Planting guidelines for marsh development and bank stabilization

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CETA “Sreib 8
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77 -3

Planting Guidelines for
Marsh Development and
Bank Stabilization

| by
Paul L. Knutson

COASTAL ENGINEERING TECHNICAL AID NO. 77-3
AUGUST 1977

Approved for public release;
distribution unlimited.

U.S. ARMY, CORPS OF ENGINEERS
COASTAL ENGINEERING

=a: RESEARCH CENTER
330 Kingman Building
US Fort Belvoir, Va. 22060

Reprint or republication of any of this material shall give appropriate
credit to the U.S. Army Coastal Engineering Research Center.

Limited free distribution within the United States of single copies of

this publication has been made by this Center. Additional copies are
available from:

National Technical Information Service
ATTN: Operations Division

5285 Port Royal Road

Springfield, Virginia 22151

The findings in this report are not to be construed as an official

Department of the Army position unless so designated by other
authorized documents.

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CETA 77-3

4. TITLE (and Subtitle) 5. TYPE OF REPORT & PERIOD COVERED

Coastal Engineering

Technical Aid
PERFORMING ORG. REPORT NUMBER

PLANTING GUIDELINES FOR MARSH DEVELOPMENT
AND BANK STABILIZATION 6.

7. AUTHOR(s) 8. CONTRACT OR GRANT NUMBER(s)

Paul L. Knutson

9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS 10. PROGRAM ELEMENT, PROJECT, TASK
AREA & WORK UNIT NUMBERS

Department of the Army
Coastal Engineering Research Center (CERRE-CE) G31530
Kingman Building, Fort Belvoir, Virginia 22060

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Department of the Army August 1977
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- KEY WORDS (Continue on reverse side if necessary and identify by block number)

Bank stabilization Marsh plants
Erosion Planting guidelines
Marsh development

ABSTRACT (Continue on reverse side if necegsaary and identify by block number)

Marsh plants are effective in stabilizing eroding banks in many sheltered
coastal areas. Exceptional results have been achieved in a variety of inter-
tidal environments at a fraction of the cost required for comparable structur-
al protection. Techniques are available for the efficient propagation of
several marsh plants for use in bank stabilization. This report provides
guidelines for (a) selecting plants and planting methods, (b) determining
seed application rate and plant spacing, (c) determining fertilization

continued

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requirements, and (d) estimating labor for planting on a project-by-project
balsalsr

an ae a a eR TT RE A NR

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PREFACE

This report is a planting guideline for marsh development and bank
Stabilization. It is intended to augment information in Chapter 6 of the
Shore Protection Manual (SPM) (U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal
Engineering Research Center, 1975).

The report was prepared by Paul L. Knutson, Coastal Ecology Branch,
under the general supervision of R.M. Yancey. Illustrations were prepared
by the author and L. Martin.

Comments on this publication are invited.

Approved for publication in accordance with Public Law 166, 79th
Congress, approved 31 July 1945, as supplemented by Public Law 172, 88th
Congress, approved 7 November 1963.

OEN H. COUSINS
Colonel, Corps of Engineers
Commander and Director

CONTENTS

Page
CONVERSION FACTORS, U.S. CUSTOMARY TO METRIC (SI)... . 5

I TUINAURODIUGIEMON >. og 6, 010 10 of 0. ol lo. 6 @ 9 6 0 6 B10 6 0 6 0 7
Il SELECTING PLANTS AND PLANTING METHOD. ........ .. 7
III DETERMINING SEED APPLICATION RATE AND PLANT SPACING... 11
Io Seeakbne < J fof aig S55 nee ee Seah akey peMplog es Soe wal ace: eam mo

Joo Sones, Ibs - veka SOciliyyss S95 594 6 6 5 6 6 6 oo UD

IV DETERMINING FERTILIZATION REQUIREMENTS: <2. 23 2 ee2
1. Seeding 12

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V ES MEMMEMEION(G) JUV TOR IMO TIWANIING 5 GIS G6 6 6 6 606 6060 0 WS

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APPENDIX

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B DSTO OF IPWANIIING WIEMEODS 5 6.5 6 6 0 0 6 6b 6 a 6 oo LD

C MAINTENANCE) OF (PLANTED) ORY SEEDED AREAS 3) 5 sa eneeel

TABLE

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FIGURES

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CONVERSION FACTORS, U.S. CUSTOMARY TO METRIC (SI)
UNITS OF MEASUREMENT

U.S. customary units of measurement used in this report can be converted
to metric (SI) units as follows:

—————_— Saas

Multiply by To obtain
inches : 25.4 millimeters
2.54 centimeters
square inches 6.452 square centimeters
cubic inches 16. 39 cubic centimeters
feet 30.48 centimeters
0.3048 meters
square feet 0.0929 square meters
cubic feet 0.0283 cubic meters
yards 0.9144 meters
square yards 0. 836 square meters
cubic yards 0.7646 cubic meters
miles 1.6093 kilometers
square miles 259/50 hectares
knots 1.8532 kilometers per hour
acres 0.4047 hectares
foot-pounds 1.3558 newton meters
millibars 1,OlO7- & 10> ® kilograms per square centimeter
ounces BS OS grams
pounds 453.6 grams
0.4536 kilograms
ton, long 1.0160 metric tons
ton, short 0.9072 metric tons
degrees (angle) 0.1745 radians
Fahrenheit degrees 5/9 Celsius degrees or Kelvins!

1To obtain Celsius (C) temperature readings from Fahrenheit (F) readings,
use formula: C = (5/9) (F -32).

To obtain Kelvin (K) readings, use formula: K = (5/9) (F -32) + 273.15.

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PLANTING GUIDELINES FOR MARSH DEVELOPMENT AND BANK STABILIZATION

by

Paul L. Knutson
I. INTRODUCTION

This report contains information which supplements Chapter 6 of the
Shore Protection Manual (SPM) (U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal
Engineering Research Center, 1975)!. The objective of the report is to
provide guidelines for the establishment of vegetation for marsh develop-
ment and bank stabilization in coastal areas.

II. SELECTING PLANTS AND PLANTING METHOD

The appropriate species and planting method may be determined in the
following manner.

STEP ONE: Select the description from each of the following categories
which best describes the site to be planted.

GEOGRAPHICAL AREA

Atlantic coast
Gulf coast
Pacific coast (southern)

TIDAL ELEVATION

Mean low water (MLW) to mean tide level (MTL)
MTL to mean high water (MHW)
MHW to estimated highest tide (EHT)

TIDAL RANGE

0.0 to 3.0 feet (1.0 meter)
3.0 feet or greater

SALINITY

0 to 20 parts per thousand
21 to 40 parts per thousand
41 to 60 parts per thousand

1ly.s. ARMY, CORPS OF ENGINEERS, COASTAL ENGINEERTNG RESEARCH CENTER,
Shore Protection Manual, 2d ed., Vols. I, II, and III, Stock No. 008-002-
00077-1, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1975, 1,160 pp.

FETCH LENGTH

0.0 to 1.0 mile (1.6 kilometers)
1.1 to 5.0 miles (8.0 kilometers)
5.1 to 10.0 miles (16.0 kilometers)

SOIL PROPERTIES

Mostly cohesive (silts and clays)
Mostly granular (sand)

Tidal elevations and tidal range can be estimated if detailed surveys

are not available. To estimate tidal elevations, consult local tide
tables and make site observations during low water and high water periods.
Make these observations during calm periods when waves are low and there
are no local storm fronts. Use reference stakes to delineate the tidal
zone (MLW and MHW). Consider the midpoint between the high and low
stakes to be MTL. Ttdal range is the vertical difference between high
and low water. Tide tables can be obtained from private distributors
such as sporting goods stores, marinas, and fishing concessions, and from
the U.S. Coast Guard and U.S. Geological Survey.

If specific information is not available, salinity can be estimated
using the following general guidelines. Water begins to taste salty at
about 3 parts per thousand. Seawater contains about 33 parts per thousand
salt. In general, the waters of bays, sounds, and estuaries will have
salinities lower than seawater because of the influence of freshwater.
Salinity will be less than 20 parts per thousand in waters which are close
to tributaries or are far from openings to the ocean. Salinity is likely
to be more than 20 parts per thousand near bay mouths and inlet openings.
Salinities greater than 40 parts per thousand are likely to be encountered
only in areas where circulation is poor, evaporation rate is high, rainfall
is low, and temperatures are high. Additional information on local salin-
ity regimes is often available from State departments of natural resources,
academic institutions, and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Adminis-
tration (NOAA).

Fetch Length is the horizontal distance over which winds may blow
across open water to create waves. Consider only the longest fetches.

STEP TWO: Turn to the planting decision key (Fig. 1 if site is located
on the Atlantic or gulf coasts; Fig. 2 if on the Pacific coast). Using
the appropriate planting decision key and the site description compiled

in STEP ONE, begin at the top of the key and move downward following the
appropriate path. The path will terminate in a block which either desig-
nates suitable plant species and planting methods or indicates the site

is not appropriate for planting. Information on obtaining plant materials
is in Appendix A; a description of each planting method is given in
Appendix B; and maintenance requirements are discussed in Appendix C.

BEGIN

Elevation Elevation
(MTL to MHW) (MHW to EHT)

Elevation
(MLW to MT

Tidal Tidal Gulf Atlantic
range range coast coast
(>3.0ft) * (<3.0 ft)

Salinity Salinity (cohesive)| | (sandy)

(< 40 %oo) (>40 oo) *

Fetch Fetch Fetch
( >10 mi)] | (5.1 to (1.1 to
10 mi) 5.0 mi)

Salinity
(>20 Yoo)

(0.0 to
1.0 mi)

Salinity
(<20 %o)

Elevation Elevation
(MLW to MTL) KMTL to MH

Gulf coast
cordgrass
Spartina
spartinae
sprigs

Smooth cordgrass
Spartina alterniflora

Seedlings

Smooth cordgrass

Smooth cordgrass

Saltmeadow
cordgrass

Spartina
patens
sprigs

* Do not plant
*%* Least cost planting method

*x*x Least cost but not recommended for dredged material disposal
area

Figure 1. Planting decision key, Atlantic and gulf coasts.

©)

BEGIN

Elevation Elevation ‘Elevation
(MLW to MTL)* (MTL to MHW) (MHW to EHT)*

Salinity Salinity
(<40 %o) (=40 %o)

Fetch x Fetch Fetch
(>10 mi) || (5.1 to (1.1 to
10.0 mi) 5.0 mi)

Salinity
(>20 Yoo)

Salinity
(0.0 to

20 Yo)

California cordgrass
Spartina foliosa

California cordgrass

California cordgrass

Seedlings

* Do not plant

** Least cost planting method at

*%* Least cost but not recommended Note. Tidal range not a determining
for marsh development on factor on Pacific coast
dredged material

Figure 2. Planting decision key, Pacific coast.

III. DETERMINING SEED APPLICATION RATE AND PLANT SPACING
1.. Seeding.
The recommended application rate for seed is given by:
Seed application rate = Ra x Qs

where Ra is a base application rate of 2 gallons per acre (19 liters
per hectare) of seeds for California cordgrass (Spartina foltosa) or

1 gallon per acre (9.5 liters per hectare) of seeds for smooth cordgrass
(S. alterntflora), and Qs is the seed quality index for the seed source.
Qs is approximated by collecting and examining seed before harvest.

The total number of spikelets examined divided by the number of full
spikelets (Fig. 3) is the Qs.

Figure 3. Full spikelet.

Threshing will reduce the volume of harvested material by about 50
percent. Therefore, the volume which must be harvested in anticipation
of planting is:

Harvest volume = 2(Ra x Qs) x A
where A is the area to be planted in acres.
2. Sprigs, Plugs, and Seedlings.

The Table summarizes recommended plant spacing for marsh development
projects (plant cover in three growing seasons) and for bank stabiliza-
tion projects (cover in one to two seasons).

Table. Recommended plant spacing. j

; Spacing for marsh Spacing for bank
Plant material development (in) stabilization (in)?
Smooth cordgrass 36 18
(sprigs, seedlings)
California cordgrass 36 18
(sprigs, plugs, seedlings)
Gulf coast cordgrass 36 36
(sprigs)
Saltmeadow cordgrass 18 18
(sprigs)

iii ccc zz» ===

1Minimum width for bank stabilization planting is 10 feet.

The number of plants (sprigs, plugs, or seedlings) required for a
given project is determined by:

Plants required = Pa x A

where Pa is plants per unit area, based upon spacing requirements
(18- and 36-inch spacing requires 19,400 and 4,840 plants per acre,
respectively).

IV. DETERMINING FERTILIZATION REQUIREMENTS

Fertilization treatment is recommended for: (a) all bank stabiliza-
tion projects, (b) situations where rapid plant cover is desired, and
(c) all sandy planting areas.

dk Seeding.

Apply to surface two parts (by weight) ammonium sulfate or ammonium
nitrate to one part treble-superphosphate. Fertilize with 200 pounds
per acre (220 kilograms per hectare) in June and again in July of the
first growing season (a total of 400 pounds).

2. Sprigs, Plugs, and Seedlings.

Apply to surface two parts (by weight) ammonium sulfate or ammonium
nitrate to one part treble-superphosphate. Fertilize with 200 pounds
per acre (220 kilograms per hectare) at time of planting and again in
June (a total of 400 pounds) or side dress (work fertilizer into soil
along one side of each plant) (1 ounce per plant), with 8- to 9-month
release fertilizer at time of planting. Application rate per unit area
for side dressing is dependent upon spacing requirements (18- and 36-
inch spacing requires 1,200 and 300 pounds per acre, respectively).

I2

Fertilization and other maintenance requirements are discussed in +
Appendix C.

V. ESTIMATING LABOR FOR PLANTING

1. Seeding. Seeding may be accomplished with about 25 manhours of
effort per acre. This figure includes harvest, storage, dispersal, and
tillage.

2. Sprigs. Sprigs may be excavated, separated, and planted for
approximately 1 manhour per 100 plants. Labor per unit area is depend-
ent upon plant spacing (18- and 36-inch spacing requires 200 and 50
manhours per acre, respectively).

3. Seedlings. Nursery seedlings will require about 5 manhours per
100 plants to prepare and plant. Labor requirements are: 18- and 36-
inch spacing requires 1,000 and 250 manhours per acre, respectively.

4. Plugs. Plugs will require about 10 manhours per 100 plants to
prepare and plant. Labor requirements are: 18- and 36-inch spacing
requires 1,850 and 450 manhours per acre, respectively.

VI. SAMPLE DESIGN PROBLEMS

The following examples demonstrate the use of the guidelines pre-
sented.

Soe 868828885508 De POM loo oo oo oe aka ee
GIVEN: Type of project, marsh development; geographical area, Atlantic

coast; tidal elevation, MTL to MHW; salinity, 15 parts per thousand;
fetch length, 0.0 to 1.0 mile; seed quality index (Qs) = 2.

FIND: Plant and planting method.
SOLUTION: Refer to Section II and use Figure 1. The path compatible
with this project terminates in a block indicating that smooth cord-

grass seedlings, sprigs, or seeds are Suitable. (Seeds are
designated as the lowest cost method. )

FIND: Seed application rate.
SOLUTION: Refer to Section III.
Seed application rate = Ra x Qs.

Base application rate (Ra) for smooth cordgrass is 1 gallon per acre
(9.5 liters per hectare).

Qs is given as 2.

Therefore,
seed application rate = 2 gallons per acre.
xk kk kok Ok & kX & * * EXAMPLE PROBLEM 2 * * * * * * * * * * KK Ok X
GIVEN: Type of project, bank stabilization; size, 20-foot width and
435-foot length (0.2 acre); geographical area, Pacific coast; plant
material, California cordgrass sprigs; plant spacing, 18 inches;
fertilizer, top dressing.
FIND: Fertilization required.
SOLUTION: Refer to Section IV.
Application rate for top dressing is 400 pounds per acre.
Total fertilizer required for 0.1 acre is 40 pounds.
FIND: Labor requirements for planting.
SOLUTION: Refer to Section V.
Labor requirement per unit area for sprigs spaced 18 inches apart is

200 manhours per acre. Therefore, labor required for this project
(0.2 acre) is 40 manhours.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

DODD, J.D., and WEBB, J.W., "Establishment of Vegetation for Shoreline
Stabilization in Galveston Bay,' MP 6-75, U.S. Army, Corps of Engi-
neers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Fort Belvoir, Va., Apr.1975.

ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERN INC., ''Scope of Services Available - Plant Material
Costs - Vegetative Establishment Costs - Consultation Rates - Specifi-
cations for Plant Establishment - Guidelines for Site Suitability,"
Environmental Concern Inc., St. Michaels, Md., 1976.

GARBISCH, E.W., Jr., WOLLER, P.B. and McCALLUM, R.J., "Salt Marsh Estab-
lishment and Development," TM-52, U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers,
Coastal Engineering Research Center, Fort Belvoir, Va., June 1975.

KNUTSON, P.L., ''Development of Intertidal Marshlands upon Dredged Material
in San Francisco Bay,'' Proceedings of the WODCON VII Conference,
July 1976.

U.S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT, SAN FRANCISCO, "'San Francisco Bay and Estuary,
Dredge Disposal Study, Appendix K - Marsh Development,' Apr. 1976.

WEBB, J.W., and DODD, J.D., 'Vegetation Establishment and Shoreline
Stabilization: Galveston Bay, Texas,"' TP 76-13, U.S. Army, Corps of
Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Fort Belvoir, Va.,
Aug. 1976.

WENTZ, W.A., SMITH, R.L., and KADLEC, J.A., "State-of-the-Art Survey
and Evaluation of Marsh Plant Establishment Techniques: Induced and
Natural ,'' CR D-74-9, U.S Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station,
Vicksburg, Miss., Dec. 1974.

WOODHOUSE, W.W., Jr., SENECA, E.D., and BROOME, S.W., "Propagation of
Spartina alterniflora for Substrate Stabilization and Salt Marsh
Development,'' TM-46, U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering
Research Center, Fort Belvoir, Va., Aug. 1974.

WOODHOUSE, W.W., Jr., SENECA, E.B., and BROOME, S.W., ''Propagation and
Use of Spartina alterniflora for Shoreline Erosion Abatement," TR 76-2,
U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center,
Fort Belvoir, Va., Aug. 1976

ivi i in mone ot: f

APPENDIX A

OBTAINING PLANT MATERIALS

Few companies specialize in the sale of salt marsh plants. Informa-
tion concerning local suppliers may be obtained from the State agent of
the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service located
in State capitals. The following are known commercial distributors of
salt marsh plants:

Horticultural Systems Inc. San Francisco Bay Marine Research Center
POs Bor 3 8 Middle Road
Bradenton, Florida 33506 Lafayette, California 94549

(415) 332-5100
Environmental Concern Inc.
PEO >5 lope 12
St. Michaels, Maryland 21663
(301) 745-9620

Complete taxonsomic descriptions of the plants discussed in this report
may be found in Hitchcock (1971):

Smooth cordgrass (Spartina alterntflora)
California cordgrass (Spartina foltosa)
Gulf coast cordgrass (Spartina spartinae)
Saltmeadow cordgrass (Spartina patens)

In addition, Figure A-1 provides simplified illustrations of these plants.
Confusion in recognizing these three species is not likely. California
cordgrass is found only on the Pacific coast; smooth cordgrass is common
only on the gulf and Atlantic coasts; Gulf coast cordgrass is limited

to the gulf. Where smooth cordgrass and Gulf coast cordgrass occur
together, each can be distinguished by their characteristic habits.

Smooth cordgrass will be found forming nearly homogeneous stands within
the intertidal zone. Gulf coast cordgrass, on the other hand, will be
found in the high intertidal zone and on coastal uplands growing in clumps
or tufts in association with other plant varieties.

2HITCHCOCK, A.S., Manual of Grasses of the United States, 2d ed.,
2 Vols., Dover, New York, 1971.

Smooth, Gulf Coast, and California Cordgrasses

Growth habit Seed head Stem and leaf

Figure A-1l. Plant identification.

APPENDIX B

DESCRIPTION OF PLANTING METHODS

ilo Siee Preparation.

Planting areas should be sloped to 1 on 15 or less for seeding pro-
jects. Areas to be planted with sprigs, plugs, and nursery seedlings
should be sloped as gradual as practicable.

Bo Sseechijnes,

Seeding is recommended for only smooth cordgrass and California
cordgrass. Methods for planting these are similar. The seeds are ready
for harvest as early as September in northern latitudes and as late as
November in southern areas. Seed-producing stands should be examined
periodically during appropriate months. When seeds are easily dislodged
by grasping the seed head, harvesting should begin. To harvest, clip
seed head from adult plant. After harvesting, store collected material
2 weeks in moist condition, thresh, and store in cold (39° Fahrenheit,
4° Celsius), brackish water. Broadcast at low water during late winter
or spring (February through April in southern latitudes (south of latitude
37° N.) and March through May in northern latitudes. Cover seeds with
one-half inch or less of tillage. Standard agricultural equipment may
be used to harvest and broadcast seed. Generally, such equipment re-
quires modification to achieve mobility in marsh substrates.

3. Planting Sprigs.

A sprigging technique can be used to plant all of the species dis-
cussed. A sprig is a part of a plant consisting of at least one node
(joint of a stem from which the leaves arise) with attached stems and
roots. To obtain sprigs, dig plants from existing marshes or "nurseries"
established for this purpose and separate them. (CAUTION.--this activity
is potentially damaging to existing, natural marshes. Avoid disruption
of areas subject to erosion.) Obtaining and separating sprigs is much
more efficient in sandy substrates and in young stands where dense root
systems have not yet formed. Sprigs must be kept moist until planting
and may be heeled-in (base of the plant covered with sediment but leaves
and stems exposed) for several days in an intertidal area. (Do not allow
plants to overheat by covering or keeping in closed containers.) To.
plant, open a hole 4 to 6 inches in depth, insert the sprig, and firm the
soil. Early spring is optimal for planting, although moderate success
can be obtained in other seasons. A modified tobacco planter may be
used to increase planting efficiency on sandy sediments.

4. Planting Plugs.
Plugs may be used to plant California cordgrass. A plug is,a root-

SOil mass, 4 to 6 inches (10 to 15 centimeters) in diameter and 6 to 8

19

inches (15 to 20 centimeters) deep which contains roots and a number
of stems. Plugs can be excavated from existing marshes and trans-
planted intact. Collect plugs in cohesive sediments only. An intact
root-soil sediment mass cannot be maintained in sandy sediments.

Plugs may be planted during any season (except in areas with ice forma-
tion) though spring is preferable. Caution against disrupting natural
marshes also applies here.

5. Planting Nursery Seedlings.

Smooth cordgrass and California cordgrass may be planted using
nursery seedlings rooted in peat moss pots. Seedlings have a well-
developed, intact root-soil mass for planting in either cohesive or
sandy sediments. Seedlings have several advantages. Nursery stock can
be (a) held indefinitely in the event of construction delays, (b) planted
in most any season, though spring is preferred, and (c) cultivated with a
minimum of disturbance to existing marshes. To prepare nursery seedlings,
collect and store seed as discussed in Section II. Seeds may be stored
up to 8 months. Remove seeds from storage and scatter over the surface
of 3- to 5-inch-diameter peat moss pots filled with sand. Apply approxi-
mately 10 seeds per pot, scarify lightly, irrigate with tapwater, and
apply 10-10-10 fertilizer at 0.25 ounce per square foot after seeds have
germinated.

Seedlings should be grown for at least 3 months before planting.
Maintain salinity in the solution comparable to that which will be
encountered at the planting site. Planting of both plugs and seedlings
is more efficient if holes are opened with an auger.

20

APPENDIX C

MAINTENANCE OF PLANTED OR SEEDED AREAS
1. Debris Removal.

Debris such as wood, styrofoam, algae, and dislodged submerged plants
accumulate in the high marsh forming a strand line. This material may
smother and damage plantings particularly during the first two growing
seasons. This litter should be removed in both the fall and the spring.

2. Fertilization.

If plant cover and development are inferior to that desired by the
second growing season, fertilize again at rate given in Section IV for
seeded areas.

3. Waterfowl Control.

Canadian and Snow geese are fond of the tender roots and rhizomes of
marsh plants and may destroy a planted area before establishment. Rope
fences erected on the seaward edge of planted areas have been used suc-
cessfully to exclude waterfowl during the first few growing seasons.

The fences consist of wood, metal, or plastic pickets strung with 1/8-inch
nylon rope. The ropes are spaced at 6-inch intervals from the sediment
surface to an elevation above MHW.

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odo, Itdmibs i.eaes corohod Keen meat aon
as gne Bazaragsd went dae te oe hk
a ato adae i ydinweeag wet Pee Rae
ddareeuavadin SiKse edna
damibes CT woe sieinoand: a

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L079 SO/H/E Ol eBILgcn’ £0ZOL

bat Sita Ay Aa Ac (0 i 2 5 2
TeoTuyIeq ButTrseuT3ue TeqseoD) *1eqUeD) yoIeesSey BuTAssuTSuq Te seo)
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*y *seysieu [TeptlL *€ *(skemzejem) syueg *Z “*AZo0TODe ysIeW *|
*JsoD JoqeT 3uTjeUTIse (p) pue ‘sjuewertnb
981 UOTIEZTTTI1aj5 ButTuTwisejep (9) ‘8utoeds quetd pue aqe1 uoTqed
-TTdde pees Sututwiejep (q) ‘spoyjzem Z3uTquetd pue squeqtd 3uTqIeTesS
(@) 10F SaUT[TeptIns saptaoid jzoder’ stuy *seere [Te}seoD peraqtTeys
Auew ut syueq BuTpote ButztT{[Tqeqs ut xsaTJOezzZo ore squetd ysaeW
“ct +d :Aydeasorqqrg
(€-LL VLAD § 18e}uUeD YyOIeesey BuTiveU
-T3uq TeISeOD *S*n - PTE TeOTUYIe BuTIeeuT3ue Teq3seoD) “TTI “d 1z
"(16 S99TAIBS uoTJeWAOFUT TeoTu
“Ye TBUOTIEN WOAS aeTqeTTeae : ‘ea SpTatysutads { taqua9Q yoreeasay
SuTlseuTzZuq TeqIseoD *S*n : “eA SATOATOgG JA0q — *uosynuy °*7 [neg kq
/ uotTIeZTTTQeIs yueq pue jJueudoTaAsep ysiew 10J seUTTeptInN3 Butquetg
*[Tneg ‘uosqnuy

L209 SSL 30u earesn* £0ZOL

*€-LL WLao “pte
TeoTuyse} BuTAseuTZua [TejJseoy *1ajueaDg yoieesey ZuTAseuTsuq [Te seo)
*S*n :seTtes “II “eTITL “I ‘“‘ToAqUOD uOoTsoIg *G ‘*squeTd oTJeNby
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-TTdde peas ButTuTwiejep (q) ‘spoyjem But juetTd pue squeq{d 3uTjDeTes
(@) 10F SeUuT[eptns septAoiad jaoder sty, ‘*seeie Te}seodD paitsaqyToys
Auew ut syueq ZuTpole Butzt[tqeqs ut eaTIezJa o1e squetd ysseW
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“/L6| S@0TAIeS uoTJeWIOJUT TeITU
-yooy TeuoTIeN wory oTqeTrTeae : *ea ‘SpTatysutaids { Aaquag joresssay
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/ uotjeztTrTqeys Yyueq pue jueudoTeAaep ysiew OJ SauTTepiIns Burquertg
*Tneg ‘uosjnuy

£9 Bol, “Ot earecn’ £0201

“€-LL WL9O “pre
TeoTuyoe} ZuTAseuTZue Te}seoD) *1ajUe) YyoIeesey SutTarseuT3ug Teqseog
“S°N ?:SeTeS “JI “8TITL “I “To1}WUOD uoTsoIg *¢ ‘squetd dTIeNby
“7 ‘Soysieu Tepty, *¢ *(shemzejeM) syueg *Z ‘*ABOTODS YSsIe_ *|
"sod JoqeyT Surqzewt3se (p) pue ‘squaweartnb
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-ttdde pees Zurutwrejzep (q) ‘spoyjem 3utquetd pue squetd 3utjzeTes
(@) 1OZ SoeUuTTeptns saptaoad jaodexi sty, ‘*seeaae [Teqseod pereqTeyus
Auew ut syueq ButTports ZuTZITTqeIS UT 2ATJIezFO oae squeTd ysae_
“ct cd :Aydessortqrg
: (€-LL VLEO £ taqueg yoreesey BuTisveu
-T3ug TeISeOD *S'n - pre TeoTuyoe7 JupiseurZue [eqseog) “TTI °*d [z
“(L6. S80TAIAaSg uoTJeWIOFUT TeoTu
-yool TeBuUOTIeN WoAF eTqeTTeAe : “ea ‘ppteTz8utads { Aequeg yoreessy
SuTissuTsuq Teqseop *Ss°pM : “eA SITOATAG JAOg — cuoszNuy *7 TNeg Aq
/ UOTIEZTTTQeIs Yueq pue jJueudoTeAep ysiew AOZ souTTeptTns Zurquetg
*[neg Suosqnuy

L729 GL ou earecn* £07OL

“€-LL VLG “pre
TeoTuYyIe BuTAseuT3ue TeIseoD *1ajUueD YoIeesey DuriesuTsuy Te 3seo|
"S°N $SeTI9S “II “eTAITL °I *ToOaARzUOD uoTsoAag *G °sjueTd oTIeNby
“py *soysiew TeptL *¢ ‘*(shenizejeN) syueg °Z7 “*ASOTOIe YsIeW *|
*Jsod AtoqeT BuTjeVTIse (p) pue ‘sqjuaweitnb
-91 UOTIEZT[TRIA9F BuTUTWAajap (9) ‘3utoeds juetd pue 9je1 uoTIeD
-tidde peas Sututuzejzep (q) ‘spoyjew Zutquetd pue sjuetd 8uTqDeTes
(@) 1OF saut{aptns saptaoid jaoder styl ‘*seaie [TeIseod pereqtoys
Auew ut syueq 3utpoisa Sutztttqeas UT SATIIIFJO vie sjuetTd ysieW
*c, cd :Aydeazottata
(€-LL VLAD £ 1eqUeDQ YOIessey BuTiseu
-13ug TeIseoD *S*n - pre TeoTuyos, YutzeseuTSue [eqyseog) “TTI *d 1Z
"/L6| ‘e9TAIaS uoTIeWIOJUT TeoTu
-yooy] TeBuCTIeN woraz atTqeTreae : °ea ‘pTatzsutads £ teqUeD YyoIeesay
Sutiseutsuq Teqseon *s°n : “eA SATOATOG JAOy — *uosqznuy “7 TNeg Aq
/ uotiezTTTqejs yueq pue jueudoTeAep ysiew 10F sauTTeptns Butjzueltd
*—Tneg ‘uosqnuy

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*S°N :SeTz9S “II “eTITL “I “*Toarjuod uoftsorzq *g -°squetd ot zenby
*y *seysieul TeptyZ *¢€ ‘*(skemzejem) syueg *z *AZoTODe ysreW °|
*3soD AJoqeT 3uTjeUTIse (p) pue ‘squowertnb
-21 UOTIeZTTTI1e3 BuTuTwreqep (9) ‘3utoeds queqtd pue ajea uotqed
-TTdde pees ButuTwisjep (q) ‘spoyzem 3uTqjuetd pue squeqtd 3urqoeTes
(8) IO} SeuT[TeptIns saptAoid jzodezr styl *seaze [eJseOD peraqteys
Auew ut syueq BuTpote ButzT{[Tqeqs ut aeATqIeFFOa oie squetTd ysaeW
“cL cd :AyderZo0tT qr
(€-LL VLAD § Te}UeD YyoDIessSey BuTAveU
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“/L6L S89TAIeS uoTIeWAOJUT TeoTuU
-Yyoo] TBUOTIEN WOAZ STqeTtTeae : “ea SpTatTs8utads { aaqueyg yorleasay
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/ uot ezTTTqeqs yueq pue jJusudoTeAep ysieW AOJ soUTTepIns B3utquetg
*—Tneg ‘uosjznuy

£09 Saou Balscn* £020L

“€=/2 WLd0 “pre
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“yh *‘seysiew TepTL “¢€ ‘*(Shemioejem) syueg *z ‘ABoOTOIe YsIey *|
*JsoD AJoqgeT 3uTjeWTISe (p) pue ‘squaweatnb
-91 UOTIEZTTTIA9J ButTuTWisjzep (9) ‘8utoeds quetd pue aje1 uoTIeD
-t1dde pees 3ututuiejep (q) ‘spoyjzew Butjuetd pue squetd B8utqoeTes
(8) 1OF souT[Teptns septaoad jzodez sty, ‘*seeae Te JseOD peraqyoys
Auew ut syueq Zutpotea Butzt[rqeqs ut eaTqDesza ose squetd ysaeW
“c. *d :Kydeasortqra
(€-LL VLAD § 19e}uaD yoTeesey BuTirssu
-T8uqg TPISePOD *S*N = PTS TeoTuYyDeq ButiseuTZue TeqseoD)) “TTI *d 1z
"/L6, S®9TALIAaS uoTJeWAOJUT TeOTU
-YDo] TeUOTIEN WolF STQqeTTeAe : ‘eA ‘Sptatysutads {£ Azsquay joreessay
SutTiseutTsug [eyseog *S*m : “eA SATOATEG 340q — ‘uUOoSqNUy “7 [Neg Aq
/ uotjzeztTTqeqjs yueq pue jueudoTevnsp ysiew 10JF SoUTTeptIns Butquetg
*—Tneg ‘uosjznuy

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L£7é9 SLi KL eBarecn’ £€0ZOL

“€=-LL WL9O “pre
TeoTuyoe, ZuTiseuTZue Te,seoD) *1ajUa) yoAeesey ButTiseuTSuq Te seo)
“S°N ?Se8Tt9g “TI “eTITL “I *Tot}WUOD uoTsotg *¢ <‘squetd oTWeNby
“7 “Seysieu Tept] *¢ *(SskemiejeN) syueg *z7 ‘“ABoToODe ysIze_ *{
*}s09 JoqeT Sutjewtjse (p) pue ‘squewertnb
21 UOTISZTTTIAez ButTutTursejzep (9) ‘B8utroeds quezd pue ajea uoTIed
-trdde peas ZuruTuzezep (q) ‘spoyqeu Butquetd pue squetd 3uT.o0eTes
(@) 10} SauT[eptns septaoad jaodei1 sty, ‘seeae TeqseoD peteqzpTeys
Auew uy syueq ButTpote BuTzT{TTqeys UT aATQJDazFE |1ae squetd ysie,
“ct cd :Aydeas8ottqrg
: (€-LL VLAD §£ Jequeag yoreessoy ButTasveUu
-T3uq TBISPOD “Sn - pte TeoTUYyIeQ YuTirseuT3ua Leaseo)) “per <d! [z,
“(16 ‘@0TAIaS uoTIeWIOFUT TeOTU
-yOo] TeuCTIeN WoAFT eTqeTTeEAe : *eA ‘pTeTzB8utads { Aaqueg yoreesoy
SuTissutsuq Teqseog *s*m : “eA SAITOATOgG Ja0qg — *uosqnuy *7 TNeg Aq
/ UoTIeZzTTTqeIs yueq pue juseudoTeAep ysiew Az0j souTTeptns Burquerg
*[neg ‘uosqnuy

Le9 Boe ~ Ot PBILesn* €0¢OL

“€=/£ VLGO “pre
TeoTuyoe} ButilaeuTsue Teqseop *lajUeD yoivasey BuraseuT3uy [eqseoD
"S°N :SeTIeS “II “8TITL “I ‘ToOA}WUOD uoTsory *G *squeTd oTReNby
“ph *soysieu Tepty *¢ *(shenizejeny) syueg *z ‘*ASoToOoe ysaeW ‘|
*}Ss0D AoqeT B3uTjerTqIse (p) pue ‘squeweaatnb
-92 UOTIEZTTTIIeF Bututwisjzep (9) ‘8uroeds quetd pue oer uotjed
-tidde pees 8ututTuzezep (q) ‘spoyjew Zutqueqtd pue sjuetd 3uTqDeTeS
(@) 10F saut{Teptns septAozd jaodexr sty, ‘*seaae Teqseoo pedraqzTeys
Auew ut syueq BuTpote BuTzITTqeqys UT sATJOazzJo |ae sjueTd yssaeW
"ct cd :Aydeazottqrg
(€-LL VLAD §£ 19equeD yOIeesey BuTiseU
-18ug TeIseoD *S*n - pre TeoTuYyoe ButiseutSue Teqseog) “ITI *d 1z
"/L6L S90TAIAaS uoTJeWAOFJUT TeoTu
-yoe] TBUOTIEN wWorAy aTqeTtTeAe : “eA ‘ptTetysutads { taquUeD) YyoIeassy
BuTiseutTsug Teyseog *s*y : “eA SATOATegG JA0q — ‘uoSynuUy *7 [Neg hq
/ wotzeZzITTqeqjs yueq pue JueudoTeAsp ysiew 10J sauTTeptns Butjueqg
*Tneg ‘uosqnuy

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