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Bequest of 


Kenneth K. Mackenzie 


@ctober 1934 


THE PLANT LIFE 


OF 


Hartsville, S. C. 


BY 


Me CORE, Ph. D. 


Professor of Botany, University of North Carolina 


Columbia, S. C. 
THE STATE CO., PRINTERS 


> PEAS 
Gree 


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Published by ; 
THE PEE DEE HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION 


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/08S0 


fa e d.—Gitbert White. 


4 ws 


THE PLANT LIFE OF HARTSVILLE, S C. 


INTRODUCTION. 


South Carolina has been the home of several of the most promi- 
nent botanists of America. Thomas Walter, an Englishman by 
birth, who lived on the Santee River in the upper part of St. 
John’s Parish; Stephen Elliott of Charleston, H. W. Ravenel of 
Pinopolis and later of Aiken—these are honored names in the 
history of our science; nor are they by any means all who have 
made valuable contributions to the botany of the State. Dr. 
Francis Peyre Porcher, Dr. James McBryde, Dr. J. H. Melli- 
champ, and Prof. Lewis R. Gibbes were all native South Caro- 
linians and careful students of its flora. All of these men lived 
and worked in the lower half of the State, in fact, all but two 
entirely below the Santee River. With the exceptions mentioned 
below, the flora of the northern and northeastern parts of South 
Carolina was left without any particular study, and knowledge 
of its composition has been largely a deduction from what was 
reported from similar or adjoining areas. There is much work 
yet to be done before the composition and distribution of even 
the higher plants of the State can be said to be at all well known. 
Mr. Ravenel and Dr. M. A. Curtis did considerable work in the 
fungi, but with these exceptions the lower plants have been 
studied scarcely at all.* 

No catalog of the plants of South Carolina has ever been 
compiled. Elliott’s book was called “A Sketch of the Botany of 
South Carolina and Georgia,” but none realized more than the 
author the necessary incompleteness of the work, especially for 
the upper part of the State. The local lists that have been pub- 
lished are those of Thomas Walter for the upper part of Berkeley 
County, of Prof. Gibbes for Columbia and environs, of Mr. 
Ravenel for the vicinity of the Santee Canal (being a part of 
Walter’s territory), and of Dr. John Bachman for the neighbor- 


*Observations on the vegetation of South Carolina by the pioneering bota- 
nists of the early days,—travellers like Catesby, Bartram and the two 
Michauxs,—are of much interest and value, but they can be mentioned here 
only in passing. See also my articles in THE JoURNAL OF THE ELISHA 
MITCHELL SCIENTIFIC Society, as follows: “A Visit to the Grave of Thomas 
Walter,” Vol. 26, April, 1910. “The Garden of André Michaux,” Vol. 27, 
July, 1911. “Dr. Joseph Hinson Mellichamp,” Vol. 27, May, 1911. 


4 


hood of Charleston.* At the end of his list of the more noticeable 
native and naturalized plants of South Carolina, in the volume on 
South Carolina published by the State Board of Agriculture in 
1883, Mr. Ravenel gives the number of flowering plants known 
at that time in South Carolina as 1,810. A considerable number 
have been added since, and with a complete survey the total would 
probably reach over 2,100. 

A history of the botanical work done in Darlington County can 
be written in a few words. As it lies somewhat off the direct line 
between Charleston and the North, or between Charleston and 
Columbia, few itinerant botanists have stopped in the district. 
Dr. Lester F. Ward passed through the county in 1895 and col- 
lected a few plants near the town of Darlington; and it is pos- 
sible that Prof. Louis R. Gibbes of Columbia or Mr. H. W. 
Ravenel may have picked up something here. However, I have 
not seen or heard of any specimens in their collections from this 
section. The botanical exploration of the county has been con- 
fined almost entirely to one man. Rev. M. A. Curtis, a gifted 
botanist of wide reputation, was for nine years (1847-1856) rector 
of the Episcopal church at Society Hill in the eastern part of 
Darlington County, about seventeen miles from Hartsville. He 
gave his attention largely to fungi, and together with the Rev. 
M. J. Berkeley of England published a large number of new 
species in that group. However, he did not by any means neglect 
the flowering plants. He published no list of Society Hill plants 
or any papers dealing exclusively with the flora of this region, 
but several new species of Angiosperms were described by him 
from Society Hill, among them being /lew Amelanchier and 
Baptisia Serenae. Appreciation must also be expressed for the 
work of Mr. W. D. Woods, of Darlington, who through news- 
paper articles, correspondence and personal effort, has encour- 
aged through a long life the study and preservation of our native 
trees. 


CLIMATE OF HARTSVILLE. 


The altitude of Hartsville is 214 feet, its latitude about 34° 
4™ and 2s¢¢., its distance from the sea about eighty miles. The 


*In addition to these Dr. F. P. Porcher has published as a thesis for the 
degree of M. D., an extensive and valuable Medico-Botanical Catalogue of 
the “Plants and Ferns of St. John’s, Berkeley, South Carolina”; and a paper 
by me on the Flora of the Isle of Palms, appeared in Torreya for August, 
1905. 


‘SIITH puvg oy} UT ould JRe[-3UOT Jo Y}MOAS Plo puR sunox 


Vegetation of Hartsville. 


Plate I. 


5 


town has no station of the weather bureau and no records of con- 


sequence are at hand. The climatological data may, however, be 
approximately guessed at from the records of nearby stations. 
For this purpose I give below a table containing the more impor- 
tant records for several of our nearest neighbors: 


Mean An- ich Mean 
Altitude | nual Tem- | Highest piabiag Annual Pre- 
in Feet | perature. Temp. wise 4 cipitation. 


Society Hill...| 192 ‘For 18 years |In 18 years In 18 years|For 17 years 


61.8 100 / 0 49.31 

Darlington ... 155* ? In 6 years In 6 years For 13 years 
101 8 47.26 

Cheraw ...... 144 |For 20 years |In 20 years In 20 years For 21 years 
| 61.6 104 | 9 47.66 

Columbia ..... 351 |For 22 years In 22 years In 22 years For 26 years 
63.2 106 / 2 46.62 

Camden ...... 222 ? In 4 years In 4 years For 42 years 
100 12 | 44,18 

a 565 |For 25 years |In 25 years In 25 years For 2) years 
63.9 107 3 46.43 

Hartsville .... 214* 


From the data in this table the conditions at Hartsville may be 
very closely approximated. Darlington is about fourteen miles 
from Hartsville, Society Hill about seventeen miles, Camden 
about forty miles, but the temperature of the two last places is 
much nearer that of Hartsville than is that of Darlington. I 
would guess that Hartsville is a little colder than Society Hill and 
the Jeast bit colder than Camden. It is considerably colder than 
Darlington. As expressed by the vegetation there is a difference 
of nearly ten days in the coming of spring in Darlington and 
Hartsville, and there are some remarkable differences in the 
native vegetation. For example, the following coast plants are 
found wild or naturalized at Darlington but not at Hartsville: 
Carolina laurel cherry, or mock orange (Prunus caroliniana) ,{ 
Darlington oak or laurel oak (Quercus laurifolia), Decumaria 


*Elevation at the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad station as given by their 
survey. The Weather Bureau gives the altitude of Darlington as 175 feet. 
All other altitudes in the table are taken from the Weather Bureau reports. 


tI know of about six trees of this species that have appeared sponta- 
neously in or near the swamps and bays at Hartsville. In Darlington it 
has escaped abundantly. 


6 


(Decumaria barbara) and gray moss (7%landsia usneoides).+ 
One small spray of the gray moss has been found hanging over 
Black Creek at Hartsville. 

As the nearest available information in regard to the rainfall 
of Hartsville there are given below diagrams of the data for 
Society Hill and Darlington: 


NOLONITYVG 
“THTH ALAIDOS 


Diagrams showing the mean annual rainfall for each month at Society Hill (for 
the seventeen years preceding 1909) and for Darlington (for the thirteen years 
preceding 1909). From the U. S. Weather Bureau reports. 


There is no doubt that one of the principal factors influencing 
the distribution of species is the length of the growing season; 
and this may be determined by the mean occurrence of the last 
killing frost in spring and the first killing frost in fall. The 
nearest stations to Hartsville for which this data is available are 
Cheraw and Florence. For Cheraw the average date of the first 
killing frost in fall is November 1st, and for the last killing frost 
in spring is April 5th. For Florence the dates are November 
7th and March 31st. This would give a growing season of 209 
days for Cheraw and 220 days for Florence. Hartsville’s growing 
season would be nearer that of Cheraw’s, say about 212 days. 

There are no humidity records for this section of South Caro- 
lina, but I think there is no doubt that the humidity is less in the 
vicinity of the sand hills than in any other part of the State. It 
is almost certainly a difference in atmospheric humidity rather 
than of temperature that accounts for the presence of the gray 
moss (7ilandsia) at Darlington and its absence at Hartsville. 


7The non-occurrence of these plants at Hartsville is supposed to be due 
to a difference in climate. There are a number of others whose absence is 
due to soil characters, e. g., certain shrubs and trees of the Pee Dee swamp. 


7 


The very rare occurrence, say once in twenty years, of cold waves 
that drop the temperature for a night or so to the neighborhood 
of zero seems to have little effect in determining the constitution 
of the flora. Length of growing season, atmospheric humidity, 
and mean lowest temperature are much more important. 

The climatic position of Hartsville may be understood best, 
perhaps, when we consider the success or failure there of certain 
well known cultivated plants. A number of half hardy sub- 
tropical species such as camellia (Camellia japonica), tea (Camel- 
lia Thea) camphor tree (Cinnamomum camphora), oleander 
(Nerium oleander), Cape jessamine (Gardenia jasminoides) may 
be successfully grown in the open, but our rarely occurring zero 
weather will injure them if unprotected. Oranges and other 
citrus fruits cannot withstand the average winters, but the new 
citrus hybrids, called Citranges, such as Morton, Willits, and 
Rusk, thrive and bear well. 


TOPOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY. 


Hartsville is situated on the exact inner edge of the upper drier 
part of the coastal plain, marking, therefore, the northern boun- 
dary of this great geographical division of the State. Just to the 
north of the town proper is the rapid descent of about 50 feet into 
the valley of Black Creek. This valley, with certain irregularities, 
extends for approximately one-half mile and is terminated on its 
northern edge by the outposts of the sand hills, which, gradually 
rising in gentle undulations, extend their barren prospect for 
miles to the northward. These sand hills are on the line that 
separates the piedmont plateau from the coastal plain, and are 
a transition from one to the other. In their vegetation and geo- 
logical origin they approach more closely to the character of the 
coastal plain. They were once much higher than they are at 
present, as is evidenced by the occurrence among them of a consid- 
erable hill, called Sugar-loaf Mountain, which rises to an eleva- 
tion of 150 feet above the surrounding country and is capped by a 
layer of sandstone of sufficient strength to resist the extensive 
erosion that has elsewhere taken place. These hills mark the 
coast line of a Pleistocene sea that, shortly before the glacial 
epoch, halted here for thousands of years. An elevation then 
took place and the sea receded southward, exposing its level floor 
as our fertile and extensive coastal plain. 

A cross section of the coastal plain in the neighborhood of 
Hartsville would show the following geological formations: 


8 


1st. Recent. A surface layer of a few inches to a foot or more 
in thickness composed of a rather coarse gray, sandy loam, known 
as the Columbia sands. | 

2nd. Pxuiocene? lLarayretre Formation. About 20 or 25 
feet of variegated clays and sands, often highly and attractively 
colored. ‘These may be seen at the big water cut across Home 
Avenue above Mr. McNair’s place. 

3rd. Mipptx Fresh Warer Cretaceous: Macotuy Formation: 
Drab or black clays only a few feet in thickness, containing much 
lignite and vegetable matter. Many pieces of wood occur in this 
stratum, perfect in shape but very soft. 

4th. Lower Freso Water Cretaceous: Potomac Formation. 
This is the oldest of the coastal plain deposits, resting uncon- 
formably on the crystalline, igneous rocks below. It is character- 
ized by absence of fossils, distinct banding, and the thickness of 
its component layers of sands, clays, arkoses, gravels, etc. It is 
often stained with iron or other pigments, and mica is plentiful. 
It is from the sands of this formation that the artesian water that 
supplies the town is obtained. This water is as nearly pure as 
ground water can be, and its remarkable clearness and sparkle 
make it unsurpassed as a table water. 

In the lower part of the county there is unterpolated between 
the Lafayette and the Magothy a deposit of Miocene marls of 
marine origin, and at places there are outcrops of this formation 
that have been worked for agricultural lime. 

The general surface configuration of the country south of Black 
Creek valley is that of a remarkably level plain, with gentle eleva- 
tions and depressions, and occasional erosion cuts by the streams. 
As 2 result of this topography the surface drainage is often not 
good and open ditches are much used to empty pockets and lower 
the water surface in cultivated land. Except on a very few sandy 
knolls on the southern rim of the creek valley, that are really 
outposts of the sand hills, the nature of the vegetation on the level 
plain is determined very largely by the position of the water 
surface in the soil, and it is easily seen that the main ecological 
plant formations are dependent chiefly on this factor. 

According to the United States Soil Survey of Darlington 
County there are in the immediate neighborhood of Hartsville 
five types of soils. The town itself is shown in their map as 
situated on the Orangeburg sandy loam, but there is evidently 
some mistake here* as this type is described in the text as con- 


*The town really stands, I think, on the Norfolk sandy soil and the Golds- 
boro compact sandy loam. 


‘SIITH PuBg eq} UT oUTY JRe[-Su07 Jo yIMOIZ puodag 


Vegetation of Hartsville 


Plate IT. 


9 


taining “from 10 to 40 per cent. of water-worn pebbles, which 
rarely exceed the size of a man’s thumb.” As every one who lives 
in Hartsville knows, the soil does not contain such pebbles. Even 
the boy with the slingshot never found them out. This type is 
shown as extending to the foot of the hill towards the lake, and 
there being replaced by the Norfolk sand, which composes the 
flat valley, and with some interruptions extends up into the sand 
hills a mile or more, where it merges into the “Sandhill” type. 

The plantation immediately south of the town is of the Golds- 
boro compact loam type (according to the above-mentioned 
report), which may be said to correspond roughly to the flat- 
woods. 

The plant formation that I describe as well-drained upland 
forest, which should include, I think, most of the area covered 
by the town and the hill slope to the north, seems to be typically 
characterized by the type of soil called Norfolk sandy soil by the 
Survey. 

In describing the vegetation of the region it will be best to dis- 
tinguish the principal plant formations and then to take up each 
in turn. Including the sand hills, streams and swamps, as well as 
the various distinctive areas of the level uplands, we may dis- 
tinguish in the vicinity of Hartsville as many as six ecological 
divisions or areas, as follows: 


1lstc—THeE Sanp Hits, or Pint Barrens. 

The soils are extremely porous and composed very largely of 
sand, the surface specimen analyzed by the U. S. Soil Survey 
showed 94.78 per cent. coarse and fine sands and only 0.77 per 
cent. of organic matter. The subsoil is a yellow sand of the same 
texture, and of slightly higher clay content. In lower spots the 
proportion of humus is much greater and the soil is denser and 
damper. 


2nd—Tue WELL-DRAINED UPLAND Forest. 

The soil is that of the Norfolk sandy loam which is described 
as follows by the Survey: 

It “consists of from 12 to 24 inches of a gray sandy loam, not 
unlike the soil of the Goldsboro compact sandy loam. A super- 
ficial examination might not suffice to distinguish the two types, 
but the subsoil gives rise to a variation in crop production which 
is quite evident. This subsoil is a sticky yellow loam or clay, 
which contains enough medium and fine sand, however, to render 


Io 


it much more friable than the subsoil of the Goldsboro compact 
sandy loam. 

“There are a few areas of this type bordering large sand tracts, 
but its normal occurrence is as a narrow border, varying in width 
from one-half mile to two miles along the smaller streams. As 
the stream is approached the sandy soil becomes deeper and the 
subsoil lighter in texture. 

“On account of the position of this soil the drainage is gen- 
erally good. The uncleared areas support a heavy growth of pine 
and the various hard woods common to the uplands of this 
section.” 

When cleared it makes an excellent type of farm land, but on 
account of the rather coarse texture it is somewhat inferior to 
certain of the more compact soils. 


38rd—THeE Poor.y-pRAINED FLaTwoops. 

These areas are somewhat lower than the preceding ones and 
are so extremely flat that the drainage is poor. The soil is Golds- 
boro compact saridy loam, and is thus designated by the Sur- 
vey: 

“The surface soil is an ashy-gray sandy loam, 10 to 20 inches 
in depth. There is usually a slight stickiness and coherency in 
this sand which distinguishes it from the |s]oil of the Norfolk 
sand. The subsoil is a tenacious and rather impervious clay loam, 
varying in color from yellow to dark gray. At lower depths the 
subsoil becomes lighter in texture. The line of contact between 
soil and subsoil is well defined.” 


4th—THE SAvANNAS. 

These conspicuous and interesting formations are undrained 
depressions in the flatwoods where the water stands at or above 
the surface for a considerable period of the year. The surface 
soil is a heavy, peaty, sandy loam and the subsoil is generally a 
dark gray sticky pipe clay that is almost impervious to water. 
In colder climates the savanna would probably be a Sphagnum 
bog. 


5th—Swamps. 

These may be divided into two sorts, the shallow swamps or 
bays (often called “galls” or “gall bays”), and the deeper 
swamps, and the bays may be further divided into the alluvial 
or typical bays and the non-alluvial or flatwoods bays. The 
typical bay is a low, wet, alluvial area of deep, fertile, more or 


Vegetation of Hartsville. Plate III. 


A large specimen of Turkey Oak (Quercus Catesbaei). 


II 


less muddy soil, rich in humus, with a pervious subsoil and some 
surface drainage. In the lower areas slowly moving surface 
water is generally present in pockets and runs between the 
tussocks. The non-alluvial or flatwoods bay is a formation that 
occupies an intermediate position between the flatwoods and 
the savanna. There is no drainage and the distinction is one of 
water content of the soil. The surface of the ground is almost 
saturated in rainy seasons, and damp in dry seasons, and the 
vegetation is quite different from either the savanna or the flat- 
woods. This is the formation that is called a “pocosin” in eastern 
North Carolina, although the term is used sometimes, it appears, 
to include the alluvial bay (see Harper, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, 
Vol. 34, page 361). The deeper swamp is like the alluvial bay 
except that the surface is under water for a good part of the 
vear. The bays are not subject to inundation and scouring from 
stream freshets as the deeper swamps are, and in the effect on 
vegetation this is perhaps the most significant difference between 
them. 


6th—Streams AND Ponps. 

Here the vegetation is aquatic and is either free floating or 
attached to the muddy or sandy bottom. 

It will be best to take up the plant covering of each of these 
types in turn. 


VEGETATION. 


Ture Sanp HiItzs. 


The covering of these hills is a thin open forest of two stories— 
the upper one of long-leaf pine (Pinus palustris) towering high 
above the scrubby growth below. In the original condition the 
pines were moderately close, but not enough so as to cast a dense 
shade. These magnificent trees extend their spreading crowns at 
an altitude of 75 to 100 feet and seem more sure of themselves and 
more in character here than in any other place. And in reality it 
is only in these barren hills that the long-leaf pine is holding its 
own against the constant encroachment of the old-field pine that 
now seriously threatens its supremacy in all other parts of the 
coastal plain. For many years all the destructive powers of man 
have been waged against this most admirable natural product of 
the Southern States, until now there is scarcely anywhere to be 
found an undisturbed fragment of the original sand hill forest. 
The pines have been boxed and burned and cut for sawing until 
_ they are now only thinly scattered over the hills. But fortun- 


I2 


ately they are reseeding themselves quite well in many places, 
and with the observance of the most elementary principles of 
forestry they could be renewed and increased indefinitely. 

The frequent woods fires are still more or less destructive to the 
young plants, but after close observation for a number of years I 
am now convinced that the idea expressed by W. W. Ashe in 
several of his bulletins* that this species is more susceptible to 
injury by fire than the old-field pine is entirely erroneous. It is 
true that its growth is so slow that when five years old the bud 
is usually but a few inches above the ground, but the very dense 
and abundant protective scales of the bud are wonderfully 
efficient in keeping out the heat from the delicate growing point. 
Moreover, the widely spreading mat of long, succulent, mature 
leaves that rest on the ground prevents the accumulation of 
inflammable material near the bud and thus greatly reduces 
the intensity of the heat. Early in the spring of this year, when 
all buds were dormant, a severe fire ran over the woods between 
Burnt Bay and Prestwood’s Lake. During the first week in June 
the ground was looked over carefully for evidence on this point. 
The woods are rather open and a large number of young long- 
leaf pine had made a start. The mature leaves were killed back 
almost or entirely to the bud, and were largely burned off, but I 
could not find a single plant even though only an inch high that 
was not putting out its fresh young leaves from the unhurt grow- 
ing point. On the other hand, nearly all of the young plants of 
the old-field pine were killed, and many of them were four to six 
feet high. It is, of course, true that year old seedlings of long leaf 
pine cannot resist hot fires, and the destruction of very young 
plants in the way is doubtless a great deterrent at present to the 
reforestation of the sand hills. 

Gifford Pinchot was the first to call attention to the superior 
adaptations of the long-leaf pine to fire resistance. In the National 
Geographic Magazine for October, 1899, page 298, he says: 
“Almost all trees yield readily to slight surface fires during the 
first ten or fifteen years of their life. To this statement the long- 
leaf pine is a conspicuous and rare exception. Not only do the 
young trees protect themselves in early youth by bark which is 


*See Bulletins N. C. Geol. Survey, No. 5, page 58; No. 6, pages 157-165, 
and No. 7, page 16. In these bulletins Mr. Ashe gives an excellent discus- 
sion of the long-leaf pine problem and of the methods necessary to secure 
the continued propagation of the forests. 


‘SIITH PUBg ey} UT (BateUTD snorenh) yeO MOTTA puvidg 


Vegetation of 


Hartsville. 


Plate IV. 


ba 
rae 
aL, 


13 


not uncommonly as thick as the wood (the whole diameter being 
thus two-thirds bark and one-third wood), but they add to this 
unusual armor a device specially adapted for their safety when 
growing amid long grass, usually a most fatal neighbor to young 
trees in case of fire. It is to be noted that the vast majority of 
long-leaf pines are associated with grass from the beginning to 
the end of their lives. During the first four or five years the long- 
leaf seedling reaches a height of but four or five inches above the 
ground. It has generally been erroneously assumed that this 
slow growth makes it specially susceptible to injury from fire; but 
while the stem during these early years makes little progress, 
the long needles shoot up and bend over in a green cascade 
which falls to the ground in a circle about the seedling. Not only 
does the barrier of green needles itself burn only with difficulty, 
but it shades out the grass around the young stem, and so pre- 
pares a durable fire-resisting shield about the vitals of the young 
tree.” 

In his little book on “The Long-Leaf Pine in Virgin Forest,” 
published in 1907, G. Frederick Schwarz discusses this point and 
calls attention to the exceptional fire-resistance of the long-leaf 
pine after the first two or three years of growth. On page 71 he 
says: “Without attempting to minimize the immediate and serious 
harm done to young growth, it may be asserted that the destruc- 
tion of long-leaf pine seedlings by surface fires has been somewhat 
exaggerated and misunderstood; at any rate, so far as concerns 
seedlings over two or three years of age.” And while admitting 
that one or two year old seedlings are destroyed as a rule by fires 
he says (page 72) : that “After the seedlings have attained several 
years’ growth they begin to offer wonderful resistance to sur- 
face fires.” In the Bulletin of the Torrey Bot. Club, Vol. 38, p. 
523, 1911, R. M. Harper says: “It is pretty well known that long- 
leaf pine, after it is four or five years old, is less affected by fire 
than almost any other tree we have, and in Southern forests 
periodically swept by fire little else can grow but this pine and a 
great variety of more or less xerophytic, mostly perennial, herbs, 
among which various grasses are usually most abundant.” 


In the original condition of our forests the old-field pine was 
largely confined to the boundaries of swamps, bays, and w 4 
courses. Over the remainder of the country the long-leaf pine 
was supreme. I think it probable that this condition was due 
principally to the fact that the long-leaf pine was able to endure 


14 


the fires of the uplands, while the old-field pine was not. The lat- 
ter was pushed aside to protected places. The present prepond- 
erance of second growth old-field pine in most thrown-out land, 
outside of the sand hills, is probably due to two factors—I1st, the 
infrequency of fires in cleared old fields, and 2nd, the insufficient 
seed production and limited seed distribution of the long-leaf 
pine. Given an equal chance and protection from fire and the 
old-field pine seems able to supplant the long-leaf pine from most 
of the good lands that it once occupied. It is different in the 
sand hills. There the soil is too poor to support the old-field pine 
and the long-leaf pine is given a free hand. The slow propaga- 
tion of the latter there at present seems to be due as much to the 
scarcity and infrequent seed production of old trees as to fires, 
though these certainly do great damage, as mentioned above, in 
the destruction of young seedlings. The fact that the long-leaf 
pine can reproduce itself in the sand hills and is doing so abun- 
dantly in places is evidenced by the growth shown in Plates 
I and II. 


Below the pines the rather low growth of the hills is composed 
most largely of several species of scrub oak. Among these the 
turkey oak, or fork-leaved black jack as we call it, (Quercus 
Catesbaez) is by far the most abundant, especially in the purest 
sand, where it is often the only oak over considerable areas. It is 
generally associated with broad-leaved black jack (Q. marilan- 
dica), upland willow oak (Q. cinerea) and post oak (Q. stellata), 
. The turkey oak and upland willow oak are typical sand hill 
species, but the other two occur also in more genial soils, where the 
latter reaches a much greater size. Though characteristically 
very small and scrubby the turkey oak may in favorable situations 
become a tree of considerable proportions—say 40 feet high and 
2 feet in diameter. One of the largest I know of is that shown in 
Plate III near the Baptist Church building. 


The upland willow oak is the smallest of all our species. The 
largest specimen I ever saw is shown in Plate IV (a winter view). 
It is about 25 feet high and 14 inches in diameter. The associa- 
tions of this oak as shown in the picture will give a good idea of 
what is characteristic of sand hill conditions. Tall long-leaf 
pines are scattered in the back ground, and in middle ground 
are small trees of turkey oak, black jack oak, post oak, a few 
stunted persimmons, choke cherries (Prunus serotina), and sassa- 
fras bushes. Poison oak (Rhus quercifolia) and summer grape 
(Vitis aestivalis) were the only other woody plants. In August, 


ille. Plate V. 


Vegetation of Hartsv 


Pine and Oak woods below Captain Cannon’s Residence. 


a ~ 


wn 
Peat. 


‘ ay & 


a , a, 


¢ 
$ 


15 


1910, the flowers in bloom around this tree were Vernonia gram- 
inifolia, Liatris pauciflora, Chrysopsis graminifolia, Dasystoma 
pedicularia (fly poison) and Ascyrum hypericoides. 

In the most barren knolls of the hills, where the sand is purest, 
about the only trees that can stand the conditions are the long- 
leaf pine and the turkey oak. And there is no shrub that can 
be said to be tolerant of such places. But where the slightest 
advantage in moisture is to be had the trees already men- 
tioned can establish themselves, and a number of shrubs become 
characteristic components of the cover. Horse sugar (Symplocus 
tinctoria), stagger-bush (Lyonia mariana), sumach (hus copa- 
lina), and the summer grape (Vitis aestivalis) are frequent. The 
Carolina holly (Jlex caroliniana), a small shrub with large deep 
red, shiny berries, is also a member of this community, but it is 
rare, in fact one of the rarest Hartsville shrubs. It will grow in 
much damper soil, as for example in front of the Upper Farm 
Place on Home Avenue. 


Bear grass (Yucca filamentosa) and rattlesnake master (Zryn- 
gium aquaticum) require slightly damper soil than the pre- 
ceding group. They are usually to be found near the foot of 
slopes that descend to water courses and bays. But I have found 
the rattlesnake master in very dry places at times, and also in 
almost saturated soil. Another little shrub that can endure 
almost the extremes of both drought and moisture is the dwarf 
black huckleberry (Gaylussacia dumosa). This plant can flourish 
under a remarkable range of conditions. It is as much at home 
on the damp edges of savannas, associated with Lycopodium 
adpressum and L. carolinianum as it is in the sand hills in com- 
pany with the scrub oaks. This is also true of that pretty little 
pink flower Sabatia brachiata. Next to the pines and oaks there is 
nothing so at home in the sand hills as the wire grass (Aristida 
stricta). Its grayish-green, terete, wiry, recurved leaves form 
large tussocks thinly scattered in the sand. Frequently there is 
so little other growth that the pure white sand may be seen from 
a long distance shining under the trees. 


The sand hills are not without their share of attractive flowers; 
in fact, with the exception of the savannas they are the most 
colorfull of the floristic regions of our section. In early spring 
all except the most barren places support a good display of 
violets and bluets (Howustonia caerulea), shoe-strings (Cracca 
virgimana), and the dainty little dwarf flag (Jris verna). 
Arbutus (H'pigaea repens) is also very frequent here, and lovely 


16 


in early spring. Wild phlox (Phlox Hentzii) and the blue flow- 
ered lupine (Lupinus diffusus) are very conspicuous, but occur 
only rather sparingly in scattered patches. At several spots in 
the hills there have been discovered in recent years a number of 
colonies of that most charming little carpet plant Pyxidanthera 
barbulata, called flowering moss. It has been known before only 
from the pine barrens of New Jersey and North Carolina.* In 
summer there is a continuous series of bloom that reaches its 
height in August, with a number of conspicuous composits, such 
as Chrysopsis graminifolia, Chrysopsis aspera, Chrysopsis pilosa, 
Vernonia augustifolia, Aster concolor, Silphium compositum, 
Coreopsis delphinifolia and species of goldenrod. 

Other characteristic herbs of the hills are Stillingia sylvatica 
(queen’s delight), Cracca ambigua, Cracca spicata, Amorpha 
herbacea (lead plant), Indigofera caroliniana (wild indigo), 
Astragalus apilosus, Hieractum Gronovii, Carduus repandus 
(thistle), Breweria trichosanthes, Baptisia tinctoria, Asclepias 
tuberosa (butterfly-weed), Zragia urens, Euphorbia Ipecacu- 
anhae, EKuphorbia Curtisu, Euphorbia maculata, Penstemon 
laevigatus, Onosmodium virginianum, Paspalum setaceum and 
Stenophyllus capillaris. There is a small sedge (Cyperus Mar- 
tindalei) that is also abundant here, but it had not before been 
reported from the State. 


Tuer Upuanp Forests. 


The vegetation of the well drained upland forest of this 
section has been largely cleared away, but certain areas still 
remain that exhibit to some extent the primitive conditions. 
Originally it was as in the sand hills, a two storied forest with 
long-leaf pine as the dominant, but not the most abundant tree. 
Most of the pines have now been felled, but’ the vigorous and 
luxuriant growth of broad leaved trees that reached almost 
to the lower limbs of the pine crowns has been scarcely changed. 
The oaks are the dominant factor now, as they are in the sand 
hills, but are of different species. The Spanish oak (Quercus 
falcata) and black oak (Q. velutina) are the largest and by far 
the most numerous trees. Both of these oaks are of fine propor- 
tions, often reaching a height of seventy feet and a diameter of 
3 or 31% feet. Next in abundance come the post oak (@. stellata) 
and white hickory (Carya alba). The former, which in the 


*See my article in Torreya, Vol. II, page 9, Jan., 1911. 


Plate VI. 


Vegetation of Hartsville 


Sparkleberry (V 


acecinium arboreum) under Old If 


ield 


¢ 
PRN 


Pine (P 


inus 1 


. 


aeda). 


; , * thes y 
Eat ae 
“ At pe oe A 


17 


sand hills is scrubby or even bushy, is here a large tree, second 
only to the black, scarlet, and Spanish oaks. The scarlet oak 
(Q. coccinea) is a less common, but characteristic member of this 
community. There is a very large old tree of this species on the 
lawn of the old Law Place (now the residence of Mr. A. M. 

MeNair). 

Among the smaller trees dogwood is abundant, and pignut 
hickory (Carya glabra hersuta), persimmon (Diospyros «vir- 
giniana), sassafras, and choke cherry (Prunus serotina) are 
frequent. There are few shrubs except in open places where 
sumach (hus copalina), red haw (Crataegus uniflora), cowitch 
(Tecoma radicans), and Jersey tea (Ceanothus americanus) are 
common. The slope of the hill towards the creek supports a fine 
forest which exhibits well the transition from the dryer to the 
damper well-drained soil. Its crown is covered with the growth 
just described, but on the slope there appear a few scattered 
trees of short-leaf pine and old-field pine, and there is more 
dogwood (Cornus florida), choke cherry (Prunus serotina), 
sumach (Rhus copalina), and Jersey tea (Ceanothus americana). 
There were once a number of chinquapin bushes (Castanea 
pumila) on this hillside opposite Burnt Bay, but they are now 
nearly all gone. . 

At the foot of the hill behind the residence of Capt. E. W. 
Cannon there are several acres of well-drained fertile land that 
slopes gently toward the lake, and supports an untouched forest 
that exhibits well a slight modification of the conditions just 
described. In Plate V is shown a photograph of this spot. The 
old-field pines are very tall and fine and rise far above the hard- 
wood growth of oak, hickory, etc., with gums and holly near the 
lake. In the center of the photograph is shown a fine post oak 
with wide-spreading branches. The lower woody growth is most 
conspicuous for its very fine dogwood (Cornus florida) and 
sparkleberry (Vaccinium arboreum). The latter is as luxuriant 
and abundant as I have ever seen it and in places almost forms 
thickets as shown in Plate VI. It here composes about all the 
undergrowth and is twelve to fifteen feet high. 

Where the two paper mill roads go down the hill there are 
scattered specimens of the pretty little dwarf flowering locust 
(Robinia nana), one of our rarest shrubs. On newly depos- 
ited soil near gully washes, etc., one may occasionally find 
catalpa trees (Catalpa bignonioides) and red mulberry (Jorus 
rubra), both probably introduced and not native. The bullace 
grape (Vitis rotundifolia) and the summer grape (Vitis aesti- 


18 


valis) are quite plentiful in these woods, as they are in most 
places that are not too wet. Wild “honeysuckle” (Azalea nudi- 
flora) is also found here but is more at home in the flatwoods. As 
the foot of the hill is reached and the soil becomes more moist the 
appearance of holly (Jlex opaca), yellow jessamine (Gelsemium 
sempervirens) horse sugar (Symplocus tinctoria), etc., indicates 
the transition zone to bay-margin conditions. 


Beginning a little way above Captain Cannon’s Place the 
swamp margin is bordered on the south side by more or less 
abrupt bluffs which may reach the entire height of the valley, as 
at the old Bacot Place. The vegetation of these bluffs represents 
the most northern element of our flora. Here is Mountain laurel 
(Halmia latifolia) in profusion, and the rare combination may 
be seen of kalmia trees adorned with luxuriant vines of yellow 
jessamine. Perhaps the most interesting plant of these bluffs is 
coltsfoot (Galax aphylla) which occurs in plenty in several 
places, and reaches here its seaward limit so far as I can ascer- 
tain. Spotted wintergreen (Chimaphila maculata), heartleaf 
(Asarum arifolium), partridge berry (J/itchella repens), arbutus 
(E’pigaea repens), snake root (Aristolochia serpentaria), calamint 
(Clinopodium carolinianum), witch hazel (Hamamelis virgin- 
jana), and sourwood (Oxydendrum arboreum) are attractive 
plants that occur here at their best. At two or three places along 
these bluffs, as at Laurel Land and below the paper mill, the 
remarkable little trailing huckleberry (Vaccinium crassifolium), 
with firm, oval, evergreen leaves is found. 


In Plate VII is shown the vegetation of these bluffs as it 
appears at Laurel Land. Mountain Laurel (Zalmia latifolia) 
is in the foreground, holly (lex opaca) and white oak (Quercus 
alba) in the background. 


At the top of the high bluff behind the Bacot Place there are a 
few escaped trees of mock orange (Prunus caroliniana) and 
China tree (Melia Azedarach). As in the case of the peach, 
such occasional escapes as this do not entitle these trees to a place 
among the naturalized flora of the section. 


To one accustomed to more northern conditions the most 
striking peculiarity of our rich woods is the almost entire absence 
of the conspicuous early spring flowers that show their attractive 
colors before the sun is cut off from them by the leafing of the 
trees. We have no anemones, hepaticas, bloodroot, giant chick- 
weed, spring beauty, or dogtooth violets (which are not violets at 


Plate VII 


ille. 


Vegetation of Hartsv 


osha re 3 
he A 
Tate 


Kalmia, Holly and White Oak at Laurel Land. 


19 


all). The hills and savannas have considerable color from her- 
baceous plants, but the deeper woods get most of their spring 
charm from the woody plants, as kalmia, yellow jessamine, dog- 
wood, and azalea. 


"Tue FLATWoops. 


A transition from the well-drained forest to the more pro- 
nounced flatwoods may be noticed in the pine grove to the north 
of Home Avenue, in front of the Upper Farm Place. Here for 
the first time we find a considerable amount of the short-leaf pine 
(Pinus echinata), and with it are associated long-leaf pine and 
old-field pine. Among these I was surprised to find a large 
tree of pond pine which is here in as dry a situation as I know 
of for the species (see Pond Pine under Hartsville trees). This 
is the only bit of level ground I have seen where these four 
coastal plain pines are to be found within a few yards of each 
other. Below the pines is a rather complete covering of shrubs 
and small trees. In addition to black oak and Spanish oak there 
is water oak (Quercus nigra), willow oak (Q. Phellos) and some 
black jack (Q. marylandica). One of the most conspicuous things 
about the grove is the large number of young holly (/lex opaca) 
trees which are more abundant here than in any place I know of 
near Hartsville. The other trees are dogwood, white hickory, 
sassafras, choke cherry and persimmon. The shrubs are sparkle- 
berry (Vaccinium arboreum), which is in great abundance, Caro- 
lina holly (Jlex caroliniana), red haw (Crateaegus uniflora), and 
another species of Crataegus not yet determined. The perennial 
and almost shrubby little calamint (Clinopodium carolinianum) 
is abundant. Yellow jessamine, bullace grape and summer grape 
are the only vines. 

The re-seeding of the three species of pine in this grove is a 
point of considerable interest. There is abundant reproduction 
of the short-leaf pine, less of the old-field pine and a little of 
the long-leaf pine. Most of the young growth is in the more open 
places, but even in quite shady spots among the shrubs there are 
a large number of slender, delicate and struggling little short- 
leaf pine plants that grow about three inches a year and when 
ten years old are often not thicker than a lead pencil. Among 
the young long-leaf pines that were scattered here and there 
were some that were withstanding a shade so dense as to seem 
quite prohibitive to such sun-loving plants. One of these young 


20 


trees is shown in Plate VIII. It is growing in a dense clump of 
sparkleberry bushes and short-leaf pine saplings, over which is 
a canopy of bullace grape vines. The extent of the shade is 
indicated by the occurence around the foot of the pine of clumps 
of moss and of a number of plants of pipsissewa (Chimaphila 
maculata). This little pine is at least twelve years old and is 
only three feet three inches high, but it is far more stocky and 
vigorous than a number of young short-leaf pines near it, several 
of which had been killed by the shade. Another surprise was the 
finding in the same grove of a young long-leaf pine loa sur- 
rounded by holly (lex. opaca). In fact all one’s previous 
experience in regard to the associations and requirements of See 
long-leaf pine seems controverted here. 


' Among the herbaceous plants in the grove are Aster concola, 
Vernonia angustifolia, Lespedeza repens, Dolicholus erecta, Cro- 
talaria Purshit, Lespedeza virginica, Lespedeza Nuttallu, Galactia 
volubilis, Stylosanthes riparia, Zornia bracteata, Baptisia tine- 
toria, Schrankia angustata, Polygala grandiflora, Euphorbia 
Curtisii, Dasystoma pedicularia (fly poison), Helianthemum 
majus, Lechea villosa, Lechea racemulosa, Lechea Torreyi, Chim- 
aphila maculata, Hypoxis hirsuta, Erigeron ramosus, Hieracium 
venosum, Solidago odora, Vernonia angustifolia, Chrysopis 
graminifolia, and Sericocarpus bifoliatus. On a ditch bank 
through an open field near here are a good lot of honey locust 
trees (Gleditsia triacanthus), a few hackberries (Celtis Smalliz). 
and a single small ash tree (Praxinus Darlingtonii), the only 
one I have found in the neighborhood of Hartsville. 


For the typical low flatwoods I shall select for description that 
area lying directly south of Mr. J. EK. Miller’s residence. Here the 
long-leaf pine is still present in considerable quantity in mixture 
with the old-field pine, which is the dominant tree of the flat- 
woods. The relative abundance of these two pines fluctuates very 
rapidly according to the slight dips and elevations of the surface, 
the long-leaf pine preferring the higher ground. 


Originally the pines stood pretty close in the flatwoods, but in 
most places they have been so culled as to be now considerably 
scattered. The general effect is rather open. The willow oak is 
abundant, and is perhaps the most characteristic tree. The other 
arborescent growth consists of water oak, Spanish oak, black jack 
ocak, post oak (a little), black gum, sweet gum, and persimmon. 


Plate VIII. 


Vegetation of Hartsville. 


yn. oa ae 
YE 
‘4, . " 4 


Ne / 
. By’ 
/ : 


ff 


So af) 
a 


i 


uy 


aoe 
te ah 


a DY ae 


0 een 1. 


* 
+ 


. nay 
— 


My 


J 


dense Shade. 


Long-leaf Pine in 


Young 


cate it ae eet ; 

he a c.. YS > a b ld , 
4 J » ‘} ; = : Yai) bats beh ar 
in is f Tew 7 avy: ns » : 1, ne h . wo 


oT ee Bn ec: 
fog My ata) an if U iw rw 
z v. | Fede . 4 iN t “nh i aie 
> ta A 7 
jis oy a he 
Ch Se a an 
di < ih yA 7 "4 
yf é ae 4 re ‘ 
wie ON 8S) el ee 


ee, i Pass 

rss, (ae iy 

brs Se hee .- oS », 
i) wee : ‘ es 
| * Saye ‘ 4 

E-e 


21 


Beneath the trees the shrubbery is more or less clumped, with 
open spaces between. The small gallberry (/lex glabra) and the 
wax myrtle (Myrica cerifera) are the most abundant shrubs. 
The former is evergreen and in such open positions is rarely over 
three feet in height. On May 24th, 1909, it was in full bloom and 
its black berries of the preceding season were still hanging on in 
abundance. The wax myrtle is of two forms, a large shrub three 
or four feet high, that often stands close against the boles of the 
pines, and a small dwarf variety, one foot high or less, that runs 
extensively in open places. To this latter form Dr. J. K. Small 
has given the name of Myrica pumila. As there has been some 
doubt as to whether /. pumila is a species or merely a growth 
form of J/. cerifera dependent on environmental influences, I 
undertook to settle the point by planting the two forms side by 
side both at Hartsville and at Chapel Hill, N. C. After several 
years each retains its character completely, thus proving at least 
a varietal distinction. 


There is a good deal of the little stagger-bush (Lyonia mariana) 
around the edges of the other shrubbery. It is very pretty when 
covered with its large, white, bell-shaped flowers. The only other 
shrubs noticed in this area were high blackberries (Rubus 
Andrewsianus) and sumach (hus copalina). Plate IX is a 
photograph of these woods. 


About two hundred yards farther down the road where it turns 
towards the old Lucas Place the soil is not quite so damp and is 
covered with a dense growth of remarkably varied compusition. 
The trees are long-leaf pine (Pinus palustris), black gum (Vyssa 
biflora), sweet gum (Liqguidambar styraciflua), black jack 
oak (Quercus marilandica), post oak (Q. stellata), willow oak 
(Q. Phellos), water oak (Q. nigra), Spanish oak (@Q. falcata), 
white hickory (Carya alba), persimmon (Diospyros virginiana), 
choke, cherry (Prunus serotina) and dogwood (Cornus florida), 
This is an unusual combination, but no more so than is exhibited 
by the shrubs. Gallberry (lex glabra), sumach (Rhus copalina), 
eat brier (Smilax rotundifolia), low-bush Huckleberry (Gaylus- 
sacia frondosa), low black huckleberry (Vaccinium tenellum), a 
species of haw (Crataegus), shad bush (Amelanchier Botry- 
apium), stagger-bush (Lyonia mariana), poison oak (Rhus quer- 
cifolia), dewberry aRubus procumbens), and late blackberry 
(Rubus cuneifolius), all occur within a few feet of each other. 
Here also are sensitive plant (Schrankia angustata), wild yam 


22 


(Dioscorea villosa), and bracken fern (Pteris aquilina) growing 
together. 

As we pass through these flat woods in a southerly direction 
the surface gradually becomes more depressed and the soil 
damper until we enter a typical flatwoods bay, called a “pocosin” 
in North Carolina.* In general aspect the flatwoods bay is much 
like the alluvial bay, but the tiers of vegetation are generally 
more sharply marked, there being fewer broad leaved trees of 
medium height to fill in between the pines and the shrubs. 

At the northern end of this bay, near Mr. Miller’s house, the 
distinctive peculiarities of the pocosin are more clearly marked 
than is usual in this section. The characteristic two story effect 
of evergreen shrubs is strikingly produced by the open forest of 
old-field pine with the gall-berry bushes below. The wax myrtle 
does not enter here, and the gaH-berry is the only shrub over most 
of this end of the bay. On the gentle slope that marks the boun- 
dary of the bay is a scattered growth of Lyonia mariana and 
Vaccinium tenellum. 

Through the main body of the bay there is mixed with the pine 
a good deal of scattered cypress, and there is a little black gum 
(Nyssa biflora) and holly (llew opaca). In the lowest places 
the gallberry disappears, but the pine and cypress are scarcely 
interrupted by the wetter soil. 

On the west side, at this end there is a slightly dryer area over 
a hundred yards in width where the old-field pine is suddenly 
replaced by long-leaf pine, but the gall-berry continues on with 
even greater density and luxuriance. The slight difference in 
moisture is also indicated by the appearance of Lyonia mariana 
in considerable amount 

In open places between the bushes in the bay the ground is 
covered with grasses, sedges, and a few other herbaceous plants. 
On April 28, 1912, the only flowers in bloom were white violets 
(Viola primulifolia, pubescent form), cinquefoil (Potentilla caro- 
liniana), a species of blue-eyed grass (Sisyrinchium), and a very 
httle of the pretty composite, T7hyrsanthema semiflosculare. In 
dryer parts and in the adjoining flat-woods small bluets (Hous- 
tonia patens) were in bloom on April 7th. 

As this bay extends toward the southeast it becomes denser; 
other species of trees and shrubs appear, and the vegetation takes 


*There is some difference of opinion as to exactly what a pocosin is. See 
Harper in Bull. Torrey Botanical Club, Vol. 34, page 361. 1907. 


Plate IX. 


Vegetation of Hartsville. 


Flatwoods showing Old-field Pines and a few Long-leaf Pines; undergrowth of Candle-berry (Myrica cerifera) and 
Gall-berry (Ilex glabra). 


23 


on more of the aspect of the alluvial bay. Whether this increase 
in number of species and density of growth is due to better drain- 
age is not certain, but that this is so seems likely, as there are 
several ditches in this part that considerably reduce the amount 
of standing water in wet seasons. The old-field pine is still domi- 
nant, and much young growth of this species is coming on. The 
cypress, on the other hand, is confined to the lower places where 
- competition is not so strong. The other trees that appear here, 
mentioned in order of their abundance, are black gum, sweet gum, 
red maple, long-leaf pine, water oak, holly and sweet bay (J/ag- 
nolia glauca). 'The three last are scattered and scarce. In addi- 
tion to these a very few red bays (Persea pubescens), one dog- 
wood (Cornus florida), and one choke cherry (Prunus serotina) 
were seen. 

Among the shrubs the gallberry is still most abundant, but 
there is a quantity of both of our high bush huckleberries (Vac- 
cinium corymbosum and V. fuscatum), each reaching a height 
of ten to twelve feet. Of these two V. fuscatum is considerably 
more plentiful than the other and reaches a slightly greater 
height. Chokeberry (Aronia arbutifolia), cat brier (Smilax 
rotundifolia) and low black huckleberry (Vaccinium tenellum) 
are not rare, and there is some sweet pepper bush (Clethra alni- 
folia), bullace grape (Vitis rotundifolia) and bamboo briar 
(Smilax laurifolia). The two last are far more abundant and 
characteristic in the alluvial bays. 

On the ditch bank by the road passing through this part of the 
bay to the Lucas Place were high blackberry (Rubus Andrew- 
sianus), dewberry (Rubus procumbens), Smilax glauca (a little), 
woodbine (Lonicera sempervirens) and a good deal of the exotic 
Japenese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica). 

Near the back of Major Coker’s Hartsville Plantation on the 
west side, is another flat-wood’s bay of somewhat different char- 
acter from the one just described. It is lower and wetter and 
in its central part the pond pine (Pinus serotina) replaces the old- 
field pine (P. taeda). Many square yards of the wet ground are 
covered with thick compact mats of hair-cap moss (Polytrichum 
commune). Cypress is present, with sweet gum, black gum, 
sweet bay and red maple in good amount. There is a little 
willow oak, red bay, black willow, and Carolina poplar. The 
shrubs here that are not found in the other bay are horse sugar 
(Symplocos tinctoria), male berry (Lyonia ligustrina var. folio- 
soflora), Cyrilla racemiflora, Zenobia pulverulenta, Zenobia 


24 


cassinifolia, Itea virginica, and Leucothoe racemosa. From this 
list it would seem that this bay approaches somewhat to the 
alluvial bay, but it may still be distinguished from such a growth 
as Burnt Bay by the much more open vegetation and small devel- 
opment of evergreen trees (except pine). The sweet bay present 
is small and inconspicuous, and red bay is rare and also small. 

Ascyrum stans and Ascyrum hypericoides are present, and 
there is a little Smzlawv laurifolia. 

Shrubs occurring here that were also found in the bay by Mr. 
Miller’s place are Aronia arbutifolia, Vaccinium corymbosum, V. 
fuscatum and Clethra alnifolia. On the edge is an abundance of 
Clethra alnifolia, Gaylussacia frondosa, Vaccinium tenellum, 
Andromeda mariana and Ilex glabra. The pretty little partridge 
berry (Mitchella repens) was also found growing in damp mossy 
spots near the borders. Under the old-field pines beyond the 
edges of the bay were low, extensive beds of Azalea nudiftora, 
Vaccinium tenellum, Gaylussacia dumosa, Myrica pumila and 
Ilex glabra. 

Zenobia pulverulenta and Zenobia cassinifolia are two beau- 
tiful shrubs of the heath family that are partial to the flat-woods 
bays, but they are very erratic in their occurrence. They prefer 
the wet, undrained soil of these bays and are rather rare in 
alluvial bays, but all flat woods bays do not contain them. They 
multiply by underground shoots and frequently form rather 
extensive patches, to the exclusion of other growth. In Plate X 
is shown a large clump of each of these species. Zenobia pulver- - 
ulenta is at the right and Zenobia cassinifolia is at the left. Both 
are in flower, and a charming display they make. The point 
where this photograph was taken is not in the area just described, 
but in a somewhat similar flat across Black Creek about half 
mile below the paper mill. In the photograph there is shown 
some Lyonia nitida under the front edge of the large bushes, a 
slender plant of /lex lucida projecting through the center of the 
right hand clump and /leaw glabra standing behind and to the left. 
In the immediate neighborhood were Cyrilla racemiflora, Vibur- 
num nudum, Aronia arbutifolia, and small trees of pond pine, 
red bay, black gum, red maple, and sweet bay. 

A comparison of the flatwoods bay or “Pocosin” and the 
alluvial or well drained bay will show the presence in the latter 
and absence in the former of juniper (Chamaecyparis thyoides) , 


25 


loblolly bay (Gordonia lasianthus), large gallberry (lex lucida), 
swamp azalea (Azalea viscosa), swamp wax myrtle (Myrica caro- 
linensis), and the two ’possum haws (Viburnum nudum and 
Viburnum cassinoides). On the other hand the two Zenobias and 
cat briar (Smilax rotundifolia) are found in the flatwoods, but 
are generally absent from the alluvial bay. There is the further 
difference in the Hartsville area of the dominance of the pond 
pine in the drained bay and of the loblolly pine in the flatwoods 
bay. : 

In the bay north-east of the old Lucas Place through which the 
road passes there may be seen a beautiful example of transition 
from bay to savanna conditions. On the south side of the road 
near the center of this area the vegetation of the bay circles about 
and encloses a pretty little savanna of about a quarter acre in 
extent, where four or five cypress trees are standing on a grassy 
floor. This sudden change from the bay vegetation is due to a 
depression in the surface and an increase in the dampness of the 
soil in consequence. 


THE SAVANNAS. 


There are all gradations between the level flatwoods and the 
savanna formations, and there are savannas of every size from 
an acre or less to a number of square miles. 

The savanna is a wet, undrained prairie or meadow with a 
scattered open cover of cypress and pond pine trees. There is 
practically ne shrubby growth. In late spring and summer these 
savannas show the most conspicuous display of attractive flowers 
of any of our plant societies. In May and June the two species of 
swamp iris or blue flag (/7s versicola and Iris prismatica) are 
conspicuous and beautiful with flowers showing all shades of 
color from deep blue and lilac to light blue. 

The most extensive savanna in Darlington County is the Big 
Savanna east of Auburn about six miles from Hartsville. The 
Atlantic Coast Line road runs directly across it. I have not had 
an opportunity to study this particular savanna, but from the 
train it seems to have the same sort of vegetation as the others 
1] am more familiar with. However, on account of its large size, 
it is quite probable that it will show some peculiarities on closer 
acquaintance and I hope some day to make it a more extended 
visit. The savanna most studied was the one on the back part of 
Maj. J. L. Coker’s plantation, called “Plantation Savanna” in 


26 


the herbarium labels. It is a small one, only about three acres in 
extent, and recent drainage has begun to change it a little. There 
is here, in addition to the cypress and pond pine, some black 
gum and sweet gum. The herbaceous cover is made up largely 
of grasses and sedges. Juncus aristulatus and Rynchospora glo- 
merata when in fruit give a decided reddish color to considerable 
areas. 


Among the most noticeable flowers of the savanna are Pluchea 
bifrons, Ludwigia capitata, Stachys hyssopifolia, Polygala 
mariana, Polygala ramosa, Ludwigia hirtella, Eupatorium 
Mohrii, Diodia virginiana, Gerardia linifolia, Rhexia lanceolata, 
Rhexia mariana, Linum medium, Sabatia lanceolata, Oxypolis 
filiformis, Linaria canadensis, Dasystoma flava, Gratiola pilosa, 
Eupatorium semiserratum, Hypericum virgatum, and Boltonia 
asteroides. In the flatwoods not far from here was found a little 
Baccharis halimifolia. It also occurs sparingly near Prestwood’s 
Lake and the paper mill and seems to be getting more plentiful. 

Just to the north of the dam at the paper mill are some low 
flats, that show almost the same herbaceous growth as a typical 
savanna. In the wettest spots grow 7ypha latifolia, a few trees 
of Salix nigra, the decorative Scirpus Eriophorum, Juncus scir- 
poides, Juncus trigonocarpus and Mikania scandens. Mingling 
with these and running out into slightly dryer places were Ryn- 
chospora glomerata, Juncus aristulatus (these two giving a red 
effect to the meadow with their fruits), /uirena squarrosa 
(very abundant), Bohemeria scabra, Hypericum virginicum, 
Eriocaulon decangulare, Lachnocaulon anceps, Limodorum tuber- 
osum, Rhexia mariana, Linum medium, Linum striatum and 
Eupatorium rotundifolium. The somewhat less wet portions of the 
flats was covered with the following: Cynoctonum sessilifolium, 
Gratiola pilosa, Buchnera elongata, Aletris farinosa, Spiranthes 
praecox, Hypericum setosum, Lobelia Nuttali, Ludwigia hirtella, 
Burmannia capitata, and Rhexia lanceolata. With these flourished 
large quantities of Lycopodium adpressum, and Lycopodium 
alopecuroides, and in the firmer more sandy spots Lycopodium 
carolinianum. In the dryer parts were Chrysopsis graminifolia, 
Crotalaria rotundifolia, Gnaphalium purpureum, Rumex hastu- 
tulus, Psoralea pedunculata, Asclepias amplexicaulis and Hyper- 
icum gentianoides. On a ditch bank through this flat grew a 
good quantity of Amelanchier Botryapium, here not over two 
feet in height. 


X. 


Plate 


getation of Hartsville. 


Ve 


Zenobia pulverulenta and Zenobia cassinifolia in flower, 


27 
Tue Bays AND SwWAMPs. 


As the typical “Bay” of this section we may select the one 
called Burnt Bay which runs along the southern side of Black 
Creek valley west of the novelty mill. It is covered with a dense 
growth of trees and shrubs of which so many are evergreen as to 
give a general effect of verdure at all seasons. On the edges there 
is old-field pine and a little long-leaf pine, but the typical pine of 
the bay, and the only one that extends through most of the deeper 
parts, is the pond pine. This grows much larger here than in 
the savannas, reaching a height of over seventy-five feet and a 
diameter of two and a half feet. 


On the edges of the bay there is an attractive fringe of low 
shrubs that leads up gradually to the taller growth behind. 
Among these the two gallberries (Jlex glabra and Ilex lucida) 
and the fetter bush (Lyonia nitida) are evergreen, and so numer- 
ous are they proportionally as to give their hopeful winter color 
to the whole border. Abundant among these are the following 
deciduous shrubs: swamp azalea (Azalea viscosa), Lyonia ligus- 
trina var. foliosiflora, sweet pepper bush (Clethra alnifolia), he- 
huckleberry or myrtle (Cyrilla racemiflora), Virginia willow 
(Itea virginica), swamp sumach (Rhus Vernix), swamp candle- 
berry (lyrica carolinensis), the two possum haws (Viburnum 
nudum and Viburnum cassinoides), chokeberry (Aronia arbuti- 
folia), the two high-bush huckleberries (Vaccinium fuscatum, 
tall, berries black, and Vaccinium corymbosum, tall, berries blue), 
high blackberry (Rubus Andrewsianus), and a little of the shad 
bush (Amelanchier Botryapium), called “wild currant” here. 
Yellow jessamine (Gelsemium sempervirens) climbs over this 
border in abundance, and just behind it are great masses of the 
bamboo briar (Smilax laurifolia) one of the most beautiful ever- 
green vines in the world. Poison ivy (Rhus Toxicodendron), 
Virginia creeper (Psedera quinquefolia), and cross-vine (Big- 
nonia capreolata) extend throughout the bay, but the bullace 
(Vitis rotundifolia) is confined to the borders. 


Next to the pine the largest trees of the bay are black gum 
(Nyssa biflora), juniper (Chamaecyparis thyoides) and red 
maple (Acer carolinianum). Water oak (Quercus nigra) is 
plentiful in the borders and shallower parts, and willow oak 
(Quercus Phellos), while not a typical bay tree, is found in Burnt 
Bay where it edges off into the low sandy woods on the south 
side. 


28 


The most common evergreen trees of the bay are sweet bay 
(Magnolia glauca) and red bay (Persea pubescens). They are 
both extremely abundant and characteristic. The sweet bay is 
not entirely evergreen with us. There are specimens in Burnt 
Bay that reach the unusual height of 35 feet. The loblolly bay 
(Gordonia lasianthus) is not nearly so common as the two pre- 
ceding, but is found scattered near the edges of nearly all bays. It 
is quite evergreen, and when covered with its fine white flowers 
it is one of our handsomest trees. Around the edges of Burnt 
Bay cinnamon fern or poor man’s soap (Osmunda cinnamomea) 
is plentiful, and there is a little bracken fern (Pteris aquilina) 
and royal fern (Osmunda regalis). In the deeper and more shady 
inner parts are scattered beds of chain fern (Woodwardia areo- 
lata), and in shallow standing water or mud is the large, coarse, 
swamp fern, Woodwardia virginica. 

In the low damp woods along the north side of the bay grow 
old-field pine (Pinus Taeda), long-leaf pine (Pinus palustris), 
white hickory (Carya alba), dogwood (Cornus florida), sassafras 
(Sassafras variifolium), Spanish oak (Quercus falcata), willow 
oak (Quercus Phellos), water oak (Quercus nigra), and the fol- 
lowing shrubs: sparkleberry (Vaccinium arboreuwm), Vaccinium 
teneilum, Gaylussacia frondosa, Myrica cerifera, Lyonia mariana, 
Ascyrum stans, and Ascyrum hypericoides. The pretty herb- 
aceous vine called carrion-flower (Smilax herbacea) and the wild 
yam (Disoscorea villosa) are also to be found in these woods. In 
an open damp meadow here (savanna conditions) was found 
Juncus abortivus for the first time in South Carolina. With it 
were Lhevxia virginica, Gratiola pilosa, Gratiola virginiana, 
Bacopa acuminata, Ludwigia linearis, Xyris caroliniana, and 
Lobelia Nuttalliz. 

The edges of Burnt Bay are in most places either too abrupt or 
too shady to admit of the best development of many of the 
attractive flowers that are often associated with bay conditions, 
although most of them may be found sparingly at places around 
its margin. For the study of such flowers it is best to cross over 
Prestwood’s Lake to the edges of the bays surrounding the 
savanna-like open area in Captain Cannon’s sheep pasture 
(referred to in the list as “Sheep Pasture Savanna”). The 
meadow-like area of a couple of acres is low, moist, and sandy, 
but too well drained to show typical savanna vegetation. It is 
bounded on both sides by low bays and the transition between 


Plate XI. 


ation of Hartsville. 


Veget 


Upper part of Prestwood’s Lake showing large dead 
Cypress trees. 


29 


the bays and meadow show some interesting plants. Through the 
open area are scattered a few large trees of the pond pine (Pinus 
serotina) and long-leaf pine (Pinus palustris), which is the only 
arborescent growth except a few small plants of black jack oak 
(Quercus marilandica), upland willow oak (Quercus cinerea), 
Spanish oak (Quercus falcata), and post oak (Quercus stellata). 
The open space was also dotted with scattered clumps of I/yrica 
pumila, Ilex glabra, Alnus rugosa, Gaylussacia frondosa, Lyonia 
mariana, Lyonia ligustrina var. foliosiflora, and Clethra alnifolia. 
Along the wetter edges of the bays the following shrubs made a 
dense and attractive border: Zenobia pulverulenta, Zenobia cas- 
sinifolia (a little), Kalmia cuneata,* Vaccinium corymbosum, 
Leoucothoe racemosa, Leucothoe axillaris (a rare and interesting 
evergreen), Azalea vicosa, Ilex glabra, Ilex lucida, Aronia 
arbutifolia, Myrica cerifera, Myrica carolinensis, Lyonia ligus- 
trina var. foliosiflora, Fothergilla Garden, and Lyonia nitida. 
Just back of these the taller bay vegetation began with Viburnum 
nudum, Viburnum cassinoides and Magnolia glauca conspicuous 
on the border. The trees of the bays were red bay (Persea pubes- 
cens), black gum (Nyssa biflora), Carolina red maple (Acer 
carolinianum), pond pine (Pinus serotina), and a little juniper 
(Chamaecyparis thyoides). Bamboo briar (Smilax laurifolia) 
and red-berried bamboo (S. Walteri) were plentiful. Partially 
submerged in an open piece of water in the bay were found 
Juncus repens and Eleocharis Torreyana. 


In certain places on the east side the shrubby borders were 
replaced by a wet Sphagnum bog in which were masses of cin- 
namon fern (Osmunda cinnamomea) and fine conspicuous 
clumps of pitcher plants (Sarracenia flava). Sarracenia pur- 
purea is also plentiful here in the Sphagnum, and S. rubra grows 
abundantly where the Sphagnum is less deep. Along this border 
five species of Orchids were found,—Pogonia ophioglossoides and 
P. divaricata (blooming on May 24th), Zimodorum gramini- 


*This interesting little Kalmia seems to be represented in American her- 
baria only from southeastern North Carolina, and it is generally considered 
as confined to that State; but Mr. R. M. Harper has called my attention to 
the fact that F. A. Michaux (in his Journal for July 18, 1794), and Thomas 
Nuttall (in his “Genera of North America Plants,” Vol. I, page 268. 1818) 
both mention its occurrence at Camden, S. C. See my “Additions to the 
Flora of the Carolinas,” II Torreya, Vol. II, page 9, Jan., 1911. 


30 


folium (July 8), Habenaria blephariglottis and Habenaria 
cilaris (August 20th). In July Rhewia mariana, PR. lanceolata, 
R. ciliosa, and FR. glabella make a very bright effect with their 
handsome flowers, while in May the white flowered Zygadenus 
angustifolius and Chamaelirium luteum were conspicuous in the 


same place. 

In the main body of the savanna where the soil was moist but 
not boggy grew Rynchospora glomerata, Juncus aristulatus, J. 
trigonocarpus, Lachnocaulon anceps (small hat pin), Buchnera 
elongata, Marshallia obovata, Bartonia lanceolata, Tofteldia 
glabra (blooming about Sept. 1st), Xyris arenicola, Aletris far- 
inosa [a yellow Aletris, supposed to be Aletris aurea, was col- 
lected but lost], Spiranthes praecox, Polygala lutea, Linum 
medium, Eupatorium rotundifolium, Eupatorium verbenaefo- 
lium, Ascyrum stans, and Aster squarrosus (not seen in bloom). 
Towards the outer edge of the savanna where the soil was dryer 
grew Seriococarpus asteroides (said by Small to grow in rocky 
woods), Lespedeza repens, Indigofera caroliniana, Vaccinium 
tenellum, Gaylussacia dumosa, and Lyonia mariana. Farther up 
still, in the flat sandy pasture, St¢pulicida setacea was collected. — 


Tue Drrrer SwAmMpPs. 


We have at Hartsville no swamps of the type found by the 
larger muddy rivers that are subject to frequent floods, as the 
Pee Dee and Santee, and many plants that affect such swamps are 
absent at Hartsville. Such, for example, are overcup oak (Quer- 
cus lyrata), elm (Ulmus alata and Ulmus americana), water 
hickory (Carya aquatica), tupelo gum (Nyssa aquatica), swamp 
chestnut oak (Quercus Michauxii), planer tree (Planera 
aquatica), and deciduous holly (/lex decidua). 

Our swamps and bays grade insensibly into each other, and 
the edges of all our swamps are bays. The typical bay would 
have. a scattering cover of large trees with a dense tangle of 
undergrowth of shrubs and vines, largely evergreen. The typical 
swamp has a heavy cover of large trees (among which is always 
cypress) and a more or less open floor beneath. However, there 


*Limodorum tuberosum also will be found here, no doubt, but I did not 
happen to see it. It is rather plentiful in such situations in our region. A 
white flowered form of the species was found on the edge of another bay 
not far from this spot and we have seen it since in several places. 


Plate XII. 


Vegetation of Hartsville. 


of 


a collar 


with 


Lake 


Prestwood's 


in 


Cypress tree 


Dead 


shrubs. 


ie a 


2, 


ven" i 
‘fr tg 


31 


are to be found on the tussocks and tree bases in the swamps 
nearly all the shrubs that have been described as making up the 
marginal growth of Burnt Bay. 

As a good example of the typical creek swamp I shall choose 
that part of Black Creek swamp lying just behind the old Bacot 
Place. Here the tall, flat-crowned cypress trees reach high above 
all else, and give an impressive dignity to the place. Reaching 
nearly to their lower branches are fine specimens of black gum 
and tulip tree, and beneath these are smaller trees of red maple, 
juniper and sweet bay. 


The undergrowth, which is rather dense, consists of fetter bush 
(Lyonia nitida), Virginia willow (J/tea virginica), large gall- 
berry (llex lucida), a little of the small gall-berry (Jlex glabra), 
both ’possum haws (Viburnum nudum and Viburnum cassi- 
noides), swamp azalea (Azalea viscosa), poison sumach (Rhus 
vernix), male berry (Lyonia ligustrina var. foliosifiora), high 
blackberry (Rubus Andrewsianus), and alder (Alnus rugosa). It 
was somewhat surprising to find here on the highest tussocks a lit- 
tle holly (lex opaca), myrtle (Cyrilla racemiflora) and French 
mulberry (Callicarpa americana). The two last are at their best 
in a sunny exposure, and are not noticeable constituents of 
swamps. Mzkania scandens clambered about among the shrubs, 
and cross-vine (Bignonia capreolata) and poison ivy (Rhus Toxi- 
codendron) ascended high into the trees. 

In the shallow water or saturated soil there was a considerable 
herbaceous growth of marsh St. John’s wort (Hypericum vir- 
ginicum), lizard’s tail (Saururus cernuus), joe-pye weed 
(Eupatorium maculatum), Mayaca Aubleti, some cinnamon 
fern (Osmunda cinnamomea), and chain fern (Woodwardia are- 
olataz) in abundance. Near the large spring on the edge of the 
swamp at this place were lady fern (Asplenium Filix-femina), 


* and several plants of the grape fern (Botrychium virginianum), 


which were the only specimens of this interesting species that I 
have found in Hartsville. 

Three of the most attractive and interesting of our swamp 
plants were not noted in the immediate spot just described, but 
all three of them are conspicuous in that bit of swamp lying 
between the dam and the creek crossing at the paper mill. They 
are wild wistaria (Wistaria frutescens), Walter’s smilax or red- 
berried bamboo (Smilax Walter) and storax (Styrax ameri- 
cana). The wistaria is very like the Chinese one that, in two 


32 


shades—purple and white—is grown for ornament. It blooms 
about three weeks later than the Chinese, and its flowers are 
borne in smaller clusters and are deeper colored than in that 
species. Our vine is offered for sale by nurserymen and there is 
an improved form (variety magnifica) that is more floriferus in 
cultivation than is the wild plant. 

Walter’s smilax climbs up as high as twelve feet or more into 
the trees, and in winter it makes a beautiful show with its bright 
scarlet berries. It was named for one of the best known early 
botanists of America, Thomas Walter of South Carolina. 

The storax generally grows along the creek margins or other 
open spots where it can get some sunlight. It is a good sized 
bush that bears a profusion of pretty bell-shaped white flowers in 
middle April. It, too, is sold by dealers and is well worthy of 
cultivation. 

The large cane (Arundiaria macrosperma) grows plentifully in 
the deep, rich soil of swamps, preferring the better lighted edges 
of the streams, and the dwarf cane (Arundinaria tecta) is abun- 
dant on the edges of bays and ponds. I have never known either 
species to fruit at Hartsville, though they probably do so at long 
intervals. 


In the open swampy places below the dam there is in July a 
handsome display of the white flowers of Sabatza lanceolata and 
the greenish yellow flat-topped cymes of Polygala cymosa. 
Earlier in the season the small white flowers of the swamp flea- 
bane (Erigeron vernus) are numerous enough to be quite con- 
spicuous. 


Tur LAKES AND Ponps. 


In many respects the margins of the more extensive bodies of 
water duplicate certain of the conditions already described, but 
it is not so at all points, and it is best to include the marginal 
growth in any discussion of their vegetation. I shall first con- 
sider the flora of 


Prestwoop’s Lake. 

This artificial lake was formed by the damming of Black Creek 
by the Carolina Fiber Company about eighteen years ago. The 
lake itself may be said to extend for a little over a mile, but 
there is back water in the creek swamp for more than a mile 
farther. The width of the lake is about a quarter of a mile across 
at its broadest part. 


Plate XIII. 


Vegetation of Hartsville. 


A dense colony of Water Shield (Brasenia Schreberi) covering 
Prestwood’s Lake. 


the water on 


the south side of 


33 


When the swamp was cleared in preparation for the lake it was 
decided as an experiment to leave several very large cypress trees 
in the deeper part near the dam and test the effect of the altered 
conditions. Standing in about twelve feet of water they con- 
tinued to live for three or four years, but got weaker all the time 
and at last gave up the struggle. In the upper end of the lake a 
considerable section of the swamp was left uncut, and although 
the depth there is only about five or six feet, the results have been 
the same so far as the larger trees are concerned. The small 
cypress trees have for some reason shown greater adaptability, 
and many of them are left in apparently good health. They grow 
very slowly, but bear fruit abundantly. The only plants of the 
original growth that have remained alive with their roots under 
five feet or more of water are cypress, red maple (Acer caro- 
lintanum), myrtle (Cyrilla racemiflora), storax (Styrax ameri- 
cana), bamboo briar (Smilax laurifolia), and Walter’s smilax 
(Smilax Walterz). 

In Plate XI is shown this part of the lake. The large dead 
cypresses are seen in the background, and a number of small live 
ones are seen in the front. Most of the small cypresses are shoots 
from the cut stumps of old ones. In the middle foreground is a 
large bush of alder (Alnus rugosa), growing on a stump. The 
mossy-looking growth hanging from the tops of some of the dead 
trees in the lichen Usnea barbata. 


The stumps, floating logs and standing dead trees support a 
large population of shrubs and herbs. The dead cypress shown 
in Plate XII has a dense collar of shrubs and young trees sur- 
rounding it at water level. Here are growing Carolina red maple 
(Acer carolinianum), juniper (Chamaecyparis thyoides), fetter 
bush (Lyonia nitida), myrtle (Cyrilla racemiflora) , sweet pepper 
bush (Clethra alnifolia), Zenobia pulverulenta and Lyonia ligus- 
trina var. foliosifiora. These plants were all rooted to the decay- 
ing bark of the cypress, five and a half feet above the lake bottom. 

Some of the floating logs carry such a profusion of gay flowers 
as to look like miniature gardens. On one of these I have noted 
the following: juniper (Chamaecyparis thyoides), Carolina red 
maple (Acer carolinianum), alder (Alnus rugosa), fetter bush 
(Lyonia nitida), Zenobia pulverulenta, Leucothoe racemosa, 
myrtle (Cyrilla racemniflora), Hypericum verginicum, Hyper- 
icum canadense, sundew (Drosera intermedia), Utricularia 
juncea, Xyris caroliniana, and species of Rynchospora. 


34 


The aquatic plants of the lake are: Brasenia Schreberit (water 
shield), Vymphoides aquaticum (floating heart), Nymphoides 
lacunosum (small floating heart), Potamogeton diversifolius, 
Potamogeton heterophyllus, Nymphaea advena (yellow pond 
lily), Utricularia fibrosa (bladderwort), Utricularia biflora 
(bladderwort), and Mayaca fluviatilis. 


The Mayaca is new to South Carolina, not having been reported 
before north of the Gulf States. It is a very delicate plant, 
growing in considerable masses, entirely submerged in rather 
shallow water.* The yellow pond lily has made an entrance in 
the last few years. About four years ago I noticed one plant at 
about the spot shown in Plate XI. Now there are a dozen or more 
colonies in that part of the lake. 

Water shield is now the most conspicuous aquatic plant of the 
lake. Its small floating leaves coated on the underside with a 
beautiful clear jelly cover the water in large areas near the edges. 
A dense colony of it is shown in Plate XIII. 

Nymphoides aquaticum (Limnanthemum), with large floating 
leaves that look much like those of the water lily, is not abun- 
dant; in fact, it appears to be much less so than it was several 
years ago. A careful examination of more than a half mile of the 
lake edge in June, 1912, revealed not more than a half dozen 
plants. On the other hand, Vymphozdes lacunosum, which has 
appeared in the lake only in the last two or three years, is now 
increasing rapidly. 

It is rather surprising that the water lily (Castalia odorata) 
has not yet made an entrance into the lake. It is plentiful in Kil- 
gore’s Mill Pond, only about a mile away. 

Over a considerable area of the lake near the edge behind 
Captain Cannon’s Place the water is only a few inches deep, 
forming a bog. The swamp had been cleared off here just before 
the water was raised, but it is now covered with a rather dense 
second-growth of the following plants: Tawxodium distichum 
(cypress), Salia nigra (black willow), Alnus rugosa (alder), 
Cephalanthus occidentalis (buttonbush), Callicarpa americana 
(French mulberry), Viburnum nudum (possum haw), Vyssa 
biflora (black gum), /tea virginica (Virginia willow), Boeh- 
meria scabra, Typha latifolia (cat-tail), Saururus cernuus 
(lizard’s tail), and Peltandra virginica (moccasin corn). 


*There is much doubt as to distinctness of Mayaca flwviatilis. In fact, 1 
am now convinced that it is nothing more than a submerged form of J. 
Audleti. 


. 


XIV 


Plate 


Vegetation of Hartsville. 


A large Holly tree (Ilex opaca) near the lake. 


9 
ae 

AV es 
tne San 


Ley A 
eve 
y i 


b 


Me 


35 


Climbing over the shrubs in great abundance was Mikania 
scandens. 

On the muddy shore, not covered with water, there is a good 
colony of young Pinus Taeda (old-field pine). Near them, in 
addition to most of the above, were Magnolia glauca, Clethra 
alnifolia, Cyrilla racemifiora, Liquidamber Styraciflua, Lyrio- 
dendron tulipifera, Ilex glabra, Rubus Andrewsianus, Decodon 
verticillatus, and the ferns Osmunda cinnamomea and Wood- 
wardia areolata. 

Where the border of the lake is a gentle sandy slope, as it is on 
the south side above Prestwood’s Bridge, the first vegetation 
consists of large patches of the grass Panicum hemitomum in 
shallow water; behind this in shallow water and on the muddy 
edge is the larger grass Panicum scabriusculum, then handsome 
clumps of the tall yellow-flowered Xyris fimbriata and large 
pipewort, or hat pins as we call it (Hvriocaulon decangulare), 
with flowers in compact white balls. Mixed with the last 
two or just behind them are /ris versicola, Iris prismatica, 
Hypericum verginicum (Elodea), Proserpinaca pectinata, Scler- 
olepis uniflora (a pretty little pink-flowered composite), Utricu- 
laria juncea, Xyris caroliniana, Drosera intermedia, Mayaca 
Aubleti, Lycopus pubens, Ludwigia linearis, Stachys hyssopifolia, 
Rotala ramosior, and Polygala lutea. Here also was discovered a 
fine colony of the orchid Habenarea Nuttalliz, with greenish 
flowers, a species not before found in the State of South Carolina. 

A little behind these as a rule were Carphephorus bellidifolius, 
Diodia virgiana, Ascyrum hypericoides, Spiranthes praecoa, 
Limodorum tuberosum, Rhexia ciliosa, Bartonia lanceolata. The 
large ferns Osmunda cinnamomea and Woodwardia virginica 
were conspicuous here, and the smaller Woodwardia areolata 
and Lycopodium alopecuroides were abundant. Lycopodium 
adpressum occupied slightly less wet situations.* Mingled with 
these herbs were scattered clumps of sweet pepperbush (Clethra 
alnifolia), swamp azalea (Azalea viscosa), low gallberry (lex 
glabra), fetter bush (Lyonia nitida), Zenobia pulverulenta, alder 
(Alnus rugosa), buttonbush (Cephalanthus occidentalis), 
myrtle (Cyrilla racemiflora), groundsell tree (Baccharis hali- 
mifolia) and yellow jessamine (Gelsemiwm sempervirens) ; also 
small young trees of cypress (Taxodium distichum), Carolina 


*See notes by me on these two species of Lycopodium in the Fern Bulle- 
tin, Vol. 17, July, 1910. 


36 


red maple (Acer carolinianum), black willow (Salia nigra), and 
juniper (Chamaecyparis thyoides). Still farther up where the 
soil was damp but not soaked, were the white goldenrod (Solidago 
sp.), Galactia regularis, meadow beauty (Rhexia lanceolata, nearly 
white), Rubus Andrewsianus, Vaccinium vacillans, Gaylussacia 
frondosa, Gaylussacia dumosa, Rhus copalina, Pteris aquilina 
Vitis rotundifolia, and Diospyros virginiana. 

On the upper edge of this society was a large clump of male 
plants of [lez caroliniana. A little farther back a low sandy ridge 
supported almost the typical growth of the sand hills, with long- 
leaf pine (Pinus palustris), turkey oak (Quercus Catesbaet), 
black jack oak (Quercus marilandica), upland willow oak 
(Quercus cinerea), post oak (Quercus stellata), sparkleberry 
Viburnum arboreum), poison oak (hus Quercifolia), and 
wire grass (Aristida stricta) as the most conspicuous vegetation. 

On the more or less wet edges of the lake at other points were 
collected the following: Lystmachia terrestris, Rudbeckia hirta, 
Sabatia brachiata, Hypericum fasciculatum (a good sized heath- 
like bush), Bradburia virginica, Ludwigia alternifolia, Apios 
tuberosa (known as “ground nut” on account of its numerous 
edible underground tubers), Jusszaea decurrens, Myrica cerifera, 
Wistaria frutescens, Carex macrokolea and Scirpus Eriophorum. 
The last is one of the handsomest herbaceous plants of the lake 
edge. 

Just above the dam on the northern side there is in late summer 
a conspicuous show of the large white plumes of the very tall 
grass H’rianthus saccharoides. I have not noticed golden club 
(Orontium aquaticum) in the lake, but in the run of Crowley’s 
branch just above the old broken dam there is a fine lot of this 
interesting plant. It is a member of the same family as the calla 
lily, but has no spathe around its fleshy, yellow spike of flowers. 
It may be seen at many of the branch crossings in our section. 
The moccasin corn (Peltandra virginica), which is so plentiful 
in the shallow water of the lake edge, is a member of the same 
family. 

On the low earth dam across the lake from the paper mill was 
collected Solidago verna (spring goldenrod) for the first time in 
South Carolina.* Other plants collected on this dam were 


*See my “Additions to the Flora of the Carolinas,” in Bulletin Torrey 
Bot. Club, Vol. 36, page 635, 1909. I have since found this species to be 
plentiful in the low woods near the lake. By June 1st of this year (1911) 
its blooming period was nearly over. 


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Vegetation of Hartsville. 


37 


Smilax glauca, Rhynchosia simplicifolia, Penstemon laevigatus, 
Apocynum pubescens, Lactuca graminifolia, and LHrigeron 
ramosus. 


Kicore’s Miuut Ponp. 


This is a small body of water, much older than Prestwood’s 
Lake, that lies in the low sand hills about one mile northeast from 
Hartsville. A study of the vegetation and its surroundings 
resulted in the collection of a considerable number of plants not 
seen around Prestwood’s Lake. Mymphoides lacunosum and 
Nymphoides aquaticum are abundant, and submerged in the 
stream just below the mill race was Scirpus subterminalis, not 
_ before reported south of New Jersey (but I find a collection of it 
in the N. Y. Bot. Garden from Mississippi) .+ : 


On the west side of the pond is a flat marsh, inundated gener- 
ally with several inches of water, which is covered almost all over 
with a pure growth of HLleocharis melanocarpa. In deeper spots 
this is replaced by Hleocharis quadrangulata. On the edges of this 
marsh grew abundantly Rynchospora glomerata and Fuirena 
squarrosa. Juncus repens grew in dense patches in the shallow 
water while Rynchospora corniculata and Juncus scirpoides were 
scattered on the margins. Utricularia juncea also grew spar- 
ingly here, but on the other side of the pond it was so plentiful 
in the shallow water as to give a marked yellow color to the 
margin. In the same situation on the east side was the little 
Eleocharis Torreyana, partly submerged and mixed with Mayaca 
Aubleti and some Vymphoides lacunosum. Behind these was a 
zone containing clumps of the large, handsome Xyris fimbriata 
mixed with the smaller Xyris elata and with Ascyrum hyperi- 
coides, Proserpinaca pectinata, Schlerolepis uniflora and some 
Jarge “hat pins” (Hriocaulon decangulare). Back of this zone 
is a dense growth of the large grass Panicum scabriusculum, with 
some of the attractive tall sedge Scirpus Eriophorum. With these 
were a few small scattered individuals of Alnus rugosa, Nyssa 
biflora and Acer carolinianum. In about this situation were 
found a number of specimens of the greenish white orchid Habe- 
naria clavellata, one of the rarest of our plants. 

This zone passes beyond into a flat moist bay of poor soil cov- 


7See my “Additions to the Flora of the Carolinas,’ in Bulletin Torrey 
Bot. Club, Vol. 36, page 635, 1909. 


38 


ered with an open growth of stunted trees and shrubs. Wyssa 
biflora and Acer carolinianum were the largest growth, and 
among them were Alnus rugosa, Magnolia glauca, Rhus copalina, 
Rhus Vernia, Myrica pumila, Ilex glabra, Ilex lucida, Cyrilla 
racemifiora, Lyonia nitida, Prunus serotina, Viburnum nudum, 
Viburnum cassinoides, Rhus Toxicodendron, Rubus Andrew- 
sianus. Scattered here and there were a few small trees of Pinus 
palustris, Pinus serotina and Chamaecyparis thyoides. It was 
rather surprising to find in such a place large quantities of broom 
sedge (Andropogon virginicus.) The smaller growth was Pluchae 
foetida, Eupatorium maculatum, Eupatorium rotundifolium, 
Rhexia mariana, Centella repanda, Osmunda cinnamomea, Wood- 
wardia areolata and Lycopodium alopecuroides. | 

In a small wet meadow to the east of the pond were collected 
Polygonum hydropiperoides, Scutellaria integrifolia, Olden- 
landia Boscii, Bacopa acuminata, Viola lanceolata, Gratiola 
pilos, Diodia virginiana, Aster cordifolius, Linum straitum, and 
Hypericum virgatum. 

Along the wet crossing below the mill Verbena polystachya was 
picked up; and in slightly damp soil near here were Hieractwm 
Gronovit, Kneifia arenicola, Crotalaria rotundifolia and Helian- 
themum majus. 

On the dam grew Wistaria frutescens, and in the damp woods 
on the west side were a number of plants of Berchemia scandens 
(supple jack), a vigorous high-climbing vine, and one of the 
rarest woody plants of Hartsville. There is a good specimen of 
it at the Snake Branch crossing, just above the paper mill. 


39 


A Kry To 
THE TREES OF HARTSVILLE. 


In order to encourage the study of our native trees the fol- 
lowing key has been prepared for their easy determination by 
means of the leaves: 


1. CONE-BEARING. TREES: EVERGREEN (EXCEPT 
CYPRESS). GYMNOSPERMS. 
A. Leaves needle-like, two or three together in a 

nanaie: oo." 3. Pe ea oe ee Panes 

a. Leaves three in a nds 
Leaves ten to fifteen inches long; cones very large, six 
to eight inches long.. .. ..Long-leaf Pine (p. 43) 
Leaves six to ten inches long; cones about four inches 
long.. ee ..Old-field Pine (p 43) 
Leaves six A ete inches Tongs cones short and thick, 
214, to 234 inches long.. ..Pond Pine (p. 43) 

b. Leaves two in a bundle. 
Leaves 314 to 4 inches long; cones small, about two 


inches long.. .. .. .. .. ..Short-leaf Pine (p. 44) 
Leaves 11% to 2 inches long; cones small, 114 to 2 inches 
eae Sea, ‘Benib Pine (p. 44) 


B. Leaves flattened, ieee 34 eh long, scuba along slender 
little twigs that fall off in autumn; cones spherical, about 


14 inch in diameter... .... .. . Cypress (p. 44) 
C. Leaves very small, scale- age cone “thou the size of 
oe ne sc le aca an lg an a ae ..duniper (p. 44) 


2. BROAD-LEAVED TREES: MOSTLY NOT EVER- 
GREEN. ANGIOSPERMS. 
A. Leaves compound; alternate on the twig. 
a. Leaves twice compound; fruit a long pod; trunk and 
branches thorny.. .. .. ..Honey Locust (p. 51) 
b. Leaves once compound, eaters ie than ten in number; 
fruit a nut, with husk dividing into four parts when 
ripe. 

Leaflets generally five (sometimes seven), brown- 

hairey beneath; nut with a thin husk...... 
Pignut Hickory (p. 45) 


40 


Leaflets generally seven (sometimes nine), soft hairy 
beneath; nut with a thick husk............ 
White Hickory (p. 45) 
ce. Leaves once compound, leaflets more than ten in number; 
fruit a nut with a green husk that does not split 
AWAY) Ge SeeEe yes wht. Se. Vee 
B. Leaves compound; opposite on the twig.. .. ..Ash (p. 55) 
C. Leaves simple; alternate on the twig. 
1. Fruit not an acorn: 
a. Edges of leaves not toothed or lobed. 
Leaves as broad or nearly as broad as long.... 
Redbud (p. 51) 
Leaves about twice as long as broad: 
Leaves white beneath; partially evergreen... 
Sweet Bay (p. 49) 
Leaves smooth and clear green beneath...... 
Black Gum (p. 53) 
Leaves smooth and pale gray beneath...... | 
Persimmon (p. 55) 
Leaves more than twice as long as broad. 
Leaves about two inches long, broadest above the 
middle, partly evergreen.. .. ..Myrtle (p. 52) 
Leaves about two and one-half inches long, 
broadest at the middle, entirely evergreen. . 
Mountain Laurel (p. 53) 
Leaves about four inches long, evergreen.... 
Red Bay (p. 50) 
b. Edges of leaves with teeth or lobes. 
Blade of leaf as broad or nearly as broad as long. 
Blade of leaf broad and notched at the end 
Tulip Tree or White Poplar (p. 50) 
Blade of leaf pointed at the end. 
Leaves five. lobed, smooth............ 
Sweet Gum (p. 50) 
Leaves toothed, but not lobed, smooth.. 
Cottonwood (p. 45) 
Leaves toothed, sometimes lobed, rough 
above, downy beneath.............. 
Red Mulberry (p. 49) 
Leaves with many irregular lobes and teeth, 
bark white:. .. .. ..Sycamore (p. 50) 


41 


Blade of leaf much longer than broad. 
Leaves evergreen. 
Edges of leaves prickly.. .. ..Holly (p. 52) 
Edges of leaves not prickly............ 
Loblolly Bay (p. 53) 


Leaves not evergreen. 
Leaves over five times as long as broad: nar- 


row.. .. .. .. .. ..Black Willow (p. 45) 
Leaves averaging about three times as long as 
broad. 
Leaves sour to the taste, with fine sharp 
het Se i)... .ourwood (p. 54) 


Leaves with two glands on the leaf stalk at 
the base of the blade, fruit a small black 
ener... -.. 7, +.Choke Cherry: (p. 51) 

Leaves as above, fruit a good-sized red or 
yellow plum.. ..Old Field Plums (p. 51) 

Leaves averaging less than three times as long 
as broad. 

Leaves with conspicuous parallel veins. 
Leaves blunt, obovate, sharply and finely 

toothed, hairy beneath....Alder (p. 46) 
Leaves pointed, oblong, with long sharp 
teeth terminating the veins only; whitish 
downy beneath.. ..Chinquapin (p. 46) 
Leaves pointed, ovate-oblong with long 
pointed teeth terminating the veins, and 
with smaller ones between. Bark smooth 
and dark gray.. .. ..Hornbeam (p. 46) 
Leaves pointed, rhombic-ovate, regularly 
toothed and more or less velvety below; 
bark peeling off in papery layers on 

branches and younger parts of trunk. 
River Birch (p. 46) 

Leaves without conspicuous parallel veins. 

Leaves ovate lanceolate, rough, with coarse 
teeth like a saw. Bark with thick corky 
warts.. .. .. .. ..Hackberry (p. 49) 
Leaves without teeth, generally three lobed, 
but often simple or with only two 
lobes. +. 1... .. .. Sassafras (p. 50) 


42 


Leaves about 314 inches long, smooth, 
leathery, with shallow inconspicuous 
teeth.. ....:... .:dd0rse Sugar fp. a9 

Leaves about 11% inches long, smooth, thick, 
with very minute teeth on the turned 
under edges.. .. ..Sparkleberry (p 54) 

2. Fruit an acorn. 
Leaves broadest at the ends. 
Two to three inches long... ... Water Oak (p. 48) 
Four to six inches long... Black Jack Oak (p. 49) 
Leaves broadest in the middle. 
Leaves without lobes. 
Leaves over three inches long and very narrow... 
Willow Oak (p. 49) 
Leaves less than three inches long.......... 
Upland Willow Oak (p. 49) 
Leaves with lobes. 
Lobes bristle-tipped. 
Leaves smooth on both sides. Cup covering 
about one-third of the medium-sized acorn. 
A large tree mm- fertile soil.......<..4. 
Scarlet Oak (p. 47) 
Leaves smooth on both sides. Cup covering 
about two-thirds of the rather large acorn. A 
small oak of dry, sandy soils... ..Fork-leaved 
Black Jack or Turkey Oak (p. 48) 
Leaves yellowish downy beneath when young, 
becoming smooth with age. Acorn large with 
-cup covering half of it...Black Oak (p. 48) 
Leaves yellowish-gray and downy beneath, 
with a long slender middle lobe, acorn 
small... ..°....7 7. s.8panish Oak (po: 48) 
Lobes not bristle tipped. 
Leaves with seven to nine regular rounded 
lobes, whitish beneath...White Oak (p. 46) 
Leaves with five to seven deep, irregular, 
rounded lobes, green beneath. Post Oak (p. 47) 
D. Leaves simple; opposite on the twig. 
Leaves three to five lobed, soft downy beneath as a 
rule..... 5. «. «s .. ».Carolina Red Maple {p..52) 
Leaves not lobed, about four inches long.......... 
Dogwood (p. 53) 


43 


Leaves not lobed, about two and one-half inches long 
Black Haw (p. 55) 
Leaves not lobed, very large, six to twelve inches long; 
fruit a long rounded pod.. .. .. .. ..Catalpa (p. 55) 


THE TREES OF HARTSVILLE. 


Lone-LeaF Prine (Pinus palustris Mill.). 

A very fine, large tree with leaves ten to fifteen inches long, 
and three in a bundle. The cones are the largest of any Eastern 
American pine, and the seeds are of good size and edible. With 
the exception of the swamps and bays, it once covered this whole 
section in an unbroken forest, but it is now being fast encroached 
upon by the old-field pine, except in such excessively sandy areas 
as the Sand Hills.* 


Op-FIELD Pine (Pinus Taeda L.). 

A large tree with leaves about six to ten inches long, and good 
sized cones. It is second in value only to the long-leaf pine as a 
timber tree, and it is extensively used by the Carolina Fiber Com- 
pany, of Hartsville, in the manufacture of paper. This species 
is very abundant in our section in almost all soils except the sand 
hills and swamps, and penetrates much farther into the bays than 
the long-leaf pine. Most thrown out fields are immediately cov- 
ered with a dense growth of old-field pine. If we are to lose the 
long-leaf pine over most of our territory, it is fortunate that so 
valuable a tree as the old-field pine is to take its place. 


Ponp Pine, or Suasu Pine (Pinus serotina Michz.). 

A small or good sized tree that can hardly be distinguished 
from the old-field pine except by the cones: these are shorter and 
broader than those of the last, and usually remain unopened and 
attached to the tree for several years.t This pine is almost entirely 
confined to savannas, bays, and edges of swamps, and it is smallest 
in the savannas. In bays it may reach a height of seventy-five 
feet or even more. An occasional tree may be found in the 


*For further remarks on the propagation of this pine see page 11 et seg. 


tIn my article on the Vitality of Pine Seeds and the Delayed Opening of 
Cones, in The American Naturalist, Vol. 48, page 677, Nov., 1909, it was 
shown that seeds taken from unopened cones at various ages up to fourteen 
years were still capable of germination. It has since been shown that in 
the case of the Western lodge pole pine seeds may remain alive in unopened 
cones for 75 or 80 years (See U. S. Forest Service Bulletin 79). 


44 


flat woods, as in the Upper Farm grove already mentioned. I 
have noticed it in the flat woods opposite the Southern Railway 
depot at Ten-Mile Station near Charleston, S. C., and even in the 
grove on the well drained sandy soil by the Seaboard depot at 
Camden, S. C. 


Rosemary Pine. SHort-Lear Pine (Pinus echinata Mill.). 


A large tree with short leaves that are generally two in a bun- 
dle, aud with very small cones. It is not at all abundant with us, 
but when at its best it is our largest pine. It prefers to grow in 
slightly damp soil near water courses, especially on hill sides, but 
is also found in flat transition areas between well drained uplands 
and the wet flat woods. Next to the long-leaf pine this is our 
finest timber pine. In more northern markets it is generally 
known as North Carolina pine. ‘There are a number of trees of 
this species in the grove in front of the Upper Farm Place, but 
the largest trees I know of at Hartsville are on or near the bluffs 
of Black Creek. 


Scrus Prine (Pinus virginiana Mill.). 

A small tree of little value, with very short, twisted leaves and 
very small cones. This species is included in the flora of Harts- 
ville on the strength of one specimen that I found in the sand 
hills about three miles north of town. It is plentiful in New 
Jersey, Maryland, and the hills of the Southeastern States, and is 
often called Jersey pine. 


Crpress (Zaxodium distichum (l.) Richard). 

A very fine and large tree of swamps and savannas. The small 
leaves are borne on special short twigs that fall off in autumn, 
making the cypress one of the few coniferous trees that is not 
evergreen. The leaves are of two very distinct sorts, and there 
are botanists who think that this difference in leaves indicates a 
real specific distinction. The savanna cypress has small awl- 
shaped leaves that are pressed close to the twigs, while the swamp 
cypress has thin linear leaves that spread out in two rows. The 
cones are globular balls that are composed of a few large, flat 
scales. The wood is extremely durable and highly valued. 


JUNIPER (Chamaecyparis thyoides (L.) BSP.). 

The juniper or white cedar is plentiful in our swamps and bays, 
and on account of its durability is much in demand for line poles. 
The tiny leaves are closely pressed up in four rows against the 
twigs. The little cones are about the size of a small pea. 


45 


Brack Wi1ow (Salix nigra Marsh.). 

A small tree with rough, dark bark, very long and narrow 
pointed leaves with fine teeth, and very small fruit pods with 
cottony seeds. The tree is scarce in Hartsville, but it is our only 
willow. It is a pioneer tree with us and occupies wet ground that 
has been newly cleared, having for company such plants as cat- 
tail, button bush and blackberries. There is a good lot of it on 
the southside of Prestwood’s Lake near the paper mill, and it 
occurs at other places on the lake margin. 


Cotronwoop (Populus deltoides Marsh.). 

A rapid-growing, short-lived tree with rather smooth, dark 
gray bark, large pointed leaves with broad bases, and small pods 
with cottony seeds. The cottonwood, called also Carolina pop- 
lar, has, like the willow, only a precarious foothold, and there 
are no full-grown trees in Hartsville. It appears here and there 
on new-made ground in damp places. The largest tree stands at 
the foot of the railroad embankment about one hundred yards 
south of the novelty mill, and there are several small trees among 
the willows near the lake. 


Waunut (/Juglans nigra L.). 

A large, fine tree that is too well known to need particular 
description. It is scarce in Hartsville and is found only along 
ditch banks, gullies, etc. It has no place in our matured forests. 


Ware Hicxrory (Carya alba (L.) K. Koch). 


In rich woods this is one of the most abundant of our trees. 
The nut is extremely variable both in size and shape, but it can be 
distinguished from that of the pignut hickory by its much 
thicker hull, that soon falls from the nut. The leaves are larger 
and more hairy than those of the pignut, and have seven to nine 
leaflets. The tall columnar form of this tree and its beautiful, 
rich yellow coloring in fall make it one of the most desirable for 
street and yard planting. 


Pienut Hickory (Carya glabra hirsuta Ashe). 


A smaller tree, with smaller nuts and leaves than the preceding. 
The leaflets are generally five, sometimes seven, and in our variety 
are brown hairy beneath. The husk is thin and splits away 
imperfectly or not at all. This species occurs sparingly in our 
upland forests, and plentifully in the valley of Black Creek. 


46 


Hornseam (Carpinus caroliniana Walt.). 

This interesting tree is represented in the vicinity of Hartsville 
by only a single specimen, so far as known. It stands about one 
hundred feet from the edge of the creek swamp directly behind 
the residence on the Upper Farm Place. The leaves look much 
like those of the beech, but are smaller, and the trunk and limbs 
are ridged with elevations like the horns of a deer. The bark is 
dark and even, and the wood is exceedingly hard. The tree is 
often called ironwood. 


River Brrcow (Betula nigra L.). 

A good-sized tree with reddish brown bark that peels off in 
sheets on the branches and younger parts of the trunk. The leaves 
are about three inches long and parallel veined, and their edges 
are both coarsely notched and finely toothed. The fruit is a 
small, dry cylindrical catkin made up of numerous scales. This is 
another of our very rare trees. The only specimens found were 
near Black Creek directly behind Mr. Jordan’s Place. 


Axper (Alnus rugosa (Du Roi) Spreng.). 

A shrub or small tree with obovate roughish leaves that are 
hairy below. The veins are parallel and the margins are finely 
toothed. The leaves can be distinguished easily from those of the 
birch, hornbeam, etc., by their blunt ends. The fruit is a little 
cone-shaped, woody catkin made up of scales. The staminate 
catkins are long, slender and drooping, and the fall of their yel- 
low pollen is the first indication of the approach of spring. The 
alder is common along water and often makes little thickets. It 
is rarely ever more than a shrub with us. 


CuinquaPIn (Castanea pumila (L.) Mill.). 

A shrub or small tree. The leaves are whitish-downy beneath 
and have conspicuous parallel veins that are tipped with long, 
pointed teeth. The fruit is a small nut enclosed in a bur. The 
Chinquapin was always scarce in Hartsville, and now there are 
very few specimens left. Thirty years ago there were scattered 
here and there in the woods covering the slope to Black Creek 
north of town but now they are very scarce. There are a few 
plants at Laurel Land. 


Waite Oak (Quercus alba L.). 

A large tree with light bark. The leaves are furnished with 
regular rounded and rather shallow lobes, and are whitish 
beneath. The acorns vary more in size than in any of our other 


47 


oaks, but are usually of medium size and set in shallow cups. 
They mature the first year. This is our rarest oak. It occurs 
sparingly in the rich woods on the southside of Black Creek. 


Post Oax (Quercus stellata Wang.). 

A good-sized tree, but smaller normally than the white oak, 
which, as its nearest relative, it resembles considerably. The 
leaves have deeper and broader lobes than those of the white 
oak, and are not white beneath, and the acorns are smaller. This 
is one of our commonest trees, and occurs both in rich woods and 
in the sand hills. 


Scartet Oak (Quercus coccinea Wang.). 

A large tree with rather smooth bark. The leaves are smooth, 
deeply cut and bright green on both sides, and.the acorn is large, 
with a shallow cup. This is not an abundant oak with us, but it 
is plentiful in our richer woods. In the valley of Black Creek 
and on the adjoining hillsides the scarlet oak is quite at home. 
The great old oak on Home Avenue in the corner of the old Law 
Place is of this species. 

The Northern botanists do not yet properly understand the dis- 
tribution of this tree in the South. In the seventh edition of 
Gray’s Manual (1908), it is said to extend south to North Caro- 
lina. Sargent’s Manual of Trees of North America extends it 
“along the Alleghany Mountains to North Carolina.” In his 
“North American Trees” (1908), Britton gives its occurrence as 
“from Maine to Minnesota, North Carolina and Missouri.” 
Hough’s “Handbook of the Trees,” etc., (1907) marks an improve- 
ment as its printed chart shows the species extending as low as 
piedmont South Carolina and Georgia. In the “Timber Trees 
and Forests of North Carolina,” by Pinchot and Ashe, the exten- 
sion is given as “South to North Carolina,” although their distri- 
bution map shows the species extending abundantly down to 
the South Carolina line for a distance of over 200 miles. Only 
Small allows the possibility of the occurrence of the tree in our 
district. 

These errors have persisted in spite of the fact that Michaux 


48 


recorded the scarlet oak as abundant in the Carolinas cver a hun- 
dred years ago, an observation confirmed by Elliott (in 1824), 
Chapman, Curtis and others. As its Southern limits are 
approached the scarlet oak changes its habit considerably. As a 
low and contorted scrub oak it is found on the exposed and rocky 
summits of our Carolina mountains, and even in Chapel Hill, 
N. C., which is near the eastern boundary of the piedmont section, 
it is most abundant on the dryer, gravelly hills. In the coastal 
plain of North and South Carolina it descends into the damper 
valleys and prefers the richest woods. 


Briack Oak (Quercus velutina Lam.). 

This is our largest but not our longest-lived oak. The bark is 
dark and the large leaves are covered beneath when young with 
a fine yellowish powder which is mostly worn away by mid- 
summer. The acorn is large and has a deep cup. This oak is 
generally called red oak (which it is not) with us, and is not 
distinguished from the scarlet oak or indeed from the Spanish 
oak. It is one of the commonest trees of the county. 


SpanisH Oak (Quercus falcata Michz.). 

This is one of our finest and commonest oaks. It is of rapid 
growth, but is very long-lived and we have no better tree for 
street or yard planting unless it be the willow oak. The leaves 
are not so wide as those of the black oak, and they may also be 
distinguished. by their long, narrow central lobe and yellowish- 
gray, tomentose under surface. The acorns are small, and when 
fresh are bright red on the scar. 


Water Oak (Quercus nigra L.). 

A rather small tree with small leaves that are deep green on 
both sides and widest at the end. It is common in flat woods and 
bays, and is often planted as a street tree. Many of the trees in 
the business part of town are of this species. It is related to the 
willow oak, but is inferior to that species both in size and 
longevity. 


Turkey Oak (Quercus Catesbaei Michz.). 

This small scrub oak is very abundant in the sand hills and 
other dry, sandy soils. The thick leaves have long narrow lobes 
and are smooth and light green below. The acorn is large and 
is set in a deep cup with spreading scales. There are some very 
large specimens immediately around the Baptist Church, as 
shown in Plate III. 


49 


Buiack Jack Oak (Quercus marilandica Muench.). 

A small scrub oak with large leaves that are very broad at the 
end and generally without lobes. The acorn is large and seated in 
a deep cup. This oak is very abundant in the sand hills and also 
more or less plentiful in good soil. 


Witwow Oak (Quercus Phellos L.). 

A large and beautiful oak that is very common in the flat woods 
and on edges of bays. The leaves are very long and narrow and 
not lobed, resembling those of a willow. The acorn is small with 
a shallow cup. This species and the spanish oak are our most 
desirable trees for decorative planting. 


Urtanp Wit1ow Oak (Quercus cinerea Michz.). 

A low scrub oak that seldom reaches a height of twenty-five 
feet. It is very common in the sand hills and in other poor, 
sandy soil. The leaves are oblong and generally not lobed or 
toothed. They are grayish wooly beneath and are not so long or 
narrow as those of the willow oak. The acorn is about the size 
of the willow oak’s. See Plate IV for a very large specimen of 
this oak. 


Hackeperry (Celtis Smallii Beadle). 

A good sized tree with rough and warty bark. The leaves are 
ovate-lanceolate, long pointed, toothed and rough. The fruit is a 
small, sweetish, nearly black “berry” (really a drupe). The 
hackberry is not native to Hartsville, but has become established 
in a few places. There is a good sized tree near the edge of Snake 
Branch about two hundred yards south of the High School 
building, and several may be seen along the ditch-bank separa- 
ting Major Coker’s Upper Farm and the Old Norwood Place. 
There are several large planted specimens in the yard of the 
Kilgore Place at Kilgore’s Mill. 


Rep Moutpserry (Morus rubra L.). 

A small tree with large rough leaves and edible fruits. It, 
also, is probably not native to the region immediately around 
Hartsville, but it is now established along ditches and gullies. 


Sweet Bay (Magnolia virginica L.). 

A small tree of swamps and bays. It has long, partially ever- 
green leaves that have smooth edges and are very white beneath. 
The fruit is a hard cone-shaped body from which the red seeds 


50 


hang out on strings at maturity. The large white flowers have a 
very strong but pleasing fragrance. 


Ture Tree: Poriar (Liriodendron tulipifera L.). 

A very large and fine tree of bays, swamp edges and water 
courses. The large leaves are of a peculiar shape. They have 
broad square ends with a notch in the center, and when put under 
water the lower side looks like silver. The tree is of the magnolia 
family and the resemblance may be noticed in the tulip shaped 
flowers and small cone-like fruits. Some fine specimens of this 
tree may be seen along Snake Branch. 


Rep Bay (Persea pubescens (Pursh) Sarg.). 

A small evergreen tree that is plentiful in swamps. The aro- 
matic leaves are oblong, grayish green beneath and with smooth 
edges. The small, black, pulpy fruits are much like those of the 
sassafras. 


SassaFras (Sassafras variifolium (Salisb.) Ktze.). 

A small tree with smooth, generally three-lobed leaves that are 
not toothed. The abundant, greenish yellow flowers are very 
fragrant and attractive in early spring: they are of two sorts, 
staminate and pistillate, and they are borne on different trees. 
Only trees with pistillate flowers bear fruit. The sassafras is 
very common along hedge rows and in old fields, and, like the 
Chickasaw plum, gives the impression of having been introduced. 


Sweet Gum (Liquidamber styrachiflua L.). 

A good sized tree that is very common in flat woods and along 
streams. The bark is rough and the branches are often furnished 
with narrow plates or wings of corky tissue. The aromatic leaves 
are nearly circular in outline and are deeply cut into five sharp 
lobes. The fruit is a globular, prickly mass of little pods and 
scales. 


Sycamore (Platanus occidentalis L.). 

A large tree with smooth bark that pulls off in strips, leaving a 
large. part of the trunk and limbs a shining white. The leaves are 
very large and broad, with a number of sharp lobes and teeth; 
when young they are very wooly beneath, but get smooth as 
they grow older. The foot of the leaf stalk is swollen and com- 
pletely encloses the bud. The fruit is a round, hard ball that 
liangs on all winter and sheds the seeds by breaking apart in 


5!I 


the spring. The sycamore is not common in Hartsville, but 
occurs sparingly along streams and on edges of swamps. A num- 
ber may be seen where the road crosses the creek swamp near the 
paper mill. Harper, in the article mentioned below, says of this 
tree that in the pine-barrens of the Carolinas it seems to be con- 
fined to the banks of the muddy rivers, just as in Georgia. In 
Hartsville it is found along clear streams. 


Cuoxe Cuerry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.). 


A small tree with smooth reddish bark that peels of easily. The 
leaves are oblong and closely toothed, and they may be distin- 
guished from all others by the dense tuft of reddish hairs along 
the midrib below near the base of the blade. The fruit is a long 
bunch of nearly black and astringent little cherries. This tree 
is a frequent one with us, especially along ditches and fence rows. 


Op Frevp or CuicKasaw Pium (Prunus angustifolia Marsh.). 


This plum is hardly deserving of being called a tree, as it rarely 
ever reaches twelve feet in height, but we will give it the benefit 
of the doubt. It forms thickets on edges of fields and clearings 
and is valued for its fruits. The good sized plums may be either 
red or yellow and are very good to eat. It was probably intro- 
duced from farther west. 


Honey Locust (Gleditsia triacanthos L.) 


This well known tree may be said to be rare in our section, but 
there are a good many of them on the ditch bank west of the 
Upper Farm Place. The strong thorns on the trunk and 
branches, the large, twice compound leaves and the long, flat 
pods make the tree quite easy to recognize at sight. 


Repsup or Jupas TREE (Cercis canadensis L.). 


We are almost out of the range of this tree, and so far we have 
found but one wild plant near Hartsville. It was growing in a 
low place in the sand hills about a half mile north of Crowley’s 
Spring. At Darlington and at Society Hill it is not uncommon. 
The deep green shining leaves are broader than long and heart- 
shaped at base. The flowers are pinkish purple and are placed 
abundantly in clusters directly on the trunk and limbs. They are 
shaped like those of a pea, and this indicates the relationship of 
the tree. It belongs to the great Leguiminous family, as does also 
the honey locust and the cultivated silk-flower tree (see page 61). 


52 


Myrtie or He-Hucxnieserry (Cyrilla racemifiora L.).* 

A shrub or small tree that is abundant on the edges of swamps 
and bays. The small, alternate, leathery leaves are obovate and 
entire on the margin. Some of the leaves remain green through 
the winter and even those that turn scarlet hang on for a long 
time. They make a very attractive decoration for Christmas. The 
small white flowers are borne in clustered racemes and are con- 
spicuous in early June. The plant is well worthy of cultivation. 


Houty (/lex opaca Ait.). 

One of the best known and loveliest of our trees, the holly has 
suffered for its popularity. There are still left a number of fine 
specimens in the environs of Hartsville, but they are being 
rapidly destroyed. The utter disregard of the average person to 
the conservation of natural beauty is distressing to any one who 
can see in nature something more than a storehouse for our 
material wants. Like the sassafras and the persimmon the holly 
is dioecious, bearing its staminate and pistillate flowers on dif- 
ferent trees. The staminate trees never bear fruit, and as the 
berries are most prized for decoration, it is the sterile trees that 
are now most commonly found in their original perfection. Such 
a specimen, and one of the finest I have ever seen, stands near the 
lake edge exactly behind the residence at Captain Cannon’s Place. 
In Plate XIV is shown a photograph of this tree taken in Decem- 
ber, 1910. 


CaroLina Rep Mapte (Acer carolinianum Walt.). 

This is our only maple and it may be readily distinguished by 
its opposite three and five-lobed leaves which are brownish or 
grayish below and soft velvety to the touch. The small but con- 
spicuous red flowers appear in very early spring, and the bright 
red fruits (technically known as samaras) are nearly grown 
before the leaves unfold. Our tree differs from the typical red 
maple in having smaller, generally three-lobed leaves with vel- 
vety undersurface, but this character is not constant. Leaves 
from the same tree may be quite downy or entirely smooth below. 
I doubt if it is anything more than a variety of the red maple. 
Tt is one of our most desirable ornamental trees, being very attrac- 


*That Harper did not see this plant from the train in his trip through 
South Carolina from Augusta via Charleston and Florence to Wilmington, 
is, as he says, surprising. I have seen it from the train between Charleston 
and Florence. See Harper in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, Vol. 34, page 370. 


= 


tive, not only with its conspicuous flowers and fruits, but also in 
its magnificent autumn coloring. It is abundant in swamps and 
bays and along streams.* 


Losiotiy Bay (Gordonia Lasianthus L.). 

This is one of the most beautiful and unique trees of the South- 
ern States. It is a member of the tea family to which belong also 
the well-known cultivated shrub Camellia Japonica and our very 
rare native shrub Stewartia (see page 90). The thick, oblong, 
shining leaves are evergreen, and the large, white flowers make 
the tree a very attractive object when they open in July. The 
deeply furrowed reddish bark also gives the tree a peculiar dis- 
tinction. It is not a rare species with us, but occurs only in 
alluvial bays and on the edges of swamps. The finest example I 
know of stands on the north edge of Burnt Bay about a quarter 
mile from the novelty mill. 


Doe Woop (Cornus florida L.). 

A low, speading tree with opposite elliptical leaves without 
lobes and usually without teeth. The small greenish-yellow 
flowers are borne in small heads and the large white petal like 
bracts beneath each head are not parts of the flower but are 
modified leaves. This is one of the most beautiful of American 
trees and it should be more used for town and street planting. It 
is very common in rich woods. 


Brack Gum (Nyssa biflora Walt.). 

A good-sized tree with rough brown bark and alternate oval 
leaves without lobes or teeth. The fruit is a small, dark blue 
“berry” that robins are very fond of. The black gum is a very 
common tree in swamps, bays, and flat woods. 


Mountain Lauren (Kalmia latifolia L.). 

A small tree or shrub with reddish-brown bark and alternate 
evergreen elliptic-lanceolate leaves that are neither lobed or 
toothed. The beautiful flowers against the rich green leaves in 


*This tree, as well as the silver maple, water oak, and Darlington oak, 
is badly attacked in Hartsville by the gloomy scale, one of the most destruct- 
ive pests of Southern shade trees. It is an American species, closely related 
to the introduced San Jose scale of fruit trees. For methods of combating 
the gloomy scale see Journal of The Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society for 
August, 1912. 


54 


spring make this plant unsurpassed in ornamental value, and it 
is much used in the North for lawn planting. It should be so 
used with us. The leaves are poisonous to sheep and cattle when 
eaten. The Kalmia is plentiful along the southern embankments 
of Black Creek. The largest specimens in the neighborhood once 
stood at the mouth of Snake Branch, but these are now mostly 
gone. The finest are now along the creek below the paper mill 
and at Laurel Land and above. 


Sourwoop (Oxwydendrum arborcum (L.) D C.). 

A small tree with gray bark (reddish on the younger parts) 
and alternate oblong leaves with toothed edges. They are about 
four and one-half inches long and sour to the taste. The small, 
white bell-shaped flowers are borne in clustered racemes at the 
ends of the branches, and are very late to appear, opening in 
Hartsville about the last of June. They are much like lilies-of- 
the-valley, and if placed in a bowl with fern leaves, they make 
a most dainty and attractive centerpiece. The tree is not a com- 
mon one with us, but it occurs rather plentifully along the 
embankments of Black Creek and in the adjacent woods. The 
leaves turn a magnificent scarlet in autumn, and for this and its 
flowers the Sourwood is very highly prized as a decorative tree 
at the North. I well remember with what pride a Northern 
friend once showed me a few specimens that he had succeeded in 
growing on his lawn. Why should we not give more of our 
affection to the beautiful things that are with us always, rather 
than be seeking for things new and strange from beyond the seas? 
Rarity and oddity can have no place in a true estimate of artistic 
value. 


SPARKLEBERRY (Vaccinium arboreum Marsh.). 

A shrub or small tree with gray bark and small alternate 
leaves that vary greatly in size. They may be less than one-half 
inch or more than two inches long, but average about one and 
one-half inch. They are oblong, gray beneath and with minute 
teeth on the margins. The fruit is a small, dry, sweetish berry 
that ripens late and hangs on for a large part of the winter. The 
plant is plentiful in sandy woods that are not too dry. One of 
the largest specimens I have seen is shown in Plate XV. It is 
fifteen feet high and eight inches in diameter. It stands near the 
creek swamp behind the Upper Farm Place. See also the thicket 
shown in Plate VI. 


55 


Persimmon (Diospyros virginiana L.). 

A small tree that is too well known to need description. It is 
very plentiful in Hartsville, much more so than near the coast. 
The fruit varies greatly in size, quality and time of ripening. 
Some become quite sweet and ripe before frost; others never lose 
their astringency. 


Horse Sucar (Symplocos tinctoria (L.) L’Her). 

A shrub or small tree with reddish-gray bark. The leaves 
average about four and one-half inches in length, are alternate, 
thick, oblong, slightly toothed on the margin, and sweet to the 
taste. The small, light-yellow flowers are fragrant and rather 
conspicuous in mass, and are borne in little clusters on the twigs. 
The fruit is a small, oblong, greenish drupe about three-quarter 
inches long. The horse sugar is common on edges of bays and in 
flat woods. It is partially evergreen. 


Wuire Asu (Fraxinus Darlingtonii Britton). 

A fine tree with opposite, compound leaves and small, dry fruit 
about an inch long, that is winged at the end. The leaflets are 
obovate-lanceolate, with nearly entire margins and smooth 
beneath. So far we have found but a single wild tree, and that 
grows on the edge of the large ditch that separates the Upper 
Farm from the old Norwood Place. This tree has been deter- 
mined solely from the leaves and it is possible it may prove to be 
F. pennsylvanica, if indeed the two are really distinct. 


Cataupa (Catalpa bignonioides Walt.). 

A small tree with very large leaves that are broad at base, 
pointed at the end and without lobes or teeth. The large, con- 
spicuous flowers are white with yellow and purple spots in the 
corolla. The fruit is a long, slender, woody pod containing many 
winged seeds. The catalpa is a rare tree in our area and is con- 
fined to new-made soil at bases of hills and gullies, and along 
washed banks of branches. Specimens may be found at the Snake 
Branch crossing on Home avenue and at the foot of the hill east 
of the old Bacot house. 


Buack Haw (Viburnum rufidulum Raf.). 

A small spreading tree with opposite, oblong leaves about two 
and one-half to three inches long, that are not lobed, but fur- 
nished with small, sharp teeth. The veins beneath and the leaf- 
stalk, which is winged, are covered with soft reddish-brown hairs. 


56 


The fruits are small, dark-blue drupes that are borne in open 
terminal clusters. They are considered edible by those who like 
them. The bark is much like that of the dogwood. I know of 
but two stations for this tree at Hartsville. There are a large 
number of rather small specimens on the sandy slope south of 
Crowley’s spring, and there is a single good-sized tree that stands 
about thirty feet from the swamp edge and about 100 yards above 
the bathing place behind Captain.Cannon’s house. 


CULTIVATED TREES: NOT NATIVE. 


In addition to the native or naturalized trees mentioned above, 
there are, of course, a number of exotic species in cultivation in 
Hartsville, and a description of some of the more important sorts 
may be of interest. 


Mamenuarr TreE (Ginkgo biloba L.). 

This tree, perhaps the most remarkable in the world, is placed 
even below the pines and other coniferous evergreens in the 
evolutionary scale, but one would never suppose so from the large 
deciduous leaves and general habit of growth. The singular 
leaves are fan-shaped and with a texture very like that of the 
maidenhair fern leaflet. The fruit is a good-sized, plum-like 
drupe with bad smelling flesh enclosing a sweet, edible nut. The 
tree is a native of China and Japan, where it is an object of wor- 
shipful veneration. It is the sole survivor of an earlier vegetation 
that has long since passed away. The two sexes are separate, and 
the fruit is borne only on the female trees. There is a small 
specimen in Major Coker’s lawn. 


Weepine Witiow (Salix babylonica L.). 

A well known tree with drooping branches and long, narrow 
leaves that are whitish beneath. It is a native of the Caucasus 
and is much used for certain landscape effects. There are several 
in Mr. C. W. Coker’s yard. 


Deopara Cepar (Cedrus Deodara Land). 

A very beautiful true Cedar from the Himalaya Mountains, 
with light, bluish-green drooping spray. It is closely related to 
the Cedar of Lebanon. The best specimen is in the yard of Mr. 
C. C. Twitty. 


halal 


57 


Rep Cepar (Juniperus virginiana L.). 

This well known tree is native both to the north and south of 
us, but there is an intermediate region of varying width that it 
does not inhabit. This tree is not one of the true cedars as is 
the Deodara, and it may be distinguished from them by the blue 
fleshy “berry” that it bears. There is a very old and fine speci- 
men to the north of Home avenue, about one hundred yards east 
of the old Law Place (now the residence of Mr. A. M. McNair), 
and there is a good row of them on the lawn of Maj. J. L. Coker. 


Cuinese Arsor Vitae (Thuja orientalis L.). 

A small evergreen tree with flat sprays and small somewhat 
fleshy cones with recurved horn-like tips to the scales. It is a 
native of China. There are two good plants in the lawn of Maj. 


J. L. Coker. 


CunnincHaMia (Cunninghamia sinensis R. Br.). 

A small evergreen tree with flat linear-lanceolate sharply 
pointed leaves arranged in two rows on the twigs. There is a 
good young specimen in the College grounds near Home Avenue. 
It is a native of China and is not hardy at a much higher latitude 
than ours. 


Prcan (Carya olivaeformis Nutt.). 

A large and fine tree that is too well known to need description. 
The fruit is very variable and the seedlings cannot be depended 
upon to reproduce the characters of the parent. Good fruit can 
be assured only by budding or grafting, and there is the further 
advantage of earlier bearing. Seedlings grow rapidly, but are 
usually very slow to flower: some planted by me about twenty 
years ago bore their first nuts when about seventeen years old. 
There are several good-sized trees in town, and Mr. Lawton has 
set out a commercial orchard. The pecan is native to the low- 
lands of the lower Middle and Gulf States. 


Brecu (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.). 

A fine tree with very smooth, light green bark and firm oblong- 
ovate leaves that have conspicuous parallel veins and sharp teeth. 
The fruit is a small bur containing, usually, two dark shiny nuts 
that are angled. The beech is infrequent on the coastal plain, but 
is generally to be found along the larger streams. I have never 


58 


seen a wild specimen in the neighborhood of Hartsville, but it 
occurs at Society Hill and Darlington. There are several trees 
in the College campus and one on Home avenue in front of the 
Baptist Parsonage. 


European Cuestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.). 

A small tree with a symetrical rounded crown and long leaves 
with parallel veins that are tipped with sharp teeth. The leaf is 
much like that of the American chestnut, but somewhat smaller. 
The burs and nuts are larger than in the American chestnut, but 
the nut is not so sweet. It is much used as a food in Italy and 
Spain. There is a fine specimen of this tree in Mr. J. J. Lawton’s 
garden: it bears full-sized burs, but the nuts never fill out. 


Dar LIneTon Oak (Quercus laurifolia Michz.). 

A good-sized tree with small, oblong leaves that are usually 
without lobes or teeth. On vigorous shoots the leaves are often 
lobed or toothed at the end or even near the base, and in such 
cases they are apt to be broadest at the end, much as in the water 
oak. The leaves are evergreen in part, those towards the 
periphery of the tree falling first, and many nearer the center 
persisting through the entire winter. The tree is nearest the 
water oak, and is much like it in leaf, fruit, size, and habit. The 
Darlington oak or laurel oak (the name under which it is more 
widely known).is a native of the coastal region from Virginia to 
Louisiana. It is much planted as a street tree in Darlington and 
some other towns of the coastal plain, and it has become natu- 
ralized at Darlington. There are good specimens in the lawns of 
Major Coker and Mr. J. J. Lawton. 


Live Oak (Quercus virginiana Mill.). 

A magnificent broad-crowned tree with small evergreen oblong 
leaves that are pale beneath and usually without teeth or lobes. 
There are several good young trees on the College campus. The 
live oak is native along the coast from Virginia to Texas. 


Overcup Oak (Quercus lyrata Walt.). 

A large tree of river swamps and lowlands. The leaves are 
somewhat like those of the post oak, but are longer and more 
deeply and narrowly lobed. The acorns are almost entirely 
enclosed in the cup. The species is native to the swamps of the 
Southeastern United States. There are several specimens on 


59 


Fourth Street near Home Avenue. They were brought from the 
swamp of the Pee Dee River. 


Waite Exim (Ulmus americana L.). 

A large tree with oval or obovate leaves that have conspicuous 
parallel veins and sharp teeth. In Hartsville the flowers gener- 
ally appear in early March, but may open in February. The 
fruit is a small, flat two-winged samara which ripens and falls 
off before the leaves are full grown. The tree is native to most of 
Eastern North America, but with us it occurs only along the 
larger rivers. There are a number of fine specimens on Home 
Avenue that were brought from the Pee Dee swamp. 


Wrncep Exim (Ulmus alata Michz.). 

A smaller tree than the above, and with smaller and more hairy 
leaves. The twigs and smaller branches are often winged with 
corky plates very much as in the sweet gum. The flowers appear 
a few days earlier than those of the white elm. It is a tree of 
more southern range than the white elm; not passing above Vir- 
ginia in the Eastern States. There are good specimens on Home 
Avenue brought from the Pee Dee. 


Osace Orance (Maclura pomifera (Raf.) Schneider). 

A small tree, once much cultivated for hedges and fences, but 
pow less used. The large round fruit is closely related to the 
famous bread fruit of the tropics, but is unfortunately not 
edible. The Indians, however, are said to have eaten it roasted. 
The wood of the osage orange is of a fine orange color, is hard, 
heavy and durable, and takes a fine polish. It could be used with 
excellent effect for interior finish and for furniture. In north- 
eastern Texas there are fine groves of this species where the trees 
reach a height of 60 feet and a diameter of 214 feet. 


Paver Murperry (Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) Vent.). 

A dense and spreading small tree of Asiatic origin, with large, 
rough leaves and smooth bark. It suckers freely from the roots 
and is often a nuisance for that reason. The two sorts of flowers 
are borne on different trees and as nearly all the trees in the 
country are staminate the fruit is rarely seen. The only fruiting 
trees I know of in South Carolina are on the estate of Mr. W. G. 
Hinson, on James Island. 


60 


Maenoria (Magnolia grandifiora L.). 

A grand evergreen tree with large, oval, smooth-edged leaves 
that are rusty-hairy beneath. The large, white, heavily fragrant 
flowers are conspicuous against the deep green foliage, and when 
full grown in its native swamps there are few trees in the world 
that can surpass it in character and distinction. The magnolia 
or bull bay, as it is often called, is at home in the swamps of 
the lower coastal plain from Southeastern North Carolina to 
Texas. There are good specimens on several lawns on Home 
Avenue. 


Crapre Myrtie (Lagerstroemia indica L.). 

A small tree with smooth whitish bark and small, opposite 
entire leaves. The gorgeous flowers appear in summer and con- 
tinue for a long time. Though widely cultivated in India, it is 
probably a native of China. There are a number of good speci- 
mens in town. 


Campuor TREE (Cinnamomum camphora T. Nees. & E'berm.). 
An attractive, small, evergreen tree from the East Indies that 
yields the gum camphor of commerce. The alternate leaves are 
ovate-elliptic, entire and of a silvery blue color beneath. The 
gum is obtained by distilling the leaves and stems in water. 


There are now a number of commercial camphor orchards in the 
Gulf States. The species is generally referred to as hardy only 
in Florida and the lower part of the Gulf States, but in Harts- 
ville it has stood fifteen degrees Fahrenheit twice, and twelve 
degrees once in the last six years, without the least damage. 
During the past winter (1911-12) the temperature fell to 8° 
and these trees were badly injured. Nearly all the branches were 
killed, but the main trunks survived and have put out vigorous 
shoots. There are two handsome young trees in front of the 
College dormitory on Home Avenue. They are entirely unpro- 
tected from cold. 


Mock Orance (Prunus caroliniana Ait.). 

This is a species of cherry that is more widely and better known 
as the “Carolina laurel cherry.” It has escaped in a few spots, 
as on the bluff-edge behind the old Bacot Place, but it hardly 
deserves to be called established, any more than the peach which 
is occasionally spontaneous along roads and open places where 
trash is thrown. The mock orange is a small, evergreen tree with 


61 


oblong, leathery leaves and small, black inedible fruits. It is 
native along our coast, and is well established as an escape at 
Darlington. It is much planted as an evergreen ornamental, and 
as a screen. 


Smix Frower (Albizzia Julibrissin Durazz.). 

A small widely spreading tree with large twice-compound 
leaves and attractive light-pink flowers in globular heads. The 
fruit is a flat bean. The tree is a native of tropical and sub- 
tropical Asia and Africa. It is often erroneously called Mimosa 
with us. There are good specimens in Major Coker’s lawn. This 
tree was introduced into the South by André Michaux about 
1788.* 


Cuina Tree (Velia Azedarach L.). 

A rather small tree with twice compound leaves, and small 
lilac, heavily fragrant flowers. The small yellow fruits are used 
as a vermifuge for cattle. The tree is a native of India and Per- 
sia. It is very commonly planted in Hartsville. 


Umpretia Tree (Melia Azedarach var. umbraculiformis). 

This is a variety of the China-berry Tree, with a dense, spread- 
ing, rounded top like an umbrella. All specimens are descended 
from a single tree found near the battle-field of San Jacinto, 
Texas; but no one knows what was the origin of the original 
plant. It was probably a seedling sport of the typical form. Its 
seeds are said to bring the true umbrella form in a certain pro- 
portion of the number sown. 


Frince Tree (Chionanthus virginica L.). 

A small tree or shrub with large, oblong leaves that are gen- 
erally opposite, but sometimes alternate. The abundant, fragrant 
white flowers with long narrow petals make the plant a very con- 
spicuous object when it is in bloom. The fruit is a dark purple 
drupe that is like a small olive, to which it is related. The plant 
is native to South Carolina, and is most at home in the Piedmont 
and upper parts, but it comes down the rivers into the coastal 
plain and may be found at Society Hill. There are a number of 
plants in Major Coker’s lawn. 


*See my article on Michaux’s Garden in Journal of Elisha Mitchell 
Scientific Society, Vol. 27, No. 2, July, 1911. 


62 


SYSTEMATIC LIST OF HARTSVILLE PLANTS.* 


PTERIDOPHYTA. 


Polypodiaceae 


PoLypopruM poLypopiomwes (L.) Hitche. Southern Polypody. 
Near Black Creek on Captain Cannon’s Place. Frequent on 
trees and old roofs. 


PTERIS AQUILINA L. Bracken Fern. 
Burnt Bay, etc. Rather common near bays and branches. 


Woopwaprpia vircinica (L.) J. E. Smith. Swamp Fern. 
South side of the lake above Prestwood’s Bridge. Common in 
swamps and bays. 


WoopwarpIa AREOLATA (L.) Moore. Chain Fern. 
Occasional in rich damp places, as in Burnt Bay. 


ASPLENIUM PLATYNEURON (L.) Oakes. Ebony Spleenwort. 
On beams under Kilgore’s Mill house. Railroad embankment 
near the paper mill. Not rare. 


*Exact locations as given in this list indicate the collection of specimens 
at that point. With the exception of about ten all were collected within a 


radius of two miles. 

The plants noted in this list have been mostly collected by me at odd 
times for a number of years. Mr. Paul H. Rogers, my cousin, has been of 
great assistance in securing many plants at seasons not covered by my 
collections, and by picking up a number or rarer things. For his generous 
assistance and unfailing kindness I wish to express my thanks. 

A large proportion of the collections were taken to the New York Botan- 
ical Garden and there worked up. The majority of the plants were looked 
over by Dr. J. K. Small of the Garden staff, whose assistance in determining 
the species I gratefully acknowledge. 

To Dr. N. L. Britton, Director of the Garden, my thanks are due for 
the determination of certain plants and for his generous extension of all 
facilities. Prof. Ezra Brainerd, of Middleberg College, has been kind 
enough to determine the violets, and Mr. W. H. Blanchard, of Vermont, the 
blackberries. 

This list does not pretend to be complete, especially among the grasses, 
sedges, and weeds. 

In the matter of nomenclature I have followed generally the seventh 
edition of Gray’s manual. So long as systematists are as far apart as at 
present it is just as well in a report of this sort to follow the most available 
and conservative book. 


63 


ASPLENIUM Finix-roEMINA (L.) Bernh. Lady Fern. 
In Snake Branch swamp. Not infrequent on wet edges of 
swamps, as at Laurel Land and the Old Bacot Place. 


Osmundaceae 
OsmuUNDA REGALIS L. Royal Fern. 
Burnt Bay where the road crosses to Prestwood’s Bridge. Not 
common. 


OsMUNDA CINNAMOMEA L. Cinnamon Fern—Poor-man’s Soap. 
Burnt Bay, near the novelty mill. Frequent. When the leaves 
of this fern are rubbed up in water they make a lather like 
soap, hence the name “Poor Man’s Soap,” which it is known by 
at Hartsville. 


Ophioglossaceae 


BotrycHIUM VIRGINIANUM (L.) Sw. Grape Fern. 
Near spring at foot of declivity to creek swamp on the old 
Bacot Place. Rare. 


Lycopodiaceae 
LycoPpoDIUM ALOPECUROIDES L. Club Moss. 
Plentiful along wet edges of swamps and bays. 


LycopoprumM AappressuM Lioyp & UNprErWw. Club Moss. 
In savannas, and in slightly dryer situations than the preced- 
ing. Plentiful. 


LYCOPODIUM CAROLINIANUM IL. Little Club Moss. 
In damp, sandy flats. Frequent. 


GYMNOSPERMAE 


Pinaceae 


Pinus Tarpa L. Loblolly Pine. Old-field Pine. 
Very common in old fields and edges of swamps, flat woods, ete. 


Pinus sEROTINA MicHx. Pond Pine. Slash Pine. 
Common in bays, savannas, and edges of swamps. 


PINUS VIRGINIANA MItu. Scrub Pine. 
One tree of this species was noticed in the Sand Hills about 
three miles north of Hartsville. 


64 
Pinus ECHINATA Miu. Rosemary Pine. Short-leaf Pine. 
Frequent near water courses. 


Pinus paLustris Mitt. Long-leaf Pine. 
Common everywhere except in swamps, bays and savannas. 


TaxopiIum picticHuM (L.) Richard. Cypress. 
Swamps and savannas. Common. 


CHAMAECYPARIS THYODES (L.) BSP. Juniper. 
Swamps and bays. Common. 


ANGIOSPERMAE 


MONOCOTYLEDONS 
Typhaceae 


TYPHA LATIFOLIA L. Cat-tail. 
A pioneer plant in open wet places. Infrequent. 


Najadaceae 


PoOTAMOGETON HETEROPHYLLUS SCHREB. Pondweed. 
In the lake. Also in pools across the dam at the paper mill. 


POTAMOGETON DIVERSIFOLIUS Rar. Pondweed. 
Pool beyond the paper mill dam. 


Alismaceae 


SAGITTARTA LoNGIROSTRA (M. Michili) J. G. Sm. Arrowhead. 
Edges of ponds and streams. Frequent. 


Gramineae 
RorTrBoELLIA RUGOSA Nutt. 
Plantation Savanna. 


ERIANTHUS SACCHAROIDES Micux. 
North side of the lake, near the dam. 


ANDROPOGON scoPpARIus Micux. 
Sand hills opposite the paper mill. 


ANDROPOGON ARCTATUS CHAPMAN. 
Sandy soil opposite the paper mill. This species was known 
before only from Florida. 


65 


ANDROPOGON virGINicus L. Broom Sedge. 
Damp soil near the lake. Very abundant in old fields, sand 
hills, low flats, ete. 


SorGHAsTRUM NuTANS (L.) Nash. Indian Grass. 
Flats across from the paper mill. 


SorRGHUM HALEPENSE (L.) Pers. Johnson Grass. 
Has become established in a number of places in and near town. 


DicITaRIA SANGUINALIS (L.) Scop. Crab Grass. 
Very abundant in cultivated fields. 


LEPTOLoMA coGNaTuM (Schultes) Chase. Tumble Grass. Witch 
Sand hills. Common also in old fields. [ Grass. 


PASPALUM SETACEUM MicnHx. 
Common in the sand hills. 


Paspatum BoscranumM FLtcce. 
Roadside west of Snake Branch. 


PasPaLUM PLENIPILUM Nasu. 
Wet marsh on east side of Kilgore’s Pond. 


PAsPALUM FLORIDANUM Micux. 
Near the paper mill. 


Axonorus rurcatus (Fliigge) Hitche. 
Damp meadow east of Kilgore’s Pond. 


ANTHAENANTIA RUFA (Etz.) Schult. 
Transition between meadow and sand hills east of Kilgore’s 
Pond. 


PANICUM NEURANTHUM GRISEB. 
Sand hills across the lake. Very common. 


PANICUM HEMITOMUM SCHULTES. 
Shallow water on edges of the lake and of Kilgore’s Pond. 
This grass extends farthest into the water and is fringed on the 
land side by P. scabriusculum. 


PaNICUM SCABRIUSCULUM ELL. 
Shallow water and wet soil along the margins of the lake, of 
Kilgore’s Pond and of Black Creek. This is the first growth to 
occupy new made soil on the edges of water courses. 


66 


PANICUM ACICULARE DEsy. 
Pine woods in front of the Upper Farm Place. 


PaNICUM CURTIFOLIUM NAsH. 
Damp woods near Burnt Bay. New to South Carolina. 


PANICUM CONDENSUM NaAsH., 
Damp woods near Burnt Bay. 


PANICUM SPHAEROCARPON ELL. 
Damp woods near Burnt Bay. 


Panicum ANcEPS Micux. 
Damp woods near Burnt Bay. 


PANICUM DICHOTOMIFLORUM MicHx. 
Near the paper mill. 


PANICUM BARBULATUM MicHx. 
Damp woods near Burnt Bay. 


PANICUM VIRGATUM L. 
Plantation Savanna. 


PANICUM VERRUCOSUM MUHL. 
Wet flats east of Kilgore’s Pond. 


PANICUM CAPILLARE L. Witch Grass. Tumble Grass. 
In pastures and old fields. 


Ecurnocuioa cotona (L.) Link. Jungle Rice. 
Roadside west of Snake Branch. 


Ecutnocuioa Crus-cauii (L.) Beauv. Barnyard Grass. 
Roadside west of Snake Branch. 


SETARIA IMBERBIS R. & S. Foxtail Grass. 
Roadside west of Snake Branch. 


LEERSIA ORYZOIDES (L.) Sw. Rice Cut-grass. 
Wet soil near the paper mill. 


ARISTIDA PURPURASCENS Porr. 
Sand hills opposite the paper mill. 


Aristipa stricta Micux. Wire Grass. 
Sandy ridge south of the lake. Very common in the sand hills. 


67 


PHLEUM PRATENSE L. Timothy. 
On the side of a street in town. Infrequent. Introduced from 
hay. 

Sporozouus rnpicus (L.) R. Br. Smut Grass. 
Common along roads and in yards. A bad weed in lawns. 


Sporosoios guNnceus (Michx.) Kunth. 
Sand hills. 


CALAMAGROSTIS CINNOIDES (Muhl.) Barton. 
Wet edge of Kilgore’s Pond. 


Cynopon Dacryton (L.) Pers.7 Bermuda Grass. 
A common and valuable introduced grass. 


GyMNopPocon ampEicuus (Michx.) BSP. 
Dampish ground near the lake. North end of the paper mill 
dam. Pine woods in front of the Upper Farm Place. 
GYMNOPOGON BREVIFOLIUS TRIN. 
Plantation Savanna. 


DacryLocTENIUM ArEGyptiuM (L.) Richter. Crowfoot Grass. 
Common in open places. 

ELEUSINE INDICA GAERTN. Wire Grass. Yard Grass. 
Roadside west of Snake Branch. 

Eracrostis prtosa (L.) Beauv. 
Roadside west of Snake Branch. 

Eracrostis HirsutTa (Michx.) Nash. 
Roadside west of Snake Branch. 

ARUNDINARIA MACROSPERMA MiIcHx. 
Common in swamps. 


. Large Cane. 


ARUNDINARIA Tecra (Walt.) Muhl.* Dwarf Cane. 
Common on edges of bays. 


Cyperaceae 


Exrocnarts ‘Torrryana Borcku. 
In shallow water at crossing in branch by Captain Cannon’s 
sheep pasture. 


+Bermuda grass is not supposed to produce seed in our States, but Miss 
Tillman has found that at Raleigh, N. C., a considerable amount of good 
seed is set. See Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientfic Society, Aug., 1912. 


*IT have some doubt as to the determination of these two canes. There is 
no record of either having fruited in Hartsville. We may have only one 
of the species. 


68 


ELEOCHARIS MELANOCARPA Torr. 
Covering a large area of shallow water on west side of Kil- 
gore’s Pond. 


ELEOCHARIS QUADRANGULATA (Michx.) R. & S. 
Growing in standing water in open marshy places on both sides 
of Kilgore’s Pond. 


STENOPHYLLUS CAPILLARIs (L.) Britton. 
Sand hills across the lake. 


FIMBRISTYLIS AUTUMNALIS (L.) R. & S. 
Damp woods near Burnt Bay. 


Scirpus ErtoPuorum Micrx. 
Frequent in open wet places and edges of ponds. Wet pine 
woods near Burnt Bay. 


ScIRPUS SUBTERMINALIS Torr. 
Submerged in mill race of Kilgore’s Mill. Flowering shoots 
emersed. New to South Carolina. 


ERIOPHORUM virciNicuM L. Cotton Grass. Rabbit Tail Grass. 
Wet soil at branch crossing near Cannon’s sheep pasture. 


FuIRENA squarRosa MicnHx. 
Flats across from the paper mill. Wet marsh east of Kilgore’s 
Pond. 


RYNCHOSPORA CORNICULATA (Lam.) Gray. 
Wet edge of Kilgore’s Pond. Floating log in the lake. 


RyNCHOSPORA GLOMERATA (L.) Vahl. 
Wet edge of Kilgore’s Pond. Flats across from the paper mill. 


RYNCHOSPORA AXILLARIS (Lam.) Britton. 
Flats across from the paper mill. 


RyNCHOSPORA MICROCEPHALA BRITTON. 
Or floating logs in the lake. 


ScCLERIA RETICULARIS Micux. 
Damp flats across from the paper mill. 


69 


ScLERIA TRIGLOMERATA Micyx. 
Marshy edge of the lake. 


CAREX MACROKOLEA STEUD. 
Wet meadow in Burnt Bay. Edge of the lake. 


Cyperus MaArTINDALEI BrITTON. 
A very common little sedge in the sand hills. 


Cyperus Irta L. 
Roadside west of Snake Branch. 
CYPERUS HASPAN L. 
Marshy edge of the lake. 
Araceae 


PETLANDRA ViRGINICA (L.) Kunth. Moccasin Corn. 
Common in shallow water, edges of ponds, etc. 


ORONTIUM AQUATICUM L. Golden Club. 
Crowley’s Branch. Frequent in branches. 


Eriocaulaceae 


ERIOCAULON DECANGULARE L. 
Wet places across from the paper mill. Frequent. 


ERIOCAULON ComPRESSUM Lam. 
Edge of Black Creek, one mile west of Hartsville. Wet edges 
of ponds and streams. Frequent. 


ERIOCAULON SEPTANGULARE WITH. 
Edge of the lake. Edge of Black Creek, Laurel Land. Fre- 
quent. 


LAacHNOCAULON ANCEPS (Walt.). Morong. 
Wet places across from the paper mill. Frequent. 
Xyridaceae 


XYRIS CAROLINIANA WALT. Yellow-eyed Grass. 
Wet meadow in Burnt Bay. Wet edge of the lake by Prest- 
wood’s Bridge. 


XyYRIS ELATA CHAPM. Yellow-eyed Grass. 
Edge of Kilgore’s Pond. 


70 


XYRIS FIMBRIATA EL. Yellow-eyed Grass. 
Wet edge of the lake, southside. | 


XYRIS ARENICOLA SMALL. Yellow-eyed Grass. 
In savannah in Cannon’s sheep pasture. 


Mayacaceae 
Mayaca AvusieTr Micux. 


Shallow water by crossing at the paper mill. Common on wet 
margins. 


Mayaca FLUVIATILIS. 
Submerged in the lake. I am now confident that this is nothing 
more than a submerged form of the preceding species. 


Commelinaceae 


CoMMELINA ANGUSTIFOLIA MicHx. 
Poor sandy soil in the paper mill yard. Damp woods east of 
causeway at the paper mill crossing. 


CUTHBERTIA GRAMINEA SMALL. 
Damp woods east of causeway at the paper mill crossing. Dry 
sandy soil in the paper mill yard. Locally plentiful. A beauti- 
ful plant. 


Bromeliaceae 


TILLANDSIA UNEoIDES L. Gray Moss. 
One spray was found hanging over Black Creek behind Cap- 
tain Cannon’s Place. We are just at its inland limit. 


Pontederiaceae 


PONTEDERIA CoRDATA L. Pickerel-weed. 
In a wet place three miles down the A. C. L. Railroad from 
Hartsville near Sol. Hall’s Place. Also seen on edge of a bay 
near the old Lucas Place. Rare. 


Juncaceae 
JuNcus rerPENS Micux. 
In shallow water at crossing of bay in Captain Cannon’s sheep 
pasture. Wet marsh on east side of Kilgore’s Pond. 


JUNCUS ARISTULATUS MicHx. 
Vlats across from the paper mill. 


FI 


JUNCUS ABORTIVUS CHAPM. 
Open grassy meadow in Burnt Bay. New to South Carolina. 


JUNCUS scCIRPOIDES Lam. 
Wet edge of Kilgore’s Pond. Damp flats across from the paper 
mill. 


JUNCUS TRIGONOCARPUS STEUD. 
Damp flats across from the paper mill. 


Liliaceae 


CHAMAELIRIUM LUTEUM (L.) Gray. 
Edges of bays and swamps. Open edge of bay in Captain Can- 
non’s sheep pasture. 


ToFIELDIA GLABRA NouTv. 
Sheep Pasture Savanna. 


AMIANTHIUM MUSCAETOXICUM (Walt.) Gray. Fly Poison. 
On sandy, shady hillside along road crossing at Crowley’s 
Branch. 


ZYGADENUS ANGUSTIFOLIUS (Michx.) S. Wats. 
Edge of Sheep Pasture Savanna. 


OakesIA SESSILIFOLIA (L.) Wats. (Uvularia L.) Bellwort. 
In low, damp, shady woods at Tory Cave, three miles west of 
Hartsville. Rare. 


ALLIUM VINALE L. Field Garlic. Wild Onion. 
Near middle of Upper Farm. Sparingly introduced in fertile 
places. 


Liz1um surersum L. Turk’s-cap Lily. 
We have found this beautiful and conspicuous lily only a few 
times. Once in moist soil on the edge of Snake Branch near 
the A. C. L. Railroad Crossing, and in similar situations in the 
sand hills. 


Lizrum Catespart WALT. Red Lily. 
Damp soil near Kilgore’s Mill. Seen once on the margin of 
Burnt Bay. 


Yucca FILAMENTOSA L. Bear Grass. 
Sandy woods across the lake. Plentiful on old earth dam on 
Crowley’s Branch, 


72 


ALETRIS FARINOSA L. Star Grass. 
Damp flats across from the paper mill. Not rare. 


Smiax Water Pursu. Red-berried Bamboo. 
Swamps near the paper mill. Ditch bank on the old Lucas 
Place. Common in swamps. 


SMILAX ROTUNDIFOLIA L. Green Brier. Cat Brier. 
This is a very common vine in the flatwoods, forming tangles 
along the roads and ditches. 


SMILAX GLAUCA WALT. 
Side of earth dam across from the paper mill. Very common in 
low fields and along ditches. 


SMILAX LAURIFOLIA L. Bamboo Briar. 
Common in bays and on edges of swamps. 


NEMEXIA HERBACEA.(L.) Small. 
Damp woods near Burnt Bay. Bluffs of Black Creek. 


Nemexia Hucerr SMALL. 
Clay hillside at Tory Cave, three miles west of Hartsville. 
Rich, sandy soil at Crowley’s Spring. Rare. 


Dioscoraceae 
DIOSCOREA VILLOSA L. 
Frequent in rich, low woods. 


Amaryllidaceae 


Hyvox?s nirsota (L.) Coville. Yellow-eyed Grass. 
Flat woods south of the lake. 


Iridaceae 
Ir1s verstcoua L. Blue Flag. 
Margin of the lake, and along edge of Black Creek. Common 
in wet soil. 


IrIs PRISMATICA PuRsH. Slender Blue Flag. 
Common in Savannas and on wet margins. This species blooms 
in June, the preceding in May. 


Trts verna L. Dwarf Flag. 
Flatwoods south of Hartsville plantation. Frequent in the 
sand hills. 


he 
E 
4 
j 
. 


73 


*SIsYRINCHIUM ATLANTICUM Bicknell. Blue-eyed Grass. 
In low flat woods, south of Mr. J. E. Miller’s Place. This is 
our largest species, reaching a height of fourteen inches or 
more. 


SIsYRINCHIUM FrIBRosUM Bicknell. Blue-eyed Grass. 
(S. carolinianum Bicknell). 
Sandy woods at the old Bacot Place. 


SIsYRINCHIUM ARENICOLA Bicknell. Blue-eyed Grass. 
This is our commonest species. It is abundant in the flatwoods, 
and in rich woods along Black Creek. We also have it from 
the sand hills. 


Burmanniaceae 


BurMaAnnia capiTata ( Walt.) Mart. 
Damp flats across from the paper mill. Plentiful. 


Orchidaceae 


HABENARIA CRISTATA (Michx.) R. Br. Fringed Orchis. 
Crossing of branch entering Captain Cannon’s sheep pasture. 
Rare. 


Hapenaria crypts (L.) R. Br. Fringed Orchis. 
Edge of Sheep Pasture Savanna. Frequent. 


HaBENARIA BLEPHARIGLOTTIS ( Willd.) Torr. 
White Fringed Orchis. 
In Sheep Pasture Savanna. Not infrequent on edges of bays 
and savannas. 


HapenariA Nurrauit SMALL. 
Damp edge south side of the lake, about 100 yards above Prest- 
wood’s Bridge. New to South Carolina. 


HaBENARIA CLAVELLATA (Michx:) Spreng. 
Southeast edge of Kilgore’s Pond. Rare. 


PoGoNIA OPHIOGLOSSOIDES (L.) Ker. 
Edge of the lake. Sheep Pasture Savanna. Not rare. 


*In the present confused state of this genus it is almost impossible to 
refer specimens with certainty to their proper place among the scores of 
so-called species. The determinations here given represent the best we 
could do, with the help of Dr. Britton, by comparison with specimens at the 
New York Botanical Garden, 


74 


Poeonta pivartcaTa (L.) R. Br. 
Edge of Sheep Pasture Savanna. Not rare. 


LimMopoRUM TUBEROSUM L. Grass Pink. 
Damp flats across from the paper mill. Black Creek swamp 
just above the paper mill. Frequent. We have twice found a 
pure white form of this orchid. 


LimoporRUM GRAMINIFoLIUM (Ell.) Small. 
Sheep Pasture Savanna. Rare. 


SPIRANTHES PRAECOX ( Walt.) Wats. and Coult. 
Edge of the lake. Wet soil below the dam. Frequent. 


Microstyiis untFrou1a (Michx.) BSP. 
Rich woods near Snake Branch northwest of the High School 
building. Rare. 


DICOTYLEDONS 


Piperaceae 
SAURURUS CERNUUS L. Tazard’s Tail. 
Creek edge at Laurel Land. Frequent in open, wet places. 


Salicaceae | 
SALIX NIGRA Mars. Black Willow. 
Open, wet places. Not common. 


PopruLus DELTOIDES Marsu. Carolina Poplar. 
Damp soil near the lake. Rare. 


Myricaceae 


Myrica CERIFERA L. Candleberry. Wax Myrtle. 
Common in the flat woods and along bays. 


Myrica PUMILA SMALL. Dwarf Candleberry. 
Flat woods near Burnt Bay; one hundred yards above Prest- 
wood’s Bridge. Common in the flat woods. 


MyriIca CAROLINENSIS MIL. Swamp Candleberry. 
Edge of bay bounding Sheep Pasture Savanna. Frequent in 
bays and by water courses. 


Juglandaceae 
JUGLANS NIGRA L. Walnut. 
Occasional in rich ground and on edges of ditches. 


75 


Carya ALBA (L.) K. Koch. White Hickory. 
Very common in rich woods. 


CaRYA GLABRA HIRSUTA ASHE. Pignut Hickory. 
Edge of the lake behind Captain Cannon’s place; well-drained 
woods on road to the paper mill. Rather common. 


Betulaceae 


Aunus ruGosA (Du Roi) Spreng. Alder. 
Edges of swamps and bays. Common. 


BETULA NIGRA L. River Birch. 
A few trees occur near Black Creek behind the Jordan Place. 


Fagaceae 
QUERCUS ALBA L. White Oak. 
Occurs sparingly along the bluffs of Black Creek. 


QUERCUS STELLATA WANG. Post Oak. 
Very abundant in the sand hills and common in most woods. 


QuERcuUS coccINEA L.—Muench. Scarlet Oak. 
Near the paper mill. A large tree stands in the southeast 
corner of the old Law Place. Rather common in the valley of 
Black Creek and occasional in other rich woods. 


QUERCUS VELUTINA LAM. Black Oak. 
Common in rich woods. 


(JuERCUS FALCATA MicHx. Spanish Oak. 
Abundant in rich woods. 


Quercus CaTEsBAEI Micux. Turkey Oak. Forked-leaved. 
[ Black Jack Oak. 
Abundant in dry, sandy soil. One of the scrub oaks. 


Quercus NicRA L. Water Oak. 
Common in damp places. 

QUERCUS MARYLANDICA MUENCH. Black Jack Oak. 
Common in the sand hills and in poor soil generally. 

Qurrcus Puetyos L. Willow Oak. 


Common in flat woods and on edges of bays. 


QueERCcUS CINEREA MicnHx. Upland Willow Oak. 
Abundant in dry, sandy soil. One of the scrub oaks. 


76 


Urticaceae 


Ceitis SMatuit BEADLE. Hackberry. 
Ditch bank west of Upper Farm. Near Snake Branch south 
of the high school building. This tree is not native here, but is 
adventive from cultivated trees. 


Mortvs rupra L. Red Mulberry. 
Found sparingly on new-made ground, along ditches, etc. 


BoEHMERIA CYLINDRICA (L.) Sw. False Nettle. 
Common in wet places. Southside of the lake and along Snake 
Branch. 


BoruMErié scaBra (Porter) Small. 
Edge of the lake. Common. 


Loranthaceae 


PHORADENDRON FLAVESCENS (Pursh) Nutt. Mistletoe. 
Common on oak, black gum, ete. 


Aristolochiaceae 
ASARUM ARIFOLIUM MicHx. Heartleaf. 
Black Creek bluffs, one mile above Hartsville. Frequent in 
well-drained, rich woods. 


ARISTOLOCHIA SERPENTARIA L. Snakeroot. 
In well-drained woods. Not common. 


Polygonaceae 
RUMEX OBTUSIFOLIUS L. Bitter Dock. 
Near the railroad station. A common rank weed in rather fer- 
tile waste places. 


Rumex crispus L. Yellow Dock. 
Along road to Prestwood’s Bridge. Frequent in waste ground. 


RUMEX HASTATULUS Batpw. Sorrell. 
Low fiats across from the paper mill. Abundant in waste places 
and old fields. 


Rumex AcEToseLua L. Sheep Sorrel. 
Frequent in lawns and old fields. 


PoLYGONUM AVICULARE L. 
A very common weed in open frequented places. 


77 


Potyconum Persicaria L. Ladies’ Thumb. 
Waste places around yards, etc. 


PoLYGONUM HYDROPIPEROIDES Micux. Water Pepper. 
Wet marsh, east side of Kilgore’s Pond. 


PoLYGONUM CONVOLYVULUS L. Bindweed. 
A weed in gardens and open places. 


PoLYGONELLA POLYGAMA (Vent) A. Gray. 
On Sugarloaf Mountain. A typical and very attractive pine 
barren plant. It is rare with us. 


Chenopodiaceae 


CHENOPODIUM ALBUM L. Lamb’s Quarters. 
Frequent in fertile open places. The leaves near the growing 
point are often purplish red. It is very variable in shape of 
leaf. 


CHENOPODIUM ANTHELMINTICUM L. Wormseed. 
A common weed in open waste ground. 


Amaranthaceae 
AMARANTHUS Hysripus L. Pigweed. 
A very common coarse weed. 


AMARANTHUS sprnosus L. Thorny Pigweed. 
Not so common as the above, but often found in gardens and 
barnyards. 


Phytolaccaceae 


PHYTOLACCA DECANDRA L. Poke Berry. 
A common weed. 


Nyctaginaceae 
BorRHAAVIA ERECTA L. 
A recently introduced weed in gardens. Frequent. 


Aizoaceae 


Mo.uuco VERTICILLATA L. Carpet Weed. 
A rather common weed. 


78 


Caryophyllaceae 


SAGINA DECUMBENS (Ell.) T. & G. Pearlwort. 
Damp sandy soil on south side of Burnt Bay. Maj. J. L. 
Coker’s lawn. A delicate little weed in open places. 


STIPULICIDA SETACEA Micux. 
Poor sandy soil in Captain Cannon’s sheep pasture. 


ARENARIA CAROLINIANA WALT. Sandwort. 
Dry sand hills seven miles from Hartsville. A beautiful little 
plant forming dense mats. 


STELLARIA MEDIA (L.) Cyrill. Chickweed. 
Very abundant in cultivated places. 


CERASTIUM VULGATUM L. Mouse-ear Chickweed. 
A weed in waste places. 


AGROSTEMMA GiTrHacGo L. Corn Cockle. 
An infrequent weed in waste places. 


SILENE ANTIRRHINA L. Catchfly. 
Along fence in front of Captain Cannon’s Place. On side of 
a street in town. Fields and waste places. 


SILENE CAROLINIANA WALT. 
Roadside in front of Captain Cannon’s Place. Sandy banks of 
the lake back of Mr. A. M. McNair’s Place. Low woods near 
the paper mill. 


Portulacaceae 
PORTULACA OLERACEA L. Purslane. 
A weed in gardens. 
Nymphaeaceae 
NYMPHAEA ADVENA AIT. Yellow Pond Lily. 


Scattered in the upper part of the lake. 


CasTALia oporaTa (Ait.) Woodv. & Wood. Water Lily. 
MacIntosh’s Mill Pond, also in Kilgore’s Mill Pond. 


BRASENIA SCHREBERI GMEL. Water Shield. 
In the lake and in Kilgore’s Pond. Abundant. 


79 


Ranunculaceae 


Ciematis Viorna L. Leather flower. 
Edge of a branch on road to Society Hill. Rare. 


ZANTHORIZA APUFOLIA L’HEr. Yellow-root. 
Along Snake Branch near the High School building. Rare. 


Magnoliaceae 


MAGNOLIA VIRGINIANA L. Sweet Bay. 
Common in bays and swamps. 


Lir1opENDRON Tu.iprrera L. Poplar. Tulip Tree. 
Swamps and edges of water courses. Not abundant. 


Anonaceae 


ASIMINA PARVIFLORA (Michx.) Duval. Upland Papaw. 
Sand hills on road to Kilgore’s mill. Scattered in the sand 


hills, and occasional in the woods south of Burnt Bay and at 
Laurel Land. 


Menispermaceae 


CoccuLus carotinus (L.) DC. 
Seen only once; in a cotton field on Hartsville Plantation. 


Lauraceae 


PrrsEA PUBESCENS (Pursh) Sarg. Red Bay. 
Burnt Bay near the Novelty Mill. In flower June 11, 1911. 
This species is distinguished from the smooth red bay by its 
tomentose twigs and leaves and long peduncles. Common in 
bays and swamps. 


SASSAFRAS VARIIFOLIUM (Salisb.) Ktze. Sassafras. 
Very common in ground that has been cultivated. 


Cruciferae 


DRABA VERNA. Whitlow Grass. 
A common little early spring weed. 


LePipIuM virGINicuM L. Peppergrass. 
A common weed. 


80 


CapseLLA Bursa-pastoris (L.) Medic. Shepherd’s Purse. 
A very common spring weed. 


SisyMBriuM THALIANumM (L.) J. Gay. Hedge Mustard. 
Near Black Creek above Captain Cannon’s Place. Waste 
places. a 


ERYSIMUM CHEIRANTHOIDES L. Worm-seed Mustard. 
Street side near the depot. A rare introduction. 


Coronorus pipyMus (L.) Sm. Wart Cress. 
Near Mr. D. R. Coker’s barn. A low spreading weed of rather 
recent introduction. Plentiful. 


BarBAREFA VERNA (Mill.) Asch. Early Winter Cress. 
Roadside near the College. A winter and spring weed in culti- 
vated places. 


ARABIS VIRGINICA (L.) Trel. 
Roadside near the College. A winter and spring weed in open 
places. 


Sarraceniaceae 


SARRACENIA PURPUREA L. Pitcher Plant. 
In sphagnum moss on edges of bays and bogs. Frequent. 


SARRACENIA FLAVA L. Trumpets. 
In a branch head at foot of Sugarloaf Mountain. Frequent in 
savannas and edges of bays. 


SARRACENIA RUBRA WALT. Pitcher Plant. 
Near edge of creek back of the Upper Farm Place. Near Black 
Creek two miles above the paper mill. Plentiful in open edges 
of bays. A plant of this species with double flowers was found 
in Captain Cannon’s Sheep Pasture. It was sent to the New 
York Botanical Garden, and has since borne double flowers 
there. 


Droseraceae 


DrosERA INTERMEDIA Hayne. Sundew. 
Wet places on edge of the lake. Common on margins of open 
water and on floating logs. 


DrROSERA CAPILLARIS Porr. Sundew. 
Wet places across from the paper mill dam. 


81 


Crassulaceae 


PENTHORUM SsEDOIWES L. 
On margin of Snake Branch. Rare. 


Saxifragaceae 
Irga vireinica L. Virginia Willow. 
Edge of the lake. In a branch on the Darlington and Clyde 
road three miles southwest of Hartsville. Edges of bays and 
branches. Infrequent. 


Hamamelidaceae 


HAMAMELIS VIRGINIANA L. Witch-hazel. 
Rich woods south of Black Creek. 


ForHERGILLA GARDENI Murr. 
Edge of bay in Sheep Pasture Savanna. Occurs along the 
crossing at the paper mill. Occasional on edges of bays. 


LIQUIDAMBAR STYRACIFLUA L. Sweet Gum. 
A very common tree in damp soil. 


Platanaceae 


Puiatanvus OcciwenTAtis L. Sycamore. 
Along streams. Not common. 


Rosaceae 


ARONIA ARBUTIFOLIA (L. f.) EI. Chokeberry. 
Common on edges of bays. 


AMELANCHIER Borryapium (L. f.) DC. Shadbush. 
Edges of bays. Ditch bank by side of low flat across from the 
paper mill bridge. Common. 


CRATAEGUS TOMENTOSA L. Red Haw. 
Dry pine woods in front of the Upper Farm Place. Also in the 
sand hills. 


CRATAEGUS UNIFLORA Muncu. Red Haw. 
Dry pine woods in front of the Upper Farm Place. This is 
frequent, and is our edible Red Haw. 


82 


Cratarcus Crus-cauui L. Cockspur Thorn. 
Rather common in the flat woods. Pasture south of Mr. J. E. 
Miller’s Place. This species often reaches the size of a small 
tree twelve to fifteen feet high. 


CratTarcus Micuauxu Pers. (C. Ravenelii Sarg., C. Cuthberti 
Ashe.). Label lost. 


FRAGARIA VIRGINICA DUCHESNE. Wild Strawberry. 
Southside of the lake. This is plentiful along the ditch west 
of the Upper Farm, but is rare in our area. 


POTENTILLA CAROLINIANA Pore. Cinquefoil. 
Woods and open places. (See North Am. Flora, Vol. XXIT, 
Part 4, p. 303.) This is one of the most common and noticeable 
of our early spring flowers. It is plentiful in the flat woods, 
but is also found along ditches and roads. Its bright, yellow 
flowers were conspicuous on April 1, 1911. 


Rusus ANDREWSIANUS BLANCHARD. Blackberry. 
Southside of the lake at Captain Cannon’s Place; margin of 
Kilgore’s Pond, etc. This is our common high bush blackberry. 


RUBUS PROCUMBENS Mundt. Dewberry. 
In stiff, black soil at Laurel Land; flat woods, ete. This is our 
common dewbherry. 


RvusBus CUNEIFOLIUS PurRsH. Late Blackberry. 
Damp, sandy soil near the lake, southside. Common in the 
sand hills and scattered almost everywhere. 


Rosa ruBicinosa L. Sweetbriar. Eglantine. 
Ditch bank west of the Upper Farm. A native of Europe that 
has sparingly escaped in open places. 


PRUNUS SEROTINA EnRH. Choke Cherry. 
Common by roads and ditches. 


PRUNUS ANGUSTIFOLIA Marsu. Old-field Plum. 
Edges of fields and clearings. Plentiful. 


Prunuvs sp. ? 
Edge of road in Burnt Bay at crossing west of novelty mill. 
Edge of the lake near bathing place. Neither of these trees has 
yet flowered, and determination is doubtful. They may be 
escaped domestic plums. 


83 


Prunus Persica (L.) Stokes. Peach. 
Is an occasional escape. 
PRUNUS CAROLINIANA AIT. Mock Orange. Carolina Laurel 
Sparingly escaped from cultivation. [ Cherry. 
Leguminosae 
ScHRANKIA ANGusTATA T. & G. Sensitive Plant. 


Dry old field across from the paper mill. Rather frequent in 
uncultivated open places. 

GLEDITSIA TRIACANTHOS L. Honey Locust. 
Searce and very local in occurrence. A good many trees grow 
along the ditch west of the Upper Farm Place. 

Cassta Tora L. 

A rank, ill-smelling weed in cultivated places. Recently intro- 
duced and getting more abundant. 

CASSIA CHAMAECRISTA L. Large Partridge Pea. 
Light soil near Tory Cave. A rather rare plant in our area, but 
locally plentiful in the flatwoods. 

Cassia NicTITANS L. Partridge Pea. 
Open places and edges of woods. Common. 


CERCIS CANADENSIS L. Redbud. Judas Tree. 
One tree in sand hills three miles north of Hartsville. It is 
not uncommon at Society Hill and at Darlington, about fifteen 
miles away. 


Baprista TrncrortA (L.) R. Br. False Indigo. 
Flat woods in front of the Upper Farm Place. Sandy woods 
near Black Creek. Frequent. 


Baptista vitiosa ( Walt.) Ell. 
Sand hills near Crowley’s Branch. Dry pine woods near the 
paper mill. Frequent. 


CroraLtarta Pursuit DC. Rattle-box. 
Across from the dam at the paper mill. Common. 


CROTALARTIA ROTUNDIFOLIA ( Walt.) Poir. Rattle-box. 
Sand hills east of Kilgore’s Pond. 
Rospinta NANA (EIll.) Spach. Dwarf Locust. 


Woods near Mr. A. M. McNair’s residence. Woods south of 
Burnt Bay, near the paper mill. Infrequent. 


84 


(ZLOTTIDIUM VESICARIUM (JAcQ.) DEsv. 
Sandy soil in an old cotton field on Camden road, five miles 
north of Hartsville. This is the only station we have for it so 
far. In flower September 10, 1911. 


Lupinus pirrusus Nurt. Lupine. 
Poor sandy woods near the Bacot Place. Sandy hillside on the 
Kilgore Place. Scattered in the sand hills. 


TRIFOLIUM ARVENSE L. Rabbit-foot Clover. 
Roadside on way to the paper mill. Not rare. | 


TRIFOLIUM PRATENSE L. . Red Clover. 
On Major Coker’s lawn. Rather frequent in good, rich soil. 


TRIFOLIUM REPENS L. White Clover. 
Along roadside to Prestwood’s Bridge. On side of a street. 
Common in waste places and yards. 


TRIFOLIUM CAROLINIANUM Micux. Carolina Clover. 
In poor sandy soil in Captain Cannon’s sheep pasture. 


TRIFOLIUM PROCUMBENS L. Hop Clover. 
Lawns and roadsides. Common. 


TRIFOLIUM HYBRIDUM L. Alsike Clover. 
By road near Prestwood’s Bridge. 


PsoRALEA PEDUNCULATA (Mill.) Vial. 
Along a ditch through low flats across from the paper mill. 
Common in flat open places. 


AMORPHA HERBACEA WALT. Lead Plant. 
Flatwoods near south side of the lake. Sand hills across the 
lake. 


INDIGOFERA CAROLINIANA WALT. 
Dryish soil on edge of Captain Cannon’s sheep pasture. Sandy 
soil beyond dam at the paper mill. 


TEPHROSIA VIRGINIANA (L.) Pers. Shoe-strings. 
Dry pine woods across from the paper mill. Sandy soil near 
Laurel Land. 


TrpHrosia AMBIGUA M. A. Curtis. 
Sand hills beyond the paper mill dam. 


85 


Trepurosta spicata (Walt.) T. & G. 
Sand hills beyond the paper mill dam. 


WISTARIA FRUTESCENS (L.) Poir. 


Edge of the lake. Edge of Kilgore’s dam. 


ASTRAGALUS APILOSUS SHELDON. 
Sand hills across the lake. 


DesmMopiuM NupIFLoRUM (L.) DC. 
Woods behind Captain Cannon’s Place. 


Desmopium Dintentt Dart. ? 
In the paper mill yard. 


Desmoprum PpANnicuLatTuM (L.) DC. . 
Roadside near the paper mill. 


DesmopiuM MaRILANDICUM (L.) DC. 
By railway track to the paper mill. 


DeEsMopIUM RHOMBIFOLIUM (EIll.) DC.? 
Roadside near the paper mill. 


L&EsPEDEZA REPENS (L.) Bart. 


Wild Wistaria. 
Frequent. 


Milk Vetch. 


Beggar Ticks. 


Beggar Ticks. 


Beggar Ticks. 


Beggar Ticks. 


Beggar Ticks. 


Captain Cannon’s sheep pasture. Dry pine woods west of 
Snake Branch. Common in open places, woods and pastures. 


LespepEza virernica (L.) Britton. 


Pine woods in front of the Upper Farm Place. 


LEsPEDEZA NuTTALuiIt Dart. 


Pine woods in front of the Upper Farm Place. 


LesPeDEzA HIRTA (L.) Hornem. 
Near the lake. 


L&EsPEDEZA STRIATA (Thunb.) H. & A. 


Japanese Clover. 


Lawns, roadsides and old fields. Very common. Introduced. 


STYLOSANTHES RIPARIA KEARNEY. 


Pine woods in front of the Upper Farm Place. Pine woods on 


Snake Branch. 


STYLOSANTHES BIFLORA (L.) BSP. 
Sand hills across the lake. 


ZORNIA BRACTEATA ( Walt.) Gmel. 


Pine woods in front of the Upper Farm Place. 


86 


Victa sativa L. Common Vetch. 
This pasture and forage plant from Europe has now become 
naturalized and is frequent around gardens and orchards. This 
is the plant that is now being sold by certain sensational seed- 
men as “Oregon Vetch,” a made-up and misleading trade name 
of recent origin. 


Aptos TUBEROSA Morencu. Wild Bean. 
On Prestwood’s Bridge causeway. Common in open wet places. 


STROPHOSTYLES UMBELLATA (Muhl.) Britton. 
Woods behind Captain Cannon’s Place. 


CLITORIA MARIANA L. Butterfly Pea. 
Pine woods in front of the Upper Farm Place. Frequent in 
damp, sandy soil. 


CENTROSEMA VIRGINIANUM (L.) Bentle. Spurred Butterfly Pea. 
Along causeway at crossing by the paper mill. Dryish parts of 
flats across from dam at the paper mill. Frequent in damp, 
sandy soil. 

AMPHICARPA MoNoIcA (L.) Ell. 

Fertile, sandy soil near Crowley’s Spring. 


GALACTIA REGULARIS (L.) BSP. 

Damp soil on side of the lake near Prestwood’s Bridge. 
GALACTIA VoLUBILIS (L.) Britton. 

Dry woods in front of the Upper Farm Place. 
RHYNCHOSIA SIMPLICIFOLIA ( Walt.) Wood. 

Sandy soil. 
Ruyncuostia ERECTA (Walt.) DC. 

Pine woods in front of the Upper Farm Place. 


Linaceae 


Linum mepium (Planch) Britton. 
Flats across from the paper mill. Common in savannas. 


Linum striatum WALT. 
Flats across from the paper mill. Common in savannas. 


LINUM USITATISSIMUM L. Common Flax. 
About a dozen plants appeared spontaneously during the sum- 
mer of 1912, by the railroad track at the novelty mill. 


87 


Oxalidaceae 

Oxatis stricta L. Wood Sorrel. 
Damp meadow, eastside of Kilgore’s Pond. Southside of the 
lake. Common in open places. 


Geraniaceae 
GERANIUM CAROLINIANUM L. Cranesbill. 
A common weed. 
Polygalaceae 


PoLycGaLa POLYGAMA WALT. 
In damp woods across the lake. Near Burnt Bay. Frequent in 
damp sandy soil. The underground flowers of this plant are 
very interesting. 


PotyeaLa Curtissit GRAY. 

Pine woods in front of the Upper Farm Place. 

PotyeaLa LUTEA L. Bachelor’s Button. 
Damp woods east of causeway by the paper mill crossing. 
Edges of bay in Sheep Pasture Savanna. Common in open, 
wet places. 

PoLyGALA RAMOSA Ett, 

Plantation Savanna. 

PoLyGALA cyMosA WALT. 

Black Creek swamp near the paper mill. Locally plentiful. 

PoLyGALA MARIANA MIL. 

Plantation Savanna. 

PoLYGALA GRANDIFLORA WALT. 

Flat woods in front of the Upper Farm Place. 


Euphorbiaceae 
JATROPHA STIMULOSA Micux. “Nettle.” 
Sand hills. Frequent in dry, sandy woods. 
CROTON GLANDULOSUS L. VAR. SEPTENTRIONALIS MuELL.. Arc. 
A common weed. 
ACALYPHA GRACILENS GRAY. 
A common weed. 
ACALYPHA VIRGINICA L. 
A common weed. 
TRAGIA URENS L. 
Sand hills across the lake. A rather rare weed. 
TRAGIA NEPETEFOLIA Cav. “Nettle.” 
Rich woods behind Captain Cannon’s Place. Rare. 


88 


STILLINGIa syLvATIca L. Queen’s-delight. 
Sand hills across the lake. Rather infrequent. 


EUPHORBIA CORALLATA L. 
Meadows near the paper mill. Moist woods along Black Creek. 
Frequent. 


EuPHorBIA IPECACUANHAE L. 
Common in dry, sandy soil. 


EUPHORBIA GRACILIS Eu. 
Sandy flats. Burnt Bay near the lake. 


Kupuorpia Curtistr ENGELM. 
At Tory Cave. Sand hills across the lake. Dry pine woods 
across from the paper mill. . 


KUPHORBIA EXSERTA (Tithymalopsis exserta Small). 
This species is new to South Carolina, not before having been 
found out of Florida. It was collected in the sand hills at 
Macbee, about sixteen miles from Hartsville, in June, 1911. 
EUPHORBIA MACULATA L. 
Very sandy soil in the Baptist Cemetery. Common. 
EUPHORBIA NUTANS Lag. 
Good soil near the paper mill. 


Anacardiaceae 


Ruvs COPALLINA L. Sumach. 
Common in open places that are not too dry. The largest 
specimen I ever saw is in the swamp across the paper mill 
bridge growing among juniper, cane, etc. It is about 20 feet 


high. 

Ruvs VernNix L. Poison Sumach. 
In bays and swamps; not common. 

Ruvs QuercirouiA (Michx.) Steud. Poison Oak. 


Along railroad track near the paper mill. Common in sandy 
soil. 


Ruvs Toxtcopenpron L. Poison Ivy. 
Low woods and swamps. Bay on northside of the lake. 


Cyrillaceae 


CYRILLA RACEMIFLORA L. He-huckleberry. Myrtle. 
Flats near Kilgore’s Mill. Near the lake. Plentiful in drained 
damp places. 


" 


89 


Aquifoliaceae 
Intex opaca Air. Holly. 
In low, rich woods. Frequent. 


Inex LAEvIGATA (Pursh) Gray. 
Bay across creek below the paper mill. Rare. 


ILEx GLABRA (L.) Gray. Gallberry. Inkberry. 
Abundant in swamps and bays. 
Intex Lucia (Ait.) T. & G. Large Gallberry 


Swamps and bays. Plentiful. 


ILEX CAROLINIANA (Walt.) Trelease. 
Pine woods in front of the Upper Farm Place. Sandy, open 
woods near the lake, southside. Dry, sandy soil on road to 
Kilgore’s Mill. Infrequent. This species is described as having 
glabrous leaves, but Hartsville specimens vary from strictly 
glabrous to densely pubescent. On the road to Kilgore’s Mill 
the two extremes grow within a few feet of each other. 


Aceraceae 
ACER CAROLINIANUM WALT. Carolina Red Maple. 
Low woods and swamps. Abundant. Extremes of this seem 
distinct from Acer rubrum, but all intermediate forms may be 


found. 
Rhamnaceae 


BERCHEMIA SCANDENS (Hill) Trel. Supple-jack. 
Southwest edge of Kilgore’s Pond. Snake Branch crossing 
near the paper mill. 


CEANOTHUS AMERICANUS L. New Jersey Tea. Red Root. 
Sandy loam near Laurel Land. Common in woods. 


Vitaceae 


PsEDERA QUINQUEFOLIA (L.) Greene. 
(Parthenocissus. Ampelopsis.) Virginia Creeper. 
Common in bays and swamps. 


Vitis aEsTIVALIS Micux. Summer Grape. 
Pine woods in front of the Upper Farm Place. Common. 


VITIS ROTUNDIFOLIA MicHx. Bullace. 
A very common vine in woods and clearings. 


go 


Malvaceae 


SIDA RHOMBIFOLIA L. | Iron-weed. 
A common weed in open ground. 


Ternstroemiaceae 


STEWARTIA MALACHODENDRON L. 
About two miles north of Segar’s Mill, May, 1910. Collected 
and brought in by Mr. John E. Johnson. This is the only 
station known for this beautiful shrub in this section. 


Gorvonia Lastantuus L. Loblolly Bay. 
A beautiful and fairly common tree of alluvial bays. 


Hypericaceae 


Ascyrum stans MicwHx. St. Peter’s-wort. 
Wet meadow in Burnt Bay. Common. Sometimes reaches a 
height of 5 or 6 feet. 


ASCYRUM HYPERICOIDES L. St. John’s-wort. 
Burnt Bay. Wet woods southside of the lake. Flats east of 
Kilgore’s Pond. Common. 


Hypericum vircatum Lam. 
Plantation Savanna. Wet meadow east of Kilgore’s Pond. 


Hyrericum mutitum L. 
Wet meadow in Burnt Bay. Margin of Snake Branch. 


Hypericum setosum L. 
Wet meadow in Burnt Bay. On floating log in the lake. 


HyPerricuM FASICULATUM Lam. 
Wet places across from the paper mill. Damp woods east of 
causeway by the paper mill. Infrequent. 


HyYprricuM GENTIANOIDES (L.) BSP. Pineweed. 
Sandy old fields across the lake. Frequent in poor, sandy 
thrownout fields. 


Hypericum vircinicum L. 
On margin of the lake. Plentiful in wet places. 


HyPericuM PETIOLATUM WALT. 
Margin of Snake Branch. Frequent in swamps. 


gi 


Cistaceae 
HeLIANTHEMUM Magus BSP. 


Transition between marsh and sand hills on east side of Kil- 
gore’s Pond. Pine woods in front of the Upper Farm Place. 


HELIANTHEMUM CANADENSE (L.?) Michx. 
Near Kilgore’s Branch in the sand hills. Sandy woods in front 
of Damascus church. Rare. 


L&cHEA VILLOSA ELL. Pinweed. 
Pine woods in front of the Upper Farm Place. Pine woods 
west of Snake Branch. Sand hills across the lake. Common. 


LECHEA RACEMULOSA Lam. 
Pine woods in front of the Upper Farm Place. 


Lecuea TorreyI LEGGETT. 
Flatwoods. 


Violaceae 


VioLa PEDATA L. Pansy Violet. 
Sandy woods across Black Creek near Nettle’s Bridge, April 
27,1912. This violet is exactly like the one following except 
that the two upper petals are a deep purple color in sharp 
contrast to the three others which are lilac or blue. It is rare 
with us and occurs scattered among the all-lilac variety, of 
which it is doubtless a recurring sport. 


VioLa PEDATA L. VaR. LINEARILOBA DC. Bird-foot Violet. 
Bluffs of Black Creek at Laurel Land. Sandy margin of the 
lake. Sandy woods near Nettle’s Bridge. This is the common 
large violet of the sand hills with all the petals lilac-purple, or 
lighter colored. 


VIOLA SEPTEMLOBA LECoNTE ? 
Flatwoods south of Hartsville Plantation. 


Vioua vitLosa WALT. | 
Banks of Black Creek above Captain Cannon’s Place. 


VIOLA EMARGINATA LECoNTE. 
Flat woods south of Hartsville Plantation. Burnt Bay. South 
side of Black Creek. 


VIOLA EMARGINATA X TRILOBA ? 
South side of the lake near Burnt Bay. 


g2 


Viota EMARGINATA LECONTE (Near). 
South side of the lake. 


VIOLA PRIMULIFOLIA L. White Violet. 
Flat woods south of Hartsville Plantation. Captain Cannon’s 
sheep pasture. 


VIOLA PRIMULIFOLIA—Pubescent form. 
Bluffs of Black Creek. Laurel Land. Flat woods south of 
Hartsville Plantation. Low woods north of Nettle’s Bridge. 
This form is more common than the smooth one with us, many 
are densely hairy all over. 


VIOLA LANCEOLATA L. White Violet. 
Low wet meadow east of Kilgore’s Pond. Edge of Black 
Creek, Laurel Land. Swampy ground at Tory Cave. In ditch 
near Segar’s Mill. 


VIOLA PAPILIONACEA PursH. 
South side of the lake near Burnt Bay. 


VIOLA TRILOBA SCHWEIN. 
South side of the lake. 


VIOLA TRILOBA SCHWEIN. (Near: leaves cleft and hirsute). 
South side of the lake near Burnt Bay. 


Passifloraceae 


PASSIFLORA INCARNATA L. Maypop. 
Sandy banks of Black Creek. A common vine in waste places. 


PASSIFLORA LUTEA L. 
A delicate little vine with very small purplish fruit. It was 
seen once by a roadside several miles east of Hartsville. 


| _ Cactaceae 
Opuntia vuLearts Miu. Prickly Pear. 
Frequent in dry sandy soil. 


Lythaceae 


Roraia RAmosror (L.) Koehne. 
Edges of the lake. 


DeEcopon VERTICILLATUS (L.) Ell. Swamp Loosestrife. 
Edge of the lake behind Captain Cannon’s Place. Rare. 


93 


Melastomaceae 
RHeExXIA virGINICA L. Meadow Beauty. 
Wet meadow in Burnt Bay. Frequent. 


RHEXIA ARISTOSA Brirron. Meadow Beauty. 
Plantation Savanna. Confined to Savannas. 


RHEXIA MARIANA L. Meadow Beauty. 
Wet meadow in Burnt Bay. Damp flats across from the paper 
mill. Sheep Pasture Savanna. Frequent. 


Ruexia ciuiosa Micwx. 
Sheep Pasture Savanna. Damp flats across from the paper 
mill. Frequent in savannas. 


RHEXIA GLABELLA Micux. 7 
Sheep Pasture Savanna. Infrequent. 


RHEXIA LANCEOLATA WALT. White Meadow Beauty. 
Along bay near Sheep Pasture Savanna. Damp soil near the 
lake. Meadow in Burnt Bay. Frequent. 


Onagraceae 


JUSSIAEA DECURRENS ( Walt.) DC. Primrose Willow. 
Along Prestwood’s Bridge causeway. 


LuUpWIGIA ALTERNIFOLIA L. 
Along causeway at crossing by the paper mill. 


LUDWIGIA HIRTELLA Rar. 
Damp flats north of the paper mill dam. Plantation Savanna. 


LupWIGIA LINEARIS WALT. 
Wet soil south of the lake. Burnt Bay. 


Lupwiera pautustris (L.) Ell. 
In quiet, shallow water, as ditches and bays. Drain in Burnt 
Bay. ; 


LUDWIGIA SUFFRUTICOSA WALT. 
Plantation Savanna. 


OENOTRERA BIENNIS L. Common Evening Primrose. 
Roadside near the novelty mill. Rare. 


OENOTHERA LICINIATA HI. 
A common weed in yards and old fields. 


94 


OENOTHERA LONGIPEDICELLATA (Small) Robinson. 
Damp place in woods across the lake. Low flats near Burnt 
Bay. Frequent. 


OENOTHERA SPECIOSA Nutt. White Evening Primrose. 
Along road in front of Captain Cannon’s Place. 


OENOTHERA ARENICOLA. 
Damp sandy soil near Kilgore’s Mill. 


Halaragidaceae 
MyrIoPHYLLUM HETEROPHYLLUM MicHx. Water Milfoil. 
Abundant in the lake. 
PROSERPINACA PECTINATA LAM. Mermaid-weed. 


Edge of the lake above Prestwood’s Bridge. In ditch at 
Segar’s Mill. Frequent. | 


Umbelliferae 


ERYNGIUM AQUATICUM L. Rattlesnake Master. 
Damp woods east of causeway at crossing by the paper mill. 
Sand hills across the lake. 


SANICULA CANADENSIS L. Black Snakeroot. 
Southside of the lake. Flat woods near Burnt Bay. 


CENTELLA ASIATICA (L.) Urban. Water Pennywort. 
Wet marsh by Kilgore’s Pond. 


CHAEROPHYLLUM TarntTurrIeERI Hook. 
Burnt Bay. A weed in open places. 


PTILIMNIUM CAPILLACEUM (Michx.) Raf. 
Roadside near the lake. Burnt Bay. Ditch bank west of Upper 
Farm. Frequent. 


Ziz1a corDATA (Walt.) DC. 
In low woods at Tory Cave, three miles west of Hartsville. 


Southside of the lake. 


OxyYPpouis r1GIpIorR (L.) Coult. & Rose. Cow Bane. 
Snake Branch swamp. Edge of Kilgore’s Pond. 


Oxypo.is FiuirorMis ( Walt.) Britton. 
Plantation Savanna. 


95 


Cornaceae 
Cornus Fiorina L. Dogwood. 
Common in woods and preferring the lower places. 


Nyssa BIFLORA WALT. Black Gum. 
Common in swamps and bays. 


Ericaceae* 


CLETHRA ALNIFOLIA L. Sweet Pepperbush. 
Burnt Bay. Edge of Black Creek swamp. Very common in 
the damper flatwoods and on edges of bays. 


CHIMAPHILA MACULATA (L.) Pursh. Pipsissewa. 
Along Black Creek, southside, above Captain Cannon’s Place. 
Pine grove in front of the Upper Farm Place. In rich, shady 
woods. 


Monorropa UNIFLORA L. Indian Pipe. 
Black Creek bluffs one mile above Hartsville. Not rare. 


AZALEA VIscosa L. Swamp Azalea. 
Edges of bay across the lake. Edge of Black Creek Swamp. 
Common. 


AZALEA NUDIFLORA L. Wild “Honeysuckle.” Pinxter Flower. 
Common in flatwoods and on the edges of bays and branches. 


ZENOBIA PULVERULENTA ( Willd.) Pollard. 
Edge of bay across the lake. Causeway of Prestwood’s Bridge. 
Damp, sandy barrens and bays. 


ZENOBIA CASSINIFOLIA ( Vent.) Pollard. 
Bay across the lake. Prestwood’s Bridge causeway. Damp, 
sandy barrens and bays. Not so common as Z. pulverulenta. 


Katmia cuNEATA MicHx. 
Edge of bay on west side of Sheep Pasture Savanna. One of 
our rarest and most interesting shrubs. 


KALMIA LATIFOLIA L. Mountain Laurel. 
Plentiful on the bluffs of Black Creek. 


*The pretty little evergreen shrub with box-like leaves and white flowers 
called sand myrtle. (Leiophyllum buaifolium (Berg.) Ell.) does not quite 
reach our territory. The farthest inland that I know of it is on the sandy 
_ bluffs of Black Creek at Springville, about sixteen miles below Hartsville. 


96 


LEUCOTHOE RACEMOSA (L.) Gray. 
Edge of bay in Sheep Pasture Savanna. Prestwood’s Bridge 
causeway. Frequent on edges of bays. 


LEUCOTHOE AXILLARIS (Lam.) D. Don. 
Edge of bay in Sheep Pasture Savanna. On Prestwood’s 
Bridge causeway. Edge of swamp at the north end of the 
paper mill dam. One of our rarest shrubs. Careful comparison 
leads me to think that L. platyphylla Small is not distinct from 
this species. 


LYONIA LIGUSTRINA VAR. FOLIOSIFLORA (Michx.). Fernald. 
Male Berry. 
Burnt Bay. Causeway of Prestwood’s Bridge. Common on 
edges of bays. 


Lyonta nitipA (Bartr.) Fernald. Fetter-bush. 
Burnt Bay. Common in swamps and bays. It not infrequently 
reaches a height of ten feet which is considerably more than is 
acknowledged by the manuals. 


Lyonra marrAna (L.) D. Don. Stagger-bush. 
Damp, sandy soil in Sheep Pasture Savanna. Edge of Burnt 
Bay. Common in moderately damp soil. 


OXxYDENDRUM ARBOREUM (L.) DC. Sourwood. 
In rich, well-drained woods, as bluffs of Black Creek. 


EPIGAEA REPENS L. Trailing Arbutus. 
In shady, sandy woods. Frequent. 


GayLussacia pumosa (Andr.) T. & G. 
Dwarf Black Huckleberry. Woolly John. 
Damp, sandy margin of the lake. Dryer parts of Sheep 
Pasture Savanna. Flat woods back of Hartsville Plantation. 
Common both in sandy flats and in dry, sandy woods. 


GAYLUSSACIA FRONDOSA (L.) T. & G. Low-bush Huckleberry. 
Wet margin of the lake. Near south edge of Burnt Bay. Com- 
mon about swamps, flats and bays. 

VACCINIUM ARBOREUM Mars. Sparkleberry. 
Black Creek bluffs, one mile above Hartsville. Kilgore’s Mill. 
Common. 

VACCINIUM TENELLUM AIT. Low Black Huckleberry. 
Burnt Bay. Edge of Sheep Pasture Savanna. Abundant. 


97 


VACCINIUM VACILLANS Kaum. Low Blueberry. 
Along southside of the lake, one hundred yards above Prest- 
wood’s Bridge. Frequent. 


VACCINIUM FUSCATUM AIT. Black High-bush Huckleberry. 
Flat woods on Lydia Road. Margin of Burnt Bay. This species 
seems to have been overlooked by our South Carolina botanists. 
It may easily be distinguished from the following species by 
the pubescent twigs and leaves, the much smaller flowers and 
the shiny-black, smaller berries that ripen earlier. 


VACCINIUM CORYMBOSUM L. Blue High-bush Huckleberry. 
Common in flats and bays. The berries of this species are 
larger than that of V. fuscatum and ripen about ten days later. 


VACCINIUM CRASSIFOLIUM ANDR. Trailing Huckleberry. 
Southside of Black Creek below the paper mill. Sugarloaf 
Mountain. Back of the old Norwood Place. A rare and inter- 
esting shrub, with thick, box-like, evergreen leaves and pro- 
cumbent branches that trail like vines. 


Diapensiaceae 
GALAX APHYLLA L. Coltsfoot. 
Bluffs of Black Creek, one mile above Hartsville, and at Laurel 
Land. Rare. 


PYXIDANTHERA BARBULATA MicwHx. Flowering Moss. 
Sand hills several miles above Hartsville, on Camden Road. 
New to South Carolina. Local. 


Primulaceae 


LysIMAcuIA TERRESTRIS (L.) BSP. Loosestrife. 
Wet margin of the lake. Water’s edge across from the paper 
mill. 


Ebenaceae 
DIOSPYROS VIRGINIANA L. Persimmon. 
Common in woods and fields. 


Styracaceae 
STyRAX AMERICANA Lam. Storax. 
Snake Branch swamp at railroad crossing. Margin of Kil- 
gore’s Branch. Outer edges of branch and creek swamps. 


98 


STYRAX GRANDIFOLIA AIT. 

This beautiful shrub was found only once, in open, well-drained 
woods on the north side of the Society Hill road about one-half 
mile beyond Snake Branch. It was in full bloom on April 27, 
1912. 

SyMp.Locos TIncTror1a (L.) L’Her. Horse Sugar. 
Bluffs of Black Creek. Common in flat woods, near bay 
edges, etc. 

Oleaceae 


Fraxinus Darurnetront Brirron ? Ash. 
On ditch bank separating the Upper Farm and Norwood 
Places. Only one specimen found. 


Loganiaceae 


(GELSEMIUM SEMPERVIRENS (L.) Ait. Yellow Jessamine. 
Abundant in damp woods. 


CYNOCTONUM sEssILiroLtium (Walt.) J. F. Gmel. 
Flats across from the paper mill. 


PoLYPREMUM PROCUMBENS L. 
Wet meadow in Burnt Bay. Dry field side near Burnt Bay. 


Gentianaceae 


SABATIA LANCEOLATA (Walt.) T. & G. 
Plantation Savanna. Black Creek swamp at the paper mill. A 
tall, attractive plant of open swamps. 


SABATIA BRACHIATA ELL. Marsh Pink. 
Damp place southside of the lake. Dry sand hills near Crow- 
ley’s Spring. This plant is remarkable as affecting both damp 
margins and the dryest sand hills. 


SABATIA GRACILIS (Michx.) Salisb. 
Wet pine barrens near Plantation Savanna. 


GeNnTIANA Exxuiorrit CHaApM. Elliott’s Gentian. 
Crowley’s Branch Crossing. Flat woods south of town. Wet 
places by bays and streams. Frequent. A white variety was 
discovered by Mr. Rogers near Society Hill. 


GENTIANA Porpuyrio J. F. GMEL. 
Flat woods south of Hartsville. Flat woods and branch cross- 
ings. Infrequent. 


99 


BaRrTONIA LANCEOLATA SMALL. 
Damp places near the lake on southside of Sheep Pasture 
Savanna. Frequent in damp, open places. 


NyYMPHODEsS aquaticum (Walt.) Fernald. | 
Formerly abundant in the lake, but now scarce there. 


NyYMPHOIDES LACUNOSUM (Vent.) Fernald. 
Abundant in Kilgore’s Pond, and becoming common in the lake. 


Apocynaceae 


AMSONIA CILIATA WALT. | 
Near the lake, southside. Sand hills beyond Kilgore’s Mill. A 
white flowered form of this. was also collected here. Not infre- 
quent in the sand hills. 


APOCYNUM PUBESCENS R. Br. _ Indian Hemp. 
Along railroad to the paper mill. Earth dam across from the 
paper mill. This has recently been recognized as the form 
occurring throughout the Southeastern States. It seems to be 
the only species at Hartsville. 


Asclepiadaceae 


ASCLEPIAS TUBEROSA L. Butterfly-weed. 
Sandy pine woods along Black Creek. 


ASCLEPIAS AMPLEXICAULIS SM. 
Old field across from the paper mill. 


ASCLEPIAS HUMISTRATA WALT. Milkweed. 


Dry sandy soil. Sand hills. 


ASCLEPIAS ACERATOIDES M. A. Curtis. 
Sandy hills on northside of the lake. 


ASCLEPIAS VARIEGATA L. 
Low woods southside of the lake near Burnt Bay. 
Convolvulaceae 


Breweria Aquatica (Walt.) Gray. 
Plantation Savanna. 


BREWERIA TRICHOSANTHES (Michx.) Small. 
Sand hills across the lake. Frequent in the sand hills. 


100 


IpoMogEA PURPUREA (L.) Roth. Morning Glory. 


A common weed in gardens. 
Ipomora PANDURATA (L.) G. F. W. Mey. Wild Potato. 


Roadsides and open places. Flowers very much larger than the 
the more northern form. 


IpoMorA LAcuNoSsA L. 
Paper mill yard. Frequent in fertile waste places. 


CuUSCUTA COMPACTA JUSs. Love Vine. Dodder 
Crowley’s Branch crossing. Common on Alnus, Cyrilla and 
other shrubs in damp places. 


CUSCUTA ARVENSIS BEYRICH. Love Vine. Dodder. 
On Aster in Sheep Pasture Savanna. Common on various 
herbs in flats. 


Polemoniaceae 
Puiox Henrziu Nott. Wild Phlox. 
Sand hills four miles north of Hartsville in rather stiff soil. 
Occasional in sand hills. 


PHLOX sUBULATA L. 
Sand hills near Sheep Pasture Savanna. Frequent. 


Boraginaceae 


ONOSMODIUM VIRGINIANUM (L.) A. DC. False Gromwell. 
Near edge of the lake, southside. Dry pine woods across the 
lake from the paper mill. Sand hills across Prestwood’s Bridge. 
Dry, sandy soil near Kilgore’s Pond. Frequent in sand hills. 


Verbenaceae 


VERBENA CAROLINENSIS (Walt.) J. F. Gmel. 
Sand hills. Sandy soil at the old Bacot Place. 


VERBENA POLYSTACHYA H. B. K. 
Wet soil near Kilgore’s Mill. 


VERBENA OFFICINALIS L. Kuropean Verbena. 
Sandy, open woods behind Mr. Lide Law’s Place. Introduced. 
Rare. 


CALLICARPA AMERICANA L. 
Along ditch banks, etc. Frequent. 


IOI 


Labiatae 


TRICHOSTEMA DICHOTOMUM L. Blue Curls. 
A weed in old fields and waste places. 


ScCUTELLARIA INTEGRIFOLIA L. Skullcap. 
Open, wet meadow, Kilgore’s Pond. Damp woods on Black 
Creek. Common. 


ScuTELLARIA PILOSA Micwux. 
Moist, shady woods along Black Creek. Along road near the 
novelty mill. A pure white form of this species was collected 
near the novelty mill on June 14, 1911. 


PRUNELLA VULGARIS L. Heal-all. 
Woods and open places. Common. | 


LAMIUM AMPLEXICAULE L. Dead Nettle. 
A very common winter and early spring weed. 


STACHYS HYSSOPIFOLIA MicnHx. 
Plantation Savanna. 


SALVIA AZUREA Lam. Blue Sage. 
Roadside leading from the paper mill to town. Damp soil near 
Crowley’s Branch. Flat woods south of the lake. Frequent. 
Plants growing in the dryer woods have larger and lighter 
colored flowers than those in low places. 


SALVIA LYRATA L. Lyre-leaved Sage. 
A weed in open places. 


CLINOPODIUM CAROLINIANUM (Michx.) Heller. Calamint. 
Woods in front of the Upper Farm Place. Plentiful locally. 


PYCNANTHEMUM HyssopPirotium (Benth.) Gray. Mountain Mint. 
Damp soil near edge of the lake, southside. Not infrequent in 
damp woods. 


Lycorus sEssiuirouius A. Gray. 
Wet meadow in Burnt Bay. Frequent. 


Lycorts PUBENS BrirTTon. 
Wet places on southside of the lake. Common. New to South 
Carolina. 


102 


Solanaceae 
SoLANUM NicruM L. Nightshade. 
Snake Branch swamp. An occasional weed in fertile waste 
places. 


SoLANUM CAROLINENSE L. Horse Nettle. 
A common weed. 


DaTurRA STRAMONIUM L. Jimson Weed. 
A common weed. 


Datura Tatura L. Purple Jimson Weed. 
A common weed. 


PHYSALIS INTERMEDIA Rypp. ? Ground Cherry. 
Near the lake on Capt. Cannon’s Place. Infrequent. 


PHYSALIS VIRGINIANA Mii. 
Near the lake on the south side. Damp soil on the Society Hill 
road, near the Goodson Place. Infrequent. 


PHYSALIS NICTAGINEA DUVAL. 
Edge of railroad track through Burnt Bay. Infrequent. 


Scrophulariaceae 
Verpascum Bratrarta L. Moth Mullen. 
Sandy soil near Prestwood’s Bridge. Open woods near the 
Law Place. Occasional. The flowers are white on some plants, 
yellow on others. 


Versascum Tuapsus L. : Mullen. 
A weed in old fields, etc. 
LINARIA CANADENSIS (L.) Dumont. Toadflax. 


An abundant weed in uncultivated fields and waste places. 


PENTSEMON AUSTRALIS SMALL. 
Burnt Bay near the paper mill. 


PENTSEMON LAEVIGATUS AIT. 
Sand hills across Black Creek. Earth dam at the paper mill. 


BacopA ACUMINATA (Walt.) Robinson. (Herpestis nigrescens 
Benth.). , 
Wet woods near Burnt Bay. Damp meadow east of Kilgore’s 
Pond. 


103 


GRATIOLA SPHAEROCARPA ELL. 
Edge of the lake behind Captain Cannon’s Place. In mud and 
shallow water in ditches, etc. 


GRATIOLA VIRGINIANA L. 
Wet places. 


GRATIOLA PILOSA Micux. 
Wet meadow, Burnt Bay. Damp flats across from the paper 
mill. 

VERONICA ARVENSIS L. Corn Speedwell. 
Major Coker’s lawn and on the streets. Not rare. Flowers blue. 


VERONICA PEREGRINA L. Purslain Speedwell. 
An insignificant little weed in damp or rather dry soil. Edge 
of Burnt Bay. Side of street. Flowers white. 


SEYMERIA TERMIFOLIA PursH. 


Flat woods southwest of the old Lucas Place. In bloom Sept. 
7,1911. Rare. 


GERARDIA SETACEA WALT. 
Waste places and along roads. Presbyterian Churchyard. 


GERARDIA LINIFOLIA NouTT. 
Plantation Savanna. 


GERARDIA PURPUREA L. Purple Gerardia. 
Flats across from the paper mill. Common in low woods and 
damp flats. 


BUCHNERA ELONGATA Sw. 
Flats across from the paper mill. Damp woods by causeway at 
crossing by the paper mill. 


Dasystoma Fiava (L.) Wood. False Foxglove. 
Banks of the lake. Plantation Savanna. 


DasyYsTOMA PEDICULARIA (L.) Benth. ?* Fly Poison. 
Woods in front of the Upper Farm Place. This is one of the 
commonest plants of the sand hills. 


*Our plant has characters of both D. pendicularia and D. pectinata as 
described. The pedicels are at least twice as long as the calyx lobes and 
these are generally nearly twice as long as the calyx tube. The capsule is 
about 8 mm. long and the entire plant including the calyx lobes is densely 
hirsute pubescent. 


104 


Lentibulariaceae 


UTRICULARIA BIFLORA LAM. Bladderwort. 
In the lake. Pool beyond the paper mill dam. 


UrTRIcULARIA FIBROSA WALT. 
Pool across from the paper mill. In Segar’s Mill Pond. 


UTRICULARIA JUNCEA VAHL. 
Wet edge of the lake, southside, above Prestwood’s Bridge. 
Edge of Kilgore’s Pond. 


Bignoniaceae 


Trcoma rApDICANS (L.) Juss Cowitch. Trumpet-vine. 
Common along ditches and fences and in waste places. 


CATALPA BIGNONIOIDES WALT. Catalpa. 
In open and well-drained low places. Infrequent. 


BIGNONIA CAPREOLATA L. Cross-vine. 
A common vine in swamps and bays. 


Acanthaceae 


RUELLIA CILIOSA VAR. PARVIFLORA (Ness.) Britton. 
Sandy soil in open woods. Infrequent. 


Plantaginaceae 
PLANTAGO MAJoR L. Common Plantain. 
West side of the paper mill yard. This weed has been intro- 
duced into Hartsville only very recently. It may be found now, 
infrequently, in rich, open places. 


PLANTAGO HETERAPHYLLA Nott. 
In a rather low place on a sidewalk in town. 


PLANTAGO ARISTATA MicHx. 
Rather frequent in dry, waste places. Roadside on the way to 
the paper mill. A weed of recent introduction. 


PLANTAGO virGINIcA L. 
Along roadside in front of Captain Cannon’s Place. On south- 
side of the lake. A weed in open, sandy soil. 


PLANTAGO LANCEOLATA L. English Plantain. 
A bad weed in lawns. 


105 


Rubiaceae 


GALIUM PILOsuM ArT. Bedstraw. 
Edge of Sheep Pasture Savanna. Rather frequent in dry or 
moist sandy woods. Our plants are not so hairy as the type or 
so smooth as var. punticulosum. 


Gautium Ciaytonr Micux. 
In mud and water at brook crossing east of Damascus Church. 


Dropia VIRGINIANA L. 
Damp soil on southside of the lake. Frequent in savannas and 
open, wet places. 


Drop1a TeRES WA tr. Buttonweed. 
A common weed in dry, open ground. 


MiITcHELLA REPENS L. Partridge Berry. 
On Black Creek bluffs, as at Laurel Land. Bay at back of 
Hartsville Plantation. 


CEPHALANTHUS OCCIDENTALIS L. Buttonbush. 
Common on edges of marshes. 


= 


HovusToniA PATENS ELL. Small Bluets. 
Captain Cannon’s sheep pasture. Frequent in flat woods and 
low waste grounds. 


HovusTontiA CAERULEA L. Bluets. 
Near southside of the lake. In woods and yards. 


HovsToONIA LONGIFOLIA GAERTN. 
Rich woods back of Captain Cannon’s Place. Rare. 


OLDENLANDIA UNIFLORA L. 
Flats across the dam at the paper mill. Frequent in damp, 
open flats. 


OvpENLANDIA Boscrt (DC.) Chapm. 
Wet marsh east of Kilgore’s Pond. Common in savannas. 


Caprifoliaceae 
LONICERA JAPONICA THUNB. Japanese Honeysuckle. 
Along road to Prestwood’s Bridge. Escaped along roads and 
ditches. 


LONICERA SEMPERVIRENS L. Trumpet Honeysuckle. 
Ditch bank west of Upper Farm. Along ditches and open 
places. Infrequent. 


106 


SyMPHORICARPOS ORBICULATUS MoENCH. Indian Currant. 
Sand hills along Camden Road, five miles north of Hartsville. 
Rare. 


VIBURNUM CASSINOIDES L. Narrow-leaved Possum Haw. 
Edge of bay in Sheep Pasture Savanna. Edge of Kilgore’s 
Pond. Along Burnt Bay. Common. 


VIBURNUM NupUM L. Possum Haw. 
Edge of bay in Sheep Pasture Savanna. Common. 


VIBURNUM RUFIDULUM Rar. Black Haw. 
Woods near Black Creek back of Captain Cannon’s Place. 
Sandy slope near Crowley’s Spring. Rare. 


SAMBUCUS CANADENSIS L. Elder. 
Common in open, wet places. 


Campanulaceae 


SpecunartA PeRFOLIATA (.) A. DC. Venus’ Looking-glass. 
A common weed in cultivated ground. 


Lobeliaceae 


Losevia Nutrarxi R. & 8. 
Flats across from the paper mill. Wet meadow in Burnt Bay. 
Common in damp flats. 


LoBeELIA ELONGATA SMALL. 
Damp soil near Crowley’s Branch. 


Compositae 


VERNONIA ANGUSTIFOLIA Micwx. Tronweed. 
Pine woods in front of the Upper Farm Place. A conspicuous 
and common plant of the sand hills. 


VERNONIA OLIGOPHYLLA MicHx. Tronweed. 
Woods behind Captain Cannon’s Place. 


ELEPHANTOPUS TOMENTOSUS L. Elephant’s-foot. 
Woods behind Captain Cannon’s Place. Dry woods near Snake 
Branch. Frequent. 


107 


ELEPHANTOPUS NUDATUS Gray. 
Flats east of Kilgore’s Pond. Damp soil at end of the paper 
mill dam. Common. This plant agrees well with E. nudatus 
except that the scale-like base of the pappus is not abruptly 
narrowed into the bristle. 


KLEPHANTOPUS CAROLINIANUS WILLD. 
Edge of Kilgore’s Pond. Not uncommon in damp, shady soil. 


ScLEROLEPIS UNIFLORA (Walt.) BSP. 
Edge of the lake. 


EvrpaToriuM CAPILLIFOLIUM (Lam.) Small Dog Fennell. 
A common weed in open ground. Near the novelty mill. 


EUPATORIUM COMPOSITIFOLIUM WALT. 
Sand hills. Sandy soil across the lake. Near Crowley’s Branch. 


EUPATORIUM AROMATICUM L. 


Near the lake. 


EvUPATORIUM HYSSOPIFOLIUM L. 
Pine woods by Snake Branch, opposite the cotton mill. 


EUPATORIUM SEMISERRATUM DC. 
Wet pine barrens near Plantation Savanna. 


Evupatortum Monrit GREENE. 
Plantation Savanna. 


EUPATORIUM VERBENAEFOLIUM MiIcHx. 
Southside of the lake. Sheep Pasture Savanna. 


EUPATORIUM ROTUNDIFOLIUM L. 
Damp, rich soil on southside of the lake. Edge of Kilgore’s 
Pond. Damp flat across dam at the paper mill. Common. 


EUPATORIUM MACULATUM L. Joe-pye Weed. 
Marshy place by Kilgore’s Pond. 


EUPATORIUM PURPUREUM L. Joe-pye Weed. 
Damp soil near the lake. 


EUPATORIUM PERFOLIATUM IL. Boneset. 
Near the railroad embankment in Burnt Bay. Infrequent. 


MrKantiA ScANDENS (L.) Willd. 
A very common vine in open, wet places. 


108 


TRILISA PANICULATA (Walt.) Cass. 
Sheep Pasture Savanna. A wand-like plant with something 
of the appearance of Liatris. Blooming August 19, 1910. 


LiaTRIS CARINATA (Laciniaria carinata Small). 
Sandy soil south of the lake. 


Liarris pAUcIFLORA (Pursh.) Kuntze. Button Snake-root. 
Sand hills across the lake. Common. 


Lrarris scariosA Wiiip. Var. squarrulosa (Michx.) Gray. 
Near the railroad track to the paper mill. 


CARPHEPHORUS BELLIDIFOLIUS (Michx.) T. & G. 
Damp soil on northside of the lake. 


CHRYSOPSIS GRAMINIFOLIA (Michx.) Nutt. 
Pine woods in front of the Upper Farm Place. Flats across 
dam at the paper mill. 


CHRYSOPSIS ASPERA SHUTTL. 
Sand hills across the lake. 


Curysopsis Martana (L.) Nutt. 
Near the lake. Sand hills. 


CHRYSOPSIS PILOSA NUTT. Golden Aster. 
Common in the sand hills. 


SoLIDAGO ERECTA PursH. Goldenrod. 
Near Black Creek, one mile above Hartsville. 


SoLiDAGO VERNA M. A. CourtTIs. Spring Goldenrod. 
Paper mill dam. Captain Cannon’s sheep pasture. Plentiful. 
Reported heretofore only from Southeastern North Carolina. 


SoLIDAGO PULVERULENTA Nutt. 
Near the lake. Behind the novelty mill. 


SoLipaco opora AIT. 
Pine woods in front of the Upper Farm Place. Roadside near 
the paper mill. 


Sotmaco ruGosA Miu. 
Behind the novelty mill. Southside of the lake. 


Sotmaco Exxiorri T. & G. 
Damp place behind the novelty mill. 


109 


SoLipaco CANADENSIS L. 
Damp place behind the novelty mill. 


SoLIDAGO TENUIFOLIA PursH. 
Near the lake. 


Botronta asterowes (L.) L’Her. 
Plantation Savanna. 


Aster Pricear Brirron. Aster. 
Near the lake. 


ASTER PALUDOSUs AIT. 
Damp soil near Crowley’s Branch. Near edge of the lake. 


AsTER concotor L. 
Southside of the lake, damp soil. Pine woods in front of the 
Upper Farm Place. Sand Hills. 


Aster ELoDEs T. & G. 
On earth dam at the paper mill. Burnt Bay at Novelty Mill 
crossing. Wet soil on north edge of the lake. A handsome 
late fall aster. 


ASTER PATENS AIT. 
Near the novelty mill. 


ASTER CorDIFOLIUS L. 
Damp meadow eastside of Kilgore’s Pond. Flats across from 
dam at the paper mill. 


ASTER UNDULATUs L. 
Near the lake. 


ASTER ERICOIDES PILOSUS PorTER. 
South side of the lake. 

ASTER DuMosus L. 
Flats across from the paper mill. 


ASTER LINARITFOLIUS L. 
Near the lake. Sand hills. 


ERIGERON VERNUS (L.) T. & G. Swamp Fleabane. 
Low, open woods near the lake. Black Creek Swamp. Ditch 
bank on the old Lucas Place, etc., Common. The sand hill form 
of this plant collected at the head of a branch at foot of Sugar- 
loaf Mountain and in a low place north of Nettle’s Bridge has 
pubescent leaves and stems and may deserve varietal rank. 


IIo 


ERIGERON PULCHELLUS Micux. Fleabane. 
Flat woods. 
ErIGERON rAMosus (Walt.) BSP. Fleabane. 


Along road near the paper mill. On dam across from the 
paper mill. 


ERIGERON CANADENSIS L. Horseweed. 
A very common, coarse weed. 


SERICOCARPUS BIFOLIATUS (Walt.) Porter. 
Pine woods in front of the Upper Farm Place. Near the lake. 


SERICOCARPUS ASTEROIDES (L.) BSP. 
Dampish place in Sheep Pasture Savanna. 


BaccHARIS HALIMIFOLIA L. 
Damp flatwoods near Plantation Savanna. Occasional in 
open, wet places. 


PLUCHEA PETIOLATA Cass. 
Burnt Bay on road from Hartsville to Prestwood’s Bridge. 


PLucHEA FoETIDA (L.) DC. Marsh Fleabane. 
Plantation Savanna. Damp flats near Kilgore’s Mill. 


ANTENNARIA PLANTAGINIFOLIA (L.) Richards. Plantain-leaved 
[ Everlasting. 
Flat woods south of Hartsville. Rare in the coastal plain. 


GNAPHALIUM POLYCEPHALUM Micux. Rabbit Tobacco. 
A very common weed in old fields, etc. 


(GGNAPHALIUM PURPUREUM L. Cudweed. 
Low flats across from dam at the paper mill. Common in dry 
old fields and roadsides. 


SILPHIUM comMPposITuM MicHx. Rosin Weed. 
Sand hills across the lake. 


BERLANDIERA PUMILA (Michx.) Nutt. 
Sand hills across the lake. 


AMBROSIA ARTEMISIIFOLIA L. Ragweed. 
A very common, rank weed. 


XANTHIUM CANADENSE MItu. Cocklebur. 
A bad weed in low grounds. 


Iil 


Ecurpta ALBA (L.) Hassk. 
Roadside west of the paper mill. 


TETRAGONOTHECA HELIANTHOIDES L. 
Sandy soil near the Baptist Church. 


RupDBECKIA HrRTA L. Black-eyed Susan. 
Damp soil near the lake. 


HELIANTHUS ATRORUBENS L. 


Woods. 

HeELIANTHUS ANGUSTIFOLIUS L. Wild Sunflower. 
Near the lake. 

CoREOPSIS DELPHINIFOLIA Lam. Tickseed. 


Sand hills across the lake. Very common and conspicuous in 
the sand hills. 


BIDENs BIPINNATA L. Spanish Needles. 
A common weed. 


Bmwens Fronposa L. Tall Spanish Needles. 
A weed in damp ground. 


MarsHALLiA opovaTa (Walt.) Beadle & Boynton. 
Sheep Pasture Savanna. By road to Prestwood’s Bridge. 


HELENIUM TENUIFOLIUM NUTT. Sneezeweed. 
A recently introduced weed along railways and roads. 


ACHILLEA MILLEFOLIUM L. Yarrow. 
At Segar’s Mill. A weed in waste places. 


CHRYSANTHEMUM LEUCANTHEMUM L. VAR. PINNATIFIDUM LEcoq 
& LAMOTTE. Ox-eye Daisy. 
A weed in wet places; not abundant. 


Arnica AcauLis (Walt.) BSP. 
Flat woods south of Hartsville. Very common. 


ERECHTITES HIERACIFOLIA (L.) Raf. Fireweed. 
On excavated ground by road to the paper mill. Damp place 
behind the novelty mill. 


SENECIO AUREUS L. Golden Ragwort. 
Roadside near the old Lucas Place. A well distributed but 
not abundant weed. 


rita 


Senecio SMAuuit Britton. 
Captain Cannon’s sheep pasture. Near the lake. 


CaRDUUS REPANDUS (Michx.) Pers. Thistle. 
Sand hills across the lake. 


Krrera vircrntoa (L.) Willd. Dwarf Dandelion. 
Sand hills across the lake. A weed in yards and along roads. 


TARAXACUM OFFICINALE WEBER. Dandelion. 
Lawns and roadsides. Not common. 


SoncHus AsPER (L.) Hill. Spiny-leaved Sow Thistle. 
Woods near the lake. 


Lactruca virosa L. 

A number of plants appear yearly in the open ground around 
the railroad stations. This is the form with almost entire 
leaves. The form with runcinate pinnatifid leaves, as I have 
observed, occurs abundantly at Charlotte, N. C., and at Bull’s 
Gap, Tenn., mixed with the other. The pinnatifid leaved 
form is generally considered a distinct species under the name 
of LZ. Scariola, but in my opinion they are not distinct. 


LacTUCA GRAMINIFOLIA MicwHx. 
Along a ditch bank across the lake from the paper mill. Flat 
woods near Burnt Bay. 


Lacruca sacirriotta Ext. Wild Lettuce. 
Roadside to the paper mill. A rather common weed. 


PyRRHOPAPPUS CAROLINIANUs (Walt.) DC. False Dandelion. 
A weed along roads and in open woods. 


THYRSANTHEMA SEMIFLOSCULARE ( Walt.) Kuntze. 
Flat woods on the old Lucas Place, and back of Hartsville 
Plantation. Infrequent. 


PRENANTHES ALBA L. (Nabalus). Rattlesnake Root. 
Moist soil, southside of the lake. 


PrRENANTHES vircaTa Micwx. (Nabalus) Slender Rattlesnake- 
[ root. 
Near the novelty mill. 


Hreractum Gronovit L. 
Dampish soil near Kilgore’s Pond. Sand hills. 


113 
HieraciuM veNosumM L. Rattlesnake Plantain. 
Pine grove in front of the Upper Farm Place. 


CoNOcLINUM COELESTINUM (L.) DC. 
Southside of the lake. 


The plants included in the preceding list may be summarized 
as follows: 


eet RMS EVOOMOUR Go. 8 se ois ese 12 
Se Se ener ef 
0 a ee aera eres b1 § 
OS a OS a |. 


OR a og RS Sg a a 


INDEX 


Acalypha gracilens 87. 
virginica 87. 


Acanthaceae 104. 

Aceraceae 89. 

Acer carolinianum 27, 29, 33, 36, 37, 
38, -52, 89. 


Achillea millefolium 111. 
Agrostemma Githago 78. 
Aizoaceae 77. 
Albizzia Julibrissin 61. 
Alder 31, 33, 34, 35, 41, 46, 75. 
Aletris aurea 30. 

farinosa, 26, 30, 72. 


Alismaceae 64. 
Allium vinale 71. 
Alnus rugosa 29, 31, 33, 34, 35, 37, 
38, 46, 75. 
Alsike Clover 84. 
Altitude of Hartsville 4, 5. 
Amaranthaceae 77. 
Amaranthus hybridus 77. 
spinosus 77. 


Amaryllidaceae 72. 

Ambrosia artemisiifolia 110. 

Amelanchier Botryapium 21, 26, 
ai, el. 


Amianthium muscaetoxicum 71. 
Amorpha herbacea 16, 84. 
Ampelopsis 89. 
Amphicarpa monoica 86. 
Amsonia ciliata 99. 
Anacardiaceae 88. 
Andromeda mariana 24. 
Andropogon arctatus 64. 
scoparius 64. 
virginicus 38, 65. 
Anonaceae 79. 
Antennaria plantaginifolia 110. 
Anthaenantia rufa 65. 
Apios tuberosa 36, 86. 
Apocynaceae 99. 
Apocynum pubescens 37, 99. 
Aquifoliaceae 89. 


Arabis virginica 80. 

Araceae 69. 

Arbutus 15, 18. 

Arenaria caroliniana 78. 

Aristida stricta 15, 36. 
purpurascens 66. 

Aristolochiaceae 76. 

Aristolochia serpentaria 18, 76. 

Arnica acaulis 111. 

Aronia arbutifolia 23, 24, 27, 29, 81. 

Arrowhead 64. 

Arundinaria macrosperma 82, 67. 
tecta 32, 67. 


Asarum arifolium 18, 76. 

Asclepiadaceae 99. 

Asclepias aceratoides 99. 
amplexicaulis 26, 99. 
humistrata 99. 
tuberosa 16, 99. 
variegata 99. 


Ascyrum hypericoides 15, 24, 28, 35, 
37, 90. 
stans 24, 28, 30, 90. 

Ash, 20, 40, 55, 98. 

Ashe, W. W. 12. 

Asimina parviflora 79. 

Asplenium Filix-femina 31, 63. 
platyneuron 62. 

Aster concolor 16, 20, 109. 
cordifolius 38, 109. 
dumosus 109. 
elodes 109. 
ericoides pilosus 109. 
linariifolius 109. 
paludosus 109. 
patens 109. 

Priceae 109. 
squarrosus 30. 
undulatus 109. 


Astragalus apilosus 16, 85. 

Axonopus fureatus 65. 

Azalea nudiflora 18, 24, 95. 
viscosa 25, 27, 29, 31, 35, 95. 


116 


Baccharis halimifolia 26, 35, 110. 
Bachelor’s Button, 87. 
Bachman, John 38. 
Bacopa acuminata 28, 38, 102. 
Bamboo Briar 28, 27, 29, 33, 72. 
Red-berried 29, 31, 72. 
Baptisia Serenae 4. 
tinctoria 16, 20, 83. 
villosa 88. 
Barbarea verna 80. 
Barnyard Grass 66. 
Bartonia lanceolata 30, 35, 99. 


Bays and Swamps, Vegetation of 27. 


Bay, Loblolly 24, 28, 41, 53, 90. 
Red 28, 24, 28, 29, 40, 50, 79. 
Sweet 23, 24, 28, 31, 40, 49, 79. 

Bear Grass 15, 71. 

Bedstraw 105. 

Beech 57. 

Beggar Ticks 85. 

Bellwort 71. 

Berchemia scandens 88, 89. 

Berkeley, M. J. 4. 

Berlandiera pumila 110. 

Bermuda Grass 67. 

Betula nigra 46, 75. 

Betulaceae 75. 

Bidens bipinnata 111. 
frondosa 111. 

Bignonia capreolata 27, 31, 104. 

Bignoniaceae 104. 

Bindweed 77. 

Bird-foot Violet 91. 

Bitter Dock 76. 

Blackberry 21, 31, 82. 

High, 23,27. 
Late, 82. 
Bladderwort 34, 104. 
Black-eyed Susan 111. 
Black Gum. 20, 21, 23, 24, 26, 27, 29, 
31, 34, 40, 538, 95. 

Black Haw 48, 55, 106. 

Black Jack Oak 14, 19, 20, 21, 29, 
36, 42, 49, 75. 

Black Oak 16, 19, 42, 48, 75. 

Black Snakeroot 94. 

Black Willow 28, 34, 36, 41, 45, 74. 

Blanchard, W. H. 62. 

Blueberry, Low 97. 


Bluets 15, 22, 105. 

Small 105. 
Blue Curls 101. 
Blue-eyed Grass 22, 73. 
Blue Flag 25, 72. 
Blue Sage 101. 
Boehmeria cylindrica 76. 
Boehmerea scabra 26, 34, 76. 
Boerhaavia erecta 77. 
Boltonia asteroides 26, 109. 
Boneset 107. 
Boraginaceae 100. 
Botrychium virginianum 81, 63. 
Bracken Fern 22, 28, 62. 
Bradburia virginica 36. 
Brainerd, Ezra 62. 
Brasenia Schreberi 34, 78. 
Breweria aquatica 99. 

trichosanthes 16, 99. 
Britton, WN. 1. 62. 
Bromeliaceae 70. 
Broom Sedge 88, 65. 
Broussonetia papyrifera 59. 
Buchnera elongata 26, 30, 103. 
Bullace Grape 17, 19, 23, 27, 89. 
Burmannia capitata 26, 73. 
Burmanniaceae 73. 
Butterfly Pea 86. 
Butterfly-weed 99. 
Button Bush 34, 35, 105. 
Button Snake-root 108. 
Buttonweed 105. 


Cactaceae 92. 
Calamagrostis cinnoides 67. 
Calamint 18, 19, 101. 
Callicarpa americana 31, 34, 100. 
Camellia japonica 7, 53. 
Thea 7. 
Campanulaceae 106. 
Camphor Tree 60. 
Candleberry 21, 22, 25, 74 (Wax 
Myrtle). 
Dwarf 74. 
Swamp 27, 74. 
Cane, Dwarf 32, 67. 
Large 32, 67. 
Caprifoliaceae 105. 
Capsella Bursa-pastoris 80. 


Carduus repandus 16, 112. 
Carex macrokolea 36, 69. 
Carolina Clover 84. 
Carolina Laurel Cherry 83. 


Carolina Red Maple 29, 33, 42, 52, 89. 


Carpet Weed 77. 
Carphephorus bellidifolius 35, 108. 
Carpinus caroliniana 46. 
Carrion-flower 28. 
Carya alba 21, 16, 28, 45, 75. 
aquatica 30. 
glabra hirsuta 17, 45, 75. 
olivaeformis 57. 


Caryophyllaceae 78. 
Cassia chamaecrista 83. 
nictitans 83. 
Tora 83. 


Castalia odorata 34, 78. 
Castanea pumila 17, 46. 
sativa 58. 


Catalpa 17, 43, 55, 104. 
Catalpa bignonioides 17, 55, 104. 
Cat Brier 21, 23, 25, 72. 
Catchfiy 78. 
Cat-tail 34, 64. 
Ceanothus americanus 17, 89. 
Cedar, Deodara 56. 

Red 57. 


Cedrus Deodara 56. 

Celtis Smallii 20, 49, 76. 

Centella asiatica 94. 
repanda 38. 


Centrosema virginianum S86. 

Cephalanthus occidentalis 34, 35, 105. 

Cerastium vulgatum 78. 

Cercis canadensis 51, 83. 

Chaerophyllum Tainturieri 94. 

Chamaecyparis thyoides 24, 27, 29, 
33, 36, 38, 44, 64. 


Chamaelirium luteum 30, 71. 
Chain Fern 28, 31, 62. 
Chenopodiaceae 77. 
Chenopodium album 77. 
anthelminticum 77. 


Chestnut, European 58. 
Chestnut Oak, Swamp 30. 
Chickasaw Plum 51. 

Chickweed 78. 

Chimaphila maculata 18, 20, 95. 


117 


China Tree 18, 61. 
Chinese Arbor Vitae 57. 
Chinquapin 17, 41, 46. 
Chokeberry 23, 27, 81. 
Choke Cherry 14, 17, 19, 21, 23, 41, 
51, 82. 
Chrysanthemum leucanthemum L. 
var. pinnatifidum 111. 
Chrysopsis aspera 16, 108. 
graminifolia 15, 16, 20, 26, 108. 
Mariana 108. 
pilosa 16, 108. 
Chionanthus virginica 61. 
Cinnamomum camphora 7, 60. 
Cinnamon Fern 28, 29, 31, 63. 
Cinquefoil 22, 82. 
Cistaceae 91. 
Clematis Viorna 79. 
Clethra alnifolia 23, 24, 27, 29, 33, 
35, 95. 
Climate of Hartsville 4, 5, 6, 7. 
Clinopodium carolinianum 18, 19, 101. 
Clitoria mariana S86. 


Clover, Alsike 84. 
Carolina 84. 
Hop 84. 
Japanese 85. 
Rabbit-foot 84. 
Red &. 

White 84. 

Club Moss 63. 
Little 63. 


Cocculus carolinus 79. 
Cocklebur 110. 

Cockspur Thorn 82. 

Coltsfoot 18, 97. 
Commelinaceae 70. 

Commelina angustifolia 70. 
Common Evening Primrose 93. 
Common Flax 86. 

Common Plantain 104. 
Common Vetch 86. 

Compositae 106. 

Conoclinum coelestinum 113. 
Convolvulaceae 99. 

Coreopsis delphinifolia 16, 111. 
Cornaceae 95. 

Corn Cockle 78. 

Corn Speedwell 103. 


118 


Cornus florida 17, 21, 23, 28, 538, 95. 
Coronopus didymus 80. 
Cotton Grass 68. 
Cottonwood 40, 45. 

Cow Bane 94. 

Cowitch 17, 104. 

Crab Grass 65. 

Cracea ambigua 16. 
spicata 16. 
virginiana 15. 

Cranesbill 87. 

Crape Myrtle 60. 

Crassulaceae 81. 

Crataegus 19, 21. 

Crataegus Crus-galli 82. 
Michauxii 82. 
tomentosa 81. 
uniflora 17, 19, 81. 


Cretaceous deposits 8. 
Cross-vine 27, 31, 104. 
Crotalaria Purshii 20, 83. 
rotundifolia 26, 38, 83. 
Croton glandulosus L. var. septen- 
trionalis 87. 
Crowfoot Grass 67. 
Cruciferae 79. 
Cudweed 110. 
Cultivated Trees of Hartsville 56. 
Cunninghamia sinensis 57. 
Curtis, M. A. 3, 4. 
Cuscuta arvensis 100. 
compacta 100. 
Cuthbertia graminea 70. 
Cynoctonum sessilifolium 26, 98. 
Cynodon Dactylon 67. 
Cyperaceae 67. 
Cyperus haspan 69. 
Iria 69. 
Martindalei 16, 69. 
Cypress 22, 23, 25, 26, 30, 33, 34, 35, 
39, 44, 64. 
Cyrillaceae 88. 
Cyrilla racemiflora 23, 24, 27, 31, 33, 
35, 38, 52, 88. 


Dactyloctenium aegyptium 67. 
Dandelion 112. 

False 112. 

Dwarf 112. 


Darlington Oak 58. 
Dasystoma flava 26, 103. 
pedicularia 15, 20, 103. 


Datura Stramonium 102. 
Tatula 102. 


Dead Nettie 101. 

Decodon verticillatus 35, 92. 
Decumaria barbara 6. 
Deodara Cedar 56. 


Desmodium Dillenii 85. 
marilandicum 85. 
nudifiorum 85. 
paniculatum 85. 
rhombifolium 85. 

Dewberry 21, 23, 82. 

Diapensiaceae 97. 

Dicotyledons 74. 

Digitaria sanguinalis 65. 

Diodia teres 105. 
virginiana 26, 35, 38, 105. 

Dioscoraceae 72. 

Dioscorea villosa 22, 28, 72. 

Diospyros virginiana 17, 21, 36, 

55, OT: 

Dodder 100. 

Dog Fennell 107. 

Dogwood 17, 19, 21, 23, 28, 42, 53, 95. 

Dolicholus erecta 20. 

Draba verna 79. 

Droseraceae 80. 

Drosera capillaris 80. 
intermedia 33, 35, 80. 

Dwarf Candle Berry 74. 

Dwarf Cane 82, 67. 

Dwarf Dandelion 112. 

Dwarf Flag 15, 72. 

Dwarf Locust 83. 


Ebenaceae 97. 

Ebony Spleenwort 62. 

Echinochloa colona 66. 
Crus-galli 66. 

Eclipta alba 111. 

Ecological divisions 9, 10, 11. 

Eglantine 82. 

Elder 106. 

Eleocharis melanocarpa 37, 68. 
quadrangulata 37, 68. 
Torreyana 29, 37, 67. 


Elephantopus carolinianus 107. 
nudatus 107. 
tomentosus 106. 

Elephant’s-foot 106. 

Eleusine indica 67. 

Elliott’s Gentian 98. 

Elliott, Stephen 3. 

Elm 30. 

White 59. 
Winged 59. 

Elodea 35. 

English Plantain 104. 

Epigaea repens 15, 18, 96. 

Eragrostis hirsuta 67. 
pilosa 67. 

Erechtites hieracifolia 111. 

Erianthus saccharoides 36, 64. 

Ericaceae 95. 

Erigeron canadensis 110. 
pulchellus 110. 
ramosus 20, 37, 110. 
vernus 32, 109. 


Eriocaulaceae 69. 

Eriocaulon compressum 69. 
decangulare 26, 35, 37, 69. 
septangulare 69. 

Eriophorum virginicum 68. 

Eryngium aquaticum 15, 94. 

Erysimum cheiranthoides 80. 

Eupatorium aromaticum 107. 
capillifolium 107. 
compositifolium. 
hyssopifolium 107. 
maculatum 31, 38, 107. 
Mohrii 26, 107. 
perfoliatum 107. 
purpureum 107. 
rotundifolium 26, 30, 38, 107. 
semisseratum 26, 107. 
verbenaefolium 30, 107. 

Euphorbiaceae 87. 

Euphorbia corallata 88. 

Curtisii 16, 20, 88. 
exserta 88. 
gracilis 88. 
Ipecacuanhae 16, 88. 
maculata 16, 88. 
nutans 88. 

European Chestnut 58. 


119 


European Verbena 100. 


Fagaceae 75. 

Fagus grandifolia 57. 

False Dandelion 112. 

False Foxglove 103. 

False Gromwell 100. 

False Indigo 83. 

False Nettle 76. 

Fern, Bracken 22, 28, 62. 
Chain 28, 31, 62. 
Cinnamon 28, 29, 31, 63. 
Grape 31, 68. 

Lady 31, 63. 

Royal 28, 63. 

Swamp 28, 62. 
Fetter-bush 27, 31, 33, 35, 96. 
Field Garlic 71. 

Fimbristylis autumnalis 68. 

Fireweed 111. 

Flag, Dwarf 15, 72. 

Blue 25, 72. 

Flatwoods, 10, 19. 

Fleabane 110. 

Swamp 382, 109. 
Floating Heart 34. 
Flowering Moss 97. 

Fly Poison 20, 71, 103. 

Forked-leaved Black Jack Oak 75. 

Fothergilla Gardeni 29, 81. 

Foxtail Grass 66. 

Fragaria virginica 82.. 

Fraxinus Darlingtonii 20, 55, 98. 

French Mulberry 31, 34. 

Fringed Orchis 73. 

Fringe Tree 61. 

Fuirena squarosa 26, 37, 68. 


Galactia regularis 36, 86. 
volubilis 20, 86. 
Galax aphylla 18, 97. 
Galium Claytoni 105. 
pilosum 105. 
Gallberry 21, 22, 23, 25, 27, 31, 35, 89. 
Gardenia jasminoides 7. 
Gaylussacia dumosa 15, 24, 30, 36, 96. 
frondosa 21, 24, 28, 29, 36, 96. 
Gelsemium sempervirens 18, 27, 
35, 98. 


Gentianaceae 98. 

Gentiana HE]liottii 98. 
Porphyrio 98. 

Geology 7, 8. 

Geraniaceae 87. 

Geranium carolinianum 87. 

Gerardia linifolia 26, 103. 
purpurea 108. 
setacea 108. 


Gibbes, L. R. 8, 4. 

Ginkgo biloba 56. 

Gleditsia triacanthus 20, 51, 83. 

Glottidium vesicarium S84. 

Gnaphalium polycephalum 110. 
purpureum 26, 110. 


Golden Aster 108. 
Golden Club 36, 69. 
Golden Ragwort 111. 
Goldenrod 36, 108. 


Gordonia lasianthus 25, 28, 53, 90. 


Gramineae 64. 
Grape, Bullace 17, 19, 23, 27, 89. 
Summer 14, 15, 17, 19, 89. 
Grape Fern 31, 63. 
Grass Pink, 74. 
Grass, Barnyard 66. 
Bear 15, 71. 
Bermuda 67. 
Blue-eyed 22, 73. 
Cotton 68. 
Crab 65. 
Crowfoot 67. 
Foxtail 66. 
Indian 65. 
Johnson 65. 
Rice Cut 66. 
Sweet 67. 
Timothy 67. 
Tumble 65, 66. 
Whitlow 79. 
Witch 65, 66. 
Wire 15, 36, 66, 67. 
Yard 67. 
Yellow-eyed 69, 70. 
Gratiola pilosa 26, 28, 38, 103. 
sphaerocarpa 108. 
virginiana 28, 103. 
Gray Moss 70. 
zreen-brier 72. 


120 


Ground Cherry 102. 
Ground Nut 36. 
Groundsell Tree 35. 
Growing Season 6. 
Gymnopogon ambiguus 67. 
brevifolius 67. 
Gymnospermae 63. 


Habenaria blephariglottis 30, 73. 

ciliaris 30, 73. 

clavellata 37, 73. 

cristata 78. 

Nuttallii 35, 73. 
Hackberry 20, 41, 49, 76. 
Hair-cap Moss 28. 
Halaragidaceae 94. 
Hamamelidaceae 81. 
Hamamelis virginiana 18, 81. 
Harper, R. M. 18, 29, 52. 

Hat Pin 30, 35,37. 
Haw, Black 438, 55, 106. 
Red: 7, 19,.218h 


Heal-all 101. 

Heartleaf 18, 76. 

Hedge Mustard 80. 

Helenium tenuifolium 111. 

Helianthemum canadense 91. 
majus 20, 38, 91. 

Helianthus angustifolius 111. 
atrorubens 111. 

Herpestis nigrescens 102. 

Hieracium Gronovii 16, 38, 112. 
venosum 20, 118. 

Hinson, W. G. 59. 

Historical Sketch 3-4. 


Holly 18, 19, 20, 22, 28, 30, 31, 41, 


52, 89. 
Carolina 15, 19. 
Honey Locust 20, 39, 51, 838. 
Hop Clover 84. 
Hornbeam 41, 46. 
Horse Nettle 102 
Horse Sugar 15, 18, 2%, 42, 55, 98. 
Horseweed 110. 
Houstonia caerulea 15, 105. 
longifolia 105. 
patens 22, 105. 


Huckleberry (See also Blueberry) 


Dwarf Black 15, 96. 


He 27, 52, 88. 
High-bush 23, 27, 97. 
Low Black 21, 23. 
Low-bush 21, 96. 
Trailing 18. 
Humidity 6. 
Hypericaceae 90. 


Hypericum canadense 33. 
fasciculatum 36, 90. 
gentianoides 26, 90. 
mutilum 90. 
petiolatum 90. 
setosum 26, 90. 
virgatum 26, 38, 90. 
virginicum 26, 31, 33, 35, 90. 

Hypoxis hirsuta 20, 72. 


Ilex Amelanchier 4. 
earoliniana 15, 19, 36, 89. 
decidua 30. 
glabra 21, 24, 27, 29, 31, 35, 
38, 89. 
laevigata 89. 
lucida 24, 25, 27, 29, 31, 38, 89. 
opaca 18, 19, 20, 22, 31, 52, 89. 
Indian Currant 106. 
Indian Grass 65. 
Indian Hemp 99. 
Indian Pipe 95. 
Indigofera caroliniana 16, 30, 84. 
Inkberry 89. 


Ipomoea lacunosa 100. 
pandurata 100. 
purpurea 100. 


Iridaceae 72. 

Iris prismatica 25, 35, 72. 
verna 15, 72. 
versicola 25, 35, 72. 


Iron-weed 90, 106. 
Itea virginica 24, 27, 31, 34, 81. 


Japanese Clover 85. 

Japanese Honeysuckle 23, 105. 
Jatropha stimulosa 8&7. 

Jersey Tea, 17. 

Jimson Weed, 102. 


I2I 


Joe-pye Weed, 31, 107. 
Johnson Grass 65. 
Judas Tree 51, 83. 
Juglandaceae 74. 
Juglans nigra 45, 74. 
Juncaceae 70. 


Juncus abortivus 28, 71. 
aristulatus 26, 30, 70. 
repens 29, 37, 70. 
scirpoides 26, 37, 71. 
trigonocarpus 26, 30, 71. 

Jungle Rice 66. 

Juniper 24, 27, 29, 31, 33, 36, 39, 

44, 64. 
Juniperus virginiana 57. 
Jussiaea decurrens 36, 98. 


Kalmia cuneata 29, 95. 

latifolia 18, 53, 95. 
Key to Trees of Hartsville 39-43. 
Kilgore’s Mill Pond, flora of 37. 
Kneiffia arenicola 38. 
Krigia virginica 112. 


Labiatae 101. 
Lachnocaulon anceps 26, 30, 69. 


Lactuca graminifolia 37, 112. 
sagittifolia 112. 
Seariola 112. 
virosa 112. 

Lady Fern 31, 63. 

Ladies’ Thumb 77. 

Lafayette Formation 8. 

Lagerstroemia indica 60. 

Lakes and Ponds, Vegetation of 32. 

Lamb’s Quarters 77. 

Lamium amplexicaule 101. 

Lauraceae 79. 

Lead Plant 84. 

Leather Flower 79. 

Lechea racemulosa 20, 91. 
Torreyi 20, 91. 
villosa 20, 91. 

Leersia oryzoides 66. 

Leguminosae 83. 

Leiophyllum buxifolium 95. 

Lentibulariaceae 104. 


122 


Lepidium virginicum 79. 
Leptoloma cognatum 65. 
Lespedeza hirta 85. 
Nuttallii 20, 85. 
repens 20, 30, 85. 
striata 85. 
virginica 20, 85. 
Leucothoe axillaris 29, 96. 
racemosa 24, 29, 33, 96. 
Liatris carinata 108. 
pauciflora 15, 108. 
scariosa 108. 


Liliaceae 71. 
Lilium catesbaei 71. 
superbum 71. 


Lily, Red 71. 
Turk’s-cap 71. 
Water 34, 78. 


Yellow Pond 34, 78. 


Limodorum graminifolium 29, 74. 
tuberosum 26, 30, 35, 74. 

Linaceae 86. 

Linaria canadensis 26, 102. 

Linum medium 26, 30, 86. 
striatum 26, 38, 86. 
usitatissimum 86. 


Liquidambar’ styracifiua 21, 35, 


50, 81. 
Liriodendron tulipifera 50, 79. 
Live Oak 58. 
Lizard’s Tail 31, 34, 74. 
Lobeliaceae 106. 
Lobelia elongata 106. 
Nuttalii 26, 28, 106. 


Loblolly Bay 24, 28, 41, 53, 90. 

Loblolly Pine 68. 

Locust, Honey 20, 39, 51, 83. 
Dwarf 17, 83. 

Loganiaceae 98. 

Long-leaf Pine 19, 20, 21, 28, 27, 28. 

29, 36, 39, 48, 64. 

Lonicera japonica 23, 105. 
sempervirens 23, 105. 

Loosestrife 97. 
Swamp 92. 

Loranthaceae 76. 

Love Vine 100. 


Ludwigia alternifolia 35, 93. 
capitata 26. 
hirtella 26, 93. 
linearis 28, 35, 938. 
palustris 93. 
suffruticosa 93. 

Lupine 16, 84. 

Lupinus diffusus 16, 84. 

Lycopodiaceae 63. 

Lycopodium adpressum 15, 26, 35, 63. 
alopecuroides 26, 35, 38, 63. 
carolinianum 15, 26, 638. 

Lycopus pubens 35, 101. 
sessilifolius 101. 

Lyonia ligustrina var. foliosifilora 

23; 21, 20: Bl. Sa. 9G. 
mariana 15, 21, 22, 28, 29, 30, 96. 
nitida 24,27, 29, Sl, 33, -oo 

38, 96. 

Lyriodendron tulipifera 35. 

Lyre-leaved Sage 101. 

Lysimachia terrestris 36, 97. 

Lythaceae 92. 


Maclura pomifera 59. 
Magnoliaceae 79. 
Magnolia glauca 23, 28, 29, 35, 38. 
grandiflora 60. 
virginiana 79. 
virginica 49. 
Magothy Formation 8. 
Maidenhair Tree 56. 
Male Berry 23, 31, 96. 
Malvaceae 90. 
Maple, Red 28, 24, 27, 31, 33, 36. 
Marshallia obovata 30, 111. 
Marsh Fleabane 110. 
Marsh Pink 98. 
Mayacaceae 70. 
Mayaca Aubleti 31, 34, 35, 37, 70. 
fluviatilis 34, 70. 


Maypop 92. 
McBryde, James 3. 
Meadow Beauty 36, 93. 
Melastomaceae 93. 
Melia Azedarach 18, 61. 
Azedarach var. 
formis 61. 


umbraculi- 


Mellichamp, J. H. 3. 
Menispermaceae 79. 
Mermaid-weed 94. 

Michaux, Andre 61. 
Microstylis unifolia 74. 
Mikania scandens 26, 31, 35, 107. 
Milk Vetch 85. 

Milkweed 99. 

Miocene deposits 8. 
Mistletoe 76. 

Mitchella repens 18, 24, 105. 
Moccasin Corn 34, 36, 69. 
Mock Orange, 18, 60, 83. 
Mollugo verticillata 77. 
Monotropa uniflora 95. 
Monocotyledons 64. 
Morning Glory 100. 

Morus rubra 17, 49, 76. 
Moth Mullen 102. 

Mountain Laurel 18, 40, 53, 95. 
Mountain Mint 101. 
Mouse-ear Chickweed 78. 


Mulberry, Red 17, 40, 49, 76. 


Nyssa aquatica 30. 


biflora 21, 22, 27, 29, 34, 37, 
38, 53, 95. 


Oak, Black 16, 19, 42, 48, 75. 


Black Jack 14, 19, 20, 29, 36, 
42, 49, 75. 

Forked-leaved Biack Jack 75. 

Live 58. 

Overcup 30, 58. 

Post 14, 16, 20, 21, 29, 36, 42, 
47, 75. 

Scarlet 17, 42, 47, 75. 

Spanish 16, 19, 20, 21, 28, 29, 
42, 48, 75. 

Swamp Chestnut 30. 

Turkey 36, 42, 48, 75. 

Upland Willow 42, 49, 75. 

Water 19, 20, 21, 23, 27, 28, 42, 
48, 75. 

White 18, 42, 46, 75. 

Willow 14, 19, 20, 21, 23, 27, 28, 
29, 36, 42, 49, 75. 


Oakesia sessilifolia 71. 


French 31, 34. . 
Paper 59. Oenothera arenicola 94. 
biennis 93. 
Mullen 102. liciniata 93. 
Moth 102. longipedicellata 94. 
Myricaceae 74. speciosa 94. 


Oldenlandia Boscii 38, 105. 
uniflora 105. 
Old-field Pine 20, 22, 23, 27, 28, 35, 
39, 438, 63. 
Old-field Plum 41, 51, 82. 
Oleaceae 98. 
Onagraceae 93. 
Onosmodium virginianum 16, 100. 


Ophioglossaceae 63. 
Narrow-leaved Possum Haw 106. Opuntia vulgaris 92. 


Nemexia herbacea 72. Orchids 29, 35, 37, 73. 


Hugeri 72. Orchidaceae 73. 
Nerium oleander 7. Orontium aquaticum 36, 69. 
Nettle 87. Osage Orange 59. 
New Jersey Tea 89. Osmundaceae 63. 
Nightshade 102. Osmunda cinnamomea 28, 29, 31, 35, 
Nyctaginaceae 77. 38, 63. 
Nymphaeaceae 78. regalis 28, 63. 
Nymphaea advena 34, 78. Overcup Oak 30, 58. 
Nymphoides aquaticum 34, 37, 99. Oxalidaceae 87. 
lacunosum 34, 37, 99. Oxalis stricta 87. 


Myrica carolinensis 25, 27, 29, 74. 
cerifera 21, 28, 29, 36, 74. 
pumila 21, 24, 29, 38, 74. 

Myriophyllum heterophyllum 94. 

Myrtle 27, 31, 33, 35, 40, 52, 88. 
wax. 21, 22, 25, 74. 


Najadaceae 64. 


Oxydendrum arboreum 18, 54, 96. 
Ox-eye Daisy 111. 
Oxypolis filiformis 26, 94. 

rigidior 94. 


Panicum aciculare 66. 
anceps 66. 
barbulatum 66. 
capillare 66. 
condensum 66. 
curtifolium 66. 
dichotomiflorum 66. 
hemitomum 35, 65. 
neuranthum 65. 
scabriusculum 35, 37, 65. 
sphaerocarpon 66. 
verrucosum 66. 
virgatum 66. 


Pansy Violet 91. 

Paper Mulberry 59. 

Parthenocissus 89. 

Partridge Berry 18, 24, 105. 

Partridge Pea 83. 

Large 83. 

Paspalum Boscianum 65. 
floridanum 65. 
plenipilum 65. 
setaceum 16, 65. 

Passifloraceae 92. 

Passiflora incarnata 92. 
lutea 92. 

Peach 83. 

Pearlwort 78. 

Pecan 57. 

Peltandra virginica 34, 36, 69. 

Pentsemon australis 102. 
laevigatus 16, 37, 102. 


Penthorum sedoides §1. 
Peppergrass 79. 
Persea pubescens 23, 28, 29, 50, 79. 


Persimmon 14, 17, 19, 20, 21, 40, 


55, 97. 
Phleum pratense 67. 


Phlox Hentzii 16, 100. 
subulata 100. 


Phoradendron flavescens 76. 


124 


Physalis intermedia 102. 
nictaginea 102. 
virginiana 102. 


Phytolaccaceae 77. 
Phytolacca decandra 77. 
Pickerel-weed 70. 

Pignut Hickory 17, 39, 45, 75. 
Pigweed 77. 

Pinaceae 63. 

Pinchot, Gifford, cited 12. 
Pine Barrens 9. 

Pinus echinata 19, 44, 64. 


palustris 21, 28, 29, 36, 38, 43, 64. 


serotina 23, 29, 38, 43, 63. 
taeda 28, 28, 35, 48, 68. 
virginiana 44, 63. 


Pinweed 91. 
Pineweed 90. 
Pinxter Flower 95. 
Piperaceae 74. 
Pipewort 35. 
Pipsissewa 20, 95. 
Pitcher Plants 29, 80. 
Planera aquatica 30. 
Planer Tree 380. 
Plantaginaceae 104. 
Plantago aristata 104. 
heteraphylla 104. 
lanceolata 104. 
major 104. 
virginica 104. 


Plantain-leaved Everlasting 110. 

Platanaceae 81. 

Platanus occidentalis 50, 81. 

Pleistocene 7. 

Pliocene 8. 

Pluchae bifrons 26. 
foetida 38, 110. 


petiolata 110. 


Pogonia divaricata 29, 74. 
ophioglossoides 29, 78. 
Poison Ivy 27, 31, 88. 
Poison Oak 14, 21, 36, 88. 
Poison Sumach 81, 88. 
Poke Berry 77. 
Polemoniaceae 100. 
Polygalaceae 87. 


125 


Polygala Curtissii 87. 
cymosa 32, 87. 
grandiflora 20, 87. 
lutae 30, 35, 87. 
mariana 26, 87. 
polygama 87. 
ramosa 26, 87. 


volygonaceae 76. 

Polygonella polygama 77. 

Polygonum aviculare 76. 
convolvulus 77. 
hydropiperoides 38, 77. 
persicaria 77. 


Polypodiaceae 62. 
Polypodium Polypodioides 62. 
Polypremum procumbens 98. 
Polytrichum commune 23. 
Pond Pine 19, 23, 24, 26, 
43, 63. 
Pondweed 64. 
Pontederiaceae 70. 
Pontederia cordata 70. 
Poor Man’s Soap 28, 63. 
Poplar 50, 79. 

Carolina 23, 74. 
Populus deltoides 45, 74. 
Porcher, F. P., 3. 
Portulacaceae 78. 

Portulaca oleracea 78. 

Possum Haws 25, 27, 31, 34, 106. 

Post Oak 14, 16, 20, 21, 29, 36, 42, 
47, 75. 

Potamogeton diversifolius 34, 64. 

heterophyllus 34, 64. 

Potentilla caroliniana 22, 82. 
Potomac Formation 8. 
Prenanthes alba 112. 

virgata 112. 


Prestwood’s Lake flora of 32. 

Prickly Pear 92. 

Primrose Willow 93. 

Primulaceae 97. 

Proserpinaca pectinata 35, 37, 94. 

Prunella vulgaris 101. 

Prunus angustifolia 51, 82. 
caroliniana 5, 18, 60, 83. 
Persica 83. 
serotina 14, 17, 21, 23, 38, 51, 82. 
sp., ? 82. 


29, 39, 


Psedera quinquefolia 27, 89. 
Psoralea pedunculata 26, 84. 
Pteridophyta 62. 

Pteris aquilina 22, 28, 36, 62. 
Ptilimnium capillaceum 94. 
Purslain Speedwell 103. 

Purslane 78. 

Pyxidanthera barbulata 16, 97. 
Pycnanthemum hyssopifolium 101. 
Pyrrhopappus carolinianus 112. 


Queen’s Delight 16, 88. 


Quercus alba 18, 46, 75. 
Catesbaei 14, 36, 48, 75. 
cinerea 14, 29, 36, 49, 75. 
coccinea 17, 47, 75. 
falcata 16, 21, 28, 29, 48, 75. 
la rifolia 5, 58. 
lyrata 30, 58. 
marilandica 14, 19, 21, 29, 36, 

49, 75. 

Michauxii 30. 
nigra 19, 21, 27, 28, 48, 75. 
Phellos 19, 21, 27, 28, 49, 75. 
stellata 14, 16, 21, 29, 36, 47, 75. 
velutina 16, 48, 75. 
virginiana 58. 


Rabbit-foot Clover 84. 
Rabbit-tail Grass 68. 
Rabbit Tobacco 110. 


Ragweed 110. 

Rainfall 6. 

Ranunculaceae 79. 

Rattle-box 83. 

Rattlesnake Master 15, 94. 
Rattlesnake Plantain 113. 
Rattlesnake Root 112. 
Ravenel, H. W., 3, 4. 

Recent deposits 8. 

Red Bay 238, 24, 28, 29, 40, 50, 79. 
Red-berried Bamboo 29, 31, 72. 
Redbud 40, 51, 83. 

Red Cedar 57. 

Red Clover 84. 

Red Haw 17, 19, 81. 


Red Lily 71. 

Red Maple 23, 24, 27, 31, 33, 36. 

Red Mulberry 17, 40, 49, 76. 

Red Root 89. 

Rhamnaceae 89. 

Rhexia aristosa 93. 
ciliosa 30, 35, 93. 
glabella 30, 93. 
lanceolata 26, 30, 36, 93. 
mariana 26, 30, 38, 93. 
virginica 28, 98. 


Rhus copalina 15, 17, 21, 36, 38, 88. 


quercifolia 14, 21, 36, 88. 
Toxicodendron 27, 31, 38, 88. 
Vernix 27, 31, 38, 88. 
Rhynchosia erecta 86. 
simplicifolia 37, 86. 
Rice Cut-grass 66. 
River Birch 41, 46, 75. 
Robinia nana 17, 83. 
Rosaceae 81. 
Rosa rubiginosa 82. 
Rosemary Pine 44, 64. 
Rosin Weed 110. 
Rotala ramosior 35, 92. 
Rottboellia rugosa 64. 
Royal Fern 28, 63. 
Rubiaceae 105. 


Rubus Andrewsianus 21, 28, 27, 31, 


35, 36, 38, 82. 
cuneifolius 21, 82. 
procumbens 21, 23, 82. 


Rudbeckia hirta 36, 111. 


Ruellia ciliosa var. parviflora 104. 


Rumex Acetosella 76. 
crispus 76. 
hastatulus 26, 76. 
obtusifolius 76. 


Rynchospora 33. 

Rynchospora axillaris 68. 
corniculata 37, 68. 
glomerata 26, 30, 37, 68. 
microcephala 68. 


Sabatia brachiata 15, 36, 98. 
gracilis 98. 
lanceolata 26, 32, 98. 
Sagina decumbens, 78. 
Sagittaria longirostra 64. 


126 


Salicaceae 74. 
Salix babylonica 56. 
nigra 26, 34, 36, 45, 74. 
Salvia azurea 101. 
lyrata 101. 
Sambucus canadensis 106. 
Sand Hills 7, 9. 
Vegetation of 11. 
Sandwort 78. 
Sanicula canadensis 94. 
Sarraceniaceae 80. 
Sarracenia flava 29, 80. 
purpurea 29, 80. 
rubra 29, 80. 


Sassafras 14, 17, 19, 28, 41, 50, 79. 


Sassafras variifolium 28, 50, 79. 
Saururus cernuus 31, 34, 74. 
Savannas 10. 

Vegetation of 25. 


Saxifragaceae 81. 
Scarlet Oak 17, 42, 47, 75. 
Schrankia angustata 20, 22, 83. 
Schwa.z, G. F., cited 13. 
Scleria reticularis 68. 
triglomerata 69. 
Scirpus Kriophorum 26, 36, 37, 68. 
subterminalis 37, 68. 
Sclerolepis uniflora 35, 37, 107. 
Scrophulariaceae 102. 
Scrub Pine 39, 44, 63. 
Scutellaria integrifolia 38, 101. 
Scutellaria pilosa 101. 
Sedge 16. 
Sensitive Plant 21, 83. 
Senecio aureus 111. 
Smallii 112. 
Seriococarpus asteroides 30, 110. 
bifoliatus 20, 110. 
Setaria imberbis 66. 
Seymeria termifolia 108. 
Shad Bush 21, 27, 81. 
Sheep Sorrel 76. 
Shepherd’s Purse 80. 
Shoe-string 15, 84. 
Short-leaf Pine 19, 20, 39, 44, 64. 
Sida rhombifolia 90. 
Silene antirrhina 78. 
earoliniana 78. 
Silk Flower 61. 
Silphium compositum 16, 110. 


127 


Sisymbrium Thalianum 80. 

Sisyrinchium 22. 

Sisyrinchium arenicola 73. 
atlanticum 73. 
fibrosum 73. 


Skulleap 101. 
Slash Pine 43, 68. 
Small, J. K., 62. 


Smilax glauca 23, 37, 72. 
herbacea 28. 
laurifolia 23, 24, 27, 29, 33, 72. 
rotundifolia 21, 23, 25, 72. 
Walteri 29, 31, 33, 72. 


Smut Grass 67. 

Snake Root 18, 76. 

Sneezeweed 111. 

Soils, types of, 8, 9. 

Soils of Poorly-drained Flatwoods 
10. 


Soils of Sand Hills 9. 

Soils of Savannas 10. 

Soils of Swamps 10. 

Soils of Well-drained Upland For- 
est 9. 


Solanaceae 102. 
Solanum carolinense 102. 
nigrum 102. 


Solidago canadensis 109. 
Elliottii 108. 
erecta 108. 
odora 20, 108. 
pulverulenta 108. 


rugosa 108. 
sp. 36. 
tenuifolia 109. 
verna 36, 108. 


Sonchus asper 112. 
Sorghastrum nutans 65. 
Sorghum halepense 65. 
Sorrell 76. 

Sheep 76. 
Sourwood 18, 41, 54, 96. 


Southern Polypody 62. 
Spanish Needles 111. 


Tall 111. 
Spanish Oak 16, 19, 20, 21, 28, 29, 
42, 48, 75. 


Sparkleberry 17, 19, 20, 28, 36, 42, 
54, 96. 
Specularia perfoliata 106. 
Sphagnum moss 29. 
Spiny-leaved Sow Thistle 112. 
Spiranthes praecox 26, 30, 35, 74. 
Spleenwort, Ebony 62. — 
Sporobolus indicus 67. 
junceus 67. 
Spotted wintergreen 18. 
Spring Goldenrod 108. 
Spurred Butterfly Pea 86. 
Stachys hyssopifolia 26, 35, 101. 
Stagger-bush 15, 21, 96. 
Star Grass 72. 
St. John’s Wort 31, 90. 
St. Peter’s Wort 90. 
Stellaria media 78. 
Stenophyllus capillaris 16, 68. 
Stewartia 53, 90. 
Stillingia sylvatica 16, 88. 
Stipulicida setacea 30, 78. 
Storax 31, 32, 33, 97. 
Streams and Ponds 11. 
Strophostyles umbellata 86. 
Stylosanthes biflora 85. 
riparia 20, 85. 
Styracaceae 97. 
Styrax americana 31, 33, 97. 
grandifolia 98. 
Sumach 15, 17, 21, 88. 
Swamp 27. 
Summer Grape 14, 15, 17, 19, 89. 
Sundew 33, 80. 
Supple Jaek 38, 89. 
Swamps 10. 
Deeper 30. 
Swamp Azalea 25, 27, 31, 35, 95. 
Swamp Candle Berry 27, 74. 
Swamp Chestnut Oak 30. 
Swamp Fern 28. 
Swamp Flea-bane 32, 109. 
Swamp Loosestrife 92. 
Swamp Sumach 27. 
Sweet Bay 23, 24, 28, 31, 40, 49, 79. 
Sweetbriar 82. 
Sweet Gum 20, 21, 23, 26, 40, 50, 81. 
Sweet Pepper Bush 28, 27, 33, 35, 95. 
Sycamore 40, 50, 81. 
Symphoricarpos orbiculatus 106. 


128 


Symplocus tinctoria 15, 18, 28, 55, Ulmus americana 30, 59. 


98. alata 30, 59. 
Systematic List of HartsvillePlants [Umbelliferae 94. 
62-118. Umbrella Tree 61. 
Upland Forests, Vegetation of, 16. 
Taraxacum officinale 112. Upland Papaw 79. 
Taxodium distichum 34, 35, 44, 64. Upland Willow Oak 42, 49, 75. 
Tecoma radicans 17, 104. Urticaceae 76. 
Tephrosia ambigua S84. Usnea barbata 33. 
spicata 85. Utricularia biflora 34, 104. 
virginiana 84. fibrosa 34, 104. 
Ternstroemiaceae 90. juncea 38, 35, 37, 104. 
Tetragonotheca helianthoides 111. 
Thistle 112. Uvularia 71. 


Thorny Pigweed 77. 


Thuja orientalis 57. Vaccinium arboreum 17, 19, 28, 54, 


'Thyrsanthema  semiflosculare 22, 96. 
112. corymbosum 28, 24, 27, 29, 97. 

Tickseed 111. crassifolium 18, 97. 
Tillandsia 6. fuscatum 23, 24, 27, 97. 
Tillandsia usneoides 6, 70. tenellum 21, 22, 23, 24, 28, 30, 
Timothy 67. 96. 
Tithymalopsis exserta 88. vacillans 36, 97. 
Toadfiax 102. 
Tofieldia glabra 30, 71. Vegetation 11-39. 
Topography 7. Vegetation of the Bays and Swamps 
Torreya 4. 27. 
Tragia nepetaefolia 87. Vegetation of the Deeper Swamps 

urens 16, 87. 30. 


Trailing Arbutus 96. 


Trailing Huckleberry 97. Vegetation of the Flatwoods 19. 


Treas of Parievilie 260 Vegetation of the Lakes and Ponds 

Trichostema dichotomum 101. 32. 

Trifolium arvense 84. Vegetation of the Sand Hills 11-16. 
carolinianum 84. Vegetation of the Savannas 25. 
hybridum 84. Vegetation of the Upland Forests 
pratense 84. 16-19. 
procumbens S84. 
repens 84. Venus’ Looking-glass 106. 

Trilisa paniculata 108. Verbascum Blattaria 102. 

Trumpets 80. Thapsus 102. 

Trumpet Honeysuckle 105. Verbenaceae 100. 

Trumpet-vine 104. Verbena carolinensis 100. 

Tulip Tree 31, 40, 50, 79. officinalis 100. 

Tumble Grass 65, 66. polystachya 38, 100. 

Tupelo Gum 30. Vernonia angustifolia 16, 20, 106. 

Turkey Oak 36, 42, 48, 75. graminifolia 15. 

Turk’s-cap Lily 71. Oligophylla 106. 

Typhaceae 64. Veronica arvensis 108. 


Typha latifolia 26, 34, 64. peregrina 103. 


129 


Viburnum arboreum 36. 

eassinoides 25, 27, 29, 31, 38, 
106. 

nudum 24, 25, 27, 29, 31, 34, 38, 
106. 

rufidulum 55, 106. 

Vicia sativa 86. 

Violaceae 91. 

Viola emarginata 91, 92. 
emarginata X triloba? 91. 
lanceolata 38, 92. 
papilionacea 92. 
pedata 91. 
pedata L. var. lineariloba 91. 
primulifolia 22, 92. 
septemloba 91. 
triloba 92. 
villosa 91. 

Violets 22, 91, 92. 

Virginia Creeper 27, 89. 

Virginia Willow 27, 31, 34. 

Vitaceae 89. 

Vitis aestivalis 14, 15, 17, 89. 
rotundifolia 17, 23, 27. 36, 89. 


Walnut 40, 45, 74. 

Walter’s Smilax 31, 32, 33. 

Walter, Thomas, 3. 

Ward, L. F., 4. 

Wart Cress 80. 

Water Hickory 30. 

Water Lily 34, 78. 

Water Milfoil 94. 

mae Osk 19, 20, 21. 23, 27, 28, 
42, 48, 75. 

Water Pennywort 4. 

Water Pepper 77. 

Water Shield 34, 78. 

Wax Myrtle 21, 22, 25, 27, 74, (Can- 
dleberry). 

Weeping Willow 56. 

Well-drained Uplard Forest 9. 

White Ash 55. 

White Clover 84. 

White Elm 59. 

White Evening Primrose 94. 

White Hickory 16, 19, 21, 28, 40, 
45, 75. 

White Oak 18, 42, 46, 75. 

White Poplar 40. 

White Violet 22, 92. 

Whitlow Grass 79. 


Wild Bean 86. 

Wild Currant 27. 

Wild Honeysuckle 18, 95. 

Wild Lettuce 112. 

Wild Onion 71. 

Wild Phlox 100. 

Wild Potato 100. 

Wild Strawberry 82. 

Wild Sunfiower 111. 

Wild Wistaria 31, S5. 

Wild Yam 22, 28. 

Willow, Biack 23, 34, 36, 41, 45, 74. 

Willow Oak 14, 19, 20, 21, 23, 27, 

28, 29, 36, 42, 49, 75. 

Winged Elm 59. 

Winter Cress, Early 80. 

Wire Grass 15, 36, 66, 67. 

Wistaria frutescens 31, 36, 38, 85. 

Witch Grass 65, 66. 

Witch Hazel 18, 81. 

Woodbine 23. 

Wood Sorrel 87. 

Woods, W. D., 4. 

Woodwardia areolata 28, 31, 35, 38. 
virginica 28, 35, 62. 

Woolly John 96. 

Wormseed 77. 

Worm-seed Mustard 8v. 


Xanthium canadense 110. 

Xyridaceae 69. 

Xyris arenicola 30, 70. 
caroliniana 28, 33, 35, 69. 
elata 37, 69. 
fimbriata 35, 37, 70. 


Yard Grass 67. 

Yarrow 111. 

Yellow Dock 76. 

Yellow-eyed Grass 69, 70. 

Yellow Jessamine 18, 19, 27, 35, 98. 
Yellow Pond Lily 34, 78. 
Yellow-root 79. 

Yueca filamentosa 15, 71. 


Zanthoriza 

Zenobia 25. 

Zenobia cassinifolia, 23, 24, 29, 95. 
pulverulenta 23, 24, 29, 33, 35, 

95. 

Zizia cordata 94. 

Zornia bracteata 20, 85. 

Zygadenus angustifolius 30, 71, 


apiifolia 79. 


DATE DUE 


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