  they  call  it,  the 

^ SapietJTia  ft  and.  , T^  c rt' 

Dr.  Mich,  Angelo  TilU,  the  Learned  Botanick  Profeflor 

at  Pih  hath  only  told  me  in  a Letter  he  favoured  me 
with  from  thence,  That  the  Froft  hath  deftroyed  a 
world  of  Trees  both  in  City  and  Country  about  them. 
But  I wilh  he  had  been  as  particular  in  his  Aocount 

thereof,  as  our  Eminent-Botanift  before  mentioned. 

In  Sivitzerland^  among  the  high  Alpine  Ridges,  they 
felt  dire  Effefts  of  the  Froft,  but  yet  fome  Places  were  fo 
happy  as  to  efcape.  Of  which  Dr.  Woodward,  before 
commended,  imparted  to  me  the  following  Account  he 
received  from  Mr.  John  Schenchzer,  Brother  to  our  In- 
duftrious  and  Ingenious  Member,  John  James  Scheuch- 
zer  of  Zurich.  His  Words  are,  Effedus  tnftiffimos, 
“ quos  Hyeme  prseterita  fenfere  Arbores  noftras,  etiam 
craftiftimae,  praefertim  Juglandes,  Vites,  non  prorfus 
“ fenfere  loca^qusedam  praealtis  verfus  Septentrionem  Ju- 
« gis  munita.  Vefens  ad  Rivarium-Lacum  falv^e  man- 
fere  arbores  Vites,  ut  Vindemia  Tapud  nos  nulla) 
ibi  fit  copiofa  ^ Juglandes  fruaibus  onerat^,  uti  quo. 
que  arbores  reliqu^,  ac  fi  in  diverfo  fuccreviiient  a 
« vicinis  locis  Climate.  G*Undx,  mentis  altiftimi  incon- 
“ Rhdtorum  Sarunetum,  radidbus  aajacet  pagus 

Bbbb  X “mw. 


( A74  ) 

Vettis*  Hujus  incolaj  vix  unquam  mitiorem  Hyemenr 
« habuifle  telhntur,  dum  interim  incol^e  Pagi  proximo 
« Vale72ti<c^  fupra  Thermas  Fabarias  fiti,  durante  fummo 
Frigore,  aditu  mutuo  prorfus  interdufo,  veritt  fucre, 
“ ne  omnes  frigore  perierunt.  E contra  Sylva: 

Bores  expofit^,  8c  Arboribus  etiam  vivaciffimis,  Abie-- 
tibns,  Taxis,  Larlcibus  confitae,  quad  aduftae  rutum  in- 
duere  colorem,  foliifque  nudatae, 

LafUy,  as  to  the  Northerly  Parts  of  Germany ^ the  Cafe 
was  there  after  the  manner  it  was  with  us  which 
Mr.  Remus  being  very  curious  and  particular  in,  I (hall' 

' infert  the  particular  Matters  he  takes  notice  of  here, 
‘‘  Arbores,  faith  he,  et  frutices  ultra  nivis  fuperficiem 
^ prominentes  magno  numero  Frigus  deftruxif.  Cerafus, 
‘‘  Malus,  8c  Prunus  rifere.  Hyemjs  minas.  Malta- ramo- 
rum  Tegmenta  menfe  adhuc  Martio  Microfeopio-fuppo- 
fuit  D.  Prsfes  [that  is  Dr.  Wolfius^  the  Learned  and' 
Ingenious  Author  of  the  Rkm,  Aeromet.  Printed  at 
LeipfcK]  nee  quicquam  integritati  8c  turgefeentise  fibra- 
rum  deefPe  deprehendit. ...  ....  Flores  copiofi  in 

“ Cerafo,  rariores  in  Malo,  5cc. . ....  Nuces  Amyg- 

dais,  Mali  Pcrdcas  8c  .Mdi  Armeniacse  nobiliores  pa- 
riter  ac  ignobiliores,  Rofarum  frutices  tantum  non 
omnes  interierunt,  Pyri  plurimum  damni  perpelFci 
Vit^s  Tub  terra  defolTas  8c  Tatis  teclas  a frigoris  Tsvitie 
immunes  vidimus,  at  reliquas  contra  illud  non  TuflSci- 
**  enter  munitas  prorfus  deftruTtas  8c  ipfi  confpeximus, 
**  8c  Novelise  8cc.  .......  Gomraemoranda  vero  funt 

.....  quse  D.  Prsfes  annotavit.  Cum  ftatim  ab  squi- 

no^tio,  nive  liquefada,  8c  glacie  refoluta,  aditus  in 
“ Hortos  pateret,  Cortex,  Lignum,  8c ‘Medulla  in  iiS 
^ arboribus,  quibus  Frigus  infeftum  fuerat,  e;  g.  in  Fyro 
8c  Malo  Armeniaca,  nigricabant.  Unde  multi  : . . . . 
extirpabant,  * Cum  Tegmenta  ramorum,  qui  prsteritd: 
't  ^ftate  adoleverant,  miferofeopiis  Tubjicerentur,  fibril- 

‘‘  1st. 


<c 


Cl 


Cl 


<C 


( 475  ) 

Ixliinc  inde  difruptse,  non  fecus  ac  In  ligno  putndo, 
confpiciebantur : In  rdiqua  autem  ramorum  parte 
nulla  iftiufmodi  dirmptio  notari  poterat,  fuccus  unice 
defiderabatur  8c  viriditas.  Enimvero  cum  circa  mecii- 
um  Aprilis  arbores  calore  Solis  foverentur,  in  Malis  Ar- 
meniacis  ex  ligno  feniore  paffim  novas  Gernrna  erum- 
pebant,  in  quiburdara  etiaro  ex  juniore  ibi  provenie- 

bant  ubi  floras  progerminare  debuerant ; in  nonnul- 

“ lis  n’ullus  furculus  protrufus.  Pyri  Gemma:  omnes  evo- 
" luts,  8c  Flores  prodierc  confueto  tamen  vigore  plc- 
« rumque  deftitiiti,  atque  bine  nulla  Fruftuum  rudimenta 
“ relinquentes.  Tunc  temporis  viriditatem  plenariam  con- 
" fequetatur  Cortex,  nigrior  ex  centro  Medullz  vetfus 
“ peripheriammigrabat,  Ligni  fubftantia  candorem  recu- 
“ Mralat.  Fibrill*  novi  anni  adhuc  nigricabant,  per 
!!  Microfeopium  tamen  confpefta  non  minus  ac  fibrill® 

..  csdem  in  Cerafo  8c  Malo,  quas  frigus  mtaftas  reliquc- 
rat,  fucco  turgefeere  videbantur.  Equidem  medulla 
« fub  Gemmis  inlolitfl  nigredine  palEm  tingebaturj  radi- 
“ cula  tamen  Gemmae  in  fiirculum  protruf*  admodum  tur- 
V eida  8c  virens  oculo  armato  fiftebatur ......  Notabile 

“ veto,  quod,  quemadmodum  Frips  Pruno,  ua  etiam 
‘‘  eemmis^ Malorum  Armeniacarum  intra  corticem  furculo- 
Turn  Pruni  immiflis  iiepercerit,  in  proceras  frondes  nunc 
« excrefeentibus  juxta  arbores  fui  geriens,  quibus  tie  um- 
“ cam  Gemmam  intaftam  reliquerat  Frigus. 

" Having  difpatched  the  two  things  propofed,  the  De- 
cree and  E/feffrof  the  Froft,  I intended  here  to  have  put 
an  end  to  my  Hiftdry:  But  upon  a review  ot  the  fore- 
mentioned  Diflenatioh,  I cannot  eafily  forbear  faying 
fomething  to 

Caujes  of  the  Great  trofl, 

Thefe  are  to  me,  I confefs,  fo  very  much  hidden,  that 
upon  that  Account  I intended  wholly  to  have  pafied  over 
^ B b b b 2' 


0 


( 47^'  ) 

this  Matter ; but  the  laft  commended  Author  having  m- 
genioiifly  enquired  thereinto,  L (hall  as  briefly  as  may 
be  fhew  his  Opinion.  The  Fountain  of  Heat  enjoy’d  by 
the  Earth,  being  the  Sun,  and  that  Heat  being  not  always 
the  fame,  he  enquireth  into  the  reafon  why  it  is  not  fo. 
The  Variation  of  the  mutual  Diftance  between  the  Earth 
and  Sun  at  the  Apogee  and  Perigee^  the  mutation  of  the 
Earth’s  place  in  refpedt  ol  the  Heavens,  or  its  being  juft- 
led  at  a greater  diftance  from  the  Sun,  and  the  Obftrudi- 
on  of  the  Solar  Rays  by  the  Spots  on  the  Sun,  he  (after 
ingenious  Enquiries  and  Calculations^  rejeds.  • And  as  to 
the  trueCaufes,  having  afligned  good  Philofophical  Rea- 
fons  for  the  Perpendicular  warming  more  than  the  Ob- 
lique Rays,  for  the  Wind  cooling  the  Air,  and  the  North 
and  Eaft  more  than  other  Winds,  he  then  enume- 
rates his  Caufes  in  thefe  Words;  Ex  ha^emts  di^is 
ret,  qu^nam  ad  Frigns  hybernum  prodneendum  conenrrere 
pojjifit,  Nh^tirum  ex  parte  Solis  requiritur  in  gens  a vert  ice 
dijiantiiij  ^ exigua  fupra  Horizonte  tnoras  Ex parteTellu^ 
ris  vero,  Atntofphtsra  exhaUtionibHs  plena,  nubibns  gra^ 
vida-^  Ventique  Orientates  Septentrionales,  pr<eferiim  im- 
pel uop  reqHiruntur*  Omnium  autem  maximt  neeejfarium,  nt 

tones  Solis  d*  diu,  d^  turn  imp^rimis  impediantur^  quan- 
do  caufd  Frigoris  concurrunt. 

Having  thus  afligned  his.  Caufes,  he  then  applies  them 
to  his  five  Periods,  and  the  more  remarkable  Accidents 
that  happened  in  them. 

But  after  all,  notwithftanding  I like,  for  the  moft  part, 
his  Caufes,  as  being  thofe  which  are  the  common  and 
ordinary  ones,  yet  there  are  feme  other  more  hidden  ex- 
traordinary Caufes,  that  be  hath  not  reached*  For  we 
have  all  his  Caufes  very  commonly  concurring  in  other 
Winters,  without  the  fame  EfFeds  as  in  the  Jaft*  Yea 
this  prefent,  next  fucceeding  Winter  171I,  we  have 
had  (befides  what  is  common  to  all  Winters,  the  Obli-. 

quity 


f 


( 477  ) 

quity  of  the  Sun’s  Rays,  &c.  we  have  had  I Cay)  the- 
Winds  as  much  Northerly  and  Eafterly,  and  as  ftrong  j 
and  as  much  dark  Weather;  and  all  concurring  too  to- 
gether, as  happen’d  during  the  Great  Froft  r And  yet  no 

more  than  ordinary  fevere  Weather. 

But  as  to  mifty,  cloudy,  dark  Weather, 
in<^enious  Author  reckons  among  his  principal  Caules,  i 
am  lo  far  from  thinking  it  a Caufe,  that  I rather  take  it 
to  be  the  reafon  we  have  not  more  frequent  fevere  Frolls, . 
at  kaft  in  Our  Ifland-places,  furrounded  by  the  warm  Va- 
pours of  the  Sc^i.  Clouds  and  Vapours  do  indeed  inter- 
cept,  and'keep  off  the  Sun-beams ; and  probably  imbibe 
and  retain  a great  deal  of  Warmth  themfelves;  nay  per— - 
haps  they  may  C«  he  faith)  telka  back  fome  of  the 
Sun-i\-ays:  But  vve  conhantly  in  Winter  find,  that  the 
fewer  the  Exhalations  are,  and  the  clearer  the  Ait,  and 
after  the  Warmth  of  the  San  by  Day,  the  lhaipei  the 


Froft  is  at  Night.  r a-  • ir 

But  now,  after  that  I have  denied  the  fufiiciency  of 

the  ordinary  Caufes,  it  may  be  expeaed  I (hould  fubjoyn 
otliers.  But  as  I have  declared  my  Ignorance  of  them, 
little  can  be  expeded.  Only,  thus  much  feems  to  me 
reafonable;  That  the  great  Mint  of  Meteors  being  the 
Superior  Regions  of.  the-Air,  and  the  .Source  «f  Exhala- 
tions being  the  Terraqueous-Globe  m thofe  tvvo  Places 
we  are  to  feek  for  the  farther,  and  more  grand  Caufes  of 
the  late  Froft.  And  in  the  fourteen  and  more  Years  Ob- 
fervations  I have  made  of  the  Weather,  I have  found 
a .Treat  deal  to  be  attributed  to  the  Increafes  and  De- 
creafes  of  the  Cold  of  the  Upper  Regior.s,  as  alfo  to 
the  inner  Difpofitions  of  our  Globe,  at  lead:  to  tlw  great- 
er or  kfs  Plenty  of  Vapours  and  Exhalations.  But  not 

as  vet  having  Obfervations  enough  to  clear  and  demon- • 

ftrate  my  Hypothefis,  I muft  beg  leave  to  defer  what  i, 
mkht  have  faid  fand  may  perhaps  at  feme  other  tima 


478  ) 

do,  it  God  fpare  Life)  which  may  give  Toms  Light  to 
our.  prefent  Phoenomenon. 

Thus  Jiaving  given  as  full,  but  withal  as  brief,  a Re- 
lation, as  well  I could,  of  the  Great-Froft  in  cur  Europe- 
an Parts,  I ftiould  have  been  glad  to  have  done  the  fame 
for  the  Afatkk  and  American  Parts  of  the  W orld.  But 
not  having  any  Accounts  thereof,  and  Hiving  in  a fome*. 
what  obfcure  Part  of  the  Country)  not  having  opportu- 
nity to  make  Enquiry  of  Travellers,  I muft  be  forced  to 
omit  this  material  Part  of  the  Hiftory.  But  if  I fhould 
be  fo  happy  as  to  get  any  good  Accounts  thereof,  this 
Honourable  Society  may  exped  a Supplement  here- 
unto. 


IL  Mu 


I 


(’479)  - 


li  Mkrofcofkd  OhferVations  upon  the  Configuration 
of  Diamonds : In  a Letter  from  Mr.  Antony 
Van  Leeuwenhoek,  F.  % S. 


Honourable  Gentlemen, 

I Take  the  Liberty  of  troubling  you  again  with  thefc 
my  following Obfervations,  which  I have  had  Iain  by  - 
me  thefe  three  YeSrs,  within  which  time  I caufed  them  to 
be  delineated'by  my  Painter,  and  engraven  upon  a Cop- 
per-Plate^ the  Draught  ot  which  I here  fend  You. 

I have  been  often  ask’d,  whether  I could  difcover  any 
thing  particular^  the  Configuration  of  Diamonds^  where- 
upon fbme  Years  ago,  Itookafraall  polifh’d  Diamond^ 
and  broke  it  to  Pieces  with  a Pair  of  Pincers^  but  having, 
obferved  nothing  mote  in  the  broken  Particles  thereof, 
than  in  thofe  of  Common  GJafs,  I laid  afide  all  Thoughts 

of  it  for  that  time;  , t r 

■ Some  Months  ago  it  came  into  my  Head,  that  I ihoud 
have  . made  my  Remarks  not  upon  polilh  d,  but  ruff  Dia- 


Whereupon  I procur'd  a few  fmall  ruff  Diamonds  from 
a Jeweller,  fome  of  which  I placed'before  a Microfcope,. 
and  obferved  one  of  them  more  particularly  5 concerning 
which  I concluded,  that  all  thofe  Streaks  or  Fibres  which 
I faw  in  it,  were  nothing  more  than  the  feveral  Coagula, 
tions  or  Augmentations  it  had  receiv’d  from  time  to  time, 
and  that  in  a very  (hort  fpace, . 


/ 


Bg.  I,  A.  B.  C.D.  E.  F.  reprefents  a fmall  Particle  of 
a little  Diamond,  as  it  appear’d  thro’  a Microfcope  ^ in 
which  between  A.  and  B.  asalfo  between  C.  D,  E.  and  F. 
you  may  obferve  a great  Number  of  Lines  or  Fibres  in 
the  faid  Djaraond5  each  of  which  Fibres  was  occafion’d  as 
I fnppofe  by  the  -Increafe  or  Acceffion  of  new  Mattter, 
which  whether  it  was  form’d  in  one  Day  or  more,  is  not 
much  to  the  purpofe. 

Now  that  the  iacreafe  of  Diamonds  is  madeinfuch  an 
Order  and^Manner,  we  may  conclude  the  rather,  -becaufe 
we  are  fure  that  the  fame  thing  happens  in  the  Coagula- 
tion of  many  Salts. 

I have  taken  fome  of  thefe  Particles  feveral  times,  and 
laid  them  upon  burning  Wood-Coals  ’till  they  were  red 
hot,  and  in'that  Condition  thrown  them  into  the  Water, 
to  fee  whether  they  wou’d  burft  to  Pieces,  or  whether 
there  wou’d  be  any  reparation  of  Matter^rom’them^  but 
that  never  happening,  I muft  conclude  mat  there  was  no 
Air  nor  any  Moidure  (hut  np  within  them. 

One  Particle  of  a Diamond  appear’d  to  the  Sight,  as 
Fig.  2.  G.  H.I.  K.  L.  after  I had  made  it  red  hoc,  and 
Oaked  it  in  Water  feveral  times  5 in  this  alfo,  between  L« 
and  C.  you  may  obferve  feveral  fmall  Streaks  or  Fibres ; 
and  when  I obferved  it  the  laft  time,  after  I had  taken  it 
out  of  the  Water,  it  appear’d  betweea  L.G.  H.  and  I.  juft 
as  if  fome  fmall  Scales  had  been  feparated  from  it^  ju(f 
like  the  fhining  or  gliftering  Parts  which  I have  often 
feen  in  feveral  Stones,  and  particularly  in  the  great  Flint- 
Stone  that  is  brought  in  Ships  from  Greenland  for  Ballad, 
when  the  Whale-Fi(hing  is  not  good,  and  when  itsChry- 
-■ftalline  or  Diamond  Tranfparency  is  gone- 

Vig.  3.  M.  N.  O.  P.Q.  R.  reprefents  aI(o  a Particle  of 
a Diamond,  as  it  appear’d  thro’  the  Microfcope,  after  it 
^liad-been  made  feveral  times  red  hot  and  thrown  into 

cold 


(481  ) 

cold  Water  5 in  the  middle  of  which  one  might  perceive 
fuch  Slits  or  Cracks  as  one  might  compare  w the  Top  or 
Cieling  of  an  Unwainfcoited  Church  within  fide,  which 
was  no  unpleafant  Speftacle,  but  con’d  not  be  fo  well 
traced  by  the  Painter  as  it  ought  to  have  been;  but  whe- 
this  Appearance  be  natural  to  the  Diamond,  or  whether 
it  proceeds  from  the  breaking  it  in  Pieces,  is  unknown  to 
me  ; but  my  Opinion  is,  that  it  was  nor  occafion  d by 
its  being  made  red  hot,  and  thrown  afterwards  into  the 
Water,  for  it  it  had  been  fo,  the  Diamond  wou  d have 
been  feparated  into  a great  many  Particles,  or  one  woud 
have  difeovered  feveral  Cracks  or  Flaws  in  it:  For  a cer- 
tain Goldfinith  having  bought  feveral  fmall  Stones  tor 
Diamonds,  and'which  many  People  wou’d  have  taken  tor 

precious  Stones,  be  gave  me  three  or  four  of  them  to  vie  w, 

and  I prefently  judged  them  not  to  be  Diamonds,  tor 
they  had  neither  fliarp  Points  nor  fmooth  Sides,  but  ap- 
oeared  like  tranfparent  Panicles  of  Sand,  whofe  Angles  or 
Points  were  worn  off;  he  allow’d  me  alfo  to  make  tljein 
red  hot,  and  to  throw  them  into  the  Water  afterwards, 
which  I did,  and  obferved  by  the  help  of  my  Microfcope, 
that  they  had  got  a great  many  Rents  or  Cracks  m them, 
infomuch  that  with  a little  fqueezmg  they  wood  crumble 


'all  to  Pieces.  ^ , r n o • 

Be-  4*  S,  T.  V.  W.  X.  Y.  reprefents  the  fmall  Parti- 
cle of  a Diamond,  no  bigger  to  the  naked  Eye  than  a 
fmall  Grain  of  Sand,  from  whence  you  may  )adge  alio  ot 
the  lareenefs  of  the  other  Diamond  Particles,  reprefent- 
' ed  by  the  preceediog  Figures  5 this  laft  mention’d  Parti- 
cle  was  not  put  into  the  Fire.  You  may  alfo  obferve  at 
S.  T.  V.  W.  and  Y.  the  fliarp  Points  of  the  faid  Par- 
ticle 

From  whence  I conclude,  that  I was  right  in  my  for- 
mer Remarks  concerning  the  Particles  of  Sand ; to  wir, 
that  the  faid  very  fmall  Particles  confifting  ot  regular 

Cccc  Points 


( 42  ‘ )' 

Points  and  fmooth  fides  like  Diamonds,  were  foft  at  their' 
firft  Coagulation,  but  grew  greater  and  larger  by  the  Ac- 
ceilion  of  new  Matter,  ’(ill  they  became  large  Grains  of 
Sand  5 and  moreover,  that  fome  Diamonds  were  form’d 
after  the  fame  manner. 

Now  as  we  find,  that  in  the  Diffolution  of  Silver  by 
Jqna  fortisy  fome  of  the  fmall  Silver  Particles  are  Coa- 
gulated  in  Chryftals  of  the  figure  of  Diamonds  5 and  that 
the  Sugar  which  is  boiled  to  a Syrup  in  order  to  make, 
Sugar  Candy,  is  alfo  Coagulated  into  fuch  Particles  5 fo 
we  may  likewife  fuppofe,  tharat  the  time  when  the  Dia- 
mond Particles  coagulate,  a great  deal  of  the  fame  Mat- 
ter whereof  they  are  compofed  is  in  the  Air,  but  not  to- 
be  perceived  by  our  naked  Eye,  nor  theT^iantity  thereof 
to  be  known  'till  it  is  Coagulated  into  a Body  ; And  who 
knows  but  if  a Shovel  of  that  Earth,  out  of  which  they 
dig  Diamonds,  were  brought  over  and  carefully  Exa- 
by  a Microfeope,  one  might  difeover  abun-  - 
dance  of  exa£f  and  compleat  little  Diamonds  of  an  un- 
rpeakable  fmall nefs. 

I know  there  are  a great  many  People  v/ho  are  of  Opi- 
nion, that  many  things  lying  irT  the  Bowels  of  the  Earthy 
and  efpecially  Diamonds,  grow  bigger  and  bigger,  and' 
that  their  Increafe  is  occaBoned  by  fubterraneous  Fires 
driving  the  Damps  up  higher  and  higher,  which  Damps^ 
they  fay  are  impregnated  or  loaden  with  Mineral,  Chry-- 
ftalline  or  Adamantine  Particles.- 

But  I am  not  Of  that  Opinion,  for  if  it  were  true  that 
an  Adamantine  Matter  were  produced  by  the  Subterrane- 
ous Fires  driving  Up  the  Damps,  we  muft  conclude,  that, 
Ihat  Matter  wou’d  be  fluid,  and  then  that  fluidv Matter 
fo  driven  up,  wou*d  Coagulate  with  the  Diamonds  it  met: 
ill  its  way,  and  make  them  greater  y but  if  that  were  true, 
this  Adamantine  Matter  fo  driven  up,  cou*d  not  have  the 
Power  to  diCperfe  the  Eanttor  Sand  with  which  the  Dm- 

mond^ 


( 48?  ) 

mond«  were  furrounded,  in  order  to  its  own  /vccreftion 
or  Coalition  therewith,  but  this  Coagulating  Adamantine 
Matter  wou’d  involve  Earth,  Sand,  or  whatever  other 
'Particles  lay  in  its  way,  by  which  means  there  would  be 
no  fuch  Thing  as  a dear  and  clean  Diamond  digg’d  out 
of  the  Earth. 

I know  that  there  are  fomerufFDiamonds  in  and  about 
which  there  is  an  earthy  Matter,  but  that  does  not  feem 
ftrange  to  me,  becaufe  it  happens,  as  I imagine,  in  the 
very  Coagulation  of  the  Diamonds,  and  when  the  Parts 
thereof  were  foft. 

Among  feveral  Hexangular  Pieces  of  Rock-Chryftal, 

I have  obferved  feme  whofe  fides  appear’d  very  fmooth 
to  the  naked  Eye,  and  whofe  Points  did  not  at  all  re- 
Temble  Chryftal,  but  rather  a dark  Earth  5 which  I con- 
ceive to  be  only  occafion’d  by  the  neighbouring  Earth’s 
infinuating  itfelf  into  the  Points  of  the  faid  Chryftal,  at 
its  firft  Coagulation,  and  when  k was  foft. 

Let  us  now  fuppofe  a Diamond  lying  in  the  Earth,  and 
growing  continually  greater^  whofe  Axis  was  the  4th  part 
'of  an  Inch,  or  150  Hairs  breadth,  and  that  fuch  a Dia- 
mond in  the.fpace  of  Ten  Years  was  fo  much  encreasM, 
that  its  Axis  or  the  Bignefs  of  its  Body  was  augmented 
on  every  fide  half  a Hairs  breadth,  and  fo  proportionably 
^every  Ten  5 by  confequeitce  Then  itr  of 

^000  Years  its  Axis  wou’d  be  Three  Hundred  Hairs 
breadth  greater,  by  which  means  the  Diamond  wou’d 
be  Twenty  Seven  Times  bigger  than  at  firfV. 

Now  if  we  fuppofe,  that  a Diamond  in  the  fpace  of 
Ten  Years  does  incrcafe  oh'  all  fides  a Hairs  breadth,  its 
Axis  wou’d  be  two  Hairs  breadth,  which  in  5000  Years 
wou’d  be  750  Hairs  breadth,  and  then  the  laft  mention’d 
wou’d  be  125  times  bigger  than  the  Diamond 
"whofe  Axis  was  150  Hairs  breadth  : Now  fuppofing  a 
Diamond  whofe  Axis  was  150  Hairs  breadth,  and  its 

C c c c 2 Weight 


( 484  ) 

Weight  7 Carrats,  what  a prodigious  Diamond  wou*d 
that  be  whofe  Axisis  750  Hairs  breadth,  and  where  fhall 
we  find  fuch  a Diamond  ? I hope  that  your  Ho- 
nours will  find  fomething  in  thefe  Obfervations  which 
mav  be  acceptable  to  you,  and  in  the  mean  time  I 
ihall  remain, 

* ' ' * - 

■ > ■ . . . r ' 

HonoHYahU^  Gsnthmiti^ 


Tonr  mjl  Hnmhk  Servant^ ' * 


* \ 

L.f-,  1 


. 7 

- > VJr 


V.  ^ 


r • • 

Antony  van  LeeuwenhoeL 

' - - ' 3 ff  '^3  'I  g j 

: V.  / 


• T \ 

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■'i  fr- 1 .‘-nq:,- 


,r. 


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•<  -I'  ■ » 't.1  'ivi  ? ’ i “I  I ' si 

. ..  r?  -t  . i 


f. 

\ 


l/’  f!  r 

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».  a.irr.iM  .lii'.T  Xii  : . 1 

-j  r'-rniT  . 

♦ • ^ ^ 

; //::  c ' / 'll 


>»  r*  ' • 

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. . . • ^ -n  <;-• 

* f -jHk  ‘ D (j 

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■ /I  : . c>  r vi  c 

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k * - t , X . 


« 


fv  4^  5* ) 


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--I 


> , 


HI  4 t Liiur  frtm  ik  Mr.  W, 

' Derha4 

■ <R.  S.  Sec.  filling  •Mvi.^ccouHt.«.()f<]  a.  C'w  .. 

: -oyi^  in' the 


r -- 


4-»;  t 
^ » . 1 * - ' 

o r p ,*  n'j  ^rt 

Smrday  hfti.gsve 

« wLW  at 

night  of  =‘;f°Veks  wanting  one  Day.  The  Child 
times,  for  five  Week 

S a ver5  qui^t  The  Woman’s  Name  is 

SrS^'^the  firft  time  ffie  Child  "crfd  was 
She  told  me,  t ^ 

*"  • hvlf^  forced  ^er  olt  of  Bed,  and  gave  her 

K^SSnV  of  her  Labour  being  neater  than  her 
AptrfdWdfionS  or  n whenever  the  Child 

Reckoning.  And  every  ti  _ 

cry’d,  (he  had  violent  Pams  child 

From  th®  v'ery  r^^  f^^ptSer’s  Leit-fide,  and  fhe  ne- 
$ef  perJeiS  ^tjojir 

preached.  *'  c^g  vVeeks  efcaped  with- 

* Kr  Lch!  But  the  woman  obferved, 
out  Crying  jj^g  and  molt 

cetwinly.*^  The  Bs  aybg  mi^ 

£1S“S  “»■  '“"'"Sia 


> .r. 


( ) 

I' aTn  ^ fo  Hearty,  that  the  Child  would  fob 

/’Both  the  Mother  and  Midwife  (a  fenfible  WomaB 
in  her  Bulinefi)  anfwered  me  a great  many  Quefti- 
ons , fome  of  which  I mention  not. 

Only  in  general  they  told  • me,  they  found  no -great 

Difference  between. her dn-  her  Cafe,  and. other  Wo- 

ffien  in  the  fame  Condition.  I asked  the  Woman  whe- 
ther_  (he  had  rcceiv?d  any  Falls,  or  Hurts,  or  was 
trouble  with  ^Longings  more  than  with  her  Child 

^ before.)  She 

wld  me  (he  had  received  no  Hert.  but  was  more  en- 
ehmng  to  1-onging ; but  had  what  (he  long’d  for. 

SJ:R, 


' - i -•  1 .£  Humble' S 

'•Upminfter,  Novem.' 

*7Q9- 

y ’ ' * * V , 


I * -t  ^ ' w. 


i.‘:  < a 


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* . 1. 1 


W.  Dcrham*.' 


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Vi.  y 


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17 

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I 4 , - 


W.-al 


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IV.  A Jhort  Dijfertation  concerning^  the  ChMs  ^ 
Crying  in  the  Womb.  , Sy  jhe  ^eVere?id  Mr^  . 
W.  Derham, 


]'  Have  already  given  the  Society  a Rektion  of  the 
moft  material  Circumftances  of*  the  Vagitus-  Dterwus^^ 
that  happened  lately  near  me.  That  Account  was  fome- 
whathaRily  written,  without  confidering  the  manner  of  > 
the  Foetus’s  Lite,  and  the  Difputes  about  it  among  fome  - 
of  the  moft  Learned  Anatomifts.  And  having  fince  more 
maturely  xonfidered  the  Matter,  and  made  fome  farther” 
Enquiries  into  the  Gafe,  l hope  a (hort,  . and  farther  Differ-^ 
tation  upon  that  Subjeft  will  not  be  unacceptable  ^ - efpe-  - 
dally  becaufe  I find  the  Cafe  near  me  to  be  more  confide- 
rable,  or.at  leaft  that  a better  Account  may  be  gken  of  ^ 
it,,  than  I find  of  any  in  the*  Authors  I haveconfulteda-  f 
bout  k ; and  it  may  perhaps  conduce  in  fome  meafure  to  ^ 
the  afeertaining  the  Fad,  which  fome  of  the  .moft.  confi-  ^ 
derable  Members  of  our  Society  (aa  fome  of  the  moft 
Learned  Authors)  called  in  Q^eftion. 

Amono^^^.the  Auihors  that  qoeftion  the  Facf,  two  of  the  - 
moft  con^derable  are  Et^iuller-^nd  Dlemrl>rceck.  \ The-- 
Learned  Etmlltr  declares  Diemrhroeck*^  Opinion,'  as  well  v 
as  his  own,*  in  his  Dijfertatwn  de  ahjirufo  Refpiratioms 

mgoth,  Ch.  9.  Where  he  treats,  ol  our  fatiK.us 
Dr.  Harveys  Ptobleme,  my  the  Feetus  after  Deltvcry,  arid  / 
before  it  hath  Breathed,  cart  live  for  fotjte  Honrs  in  hs  Afer^ 
burden,  but  having  breathed  but  once,  cannot  live  fcaree 

a.  moment  in  that  manner'^  Etmuller^s  Words  to  our  pur- 

pole  : 


«. 

C 488  ), 

pofe  are,  VdgiUm  Uterimm  itivincihUe  nonmill  exifilmni 
argnmentnm  pro  Refpiratione  Fcetiis  in  Utero  demonflranda» 
Sed  cum  nmlkrhihrum^  qn^  plernmque  in  hifce  ca/lhus  invO' 
caniur  teftes^  fuhlejia  adfnodum  fdes,  me  fatis  circuwfpe&a 
f/t  obfervatioj  nt  pro  bafi  Froblematis  hujHS  refolvendi  infer* 
virs  qmat'^  mrito  fefpi c amir  cHm'  C lari jf,  DiemrhroeciOy 
fiqms  certo  obfervafns  ffterrt,' ' e fibilo  intejiinorum 
Jiatnlentorum  a feet h comprejfornm  orUm  dnxiffe^  qui  feepe  mi* 
rus  audit ur^  fufpiria  gemitufque  in  quibu/dam  mentiens>  Si- 
milia  quoque  ad  pipientium  Rullorum^  intra  ovi  teflam  adhuc 
exijientium,  fenum^  quern  edittm  ferunt  aliquandoy  reponi* 
mus  : Pr£primis  cum,  extenuatus  aqu(C  vapor  ad  corpora  tenui* 
-OTa  allifes  non  minus  fibilum  excitare  obfervetnr  ; nti  id  ex- 
peri  me  nto  pro  bat  iUufer,  Boyleus. 

The  Matter  of  Fad  being  thus. called  in  Quedion,  may 
Ti  my  OpiniDH  receive  an  Anfwer,  in  fome  meafure,  -from 
the  Cafe  I have  fpoken.of,  and  into  which,!  have  made 
•fprae  farther  Enquiries.  Concerning  which  I jnurt  needs 
fay,  that  notwithftanding  I ftiould  be  as  much  enclined 
"as  any  Man  to  doubt  of  the  Fad,  being  clearly  of  Opini- 
.Qnjfhat  the  Foetus  doth  not  live  in  the  Womb  by  Breath- 
jpg,  yet  the. Evidence  is  fo  clear  to  mein  the  prefent  Cafe, 
-that  I am  fully  fatisfy’d  dt  was  really  Crying  of  the  Foetus^ 
and  not  Croaking  of  the  Guts,  or  Womb,  or  the  Efifed 
ol  any  Feminine  Imagination. 

For,  here  we  have  a thing  happening  not  once, » or 
twice  only,  but  a .great  many  times  ^ almofl:  every  Day, 
and  divers  ttimes  in  the  Day  ^ and  that  for  near  five 
Weeks  together.  Enough  to  have  difeovered  any  ^Mi- 
Fake,  or  to  have  undeceived  even  a fanciful  Perfon. 

In  the  next  Place,  we  have  the  Child  heard  to  Cry  a- 
loud,  fo  as  to  be  dilfindly  heard  by  Perfons  in  another 
Room.  Confequently  the  Hearers  could  more  cafily,  and 
x-:n\  nly  dihinguifn  whether  the  Noife  was  Crying  or 

Croaking, 


t 4*9  ) 

Croakjftg.  The  DefcripciQ.i  the  Mother  and  others  gave 
me  thereof  was,  That  the  Noife  the  Child  made,  was 

as  if  a Born-Infant  had  Cry’d  eagerly,  (hut  up  clofe  in 
• a Tub- 

In  the  third  Place,  The  Crying  Teemed  to  be  To  eager 
and  hearty,  as  to  end  in  Sobbing,  like  what  is  obfervable 
oftentimes  in  Born  Infants. 

In  the  fourth  Place,  It  was  heard  not  alone  by  the  Fa- 
ther and  Mother,  or  one  or  two  befides,  but  by  many,  or 
moft  of  the  Neighbourhood,  both  near  and  farther  off, 
and  many  of  them  Perfons  long  uTed  to  Children  5 who 
do  all  with  the  greateft  Aflurance  affirm  it  to  have  been 
as  manifeft  Crying,  as  ever  they  heard  from  a Born-In- 
fant, and  nothing  like  any  Noife  of  Wind,  or  the  Cuts: 
As  on  Enquiry  they  all  particularly  told  me. 

And  in  the  laft  Place,  The  Midwife  told  me,  that  lay- 
ing her  Hand  on  the  left  fide  the  Woman’s  Belly,  where 
the  Child  lay  when  it  Cryed,  (he  could  plainly  feel  a 
Moiion  under  her  Hand,  like  that  of  I^efpiration,  every 
Blaft  of  the  Child’s  Crying  fenfibly  touching  upon  her 
Band. 

Thefe  Particulars  being  confiJered,  do  not  only  prove 
the  reality  of  the  Thing,  but  (liew  the  Cafe  to  be 
very  conhderable.  I have  met  with  many  Inftances 
of  this  Nature  in  divers  Authors,  but  not  one  that 
was  of  fo  long  Continuance,  and  in  which  there 
were  fuch  frequent  Reiterations  of  the  Crying.  Some 
of  the  bed:  attefteJ  Cafes  I have  met  with,  may  de- 
ferve  to  be  recounted  here.  And  the  Learned  Per- 
zafeha  of  Bajil  hath  given  us  fo  good  a Catalogue 
of  them  in  the  third  Obfervation  of  his  Obferv.  Me- 
die--  that  I (hall  go  no  farther  for  more.  And  paf- 
hng  by  the  Cafes  he  mentions,  attefted  only  by  vul- 
gar illiterate  Perfons,  I (liall  name  only  a few  that 
feem  to  have  more  fenfible  Perfons  for  their  Evi- 

D d d d dcHv'e. 


< 49°  ) 

clence.  A fit.  Denfrigutf  in  his  Dljjhrt.  de  Gef/erat, 
F^itis  tell  us  (he  faith)  “ how  that  he  had  it  from 

his  Collegue  Monaus,  that  the  Child  cry’d  in  his 
‘‘  Wife’s  Womb,  and  the  fame  befel  the  Wives  of 
“ Mr.  SAfMHthj  and  Mr.  Grcenwolt.  His  next  Relation 
is  that  of  our  Dr.  Needham,  of  the  Foetus  crying 
in  the  Womb  of  an  Etigitjb  Woman  of  Quality,  as  ftie, 
her  Husband,  and  Chaplain  were  together  at  Supper. 
Which  being  a Story  that  every  one  is  acquainted 
with,  that  hath  feen  the  Dolor’s  excellent'  Book 
De  formato  foetUy  I Qiall  not  mention  the  Particu- 

lars of  it.  The  laft  Indance  is  of  ChrifiUn  If. 
King  of  Defimark.,  who  was  heard  to  Cry  before 
he  was  Born.  Now  thefe  being  Cafes  atteded  by 
• Perfons  that  may  be  fuppofed  of  better  Underftanding 
than  the  fanciful  Vulgar,  feem  to  claim  fomewhat  more 
of  Credit : The  Utter  being  the  Cafe  of  a Ring,  and  in 
all  probability  heard  by  fome  of  the  belt  Quality  about 
the  Court  5 the  next  heard  by  the  Chaplain  as  well  as 
Perfons  of  Quality  themfelves,  and  that  three  times  one 
after  another  ^ and  the  former  coming  within  the 
Cognifance  of  Gentlemen,  and  they  probably  Men  of 
Learning  too. 

Upon  this  whole  Eviderce  <^and  more  I could  have 
added,  even  from  the  time  of  Hippocratefy  I fay  from 
hence)  I conclude,  That  the  Foetus  doth  really  Cry 
fometimes  in  the  Womb  5 although  how  this  is  per- 
formed is  hard  to  account  for:  Surely  not  without 
Refpiration.  And  therefore  I am  apt  to  think,  that  * 
although  the  Foetus  doth  not  ordinarily  breathe  in  the 
Womb,  yet  it  is  polfible  for  it  to  have  an  occafio- 
cal,  temporary  Refpiration  there.  But  whether  in 
fuch  Refpiration,  any  of  the  Blood  paffhh  Into  the 
Lungs,  or  whether  it  doth  not  continue  its  Circula- 
tion through  the  Foramen  Ovale  only : Or  if  any  more 
than  ordinary  Blood  (hould  by  fuch  Refpiration  get 


0 


( 490  . ^ . 

into  the  Lungs,  whether  it  may  not  eaffly,  and  without 
Inconvenience  be  difcharged  thence,  during  that 
State  of  Life  the  Foetus  leads  in  the  Womb:  AU 
thefe  Doubts  I muft  confefs  my  felf  unable  to  deter- 
mine. But  however  thus  much  favouring  ray  Opi^ 
nion,  may  be  obferved  in  the  Sea-Calf,  and  lucli 
other  Animals  as  have  the  Foramen  Ovale,  That  the 
Circulation  of  their  Blood  is  continued,  notwith- 
ftanding  the  difcontinuance  of  their  Refpiration  for  a 

long  time.  . , u 

As  to  the  Feeping  of  Chich^ns  in  the  Fgg,  about 

which  EW/«r  bath  the  fame  doubt,  as  ot  ciie  Vagitut 
VteriHHs,  I have  my  felf  divers  tines  heard  that, 
both  from  Chickens  and  Ducks.  And  a Perfon  more 
Converfant  in  fuch  Matters  than  ray  felt  affuresme. 
That  a little  before  the  Hatching,  Ihe  hath  often, 
and  can  at  any  time  caufe  feme  Chickens,  _ and 
Ducklings  to  peep  in  the  E^.  She  faith,  thtt  fbme- 
times  whole  Nefts  of  Eggs  will  yield  a Cry,  foine- 
times  onlysfome  particular  Eggs:  But  tba^t  fiicli  Eggs 
as  have  once  afforded  a Peeping,  may  be  raade  to 
Peep  and  Cry  at  any  time,  by  lhaking  the  ^g. 
and  putting  the  -Youngling  into  a diforder.  And 
fometimes  where  there  hath  not  been  any  Noife  be- 
fore heard,  the  Bird  hath  been  made  to  Cry,  by 
ftiakint'  the  Egg  in  which  it  was  enclofed. 

The  Caufe  ot  this  Peeping  in  the  Shell,  I take  to  be 
from  fome  Uneafinefs  the  young  Bitd  may  find  there. 
It  being  arrived  to  its  perfed  State  in  the  Egg,  w 
citbea'  weary  -its  Confinement  therein,  and  dehretb 
more  liberty  ; or  elfe  it  lies  nneafily,  or  is  offended 
with  (baking,  and  therefore  Peepeth  and  Cryeth,  as 

when  uneafy  out  of  the  Shell  . i „ -.t. 

And  after  fome  fuch  manner  I take  it  to  be  with 

an  Humane  Feetus ; that  it  is  sn  fome  Diforder,  and 
uneafy  in  the  Womb,  and  therefore  Cryeth  as  well 
^ D d d d a m, 


( ^pO  , 

/n,  as  out  of  it.  Thus  I am  apt  to  think  it  befd 
*the  Fatus  I have  To  often  fpoken  of,  tjiz.  That  it 
lay  very  uneafily  in  the  Womb  all  the  while  it  Cry‘d 
there,  the  Mother  being  in  great  Pain  before,  and 
during  the  time  of  the  Child  s Crying,  and  the  Child 
it  felt  being  clofely  confined,  and  pent  up  on  the 
Left-fide  i.he  Mother’s  Belly,  a//  the  time  of  the  Crying 
only^  and  not  all  the  5 Week,s^  as  ,by  miftake  1 told  in 
my  former  Letter^  Perhaps  alfo  the  Child  might 
find  fome  Uneafinefs  • from  a Bone  the  Midwife  told 
me  fhe  found  to  flick  out  fome  what  farther  than  or- 
dinary: Which,  upon  Examination,  I take  to  be  one 

of  the  Vertebra  of  the  Back-bone.  And  if  this  Bone 
caufed  Uneafinefs  to  the  Child,  it  might  alfo  by  that 
means  occafion  perhaps  the  Woman’s  Pains  I fpatke  of. 
Bur  thefe  Suppofitions  and  Guefles,  which  are  only 
Imaginations  of  my  own,  may  probably  difagree  with 
the  Obfervations  and  Notions  of  Perfons  better  skilled 
in  Anatomy  than  my  felF,  and  are  therefore  fubmitted 
to  their  better  Judgments  by 


Their  Humble  Servant, 

W.  DerhaiTL 


( 495'  ) 


V.  ^ Letter  from  Mr.  Antony  Vin  Leeuen- 
hock,  F.  2^.  5.  to  Jokn  ChamberLiyne,  Efy^ 
F.  5^.  6*.  Containing  his  OhfcrVations  upon 
the  Edge  of  ^a^^ors^  3cc. 

S I R. 

IN  your  lad  acceptable  Letter  dated  from  WeftmUi^ 
fter  the  2d.  of  I oblerve  tliat  you  deiire  me 

to  lurri  my  Speculations,  and  to  give  you  my  Thoughts 
upon  feveral  Appearances  relating  to  a Razor ^ particu- 
larly to  fay  fomething  concerning  its  Edge  and  Sharp- 
nefs,  which  in  a good  Razor  is  fo  fine  and  fo  nice, 
that’  it  is  fubj^Q:  to  the  leaft  Change  and  Alteration  in 
the  Weather  5 and  particularly  that  Cold  has  fuch  an 
Influence  upon  it,  as  to  fpoil  and  blunt  its  Edge, 
infomuch  that  it  will  hardly  cut  a. Hair  afnnder. 

In  anfwer  to  your  faid  Letter,  1 muff  acquaint  yon, 
Sir,  that  1 (have  my  felf,  and  that  my  Razor,  which  ! 
always  ufe  twice  a Week,  and  which  I have  had  above 
Thirty  Six  Years,  was  never  Ground  but  twice,  and 
yet  it  cuts  very  well^  but  I fet  it  fometimes  upon  an 
Oyi-ftone  or  Hone,  yet  not  as  I obferve  fome  Barbers 
do,  who  Broke  it  above  Twenty  five  Times  on  one 
fide,  and  then  again ‘as  many  on  the  others  whereas 
I on  the  con^ary  pafs  my  Razor  once  only  on  one 
fide,  and  that  very  gently  with  the  Edge  againfl  the 
Stone,  and  then  on  the  other  fide  in  the  fame  manner  ^ 
and  fo  continue  about  ten  or  twelve  Times  ^ after  that 
I pafs  the  Razor,  with  the  Back  of  it  downwards,  upon 
a Leather  prepar’d  with  Tripoly  [which  the  Silver-finiths 
ufe  to  Polifti  or  Clean  their  Plate  with.] 


( 494  ) 

When  I look  upon  fuch  a Razor  thro*  my  Micro-  ‘ 
fcope,  I (land  amazed  at  the  great  number  of  Caps  and 
Notches  that  I fee  in  the  Edge  thereof,  and  wonder  how' 
•one  can  (have  ones  felf  fo  foftly  therewith^  nor  does 
my  Razor  refufe  to  do  me  Service  even  in  Winter 
and  cold  Weather,  tho’  I mnft  own  at  fuch  times  the 
Shaving  is  a little  more  plainful,  but  that  Uiavc  hither- 
to thought,  was  Only  occafion’d  by  the  Hair  of  the 
Beard  being  harder  in  Winter  than  Summer,  when  ’cis 
cold  Weather  1 always  keep  my  Razor  in  a Room  that 
has  Fire  in  it. 

Now  as  to  what  concerns  the  Razors  becoming  blunt 
in  cold  Weather,  I can  conceive  no  other  Reafon  for 
it,  but  that  thQ  waterh  fubtilh,  or  exceeding  fine  Mac- 
^ ter,  which  is  in  all  Metals,  and  which  we  may  com- 
pare to  Fire,  is  by  the  Cold  driven  out  of  the  Edge  ot 
the  Razor ; by  which  means  the  Steel  becomes  fo  (lub- 
born  or  hard,  that  in  a fine  Razor  it  makes  Notches, 
and  is  blunted  by  the  Hair.  I have  alfo  experienced,, 
that  afrer  having  (haven  the  Beard  with  a fine  Razor] 

■ and  attempting  to  Cut  Tome  of  the  little  Hairs  in  the 
Eye-brows,  which  were  harder  than  thofe  of  the  Chin, 
notwithftanding  that  they  were  a little  foftned  with' 
“Water,  feveral  Norches  were  thereby  made  in  the  fame 
Razor. 

“ I asked  a certain  skilful  Barber,  what  difference  he 
fciind  in  his  Razors  in  very  cold  or  hot  Weather  ^ 
vvho  informed  me,  that  when  it  was  very  Cold,  he  al- 
ways dipt  his  Razors  in  warm  \Yat^,  which  made 
*em  cut  much  the  better. 

I have  thought  fit  to  acquaint  you  with  the  manner  of 
my  preparing  my  Leather  upon  which  I pafs  my  Razor. 
My  Shoe-maker  furnifh’d  me  with  a Piece  of  Leather, 
that  is  very  fmooth  upon  the  fide  next  the  FIdh,  and 
of  about  two  Fingers  breadth^  this  I faften’d  with  Glue  to 
a thin  Board  of  the  fame  breadth,  and  when  twas  dry, 

i 


C 495  ^ 

T fueat’d  it  ail  over  with  a Tallow-candle ; and  then 
\ hdd  it  ter  the  Fire  a little,  ’till  the  Creafe  had 

infiniiated  itfelf  into  the  Pores  of  ‘5^® 

thU  T reoeated  three  times  ^ after  which  I pour  d all 

ov“r  uTlS  Tripol,  wilh’d  *an,  which  I «>  ■ 
into  the  Leather  with  the  Greafe  fo  long,  till 
Grcafc  or  Tallow  became  warm,  when  I pout  d o.i 
S,  repeating  that  Operation  four  or  five  times,  till 

wken"LrPoU°et’d  Emery  [a  Powder 
or  £ne  alfo  ufed  by  the  SdveVfmiths  to  Poli^  their 
Platen  which  I firft  beep’d  m a little  Wa  er  and 

fhen^ur-da  good  deal  more  link 

ftir’d  well  together,  and  afterwards  let  it  Itand  a lime, 

I DourM  offtheuppermoftpart  of  the  Water  that  was  im- 

r>re<inated  with  the  fine  Emery  into  another  Glats ; and 
rftemhatl  put  a little  Linnen  or  Woollen  Rag  into  the 
aforefaid  Water,  one  end  of  which  extended  itfeif  to  t e 
bottorof  the  faid  Emery,  which  1 fuppoftto  remain  in 

the  Glafs  and  the  other  end  of  the 
orde?to  draw  off.  all  the  Water  from  the  fubfiied  Eme- 
ry • wh’ch  Emery  hying  thereby  become  dry,  I 

\I into  the  Tallow’d-Leather  in  ^ 

done  the  Tripoly  before,  only  with  this  dittwrcnce,  tnac 

done  tne  1 y fmooth  Ivory, 

I work  the  being  done,  I broke 

or  elfe  ^.th  a Burmlhing-St^^^^^  ,^th,s^D^^ 

^L^Ra^ors  wbh  which  I have  cut  Wood,  and  which 
ha^  thrown  afide  as  ufelefs,  have  been  recover  d to 
fuch  a Degree,  as  to  become  ht  to  (have  ones  Beard 

®®Th»  aforemention’d  Barber  complain’d  to  me,  that  he 
had  a^Razor,  which  tho’  it  appear  d very  fair  to  the 
?ve  vet  «asfo  biff,  that  he  coud  bring  no  Edge 
. iJ  \v  oaffino  it  ever  fo  often  upon  a Hone  : I deft* 
■ ;^d  him  that  I might  look  upon  it  .thro’ my  Miccofcc,oe, 


( 49^  ) 

and  found  feveral  Notches  in  it  5 but  I judg*d  that  it 
had  been  little  ufed  to  a Hone,  becaufe  there  was  fp  lit- 
tle of  it  worn  away,  tho’  he  inform’d  me  fince  that  he 
had  fct  it  above  Fifty  Times,  but  cou’d  never  bring  it  to 
bear. 

I pafTed  the  fame  Pvazor  over  my  Strop  or  Smooth- 
ing-Leather, which  I had  prepared  with  fine  Emery, 
and  then  gave  it  him  again  5 and  a few  Days  after, 
askc  him  if  he  had  made  ufe  of  it,  who  told  me  he 
had,  and.  that  he  had  found  it  very  good,  and  that 
in  fifteen  Perfons  he  had  fhaved  with  it,  he  had 
found  but  one  Beard  that  the  Razor  cou’d  not  Con- 
quer. Now  as  one  Razor  ’is  fofter  than  another,  I 
wou'd  advife  that  the  fofe  Razor  Ihoud  be  pafTed  on  a 
Strop  that  is  prepared  w'ith  Tripoly,  and  the  hard  one 
upon  a Strop  prepared  with  Emery 

You  fay  further,  ‘Sir,  that  if  one  cou’d  difeover  the 
fine  Particles  of  the  Sred,  of  wbi:h  the  SharpncTs  or 
Edge  of  the  Razor  docs  confih,  you  imagine  that  one 
might  alfo  be  able  to  find  out  the  caufe  of  the  very 
di&rcnc  Effeds  produced  in  the  faid  Razor. 

To  which  I anfwer,  that  as  for  what  concerns  the 
fine  Particles  of  Steel,  as  alfo  Gold,  Silver,  &c,  they 
ere  inconceivably  fmall  : one  may  indeed,  by  the  help 
f f a good  Microfeope,  juft  difeover  the  exceeding  fmall 
' Particles  of  Gold  and  Silver,  but  one  cannot  perceive  of 
what  Figure  they  are  5 and  w'ho  can  tell  of  what  a 
Multitude  of  Parts  thofe  little  Particles,  .which  we  fee 
bv  the  help  of  a Microfeope,  are  again  compofed  .•  and 
: althou&h  we  can  difeover  thofe  little  Particles  of  vvhich 
G Id  and  Silver  are  cempofed,  becaufe  we  can  difiblve 
bath  Cold  and  Silver  in  propd  Menftrua  or  Waters,  and- 
ean as  it  were  unite  them  with  thofe  Waters,  and  again 
collect  thofe  Particles  of  CoU  and  Silver  together,  fit  tor 
our  view  5 yet  this  ha«  no  Place  in  Iron  or  Steel,  the  fine 
Particles  that  compofe  vvhich,  we  can  only  difeover  in 

the 


( 497  ) 

the  broken  Caps  or  Notches  of  a Razor,  for  in(Vance'> 
and  the  greater  and  courfer  the  Parts  are,  of  which  thofe 
Metals  are  compofed,  as  we  may  fee  in  Caft-Iron,  the  kfs 
valuable  arc  the  faid  Metals ; but  the  finer  the  Particles 
are^the  more  valuable  in  my  Opinion  will  be  the  Steel 
and  Iron  which  they  compofe. 

Now  when  we  view  the  fmall  broken  Parrs  of  Cold, 
Silver,  Steel,  Iron,  d^c.  We  muft  coniider  that  each  of 
thofe  Particles,  as  fmall  a$  they  appear  to  us,  are  again 
compofed  of  a great  number  of  other  exceeding  fmaller 
Particles, which  Nature  has  knit  together  5 and  that  thefe 
coagulated  Particles  are  yet-more  flrongly  united  by  Fire, 
and  after  that  are  fo  confolid.ated  by  the  Strokes  and 
Preflure  of  the  Smith’s  Hammer,  that  they  feem  to  us 
to  be  but  one  Body,  tho’  they  do  confiQ:  of  a great 
many  fmall  Particles,  the  courfeft  of  which  are  always 
obvious  when  we  come  to  break  the  Mettals : and  how 
often  foever  you  melt  any  of  thefe  Mettals,  and  break 
them  again  after  they  are  cold,  you  will  always  be 
able  to  difcover  the  grainy  Particles  thereof  $ but  you 
wi  l find  them  fo  ftrongly  joyn’d  and  riveted  in  oie 
another,  that  they  appear  to  be  but  one  Body. 

When  the  Steel  is  prepared  and*  made  into  a Ra- 
zor, and  fet  upon  a Hone,  we  may  perceive  a great 
many  long  Streaks  or  Scratches  of  the  faid  Stone  up- 
on the  Razor;  and  the  Courfer  the  Hone  is  with 
Sand,  the  Courfer  and  Deeper  thofe  Streaks  are  in 
the  Steel.  They  pafs  the  Razor  thus  prepared  upon 
one  Stone,  oftentimes  upon  a finer,  to  the  end  that 
they  may  Grind  out  the  aforefaid  long  Streaks,  which 
it  had  acquir’d  upon  the  courfe  Stone ; for  every  one 
of  fuch  Streaks  in  the  Steel,  when  it  is  Sharpned  or 
Ground  again,  becomes  a Notch;  when  fuch  Notches 
are  Ground  out  of  the  Razor  upon  a fine  Qyl-ftone 
or  Hone,  the  Steel,  where  any  of  thefe  Notches  were, 
appears  to  the  Eye  as  fmooth  as  Ckfs;  but  when 

E e e e wc 


. ’('498') 

We  come  to.  vrew  the  Elazor  with  one  of  our'  befl: 
Mjcrofcopes,  one  may  difcover  rh'^r  ^le  long  Streaks 
which  caufe  the  Notches,  are  no  more  taken  'away 
by-  the  Oyl-ftone,  than  when  the  Razor  is  Ground 
On  a rough  Stone ^ and  the  only  difference  is,  th?t  the 
Streaks  of  the  former  are  finer  than  the  latter : in 
fliort,  when  one  obferves  with  a good  Microfeope 
the  many  Notches  that  are  in-  the  fined  Razor,  one 
wou*d  wonder  how^any  of  them  cou’d  c'uf  fo  well; 
This,  Sir,  is  all  that  I have  to  fay  to  you  uppn  the  fub« 
Jeft  of  Razors  at  this  time.. 

Delft,  Septi  10.  1709. 

- S IK, 


Tour  Humble  Servant; 

. 'I 

Antony  Van  Leeuwenhoek* 


.V, 


i 


'y*  ' . t ‘ L . - > c . . = 

f • • 

Yl.  A Second  Letter  from  A/r.  Antony  Van 
Leeuwenhoek,  F.  % S,  to  John  Cham- 
berlayne,  E,  R,  upon  the  fame 

SuhjeSi  as  the  former^ 


SIR, 

SINCE  the  Communicating  to  You  ray  laft 
Thoughts  and  Obfervations  concerning  Fla- 
vors fome  Weeks  ago,  I have  often  view’d  the 
Hairs  of  my  Chin  with  a Microfcope  after  they  were  cut 
off,  and  always  obferved  upon  the  White  or  Grey  Hairs 
the  Streaks  which  are  ‘ made  by  the  fmall  Notches 
that,  ^ as  I told  you  in  my  former,  I had  dif- 
cover’d  in  my  Razor,  efpecially  when  thofe  Hairs 
were  Cut  more  obliquely  than  ufual  3 for  in  fuch 
Hairs  I have  often  feen  above  twelve  Streaks,  cc- 
cafion’d  by  fo  many  Notches  that  were  in  the 
Razor,  all  within  the  Coropafs  of  a Hair’s  breadth. 

Becaufe  I would  not  truft  wholly  to  my  own 
Judgment,  I caufed  a Man  of  good  Underftand- 
ing  to  view  feveral  Hairs  through  a Microfcope ^ 
and  I ask’d  him,  how  many  little  Streaks  he  ob- 
ferved ^ in  the  Cut  of  one  of  thofe  Hairs  ? Who 
anfwer’d  me,  Twelve. 


E e e c a 


A- 


( 500  ) 

Among  fome  of  thofe  little  Hairs  I bad  ftiav*d 
off  my  Chin,  I difcover'd  feveral  whofe  Roots 
were  intire,  but  cou’d  not.  perceive  that  they  had 
been  touch’d  by  the  Razors  this  feemed  to  me 
at  firft  very  ftrarge,  becaufe  I had  always  ima- 
gin’d, that  the  Hair  of  the  Head  and  Face  did 
not  change  or  faH  off^  like  that  of  other  Parts 
of  the.  Body.  Bi;it  I confider’d  how^  much 
the  Skin  is  foftned  by  warm  Water  and  hard  rub- 
bing,, and  that  the  Notches  in  - the  Razor,  which 
by  reafon  of  their  fmallnefs  efcaped  the  naked 
Eye,  when  they  meet  with  fuch  Hairs,  are  not 
capable  of  Cutting  off  the  Hair,  but  rather  tear  it 
out  by  the  Root 5 which  aUb  may  be  the  Gaufe  of 
the  Pain  or  Smart  that  one  feels,  when  one  is  (hav-~ 
ed  with  an  indifferent  Razor.  I view’d  fome  of 
thofe  little  Hairs  that  had  the  Roots  on,  and  ob- 
ferved  the  fides  of  them  to  be  ‘ a little  Tore  or 
Mangled j which  I fuppofe  might  be  occafion’d  by 
the  Notch  of  the  Razor,  that  had  kid  hold  of  the 
Hair  in  that  Part,  and  fo  pull’d  it  out. 

I have  moreover  bufy’d  my  fdf  in  cbferving  the 
Mufcles  of  the  Cod-fifhi  and  obferved  that  none  of 
the  fraali  Particles,  that  compofe  the  faid  Mufcles, 
were  thicker  than  the  fingle  Hair  of  a.  Man’s  Chin  5 
but  they  were  of  feveral  (izes,  fome  of  them  be- 
ing- not  half  fo  big  as  others.  When  the  Parts  of 
the  Fifh  were  dry,  I cut  fome  of  thefe  Mufcles  a- 
crofs  with  a Razor,  which  I fet  and  prepared  af. 
ter  the  manner  mention’d  in  my  former  Letter  5.  and 
I obferved  in  fome  of  thofe  Mufcles-  fo  cut,  as  ma- 
xiy  fmall  Streaks  as-  there  were  Notches  rinvifible 
andeed,  to  the  naked  Eye)  in  the  aforefaid  Razor, 
in(brauch  that  we  who  obferv’d  it  were , amazed  at 

it 


( 5®*  ^ 

k.  And  a»  every  Particle  of  the  Mofde  of  2' 
ioreiaid  FiOi  is  compofed,  as  1 have  formerly  obter» 
jed,  of  an  unfpeakable  number  of  long  flender  Par- 
ticks,  fo  every  little  Notch  of  the  Razor,,  did  not 
only  make  a little  Streak  in  the  Mufcle,  to  which 
it  was  apply’d,  but  alfo  caufed  fuch  a Roughnels 
in  it,  that  one  might  difcover  the  exceeding  llender, 
Particles,,  oi  which  one  of  the  long  Particles,  no 
thicker  than  a courfe  Hair,  is  compofed  : Notwith- 
ftanding  that  the  fmall  long  Particles,  dry  d ug  o 
quick,  that  one  fhoud  have  taken  them  tor  a lo- 

For  my  further  fatisfaftion,  I fent  a clean  Towel 
to  a Burgher  of  this  Place,  who  being  about 
Fifty  Years  old,  had  grey  Hairs  on  his  Chin,  in- 
treating him  that  when  he  was  next  Shav  d,  n - 
wou’d  let  bis  Barber  wipe  the  Razor  upon  the  laid 


Towel.  ^ . 1 , , X A' 

Having  viewed  feme  of  thefe  Hairs  thro  my  Mi- 

crofeope,  I difcover*d  the  Streaks  that  the  Razor  ^ 
had  made  therein,  as  plainly  as  thofe  ^ 

tioned  before  of  my  own,  although  the  faid  Burgh- 
er  told  me,  that  he  had  not  been  (haved  in  a long 

time  fo  foftly  and  eafily  as  then. 

I obferved  in  the  faid  Hair  a^  great  many  little , 
ones  whQfe  Roots  were  compleat^  and  araongft  a ^ 
great  many  of  them  of  different  Figures  I ob- 
ferved  one  Hair  that  had  three  fides  with  round-  - 
i(h  Angles,  and  that  all  the  three  fides  hended  m-  ' 

I Cent  another  Towel  to  another  Burgher  of  a- 
bout  Sixty  Years,  to  the  end  that  I niight  likewife' 
oWerve  his  Hairs  v m which  alfo  I difcover  d the - 
Iktle  Streaks  occafioa’d  by-  the-  Notches  of  another 


.(  yot  ) 

Razor,  but  with  this  Difference,  that  the  Streaks  In 
the  laft  Hair  were  finer  than  the  former,  which  I 
only  attribute  to  the  laft  Razor's  being  fet  upon 
a better  Hone;  Among  thefe  Hairs  alfo  I founA 
forae  that  had  their  compleat  Roots*  I fhall  fCon# 
elude  here,  and  remain,  ‘ . 


HottoHnd  Siff 

Delft,  Nov.  22; 

1709. 


Tonr  fHofi  Humble  Servant^ 


t 


Antony  van  Leeuwenhoek. 


( yoj ) 


I-  • 


AN 


IN  D EX 


T O T H E 


Twenty  Sixth  V O L U M E 


o F 


Philofophical  Tranfa£tions. 


AGrtcuUure.  The  Manner  of  Manuring  Land  by  Sea- 
^ Shells.  AV  514.  p.  59-  The  Manner  of  Manu- 
^ ring  Land  by  Sea-Sand.  Nj;  316-  p.  142. 

Air,  the  different  Denfities  of  ir.  See  Experiments, 
Amber,  its- Luminons  Quality,  A/».  31 4»  P-  7«- 
Jinimsls  of  the  Philippine  Ipnds,  /■  24I'  . 

Antmiiics.  Eomen  Ccins  found  in  Toriiflnre,  No.  316. 
*134.  Roman  Monuments' found  there,  No.  319. 
p!  289.  320.  p.  3t4-  _ A Pagan-Temple  and  un- 

known Charattersal  Canoiain  iIkEoJI  Indies, No.  321. 

P 272..  Ancient-Brafs-liiftrumcnts  found  near  fir 


H 504  ) 

"haffi-Moor  m Torkfiire,  No,  522.  p,  395..  A large  Dlf- 
courfe  upon  the  fame,  No.  322,  p,  395, 

‘ Apoplexy,  EfFeds  of  it  on  the  Brain  and  Nerves,  No.  313. 
p.  40. 

Attrakion,  its  Laws  and  Principles,  No,^\$.  />.  97. 
Aftra&ive  Qualities  of  fevcral  Bodies,  See  Experimeftts. 

f V B. 

. . i.-  • 

: Barometrical  Obfervations  in  the  Year  1708.  No»  321. 

P*  34^* 

.Birds,  fome  Account  of  their  Migration,  No,  315.  p.  123. 

Birds  killM  in  the  hard  Froft  1708.  A/i?.  324;  p,  465. 
BUcktiefsoi  the  Face  very  unufual,  in  a .Girl  ,16  Years 
of  Age,  No.  313* 424. 
iBlood.  See  Circulation. 

Bookf'  See  the  end  of  this'  Index. 

A Bhllet,  which  lay. in  the  Head  near  30  Years,  No- ^20, 


California,  the  Difcovery  of  a Paffage  to  it  by  Land, 
with  a Difcription  of  the  Country,  No.  318.  p.  232, 
A Callus,  that  (applied  the  Lofs  of  part  of  the  Os  pe- 
rnor is,  ATi?.  323.  p.  451. 

A Child  crying  in  the  Womb,  No.,  324.  p.  485.  A Dif- 
fertation  upon  the  fame,  No.  324.  p.  487. 

Circulation  of  the  Blood  in  Filhes,  d^c-  No.  319.  p.  250, 
The  manner  of  obferving  the  Circulation  of  the  Blood 
' in  an  Eel,  No.  323.  p.  448, 

K Colliery,  that  took  Fire  and  was  blown  up  near  Nevo^ 
caflle,  No.  318.  p.  215.  , 

Copper.  See  Metals. 

Cornea.,  Obfervations  upon  Incifions  of  it.  No.  ^7i,p.  387* 
Coral.  See  Microfcopical  Obfer/ations. 


Diamonds, 


( ‘^05  ) 

D. 

Diamonds^  their  Luminous  Quality  in  the  Dark,  N.  314* 
p,  72.  The  Figure  of  their  Particles,  N0.  324.  f.  479. 

E. 

Echds^  fome  Obfervations  upon  them,  No.  313.  p.  7. 

Eclipfe  of  the  Sm  Sept.  3.  and  of  the  Moofi  Sept.  18.  1708. 
No.  320.  p.  312. 

Bk^ricity  of  feveral  Bodies.  See 

Experimfits.  The  different  Denfitics  of  the  Air  from  the 
greareft  natural  Heat  to  the  greateft  natural  Cold,  No. 
315.  p.  93.  The  continuing  feveral  Atmofpheres  of  Jir 
condenfed  in  the  fpace  of  one,  No.  318.  p-  217.  The 
Luminous  Qualiiies  of  Amber^  Diamonds,  andGnm-LaCy 
No.  3/4.  p.  69.  The  Attra6:ion  of  Threads mdaiedm 
a Globe-GUfs,  No.  3 1 5.  p.  82.  kGUfs  Tube  attrafts  Leaf- 
Brafs,  No.^i$.  p.  84.  See.  The  Luminous  and  Eledri- 
cal  Qualities  of  Sealing-Wax^  No.  315.  p-  87. — of  SuL 
phur  and  Roftn,  No.  315.  p.  89.  &C.  Sealing-Wax  at- 

' rrafts  Leaf-Brafs,  No.  p.  9J . The  Light  and  Elc- 
ftricity  of  a Globe-Clafs  lined  with  Sealing-Wax,  No. 

3 1 8 . /?.  2 1 o of  aClobe-GIafs  lined  with  E itch, No. ^ 22. 

p.  391. — of  aGlobe-Glafs  lined  with  Flowers  of  Sulphur 
and  common  Sulphur ^ No.:^2^.  p«439*  Adual  Sound 
not  propagated  thro  a Vacuum^  No.  321. p.  The 

Propagation  of  from  the  Sonorous  Body  into  the 

common  Air  in  one  Direftivm  only,  N.  g2i.  p.  3 69.  The 
Propagation  of  Sound  thro’  Water,  No.  ^21. p.  371.  The 
SpotaneoQS  Afcent  of  Water  and  other  Liqi30rs,  ia  fmall 
Tubes, bet weenGlafs  Planes, Ao.  319*  P*2  58,&c.The 
different  Denfities  of  common  PFater  from  the  greateft 
Degree  of  Heat  to  the  freezing  Point,  obferved  by  the 
Thermometer, AV.  319.?.  267.The  Freezing  of  common 
Water  and  Water  purged  of  Air,  No.  320.  p.  302.  The 
Freezing  of  Water  tinged  with  a Liquor  extraded  from 
Shell- 1 ac  and  with  Logwood^  ^20. p.  304.The  Weigh- 

ing in  Water  Bodies  of  the  lame  Species  but  of  unequal 
Surfaces,  No.  320.  p.  306.  The  Weiglot  of  common  Wa- 
ter under  different  Circumftances,  A"o.  pS.p.  221. 

F f 1 f Feet/Ns 


F. 

iietus's  bred  out  of  theWomb,  A^o.  323.  p.  426.  TheBones* 
ot  a dead  Foetus  taken  oat  ot  the  Uterus  ' f aCo'vV,  No, 
323.  p,  450.  FcetMs  crving  in  the  Womb,  No,  324. p.  485,. 

Fra&nreoi  the  Skull, 317.^.173. 

FrojijS  Hidoryofthat  in  the  f^dLi  324»p‘454* 

Freezings  See  Experiments, . 

Gangrene  in  theTliighofaWonnan  62  years  oldjNc;.  3 1 3.^41  ^ 

Glafsj  its  Eledfricity,  &c.  See  Experiments, 

H. 

voided  by  Urine;  A^<?  323./7.  414.  Obfervations  upon 
it  by  the  Microtcope,  No.  32^  p 416.  A further  Ac- 
count of  the  fame,  and  of  feveral  folid  Bodies  voided 
by  Urine,  No.  323.  /?.  420. 

Hj/drophohia^  A Relation  of  3 Cafes  ofit,  Ai?.  323.^.433. 

L 

Icy  Mountains  of  Switzerland  deferibed,  No,  320./).  ^16, 

An  Idiot  at  Ojlend^  that  fwallowed  feveral  Brafs  and  Iron* 
Inftrumenrs,  No,  317.  .p  170. 

Inundations  in  Ireland^  No,  320.  p.  309. 

Iron,  See  Metals. 

IJlandrsiKed  by  a Volcano  in  t\\Q  Archipelago^  No.^i/^.p,  6j. 
No,  317.  p,2O0,  New  Philippine-l/lands  difeover’d. 

317.  f 189.. 

Lead.  See  Metals'. 

Light  producible  from  feveral  Bodies.  See  Experiments- 

Lightning.  See  Ihknder. 

M. 

Maihefnaticks,  He  Linearum  Otrvarum  Longitudine.,  No. 
314.  p.  64.  Leges  Attra^ionis,  aliaque  Fhyjices  Principia^ 
No  31 5.p.  97.  De  Legihus  Virium  Centripetarum^  No. 3 17. 
p.  ijc^.De  Natura^dt^  Proprietatihus  Soni.  No.  3 i9  p-270. 

Manuring  of  Land."  See  /Agriculture. 

Medicines^  Purging  and  Vomiting,  with  a Table  of  their 
Dofes  in  particularAges  andConftitutions.  A^^>-3 14./^.46. 

Metals^  Experiments  made  uppn  them  with  the  Rjrning- 
Glafs,  A^i?.  322.  p.  374v  Mi-: 


( 5°7  ) 

Microfcoficd Obfervations  on  theBlood-Veffels and  Mem-- 
branes  of  the  Inteftwes,  No.  314.  p-  53-  Oa 
No‘  ? I 1 1 1.  On  Red  Coral,  No-  l\6- p.  1 26.  On  the 
whita  Matter  upon  the  Tongue  ot  FeveriJ!)  Perfons,  No- 
218.  210.  On  theCircHldtion  of  theBlood  in 

7ig.  p- 2 <0-  On  the  Palates  oiOxert,  No- 20. p-  294.  On 
the  Particles  of  Chriftallized  Sugar,  323.  p-a,.^j.On 
theEdge.of  Razors,  No.  324- 493>  See.  On  the  Con- 
figuration ot  Diamonds,  No.  324,  p.  479- 
ner  of  Obferving  the  Circulaiion  of  the  Blood  in  an  tel 

by  the  Microjlope,  No.  3^3*/^*  44^* 

Migration  tirds. 

Mo»Jlrous  Birti-S,  No-  320- 3 lO. 

Monuments-  Antiquities 

Mountains  ot  Ice*  See  Mountsins.- 

N,. 


Northern  Streaming-^  No-  320-  />•  310* ' 

Philippine  Jflands,  an  Account  of  fome  Animals-  ther^^ 

No-^i^  ^241*  Rhiilppim-JJlands 

- deferibed,  l^T  P'  ^ 

Phorphorus  made  of  Human  Dnng,  No^  3 14;  h ^9- 
Pitch,  its  Light  and  Eledricity.  StQ  Experiments.  - 

Q:  _ 

^uickplver.''  See  Metals-  ^ 

Ra!»,  the  Quantity  that  felilh  the  Year  1707-and  1708. 

K^rtte  Edteof  them  obferved  by  the  Microfeope. 

Roma/i  Com  and  Monuments.  See  Jntiqmttis- 

Sonrvy,  the  ftrangeEffeas  of  it  at  Riris  in  the  Year  1699.  - 

So^,  and  Obfervations  on  its  Motion,  &ce 

No\iV  P The  Nature  and  Propeities  of 
No-  919.?-  270-  See  mote  in  Experiments. 


% 


' ( f 

V Formed- a Catalogue  of  fome  in  the  Ajhmokm  J 
MiififHm,  No.  3 1 4-  p.  77.  4 

Storms.  See  ' thunder,  | 

Styrax  liquida,  the  manner  of  making  it,  No»  313.  p.  44.  j 
Sugar.,  the  Figure  of  its  Particles  when  Chryftalliz’d,  > 
iV.  323.  f.  444. 

. Sulphur*  See  Metals  and  Experiments, 

T. 

. Thunder  and  Lightning .^vfhxoh  happened  in  Irelandj  Aug^ 

9.  1707.  No,  313.  p»  36.  At  Ipfwichj  July  16.  1708. 

..  N.  316.  p,  137.  Of  the  fame  at  Colchefler,  No.  3^6.  p 
140.  luTorkfiire^  ^tig,%.  1708.  AV-  319.  p,  289. 

Tin.  See  Metals. 

Tongue,  Cbfervations  made  upon  it  by  the  Microfcope. 

See  Microfcopicul  Obfervations. 

Tumour^  a very  large  one  on  the  Thigh,  Nfo.^iy.p.  172, 

, V.  • . - 

Vitrification  of  Metals.  See  Metals. 

W. 

Water,  its  Weight,  different  Denfities,  <^c.  See  Experiments. 
Windsy  their  Velocity,  A^o.  3^3.  /’•  30.  Obf  rvati>;-3  upon 
the  Winds  and I'Ferfttojin  the  Years  1707  and  lyo^.No, 

32T.  p.  342. 

BOOKS, 

Of  which  fome  Account  is  given  hi  ihis  Volume  of  Tranf- 
^ adions. 

lTrjdeBiones  ''Chymic£  Oxonise  habits  a Johanne  Friend, 

M.  D.  &di\S  QhtxWr  Alumno^  No- 20  p ^19. 

An  Account  of  Animal  Secretion,  the  Qiiantity  of  Blood 
in  the  Humane  Body,  and  Mulcular  Motion.  By  James 
Keill,  M.  D.  No,  520-  p.  324. 

OYPEXl4>OITHX  Helveticus,  five  Itinera  Afpina  Triaf<c. 
Authore  Job.  Ja.Scheuchzero,  M.D»  No.  316. 14^; 


LONDON: 

Printed  for  H.  Clementsy  at  the  Half-Moon  in  St, 

Church-Yard.  1710. 

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